HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA: CONTAINING THE MOST INTERESTING FACTS, TRADITIONS, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ANECDOTES, ETC. RELATING TO ITS HISTORY AND ANTIITQIES, FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME. COMPILED FROM ORIGINAL RECORDS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. ILLUSTRATED BY NEARLY ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGSOF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, RELICS OF ANTIQUITY, HISTORIC LOCALITIES, NATURAL SCENERY, PORTRAITS OF DISTINGUISHED MEN, ETC., ETC. BY THE REV. GEORGE WHITE, M.A., AUTHOR OF THE STATISTICS OF GEORGIA?. NEW-YORK: PUDNEY & RUSSELL, PUBLISHERS, No. 79 JOHN-STREET. 1854. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, BY PUDNEY & RUSSELL, In tho Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York, PUDNEY & RUSSELL, Printers and Stereotypers, No. 79 John-street, New York. TO JAMES HAMILTON COUPER, ESQ., HON. GEORGE R. GILMER, AND THE HON. JOSEPH H. LUMPKIN, WITH SINCERE ADMIRATION FOR THEIR VIRTUES AND TALENTS, ~ijits unkt IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE, THE flattering reception given by my fellow-citizens to "THE STATISTICS OF GEORGIA," naturally encouraged me to venture still further in that field, which must ever be a favourite with the patriotic Georgian. Ten years of incessant labour, expense, and travel throughout the State, have been cheerfully bestowed, and the "HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA" are the resuit. No source of knowledge has been neglected or despised. The Libraries of Charleston, Savannah, Milledgeville, and New-York, have been diligently searched. The Colonial Documents kindly furnished me by the Legislature of Georgia, to aid in the compilation of this work, have been freely used. A large amount of information has been gleaned, moreover, from aged persons -- the oldest inhabitants" of many of our towns and villages-whose memories are proverbially tenacious in regard to events, which made their vivid impressions in early youth. This oral tradition, indeed, often furnishes vi PREFACE. the warm flesh and blood of the body of History, while documentary evidence can be relied on for the putting together of the dry skeleton alone. Correctness rather than elegance has been the end chiefly sought; and the pains unsparingly taken give me a right to claim general reliability for all facts stated. But, in a field of original research, so new, so extended, and so largely unexplored before, it is too much to expect that entire freedom from error has been attained. To JAMES HAMILTON COUPER, Esq., Hon. GEORGE R. GILMER, Hon. WILSON LUMPKIN, I. K. TEFFT, Esq., Colonel WILLIAM HARDEN, of Cass County, Rev. P. A. STROBEL, GEORGE W. WALTHOUR, Esq., NELSON TIFT, Esq., General J. V. HARRIS, Colonel A. J. PICKETT, of Alabama, EDWARD F. CAMPBELL, Esq., Rev. JOHN JONES, WILLIAM MCINTosH, Esq., J. H. R. WASHINGTON, Esq., BENJAMIN E. STILES, Esq., and Colonel JOHN MILLEDGE, the author is indebted for valuable assistance. This work does not assume to be a consecutive History. It is but a collection of materials for the use of the future historian. It is enough for me, if, by the tough toil of the literary pioneer, I succeed in breaking and gathering out the stone from the quarry, and in hewing the heavy timber from the mountains, wherewith, hereafter, some accomplished architect, in its full proportion and finished beauty, may rear the fair fabric of the History of Georgia. G.W. MARIETTA, COBB COUNTY, GEORGIA, 1st January, 1854. INDEX. PAGE 1'PAGE ABBOT. Mr. John...................... 631 Ball-ground................................. 890 Abercorn............................ 427 Ball-play, Indian............................ 6T0 Aborigines, relics of................ 279 Baptist Female College of Southwestern Georgia. 590 Account of the progress of the Colony......... 31 9Baptist Church, Second, Savannah............ 316 Acworth.............. 401 Baptists, colored, Savannah................... 313 Adairsville............. 298 Barber, Colonel............................. 398 Adams, Gen. David............. 500 Barnard, Timpoochee........................ 166 Address of Upper House of Assembly to Sir Barnard, Major John......................... 366 James W right............................ 52 Barnesville.................................. 583 Address of Commons to Sir James Wright..... 54 Bateman, Colonel Simon..................... 497 Address of Provincial Congress to Sir James Battle at Jack's Creek........................ 672 W right................................... 75 " at Chickasawhachee................... 262 Address of Medway Church to George Washing- " at Briar Creek......................... 683 ton....................................... 529 " at Burke Jail.......................... 282 Address of citizens of Augusta to General Wash- at Echowanotchaway............... 591 ington.................................... 628 " at K ettle Creek........................ 683 Address of Committee of Provincial Congress. 81, 82 " at Medway............................ 524 Adventure with a panther.................... 541 " near Rome............................ 456 Advertisement of the Governor of South Caro- at Shepard's Plantation................. 689 lina in regard to General Oglethorpe......... 8321 with the Indians...................... 648 Albany................................... 260 Bath........................................ 597 Allapaha, Battle near......................... 498 Beaulieu.................................... 336 Alatoona............................ 404 Belair....................................... 597 Allen, Rev. Moses............................ 532 Belleville Factory............................ 599 Allen, Rev. Beverly.......................... 448 Bergman, Rev. John E....................... 488 Alexander.................................. 22 Berrien, Major John......................... 508 Americus.......................... 641 Berrien, lion. John M........................ 371 Americus Female Institute.................. 641 Bess, a Negro, interesting account of.......... 27S American Iron Foundry.............. 599 Bibb County................................ 269 Amusing incident............................ 403 Blackburn', General Samuel.................. 448 Anawaqua's Tomb...................... 293 Blackshear, General David................... 510 Ancient works in Cass County................ 299 Blairsville.................................. 657 Ancient works in Coweta County............. 413 Blakely.................................... 425 Ancient works in Early County............... 425 Bolzius, Rev. John Martin.................... 428 Andrew, James 0., Bishop................... 575 Bolzius, " extracts from Journal of. 433 Andrew, Herbert............................ 578 Bonaventure................................ 8336 Appling County.......................... 259 Bonner, Henry........................... 675 Appling.......................... 404 Bosomwortlh, Rev. Thomas................... 81 Appling, Colonel Daniel......................... 409 Bosomworth, Mrs. Mary...................... 26 Approval of Colonial Seal.................... 182 Bothwell, Rev. David E...................... 503 Arnold, Rev. W............................ 589 Boykin, Dr. Samuel.......................... 267 Arrival of Colonists at Charlktown............ 319 Bowles, General William Augustus............ 163 Association of Deputies...................... 58 Bragg, Rev. Seneca G....................... 273 Atlanta..................................... 421 Branham, Dr. II............................. 589 Atlanta Tanning Company.................... 422 Brantley, Amos.............................. 491 Atlanta Machine Shop....................... 422 Brewton's ill............................... 336 Attapulgus.................................. 419 Bridge at Augusta............................ 594 Athens..................................... 891 Broken Arrow........................... 671 Athens Manufacturing Company.............. 392 Broomtown................................ 387 A ugusta.................................... 598 Brotherville................................. 597 Augusta, unsuccessful attempt to retake........ 607 Browne, Colonel Thomas..................... 614 Augusta Manufacturing Company............. 598 Browne, bravery of Mrs................... 678 Augusta, Siege and Surrender of.............. 609 Brown, Tarlton.............................. 618 Auraria..................................... 542 Brownson, Governor N....................... 213 Brunswick................... 461 Bryan County................... 276 Baden, N. H................................. 494 Bryan, Hon. Jonathan........................ 366 Bainbridge.................................. 419 Buena Vista................................545 Bacon, Mr. M. E............................. 651 Buffalo Fish Town.......................... 404 Baker County............................... 259 Bulloch County.............................. 279 Baker, Benjamin...........53...... 533 Bulloch, Governor Archibald.................. 200 Baker, Colonel John........................ 533 Burke County............................... 282 Baker, Colonel William................ 533 Burke Jail, skirmish at..................... 282 Baldwin County............................. 265 Burnett, Captain John................... 468 viii INDEX. PAGE PAGEI Burnt Fort.................................. 286 Crawfordville........................... 643 Burnt Village: A Tale of the Indian War..... 653 Crawford, Major Joel.................... 425 Burning of Roanoke......................... 638 Crawford, Governor. George W............... 245 Bushnell, Dr................................ 406 Crawford, lion. William H................. 580 Butler, town of..................... 646 Crayfish Town.............................. 670 Butts County............................. 285 Culloden............56.....1.......... 561 Cumberland Island......................... 286 Cummin........... 458 Calhoun...................... 4.......................... 483 Camden County............... 286 Cunningham's Flour Mills................... 598 Camak.................................... 65 Custom-House, Savannah..................... 305 Campbell County............................ 292 Curry, Major Nicholas........................ 677 Campbellton................................ 292 Curtright Manufacturing Company............ 479 Campbell, D. G...................... 685 Cuthbert, town of........................... 590 Campbell, Mrs. Maria........................ 630 Cuthbert, Hon. Alfred...................... 501 Canal at Augusta............................ 594 Cuyler...................................... 543 Canton...................................... 390 Capture of American Prisoners.......... 526 Carnesville.................................. 459 Dabney, Austin........................... 584 Carroll County.............................. 294 Dade County................................ 418 Carrollton............................ 294 Dahlonega........................... 542 Carr, Patrick............................... 504 Dallas.....................................58 Carr, Paddy.,.............................. 169 Dalton...................................... 679 Carey, George............................... 666 Danburg....................................681 Carter, Major................................ 608 Daniellsville................................. 545 Cartersville................................. 298 Darien.................................... 546 Cass County................................. 297 Davis, Rev. Wm................... 447 Cassville.................................... 298 Davis, Judge Wm...................3........ 67 Cave Spring................................ 457 Dawson, Hon, Wm. C........................ 481 Cave, Nix's............................. 458 Deaf.and Dumb Asylum..................... 455 Cave, Saltpetre.............................. 300 Decatur County............................. 419 Cave, Wilson's............................... 669 Decatur.................................... 421 Cedar Town................................. 586 De Kalb County........................... 421 Cemetery at Medway......................... 519 Denmead's Mills............................. 401 Centreville.............................. 286, 671 De Soto's visit to Rome...................... 458 Cessna, murder of Miss....................... 480 Devereaux, W. J............................. 267 Charter of the Colony........................ I Dickson, General David...................... 451 Chatham County............................ 302 Difficulties with.the Cherokees...... 136 Chatooga County........................ 386 Difficulties with the Creeks..... 128, 129, 130, 131 Charlton, Hon. T. U. P.................... 367 Dissenting resolutions of St. Matthew's Parish.. 437 Cheha, destruction of Indian town of.......... 512' Dissenting resolutions of St. Paul's Parish..... 603 Chestnut Town.............................. 670 Dissenting resolutions of the Kiokee and Broad Chopped Oak, tradition of.................... 489 iver Settlements....................... 605 Christ Church, Macon........................ 271 Dissenting resolutions of Savannah............ 48 Christ Church, Savannah..................... 317 Dissenting resolutions of Columbia County.... 412 Church of the Atonement.................... 595 Dissenting resolutions of Burke County........ 283 City Hall of Augusta......................... 593 Disqualifying Act........................... 98 Clarke County.............................. 891 Doherty, amusing history of Michael.......... 632 Clarke, Governor John................. 229 Dogwood................................... 669 Clarke, Mrs. Hannah......................... 682 Dooly County............................... 424 Clarke, General Elijah........................ 685 Dooly, Judge J. M........................... 539 Clarkesville................................. 486 Dooly, Colonel John......................... 539 Clayton..... 589 Dooly, Colonel Thomas...................... 539 Clinch County............................... 399. Dorchester.................................. 513 Clinton..................................... 505 Dougherty, Major............................ 399 Cobb County................................ 400 Dougherty, Judge............................ 399 Cobb, T. W.................................. 412 Draper, James............................. 675 Cobb, Colonel Howell................ 498 Drayton's reply to Governor Treutlen's ProCobb, Governor Howell............... 2532 clamation................................. 207 Cobb, Captain Thomas....................... 405 Drayton..................................... 424 College, Female, in Macon.................... 269 Drinking of rum prohibited.................. 16 College, Medical, at Augusta................. 594 Dublin.................................. 285, 509 College, Southern Botanico-Medical........... 269 Duricansville................................ 648 College, Emory........................... 574 Dungeness.................................. 287 Collingsworth Institute....................... 642 Coleraine.................................. 286 Columbia County......................... 404 Eagle Factory in Columbus.................. 570 Columbus................................... 568 Early County.........42................ 424 Columbus Female Asylum.............. 569 Early, Governor Peter........................ 227 Columbus Factory.......................... 570 Eatonton............................. 588 Colquitt..................................... 565 Eatonton Manufacturing Company............ 588 Concord................................ 261 Echolls, Hon. E. M........................... 673 Cook, Hon. Z............................... 398 Ecunfinocau Swamp......................... 674 Corinth..................................... 494 Ebenezer.................................... 426 Correspondence between Colonels Browne, Lee, Effects received in America for Georgia....... 324 and Pickens...................... 611 Effingham County........................... 426 Cotting, Dr................................. 420 Elbert County............................... 438 Council of Safety appointed................. 86 Elberton.................................... 438 Couper, John............................... 469: Elbert, Governor Samuel..................... 215 Covington................... 574 Elholm, A. C. G............................. 628 Coweta County....................... 413 Ellis, Governor Henry...................... 185 Coweta Falls Factory........................ 570 Elliott, Bishop Stephen....................... 885 Crawford County............................. 416. Elliott, HIon. John,........................... 533 INDEX. ix PAGE PAGE Ellijay....................................... 460 Georgia Female College at Madison........... 566 Ellija....................................... 461 Georgetown.................................. 590 Emanuel County............. 450 Gillionsville.......................... 261 Emanuel, Hon. David........................ 221 Gilmer County.............................. 460 Emathla, Tustennuggee...114.......... 174 Gilmer, Hon. George R....................... 235 Enchanted Mountain................ 658 Gobert, J. B............................. 502 Ewen, President William........... 199 Goodrich's Factory.......................... 598 Exchange in Savannah......................... 313 Goggans, Win............................... 294 Extracts from the Minutes of the Trustees...... 14 Gordon County............................. 475 Extract from the Speech ofHlenry Williams... 311 Gordon, William W.......................... 475 Extracts from the Records of Medway Church. 514 Gordon, Major James........................ 656 Gordon..................................... 688 Goshen.................................... 539 Fairburne................................... 451 Glascock, General Thomas............... 628 Fairm ount................................... 475 Glenalta.................................... 545 Falls of Amicololah.......................... 543 Glynn County............................... 461 Falls of Towaliga............................ 562 Grantland, Hon. S........................... 267 Falls of Tallulah............... 488 Graves, Colonel John...8................ 683 Falls of Toccoa............................... 489 Graybill, Henry.............................. 491 Fambrough, Thomas............ 48..... 478 Greene County.............................. 476 Farmington................................ 392 Greenesborough............................ 477 Fauche, Colonel Jonas....................... 483 Greeneville.................................. 557 Fayette County.............................. 451 Greenesborough Female College. 477 Fayetteville................................. 451 Greenesborough Manufacturing Company..... 478 Female Asylum of'Savannah................. 303 Gresham, Alexander......................... 478 Female Asylum in Columbus................. 569 Griffin...................................... 634 Female College in ~Macon..................... 269 Griswold Factory........................... 505 Few, Colonel William........................ 409 Grooversville.648 Few, Captain Ignatius........................ 406 Gulletsville................................. 562 Fielder, heroism of Mrs....................... 480 Gumpond................................. 261 Findley's Foundry........................... 271 Gwinnett County............................ 483 Fitch, Thomas....................... 267 Gwinnett, Hon. Button....................... 202 Flat Shoals.................................. 557 Fletcher Institute............................... 648 Flint River Factory............... 666 Habersham County.........486........ 486 Florence.................................... 637 Habersham, HIon. James..................... 196 Floyd County............ 452 Habersham, Major John................. 366 Floyd, General John........................... 289 abersham, Hon. Joseph..................... 369 Forsyth County........ 458 Hall County.............................. 490 Forsyth, Governor John..................... 233 Hall, Governor Lyman....................... 215 Forsyth..................................... 561 Hall, lion. Bol ling........................... 493 Forsyth Female College...................... 561 Hancock County........................ 491 Fort. Dr..................................... 267 Hancock Manufacturing Company......... 492 Fort, Arthur............................... 657 Handley, Governor George................... 218 Scott.............419 h.amilton.493 Scott................................. 419 H am ilton.................................... 493 " Jackson............................... 336 Hamilton, John.............................. 491 " Barrington............................. 546 Hamilton, Dr................................ 506 " Hawkins............................ 275 Hammond, Colonel Samuel.................. 624 " Wilkinson............................. 266 IHardeman, Colonel Robert................... 506 Valley................................. 49 Hardwick................................... 276 " Valley Seminary............... 497 Haralson, Ion. H. A.................... 6583 " Argyle.................................. 276 Harrisonville...................... 652' Gaines............................... 425 HIarris County.............................. 493 Fortification in Houstoun............... 498 Harris, Colonel Francis I..................... 365 Fortifications in Savannah River.............. 836 Harris, Hon. Charles......................... 371 Franklin County...........................459 Harris, Augustine.................. 267 Franklin..................................... 494 Harris, General J. V..............;........... 399 Franklin Mines..........390 Hart, Nancy, a Georgia heroine............... 441 Franklin Volunteers.......................... 460 Hartford.................................. 587 Franklin College............................. 391 Hawkins, Fort............................... 411 Franklin Factory............................ 666 Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin.................. 417 Francisville................................. 416 HIawkinsville..........5....81....... 587 Francis, Milly, noble conduct of............. 268 Hawthorn, death of Rev. Mr.................. 489 Frederica.............................. 462 Hayneville.................................. 497 Freeman, Mrs. Catherine................. 478 HIaygood, Mrs................................ 563 Freight D6pot in Augusta.................... 594 Heard County............................... 494 Heard, Hon. Stephen......................... 212 H enderson.................................. 497 Gaines,.Fort.................................. 425 Henry County................................ 495 Gainesville.................................. 490 Herbert, Rev. Henry......................... 15 Galp inton.................................. 502 Iicks, Charles............................... 670 Galphin Claim considered.................. 246 Hicks, Elijah................................ 670 Gamble, Hon. Roger L....................... 503 IHickory Hill, skirmish at..................... 526 Garmany, Captain................... 414 Hickory Grove............................. 416 Garrett, murder of Mrs........................ 289 High Shoals Factory......................... 566 Gay, Allen................................ 414 Hillsborough............................... 500 Georgia Historical Society................... 315 ill, IHon. E. Y.............................. 652 " Military Institute...........;........ 400 Hillhouse, Mrs....................... 687 " Academy for the Blind............... 269 Hlinesville....................... 513 " Factory............................ 93 Hobbs, Mrs............................. 478 " Episcopal Institute.................. 562 HIodge, David............... 405 Roll................................. 38 Hogg, M rs................................... 478' Asylum for Deaf and Dumb.......... 455 Holcombe, Rev. Henry....................... 370 X INDEX. PAGE PAGE Holmesville..................... 259 Knoxville................................. 416 Honors to the French Republicans in Augusta. 624 Kollock, Rev. Henry......................... 369 Hood, Dr...................... 491 Hopoethlcyoholo, a Creek Chief............. 165 Hopewell................................... 416 La Fayette................................ 667 Houstoun County............................ 496 La Grange................................ 650 Houstoun, Governor John.................... 209 La Grange Female College................... 651 Houstoun................................... 494 Lamar, John................................ 506 House in which Legislature met in Savannah.. 848 Lanahassee................................. 637 Howard, Major John......................... 267 Landing of British on Cumberland Island...... 287 Howard Manufacturing Company............. 570 Lanier...................................... 543 Howley, Governor Richard................... 211 Lanman's letters............................. 662 Hull, General................................ 638 Laurens County............................. 509 Hull, Rev. Hope............................. 893 Lawrenceville............................... 483 Hull, Hon. Asbury........................... 394 Lawrenceville Manufacturing Company....... 483 Hull, Dr. Henry............................. 394 Lawson, Colonel John................. 657 Lee County........................ 511 Lee, funeral of General.................. 287 Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah.. 305 Legend of Hiwassee.................. 660 Independence, first celebration of in Georgia... 200 Legend of Nacoochee........................ 486 Indian talk........................ 268 Letter from Peggy and Susannah McIntosh.... 295 Indian depredations in Liberty.............. 527 Letter from Jane Haw-kins.29............. 296 Indian depredations in Greene............... 479 Letter from Governor Wright to the Earl of Indian depredations in Washington........... 677 Dartmouth............................ 437 Indian depredations in Telfair................ 647 Letter from Governor Wright in regard to the Interesting trial of Jesse L. Bunkley......... 506 people of St. John's Parish................. 523 Irwin County............................... 498 Letter from Wm. H. Drayton to Humphrey Irwin, Governor Jared...................... 218 Wells..................... 203 Irwinton.................................... 688 Letter from James Iabershanm............ 516 Irwinville....................... 498 Letter from Colonel John, White to LieutenantIsland Town................................ 887 Colonel Prevost.......................... 524 Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost to Colonel John White........................... 524 Jack, James................................ 447 Letter from Colonel L. V. Fuser to Colonel John Jack, Colonel Samuel...................... 682 McIntosh.............525 Jackson County............................. 499 Letter from Colonel John McIntosh to Colonel Jackson, Governor James................ 219 L. V. Fuser............................... 526 Jackson..................................... 285 Letter from Colonel Maxwell to LieutenantJacksonville............................... 646 Colonel Fishburne......................... 528 Jack's Creek, battle at.................... 672 Letter from Oglethorpe to the Earl of Oxford.. 463 Jacksonborough............................ 631 Letter of the Governor and Council of South Jasper County............................... 499 Carolina to General Oglethorpe............. 322 Jasper, Sergeant..................... 336 Letter from Robert Johnson to Benjamin Jasper Spring...................................................... 823 Jefferson County............................ 502 Letters which passed between D'Estaing and Jefferson............................ 286, 499 General Prevost.......................... 348 Jeffersonville................. 656 Letter from President Drayton to the Council Jenkins, Ion. Charles J...................... 629 of Safety................................ 91 Jernigan Major............... 689 Letter from General Lachlan McIntosh to GenJews, arrival, of, in Savannah................ 328 eral Washington.................. 92, 95 Jinnipgs, Miles............................. 581 Letter from Colonel Thomas Browne to Dr. Johnson, Governor I....................... 254 Ramsey................................... 614 Jones County............................... 505 Letter from Colonel A. J. Pickett............. 170 Jones, Hon. Noble W......................... 67 Letters from the Council of Safety....... 86, 87, 88 Jones, Hon. James........................... 867 Letter from a gentleman in Georgia........... 61 Jones. Major John........................... 533 Letter from Georgia Delegates to the Continental Jones, George W........................... 106 Congress............................. 61, 62, 63 Jones, Hon. Seaborn................... 267 Letter to the Committee of Donations....... 63, 64 Jones, Ion. John........................... 582 Letter from Augusta........................ 600 Jones, Rev. Dabney...................... 414 Letter from Mr. Launitz................... 811 Jonesborough............................... 451 Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Elbert........ 468 Jonesville................................... 546 Lexington.................................. 579 Jury, Grand, first in Washington County...... 678 Lewis, Dixon H............................ 492 " " Walton County.......... 673 Liberty County.............................. 513 " " Twiggs County........... 657 Lincoln County.............................. 539; " " Monroe County.......... 564 Lincolnton.................................. 539 " " " Baker................... 261 Lisbon............................... 589 " " " Gordon.................. 476 List of Indian traders in Augusta............. 600 " " " Fayette............. 452 List of persons disqualified................... 102 " " " Newton................ 578 Lithonia................................ 422 " " " Oglethorpe............. 581 Long, Colonel Nicholas....................... 684 " " " Cobb................... 403 Long Swamp................................ 390 " " " Campbell................ 293 Long Cane................................. 652 "l " Bulloch................. 280 Long Pond.................................. 668 " " Coweta................. 416 Louds ville.................................. 486 " " " Harris County........... 494 Louisville................................... 502 " " lHenry County.......... 496 Lover's Leap, Legend of..................... 571 " " Liberty.................. 531 Lowndes County........................... 540 Lumber City............................. 646 Lumpkin County............................ 542 Kingston............................ 298 Lumpkin........................... 637 Kenesaw Mountain.......................... 401 Lumpkin, Governor Wilson.................. 236 Kenesaw Town........................... 404 Lumpkin, Hon. Joseph H..................... 395 INDEX. Xi PAGE PAGE Lutheran Church in Savannah............... 318 Montgomery, Joseph T....................... 651 Lutheran Church at Ebenezer................ 426 Monument in Augusta....................... 599 Monument in Lawrenceville.................. 485 Moravian Missions........................... 56 Macon County.............................. 543 Moreau, General...... 418 Macon..................... 269 Morgan County.............................. 565 Macon Cotton Factory....................... 272 Moseley, Rev. William....................... 636 Machine Factory........................... 599 Mound near Macon.......................... 275 Madison County.......................... 544 in Early............................. 425 Madison............. 566 in Elbert............................. 439 Madison Female Collee..................... 566 " in Cass....................... 299 Madison Steam Mill Company................ 566 Mounds in HIancock................... 492 Magnolia.......................3............ 399 on Murder Creek.................... 500 M allorysville................................ 681 in Forsyth........................... 458 Marbury, Leonard........................... 405 " in Butts............................. 286 M arietta.................................. 400 M ount Brown............................... 275 Marietta Tannery............................ 401'; Enon................................ 597 Marion County.............................. 545 Vernon.............................. 565 M arion...................................... 656 Zion................................. 491 Marriage of David Iodge.................... 405 Mountain, Enchanted........................ 658 Marshall, Rev. Daniel....................... 406 Mountain, Stone......................... 422 Marshallville............................... 543 Mountain Town............................ 461 Marthasville............................... 543 Mountville...................... 652 Martin, Governor John.................. 214 Murder of a family in Baker.................. 264 Mars IHill Factory.......................... 93 Murray County............................. 567 Masonic Hall in Augusta.................... 594 Murray, -Ion. T. W.......................... 539 Masonic Female College...................... 637 Muscogee County............................ 568 Matthews, Governor George.................. 217 Musgrove, Mary................... 21 Maxwell, Audley................... 533 Muster Roll of Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander's McBride's Mills.............................. 494 regiment.................................. 676 McCall, Major............................. 31 Muster Roll of Burke County................. 284 McDonald, Governor Charles J................ 239 Muster Roll of Greene County................ 480 M cDonough................................. 495 McFlesh's Variety Works.................... 402 McGirth, Colonel Daniel..................... 281 Nacoochee Valley............................ 486 McGillivray, General Alexander.............. 154 Names of orphans educated at Whitefield's McKrimmon, Duncan, romantic story of....... 267 Orphan I-ouse..................... 332 MlcIhtosh County................... 546 Names of persons to whom lands were allotted' General Lachlan................ 547 by the Court of President and Assistants..... 32' General William................... 170 Names of persons who took the oath of Alle" General John................. 547 gance.................................... 9 Colonel J. S........................ 547' Names of officers and soldiers who made appliR' Roderick................... 470 cation for lands...................111 " Mrs. Ann.................. 546 Names of persons declared rebels.............. 102 " Mrs. Sarah................... 547 Names of Volunteers to Mexico............... 115 McIntosh, Colonel John, his noble reply....... 526 Names of officers who were in the Continental McWhir, Rev. William, D.D.................. 532 Line of the Georgia Brigade................ 113 Medical College, ugusta.................... 594 Names of Indian traders in Augusta........... 600 Medway Church............................. 517 Nesbet and Levy's Foundry.................. 272 Meeting of the Trustees of Georgia............ 14 Nesbit, Hon. Eugenius A..................... 273 Meeting of Merchants in Savannah............ 42 Neufville, Rev. Dr. Edward.................. 371 Meeting of Inhabitants of Savannah........ 42, 64 New Echota................................ 475 Meeting in Lawrenceville in regard to Volun- Newnan........................ 413 teers....................................... 484 Newnan, General Daniel..................... 669 Meeting of Provincial Congress............... 65 Newton County............................. 574 Meeting of Inhabitants of Liberty............. 520 Newton..................................... 260 Meeting of Indians called by Oglethorpe....... 325 Newton Factory............................. 575 Meigs, Josiah................................ 397 Nickajack Factory........................... 402 Mercer, Rev. Jesse......................... 684 Noel, John Y................................ 367 Meriwether County...................... 556 Norcross, J.................................. 421 Meriwether, Captan James................... 503 Notice of meeting in Savannah.............. 44 Meriwether, Judge....................... 588 Nowlan, Colonel George G.................... 438 Meriwether, General David................... 397 Meteoric Stone........................ 564 Methodist Church, Savannah................. 06 Oak Lawn.................................. 261 Midway.................. 266 Oak Mountain........................ 493 Millar, Hlon. A. J..................... 629 Observations by the Georgia Delegates........ 106 Milford.................. 261 Observations on the soil of Lee County by Dr. Milfort....................... 573 Mercer.................................... 511 Mill Haven............................. 631 Oglethorpe, General.......................... 177 Milner, Rev. John.......................... 5S4 Oglethorpe County........................... 579 Milledgeville............................. 265 Oglethorpe University....................... 266 Milledgeville Manufacturing Company........ 266 Oglethorpe.................................. 543 Milledge, Governor John..................... 223 Old Church............................. 282 Missionaries, imprisonment of................ 140 Old Sixes Town............................. 390 Mitchell, Thomas............................ 399 Osborn, Lady................................ 15 Mitchell, Governor David B................... 224 Oostenala................................. 476 Monroe County......................,.. 560 Oothcologa.................................. 476 Monroe...................... 671 Oxford.....................574 Montezuma....................... 543 Montaigut, David............................ 366 Monticello................................. 499 Palmyra.................................... 511 Montgomery' County.............. 565 Parish, Captain Joel................... 478 xii INDEX, PAGE PAGE Park, Ezekiel E.............................. 478 Revolutionary documents connected with McInParker, Henry............................... 181 tosh County............................... 554 Parsons, Samuel........................... 452 Reynolds, Governor John.................... 182 Pastors of Medway Church................... 519 Reynolds, Colonel............................ 898 Pataula Falls s...................... 591 Reynolds.................................... 646 Paulding County............................ 682 Riceborough................................ 513 Payne, Edward............................. 898 Richmond County........................... 593 Penfield................................ 477 Richmond Factory........................... 599 Penitentiary................................. 265 Ridge, M ajor................................ 16T Perry....................................... 497 Ridge, John................................ 168 Petersburg.................................. 439 Ringgold.......................... 667 Petition of the inhabitants of Georgia to the Eoanoke, burning of......................... 638 King............................. 82, 83, 84, 85 Robbery, singular, by a female.......... 451 Petition of inhabitants of Augusta............. 601 Rock, curious.................... 458 Pickett, Colonel A. J......................... 170 Rock Island Paper Mill...................... 571 Pike County................................. 583 Rom e....................................... 452 Pine Mountains.......... 493 Rose Hill Cemetery......... 270 Pine Hill.................................... 502 Rose, S... 270 Pineville.................................... 545 Ross, John.............188 Pioneer Paper Mill..6................ 393 Ross, H. G................................. 272 Plantation of James Potter................... 302 Roswell..................................... 401 Planters' Factory............................ 285 Roswell Factory............................. 402 Poindexter................................. 545 Rough and Ready........................ 451 Polk County................................ 586 Round Pond............................ 668 Polk, Rev. M................................ 502 Ruckersville................................ 488 Porter, Oliver............................... 483 Russellville.................................. 562 Powder Springs.............................. 401 Rutherford, Robert..........................267 Powelton......................491 Prattsville................................... 562 Presbyterian Church in Augusta..... 596 Salem...8........................... 892 Princeton Manufacturing Company.......... 392 Sandtown............................... 292, 557 Prison Ships......................... 339 Sapp, Henry................................. 656 Proceedings in Wilkes County relating to Gen- Sapp, Mrs. R................................. 656 eral E. Clarke's arrest................ 686 Saundersville................................ 677 Proceedings of first Court in Liberty.......... 530 Sanders, George............................. 461 Proceedings of Council of Safety... 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 Savannah.................... 02 Proceedings of Committee of St. John's Parish. 521 " Female Asylum.................... 303 Proclamation of President Ewen.............. 90 " Water-Works...................... 303 of Governor Treutlen........... 206 " Poor-House and Hospital........... 314 " of Sir James Wright.......... 46 " reduction of........................ 337 9 of John Wereat................. 210 " attack and repulse at............... 343 " of Governor Brownson......... 213 Saying of a lawyer........................... 282 Pulaski, Count............................... 307 Schley, Governor William.................... 238 Pulaski County.................... 587 School at Goose Pond........................ 581 Pulaski, loss of steamer....................... 853 Scottsborough.266 Pulaski House.. 312 Scott, General John......................... 26 Pulaski Monument.......................... 308 Screven County............................ 631 Putnam County............................. 588 Screven, General............................ 524 Scull Shoals Manufacturing Company........ 478 Seal of the Trustees.......................... 319 Quincy, Rev. Mr............................. 15 Seizure of the Mail....................... 195 Quebec................................ 642 Snake story................................. 662 Queensborough........................... 502 Southern Masonic Female College............ 574 Social Circle....................... 671 South Newport.............................. 546 Rabun County........5....8...... 589 Starkville............ 511 Rabun, Governor Wm....................... 228 Stapleton, George............................ 503 Randolph County............................ 590 State House................................. 265 Ratification of Federal Constitution........... 620 State Lunatic Asylum........................ 266 Raysville.................................... 405 Statesborough............................... 280 Raytown.................................... 643 State Bank in Savannah...................... 316 Redding, Anderson....................... 563 Stephens, Hon. William...................... 367 Reidsville.................................. 645 Stephens, President William.......... 180 Remarkable stone in Columbia Columbia County........ 405 Stephens, Hon. A. H........ 643 Remarkable feat in Camden County.......... 288 Stevens, Rev. Wmin. B................ l91 Remarkable rock in Forsyth County........ 458 Stewart County............................. 687 Remarkable instances of longevity............ 597 Stewart, General Daniel...................... 533 Report of Committee to devise temporary Con- Stiles, Samuel............................... 276 stitution................................ 96, 97 Stokes, Captain.............................. 483 Resaca................................... 475 Stokes, Hon. Anthony.......................866 Rees, Dr................................. 501 Strawberry.................................. 669 Resolutions at Savannah........45 Strobel, Rev. P. A............................ 427 Resolutions of General Committee at Charles- Strong, Judge Christopher................... 273 town in regard to St. John's Parish.......... 522 Spalding County............................ 684 Resolutions of South Carolina in regard to Ogle- Spalding. Hon. Thomas....................... 634 thorpe.. 321 Spanish'invasion of Georgia................. 462 Resolutions of House of Assembly....... 56, 57, 58 Sparta...................................... 491 Return of Burke County Militia............ 284 Spring Cave................................ 45 Return of American forces killed at Savannah.. 347' Limestone, in Hall.............. 490 Return of officers chosen for Georgia Battalion. 94 " Limestone, in Polk.................... 586 Return of strength of Georgia Battalion........ 96 " Cold................................. 557 Revolutionary soldiers in Wilkes.............. 62 " Sulphur, in Hall............. 490 Revolutionary Incident..................: 606 Rowland.......2.................. 299 INDEX. Xiii PAGE PAGE Spring Place.......................... 298, 567 Troup County............................... 650 " Thundering....................... 665 Troupville................................. 540 " Yates's.............................. 667 Troup Factory......................... 652 Springs, Cherokee......................... 667 Troup, Governor George M........2........ 231 " Cohuttah........................... 568 Tradition of the Cherokees................... 404 " Cotoosa............................. 668 Treatywiththe Lower Creeks in Savannah, 1733. 121 " Crayfish............................. 667 Treaty With the Creeks, Cherokees, and ChickaIndian............................. 285 saws at Coweta, 1739....................... 121 " Madison........................... 545 Treaty with the Cherokees and Creeks at AuFranklin............................ 459 gusta, 1773.................... 121, 122, 123 M" edicinal........................ 667 Treaty with the Cherokees at Augusta, May 31, " Powder............................. 401 1783......... 123 W"'Warm................. 557 Treaty with the Creeks at Augusta, Nov. 1, 1783. 123 C halybeate.......................... 557 Cherokees at I-opewell, 1785... 123 Springfield....................426 " " Creeks at Shoulder-Bone Creek, Settlement of Liberty County................. 514 1786................................. 123 Sequoia, or George Guess.....................387 Treaty with the Creeks at New York, 1790..... 124 Siege and Surrender of Augusta............... 609 " " Cherokees at Holston, 1791..... 124 Siloquoy....................... 476 " " " at Philadelphia,1794. 124 Silver Mines..................... 19, 20 " " Creeks at Coleraine, 1796... 124,125'Shady Dale................... 500 " " " at Fort Wilkinson, 1802. 125 Shaffer, B.................................. 201 " " at the Agency, 1804.... 125 Sharp Mountain........................ 390 " at Washington City, SO05. 125 Sheftall Sheftall........................ 40 " " " at Fort Jackson, 1814... 126 Sheftall, Mordecai, Journal of................. 340 " " " at the Creek Agency, Shine, John........................... 6-6 1818..................................... 126 Shivers, Jonas.......................... 675 Treaty with the Creeks at Indian Springs, 1821.. 126 Smith, Lorenzo Dow, history of............. 662 " " at Indian Springs, 1825.. 126 Smith, Rev. Isaac.. 56 " " " atWashington City, 1826. 126 Southern Female College of La Grange........ 651 " " " at the Creek Agency, St. Andrew's Society............... 315 1827.................................. 127 St. John's Church...................... 317 Treaty with the Cherokees at New Echota, St. M ary's......................... 286 1835...................................... 12 St. Simon's Island................. 462 Trenton..................................... 418 St. Cloud's.................................. 494 Tryon Factory...................... 387 St. Paul's Church..595 Tunnel...................................... 680 Subterranean Village..................... 487 Twiggs County.............................. 656 Summary mode of justice among the Creeks... 417 Twig:gs, General John....................... 629 Summerville............................ 386, 597 Twi;ggs, General D. E........................ 629 Sumter County......................... 641 Tyner's family, capture of.................... 440 Sunbury.5.............................. 513 Surrender of the Charter..................... 20 Suttle, William, generous conduct of.......... 440 Union County.............................. 657 Sylvania................................ 631 Union Point........................... 478 Synodical Female College at Griffin........... 634 University, Mercer........................... 477 Swainsborough............................ 450 Upson County........................ 665 Sweet Water Factory........................ 293 Upson, Hon. Stephen........................ 580 Sweet Water Old Town...................... 404 Vandever, the hunter of Tallulah......... 663, 664 Talbot County.............................. 642 Variety Works at Columbus.................. 570 Talbotton................................... 642 V anw ert.................................... 582 Talbot, Governor Matthew................... 229 Vienna..................................... 424 Tait, Charles.................... 448 Villa Rica................................... 294 Talons...................................... 461 V ineville.................................... 272 Taliaferro County........................ 643 Von Reck's Journal........................ 433 Tar and feathering...................... 606 Tarversville...................... 656 Tattnall County........................ 645 Waddel, ev. Dr. Moses................... 394 Tattnall, Governor Josiah.................... 222 Walker County......................... 667 Taylor County.............................. 646 Walker, Major Freeman..................... 629 Taylor, Richard............................. 670 Wallace, Norman............................ 15 Taylor's Cotton Gin Manufactory............. 570 Walthour................................... 538 Tazewell.................................... 545 W althourville............................... 513 Tefft, I. K........................ 106 Walton County........................... 671 Telfair County............................ 646 Walton, Governor George.................... 210 Telfair, Governor E....................... 216 Ware County............................... 673 Terrell, Captain James...................... 459 Waresborough............................. 673 Thrasher, sufferings of Mrs.................... 479 Ware, Hon. Nicholas......................... 629 Thomas County....................... 648 Warehouses in Augusta...................... 594 Thomaston................................. 665 Warren County.............................. 674 Thomasville................................. 648 W arrenton.................................. 675 Thomas, General J....................... 648 Warren and Coleman's Mill.............. 599 Thomas, Mrs. Martha..................... 267 Warner, Hon. IIiram.....5............. 557 Thomaston Factory....................... 666 Washington County.......................... 676 Thunderbolt................................. 336 W ashington................................. 681 Tomo Chachi's visit to England...... 0........ 825 Washington's visit to Augusta................ 621 Torrence, John......................... 675 Washington's answer to address of Medway Town Bluff............................. 259 Church............................. 530 Towns, Governor George W.................. 252 Watkinsville................................ 391 Tragical incident in. Baker............ 264 Watkinsville Tanning Company.............. 393 Travellers' Rest........................ 424 Watson's Cotton Gin Factory................. 511 Treutlen, Governor John.................. 202 Watts, Ludwell.............................. 285 Xiv INDEX. PAGE PAGE'Water-Cure Establishment................... 400 Wilson's Cave.............................. 669 Wayman Factory............................ 666 Wilkes County............................. 681 Wayne County........................... 679 Winter's Merchant Mill...................... 571 Waynesborough........................... 282 Winship's Establishment..................... 421 Wayneville.................................. 679 Winship's Cotton Gin Factory................ 566 Wayne, Hon. James M........................ 379 Wilkinson County.......................... 688 Wereat, Governor John...................... 210 Woodlawn Seminary........................ 587 Wesley, Rev. John........................ 16,17 Wright, Sir James, speech to the General AsWesley, Rev. Samuel....................... 15 sembly................ 50, 51 West Point................... 652 Wright, Sir James, answer to the House of W hitesville.............................. 426,493 Assembly............................... 4, 55 Whitefield County........................... 679 Wright, Sir James........................... 188 Whitefield, Rev. George................ 0 Wrightsborough............................. 404 Whitefield's Orphan House................... 829 Wright, John................................ 682 White House, skirmish at.................... 526 Wyatt, John................................ 495 W hite Path.................................. 461 White, Dr.......................... 267 White Plains....................... 478 onah outan.......................... 487 White, Colonel John....................... 867 Whitaker, Hon. Benjamin................... 504 Wilde, Hon. R. H................. 0....629 Zebulon............................. 583 Williamson's Mines.......................... 390 Zubly, ev. J. J............................. 365 THE H-ISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORG1A. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY HISTORY OF GEORGIA. CHARTER OF THE COLONY. GEORGE THE SECOND: By the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: Whereas we are credibly informed, that many of our poor subjects are, through misfortunes and. want of employment, reduced to great necessity, insomuch as by their labour they are not able to provide a maintenance for themselves and families; and if they had means to defray their charges of passage, and other expenses incident to new settlements, they would be glad to settle in any of our provinces in America, where, by cultivating the lands at present waste and desolate, they might not only gain a comfortable subsistence for themselves and families, but also strengthen our colonies, and increase the trade, navigation, and wealth of these our realms. And whereas our provinces in North America have been frequently ravaged by Indian enemies; more especially that of South Carolina, which in the late war, by the neighbouring savages, was laid waste by fire and sword, and great numbers of the English inhabitants miserably massacred; and our loving subjects who now inhabit there, by reason of the smallness of their numbers, will, in case of a new war, be exposed to the like calamities; inasmuch as their whole southern frontier continueth unsettled, and lieth open to the said savages; and whereas we think it highly becoming our crown and royal dignity to protect all our loving subjects, be they never so distant from us; to extend our fatherly compassion even to the meanest and most infatuate of our people, and to relieve the wants of our above mentioned poor subjects; and that it will be highly conducive for accomplishing those ends, that a regular colony of the said poor people be settled and established in the southern territories of Carolina; and whereas we have been well assured, that if we would be graciously pleased to erect and settle a corporation, for the receiving, managing and disposing of the contributions of our loving' sub 2 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. jects, divers persons would be induced to contribute to the purposes aforesaid. Know ye therefore, that we have, for the consideration aforesaid, and for the better and more orderly carrying on the said good purposes, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, willed, ordained, constituted and appointed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do will, ordain, constitute, declare and grant, that our right trusty and well beloved John Lord Viscount Percival, of our Kingdom of Ireland, our trusty and well beloved Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Tower, Robert Moor, Robert Hucks, Roger Holland, William Sloper, Francis Eyles, John Laroche, James Vernon, William Beletha, Esqrs., A. M., John Burton, B. D., Richard Bundy, A. M., Arthur Beaford, A. M., Samuel Smith, A. M., Adam Anderson, and Thomas Coram, gentlemen, and such other persons as shall be elected in the manner herein after mentioned, and their successors to be elected in the manner herein after directed, be, and shall be one body politic and corporate, in deed and in name, by the name of The Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America; and them and their successors by the same name, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, really and fully make, ordain, constitute and declare, to be one body politic in deed and in name forever; and that by the same name, they and their silcessors shall and may have perpetual succession; and that they a their successors, by that name, shall and may forever hereafter be persons able and capable in the law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any manors, messuages, lands, tenements, rents, advowsons, liberties, privileges, jurisdictions, franchises, and other hereditaments whatsoever, lying and being in Great Britain, or any part thereof, of whatsoever nature, kind or quality, or value they be, in fee and in perpetuity; not exceeding the yearly value of one thousand pounds, beyond reprises; also estates for lives and for years; and all other manner of goods, chattels and things whatsoever they be; for the better settling and supporting, and maintaining the said colony, and other uses aforesaid; and to give, grant, let and demise the said manors, messuages, lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels and things whatsoever aforesaid, by lease or leases, for term of years, in possession at the time of granting thereof, and not in reversion, not exceeding the term of thirty-one years from the time of granting thereof; on which in case no fine be taken, shall be reserved the full; and in case a fine be taken, shall be reserved at least a moiety of the value that the same shall reasonably and bona fide be worth at the time of such demise; and that they and their successors, by the name aforesaid, shall and may forever hereafter be persons able, capable in the law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any lands, territories, possessions, tenements, jurisdictions, franchises and hereditaments whatsoever, lying and being in America, of what quantity, quality or value whatsoever they be, for the better settling and supporting, and maintaining the said colony; and that by the name aforesaid they CHARTER OF THE COLONY 3 shall and may be able to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend and be defended in all courts and places whatsoever, and before whatsoever judges, justices and other officers, of us, our heirs and successors, in all and singular actions, plaints, pleas, matters, suits and demands, of what kind, nature or quality soever they be; and to act and do all other matters and things in as ample manner and form as any other our liege subjects of this realm of Great Britain; and that they and their successors forever hereafter, shall and may have a common seal to serve, for the causes and businesses of them and their successors; and that it shall and may be lawful for them and their successors, to change, break, alter and make new the said seal, from time to time, and at their pleasure, as they shall think best. And we do further grant, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and the common council of the said corporation herein after by us appointed, may from time to time, and at all times, meet about their affairs when and where they please, and transact and carry on the business of the said corporation. And for the better execution of the purposes aforesaid, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant to the said corporation, and their successors, that they and their successors forever may, upon the third Thursday in the month of March yearly, meet at some convenient place to be appointed by the said corporation, or major part of them who shall be present at any meeting of the said corporation, to be had for the appointing of the said place; and that they or two-thirds of such of them that shall be present at such yearly meeting, and at no other meeting of the said corporation, between the hours of ten in the morning and four in the afternoon of the same day, choose and elect such person or persons to be members of the said corporation, as they shall think beneficial to the good designs of the said corporation. And our further will and pleasure is, that if it shall happen that any person herein after by us appointed, as the common council of the said corporation, or any persons to be elected or admitted members of the said common council in the manner hereafter directed, shall die, or shall by writing under his and. their hands respectively resign his or their office or offices of commnon council man or common council men; the said corporation, or the major part of such of them as shall be present, shall and may at such meeting, on the said third Thursday in March yearly, in manner as aforesaid, next after such death or resignation, and at no other meeting of the said corporation, into the room or place of such person or persons so dead or so resigning, elect and choose one or more such person or persons, being members of the said corporation, as to them shall seem meet: -and our will is, that all and every the person or persons which shall from time to time hereafter be elected common council men of the said corporation as aforesaid, do and shall, before he or they act as common council men of the said corporation, take an oath'for the faithful and due execution of their office which oath the president of the said corporation for the time being, is hereby authorized and required to administer to such person or persons elected as 4 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. aforesaid. And our will and pleasure is, that the first president of the said corporation is and shall be our trusty and well-beloved, the said Lord John Viscount Percival; and that the said president shall, within thirty days after the passing this charter, cause a summons to be issued to the several members of the said corporation herein particularly named, to meet at such time and place as he shall appoint, to consult about and transact the businesses of said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, and we, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, ordain and direct, that the common council of this corporation shall consist of fifteen in number; and we do, by these presents, nominate, constitute and appoint our right trusty and well-beloved John Lord Viscount Percival, our trusty and beloved Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James. Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Laroche, James Vernon, William Beletha, Esqrs., and Stephen Hales, Master of Arts, to be the common council of the said corporation, to continue in the said office during their good behaviour. And whereas it is our royal intention, that the members of the said corporation should be increased by election, as soon as conveniently may be, to a greater number than is hereby nominated; Our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and direct, that from the time of such increase of the members of the said corporation, the number of the common council shall be increased to twenty-four; and that the same assembly at which such additional members of the said corporation shall be chosen, there shall likewise be elected in the manner herein before directed for the election of common council men, nine persons to be the said common council men, and to make up the number twenty-four. And our further will and pleasure is, that our trusty and well-beloved Edward Digby, Esq., shall be the first chairman of the common council of the said corporation; and that the said Lord Viscount Percival shall be and continue president cf the said corporation; and that the said Edward Digby shall be and continue chairman of the common council of the said corporation, respectively, until the meeting which shall be had next and immediately after the first meeting of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, and no longer: at which said second meeting, and every other subsequent and future meeting of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, in order to preserve an indifferent rotation of the several officers of president of the corporation, and of chairman of the common council of the said corporation, we do direct and ordain, that all and every the person and persons members of the said common council for the time being, and no other, being present at such meetings, shall severally and respectively in their turns, preside at the meetings which shall from time to time be held of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively. And in case any doubt or question shall at any time arise touching or concerning the right of any member of the said common council to preside, at any meeting of the said corporation, or at the common council of the said corpora CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 5 tion, the same shall respectively be determined by the major part of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, who shall be present at such meeting. Provided always, that no member of the said common council having served in the offices of president of the said corporation, or of chairman of the common council of the said corporation, shall be capable of being or of serving as president or chairman at any meeting of the said corporation, or common council of the said corporation, next and immediately ensuing that in which he so served as president of the said corporation, or chairman of the said common council of the said corporation respectively; unless it shall so happen, that at any such meeting of the said corporation there shall not be any other member of the said common council present. And our will and pleasure is, that at all and every of the meetings of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation, the president or chairman for the time being, shall have a voice, and shall vote and shall act as a member of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation, at such meeting; and in case of any equality of votes, the said president or chairman, for the time being, shall have a casting vote. And our further will and pleasure is, that no president of the said corporation, or chairman of the common council of the said corporation, or member of the said common council or corporation, by us by these presents appointed, or hereafter from time to time to be elected and appointed in manner aforesaid, shall have, take or receive, directly or indirectly, any salary, fee, perquisite, benefit or profit whatsoever, for or by reason of his or their serving the said corporation, or common council of the said corporation, or president, chairman, or common council man, or as being a member of the said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, that the said herein before appointed president, chairman or common council men, before he and they act respectively as such, shall severally take an oath for the faithful and due execution of their trust, to be administered to the president by the Chief Baron of our Court of Exchequer, for the time being, and by the president of the said corporation to the rest of the common council, who are hereby authorized severally and respectively to administer the same. And our will an.d pleasure is, that all and every person and persons shall have, in his or their own name or names, or in the name or names of any person or persons in trust for him or them, or for his or their benefit, any office, place or employment of profit, under the said corporation, shall be incapable of being elected a member of the said corporation; and if any member of the said corporation, during such time as he shall continue a member thereof, shall in his own name, or in the name of any person or persons in trust for him, or for his benefit, have, hold, exercise, accept, possess or enjoy any office, place or employment of profit under the said corporation, or under the common council of the said corporation, such member shall from the time of his having, holding, exercising, accepting, possessing and enjoying such office, place and employment of profit, cease to be a member of the said corporation. And we do, for us, our heirs and 6 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIAo successors, grant unto the said corporation, that they and their successors, or the major part of such of them as shall be present at any meeting of the said corporation, convened and assembled for that purpose by a convenient notice thereof, shall have power from time to time and at all times hereafter, to authorize and appoint such persons as they shall think fit, to take subscriptions, and to gather and'collect such moneys as shall be by any person or persons contributed for the purposes aforesaid, and shall and may revoke and make void such authorities and appointments as often as they shall see cause so to do. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and direct, that the said corporation every year lay an account in writing before the chancellor or speaker, or commissioners for the custody of the great seal of Great Britain, of us, our heirs and successors, the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, the Master of Rolls, the Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, of us, our heirs and successors, for the time being, or any two of them., of all moneys and effects by them received or expended for carrying on the good purposes aforesaid. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to constitute, ordain and make such and so many by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, as to them or the greater part of them, at their general meeting for that purpose, shall seem necessary and convenient for the well ordering and governing of the said corporation, and the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, or any of them, to alter and annul as they or the major part of them then present shall see requisite; and in and by such bylaws, rules, orders and ordinances, to set, impose and inflict reasonable pains and penalties upon any offender or offenders who shall transgress, break or violate the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so made as aforesaid, and to mitigate the same as they or the major part of them then present shall think convenient; which said pains and penalties shall and may be levied, sued for, taken, retained and recovered by the said corporation and their successors, by their officers and servants from time to time to be appointed for that purpose, by action of debt, or by any other lawful ways or means, to the use and behoof of the said corporation and their successors all and singular which by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so as aforesaid to be made, we will shall be duly observed and kept, under the pains and penalties therein to be contained, so always, as the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, pains and penalties, from time to time to be made and imposed, be reasonable, and not contrary or repugnant to- the laws or statutes of this our realm; and that such by-laws, constitutions and ordinances, pains and penalties, from time to time to be made and imposed; and any repeal or alteration thereof, or any of them, be likewise agreed to, be established and confirmed by the said general meeting of the said corporation, to be held and kept next after the same shall be respectively made. And whereas the said corporation intend to settle a CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 7 colony, and to make an habitation and plantation in that part of our province of South Carolina, in America, herein after described; know ye, that we, greatly desiring the happy success of the said corporation, for their further encouragement in accomplishing so excellent a work, have, of our'foresaid grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant to the said corporation and their successors, under the reservation, ]imitation and declaration hereafter expressed, seven undivided parts, the whole in eight equal parts to be divided, of all those lands, countries and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea coast to the'southward, unto the most southern. stream of a certain other great water or river called the Alatamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas; and all that share, circuit and precinct of land within the said boundaries, with the islands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands, within twenty leagues of the same, which are not inhabited already, or settled by any authority derived from the crown of Great Britain, together with all the soils, grounds, havens, ports, gulfs and bays, mines, as well royal mines of gold and silver as other minerals, precious stones, quarries, woods, rivers, waters, fishings, as well royal fishings of whale and sturgeon as other fishings, pearls, commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, franchises, privileges and pre-eminences within the said frontiers and precincts thereof, and thereunto in any sort belonging or appertaining, and which we by our letter patents may or can grant; and in as ample manner and sort as we may, or any of our royal progenitors have hitherto granted to any company, body, politic or corporate, or to any adventurer or adventurers, undertaker or undertakers, of any discoveries, plantations or traffic, of, in, or unto any foreign parts whatsoever, and in as legal and ample manner as if the same were herein particularly mentioned and expressed: To have, hold possess and enjoy the said seven undivided parts, the whole into eight equal parts to be divided as aforesaid, of all and singular the lands, countries and territories, with all and singular other the premises herein before by these presents granted or mentioned, or intended to be granted to them the said corporation and their successors, for ever, for the better support of the said colony; to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our honour of Hampton Court, in our county of Middlesex, in free and common soccage, and not in capite; yield-. ing and paying therefor to us, our heirs and successors, yearly for ever, the sum of four shillings for every hundred acres of the said lands which the said corporation shall grant, demise, plant, or settle; the said payment not to commence or to be made until ten years after such grant,. demise, planting or settling, and to be answered and paid to us, our heirs and successors, in such manner, and in such species of money or notes as shall be current in payment by proclamation, from time to time in our said province of South Carolina; all which 8 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. lands, countries, territories and premises hereby granted, or mentioned and intended to be granted, we do, by these presents,make, erect and create, one independent and separate province,.by the name of Georgia, by which name, we will, the same henceforth be called; and that all and every person or persons who shall at any time hereafter inhabit or reside within our said province, shall be and hereby are declared to be free, and shall not be subject to or be bound to obey any laws, orders, statutes, or constitutions which have been heretofore made, ordered, and enacted, or which hereafter shall be made, ordered or enacted by, for, or as the laws, orders, statutes or constitutions of our said province of South Carolina (save and except only the command in chief of the militia of our said province of Georgia, to our governor for the time being, of South Carolina, in manner hereafter declared) but shall be subject to and bound to obey such laws, orders, statutes and constitutions as shall from time to time be made, ordered, and enacted, for the better government of the said province of Georgia, in the manner herein after declared. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain, will and establish, that for and during the term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, the said corporation assembled for that purpose, shall and may form and prepare laws, statutes and ordinances, fit and necessary for and concerning the government of the said colony, and not repugnant to the laws and statutes of England, and the same shall and may present, under their common seal, to us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, for our or their approbation or disallowance; and the said laws, statutes and ordinances, being approved of by us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, shall from thenceforth be in full force and virtue within our said province of Georgia. And forasmuch as the good and prosperous success of the said colony cannot but chiefly depend, next under the blessing of God and the support of our royal authority, upon the provident and good direction of the whole enterprise; and that it will be too great a burthen upon all themembers of the said corporation, to be convened so often as may be requisite to hold meetings for the settling, supporting, ordering and maintaining the said colony: therefore we do will, ordain, and establish, that the said common council for the time being, of the said corporation, being assembled for that purpose, or the major part of them, shall from time to time and at all times hereafter, have full power and authority to dispose of, extend, and apply all the moneys and effects belonging to the said corporation, in such manner and ways, and by such expenses as they shall think best to conduce to the carrying on and effecting the good purposes herein mentioned and intended: and also, shall have full power, in the name and on the account of the said corporation, and with and under their common seal, to enter under any covenants or contracts for carrying on and effecting the purposes aforesaid. And our further will and pleasure is, that the said common council for the time being, or the major part of such common council which shall be present and assembled for that purpose, from time to time, and at CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 9 all times hereafter, shall and may nominate, constitute and appoint a treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries, and such other officers, ministers and servants of the said corporation, as to them or the major part of them as shall be present shall seem proper or requisite for the good management of their affairs; and at their will and pleasure to displace, remove, and put out such treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries, and all such other officers, ministers and servants, as often as they shall think fit so to do, and others in the room, office, place or station of him or them so displaced, removed or put out, to nominate, constitute and appoint; and shall and may determine and appoint such reasonable salaries, perquisites and other rewards for their labour, or service of such officers, servants and persons, as to the said common council shall seem meet; and all such officers, servants and persons shall, before the acting their respective offices, take an oath, to be to them administered by the chairman for the time being of the said common council of the said corporation, who is hereby authorized to administer the same, for the faithful and due execution of their respective offices and places. And our will and pleasure is, that all such person and persons who shall from time to time be chosen or appointed treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries of the said corporation, in manner herein after directed, shall, during such times as they shall serve in the said offices respectively, be incapable of being, a member of the said corporation. And we do further, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, by these presents, to the said corporation and their successors, that it shall be lawful for them and their officers or agents, at all times hereafter, to transport and convey out of our realm of Great Britain, or any other of our dominions, into the said province of Georgia, to be there settled, so many of our loving subjects, or any foreigners that are willing to become our subjects and live under our allegiance in the said colony, as shall be willing to go to inhabit or reside there, with sufficient shipping, armor, weapons, powder, shot, ordnance, munition, victuals, merchandise and wares, as are esteemed by the wild people, clothing, implements, furniture, cattle, horses, mares, and all other things necessary for the said colony, and for the use and defence, and trade with, the people there, and in passing and returning to and from the same. Also we do, for ourselves and successors, declare, by these presents, that all and every the persons which shall happen to be born within the said province, and every of their children and posterity, shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunities of free denizens and natural born subjects, within any of our dominions, to all intents and purposes, as if abiding and born within this our kingdom of Great Britain, or any other dominion. And for the greater ease and encouragement of our loving subjects, and sudh others as shall come to inhabit in'our said colony, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, establish and ordain, that for ever, hereafter, there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of God, to all persons inhabiting, or which shall inhabit or be resident within 10 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, our said province, and that all such persons, except papists, shall have a free exercise of religion; so they be contented with the quiet and peaceable enjoyment of the same, not giving offence or scandal to the government. And our further will and pleasure is, and we, do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that it shall and may be lawful for the said common council, or the major part of them, assembled for that purpose, in the name of the corporation, and under the common stal, to distribute, convey, assign, and set over such particular portions of lands, tenements and hereditaments by these presents granted to the said corporation, unto such of our loving subjects naturally born or denizens, or others, that shall be willing to become our subjects, and live under our allegiance in the said colony, upon such terms, and for such estates, and upon such rents, reservations and conditions as the same may be lawfully granted, and as to the said common council, or the major part of them so present, shall seem fit and proper. Provided always, that no grants shall be made of any part of the said lands unto any person being a member of the said corporation, or to any other person in trust for the benefit of any member of the said corporation; and that no person having any estate or interest in law or equity in any part of the said lands, shall be capable of being a member of the said corporation, during the continuance of such estate or interest. Provided also, that no greater quantity of lands be granted, either entirely or in parcels, to or for the use or in trust for any one person than five hundred acres; and that all grants made contrary to the true intent and meaning hereof, shall be absolutely null and void. And we do hereby grant and ordain, that such person or persons for the time being, as shall be thereunto appointed by the said corporation, shall and may at all times, and from time to time hereafter, have full power and authority to administer and give the oaths appointed by an act of parliament made in the first year of the reign of our late royal father, to be taken instead of the oaths of allegiance and supremacy; and also the oath of abjuration, to all and every person and persons which shall at any time be inhabiting or residing within our said colony; and in like cases to administer the solemn affirmation to any of the persons commonly called quakers, in such manner as by the laws of our realm of Great Britain the same may be administered. And we do, of our further grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, grant, establish and ordain, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and their successors, shall have full power and authority for and during the term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record,.or other courts, to be held in the name of us, our heirs and successors, for the hearing and determining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matters, causes, and things whatsoever, arising or happening within the said province of Georgia or between persons. of Georgia; whether the same be criminal or civil, and whether the said crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal or mixed; and for CHARTER OF THE COLONY. iX awarding and making out executions thereupon; to which courts and judicatories, we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant full power and authority, from tifne to time, to administer oaths for the discovery of truth, in any matter in controversy or depending before them, or the solemn affirmation to any of the persons commonly called Quakers, in such manner as by the laws of our realm of Great Britain the same may be administered. And our further will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their successors, do from time to time and at all times hereafter, register or cause to be registered all such leases, grants, plantings, conveyances, settlements and improvements whatsoever, as shall at any time hereafter be made by or in the name of the said corporation, of any lands, tenements or hereditaments within the said province, and shall yearly send and transmit, or cause to be sent or transmitted, authentic accounts of such leases, grants, conveyances, settlements and improvements respectively, unto the auditor of the plantations for the time being, or his deputy, and also to our surveyor for the time being of our said province of South Carolina, to whom we do hereby grant full power and authority from time to time, as often as need shall require, to inspect and survey such of the said lands and premises as shall be demised, granted and settled as aforesaid, which said survey and inspection we do hereby declare to be intended to ascertain the quit-rents, which shall from time to time become due to us, our heirs and successors, according to the reservations herein before mentioned, and for no other purposes whatsoever; hereby, for us, our heirs and successors; strictly enjoining and commanding, that neither our or their surveyor, or any person whatsoever, under the pretext and colour of making the said survey or inspection, shall take, demand or receive any gratuity, fee or reward, of or from any person or persons inhabiting in the said colony, or from the said corporation or common council of-the same, on the pain of forfeiture of the said office or offices, and incurring our highest displeasure. Provided always, and our further will and pleasure is, that all leases, grants and conveyances to be made by or in the name of the said corporation, of any lands within the said province, or a memorial containing the substance and effect thereof, shall be registered with the auditor of the said plantations, of us, our heirs and successors, within the space of one year, to be computed from the date thereof, otherwise the same shall be void. And our further will and pleasure is, that the rents, issues, and all other profits which shall at any time hereafter come to the said corporation, or the major part of them which shall be present at any meeting for that purpose assembled, shall think will most improve fand enlarge the said colony, and best answer the good purposes herein before mentioned, and for defraying all other charges about the same. And our will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their successors, shall from time to time give into one of the principal secretaries of state and to the commissioners of trade and plantations, accounts of the progresses of the said colony. And our will and pleasure is, that no act done at any meeting of the said common council of the 12 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. said corporation, shall be effectual and valid, unless eight members at least of the said common council, including the member who shall serve as chairman at the said meeting, be present, and the major part of them consenting thereunto. And our will and pleasure is, that the common council of the said corporation for the time being, or the major part of them who shall be present, being assembled for that purpose, shall from time to time, for and during and unto the full end and expiration of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, have full power and authority to nominate, make, constitute, commission, ordain and appoint, by such name or names, style or styles, as to them shall seem meet and fitting, all and singular such governors, judges, magistrates, ministers and officers, civil and military, both by sea and land, within the said districts, as shall by them be thought fit and needful to be made or used for the said government of the said colony; save always and except such officers only as shall by us, our heirs and successors, be from time to time constituted and appointed, for the managing, collecting and receiving such revenues as shall from time to time arise within the said province of Georgia, and become due to us, o'ur heirs and successors. Provided always, and it is our will and pleasure, that every governor of the said province of Georgia, to be appointed by thd common council of the said corporation, before he shall enter upon or execute the said office of Governor, shall be approved by us, our heirs or successors, and shall take such oaths and shall qualify himself in such manner in all respects, as any governor or commander in chief of any of our colonies or plantations in America are by law required to do; and shall give good and sufficient security for observing the several acts of Parliament relating to trade and navigation, and to observe and obey all instructions that shall be sent to him by us, our heirs and successors, or any acting under our or their authority, pursuant to the said acts, or any of them. And we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, will, grant and ordain, that the said corporation and their successors, shall have full power for and during and until the full end and term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, by any commander or other officer or officers by them for that purpose from time to time appointed, to train, instruct, exercise and govern a militia for the special defence and safety of our said colony, to assemble in martial array the inhabitants of the said colony, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, expulse, repel, resist and pursue, by force of arms; as well by sea as by land, within or without the limits of our said colony; and also to kill, slay and destroy, and conquer by all fitting ways, enterprises and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons as shall at any time hereafter, in any hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment or annoyance of our said colony; and to use and exercise the martial law in time of actual war and invasion or rebellion, in such cases where by law the same may be used or exercised; and also from time to time to erect forts and fortify any place or places within our said colony, and the same CHARTER OF THE COLONY. 1 to furnish with all necessary ammunition, provisions and stores of war, for offence and defence, and to commit from time to time the custody or government of the same to such person or persons as to them shall seem meet; and the said forts and fortifications to demolish at their pleasure; and to take and surprise, by all ways and means, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition and other goods, as shall in an hostile manner invade or attempt the invading, conquering or annoying of our said colony. And our will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that the governor and commander in chief of the province of South Carolina, of us, our heirs and successors for the time being, shall at all times hereafter have the chief command of the militia of our said province, hereby erected and established; and that such militia shall observe and obey all orders and directions that shall from time to time be given or sent them by the said governor or commander in chief, anything in these presents before contained to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding. And, of our more special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to import and export their goods at and from any port or ports that shall be appointed by us, our heirs and successors, within the said province of Georgia for that purpose, without being obliged to touch at any other port in South Carolina. And we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, will and declare, that from and after the determination of the said term of one andtwenty years, such form of government and method of making laws, statutes and ordinances, for the better governing and ordering the said province of Georgia, and the inhabitants thereof, shall be established and observed within the same, as we, our heirs and successors, shall hereafter ordain and appoint, and shall be agreeable to law; and that from and after the determination of the said term of one and twenty years, the governor of our said province of Georgia, and all officers, civil and. military, within the same, shall from time to time be nominated and constituted and appointed by us, our heirs and successors. And lastly, we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the said corporation- and their successors, that these our letters patent., or the enrollments or exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things, good, firm, valid, sufficient and effectual in the Law, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and shall be taken, construed and adjudged in all courts and elsewhere, in the most favourable and beneficial sense, and.for the best advantage of the said corporation and their successors, any omission, imperfection, defect, matter or cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. In witness we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness ourself at Westminster, the ninth day of June, in the fifth year of our reign. By writ of privy seal. COOKS. 14 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. The compiler has examined the Minutes of the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, and made the following extracts: PALACE COURT, OLD PALACE YARD, WESTMINSTER, July 20, 1732. The LORD VISCOUNT PERCIVAL, being met by THOMAS TOWER, JAMES VERNON GEORGE HEATHCOTE, JAMES OGLETHORPE, ROBERT HUCKS, WM. BELITHA, ROBERT MIORE, Esqrs., ARTHUR BEAFORD, SAMUEL SMITH, Clerks; Capt. THOMAS CORAM,. and ADAM ANDERSON, Gent., in pursuance to the following summons, issued by his lordship to them, and all other the trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia il America, viz: Sir,-His Majesty having been graciously pleased by his charter bearing date 9th June, 1732, to appoint you to be one of the Common Council, and one of the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America; and by same charter I am enjoined to cause summons to be issued to the several trustees therein particularly named, to meet at such time and place as I shall appoint, to consailt about and transact the business of the said corporation. In obedience to the injunction of the charter, I therefore summon you to meet the rest of the trustees, at their office in Palace Court, old PALACE YARD, at four of the Clock, in the afternoon on the 20 July, 1732, to transact the business of the said corporation. His Lordship produced the following certificate: July 7, 1732.-These are to certify, that the right Hon. the Lord Viscount Percival, of the kingdom of Ireland, came this day before me, and took the following oath, as President of the trustees; for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America:I do swear that I will, well and truly, execute the office of President of the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia, in America, to the best of my skill and knowledge. So help me God. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand. His Lordship then proceeded to administer the said oath, the word President being only changed for that of Common Councilman, to Thomas Tower, James Vernon, George Heathcote, James Oglethorpe, Robert Hucks, Wm. Belitha, and Robert More, Esqs., being common councilmen of the said corporation. Letters were produced to the trustees, from. divers noblemen and gentlemen, and also from the corporation of Liverpool, testifying their desire to forward this design, and to accept of commissions for collecting benefactions for that purpose. Ordered: That the thanks of the trustees be returned, and that Commissions for the said persons be prepared, in pursuance to their desire. Win. Purry,.the Leader, and Wm. Binmong, the Minister, and others, the elders of the Swiss Congregation, intending to build a town to be called by the name of Purrisburgo on the northern side of the Savannah river, in South Carolina, came and thanked the trustees for the protection they had already afforded them, and to desire that a good correspondence and friendship might be maintained between them, and such colonies as the said trustees should settle, in the Province of Georgia. The trustees gave them thirteen guineas, for the relief of the sick, ard childbearing women in their passage, being the private benefaction of Mr. George Heatheote, and Mr. Belithla, for that purpose. His Lordship being President, this first meeting adjourned to Thursday, July 27, 1732. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 15 July 27:-At this meeting a book of by-laws was ordered, and the Charter to be wrote in the beginning of it. Mr. Vernon reported that the petition of the trustees had been received by his Majesty, and a proposal was drawn up to transport a number of the Saltzburghers exiles. August 3, 1732. —Gen. Oglethorpe reported the names of many persons desirous of encouraging the colony. Aug. 10, 1732.-Committee, viz: Oglethorpe, Heathcote, Tower, More, Hucks, Laroche and Vernon, to propose laws for the regulation of the Colony. August 31, 1732.-Jacob Winckler, Theobald Keiffer, Ludwig Roel, and other German Swiss. being laborers and vine dressers, attended and received from, Lord Carpenter and Mr. Oglethorpe three guineas towards furnishing them with tools they, with their families, being the first Germans that are to establish the town of Purrisburgh. September 21, 1732.-Received a receipt from the bank for ~252, benefaction from the Bank of England. November, 2 1732.-Seal fixed to a grant for erecting a Court of Judicature in Savannah. November 8, 1732.-Benefactions acknowledged. Dr. Henry Herbert offered to go to Georgia, without any assistance, to perform all religious services.Accepted. Nov. 16, 1732.-On board the frigate Ann, Capt. Thomas, mustered the passengers on board; and computed the freight of them to 91 heads. Nov. 23, 1732.-Read copies of letters from Horatio VWalpole, Esq., to his deputies; from the Duke of Newcastle, to the Governors of South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New-York, New-England, Barbadoes, &c., for their assistance to Mr. Oglethorpe, on his voyage. A common seal to be affixed to a power of attorney, to James Oglethorpe, to appoint such commander or other officer or oficers, as he may think proper, to train and exercise the militia in Georgia. Dec. 14, 1732.-Names of persons to be sent to Georgia, to be printed in one of the public papers, once a fortnight, before their embarkation. Dec. 21, 1732.-Mr. Quincy attended, with a recommendation to go over as a missionary to Georgia. Jan. 10, 1732-3.-Mr. Abercrombie, Attorney-General of South Carolina, delivered in claims of people in South Carolina, to lands said to be run out by them on the south side of the Savannah River. He is informed that trustees were disposed to act justly to all persons, but that this affair could not receive immediate attention. Jan. 17, 1732-3.-A letter to be wrote to Sir Thomas Lamnbe, desiring his opinion of raising silk in Georgia. February 21, 1732-3.-Received from Lady Osborn,;50 towards building a church in Georgia. February 28, 1732-3.-A letter read from Mr. Oglethorpe, giving an account of his safe arrival at Charlestown, and the health of the colony, having lost in the passage but one person, a child aged eight months. April 11, 1733.-Names of all those who go to Georgia paying their own expenses, shall be published in one of the newspapers. April 18, 1733. —Received by the hands of the Rev. Mr. Samuel Wesley, a silver chalice and patine for the use of the first church in Savannah, the gift of an unknown benefactor. 16 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. April 30, 1733.-A petition to the House of Commons for a supply was read, and approved of. August 11, 1733.-Read a letter of attorney for receiving of the treasury ~10,000 granted by Parliament. Read a letter from Mr. Oglethorpe, with an account of the death of several persons in Georgia, which he imputed to the drin7cing of rum. Resolved, that the drinking of rum in Georgia be absolutely prohibited, and that all which shall be brought there be staved. July 17, 1734.-Wrote a letter to Sir Robert Walpole to know when the Indians may be introduced to his Majesty, and to desire him to obtain an order for the King's coaches for them, and a sentry to preserve them from the insults of the mob. August 14, 1734.-Mr. John Tuckwell promised to give a clock to the first church in Savannah. A scheme for raising a large sum of money for settling Georgia was received from Mr. Thomas Lowndes, and referred. Oct. 16, 1734.-Read an indenture for binding William Ewen* as servant to the trustees for two years. That 50 acres of land be given to the said William Ewen when his time is out. Jan. 15. 1735.-Read a letter from Mr. Joseph Richardson, with an offer of a couple of Swans for the Indians, and a couple of drums for the use of the Regiment. March 26, 1735.-Received a large Church Clock and Dyal plate for Savannah, the gift of Mr. Tuckwell. May 5, 1735.-One thousand cwt. of copper farthings to be sent to Georgia. July 2, 1735.-Received from the Bank a receipt for ~20,000, granted by Parliament. Sept. 24, 1735.-Read an appointment of Charles Wesley, A. M., to be Secretary for the Indian affairs in Georgia. Sept. 26, 1735.-A new town in Georgia to be laid out, to be called Frederica. Octo. 10, 1735.-John Wesley appointed Missionary at Savannah. Dec. 10, 1735.-Plato's works, Greek and Latin, and his Republique, (French,) to be bought for the use of the mission in Georgia. April 4, 1737.-A law was read against the use of gold and silver, in apparel and furniture, in Georgia, and for preventing extravagance and luxury. July 6th,1737.-Received a Receipt from the Bank of England, for tweenty thousand pounds, received by the Accountant at the Exchequer, (being so much granted the last session of Parliament, for the further securing and settling the colony of Georgia,) and paid in by him this day to the Bank. July 27, 1737.-Received a benefaction of a person who desired to be unknown, of a Seal for the Town Court of Savannah, with an Engine or press, &c., value ~2 5s. Town Courts of Savannah and Frederica to be courts of law for trying offences against the act for preventing the importation and use of rum. Nov. 9, 1737.-Received from Major William Cook 16 different sorts of vine cuttings from France, for the use of the Colony. Dec. 7, 1737.-Several letters were read from Mr. Williamson at Savannah, complaining of the Rev. John Wesley having refused the Sacrament to his wife, Mrs. Sophia Williamson, with affidavit of latter thereupon, and two presentments of the Grand Jury of the Rev. John Wesley for said refusal, and for several other facts laid to his charge. * This gentleman afterwards became Governor of Georgia. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 17 Ordered: That copies of said letters and affidavit be sent over to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley, desiring him to return his answers to the same as soon as possible; and that a letter be sent to Mr. Williamson to acquaint him of said copies being sent to Mr. Wesley, and that, if he has anything new to lay before the Trustees, he should show it first to Mr. Wesley, and then send it over to them; and that the Trustees think he should not have made his application to the world, by advertising his complaints, before he had acquainted the Trustees with them. Dec. 21, 1737.-Read an instruction from the King, appointing that in the morning and evening prayers in the Litany, as well as in the occasional offices, in the Book of Common Prayer, where the Royal Family is appointed to be particularly prayed for, the following Form and Order: " Their Royal Highnesses Frederic Princ*of Wales, the Princess of Wales, the Duke, the Princess, and all the Royal Family," be forthwith published in all the parish churches and other places of Divine worship in the Colony of Georgia, and that obedience be paid thereto accordingly. Ordered: That a License be made out for the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield to perform Ecclesiastical offices in Georgia, as a deacon in the Church of England. Feb. 22, 1737-8.-Rev. John.Wesley delivered a narrative relating to the complaints of Mrs. Williamson and three certificates signed by three persons. April 26, 1738.-Rev. John Wesley left the appointment of him by Trustees to perform religious services in Georgia. The authority granted him ordered to be revoked. 3iay 3, 1738.-Committee of Correspondence ordered to prepare an act to enable the Trustees to appoint Commissioners for the more effectual execution in a summary way, of the act to prevent the importation and use of rum and brandies in Georgia. May 19, 1738.-The seal of the Corporation, in pursuance of the orders of the Common Council, was affixed to the following deeds and papers, viz.: A Lease and Release, dated May 16 and 17, 1738, for three thousand acres of land, to the Bailiffs in Frederica, in trust for granting five acres to each soldier and non-commissioned officer of Col. Oglethorpe's Regiment. Another, for three thousand acres to the Bailiffs in Savannah, in trust for grantingfifty acre lots to men being Protestants of twenty-one years of age and upwards, who shall arrive in Georgia within three years from the date. Jany. 24, 1738-9.-Several letters read from Gen. Oglethorpe and Thomas Jones relating to matters in Georgia. A petition read from the old freeholders in Frederica, asking for a supply, by way of loan, of bread kind, provisions and seeds. Mcar/ch 15, 1738-9.-A committee appointed to prepare a law of entail for Georgia. May 16, 1739.-Received a bottle of Salitrum seeds, being a remedy for the bloody flux, for the use of the Colony. Read a commission to the Rev. George Whitefield to perform all religious and ecclesiastical offices at Savannah, in Georgia. June 2, 1739.-Sealed a grant of five hundred acres of land to the Rev. George Whitefield, in trust for the use of the house to be erected and maintained for the receiving such children as now are, and shall hereafter be, left orphans in the colony of Georgia, in pursuance of the direction of the Common Council held the 30th of last month. June 27, 1739.-That the seal of the corporation be affixed to the trustees' answer to the Representation from Savannah, of the 9th of December, 1738, for altering the Tenure of Lands, andintroducing Negroes in Georgia. July 11, 1739.-Received a receipt from the Bank. for ~20,000, paid in by the accomptant, being so much received by him at the Exchequer the 9th inst., out of the supplies for the year 1739. Jany. 16, 1739-40.-Lieut. Delegal, Capt. Dymond, and Mr. Aspourger, asked 2 18 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. by the trustees their opinion about the climate of Georgia,-declared they thought it very healthy, and that in the hottest weather there are fine breezes in the middle of the day. As to the goodness of the soil, " there was a great quantity of good land, called mixt land." Lieut. Delegal said, that the white Mulberry tree grows wild, as well as the black. Capt. Dymond said, that no vegetable thrives faster in any part of the world, than the Mulberry tree in Georgia. Mr. Aspourger said, that he had.seen the family of Camuse winding silk. Captain Dempsey said, that the wild vines grow abundantly in Georgia; that the grapes are very sweet; and that these vines are capable of great improvement by engraftment. Mr. Robert Millar, botanist, said that he believed Indigo would grow very well in Georgia, and that it may be sown and raised in four months in Georgia, whereas in most other places the climates are not proper for it above three months. Capt. Dymond being questioned about Cotton, declared that it thrives very well in Georgia; that he has brought home with him very good pods of it; and that it was planted on the Island of St. Simon, by Mr. Horton. Capt. Dymond, Lieut. Delegal, and Mr. Aspourger, declared that they had all seen the prickly pear shrub in Georgia, and the Cochineal Fly upon it,-That there are great numbers of those trees, which grow wild in the southern part of the Province; and that the islands are full of them.-That they have taken the fly between their fingers, and though green upon the tree, it dyes the fingers, (if squeezed,) with a deep red colour. Lieut. Delegal said, the dye of it could not easily be washed off with soap. Capt. Dymond being asked by the trustees about the timber in the Province, said that he had seen very good and fit for masts, and that Captain Gascoignels carpenter told him there was timber fit for masts for the largest men-of-war.That the timber grows very high at some distance up in the countryy.-That the trees grow very near rivers, which are navigable, and down which they may be floated. Lieut. Delegal said, that the trees for masts are very tall, twenty miles up in the country from St. Simons. Capt. Shubrick said, that he had seen very fine knee timber growing near the sea. Capts. Dymond and Shubrick declared that the sea coast of Georgia is capable and secure for navigation, as any coast in the world. Capt. Mapey told the trustees, that since the establishment of Georgia, the price of lands has been greatly raised in Carolina, and the plantations there increased. That Georgia is a fine barrier for the Northern Provinces, and especially for Carolina; and is also a great security against the running away of Negroes from Carolina to Augustine; because every negro, at his first appearance in Georgia, must be immediately known to be a runaway, since there are no Negeoes in Georgia. April 15, 1741.-Each County in Georgia to be under one President and four assistants. Thomas Stephens appointed President over the County of Savannah. Malcrch 3, 1741-2.-Received fiom the Custom House, a chest of silk, imported from Georgia, with the following attestation: We whose names are underwritten, do hereby attest and certify, that the raw silk, contained in the chest herewith sent, was in our presence put into the same chest, by Mary, wife of Lewis Camuse, after having been first weighed, which amounted to 45 pounds, two ounces, avoirdupois weight; that is to say, eight pounds, part thereof, had been manufactered and wound off by her in the town of Savannah, in the year 1740; and 37 pounds, two ounces, the remaining part thereof, had been in like manner wound off by her the present year, 1741. And we do further attest and certify, that 220 pounds, 14 ounces weight of Cocoons or silk balls were raised in Savannah, in Georgia, (the silk worms being fed with the Mulberry leaves growing in said county,) and had been delivered to Mrs. Camuse, since April last, in order to enable her to carry on the said manufacture,, as she has done, this present year. Dated at Savannah, in Georgia, this the 10th day of Sept. 1741. WILLIAM STEPHENS, Secr. WILLIAM RUSSEL) THOMAS JONES FRAN. HARRIS Accopt Bailifff of Savannah. EXTRACTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES. 19 July 14th, 1742.-Read an act to repeal so much of an act made in the eighth year of the reign of his present Majesty, entitled an Act to prevent the importation and use of Rum and Brandies, in the Province of Georgia; as prohibits the importation of Rum into the said Province from the other British Colonies. Ordered: That an Instruction be sent to William Stephens, Esq., that he do make an inquiry among the people of the Province, whether it is their opinion in general that it is proper to admit the use and introduction of Negroes in the said Province? and that he do, as soon as he can, certify their opinion, and his own, how far it may be proper under any, and under what limitations and restrictions. Resolvec, That a Committee be appointed to consider how far it may be convenient or proper to admit the introduction and use of Negroes in the Province of Georgia, and under what limitations and restrictions. Jily 15, 1742.-Read a paper from Mr. Joseph Avery, stating that he had discovered a large river called the Great Ogeechee, and that it would be of great service to the British nation to have a dock-yard and settlements upon the said river, &c. July 26, 1742.-Read a petition of Christian Steinharell, Theobald Keifer, and others, in behalf of the German servants in Savannah, setting forth that by indenture, they bound themselves to serve the Trustees in Georgia for five years after their arrival there, and that their children who were males, and under the age of 20, were to serve until they arrived at the age of 25, and their female children, who were above the age of 6, were to serve until they arrived at the age of 18; and as the time of the petitioners' Indentures with the Trustees, as to themselves, is growing near to a conclusion, and they are desirous and willing to settle in Georgia, having procured already a small stock of cattle for that purpose, they must unavoidably labor under great difficulties by being deprived of the freedom of their children, without whose assistance it will be impossible for them to make any progress in cultivating of land, being most of them advanced in years; and therefore praying the Trustees to grant them the freedom of their children, at the expiration of the five years for which the petitioners are bound. That we recommend to the Common Council to grant the Petitioners the freedom of their children at the expiration of the five years, as they desire. August 7, 1742.-Resolved, That it is recommended to the Common Council to give jirs. Camnuse a gratuity for every person who shall be certified to be properly instructed by her in the art of winding of silk. Dec. 21, 1742.-An act was read to repeal so much of an act to prevent the importation and use of rum and brandies in Georgia, and also for suppressing the odious and loathsome sin of drunkenness. Jany. 16, 1743-4.-A letter was read giving an account of a Silver mine discovered in the nation of Cherokee Indians, and of the proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of South Carolina relating thereto, and of persons applying by petition to the King for a grant of the lands where the mine is, and their having purchased the said lands of the Indians, and that the said mine is southward of several branches of the river Savannah; also, an abstract of a letter from Mr. Robert Williams relating to the said mine. Gen. Oglethorpe laid before trustees the copy of a petition from the Assembly of South Carolina to the King, transmitted to Mr. Oglethorpe from the committee of said Assembly, relating to the said mine, and setting forth that the Agriculture of the said Province, and the Plantations, must suffer greatly by the inhabitants resorting to the said mine. The clause in the charter wherein the King grants to the Trustees all mines in the Colony of Georgia, as well Royal as others, was then read. Ordered: That the Secretary do enter at the proper offices, in the name of the Trustees, a caveat against any grant being made of the said mine to any particular persons, before the Trustees are heard thereupon. 20 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. June 15, 1744.-Read a petition to the King, that whereas James Maxwell and Cornelius Docherty have petitioned his majesty that they had purchased of the Cherokees a tract of land 8 miles long and 6 miles wide, and that they had discovered appearances of iron, tin, lead and copper, with a mixture of silver in the said tract, and therefore praying to grant the said lands to themThe Trustees do therefore humbly represent to his Majesty, that the said mines are described to be in the midst of the Cherokee nation, and being to the Southward of one or more branches of the River Savannah, and within the limits of the Territories granted by his Majesty's Royal Charter to the Trustees, by which all mines, as well Royal Mines of Gold and Silver, or others, are granted to the Trustees. But, if the said mines should not be found to be within the Province of Georgia, the Trustees beg leave to represent to His Majesty how dangerous it may be to grant Royal Mines to private persons, who, by being so far distant from the seat of Government, in either of the Provinces of South Carolina, may, by their disorderly behaviour, occasion great quarrels and disturbances between his Majesty's subjects and the Indians, and thereby give an inlet'to the French, which may be attended with consequences very fatal to both Provinces, especially at a time when his Majesty is engaged in a war with France. And, therefore, the Trustees do humbly pray that no such Grant may be made, or that they may be heard before the granting of the same. Dec. 17, 1744.-Resolved, That the civil government for the Province of Georgia is vested in the Trustees by his Majesty's Royal Charter, in consequence of which they appointed Courts of Judicature at Savannah and Frederica, and appointed three Bailiffs and a Recorder for each Court, before whom all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matter, causes and things whatsoever X X *' X are to be tried according to the Laws and customs of the Realm of England, and of the Laws enacted for said Province. Resolved, Nerine contradicente, That no Military Officer, as such, ought, or hath any right, to interfere in any civil matters whatsoever, recognisable within the Courts of Judicature already established, or that shall hereafter be established, by the Trustees in the Province of Georgia. March 19, 1749-50.-Henry Parker appointed Vice President of the Colony of Georgia. Jan. 8, 1752.-Trustees resolve, that on account of their total inability to defray the civil government thereof, from Lady Day, 1751, to furnish the troops stationed in Georgia with provisions, or to give any encouragement for the produce of raw silk without a further supply, resolved to make an absolute surrender of all the rights, powers, and trusts vested in them by the Royal Charter, dated 9th June, 1732. MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 21 MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. At Yamacraw, the Indian name of the bluff which Oglethorpe in 1733 had selected as the site of his town, he found among the Indians a woman named Mary, who could speak both the English and Creek languages. The history of this woman is highly interesting, and for the information of our readers we have spared no pains in collecting facts connected with her history, from different sources, but principally from the Colonial documents copied in Europe by the Rev. C. Wallace Howard, now of Cass County. Mary was born at the Coweta town, on the Ocmulgee, the chief town of the Creek Indians, By the maternal line, she was descended from the sister of the old emperor of the Creek nations, Her Indian name was Consaponakeeso. When seven years of age she was brought by her father from the Indian nation to Pomponne, now Ponpon, in South Carolina, and there baptised, educated, and instructed in the principles of Christianity. In 1716, Col. John Musgrove was sent by the government of South Carolina to form, if possible, a treaty of alliance with the Creeks. John Musgrove, Jr., the son of the Colonel, accompanied his father on this ntission, became acquainted with Mary, and married her. In 1723, she with her husband returned to South Carolina, and about 1732, Mr. Musgrove established a trading house on Yamacraw bluff, the present site of the city of Savannah. When Oglethorpe arrived, one of his first efforts was to conciliate the Indians, and discovering the influence which Mary had over them, he purchased her friendship with presents. About three years afterwards, her husband died, and, at the request of General Oglethorpe, she established a trading-house on the south side of the Alatamaha. Here she married Capt. Jacob Matthews. In 1742, Capt. Matthews died. She afterwards married Rev. Thomas Bosomworth, a clergyman of the Church of England, who at that time was in the employ of the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. It is not our business to say what were the motives which induced the Rev. Gentleman to form this alliance, but it is fair to presume, from the great change which took place in his wife's feelings towards the colony, and indeed in her whole general character from the time of her marriage, that he must have been the chief instrument in producing this change. The year after his marriage he went to England, and wrote to the Trustees that he did not intend to return to Georgia; but after an absence of two years he did return, and commenced a line of conduct which for years kept the colony in a state of commotion. His object was twofold: first, to obtain compensation for his wife's services; and secondly, to obtain the possession of the islands of Ossaba, Sapelo, and St. Catherines, and a tract above Pipemaker's Creek, which had been reserved to the Indians in their former treaties. He engaged in his interests Major William Horton, the commander of Oglethorpe's regiment at Frederica, and other officers. Col. Heron, who arrived 22 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. in 1747 to take command of the regiment, was also gained over to the interests of the Bosomworths, and by his arrangements a body of Indians, with Malatchee at their head, came to Frederica to have a conference with the commander. This chief delivered a speech, in which he reviewed the services of Mary, desired that Abraham Bosomworth should be sent to England to tell the King that he was Emperor of the Creeks, and declared that Mary, his sister, was confided in by the whole nation, who had resolved to abide by her determinations. To Malatchee, Bosomworth suggested the importance of having himself crowned by those who were with him; and accordingly a paper was drawn up, vesting Malatchee with the authority suggested by Bosomworth. After this, Bosomworth obtained from Malatchee a deed of conveyance to Thomas and Mary Bosomworth of the islands of Ossaba, Sapelo, and St. Catherines, for and in consideration of 10 pieces of stroud, 12 pieces of duffles, 200 cwt. of powder, 200 pounds of lead, 20 guns, 12 pair of pistols, 100 pounds of vermilion. To stock these islands, Mr. Bosomworth had purchased, on credit, from planters in Carolina, a large quantity of cattle; but his stock not proving so productive as he anticipated, he found himself entangled in debt. To extricate himself, he encouraged his wife to assume the title of an independent Empress. A meeting of the Creeks was summoned, to whom she made a speech, in which she insisted upon the justice of her pretensions. The Indians became excited, and pledged themselves to stand by her to the last drop of their blood. What follows, the compiler is indebted to a work published in London, 1779, by the Rev. Dr. Hewitt.* In consequence of which, Mary, with a large body of savages at her back, set out for Savannah to demand a formal surrender of them from the President of the Province, A messenger was despatched beforehand to acquaint him that Mary had assumed her right of sovereignty over the whole territories of the upper and lower Creeks, and to demand that all land belonging to them be instantly relinquished, for as she was the hereditary and rightful Queen of both nations, and could command every man of them to follow her, in case of refusal she had determined to extirpate the settlement. f The president and council, alarmed at her high pretensions and bold threats, and sensible of her great power and influence with the savages, were not a little embarrassed what steps to take for the public safety. They determined to use soft and healing measures until an opportunity might offer of privately laying hold of her, and shipping her off to England. But in the mean time orders were sent to all the captains of the militia to hold themselves in readiness to march to Savannah at an hour's warning, The town was put in the best posture of defence, but the whole militia in it amounted to no more than one hundred and seventy men able to bear arms. A messenger was sent to Mary at the head of the Creeks, while several miles distant from town, to know whether she was serious in such wild pretensions, and to try to persuade her to dismiss her followers and drop her audacious design. But finding her inflexible and resolute. the president resolved to put on a bold countenance. and receive the savages with firmness and resolution. The militia was ordered * The whole of this work has been published in the Historical Collections of South Carolina, by Mr. Carroll. t William Stephens, MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 23 under arms, to overawe them, as much as possible; and as the Indians entered the town, Capt. Jones, at the head of his company of horse, stopped them, and demanded whether they came with hostile or friendly intentions? But receiving no satisfactory answer, he told them they must there ground their arms, for he had orders not to suffer a man of them armed to set his foot within the town. The savages with great reluctance submitted, and accordingly Thomas Bosomworth, in his canonical robes, with his queen by his side, followed by the various chiefs according to their rank, marched into town, making a formidable appearance-all the inhabitants being struck with terror at the sight of the fierce and mighty host. When they advanced to the parade, they found the militia drawn up under arms to receive them, who saluted them with fifteen cannon and conducted them to the president's house. There Thomas and Adam Bosomworth being ordered to withdraw, the Indian chiefs, in a friendly manner, were called upon to declare their intention of visiting the town in so large a body without being sent for by any person in lawful authority. The warriors, as they had been previously instructed, answered, that Mary was to speak for them, and they would abide by her words. They had heard they said that she was to be sent like a captive over the great waters, and they were come to know on what account they were to lose their queen. They assured the president they intended no harm, and begged their arms might be restored; and after consulting with Bosomworth and his wife, they would return and settle all public affairs. To please them their muskets were accordingly given back, but strict orders were issued to allow them no ammunition until the council should see more clearly into their dark designs. On the day following the Indians having had some private conferences with their queen, began to be very surly, and to run in a mad and tumultuous manner up and down the streets, seemingly bent on mischief. All the men being obliged to mount guard, the women were terrified to remain by themselves in their houses, expecting every moment to be murdered or scalped. During this confusion a false rumour was spread, that they had cut off the president's head with a tomahawk, which so exasperated the inhabitants, that it was with difficulty the officers could prevent them from firing on the savages. To save a town from destruction never was greater prudence requisite. Orders were given to the militia to lay hold of Bosomworth and carry him out of the way into close confinement.. Upon which Mary became outrageous and frantic, and insolently threatened vengeance against the magistrates and the whole colony. She ordered every man of them to depart from her territories, and at their peril to refuse. She cursed General Oglethorpe and his fraudulent treaties, and furiously stamping with her feet upon the ground, swore by her Maker, that the whole earth on which she trode was her own. To prevent bribery, which she knew to have great weight with her warriors, she kept the leading men constantly in her eye, and would not suffer them to speak a word respecting public affairs, but in her presence. The president finding that no peaceable agreement could be made with the Indians while under the baleful eye and influence of their pretended queen, privately laid hold of her, and put her under confinement with her husband. This step was necessary before any terms of negotiation could be proposed. Having secured the chief promoters of the conspiracy, he then employed men acquainted with the Indian tongue to entertain the warriors in the most friendly and hospitable manner, and explained to them the wicked designs of Bosomworth and his wife. Accordingly a feast was prepared for all the chief leaders, at which they were informed that Mr. Bosorworth had involved himself in a debt, and wanted not only their lands, but also a large share of their royal bounty, to satisfy his creditors in Carolina: that the king's presents were intended only for the Indians on account of their useful services, and firm attachment to him during the former wars; that the lands adjoining the town were reserved for them to encamp upon when they should come to visit their beloved friends at Savannah, and the three maritime islands to hunt upon, when they should come to bathe in the salt waters; that neither. Mary nor her husband had any right to those lands, which were the common property of the Creek nations; that the great king had ordered the president to defend their right to them, and expected that all his subjects, both white and red, 24 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. would live together like brethren; in short, that he would suffer no man or woman to molest or injure them; and had ordered these words to be left on record, that their children might know them when they were dead and gone. Such policy produced the desired effect, and many of the chieftains, being convinced that Bosomworth had deceived them, declared they would trust him no more. Even ]Mlatchee,-the leader of the lower Creeks, and a relation to their pretended Empress,-seemed satisfied, and was not a little pleased to hear that the great king had sent them some valuable presents. Being asked why he acknowledged Mary as the Empress of the great nation of Creeks, and resigned his power and possessions to a despicable old woman, while all Georgia owned him as chief of the nation, and the president and council were now to give him many rich clothes and medals for his services, he replied, that the whole nation acknowledged her as their queen, and none could distribute the royal presents but one of her family. The president, by this answer, perceiving more clearly the design of the family of Bosomworth to lessen their influence and show the Indians that he had power to divide the royal bounty among the chiefs, determined to do it immediately, and dismiss them, on account of the growing expenses to the colony, and the hardships the inhabitants underwent in keeping guard night and day for the defence of the town. In the mean time Malatchee, whom the Indians compared to the wind, because of his fickle and variable temper, having at his own request obtained access to Bosomworth and his wife, was again seduced and drawn over to support their chimerical claim. While the Indians were gathered together to receive their respective shares of the royal bounty, he stood up in the midst of them, and with a frowning countenance and in violent agitation of spirit, delivered a speech fraught with the most dangerous insinuations. He protested that Mary possessed that country before General Oglethorpe, and that all of the lands belonged to her, as queen and head of the Creeks; that it was by her permission Englishmen were at first allowed to set their foot on them; that they still held them of her, as the original proprietor; that her words were the voice of the whole nation, consisting of above three thousand warriors, and at her command every one of them would take up the hatchet in defence of her right; and then, pulling a paper out of his pocket, he delivered it to the president, in confirmation of what he had said. This was evidently the production of Bosomworth, and served to discover in the plainest manner his ambitious views and wicked intrigues. The preamble was filled with the names of Indians called kings of all the towns of the upper and lower Creeks, none of whom, however, were present, excepting two. The substanceu of it corresponded with Malatchee's speech, styling Mary the rightful princess and chief of their nation, descended in a maternal line from the emperor, and invested with full power and authority from them to settle, and finally determine all public affairs and causes, relating to lands and other things, with King George and his beloved mten on both sides of the sea; and whatever should be said or done by her they would abide by, as if said or done by themselves. After reading this paper in council, the whole board was struck with astonishment, and Malatchee, perceiving their uneasiness, begged to have it again, declaring he did not know it to be a bad talk, and promising he would return it immediately to the person from whom he had received it. To remove all impression made upon the minds of the Indians by Malatchee's speech, and convince them of the deceitful and dangerous tendency of this confederacy, into which Bosomworth and his wife had betrayed them, had now become a matter of the highest consequence. Happy was it for the province that this was a thing neither difficult nor impracticable; for, as ignorant savages are easily misled, on the one hand, so, on the other, it was equally easy to convince them of their error. Accordingly, having gathered the Indians together for this purpose. the presi. dent addressed them to the following effect: —" Friends and Brothers! When Mr. Oglethorpe and his people first arrived in Georgia, they found Mary, then the wife of John Musgrove, living in a small hut at Yamacraw, having a license from the governor of South Carolina to trade with the Indians. She then appeared MARY MUSGROVE AND THOMAS BOSOMWORTH. 25 to be in a poor, ragged condition, and was neglected and despised by the Creeks. But Mr. Oglethorpe, finding that she could speak both the English and Creek languages, employed her as an interpreter, richly clothed her, and made her the woman of consequence she now appears. The people of Georgia always respected her until she married Thomas Bosomworth, but from that time she has proved a liar and a deceiver. In fact, she was no relation of Malatchee, but the daughter of an Indian woman of no note, by a white man. General Oglethorpe did not treat with her for the lands of Georgia-she having none of her ownbut with the old and wise leaders of the Creek nation, who voluntarily surrendered their territories to the king. The Indians at that time having much waste land that was useless to themselves, parted with a share of it to their friends, and were glad that white people had settled among them to supply their wants. He told them that the present bad humour of the Creeks had been artfully infused into them by Mlary, at the instigation of her husband, who owed ~400 in Carolina, for cattle; that he demanded a third part of the royal bounty, in order to rob the naked Indians of their right; that he had quarrelled with the president and council of Georgia, for refusing to-answer his exorbitant demands, and therefore had filled the heads of the Indians with wild fancies and groundless jealousies, in order to breed mischief, and to induce them to break their alliance with their best friends, who alone were able to supply their wants, and defend them against all their enemies. Here the Indians desired him to stop, and put an end to the contest, declaring that their eyes were now opened, and they saw through his insidious designs; but though he intended to break the chain of friendship, they were determined to hold it fast, and therefore begged that all' might immediately smoke the pipe of peace. Accordingly pipes and rum were brought, and the whole congress joining hand in hand, drank and smoked together in friendship, every one wishing that their hearts might be united in like manner as their hands. Then all the royal presents, except ammunition, with which it was judged imprudent to trust them, until they were at some distance from town, were brought and distributed among them. The most disaffected were purchased with the largest presents. Even Malatchee himself seemed fully contented with his share; and the savages in general, perceiving the poverty and insignificancy of the family of Bosomworth, and their total inability to supply their wants, determined to break off all connection with them for ever. While the president and council flattered themselves that all differences were amicably compromised, and were rejoicing in the re-establishment of their former friendly intercourse with the Creeks, Mary, drunk with liquor and disappointed in her views, came rushing in among them like a fury, and told the president that these were her people, that he had no business with them, and he should soon be convinced of it to his cost. The president calmly advised her to keep to her lodgings, and forbear to poison the minds of the Indians, otherwise he would order her again into close confinement; upon which, turning to Malatchee in great rage, she told him what the president had said, who instantly starting from his seat, laid hold of his arms, and then calling upon the rest to follow his example, dared any man to touch the queen. The whole house was filled in a moment with tumult and uproar. Every Indian having his tomahawk in his hand, the president and council expected nothing but instant death. During this confusion, Capt Jones, who commanded the guard, very seasonably interposed, and ordered the Indians immediately to deliver up their arms. Such courage was not only necessary to overawe them, but, at the same time, great prudence was necessary to avoid coming to extremities with them. With reluctance the Indians submitted, and Mary was conveyed to a private room, where a guard was set over her, and all further intercourse with the savages denied her, during their stay in Savannah. Then her husband was sent for, in order to reason with him, and convince him of the folly of his chimerical pretensions, and of the dangerous consequences that might result from persisting in them. But no sooner did he appear before the president and council, than he began to abuse them to their face. In spite of every argument used to persuade him to submission, he remained obstinate and contumacious, and pro 26 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tested he would stand forth in vindication of his wife's right to the last extremity, and that the province of Georgia should soon feel the weight of her vengeance. Finding that fair means were fruitless and ineffectual, the council then determined to remove him also out of the way of the savages, and to humble him by force. After having secured the two leaders, it only then remained to persuade the Indians peaceably to leave the town, and return to their settlements. Capt. Ellick, a young warrior, who had distinguished himself in discovering to his tribe the base intrigues of Bosomworth, being afraid to accompany Malatchee and his followers, thought fit to set out among the first; the rest followed him in different parties; and the inhabitants, wearied out, with constant watching, and harassed with frequent alarms, were at length happily relieved. By this time Adam Bosomworth, another brother of the family, who was agent for Indian Affairs in Carolina, had arrived from that province, and being made acquainted with what had happened in Georgia, was filled with shame and indignation. He found his ambitious brother, not contented with the common allowance of land granted by the crown, aspiring after. sovereignty, and attempting to obtain by force one of the largest landed estates in the world. His plot was artfully contrived, and had it been executed with equal courage, fatal must the consequences have been. Had he taken possession of the provincial magazine, on his arrival at Savannah, and supplied the Creeks with ammunition, the militia must soon have been overpowered, and every family must of course have fallen a sacrifice to the indiscriminate vengeance of the savages. Happily by the interposition of his brother, all differences were peacefully compromised. Thomas Bosomworth at length having returned to sober reflection, began to repent of his folly, and to ask pardon of the magistrates and people. He wrote to the president, acquainting him that he was now deeply sensible of his duty as a subject, and of the respect he owed to civil authority, and could no longer justify the conduct of his wife; but hoped that her present remorse, and past! services to the province, would entirely blot out the remembrance of her unguarded expressions and rash design. He appealed to the letters of General Oglethorpe for her former irreproachable conduct and steady friendship to the settlement, and hoped her good behaviour for the future would atone for her past offences, and reinstate her in the public favour. For his own part, he acknowledged her title to be groundless, and for ever relinquished all claims to the lands of the province. The colonists generously forgave and forgot all that had passed; and public tranquillity being re-established, new settlers applied for lands as usual, without meeting any more obstacles from the idle claims of Indian queens and chieftains. A STATEMENT OF MRS. BOSOMWORTH'S CASE, Humbly addressed to His Excellency, HENRY ELLIS, Esq., Captain-General and Governor in Chief of his Majesty's Province of Georgia, and Vice-Admiral of the same setting forth her services performed, losses sustained, and moneys advanced for his Majesty's service, with hier claims and demnands upon the Governmrent.* That before the charter for establishing the colony of Georgia, Mrs. Bosomworth, with her family, was settled on the river Savannah, a small space where the town of Savannah now stands; had large credits from merchants in Charles Town, South Carolina, and carried on a considerable trade with the Indians, whereby she had already made very large remittances in skins; and was, moreover, possessed of a very good cow-pen and plantation upon the same river. That Mr. Oglethorpe's arrival with the first adventurers to settle a colony under the aforesaid charter, gave great uneasiness to the Indians then upon the spot, who threatened to take up arms against them; nor would they have permitted Mr. Oglethorpe and his people a quiet possession, (as they looked upon * Colonial Documents. MRS. BOSOMWORTH S CASE, 27 the white people's settling to the southward of Savannah river contrary to the treaty of peace entered into between the Indians and the government of South Carolina, after the Indian war in, the year 1715,) had not the governor and council wrote to Mrs. Bosomworth, by Mr. Oglethorpe, to use the utmost of her interest with the Indians for that purpose, and to give the new settlers all the aid and assistance their necessities might require. In compliance with the request contained in that letter, and from motives of regard to the British interest, Mrs. Bosomworth, by her influence, quieted the Indians, allayed all animosity, obtained a present asylum for the adventurers, and in about the space of twelve months, by her steady adherence and good offices, settled and procured to be ratified a treaty between the Indians and Mr. Oglethorpe, in behalf of the trustees, for establishing that colony. That, by the trade she then carried on with the Indians, there was no impediment to her soon raising considerable interest; yet Mrs. Bosomworth could not, unmoved, see a colony, scarce began, left to the miserections of the Spaniards and their Indians, (the frequent and then late ravages of the frontiers of Carolina,) and whose protection she well knew, in their defenceless situation, could only be secured by the friendship and alliance with the Creek Indians; she, therefore, upon promises of adequate rewards from the Government, induced the Indians, who were her hunters, and supplied her with skins most generally, to employ themselves in expeditions for the public service. That, in the years 1737 and 1738, when Mr. Oglethorpe thought it expedient to improve the southern part of the province, first, by a settlement on the Island of St. Simons, and by another settlement of Scotch people at Darien, on the Alatamaha river, the assistance of the Creek Indians then became of so much greater importance, as there were advices at that time that the Spaniards were making preparations to dislodge the inhabitants of this new colony; and the more still effectually to further the preservation and growth of the frontier settlements, Mrs. Bosomworth, at the earnest request of Gen. Oglethorpe, (buoyed up by extensive promises and the large rewards so signal a service for the public welfare would merit.) settled a trading-house on the south side of the said river Alatamalha about 150 miles up the same river, by water, at a place called Mount Venture, the intention of which settlement was, that the Creek Indians who would be constantly with her there, might be an advanced guard to prevent any incursions of the Spaniards or Indians in fiiendship with them, and be always more ready at hand when his Majesty's service required their assistance, and which thoroughly answered the intentions of the public. That, after the declaration of war against Spain, the service of the Indians was so frequently required, that no benefit could possibly arise from any trade with them that might induce Mrs. Bosomworth to stay there; nevertheless, so great was her zeal, that without the least prospect of interest to herself, she was daily exposed at that settlement for the public service, in keeping the Indians upon excursions, and sending for her friends and relations from the nation to go to war whenever his Majesty's service required. That at the time of Mr. Oglethorpe's first arrival, there being no house or settlement on the place except Mrs. BosomworthNs, at the request of Mr. Oglethorpe, she supplied the new settlers, and other persons employed on public services, in their greatest wants, not only with every thing her plantation and store afforded, but also with liquor and other necessaries purchased on her own credit from merchants in Charles Town, whereby she lost, in bad debts so contracted and accumulated, the sum of ~826 sterling, as cal be evidently proved from the state of her books, and has been before, amongst other complaints, set forth and humbly represented to the Government. That, by Mrs. Bosomworth's employing in his Majesty's service those Indians who used, by hunting, to supply her with skins, (the chief support of herself and family,) her trade naturally decreased and went nearly to ruin; a large party of them whom she prevailed on assisted his Majesty's arms, and went to the siege of St. Augustine, where many of them were killed, particularly her own brother and other near relations. By this incident, she greatly suffered in the loss of ~28 ~HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Indian debts, amounting to several thousand weight of leather, for which she never yet received any satisfaction, although promised it from time to time by Mr. Oglethorpe. That, from the time of settling the southern frontier aforementioned, Mr. Oglethorpe was continually sending for Mrs. Bosomworth on all affairs of any consequence with the Indians, which exposed her to many dangers and hardships, the distance being great, and the convenience of passage being only in an open boat, her own affairs and improvements and her lands neglected, and running to ruin, being left entirely to the management of servants for months at a time. That, in'the spring of 1739 and 1740, Mrs. Bosomworth had a large stock of cattle at her cowpen on Savannah River; but General Oglethorpe, hearing that the cowpen keeper was a very good woodsman, in the absence of Mrs. Bosomworth at the Alatamaha settlement, without her consent or knowledge, sent orders to the said cowpen keeper to go directly as a guide to a troop of Rangers who were sent by land to the siege of St. Augustine, which orders he durst not disobey, though sensible of the loss it would be to Mrs. Bosomworth's interest, and, as it happened, the loss of his own life, he being killed at that expedition, by which means all Mrs. Bosomworth's affairs at Savannah, stock of cattle, improvements, &c., which were very considerable, went entirely to ruin; for which losses no satisfaction was ever made, although constantly and solemnly promised to her. That, in the year 1742, Mrs. Bosomworth7s then husband, Captain Matthews, being taken sick at her settlement on the Alatamaha, she was obliged to bring him from thence,.on occasion of proper sustenance nd advice, to Savannah, where he soon after died; her affairs on account of his death demanding her stay in Savannah for some time. The Indians at the Alatamaha were very uneasy and disgusted that she did not return, and, on that account, left the place. The small garrison that were there being in great want of provisions and ammunition, a party of Yamasee or Spanish Indians came upon them, and after committing several barbarous murders, totally burnt and destroyed the settlement, and all Mrs. Bosomworth's effects became a prey to the enemy; which great loss Gen. Oglethorpe promised her should be made up to her by the Government, he well knowing, in truth, that that settlement was calculated and made for the sole benefit of his Majesty's service, and the protection of the southern boundary. That, in the year 1745, Mr. Bosomworth was at the expense of a voyage to England, in order to claim the performance of the various promises from time to time for a series of years made, or otherwise to apply to the Government in behalf of his wife; and the public confusion at that time in England rendering any private application to the Government unseasonable, he was obliged to return to America only with an assurance from Gen. Oglethorpe, that as soon as the then disturbances were settled, Mrs. Bosomworth might depend upon his honour for full satisfaction for all her services, and that in the interim Mr. Bosomworth might draw upon him for any sum not exceeding ~1000, as the exigency of affairs might require. This is all the satisfaction Mr. Bosomworth obtained in consequence of that voyage, excepting a letter to the commanding officer then in Georgia, a copy whereof is annexed. In the year 1746, upon the faith of General Oglethorpe's promise, Mr. Bosomworth was induced to draw several bills of exchange upon him; but the cloud he was at that time under. in respect to his conduct in the north. rendered him incapable of paying any of them, as it appears by his letter dated Whitehall, July 16,1746, so that the bills were all returned upon Mr. Bosomworth with the heavy charges of protest, amounting to ~600 or ~700 sterling, most of which remains at this day unpaid. That Mr. Bosomworth, at his own great expense, in the year 1746, made another settlement on the Alatamaha, at the place called the Forks, about 300 miles by water up the same river, built a very good dwelling-house, outhouses, a large store, and fortified the whole round against any attempts of enemy-In MRS. BOSOMWORTH S CASE. dians, with an intent to carry on a considerable Indian trade, without knowing of what consequence a former settlement on that river had been to the public welfare of Georgia, and upon the credit of his bills drawn on General Oglethorpe, had received for that purpose a large cargo of Indian goods. That, upon the arrival of Col. Alexander Heron, in the year 1747. to take command of his Majesty's forces in Georgia, a general rupture with the Indians was thought unavoidable. He,. in his letter of the 8th of July of that year, applied to Mrs. Bosomworth, then settled at the Forks, to use her endeavours and influence to reconcile matters among the Indians; and in another letter, so soon after as the 20th of the same month, he informs her to supply that agent with such requisites as the service demanded, and also to give the Indians with her then at the Forks (when lately arrived there from the nation) such presents as might possibly appease them and secure their friendship. Accordingly, at this critical juncture, at the earnest solicitation of the said Col. Heron, Mrs. Bosomworth advanced for his Majesty's service sundry goods out of her own private store to the amount of ~650 15s. 7Sd., as appears by a particular account thereof laid before the proper boards in tngland; when, for reasons the commanding officer himself, in the aforementioned letter of the 20th of July, and in others to Andrew Stone, Esq., Deputy Secretary of State, it would not have been in his power otherwise to prevent the dangerous consequences of a rupture with the Indians. That no consideration whatever would have induced Mrs. Bosomworth at that time to strip her store of her Indian goods (upon which the fate of her trade'absolutely depended), but a firm attachment to the welfare of the colony, and the strongest assurances from Col. Heron that those goods should be immediately replaced in her store at the Forks as soon as her conveniences could be got ready for sending them up the river, and that she also might depend on an adequate reward for all the services done his Majesty. That Col. Heron failing to perform his promise when the service was performed, on pretence there were no Indian goods in the public store, nor had he the credit to purchase any, obliged Mrs. Bosomworth entirely to abandon that valuable settlement and forego a most beneficial traffic with the Indians. Thus her store being exhausted of goods, and no skins taken to make remittances for a fresh supply, the loss she thereby sustained was not only in the goods advanced for his Majesty's service, but for the buildings; improvements, &c. made at that settlement, and in the great advantages that must have arisen from the trade there. That, upon the reduction of Gen. Oglethorpe's regiment, in the year 1749, the most pressing application was repeatedly made to Col. Heron to discharge Mrs. Bosomworth's account of disbursements (by his order) for his Majesty's service by the declension of which she had most grievously suffered; but all the satisfaction that could be obtained was, that he had advanced considerable sulms on his own credit for the public service, had no funds to pay Mrs. Bosomworth, and that he knew of no redress for her sufferings but by going to England and applying to the Government for the payment of all damages and services. That Mrs. Bosomworth and her husband, having no hopes of obtaining satisfaction otherwise than by going to England and there soliciting redress, had determined to embrace the opportunity of a voyage in the transport vessel sent to carry home the disbanded officers and soldiers of the regiment; but their affairs being unhappily involved by having thus sacrificed their private interests to the public welfare, the malice and instigation of some particular persons who looked upon themselves concerned to prevent Mr. and Mrs. Bosornmworth's voyage to England, occasioned actions to be so fast brought against them by their creditors, that they continued prisoners, as it were, in the province, laboring under every circumstance of distress, till May, 1752, at which time they arrived in Charles Town, South Carolina, with intent immediately to proceed for England. On their arrival in Charles Town Mr. Bosomworth and his wife were prevailed upon by the government of South Carolina to undertake an agency to the Creek nation of Indians, which agency was not completed till the year 1754, at which time they went for England. 30 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. That, upon application in England for the reward of Mrs. Bosomworth's services and demands on the Government, these services and demands were found to be misrepresented by the then late presidents and assistants of Georgia, so that all the satisfaction by this expensive voyage (in cost near ~1,000 sterling) was a commission from the right Honorable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, directed to the Governor of Georgia, commanding him strictly to examine into the truth of the charges and obligations of each party, and to report to their Lordships' Board his opinion upon the whole, which commission has long since been executed. That when Gen, Oglethorpe was called home in the year 1743, he sent for Mrs. Bosomworth, and then paid her ~180 in sola bills, which, with a ~20 bill before received, made ~200; on delivering her those bills he gave her a diamond ring from his finger, with acknowledgments that he would never forget the service she had done him and the public, and that the sum he then paid her was not intended for more than a year's service, and he hoped she would be pleased kindly to accept of it, as all then in his power to pay her (the credit of his bills being stopped in England); repeatedly assuring her at parting, that as soon as his accounts were audited, and paid by the Government, she might draw upon him for ~2,000 sterling above mentioned. For demonstration of the faith of the facts herein set forth, the merit of Mrs. Bosomworth's past services rendered the crown, the losses thereby sustained, and the consequence of the present interest, she humbly refers to the annexed letters, and testimonials under the hand of every gentleman who has had the command of his Majesty's forces in Georgia since the first settlement of the colony; and if higher proof is demanded, AMr. Bosomworth (and time being given him) has it in his power to support some of the material parts of the case by living evidence. That it was ever his Majesty's most gracious intention freely to reward his most faithful servants, a contrary supposition must be highly criminal. What a reward such a number of years of Mrs. Bosomworth's past life and advance of her fortune in his Majesty's service, at the frequent hazard of her life, and manifest neglect of her own affairs, even to ruin, may justly entitle her, will appear to your candid disquisition, and the whole humbly submitted to your most serious consideration. By your Excellencys, Very obedient and most humble servant, THOS. BoSOMWORTH, Savannahi, 23rd July, 1759. Gov. Ellis was authorized to dispose of the islands Ossaba and Sapelo, and other Indian lands near Savannah, at public auction, the same having been ceded to his Majesty by a deed from the head men of the Creek nation, the 22nd of April, 1758; and out of the money arising therefrom, to discharge the demands of the Bosomworths, and to grant to them the Island of St. Catherines, in consideration of their having settled and improved it. The Indian lands near Savannah consisted of about 4,000 acres, and were, by President Stephens and assistants, allotted to several persons, who settled them, and had continued to cultivate and improve them. These settlers applied for his Majesty's grants, when the royal government was established, but were prevented from obtaining them, partly by Mrs Bosomworth entering caveats against grants. After a hearing, it MRS. BOSOMWORTH S CASE. 31 was determined that Mrs. Bosomworth ought to be disbursed the sum of ~450, for and on account of that value, in goods she had expended for his Majesty's service, in the years 1747 and 1748, and also that she should be allowed at the rate of ~100 per annum for 16~ years for her services as agent. These terms met the approbation of the Bosomworths. The islands were afterwards sold at auction. Ossaba sold for ~1350; Sapelo, ~700; which moneys were paid to the Bosomworths, and a grant of St. Catherines Island was made to Mrs. Bosomworth. Mr. Bosomworth took possession of the island, upon which he resided for several years. Upon the death of his wife, McCall says, "he married her chambermaid." Twenty-five years ago, the mansion in which the Bosomworths resided was standing. It was singular in its construction and appearance, being wattled with hickory twigs, and plastered within and without with mortar, made of lime and sand, and surrounded by spacious piazzas. Tradition designates the spot where the.Bosomworths were buried. 32 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIAo NAMES OF ALL PERSONS To whom any. Allotments of Land were made by the Court of President and Assistants in Georgia, between the 21st of October, 1741, and the 4th of October, 1754.' 1741, Oct. 22.-Henry Green, lot; John Robe, lot; Samuel Lyon, 50 acres; John Erinxman, 50 acres; James Anderson, 500 acres; Thomas Morris, lot, Dec. 17.- Samuel Clee, lot; Thos. Saltar, 500 acres; Jacob Harbach and wife, 100; Gaspar Harbach, 50 acres; Christian Burgemeister, 50 acres. Dec. 28.Hans Schad, 50 acres; Rudolph Burghee, 50 acres; Hans Slutz, 50 acres; Nicholas Haner, 50 acres. Dec. 31.-Hans Beltz, 50 acres; Ezekiel Stoll, 50 acres. fan. 21.-Leonard Reighter, 50 acres; Jacob Tanner, 50 acres; Joanes Turtle, 50 acres. 1742.-Henrick Curnards, 50 acres. April.2.-William Barbo, 50 acres. June 2.-Thomas Dawson, town lot; William Clements, town lot. June 24. —Thomas Palmer, town lot. Oct. 21.-Jeremiah Vallaton, town lot. Nov. 1.-John Foulders, town lot. Jan. 29.-George Uland, 50 acres; Widow Croft, 50 acres. 1743, May 3.-Daniel Deigler, 50 acres. Mlay 31.-Thos. Lee, town lot. July 27.-Lt. Col. Heron, town lot. Sept. 13.-Joseph Faulker, town lot; Edward Davidson, town lot. Oct. 7.-Henry Anderly, town lot. Oct. 7.-Joseph Waclker, lot at Acton. Oct. 12.-Simon Minis, town lot. Nov. 2.-Christian Levenburger, 50 acres; Conrad Hariver, 50 acres; Geo. Derrich, 50 acres. Nov, 19.-R. Prickett, 500 acres. 1744, Feb. 24.-John Barnard, town lot; Wm. Parker, 500 acres. April 10. -Gilbert Tyffe, lot in Augusta. Jan. 9.-James Grant, 50 acres. Oct. 1.John Barnard, 500 acres. Nov. 23.-Frederick Keiser, lot at Vernon; Mat. Rheinsteller, lot at Vernon; Jacob Berrier, lot at Vernon. 1745, April 18.-Richard Kent, 500 acres; Richard Rattoon, 50 acres; John Pye, town lot. 3fay 2.-Robert Fox, 50 acres. May 18.-WTm. Spencer, town lot; Henry Hamilton, town lot. June 7.-James Grant, lot at Abercorn. July 26. —Thos. Sparnel, 50 acres; Christian Camphire, town lot. Oct. 4.-Josias Waters, 300 acres; Richard Burtley, 500 acres. Oct. 11. —Thos. Burgess, tract. Nov. 22. —Christian Dasher, 50 acres. Jan. 31.-John Ross. 300 acres; Frederick Helveinstine, lot. Feb. 12.-James Billinghust, 50 acres. Feb. 20.-Daniel Dourozeaux, 500 acres. 1746, March 25.-John Dobell, town lot. April 15.-George Fraser, 50 acres. [May 20.-Juigo Jones, 500 acres. July 21.-Thos. Saltar, 10 acres. Auy. 28.John Lawrence, town lot. Oct. 23. —Anthony Camuse, 500 acres; John McIntosh, tract. Nov. 8.-John McBean, 100 acres. Jan. 26.-Peter Baillon, 300 acres; Isaac Barksdale, 500 acres; Wm. Bearfull, 100 acres; Anthony Groobs, 100 acres. Jan. 27.-Lachlin McBean, 100 acres; David C. Bradock, 500 acres. March7 3.-John Rogerson, 500 acres; Thos. Fraser, lot; Wm. Wilson, 300 acres. i747, March 25.-John Penrose, 300 acres. April 21.-George Cubbedge, three tracts. April 22.-Peter Shepherd, 500 acres; Charles Ratcliff;' tract. June 30.-Thos. Goodall, 100 acres; Wm. Spoode, 500 acres; Joseph Summers, 300 acres. July 28.-John Martin Bolzius, Parkers' lands. Aug. 11.-John Martin Bolzius, 500 acres. Sept. 3.-John Baxter, lot. Sept. 4.-Ambrose Bann, 50 acres; Richard Lee, 50 acres. Sept. 25.-Thos. Ross, 200 acres. Oct. 22.John Atherton, 200 acres; Joseph Oaks, 500 acres. Nov. 23.-Benj. Goldwire lot; Richard Johnston, 400 acres. Dec. 10.-Stephen Williams, 500 acres; Joseph Wood, 200 acres; Thos. Hill, 100 acres; Charles Marian, 100 acres; John Matthews, 100 acres; Joseph Barker, 50 acres; John Hencork, 200 acres Peter Ml Hugh, 300 acres; Abraham Frisbe, 250 acres. Dec. 12.-John Mulriene, 500 acres; Jas. Maxwell, 500 acres; Morgan Sab, 500 acres; John Hutchinson, 500 acres. 4 Colonial Documents. NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. 33 Dec. 21.-Philip Delegal, jr., 500 acres; Henry Yonge, 500 acres; Wm. Buchanon. Dec. 22.-John Wilson, 300 acies. Jan. 5.-Wrn. Clarke, 50 acres. Jan. 6.-John Shepherd, 500 acres. Jan. 30.-John Kenedy, 200 acres. llMarch 1.-John McIntosh, 500 acres; Andrew Collins, 200 acres. 1748, April 21.-John Alther and Gaspar Holsleter, 234 acres. May 4.-W- m. Cook, 250 acres; Geo. Cubbedge, 500 acres. Au,. 12.-M ajor Wm. Horton, 500 acres; Wim. Hester, 3010 acres. Aug. 2(0.-Capt. Mark Carr, and his son. Tho. Carr, 500 acres; Abra. Frisbee, 250 acres. Sept. 2.-Newdigate Stevens, 500 acres; Wm. Beckett, 50 acres; B. Wilson, 300 acres; Richard Hazzard, 500 acres; Wm. Ewen, 500 acres. Sept. 22.-Lt: Col. Alexander Heron, 500 acres; Alex. Gordon, town lot; Lieut. Robert Howarthe, 500 acres. Sept. 22, Kenneth Baillie, 500 acres; Middleton Evans, 500 acres. Oct. 12-Lieut. Archibald Dow, 500 acres; Lieut. James Wall, 500 acres. Oct. 29.-John Harn, 500 acres; Charles West, 500 acres; Wrn. Carrl 300 acres; David Black, 300 acres: P. Brown. 500 acres; George Langley, lot; Jon l Ballowe, 400 acres; Patrick Clarke, 300 acres; Capt. P. Sutherland, 500 acres; Lieut. Tho. Marriot, 500 acres; Capt. James Mc Kay, 500 acres; John Gordon, 5 0 acres; Griffeth Williams, 500 acres. Nov. 3.-Capt. Raymond Denmee, 500 acres; Peter Mercier, 5[)0 acres; Lieut. Paul Demere, 500 acres; James Nevie, 100 acres; Michael Boreman, 50 acres. Nov. 7.-John Farmur, 500 acres; Wm. Clement, 300 acres; John Ross, 300 acres. Nov. 29.-Peter Slylerman, 100 acres; Wm. Ballowe, 200 acres; James Eads, 100 acres; Richard Jones, 200 acres. Nov. 30.-Huuh Mackay, Turkey Buzzard Island. Dec. 8.-Roderick McIntosh, 500 acres; Jonathan Caulkins, 300 acres; John Mclntosh, 500 acres; Wm. River, 500 acres..Dec. 27.-Lieut. Tho. Goldsmith, 500 acres; Lieut. Sam. Mackay, 500 acres; Lachlin MlcIntosh, 500 acres. Dec. 28.-Thomas Dawson, town lot. Jan. 4.-Capt. George Cadogan, 500 acres. Jan. 4. —Ensign Wnm. Shrubsole, 500 acres; Dr. John Miligen, 500 acres; Capt. James Mackay, for John Stephens, 500 acres. Feb. 13. —John Edwards, 300 acres; John Kellson, 500 acres; Tho. Collins3 100 acres. 1748, 3/March 16. —Mark Callerton, 250 acres. ]March 17. —Richard Cooper, 500 acres; Robert Bolton, town lot. 1749, M2arch 29.-Solomon Ogden, 100 acres. April 19. —Ann Clarke, town lot; Alexander Rose. 100 acres. Mlay 5.-Henry Bourguine, 500 acres; Benedict Bourguine, 350 acres. June 10.-John Shepherd, 500 acres. June 15.-Capt. George Dunbar. 500 acres. Jtnme 22.-John L. Myer, 100 acres. July 26.-The inhabitants of Augusta, 2. Sept. 4.-Richard Palner, 500 acres. Sept. 8.-Some soldiers disbanded out of General Oglethorpe's Regiment, 50 to each. Sept. 8.Lachlin IMcGilvrsy, 100 acres. Dec. 16.-John Davis, 500 acres; James Finlay, 50 acres; Daniel Miartin, 50 acres; Audley AMaxwell, 500 acres, Dec. 20.-Rev. Geo. Whitefield, 500 acres. MaJcrch 2.-James Ellison, 200 acres; Tho. Bossett, Sen., 500 acres; Isaac Lines, 500 acres; Donald Clarke, 500 acres; Griffeth Williams, 500 acres; Roderick McIntosh, 500 acres. Jan. 6.-James McLaran, 500 acres. 1750.-James Habersham, 500 acres; John Martin Bolzius, 500 acres; Hugh Clarke, 500 acres; Angus Clarke, 500 acres; William Russell, 90 acres. Jan. 5. -James Stewart, 50 acres. Mllay 4.-Daniel Demetree, 500 acres. June 9.Henry Parker, 500 acres; Henry'W. Parker, 500 acres. Junez 22.-Rev. Bart. Zouber 500 acres. Aug. 29.-Francis Harris, 500 acres; Christopher Hopkins, 500 acres. Sep. 15.-George Galphin, 500 acres. Sep. 26.-Jonathan Bryan, 500 acres. Sep. 27.-Jacob Casp. Waelhou, 140 acres. Oct. 2.-William Davis, 50 acres; John Gabell, 50 acres. Oct. 3.-Noble Jones, 500 acres. Oct. 1'7.-John Milledge, 400 acres. Nov. 7.-Isaac Labow, a choice; Leonard Bowdle, Anthony Pages, Anthony Le Sage, piece of land, fitting their purposes. Nov. 15.-Christian Leimbeger, 100 acres; B. Bacher, 100 acres; Peter Kohleison, 500 acres; Martin Lockner, Sen.; 100 acres; George Hocher, 100 acres; Vit. Leihner, 50 acres; John Sheiraus, 50 acres; John Mohr, 50 acres; Martin Lochner, Jr. 50 acres; Geo. Bruchner, 100 acres; Geo. Glaner, 50 acres. The old inhabitants 34 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of Ebenezer, on Mill Creek, 100 acres each; Martin Letler, 50 acres; Geo. Meyer, 50 acres; Ruprech Schrimpt, 50 acres; Christian Rottenberger, 50 acres; Valentine Deppe, 50 acres; John Rhylander, 60 acres; Philip Metzcher, 50 acres; L. Erst 50 acres; Jacob Meyer, 50 acres; John Paul Frank, 50 acres; Seven heads of families, who came in the Martha, 50 acres to each. Nov. 16.-Nicholas Cronenberger, 200 acres; John David Fisher, lot. Dec. 4.-Thomas Still, 50 acres. Jan. 8.-Michael Switzer, lot; Thomas Ellis, 300 acres; Ann S. Smith, lot. 1750 July 27. — Edmund Gray, 500 acres; Joseph Chatroin,- acres; Flower Mitchell, 100 acres; M. Allen, 100 acres; B. Ore. 50 acres Samuel Curran, 50 acres; Tho. Davis, 50 acres John Wiseley, 50 acres; James Paris, 250 acres; James Bobby, 100 acres; James Fraser, 500 acres. March 5.-James Bourquine, Sen., 250 acres; Abra. Bourquine, 150 acres; John Bourquine, Jr., 100 acres. Mlarc/h 6.-John George Beirpholt, 50 acres. March 7.-James Papot, 400 acres. M2arc7h 20.-J. L. Meyer, 100 acres; Chris. Reidlesperger, 120 acres. 1751, May 9.-Harman Lemphe, 500 acres; John T. Keeferl 400 acres. July 4.-Wmn. Spenser, 500 acres; Mathias Zetler, 50 acres; James Woolford. 50 acres; Jeremiah Slyterman, lot. Sep. 6.-Noble Wymberley Jones, 450 acres, Dec. 4.-William Jones, 50 acres; John Gray, 350 acres. Dec. 18.-Owen Day, 250 acres; Mayo Gray, 50 acres; Richard Mieadows, 100 acres; Nathaniel Bossel, 500 acres; Tho. Williams, 200 acres; A. Lindsey, 300 acres; John Younge100, acres; Geo. Farr, 200 acres; William Payne, 200 acres. Jan. 8.-Jacob Mohr, lot; Geo. Mackay, 50 acres. Jan. 10.-Joseph Phillips, 500 acres; James McDaniel, 300 acres; Peter McHugh, 200 acres; Andrew Collins, 200 acres. Jan. 17.-James Detaux, 500 acres; James Edmonds, 400 acres; Rev. Geo. Whitefield, 410 acres. Feb. 5.-William Johnson, 50 acres; John Berham, 50 acres. 1752, April 8.-Nathaniel Watson, 100 acres; Joseph Barker, 50 acres. April 21.-Andrew Seckinger, 50 acres; Matthew Seckinger, 50 acres; Geo. Lambrecht, 50 acres; Martha Buckhart, 50 acres; John Blessing, 50 acres. Apri! 28. -Pickering Robinson, 800; Joseph 0. Holenghe, lot; Patrick Graham, 450 acres. May 11.-Jonathan Bryan, Jr., a minor, 500 acres: David Graham, 500 acres. May 12.-Wm. Carr, 500 acres; Mark Carr. 500 acres; James Habersham, Jr., a minor, 500 acres; Thomas Harris, 500 acres; James Finley, 50 acres, Daniel Martyn, 50 acres. -June 2.-John De Naux, 500 acres; Benedict Bourquine, 300 acres; Philip Delegal, Sen., James Thebault, 300 acres; John C. Walthour, 200. June 3.-John Summers, 270 acres; David Kraft. 500 acres; Alexander Rose 100 acres; Peter Morell, 500 acres; Nathaniel Hunling, 300 acres; Thomas Wilson, 240 acres. June 4. Thomas Forman, 50 acres; Wim. Hargrove, 50 acres; Nathan Taylor, 500 acres; Henry Sargent, 100 acres; Martin Fenton, 150 acres; John Wilson, 200 acres. June 4.-Hugh McKay, 500 acres. June 5. -Richard Hazzard, 500 acres; Joseph Parker, 500 acres. June 25.-William De Brahm, 500 acres. Jzune 24.-Joseph Bryan, a minor, 500 acres; Joseph Gibbons, 500 acres; Joseph Gibbons, Jr., 500 acres. July 8.-Isaac Young, 450 acres; John Davis, 500; John Maxwell, 500 acres: James Maxwell, 500 acres; 5Wm. Maxwell, 500 acres. July 11.-John Stevens, Sen., 500 acres; Benj. Baker, 500 acres; Parmenus Way, 500 acres; John Lupton, 500 acres; Rev. Mr. Qsgood, 500 acres; Samuel Stevens, 500 acres; Barah INorman, 500 acres; Daniel Slade, 500 acres; John Winn, 500 acres; Samuel Bacon, 500 acres; Edward Sumner, 500 acres; Andrew Way, 500 acres Richard Spencer, 500 acres; Wm. Baker, 500 acres; Sarah Osgood, 500 acres; Richard Girandeau, 500 acres; Samuel Burnleyj 500 acres; James Way, 500 acres; Edward Way, 500 acres; Joseph Bacon, 500 acres; Jonathan Bacon, 500 acres; John Norman, 500 acres; Nathaniel Way, 500 acres; Richard Woodcraft, 500 acres, John Mitchell, 500 acres; Sarah Mitchell, 500 acres; John Edwards, 500 acres; John Elliott, 500 acres; Joseph Way, 500 acres; Wm. Graves, 500 acres; Joseph Norman, 500 acres; John Steward, 500 acres; Samuel James, 500 acres; Robert Glass, 500 acres; Robert Eccles, 500 acres; John Quarterman, 500 acres; David Russ, 500 NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. 35 acres; Wm Lupton, 500 acres; Richard Baker, 500 acres; John Stevens, Jr., 500 acres; Joseph Oswald, 500 acres; Jacob Weston, 500 acres; Joshua Clarke, 300 acres; For a Glebe, 400 acres. July 14.-William Russell, 400 acres. Aug. 5.William Mackay, lot; David Fox, Jr., 400 acres; WilloughbyWest, 500 acres. Aug. 6.-Daniel Donnom, 500 acres; Isaac Donnom, 500 acres; John Graves, 500 acres; Palmer Goulding, 500 acres; Joseph Massey, 500 acres; Tho. Stevens, Jr., 500 acres; Isaac Bradwell, 500 acres; N. Bradwell, 500 acres; James Christie, 500 acres; Hugh Dowse, 500 acres; Elisabeth Simmons, 500 acres; Peter Gouldinlg 400 acres; Elizabeth Baker, 400 acres; Wm. Chapman, 300 acres; James Baker, 300 acres; Rebecca Quarterman, 300 acres; Joseph Stevens, 250 acres; Thomas Stevens, 250 acres; Joseph Bacon, Jr., 250 acres; John Wheeler, 200 acres; Joseph Baker, 200 acres; Tho. Way, Jr, 200 acres; John Shave, 200 acres; John Churchwell, 200 acres; Moses Way, 200 acres; Daniel Cannon, 200 acres; Joseph Winn 200 acres; John Gorton, 100 acres. Aug. 22.-Geo. Cuthbert, 500 acres. Sept. 1.David Graham, 500 acres; James Campbell, 500 acres; John Williams, 500 acres; Rodoriah Groynor, 500 acres; Wm. Aldridge, 500 acres; Geo. Applebee, 500 acre; James Parker, 90 acres. Sept. 2.-James Dourouzeaux, 150 acres. Sept. 14. Godlive Starley, 100 acres; James Dixsee, 200 acres; Patrick Brown, 500 acres; Wm. Harn, 500 acres; Tho. Barley, 90 acres; Wm. Butler, Sen., 500 acres; Elisha Butler, 500 acres; Wim. Butler, Jr., 500 acres; James Butler, 500 acres; Wm. Elliott, 500 acres; William Butler, of Indian Land, 500 acres; Henry Hyrne, Sen., 500 acres; Henry Hyrne, Jr., 500 acres; Tho. Butler, 500 acras; John Toomer, 500 acres; John Parker, 500 acres; Samuel West, 500 acres. Sept. 21.-John Perkins, 500 acres. Sept 29.-Patrick Clarke, 200 acres. Nov. 8.-James Maxwell, 500 acres; John Davis, 50 acres. Nov. 9.-Henry Myers, 50 acres; David Delegal, 100 acres; Jeremiah Helvensteine, 100 acres; Richard Cooper, 50 acres; Audley Maxwell, Jr., 200 acres. Nov. 10.-Edward Carlton, 300 acres; Lewis Muttair, 200 acres; John Keeler, 50 acres; Jacob Waldburger, 100 acres; Ann Stuart, lot; Lucy Mouse, lot; Wm. Mathers, lct; Richard Millidge, 90 acres; James Jeansac, 100 acres; Thos. Rasberry, 90 acres; Nov. 29.-John G. Knap, 100 acres; Paul Meyer, 100 acres; Jacob Herle, 100 acres; Jno. Jacob Henselier, Sen., 100 acres; Jno. Jacob Henselier, Jr., 50 acres; John Unold, 100 acres; Matthew Salffer, 50 acres; John Adam Salffer, 50 acres; John C. Hirsham, Sen., 100 acres; Gasper Hirsham, 100 acres; John C. Hirsham, Jr. 50 acres; M. Herst, 100 acres; MI. Salffer, 50 acres; L. Salffer, 50 acres; Geo. Bolzenhard, 100 acres; Melchur Oachsle, 100 acres; John Lange, Sen., 150 acres; John Lange, Jr., 50 acres; G. Lange, 50 acres; John Eigin, 150 acres, M. Gros, 100 acres; Paul Gerber, 150 acres; Gabriel Eichard, 100 acres; M. Zeigler, 100 acres; Lucy Zeigler, 50 acres; Jacob Zeigler, 50 acres; Bart. Bolzenhard, 100 acres; Geo. Eichard, 100 acres; Lucas Moser, 100 acres; A. Frey, 50 acres; Thos. Heckell, 50 acres; M. Dauner, 100 acres; John Martin Nies, 100 acres; John L. Nies, 50 acres; John Paulas, Sen., 100 acres; John Paulas, Jr., 50 acres; M. Knap, 100 acres; Anna Rauve, 100 acres; John Meyer, 100 acres; Juliana Hagemyer, 100 acres; Christian Preysing, Jr., 50 acres; Michael Fisher, 100 acres; Nicholas Fisher, 100 acres; John Millar, 100 acres; Solomon Holl, 100 acres; John George Mauls, 100 acres; Jacob Gremer, 100 acres. 1752, November 29.-John G. Gremer, 100 acres; John G. Grerner, Jr., 100 acres; John G. Gremer, Sen., 100 acres; John Milton Gremer, 50 acres; George Fisher, 100 acres; John G. Kalbell, 100 acres; Jacob Guan, 100 acres; Martin Belzenhagen, 100 acres; Geo. Seybold, 100 acres; Geo. Streigell, 100 acres; M. Bader, 100 acres; John Meyer, 100 acres; Jno. P. Flieger, 100 acres; Jno. Speirla, 100 acres; M. Echart, 100 acres; Geo. Bollinger, 100 acres; Magdalena Sherhansen, 50 acres; John Eberhard, 100 acres; the Minister for the time. being, 300 acres; Christian Van Munch, Sen., 500 acres; Christian Van-Munch Jr., 500 acres; Thomas Van Munch, 500 acres; Remigius Van Munch, 500 acres; Charles Van Munch, 500 acres; Thomas Krause, 500 acres. Dec. 6.-Adam Rheinstetler, 50 acres; Jacob Dice, 50 acres; Caspar Rahn, 100 acres; John Matthews, 100 acres; James De Naux, Jr., 500 acres; Isaac Gibbes, Jr, 50 acres; Theobald Keiffer, 400 acres; Jacob Helvenstine, 100 acres; Martin Dasher, 100 acres; Seth Place, 100 acres; WVm. Dews, 500 acres. Dec. 7. —Peter Tondee, 120 acres; Oliver Shaw, 50 acres; Wm. Mc 36 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Donald, 400 acres; Jno. Henry Grave, 500 acres: Jno. C. Bornemann. 500 acres. Dec. 8.-Samuel Marcer, 150 acres; Geo. Dresler, 50 acres; Alexander Baillie 100 acres; Wim. Norton, 50 acres; Andrew Suyder, 100 acres; WVm. Harris 350 acres; Bar. Webling, 100 acres; Robt. Bolton, 90 acres; John Rae 400 acres; Henry Bishop, 100 acres. 1753, Jan. 11. —Lewis Johnson, 500 acres; Stephen Adye, 500 acres; Anthony Tahie, 500 acres: Edmund Tannatt, 500 acres. Feb. 6.-Mark Benz, 100 acres; Peter Guiard, 100 acres; Walter Femming, 500 acres. Feb. 7.-William Bechet, 50 acres; David Fox, 500 acres; Tho. Readye, 100 acres; Valentine Bostick, 500 acres; John Davis, Jr., 500 acres; James Paris, 350 acres; Richard Bennison, 400 acres. Feb. 8.-James Galache, 50 acres; Robert Luden, 100 acres; William Barkshell, 500 acres. Nov. 23.-Edward Goodall, 300 acres. April 4.-Thomas Beckett, 50 acres; John G. Nies, 50 acres; James Millar, lot; Matthew Maurve, 300 acres; Richard Jon, 500 acres; John Cubbedge, 200 acres; John Bennett, 100 acres; John Coffee, 100 acres; Abram Gabell, 50 acres; Cuthbert Gordon, 500 acres. April 5.-Thomas Trippe, 2 lots; Thomas Lee, 2 lots; Henry Hamilton, 100 acres; Edward Watson, 100 acres; N. Millar, 2 lots. June 5.-Joseph Phillips, 100 feet; John Pye, 2 lots; David Unseld, 50 acres; Thomas Parker, 300 acres; Adam Ordner, 50 acres; Jno. Mc Leod, 100 acres; Elisha Butler, 500 acres. June 6.-WmV. Butler, Sen., 500 acres; Wm. Butler son of Elisha Butler, 500 acres; Henry Yonge, 37 acres; John Snook, 2 lots; Jery Sliterman, 2 lots; Edward Barnard, 300 acres. July 3.John Berrier, 50 acres; Caspar Herbach, 50 acres; Jacob Danner, 50 acres; James Edward Powell, 500 acres. Aug. 8.-David Flear, 50 acres; Win. Kennedy, 50 acres; Hugh Kennedy, 100 acres; Joseph Stanley, 100 acres John P. Millar, 100 acres; Christ, Folbright, 400 acres; Francis Arthur, 500 acres. Autg. 9.-Joseph Ottolenghe, 350 acres; Matthew Roche, 200 acres. Sept 5.Donald Kennedy, 150 acres; Roderick McIntosh, 500 acres; George MlcIntosh, 500 acres; Samuel Leon, 50 acres; William Thompson, 500 acres. Sept. 6.David Truan, 2 lots; Peter Destemple, 50 acres; John Mackay, 100 acres. Sept 7.-John McBean, 100 acres; Alex. McDonald, 150 acres. Sept. 8.-Samuel Hudson, 400 acres; John Fitch, 100 acres; John Hudson, 100 acres; John Brady, 100 acres; Edward Germany, 200 acres. Sept 9.-James Baillon, 200 acres. Dec. 4.-Oliver Shaw, 100 acres. Dec. 5.-Henry Calvell, 450 acres; C. Rabenhorst, 500 acres; J. Mulryne, 500 acres; James Williams, 50() acres; John M. Hirsh, 100 acres. Dec. 6.-Tho. Carter, 300 acres; James Millar, 100 acres. 1754, Feb. 5.-Daniel Mackay, Sen., 150 acres; Geo. McDonald, 150 acres; Murdock McLeod, 100 acres; Angus McIntosh, 100 acres; Peter Grant, 50 acres; John Germany, 200 acres; Hugh Morrison, 250 acres. Feb. 6.-John R. Purry, 500 acres; Wm. McIntosh, 500 acres; Donald McKay, 500 acres; Elizde St. Julian, 500 acres; Richard Coxe, Sen., 500 acres; Richard Coxe, Jr., 500 acres; Samuel New, 340 acres; James New, 500 acres; Joseph Butler, 500 acres Shem Butler, 500 acres. Feb. 8.-John Thompson, 500 acres; Geo. Uland, 100 acres; John Todd, Sen., 100 acres; John Todd, Jr., 100 acres. April 3.-David Montaigut, 500 acres; Valentine Bostick, 400 acres; Christian Dasher, 50 acres; John Sherif, 50 acres; F. L. Parry, 100 acres; Jno. Fox, 400 acres. April 4.Joseph Butler, Jr., 50 acres; Alexander Low, 500 acres. April 5. — obert Baillie, 500 acres; Joseph Goodby, 400 acres; James Matthews, 200 acres; Alexander Germany, 200 acres; Josiah Bryan, a minor, 500 acres; John Greene, 500 acres; Tho. Rasberry, 300 acres; Sigismund Beltz, 60 acres. June 5.-Ge'o. Fowle, 50 acres; Urban Buntz. 50 acres; Jno. Neidlinger, 50 acres; L. McGilvray, 500 acres; Jno. Reuter, 50 acres; David Haisler, 50 acres; Wm. Gibbons, 365 acres; N. J. Walliser, 50 acres; P. Graham, town lot; James Habersham, town lot; Noble Jones, town lot; Pickering Robinson, town lot; Francis Harris, town lot; Wm. Spencer, town lot; Joseph Habersham Minor, town lot; Geo. Cuthbert, town lot; Wim. Butler, town lot; Elisha Butler, town lot; Wnm. Elliott, town lot; Joseph Butler, Sen., town lot.; Charles West, town lot; James McKay, town lot; Joseph Barker, town lot; John Penrose, town lot; Samuel New, NAMES OF PERSONS TO WHOM LANDS WERE ALLOTTED. 37 town lot: Richard Cox, Sen., town lot; Richard Cox, Jr., town lot. Aug. 6.-Adrian Van Beverhought, 500 acres: John Van Beverhought, 500 acres; Wm. lartin Johnson. 500 acres; John Hamm, 500 acres; Clement Martin, 500 acres; Wmi. Martin, 500 acres; James Sumer, 100 acres; Peter Grant, 50 acres; Jacob Tlly, 50 acres; John Pye, 200 acres; David Humbert, 300 acres; Robert Houstoun, 100 acres; Joseph Raymond, 300 acres; Lewis Mitchell, 50 acres. Aug. 7.-Henry Denzler, 50 acres; M. Kadich, 50 acres; D. Johnson, 50 acres; Christian Reidlesperger, 80 acres; Jacob Bantli, 50 acres; B. Farley, 500 acres; Jeremiah Swan, 100 acres; Wm, Gibbons, Jr., 500 acres. Aug. 9.-Ulrich Neidlinger, 50 acres; Peter Sliterman, 100 acres, Octo. 2.-George Winchler, 50 acres; Hugh Ross, 100 acres; John Rayland, 100 acres; William Small, 250 acres; John Young, 250 acres; A. Wylly, 500 acres; R. Johnson, 250 acres; J. Haner, 100 acres. Octo. 3.-Frances Yonge, a minor, 500 acres; D. Douglass, 500 acres; Robert Noble, 500 acres; Geo. Noble, 100 acres. (Signed,) J. REYNOLDS. Octo. 8, 1775. 33 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GEORGIA ROLL.* America-made in the sixth year of the reign of his Most Excellent Majesty Kiing George the Third. The oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy appointed to be taken by act of Parliament, made in the first year of the Reign of his late Majesty King George the First, entitled, " an Act for the further security of his Majesty's person and government, and the succession of the Crown in the Heirs of the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing the hopes of the Pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and secret abettors; and also the oath of abjuration as appointed to be taken in and by an act made in the Sixth year of his Majesty King George the Third, entitled, "An act for altering the oath of abjuration,"' &c., &c. I, A. B., do swear that I do from my heart detest, abhor, and abjure, as impious and heretical, that damnable doctrine and position, that Princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or murthered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign Prince, Person, Prelate, State, or Potentate, hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power or superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this Realm. So help me God. I, A. B., do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, testify, and declare in my conscience, before God and the world, that our Sovereign Lord King George is lawful and rightful King of this Realm, and all others, his Majesty's dominions and countries thereunto belonging. And I do solemnly and sincerely declare, that I do believe in my conscience, that not any of the Descendants of the Person who pretended to be Prince of Wales, during the life of the late King James the Second, and since his decease pretended to be and took upon himself the Stile and Title of King of England, by the name of James the Third, or of Scotland, by the name of James the Eighth, or the Stile and Title of Great Britain, hath any right or title whatsoever to the Crown of this Realm, or any other the Dominions thereunto belonging; and I do swear that I will bare Faith and true allegiance to his Majesty King George, and him will defend to the utmost of my power against all traitorous conspiracies and attempts whatsoever; which shall be made against his Person, Crown or Dignity. And I will do my utmost endeavour to disclose and make known to his Majesty and his Successors, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies which I shall know to be against him or any of them. And I do faithfully promise to the utmost of my power to support, maintain, and defend the Succession of the Crown against the Descendants of the said James and all other persons whatsoever, which succession, by. an act entitled an act for the further Limitation of the Crown, and better securing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Electress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Heirs of her body, being Protestants. And all these things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear, according to those express words by me spoken, and according to the plain Common Sense and Understanding of the same words, without any equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation whatsoever. And I do make this Recognition, Acknowledgment, Abjuration, Renunciation and Promise heartily, willingly, and truly, upon the faith of a Christian. So help me God. * The original, written on parchment, is in possession of a gentleman residing in Savannah, GEORGIA ROLL. 39 I, A. B., do declare that I do believe that there is not any Transubstantiation in the Sacrament df the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of Bread and Wine, or after the Consecration thereof by any person whatsoever. JA. WRIGHT, Governor; James Habersham, Lewis Johnson, John Graham, James Read, Clemt. Martin, Gray Elliott, James Mackay, Jonathan Bryan, J. C. Powell, Council. N. Jones, Alex. Wylley, John Adam Treutlen, John Mullryne, Patrick Houstoun, John Smith, David C. Braddock, Assembly. William Simpson, C. J., 15th Dec. Thomas Stone, March 7, 1774, J. P. 1766. for the Parish of St. Phillip. Jno. Simpson, George McIntosh, Tho- Stephen Smith, J. P., 21st of March, mas Vincent, Assembly, 15th Dec. for the Parish of St. George. Tho. Moodie, Deputy Sec'y., 15th Thomas Ross, Solicitor in Chancery, Dec. 7th of April, 1775. William Ewen, Edw. Barnard, N. William Stephens, Clerk Com. House Jones, Jonathan Cochran, Andrew Johns- of Assembly, 10 May, 1775. ton, Josiah Tatnell, John Millidger, As- John Hume, Secretary of the Provsembly. ince and Register of the Records, 2d Henry Preston, Prothon. Nov. 1775. Charles Pryce, Attorney Gen. Lewis Johnston, Public Treasurer, Charles Watson, C. C. 20th of Nov., 1775. Matthew Roche, Prov. Mar. William Stewart, Notary Public, 8th Charles Pryce, Jun., Prothon, 17th of Jan., 1776. Dec. Isaac Perry, Dep.Sur.,6thofNov.,1766. David Emanuel, David Lewis, (Jus- Frans. Bigbey, 20th of Nov., 1766, tices St. Geo. Parish, 17th Dec. 1766.) Surgeon to the first troop of rangers. Button Gwinnet, Justice for St. John's John Stevens, 26th of Nov., 1766, Parish. Third Lieutenant of the second troop of James Bulloch, Justice for Christ rangers. Church, Octo., 1767. James Whitefield, 5th of December, James Brown, Deputy Sur., 23d Feb., 1766, Quarter Master of the first troop 1768. of rangers. William Graeme, 3 March, 1768. L. Claiborne, Attorney at Law, 18th Samuel Farley, 3 March, 1768. Dec., 1766. John Glen, 3 March, 1768. Benjamin Lewis, Deputy Surveyor, Henry Yonge, Jr., 3 March, 1768. 18th Dec., 1766. Thomas Shruder, 3d of Feb., as De- Richard Scruggsi Justice, St. Matputy Surveyor General. thews, 18th Dec. 1766. John Smith, 16th of Jan., 1769. J. T. Rossell, Justice for St. Andrew's Thomas Shruder, 8th of Aug., 1769, Parish, 31st Dec., 1766. J. P. John Mac Lean, Justice for Christ Anthony Stokes, Chief Justice, 1st Church, Captain of Militia, 12 Jan., Sept., 1769. 1767. James Hume, Attorney and Advo. John Dunbar, Justice for St. John's Gen., 1770. Parish, 19th Jan., 1767. James Hume, a Justice for the Pro- Thomas Pittman, J. P. Romans, Devince. puty Surveyors, 3 Feb., 1767. Wmn. Belcher, a Justice for the Parish Thomas Carr, Collector for Sunbury of St. Phillip. Port, 4th of May, 1767. Arthur Carney, Justis of the Peace Francis Lee, Naval Officer, &c., for for the four Southern parishes, and Cap- Sunbury, 5 May, 1767. tin of Meisia, Sept. 9, 1774. Charles Pryce, Jr., 28th of May, 1767, Raym. Demere, Jr., Justis of the Deputy Reg. & Examiner in Chancery. Peace for the four Southern Parrishes. Jno. Simpson, Clerk of the House of and Ensign of Milisha, Sept. 9,1774. Representatives, 29th of May, 1767. Jno. Holmes, J. P. for the Parish of Wm. Brown, Searcher for the Port of St. George, 17th of Octo., 1774. Savannah, 6 July, 1767. 40 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. John Thomas, ) Militia officers, toms, Duties at Sunbury, 4th of Sept. The X mark of St. George's Parish, 1771. John Mann, 14th of July, 1767. Joseph Johnston, J. P., 4th of Sept. William Graeme, Attorney General, William Candler, D. S., 7th of Oct., Advo. Gen., 22nd April, 1768. 1771. Matt. Roche, Prov. Marshal, June 7, Alexander Thompson, Justice of the 1768. Peace for the Parish of Christ Church, Isaac Ford, 8th of June, 1768, Justice 17th of Nov., 1771. for St. George's and St. Matthew's Pa- James McFarlane, J. P., for the Parish rishes. of St. Pauls, 9 Jan., 1772. Moses Nunes, Searcher Port of Sa- Robert Ballie, D.S., 28th March, 1772. vannah, 9th June, 1768. Andrew Way, D. S., 4th of May, 1772. Alexander Findley, Jas. Seymour, James Kitching, Collector of his MaSchoolmasters, July 11, 1768. jesty's Customs for the Port of Sunbury, Jared Nelson, Benjamin Stirk. 9th of June, 1772. Daniel M. Neal, Deputy Sur. Francis Paris, J. P., for the Parish of William Barnard, " St. George, 13 June, 1772. Jno. Oliver, Justice for St. Paul's, 7th William Harding, D. S., 23d of June. June, 1769. Councillor Anthony Stokes, 7th of James McFarlane, Deputy Surveyor, July, 1772. 5th of July, 1769. James Hume, Councillor, 4th of Aug., Richard Wylley, 31st of Augt., 1769, 1772. Nota. Public. Philip Yonge, Deputy Surveyor. William Harding, Justice of St. Geo. William Haven, Naval Officer. and St. Paul's, 19th of Octo., 1769. John Houstoun, a Solicitor in the William McKenzie. Comp. and Court of Chancery, 2 July, 1771. Searcher of Sunbury, Solicitor in Chan- Henry Younge, T. of Council, 2nd of cery, 21 Dec., 1769. July, 1771. James Kitching, Coll. and Cor. of William Sims, Deputy Surveyor, July the Customs Dutys, Naval Officer for the 6 1773. Port of Sunbury, 8th of March, 1770. Jedediah Smith, Deputy Surveyor, James Maxwell, Justice for St. Phil- Jan. 6, 1773. lip's Pair., 8 March, 1770. Alexander Thompson, Collector of the James Cantey, Deput. Surveyor, 27th Customs, Savannah, 25 Jan., 1773. Aug., 1770. Sanders Walker, Deputy Surveyor, Thomas Chisolm, " " 27th 29th of Jan., 1773. Aug., 1770. Samuel Creswell, D. S.,Feb. 4, 1773. Isaac Antrobus, Compt. and Searcher James Cosby, D. S., March 8, 1773. of Sunbury, 11 May, 1770. Joseph Parmill. D. S. J. Lewis, 4 July, 1770, D. S. John Houlton, 22d March, 1773. Joseph Marshall, Justice for St. Paul's, Basil Lamar, Deputy Surveyor, 24 and St. George's, 6 Nov., 1770. March, 1773. John Douglass, Dept, 1770. John Dooly, D. S., March 7th, 1773. Josiah Cantey, D. S., 7th of Augt., George Walton. Solicitor, 12th day of 1771. May, 1773. Isaac Antrobus, Collector of the Port David Taitt, Justice of Peace, 1773. of Sunbury, 6th of Dec., 1770. Jonathan Sells, J. of P., July, 1773. John Graves, Corn. andL Searcher for Thomas Ross, Notary Public, 2 July, the Port of Sunbury, 6th of Dec., 1770. 1773. Alex. Wylley, Clerk of the Council, Andrew Elton Wells, Marshal of the 1st Jany., 1771. Admiralty. Elijah Brazeal, J. P. Andrew Elton Wells, Clerk of the Richard Cunningham Crooke. Market, July 13, 1773. Patrick Houstoun, J. P. for the Parish George Barry, Justice of the Parisli of of St. Andrew and the four Southern Pa- Christ Church, July 22, 1773. rishes, 22nd of Augt., 1771. Francis Arthur, Deputy Surveyor, 9th Wm. Evans, 2nd Lieut. of the guard of Aug. 1773. Company, 23( of Augt., 1771. James Robertson, Solicitor in ChanWmn. McKenzie, Collector of the Cus- cery, 26th of Oct, 1773. GEORGIA ROLL. 41 J. Pickens, D. S., Nov. 16th, 1773. Leon. Marbury, D. S., 26th of Oct. Thomas Waters, Justice of the Peace 1772. for the ceded lands, the 16th of Nov., Ben. Lanier, Justice of the Peace for 1773. the parishes of St. George and St. MatEdward Keating, Justice of the Peace thew, qualified, 2d of Nov.. 1772. for the ceded lands, 16 Nov., 1773. John Chisolm, D. S. John Hume, J. P., for Parish of Christ WAm. Ewen, Justice of the Peace for Church. the Parish of Christ Church, 22d of James Lucena, J. P., for the Parish of Dec., 1772. Christ Churchl, the 27th of Dec. 1773. Samuel Elbert, Captain of the GrenaJ. Wood, jr., J. P., for the Parish of dier Company, 4th of June, 1774. St. John's. the 14th of Jan., 1774. Thomas Skinner, Captain of the D. Fraser, Collec. & C., and duties at Third Company, 4th of June, 1774. the Port of Sunbury, 25th Jan., 1774. T. Netherclift, Captain of the Light James Seymour, Justice for the parishes Infantry Company. of St. Paul's, St. George and St. Matthew, Alexander Hogg, Captain of the Sixth March 21, 1774. Company, 4 June. 1774. Stephen Matthews, March 20, 1774. Joseph Habersham, 1st Lieut. of the Thom. Burton, J. P., for the Parish of Grenadier Company, 4 June. 1774. St. George. 27th of April, 1774. Henry Yonge, 1st Lieut. of the Light Jacob Walthaur, J. P., for the Parish Infantry Company, 4 June, 1774. of St. Matthew, 10th of May, 1774. Thomas Ross, Lieut. of the fourth John Stirk, Captain of the Fourth Com- Company, 4 June, 1774. pany of Foot Militia, 4th of June, 1774. George Houstoun, second Lieut. of the Quinton Pooler, Captain of the First Light Infantry Company, 4 June, 1774. Company of Foot Militia,4th June, 1774. John C. Lucena, Lieut. of the first Phillip Howell, J. P., for Saint Mat- Company, June 4, 1774. thew's Parish, 16thJune, 1774. Philip Moore, Lieut. of the second Samuel Strong, D. S., Aug. 8, 1774. Company, June 4, 1774. James Kitching, Collector of the Cus- William Stephens, second Lieut. of toms at the Port of Sunbury, Aug. 10, the 8th Company, June 4, 1774. 1772. Alexander Martin, Lieut. 4th ConnJohn Stirk, Justice of St. Matthew's pany, June 4, 1774. Parish, 2nd of Sept., 1772. James Roberson, Ensign of the Comp. Robert Hamilton, a Solicitor in the June 4, 1774. Court of Chancery, 15th of Sept., 1772. Alex. McGorm, Ensign of the second James Peart, D. S., Oct. 7, 1772. Company, June 4, 1774. Elijah Lewis, D. S., Oct. 7, 1772. Jno. B. Randell, Ensign of the first Wm. Downs, D. S., Oct. 14, 1772. Company, June 4, 1774. John Stuart, Councillor, 23d of Oct., Peter Bard, Adjutant, 4 June, 1774. 1772. Phillip Yonge, D. S., 4 June, 1774. 42 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE REVOLUTION. MEETING OF MERCHANTS. At a meeting of the merchants, 16th Sept., 1769, at the house of one Alexander Creighton, in Savannah, it was agreed that the late acts of Parliament so fully and unanimously remonstrated against by the Northern Colonies, were in themselves unconstitutional, and the mode of taxation inconsistent with the liberties of the people. At a time when we have great reason to believe that healing measures and a redress of grievances will be effectually pursued at the next meeting of Parliament, we think it unnecessary to enumerate the whole further, that, in general, and as far as yet we know, we approve of and agree in sentiment with the other Provinces. It was agreed respecting this Province in particular, that the mode of payment of such duties is a great and additional grievance. The sterling money of this Province which was, by act of Assembly, assented to by his Majesty, and declared equal in value to the sterling money of Great Britain, and a lawful tender in all the payments, being refused in payments of such duties, tends greatly to depreciate its value, a circumstance affecting every person interested in the Province. After having wisely excluded us the benefit of the Spanish trade, the only channel through which specie could be procured, and then, by subsequent acts, imposing duties upon us payable in gold and silver, shows that they are entirely ignorant of our internal police, and know little of what is beneficial to the colonies, and thereby prevent our giving a regular and constitutional aid to the mother country, if such was demanded. We, therefore, resolve that any person or persons whatsoever importing any of the articles subject to such duties, after having it in their power to prevent it, ought not only to be treated with contempt, but deemed an enemy to their country, it being a circumstance that needs only be mentioned to any person inspired with the least sense of liberty, that it may be detested and abhorred. Without Signature. MEETING OF THE INHABITANTS. At a meeting of a number of inhabitants of this Province on the 19th inst., 1769, the Hon. Jonathan Bryan in the chair. The Committee appointed to prepare resolutions at this alarming crisis, by the imposition of several acts of the British Parliament, presented the following, which were agreed to, and ordered to be published in the next Gazette: We, inhabitants of Georgia, finding ourselves reduced to the greatest distress and most abject condition by the operation of several acts of the British Legislature, by means whereof our prosperity is arbitrarily wrested from us, contrary to the true spirit of our Constitution and the repeatedly confirmed birthright of every Briton; under all these oppressions, finding that the most dutiful and REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 43 loyal petitions from the colonies for redress of grievances have not answered the salutary purpose we intended, and being destitute of all hope of relief from our multiplied and increasing distresses but by our industry, frugality, and economy, firmly resolved never to be in the least accessory to the loss of any privilege we are entitled to. Therefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed,'do solemnly agree and promise to and each other, that until the said acts are repealed, we will most faithfully abide by, and adhere t aand fulfil the following resolutions: 1st.-That we will encourage and promote American manufactures, and of this Province in particular. 2nd.-That as the raising of sheep for the benefit of wool will be of the utmost utility, we do therefore engage not to kill or sell any lambs that shall be yeaned before the first of May in every year to any butcher or other person whom we may have reason to think intends to kill the same. 3rd.-That we will promote the raising of cotton and flax, and encourage spinning and weaving. 4th.-That we will, upon no pretence, either upon our own account or commission, import into this province any of the manufactures of Great Britain, or European, or East India goods, other than may be shipped in consequence of former orders, except only negro cloth not exceeding Is. and 4 pence per yard, osnaburgs, canvass, cordage, drugs, and hardware of all sorts, paper not exceeding 10 shillings per ream, fire-arms, gunpowder, shot, lead, flints, saltpetre, coals, printed books and pamphlets; white and striped flannels, not above 9 shillings per yard, white linen not above 15 shillings and 8 pence per yard, woollen and thread hose not exceeding 24 shillings 5 pence per dozen, striped cottons not exceeding 13 shillings and 4 pence per yard, checks not above 13 shillings and 3 pence per yard, felt hats not above 48 shillings per dozen, bolting cloths, mill and grind stones, cotton and wool cards, and wire thread not above 8 shillings and 5 pence per pound, shoes not above 48 shillings per dozen; as also the following goods necessary for' the Indian trade, strouds, vermilion, beads, looking-glasses, and paint; and exclusive of these articles, we do solemnly promise and declare that we will immediately countermand all orders to our correspondents in Great Britain for shipping any goods, wares or merchandise other than herein before excepted, and will sell and dispose of the goods we now or hereafter may have, at the same rate and prices as before. 5th.-That we will neither purchase or give mourning at funerals. 6th.-That from and after the 1st of June, 1770, we will not import, buy or sell any negroes that shall be brought into this Province from Africa; nor after the 1st of January next, any negroes from the West Indies, or any other place, excepting from Africa aforesaid; and if any goods or negroes be sent to us contrary to our agreement in this subscription, such goods shall be reshipped or stowed, and such negroes re-shipped from this Province, and not by any means offered for sale therein. 7th.-That we will not import, on our own account, or on commission purchase, from any masters of vessels, transient persons, or non-subscribers, any wines after the 15th day of March next. 8th.-That we will not purchase any negroes imported, or any goods, wares, or 44 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. merchandise, from any resident of this Province or transient person that shall neglect to sign this agreement within five weeks from the date thereof, except it appear he shall be unavoidably prevented from so doing; and every person signing and not strictly adhering to the same, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and also every non-subscriber, shall be looked upon as no friend to his country. Without Signature. On the 20th of July, 1774, the following notice appeared in the Georgia Gazette: The critical situation to which the British Colonies in America are likely to be reduced, from the arbitrary and alarming imposition of the late acts of the British Parliament respecting the town of Boston, as well as the acts that at present exist, tending to the raising of a perpetual revenue without the consent of the people or their representatives, is considered an object extremely important at this juncture, and particularly calculated to deprive the American subjects of their constitutional rights and liberties, as a part of the British Empire. It is therefore requested that all persons within the limits of this Province do attend at Savannah, on Wednesday, the 27th of July, in order that the said matters may be taken into consideration, and such other constitutional measures pursued as may appear most eligible. Signed, NOBLE W. JONES, ARCHIBALD BULLOOH, JOHN HOUSTOUN, 14th July, 1774. JOHN WALTON, 27th July, 1774. The following was addressed to the different parishes:GENTLEMEN,-At a very respectable meeting of the inhabitants of this Pro vince, held this day at Savannah, for the purpose of concerting such measures as may be proper to be pursued respecting certain late acts of the British Parliament, it was, after some business being entered upon, objected that many of the out parishes might not have a sufficient notification of the intended meeting; and therefore Resolved, That all further business be postponed till the 10th of August next, and that in the mean time notice be given to the inhabitants of the several parishes, in order to afford them an opportunity of sending down deputies to deliver their sense upon this very important occasion. In pursuance of this resolve, I take the liberty, as Chairman of the Committee, to request you will send gentlemen duly authorized to attend on behalf of your parish at the next meeting. The number expected to join the Committee is agreeable to the number of representatives each parish sends to the General Assembly. The Committee to meet you at Savannah are: John Glen, John Smith, Joseph Clay, John Houstoun, N. W. Jones, Lyman Hall, Wnm. Young, E. Telfair, Samuel Farley, Geo. Walton, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Jonathan Cochran, Geo. W. McIntosh, -- Sutton, William Gibbons, Benj. Andrew, John WTinn John Stirk, A. Powell, James Beaven, D. Zubly, H. L. Bourquine, Elisha Butler, Wm. Baker, Parmenus Way, John Baker. John Mann, John Bennefield, John Stacy, John Morell. I am, dear Sir, JOHN GLEN. REVOLUTIONARI L DOCUMENTS. 45 Resolutions entered into at Savannah, in Georgia, on TWednesday, the 10th of August, 1774, at a General Meeting of the inhabitants of the Province, assembled to consider the State of the Colonies in America. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That his Majesty7s subjects in America owe the same allegiance, and are entitled to the same rights, privileges, and immunities with their fellow subjects in Great Britain. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That as protection and allegiance are reciprocal, and under the British Constitution correlative terms, his Majesty's subjects in America have a clear and indisputable right, as well from the general laws of mankind, as from the ancient and established customs of the land so often recognized, to petition the Throne upon every emergency. ResbZved, nermine contradicente, That an Act of Parliament lately passed, for blockading the port and harbour of Boston, is contrary to our idea of the British Constitution: First, for that it in effect deprives good and lawful men of the use of their property without judgment of their peers; and secondly, for that it is in nature of an ex postfacto law, and indiscriminately blends as objects of punishment the innocent with the guilty; neither do we conceive the same justified upon a principle of necessity, for that numerous instances evince that the laws and executive power of Boston have made sufficient provision for the punishment of all offenders against persons and property. Resolved, neroine contradicente, That the Act, for abolishing the Cha-ter of Massachusetts Bay tends to the subversion of American rights; for besides those general liberties, the original settlers brought over with them as their birthright., particular immunities granted by such charter, as an inducement and means of settling the Province: and we apprehend the said Charter cannot be dissolved but by a voluntary surrender of the people, representatively declared. Resolvedi nemine conztradicente, That we apprehend the Parliament of Great Britain hath not, nor ever had, any right to tax his Majesty's American subjects; for it is evident beyond contradiction, the constitution admits of no taxation without representation; that they are coeval and inseparable; and every demand for the support of government should be by requisition made to the several houses of representatives. Resolved, nemine contradicente, That it is contrary to natural justice and the established law of the land, to transport any person to Great Britain or elsewhere, to be tried underindictment for a crime committed in any of the colonies, as the party prosecuted would thereby be deprived of the privilege of trial by his peers from the vicinage, the injured perhaps prevented from legal reparation, and both lose the full benefit of their witnesses. Resolved; nemnine contradcicente, That we concur with our sister colonies in every constitutional measure to obtain redress of American grievances, and will by every lawful means in our power, maintain those inestimable blessings for which we are indebted to God and the Constitution of our country-a Constitution fountded upon reason and justice, and the indelible rights of mankind. Resolved, nemine contracticente, That the Committee appointed by the meeting of the inhabitants of this Province, on Wednesday, the 27th of July last, together with the deputies who have appeared here on this day from the different parishes, 46 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. be a General Committee to act; and that any eleven or more of them shall have full power to correspond with the Committees of the several Provinces upon the continent; and that copies of these resolutions, as well as all other proceedings, be transmitted without delay to the Committees of Correspondence in the respective Provinces. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to receive subscriptions for the suffering poor in Boston, consisting of William Ewen, William Young, Joseph Clay, John Houstoun, NobleWymberley Jones, Edward Telfair, John Smith, Samuel Farley, and Andrew Elton Wells, Esquires. These meetings were warmly opposed by Sir JAMES WRIGHT, then Governor of Georgia. In one of his letters to the Earl of Dartmouth he says: There are; my lord, here, as well as everywhere else, malcontents and liberty people, and I will not answer for their conduct, whether it may not be ungrateful and improper; but as soon as they have come to any resolutions or determinations, I shall not fail to acquaint your lordship therewith. The following is Sir JAMES WRIGHT'S proclamation in reference to the meeting of the 27th of July. Whereas I have received information that, on Wednesday, the 27th of July last past, a number of persons, in consequence of a printed bill or summons issued or dispersed throughout the Province, by certain persons unknown, did unlawfully assemble together at the Watch House, in the town of Savannah, under colour or pretence of consulting together for the redress of public grievances or imaginary grievances; and that the persons so assembled for the purposes aforesaid, or some of them, are from and by their own authority, by a certain handbill issued and dispersed throughout the Province, and other methods, endeavouring to prevail on his Majesty's liege subjects to have another meeting on Wednesday, the 10th inst., similar to the former, and for the purposes aforesaid; which summonses and meetings must tend to raise fears and jealousies in the minds of his Majesty's good subjects. And whereas an opinion prevails, and has been industriously propagated, that summonses and meetings of this nature are constitutional and legal; in order, therefore, that his Majesty's liege subjects may not be misled and imposed upon by artful and designing men, I do, by and with the advice of his Majesty's honourable Council, issue this my proclamation, notifying that all such summonses and calls by private persons, and all assembling and meetings of the people which may tend to raise fears and jealousies in the minds of his Majesty's subjects, under pretence of consulting together for redress of public grievances, are unconstitutional, illegal, and punishable by law. And REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 47 I do hereby require all his Majesty's liege subjects within this province to pay due regard to this iim proclamation, as they rviTl ansTer the contrary at their peril. Given under my hand, this 5th day of August, and by his Excellency's command. God save the King. JAMES WRIGHT. THOMAS MOODIE, Dept. Sec. A few days after the meeting referred to in this proclamation, through the influence of Governor Wright, another was held, at which a hundred persons signed a public dissent to the proceedings of the first meeting. McCall says, " that similar dissents were placed in the hands of the governor's influential friends, and sent in different directions over the country, to obtain subscribers; allowing a sum of money to each of those persons proportioned to the number of subscribers they obtained, and as a compensation for their services. Under these advantageous circumstances, the royal servants were successful in obtaining signatures from many timid men, who were favourably disposed to the American cause. The number of subscribers was magnified to a considerable majority of the provincial population. In some instances, the number of subscribers exceeded the population of the parishes from whence they came; and from others the signatures of men were affixed who had been dead many years. The only press in the province was under the control of Governor Wright, and the printer was charged with partiality to the royal government, in withholding facts from the public which would have given the true impression; which had a tendency to strengthen the British and weaken the American cause." 48 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP GEORGIA. DISSENT TO THE RESOLUTIONS OF AUGUST 10, 1774. ON the tenth instant, a meeting was held at Savannah, to which several districts and parishes, particularly St. Paul's, one of the most populous in the Province, sent no deputies; and although one Lohd, and another person attended as deputies from the parish of St. George, yet upwards of 80 respectable inhabitants of that parish sent down their dissent. Nor was the parish of Christ Church represented at this meeting, unless the self-appointed committee be considered as their representatives. The measure left an opening for any to appear at the meeting in the character of deputies, who brought down an appointment as such, without any inquiry whether they were constituted by the majority of the parish or not. Several artful falsehoods were thrown out to induce the parishes and districts to send deputies. In the Parish of St. George, it was said that the Stamp Act was to be enforced; and in the parish of St. Matthew, the people were told that nothing was intended but a dutiful petition to the king, as the father of his people; and to such lengths were matters carried, that when some of the inhabitants of St. Matthew's parish discovered the deception, and desired that they might scratch out their names from the instrument appointing deputies-it was refused them. Their adjournment from the 27th of July to the tenth of August was general, and therefore it was natural to suppose that the last meeting would be held at the Vendue house, the same place as the first; for whenever it is intended that a future meeting of any kind shall be held at a different place than that which is usual, notice is always given of the alteration of the place of'meeting, otherwise most of those who may be desirous of attending, would not know where to go. In the present case none knew that the second meeting would be held at a different place than the first, except those few who were in the secret. But the important meeting of the 10th of August, in defence of the constitutional rights and liberties of American subjects, was held at a tavern, and it was said, twenty-six persons, with the doors shut for a considerable time, undertook to bind them by resolution; and when several gentlemen attempted to join, the tavern-keeper, who stood at the door with a list in his hand, refused them admittance, because their names were not mentioned in that list. Such was the conduct of these pretended advocates for the liberties of America. Several of the inhabitants of St. Paul's and St. George's, two of the most populous, have transmitted their written dissent to any resolutions, and there were gentlemen ready to present their dissent, had not the doors been shut for a considerable time, and admittance refused. And it is conceived that shutting the door and refusing admittance to any but resolutioners, was calculated to prevent the rest of the inhabitants from giving their dissent to measures that were intended to operate as the unanimous sense of the Province. Upon the whole, the world will judge whether the meeting of the 10th inst., held by a few persons in REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 49 a tavern, with doors shut, can, with any appearance of truth or decency, be called a general meeting of the inhabitants of Georgia. Having now given our reasons at large, we enter this our public dissent to the said resolutions of the 10th, and all the proceedings had or to be had thereon, and do earnestly desire that such resolutions may not be taken as the sense of the inhabitants of Georgia. (Signed.) JAMES HABERSHAM, JAMES FARLEY, WM. Ross, LACHLAN MCGILLIVRAY, JAMES NICOL, JOHN PARKINSON, JOSIAH TATTNALL, THO. Ross, E. JONES. JAMES HUME, JAMES THOMPSON, JOHN GRAHAM, JOHN JAMIERSON, RICHARD WRIGHT, THOMAS RIED, THO. JOHNSTON, JOHN PATTON, JOHN STORR, JOHN SIMPSON, JOHN HUME, WM. BROWN, JR., JAMES ROBERTSON, JAMES E. POWELL, JAMES HERRIOTT, ALEX. THOMPSON, LEONARD CECIL, JOHN LOWERY, LEWIS JOHNSON, MOSES NUNES, N. WADE, JOHN IRVINE, ANDREW ROBERTSON, MATTHEW STEWART, ANTHONY STOKES, HENRY PRESTON, CHARLES GOUNGE, EDWARD LANGWORTHY, ROBERT BOLTON, ROBT. GRAY, JOSEPH BUTLER, NOBLE JONES, JAMES DIXEE, WM. SKINNER, JAMES HABERSHAM, SAMUEL SHEPHERD, JAMES MOSSMAN, JAMES A. STEWART, W M. STROTHERS, HENRY YOUNGE, PETER LA VEIN,E WM. THOMPSON, PHILIP YOUNGE, JOHN MULLRYNE, STEPHEN BRITTON, THO. MOODIE, JOHN B. GARARDIAU, GEO. HENLEY, PHILIP MOORE, ABRAHAM GRAY, JOHN SPENCER, JOS. OTTOLENGHE, ROBERT WATT, JAMES Low, GEO. FRAZER, ALEX. WYLLY, DANIEL MCINNES, JOHN INGLISH, DAVID GRAY, JONATHAN HOLDEN, DAVID MONTAIGUT, WM. MOORE, HENRY FOREST, JAMES READ, QUINTON POOLER, JOHN MILLS. WM. MOSS, FRANCIS KNOWLES, HENRY YOUNGE, JR., GEO. FINCH, The following persons in other districts of this parish have subscribed hereunto: Upon the Island of Skidaway, GEO. BARRY, CHARLES W. McKINON, ROBERT REID. In Vernonburgh, DAVID JOHNSON, GEO. DRON, NATHANIEL ADAMS, WALTER DENNY, PETER THEIS, JOSEPH SPENSER, HENRY NUNGAZER, JOHN CAMPBELL, GEORGE NUNGAZER, JAMES NOBLE, JOHN RANSTALLER. * Peter La Vein dissents, because he conceives that, as an inhabitant of Christ Church Parish, he was not represented. 5 50 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GOVERNOR WRIGHT'S SPEECH TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND THEIR ANSWER. SAVANNAH, GEO., January 18, 1775. This day the General Assembly of this Province met here, when his Excellency, Sir JAMES WRIGHT, Baronet, Governor in Chief, &c., was pleased to deliver the following speech to both Houses, viz: SAVANNAH, GEO., January 8, 1775. HIonourable Gentlemen, l r. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the Commons House of Assembly: This being the first opportunity that has offered in General Assembly, I must not omit acquainting you that in consequence of the Petition of. both Houses, his Majesty was graciously pleased to direct, that if this Province should be engaged in any actual Indian war, we should have every proper succour and protection: and I was ordered to apply to the Commander-in-chief of his Majesty's forces in America, for that purpose, who had received directions thereupon. The alarming situation of American affairs at this juncture makes it highly necessary for me to say something to you on the subject; and it is with the utmost concern that I see by every account all the colonies to the northward of us, as far as Nova-Scotia, in a general ferment; and some of them in such a state as makes me shudder when I think of the consequences which it is most probable will soon befall them. The unhappy disputes with the mother country are now become of the most serious nature, and I am much afraid the very extraordinary and violent measures adopted and pursued, will not only prevent a reconciliation, but may involve all America in the most dreadful calamities. GENTLEMEN,-I think myselfvery happy in having it in my power to say, that this Province is hitherto clear; and I much hope, by your prudent conduct, will remain so. Be not led away by the voices and opinions of men of overheated ideas; consider coolly and sensibly of the terrible consequences which may attend adopting resolutions and measures expressly contrary to law, and hostile to the mother country; especially at so late a season, when we may almost daily expect to hear the determination of Great Britain on the matters in dispute, and therefore, I conceive, can answer no purpose but that of throwing the Province into confusion: and I tremble at the apprehension of what maybe the resolution and declarations of the new Parliament relative to the conduct of the people in some parts of America. You may be advocates for liberty, so am I; but in a constitutional and legal way. You, gentlemen, are legislators, and let me entreat you to take'care how you give a sanction to trample on law and government; and be assured it is an indispensable truth, that where there is no law there can be no liberty. It is the due course of law. It is the due course of law and support of government which only can ensure REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 51 to you the enjoyment of your lives, your liberty, and your estates; and do not catch at the shadow and lose the substance. I exhort you not to suffer yourselves to be drawn in to involve this Province in the distresses of those who may have offended; we are in a different situation, and on a very different footing from the other colonies. Do not consider me as speaking to you as the King's governor of this Province. As such, gentlemen, it is certainly my duty to support his Majesty's just right and authority, and preserve peace and good order within my government, and to contribute as much as possible towards the prosperity and happiness of the Province and people. Believe me, when I tell you I am at this time actuated by further motives than a show only of discharging my duty as the King's governor. I have lived amongst and presided over you upwards of fourteen years, and have other feelings. I have a real and affectionate regard for the people, and it grieves me that a Province that I have been so long in, and which I have seen nurtured by the Crown, at the least expense to the mother country, and grew up from mere infancy, from next to nothing, to a considerable degree of maturity and opulence, should, by the imprudence and rashness of some inconsiderate people, be plunged into a state of distress and ruin. We have been most happy in, I hope, avoiding Scylla, and let me, in the strongest terms, conjure you to steer clear of Charybdis. It is a most melancholy and disagreeable subject, and therefore I shall avoid making any observations on the resolutions adopted by the other colonies: but hope, through your prudence and regard for the welfare andhappiness of this Province, of yourselves and your posterity, none will be entered into here. The strongest reasons operate against it, and as they must occur to every considerate person, I shall not mention any. GENTLEMEN OF ASSEMBLY,-The very dangerous and critical situation of our affairs with the Creek Indians last spring, preventing your going on with the necessary business of the Province at that time, I therefore hope and depend, that, agreeable to your address to me, of the 12th of March, 1774, you shall now take the several matters formerly recommended to you into consideration, and proceed thereupon with that serious attention they require, and to which I shall only add, that, in order to preserve and continue to us peace and quietness with the Indian trade, and transactions in the Indian country, to prevent encroachments and trespasses on the lands and hunting grounds of the Indians, and other irregularities and abuses being committed by hunters and other disorderly people, both without and within the settlements; and therefore most earnestly recommend a revisal of a Bill relative to Indian affairs, which was before the House of Assembly in the year 1769, in which I am persuaded you will find some clauses that may be most useful and salutary to the Province. I have ordered the treasurer to lay all the public accounts before you, and will very soon send you an estimate of the usual and necessary supplies since the last tax. JAMES WRIGHT. To the Upper House of Assembly. 52 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. IN THE UPPER HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY, January 18th, 1775. A Message to the Commons House of Assembly:MR. SPEAKER AND GENTLEMEN: This House having taken seriously into consideration those matters mentioned by his Excellency, in his speech to both Houses, respecting the present alarming state of the unhappy dispute between Great Britain and the colonies, and conceiving the subject to be of the highest importance to the welfare and safety of both, is therefore desirous of having a free conference with your House thereon, in hopes of being able to fix on such a plan of conduct as may reasonably be expected will prove conducive to the obtaining the great point, which every true friend to America hath or ought to have only in view, to wit: that of securing to its inhabitants, on a clear, solid, and permanent footing, all the rights and privileges to which, as British subjects, they are entitled on the principles of the constitution. For, however warmly this House may and doth condemn the violent and ill-judged measures pursued by some of the other Provinces, which they conceive to have an evident tendency to widen the breach between Great Britain and the colonies, it may involve all America in a scene of the utmost distress and misery; yet it is the sincere wish of this House, as far as in their power, to see every obstacle removed which may interrupt a cordial and lasting union with the mother country, or obstruct or prevent his Majesty's American subjects from enjoying all the constitutional rights of British subjects, and will at once testify loyalty to our most gracious Sovereign, a firm attachment to the British Constitution, and a warm and proper regard to the rights and liberties of America. On Friday, the 20th of January, the following Addresses were presented to his Excellency, viz.:To his Excellency, Sir JAMES WRIGHT, Baronet, Captain-General, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's Province cf Georgia, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same. The humble Address of the Upper House of Assembly:MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,-We, his Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Council of Georgia, in General Assembly met, beg leave to return your Excellency our most cordial thanks for your truly affectionate speech to both Houses of Assembly, at the opening of this session. We receive with pleasure and gratitude the information you have been pleased to give us of the favourable reception the petition from both Houses met with from our most gracious REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 53 Sovereign, and that his Majesty had been pleased to order troops for our protection, in case we had been unhappily engaged in an Indian War. After having head the experience of your Excellency's prudent and equitable administration for upwards of fourteen years, we can have no doubt of your real and friendly concern for the true interest of this Province. The language of your Excellency's speech upon the subject, of the highest importance to the people of Georgia, is so truly paternal, that every unprejudiced person must be convinced of its being dictated by a heart warm with love and affection for the people over whom you preside: and we hope it will meet with that return of gratitude and attention which the affectionate spirit it breathes, and the great importance of the subject merits. It is with the deepest concern we see the alarming lengths to which the present unhappy dispute between the mother country and the colonies is carried; lengths that threaten a dissolution of all good order and government, and of that union on which the happiness and prosperity of both countries depend. But, whilst we lament these unhappy discussions, and disapprove of all violent and intemperate measures, and at the same time declare it to be our. pride and glory to be constitutionally connected with Great Britain by the closest and most endearing ties, and that we dread nothing more than a dissolution of those ties; yet, anxious for the present welfare of our country, and the interest of our posterity, our ardent wish is that his Majesty's American subjects may enjoy all the rights and privileges of British subjects, as fully and effectually, in all respects, as the inhabitants of Great Britain do; and to that end it now appears highly necessary that the constitutional rights of his American subjects may be clearly defined and firmly established, that so they may hold those inestimable blessings on such a footing as will unite the mother country and the colonies by a reciprocation of benefits, and on terms consistent with the spirit of the constitution, and the honour, dignity and safety of the whole empire. And we wish and hope to see a matter of such importance taken up in a constitutional way by both Houses of Assembly, not in the least doubting, but that if such prudent and temperate measures are adopted by the legislatures of other Provinces, we shall see them crowned with that success which may remove the unhappy division now subsisting, and bind us to our mother country by the tie of interest, love and gratitude, and establish the prosperity, power and grandeur of the British Empire, on foundations which may last till time shall be no more. Nor can we doubt of success, when we reflect that we are blessed with a King who glories in being the equal father of all his people; and therefore can and do submit our cause with full confidence to his royal wisdom and paternal goodness. Neither will we suppose that a British Parliament, that great and august body, who have so often generously asserted and defended the liberties of other nations, will disregard the equitable claims of their fellowsubjects. We entirely agree with your Excellency in the opinion that where 54 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. there is no law there can be no true liberty, and that it is the due and regular course of law and support of government which can alone ensure to us and our posterity the enjoyment of our lives, liberty and property. We will cheerfully concur in the several matters recommended by your Excellency, and give them that serious attention which the utility of them requires. By order of the House. N. JoNESo (His Excellency's Answer.) HONOURABLE GENTLEMEN, — The loyalty and affection expressed towards his Majesty, in this address, give me the greatest satisfaction, as it likewise does to see that your sentiments on the very important matters mentioned in many respects coincide with my own; and happy would it have been for America had the several legislatures proceeded in the manner you propose. I return you my best thanks, gentlemen, for your kind opinion of my regard for, and wishes to serve this Province. JAMES WRIGHT. To his Excellency, Sir JAMES WRIGHT, Baronet, Captain-General, and Governor-in-ChZief of his Majesty's Province of Georgia Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same. The Address of the Commons House of Assembly: MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,-We, his Majesty's dutiful and most loyal subjects, the Commons of Georgia in General Assembly, return your Excellency our thanks for your speech to both Houses on the opening of this session. We are greatly obliged to his Majesty for his gracious intentions: but allow us, Sir, to observe, that we apprehended the Province was actually involved in a war, when we submitted our Petition for assistance; and, whilst we confess our real obligations to your Excellency for your conduct, assiduity, and perseverance, and render you our warmest acknowledgments for putting a happy end to that war, we cannot, but with horror, reflect on the dreadful crisis to which this Province must have been reduced, had we experienced no other resource than those dilatory succours which the administration meant conditionally to afford us. We cannot be less affected by, and concerned for, the present alarming situation of our affairs between Great Britain and America, than your Excellency: we would be equally insensible not to feel our numerous grievances, and not to wish them redressed; it is that alone which every good American contends for; it is the enjoyment of our constitutional rights and liberties that softens every care of life, and renders existence itself supportable. At the same time, in all our REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 55 proceedings, we shall studiously avoid every measure that shall not appear to us at once strictly consonant with our duty to his Majesty, and the interest, liberty, and -welfare of our constituents. We shall, on all occasions, exert ourselves to accomplish every assurance we have already made, or may make to your Excellency, and will not fail to take into consideration the bill which you are pleased to point out and recommend. When the public accounts and estimates are laid before us, we will give them proper attention. By order of the House. WILLIAM YOUNG, Speaker. (His Excellency's Answer.) MR. SPEAKER AND GENTLEMEN OF THE COMMONS HousE OF ASSEMBLY:I am sorry that I must beg leave to differ with you in opinion with respect. to the state we were in, when your Petition to his Majesty was given to me, and which I immediately transmitted. It is true several people had been murdered by Indians, but I conceive that that could by no means be called actually involved in a war with the Nation. There were murders committed by a small party only of Creek Indians, without the concurrence, or even the privity of the Nation, and disavowed by them as soon as they knew of it; and I apprehend something further was necessary, before we could be said to be involved in actual war with the Indians; and every account I received from them after this time was favourable, and showed rather a pacific than a hostile disposition; and which accounts I always transmitted to his Majesty's Secretary of State, as it was my duty to do. It gives me great pleasure to observe my conduct approved of by the Representatives of the people, and for which I thank you. 1 have every inducement to serve the Province, and to promote the welfare and happiness of the people, and which I shall continue to do to the utmost of my power; and on the other hand, I cannot doubt but you will also approve all my endeavours to discharge my duty to the Crown, with honour and integrity. And let me assure you, gentlemen, that no man can more wish his Majesty's American subjects the full and present enjoyment of their constitutional rights and liberties than I do. JAMES WRIGHT. HOUSE. OF ASSEMBLY, GEO., January, 1775. The House, taking under consideration that the Parliament of Great Britainclaim a power of right to bind the people of America by statute, in all cases whatsoever, and who have in some acts ex pressly imposed taxes on the Americans, under various pretences, but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue; hath established a 56 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Board of Commissioners with unconstitutional powers, and extended the jurisdiction of the Courts of Admiralty, not only for collecting the duties imposed by the said acts, but for the trial of causes merely rising within the body of a county. And whereas standing armies have been, and now are kept in America in time of profound peace; and being resolved in Parliament, that, by force of a statute made in the thirty-fifth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, colonists may be transported to England and tried there upon accusations for treason, misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed in the colonies; and, by a late statute, such trials have been directed in cases therein mentioned. And whereas, also, assemblies have been frequently dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when they attempted to deliberate on the grievances: Therefore, this House doth, as Englishmen, their ancestors, in like cases have usually done, for assisting and vindicating their Rights and Liberties,-Declare:First.-That the inhabitants of the English Colonies of North America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English Constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following Rights: Secoadly.-That they are entitled to life, liberty and property, and they have never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right to dispose of either, without their consent. Thirdly.-That our ancestors, that first settled these colonies, were, at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural-born subjects within the realm of England. Fourthly.-That by such emigration they by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of these rights, but that they were, and their descendants now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them as their local and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy..Fifthly.-That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate, in the legislative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances cannot properly be represented in the British Parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation, in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved in all cases of taxation and internal policy, subject only to the negative of their sovereigns, in such a manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed: but from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British Parliament as are bonafide restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole Empire to the mother country and the commercial benefits of its respective members, excluding every idea of taxation, internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects in America without their consent. Sixthly.-That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and more especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according to the course of that law. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 57 Seventhly.-That they are entitled to the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed at the time of their colonization, and which they have by experience respectively found to be applicable to their several local and other circumstances. Eighthly. —That his Majesty's colonies are likewise entitled to all the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters, or secured by their several codes of provincial laws. Ninthly.-That they have a right peaceably to assemble and consider of their grievances, and petition the King, and that all the prosecutions, prohibitory proclamations, and commitmentsfor the same, are illegal. Tenth7y.-That the keeping a standing army in these colonies in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony in which such army is kept, is against law. Eieventhly.-And as it is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the English Constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each otherResolved, That the exercise of legislative power in any colony, by a coun cil appointed during pleasure by the Crown, may prove dangerous and destructive to the freedom of American legislation. All and each of which the Commons of Georgia, in General Assembly, met to claim, demand, and insist on as their indubitable rights and liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, altered, or abridged, by any power whatsoever, without their consent. And whereas, there are many infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, which, from an ardent desire that harmony and mutual intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such acts and measures as have been adopted since the close of the said war, which demonstrates a system formed to enslave America. Resolved, That the following acts of Parliament are infringements and violations of the rights of the colonists, and that the repeal of them is essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony between Great Britain and the American Colonies-viz.: The several acts of 4 George the Third, chapter 15 and chapter 34; 5 George the Third, chapter 25; 6 George the Third, chapter 52; 7 George the Third, chapter 41 and chapter 46; 8 George the Third, chapter 22, which imposes duties for the purpose of raising revenue in America-extend the powers of the admiralty courts beyond their ancient limits-deprive the American subjects of trial by jury-authorize the judge's certificate to indemnify the prosecutor of damages that he may otherwise be liable to-requiring oppressive security from a claimant of ships and goods, seized before he shall be allowed to defend his property-and are subversive of American rights. Also, 12 George the Third, chapter 24, entitled "An Act for the better securing his Majesty's Dock-yards, Magazines,' Ships, Ammunition, and Stores,7; which declares a new offence in America, and deprives the American subjects of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by authorizing the trial of any person charged with committing any offence described in the said act out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within the realm. Also, the three acts passed in the last session of Parliament, for the stopping 58 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the port and blocking up the harbour of Boston; for altering the charter and government of Massachusetts Bay, and that which is entitled "An Act for the better administration of justice," &c. Also, the act passed in the same session, for establishing the Roman Catholic Religion in the Province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the great danger from so total a dissimilarity of religion, law and governmentdto the neighbouring British Colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from France. Also, the act passed in the same session, for the better providing suitable quarters for officers and soldiers in his Majesty's service in North America. Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony in which said army is kept, is against law. Resolved, That the thanks of this House be given to the members of the late Continental Congress, for their wise and able exertions in the cause of American Liberty. Resolved, That 5 * * * be Deputies to represent this Province in the intended American Continental Congress proposed to be held in the City of Philadelphia on the 10th of May next, or any other place or time as may hereafter be agreed on by the said Congress.* Ordered, That Mr. Speaker do transmit a copy of the above resolves to the Honourable Peyton Randolph, Esq., President of the said Congress. Association entered into by forty-five of the Deputies assembled in Provincial Congress, at Savannah, in Georgia, on the 18th of January, 1775, and by them subscribed on the 23rd, when they chose NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES, ARCHIBALD BULLOCH, and JOHN HOUSTOUN, Esquires, Delegates to represent that Colony in the Continental Congress, to be held in May zext. Whereas, a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation agreement, faithfully adhered to, will probably prove the most speedy, effectual, and peaceable measure to obtain redress of American grievances, we do therefore, for ourselves and our constituents, firmly agree and associate under the sacred ties of virtue, honour, and love of our country, as follows: First.-That we will not receive into this Province any goods, wares, or merchandise that shall be shipped from Great Britain or Ireland after the 15th day of March next, or from any other place any such goods, wares or merchandise as shall be shipped from these kingdoms after that time, except such as come under the rules and directions of the Ninth Article herein mentioned; and except such goods, wares or merchandise as are absolutely necessary for carrying on the Indian trade, subject, nevertheless, to the control of the Continental * See letter from Noble Wymberley Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houstoun, to the President of the Continental Congress, dated Savannah, April 6, 1775. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 59 Congress intended to be held at Philadelphia on the 10th day of May next. Nor will we, from this day, import or purchase any tea from any port in the world, or import any molasses, syrup, coffee, or pimento, from the British Plantations, or from Dominica; nor wines from Madeira or the Western Islands, nor foreign indigo. Second.-That We will neither import nor purchase any slaves imported from Africa or elsewhere, after the 15th day of March next. Third.-That we will not export any merchandise or commodity whatsoever to Great Britain or Ireland, or to the West Indies, after the first day of December next, except rice to Europe. Fourth.-Such as are merchants, and use the British and Irish trade, will give orders, as soon as possible, to their factors, agents, and correspondents in Great Britain and Ireland, not to ship any goods to them on any pretence whatsoever, as they cannot be received in Georgia; and if any merchants residing in Great Britain or Ireland shall, directly or indirectly, ship any goods, wares, or merchandise for this Province, in order to break such non-importation agreement, or any manner contravene the same, on such unworthy conduct being well attested, it ought to be made public;. and on the same being so done, we will not from thenceforth have any commercial connection with such merchant. Fifth.-That such as are owners of vessels, will give positive orders to their captains or masters, not to receive on board their vessels any goods prohibited by the said non-importation agreement, on pain of immediate dismission from their service. Sixth.-We will use our utmost endeavours to improve the breed of sheep, and increase their number to the greatest extent, and, to that end, will kill them as sparingly as may be, especially those of a most profitable kind; nor will we export any to the West Indies, or elsewhere; and those of us who are, or may become, overstocked with, or can conveniently spare any sheep, will dispose of them to our neighbours, especially to the poorer sort, on moderate terms. Seventh.-That we will, in our several stations, encourage frugality, economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts, and the manufactuies of America, especially those of wool; and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse-racing, and all kinds of gaming, cock-fighting, exhibition of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments; and on the death of any relation or friend, none of us or our families will go into any further mourning dress'than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat, for gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace, for ladies; and we will discontinue the giving of scarfs and gloves at funerals. Eighth.-That such as are venders of goods and merchandise, will not take advantage of the scarcity of goods that may be occasioned by this Association, but will sell the same at the rates they have been accustomed to do for twelve months last past; and if any vender of goods or merchandise shall sell any goods on higher terms, or shall in any manner, or by any device whatsoever, violate or depart from this agreement, no person ought, nor will any of us, deal with any such person, or his or her factor or agent, at any time thereafter, for any commodity whatsoever.. Ninth. —In case any merchant, trader, or other person, shall receive any goods or merchandise which shall be shipped after the 15th day of March, and before 60 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the 15th day of May next, the same ought forthwith, at the election of the owner, to be either re-shipped or delivered to the Committee of the town, parish, or district wherein they shall be imported, to be stored, at the risk of the importer, until the non-importation agreement shall cease, or be sold, under the direction of the Committee aforesaid; and in the last-mentioned case, the owner or owners of such goods shall be reimbursed, out of the sales, the first costs and charges, the profit, if any, to be applied towards relieving such poor inhabitants of the town of Boston as are immediate sufferers by the Port Bill; and a particular account of all goods so returned, stored, or sold, to be inserted il the public papers; and if any goods or merchandise shall be shipped after the said 15th day of May next, the same ought forthwith to be sent back again, without breaking any of the packages thereof. Tenth.-That a Committee be chosen in every parish, town, and district, by those who contribute towards the general tax, whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this Association; and when it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the majority of any such Committee, that any person within the limits of their appointment has violated this Association, that such majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the Gazette; to the end that all such foes to the rights of British America be publicly known and universally contemned, as the enemies of American liberty; and thenceforth we will respectively break off all dealings with him or her. Eleventh.-That the Committee of Correspondence do frequently inspect the entries of the custom-house, and inform the Committees of the other Provinces, from time to time, of the true state thereof, and of every other material circumstance that may occur relative to this Association. Twelfth.-That all manufactures of this Province be sold at reasonable prices, so that no undue advantages be taken of a future scarcity of goods. And we do solemnly bind ourselves and our constituents, under the ties aforesaid, to adhere to this Association until American grievances are redressed. The foregoing Association being determined upon by the Congress, was ordered to be subscribed by the several members thereof, and thereupon we have hereunto set our respective names accordingly. In Congress, Savcannah, Georgia, January 23,'1775. JOHN GLEN, Chairman. D. ZUBLY, JR., SAMUEL GERMANY, NOBLE W. JONES, JAMES DE VEAUX, JOHN WEREAT, SAMUEL FARLEY, JOSEPH CLAY, JONATHAN COcHRAN, AMBROSE WRIGHT, PHILIP BOX, GEORGE MCINTOSH, PETER TONDEE, WILLIAM EVANS, IvAYMIOND DEMIERE, THOMAS LEE, GEORGE WALTON, WILLIAM JONES, WILLIAMI YOUNG, JOHN STIRK, JAMES COCHRAN, JOHN MCCLURE, ISAAC YOUNG, JOSEPH GIBBONS, ARCHIBALD BULLOCH, ROBERT RAE, FRANCIS H. HARRIS, JOHN HOUSTOUN, ROBERT HAMILTON SAMUEL ELBERT, JOSEPH HABERSHAM, EDMUND BUGG, HENRY JONES, REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS 61 GEORGE HOUSTOUN, WILLIAM GLASCOOK, WILLIAM LORDa EDWARD TELFAIR, JOHN GERMANY, JOHN MANN, WILLIAM GIBBONS, L. MARBURY, DAVID LEWIS, PETER BARD, HUGH MIDDLETON, GEORGE WYCHE. Extract of a letter from Georgia to a gentleman in New-Yorle, dated Feb. 15, 1775. Our Assembly met on the 18th January, to which time it hadbeen proroogued The first day of the session, a petition, signed by upwards of eighty principal people, was presented to the Commons House, condemning the measures pursued by the Northern Provinces, and prayingthey would take up the business in a temperate manner, and address the King, &c. Soon after another petition was presented, to the same effect, signed by one hundred and eighty from St. George's Parish; both which were read and laid on the table, but no further notice taken of them. The day of the Assembly's meeting, the Council sent the lower house a message, desiring a conference with them, on the present state of American affairs, and expressing their readiness to join them in constitutional measures for effecting a reconciliation with the mother country, on terms consistent with the dignity and safety of the whole British Empire and the rights and liberties of America, to which no answer was sent for many days. At last the Commons House met in conference. The result was, they declined joining in the measures proposed. Some time after, a motion was made in the Commons House to take into consideration some papers and letters received by the Speaker from some of the Northern Provinces, which was agreed to, and an early day appointed for it; but an adjournment till May put a stop to their proceedings. Some months before the house met, a set of men who had assumed to themselves the name of a Committee of the Parish of Christ Church, in which the town of Savannah is included, issued their mandate for a Provincial Meeting of Delegates, to meet also on the 18th January. Accordingly, a number of people met; but how little were they to be considered in such a light, even supposing their election to have been a regular and legal one, I leave you to judge, for five parishes out of twelve sent none at all, and in that of St. Andrew's, containing at least one hundred men fit to bear arms, the delegates were chosen by thirty-six only; also, in St. Paul's Parish, which contains at least an equal number, there were no more than eighty that voted for sending delegates, and I believe the same number voted only in Christ Church Parish. They continued to sit for eight or ten days, but as they have not printed or made public their resolutions, it is not certainly known what they were, and I hope, for the honour of the Province, ever will remain so. It is under consideration to augment the army at large, but an augmentation to the regiments in America is actually determined upon. Letter from the Georgia Delegates to the Continental Congress. SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, April 6, 1775. SmR: The unworthy part which the Province of Georgia has acted in the great and general contest, leaves room to expect little less than the censure, or even 62 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. indignation, of every virtuous man in America. Although, on the one hand, we feel the justice of such a consequence with respect to the Province in general, yet, on the other, we claim an exemption from it in favour of some individuals, who wished a better conduct. Permit us, therefore, in behalf of ourselves and many others, our fellow-citizens, warmly attached to the cause, to lay before the respectable body over which you preside a few facts, which, we trust, will not only acquit us of supineness, but also render our conduct to be approved by all candid and dispassionate men. At the time the late Congress did this Province the honour to transmit to it an extract from their proceedings, enclosed in a friendly letter from the Honourable Mr. Middleton, the sense and disposition of the people in general seemed to fluctuate between liberty and convenience. In order to bring on a determination respecting the measures recommended, a few well-affected persons in Savannah, by public advertisement in the Gazette, requested a meeting of all the parishes and districts, by delegates or representatives, in Provincial Congress. On the day appointed for this meeting, with concern they found that only five out of twelve parishes to which they had particularly wrote, had nominated and sent down delegates; and even some of these five had laid their representatives under injunctions as to the form of an association. Under these circumstances, those who met saw themselves a good deal embarrassed. However, one expedient seemed still to present itself. The House of Assembly was then sitting, and it was hoped there would be no doubt of a majority in favour of American freedom. The plan, therefore, was to go through with what business they could in Provincial Congress, and then, with a short address, present the same to the House of Assembly, who, it was hoped, would by votes in a few minutes, and before prerogative should interfere, make it the act of the whole Province. Accordingly, the Congress framed and agreed to such an association. and did such other business as appeared practicable with the people, and had the whole just ready to be presented, when the Governor, either treacherously informed, or shrewdly suspecting the step, put an end to the session. What then could the Congress do? On the one hand, truth forbid them to call their proceedings the voice of the Province, there being but five out of twelve parishes concerned; and, on the other, they wanted strength sufficient to enforce them, on the principle of necessity, to which all ought for a time to submit. They found the inhabitants of Savannah not likely soon to give matters a favourable turn. The importers were mostly against any interruption, and the consumers very much divided. There were some of the latter virtuously for the measures; others strenuously against them; but more who called themselves neutrals than either. Thus situated, there appeared nothing before us but the alternative of either immediately coummencing a civil war among ourselves, or else of patiently waiting for the measures to be recommended by the General Congress. Among a powerful people, provided with men, money, and conveniences, and by whose conduct others were to be regulated, the former would certainly be the resolution that would suggest itself to every man removed from the condition of a coward; but in a small community like that of Savannah, (whose members are mostly in their first advance towards wealth and independence, destitute of even the necessaries of life within themselves, and from whose junction or silence so REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. 63 little would be added or lost to the general cause,) the latter presented itself as the most eligible plan, and was adopted by the people. Party disputes and animosities have occasionally prevailed, and show that the spirit of freedom is not extinguished, but only restrained for a time, till an opportunity shall offer for calling it forth. The Congress convened at Savannah did us the honour of choosing us delegates to meet your respectable body at Philadelphia, on the tenth of next month. We were sensible of the honour and weight of the appointment, and would gladly have rendered our country any services our poor abilities would have admitted of; but alas! with what face could we have appeared for a Province whose inhabitants had refused to sacrifice the most trifling advantages to the public cause, and in whose behalf we did not think we could safely pledge ourselves for the execution of any one measure whatsoever t We do not mean to insinuate that those who appointed us would prove apostates or desert their opinions; but that the tide of opposition was great: that all the strength and virtue of these our friends might be sufficient for the purpose. We very early saw the difficulties that would here occur, and therefore repeatedly and constantly requested the people to proceed to the choice of other delegates in our stead; but this they refused to do. Wre beg, sir, you will view our reasons for not attending in a liberal point of light. Be pleased to make the most favourable representation of them, to the Honourable the Members of the Congress. We believe we may take upon ourselves to say, notwithstanding all that has passed, there are still men in Georgia who, when an occasion shall require, will be ready to evince a steady, religious and manly attachment to the liberties of America. For the consolation of these, they find themselves in the neighbourhood of a Province whose virtue and magnanimity must and will do lasting honour to the cause, and in whose fate they seem disposed freely to involve their own. We have the honour to be, sir, your most obedient and very humble servants, NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES, A.R CHIBALD BULLOOH, JOHN HOUSTOUN. To the President of the ContinentaZ Congress. To the Committee of Doncations, Boston, Massachusetts. SAVANNAHI, Junze:1 1775. GENTLEMEN:-Although the inhabitants of Georgia have unfortunately drawn on themselves the censure of her sister colonies, by not adopting those measures which the wisdom of the General Congress has pointed out for the preservation of the liberties of America, yet we flatter ourselves you will believe there are many among us who sincerely espouse the great cause contended for by you; and who ardently wish that the noble stand you have made in defence of those rights to which, as men and British subjects, we are entitled, may be crowned with success. The distresses our brethren must unavoidably experience by enforcement of the late acts of a cruel and vindictive ministry, deeply affect us. The unhappy divisions amongst us have hitherto prevented our contributing totheir support; but we have now the pleasure to transmit you by the Juliana, Captain 64 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Stringham, bound to New-York, a small contribution of sixty-three barrels of rice and one hundred and twenty-two pounds sterling, in specie, under the care of John Eaton Le Conte, Esq., which we desire you will please appropriate towards the relief of those who have lately left the town of Boston. We hope soon to be enabled by our friends, who reside at a distance from Savannah, to send you a further token of our regard for you and those whose misfortunes must increase with the oppressive measures now pursued by the administration against America. I have the honour to be, on behalf of the contributors, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, N. JONES. To the Gentleemen, Committee for receiving Donations for the Distressed Inhabitants of Boston. MEETING OF THE INHABITANTS OF SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. At the Meeting of sundry gentlemen at Savannah, on Monday, June 26, 1775, it was unanimously Resolved, That the present Acts of Parliament, tending to raise a revenue in America, are grievances. Resolved, therefore, That we will do all th at we legally may, to obtain redress of these grievances. Resolved, That Friday the 30th instant, June, at nine o'clock, A. M., at the house of Mrs. Cuyler, be a day appointed for a meeting, in order to consult the most expedient method to obtain redress. PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 65 MEETING OF PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. THE proceedings of the first Provincial Congress of Georgia, though long, will be found highly interesting to Georgians. PROVINCIAL CONGRESS, July 4, 1775. GEORGIA.-At a Provincial Congress, held agreeably to appoints ment, at Tondee's Long Room, at Savannah, on the fourth day of July, 1775, and continued from day to day, the following persons were returned duly elected: Town and District of Savannc7a.-ARCHIBALD BULLOCIH, NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES, JOSEPH HABERSHAM, JONATHAN BRYAN, AMBROSE WRIGHT, WILLIAM YOUNG, JOHN GLEN, SAMUEL ELBERT, JOHN HOUSTOUN, OLIVER BOWEN, JOHN MCCLURE, EDWARD TELFAIR, THOMAS LEE, GEORGE HOUSTOUN, JOSEPH REYNOLDS, JOHN SMITH, WILLIAM EWEN, JOHN MARTIN, DR. ZUBLY, WILLIAM BRYAN, PHILIP BOX, PHILIP ALLMAN, WILLIAM O'BRYAN, JOSEPH CLAY, SETH JOHN CUTHBERT. District of Vernoniburgh.-*-JOSEPH BUTLER, ANDREW ELTON W ELLS, MATTHEW ROCHE, Jr. District of Acton.-DAVID ZUBLY, BASIL COWPER, WILLIAM GIBBONS. Sea Island District.-COL. DEVEAUX COL. DE LA GALL, JAMES BULLOCH, JOHN MOREL, JOHN BOHUN GERADIEU) JOHN BARNARD, ROBERT GIBSON. District of Little Ogeechee.-FRANcIS HENRY HARRIS, JOSEPH GIBBONS, JAMES ROBERTSON.? Parish of St, Matthew.-JOHN STIRKI JOHN ADAM TRUITLEN, GEORGE WALTON, EDWARD JONES, JACOB WALTHOUER, PHILIP HOWELL ISAAC YOUNG, JENKIN DAVIS, JOHN MOREL, JOHN FLERL, CHARLES MCCAY, CHRISTOPHER CRAMER. Parish of St. Philip.-COL. BUTLER, WILLIAM LE CONTE, WMV. MAXWELL, STEPHEN DRAYTON, ADAM FOWLER BRISBANE, LUKE MANN, HUGH BRYAN. Parish of St. George.-HENRY JONES, JOHN GREEN, THOMAS BURTON, WILLIAM LORD, DAVID LEWIS, BENJAMIN LEWIS, JAMES PUGH, JOHN FULTON. Parish of St. Andrew.-JONATHAN COCHRAN, WILLIAMI JONES, PETER TARLIN, LACHLAN MCINTOSH, WILLIAM MCINTOSH, GEORGE THREADCRAFT, JOHN WEREAT, RODERICK MCINTOSH, JOHN WITHERSPOON, GEORGE MCINTOSIH, ALLEN STEWART, JOHN MCINTOSH, RAYMOND DEMERE. Parish of St. David. —SETH JOHN CUTHBERT, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, Sen. Parish of St. Mary.-DANIEL RYAN. Parish of St. Thomas.-JonHN ROBERTS. Parish of St. Paul.-JOIHN WALTON, JOSEPH MADDOCK,* ANDREW BURNS, ROBERT RAE, JAMES RAE, ANDREW MOORE, ANDREW BARNEY, LEONARD MARBURY. Parish of St. John. —JAMES SCREVEN, NATAN BROWNSON, DANIEL ROBERTS, JOHN BAKER, Sen., JOHN BACON, Sen., JAMES MAXWELL, EDWARD BALL, WILLIAM BAKER, Sen., WILLIAM BACON, Jr., JOHN STEVENS, JOHN WINN, Sen. ARCHIBALD BULLOCH, Esq., being proposed as President, was unanimously elected; and GEORGE WALTON, Esq., being proposed as Secretary, was unanimously elected. * Those thus marked declined taking their seats. 5 66 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ]he Congress then adjourned to the Meeting-House of the Rev. Dr. Zubly, where he preached a sermon upon the alarming state of American affairs. The Congress being returned, a motion was made and seconded that the thanks of this Congress be given to the Rev. Dr. Zubly for the excellent sermon he preached this day to the members, which being unanimously agreed to, it was ordered that a Committee be appointed for that purpose. WEDNESDAY, 5thL JUdy, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that this Committee apply by message to the Governor, requesting him to appoint a day of fasting and prayer to be observed throughout this Province, on account of the disputes subsisting between America and the Parent State; which being unanimously passed in the affirmative, it was ordered that a Committee be appointed for this purpose. COPY OF THE MESSAGE. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY: The Provincial Congress, deeply concerned at the present alarming state of affairs, and the distresses of America, humbly request that your Excellency would appoint a day of fasting and prayer to be observed throughout this Province, that a happy reconciliation may soon take place between America and the Parent State, and that under the auspicious reign of his Majesty and his descendants, both countries may remain united, virtuous, free and happy, till time shall be no more. By order of the Congress, ARCHIBALD BULLOCH, President. The PresideAt being informed by the messenger that John Jamieson and John Simpson, Esquires, were in waiting, and desired to be admitted, which being agreed to, they were desired to walk in. They then produced and delivered in to the President a paper containing several resolutions entered into by a number of persons, inhabitants of the town of Savannah, which was ordered to be read, and is as follows: At a meeting of several of the inhabitants of the town of Savannah, at Mrs. Cuyler's, on Friday, the 13th of June, 1775, John Mullryne, Esq., Joseph Clay, James Mossman, Rev. J. J. Zubly, John Simpson, Noble W. Jones, John Jamieson, WVm. Moss, John Glen, Josiah Tattnall, John Graham, Lewis Johnston, Wm. Young, Richard Wyley, Andrew lMcLean, Basil Cowper, Philip Moore, George Houstoun, Joseph Butler, James Read, Thomas Reid, Wm. Panton, James E. Powell, Wm. Struthers, Alexander McGowen, John C. Lucena, Thomas Sherman, J. N. Faming, Levi Sheftall, Charles Hamilton, George Spencer, Wm. Brown, Jr., Francis Courvoizie, James Anderson. Whereas, public confessions and grievances are much increased by private dissensions and animosities; PROyINCIAL CONGRESS. 67 Resolved therefore, nem. con., That we will use our utmost endeavours to preserve the peace and good order of this Province, and that no person behaving himself peaceably and inoffensively, shall be molested in his personal property, or even in his private sentiments, while he expresses them with decency and without any illiberal reflections upon others. Whereas, the acts for raising a perpetual revenue in America, and all the measures used to enforce these acts, are not partial, but general grievances; and it is most likely that redress will be obtained by the joint endeavours of all who may think these acts unconstitutional or oppressive, than by any measure that might be taken singly by. individuals: therefore, Resolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting (as a proper measure to be pursued, because the General Assembly is not now sitting, from whom an application to the Throne must be very proper: and as no time should be lost) that a humble, dutiful, and decent petition be addressed to his Majesty, expressive of the sense, apprehensions, and feelings of all such as may choose to subscribe such a petition, which, it is hoped, will be done by every man in the Province; and it is therefore the wish of this meeting that such a measure be adopted by the Provincial Congress intended to be held on Tuesday next, the 4th of July. Resolved, That the interest of this Province is inseparable from the mother country, and all the sister colonies, and that to separate ourselves from the latter, would only be throwing difficulties in the way of its own relief and that of the other colonies, and justly increasing the resentment of all those to whose distress our disunion might be an addition. Resolved. That this Province ought, and it is hoped will, forthwith join the other Provinces, in every just and legal measure, to secure and restore the liberties of all America, and for healing the unhappy divisions now subsisting between Great Britain and her colonies. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be laid before the Provincial Congress on Tuesday, the 4th of July next, and that Mr. Jamieson and Simpson do wait upon them with the same, as recommended to them by this meeting. By order of the meeting. JOHN MULLRYNE. A motion was made and seconded, that the paper above mentioned do lie on the table for the perusal of the members; which, being carried, the same was ordered to lie upon the table accordingly. A motion was made and seconded, that this Congress do put this Province upon the same footing with our sister colonies; which, being put, it was ordered that it be taken into consideration to-morrow morning. THURSDAY, 6th of July, 1775. The order of the day being read, the same was taken into consideration, and, after some deliberation, it was unanimously 1st.-Resolved, That this Province will adopt and carry into execution all and singular the measures and recommendations of the late Continental Congress. 2nd.-In particular, that in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, we do adopt and approve of the American Declaration, or Bill of Rights, published by the 68 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. late Continental Congress, and also of their several resolves made in consequence of some infractions thereof. 3rd.-That from and after this day, we will not receive into this Province any goods, wares, or merchandise shipped from Great Britain or Ireland, or from any other place, any such goods, wares or merchandise as shall have been exported from Great Britain or Ireland; nor will we import any East India tea from any part of the world; nor any molasses, syrups, coffee or pimento, from the British Plantations, or from Dominica; nor wines frown Madeira or the Western Islands, nor foreign indigo. 4th.-That we will neither import nor purchase any slave, imported from Africa or elsewhere, after this day. 5th.-As.a non-consumption agreement strictly adhered to will be an effectual security for the observation of the non-importation, we, as above, solemnly agree and associate, that from this day we will not purchase or use any tea imported on account of the East India Company, or any on which a duty hath or shall be paid; and we will not purchase or use any East India tea whatever; nor will we, nor shall any person for or under us, purchase any of those goods, wares, or merchandise we have agreed not to import, which we shall know or have cause to suspect were imported after this day. 6th.-The earnest desire we have not to injure our fellow-subjects in Great Britain and Ireland, and the West Indies, induces us to suspend a non-exportation until the tenth day of September; 1775, at which time, if the acts and parts of acts of the British Parliament hereinafter mentioned are not repealed, we will not directly or indirectly export any merchandise or commodity whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland, or the West Indies, except rice to Europe. 7th.-Such as are merchants and use the British and Irish trade, will give orders as soon as possible to their factors, agents, and correspondents in Great Britain and Ireland, not to ship any goods to them on any pretence whatever, as they cannot be received into this Province; and if any merchant residing in Great Britain or Ireland shall directly or indirectly ship any goods, wares, or merchandise for America, in order to break the said non-importation agreement, or in any manner contravene the same, on such unworthy conduct being well attested, it ought to be made public, and on the same being so done, we will not thenceforth have any commercial connections with such merchants. 8th.-That such as are owners of vessels will give positive orders to their captains or masters not to receive on board their vessels any goods prohibited by the said non-importation agreement, on pain of immediate dismission from their service. 9th.-We will use our utmost endeavours to improve the breed of sheep, and increase their numbers to the greatest extent, and to that end we will kill them as sparingly as may be, especially those of the most profitable kind, nor will we export any to the West Indies or elsewhere; and those of us who are or may become overstocked with, or can conveniently spare any sheep, will dispose of them to our neighbours, especially to the poorer sort, on moderate terms. 10th.-That we will, in our several stations, encourage frugality, economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts, and the manufactures of British PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 69 America, especially that of wool; and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse-racing, and every kind of gaming, cock-fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments; and on the death of any relation or friend, none of us or any of our families will go into any farther mourning dress than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat for gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace for ladies, and we will discontinue the giving of gloves and scarfs at funerals. 11th.-That such as are venders of goods or merchandise will not take advantage of the scarcity of goods that may be occasioned by this Association, but will sell the same at the rates we have been respectively accustomed to do for twelve months last past; and. if any vender of goods or merchandise shall sell any such goods or merchandise on higher terms, or shall in any manner, or by any device, violate or depart from this agreement, no person ought, nor will any of us deal with any such person, or his or her factor or agent, at any time thereafter, for any commodity whatever. 12th.-In case of any merchant, trader, or other persons, shall attempt to import any goods or merchandise into this Province, after this day, the same shall be forthwith sent back again, without breaking any of the packages thereof. 13th.-Thata Committee be chosen in every town, district and parish within this Province, by those who pay towards the General Tax, whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching this Association; and when it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of a majority of any such Committee, that any person within the limits of their appointment has violated this Association, that such a majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the Gazette, to the end that all such foes to the rights of British America may be publicly known and universally contemned, as the enemies of American liberty, and thenceforth we will break off all connections with him or her. 14th.-That a Committee of Correspondence to this Province do frequently inspect the entries of the Custom House, and inform the Committees of the other Colonies which have acceded to the Continental Association, from time to time, of the true state thereof, and of every other material circumstance that may occur relative to this Association. 15th.-That all manufactures of this Province be sold at reasonable prices, so that no undue advantage be taken of a future scarcity of goods. 16th.-And we do further agree and resolve, that we will have no trade, commerce, dealings or intercourse whatsoever-with any Colony or Province in North America which shall not accede to, or which shall hereafter violate this Association, but will hold them as unworthy of the rights of freemen, and as inimical to the liberties of their country. And we do solemnly bind ourselves and our constituents, under the ties of virtue, honour, and love of our country, to adhere to this Association until such parts of the several acts of Parliament passed since the close of the last war, as impose, or continue duties upon tea, molasses, syrups, coffee, sugar, pimento, indigo, foreign paper, glass and painters' colours, imported into America and extend the powers of the Admiralty Courts, beyond their ancient imit, deprive American subjects of trial by jury, authorize the judge's certificate 70 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. to indemnify the prosecutor from damages that he might otherwise be liable to from a trial by his peers, require oppressive security from claimants of ships or goods seized, before he is allowed to defend his property, are repealed; and until that part of the Act of the 12 George 3., ch. 24, entitled, "An Act for the better securing his Majesty's Dock-yards, Magazines, Ships, Ammunition and Stores', by which any person, charged with committing any of the offences therein described, in America, may be tried within any Shire or County within the realm, is repealed, and until the four acts passed in the last session of Parliament, viz.: That for stopping the Port and blocking up the Harbour of Boston, that for altering the Charter and Government of the Massachusetts Bay, and that which is entitled, " An Act for the better administration, &c., and that for extending the limits of Quebec," &c., are repealed, and until the two acts passed in the present session of Parliament, the one entitled, " A Bill to restrain the trade and commerce of the Colonies of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, to Great Britain and Ireland, and the British islands in the West Indies, under certain conditions and limitations," and the other'"An Act commonly called the Fishery Bill," FRIDAY, 7th of July. The following is his Excellency's answer to the message of this Congress: SAVANNAH, July 7, 1775. GENTLEMEN,-I have taken the opinion of his Majesty's Council relative to the request made by the gentlemen who have assembled together, by the name of a Provincial Congress, and must premise that I cannot consider that meeting as constitutional; but as the request is expressed in such loyal and dutiful terms, and the ends proposed being such as every good man must most ardently wish for, I will certainly appoint a day of Fasting and Prayer, to be observed throughout this Province. JAS. WRIGHT. To STEPHEN DRAYTON.Esq., and the other gentlemen who waited on the Governor. A motion was made and seconded, that the thanks of this Congress be given to his Excellency the Governor, for his answer to the message of this Congress, and his ready compliance with their request;, which being put, unanimously passed in the affirmative. Ordered, That Dr. Zubly, John Smith, and Joseph Clay be a committee for that purpose. A motion was made and seconded, that five persons be chosen to represent this Province in the Continental Congress, appointed to be, held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 10th of May last, and the question being put, it passed unanimously in the affirmative. The Congress then proceeded to the choice, when John Houstount and Archibald Bulloch, Esquires, the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Noble Wym-. berley Jones, anadLyman Hall, were duly elected. Dr. Zubly expre;ss:ed his surprise at being chosen, and said that he thought himself for PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 71 many reasons a very improper person; but the choice was insisted upon, and the Doctor declared he would by no means go, unless he had the approbation of hiscongregation;whereuponNoble Wymberley Jones and John Houstoun, Esqrs., were appointed to request their consent. A motion was made and seconded, that a Secret Committee be appointed, which being agreed to, it was resolved that the President do nominate sevenpersons tobe that committee, whose business it shall be, to be vigilant and active in the discovery of all matters which may affect the public, and that they shall have right to lay all such intelligence and information before the President of this Congress, and in its recess, before the President of the Council of Safety, in order that the evil designs of wicked men may be early frustrated. A motion was made and s.econded, that the Congress do petition the King upon the present unhappy situation of affairs, which being agreed to, it was ordered that Dr. Zubly do prepare and bring in the same. A motion was made and seconded, that a letter be forthwith wrote to the President of the Continental Congress, giving him an account of the proceedings of this Congress, which being agreed to, it was ordered that Dr. Zubly, John Smith, William Young, William Le Conte, and William Gibbons, Esqrs., be a Committee for that purpose. John Walton, Esq., who was elected as well from Wrightsborough township, as for the town and district of Augusta, came in and took his seat for the former. A motion was made and seconded, that an address be presented to his Excellency the Governor by this Congress, which being agreed to, it was ordered, that Dr. Zubly, Basil Cowper, John Walton, Joseph Clay, and Edward Telfair be a Committee to draw up the same. SATURDAY, July 8, 1775. Resolved, That this Congress are of opinion that the paper delivered into this Congress on the second day of its meeting, ought not to have been entitled or dressed in the form of resolves, but rather as recommendations, or in nature of a petition or address to this Congress. Resolved, Nevertheless, from the desire this Congress hath to promote union and concord among ourselves, and as it does not appear that the said paper was intended to be considered as coming from a distinct and independent body, that, therefore, the matter contained in the same (being such as is in the general agreeable to us) shall be duly considered and attended to. A motion was made and seconded, that a sum not exceeding ten thousand pounds sterling be provided, to defray the necessary services of this Province, in the present alarming and distracted state of affairs, which passed unanimously in the affirmative. A motion was then made and seconded, that the Congress resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole, to consider ways and means for raising and sinking the said sum of ten thousand pounds sterling, 72 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. which being agreed to, the Congress resolved itself into a Committee accordingly. The President having resumed the chair, Mr. Clay, from the Committee of the whole Congress, reported that they had entered upon the consideration of ways and means, had made some progress therein, and desired leave to sit again. The President reported to the Congress that he had, in obedience to the resolution yesterday, nominated seven persons to be a Secret Committee. Dr. Zubly, who was ordered to prepare and bring in a petition to his Majesty, reported that he had done so, and produced a paper containing the same, which he delivered in to the President; and the said paper being read and approved of, it was resolved that the President do sign the same. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee of Intelligence be appointed, which being agreed to, it was ordered that William Young, David Zubly, Stephen Drayton, Daniel Roberts, John Glen, Edward Telfair, William Ewen, Joseph Clay, and George Walton, Esquires, be that Committee. William Young, Esquire, of the Committee appointed to write a letter to the President of the Continental Congress, reported that they had done so, and delivered in a paper to the President, containing the same, which being read and approved of, it was resolved that the President do sign the same, and that it be forthwith sent. MONDAY, 10th of July, 1775. The following resolves were unanimously entered into: Whereas, by the unrelenting fury of a despotic ministry, with a view to enforce the most oppressive acts of a venal and corrupted Parliament, an army of mercenaries, under an unfeeling commander, has actually begun a civil war in America; and whereas, the apparent iniquity and cruelty of these destructive measures have, however, had this good effect-to unite men of all ranks in the common cause; and'whereas, to consult on means of safety and the method of obtaining redress, the good people of this Province of Georgia have thought proper to appoint a Provincial Congress, the Delegates met at the said Congress, now assembled from every part of the Province, besides adopting the resolutions of the late Continental Congress, find it prudent to enter into such other resolutions as may best express their own sense, and the sense of their coistituents, on the present unhappy situation of things, and therefore.think fit and necessary to resolve as follows, viz.:Resolved, That we were born free have all the feelings of men, and are entitled to all the natural rights of mankind. Resolved, That by birth or incorporation, we all are Britons, and whatever Britons may claim as their birthright, is also ours. Resolved, That in the British Empire, to which we belong, the Constitution is superior to every man or set of men whatever, and that it is a crime of the deepest dye, in any instance to impair, or take it away, or deprive the meanest subject of its benefits. Resolved, That that part of the American Continent which we inhabit was PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 73 originally granted by the crown, and the charter from Charles the Second expressly makes its constitutional dependence upon the crown only. Resolved, That those who would now subject all America, or this Province, to dependency upon the crown and Parliament, are guilty of a very dangerous innovation, which in time will appear as injurious to the crown, as it is inconsistent with the liberty of the American subject. Resolved, That by the law of nature and the British Constitution, no man can be legally deprived of his property without his consent given by himself or his representatives. Resolved, That the acts of the British Parliament for raising a perpetual revenue on the Americans, by laying a tax on them without their consent, and contrary to their protestations, are diametrically opposite to every idea of property, to the spirit of the Constitution, and at one stroke deprive this vast continent of all liberty and property, and as such must be detested by every well-wisher to Great Britain and America. Resolved, That the subsequent laws, made with a view to enforce these acts, viz.: the Boston Port Bill-the alteration of their charter-the act to carry beyond sea for trial —and (what refines upon every species of cruelty) the Fishery Bill, are of such a complexion, that we can say nothing about them for want of words to express our abhorrence and detestation. Resolved, That the loyalty, patience and prudence of the inhabitants of NewEngland, under their unparalleled pressures, have been construed into a timidity and a dread of regular troops; a civil war in support of acts extremely oppressive in themselves, hath actually been begun, and there is too much reason to believe that plans have been in agitation, big with every thing horrible to other Provinces; plans as rash, barbarous and destructive as the cause which they were intended to serve. Resolved, That in these times of extreme danger, our Assembly not being permitted to sit, we must either have been a people without all thought or counsel, or have assembled as we now are in Provincial Congress, to consult upon measures which, under God, may prove the means of a perpetual union with the mother country, and tend to the honour, freedom, and safety of both. Resolved, That this Province bears all true allegiance to our own rightful sover eign, King George the Third, and always will and ought to bear it agreeably to the Constitution of Great Britain, by virtue of which only the King is now our sovereign, and which equally binds Majesty and subjects. Resolved, That we are truly sensible how much our safety and happiness depend on a constitutional connection with Great Britain, and that nothing but the being deprived of the privileges and natural rights of Britons could ever make the thought of a separation otherwise than intolerable. Resolved,, That in case his Majesty or his successors shall at any time hereafter make any requisition to the good people of this Province by his representative, it will be just and right that such sums should be granted as the nature of the service may require, and the ability and situation of this Province will admit of. Resolved, That this Province join with all the Provinces in America, now met by Delegates in Continental Congress, and that;John Houstoun and Archibald Bul 74 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. loch, Esquires, the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Lyman Hall, and Noble Wymberley Jones, Esqs., be the Delegates from this Province, and that any three constitute a quorum for that purpose. Resolved, That a Committee be appointed, whose duty it shall be to see that the resolutions of the Continental Congress and Provincial Congress be duly observed, and that every person who shall act in opposition thereto, have his name transmitted to the Continental Congress, and his misdeeds be published in every American paper. Resolved, That with all such persons, except the indispensable duties we owe to all mankind, (bad men and enemies are not excepted,) we will have no dealings nor connection; and we extend this our resolution also to all such persons or corporations in Great Britain who have shown themselves enemies to America. Resolved, That we will do what in us lies to preserve and promote the peace and good order of this Province; and should any person become an innocent sufferer on account of these grievances, we will do whatever we justly may for his relief and assistance. Resolved, That in such calamitous times as the present, every possible indulgence ought to be given to honest debtors; that it would be ungenerous, unless there appear intention of fraud, in any gentleman of the law, to sue without previous notice, an any person so sued may apply to the Committee; and should it appear to them that the creditor is in no danger of losing his money, or can be properly secured, they shall interpose their friendly offices to persuade him to drop the prosecution, and every prosecutor that shall appear to take advantage of the confusion of the times, to distress his debtor, ought to be publicly pointed out and held in abhorrence. Resolved, That notwithstanding,. in a late bill forrestraining the trade of several Provinces in America, this Province is excepted, we declare that we look upon this exception rather as an insult than a favour; as being meant to break the union of the Provinces, and as being grounded upon the supposition that the inhabitants of such excepted Province can be base enough to turn the oppression of America into a mean advantage. TUESDAY, July 11, 1775. John Houstoun and Noble Wymberley Jones, Esqrs., appointed to request the consent of Dr. Zubly's congregation for their permission for him to go to Philadelphia, reported that they had done so, and that the said congregation had voted that they were willing to spare their minister for a time, for the good of the common cause. Dr. Zubly then declared he was willing to go, and thanked the Congress for so signal a mark of honour-and confidence. Mr. Clay, from the Committee appointed to draw up an address to his Excellency, the Governor, from this Congress, reported that they had done so, and delivered it in to the President; which was ordered to be read,-and is as follows: PROVINCIAL CONGRESS 75 To His Excellency, Sir JAMES WRIGHT, Baronet, Captain-General and Governor-in- Chief, in and over his Majesty's Province of Georgia, Chancellor and Vice-President of the same. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY:-We, his Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects, the Delegates of this Province, in Provincial Congress met, beg leave to address your Excellency. In these very critical and alarming times, the good people of this Province find themselves under an absolute necessity to take some measures for the security and preservation of their liberties, and every thing that is near and dear to them; and they have accordingly chosen a large number of persons to meet together at Savannah, to consult on the means to obtain redress, under our many and very heavy grievances. These, being accordingly met, (to be distinguished from the usual representation,) have styled themselves a Provincial Congress, and from the number and character of their names, which your Excellency may see in our last Gazette, your Excellency will be convinced the. Province was never more fully represented in any Assembly; though possibly this measure never would have taken place, had we not, from several successive prorogations or adjournments, too much reason to fear your Excellency had received very strong instructions not to suffer the Assembly to enter into any measures to secure the rights of America. or even to petition for relief, unless in terms which would have been giving up the rights of, and fixing lasting disgrace upon, the petitioners. Although there is no doubt but a great majority of the inhabitants of this Province always looked upon the claim of Parliament to take away the property of Americans as illegal and oppressive, yet, from a variety of causes, not unknown to your Excellency, this Province in the American chain has hitherto been the defaulting link. We have now joined with the other Provinces in the Continental Congress, and have sent a petition to his Majesty, appointed delegates to the American. Congress, and entered into such resolutions-which we mean inviolably to adhere to-as will convince the friends and foes of America that we would not live unworthy of the name of Britons, or labour under the suspicion of being unconcerned for the rights and freedom of America. Extracts of some letters which are inserted in Parliamentary proceedings widely differ from what must appear to every unprejudiced person to be the real state of the Province. We are not acquainted with an individual in Georgia that looks upon the claims of Parliament as just, and all men speak with abhorrence of the measures made use of to enforce them.' Our fellow-subjects who formerly entered a dissent which we find was transmitted to the minister in terms that bespeak the great pleasure it gave the transmitter, now generally say that they never differed from America as to the reality of grievances, but only in the mode of obtaining redress. Though candour may allow these mutilated extracts laid before Parliament, they were probably rather designed by the minister to screen himself and justify his own measures, than to give a just and true account of what information he mighthave received, yet we cannot help observing, the general purport of these 76 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. letters seems to have a much greater regard to the designs of the minister, than to give an impartial account of the real state of things. Other Provinces, no doubt, if they find themselves mentioned in any part of them, will view them in what light they may think fit; but, as to any prejudicial informations they may contain against many persons in this Province, while it is not to be expected that they will give up their feelings as private men, your Excellency may be assured we shall always pay due respect to His Majesty's representative, and shall with great pleasure acknowledge every service your Excellency may hereafter render to Great Britain and America, whose interest we know, and whose connection we wish to be forever inseparable. Your Excellency may be assured, these are objects which we have greatly at heart, and shall ever do what in us lies, towards a reconciliation with our parent state, on constitutional principles, as well as endeavour to preserve the peace and good order of the Province. Resolved, That the foregoing address be signed by the President, and be presented to his Excellency, the Governor, and that Stephen Drayton, Edward Telfair, William Le Conte, John Walton, George Houstoun, and Philip Box be a Committee to present the same. WEDNESDAY, July 12, 1775. The Congress resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole, to take into consideration ways and means to raise and sink ten thousand pounds sterling; and after some time spent therein, the President resumed the chair. Resolved, That the Congress being a full representation of the whole Province, the members of the same, their constituents, and all others resident or holding property within the same, are bound to contribute by an equal and general tax, towards the sinking the ten thousand pounds. Resolvel, That this Congress, while sitting, and the Council of Safety, in its recess, have power to issue certificates, fiom time to time, as occasion shall require, to the amount of ten thousand pounds sterling, and that all such certificates shall be signed by the treasurers, and at least three of the members of the Council of Safety. Resolved, That any person who shall not receive any such certificate in payment, will be guilty of a breach of the public faith, and ought to be considered as an enemy to the Province, and treated accordingly. Resolved, That the said certificates be sunk in three years after a reconcilia — tion shall take place between Great Britain and the Colonies. THURSDAY, July 13, 1775. Resolved, That this Congress do approve of and adopt the Association entered into at Savannah on the fifth day of June last past, viz.: PROVINCIAL CONGRESS, 77 Association unanimously entered into by the Provincial Congress, at Savannah, in Georgia, on Thursday, the 13th of July, 1775. GEORGIA, being persuaded thatthe salvation of the rights and liberties of America depend, under God, on the firm union of the inhabitants in its vigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety, and convinced of the necessity of preventing the anarchy and confusion which attend the dissolution of the powers of government we, the freemen, freeholders, and inhabitants of the Province of Georgia, being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now acting in the Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner, resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties of religion, and honour, and love to our country, to adopt and endeavour to carry into execution whatever may be recommended by the Continental Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention, appointed for preserving our constitution and opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive acts of the British Parliament, until a reconciliation between Great Britain and America, on constitutional principles, which we most ardently desire, can be obtained; and that we will in all things follow the advice of our General Committee, appointed respecting the purposes aforesaid,-the preservation of peace and good order, and the safety of individuals and private property. Resolved, That John Smith, Basil Cowper, George Houstoun, Joseph Clay, William Young, Philip Box, Seth John Cuthbert, William O'Bryan, George Walton, William Le Conte, William Gibbons, Samuel Elbert, Edward Telfair and Oliver Bowen, be a Committee to present the Association to all the inhabitants of the Town and District of Savannah to be signed; in doing which, expedition is particularly recommended, and an account of all who decline signing shall be returned to the General Committee. FRIDAY, July 14, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to report their opinion, who shall be qualified to vote for delegates to sit in future Congresses, and the most equal method of representation; and the same being agreed to, a Committee was appointed accordingly. Committee: STEPHEN DRAYTON, JOHN GLEN, and JOSEPH CLAY, Esqs. Resolved, That in every case where a summons shall be applied for, the magistrate to whom such application shall be made do in the first place, and before the issuing of such summons, give notice thereof, either by personal information, message, or letter, to the party defendant, and also use his best endeavour to compromise and settle the matter; and unless the defendant has discovered circumstances of fraud or delay, and is ready and willing to give security for the debt, and shall actually offer to do so, payable in a reasonable time, no such sum 78 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mons ought to be issued. And in case a warrant in a civil case shall be applied for, the same ought not to be grantedl unless there appear, to the satisfaction of the magistrate, that there are good and sufficient grounds besides the plaintiff's oath to apprehend the defendant means to abscond; but the same method ought to be observed as is recommended respecting summons. Mr. Drayton, from the Committee appointed to report their opinion who shall be qualified to vote for delegates to sit in future Congresses, reported as the opinion of that Committee, that every man contributing towards the general tax, shall be qualified to vote as delegates in future Congresses, and the following proportion will be the most equal representation, viz.: The Town and District of Savannah shall have seventeen members; District of Little Ogeechee, three; Vernonburgh, two; Acton, two; Sea Islands, three; Goshen and Abercorn, two; Parish of St. Matthew, seven; St. George, nine; St. Paul, nine; St. Philip, seven; St. John, twelve; St. Andrew, nine; St. David, three; St. Patrick, two; St. Thomas, two; St. Mary, two; St. James, two; Ceded Lands, three; and that the president and thirtyfour members do constitute a Congress to proceed upon business. Resolved, That the foregoing report be approved of, and that delegates be elected by the persons and in the proportion therein mentioned. Resolved, That the following form of delegation be recommended to the inhabitants of the several parishes and districts throughout the Province, to prevent clashing and unequal powers being given by different parishes and districts. viz.: GEORGIA:-The affairs of the Continent of America being now brought to a truly alarming and critical situation, and there being no other method left, but -that the whole body of the people unite as one, in opposing such acts as tend utterly to destroy the liberty, property, and birthright of America; and it having been thought necessary and convenient, in order to consult on proper ways and means for our mutual security, to assemble and convene the people in each colony and Province, by their representatives, into one body or council, styled a Provincial Congress, who shall act in all cases whatsoever for the good of the common cause:Now, therefore, be it known that we the inhabitants of — Parish (or district), being met together in order to choose such men as are capable of the important trust, do choose A, B, C, D, &c, being the number determined on in Ihe Provincial Congress, held at Savannah, 4th-of July, 1775, to represent us in the Provincial Congress, to be held at said town of Savannah, on the fourth of December next. And we do require you, the said A, B, C, to do, transact, join, and concur with the other delegates of this Province, so sitting as above recited, on all things, as shall appear eligible and fit at this alarming time, for the preservation and defence of our rights and liberties: and we further empower you to choose other delegates, if in your wisdom you think proper; or if any requisition in that case should be made, by the Grand Continental Congress, in order to join or succeed the delegates in that Congress, now chosen by the people of this Province. And we do bind ourselves solemnly under the sacred ties of religion, virtue, and honour, and love of our country, to abide by, enforce and carry into execution, or PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 79 endeavour so to do, at the risk and peril of our lives and fortunes, whatsoever you with the other delegates shall resolve and agree upon to be necessary for the well doing and preservation of the violated rights of this Province and the Continent in general. Signed by us this - clay of —-, 1775. SATURDAY, July 15th, 1775. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to report their opinion with respect to the better governing the Militia of this Province; which being agreed to, a Committee was appointed accordingly, to wit: Stephen Drayton, Samuel Ellbert, Dr. Brownson, and Peter Tarlin. A motion was made and seconded, that a Committee be appointed to communicate to the inhabitants of this Province an account of the disputes subsisting between Great Britain and the colonies, and also the proceedings of this Congress; and the same being agreed to, it was ordered that the Rev. Dr. Zubly, Noble Wymberley Jones,William Young, and George Walton, be a Committee for that purpose. Resolved, That this Congress shall expire on the 20th day of August next; that a new election be made at such times between the twentieth cay of August and first of September, as the inhabitants of the several parishes and districts (except the town and district of Savannah) shall think fit respectively, and that the members so elected, with those who shall afterwards be chosen for the town and district of Savannah, do meet in General Congress at Savannah, on the fourth day of December next, or sooner, if the Council of Safety shall think it expedient to summon them. Resolved, That the members of this Congress use every endeavour to give as public notice of elections as possible, and that each parish and district shall, at the time of such elections, likewise choose a sufficient number, as a parochial or district committee, to enforce the different resolves of the Continental and Provincial Congresses. Resolved, That the inhabitants of the town and district of Savannah do meet at Savannah on Friday, the fifteenth day of September next, to choose seventeen delegates to represent them in Provincial Congress. Resolved, That the several delegates for the town and district of Savannah, or a majority of them, together with all other delegates who shall happen to be in town, shall be a General Committee for the Province; that they shall have power to superintend, direct, and advise all the Parochial or District Committees, and, in case of difficulty, to inform them of their duty. And any person who shall apprehend himself aggrieved by the decision of any of the Parochial or District Committees, may appeal to the said General Committee, who shall hear his case, and do justice according to the spirit and intention of this Congress; and in case such appellant shall still be dissatisfied, he may lay his case before the next Congress, provided there be no delay occasioned by any such appeal; but the sentence of each Committee shall take effect immediately after being pronounced. 80 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. MONDAY, July 17, 1775. Resolved, That the Reverend Mr. Haddon Smith, by twice refusing to comply with the request of this Congress, and to join on a day of fasting and prayer appointed by the Continental Congress to be observed throughout all America, besides the day appointed by his Excellency the Governor, at the request of this Congress, has given too much reason to believe he does not wish that the happy event mentioned in the American Proclamation may take place, and that the said Mr. Haddon Smith has thereby incurred the censure of this Congress, and ought to be considered as unfriendly to America. Resolved, nemine contradicenlte, That the delegates appointed by this Congress to go to Philadelphia, do apply to the Continental Congress to incorporate this Province with the United Provinces of North America, and that they pledge the faith of us and our constituents to contribute an adequate part of the expenses which have or may accrue in defence of the violated rights of America. Resolved, That the Council of Safety have full power, upon every emergency, during the recess of Congress, to give such information, and propose such measures, by way of advice, to our Continental delegates, as the circumstances of the case may require, and they shall think conducive to the public good. Resolved, That it be strongly recommended to the friends of America in this Province, that they use their utmost endeavours to preserve peace and good order, and to cultivate harmony with one another, and always to avoid national reflections, which can only tend to produce divisions and jealousies among the inhabitants. Resolved, That this Congress do adjourn to the nineteenth day of August next, and that the General Committee have power to call it at Savannah sooner, if they upon any emergency shall deem it expedient for the good of the Province. By order of the Congress. A true copy from the minutes. GEORGE WALTON, Secretary. PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 81 ADDRESS OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. SAVANNAH, July 25th, 1775. To the Inhabitants of the Province of Georgia:FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN,-We are directed to transmit to you an account of the present state of American affairs, as well as the proceedings of the late Provincial Congress. It is with great sorrow we are to acquaint you, that what our fears suggested, but our reason thought impossible, is actually come to pass. A civil war in America is begun. Several engagements have already happened. The friends and foes of America have been equally disappointed. The friends of America were in hopes British troops could not be induced to slay their brethren. It is, however, done, and the circumstances are such, as must be an everlasting blot on their character for humanity and generosity. An unfeeling commander has found means to inspire his troops with the same evil spirit that possesseth himself. After the starving, helpless, innocent inhabitants of Boston delivered up their arms, and received his promise that they might leave that virtuous, devoted town, he is said to have broke his word; and the wretched inhabitants are still kept, to fall a prey to disease, famine, and confinement. If there are powers which abhor injustice and oppression, it may be hoped such perfidy cannot go long unpunished. But the enemies of America have been no less disappointed. Nothing so contemptible, in their eyes, like the rabble of an American militia; nothing more improbable than that they would dare to look regulars in the face, or stand a single fire. By this time they must have felt how much they were mistaken. In every engagement the Americans appeared with a bravery worthy of men that fight for the liberties of their oppressed country. Their success has been remarkable; the number of the slain and wounded on every occasion exceeds theirs, and the advantages they gained are the more honourable, because, with a patience that scarce has an example, they bore every act of injustice and insult, till their lives were attacked, and then gave the fullest proof that the man of calmness and moderation in counsel is usually also the most intrepid and courageous in battle. You will doubtless lament with us the hundreds that died in their countries' cause: but does it not call for greater sorrow that thousands of British soldiers sought and found their deaths when they were active to enslave their brethren and their country? However irritating all these proceedings, yet so unnatural is this quarrel, that every good man must wish and pray that it may soon cease; that the injured rights of America may be vindicated by milder means; and that no more blood may be shed, unless it be of those who fomented, and mean to make an advantage of those unhappy divisions. From the proceedings of 6 82 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the Congress, a copy of which accompanies the present, you will be convinced that a reconciliation on honourable principles is an object which your delegates never lost sight of. We have sent an humble and manly petition to his Majesty; addressed his representative, our Governor; provided, as far as in our power, for internal quiet and safety; and delegates will soon attend the General Congress, to assist and co-operate in any measure that shall be thought necessary for the saving of America. His Excellency, at our request, having appointed the 19th inst. as a day of humiliation, and news being afterwards received that the Continental Congress had recommended the 20th inst. to be observed as such, both cays have been observed with a becoming solemnity; and we humbly hope many earnest prayers have been presented to the Father of Mercies on that day, through this extensive continent, and that He has heard the cries of the destitute, and will not despise their prayers. You will permit us most earnestly to recommend to you a steady perseverance in the cause of Liberty, and that you will use all possible caution not to say or do anything unworthy of so glorious a cause; to promote frugality, peace and good order, and in the practice of every social and religious duty, patiently to wait the return of that happy day, when we may quietly sit under our vine and fig-tree, and no man make us afraid. J. J. ZUBLY. N. W. JONES. GEORGE WALTON. The following is a copy af a petition from the inhabitants of Georgia, which was presented to the King on Friday, October 28, by Governor JOHNSTONE, and of letters which accompanied it. SAVANNAH, July 14, 1775. To GEORGE JOHNSTONE, ESQ.: SIR,-It is with singular pleasure that I am desired to transmit the accompanying papers to you, sensible that in a cause where the essential rights of so many millions are concerned, no endeavours on your part will be wanting to give them their full effect. The many proofs which the people of this Province had of your magnanimity, justice, and disinterested integrity in establishing the neighbouring colony of West Florida, have rendered your name respected throughout America, and your subsequent conduct has endeared you still further to every lover of mankind in the Eastern and Western world. These motives have determined the Congress in the application they now make. I am sensible, if the same counsels prevail, the task of conveying such disagreeable truths to the throne must prove very painful; but we believe there is no person who would undertake the office with less reluctance, or execute it with more becoming duty and respect to his Majesty. I am, &c., PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 83 SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, July 14, 1775. SIR,-When turbulent and wicked minds are employed solely to raise commotions in the State and disturb the tranquillity of the subject; when by their baneful influence life, property, and freedom are inhumanly invaded, and the innocence and loyalty of thousands are unjustly questioned, we, the inhabitants of Georgia, by a just delegation from the different parishes being now convened in Congress in this town, have resolved to address a dutiful petition, setting forth our grievances and the bad tendency of the many wicked and treacherous proceedings against this Continent that have passed since the year 1763. Although we know the fate of all other petitions on this head, and cannot flatter ourselves that we should meet with one different; yet, as the right of petitioning is the subject's, we beg leave to enclose this our prayer and remonstrance to you, hoping and trusting, on the noble sentiments you entertain and support in favour of us, much injured Americans, that, countenanced by one of your great abilities, it may approach the throne. We assure you, Sir, we are, and always were, firmly attached to his Majesty's family, nor can any thing shake our integrity. But when, by evil and wicked ministers, our birthright as Englishmen shall be violated, that integrity must urge us to hand-down to our children a right so invaluable. We conceive our immediate dependence on the crown can by no means hinder our doing that indispensable duty, in joining with the rest of America against acts that tend to enslave a people whose loyalty and faith were never even suspected, until the actions of the times wanted an excuse. We have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient and very humble servants, WILLIAM YOUNG, EDWARD TELFAIR, DAVID ZUBLY, Jr., DANIEL ROBERTS, JOHN GLEN, WM. EWEN, STEPH. DRAYTON, To GEORGE JOHNSTONE, ESQ. A Committee of Intelligence. PETITION TO THE KING. To the King's Most Excellent Majesty:MAY IT PLEASE YOR MAJESTY: —Though we bring up the rear of American petitioners, and, from the fate of so many petitions presented to your Majesty, from America, your great city of London, and others of your European subjects, have a most melancholy prospect, we still hope that He by whom kings rule, and to whom monarchs are accountable, will incline you to pay some regard to our most humble and faithful representation. In times like these, when the edge of present feeling is blunted by the expectation of calamities still greater, we must take the liberty to speak before we die. We would acquaint our Sovereign with things which greatly affect his interest. We would endeavour to waken the feeling and pity of our common father. 84 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Your Majesty is the rightful sovereign of the most important empire in the universe. The blessings of Providence on your arms have put a country under you of greater importance and extent than several kingdoms in Europe. In this large extent of territory, by some late acts, popery is not only tolerated (which we conceive would have been an act of justice), but an indulgence has been granted, little short of a full establishment, to a religion which is equally injurious to the rights of sovereign and of mankind. French and arbitrary laws have there by authority taken place of the just and mild British Constitution, and all this has been done with a professed and avowed design to overawe your Majesty's Ancient Protestant and loyal subjects, some of whom had no small share in the merit of that conquest. Acts to raise a perpetual revenue on the Americans without their consent have been enacted, which, at one stroke, turn all your American subjects into slaves, and deprive them of that right which the most oppressive taskmaster does not deny to the servant bought with his money. Experience must now have shown, as it will clearer, should these acts be enforced, that instead of increasing the revenue, or lessening the burden of your European subjects, they can only serve to increase their taxation. Laws which we conceive fraught with so much injustice have been attempted to be enforced by equal cruelty, and whenever we thought ourselves at the height of our troubles, your Majesty's ministers have stretched their unhappy ingenuity to find out new methods of distress, and, it is believed, methods have been more than thought of, too shocking to human nature, to be even named in the list of grievances suffered under a British king. The goodness of God hath made your Majesty the father of a very numerous issue, on whom we place the pleasing hopes of a Protestant succession; but your Majesty's arms in America now every day make mothers childless, and children fatherless. The blood of your sub jects has been shed with pleasure rather than with pity. For an act which amounted to no more, even under the worst construction, than an irregular zeal for constitutional liberty, and without any step taken to find out the supposed guilty persons, the capital of your American dominions has been blocked up, deprived of its trade, and its poor of subsistence. Thousands, confessedly innocent, have been starved, ruined, driven from, or kept like prisoners, in their own habitations; their cries and blood innocently shed have undoulbtedly, and daily, reached to His ears who hateth injustice and oppression. Believe us, great sir, America is not divided; all men (crown officers not excepted) speak of these acts and measures with disapprobation, and if there has been some difference of opinion as to the mode of relief, the rigorous experiments which your ministry thought fit to try on the Americans have been the most effectual means to convince these of the iniquitous designs of your ministry, and to unite them all as in a common cause. Your Majesty's ministers, after introducing the demon of discord into your empire, and driving America to the brink of despair, place all their dignity in measures obstinately PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 85 pursued, because they were once wantonly taken. They hearkened to no information but what represented Americans as rebels or cowards. Time will every day make it clearer how much they were infatuated and mistaken. Too long, we must lament, have these men imposed on your paternal affection. Deign now, most gracious Prince, in their room, to hearken to the cries of your loyal and affectionate subjects of this extensive Continent; let the goodness of your heart interpose between weak or wicked ministers, and millions of loyal and affectionate subjects. No longer let the sword be stained with the blood of your own children; recall your troops and fleets; and if any misunderstanding remains, let the Americans be heard, and justice and equity take place. Let us be ruled according to the known principles of our excellent Constitution, and command the last shilling of our property, and the last drop of our blood in your service. Uncertain as to the event of this our humble representation, it affords us a relief that we may, unrestrained, apply to the great and merciful Sovereign of the whole earth, who will not despise the prayer of the oppressed; and to Him we most ardently pray that, the wicked being removed from before the king, the king's throne may be established in righteousness. By order of the Congress, at Savannah, this 14th day of July. A. BULLOCH, President. 86 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In June, 1775, a Council of Safety was appointed at Savannah, consisting of William Ewen, William Le Conte, Bazil Cowper, Samuel Elbert, William Young, Elisha Butler, Edward Telfair; John Glen, George Houstoun, George Walton, Joseph Habersham, F. IH Harris, John Smith, and John Morel. William Ewen was chosen President, and Seth John Cuthbert, Secretary. We can give our readers only a portion of the proceedings of the Council of Safety, not having been able to find any regular journal kept by them. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. Mr. Rutledge laid the following draught of a letter to the Congress or Council of Safety in Georgia:CHARLESTOWN, Dec. 14, 1775. GENTLEMEN:The Council of Safety have heard with astonishment and concern that several vessels are loading at Savannah for Great Britain, some with rice, and others, one in particular of Mr. T —-s, with indigo. It is true the General Association did not prohibit the exportation of rice to Europe, or of other American produce, except to Great Britain, Ireland or the West Indies, after the 10th of last September, so that shipping rice to Great Britain, before the resolutions of Congress of the 1st ult., a copy of which is enclosed, were known, was allowable. It is to be wished, however, that Georgia had pursued the conduct of the northern colonies, all of whom, we are assured, in consequence of the late restricting acts, suspended exportation, as this Colony did, after the 10th of September, except for purchasing the means of defence, till the sense of the Continental Congress should be declared on that subject; but with respect to shipping indigo to Great Britain after that periocL they are without excuse. For the honour of your Colony and the interest of America, we shall rejoice to know, that a report so disgraceful to the former, and injurious to the latter, is void of foundation; we cannot yet be persuaded to think it otherwise, for we hope that the Continental resolutions will be inviolably preserved in your Colony, as in any other, and doubt not that the disaffected in Georgia are so few and the friends of liberty so numerous and powerful, that all at. tempts of the former to hurt the American cause will ever prove abortive. We have therefore thought it expedient to address you on the subject, being desirous of obtaining a true account of the matter, from the best authority. We therefore hope that you will favour us with it by return of bearer, andhope it will enable us to remove all impressions which may have been made. But if, unfortunately, the fact should be reported to us, we earnestly entreat that your Congress, Council of Safety, or General Committee, will take the most effectual means for preventing so flagrant a breach of the Continental Association and resolutions. We have been applied to for leave to clear our vessels with the produce of this Colony for Great Britain, as a cover of safety, where it was pretended that such vessel should nevertheless proceed directly to a foreign port, and for the express purpose, also, of procuring armmunition; but we have refused our assent, and have PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 87 ordered the Committee at the outposts to be watchful against such attempts, which though specious at first view, are full of danger to the common cause, and might give great encouragement to designing men to commit frauds. The Congress at Philadelphia refused such indulgence even to those whom they had given special license to export. By order of the Council of Safety. The Provincial Congress or Council of Safety in Georgia. This letter was sent by express. (Answer to the above.) SAVANNAH, December 19, 1775. GENTLEMEN,-We received your letter of the 14th instant, respecting exportation, and as two of our Continental delegates had just arrived, we thought proper to defer giving you an answer until we had consulted them in Council. This we have done, and have deemed it expedient to send Stephen Drayton and William Ewen, Esqrs., two of this Board, to explain those things to you, in order that all unfavourable mistakes, jealousies and animosities may be removed. By order of the Board. We have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient servants, GEORGE WALTON, President. lb the Hon. Council of Safety at Charlestown. IN THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY, SAVANNAII, IMarch 2, 1776. For the safety of the Province, and the good of the United Colonies, it is unanimously Resolved, That the houses in the town of Savannah, and the hamlets thereunto belonging, together with the shipping now in the port of Savannah, the property of, or appertaining to the friends of America, who have associated and appeared, or who shall appear in the present alarm to defend the same, and also the houses of widows and orphans, and none others, be forthwith valued and appraised. Ordered, That Messrs. Joseph Clay, Joseph Reynolds, John McLuer, Joseph Dunlap, and John Glen, or any three of them, be a Committee for that purpose, and that they make a return of such value and appraisement, to the Council of Safety to-morrow morning, 9 o'clock, or as soon after as possible. Resolved, That the delegates for this Province shall be instructed to apply to the Continental Congress for an indemnification to such persons who shall suffex in the defence of this town or shipping. Resolved, That it shall be considered as a defection from the cause of America, and a desertion of property in such persons who have and shall leave the town of Savannah, or the hamlets thereunto belonging, during the present alarm, anc such persons shall be precluded from any support or countenance towards obtain. ing an indemnification. Resolved, That it be incumbent upon the friends of America in this Province to defend the metropolis as long as the same shall be tenable. 88 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Resolved That rather than the same shall be held and occupied by our enemies, or the shipping now in the port of Savannah taken and employed by them, that the same shall be burnt and destroyed. Resolved, That orders shall be issued to the commanding officer, directing him to have the foregoing resolutions put into execution. Copy of a Letterfrom the Council of Safety it Georgia to the Hon. Council of Safety for South Carolina. SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, March 4th, 1776. GENTLEMEN,-Our dispositions on the evening of the 2d were such as appeared to our officers the most likely to prevent the landing of our enemy; and so as, if they should make their landing good, either above or below the town, to prevent their getting in; however, notwithstanding our vigilance, they, by collusion with the masters and others on board the merchant ships which hauled near the shore of Hutchison's Island, in the night-time got on board these ships, about four o'clock yesterday morning, to the number, as far as we are competent to judge from the observations we made, and the intelligenee we received of between 200 and 300, where they affected to conceal, themselves. We had our fears respecting these shipping, and therefore kept a good watch upon them; but it was impossible for sentinels on shore to descry them in boarding from the other, the vessels being betwixt. Captain Rice, who commanded a boat of observation was sent on board the shipping about nine o'clock, to order the rigging on shore, and was, without any noise, or the smallest knowledge of us, kidnapped. This we did not know till about half an hour afterwards. Two sailors, under pretence of coming on shore for clothes, gave information of the troops being on board the shipping, and of Rice's being taken. About 300 men were then immediately marched to Yamacraw, opposite the shipping, with three four-pounders, and threw up a breastwork. The armed schooner Hinchinbrook, of- guns, with a number of men on board, which, with others, went up the Back river in the afternoon of the day preceding, about this time set sail down the South river, with intent, no doubt, of covering the landing of the troops from on board the merchant shipping, but being continually fired at by two companies of riflemen, who were placed in ambuscade, she was obliged to come very slowly and often came to, and returned a very smart fire at every place where the riflemen fired. from, until the tide was spent, and she could not go down. During the course of this firing, only one of our men got wounded, and that slightly, in the thigh; but on board several were seen to fall. In town, we had exhibited a still more interesting scene. We found the men and officers clamorous about the capture and detention of Rice; and two gentlemen, Lieut. Daniel Roberts, of the St. John Rangers, and Mr. Raymond Demere, of St. Andrew's Parish, solicited and were permitted to go on board to demand a surrender of Rice and his people. They accordingly divested themselves of arms, and were rowed by a negro on board a vessel in which were Captain Barclay, the Commo dore, and Major Grant, and these officers, contrary to all principles which cement society and govern mankind, immediately arrested our deputies, and yet detain them as prisoners. We waited with anxious expectation for near half an hour, when we demanded our deputies, by the help of a trumpet, without getting any other but insulting answers. Whereupon we fired two four-pounders PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNC1L OF SAFETY. 89 directly into them, and then they informed us that they would send an answer in writing; which they presently afterwards did, and signed by Lieutenant Roberts and Mr. Demere, purporting that if we would send two of the persons in whom the people most confided, they would treat with them. Capt. Screven, of the St. John Rangers, and Capt. Baker, of the St. John Riflemen, chagrined, no doubt; (the former particularly on account of his lieutenant,) by detention of our deputies, took about a dozen of the riflemen in a boat, and rowed directly under the stern of Captain Inglis, in whose vessel were a great part of the soldiery, and in peremptory terms demanded the deputies, and were informed, after one shot from Capt. Baker, by a discharge down directly upon them of near 200 shot, both from swivels and small arms, which were kept up while they were in reach; the captains and men in the boats not in the smallest degree confused, or even, perhaps, disappointed by the attack, fired three rifles, most of them three several times, as they say, not without execution; and wonderful to tell, not a man of them was killed-one man only received a slug in the fleshy part of his shoulder, which was immediately cut out, witnout the smallest inconvenience or danger. The spectators all declare, as we now do, that such a providential deliverance has not yet been known. The unmanly attack upon a few men in an open boat produced a general fire from our field-piece a ind intrenchments, and as smart a return from two four-pounders and several swivels from the shipping, which lasted from about 12 o'clock to 4; and although they often fired langrage, which continually whistled about our men, not a single man was even touched, but we have no doubt a number of the enemy met with a: worse fate, as they were seen frequently to fall. About 4 o'clock we called a council, and determined to have the vessels immediately burnt, and issued orders to Colonel McIntosh accordingly. Whereupon the Inverness, late Capt. McGillivray, loaded with rice and deer-skins, was set on fire and cut loose. Upon this, the soldiers, in the most laughable confusion, got ashore in the marsh, while our riflemen and field-pieces with grape-shot were incessantly galling them. The shipping were now also in confusion. Some got up the river, under cover of the armed schooner, while others caught the flame, and as night approached, exhibited a scene, as they passed and repassed with the tide, which at any but the present time would be truly horrible, but now a subject only of gratitude and applause. The ships of Captains Inglis and Wardell neither got up the river nor on fire; they were ordered on shore, and now are prisoners of Capt. Screven in the country, and their vessels brought down close into a wharf. They were permitted to write to Capt. Barclay in the evening, to inform them of their situation, and to request an exchange of prisoners, which the latter peremptorily refused. We have thus given you a particular detail of things as they really happened, to prevent the belief of any erroneous intelligence, and from which you will be competent to judge of our situation. Col. McIntosh laid before the Board a resolution of your Congress, to aid us, accompanied by a letter from Mr. Lowndes; and we are very glad that you have determined to afford us further assistance. We wish it may arrive in time. By order of the Council of Safety. WM. EWEN, President. 90 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. IN THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY, SAVANNAH, March 1, 1776. Whereas, the resolution of the Hon. the Continental Congress, restraining the exportation of rice from the United Colonies for a time, having expired this day, without any further or additional restraint, as we know of, it now lies with the Council of Safety for this Province either farther to restrain the exportation, or to permit it. And whereas a formidable force, both by sea and land, having invaded this Province for several weeks past, and it appearing, by the arrival of such force, that the cause of the said Continental restriction is not removed: Resolved, therefore, That no ships loaded with rice, or any other article of produce, in this Province, shall be permitted to sail without leave of the Council of Safety or next Congress, except such vessels as are or shall be permitted to sail for the purpose of procuring the necessary means of defence. Resolved, That in case any loss shall be sustained by such detention, the delegates of this Province shall be instructed to apply to the Continental Congress to make the reimbursement for such loss a general charge. Ordered, That the rudders be unshipped, and the rigging and sails taken away- and secured from the several vessels now riding in the port of Savannah. Orders to Col. LACHLAN MCINTOSIH. SIR,-You will enforce and have executed the aforementioned re solutions and order, the resolution heretofore delivered to you as of the Council of Safety being erroneous; and any permit you may have given in consequence, you will please to recall. By order of the Council of Safety. WM. EWEN, President. EDWARD LANGWORTHEY, Secretary. A true copy from the Minutes. IN THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY, SAVANNAH, March 2, 1776. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas, many householders in the town of Savannah, and the hamlets thereunto belonging, have basely deserted their habitations since the commencement of the present alarms; And whereas, some of them are associates in the great American PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY. 91 Union, and by consequence, their lives and fortunes bound to support it; And whereas, there is a number of shipping in the port of Savannah belonging and appertaining to persons resident in this Province; And whereas, we deem it incumbent upon every person, more especially those who have associated, to defend their property with their lives: These are, therefore, to cite and admonish all persons holding any property in the town, or hamlets, or shipping aforesaid, forthwith to repair to head-quarters, in Savannah, to defend the same, on pain of suffering all the consequences contained in the foregoing resolutions. By order of the Council of Safety. WM. EWEN, President. March 5, 1776. Mr. President of the Council of Safety laid before Congress several papers received this morning by express from Georgia, and addressed to their Board. Resolved, That the unanimous thanks of this Congress be returned by Mr. President to the Council of Safety of Georgia, in terms of the highest approbation of their noble and spirited conduct. Letter of President DRAYTON to the Council of Safety in Georgiao GENTLEMEN,-Your letters of the 1st and 2d inst., and your resolutions, order, and proclamation of these dates, were to be laid before the Congress, transfusing a general and perfect joy. And the Congress, sensible of the vast importance which your exemplary conduct must be to the American cause, unanimously voted their thanks; and I have the honour thus to transmit them to you, for your having decisively taken the noble, politic, and vigorous resolutionThat the vessels in the port of Savannah, ready to sail, contrary to the interest of America, shall be forthwith unrigged and unruddered, and that rather than the enemy shall possess those vessels and your capital, all shall perish in a noble conflagration lighted by yourselves. An instance of heroic principle not exceeded by any, and unequalled but by few, in history. Your conduct in citing such of the inhabitants of Savannah as had abandoned their possessions in that town, to return to its defence, under penalty of being deemed to have deserted such property, and of being excluded from any support towards obtaining an indemnification for any loss they may sustain by a general conflagration, re 92 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ceived the highest applause, as being worthy of imitation. The policy and justice of the measure are equally conspicuous. In short, the Congress feel the greatest satisfaction from their having anticipated your called-for assistance. It is sufficient that we know our friends stand in need of our aid. We hope that our forces under Colonel Bull will fully accommodate your necessity; and you may rest assured that we shall continue to afford the friends of America in Georgia every support in our power. I have the honour, &c. (Signed) WM. HENRY DRAYTON, President. Col. LACHLAN MCINTOSH to Gen. WASHINGTON. SAVANNAH, IN GEORGIA, Feb. 16, 1776. SIR,-My country having honoured me with the command of tilhe Continental Battalion ordered to be raised by the General Congress for the protection and defence of this Colony, (though I fear too partial to my poor abilities,) it becomes my duty to inform your Excellency of the state of our Province, as far as it concerns the service, as well as of the troops to be immediately under my command. Our Province has a front along the sea-coast of above one hundred miles, covered by a range of islands, divided from each other by eight rivers from the mainland, which make as many good inlets and harbours, most of them capable of receiving any frigate, and, as some say, much larger ships. Our settlements extend back to the northwest above two hundred miles, in other parts to the southward not above ten, and very thinly inhabited; indeed, this large space of land, altogether, has not more than three thousand men, chiefly in the back country, and many disaffected and doubtful in our cause, especially the men of the greatest property among us. Our slaves will be above fifteen thousand souls, mostly within twenty miles of the sea-coast, and make above thirty-five thousand tierces of rice annually, besides many other articles of provision, which, with our fine harbours, make the security of this colony, though weak in itself, of the utmost consequence to the whole continent of America; and we have every reason to think our enemies intend to make it a place of general rendezvous and supplies. We are bounded south by the garrisoned Province of East Florida, who have now, as I am well informed, five hundred regulars in St. Augustine, and one thousand more expected there daily from Europe. On the west of us is the Province of West Florida, the numerous nations of the Cree7k, Choctaw, and Cherokee Indians, besides lesser tribes, supposed to have at least ten thousand gun-men, brave, intrepid, and eager for war, whom we will have the utmost McINTOSH TO WASHINGTON. 93 difficulty to keep at peace with us, as we want every article of their usual supply, and now furnished them in great plenty from the two Floridas. Our metropolis is situated in the south corner of the Province, upon a bluff, or sandhill, thirty feet high or more above the water, and fifteen miles up the river Savannah, from the inlet of Tybee, where five ships of war, the Syren, the Scarborough, the Raven, the Tamar, and Cherokee, besides tenders, are now lying, and two large transports, having, it is said, above three hundred men on board, and expecting more in daily, with what design, whether for this Colony or Carolina, or both together, we are not yet informed. Our Province has declared itself in a state of alarm, and resolved not to supply the men of war with provisions, and ordered a draft of half the militia to the town of Savannah to oppose the landing of any troops. Our Provincial Congress having accepted the battalion ordered for their protection and defence, chose the officers the 29th and 30th ultimo, (a return of whom shall accompany this,) and made them sign the enclosed test before their commissions were delivered; and I have this day issued general orders for recruiting, which has been hitherto prevented by many obstacles in providing money for that and other necessary service, and I fear will yet be attended with some difficulty. We expect very few in our own Province; that of South Carolina is said to be already drained of such people as will enlist, by their Provincial regiments, besides their bounty, subsistence, &c., are so much better than ours. Therefore, I expect we must have recourse, distant as it is, to North Carolina, with this additional disadvantage, that our currency passes in no other colony than our own, and we have received very little Continental money as yet. I have received no kind of orders or instructions from the General Congress or your Excellency; nor have I yet been able to obtain even a copy of the American articles of war, which makes me at a loss how to act in many cases; therefore I shall wish any orders or directions your Excellency will please to send me, to be as full and frequent as possible; also, to be informed how far we are under the control of the Provincial Congress, &c., of this or any other Province where we are upon duty, and what rank we hold when acting with militia, or Provincial troops. I shall take the liberty of appointing surgeons to the battalion, which are so indispensably necessary, that I suppose the neglect of not naming any must be owing to our delegates; and also to make Capt. Colson's a rifle company, when raised, which I think will be useful, and hope will meet with your Excellency's approbation; and I doubt not but we will be obliged to arm more with such guns, for want of others, which are very scarce. I have the honour to be your Excellency's Most obedient and most humble servant, LACHLAN MCINTOSH. To his Excellency, GEORGE WASHINGTON, Esqt., Commanderin-Chief of the American Forces. 94 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. IN PROVINCIAL CONGRESS, SAVANNAH, Feb. 10, 1776. PROVINCE OF GEORGIA:Whereas a battalion upon the Continental establishment is now raising in this Province; and whereas doubts may arise how far the same is subject to the' control of the Provincial civil power: Now, therefore, be it known, and we, the several subscribers, officers bearing commissions in the same battalion, do hereby declare that we hold ourselves and the non-commissioned officers and privates, also all others belonging to the said battalion, subject and subservient to such supreme and civil power of this Province as are or shall be erected for the purpose of defending our rights and liberties. And further, we bound ourselves upon the words of soldiers and men of honour, at all times to obey and carry into effect, as far as in us lies, the orders and commands of the present or any future Congress or Council of Safety of this Province as the same shall, from time to time, be issued by us. Provided, nevertheless, That the same do not contradict or interfere with the orders or directions of the General Congress, or a Committee thereof, or any General or other officer by them appointed over us. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our names, together with the rank and date of our commissions opposite thereto. A RETURN OF THE OFFICERS chosen for the Battalion, ordered to be raised for the protection and defence of the Colony of Georgia, Feb. 16, 1776. Colonel-LACHLAN MCINTosH. Ensign-DELAPLAINE. Lieut. Col.-SAMUEL ELBERT. JOHN MILTON. Major-JosEPH HABERSHAM. FFift Company. Captain —THoMAs CHISHOLM. Captain-FRANIs HENRY HARRIS. First Lieut. —CALEB HOWELL. First Lieut.-JOHN HABERSHAM. Second Lieut.-DANIEL CUTHBERT. Second Lieut.-JOHN JENKINS. Ensign-WILLIANa MCINTOSH. Ensign-JOHN RAE. Second Company. Sixth Company. Captain-OLIvER BOwEN. Captain-JOHN GREEN. First Lieut.-INXATIUS FEW. First Lieut.-GEORGE HENLEY. First Liet.GNAT FE Second Lieut-.JOHN BERRIEN.econd LeEnsign- - - Seventh Company. Third Company. Captain-CHEsLEY BOSTICK. Captain-JOHN MCINTOSH. First Lieut.-JoHN MARTIN. First Lieut.-LACHLAN MCINTOSH. Second Lieut. — Second Lieut.-FRANCIS ARTHUR. 7 or Ri Trsii~dn —o HN~ | z a~Eigy7ht7h or Rifle Company. Ensign-JoHN MORRISON. Captain-COLSON. Fourth Company. First Lieut.-SHADRACH WRIGHT. Captain-ARTHUR CARNEY. Second Lieut.-GEORGE WALTON. First Lieut.-BENJAMIN ODINSELL. Ensin - —. Second Lieut.-JOHN EMAN. Chaplain-JOHN HOLMES. MO INTOSH TO WASHINGTON. 95 Colonel LACHLAN MCINTOSH to General WASHINGTON. SAVANNAH, IN GEORGIA, April 28, 1776. SIR,-I wrote to your Excellency the 16th of February and 8th of March, to which please to be referred; and now enclose you a report of our battalion made to me this day; which I deferred sending to you before, in expectation of our officers coming in with all their recruits, but the distance they were obliged to go rendered it impossible. I am informed that Captain Colson is on his way, with his Company, nearly complete; and with the other recruiting officers, may make above 70 or 80 men more than the report; and is altogether above half the complement of the battalion, which is more than the oldest battalion in South Carolina can boast of yet, though near twelve months standing, and their encouragements so much greater, their bounty being 25 pounds South Carolina currency, with the like sum for clothes, besides their rations and pay, which are also better than ours. And if the ease in which the poorest people generally live in the Southern Colonies, and the prejudice they have to any regular service on account of the restraint that any thing of a strict discipline requires, are considered, I flatter myself your Excellency will think we have not been idle. The chief of the men are enlisted for 12 months; some for 18; and a few who would not engage for more than 6 months, whom I have admitted, as I had no directions about the time, and I could not tell how soon we might have occasion for them. Our Province allows six dollars per man, enlisting money; alid upon application have raised it now to eight dollars, which is still too little for the bounty of the men and expense of the officers, whose pay is so small, that they can barely afford to live in an extravagant country like this, where there are no kinds of manufactures, and the small remains of goods advanced to two or three hundred per cent. Indeed, I fear we shall be at the greatest loss to make out clothing of any kind for them, or what is far worse, proper arms. The officers who are not recruiting employ all their time in training themselves and the battalion; on which spectators are pleased to pay high compliments for the proficiency they had already made, and the appearance of the men. The Raven and the Cherokee are the only two ships of war which remain now stationed at Tybee in the mouth of the Savannah River, with whom we have no kind of commrunication. Several armed vessels infest our other inlets to the southward, and have made several captures, which we cannot prevent, as we have not a single vessel of any force; but they have always been driven off the shore when they attempted to get a supply of provisions. We are informed there are 2,000 men now in St. Augustine lately arrived, and that they expect more daily; but this wants confirmation, as I think, in that poor starved colony, they must be much pinched for provisions. This Province is now raising a troop of sixty horse to prevent their getting any cattle from our Southern boundary, and another troop of a like number, to protect our Western settlements from the insults of Indians, who are like to be troublesome; all things considered, I certainly think this Colony should have a considerable force to defend and secure it, as its safety is of the utmost con sequence to the great cause of the Continent. The troops of our neighbouring Pro 96 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. vince are all upon Provincial establishment, and at a distance; therefore their as. sistance may depend upon many circumstances. I have the honour to be Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant, LACHLAN MCINTOSH. To Jis Excellency, GEORGE WASHINGTON, Esq., General and Commander-in-Chief. A Return of the Strength of the GEORGIA BATTALION, April 28, 1776. Companies. Capt. Lieut. Ensign. Serg. Corp. Drum. Fifer. Sentinels. Capt. Francis Harris.........1.. 1... 1.... 1.... 2........ 1.....1 24 Capt. Oliver Bowen..... 1.......0........1...... 1.....20 Capt. John McIntosh......... 1....2..........2....1.........19 Capt. Arthur Carney........... 2...1......... 4.... 0O.....48 Capt. Thomas Chisholms........2.. 1....4......4....0.....0....47 Capt. John Green................2..........4.... 0....0.... 39 Capt. Chesley Bostick's.1....2...0...2...........0..29 Capt. Jacob Colson's...........1.....2....0...2.. 0... 1... 0.....10 Total....................8 15 4 24 17 5 2 236 A Return of the present state of the GEORGIA BATTALION, April 28, 1776. Capt. Lieut. Ensign. Serg. Corp. Drum. Fifer. Sentinels On guard......................... 1.....2....1...1.....30 For guard...................... 0..... 30 On furlough-.................. 0..... 0..... 0 11 Recruiting..................3....1.... 1. 0......1 Sick.0........................1 0....0...010 Attendingsick............0...0.....0.....1.....0.....0.... 0......2 Attending sick 0 0 0 1.. 0 2 Armourers....................0....0....................0...... Prisoners............. 0..........0.....0......... 1.... 0..... 5 Offi cers' servants.................................................... 10 Off duty.................0....8....3..18....10..1....1....136 Total 7...15..... 5....24.-...18.....5.... 3...236 24 sergeants, 18 corporals, 5 drummers, 3 fifers, 236 rank and file-286 enrolled. By the information I have, I suppose our recruiting officers may have about 70 or 80 men more, who are not come in yet. LACHLAN MCINTOSH, Colonel. SAvANNAH, IN GEORGIA, April 28, 1776. The following is the Report of the Committee ordered to devise a Temporary Constitution, and which was sent to General WASHINGTON by Col. LACHLAN MCINTOSH. COLONY OF GEORGIA:Whereas, the unwise and iniquitous system of administration obstinately persisted in by the British Parliament and Ministry against the good people of America hath at length driven the latter to take up arms as their last resource for the preservation of their rights and liberties which God and the Constitution gave them; REPORT OF COMMITTEE TO DEVISE TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION. 97 And whereas an armed force, with hostile intentions against the people of this Province, having lately arrived at Cockspur, his Excellency Sir James Wright, Baronet, and King's Governor of Georgia, in aid of the views of the administration, and with a design to add to those inconveniences which necessarily result from a state of confusion, suddenly and unexpectedly carried off the great seal of the Province with him; And whereas, in consequence of this and other events, doubts have arisen with the several magistrates how far they are authorized to act under the former appointments, and the greatest part of them have absolutely refused to do so, whereby all judicial powers are become totally suspended, to the great danger of persons and property; And whereas, before any general system of government can be concluded upon, it is necessary that application be made to the Continental Congress for their advice, and directions upon the same; but, nevertheless, in the present state of things, it is indispensably requisite that some temporary expedient be fallen upon to curb the lawless and protect the peaceable: This Congress, therefore, as the representatives of the people, with whom all power originates, and for whose benefit all government is intended, deeply impressed with a sense of duty to their constituents, of love to their country, and inviolable attachment to the liberties of America; and seeing how much it will tend to the advantage of each to preserve rules, justice, and order, do take upon them for the present, and until the further order of the Continental Congress, or of this, or any future Provisional Congress, to declare, and they accordingly do declare, order, and direct, that the following rules and regulations be adopted in this Province-that is to say1st.-There shall be a President and Commander-in-Chief appointed by ballot in this Congress, for six months, or during the time specified above. 2d.-There shall be, in like manner, and for the like time, also a Council of Safety, consisting of 13 persons, besides the five delegates to the General Congress appointed to act in the nature of a Privy Council to the said President or Commander-in-Chief. 3d.-That the President shall be invested with all the executive powers of government not inconsistent with what is hereafter mentioned, but shall be bound to consult and follow the advice of the said Council in all cases whatsoever, and any seven of the said Committee shall be a quorum for the purpose of advising. 4th.-That all the laws, whether common or statute, and the acts of Assembly which have formerly been acknowledged to be of force in this Province, and which do not interfere with the proceedings of the Continental or our Provincial Congresses, and also all and singular the resolves and recommendations of the said Continental and Provincial Congresses, shall be of full force, validity, and effect until otherwise ordered. 5th.-That there shall be a Chief-Justice, and two assistant judges, an AttorneyGeneral, a Provost-Marshal and Clerk of the Court of Sessions, appointed by ballot, to serve during the pleasure of the Congress. The Court of Sessions, or 7 98 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Oyer and Terminer, shall be opened and held on the second Tuesday in June and December, and the former rules and methods of proceedings; as nearly as may be, shall -be observed in regard to summoning of juries, and all other cases whatsoever. 6th.-That the President or Commander-in-Chief, with the advice of the Council as before mentioned, shall appoint magistrates to act during pleasure in the several parishes throughout this Province, and such magistrates shall conform themselves, as nearly as may be, to the old-established forms and methods of proceedings. 7th.-That all legislative powers shall be reserved to the Congress, and no person who holds any place of profit, civil or military, shall be eligible as a member either of the Congress or Council of Safety. 8th.-That the following sums shall be allowed as salaries to the respective officers for and during the time they shall serve, over and besides all such per. quisites and fees as have been formerly annexed to the said offices respectively: To the President and Commander-in-Chief, after the rate per annum of........................................sterling.. ~ 300 To the Chief-Justice........................................ 100 To Attorney-General........................................ 25 To Provost-Marshal........................................... 60 To Clerk of Court........................................... 50 DISQUALIFYING ACT, PASSED JULY 6, 1780. An Act to disqualify and render incapable the several persons hereinafter named, from holding or exercising any oqice of trust, honour, or profit in the Province of Georgia, for a certain time, and for other purposes therein mnentioned. Whereas, a most audacious, wicked and unprovoked rebellion was lately raised and carried on against his Majesty in the Province of Georgia, and several persons concerned therein, in a most violent, hostile and unlawfil manner, usurped the government thereof, and erected themselves into a pretended independent State, where they exercised many acts of violence and oppression, in contempt of his Majesty and his laws, and to the great distress and injury of his loyal subjects; And whereas, the several persons hereinafter named were active and concerned in the said unlawful proceedings, or some of them: We therefore pray your most sacred Majesty that it may be enacted, and be it enacted, by his Excellency Sir James Wright, Baronet, Captain-General, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's said Province of Georgia, by and with the advice and consent of the Honourable the Council and Commons House of Assembly of the said Province in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, That immediately from and after the passage of this Act, and during the continuance thereof, the several persons hereinafter named, that is to say, JOHN HOUSTOUN, late of this Province, rebel Governor; JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN, late of the same, rebel DISQUALIFYING ACT. 99 governor; LACHLAN MCINTOSH, late of the same, rebel General; GEORGE WALTON, late of the same, Member of the rebel Congress; WILLIAM STEPHENS, late of the same, rebel Attorney-General; JOHN MCCLURE,late of the same, rebel Major; JOSEPH CLAY, late of the same, rebel Paymaster-General; NOBLE WYMBERLEY JoNES late of the same, Speaker of the rebel Assembly; MORDECAI SHEFTALL, late of the same, Chairman of the rebel Parochial Committee; WILLIAM O'BRYAN, late of the same, rebel Treasurer; JOHN WEREAT, late of the same, rebel Counsellor; EDWARD TELFAIR, late of the same, Member of the rebel Congress; EDWARD DAVIES, late of the same, Member of the rebel Assembly; SAMUEL ELBERT, late of the same, a rebel General, &c., &c., (as per list at the end;) and also all and every other person and persons who at any time or times before the passing of this Act, hath or have acted in the said Province of Georgia, as members of any council, assembly or committee, or as commissioner of trade, or of forfeited estates, or who have held any commission or appointment under the said usurpation, either in a civil or military capacity, satisfactory proof (with respect to persons not particularly named) being first made thereof before the chief justice, or one of the assistant justices, or before two justices of the peace of the said Province, (except such persons as did, before the first day of November last past, submit themselves to his Majesty's government, and take the established oath,) are, and each and every of them is hereby disqualified, rendered and made incapable to exercise, hold or enjoy any office or place of honour, trust or profit, under his Majesty, in this your Province of Georgia, and of serving upon juries therein, in any case whatsoever, and of voting at elections for any representative or representatives to sit in General Assembly in this Province, and of being chosen to represent any parish or district of this Province in General Assembly, any law, usage, statute, or custom to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding; provided always, nevertheless, and it shall and may be lawful to and for the governor or commander-in-chief of this Province, for the time being, at any time or times during the continuance of this Act, by and with the advice and consent of the Honourable the Council of the said Province, to remove and take the disqualification and incapacity by this Act imposed, in the whole or in part, from all and every the persons herein before named, or any of them, and those herein before described and intended, or any of them, so soon as they, or any oreither of them, shall signalize themselves in favour of the peace and welfare of his Majesty's said government in the Province of Georgia aforesaid, or otherwise discover themselves deserving such indulgence, to the satisfaction and good liking of the said governor or commander-in-chief and Council for the time being as aforesaid, and to restore them, or any or either of them, to all the advantages, privileges and immunities they respectively enjoyed before they engaged in the said rebellion. And in order to prevent rebellion and traitorous attempts in time to come, and the other mischiefs arising from the possession or use of arms by lawless, wicked, and disaffected persons, who have submitted 100 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. or may submit themselves to his Majesty's government, and inhabiting within this Province. Be itffurther enacted, by the authority aforesaid, That as well all and every person before named, and those before designed and intended, as also all and every other person and persons who have since the first day of November last past, or who may hereafter, during the continuance of this Act, separate themselves from his Majesty's subjects, who are or may be in arms or in rebellion against him in the Province aforesaid or elsewhere, and submit to the government of our said lord the King, and comply with the other regulations directed by this Act, shall bring in and deliver up within ten days after being duly summoned, to one of the justices of the peace of the parish or district wherein such person shall usually reside, all and singular his or their arms, swords, cutlasses, pistols, and other warlike implements and weapons, for the use of his Majesty, his heirs and successors, to be forwarded by every such justice to the governor or commander-inchief for the time being, or to such officer as he may think fit to appoint to receive the same, to be disposed of in such manner as the said commander shall see fit. And among such of his Majesty's loyal subjects as are enrolled or may be enrolled in the militia in the said Province, and in case any of the persons herein before named, and those designed and intended as aforesaid, or any or either of them, shall neglect or refuse to bring in and deliver up their arms within the time limited as aforesaid, or shall afterwards have or bear any arms or warlike weapons or implements in any part of said Province, every such person shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty-five pounds sterlipg money of Great Britain, for the offence of not bringing and delivering up their arms, weapons and implements as aforesaid, and the sum of ten pounds, like money, for every time any such person shall have or bear any warlike arms, implements or weapons whatsoever. And to prevent the secreting and keeping back of any arms, swords, cutlasses, pistols, or other warlike weapons or implements, or of powder, ball, or ammunition-Be it ftrther enacted, That it shall and may be lawful for any justice of the peace of this Province, or of any parish or district thereof, on information made on oath by any credible person, or from his own knowledge, to issue his warrant under his hand and seal, directed to any constable of his district, requiring him to search for such concealed or retained arms, weapons, implements, or ammunition; and if any such articles be found, (the party having no license or permission for the same, as hereinafter mentioned,) to seize, sell, and dispose of forthwith, and after deducting the expenses of the warrant, distress and sale, to divide the residue, one half to the informer or informers, and the other half to the constable or constables searching after and seizing the same; and in case the person or persons who secreted or retained, or advised or concerned himself or themselves in securing or retaining such arms, weapons, implements, or ammunition, can be discovered, the said justice is directed to bind him, her or them, in a recognizance, with two sufficient securi DISQUALIFYING ACT. 101 ties, to appear at the next Court of Sessions; and in case he, she or they shall fail to give such security, then forthwith to commit him, her or them to the common jail in Savannah, there to remain until he, she or they shall find such security, or shall be otherwise discharged by a due course of law; and every such person so offending, is and are hereby subjected and made liable to be indicted for such offence as for a-misdemeanour, and if convicted, to be sentenced by the said Court of Sessions at their discretion, and as may be lawful in cases of misdemeanour. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the Governor or Commander-in-Chief far the time being, by and with the consent of his Majesty's Honourable Council, at any time or times during the continuance of this Act, to grant license and permission in writing to any person or persons aforesaid to have, retain and keep in his and their, or any or either of their possession, such arms, ammunition and other warlike weapons and implements as such Governor and Commander-in-Chief may think sufficient to guard and protect him and. them, or any or either of them, from injury, insult, and for defence against his and their and either of their domestics, and against the savages, any thing herein before contained to the contrary notwithstanding. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all and every the persons herein before named, and those designed and intended as aforesaid, and all and every other person or persons who, since the first day of November, have separated themselves from his Majesty's subjects, or shall hereafter separate themselves from his Majesty's subjects who are in arms or rebellion against him, shall, within days after his or their coming or arrival into any part of this Province, repair before some one of his Majesty's justices of the peace within the same, and enter into a bond or recognizance to our sovereign lord, the King, his heirs and successors, with two sufficient securities, the principal in one hundred pounds, and the securities in fifty pounds each, of sterling money of Great Britain, with condition to be void if the principal shall, for twelve months thereafter, behave and demean himself as a good and loyal subject, keep the peace, and be of good behaviour towards his Majesty and all his liege subjects, and shall discountenance to the utmost of his ability all rebellion. rebellious practices, and treasonable misdemeanours within this Province, and take and subscribe, together with the State oaths, the oath ~following, viz.: I, A. B., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to his Majesty, King George the Third; and I do solemnly and sincerely declare, that I do believe in my conscience that he is lawful and rightful King of the Realm of Great Britain, and of the dominions and colonies thereunto belonging; that the British colonies in America of right ought to be subordinate to and dependent upon the crown of Great Britain; and the people called the General Continental Congress; and all the bodies of men and individuals exercising jurisdiction under them, are in rebellion against his Majesty, their lawful sovereign, and I do renounce and refuse obedience to them and every one of them, and will not hold or carry on 102 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. any correspondence by writing, message or otherwise, with any person or persons at war with or in rebellion against his Majesty, without license and permission first obtained from one of his Majestyvs Governors or Commanders by sea or land, and that I will use my utmost endeavour to disclose and make known to his Majesty and his successors, or to them in authority under him or them, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies which I shall know to be against the King or any of his successors, and all invasions which I shall know or suspect to be intended against this Province or any other of his Majesty's dominions; and I will faithfully, and to the utmost of my power, enforce, maintain and defend his Majesty s Government and authority in and over all his dominions, and especially in and over the British provinces and plantations in America; and all this I do swear voluntarily, heartily, truly and sincerely, without any equivocation, evasion or secret reservation whatsoever, so help me God. Which bond or recognizance and oaths, the said justices respectively are hereby directed to take and administer, and to give a certificate thereof; and in case any of the said persons shall neglect or refuse to appear and enter into such bond or recognizance, and take and subscribe the said oaths, within the time and in manner above limited, then every such person neglecting or refusing shall be deemed a suspected person, and shall and may be immediately apprehended by any justice of the peace in this Province, and committed to the nearest common jail, there to remain without bail or mainprise for the space of three months, unless such person shall, in the mean time, voluntarily comply with the terms prescribed by this Act, or to serve his Majesty as a private soldier for and during the continuance of the present American rebellion; and in case, after the expiration of the said three months' imprisonment, any such person or persons shall decline or obstinately refuse to comply with the directions of this Act, and enter into such bond or recognizance, and take and subscribe the said oaths, then and in such case every such person shall be subject and liable to be impressed and carried into his Majesty's sea-service, and is and are hereby disqualified and rendered incapable of ever hereafter becoming a resident, or inhabitant within this Province. The following is a list of the persons mentioned in this Act:1. JOHN HOUSTOUN, rebel Governor. 2. JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN, rebel Governor. 3. LACHLAN McINTOSH, rebel General. 4. GEORGE WALTON, Member of rebel Congress. 5. WILLIAM STEPHENS, rebel Attorney-General. 6. JOHN McCLURE, rebel Major. 7. JOSEPH CLAY, rebel Paymaster-General. 8. N. WYMBERLEY JONES, Speaker rebel Assembly. 9. MORDECAI SHEFTALL, Chairman rebel P. Corn. 10. WM. O'BRYAN, rebel Treasurer. 11. JOHN WEREAT, rebel Counsellor. 12. EDW'D TELFAIR, Member of rebel Congress. PERSONS DISQUALIFIED. 103 13. EDW'D DAVIES, Member of rebel Assembly. 14. SAM'L ELBERT, a rebel General. 15. SETH JOHN CUTHBERT, a rebel Major. 16. WILLIAM HOLSENDORF, a rebel Counsellor. 17. RICH'D HOWLEY, a rebel Governor. 18. GEORGE GALPHIN, rebel Sup. I. Affairs. 19. ANDREW WILLIAMSON, rebel General. 20. JOHN WHITE, rebel Colonel. 21. NEHEMIAH WADE, rebel Treasurer. 22. JOHN TWIGGS, rebel Colonel. 23. WM. FEW, rebel Counsellor. 24. EDW'D LANGWORTHY, rebel Delegate. 25. WM, GLASSCOCK, rebel Counsellor. 26. ROB'T WALTON, rebel Corn. of Forfeited Estates. 27. JOSEPH WOOD, JR., Clerk to the rebel Assembly. 28 -- PIGGIN, rebel Colonel. 29. WM. HORNBY, Distiller. 30. PEIRCE BUTLER, rebel Officer. 31. JOSEPH WOOD, Member of the rebel Congress. 32. REV. WM. PEIRCY, Clerk. 33. THOS. SAVAGE, Planter. 34. THOS. STONE, rebel Counsellor. 35. BENJ. ANDREW, President of the rebel Council. 36. JOHN BAKER, SEN'R, rebel Colonel. 37. WM. BAKER, rebel Officer. 38. FRANCIS BROWN, Planter. 39. NATHAN BROWNSON, Member of rebel Congress. 40. JOHN HARDY, Captain of a rebel Galley. 41. THOS. MORRIS, rebel Officer. 42. SAM'L MILLER, rebel Assembly. 43. THOS. MAXWELL, Planter. 44. JOSEPH WOODRUFF. 45. JOSEPH OSWALD, Planter: 46. JOSIAH POWELL, Planter. 47. SAM'L SALTUS, a Committeeman. 48. JOHN SANDIFORD, Planter. 49. PETER TARLING, rebel Officer. 50. OLIVER BOWEN, rebel Commodore. 51. LYMAN HALL, Member of the rebel Congress. 52. ANDREW MOORE, Planter. 53. JOSHUA INMAN, Planter. 54. JOHN DOOLY, rebel Colonel. 55. JOHN GLEN, rebel C. Justice. 56. RICHTD WYLEY, President of the rebel Council. 57. ADAM FOWLER BRISBANE, rebel Counsellor. 58. SHEM BUTLER, rebel Assemblyman. 59. JOSEPH HABERSHAM, rebel Colonel. 60. JOHN STIRK, rebel Colonel. 61. RAYMOND DEMERE, rebel Clo. General. 104 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. 62. CHAS. ODINGSELL, rebel Captain. 63. WM. PEACOCK, rebel Counsellor. 64. JOHN BRADLEY, Captain rebel Galley. 65. JOSEPH REYNOLDS, Bricklayer. 66. RUDOLPH STROHAKER, Butcher. 67. CHARLES COPE, Butcher. 68. LEWIS COPE, rebel Butcher. 69. HEPWORTH CARTER, rebel Captain. 70. STEPHEN JOHNSTON, Butcher. 71. JOHN McINTOSH, JR., rebel Colonel. 72. JAMES HOUSTOUN, Surgeon. 73. JAMES HABERSHAM, Merchant. 74. JOHN HABERSHAM, rebel Mayor. 75. JOHN MILLEDGE, JR., rebel Assemblyman 76. LEVI SHEFTALL, Butcher. 77. PHILIP JACOB COHEN, Shopkeeper. 78. JOHN SUTCLIFFE, Shopkeeper.. 79. JONATHAN BRYAN, rebel Counsellor. 80. JOHN SPENCER, rebel Officer. 81. JOTHN HOLMES, Clerk. 82. WM. GIBBONS, the elder, rebel Counsellor. 83. SHEFTALL SHEFTALL, rebel Officer. 84. PHILIP MINIS, Shopkeeper. 85. COSHMAN POLOCK, Shopkeeper. 86. ROBT. HAMILTON, Attorney at Law. 87. BENJ. LLOYD, rebel Officer. 88. JAMES ALEXANDER, rebel Officer. 89. JOHN JENKINS, rebel Assemblymanr 90. SAM. STIRK, rebel Secretary. 91. PHILIP DENSLER, Yeoman. 92. HENRY CUYLER, rebel Officer. 93. JOS. GIBBONS, rebel Assemblyman. 94. EBENEZER SMITH PLAT-T, Shopkeeper. 95. MATTHEW GRIFFIN, Planter. 96. PETER DEVEAUX, Gent'n. 97. BEN. ODINGSELL, rebel Officer. 98. JOHN GIBBONS, V. Master. 99. JOHN SMITH, Planter. 100. WM. LE CONTE, rebel Counsellor. 101. CHARLES FR. CHEVALIER, rebel Counsellor. 102. PETER CHAMBERS, Shopkeeper. 103. THOS. WASHINGTON, rebel Officer. 104. ELISHA MAXWELL, Planter., 105. THOS. MAXWELL, JR., rebel Mayor. 106. WM. GIBBONS, the younger, Planter. 107. WM. DAVIS, rebel Officer. 108. JOHN GRAVES, Yeoman. 109. CHARLES KENTr, rebel Counsellor. 110. JOHN BACON, Mariner. PERSONS DISQUALIFIED. 105 111. NATHANIEL SAXTON, Tavernkeeper. 112. PHILIP LOWE, rebel Officer. 113. SAMUEL SPENCER, Mariner. 114. JOHN WINN, SEN'R, Planter. 115. DEVEAUX JARRAT, rebel Assemblyman. 116. SAMUEL WEST, Gentleman. 117. JOSIAH DUPONT, Planter. 118. JAMES PUGH, Planter. 119. FREDERIC PUGH, Planter. 120. JAMES RAE, Planter. 121. JAMES MARTIN, Planter. 122. JOHN MARTIN, rebel Sheriff. 123. THOS. PACE, rebel Officer. 124. BENJ. FELL, rebel Officer. 125. DIONYSIUS WRIGHT, Planter. 126. CHESLEY BOSTICK, Shopkeeper. 127. LITTLEBERRY BOSTICK, Planter. 128. LEONARD MARBURY, rebel Officer. 129. JOHN SHARP, Planter. 130. JAMES HARRIS, Planter. 131. HENRY JONES, rebel Colonel. 132. HUGH McGEE, rebel Captain. 133. JOHN WILSON, Gentleman. 134. GEORGE WYCHE, rebel Officer. 135. WM. CANDLER, rebel Officer. 136. ZECHARIAH TENN, Planter. 137. WM. McINTOSH, rebel Colonel. 138. DAVID BRADIE, Surgeon. 139. ANDREW McLEAN, Merchant. 140. SIR PATRICK HOUSTOUN, Baronet. 141. McCARTIN CAMPBELL, Merchant. 142. JAMES GORDON, Planter. 143. JOHN KELL, Gentleman. 144. JOHN McLEAN, Planter. 145. JOHN SNIDER, Planter. 146. JOHN ELLIOTT, rebel Officer. 147. THOS. ELLIOTT, rebel Officer. 148. RICH'D SWINNEY, Yeoman. 149. HUGH MIDDLETON, rebel Officer. 150. JOB PRAY, Mariner. 151. JOSIAH McLEAN, Planter, 106 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. OBSERVATIONS UPON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN LATE POLITICAL SUGGESTIONS, By the Delegates of Georgia. Philadelphia: Printed by R. Aitken, Bookseller, in Market-street, three doors above the Coffee-Jouse. When the compiler visited Savannah, in 1852, he received from I. K. TEFFT, Esq., the courteous and esteemed Corresponding Secretary of the Georgia Historical Society, permission to consult its valuable collections. Here he found the reprint of a pamphlet as above entitled, for which the Society is indebted to the liberality of Mr. GEORGE WYMBERLEY JONEs, a young gentleman whose praiseworthy efforts to rescue from oblivion many important facts connected with the early historyof Georgia, entitle him to the gratitude of her citizens. A very limited number of copies of this pamphlet were published, and we feel much pleasure in laying. it before our readers. It will be seen that it was seriously contemplated at one time to leave South Carolina and Georgia under the dominion of Great Britain. " From the most recent accounts that have been received from Europe, there is the greatest reason to expect that a new commission will issue from the Court of London, for the purpose of again sounding the temper of America upon the subject of a pacification, in which the State of Georgia, and perhaps that of South Carolina, will not be regarded as part of the American Union, but excluded as having been again colonized to England by new conquest. The utipossidetis also has been much talked of in Europe as a probable basis for the peace; and this report, although rejected with marks of abhorrence by all descriptions of men in America, circulates with terrors, as it is pretended to be drawn from the armed neutrality. The people who would be particularly affected by the operation of such principles ought to fear every thing, although justice, humanity, and the interests of America and her friends forbid them to dread any thing. They united in the one cause, and have sacrificed their blood and fortunes in its support, and therefore it would be unjust and inhuman for the other parts of the Union separately to embrace the results of the common efforts, and leave them under the yoke of a bankrupt and enraged tyrant. To preserve the States entire is the object of the alliance with France, and it cannot be the interest of the other great branch of the family compact that we should again be made a part of the British Empire. We will not, however, enter into any further discussion of this subject than will be sufficient to show the importance of the question as it respects our own State, leaving to others to speak of their interests. In point of Commerce, no part of North America has given such presages of importance as the Colony and State of Georgia. From the conclusion of the last war, when it could scarcely be called a Province of England, to the commencement of the present, the rapid increase of its exports is scarcely to be equalled in any part of the world, as appears by Brown's Aggregate and other public documents. OBSERVATIONS OF GEORGIA DELEGATES. 107 The principal articles of exportation before the war were rice, indigo and skins to Europe, and lumber, horses and provisions to the West Indies. * * * * * * * Tobacco has been cultivated with the most astonishing success by men who have emigrated from Virginia. Upon trial, it has been found that both the climate and soil are better adapted to the cultivation of this plant than those of Virginia; the vegetation being more rapid and the season longer, the planter is enabled to produce two good crops in the year; whereas only one can be obtained in Virginia and Maryland. The face of the country is less broken, and therefore the soil is richer, although of the same species; nor is the quality otherwise than superior. About the beginning of this war, Mr. Hammond made several hogsheads from a.field at the Walnut Hills, near Augusta, which being sent to London, sold for a farthing per pound more than the best from Virginia and Maryland, although he had not all the conveniences (it being the first attempt) necessary for the well curing of the plant. It is a fact that had the State re mained uninterrupted by the enemy's army, two-thirds of the planters, in the year 1779, would have turned their attention almost wholly upon tobacco, it being in more demand than rice or indigo. Upon several other trials, also, it has been found that hemp and cotton grow in the greatest luxuriance, and may be cultivated to much advantage, and the interior of the country abounds in iron ore. Advantages such as these apply of themselves; but when'we consider the amazing variety and extensive usefulness of the productions of this State, the parties in this war against England must see in a still stronger point of view the necessity of keeping it out of her hands. This is not all. An object of still greater importance must be remembered. The coast of Georgia is approached by a gradual ascent from the Gulf of Florida, which runs nearly parallel with it, and her bars and inlets are superior to any on the southern part of the continent. She has, besides, the best timbers in the world for building ships of war; her islands and sea-board abound in live oak trees, the wood of which is the finest and most resisting against assaults, and the least prone to decay of any which has yet been discovered. Some time before this contest the British merchants to Georgia were encouraged by government to build large merchant vessels of this timber, with a view to convert them into frigates in case of a war which was then near taking place with France. The scheme, however, was not pursued far, ou account of the dispute with America. Congress, too, since the war, has been so sensible of the utility of getting ships of this wood, that in the latter end of the year 1776 they directed the Marine Committee to send persons to Georgia to cut timbers for a seventy-four gun-ship and four frigates. Moulds were made in Philadelphia, and Mr. Donaldson was employed and went and cut the timbers, and planned a Continental yard upon Sutherland's Bluff, alongside of which a seventy-four gun-ship, it is said, can ride with perfect safety, and near which place the timbers now lie. This gentleman, upon his return to Philadelphia, reported to the 108 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. marine office that the best of timbers of every kind for building any number and sizes of ships might be had in Georgia. However, this plan of augmenting the American marine could not be prosecuted, the enemy having got possession of the coast in the latter part of the year 1778. An extract from an official letter to the Marine Committee, now in the Admiralty Office at Philadelphia, from Mr. Wereat, the agent of Congress in that State, and who had resided upon different parts of the sea-board upwards of twenty years, will give some idea of the importance of this object. He says:'"The oak timber in this State is exceeding good and plenty; it is to be found for large ships in the greatest quantities upon the Sea Islands. The largest I have observed is on the island of Blackbeard, which is not far from the middle of our coast.'" Sapelo Inlet is the best water of any on this part of the Continent; from the best information, there are about five fathoms at high water, and a fine bold channel from thence up to Sutherland's Bluff on the main-land, distant about twelve miles, on and near which place there is good timber. There is likewise to be got near this spot, fine pine timber for plank, which may be cut from thirty to fifty feet long, and upwards. " There is another place about forty miles to the southward of the former, very proper for the same purpose, called Brunswick, which has a communication by St. Simon's Inlet, at the south end of the island of that name. It has a good bar, and a forty-gun ship has been in there at the firs't settlement of the country by General Oglethorpe. If I recollect right, there are twenty-five feet upon the bar at high water, and a good channel. There are some other considerations which may be worthy the notice of your Board, which are the inexhaustible resources we have for naval stores, and our fine winters, in which season, snow is not seen once in several years, and near the sea-side not much frost. The above circumstances taken together, in my opinion, make this State the most proper for building ships of war of any of the thirteen." Besides the capacious inlets mentioned in the foregoing letter, and upon which the most commodious yards and docks might be erected, those to Savannah, Ogeechee, and Sunbury are well known for their safety and convenience, to which may be added those of Newport, Little St. Illa, Great St. Illa, Turtle River, and St. Mary's, each of corresponding utility to the State, but which, from its infancy, have not yet been much used, all, however, capable of being made useful ports for trade, and which will, most certainly, be the case, as the country back of them becomes settled. From all these considerations it inevitably follows that the State of Georgia is a material part of the Union, and cannot be given up without affecting its essential interests, if not endangering its existence. It seems to be almost universally acknowledged that it is not only the interest of France and Spain, but of all Europe, Great Britain only excepted, that the bulk of North America should constitute an Independent Power. Upon this ground, therefore, and notwithstanding little mutinies which have happened in all States in the same circunm OBSERVATIONS OF GEORGIA DELEGATES. 109 stances, we presume, unquestionaibly, that there will remain a free confederacy of republics, mauogre all the redoubled efforts of the enemy. But we will venture to pronounce, that should both the Carolinas, or the farther one and Georgia, be left in the power of England, at the conclusion of a peace she will desire to repeat her haughty pretensions to a superior commerce, and the dominion of the ocean. She would be able to refit and rebuild her ships by the timber in these States; to extend her settlements, in a short time, back to the Mississippi by emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, the refugees, and all the tories of America, whom she would surely invite thither, and by such means secure the commerce. The Southern Colonies, by the treaty of Paris, were bounded by the river Mississippi, but that treaty being now done away by reciprocal hostilities, if any of these States should be recovered and kept by the enemy, no doubt the ancient pretensions to the South Sea will be revived. Be this as it may, there is sufficient scope within the lines of Georgia, east of the Mississippi, for the most enterprising possessor. The main branch of Savannah River, by which it is bounded north, running a north-west course to its source, widens the country exceedingly, and presents an unappropriated tract of about five hundred miles in length and two hundred and fifty in breadth of land, the most to be preferred of any in North America, on account of the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and facilities of the most extensive navigation. And here it should be recollected that there are several valuable rivers which have their source in the interior parts of Georgia, and which running southerly through the narrow parts of West Florida, empty themselves into the Bay of Mexico; the lands upon which being intermediate between the bay and the Atlantic, are most invitingly fertile; and should England have possession of this State, cal there be a doubt but her subjects would presently settle upon these lands, and claim the navigation into and through the Bay? The genius and character of the people answer the question. Would not then Spanish settlements be liable to encroachments, and the whole kingdom consequently exposed to a new war? But further with respect to Spain. Should England have it in her power to keep a fleet in the harbours of South Carolina and Georgia, with the resulting advantages of having always fresh supplies of men and provisions, would not the Spanish trade to and from South America be greatly exposed? At the same time that the strength of the nation is admitted, the length of these voyages should be considered, as well as the intermediate position of the country about which we are speaking. Should England, therefore, by these means, be able to control the trade of Spain, is it not probable that, having lost ground among the hardy sons of the North, she would ere long conceive the project of augmenting her dominions in the South? On the contrary, however, should the freedom of these States be preserved and be in amity with Spain, the greatest safety will not only result to her trade, but particular advantages arise from their situation 110 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and produce, such as friendly ports in distress, and supplies of fresh provisions. With regard to France, there is so fixed a confidence in its Great Monarch, who has honoured us with his alliance, and whose court is so illustrious for wisdom and policy, that we have a perfect reliance upon his persevering in the war until the freedom and independence of all the States of the Union to which he is allied shall be established. From that period she will begin to experience the rewards of her generous services to America. Her commerce in general will be increased, and her islands easily supplied, and most extensively and conveniently, from the two Southern States. In that of Georgia alone sufficient lumber might be had to rebuild all the towns of the West Indies, and pitch and tar enough for the fleets of the world. We will not believe that she will ever consent that such great resources should remain in the power of her unceasing enemy. But Great Britain says that she has already got possession-so she had of Boston, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, &c. We conclude these remarks by repeating as our opinion what has been said all over Europe and America, that the two Southern States being the feeble part of the Continent in point of numbers and compactness of settlement, can only be recovered by a naval superiority; to which object, therefore, we could wish to fix the attention of all those whom it concerns. Done at Philadelphia, the 8th day of January, 1781, and in the fifth year of our independence. GEO. WALTON. W. FEW. R. HOWLEY. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO APPLIED FOR LAND. 1 ] NAMES OF SUCH OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO MADE APPLICATION FOR LAND. The following is a list of the names of such officers and soldiers only who made application to the Governor and Council of the State of Georgia, in pursuance of the second section of an act of the Assembly, passed on the 17th day of February, 1783, entitled, "An Act for opening the Land Office, and for other purposes therein mentioned," for procuring a certificate in pursuance of the section above referred to, and a resolution of Congress, of the 16th of September, 1776, of the bounty of land due them respectively for their services during the last war with Great Britain, in what was called the Georgia Continental Establishment. Anderson, Charles, Soldier. Collins, John. Andrews, George, " Camp, Samuel. Andrew, Francis, " Childers, David. Allen, Moses. Collins, John. Allison, Henry, Capt. Childers, D. Cook, Isham. Banks, Reuben, Soldier. Cuthbert, A. Barber, Chester, " Corven, Edward, Lieut. Bell, Ilugh, " Collins, C. Bennis, John, Capt. Connolly. W. J. Berrien, John. Major. Corney, M. Berry, John, Soldier. Berry, Wm., " Dean, Wm. Bishop, Wm, " Davenport, Stephen. Blouiot, Jacob, Capt. Davis, Meredith. Booker, Gideon," Davidson, Wm. Braddock, John, " Dempier. -, Sergeant. Braddock, David, Soldier. Davenport, Thomas. Bradley, Abram, " Dollar. John. Bradley, Richard, " Ducin, John, Capt. Berk, James, " Devereaux, Peter. Burnett, John, " Day, Joseph, Capt. Burton, Richard, " Davis, C., Sergeant. Butry, Z.,. Day, Robert, Soldier. Brown, Francis, " Debosk, Peter, Capt. Brown, John, ( De Laplaign, Emanuel P., Capt. Brownson, Nathan, Hosp. Surg. Deveaux, Peter, Aidto Gen. Gates Baxter, Wm. Dooly, George, 2nd Lieut. Bradley, M. Dooly, John, Capt. Brown, Jacob. Dooly, Thomas, " Barker C. Dowman, R., Bresard, C. Ducoin, John, " Childers, Thomas. Evans, John. Connelly, James. Eacholls, E. Conway, Thomas. Evans, N. Corbin, Wm. Ellis, Robert. Cro! ker, Wim Evans, B. Cliisolm; John. Eimbeck, Geo., Barrack Master. Collins, Stephen. Eustice, J. Campbell, John. Elliott, Daniel, Soldier. 112 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Elbert, Samuel, Brig.-Gen. Matthews, Wrn., Capt. McDowell, James. Frazer, John. McIntosh, Wm. Fredconer, C. Milto J. Glascock, Thomas. Melvin, Geo. GravatO. 0. Gravat, o] Millar, E. Gibbs, WmTI. Mitchell, J. 1 Maxwell, Josiah. Harsaw, Thomas. McGilton, Vance. Harris, G. L. McGilton, James. Hillary, C. Hayes, Arthur, Liett. Newdigate, John, Capt. Hicks, J., Capt. Nash, Clement, Hughs, N., Lieut. Nugard, Michael. Houstoun, James, Doctor. Newnan, John. I-endley, George, Capt. Nix, George. Hancock, George, " Nugan, M. Habersham, John, _a]cjor. Oakman, Wg., Fife Major. Johnston, WVm. O'Bryan, James, Soldier. Jordan, WTn. Ornsby, Daniel, Fife Miajo;r King, John, Soldier. Pounds, R. Kniel, Patrick,' Parnell, Joseph, Lieut.-Col. Parham, Richard, Soldier. Lancaster, Rowland, Soldier. Paxton, Wm. " Lancaster, Wim., " Payne, Thos., Lieut. Lane, James, " Pearrie, N. Lane, Joseph, iajor. Petillo, John, Soldier. Lankford, Josiah, Soldier. Phiney, L. Lankford,' Moses, " Porter, B., 3fajor. Lazarus, N., Porter. R., Lieut. Lester, Tho.,' Porter, T., " Low, P., Major. Powell, J., Lucas, J., Capt. Pray, Job, Capt. Linson, J. Plaigue, D. E. L., Capt. Lintch, J. Lynn, C. Reyfield, J. Lynn, J. Eae, Robert, Col. Lambuck, Wm. Reynolds, A. Robinson, A. McVickers, D. Read, Wm., Doctor. Mabry, Ralph. McHancy, Terry. Stiff, Wm. Mitchell, Wm. Sessums, Wm. McBride, Edward. Sampson, Samuel. Miase, Joseph. Saulberry, Thos. Mastein, Wm. Sutton, R. McIntosh, L., Brig.-Gen. Screven, James; Gen. McCall, Richard. Smith, R. Moore, Francis. Sick, F. McIntosh, John, Col. Scott, Wm. Marbury, L., Col. Sheftall, M. Matthews, Geo., Brig.-Gen. Sheftall, S. Moseley, Robert. Sharp, B. J. Mclntosh, L. Shields, Andrew. Meanly, J. Studman, James. Morrison, J., Capt. Moseley, L. Tennell, S. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO APPLIED FOR LAND. 113 Thomas, B. Wells, M. Threadgill, T. Willaby, W. Templeton, A., Capt. Whitmore, J. Threadgill, Wm. Webster, Thos. Tucker, P. Wash, Wm. Turner, C. Winfrey, J., Capft. Turner, G. Warden, J. Twidall, J. Wagnon, P. J. Turner, B. Walton, Jesse. Tennill, T., Capt. { White, John, Col. Turner, D. Wash, Patrick, Mlajor. Wood, J. Vickers, Solomon. Williamson, L. Wright, S., Capt. Walton, Nathaniel, Lieut. Wood. James. Webb, John. Wash, E. Webster, B. Wagnon, T. Williams, C. Walton, George.* White, John. NAMES OF THE OFFICERS who were in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade during the Revolutionary W4ar, including Infantry, Dragoons, Legionary Corps, and General Staff. BRIGADE GENERALS.-Lachlan Mclntosh, Samuel Elbert. COLONELS.-James Screven, John White, Robert Rae. LIEUT.-COLONELS.-Joseph Habersham, Joseph Lane, Thomas Chisholm, Francis Moore. Philip Lowe, George Handley, Benjamin Porter; John S. Eustace, Adjutant-General; Lachlan McIntosh, Junior Brigade Inspector; John Berrien, Brigade Major; John Milton, A. D. C.; George Melven, B. Q. M. CAPTAINs.-John Bennis, Gideon Booker, Chestley Bostwick, Celerine Brosard, John Bard, Charles Budd, Isham Cook, Arthur Carney, Ranes Cook, Jacob Colson, John Cunningham, Alexander D. Cuthbert, Joseph Day, Daniel Duval, Peter Debosh, John Dooly, Thomas Dooly, Ignatius Few, John Greene, John Hancock, William Hornby, - Jaret, Evans Lewis, John Lucas, William Matthews, William McIntosh, Thomas Morris, Elisha Millar, John Mosely, Charles Middleton, Littleberry Mosely, Clement Nash, Patrick Fitzpatrick, James Powell, Thomas Scott, Andrew Templeton, Thomas Threadgill, Jesse Winfrey, Shadrach Wright. LIEUTENANTS.-Francis Arthur, Thomas Brown, James Bryan, John Caldwell, Cornelius Collins, Edward Cowen, Walter Dixon, George Dooly, Thomas Glascock, Caleb Howell, Arthur Hayes, Christopher Hillery, Robert Howe, Nathaniel Hughes, William Johnson, William Jordan,. William Lowne, Josiah Maxwell, John Manley, John Mitchell, Thomas Mitchell, John Martin, William McDonald, Thomas Netherland, John Newdigate, Benjamin Odingsell, Thomas Payne, Nathaniel Pierre, Robert Porter. Thomas'Porter, William Roach, John Rae, Abraham Seixas, Robert Simpsin, E. Shick, David Sarzedas, Randolph Smith, This List is taken from a book in the Executive Office at Milledgeville, prepared by the lateMajor A. B, Fannin. 114 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. - Steadman, Francis Tennell, David Turner, J. P. Wagnon, George Walton, Jesse Walton, Robert Ward. GENERAL STAFF.-Richard Wyley, Q. M. G. Joseph Clay, P. M. G.; Mordecai Sheftall, C. G.; Sheftall Sheftall, D. C. G.; David Rees, Judge Advocate; Moses Allen, Chaplain. HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT.-SMurgeonS, David Bradie, - McKinne. Surgeons7 Mates.-Adam Alexander, Nathan Brownson, James Houstoun, Thomas Davenport, Frederick Ridgley, -- Wood. LEGIONARY CORPS.-James Jackson, Colonel; Thomas Washington, Major. Captains.-Henry Alison, Sherwood Bugg, John Morrison, James Stallings, John Lyons. Lieutenants.-Thomas Hamilton, Ezekiel Stallings, Benjamin Hawkins, Stephen Blount, Benjamin Harvey, Nicholas Millar. ARTILLERY.-Major, Roman de Lisle. Captains.-Edward Young, John Fraser. Colonels.-Samuel Jack, John Stewart. Liet.- Colonel.-Elijah Clark. NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO MEXICO. 115 NAMES OF THE OFFICERS AND PRIVATES of the Georgia Regiment of Volunz teers who went to lifexica. HENRY R. JACKSON, Savannah, Colonel. I CHARLES J. WILLIAMS, Columbus, Major. THOMAS Y. REDD, Columbus, Lieut.-Col. | JOHN FORSYTH, Columbus, Adjutant. GEORGIA LIGHT INFANTRY-COLUMBUS. J. S. CALHOUN, Captain. M. H. BLANDFORD, 4th Sergeant. E. R. GOULDING, 1st Lieutenant. R. R. HOWARD, 1st Corporal. H. C. ANDERSON, 2d " A. SCOTT, 2d " W. B. PHILLIPS, 1st Sergeant. TH. REYNOLDS, 3d ASA B. HOXIE, 2d GEO. LINDSAY, 4th " W. T. SMITH, 3d " Privates.-E. C. Allen, Lucius A. G. Allen, James Arledge, Charles J. Barrow, Leonidas T. Belk, William Blankenship, George W. Bronson, Zachariah Boothe, Amor Boyd, Frederic E. Brooking, Jesse S. Bryan, Calvin Bryant, Young G. Burke, Lewis Chandler, Cicero J. Clarke, David S. Cooper, Joseph Crepps, James T. Cunningham, John R. Cushing, Stephen Daniels, Richard Delanay, Absalom M. Dennis, Nathan B. Duke, James F. H. Ellington, John H. Ellis, William Forsyth, Bryant Farmer, W illiam Farmer, Peter F. Farrar, Michael Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Flournoy, Richard Fox, Albert L. Garrard, Thomas Gilbert, Obadiah B. R. Graham, Jackson M. Greenhow, Sidney Grigg, James R. Hanson, Upton S. Heath, William M. James, John G. Jones, James E. Johnson, William Keiley, Joseph Kelley, James Kellogg, John Law, Robert D. Lee, James Love, Alexander Lowther, John R. Moore, William Myrick, Duncan H. Nix, Henry C. Over. ton, Henry S. Orr, Andrew J. Pickens, William V. Porter, Lincoln Preble, John W. Park, Jesse B. Reeves, Granville L. Robinett, Joseph T. Robinson, James T. Rogers, William M. Rogers, Lucius C. Saunders, Samuel Sledge, Samuel B. Spencer, Lindsay Showse, Thomas B. Teate, J. Thaddeus Thompson, Micajah W. Thweatt, William H. Trawick, James S. Wells, Francis M. Whithurst, Charles R. Wiggins, William Wilton, Thomas R. Wilson, Gilbert J. Wright, Lawrence A. Wright. Musicians.-William McCullough, James M. Stonaker.-91. COLUMBUS GUARDS. JNO. E, DAVIES, Captain. W. C. HODGES, 4th Sergeant. JNO. FORSYTH, 1st Lieutenant. W. G. ANDREWS, 1st Corporal. C. P. HERVEY, 2d " V. D. THORPE, 2d " R. ELLIS, 1st Sergeant. JAS. HAMILTON, 3d J. KING, 2d " R. A. McGIBoNY, 4th I W. C. HOLT, 3d " Privates.-Francis J. Abbot, Enoch H. Adams, William Boland, Elijah N. Bo. land, John C. Blackman, James M. Bugg, Robert Boseman, John B. Buffington, Michael Claffy, James Curley, William E. Cropp, Freeman W. Clem, James E. Cammack, Wesley G. Cox, Robert W. Coleman, William W. Crenshaw, John 116 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. F. Daniel, Francis W. Davidson, Ethelridge A. Dye, John B. Elam, John G. Eubanks, Charles S. Fontaine, Daniel Finnegan, Solomon Gowan, Benjamin F. Graves, William B. Gilliam, William H. Hallman, Lafayette M. Harwel], Absalom Hollingsworth, John E. Hagan, George A. Huckaby, James B. Hickey, William W. Huff, Calvin A. Hearne, John R. Ivey, M. Johnson, Marks Kanz, William Kayler, Bailey B. Light, Malcolm F. McNeil, William P. McGehee, H. L. McGehee, Patrick McDonald, Phillips Mooney, William W. McCall, William H. Mitchell, Marion Mallsby, Alfred Mays, Thomas Mulligan, William P. Martin, George Pervis, Gustavus A. Parker, P. D. Roberts, Snowden Roberts, Thomas Y. Redd, Erastus Roland, William F. Ruff, Hugh Reese, Lewis Rix, Cyrus Robertson, John T. Sledge, Asberry Seats, Edward R. Sloat, William Sells, Joseph Shippey, Charles Smith, Nathaniel S. Turner, William Woods, Augustus Woods, John Wood, Randal H. Wood, R. W. J. Wright, John B. Weems, Osborn J. Wells. Mlusicians.-Martin Hettrick, Francis Gerbode.-87. RICHMOND BLUES-AUGUSTA. D. W. DILL, Captain. J. F. GLOVER, 4th Sergeant. J. PHINIZY, 1st Lieutenant. S. JOHNSON, 1st Corporal. A. H. McLAWEs, 2d " H. BAKER, 2d " W. PHILLIPS, 1st Sergeant. A. PHILLIPS, 3d D.. McMURPHY, 2d " G. GORDON, 4th " R. H. RINGGOLD, 3d " Privates.-Francis Agnew, Benjamin Ansley, Williaml Archy, R. IH. Bush, John Bradey, R. D. Bridges, John Batly, J. W. Berry, P. Barret, J. M. Brown, John W. Conklin, James Callahan, F. C. Cattinet, Joseph M. Collins, Washington Collins, Milton Cawley, Timothy Crawley, John C. Colo, Patrick Cole, M. M. Copeland. N. M. Drummond, William Dye, Matthew Doyle, C. Donovan, M. Dolon, William Darby, William Dickson, John Evans, Thomas Farrell, Alfred Guthrie, Thomas Guideron, John Griffin, Michael Gaffney, T. Gallagher, James Hickey, William S. Hawthorne, E. H. Holliday, T. Haley, James M Jennings, A. J. Knox, T. Little, William Larkin, James Lamar, James Lynch, John P. McKenzie, Thomas McPherson, Briton Mims, Andrew Michell Terrance McGuire, Robert Musgrove, John F. Markee, W. Medlar, R. W. Murray, T. McCabe, Martin O'Riley, William Oaks, William Pardue, F. D. Pettagrew, Bernard Rowe, F. E. Roathe, J. Riddel, A. G. Roberts, James J. R. Roper, J. E. Richardson, James Riley, Matthew Smith, George Shannon, J. D. Salmons, Lewis Sumner, Willis Seay, Thomas' Tobin, J. W. Taylor, Lewis Vanzandt, Jas. Wolling, Samuel Wilcox, William Wilcox, J. S. Wright, W. Williamson, V. W. Watkins, George W. Wheeler. Musicians. —J. J. Hubbard, M. McGovern.-93. JASPER GREENS —SAVANNAH. J. MCMAHON, Captain. LEO. WYLLY, 4th Sergeant. G. CURLETTE, 1st Lieutenant, M. FEERY, 1st Corporal. D. OCONNER, 2d " P. TIERNEY 2d " JNo. DEVANY, 1st Sergeant. T. BOURKE, 3d M. CAREY, 2cd OWEN RIELLY, 4th " P. MARTIN, 3d " NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO MEXICO. 117 Privates.-William Bandy, VW.D. Burke, P. Bossu, Francis Camfield, James Chalmers, P. Clark, Patrick Cody, John Coffee, William Coffee, James Coulihhan, Elijah Condon, Joseph Davis, Dennis Desmond, Michael Downy, Michael Duggan, Francis Dutzmer, Charles Farrelly, Thomas Fenton, David Fountain, James Fleeting, James Flynn, William P. Fielding, James Feely, Patrick Gerrin, Moses Gleason, O. B. Hall, Michael Hoar, Timothy Howard, R. M. Howard, E. W. Irwin, John Keegin, Humphrey Leary, W. S. Levi, David Lynch, Michael Lynch, L. Mahony, Henry Marony, John Makin, Bryan Morris, Jas. McFeehilly, H. V. Morel, John Meldrum, William Murray, Michael Murphy, Daniel Murphy, Hugh Murtagh, Henry Nagle, Dan Nickels, M. M. Payne, George Perminger, Thomas Pidgeon, John Regan, Francis Reeves, R. Richardson, J. Rinehart, B. Rodebuck, R. M. Robertson, J. D. Ryan, Thomas Ryan, John Sanderlin, Michael Shea, Peter Suzmell, David Stokes, C. F. E. Smith, R. L. S. Smith, Patrick Shiels, Patrick Tidings, Daniel F. Towles, J. W. Warden, James Waters, Michael Weldon, John Whaling, James Waters, Jr., Jacob Zimmerman. Musicians.-William Gatehouse, George Gatehouse.-86. MACON GUARDS. ISAAC HOLMES, Captain. P. J. SHANNON, 4th Sergeant. E. L. SHELTON, 1st Lieutenant. A. B. Ross, 1st Corporal. E. S. RODGERS, 2d " EDWIN HARRIS, 2d " WM. D. GRIFFIN, 1st Sergeant. THOS. E. ORCUTT, 3d a J. B. CUMMING, 2d " R. T. McGREGOR, 4th ( J. A. MCGREGOR, 3d Privates.-James A. Abbott Wilson J. Aderhold, Edmund Barnard, James W. Beasley: Orran W. Buffington, Edward Curd, Peter W. Clayton, William J. Cumming, Rufus CookWilliam Carter. John V. Cooper, John Cleesby, James Carson, John R. Candler, William Davis, Isaac Domingos, John L. Eells, William English, James E. Flint, Elijah Foster, Alfred T. Franklin, Alexander H. Franklin, Charles E. Flanders, Simon W. Freeman, George A. Grimes, Lewis Gee, Solomon Groce, Richard Head, Elliott Higgins, William Hughes, Alexander Hammersley, Andrew W. S. Harris, William A. Harris, Alexander H. Hawkins, Simeon Horton, William S. Johnston, William Kennedy, D. G. Kennedy, William King, William L. King, John T. Lamar, Wilson Logue, A. D. Logan, John Loughridge, John H. Lane, Allen J. McGraw, John McGowan, Seaborn Moore, James Martin, Alfred B. McKee, William W. Munson, Robert E. Macarthy, Thomas McNeely, Sanford Moore, Robert Melton, Sanford F. Miniard, Thomas J. McCrary, Thomas J. Moody, A. A. Park, William Robinson, Alexander Reynolds, William M. Ralston, Alexander R. Ralston, David A. Ralston, Caleb W. Rembert, Marcus Roberts, Albert L. Ross, Thomas Shirly, Sebastian Shaw, Robert Snead,William Spratt, Robert H. Tindall, John S. Tilliston, Gilbert E. Thigpen, Claiborne Vaughan, William W. Woodall, William Walker, Edward N. Wood, Franklin W. Wright, Robert T. Walker, Timothy D. Wood, William M. Wright.-92. 118 IISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, SUMTER COUNTY VOLUNTEERS. J. A. S. TURNER, Captain. G. HUGHES, 4th Sergeant. 0. C. HORNE, 1st Lieutenant. H. EDWARDS, 1st Corporal. J. COTTLE, 2d Lieutenant. C. H. COTTLE, 2d: S. P. WOODWARD 1st Sergeant. M. S. THOMPSON, 3d N. N. THOMPSON. 2d W. A. ELKINS, 4th " L. T. TAYLOR, 3d " Privates.-Jeremiah B. Ansley, Thomas J. Aiken, James T. Ballard, Joshua Boyd, Salathiel Buckner, John Burgess, Abner B. Conner, William J. Connier, Norman Carmichael, Elias Clarke, John Clarke, William B. Chandler, John M. Cauthen, Uriah Collum, William Champion, George W. Compton, Shadrick Crawford, Daniel J. Derrizeaux, George Derrizeaux, Franklin Duvan, Jacob Duckworth, Richard 0. Echolls, James Fudge, William Goodson, John B. Gibson, William K. Gilmore, Robert R. Golding, Charles Graham: James H. Heffling, William Hardy, John H. Horne, John W. Haugabook, John A. Hunter, Sylvester Hewitt, Hugh G. Ivy, Bradford Johnston, Jeremiah Jackson,William P. Jourdan, James Jackson, James Lewis, Rasco Lepsey, John G. McDonald, Joseph Mce Math; Jacob McNair, John J. Murphy, Jefferson Morris, John Morris, Jefferson Montgomery, Milus F. Noland, Jacob Newman, Albert Peddy, Joshua Richards, James Richards, Samuel Smith, Abram R. Smith, Daniel Smith, James R. Smithy John D. Smith, Wesley A. Smith, Henry J. Smith, Albert Sorrell, Oliver N. Stewart, James Seahorn, Franklin Singleton, Norban T. Taylor, James J. Tompkins, John Taylor, David Turner, Albert T. White, George M. Welda, Barton Po Wright, William Walker, Joel Walker, James Zachary. Miusicians.-John McDonald, Richard Griggs. —9. CRAWFORD GUARDS-COLUMBUS. JOHN JONES, Captain. D. A. WINN, 4th Sergeant. R. G. MITCHELL, 1st Lieut. JOHN MAY 1st Corporal. J. S. DISMUKES, 2d " JOHN LOCHABY, 2d 4 T. SCHOONMAKER, 1st Sergeant JA. B. WELLS, 3d " H. S. TiSDALE, 2d L N. J. PEABODY, 4th " A. M. SAULS, 3d " Privates.- Matthew Allen, William Barbaree, Charles L. Bass, J. R. Beck, Tryon Best, A. Blake, Wesley R. Bradford, Joshua Canter, Thomas Carter, Edmund Christian, Reuben T. Clayborne, Richard C. Clarke, Daniel Crane, W. G. Cunningham, John H. Davis, John C. Davis, W. C. H. Doyle, David B. Edwards, Theophilus Fowler, George W. Farrar, Samuel D. Gamble, William B. Garratt, Calvin Going, John Hancock, Sterling E. Hannah, John R. Hall, Richard W. Hinton, Robert HI. Hood, Matthew A. Hubert, David Huson, Joseph T. Hyde, Cader C. Knowles, Moses Land, Arthur Lawrence, John Leigh, John Magner, Elijah Martin, Patrick McCabe, John R. McCorkle, Hezekiah MeGraw, William Misenheimer, William Moody, Martin Mooney, James Moran, Andrew L. Mott, Patrick O'Haire, Gustavus A. Palmer, William B. Parker, Joseph Perdue, James Pettitt, Elbert Presly, Mitchell Ralston, Harvey Rice, Thomas R. Robinson, Milton Rose, Thomas J, Salter, Christopher Salvo, Allen W. Sander; NAMES OF OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO MEXICO. 119 William Slaughter, Abner Smith, Thomas J. Stockton, John Sullivan, Coleman B. Tait, Samuel L. Taylor, William H. Tillotson, John F. Turner, James Welden, Thomas White, Uriah Williams, T. H. Wooten. Mzusicians.-William M. Champion, Joseph T. Hodson. FANNIN AVENGERS-PIKE COUNTY. H. J. SARGENT, Captain. ROBT. LATTIMER, 4th Sergeant. G. D. ALEXANDER, 1st Lieutenant. ALEX. O. REED, 1st Corporal. H. B. HOLLIDAY, 2d " T. D. PERTODY, 2d F. M. ISON, 1st Sergeant. Jos. JOHNSON, 3d " G. D. JOHNSON, 2d " BENJ. F. INGRAHAM, 4th " WILLIAM F. MOORE) 3d " Privctes.-Jonathan Allen, Thomas R. Arnold, William Aycock,William E. Beall, John H. Baker, Osborn Brewer, Cicero L. Brown, George D. Boutwell, John I. Belcher, Thomas Burks, Robert I. Bedell, William D. Bailey, David M. Crenshaw, Nathaniel L. Collins, William T. Crawford, Alfred Carpenter, Henry F. Carpenter, Henry Coker, John W. Crow, Wm. W. Campbell, George Dugan, Frederick Dickens, Wm. Deloach, Jesse N. Davis, Ruffin Durham, Thomas Dye, John B. Folds, James A. Green, Archibald Gibbes, Henderson Gibbs, James R. George, Eliphalet Hatton, Wm. R. Head, Thomas I. Ison, Anthony Ivy, Benjamin F. Jones, Samuel A. Kennedy, John T. Leggett, Andrew J. Low, John W. Lake, Burrell Lawrence, Hilliard I. Legg, Andrew Lendberg, Drury Lewis, John Millen, Dawson Millborn, John G. Morgan, Hugh C. McGehee, Joseph B. Matthews, Gerardin I. Ogilsby, Sterling C. Pritchard, John C. Pryor, William I. Perry, Wm. L. Prescott, John T. Reid, David R. Ross, Wm. T. Ready, John C. Smith, Robert Shaws, Joseph H. Shivers, James W. Spencer, John Stewart, Benjamin Shinn, Robert W. Terry, Henry I. Tidd, John W. Turner, Thomas I. Tramel, John Thompson, John Treanor, Nathaniel Waller, Joseph Watkins, Samuel Weems, H. N. White, Robert H. Woods, Thomas I. Warren, John H. Wiles, Freeman I. Waller, Thomas Waller, William Winn, Williamson B. Williams. Musicians.-Henry McAllister, William S. Clardy.-93. RENESAW RANGERS-COBB COUNTY. A. NELSON, Captain. JOSEPH H. WINTERS, 4th Sergeant. JAS. M. DOBBS, 1st Lieutenant. S. M. ANDERSON, 1st Corporal. W. J. MANAHAN, 2d WM. D. NEAL, 2d J. H. 1\EHAFFEY, 1st Sergeant. Wr. D. GRAY, 3d " H. TROTTER, 2d Wl. H. CRAFT, 4th Cb ANDREW B. REED) 3d a Privates.-W. A. Appling, Cicero H. Allen, T. J. Boyce, A. M, Boyd. W. W. Brown, Jesse Blackburn, Thomas A. Burroughs, John I. Bennett, J. B. Burton, Ephraim Bishop, Daniel R. Bruce, William Buse, L. D. Buse, John E. Conger, E. W. C. Champion, James J. Crawford, J. N. Carter, Green Copeland, John A. Cox, John Dunwoodie, Jr., William F. Davenport, Thomas Dillon, John D. S. Foote, James C. N. Foote, C. C. Farris, W. H. Goodwin, Washington Green, Hugh Gray, John Gray, W. D. Gann, Andrew P. Guess, W. P. Guess, J. O. Hackett, J. H. Hand,.W. J. Haines, J. B. Haden, Cicero C. Hammock, William 120 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. H. Head, George Hodge, Nicholas Hunt, Samuel Hawkins, Caleb Higgins, J. M. Jordan, Josiah Jordan, B. D. Jordan, Thomas R. Johnson, David P. Kendrick, Andrew J. Lafoy, John B. Lindley, John Merrett, John C. McConnell, John McConnell, John McAdams, J. N. Miller, William H. Miller, J. M. McGuire, W. H. McCuchin, John McGuffe, Chandler McGuffe, Bedney F. McDonald; James W. Mann, L. P. McCarthur, Elisha N. Knight, Thomas L. Owens, L. G. W. Phillips, William M. C. Parnell, William H. Pope, Solomon L. Rice, Isaac W. Robinson, Benjamin H. Smith, A. L. Siler, Abner Sweat, Lewis Sedeth, Joel Shead, Thomas Shivers, Richard H. Shaddix, John Tiller, John R. Winters, Fleming Wiley, Thomas C. West, Leroy W. Walton. Mlusicians.-George T. Lemon, Lewis J. Parr.-92. CANTON VOLUNTEERS-CHEROKEE COUNTY. K. GRAMLING, Captain. N. F. STRAIN, 4th Sergeant. A. KEATH, 1st Lieutenant. JOHN G. RHODES, 1st Corporal. W. F. MULLENS, 2d "t ALLEN MOODY, 2d " W. G. GRAMLING, 1st Sergeant. ROBT. S. KNOX, 3d S. J. COOK, 2d " JOSHUA HUGHES, 4th D. F. DANIEL, 3d " Privates.-William T. Archer, George F. Amos, Alfred H. Burns, Alexander F. Burns, Daniel H. Bird, Elijah W. Bond, John M. Bond, Joseph B. Cook, William S. Cook, John B. Cook, Alfred Cook, Ludy Cothren, Chesley C. Curtis, Wm. M. Camp, Isaac W. Carpenter, Lewis A. Carpenter, David P. Copeland, Thomas E. Dickerson, Benjamin Dean, James A. Delaney, Alexander M. Delaney, Stephen P. Ellis, John T. Dickerson, John W. Finchen, Richard M. Gramling, Henry J. Galt, Nehemiah J. Garrison, Elisha Hillhouse, Samuel W. Hillhouse, Joseph Heard, John 0. Hobson, Nathaniel M. Harris, Christopher Hullett, John C. Hatiley, Luther R. Henley, Isham Jordan, George W. Keith, George W. Lawhorne, John B. Lawson, Sanford Loven, John Lusk, William Lusk, Zimmerman Lawhorne, Henry M. Long, James M. Long, Levi Lancaster, Joshua McConnel, John C. Maddox, Jesse E. Machen, Samuel McConnel, James McMahan, Samuel G. Mathis, Christenbury Phillips,-James 0. Phillips, John A. Roberts, Samuel M. Rice, Albert Rodgers, John A. Roark, William A. Rivers, Ray Manning, William W. Rich, Isaac L. Scago, Benjamin F. Strain, Henderson Simeraly, John B. Sutherlandl Robert Spriggs, William H. Treadway, William Thompson, Isham Tyler, Jesse Tyler, John B. Thompson, George W. Williams, Beverley Wadkins, William S. Wood, John L. Wood, Samuel L. White, Benjamin Wofford. Musicians.-Anderson W. Turner, Greenburv Brooks.-Total, 900. TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS, 121 TREATIES HELD AT DIFFERENT TIMES WITH THE INDIANS, IN WHICH THE STATE OF GEORGIA WAS INTERESTED. Treaty made at SAVANNAH between General OGLETHORPE and the HEAD MEN of the Lower Creeks, on the 21st of May, 1733. THIS treaty contains stipulations that the Indians will let the Trustees' people trade in their towns-their goods to be sold according to fixed rates. The Trustees bind themselves to make restitution for any injuries which may be done to them by their people. The Indians agree that the Trustees' people shall make use of and possess all those lands which they had no occasion to use; not to molest or rob any of the English who might settle among them; to give no encouragement to any other white people to settle among them, &c., &c.; and finally, the Indians agree to keep the talk in their heads " as long as the sun shall shine, or the waters run into the rivers." Treaty ratified 18th October, 1733. Treaty entered into on the 21st of August, 1739, at COWETA TOWN, between General OGLETHORPE and the Creeks, Cherokees, and Chickasaws. The Indians declare that all the dominions, territories, and lands between the Savannah and St. John's Rivers, including all the islands, and from the St. John's River to the Apalachie Bay, and thence to the mountains, do, by ancient right, belong to the Creek Nation, and that they would not suffer either the Spaniards or any other people, excepting the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia, to settle their lands. They also acknowledge the grant which they formerly made to the Trustees of all the lands on Savannah River, as far as the river Ogeechee, and all the lands along the seacoast as far as St. John's River, and as high as the tide flowed, and all the islands, particularly St. Simon's, Cumberland, and Amelia, &c. Treaty at AUGUSTA with the Cherokee and Creek Indians, held on the 1st day of June, 1773, by his Excellency Sir JAMES WRIGHT, Bart., Captain-General, and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Georgia, and the Hon. JOHN STEWART,, Esq., his Majesty's sole Agentfor, and Superintendent of, Indian Affairs in the Southern District of North America. By this treaty the Cherokees and Creeks jointly cede to his Majesty a portion of territory, beginning at the place where "the lower 122 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, Creek Path intersects Ogeechee River; and along the main branch of said river to the source of the southernmost branch of said river; and from thence along the ridge between the waters of Broad River and Oconee River up to the Buffalo Lick; and from thence in a straight line to the tree marked by the Cherokees, near the head of a branch falling into the Oconee River; and from thence along the said ridge twenty miles above the line already run by the Cherokees; and from thence across to Savannah River by a line parallel with that formerly marked by them;" and the Creeks cede from the present boundary line to Phinholaway Creek, on the Alatamaha River, up the said river to an island opposite to the mouth of Barber Creek; and from thence across to Ogeechee River, opposite to the road about four miles above Buckhead. In consideration of the lands thus ceded, his Majesty agrees, after certain expenses are paid, to apply the moneys arising from the sale of the lands to the payment of debts justly due by the Indians to their traders. "In the year 1770, several of the Cherokee traders being at Augusta, told their principals, the merchants there, that the Indians, quite tired of being pressed from year to year for the payment of their debts, which they despaired of being able to accomplish by hunting, were willing to give up a body of land on Savannah River: in lieu of all the debts contracted by them since the peace in 1761. "The matter, at first, appearing to the merchants somewhat vague, was little attended to or credited. The traders were only told, that if they could make it appear that they were really in earnest in the matter, and that they looked upon such a plan as advantageous to them and their people, that it would be their best method to make application to the Superintendent and Gov. Wright. "The affair then lay over until the month of February, 1771, when the traders had a meeting with the Head Men, deputed from every town in the nation, on purpose to agree on something relative to those lands they before hinted at giving up; that, upon finding the Indians ready to acquiesce in the plan, they insisted upon making a cession of their lands immediately, which the traders ignorantly agreed to, and the Indians being determined to finish the matter, as far as respected them, appointed a day in June for a number of them to run the line;, but in March, 1771, before any further steps were taken, an account of this affair reached the principals at Augusta, who immediately transmitted it to Gov. Wright and to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, both of whom having disapproved of the mode of proceeding, the same was communicated, without loss of time, to the traders,'and they, as the lands lay in the Province of Georgia, got the Indians to make the cession to Gov. Wright for his Majesty, for the express purpose of paying off their debts."* Whilst in England, Gov. Wright sent a memorial to the Earl of Hillsborough in which, among other things, he stated that there was a considerable body of land which then lay between the boundary of Georgia with the Indians, and a river called Broad River, to the northwest, which empties into Savannah River, * Colonial Papers. TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS. 123 and the Oconee to the westward and southward. He described the land as of the richest and best quality, supposed to contain 5,000,000 acres-that the Cherokees claimed about 3,000,000 on Savannah River, and in order to pay the debts that they owe to the Indian traders, had voluntarily offered to cede the same to his Majesty. Governor Wright proposed that the land should be sold in small tracts, at the most not exceeding 1000 acres, to one person or family, and stated that the debts due from the Cherokees to these traders amounted to from ~40,000 to ~50,000 sterling. Instructions were given to the Governor to return as quickly as possible to Georgia, and to make the arrangements for the cession, which he accordingly did, Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, made at AUGUSTA, on the 31st day of May, 1783. By this treaty the parties agree to forget all differences-that all debts due by the Indians be paid, and all property taken during the war be restored-that a new line be drawn without delay between the present settlements of Georgia and the hunting-grounds of the Indians, &c., &c. Signed by his Hon. LYMAN HALL, Governor of Georgia, General JOHN TWIGGS, Col. ELIJAH CLARK, Col. WILLIAM FEW, the Hon. EDWARD TELFAIR, and General SAMUEL ELBERT, Commissioners appointed by the Legislature of Georgia, and a number of Indian chiefs or warriors. Treaty with the Creek Indians, held at AUGUSTA on the first day of November, 1783. The Commissioners on the part of the State of Georgia wereJOHN TWIGGS, ELIJAH CLARK, EDWARD TELFAIR, ANDREW BURNS, and WILLIAM GLASCOCK. Articles at HOPEWELL, on the Keowee, between BENJAMIN HAWKINS, ANDREW PICKENS, JOSEPH MARTIN, and LACHLAN MCINTOSH, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, and the Head Men and Warriors of all the Cherokees. Concluded November 28, 1785, and ratified April 17, 1786. Signed by the Commissioners and thirty-seven of the Head Men and warriors of the Cherokees. Treaty at SHOULDER BONE with the Creek Indians, 3d day of November, 1786. The Commissioners on the part of the State of Georgia were-JOHN HABERSHAM, ABRAHAM RAVOT, J. CLEMENTS, JAMES McNEIL, JOHN KING, JAMES POWELL, FERDINAND O'NEIL, JARED IRWIN. Fifty-nine chiefs or Head Men signed this treaty. 124 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Treaty at NEW-YORK with the Creek Indians, 7th day of August, 1790. Ratified August 13, 1790. Signed by H. KNOX, Secretary at War, and sole Commissioner for treating with the Creek Nation of Indians, on the part of the United States, and by ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY and the Head Men of the Creeks. Treaty at HOLSTON with the Cherokee Indians, on the 2d day of July, 1791. Ratified 11th November, 1791. This' was like the treaty of Hopewell-a treaty of peace and friendship. Signed by WILLIAM BLOUNT, Governor in and over the territory of the United States of America south of the river Ohio, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern District, and by forty of the Cherokee chiefs. Treaty at PHILADELPHIA with the Cherokees, 26th June, 1794. Ratified January 21, 1795. This appears to be a recapitulation of the main articles of the treaty at Holston. Signed by H. KNOX, Secretary at War, and thirteen chiefs. A Treaty of Peace and Friendship, made at COLERAINE, on the 29th of June, 1796, between the President of the United States, and the Kings, Chiefs, and Warriors of the Creek Nation of Indians. Ratified March 18, 1797. The Commissioners on the part of the United States wereBENJAMIN HAWKINS, GEORGE CLYMER, and ANDREW PICKENS. The Superintendent received instructions from the Commissioners to make the necessary arrangements for the reception of the Indians. On the 16th of June, at half-past ten, all the kings, head men, and warriors, to the number of four hundred, marching under the flag of the United States, came to the Commissioners, attended by the officers of the garrison. They danced the eagle tail dance from their camp, and the four dancers at the head of the chiefs waved six times the eagle tail over the heads of the Commissioners. Six of the principal kings and head men came up and took the Commissioners by the hand. They then handed their pipes to the Commissioners, and held them, and the fire which they brought in their hands from the camp. The Commissioners lit them and smoked. There was a short interval between each dance and wave of the eagle tail, beginning always with the Commissioners, the same interval in the shake of the hands and the lighting of the pipe. After these ceremonies the Commissioners made a short address, and which they concluded thus: "You will all now take a drink with us, and smoke the pipe of friendship'our warriors will now welcome you here in their way." FREATIES WITH THE INDIANS. 125 A signal being given, a salute of sixteen guns was discharged, and then the six chiefs were conducted by the Commissioners to their apartments, and they and their followers were entertained with wine and spirits. On the 17th, the Commissioners met the representation of the whole Creek Nation, present the three Commissioners of Georgia, twenty-two kings, seventy-five principal chiefs, one hundred and fifty-two warriors, the Superintendent, Col. Gaither, and the officers of the garrison. The business was conducted from day to day until the 29th of June, when the treaty was completed and signed. On the following day, General James Jackson, on the part of Georgia, made a long speech, in which he pointed out the faithless observance of their treaties with his State, by the Creeks, and exhibited two schedules of the property which they had stolen, amounting to the value of one hundred and ten thousand dollars, which he demanded to be restored. TheIndians listened with profound attention, and, when he had concluded, they adjourned for the day-the Big Warrior, who had lately become a prominent chief, facetiously remarking, " I can fill up more paper than Jackson has done, with a list of similar outrages of the Georgians upon my people.; The Georgia agents were offended with Seagrove, with the Indians, and with the Federal Commissioners. They presented to the latter a protest, in which they accused them of having disregarded the interests of Georgia, and they brought charges against Seagrove, who, they contended, had influenced the Creeks not to cede the lands as far as the Ocmulgee. The Federal Commissioners denied these allegations. Seagrove and Jackson became great enemies, and afterwards fought a duel.A Treaty of Limits between the United States and the Creek Nation of Indians. This treaty took place near Fort Wilkinson, on the Oconee River, on the 16th of June, 1802. Ratified January 11, 1803. The'Commissioners on the part of the United States were-JAMES WILKINSON, BENJAMIN HAWKINS, and ANDREW PICKENS. This treaty is signed by forty chiefs and warriors. Treaty with the Creeks at the AGENcY, near Flint River, oni November 3, 1804. The Indians cede to the United States certain lands in the forks of the Oconee and Ocmu]gee rivers in Georgia, &c. Signed by BENJAMIN HAWKINS, and HOPOIE Mcco, and other Indians, Treaty with the Creeks, made at the CITY OF WASHIINGTON, on the 14th day of 3November, 1805. Ratified Jane 2, 1806. In this treaty the Creeks agree to make a cession of a tract of land between the Oconee and Ocmulgee, in consideration of which the * Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia. 126 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. United States agree to pay to them annually, for eight years, $12,000, and $11,000 annually for ten years, &c. Signed by H. DEARBORN, Secretary at War, and six Head Men of the Creek Nation. Treaty with the Creeks at FORT JACKSON, concluded August 9, 1814. The Indians acknowledge having violated their treaties, cede a tract of country equivalent for the expenses of the war, &c. Signed by ANDREW JACKSON, and a number of Creek chiefs, deputies, and warriors. A Treaty of Limits between the United States and the Creek Nation of Indians. This treaty was made at the Creek Agency on the 22d of January, 1818. Ratified March 28, 1818. Signed by DAVID B. MITCHELL, Agent of Indian Affairs for the Creek Nation, and sole Commissioner specially appointed for that purpose. Treaty entered into at the INDIAN SPRINGS, with the Creeks, on the 8th day of January, 1821. Ratified March 2, 1821. DANIEL M. FORNEY, of North Carolina, and DAVID MERIWETHER, of Georgia, Commissioners on the part of the United States. This treaty is signed by twenty-six chiefs, in the presence of J. MCINTOSH, DAVID ADAMS, DANIEL NEWNAN, Commissioners of Georgia. Treaty made with the Creek Indians at the INDIAN SPRINGS, 12th day of February, 1825. DUNCAN G. CAMPBELL and JAMES MERIWETHER, Commissioners on the part of the United States. Signed by DUNCAN G. CAMPBELL and JAMES MERIWETHER, Commissioners on the part of the United States, and a number of warriors. Treaty made at the CITY OF WASHINGTON on the 24th day of January, 1826, between JAMES BARBOUR, Secretary of War, and certain Chiefs and Head Men of the Creek Nation of Indians. Ratified April 22, 1826. The preamble to this treaty declares, that a majority of the chiefs and warriors of the Creek Nation protested against the treaty concluded at the Indian Springs, on the 12th of February, 1825, and that it was not signed by persons having sufficient authority, and, therefore, the said treaty was declared null and void. A cession of land is made by the Creeks to the United States-$217,600 to be paid to the Creeks-a perpetual annuity of $20,000 to be secured TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS. 127 to them-difficulties of the nation to be amicably adjusted-friends and followers of General McIntosh to be paid $100,000-improvements on ceded lands to be paid for, &c. Signed by JAMES BARBOUR, and thirteen Head Men of the nation. -Treaty with the Creeks at the CREEK AGENCY, on the 15th day of November, 1827. Ratified March 4, 1828. The object of this treaty was to receive from the Creeks a cession of all the lands then owned by them in the State of Georgia. In consideration of this cession, the United States agreed to pay the Indians $27,491, &c. Signed by THOMAS L. McKENNEY, JOHN CROWELL, on the part of the United States, and six Creek warriors, and afterwards signed by eighty-four Head Men in general council, assembled at Wetumpka, Jan. 3, 1828. Treaty concluded at NEW ECHOTA, in the State of Georgia, on the 29th day of December, 1835. General WILLIAM CARROLL and JOHIN F. SCHERMERHORN, Commissioners on the part of the United States, and the Chiefs, Head Men, and people of the Cherokee tribe of Indians. Ratified May 23, 1836. 128 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CREEKS AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT. IN pursuance of the compact of 1802, between the United States and Georgia, by which the United States agreed to extinguish the Indian title to lands within the chartered limits of Georgia, Congress, in 1822, made an appropriation of $30,000 to defray the expenses of holding further treaties with the Creeks and Cherokees. D. G. Campbell and James Meriwether, Esquires, were appointed Commissioners on the part of the United States. These gentlemen visited the Cherokee Nation in 1823, and employed their best efforts to induce them to agree to a cession of their lands, but returned without accomplishing their object. The chiefs of the Cherokee Nation refused to meet the Commissioners on the subject of making cessions of lands, and also declared in their National Council, "hereafter never to make any cession of lands." It is said that General William McIntosh, a chief of the Creek Nation, and his son, attended the Council, and were at first treated with great respect; but upon its being discovered that Gen. McIntosh had attempted to bribe some of the chiefs to vote in favour of a cession of lands, it was resolved that no more confidence should be placed in him, and what may be called a sentence of degradation was pronounced against him. The attention of the Commissioners was then directed to the Creeks; and on the first of December, 1824, they met their chiefs at Thle-cath-ca, or Broken Arrow, the seat of their National Council. At this meeting a cession of lands was proposed; but it was refused, although it was believed that a portion of the chiefs was disposed to make a cession. At the Council at Broken Arrow, a communication from the Cherokees, advising the Creeks not to dispose of any more of their territory, was read by the sub-agent. Other improper interferences on the part of the functionaries of the General Government, it was confidently believed, prevented the Council from acceding to the propositions of the Commissioners. Mr. Campbell, not feeling authorized to conclude a treaty without the concurrence of all the chiefs, repaired to Washington, for the purpose of obtaining the President's permission to convene the chiefs within the limits of Georgia, to negotiate with them, exclusive of a deputation of chiefs from the upper towns. Mr. Monroe declined acceding to this proposition, but ordered a renewal of negotiations with the whole nation. Accordingly, a meeting of the chiefs was summoned to meet at the Indian Springs, in the limits of Georgia, on the 7th of February, 1825. On the 10th of the same month, the Commissioners met the chiefs and warriors, and explained their object. On the morning of the 1lth, at the Council, O-poth-le-yoholo, speaker of the nation, replied to the talk of the Commissioners, on behalf of the Big DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CREEKS AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 129 Warrior,* the head chief of the nation, in which he declared that no treaty could be made for a cession of lands, and invited them to a meeting to be held at Broken Arrow three months afterwards. This was the only answer, he said, he was authorized to give. On the following night the chiefs and warriors of the Cussetuhs and Soowoogaloos went home by order of the Big Warrior. On the 12th, a treaty was signed with the McIntosh party. The day after the treaty was signed, Col. John Crowell, Agent for the Creek Indians, addressed a letter to the Secretary at War, in which he informed him, that the treaty was in direct opposition to the letter and spirit of the instructions to the Commissioners. A short time after writing this letter Col. Crowell went to Washington, and soon after his departure, a council of the Creek Nation was held at Broken Arrow, in which a protest against the treaty at the Indian Springs was adopted. The treaty was, however, sent to WASfIINGTON, and, on the 3d of March, 1825, was ratified. On the next day after the President signed the treaty, the protest of the chiefs at Broken Arrow was received at the War Department. When it was known that the treaty was ratified, great excitement prevailed among the Indians. Mcintosh, accompanied by a few chiefs, repaired to Milledgeville, and had an interview with Governor Troup, during which they expressed their fears of hostility from the part of the nation opposed to the treaty, and craved the protection of the United States and Georgia. That protection was promised. It must be stated that the Indians opposed to this treaty declared, that at one of their councils a law was enacted, making it a capital offence for any one in authority to cede away lands without the consent of the nation. Serious doubts were entertained as to the existence of such a law. The chiefs in council did not affirmn that any such law was on record. A white man, who had lived among the Indians between twenty and thirty years, affirmed that he was acquainted with no such law. It was contended that no law of this kind existed, because its penalties were not inflicted upon the chiefs who ceded away lands in 1818 or'19. Governor Troup, desirous of learning the extent of the dissatisfaction among the Creeks, dispatched Col. H. G. Lamar with a talk to the chiefs and head men of Cussetuh and Took-aubatchee, who were met in several councils. Col. Lamar returned with the confident impression, that as soon as the ratification of the treaty was known, the hostiles would acquiesce. On the 21st of March, Governor Troup issued his proclamation announcing the ratification of the treaty, and on the 29th, he addressed a letter to icIntosh, requesting his permission to survey the territory ceded by the treaty, to which McIntosh replied, that the chiefs would convene on the 10th.of April, and that he would submit the proposal; and on the 12th, the consent of McIntosh and his party was obtained, upon the condition that the General Government had no objections. It is due * Big Warrior died at Washington City on the 8th of March, 1825. He is said to have been a man of great talents. During the Indian wars he was uniformly friendly to the whites. 9 130 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. to Governor Troup to observe, that the object contemplated by him in requesting the survey, was not to settle the country one day earlier than the provisions of the treaty would authorize, but to save the time consumed in that operation, to extend its laws over it, and to settle it immediately on the departure of the Indians. On the 8th of May, 1825, the governor received intelligence that, on Saturday morning, the 1st of May, an attack was made by a large body of Indians, supposed to be four hundred, who surrounded the house of McIntosh, set fire to it, shot him, and threw his body into the flames. Two other chiefs, Etomme Tustunnugge, and Colonel Hawkins, being among those who had signed the treaty, were also killed. They also plundered and destroyed considerable property.* Two days after Governor Troup was informed of these occurrences he issued his orders to the Major-Generals of the 5th, 6th, and 7th divisions of the militia of Georgia, to hold their divisions ready to march at a moment's warning, in case the United States bound by the Constitution and Treaty to repress and punish hostility among the Indians, and maintain peace on the borders of Georgia, should by any means fail of their duty in these respects. The alarm which ensued was very great. The Mcintosh party stated their belief that this outrage was owing to the influence of a white man, who was opposed to the treaty; and a communication was addressed by the deputies of the McIntosh party to James Barbour, Secretary at War, dated May 17, 1825, in which it was stated "that they could trust Colonel Crowell, their Agent, no longer; that he was opposed to the treaty at the Indian Springs, and endeavoured to prevent the Creeks from selling their lands; and begged the President to appoint an agent in whose hands they could feel safe to go west of the Mississippi. If Colonel Crowell is continued, we fear the friends of General Mcintosh will be sacrificed." Governor Troup considered it a duty to prefer charges against Colonel Crowell, and T. P. Andrews, Esq., was appointed by the President to examine into these charges, as well as those made by Chilly Mclntosh, and other chiefs of the Creek Nation. Upon the arrival of the agent at Milledgeville, he requested Governor Troup to furnish him with any charges which he might have against Colonel Crowell, which the Governor promptly did. The charges were the following:lst.-Predetermined opposition to prevent the Indians, by all the means in his power, from making any cession of their lands in favour of the Georgians, and this from the most unworthy and most unjustifiable of all motives. 2d.-With advising and instigating, in chief, the death of McIntosh and his friends. About this time, also, General Gaines was ordered to repair to Milledgeville, to consult with Governor Troup on the proper measures to be adopted in the then situation of affairs. Space cannot be given to the extensive correspondence between the agents of the General Go* See Biographical Sketch of McIntosh. DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CREEKS AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 131 vernment and Governor Troup. It was conducted with acrimony on both sides, and if Governor Troup used, what was supposed, harsh language in reference to the matters in dispute, it must be ascribed to the sense of wrong under which he believed the people of Georgia were then labouring. An extra meeting of the Legislature, to assemble on the 23d of May, 1825, was called by Governor Troup. That body met, and directed the survey and appropriation of the territory ceded by the treaty at the Indian Springs. The Committee on the state of the republic, to whom was referred the subjects of the conduct of the agent of the Creek Indian affairs in relation to the late treaty with that nation, and also in respect to the murder of General McIntosh and others of the Creek chiefs, by their chairman, Mr. Blackshear, made a report, which was adopted, and of which the following is an abstract:That the very considerable power in his hands of affecting the interest of this State has been prostituted to purposes unworthy in themselves and foreign from the objects of his appointment: That, in the opinion of this Legislature, objects of private interest, and purposes arising in the strife of State politics, have mainly influenced and governed his conduct, and that he has hence been either the advocate or the opponent of the rights of this State, as those rights have happened, from time to time% to coincide with, or stand opposed to, the private advantage of him or his friends, and his political predilections; to which, in the opinion of this Legislature, he has long been, and now is willing to sacrifice the interests of the General Government and the happiness and safety of the Creek Indians: That his continuance in office hitherto has been, and hereafter will be, greatly to the injury of this State, and that the confidence of a large part of the Creek Nation is now so irrecoverably alienated from him, that it would hereafter be impossible for him to administer and superintend their affairs to their advantage and comfort, even if he were disposed so to do; and that this Legislature do request of the President of the United States to remove the said agent from office, to the end that all due and proper proof of his delinquency may be made. Be it fuzrther resolved, That his Excellency the Governor do appoint two or more fit and proper persons to collect and receive evidence therein, and that such persons, when so appointed by his Excellency the Governor, shall be invested with all the power of sending for persons and papers, and of examining witnesses, that is vested in either or both houses of this Legislature. In 18-, the President determined to refer the treaty to Congress for reconsideration, on the ground that intrigue and treachery were practised to obtain it. Governor Troup ordered the surveys not to be commenced, and in his message to the Legislature in November, 1825, he assigns his reasons for so directing. It would be uncandid, fellow-citizens, to disguise, that but for the proposed reference to Congress, the survey would have been commenced and prosecuted. So long as the controversy was confined to the Executive of the Union and the 132 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Executive of Georgia, there could be no hesitation as to the measures which it became the latter to pursue. Between States equally independent, it is not required of the weaker to yield to the stronger, because this would be settling controversies by the rule of force, not by the rule of right, and between sovereigns the weaker is equally qualified as the stronger to pass upon its rights. The immediate survey of the country, required certainly by the interest and convenience of Georgia, was not of that vital importance which would justify offensive measures to execute it. But the abandonment of a right, not considered doubtful by the only power competent to pronounce upon it, was another and a very different matter. The concession of a right without an equivalent by a weaker to a strong. or power, is never made without exposing the former to injurious imputation, and will always be followed by concession after concession to unjust. demands, until nothing remains to be demanded on the one side, or conceded on the other. When therefore the President of the United States commanded the Governor of Georgia to forbear the survey, and when that command was followed by a distinct annunciation of the penalty which awaited the disobedience of it, the Executive of Georgia would not merely have surrendered a right already declared to be so by the supreme power of the State, but would have made a dishonourable surrender to a stronger power, with the sword suspended over his head. Whilst, therefore, the Governor would in this respect have treated the mandate of the President as unlawful, he did not hesitate, as soon as the contemplated reference of the treaty for alleged intrigue and treachery was officially known to him, to postpone the survey till the meeting of the Legislature; not because that reference was lawful, but that its legality or illegality was not so appropriately a question for his decision as for that of the Legislature. So that whilst the government of Georgia denied the power of the Executive authority of the United States to pronounce upon her rights, it might not refuse to the assembled States of the Union the opportunity of investigating certain claims, or discussing certain questions in controversy connected with the treaty, or with her own character and conduct in relation to it. So far as that character and conduct were in any manner involved in the negotiation or conclusion of the treaty, or in the events which preceded and followed, their purity, uprightness and justice might freely be canvassed before the whole world. Thus much was conceded for our own sake, until the meeting of the Legislature-the rights of the State were saved by. protestation, and the Legislature is yet free to act upon the subject, as if no measure had been taken by the Executive in relation to that reference. By a resolution of the Legislature of the 14th of June, 1825, Gov. Troup was authorized to appoint Commissioners to collect and receive evidence in regard to the conduct of the Indian Agent. Warren Jourdan, W. W. Williamson, Seaborn Jones, and Wim. H. Torrance, Esqs.,were appointed. In their report to Gov. Troup, the Commissioners of Georgia state that they were inhibited by Gen. Gaines from any participation in the counsels-that impediments were thrown in the way of obtaining testimony-intercourse with the Indians refused them, &c. In his message to the Legislature of -, Gov. Troup justly remonstrates against such proceedings. Other grounds of DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHIEFS AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 133 complaint are adverted to, but our limits forbid a mention of them in detail. It may be proper, however, to remark, that owing to letters written by the Special Agent, T. P. Ancrews, Gov. Troup, in a letter addressed to him, June 28, requested that he would hold no further correspondence with him. Gen. Gaines also, in the opinion of Gov. Troup, was guilty of indignities to the government of Georgia, and he not only declined any intercourse with him, but demanded of the General Government his recall, arrest, trial and punishment. The Legislature of this year declared by resolution that they conceived that the treaty at the Indian Springs contained intrinsic evidence of its " own fairness, etc.," and that their confidence in the gentlemen who negotiated it remained umimpaired. By this same Legislature it was also resolved, that Full reliance is and ought to be placed in the treaty lately concluded between the United States for the use of Georgia and the Creek Nation of Indians at the Indian Springs-that the title of the territory obtained by said treaty within the limits of Georgia is considered as an absolute vested interest and that nothing short of the whole territory thus acquired will be satisfactory, and that the right of entry immediately upon the expiration of the time limited in the treaty be insisted on, and accordingly carried into effect..* President Adams presented to the Senate, for their ratification, a treaty made on the 24th day of January, 1826, as a substitute for the one signed at the Indian Springs on the 12th of February, 1825. This treaty was ratified by the Senate. The Georgia delegation, then composed of Alfied Cuthbert, George Cary, John Forsyth, E. F. Tattnall, C. H. Haynes, Wiley Thompson, and James Reriwether, protested against the treaty in the following manner:The President of the United States having submitted to the House of Representatives a contract made by James Barbour, Secretary of War, and certain Indians of the Creek tribe, dated the 26th day of January, 1826, which has been ratified by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, and having asked of Congress an appropriation to carry it into effect, the uudersigned representatives of the people of Georgia feel it their duty respectfully to represent to the House, That, by a contract made at the Indian Springs, between certain chiefs of the Creek tribe and the Commissioners of the United States, on the 12th of February, 1825, the claim of the Creek Indians to the land occupied by that tribe in Georgia was extinguished, and provision made for their removal by the 1st day of September, 1826. That this contract was, on the 7th of March, duly and solemnly ratified and' By referring to Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia, page 316, 1st vol., the reader will perceive how completely the justification of the'Government of Georgia is made out from beginning to end of the Indian controversy. The compiler takes great pleasure in expressing the opinion that few works have been prepared with greater attention to authorities than Mr. Pickett's History, 134 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. proclaimed by the President of the United States, acting by the advice and with the consent of the Senate, and that Congress, anticipating such contract, had appropriated the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars towards the execution of it. This contract partially fulfilled, on the part of the United States their obligation under the compact with Georgia of 1802, and removed every difficulty interposed by the occupation of the Creek Indians to the full exercise of all the vested rights of the State over a considerable portion of her soil and territory. That the undersigned are under the solemn conviction that neither the President alone, nor the President and Senate conjointly, nor the, government of the United States have any constitutional power, without the consent of Georgia, to interrupt or invalidate, under any pretence whatsoever, the right secured to that State by this contract, made in obedience to an act of Congress, and ratified with all due solemnity. That the new contract, for which an appropriation is now asked, differs from that at the Indian Springs in this:-That it does not provide for the removal of the Creek Indiansnprior to 1827, and does not expressly provide for their removal from cll the land occupied by them in Georgia. The undersigned are, therefore, compelled, by a just sense of what is due to Georgia, to protest, as they do most solemnly protest, against it, as violating the rights of that member of the Union of which they are the representatives, leaving it to the constitutional organs of the State sovereignty to vindicate or to waive these rights, as their own sense of propriety, their duty to the people of the State, and their reverence for the Union of the States, under the Federal Constitution, may dictate. To this treaty Governor Troup paid no attention. His objections were, that" Georgia, for whose benefit alone the treaty was negotiated, was deprived, without her consent, of interests already vested. The party with whom the old treaty had been negotiated was not recognized at all in the conclusion of the new; and in the execution of the new treaty, without their consent, and even against their consent, they have not only been deprived of every right which they could claim under the old, or new, but have been, to all intents and purposes, denationalized, and forced either to submit unconditionally to the power of their enemies, or abandon their country. Besides, lands the rightful property of Georgia were taken from her, and ceded to the Indians forever, and the jurisdiction over the river Chattahoochee, which had been secured exclusively to her by her original charter, by her constitution, and by the articles of agreement and cession, was divided by the new treaty between Alabama and Georgia." The subject was taken up by the Legislature of 1826, and they adopted a resolution, by which it was declared, that the attempted abrogation of the treaty of the Indian Springs by the treaty of Washington, in sofar as-it divested Georgia of any right acquired under the former, is illegal and unconstitutional, &c. In July, 1826, Governor Troup ordered certain Commissioners to run the line between Georgia and Alabama, as laid down by the compact of 1802, and onl the 1st of DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CREEKS AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 135 September he ordered the districts to be surveyed. The Indians complained of this, and the Secretary of War wrote to Governor Troup, that " the President felt himself compelled to employ all the means under his control to maintain the faith of the nation by carrying the treaty into effect." In reply to this communication the Governor said, that " he would feel it to be his duty to resist to the utmost any military attack which the President of the United States shall think proper to make upen the territory, the people, or the sovereignty of Georgia. From the first decisive act of hostility, you will be considered and treated as a public enemy. You have referred me as the rule of my conduct to the treaty of Washington. In turn, I refer you to a treaty of prior date and prior ratification, concluded at the Indian Springs." The President having issued orders to prosecute the surveyors, Governor Troup ordered the proper officers, in every instance of complaint made of the arrest of any surveyor, " to take all necessary and legal measures to effect their liberation, and to bring to justice all the parties concerned in such arrests, as violators of the peace and personal security of the State." Upon the same day he ordered the major-generals of the 6th and 7th divisions to issue orders to hold the several regiments and battalions in readiness to repel any hostile invasion of the State. Happily for the country, no acts of violence were committed upon the part of the General Government. The surveyors were not arrested, the surveys were completed, and the entire territory covered by the old treaty was organized, and disposed of by lottery, in 1827, 136 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DIFFICIULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. WE have seen in another part of this work that, in the year 1827, the difficulties between the General Government, the State of Georgia, and the Creek Indians, were adjusted by the acquisition of the whole territory of the latter within the limits of Georgia. In relation to the Cherokees, the case was far different. They then occupied the entire northwestern part of Georgia, which is still known as Cherokee Georgia. They had their own printed Constitution and code of laws, by which they had declared themselves an independent State, and claimed the guarantees made to them, by treaty stipulations on the part of the United States, (by many thought to have been illegally and imprudently made,) to protect them in the peaceful and quiet possession of the country occupied by them, securing the same to them and to their heirs forever. The United States claimed the right of enforcing the intercourse laws for the government of the Indian tribes, which prohibited any person from settling on Indian territory, or trading in any article whatever with any Indian, without a special license from the proper authority. The State of Georgia had extended her criminal jurisdiction over the Cherokee territory, and the Cherokee Nation had passed a law that no person should settle on their lands, or trade with their people, without a permit from their authorities. It is easy, therefore, to perceive that the laws of these three different governments, intended to govern the same people, must have been found to be in conflict with each other, and constantly render ing them liable to collision. Whilst this state of things existed, Georgia could not hope to free herself from the inconveniences resulting from having a people within her limits who refused to obey her laws. Repeated efforts had been made to induce the Cherokees to exchange the territory they claimed within the limits of Georgia, for a country west of the Mississippi River, but with no success. In 1827, the Hon. Wilson Lumpkin, who was then a member of Congress, consulted with his colleagues in reference to the proper measures to be adopted, by which the removal of the Cherokees could be effected. His suggestions were frankly made and repectfully considered, but no definite and united efforts were agreed upon; indeed, the Georgia delegation generally entertained the opinion that nothing effective in relation to the removal of the Cherokees could be done under the administration of Mr. John Quincy Adams. Mr. Lumpkin was placed upon the Committee of Indian Affairs, and, on the 13th day of November, 1827, he introduced the following resolution: DIFFICULTIES WITH THE GHEROKEES. 137 "Resolved, That the Committee of Indian Affairs be instructed to inquire into the expediency of providing, by law, for the removal of the various tribes of Indians who have located within the States, or territories of the United States, to some eligible situation west of the Mississippi." This resolution was adopted, and the Committee of Indian Affairs made a report, accompanied by a bill, providing for the removal of Indians still remaining within any of the States or territories, and for their permanent settlement west of the Mississippi. The bill encountered violent opposition, but it finally passed. The provisions of the act of Congress were considered plain, salutary, and comprehensive. They secured to the Indians forever the undisputed possession and control of the regions allotted them, and made such arrangements as were essential to the subsistence, safety, and comfortable establishment of the colonists. Under this act many Indians, from different States, emigrated to the West; but, although efforts were made by the General Government to induce the Cherokees to avail themselves of the provisions of Congress, a few (about seven hundred) consented to do so. We might fill a volume with a narrative of the difficulties which were produced by the refusal of the Cherokees to remove, but our statement must be brief, although, we hope, sufficiently comprehensive to embrace the principal facts connected with this portion of the history of Georgia. It must be kept in mind that Georgia had, in 1828, extended her criminal jurisdiction over that part of her territory claimed by the Cherokees, besides passing many laws intended to operate upon that people. On the 22d of December, 1830, Governor Gilmer made a communication to the Legislature then in session, in which he informed this body that he had, on that day, received a citation, addressed to the State of Georgia, signed by John Marshall, ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to appear before said court, on the second Monday in January, 1831, to answer to that tribunal for having caused a person who had committed murder within the limits of the State to be tried and convicted therefor. In commenting upon this citation, Governor Gilmer said: "So far as concerns the exercise of the power which belongs to the Executive Department, orders received from the Supreme Court, for the purpose of staying, or in any manner interfering with the decisions of the courts of the State, in the exercise of their constitutional jurisdiction, will be disregarded; and any attempt to enforce such order will be resisted with whatever force the laws have placed at my command. " If the judicial power thus attempted to be exercised by the courts of the United States is submitted to, or sustained, it must eventuate in the utter annihilation of the State governments, or in other consequences, not less fatal to the peace and prosperity of our present highly favoured country." The Governor's communication was referred to a Select Committee, who made the following report, viz. 138 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "Whereas, it appears by a communication made by his Excellency the Governor to the General Assembly, that the Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States has sanctioned a writ of error, and cited the State of Georgia, through her Chief Magistrate, to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States, to defend said State against said writ of error, at the instance of one George Tassels, recently convicted in Hall Superior Court; "And whereas, the right to punish crimes against the peace and good order of this State, in accordance with the existing laws of this State, is an original and a necessary part of sovereignty which the State of Georgia has never parted with:" Be it therefore resolved 7y the Senate and Iloztse of Representatives,,c., That they view with feelings of deep regret the interference, by the Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the administration of the criminal laws of this State, and that such an interference is a flagrant violation of her rights. " Resolved further, That his Excellency the Governor be, and he, and every other officer of this State, is hereby requested and enjoined to disregard any and every mandate and process that has been or shall be served upon him or them, purporting to proceed from the Chief-Justice, or any associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, for the purpose of arresting the execution of any of the criminal laws of this State. And be it further resolved, That his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby authorized and required, with all the force and means placpd at his command, by the Constitution and laws of this State, to resist and repel any and every invasion, from whatever quarter, upon the administration of the criminal laws of this State. C" Resolved, That the State of Georgia will never so far compromit her sovereignty, as an independent State, as to become a party to the case sought to be made before the Supreme Court of the United States by the writ in question. "'Resolved, That his Excellency the Governor be, and he is hereby authorized, to communicate to the Sheriff of Hall County, by express, so much of the foregoing resolutions, and such orders, as are necessary to insure the full execution of the laws, in the case of George Tassels, convicted of murder in Hall County." The resolution relative to the execution of Tassels was enforced a few days after its passage, and gave rise to much excitement among the Cherokees, as well as among the citizens of certain portions of the United States. Many severe charges were brought against the State of Georgia by her enemies, in reference to this matter, and numerous public meetings were held, and petitions forwarded to Congress. On the 27th of December, 1830, and the 1st of January, 1831, a notice was served on the Governor and Attorney-General of Georgia, signed by John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, that on the 5th of March, 1831, at the City of Washington, the Cherokee Nation would, by their counsel, move the Supreme Court of the United States for an injunction to restrain the State of Georgia from executing her laws within the Cherokee territory. DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 139 With this notice there was also sent to the Governor and AttorneyGeneral a copy of the bill containing the grounds upon which the said motion would be made. On the day named the case came before the Supreme Court, John Sargeant and William Wirt, Esquires, being counsel for the Cherokees. The State of Georgia did not appear. The bill was very long, and recited with much particularity the grounds of complaint which the Cherokees had against the State of Georgia, and was supported by Mr. Sargeant and Mr. Wirt with much learning and eloquence. Chief-Justice Marshall, Judge Johnson, and Judge Baldwin, voted against granting the injunction, and Judge Thompson and Judge Story in favour of it. At the session of the Legislature of Georgia, 1831, Mr. Lumpkin, who was then Governor, was requested by that body to communicate any information in his possession, together with his views in relation to the Cherokee Nation, and the immediate survey and occupancy of the Cherokee lands. To this request he responded, recommending an immediate survey of the Cherokee territory; and after the completion of the survey, he further recommended that Georgia should pause for a time and endeavour to maintain her present unpleasant, expensive, and embarrassing situation, in the hope that better counsels might then prevail among the Indians, and that those who governed them, might yield to such measures as would promote their real and lasting interest. Should circumstances, however, render it indispensable, he further recommended to take possession of the unoccupied territory. The Legislature authorized the survey, and the Governor accordingly, in April, 1831, ordered it to be made. Great excitement followed, but the survey was made and completed before the meeting of the next Legislature. During this year a majority of the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States issued a mandate to the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, ordering a reversal of the decree under which the Rev. Messrs. Worcester and Butler were imprisoned in the penitentiary. These gentlemen, with nine others, were convicted of illegal residence among the Cherokees, and sentenced to imprisonment for four years, at hard labour, in the penitentiary. The influence of the missionaries was considered by many persons in Georgia a serious obstacle in the way of the arrangements proposed to be made with the Cherokees. The missionaries were accused of giving advice on political questions. On the 29th of December, 1830, they held a meeting at New Echota, at which, among other resolutions, they adopted the following, viz.: " That the frequent insinuations which have been publicly made, that missionaries have used an influence in directing the political affairs of this nation, demand from us an explicit and public disavowal of the charge; and we therefore solemnly affirm, that, in regard to ourselves at least, every such insinuation is entirely unfounded." They also expressed their opinion, that the establishment of 140 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the jurisdiction of Georgia over the Cherokee people, against their will, would be an immense and irreparable injury. Such sentiments served to inflame the people of Georgia against the missionaries. A'law was passed by Georgia, which enacted that all white men who should be found residing on the Cherokee lands after a certain time, without having taken an oath of allegiance to the State, should be imprisoned in the penitentiary, at hard labour, for not less than four years. The missionaries determined to disregard this law, and Mr. Proctor, Mr. Worcester, and Mr. Thompson were arrested by the Georgia Guard. Worcester and Thompson were afterwards taken, by a writ of habeas corpus, before the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, where their counsel moved for their release, on the ground that the law was unconstitutional and void. Judge Clayton overruled this motion, but he decided that, as Mr. Worcester was a postmaster, and as all the missionaries had been employed in expending the United States fund for civilizing the Indians, the law did not apply to them. They were therefore discharged. On the 16th of May, Governor Gilmer wrote to the missionaries, informing them that sufficient evidence had been obtained from the Government of the United States that they were not its agents, and requiring them to leave the country with as little delay as possible, under penalty of another arrest. The missionaries refused to obey the order. They were again arrested and brought before the Inferior Court of Gwinnett County, and gave bonds to appear for trial before the Superior Court. On the 15th of September, the trial came on, and they were found guilty, and sentenced to the penitentiary, but recommended to Executive clemency, if they would promise to take the oath of allegiance, or leave the Cherokee country. On their arrival at the penitentiary, Governor Gilmer directed the proper officers to ascertain whether they would leave the State and accept pardon. Messrs. Worcester and Butler refusing to do so, were committed to prison according to their sentence. It may be well to state here, that upon the receipt of a mandate of the Supreme Court of the United States, relating to the case of the missionaries, their counsel moved in the Superior Court of Georgia that the mandate be received and recorded, and the missionaries discharged, but the Court refused to do so. These gentlemen were afterwards pardoned by Gov. Lumpkin. It was said that, by pardoning them, he had compromitted the rights of Georgia; that he solicited them to ask for their pardon. Persons whose connection with the Government at that time gave them the best opportunities of knowing the truth, positively denied this. We believe the facts in the case were these: The missionaries were advised by their friends to change their course. They inquired of the keeper of the penitentiary whether the Governor would release them if they removed their suit then pending in the Supreme Court. Their inquiries were submitted to the Governor, who replied, that whenever they yielded to the authority of Georgia, they should be pardoned. This was communicated to them, and they immediately addressed a letter to the Prudential Com DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 141 mittee of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, asking their advice in the matter. The Secretary replied, that the Board were of the opinion that they ought not to avail themselves of the offer of a pardon. Early, however, in January, 1833, the Secretary of the Board addressed a letter to them, in which he said, that a due regard to public opinion, and the cause of religion, required that they should withdraw their suit. This letter was received on the evening of the 8th of January, 1833, and the same evening, Messrs. Worcester and Butler instructed their attorney, Mr. AWirt, to prosecute their suit no further, and communicated the fact to the Governor and Attorney-General of the State. In their communication to the Governor, they remarked, that "we have not been led to the adoption of this measure by any change of views in regard to the principles on which we have acted." The Governor considered this communication disrespectful, and " determined, that as long as they regarded the'principles on which they had acted' so highly, they might stcand by them? in the penitentiary." They were informed the next day what reception their communication had met with, upon which they asked Colonel Cuthbert to request the Governor to permit them to withdraw the communication, in order to correct it in its objectionable parts; this the Governor refused, and they then addressed to him the following note: PENITENTIARY, MILLEDGEVILLE, Jan. 9th, 1833. To HIS EXCELLENCY WILSON LUMPKIN, Governor of the Stcate of Georgia: SIR,-We are sorry to be informed that some expressions in our communication of yesterday were regarded by your Excellency as an indignity offered to the State, or its authorities. Nothing could be further from our design. In the course we have now taken, it has been our intention simply to forbear the prosecution of our case, and to leave the question of the continuance in confinement to the magnanimity of the State. We are respectfully yours, S. A. WORCESTER. ELIZUR BUTLER. Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature of 1831, Gov. Lumpkin communicated to the President of the United States the views of Georgia on the subject of the unoccupied lands in the Cherokee country. The President manifested a disposition to effect an amicable adjustment of difficulties. He proposed to the Cherokees terms, but they were rejected. In obedience to the resolution of the Legislature of Georgia, the Justices of the Inferior Courts were directed to receive and return 142 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the names of persons entitled to draws in the lottery. This was done, and the lottery commenced on the 22d of October, 1832. In his message to the Legislature of 1833, Gov. Lumpkin announced that the lotteries were completed, and that the act of the Legislature providing for the organization of ten counties from the territory thus disposed of, had been carried into effect. In the early part of this year, renewed efforts were made by the President of the United States to effect a treaty with the Cherokees, but it was supposed that these were defeated by a few of the half-breeds. They were, however, continued, with a hope that the day was near when Georgia would be. relieved from the perplexities under which she laboured, by having an Indian population within her limits. The act of the Legislature passed this year, more effectually to provide for the government and protection of the Cherokees, &c., met with considerable opposition. Various petitions for bills of injunction were made to the proper authority. Gov. Lumpkin, acting under an act of the Legislature, had appointed William G. Springer, Esq., agent for carrying into effect the provisions of the act in reference to Indian improvements. In consequence of this act, many bills of injunction were filed, and sanctioned by Judge Hooper. The judicial conduct of this gentleman was animadverted upon by Gov. Lumpkin in his message to the Legislature. He charged him with obstructing the policy of the State upon the Cherokee subject, &c. The House of Representatives resolved " that a committee be appointed to investigate the entire judicial conduct of Judge Hooper; that said committee have power to send for persons and papers, and should they deem it expedient, to report by articles of impeachment, by address or otherwise." The Committee met on the 8th of December, and ordered some sixty persons to be subpcenaed. In consequence of the multitude of witnesses, and the amount of testimony, the Committee was unable to complete its examination during the session, and no further notice was taken of the matter. In 1832, the Hon. Lewis Cass addressed a communication to the Cherokees, in which he stated that the President of the United States had been informed that a change had probably taken place in the sentiments they had heretofore entertained on the subject of a removal, and that propositions in reference to this matter would be favourably received; that the President was convinced that a removal would lay a sure foundation for their future improvement and civilization. Mr. Cass also stated that the President would enter into an arrangement with them, upon certain general principles, &c., but his overtures were rejected. In 1884, a treaty was entered into by a delegation of the Cherokees, at Washington; but the Senate of the United States declined acting upon it. In the course of this year, considerable alarm was felt among the citizens of Georgia residing in the Cherokee territory, on account of DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 143 various acts of violence on the part of the Cherokee Indians. Several distinguished natives were shot, because it was thought they were favourable to the policy of the General Government upon the subject of emigration. In some sections, such was the alarm, that the citizens met and adopted the most stringent resolutions, and requested Governor Lumpkin to cause troops to be stationed at suitable points to protect the people; with which request he complied. A body of men called the Georgia Guard had been organized agreeably to an act of the Legislature. It was their duty to protect the citizens of Georgia and the friendly Cherokees. The arrest and confinement of John Howard Payne, who was travelling among the Cherokees for information, as was said, was considered as an act of oppression on the part of the Georgia Guard. Mr. Payne was suspected of writing papers of an improper character. Col. William N. Bishop, the commander of the Georgia Guard, represented to the Governor that he had examined some of Payne's papers, and found some very improper and indiscreet statements in relation to the President, our Government and State authorities, and many bitter remarks concerning Cherokee matters, but finally concluded that they were not of such a nature as would justify his being bound over to answer for his offence in our courts. He, therefore, discharged him. This arrest took place in the State of Tennessee, the Governor of which addressed a letter to the Executive of Georgia in relation to it. Anterior, however, to the receipt of this letter, the conduct of the Georgia Guard had been expressly condemned by a resolution of the General Assembly of Georgia. In February, 1835, two deputations from the Cherokees repaired to the City of Washington. At the head of one was John Ross, opposed to removal; and at the head of the other, John Ridge, favourable to removal, Ross and his party submitted a proposition for the cession of their claims in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina, founded upon the basis of allowing them $20,000,000 for their rights, and also the payment of certain claims. An answer to this was prepared, repelling the proposition, and declining further negotiation with them; but before it was sent, Judge Underwood, their counsel, intimated that they would be willing to submit the question of value to the Senate, and abide their decision. In the meantime, Ridge's party requested that an arrangement might be made with them for submission to their people, and instructions were prepared for Mr. Schermerhorn, authorizing a meeting with Ridge's party, and ascertaining on what terms an. arrangement could be made. Before Mr. Schermerhorn commenced the negotiation, Ross and his party requested to submit a proposal to the President for his approval. Assurances were given that their propositions would be considered, and orders were given to Mr. Schermerhorn to suspend his operations; but so much time had elapsed before anything was heard from Ross's party, that he was directed to open the discussion with Ridge and his party, which terminated in a general 144 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. understanding in regard to the basis of the arrangement which it was understood should be explained to a meeting of the Cherokee people by a Commissioner sent for this purpose, and after it had received their approval, to lay it before the Senate for their action. The Secretary of War, the Hon. Lewis Cass, received a letter dated 9th of March, 1835, from the Ross party, in which they protested against any arrangements being entered into with the Ridge party; that if their people would consent to treat and accept of the sum offered, then they were willing that the wishes of their nation, in regard to the application of the money, should be consulted and adopted, a just regard being had to individual rights. Under the arrangements made at Washington between the Cherokees and the United States Government, the President appointed Governor Carroll and the Rev. Mr. Schermerhorn Commissioners of the treaty, and a programme of a treaty was furnished them, with instructions by the War Department. A council of the Cherokees was held in 1835, at Running Waters, to ascertain in what manner they desired their annuity to be paid. Major Benjamin F. Currey, special agent, after explaining the object of the meeting, introduced Mr. Schermerhorn as one of the Commissioners to negotiate a treaty. The compiler thinks that a short account of the proceedings of this meeting will be interesting to his readers. Mr. Schermerhorn delivered his opening speech thus: It is not my intention to submit the proposed treaty for your final action upon it at this time, because the-council has not been convened for that purpose, and therefore Governor Carroll is not present. I am extremely gratified, however, that I have an opportunity to meet so many of you and, with your permission, I will address you to-morrow morning, and state to you the views of the government, and the advantages offered to you by the proposed treaty, in order that you may think of it until we meet again, to finally act upon the subject. "If any article of the treaty, in its details, can be altered for the better in your opinion, the Commissioners have power to make such alterations, and I assure you, it will afford them much pleasure to make such as you can convince them will be for your best interest as a people. I regret to find, however, one great difficulty in the way of a friendly and united action on this subject, and this arises fiom the party divisions and dissensions among yourselves. For your own interest, and prosperity, and happiness, I desire to see a reconciliation between your leading-men. I believe Mr. Ross and Mr. Ridge, and the leading men on both sides, are the friends of their country and people; and if ever men ought to make sacrifices for the public good, you ought all to do so now. Ever since I have been among you I have laboured to effect this object, and I hope it will be met by both parties in the same spirit in which it will be proposed.' Mr. Ross arose and replied as follows:' I assure you, sir, and this council, that I am not a party man-that in what I have done, I have been actuated by a desire to promote the best interest of my DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 145 people. I have no enmity to Mr. Ridge, nor unfriendly feelings towards any of his friends. I would be happy to have him act with us to promote the good of our nation. lam not disposed to encourage party views, and feelings, and names; neither am I disposed to quarrel with any man, for an honest expression of his opinion with regard to what is best for the interest of the people; and if gentlemen are honest in the expression of their benevolence, I will cordially co-operate with them for the public good. I must, however, observe to the Commissioners, that however much we should desire to hear him, it will be, I fear, impossible, because the people have not come prepared to stay more than one day, and many are now without provisions." Here Mr. Ridge arose and said, in substance:-'"I arise, sir, to express my gratitude to hear such words drop from the lips of one of our chiefs. It is long since I have been accustomed to hear such language from him, and if they are the words of sincerity and truth, my heart cheerfully responds to such feelings., I acknowledge I have acted different from Mr. Ross and his friends. I have been driven from a sense of love for our nation, and an honest conviction of duty, to take the course I have adopted, as the only means for the preservation of our afflicted and distressed people; and if Mr. Ross will only go forward now, and act at once to bring our difficulties to an end, and have them settled in any better manner than the government now proposes, and I and my friends have agreed to accept, I am ready to acknowledge him as my principal chief. I am at all times open to conviction. I shall willingly unite with my nation in any measure to promote their peace and prosperity.' On this Mr. Schermerhorn again rose and said:"It affords me the highest satisfaction to hear and see the disposition manifested by the leading men of both parties among you; and they have done themselves great honour, and I earnestly hope that this disposition may be cherished by all on both sides; and I trust the plan I shall propose to-morrow, to settle your difficulties and to bring you to an act of unison and harmony, will be cordially acceded to, by both parties; and if so, it will be the happiest and'best day you have long seen as a people. " If you conclude to hear me to-morrow morning, I will immediately issue a requisition for twenty-five hundred rations to supply the people another day." This proposition was agreed to, and the people concluded to hear him. On the next morning, when Mr. S. was about to address the Cherokee people, Mr. Ross and some of his leading men endeavoured to prevent it, pretending that Their understanding was that Mr. S. was not to address them until they had finished the business for which they were assembled for the disposing of the annuity. He stated to them that their principal chief had told him that the people had agreed to hear him, according to his request, and that he was resolved they should not make their chief lie to him; but that he should stand by his word; and if the officers of government, who presided at this meeting, would permit him to proceed, he would now address them. And he had the satisfaction to say, that Maj. Currey and Lieut. Bateman, who presided, afforded him every facility and support he could ask. The people now drew near, and he addressed them as follows: 10 146 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "MY FRIENDS-I informed you yesterday of my having been sent here as a Commissioner, with Governor Carroll, of Tennessee; to settle the differences which exist between the Cherokees and the United States. This is a subject of the deepest interest to you, and of the heaviest responsibility upon us; for it involves your future destiny and happiness, if not your very existence as a distinct people. This, then, is a business which we ought to enter upon without the unholy feelings of passion or prejudice, or misrepresentation, which are only calculated to blind and mislead us. For my part, I desire to enter upon it with calm and cool deliberation-to look at the state of things as they really are, and to help you to devise the best means for your future peace and prosperity; and I hope I shall find a correspondent feeling on your part. I must, however, say, I regret to hear that some evil birds have been flying about among you to prejudice you against me, before even you saw me and knew what I would say to you. I was told by a man whose word I cannot doubt, that it is reported among you that I am the person who after the battle of the Horse Shoe, with a company of Tennesseeans, fell upon a party of friendly Creeks, and massacred them and their women and children. I would ask warriors who signalized themselves by deeds of noble daring, whether they ever saw me, or knew me, in those days of blood and carnage. Ask Going Snake, Major Ridge, White Path, and Reese. Did you ever know me in those days? No! Did you ever see me there? If so, speak out. Did you see me there, Mr. Reese? [Reese being at hand; answered no!] You see, then it is false. I care not for these things on my own account but on yours. I mention it for fear such lies will shut your ears and harden your hearts against me. This is the design of circulating such stories among you. I will, however, tell you what I have done for you in former days." He then explained the treaty proposed to be made. The President's letter to the Cherokee people was then read and interpreted to them. "I am authorized by the President to say to you, that, if you reject these propositions for a treaty, and come to no final arrangement with the Commissioners now appointed to treat with you, he will enter into no further negotiations during his administration. You know him well; he never deceived you, by saying one thing and meaning another. HIe will make no children's play of it. If you reject the present overture, you must abide the consequences, whatever they may be. And let me ask you, what have you to gain by delaying this matter? Certainly nothing. You have tried various ways, for seven years past. and every year your situation has been growing worse: every overture for negotiation has been rejected by you, and every exertion on your part to be reinstated in your former rights and privileges, and to expel the whites from among you, and to escape the force of the laws of the State over you, have not only failed to bring you the relief promised you by your lawyers, and counsellors, and chiefs, but they have been followed by new and more insupportable laws and measures. Your principal men have all been turned out of their possessions, or have become tenants at will to the citizens of Georgia. If you continue to cast away from you the very liberal and generous offers of the Government now made to DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 147 you, you will lose the sympathies of some of your best friends. You cannot mistake the policy of Georgia; she is determined to get rid of her Indian population, and will soon legislate you out of the country, by granting possession to her own citizens, who claim the free use of your lands; and then where will you go? To Alabama and Tennessee? You know the whites are already as thick there on your lands as they are in Georgia, and every place surrounded by emigrants is accompanied by white men as well as here. "You need not be surprised if, in such case, they were to pass laws that they would not permit the Indians from other States to settle within their bounds. Be not deceived: the citizens of Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina are as anxious to get rid of you as Georgia; and they only lie still and hold back because Georgia is fighting their battles, as well as her own, with you; and this you will find when the crisis arrives to which I have alluded, for they have, all of them, extended their laws over you. " Let me tell you, these evils are now at the door. If you reject these overtures, you may look for them soon. "And now, to bring this subject to a close, let me advise and entreat you to appoint a committee at this Council, composed of the best and most intelligent men among you, of both parties, to see if you can settle the difficulties that exist among yourselves, and which, I believe, are the principal obstacles in the way of a treaty at this time. Why should you suffer your private jealousies and animosities to operate to the injury and ruin of your people? They are unworthy a place in the bosom of a friend of his people, and who has their interest at heart. At the head of this committee place John Ross and John Ridge, (I believe both of whom have the interest of the Cherokee people at heart,) and add to them ten or twelve other judicious men, and settle all your difficulties. The Commissioners will meet you on the next week, at the Agency, on the 29th instant, when Governor Carroll will be there. Here the Commissioners will examine, with you, the provisions of the proposed treaty, and hear your objections to them, and the alterations you wish to have made; and agree with you upon some terms of a treaty, to be submitted to the nation when they shall be assembled for that purpose. I have done." At this meeting, arrangements were made for a meeting to be held at Red Clay, October, 1835. At this time, much angry feeling existed between those of the Cherokees who were in favour of a treaty, and those who were opposed to it. Messrs. Major Ridge, John Ridge, and David Vann, were impeached for holding opinions considered as contrary to those entertained by the Cherokee authorities. Many of the treaty party assembled, and adopted resolutions, in which they declared that it was their opinion that their people could not exist amidst a white population; that they had come to the conclusion that their nation cannot be reinstated in its present location; that although they loved the land of their fathers, and would leave the place of their nativity with as much regret as any of their citizens, they considered the lot of the exile immeasurably more to be preferred than a submission to the laws of a State. 148 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. At the time appointed, the meeting at Red Clay was held, where a conference took place between the representatives of the two parties, for the purpose of coming to some friendly understanding upon the subject. The treaty party, by their representatives, John Martin, George M. Waters, Richard Taylor, John F. Balridge, and John Benge, on the one part, and George Chambers, Charles Vann, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, and John Gunter, on the other part, recommended the following resolutions to the consideration of the Cherokee people:Resolved, That the Cherokees cannot be relieved from their peculiar difficulties and afflicted condition by a continued application to the General Government for redress under the treaties and laws of the United States. Resolved, That an arrangement with the Government by a general treaty is the only remedy that can be applied to relieve the Cherokees. Resolved, That a treaty ought to be made upon the basis of preserving the Cherokee people as a distinct and separate community; and that, in a convention to make the arrangements, all parties, and all interests, ought to be fairly and fully represented. Resolved, That the increasing difficulties of our people demand a speedy remedy. Resolved, That an arrangement with the Government ought to be made within the limits of the Cherokee country. RED CLAY, October 21st, 1835. At this meeting the following propositions were offered by the Ross party:The undersigned persons being selected by the principal chief of the Cherckee Nation to confer with certain other persons of the Treaty or Ridge party for the purpose of an endeavour to unite the two parties in a course that may eventuate in the general good of their common country, propose,-lst. The present provisional arrangement will have to be disposed of by a general vote of the.people. 2d. Should the Commissioners have full powers to make a treaty, there is no doubt the authorities of the nation will receive them with respect and attention. 3d. Should no proposition be received from the Commissioners for a treaty upon just and liberal terms, it is presumed the recommendation of tlHe principal chief to the National Council will be acted upon-that is to say, the appointment of another delegation to Washington for the purpose of effecting a final adjustment of our difficulties; it is also presumed that the delegation will have power to act upon any matter in relation to a treaty, &c., that may be submitted to them before their departure for Washington. In conclusion, the undersigned will, in good feeling, say to the conferees of the opposite party, that they will recommend one of their party to the principal chief as a delegate, which they have no doubt will be received with attention. — GEORGE M. WATERS, JOHN MIARTIN,, R, TAYLOR, JOHN BENGE, JOHN BALRIDGE. Red Clay, October 21st, 1835. DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 149 To this instrument the treaty party refused to agree, and shortly afterwards they came to a compromise, which accompanied the protest which Ross afterwards made against the treaty, as follows:The Committee of Conference on the subject of uniting the parties of the nation into one, and harmonizing and associating together as one people in any treaty which may take place between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, in order to relieve the last from its distressed and afflicted condition, have agreed: that is to say, Major George M. Waters, Judge John Martin, Richard Taylor, John Balridge, and John Benge, acting under the instructions of John Ross, Principal Chief on the one part; and George Chambers, John Gunter, John Ridge, Charles Vann, and Elias Boudinot on the other, acting under the instructions of Major Ridge, and others of the treaty party, have agreed to bury in oblivion all unfriendly feelings, and act unitedly in [any] treaty [arrangement] with the United States for the relief of their nation-that the number of delegates to be chosen by the [General Council and] people [here present] shall consist of nineteen members, to act for the nation, with full powers. That of this number there shall be three chosen by the treaty party, and nominated and appointed in the same way as the others, their authority to be joint and equal, to be confirmed by the people [here present.] This agreement then and in that case only to be binding at once upon the parties. The Cherokee press is the property of the nation, and as we have become friends, no more publications shall be made either against the one or the other of the parties, because they are now united, [and should be surrendered to the proper authorities of the nation.] In concluding, speeches of peace and reconciliation shall be made of a prudent and judicious character to the people, in order to do away any unpleasant feelings which may exist. Given under our hands and seals, this the 24th October, at Red Clay, in the Cherokee Nation. (Signed) GEORGcE nt. WATERS. JOHN RIDGE. JOHN MARTIN. CHARLES VANN. his JOHN X BALRIDGE, mark. his GEORGE M CHAMBERS, mark. his JOHN X BENGE, mark. JOHN GUNTER. R. TAYLOR. ELIAS BOUDINOT. The treaty party were charged by Ross with having violated the above arrangement. The anti-treaty party were accused of the same 150 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. act; that the foregoing document was not the compromise which the treaty party signed at Red Clay; that certain sentences included in brackets were afterwards added by Ross, without consulting the conferees, &c. All the preliminary arrangements for negotiations being made on the part of the Cherokees, the delegation appointed, and powers conferred upon them, the Commissioner of the United States was accordingly informed of it, and requested to state what time he would wish to confer with the delegation. He appointed a certain hour of the day, at which time the first conference took place. The Commissioner presented his letter of appointment from the Secretary of War. IHe said he was authorized by the President of the United States to enter into a treaty with the Cherokees east, for all their lands, under the basis awarded by the Senate at its last session. He then went into a particular history of the circumstances which brought about that award. So far as the amount was concerned, it was a settled question —it was settled by the Senate at the request of Mr. Ross-of course the President could not transcend that amount. He was therefore instructed to go just so far as the Senate had permitted the President to go, and now he stood ready to negotiate with the Cherokees to the extent of his powers, and a little beyond. Doubts were now suggested whether they could treat with the Commissioner, from the fact that he was acting under a letter of the Secretary of War, and not under a commission from the President! " We are authorized," said Mr. Ross and his friends, " to treat with a Commissioner having full powers-but certainly this man has not full powers, because he has no commission from the President. However, this objection may be waived. Yet we cannot treat with him, because he proposes to negotiate only upon the basis and principles which the people have already rejected, in the declaration that they never will consent to a treaty made ul)on the basis of the five millions of dollars." Upon these two positions they planted themselves, and proved impregnable to the assaults of the Commissioner. Without offering any propositions themselves, it was decided to put an end to the negotiations, and to proceed as speedily as possible to Washington City. The treaty party attended at New Echota, on the 21st of December, 1835, as appointed by the United States Commissioner, and on the 29th of the same month the treaty was concluded. It was ratified May 23d, 1836. The principal articles of the treaty which was made were as follows:The Cherokee Nation relinquished all lands which they claimed east of the Mississippi River, in consideration of the sum of $5,000,000. In addition to a certain territory embracing 7,000,000 of acres west of the Mississippi River, the United States guarantee to the Cherokees a perpetual outlet west, &c. That should the territory thus granted to the Cherokees be found insufficient for their accommodation, the United States, in consideration of $500,000, will convey to them an additional tract of land; that the land thus granted to the Cherokees shall in no future time be included within the limits of any State DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 151 or Territory; the United States will protect the Cherokees from domestic strife and foreign enemies; that the Cherokees, whenever Congress shall make provision for the same, shall be entitled to a delegate in the House of Representatives; the United States to remove the Cherokees to their new homes, and to subsist them one year after their arrival there; the United States to appoint agents to value the improvements of the Cherokees, and their just debts to be paid from any money due them for improvements; the President of the United States to invest in some productive stocks certain sums, the proceeds of which shall be paid to the Cherokees, &c.; individuals and families of the Cherokees averse to a removal, and desirous of becoming citizens of the United States, shall receive their due portion of all the personal benefits accruing under this treaty for their claims, &c.; certain persons named to be a Committee on the part of the Cherokees to recommend persons for the privilege of pre-emption rights. $100,000 to be expended by the Commissioners for the benefit of the poorer classes of the Cherokees; certain reservations granted under former treaties to constitute a just claim against the United States; warriors of the Cherpkee Nation who were,engaged on the side of the United States in the late war with Great Britain and with Southern tribes of Indians to be entitled to pensions; the Cherokees to remove within two years from the ratification of this treaty. Supplemental articles were afterwards added, among the most important of which was, that the sum of $600,000 be allowed to the Cherokees, to include the expense of their removal, &c. In February, 1836, John Ross and others visited Washington, where they received a communication from Major Ridge, James Foster, and Long Share, informing them of the negotiation of the treaty at New Echota. No reply was made to this communication. Ross renewed his efforts to negotiate a new treaty, but was informed that he could not be received to make a treaty. Very soon after the ratification of the treaty, an apprehension was entertained by many citizens in Georgia that the party who had opposed the treaty would become hostile, and petitions for arms, troops, and ammunition were presented to the Executive, and granted. Orders were issued to Brigadier-General James Hemphill to raise a battalion of militia and place them at Lashley's Ferry, on the Coosa River, for the purpose not only of keeping the Cherokees in check, but also of preventing the Creeks from coming into Georgia, which orders were executed, and the battalion was organized under the command of Major Charles H. Nelson. A part of the Cherokees were disarmed, and five hundred muskets and accoutrements were ordered and sent to Cherokee County, in case of any hostile movements on the part of the Indians. These preparations on the part of Georgia, together with the appearance of the Tennessee troops under Brigadier-General Wool, of the United States army, quieted the fears of the citizens. An unpleasant circumstance, however, occurred between a corn 152 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. pany of Georgia volunteers, under command of Captain Absalom Bishop, forming a part of Major Nelson's battalion, and a portion of the Tennessee troops. Capt. Bishop, in obedience to orders, had arrested a number of Creek Indians for the purpose of conveying them to Alabama, to be delivered to the proper officer having charge of the Creek emigration; but before his object was effected, Capt. Vernon, with a company of Tennessee volunteers, demanded these Indians, and threatened to take them from his possession, and to take him and his company if he resisted. Before, however, any collision took place, Gen. Dunlap, commanding the Tennessee brigade, arrived, and a compromise was made, by which Capt. Bishop kept possession of a part of the Indians, and surrendered a part on the claim of their being Cherokees. On the 24th day of May, 1838, the State of Georgia was to take possession of the territory ceded by the treaty. The military were put in requisition for the purpose of removing the Indians. Gen. Scott called upon the Governor of Georgia for two regiments, to which call there was an immediate response. On Friday, the 18th of May, 1838, a sufficiency of troops had arrived at New Echota, the place of rendezvous, to organize a regiment and warrant the election of officers. On the morning of the 24th of May, the regiment took up the line of march for the purpose of collecting the Indians. Five companies -viz.: Capt. Stell's, Daniels', Bowman's, Hamilton's, Ellis'-were destined to Sixes Town, in Cherokee County; two companies, Capt. Story and Campbell, to Rome; Capt. Vincent's, to Cedar Town; two companies, Capt. Horton's and Capt. Brewster's, to Fort Gilmer. The collecting of the Indians continued until the 3d of June, 1838, when they started for Ross's Landing, on the Tennessee River, numbering about 1,560, under the immediate command of Capt. Stell. They arrived at Ross's Landing at 10 o'clock, the 10th of June. The Georgia troops returned, and were afterwards regularly dismissed from the service of the United States. Both regiments were commanded by General Charles Floyd. In small detachments, the army began its operations, making prisoners of one family after another, and gathering them into camps. No one has ever complained of the manner in which the work was performed. Through the good disposition of the army and the provident arrangements of its commander, less injury was done by accidents or mistakes than could reasonably have been expected. By the end of June, nearly the whole nation were gathered into camps, and some thousands commenced their march for the West-the heat of the season preventing any further emigration till September, when 14,000 were on their march. The journey of six hundred or seven hundred miles was performed in four or five months. The best arrangements were made for their comfort; but from the time-May 23dwhen their removal commenced, to the time when the last company completed its journey, more than 4,000 persons sunk under their sufferings and died. On the 22d of June, 1839, Major Ridge, his son John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, were assassinated. The first was waylaid DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CHEROKEES. 153 on the road forty or fifty miles from home, and shot. His son was taken from his bed early in the morning, and nearly cut in pieces with knives. Mr. Boudinot was decoyed away from a house which he was erecting a short distance from his residence, and then set upon with knives and hatchets. These three Cherokees took an active part in negotiating the treaty with the Government at New Echota. 154 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED INDIANS. GENERAL ALEXANDER MoGILLIVRAY. THIS remarkable man was the son of Lachlan McGillivray, a native of Scotland, who came to South Carolina in the year 1735 and engaged in the Indian trade, at that time a very lucrative business. In the course of a few years, by his address and industry, he amassed a large property. During the Revolutionary War, he associated himself with the royalists, and when Savannah was evacuated by the enemy, he left Georgia, with a hope that his son might be permitted to take possession of his valuable estate; but in this he was disappointed; for, with the exception of a few negroes, it was confiscated by the State of Georgia. The mother of Alexander McGillivray was the daughter of a fullblooded Creek woman, of high rank in her nation. Her father, Capt. Marchand, was a French gentleman who was killed by his own soldiers at Fort Toulouse, in August, 1722. Her name was Sehoy. She is represented as having been, at the time when Lachlan Me Gillivray formed her acquaintance, " a maiden of sixteen, cheerful in countenance, bewitching in looks, and graceful in form." Of the early age of Alexander little is known. When he was ten years old, his father sent him to the city of New-York, and placed him under the care of a relative. Here he went to. school to Mr. George Sheed, an eminent English teacher, and afterwards to Mr. Henderson, to learn the Latin language. When he was seventeen years old, he came to Savannah and entered the counting-house of Samuel Elbert; and afterwards, he remained a short time in the establishment of Alexander Ingliss & Company. His father, discovering that he had no relish for commercial pursuits, directed him to return to the Creek Nation. The British had stationed at the Hickory Ground, the site of the lower suburbs of the present Wetumpka, in Alabama, Col. Tait, for the purpose of inducing the Creeks to take sides with the King of England. Here McGillivray became acquainted with Col. Tait, and, operated upon by his advice, he attached himself to the cause of the royalists. Over the Creeks he acquired a powerful ascendency, and when about thirty years of age, he presided at a Grand National Council at the town of Coweta, upon the Chattahoochee. The British conferred upon him the rank and pay of a colonel. During the war of the Revolution, he used all his exertions to exasperate the Creeks against the Whigs, and led several expedi ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY. 155 tions against them. With the notorious Col. Daniel McGirth and his adherents McGillivray often co-operated, and gave the citizens residing in the southern portions of Georgia much trouble by his welldirected movements. After the termination of hostilities between Great Britain and the United States, McGillivray still cherished resentments against the latter, and particularly against Georgia. In 1784, as the representative of the Creek and Seminole Nations, he formed a treaty of alliance with Spain, in which; among other things, it was agreed that the Creeks and Seminoles should defend the cause of the King of Spain; that no white person should be admitted into their country without a Spanish permit, &c. Upon his signing the treaty, he was made a Spanish commissary, with the rank and pay of a colonel. The Spaniards knowing that much dissatisfaction existed among the Indians, on account of the treaty at Augusta and the occupation of their territory, employed the most indefatigable exertions to foment discords between them and the Georgians, and McGillivray united with them, endeavouring to prevent any kind of negotiation. Commissioners had been appointed to treat with the Southern Indians, one of whom, Andrew Pickens, Esq., addressed a letter to McGillivray, requesting him to meet them at a convenient place to enter into a treaty. To this invitation he sent a reply, in which he stated that he was surprised that the proposition for a treaty had not been made before; that the Indians had expected, when American independence was confirmed by the peace, measures would be taken to settle the differences between them and the Indians; that the Georgians had pursued a contrary course; that they had sought and obtained the friendship and protection of Spain; that the Indians wanted nothing but justice; their hunting-grounds to be preserved from encroachments, &c. The letter closes with a promise to meet the Commissioners whenever the India.ns shall receive notice. Encouraged by this reply, the Commissioners came to Galphinton, but to their surprise, McGillivray had failed to appear. Chiefs from two towns only, together with sixty warriors, met the Commissioners, with which small number they declined making a treaty; explaining, however, the intended policy of the United States. After the Commissioners departed, the Georgia Commissioners made a treaty with the few Indians present,' and laid before the General Assembly a copy of the articles intended to have been proposed by the United States Commissioners, which that body declared to be a violation of the rights of Georgia. In December, 1787, Dr. James White was appointed by Congress a superintendent of the Creeks, who, upon his arrival at Cusseta, addressed a letter to McGillivray, to which he replied, that he was pleased to learn of the doctor's appointment for the purpose of inquiring into and settling the differences then subsisting between his nation and the Georgians. The causes of these differences and the discontents of the Creeks he states in the following words: 156 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "There are chiefs of two towns in this nation, who, during the late war, were friendly to the State of Georgia, and had gone at different times among those people, and once, after the general peace, to Augusta. "They there demanded of them a grant of lands belonging and enjoyed as hunting-grounds by the Indians of this nation in common, on the east of the Oconee River. The chiefs rejected the demand, on the plea that these larnds were the hunting-grounds of the nation, and nould not, be granted by two individuals; but in a few days, a promise was extorted from them, that on their return to their country, they would use their influence to get a grant confirmed. "Upon their return a general convention was held at Tookabatcha, when these two chiefs were severely censured, and the chiefs of ninety-eight towns agreed upon a talk to be sent to Savannah, disapproving, in the strongest manner, of the demand made upon their nation, and denying the right of any two of their countrymen to make cession of land, which could be only valid by the unanimous voice of the whole, as joint proprietors in common. Yet these two chiefs, regardless of the voice of the nation, continued to go to Augusta, and other places within the State of Georgia. "They received presents and made promises; but our customs did not permit us to punish them for the crime. " We warned the Georgians of the dangerous consequences that would certainly attend the settling of the lands in question. Our just remonstrances were treated with contempt, and these lands were soon filled with settlers. The nation, justly alarmed at the encroachments, resolved to use force to maintain their rights; yet, being averse to the shedding of the blood of a people whom we would rgather consider as friends, we made another effort to awaken in them a sense of justice and equity. But we found, from experience, that entreaty could not prevail, and parties of warriors were sent to drive off the intruders, but were instructed to shed blood only where self-preservation made it necessary. " This was in May, 1786. In October following, we were invited by Commissioners of the State of Georgia to meet them in conference at the Oconee, professing a sincere desire for an amicable adjustment of our disputes, and pledging their sacred honours for the safety and good treatment of all those that should attend and meet them. It not being convenient for many of us to go to the proposed conference, a few, from motives of curiosity, attended. They were surprised to find an armed body of men, prepared for and professing hostile intentions. Apprehensions for personal safety induced those chiefs to subscribe to every demand that was asked by the army and the Commissioners. Lands were again demanded, and the lives of some of our chiefs were required, as well as those of some innocent traders, as a sacrifice, to appease their anger. Assassinshave been employed to effect some part of their atrocious purposes. If I fall by the hand of such. I shall fall the victim of the noblest of causes, that of maintaining the just rights of my country. I aspire to the honest ambition of meriting the appellation of the preserver of my country, equally with the chiefs among you, whom, from acting on such principles, you have exalted to the highest pitch of glory. And if, after every peaceable mode of obtaining a redress of grievances proved fruitless, a recourse to arms to obtain it be a mark of the savage, and not of the soldier, what savages must the Americans be, and how much undeserved ap ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY. 157 plause have your Cincinnatus, your Fabius, obtained! If a war name had been necessary to distinguish that chief, in such a case, the Man-Killer, the Great Destroyer, would have been the proper appellation. "I had appointed the Cussetas for all the chiefs of the Lower Creeks to meet in convention. I shall be down in a few days, when, from your timely arrival, you will meet the chiefs, and learn their sentiments, and I sincerely hope that the propositions which you shall offer us will be such as we can safely accede to. The talks of the former commissioners at Galphinton, were much approved of, and your coming from the White Town (seat of Congress) has raised great expectations that you will remove the principal and almost only cause of our dispute, that is, by securing to us our hunting-grounds and possessions, free from all encroachments. When we meet, we shall talk these matters over. " Meantime, I remain, "With regard, your obedient servant, ALEXANDER MGILLIVRAY.7 Dr. White met McGillivray at Cusseta, with a large number of Lower Creeks, when he desired them to ratify the treaties of Augusta, Galphinton, and Shoulder Bone. The chiefs answered "that their lands were their life and breath, and if they parted with them, they parted with their blood." The two chiefs who granted these lands declared that the Georgians compelled them to do so by threats and the flourish of long knives. A new proposition was made to the superintendent by McGillivray, the substance of which was, "that if Congress could form a government south of Alatamaha, he would be the first to take the oath of allegiance, and in return to Georgia for giving'up that claim, he would obtain a grant of the lands on the Oconee. Here the conference ended. It is due to Georgia to state that she always denied that the delegation of Indians was insufficient to make the grants, and insisted that they had been obtained without threats or violence. The. Georgians, however, acknowledged that they had troops present at the treaty of Shoulder Bone, but only to suppress any apparent hostilities; and that they had carried hostages to Augusta for enforcing a compliance with the treaty, a custom sanctioned in all former negotiations with Indians. The Creeks continued to make incursions upon the frontiers of Georgia. Congress, in 1788, appointed Commissioners to renew negotiations with McGillivray, but he refused to have an interview with them unless the settlers upon the Oconee lands were first removed. About this time Governor Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, opened a correspondence with McGillivray, but it resulted as all former efforts. In 1789, the Government of the United States embraced every opportunity to gain the friendship of McGillivray. Commissioners requested him to meet them with a delegation from the whole of the Creek Nation, at Rock Landing, to settle all 158 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. difficulties. He agreed to go, and just before the time appointed to meet them, he addressed a letter to William Panton, an extensive Indian merchant, then in high favour with the Spanish Government. This letter is too long to be inserted in this sketch, but some extracts from it will enable the reader to form an idea of the character and talents of the writer. "Galphin, whom I sent to the Rock Landing with a talk, declining the treaty of June last, returned about a fortnight since, and I find that they are resolved upon making a treaty. In order to accommodate us, the Commissioners are complaisant enough to postpone it till the 15th of next month, and one of them, the late Chief-Justice Osborne, remains all the time at Rock Landing. Pickens returned for the Cherokee treaty; but in this I took measures to disappoint him, for those chiefs would not meet. In this do you not see my cause of triumph, in bringing these conquerors of the Old, and masters of the New World, as they call themselves, to bend and supplicate for peace, at the feet of a people whom, shortly before, they despised and marked out for destruction? My people being all at home, and the grand ceremony of kindling the new fire being just over, I deem it the fittest time to meet these Commissioners, and have accordingly made the broken days, of which nine are left, to set out in. In conducting the business of the treaty, I will, as you observe, confine it to the fixing our limits and the acknowledgment of the independence of my nation. This I deem very necessary, as the Americans pretend to a territorial claim and sovereignty over us, in virtue of the late peace made with England. This being settled, will, in a great measure, be doing away with any cause of future quarrel between us. You well know how customary it is in all treaties with the- Indians to agree to a commercial one also; it being absolutely necessary, as it more firmly attaches them to friendships formed. x * *, However in this instance I will agree to none, as you have a prospect of being able, by the favour of the Spanish Government, to supply this trade on as moderate terms as the Georgians can do.' If I find that the Commissioners insist upon stipulations that will clash with those of Spaii, I shall not hesitate to cut short the negotiation. * *e But at the same time I must insist upon an equal resolution in our friends, the Spaniards, to afford to us their decided support. * * * I repeat to you what I have frequently done to Governor Miro-that if we are obliged, for want of support, to conclude an unconditional peace with the Americans, it will prove essentially hurtful to the king's interest. "Now let me talk a little upon my private affairs. I wish I could lay my hand on that last letter, to send you, and a very curious, and, to you, not an uninteresting Carolina newspaper, just received; but they are both swallowed up in a multitude of papers. You know how it is with me in the paper way. The Commissioners of the United States say, it would give them great pleasure to have a private conversation previous to our entering into the business of the treaty, as it would tend to make it go on agreeably, and with more ease. I need not interpret this paragraph to you, when you already know that I have, for some time past, been endeavouring to recover my house and lands, with my ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY. 159 family estate, which, to your knowledge, is more than ~30,000 sterling, the offer of which is now, I expect, to be pressed upon me. And there has, since I saw you last, arisen considerable conflict in my mind, in revolving these matters over. Here am I, an absolute heavy tax upon you, for years, and, in fact, not only for my private support, but for all the extra expenses of this department; and although, my dear sir, I know that I can still depend upon your generosity and in your friendship, that you overlook the heavy expense that I put you to, yet you well know how hurtful it is to the feeling heart to be beholden to subsist on the bounty of private friendship. Thus situated, I ask-I wish you to give me your opinion. On the one hand, I am offered the restoration of my property, of more than one hundred thousand dollars, at the least valuation; and on the other, not wherewithal to pay an interpreter. And I find that letters are still addressed to me, as agent for his Catholic Majesty, when I have some time ago renounced the pittance that was allowed, as being a consideration disgraceful to my station. If they want my services, why is not a regular establishment made, as was done by the English, with a competent salary affixed, and allowance for two interpreters, one among the Upper and one among the Lower towns? for hitherto, I have had to maintain them myself. Or shall I have recourse to my American estate to maintain them and myself? I wish you to advise me what I had best do. "Although I have no solid ground to hope for a complete adjustment of our dispute with the Americans, I am resolved to go; if it is only to wipe off the suggestion made to me by our friends, that I am actuated by unjust motives and an unreasonable prejudice against the Americans, as the ground of hostility against them. But if they, on the other hand, should find a body of people approaching their mines, would not they say, What business have you here 1 Do you know that there are grounds from which we draw the chief source of our conveniences and happiness, and we cannot suffer you to participate in, or deprive us of them? And should these encroachers refuse to withdraw, would they not commence and support an inveterate hostility, until they should expel them? " The fellow, Romain, whom Madame Villar writes of, was a great liar. He came here from the Choctaws with a quantity of silver ware and a few goods, and wanted Nick White to join him in purchasing negroes, to carry and sell in New-Orleans. After roving about for some time, he had a difference with Milfort,* who threatened to send him in irons to New-Orleans which terrified him, apparently, and he went off to the Creek Town, Chehaw, and from thence either to Detroit or to the States. "A copy of this letter you can send to the ***' Miro, as I intended the former one. "I expect our treaty will be over by the middle of September. If we return safe, expect a visit early in October from, "Dear sir, yours most truly, " ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY. "To WILLIAM PANTON, Pensacola." * A French officer who lived in the nation, 160 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. On the 20th of Sept., 1789, Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, David Humphreys, Cyrus Griffin, Commissioners associated with Gen. Pickens, arrived at the Rock Landing on the Oconee, on the western bank of which McGillivray, with 2,000 warriors, had been encamped for more than a week. The arrival of the Commissioners was communicated to McGillivray, and at the time appointed, they attended to the ceremony of the black drink, and were conducted to the great square of the encampment by all the kings, chiefs, and warriors. After a talk by the Commissioners, a copy of the draft of a treaty was presented to them, after which McGillivray and his chiefs had a private council, and the next day the Commissioners were informed by him that the treaty proposed was not satisfactory, and that the Indians were resolved to return home. Efforts were made to induce him to remain; but he refused to do so, broke up his encampment, and retired to the Ocmulgee, from whence he addressed the Commissioners a letter, in which he stated "that his retreat was entirely owing to the want of food for the horses of the Indians; that, finding that a restitution of territory and hunting-grounds was not the basis of a treaty, he resolved to return to his nation, deferring the matter in full peace until next spring." When Washington heard of this result, at first he felt a disposition to wage war against the Creeks; but upon ascertaining that such a war would cost an immense sum, he abandoned this idea, and determined, if possible, to induce McGillivray to visit him, believing that a negotiation in this way might be effected. Accordingly, he dispatched Col. Marinus Willett as a secret agent to the Creeks, and to return, if possible, with McGillivray to the Seat of Government. Col. Willett left New-York, arrived in Charleston, and after a few days, set out for the residence of Gen. Pickens. Obtaining from this gentleman an Indian guide, he started upon his mission, and, after a fatiguing journey, he met McGillivray, to whom he delivered the letters of Washington. He spent several days with him, and then met the chiefs, to whom he announced his mission, and requested McGillivray, and such chiefs as might be selected, to accompany him to New-York, where Washington would make a treaty with them "as strong as the hills, and lasting as the rivers." In an hour after this council, Col. Willett was informed that the Indians had agreed that McGillivray and other chiefs should accompany him to New-York. On the 1st of June, 1790, Col. McGillivray, with his nephew and two servants, with Col. Willett, departed for the seat of the Federal Government. Afterwards they were joined by the Tallase King, Chinnobe, and twenty-six warriors. When the company arrived at Guilford Court-House, in North Carolina, Mrs. Brown, whose husband had a few years before been killed by the Creeks, and herself and children carried to their nation, and whose ransom had been effected by McGillivray, and to whose support he had contributed for more than a year, learning his arrival, rushed through the crowd assembled to see the Great Chief, and with ALEXANDER MCGILLIVRAY. 161 tears expressed to him her gratitude for the preservation of her life and that of her children. In the different places through which they passed, the cavalcade was treated with much attention. When they reached New-York, the Tammany Society received them, and escorted them to the house of Washington, by whom they were entertained with much pomp and ceremony. Learning that McGillivray was willing to make a treaty, Hon. Henry Knox was appointed to negotiate with him, and the treaty was concluded. There was, however, a secret treaty between McGillivray and Washington, which has recently come to light. It provided that, after two years from date, the commerce of the Creek Nation should be carried on through the ports of the United States, and, in the meantime, through the present channels; that the chiefs of the Ocfuskees, Tookabatchas, Tallases, Cowetas, Cussetas, and the Seminole Nation, should be paid annually by the United States one hundred dollars each, and be furnished with handsome medals; that Alexander McGillivray should be constituted agent of the United States, with the rank of brigadier-general, and the pay of twelve hundred dollars per annum! that the United States should feed, clothe, and educate Creek youth at the North, not exceeding four at one time.* t In 1791, McGillivray began to lose his popularity among the Creeks. William Augustus Bowles, whose history is given on pages 163, 164, of this work, denounced McGillivray as a traitor. Aided by his emissaries, Bowles persuaded many of the Creeks to believe that he had sold them first to the Spanish Government, and afterwards to the Federal Government. His situation became embarrassing. The Spanish Government was displeased with him, the Indians were dissatisfied with the treaty at New-York, and the Federal Government called upon him to observe the articles of the treaty. In November, he- made frequent visits to New-Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola, and, before he returned to the nation, he succeeded in having Bowles captured, and sent to Madrid..At this time, the Government of the United States began to lose confidence in him. Many believed that he was acting secretly against the American interest. It was proved that the King of Spain had made him Superintendent-General of the Creeks, with a salary of two thousand dollars per annum, and that this amount was afterwards increased with fifteen hundred dollars. He was at this time, with a salary of thirty-five hundred dollars, the agent of the United States; the agent of Spain, with a salary of twelve hundred dollars; the co-partner of Panton, and the emperor of the Creek and Seminole Nations. a Mr. Pickett says that among a file of papers placed in his hands, he found the Secret Treaty, written upon sheep-skin, and signed by Washington, Knox, McGillivray, and the chiefs. t Many of the facts stated in the above article are from Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia, and American State Papers. 11 162 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. During the summer and fall of 1792, General McGillivray secretly caused large meetings to be held over the Creek and Cherokee Nations, at which he appeared to be only a visitor, while Panton and Captain Oliver, in speeches, forbid the running of the line between them and the Georgians, in the name of the King of Spain, and decreed that no American trader should enter the nation. Governor Carondelet was also active in endeavouring to defeat the provisions of the New-York treaty. He sent to the Creek Nation a large body of bloody Shawnees, armed and equipped, who took up their abode at Souvanoga, upon the Tallapoosa. McGillivray moved his negroes to Little River, gave up his house to Captain Oliver, whom he had so well established in the affections of his people. The Spaniards not only had in view the prevention of the advancement of the Americans on the east, but determined to oppose the settlements upon the Mississippi; to effect all of which, they attempted to unite the four nations of Indians on their side. They strengthened all their forts, and authorized Captain John Linder, of Tensaw, and other active partisans, to raise volunteers. Carondelet gave Richard Finnelson and. Joseph Durque passports, to go through the Spanish posts, to the Cherokee Nation, as emissaries, to incite those Indians to make war upon the Cumberland people. There was, suddenly, great excitement produced over the whole Indian country. One chief declared, at Willstown, that he had taken the lives of three hundred Americans, but that now he intended to drink his fill of blood. During all this time, McGillivray, and the federal authorities at Rock Landing, were engaged in fruitless correspondence, and every thing conspired to defeat the hopes of Washington. McGillivray's career was, however, drawing to a close. He had been in bad health for several years, and on the 17th of February, 1793, he departed this life, leaving considerable property. He was interred with Masonic honours, in the city of Pensacola. His death produced deep sorrow and regret among the Indians. The great chieftain, who had so long been their pride, and who had elevated their nation, and sustained it in its trials, now lay buried in the sands of the Seminoles. General McGillivray was six feet high, spare made, and remarkably erect in person and carriage. His eyes were large, dark, and piercing. His forehead was so peculiarly shaped, that the old Indian countrymen often spoke of it: it commenced expanding at his eyes, and widened considerably at the top of his head. It was a bold and lofty forehead. His fingers were long and tapering, and he wielded a pen with the greatest rapidity. His face was handsome, and indicative of quick thought and much sagacity. Unless interested in conversation, he was disposed to be taciturn, but, even then, was polite and respectful. When a British colonel, he dressed in the British uniform; and when in the Spanish service, he wore the military dress of that country. When Washington appointed him a brigadier-general, he sometimes wore the uniform of the American army, but never when in the presence of the Spaniards. His usual GENERAL WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BOWLES. 163 dress was a mixture of the Indian and American garb. He always travelled with two servants, David Francis, a half-breed, and Paro, a negro, who saved the lives of over a hundred royalists, in 1781. He had good houses at the Hickory Ground, and at Little Tallase, where he entertained, free of charge, distinguished government agents, and persons travelling through his extensive dominions.* GENERAL WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BOWLES. As much of the embarrassments which Georgia experienced in settling the difficulties connected with the Creek Indians, immediately after the Revolution, arose from the interference of the man whose name is placed at the head of this article, we have concluded to give our readers a short account of his life, chiefly derived from a pamphlet published many years since. General William Augustus Bowles was born in Frederick County, Maryland, in the year 1764. During the American Revolution, he joined the British army, in which he soon obtained a commission. After the battle of Monmouth, he sailed, with his regiment, to Jamaica, and from thence to Pensacola. At the latter place, in consequence of some neglect, he was deprived of his commission, and dismissed from the army. A party of Creeks having come to Pensacola for the purpose of receiving their annual presents, being on their return to their nation, Bowles concluded to join them, and accordingly accompanied them to their home., Here he resided for some time, during which he made great proficiency in the Indian language, and married the daughter of one of the chiefs. On the 9th of May, 1781, when Pensacola surrendered to the arms of Spain, Bowles commanded the Creek Indians, whom he had brought there to assist the English. His services upon that occasion were acknowledged by the commander of the British army, and he was reinstated in his former rank. After the surrender of West Florida to Spain, he was allowed to retire with the garrison to New-York, where he joined a company of players, and then sailed for the Bahama Islands. Here he remained some months, following the profession of a comedian, as well as that of a portrait painter, thus exhibiting the versatility of his talents. The Governor of the Bahamas, Lord Dunmore, appointed Bowles as an agent to establish a trading house among the Creeks. He returned to the nation, and established a commercial house uponthe Chattahoochee; but it was of short duration, for Colonel McGillivray sent him word to abandon the enterprise, and leave the country in twenty-four hours, on pain of being deprived of his ears. He fled to New Providence, and from thence was sent to England, for the purpose of asking aid to enable him to repel the aggressions of the Americans. His * Pickett. 164 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. applications were successful, and he returned to America; and having taught his warriors the art of navigating the Gulf of Mexico, he began a system of piracy upon the vessels of Panton, an Indian merchant, against whom he had long entertained the most inveterate hostility. His success in piratical enterprises, and other circumstances, gained him great popularity among the Creeks, and he was elected commnander-in-chief of their armies. For a long time Bowles continued to annoy Georgia, doing every thing in his power to prevent the settlement of her difficulties with the Indians. He denounced Colonel McGillivray as a traitor, and exerted his utmost power to prejudice the Indians against him. In 1792 he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards, and sent to Madrid. The Spanish government endeavoured to conciliate him, but was unsuccessful, and he was finally sent to the island of Manilla, from whence he made his escape, and, after various fortunes, obtained a schooner, in which he navigated the Gulf and seized many Spanish vessels. After this he proceeded to the Creek Nation, interfered seriously with the policy of Colonel Hawkins, and captured the fort at St. Marks. At a feast given by the Indians, to which he had been invited, he was made a prisoner, according to a preconcerted plan, by Colonel Hawkins and the Spanish authorities, who placed him in a canoe full of armed warriors. They then rapidly rowed down the river. Col. Hawkins and John Forbes, of Pensacola, were in the town, but were concealed, until Sam McNac, a half-breed, had caused Bowles to be made a prisoner. Arriving at a point in the present Dallas County, Alabama, the canoe was tied up, the prisoner conducted upon the bank, and a guard set over him. In the night the guard fell asleep, when Bowles gnawed his ropes apart, crept down the bank, got into the canoe, quietly paddled across the river, entered a thick cane swamp, and fled. At the break of day, the astonished Indians arose in great confusion, but fortunately saw the canoe on the opposite side, which Bowles had foolishly neglected to shove off. Swimming over to that point, they got upon his track, and by the middle of the day once more made him a prisoner. He was conveyed to Mobile, and from thence to Havana, where, after a few years, he died in the dungeons of Moro Castle.* * Pickett. HO-PO-ETH-LE-YO-HO-LO. 165 HO-PO-ETH -LE-YO- HO-LO, A CREEK CHIEF. THE Creek Nation was divided into the upper and lower towns, over which the Big Warrior was chief, under whom Ho-po-ethle-yo-ho-lo held the rank of principal councillor, or speaker of the councils. His influence was so great, that the questions submitted to the councilwere generally decided according to his will. The great counc18-house of t he uppertowns was at Tuckabatchee, where the Big Tarrior re- sided, and near which was the residence of Ho-po-eth- 1 le-yo-ho-lo. Of the youth ofintell Ho- po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo little is known, except that he was b regarded as a youth of promise. Thefirst public h ov service which he renderedqut owas at the council at the Indian Springs, to which he was sent to counteract the influence of McIntosh. It is said he executed his mission with great fidelity. During the contest between the United States and the Seminoles, in 1836, Saugahatchee, one of the towns of H o-po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo district, was the first to revolt. The warriors rushed out and murdered all the travellers who fell in their way. Upon hearing this intelligence, Hopo-eth-le-yo-ho-lo immediately placed himself at the head of the warriors of his own town, marched upon the insurgents, burned their village, and having captured some of their men, delivered them over to the military, by whom they were imprisoned at the request of Governor Clay, of Alabama, he called a council of his warriors, and proposed to lead them against the hostile Creeks. Within five days they were encamped at Tallahassee, the then head-quarters of MajorGeneral Jesup, to whom a formal tender of their services was made, which were accepted, and Ho-po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo appointed commander of the whole Indian force, with the rank of colonel. 166 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The army was marched to Hatcheehubbee, but the hostiles surrendered. He continued to be opposed to the last to emigration. In 1834 or'35 he went to Texas, and purchased a large tract of land for $80,000; but the Mexicans being jealous of him, and some doubts as to the validity of the title existing, his intention was abandoned, with the loss of $20,000. It is believed that he had but one wife. Two of his daughters are said to have been beautiful. TIMPOOCHEE BARNARD, A UCHEE WARRIOR, WAS the son of an Uchee woman. His father was Timothy Barnard, a Scotchman, first known in public life in 1814, when he toolk part with the Americans against the hostile Creeks, and commanded one hundred UTchees, with the commission of major.He was in the battle at Callabee under General \/ ~/ ~ Floyd, and distinguished himself for his bravery. -d He took part in several engagements, and was -W" L~ twice wounded. On the return of peace he rejoined his family near the Creek agency on Flint River. His children were considered the handsomest in the Creek Nation. MAJOR RIDGE. 167 MAJOR RIDGE. IN infancy, the subject of this notice was called'o' Nung-noh-hut-tar-hee, or he who slays the enemy in the path. After attaining the age of a hunter, he was asked," Which way did you come into camp?" and he answered, "I came along the top of the mountain." This answer being often repeated, he was called Kah-nung-da-hal-geh, orinu the man who walks on the w io wi mountain's top. We are not able to state preciselya le the date of his birth, probably about 1771, at a town called Highwassee. HAis father was a full-bloodedr Cherokee, and his mother a Cherokee wom an of half-breed. From his earliest infancy, he was iured to patience, fatigue, and self-denial and upon his reaching the required age, was initiated into the duties of a warrior, with proper solemnities. Ween fourteen years old, he joined a war party against the Americans, at Cheestooyee, and afterwards a large party against Knoxville, in Tennessee. At the age of twenty-one, he was selected as a member of the Cherokee Council. At this time he had no property but the clothes he wore, some silver ornaments, and a white pony, stunted, old and ugly, on which he rode to the Council the members of which observing his mean appearance, ridiculed him, and proposed to exclude him from their deliberations. At first, he merely listened; but at the second Council he proposed many useful laws. He gradually won the confidence of the Cherokees, and finally became one of the first men in the nation. At the battle of the Horse Shoe, under Gen. Jackson, he greatly distinguished himself. He emigrated to the West with his tribe, and was afterwards murdered, as it was believed, by the emissaries of that portion of the Cherokees opposed to emigration. 168 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. JOHN RIDGE, A CHEROKEE CHIEF, WAS the son of Major Ridge, and the second of five children. He was first put to school to the Rev. Mr. Gambold and lady, Moravian missionaries at Spring Place; afterwards he was sent to Brainard, then to Knoxville, Tennessee, and finally to the Foreign Mission School in Connecticut, where he acquired the essential parts of a good education. After an engagement of two years, he married Miss Northrop. On his return home, he commenced his career as a public man. At this time the Cherokees were attempting to form an independent government, and to the promotion of this object, Mr. Ridge employed all his energies. He accompanied various delegations to Washington, and acted as interpreter, secretary, agent, &c. The particulars of his death are given on a previous page. PADDY CARR. 169 PADDY CARR, A CREEK INTERPRETER, AS sois WAS the son of an Irishman, who married a Creek woman, and was born near Fort Mitchell. In his infancy he was taken into the family of Colonel Crowell, and brought up in the habits of civilized life. In 1826, he accompanied the delegation headed by Ho-po-ethle-yo-ho-lo to Washington City, in the capacity of interpreter. He is said to have been a most excellent interpreter. Soon after his return from Washington, he married the daughter of Colonel Lovett, a respectable half-breed, and engaged in trade. In 1836, he took the side of the United States Government, and attended General Jesup as guide and interpreter. With the army he was a great favourite. When the Creeks revolted, he marched to Florida at the head of five hundred warriors. Carr delighted in fine horses, and had a great passion for racing. In 1837, he owned seventy or eighty slaves, besides landed property. He had three wives, one of whom was the daughter of General William McIntosh. The two first born of his children were girls; and Capt. Crowell, the son of his early benefactor, having a daughter named Ariadne, he called one of his daughters Ari, and the other Adne. 170 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GENERAL WILLIAM McINTOSH. GENERAL WILLIAM MCINTOSH was a half-breed of the Muscogee or Creek Nation, and was born at Coweta. His father was Capt. William McIntosh, a Scotchman; his mother a native, of unmixed blood. very little is known. He was intelligent and brave. In person he was tall, finely formed, manners. and of graceful and commanding The first notice we have of him is after his'unction with the American forces in 1812. Gen. Floyd speaks highly of him in his report of the battle of Autossee. Gem Jackson speaks of him as Major Mclntosh. He battle of the Horse Shoe. He also signalized himself in the Florida campaign by various acts J of gallantry, His connection o with the treaty at the Indian Springs is given in our article on pla the Creek difficulties, beginning on page 128. We are indebted to Colonel Alfred J. Pickett, author of the for the following interesting particulars connected with the death of Gen. McIntosh: "MONTGOMERY, Sept. 13th, 1853. "DEAR SiR,-In September, 1847, I arrived at the town of Dudleyville, in the county of Tallapoosa, State of Alabama. I found in that place an aged person named James Moore, whom the Creek Indians, among whom he had lived for the period of fifty years, familiarly called Jimmy Tawny, on account of his sallow complexion. I desired to consult him in relation to the killing of General William McIntosh, having heard that his son-in-law, James Hutton, had accompanied the Indians who committed the deed. GENERAL WILLIAM M'INTOSH. 171 "The memory of James Moore was good. although he had reached the age of seventy-eight, and the following is the account he gave me, having a perfect knowledge of all the facts, for a portion of the Indians who killed McIntosh marched from the Indian village in which he was then living. He saw them when they started on the expedition, and on their return from it. " He stated that the Ocfuskees* and the Tookabatchast had become indignant in consequence of the sale of much of the Creek territory, which General William McIntosh had made with the Georgians, and they had determined to make him answer for his treachery by the forfeiture of his life At that time, the Big Warrior was the chief of the Great Muscogee Confederacy, and one of his chief counsellors was the gifted Ho-po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo. A secret council resulted in the selection of the bravest warriors of the nation to consummate the killing. Ho-po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo gave them minute instructions how they were to march, where they were to camp, and how they were to take the life of McIntosh. The party consisted of one hundred and seventy men. one half of whom were from the town of Ocfuskee, led by Manowa, an old fighter who had encountered Jackson at the battle of the Horse Shoe, and the other half from the town of Tookatacha, commanded by Tuskehadjo, with whom went Ho-po-eth-le-yo-ho-lo, ostensibly as a private. They marched on foot, one before the other, in the most cautious and noiseless manner. The route lay across the country from the Tallapoosa River to the Chattahoochee, and their destination was the residence of General McIntosh, situated upon the bank of the latter stream. Arriving within the neighbourhood of that place towards the. close of the second day, the party observed, from a concealed position two persons, riding along a trail. One of these proved to be Genera, McIntosh, and the other his son-in-law, Hawkins. They could have been easily killed, but their lives were spared for the moment to pre serve a consistency so common in all the plans of the Indians. They had determined to kill McIntosh in his own yard, in the presence of his family, and to let his blood run upon the soil of that'Reservation' which the Georgians had secured to him in the treaty which he had made with them. " Pursuing their way for a short distance, but still in view of the party, McIntosh bid Hawkins good evening, wheeled his horse round, and- rode back on the trail towards his residence; and, although then alone, the Indians declined to kill him. Hawkins, who had been to pay his father-in-law a visit, continued to ride homeward. The unconscious and ill-fated McIntosh rode on to his own residence, and as he disappeared from the observation of his murderers, smiles and frowns alternately played upon their savage faces, knowing that they had him in their power. The first duty was to secure a supply of fat lightwood, which, being nicely split, and tied in bundles, was placed upon the backs of three stout warriors. * Ocfuskee, a Creek town on the Tallapoosa River. t Tookabatcha, the capital of the Creek Confederacy, also situated on the Tallapoosa River. 172 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The expedition remained in the woods until the hour of three o'clock in the morning, secreted within half a mile of the house. I have mentioned that James Hutton, the son-in-law of the person who gave me this account, was one of this expedition, and he was taken along as an interpreter to converse with any Americans who might be at Mclntosh's house. He was instructed to assure them that neither their persons nor property would be disturbed; a wise arrangement, for as this was a public house, it was usually filled with American travellers, who were exploring the new lands, or who roamed over the nation to gratify a curiosity not then uncommon. Travellers were usually lodged in an outhouse in the yard, and thither Hutton and two Indians repaired. "They found a pedler in one bed, and Chilly McIntosh, the son of the General, in another. The latter instantly sprang to his feet, jumped out at a window, and, as he ran off, several guns were discharged at him without effect. He made his way to the river, in which he plunged, and, gaining the opposite side, effected his escape. The pedler, who was operated upon by the double fear of losing his life and his wares, was a most wretched man, until assured by Hutton that neither would be disturbed. His goods were removed into the yard, and the house in which he had slept was soon in flames. In the meantime, the principal body of the assailants had surrounded the main building, and the lightwood being immediately kindled, torches were applied to the sides, and under it. The flames threw a bright light over the yard, and exhibited to the astonished family of McIntosh the approaching conflagration of the houses, and the hideous forms of those who were to murder him. They frequently shouted with much exultation,'McIntosh, we have come, we have come. We told you, if you sold the land to the Georgians, we would come.' " McIntosh, upon the first discovery of the assailants, had barricaded his front door, and stood near it when it was forced. He fired on them, and, at that moment, one of his steadfast friends, Toma Tustinugee, fell lifeless upon the threshold. His body was riddled with balls. McIntosh then retreated to the second story, with four guns in his hand, which he continued to discharge from a window. He fought with great courage, and, aware that his end was near, determined to sell his life as dear as possible. He was at this time the only occupant of the burning house, for his two wives, Peggy and Susannah, who had been dragged into the yard, were heard imploring the savages not to burn him up, but to get him out of the house, and shoot him, as he was a brave man, and an Indian like themselves. McIntosh now came down to the first story, and was received with salutes of the rifle, until, being pierced with many balls, he fell to the floor, was seized by the legs, and dragged down the steps to the ground. While lying in the yard, and while the blood was gushing from his wounds, he raised himself on one arm, and surveyed his murderers with looks of defiance. At that moment, an Ocfuskee Indian plunged a long knife, to the hilt, in the direction of his heart. GENERAL WILLIAM M INTOSH. 173 He brought a long breath, and expired. The party, after this, plundered the houses, killed the stock, and committed other depredations, as described in the public papers of that day. "On the evening when McIntosh took leave of Hawkins upon the trail, the latter continued to his residence, as related. He was followed by chosen warriors, who were instructed to make him a prisoner that night. His house was on one of the branches of the Tallapoosa, which the Indians surrounded just before the break of day. They ordered him to come out. He refused; but, after defending himself to no purpose, was secured with ropes, and kept alive until the fate of McIntosh became known; then he was killed, and his body thrown into the river. The Indians marched back to the TalLapoosa with the scalps of these men. " That of McIntosh, which was suspended upon a pole in the public square of Ocfuskee, was the spectacle for old and young, who danced around it, with shouts of joy. " In the second volume of the History of Alabama, a chapter of which has been devoted to incidents in the lives of the McIntosh family, I have stated, that General William Mclntosh was the son of'Old Rory' McIntosh. When I wrote the chapter, I had some doubts upon that point, and corresponded with Governor Troup, who is a cousin of the Indian McIntosh, to know if I was correct. His reply, unfortunately, reached me not in time to make the correction, and the book was published with the error. Governor Troup had an uncle, Captain William McIntosh, a British officer, who, before the Revolutionary War, was frequently upon the Chattahoochee. This gentleman was the father of General William Mclntosh.* Having been thrown into the society of the more polished of our people, and having been the associate of our officers in the war of our Southern borders, he had acquired all the manners, and much of the polish, of a gentleman. At his death, he was perhaps over forty years of age. " Very respectfully, " A. J. PICKETT." * See History of the Indian Tribes of North America, by Thomas L. \M'Kenney, late of the Indian Department, Washington, and James Hall, of Cincinnati, from which many of the facts related in our Indian sketches have been derived. 174 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. TUSTENNUGGEE EMATHLA, A CREEK WARRIOR, WAS a full-blooded Creek, and was born on the Tallapoosa River about the year 1793. He was familiarly known by the name of Jim Boy, but was properly entitled to that which we have placed at the head of this article-Tustennuggee, meaning warrior, and Emathla, which signifies next to the warrior. When the war broke out, in 1811, between the Creeks and Americans, he was too young to wield the tomahawk, but was permitted to follow the warriors. When the Creeks became divided into two parties, one of whom was friendly to the Americans, and the other hostile, and unwilling to emigrate, Tustennuggee Emathla attached himself to the former party. In the Florida war, he rendered important services. His family, consisting of a wife and nine,children, were among the unfortunate persons who were on board the steamboat Monmouth when that vessel sunk, and two hundred and thirty-six of the Creeks, including four of the children of Tustennuggee Emathla, were drowned. OF THE GOVERNORS OF GEORGIA, FBOM 1783 TO 1854. r 1 L<_I, — N —- ----- ~~~i, ~ ~ ~ G. O OR i. OGEHRE LL.FSINCBA.i:!I_ G E N. OGLE THORPE. GENERAL OGLETHORPE. 177 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GENERAL JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE. IN this work the reader will find many particulars connected with the life of Oglethorpe, and therefore in the present article a few items only are given. The founder of the Colony of Georgia was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and was born in London, on the 21st of December, 1688. At the age of sixteen he was admitted a student of Corpus Christi College, but he did not finish his studies, the military profession having more charms for him than literary pursuits. His first commission was that of Ensign. After the death of Queen Anne, he entered into the service of Prince Eugene. When twenty-four years of age he was brought into Parliament, and continued a member for thirty-two years. In November, 1732, Oglethorpe, with one hundred and sixteen settlers, embarked for Georgia, and on the 13th of January, 1733, the ship dropped anchor outside of the bar at the port of Charlestown, South Carolina. By the Governor he was received with the greatest kindness. A few days afterwards he proceeded on his voyage, and arrived at Yamacraw, where he marked out a town, and called it Savannah. After he had placed his colony in as good a situation as circumstances would allow, he secured the good-will of the Indians. He continued to take a deep interest in the prosperity of the Colony for many years. In 1743 he left Georgia for England, to answer charges brought against him by Lieutenant-Colonel Cook. A court-martial declared the charges groundless and malicious, and Cook was dismissed from the service. In 1744 he was appointed one of the field-officers under Field-Marshal the Earl of Stair, to oppose the expected invasion of France. General Oglethorpe died on the 1st of July, 1785. On a mural tablet of white marble, in the chance] of Cranham Church, is the following inscription: Near this place lie the remains of JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE, ESQ., who served under Prince Eugene, and in'1714 was Captain Lieutenant in the first troop of the Queen's Guards. In 1740 he was appointed Colonel of a Regiment to be raised for Georgia. In 1745 he was appointed Major-General; in 1747, Lieutenant-General; and in 1760, General of His Majesty's forces. 12 178 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In his civil station, he was very early conspicuous. He was chosen Member of Parliament for Haslemere, in Surrey, in 1722, and continued to represent it till 1754. In the Committee of Parliament, for inquiring into the state of the jails, formed 25th of February, 1728, and of which he was Chairman, the active and persevering zeal of his benevolence found a truly suitable employment, by visiting, with his colleagues of that generous body, the dark and pestilential dungeons of the Prisons, which at that time dishonoured the metropolis; detecting the most enormous oppressions; obtaining exemplary punishment on those who had been guilty of such outrage against humanity and justice; and redressing multitudes from extreme misery to light and freedom. Of these about seven hundred, rendered, by long confinement for debt, strangers and helpless in the country of their birth, and desirous of seeking an asylum in the wilds of America, were by him conducted thither in 1732. He willingly encountered in their behalf a variety of fatigue and danger, and thus became the founder of the Colony of Georgia; a Colony which afterwards set the noble example of prohibiting the importation of slaves. This new establishment he strenuously and successfully defended against a powerful attack of the Spaniards. In the year in which he quitted England to found this settlement, he nobly strove to secure our true national defence by sea and land -a free navywithout impressing a constitutional militia. But his social affections were more enlarged than even the term Patriotism can express: he was the friend of the oppressed negro,no part of the globe was too remote,no interest too unconnected,or too much opposed to his own, to prevent the immediate succour of suffering humanity. For such qualities he received, from the ever memorable John, Duke of Argyle, GENERAL OGLETHORPE. 179 a full testimony, in the British Senate, fo his military character, his natural generosity, his contempt of danger, and regard for the Public. A similar encomium is perpetuated in a foreign language;* and, by one of our most celebrated Poets, his remembrance is transmitted to posterity in lines justly expressive of the purity, the ardour; and the extent of his benevolence. He lived till the 1st of July, 1785; a venerable instance to what a duration a life of temperance and virtuous labour is capable of being protracted. His widow, ELISABETH, daughter of Sir Nathan Wright, of Cranham Hall, Bart., and only sister and heiress of Sir Samuel Wright, Bart., of the same place, surviving, with regret, but with due submission to Divine Providence, an affectionate husband, after an union of more than forty years, hath inscribed to his memory these faint traces of his excellent character. "Religion watches o'er his urn, And all the virtues bending mourn, Humanity, with languid eye, Melting for others' misery; Prudence, whose hands a measure hold, And Temperance, with a chain of gold; Fidelity's triumphant vest, And Fortitude in armour drest; Wisdom's gray locks, and Freedom, join The moral train to bless his shrine, And pensive all, around his ashes holy, Their last sad honours pay in order melancholy.'' * Referring to the encomium of the Abbe RAYNAL, in his Histoire Philosophique et Politique. f Spalding's Life of Oglethorpe, and Harris's Memorials of Oglethorpe, may be consulted by those desirous of having a full account of the founder of Georgia. 180 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. WILLIAM STEPHENS. WILLIAM STEPHENS was the son of Sir William Stephens, Baronet, Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle-of-Wight, at which place he was born, January 28th, 1671, 0.. When a boy, he was remarkable for his amiable disposition. The rudiments of education he obtained at Winchester School, from which he was sent to King's College, Cambridge; and after his graduation he was entered at the Middle Temple, in London, although he was never called to the Bar. In his twentyfifth year he married a daughter of Sir Richard Newdigate. About a year after his marriage he represented the town of Newport in Parliament. At this time he held several offices, was highly esteemed among his neighbours, and was often called to decide their differences. In 1712 he was appointed a Commissioner of the Victualling. After this, Colonel Horsey made him an offer of going to South Carolina to survey a barony of land. Upon his arrival in Charlestown, he was received very courteously. Here he became acquainted with General Oglethorpe, at whose recommendation, in August, 1737, he was appointed Secretary to the Trustees in Georgia, and arrived in Savannah the following November. His office was to take a general oversight of affairs. In religion he was opposed to Wesley and Whitefield, and often commented on their doings and preaching with great severity. In 1741 he was made President of the county of Savannah, and in 1743 President of the whole Colony. He was over seventy years when he entered upon this office; and the infirmities of age, hastened upon him by private misfortunes and domestic bereavements, soon incapacitated him for his duties. He was called upon in 1750 by his assistants, who frankly stated the difficulties under which they laboured, resulting from his age and incapacity. The venerable President immediately comprehended their intentions, and told them to proceed without him; "that hewould soon retire into the country, where he should be at liberty to mind the more weighty things of a future state; not doubting but the Trustees would enable him to end his few remaining days without care and anxiety." He died in August, 1753, at the age of fourscore years.* The compiler of this work has had the pleasure of examining a journal of Colonel Stephens, which commences on the 20th of October, 1737, and comes down to October 28, 1741. Of this journal, the Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, in his biography of General Oglethorpe, thus speaks: "It gives a minute account of everything which occurred, and bears throughout the marks of correctness, of ingenuousness, and frankness in the narrative of transactions and events, and of integrity, strict justice, and unflinching fidelity in the discharge of his very responsible office. As exhibiting'the form and pressure of the times,' it is of essential importance to the historian of Georgia, and, happily, it was printed, making three octavo volumes. But the - Stevens's History of Georgia. HENRY PARKER. 181 work is exceedingly rare, especially the third volume. A complete set is among the EBELING books in Harvard College Library." In the library of the Georgia Historical Society, there is a book called "The Castle Builders; or, the History of William Stephens"-a very rare work, written by his son. HENRY PARKER As early as the year 1734, this gentleman held the office of Bailiff in Savannah, regarded at that time as quite dignified and trustworthy. Bailiffs then acted as magistrates, and when on the bench wore a purple gown, edged with fur. At an early period, Mr. Parker made a settlement on the Isle of Hope, near Savannah, which we believe now remains in the possession of some of his connections. In 1741, when the Province of Georgia was divided into two counties, viz., Savannah and Frederica, he was made one of the assistants of William Stephens, President of the former. Ill health compelled Mr. Stephens to resign in 1750, and Mr. Parker became his successor. About this time a Colonial Assembly was authorized by the Trustees, and they instructed Mr. Parker to call one, which he accordingly did. This Assembly convened on the 15th of January, 1751; " and upon this occasion the customary formalities of being addressed by the Executive and replied to by the Assembly were for the first time gone through in Georgia."* Mr. Parker continued to discharge the duties of the Executive of the Province of Georgia until the surrender of the charter. After the arrival of Governor Reynolds, Mr. Parker retired to the Isle of Hope, where he departed this life, at an advanced age.t ADDRESS OF ASSEMBLY. "ASSEMBLY RooM, 25th January, 1751. "Sia-We, the deputies of the several districts, in General Assembly met, desire to return you our sincere thanks for your speech to us; and we assure you, we shall endeavour, with all concord and unanimity, to go through the business appointed for us to do; and we also beg leave to embrace this opportunity of heartily congratulating you on your being appointed Vice-President of the Province, which we look upon as no more than a just reward for your long and faithful services in it; and we have no doubt but the same steadiness, justice, and candour, which have formerly guided you in the execution of other offices, will direct and govern you in this. " FRANCIS HARRIS, Speaker. " HENRY PARKER, Esquire, Vice-President. of the Colony of Georgia." The Vice-President returned the following answer: "MR. SPEAKER AND GENTLEMEN OF THE ASSEMBLY-I heartily thank you for your kind and flattering address, and will always make it my study and endeavour to promote anything which may tend to the service and advantage of the Colony. ( HENRY PARKER, " Vice-President of the Colony of Georgia." i Stevens's History of Georgia. 182 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. JOHN REYNOLDS. AFTER the surrender of their charter by the Trustees to the crown, the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations were directed to lay before the Privy Council a plan of government for the Colony of Georgia, which they accordingly did on the 5th of March, 1754. The plan recommended was approved, and Captain John Reynolds was appointed by the King of England Governor of Georgia, with the title of "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of His Majesty's Province of Georgia, and Vice-Admiral of the same." A few days after the date of his commission, (6th of August, 1754,) he embarked for the colony, and on the 29th of October of the same year landed at Savannah. A new system of government now commenced, entirely different from that which existed under the supervision of the Trustees, but similar to that which prevailed in the other colonies. The Governor had authority to call an Assembly, to pass laws, to erect courts of judicature, to grantlands, &c., &c. A Council of twelve persons was also appointed to advise and assist the Governor., Officers were also appointed to collect the customs and duties, to manage the quit-rents and grants of land, besides others, such as Secretary, ProvostMarshal, and Attorney-General. The seal of the Colony was changed,* and the following persons appointed Cou'ncillors: Patrick Graham, Sir Patrick Houstoun, Bart., James Habevsham, Alexander Kellett, William Clifton., Noble Jones, Pickering Robinson, Francis Harris, Jonathan Bryan, William Russell, James Habersham, Secretary of the Province; William Clifton, Attorney-General; Alexander Kellett, Provost-Marshal; William Russell, Naval Officer; Thomas Young, William Brahm, Surveyors; Sir Patrick Houstoun, Bart., Register * Approval of the King and Council of the Draught of a Colonial Seal. Order of Council at the Court of Kensington, 21st of June, 1754. Present, the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council. Upon reading at the Board a representation from the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, setting forth that his Majesty, having been graciously pleased to approve of a plan for the establishment of a civil government in his Majesty's Colony of Georgia, in America, and it appearing necessary that a public Seal should be prepared for sealing all public documents there, according to the method practised in all his Majesty's colonies in America, the said Commissioners have therefore prepared the draught of such a Seal as to them seems to be proper for the said Colony of Georgia, whereon a figure, representing the Genius of the Colony, is described, offering a skein of silk to his Majesty, with the motto, "' Hine laudem sperate Coloni," and around the circumference, "Sigillum Provincie nostrae Georgiae in America;" and on the obverse are his Majesty s arms, crown, garter, supporters, and motto, with the inscription, " Georgius II. Dei Gratia Magnae Britannie Fr. et Hib. Rex Fidei Defensor, Brunswici et Lunenbergi Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Archi Thesaurarius et Elector." His Majesty, in Council, took the same into consideration, and was pleased to approve of the same draught, and to order that his Majesty's Chief Engraver of Seals do forthwith engrave one Silver Seal for the use of his Majesty's Colony of Georgia, according to the said draught, and of the same size with those sent to his Majesty's Provinces of South and North Carolina; and the said Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations are to prepare a warrant for his Majesty's royal signature to the said engraver, as usual upon the like occasions, and to direct him to lay the said Seal before his Majesty at this Board for his royal approbation. (Signed) W. SHARPE. JOHN REYNOLDS. 183 of Grants. One among the first acts of Governor Reynolds was to secure the friendship of the Indians, for which purpose he wrote letters to the head men of the Upper and Lower Creeks, assuring them of his amicable feelings, and promising some tokens of his Majesty's regard. The establishing of proper courts of judicature being of great importance to the prosperity of the Province, Governor Reynolds, as early as circumstances would permit, brought this subject before the Council, and on the 12th of December a General Court was established, besides a Court of Chancery, a Court of Oyer and Terminer, and a Court of Admiralty. After the arrangement of the Courts, the Governor called a General Assembly to meet in Savannah on the 7th of January, 1755, and accordingly the first Legislature of Georgia,, consisting of three branches, the Governor, Council, and Commons, met upon the day appointed. With the exception of some interruptions, originating with Edmund Gray, a pretended Quaker, one of the members of the Assembly, business was conducted with harmony. Twelve acts were passed, and received the assent of the Governor. After the adjournment of the Assembly, Reynolds made a tour through the southern parts of the Province. It was on this tour that he laid out a town on the Ogeechee River, which he named Hardwick. In a letter addressed to the Board of Trade, he expresses the opinion, "that Hardwick will become a fit place for the seat of government." The necessity of having the southern boundaries of the Province clearly defined struck the Governor as highly important, and he proposed to the Council in England to extend his authority to 30 deg. 20 min. north latitude, and thence in a straight line westward to the Pacific, but no definite action was taken upon the subject. In his efforts to protect the colony, by proper military defences, the Governor exhibited much zeal, and sent to the Board of Trade a representation upon the subject. Wishing to maintain peaceful relations with the Indians, he resolved, accompanied by some of the Council, to meet them at Augusta. A day was appointed, but the Indians failing to attend, he returned to Savannah, leaving William Little as his agent to deliver his speeches and presents. It was just about this time that two transports from Nova Scotia, with four hundred French Papists, arrived at Savannah. It was one of the express conditions on which Georgia was settled, that no Papist should be allowed in it, and consequently the Governor was placed in an awkward position. These new-comers brought letters to Reynolds from Lieut.-Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, acquainting him "that for the better security of that province, and in consequence of a resolution of his Council, he had sent these people to Georgia, and he did not doubt of his concurrence."* To the honour of the Governor, he treated them with kindness. The season of the year not admitting of their going north, and their provisions being nearly exhausted, they were distributed about the Province in small parties, and maintained at the public expense until the following spring, when the greater part of them left. In 1756, * Board of Trade, vol. vi., p. 39. 184 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. misunderstandings began between the Assembly and the Governor. These arose from the Assembly refusing to admit to their seats three new members, on account of which, it was adjourned from the 5th to the 12th of February, 1756. So determined was the Assembly to disregard the instructions of the Governor, that they ordered a message of adjournment, sent by him, to lie on the table, confined the Speaker to his chair, forced him to sign a paper, while some private members seized upon the minutes, made such alterations as they pleased, and refused to deliver them to his written order. Of these proceedings he complained to the Board of Trade. With the Council, also, the Governor had difficulties. In a letter to the Board of Trade, he informs them "that a great majority of the Council have all along appeared to be extremely greedy of power, and would fain have all things determined by vote, desiring even his official correspondence with the Board of Trade to pass under their approval." Representations were made to the Board of Trade, that a sad decline of the colony had taken place, which was attributed to the Governor, and to William Little, his Secretary. This man had served with Reynolds in the navy as a surgeon, and had accompanied him to Georgia, and by him was advanced to some of the most responsible posts. In consequence of his conduct, he became very unpopular, and in Sept., 1755, all the Council except one presented to the Governor a memorial, in which they charged Little with forgery, illegal commitments, and arbitrary conduct, and desired his removal from office. The Governor refused to remove him. Various representations were sent to England against the Governor and Little; and although active measures were taken to contradict these representations, the Lords of Trade felt it to be their duty to attend to the complaints, and accordingly Reynolds was recalled. On the 17th of February, 1757, the Governor received a letter from the Board of Trade, dated 5th of August, 1756, signifying his Majesty's pleasure' that he should return to England, to the end that an account of the present situation and circumstances of the Province, and of his conduct in the administration of the Government there, might be laid before his Majesty for his further directions, and to resign the Government of the colony into the hands of Henry Ellis, Esq." Immediately upon the receipt of this letter Governor Reynolds resigned, and in a few days embarked for England, having previously furnished himself with such necessary documents and papers as he thought would enable him to obey the commands of his Majesty. The vessel in which he embarked was taken by a French privateer, and carried into the port of Bayonne, from whence he procured a passage home, having been stripped by the enemy of his journal, papers, and every thing of value belonging to him. On the 7th of July, 1757, he arrived in London, and it was not until the 6th of March of the next year that the Board of Trade furnished him with a statement of complaints. To these complaints he responded, but the Board of Trade were not satisfied with his explanations. He now resumed his rank in the navy. He was finally made Rear-Admiral of the Blue, and died in January, 1776. HENRY ELLIS. 185 HENRY ELLIS. THIS gentleman was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Georgia on the 15th of August, 1756. He was born in 1720. His devotion to the natural sciences, and his fondness for geographical discoveries, induced a committee of Parliament to constitute him their agent to take charge of an expedition which was fitted out to find a new passage to the Pacific. The expedition left England on the 24th of May, 1746, and after twelve months employed in persevering but ineffectual efforts to find the wished-for passage, returned. Ellis published a narrative of his voyage, the merits of which were so highly esteemed that he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. At Savannah, where he arrived on the 16th of February, 1757, he was received with demonstrations of respect and joy by all classes of the people Before Governor Ellis had taken the reins of Government, he had learned that the task he was about to undertake would be a difficult one-that the colony was not only in a defenceless state, but much distracted by factions, and he therefore addressed a memorial to the proper authorities, in which he solicited " five hundred stand of arms for the inhabitants, a ship of war to defend the coast, and presents for the Indians," all of which was granted. The situation of things required firmness and decision, and Ellis possessed these qualities in an eminent degree. To the interests of the colony he appears to have devoted himself with zeal and judgment. The state of the judiciary, the importance of keeping up friendly relations with the Indians, and other subjects highly conducive to the welfare of the Province, were strongly presented to the consideration of the Lords Commissioners. In a letter dated May 5, 1757, which he addressed to the Board of Trade, he informed them that he had made a visit to the southern parts of the Province, examined minutely the principal rivers, and described the Great Ogeechee " as possessing advantages much superior to any of the others," and expressed the opinion, " that Hardwick was the most eligible place for the seat of government." In his journey he met with many Indians, whose friendly feelings he endeavoured to cultivate. On the 16th of June, 1757, the Assembly of the Province met agreeably to his call. In his speech to them, he says-" I can with unfeigned sincerity declare, that I enter upon this station with the most disinterested views, without prejudice to any man or body of men, or retrospect to past transactions or disputes, but animated with the warmest zeal for whatever concerns your happiness or the public utility, sincerely inclined to concur with vou in every just and necessary measure, and fully resolved, that if unfortunately my wishes and endeavours prove fruitless, to be the first to solicit my recall."* In reply to this address, he was assured by the Council " that they * Minutes of Council in Assembly, 164. 186 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. congratulated him upon his arrival into the Province, and that they promised themselves, from his distinguished abilities, acknowledged probity, and unwearied application, that the day of his arrival will prove the era of the prosperity of this colony." A feeble effort was made by Little, to whom we have referred in our memoir of Reynolds, to disturb the Government, but it was completely defeated by the mild, but decided, measures of Ellis. This Assembly was prorogued on the 28th of July, after which, Governor Ellis applied himself to the preservation of amity with the Spanish Governor, in St. Augustine, and securing the friendship of the Indians. His correspondence with the Spanish Governor is to be found in volume viii., Book of Trade, Colonial Documents. We have perused it carefully, and think it affords evidence of the great talents of Mr. Ellis, and if our limits allowed we would insert the whole of it. At this time war existed between France and England, and letters were addressed to the colonial Governors, by Pitt, then the Prime Minister of England, communicating the resolution of his Majesty to prosecute the war.in the most vigorous manner, and calling upon them to raise troops for their defence. Governor Ellis laid the letter sent to him before the Assembly, but such was the state of the colony, that it could not respond to the call of the mother country. On the 25th of October, 1757, a conference was held by Governor Ellis and the Council with the Upper and Lower Creeks, From the minutes of Council, dated 29th of October, 1757, we make the following extracts in regard to this conference:A The Indians were escorted by Captain Milledge, with his troop of Rangers, and approached the town. They were met in an open savanna, about a mile distant; by Captain Bryan, with the principal inhabitants of the town, on horseback, who welcomed them in his honor's, the Governor's, name, and regaled them in a tent pitched for that purpose. This being ended, the cavalcade resumed their march; Captain Bryan, at the head of the gentlemen, led the way, the Indians followed according to their rank, and the Rangers brought up the rear. They advanced in this order until they were in sight of the town, where they halted, and were saluted with three cannon from the Kings, from the Prince's five, from the Halifax five, and five from Loudon's bastions. They then moved on to the gate, when Captain Bryan, and the horse that were with him, filing to the right and left, formed two lines, through which the Indians marched. They were then next received by Colonel Jones, at the head of the regiment of Foot Militia, who conducted them with great regularity towards the Council-Chamber. As they passed the Governor's house they were saluted with seven cannon at the water side, and from vessels in the river. A little short of the CouncilChamber, the Foot Militia divided in good order to the right and left. The Indians marched through, and were again received by a company of the Virginia Regiment of Blues, drawn up in a line in front, who, first saluting them with a volley, by a particular evolution, formed two lines, extending to the CouncilHouse, where the Indians were conducted to the Council, and were introduced to his honor, the Governor, who, holding out his hand, addressed them in the fol HENRY ELLIS. 187 lowing manner:-' My friends and brothers behold my hands and arms. Our common enemies, the French, have told you that they are red to the elbows; view them-do they speak the truth? Let your own eyes witness. You see they are white; and could you see my heart, you would find it as pure, but very warm, and true to you, my friends. The French tell you, whoever shakes my hands will be immediately struck by disease, and die. If you believe this lying, foolish talk, don't touch me. If you do not, I am ready to embrace you.' Whereupon they all approached his Honor, and shook hands, declaring the French had often deceived them in this manner. These ceremonies being over, and the Indians seated, his Honor addressed himself to them again, to which the Wolf King Mico, of the Upper Creeks, made a suitable reply. His Honor then invited the head men to dine with him at his own house, where they were entertained in the kindest manner. The conference lasted several days, and resulted in a treaty of peace and friendship. At the opening of 1758, Governor Ellis assured the Board of Trade, that notwithstanding the calamities of the times, the Province was in the enjoyment of a large share of happiness and prosperity. The second General Assembly met in Savannah, 11th of January, 1758. Among the laws enacted by this body, was one dividing the Province into parishes, regulating Indian affairs, prohibiting slaves from being taught handicrafts, &c. Upon the adjournment of the Assembly, Governor Ellis made a second tour through the southern parts of the Province, and proceeded as far as the south end of;Cumberland Island. Important points he discovered to be in a defenceless situation, and in his communications to the Board of Trade, he earnestly entreats them to make provision to have these points defended; but other matters occupied their attention, and he was compelled to fit out a suitable vessel for the defence of the Province. The Governor's services were not unnoticed by the mother country, and he was appointed on the 17th of May, 1758, Governor-in-Chief of the colony. Soon after he was made Governor-in-Chief, he received an order from Government to remove certain persons, numbering over three hundred, who had settled on lands between the Alatamaha and the St. John's, and who had called their settlement New Hanover. The reasons for this order were many, but the principal one urged was, that it might become a " rendezvous for fugitives and outlaws." Commissioners were appointed to break up the settlement. It was under the administration of Governor Ellis that the long disputed claim of the Bosomworths was settled. We have already given a full account of this dispute, and we deem it unnecessary to say any thing here in regard to it. The climate of Georgia had a very injurious effect upon the health of Mr. Ellis, and in November, 1759, he solicited a recall, which was granted, and he took his departure from Georgia on the 2d of November, 1760, amidst the sincere regrets of the people. He was afterwards appointed Governor 188 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of Nova Scotia, which station he held for two years and a half. Ill health compelled him to visit France, and afterwards Naples. He died in 1805, over eighty-five years of age. Dr. Stevens, in his History of Georgia, says-." The period of his connection with Georgia will ever be in her history like the calm hour of sunshine, after a tempest has blackened the sky." SIR JAMES WRIGHT WAS descended from an ancient family. His father was Robert Wright, Esq., of Sedgefield, in Durham, England, who removed to South Carolina, and settled in Charleston. He was appointed ChiefJustice of South Carolina, the duties of which office he continued to discharge until his death. In Charleston, he married a widow lady by the name of Pitts, by whom he had James Wright, the subject of this memoir.* As it was customary at this period for gentlemen to have their sons educated in Europe, it is probable that Mr. Wright received his education in England. He practised law in Charleston, and was afterwards appointed agent of the Province of South Carolina in Great Britain. On the 13th of May, 1760, he was appointed Governor of Georgia, and arrived at Savannah in the following October. It is impossible to compress within the limits allotted for our sketches a full account of the administration of this gentleman. Our readers must be satisfied with brief statements of the events which occurred during the time he held the reins of Government. Governor Wright found Georgia in a languishing condition, and he lost no time in endeavouring to correct abuses. In a short period the colony gave signs of prosperity. Soon after his arrival, he issued writs of election for members of the Assembly. At the time designated, the Assembly met at Savannah, and, at the suggestion of the Governor, adopted many regulations, the utility of which was soon manifested in the progress which the colony made in agriculture and commerce. Governor Wright feeling the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Indians, took every precaution to guard them against oppression, and prevent any rupture with them. The Province felt the happy effects of the Governor's energy, and it bid fair to become one among the most important of his Majesty's colonies. The Governor being a firm advocate of what he considered the rights of the colony over which he presided, he never would permit them to be violated with impunity. In 1763, Governor Boone, of South Carolina, issued grants for many thousand acres of land situated south of the Alatamaha River, to several persons. Governor Wright regarded this proceeding as contrary to the spirit and intention of his Majesty's * Burke's Peerage and Baronetage. SIR JAMES WRIGHT. 189 orders, as well as highly detrimental to the welfare of Georgia, and accordingly sent an agent to Charleston with a protest and caveat against the proceedings of the Governor of South Carolina. To the agent, the Governor's protest and caveat, Boone paid no attention, upon which' Governor Wright forwarded an account of the matter to the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations. Their Lordships, in a short time afterwards, ordered Boone's grants to be discontinued.* For some time everything seemed to go on well in Georgia, but' the passage of the Stamp Act by the mother country produced a spirit of discontent. As soon as it was known that the Stamp Act had received the royal assent, the American colonies adopted resolutions expressive of their abhorrence of the Act. Georgia was not backward in declaring her sentiments in regard to this obnoxious measure. At this time William Knox, Esq., was the agent of the Province of Georgia in Great Britain. This gentleman had written a letter to a friend in America, in which he defended the Stamp Act. This gave great offence to the people of Georgia, and the General Assembly, at their meeting November 15, 1765, " resolved to give instructions to the Committee of Correspondence to acquaint Mr. Knox, agent of this Province, that the Province has no further occasion for his services;" and at a subsequent Assembly, Charles Garth was appointed agent. Governor Wright objected to this appointment, and desired the Assembly to appoint another person; but they adhered to their first nomination, and sent it up to the Council, with an article of ~100, as the estimate for his salary. The Council disagreed to the ordinance, upon the ground that Mr. Garth being the agent of South Carolina, he could not exercise those functions for Georgia, but were willing to concur in the nomination of any other unexceptionable person, of which they informed the Assembly; but this body insisted upon their first appointment, and declared, if the ordinance was rejected, they would appoint him themselves, which they accordingly did on the 26th of March, 1767. This gave great umbrage to the Governor; and in a letter addressed to Secretary Conway, he says, " The nomination of a provincial agent by the Assembly alone is a thing, I believe, never before attempted in any province on the Continent of America, unless very lately, when they have been seized with their strange enthusiastic ideas of liberty and power." In another letter written about this time, he complains " that a large proportion of the people of Georgia are sons of liberty, and that the same spirit of sedition which first appeared in Boston had reached Georgia." With his usual energy, Governor Wright laboured to convince the people of the propriety of submitting to the King's authority,. He represented, in the strongest manner possible, the dangerous consequences of following the example of their Northern brethren, but to no purpose. The people became alarmed at beholding an attack upon their constitutional liberties, and they determined, as far as circumstances would permit, to resist such attack. In a variety of ways did * American State Papers. 190 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. they manifest their opposition to the Stamp Act. "On the 26th of October, 1765, the day of his Majesty's accession, Governor Wright had ordered a general muster, and in the evening of which there was a very great tumult in the streets, and some effigies were burnt, and two or three days afterwards several incendiary letters were written.'"* These exhibitions of violence drew from the Governor a proclamation, which, however, instead of awing the people, only exasperated them, and led to the formation of an association to oppose and prevent the distribution of the stamped papers. The difficulties and disturbances prevailing at this time were attributed by the Governor "to the inflammatory papers, letters, and messages continually sent to Georgia from the Sons of Liberty, as they call themselves in Charleston, South Carolina." On the 5th of December, 1766, his Majesty's ship Speedwell arrived in the Savannah River, having on board the stamped papers. The Governor used every precaution to prevent either the papers or officers from falling into the hands of the Sons of Liberty. As soon as it was known that the vessels with the papers were in the river, several of the citizens waited upon the Governor, and informedhim that there was no intention to seize upon and destroy the papers. The papers were landed and lodged in the Kingston or Warehouse, under the care of the Commissary; but notwithstanding the assurances given to the Governor, he soon discovered much discontent among the people. On the 2d of January he received information that the Liberty Boys in town had assernbled, to the number of about two hundred, and that some of them had declared they were determined to go to the fort and break open the store, take out the stamped papers, and destroy them. This induced the Governor to order the officers to collect their men, and make other arrangements which he conceived would prevent a seizure of the papers. On the 3d of January, Mr. Agnus, the distributor of the stamps for the Province of Georgia, arrived in the river, upon which the Governor sent a scout boat with an officer and a party of men to protect him. He was guarded to the Governor's house, where he remained two weeks; but such was the excitement of the people, that it was deemed necessary to send him into the country. Some time after this six hundred men assembled near Savannah, and threatened, if Governor Wright did not promise that he would issue no more stamps until the King's pleasure was known, they would surround his' dwelling, seize and destroy the papers, and commit other acts of violence. The Governor, upon hearing this, had the papers removed to Fort George, on Cockspur Island, where they were protected by a captain, two subalterns, and fifty men. On the 4th of February the town was again alarmed by the appearance on the commons of between two and three hundred men, clamorous for the redress of their grievances. The Governor ordered out the company of Rangers, and all the regulars and volunteers, together with a party of marines * Wright's Letter to Secretary Conway, in Colonial Documents SIR JAMES WRIGHT. 191 and seamen from the Speedwell. The most daring of the Sons of Liberty were in favour of attacking the Governor's soldiers, but the more prudent thought differently, and after a parley with the Governor, they retired without coming to any settled purpose.* On the arrival of the stamps, says Dr. Stevens, "there were between sixty and seventy sail of vessels in port waiting for clearance. The whole exporting produce of the Province was shipped on board these vessels, and the necessities of the case seemed so urgent, that though the people refused to use stamps for any other purpose, they consented to employ them to clear out their ships, by which means the port was opened, though the courts remained closed, and every species of judicial business was suspended. Such a course gave much umbrage to the other colonies, and particularly to South Carolina. Governor Wright was termed by the Carolinians'a parricide,' and Georgia'a pensioned Government, which had sold her birthright for a mess of pottage, and whose inhabitants should be treated as slaves, without ceremony.' They resolved,' that no provisions should be shipped to that infamous colony, Georgia; that every vessel trading there should be burnt, and whosoever should traffic with them should be put to death.' But the injustice of these measures towards Georgia will be evident, when it is remembered that through the irresolution of Governor Bull, the port of Charleston itself was opened, under pretence that no stamped papers were to be had, when, in fact, they were lodged by his authority in Fort Johnston, whence, overawed by the populace, he dared not remove or use them. Charleston, also, was a city of many thousand inhabitants, and its Governor hesitating and timorous, while Savannah had hardly as many hundreds, controlled by a Chief Magistrate whose energy and decision could neither be wearied by importunity, nor daunted by danger. Georgia did not deserve this reproach, for every thing which a Province similarly situated could do, was done, and she rested not from her efforts till a repeal of the Act and a change of Ministry brought with them a temporary quiet and repose." The repeal of the Stamp Act was followed by others equally oppressive. In 1767, Governor Wright received an application for barracks to accommodate a company of British soldiers, of which he gave the Assembly information; but this body refused to make the necessary arrangements for their accommodation, declaring "that they humbly conceive their complying with the requisition would be a violation of the trust reposed in them by their constituents, and founding a precedent they by no means think themselves justifiable in introducing." In 1768, Governor Wright received a letter from the Earl of Hillsborough, enclosing a copy of a letter from the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay to the Speaker of the Assembly of Georgia. On account of the Assembly not sitting, they had no opportunity of considering the same; but the late Speaker, Alexander Wyley, Esq., wrote a letter to the Speaker of the Boston Assembly, informing him * See Dr. Stevens's Discourse before the Georgia Historical Society. 192 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of the Governor's having prorogued the Assembly, which prevented its being answered in a public way, and assuring him that when the Assembly meets, he would lay it before the House, and that such measures will be pursued as will manifest their regard for constitutional liberty, and their respect for the House of Representatives of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, whose wise and spirited conduct is so justly admired; and also informed him that they had instructed Dr. Franklin, their agent, to join the other colonies' agents in soliciting a repeal of sundry laws.* When these facts were communicated by Governor Wright to the Earl of Hillsborough, that nobleman directed, "if Wyley should be elected Speaker of the next Assembly, the Governor should put a negative upon such a choice." In the Commons House of Assembly, 24th of December, 1768, Mr. Alexander Wyley presented the letter to which we have just referred; and also one signed by Peyton Randolph, Esq., Speaker of the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia, which were read, and the following resolutions adopted:" Resolved, That from the inherent right of the subject to petition the throne for redress of grievances, a right allowed and confirmed by the act of William and Mary, the said letters do not appear to this House of a dangerous or factious tendency, but on the contrary, in the opinion of this House, only tend to a justifiable union of subjects aggrieved, in lawful and laudable endeavours to obtain redress by an application founded upon, and expressive of, duty and loyalty to the best of Kings, a becoming respect for the Parliament of Great Britain, and an equitable and natural affection for our mother country, and arises from the tender and commendable attention of those Colonies to the natural rights and liberties of British subjects in America, -and to which they are undeniably entitled upon the happy principles of the Constitution. " Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent by the Speaker of the House to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts Bay, and the Speaker of the House of Burgesses in Virginia; and that they be acquainted by him that this House approves of the measures by them pursued to obtain redress of our common grievances, also of the method by them taken of enunciating these measures to the other Provinces on the Continent." These resolutions were offensive to Governor'Wright, who charged the Assembly with revolutionary conduct, and dissolved that body; informing the members, that "if America was to become independent of the mother country, from that day you may date the foundation of your ruin and misery." In 1770, instructions were sent to Governor Wright from the Board of Trade, to consent to an act for electing representatives in the four parishes south of the Alatamaha. The Deputy-Secretary of State had been required to give evidence before the House of Representatives; but having doubt as to certain powers exercised by the House, he refused to answer the questions proposed to him, and in consequence. of which he was committed to prison. The Governor refused * Governor Wright's Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough, dated August 6, 1768. SIR JAMES WRIGHT. 193 to notice the proceedings of the House, upon the ground of their being illegal, declaring that he had not sanctioned a representation from these parishes, and he was highly displeased with the power which had been assumed by them in the imprisonment of the Deputy-Secretary. These circumstances, together with the evident disposition of a large majority of the members to support the resolutions entered into at the preceding session, induced the Governor to dissolve the Assembly. "The General Assembly met at Savannah on the 23d of April, 1771. On the 24th, the new-elected Commons House of Assembly unanimously re-chose the Hon. Noble Wymberley Jones their Speaker: but, being disapproved of by the Governor, they, the same day, unanimously chose Archibald Bulloch, Esq. He was approved of, and the session opened with a speech by the Governor, in which his Excellency informed the Assembly, that on his representation with respect to the Election Bill formerly presented to him, and which he then rejected, his Majesty had been pleased to assent to one for the purposes therein proposed, except for limiting the duration of the Assembly; and his Excellency concluded with recommending to them to confine their views to such things as are only essential. "01n the 25th, the House resolved, That the rejecting the Speaker elected by their unanimous consent was a high breach of the privilege of the House, and tended to subvert the most valuable rights and liberties of the people and their representatives; and that the members, being unwilling to delay the necessary business of the Province, did proceed to choose another member as Speaker; nevertheless, declaring that it ought at no time to be admitted as a precedent. "The 26th, an address was drawn up; and, while two members were ordered to wait on the Governor, to know his pleasure when he would be attended with the said address, his Excellency commanded the immediate attendance of the House, and delivered to them the following speech, viz.:"Mr. Spea7ce and Gentlemen of the Assembly: "When I met you, I was hopeful that you would have entered upon such business as appeared most essential to the public welfare, with a proper disposition. in which case, I conceive it might have been gone through in a very short time; but am sorry to find, by the proceedings entered on your journals, that, instead of paying any attention to my recommendation, a spirit of a very different kind prevails among you, and that you have been hardy enough not only to call in question, but absolutely to deny his Majesty's undoubted right to approve or disapprove of a Speaker, and which power is particularly delegated to me;-I say, when I see you have committed such an insult and attack on his Majesty's authority, it totally puts it out of my power to enter upon any business with you, or suffer you to sit any longer; and however unwilling you may pretend to be to delay the necessary business of the Province, yet I doubt not but all discerning and unprejudiced persons will clearly see that the obstruction to public business proceeds from your conduct, and not from mine. And I do, by and with the unanimous opinion and advice of his Majesty's honourable Council, dissolve this Assembly, and the same is hereby dissolved.' SAVANNAH, COUNCIL CHADIBE]r, "JAMES WRIGHT. "April 26, 1771." 13 194 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. An address was sent by this Assembly to the King, in which they represented the grievances the Province laboured under, by the late acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, for raising a revenue in America-assured his Majesty, that whilst they were equally attached by interest, and principle, and affection to the mother country, at the same time they lamented that by the imposition of internal taxes, they were deprived of privileges which they apprehended to be their indubitable right. That from his Majesty's equity, wisdom, and regard for the rights and liberties of his subjects, upon which they relied, they flattered themselves that the grievances would be removed, and that none of his subjects could, or did, more ardently desire and pray for a continuance of his Majesty's most auspicious reign, than his faithful Commons in Georgia. This address was signed by N. W. Jones, Speaker. It was sent to Dr. Franklin, and by him placed in the hands of the Earl of Hillsborough, who presented it to the King; but it was coldly received by his Majesty, for in a letter written by the Earl of Hillsborough to Governor Wright, dated March 23, 1769, he remarks-" The transmission of this address by any other channel than by the Governor, is irregular and disrespectful, but he had not weighed the contents with the less attention; but finding that it does both in the letter and spirit deny, and draw in question the authority of Parliament to enact laws binding upon the colonies, in all cases whatsoever, his Majesty disapproved of the address, and firmly resolved to support the Constitution as by law established, and not to countenance any claims inconsistent with its true principles." In 1774, the people of Georgia, by various public meetings, gave utterance to their feelings in regard to the questions then at issue. On the 24th of July of this year, a meeting of the inhabitants was held, to take into consideration their grievances. Governor Wright issued a proclamation, declaring it unlawful; and in a letter, dated the 24th of August, of the same year, addressed to the Earl of Dartmouth, he saysEvery thing was done that could be done to frustrate them, but this did not totally prevent it. They have been strongly invited by the Carolina Sons of Liberty, who have been suffered to do whatever they pleased, vwithout the least mark of disapprobation, or attempt to check them, that I have heard of; and now again, my Lord, as in the time of the Stamp Act, I am to be reflected upon and abused, for opposing the licentiousness of the people, and it is thrown out-'Why should our Governor do so, and, too, when the people of Carolina have gone greater lengths than we have, and the Governor has not taken any notice of it?' In short, at such times as these, if a man had resolution and integrity enough to stand forth and attempt to do his duty, it is like being set up as a mark to be shot at, and raising the resentments of great numbers against him.' On the 11th of May, a party of patriots, headed by Joseph Habersham, repaired to the magazine, and removed the powder. The SIR JAMES WRIGHT. 195 Governor issued a proclamation, offering a reward for apprehending the offenders, but they were not discovered until the Sons of Liberty had occasion to use this very powder against the enemies of their country. On the 1st of June, 1775, Governor Wright ordered preparations to be made for the celebration of his Majesty's birthday; but on the night of the 2d a number of the citizens assembled, spiked up all the cannon, and threw them down the bluff. A few of the spikes were drawn with great difficulty, and the guns remounted to perform the usual ceremonies. In June, 1775, Governor Wright wrote to the Earl of Dartmouth, "A few troops, twelve months ago, would have kept all the Southern Provinces out of rebellion;" and, according to the direction of the noble Earl, the Governor, that same month, wrote to General Gage and Admiral Graves, soliciting immediate assistance, which would have been promptly rendered, but for the interception of the letters by the Committee of Safety, at Charleston, and their transmitting by the post others, stating that Georgia was quiet, and no occasion existed for the troops or vessels which they had been commanded to hold subject to his order. The ships and soldiers were consequently withheld, and it was not until Sir James Wright, casually meeting General Gage in London, some years after, inquired the cause of his non-compliance with so pressing a request, tha tthe forgery was revealed to them.* Ori the 17th of June, several men-of-war arrived at Tybee, and to prevent the Governor from holding any communication with them, it was determined to secure his person, and, accordingly, Joseph Habersham entered the Governor's dwelling, took him prisoner, paroled him to his own house, and placed a sentinel at his door. The Governor, however, made his escape by a back door, and went to Bonaventure, about four miles from Savannah, where a boat was waiting for him, by which he was conveyed on board the armed ship Scarborough, from which he addressed a letter to some members of his Council. The Assembly adjourned without giving Governor Wright an answer to his letter, and he forced his way up to the town, and obtained, by rifling the vessels, the supplies necessary for the fleet. In 1779 he was dispatched to reassume the government of Georgia. In 1775 the Swallow packet. being just arrived in the port of Charleston, from England, William H. Drayton, Chairman of the Secret Committee, resolved to seize the mail, and on his way to the post-office, he met John Neufville and Thomas Corbett, two members of the Committee of Intelligence, who were proceedinr. thither on the same errand. On their arriving at the post-office, then kept by Jervis Henry Stevens, as Secretary to George Roupell, the Deputy-Postmaster, they demanded the mail which had just arrived in the packet, to which a refusal was made. They then informed Stevens they would take it by force, if not speedily delivered; to which he answered he should not deliver it. They then took possession of it, and upon examining it the Secret Committee found several despatches, among which were five letters for Governor Wright, of Georgia. About the same time the mail was seized, the Secret Committee intercepted two letters from Sir James Wright, each of them dated 27th June, 1775; one of them directed to Admiral Graves, and the other to General Gage.-Drayton. 196 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Savannah at that time was in the possession of the British. The friends of Governor Wright claim, that by his determined zeal and spirit, the defence of Savannah was one of the most brilliant events in the war at the South. This defence, it is said, would not have been made but for his vote in the Council of War, as the other members were equally divided.* At the close of the war he retired to England. He owned a large property in Georgia, which was confiscated. In 1783, he was placed at the head of the Board of Agents of the American Loyalists, for prosecuting their claims for compensation. His own claim occupied the attention of the Commissioners for a long time. At length they reported him as having rendered important services to Great Britain, and to have lost real and personal property to the value of ~33,702, and his office of Governor of Georgia, value ~1,000 per annum. He was created a Baronet on the 8th of December, 1772.t JAMES H ABER SHA M. THIS gentleman was born at Beverly, Yorkshire, in England, in 1712. Having formed a great friendship for the celebrated Whitefield, he determined, contrary to the wishes of his relatives, to accompany him to America. The two friends landed in Savannah on the 7th of May, 1738. Agreeably to a plan resolved upon by Whitefield, before he left England, to establish an Orphan House in Georgia, Mr. Habersham, in a short time after his arrival, opened a school for orphans and destitute children. When Whitefield again left the Province for England, he committed the affairs of the Orphan House to Mr. Habersham, whose energy eminently qualified him for such a trust. The Trustees had granted to Mr. Whitefield five hundred acres of land, for the establishment of the Orphan House, and Mr. Habersham selected a tract, which he considered suitable for such an object, about nine miles from the City of Savannah. On the 3d of November, 1741, he was enabled to remove his orphans to their new residence-the buildings having been so far completed as to admit of this arrangement. Under his management, the Orphan House flourished; but in 1744, he resigned the Presidency of it, and formed a commercial copartnership with Francis Harris. Before this, the business of the colony was managed by the storekeeper of the Trustees; so that this establishment of Harris and Habersham may be considered the first commercial house in Georgia. * Sabine's American Loyalists. t Governor Wright married, in 1740, Sarah, only daughter and heiress of Captain Maidman, of the Army. This lady was drowned on her voyage to England, in 1763. JAMES HABERSHAM. 197 For a few years their trade was mostly confined to Boston, NewYork, and Philadelphia; but in 1747, they opened a correspondence in London, and began the system of direct importation. These gentlemen soon had the satisfaction of knowing that their operations afforded great assistance to the colony. About this time, the Rev. Mr. Bolzius, Minister at Ebenezer, requested Mr. Habersham to give him, in a letter, his views in relation to agriculture and commerce. With this request he complied; and as, in his letter, he had made some remarks in regard to the prominent men in the colony, as well as to the plans of the Trustees, he begged that it might be considered confidential; but, finally, he consented that Mr. Bolzius might furnish a friend of his in Germany with a copy, who sent it to the Trustees. When Mr. Habersham heard this, he concluded that he would incur the displeasure of the Trustees; but his letter, instead of producing this effect, gave them a high opinion of his talents, and he was appointed an Assistant to the President of the Province of Georgia. In 1750, Mr. Habersham, in conjunction with Mr. Pickering Robinson, was appointed a Commissioner to advance the culture of silk in the colony; and although his business demanded much of his attention, yet he attended to this subject. Copies of his letters upon the silk business are to be found among the Colonial Documents, now in the keeping of the Georgia Historical Society, and they evince an intimate acquaintance with the subject, and an earnest desire that the inhabitants of the Province should feel it to be their interest to bestow a portion of their labour upon the culture of silk. In 1754, under the administration of Governor Reynolds, Mr. Habersham was appointed by the King, Secretary of the Province, and one of the Councillors. In 1767, he was President of the Upper House of the General Assembly. In the royal commission, by which James Wright was made Governor of the Province of Georgia, it was provided " that, upon the death or absence of the Governor, the eldest Councillor, whose name is first placed in his Majesty's instructions, shall take upon him the administration of the Government." In 1769, Governor Wright requested leave of absence, and that Mr. Habersham should supply his place. He represented him " as being a gentleman of property, and no Liberty Boy." Permission was granted that Mr. Habersham should take the reins of government. Delicate were the duties devolving upon him, but space will not permit anything like a full account of the interesting incidents that occurred during the time he filled the Executive office. The excitement which the measures of the British Government produced in Georgia, and the difficulties with the Indians, rendered his position unpleasant. In his address delivered to the Assembly 29th of April, he says, " I am very sensible of the high and important post committed to me, which calls for the utmost of my best abilities to discharge, so as to approve myself to our most gracious Sovereign, 198 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. by promoting the true interest and prosperity of his good subjects in this Province, to effect which, you may depend on my most sincere and unwearied endeavours. My long residence in this Province, and the strong attachment I must have for its welfare from motives obvious to you, must make it extremely grateful to me to be in the least instrumental in furthering its growing prosperity." Although he was warmly attached to the mother country, he was not insensible to the rights of the Colonies, for in a letter addressed to the Earl of Hillsborough, after giving his views in regard to American affairs, and expressing his opinion, that according to the present constitution, the Parliament had an undoubted right to bind the Colonies, he suggests, " whether it would not be expedient to make some alteration in the Constitution relative to America." In April, 1772, he attempted to make the Assembly sensible of their duty to the King, in acknowledging his Majesty's right to negative a Speaker. On the lday upon which they met, they elected Mr. N. W. Jones their Speaker, and sent two of the members to Mr. Habersham, to inform him of the election. Ile replied that he would be in the Council Chamber at five o'clock in the afternoon, when they should have his answer. At the time appointed they met, and the Governor put a negative on the Speaker, and directed them to choose another, Shortly afterwards he was informed that the Assembly had reelected Mr. Jones, upon whom he put a second negative. The following day he went to the Council Chamber with the intention of dissolving the Assembly, if they persisted in their choice, and was informed that they had elected Mr. Archibald Bulloch their Speaker, and on his being presented, he approved of him. In the evening he sent for their journals, and noticing that immediately before the election of Mr. Bulloch, they had re-elected Jones a third time, and that, only in consequence of his resigning, they had chosen Mr. Bulloch, Mr Habersham sent for him the next morning, and informed him that he could not proceed on business with the House while that minute was suffered to remain on their journals. After considerable parley, Mr. Habersham dissolved the Assembly. When South Carolina determined to have no intercourse with Georgia on account of the refusal of the latter to accede to the resolutions of the Continental Association, Mr. Habersham wrote the following letter to one of his friends in Londn: " SAVANNAH, GA., April 17, 1775.' The fiery patriots in Charleston have stopped all dealings with us, and will not suffer any goods to be landed there from Great Britain, and I suppose the Northern Provinces will follow the example. "The people on this Continent are generally almost in a state of madness and desperation; and should not conciliatory measures take place on your side, I know not what may be the consequence. I fear an open rebellion against the Parent State; and consequently among ourselves. WILLIAM EWEN. 199 "Some of the inflammatory resolutions and measures taken and published in the Northern Colonies, I think, too plainly portend this. "However, I do most sincerely upon every occasion declare that I would not choose to live here longer than we are in a state of proper subordination to, and under Great Britain; although I cannot altogether approve of the step she has lately taken, and do most cordially wish that a permanent line of Government was drawn and pursued by the mother country and her children, and may God give your Senators wisdom to do it, and heal the breach, otherwise I cannot think of the event but with horror and grief-father against son, and son against father, and the nearest relatives and friends combating with each other! I may, perhaps, say with truth, cutting each other's throats. Dreadful to think of, much more to experience, &c. "JA MES HABERSHAIM." Shortly after writing this letter, Mr. Habersham's ill health rendered it necessary that he should go to the North, but the change did not benefit him, and he departed this life at New-Brunswick, New-Jersey, on the 28th of August, 1775. The Gazette of the day spoke of him thus:"In the first stations of the Province he conducted himself with ability, honour, and integrity, which gained him the love and esteem of his fellow-citizens; nor was he less distinguished in private life by a conscientious discharge of the social duties as a tender and affectionate parent, a sincere and warm friend, and a kind and indulgent master. Mr. Habersham was married by the Rev. Mr. Whitefield to Mary Bolton, at Bethesda, on the 26th of December, 1740, by whom he had ten children, three of whom sons, survived him, and were zealous in the cause of American liberty." WILLIAM EWEN WAs a native of England, and came to Georgia probably in 1734, as an apprentice to the Trustees. In a few years, by his correct behaviour and business habits, he became very popular with his fellowcitizens. During the period in which the affairs of the Colony of Georgia were managed by William Stephens, Esq., much discontent existed among the people. Repeated complaints of grievances had been made, which were never effectually redressed; and a meeting of the disaffected citizens was called, at which Thomas Stephens, the son of William Stephens, was appointed to represent their interests in Great Britain; and a Committee was also appointed to correspond with Mr. Stephens, of which Mr. Eweni was an active member. In the discharge of his duties, he was frequently brought into collision with the President of the Colony, who, judging from several portions of his journal, did not award to him much credit for the course which he thought proper to adopt. When the struggle between 200 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Great Britain and her Colonies commenced, he was among the first of that "immortal band" who took up arms in defence of American liberty. On the 21st of June, 1775, he was appointed a member of the Council of Safety, and, shortly afterwards, President of the Council, the duties of which were very arduous. At this period Georgia occupied a very critical situation. Of all the Colonies, none were so illy prepared to dispute the claims of the mother country. On the south, she was exposed to the attacks of the Spaniards of Florida; on the east, her coast was at the mercy of the foe; on the north and west, countless tribes of savages, known to be in the pay of the British King, were ready to make inroads upon her population. She was destitute of soldiers, and all the means of war. A very large proportion of the people, although they felt that they had just grounds of complaint against the mother country, were disposed to postpone open resistance, with a hope that their grievances would be redressed. The Sons of Liberty were indeed few. Says an actor in those days, " There are few righteous souls among them; a panic seems to have run among the people; assistance is wanted from Carolina to overawe such men as would sell their birthright for a mess of pottage." Happily for Georgia, she had such men as William Ewen at the head of her Government. The wisdom of the arrangements he proposed, and his firmness in executing them, baffled, in many instances, the designs of the foe. His letters, his proclamations, and other official papers, breathe a spirit of determined opposition to tyranny. He lived to see the independence of his country established, and to receive the plaudits of his grateful fellow-citizens for his devoted attachment to her cause. ARCHIBALD BULLOCH. MR. BULLOCH was a native of Charleston, and upon the commencement of the difficulties between Great Britain and her Colonies, took a decided part in favour of the latter. At that time the friends of liberty in Georgia were few, but Mr. Bulloch was not to be dismayed. When intelligence of the glorious events of the 4th of July, 1776, reached Savannah, Mr. Bulloch read the Declaration of Independence to a large audience, being the first man who read this document in Georgia.* In 1775 he was appointed a delegate to represent Georgia in the Congress at Philadelphia. On the 20th of January, 1776, he was elected President of the Executive Council of Georgia. Mr. * In the Universal Intelligencer, printed by Timothy Green, in 1776, we find the following:l SAVANNAH, (in Georgia,) August 10th, 1776. "A Declaration being received from the Honourable John Hancock, Esq., by which it appeared that the Continental Congress, in the name, and by the authority of their constituents, had declared that the United Colonies of North America are, and of right ARCHIBALD BULLOCH. 201 Bulloch did not live to see the issue of his country's struggle, for in less than twelve months after the Declaration of Independence, his fellow-citizens had to mourn his death. Mr. B. Shaffer, the father of Jacob Shaffer, of Savannah, used to relate the following incident, as illustrating the republican character of Mr. Bulloch. Colonel Lachlan McIntosh, Commander of the Continental troops in Savannah, upon the election of Mr. Bulloch to the Executive chair, had orJered a sentinel to be posted at his door, which sentinel was Mr. B. Shaffer. This did not suit Mr. Bulloch's views, and he requested the sentinel to be removed, saying-" I act for a free people, in whom I have the most entire confidence, and I wish to avoid, on all occasions, the appearance of ostentation." ought to be, Free and Independent States, and absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, his Excellency the President, and the Honourable the Council, met in the Council-Chamber, and read the Declaration. "They then proceeded to the square before the Assembly House, and read it to a great concourse of people, when the grenadier and light infantry companies fired a general volley. After this they proceeded in the following procession to the Liberty Pole: The grenadiers in front-the Provost-Marshal, on horseback, with his sword drawn-the Secretary, with the Declaration-His Excellency the President —the Honourable the Council and gentlemen attending-then the light infantry, and the rest of the militia of the town and district of Savannah, At the Liberty Pole they were met by the Georgia battalion, who, after reading of the Declaration, discharged their field-pieces, and fired in platoons. Upon this they proceeded to the battery, at the Trustees' gardens, where the Declaration was read for the last time, and the cannon of the battery discharged. His Excellency and Council, Colonel Lachlan McIntosh, and other gentlemen, with the militia, dined under the cedar trees, and cheerfully drank to the United, Free, and Independent States of America. In the evening the town was illuminated, and there was exhibited a very solemn funeral procession, attended by the grenadier and light infantry companies, and other militia, with their drums muffled, and fifes, and a greater number of. people than ever appeared on any occasion before in this Province, when George the Third was interred before the Court-House in the following manner:"For as much as George the Third, of Great Britain, hath most flagrantly violated his Coronation Oath, and trampled upon the Constitution of our country, and the sacred rights of mankind: we, therefore, commit his political existence to the groundcorruption to corruption-tyranny to the grave-and oppression to eternal infamy; in sure and certain hope that he will never obtain a resurrection to rule again over these United States of America. But, my friends and fellow-citizens, let us not be sorry, as men without hope, for TYRANTS that thus depart —rather let us remember America is free and independent; that she is, and will be, with the blessing of the Almighty, GREAT among the nations of the earth. Let this encourage us in well doing, to fight for our rights and privileges, for our wives and children, for all that is near and dear unto us. May God give us his blessing, and let all the people say AMEN." 202 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA BUTTON GWINNETT. THE Hon. Button Gwinnett was born in England, came to Georgia in 1772, and settled on St. Catherine's Island. For some time after the beginning of the Revolutionary difficulties, he was in doubt as to the course he would take; but the arguments of Dr. Lyman Hall, with whom he was intimate, convinced him of the justice of the American cause, and in 1775 he commenced taking an active part in public affairs. In 1776, at the meeting of the General Assembly in Savannah, he was appointed a representative to Congress, and his name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence as a delegate from Georgia. He was a member of the Convention which met in February, 1777, to frame a constitution for the future government of the State. Upon the death of Mr. Bulloch, he became Governor of Georgia. A delegation from South Carolina called upon Mr. Gwinnett during the early stage of the Revolution, for the purpose of suggesting to him the expediency of recommending that Georgia should place herself under the jurisdiction of the former; but to the praise of Mr. Gwinnett let it be known, that he treated the suggestion with contempt. An unfortunate misunderstanding occurred between General Lachlan McIntosh and Mr. Gwinnett, which resulted in a duel. The parties fought near Savannah, at the distance of twelve paces. Both gentlemen were seriously wounded. McIntosh recovered, but Gwinnett died twelve days after the combat27th of May, 1777. J OHN ADAM TREUTLEN. IN regard to the birth and education of this gentleman, we are unable to give our readers any account. He was a member of the Assembly under the administration of Governor Wright, and his name appears on the list of those who swore allegiance to the British Government. When the contest for liberty commenced, he was found among the foremost of those who stood up in defence of the rights of America. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress of Georgia, which met in Savannah on the 4th of July, 1775, acting as the representative from the parish of St. Andrew. On the 8th of May, 1777, he was elected Governor of Georgia by a large majority over his opponent, the Hon. Button Gwinnett. In 1780, an Act was passed by the Royal Government of Georgia, disqualifying, and rendering incapable, certain persons from holding or exercising any office in Georgia, and Mr. Treutlen had the honour of being placed upon the list as " Rebel Governor." When Treutlen JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN. 203 was at the head of the administration in Georgia, a proposition was made by South Carolina to Georgia, to unite the two States; and the Hon. William Henry Drayton was appointed one of the Commissioners to propose this union. For the following highly interesting papers in relation to this affair, we are indebted to Robert W. Gibbes, M. D., of Columbia, South Carolina. Letter from Win. Henry Drayton to Humphrey Wells, of Augusta, dated "SNOw HILL, S. C.; June 8, 1777. " SIR,-In compliance with your request, I do myself the pleasure of committing to paper some of the principal circumstances and arguments relative to the late proposition of an union between South Carolina and Georgia. "By our General Assembly, which is a pretty numerous body, it was unanimously resolved, that an union between the two States would tend effectually to promote their strength, wealth, and dignity, and to secure their liberty, independence, and safety. Commissioners were sent to Savannah to treat of an union, and I was honoured by being sent upon this business. "Immediately after I arrived in Savannah, I found that every gentleman in public office, with whom I conversed, was strongly against an union. How ever, I had the pleasure to find some gentlemen of fortune, though not in office or Convention, who heartily approved the measure. The Convention was adjourned when I arrived the beginning of January last, but upon their meeting, I notified that I had important matters to lay before them as Commissioner from South Carolina. I then was assured, and I gave full credit to it, that I should fail in my application, but I proceeded in the discharge of my duty. Being admitted to an audience in Convention, after a short introduction of what I had to say, I stated, that chance had originally placed the present districts of South Carolina and Georgia under one government at Charlestown; and although these districts, then forming but one, had been separated and placed under two governments, yet nature pointed out that the two should again form but one; for their climate, soil, productions, and interests were the same. That if they continued two States, we had only to recollect the history of mankind, and the nature of things, to foresee that from such causes their counsels and conduct would clash; and of course jealousies and rivalship would daily increase between them, to the natural prejudice of their internal improvement, common production, and foreign commerce. That there might be dangerous disputes about boundaries, and the property of Savannah River; since on these subjects many people in Carolina and Georgia thought very differently; a natural and great obstruction to the rise of the value of property. But that, on the other hand, by an union, all such jealousies, rivalship, prejudice, danger, and obstruction, would be removed. Improvements of every kind, especially in agriculture, inland navigation, and foreign commerce, would be studied and advanced with rapidity. The expenses of Government would be lessened, to the great ease of the people, because only one establishment of civil officers would be paid in the room of two. The public defence Would be more powerful, and at a less expense, 204 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. under one government than under two, which might be jealous of, and, therefore, often desirous to thwart each other, and at any rate certainly liable, undesignedly, to defeat each other's plans, to the ruin of the people concerned. And thus, sir, you see many important advantages that would be common to the two States by an union. But there are others which would be peculiar to Georgia. " By an union, the land in Georgia would rise in value, because the Carolina planters would be encouraged to extend their improvements into Georgia, and the merchants carry that trade immediately to Georgia, which otherwise must continue to be carried on as it always has been, and especially of late, through Carolina. The Georgia currency, always hitherto of inferior value to that of Carolina, (some more than 20 per cent.,) would be put upon an.equal footing with that of South Carolina. The town of Savannah, in particular, and the adjacent lands, would be of much more importance and value, because Savannah River would be immediately cleared, a measure that would encourage and occasion an immense increase of agriculture upon all the land within reach of its navigation, and hence an amazing increase of produce and river navigation, all of which would centre in Savannah. Thus, in a state of separation from South Carolina, Savannah could reasonably expect, and that but by slow degrees, and at a distant day, only the one-half of the produce of a well-improved cultivation of the lands on that river, but by an union she would, in a very short time, receive the whole of that improved cultivation and trade; and her own commerce would be increased almost beyond imagination, although she would lose the seat of government. Finally, I may add, that in a state of separation, in all probability Savannah will be ruined, because it will be our interest to preserve our trade to our own people. A town will rise on the Carolina side of Savannah River, which will be sure to preserve our half of the trade of that river, and by being wisely supported it may draw to it the other half also; and let it not be said, we cannot find a situation for a town, because it ought to be remembered, that history is full of instances of towns having been built and made to flourish in situations that had been deemed impracticable for such purposes. Rivers and lands make wealthy towns; for these are natural causes; the presence and expenses of a few officers of Government are but as drops of water in the ocean; these go but a little way towards filling a Government post with loaded ships. The principal materials for the building of such towns are policy and opulence; I thank God, Carolina is known not to be in want of either. "In short, sir, it was in vain I declared that Georgia should not be liable to pay a shilling of the public debts of South Carolina; that we would not be unwilling even to aid. Georgia in the discharge of her own; that we would condition against the taking up of great tracts of land. south of Savannah River; and that we were desirous of granting, in the treaty of union, whatever they could reasonably ask for in case of an union. It would be the duty and interest of the inhabitants north of Savannah River to promote the prosperity of those south of it, equally the same, as it was the duty and interest of the people in Georgia, north of Ogeechee, to aid those south of that river. Upon the whole, that we sought to promote the general welfare, and that we knew such an end would not be obtained, but by an union having justice and equity for its basis. JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN. 205 "Having discoursed upon such topics about an hour, I delivered a written proposition as a groundwork to proceed upon, and then departed. The Convention then determined (as it was said) to consider the subject the next day; and in the meantime, in the evening, I repaired to Dr. Jones, their Speaker, and informed him, that as the Public Body of Georgia had heard at large the Carolina reasonings upon the expediency of the union, I thought it equitable that the representatives of Carolina should also hear at large the Georgia reasonings upon the same subject, in order that if objections were made, they might, by knowing, have an opportunity of endeavouring to obviate them-and I desired he would, in the morning, take the sense of the Convention on this subject; he did so, and informed me that I was not to be admitted, as a public person, to hear their reasonings. Thus, while I found they had shut my mouth, I was made sensible that they thought their objections would appear to be more weighty by being secured against the possibility of a reply. And so Mr. Button Gwinnett appeared as the champion against me, when he had taken care to deprive me of an opportunity of exposing the fallacy of his arguments. " However, I took notes of his principal answers to what I had said; and in an hour after, in presence of an officer of high military rank, and of three or four members of the Convention, I produced those notes, and asked if they were just; and they agreed with me that what he had said was either gross misrepresentations of what I had advanced, or no answer to my arguments. In the afternoon, the Convention delivered to me a paper containing their rejection of the proffered union; founded, as I apprehend, upon a reason which does not exist in nature. For they declared, they could not treat of an union, because of such a particular article (which they specified) in, as they said, the Confederation of the United States, to which they had acceded. A confederation, sir, which I do assure you never existed as a public act of the general Congress binding upon the States; but which, nevertheless, the Convention were taught to receive as a public act of Congress, and to consider as such. The Convention were certainly innocent, but some individual is culpable. I received the paper, and in silence quitted the room. "I am, Sir, " Your most humble servant, "W. H. DRAYTON, " HUMPHREY WELLS, Esq.,' Near Augusta, Ga." 206 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The following is the Proclamation issued by Governor Treutlen in regard to the Hon. W. H. Drayton and others:GEORGIA. By his Honour JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN, ESQUIRE, Captain-General, Governolr, and Commander-in-Chlief in and over the said State. A PROCLAMATION. WnHEREAS it hath been represented unto me, that WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON, of the State of South Carolina, Esq., and divers other persons, whose names are yet unknown, are UNLAWFULLY,endeavouring to POISON the minds of the good people of this State against the Government thereof, and for that purpose are, by letters, petitions, and otherwise, daily exciting animosities among the inhabitants, under the pretence of redressing imaginary grievances, which by the said WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON it is said this State labours under, the better to effect, under such specious pretences, an union between the States of Georgia and South Carolina, all which are contrary to the Articles of Confederation, entered into, ratified, and confirmed by this State as a cement of union between the same and the other United and Independent States of America, and also against the resolution of the Convention of this State, in that case made and entered into: THEREFORE, that such pernicious practices may be put an end to, and which, if not in due time prevented, may be of the most dangerous consequences, I HAVE, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council of this State; thought fit to issue this Proclamation, hereby offering a reward of ONE HUNDRED POUNDS, lawful money of the said State, to be paid to any person or persons who shall apprehend the said WILLAM HENRY DRAYTOX, or any other person or persons aiding and abetting him in such unlawful practices, upon his or their conviction: And I DO hereby strictly charge and require all magistrates and other persons to be vigilant and/active in SUPPRESSING THE SAME, and to take all lawful ways and means for the discovering and apprehending of such offender or offenders, so that he or they may be brought to condign punishment. GI'VEN under my Hand and Seal in the Council Chamber at Savannah, this fifteenth day of Jily, one thousand seven hzundred and seventy-seven. JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN. By his Honours Command, JAMES WHITEFIELD, Secretary. GOD SAVE THE CONGRESS. JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN. 207 MR. DRAYTON'S REPLY. To this Honour, JOHN ADAM TREUTLEN, ESQUIRE, Captain-General, Governour, and Commander-in-Chief of the State of Georgia, and to those Members of his Executive Council who advised the above Proclamation. THAT terrible performance, which, by the by, most wise and respected rulers, was torn down, as it were, from under your noses, almost as soon as it was stuck up in Savannah, reached this place only last night; and, with all imaginable tenderness, I beg leave to assure you, that it is only to your own handy work you are indebted for this public reprehension. In plain terms, I tell you your Proclamation is a compound of nonsense and falsehoods. It is illegal and void in itself, for your law does not consider that an offence which you proclaim to be so. The King of Great Britain's late Proclamation, even although by advice of the House of Commons, to apprehend Wheble, the printer, is a case in point. The party was apprehended, but a magistrate of London, knowing that an apprehension under such a Proclamation was illegal, discharged him. But to satisfy you how I regard your Proclamation, and the people of Georgia what an empty thing it is, I do hereby promise to furnish the necessary sums of money to institute and prosecute an action of damages for false imprisonment against the party who shall apprehend any one in consequence of it: Arid I hint to you, that the famous cases of the journeymen printers against the King's messengers are in terrorem. The Confederation you speak of is an imposition upon the people of Georgia, no other of the States of America but yours having ratified or even considered of any such thing, or have had it to consider of.-Pray how did you blunder upon it? The Congress never sent it to you-why, they have not even concluded upon such a thing themselves. Nor does the resolution you mention warrant your assertion relative to "letters, petitions, " animosities,)' imaginary grievances', about "ALL WHICH," to use your own words, it is absolutely silent. Why you really bring yourselves into utter contempt, proclaiming, as you do, to the people, things that are not. Let me whisper in your ears, that this Proclamation of yours is not the first instance of your doing so. You say, I was "daily exciting animosities among the inhabitants, under the pretence of redressing imaginary grievances;' but you cannot prove that I even for an hour endeavoured to excite animosities. I was not among your inhabitants eight and forty hours. Twelve of these I spent in bed, the others at private entertainments by invitation, or while I travelled an unavoidable route; during the whole time of which even the subject of an union or your mai-adnministration was scarce mentioned. To some gentlemen of Georgia who applied to me in my own State, I spoke in plain terms of the real grievances under which they laboured. Upon their desire, I threw the matter into the form of a petition for a redress of them; and do you dare to threaten petitioners, or the promoters of petitions, for redress of grievances, with imprisonment? You would deserve to be hanged for doing so, but that you know not what yout do. In the year 1679, Charles the Second issued a Proclamation against petitions t for specious purposes relating to the public," "for that they tended to promote 208 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. discontents among the people, and to raise sedition and rebellion." But when the Parliament met they voted that the subject had a right to petition, and "that to traduce petitioning as tumultuous, is betraying the liberty of the subject, and tends to the introducing of arbitrary power." Lord Chief Justice North drew the Proclamation, and the Parliament ordered him to be impeached for it. He escaped condign punishment only because of his great caution in the draught of the Proclamation, in which he only commanded all "magistrates and other officers to whom it shall appertain, to take effectual care that all such offenders against the laws be prosecuted and punished according to their demerits." These magistrates and other officers saw no demerit in petitioning for a redress of grievances; they therefore issued no process against persons promoting such petitions; but you (as traitors or simpletons only would do) traduce petitioning, and order petitioners to be apprehended-a step that Lord Chief Justice North did not even dare to advise. As things are situated in Georgia, and as that Government is conducted, I think I am bound to proclaim to your people-and turn about, you know, is but fair play-that in my opinion, which, I believe, will go farther with them than yours to the contrary, their property is not secure under your Government-a disgrace and detriment to the American cause; that the life and liberty of the subject are in the greatest danger under your management, or we should not, among many other enomimities, have seen George M'Intosh, Esq., who I consider as an abused gentleman, arbitrarily ordered into a distant State, to be tried by those who have no jurisdiction in such a case, and far out of the reach of a jury of his vicinage-circumstances of tyranny, and total disregard to the most valuable rights of the people, that not only ought to alarm every honest and sensible man in Georgia, but fill such with indignation against you; that I highly approve the proposed union, and will promote it to the utmost of my power, notwithstanding (as you think) your formidable Proclamations; that now, having the very great honour of addressing you, I snatch the opportunity to make even yourselves co-operate in advancing my plan of an union, and to make you instruments to convey to the inhabitants of Georgia my most friendly and pressing recommendations, that while their Assembly shall be sitting, they will redouble their efforts to procure a redress of their grievances and an union with this State; and this my declaration, that I am inclined to think you are concealed Tories, or their tools, who have clambered up, or have been put into office, in order to burlesque Government-and I never saw a more extravagant burlesque upon the subject than you exhibit-that the people might be sick of an American Administration, and strive to return under the British domination, merely for the sake of endeavouring to procure something like law and order. I respect the people of Georgia; but, most wise rulers, kissing your hands, I cannot but laugh at some folks. Can you guess who they are? And so you would fain use me ill. It is well for you that I am in a most excellent humour. See how handsomely I will treat you. A good book says, "BLESS them that CURSE you." Let me assure you I obey the precept most devoutly. Could you have expected such a return? I have now answered your Proclamation, with what, as great folks should use great titles, I call a declaration. If you are content, I am satisfied, and we may possibly be good friends yet. However, if you have a mind to amuse the public JOHN HOUSTOUN. 209 with any other productions of your masterly pens, and wish to draw me in to contribute to the entertainment, I have no objection to be of the party; but I warn you beforehand, that whatever I contribute shall be entirely at your expense. This is but equitable; so if you are for such a frolic, I am, with all due respect to your dignities and compassion to your follies, Tout a vous, WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON. SOUTH CAROLINA, CHARLESTOWN, August 1, 1777. JOHN HOUSTOU N. JOHN HOUSTOUN, a son of Sir Patrick Houstoun, was among the earliest and most zealous advocates of the Colonies. At a crisis so momentous, it was fortunate for Georgia that there were men like Mr. Houstoun, willing and able to serve her. On the 15th of July, 1775, he was appointed one of the representatives of the Province to the Congress in Philadelphia; and the same honour was conferred upon him the 2d of February, 1776. His name would have appeared on the Declaration of American Independence, had he not been called from Congress to counteract the influences of the Rev. Mr Zubly, a delegate from Georgia, who had suddenly left Philadelphia for the purpose of using his efforts at home against the Declaration. On the 8th of May, 1777, Mr. Houstoun was appointed a member of the Executive Council; and on the 8th of January, 1778, was elected Governor of Georgia.. the invasion of East Florida had long been a favourite object of Mr. Houstoun; and soon after his elevation to the Executive chair, he expressed to Major-General Robert Howe, then in command of the Southern Department, his willingness to co-operate with him in this expedition. The force thought necessary for the expedition being raised, General Howe, accompanied by Governor Houstoun, proceeded against East Florida. Arriving at the St. Mary's River, numerous obstacles prevented further progress, and a council of war was called to decide whether a retreat would not be proper; and it was determined that, under present circumstances, a retreat was not only expedient, but absolutely necessary. Governor Houstoun was a man of high spirit, and was unwilling to relinquish the command of the Georgia militia to General Howe; and this misunderstanding between the Governor and the General was probably one of the principal causes which led to the failure of the expedition. In 1784, he was again Governor of Georgia. In 1787, in conjunction with John Habersham and Lachlan McIntosh, he was appointed a Commissioner by the General Assembly, on the part and behalf of the State of Georgia, for settling disputes respecting boundary with the State of South Carolina; but he differed in opinion from the other Commissioners, and protested against their proceedings. His protest may be found on page 666, in Marbury and Crawford's Digest. Mr. Houstoun was by profession a lawyer, comparable to any of his day. He died at White Bluff, near Savannah, July 20, 1796. 14 210 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. JOHN WE REAT. THIS gentleman took an early and decided part in favour of American liberty. He was one of the representatives in the first Provincial Congress of Georgia, in 1775. He was Speaker of the Provincial Congress of 1776, and acted with distinguished patriotism during the whole period of the American Revolution. After Savannah fell into the hands of the enemy, the Legislature dispersed without appointing a Governor for the succeeding year. Mr. Wereat, as President of the Executive Council, continued the operation of the functions of Government, and issued a proclamation, directing that a general election for members of the Assembly should be held.@ In 1782, the people west of Augusta suffered much for want of food, and Mr. Wereat employed his negroes and boats for a considerable time in carrying rice up the river to relieve them from want. He was remarkable for his financial talents, which he exerted with much usefulness to his country. He was President of the Convention of Georgia which ratified the Federal Constitution at Augusta, 2d of January, 1788. He died in Bryan County, in 1798. GEORGE W ALTON LIKE many illustrious men who have adorned the annals of this and other countries, Mr. Walton owed the distinction to which he attained to his own efforts. He was born in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1740, and received no other education except that which he acquired during the intervals of labour. He was apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter; and such was his thirst for knowledge, that PROCLAMATION. AUGUSTA, IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA, November 4, 1779. Whereas, from the invasion of the State by the enemy, in December last, the absence of many of the members elected to represent the different counties in the House of Representatives for the present year, with unavoidable causes, several ineffectual attempts have been made to convene a Legal House of Representatives; and whereas, it is essential to the welfare and happiness of the State, that a Legal and Constitutional House of Assembly should be convened: We, therefore, earnestly recommend to such of the citizens of this State as have preserved their fidelity to the cause of America, and were. inhabitants of the counties of Chatham, Liberty, Glynn, Camden, and Eflingham, prior to the reduction of these counties by the British forces, to repair to such place within this State as to them shall appear most safe and convenient, on the first Tuesday in December next, that being the day appointed by the Constitution for a general election throughout the State, in order to elect persons to represent those counties in the General Assembly for the ensuing year, that a full, free, and equal representation may be had, to proceed on business of the utmost importance to the community; and it is the opinion of this Board, that this town would be the most eligible, in the present situation of affairs, for the meeting of the Assembly, which will be the first Tuesday in January next, agreeably to the Constitution of the State. By order of the Board. JOIN WEREAT, President. RICHARD HOWLEY. 211 he collected lightwood during the day, by the light of which he would pursue his studies, his master not allowing him the use of a candle. After his apprenticeship had expired he removed to Georgia, and commenced the study of law in the office of Henry Young, Esq. About the time that he commenced practice, the Colonies were contending against the tyranny of Great Britain, and. Walton did not hesitate to advocate the cause of his injured country. In the first call, published in the Georgia Gazette, for a meeting of the friends of liberty, to be held at Tondee's Tavern, 27th July, 1774, Mr. Walton's name first appears in the history of Georgia. On the 12th of January, 1775, another meeting was held, and with great earnestness he endeavoured to convince those who doubted the propriety of the measures which the other colonies had adopted, that further efforts to obtain a redress of grievances were wholly useless. At this period he acquired the reputation of a determined patriot. In February, 1776, his talents and patriotism were recognized by the Legislature, by appointing him a delegate to Congress. Between February and June of this year, he appears to have been in Virginia, exerting himself in behalf of his country. Mr. Walton was six times elected a representative to Congress, and the journals of that body show his high standing. His name is affixed to the Declaration of American Independence. When Savannah was taken by the British troops under Colonel Campbell, he commanded a battalion on the right of General Howe's army. In this battle he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was paroled until he recovered from his wound, and then transferred to Sunbury, as a prisoner of war. In 1779 he was exchanged, and in October of this year he was elected Governor of the State of Georgia. Many other important offices were conferred upon him, among which was that of Judge of the Superior Court, the duties of which he discharged for fifteen years, and until the day of his death, which took place at Augusta, February 2d, 1801. RICHARD HOWLEY. WE have not had it in our power to collect materials sufficient to enable us to furnish our readers with anything like a satisfactory memoir of this gentleman. The records of the State prove that he filled many responsible offices. He was a lawyer by profession, and from what we have been able to learn, attained to great eminence. He represented Liberty County in the Legislature of Georgia, and was elected Governor at Augusta, January 4, 1780. When the State was overrun by the British, a council of officers was held at McLean's Avenue, near Augusta, at which Governor Howley, his Council, his Secretary of 212 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. State, besides several militia and Continental officers, were present; and after the consideration of various plans, they determined to retreat to North Carolina, and narrowly escaped capture on the way. McCall says"During the brief administration of Governor Howley, the gay and joyous temperament of that gentleman, and of his Secretary of State, sustained the spirits of the fugitive Council from sinking into gloom and despondency. "The value of paper money was at that time so depreciated, that the Governor dealt it out by the quire for a night's lodging for his party; and if the fare was anything extraordinary, the landlord was compensated with two quires, the Governor gravely signing a draft upon the Treasurer, made out in due form, for the delivery of the same." Mr. Howley was a member of the Continental Congress in 1780-1. In the latter year some apprehensions were entertained that it was the design of Congress to give up Georgia to the British. The delegation from Georgia, of which Mr. Howley was one, protested against any such measure, and published a remonstrance against it. Mr. Howley has a daughter residing in Savannah, the venerable Mrs. Stebbins, well known as one among the most intelligent and amiable ladies in Georgia.* STEPHEN HEARD. STEPHEN HEARD was one among the most active officers of the Revolutionary War. He was born in Ireland, and with his father, John Heard, emigrated to Virginia, during the period of the French war. In those stirring times, education beyond the common branches was enjoyed by few, and Mr. Heard was not among that few. He served under General Washington, during the French war, as a captain, and. acquitted himself with honour. In 17-, when hundreds of the people of Virginia were emigrating to other States, Mr. Heard came to Wilkes County, Georgia, and settled on Fishing Creek. But little time was afforded him to cultivate the soil; for hostilities having taken place between Great Britain and her Colonies, he hastened to the standard of liberty, and under Colonel Elijah Clarke, contributed his best efforts in defending the western portions of Georgia against the at * We copy the following from the Royal Gazette, published ir Charleston, on the 24th of October, 1781, to show what the enemy thought of the patriots of Georgia;"We hear from Augusta, thai the Rebel Junto there are endeavouring to outdo each other in every species of rapine and villany. Even Howley and his associates were gentlemen compared to the present set. The mock Governor is led by the nose by young Eustace, and Sam Stirk directs the Council, who have got one Meyrick Davis, an old miller, from Briar Creek, for their President. When such murdering villains as Dunn, Inman, and Mackey are Colonels, Councillors, and Assemblymen, it is easy to guess what must be the result of their counsels." NATHAN BROWNSON. 213 tacks of a cruel enemy. At the battle of Kettle Creek, he acted a distinguished part, not only by encouraging the Americans by his patriotic speeches, but also by taking an active part in the engagement. During a portion of the time in which Georgia was overrun by the British, and gloom sat upon the countenances of all, he was President of the Executive Council, and in this capacity did all in his power to inspire the desponding people with hope. After the war he resumed his agricultural pursuits, and was among the most influential men in Wilkes. He was Chief Justice of the Inferior Court, and a Trustee of the Academy at Washington. He died 15th November 1815. NATHAN BROWNS ON. THIS gentleman was a physician in Liberty County, being introduced to the citizens of this portion of the State by Dr. Dunwoody,a patriot of the Revolution, and the first physician that practised medicine south of the Ogeechee, before the Revolution. Dr. Brownson was an early supporter of the rights of his country. For some time he was connected with the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade, as surgeon. His name occurs frequently upon our State records, and proves that he was a man of considerable prominency. He was Speaker of the Legislature of 1781, and by that body was elected Governor of Georgia. The address of the House to.him upon his election was highly complimentary to his general character. After his election he issued the following Proclamation: "Since the present crisis demands the most vigorous exertions on the part, of each individual to finish the glorious contest in which we are engaged, and justice requires that the weight of the difficulties still to be surmounted before we can reach that happy period should be equally divided; and since the present situation of Georgia claims the assistance of all her citizens, in consequence of a resolution of the Hon. House of Assembly of this State, I publish the present Proclamation, by which it is decreed that all who consider themselves as citizens, shall return hither within the different spaces of time hereafter prescribed-that is to say: if they are in South Carolina within thirty days, if in North Carolina in sixty, if in Virginia ninety, and if further northward four months; and we assure by these presents, all those who neglect or refuse to conform to them, that in consequence of the aforesaid resolution, their landed property will be charged with a treble tax, commencing from the expiration of the time fixed for their return. Signed by my hand, and sealed with the great seal of the State, at Augusta, 24th of August, 1781, in the sixth year of the Independence of America. " NATHAN BROWNSON." 214 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. He was a member of the Continental Congress of 1776 and 1778, Speaker of the House of Representatives of Georgia in 1788, and President of the Senate in 1789,'90 and'91, and member of the Convention that formed the Constitution of Georgia in 1789. He was distinguished for his good sense. He was taciturn and dignified. He died at his plantation, in the county of Liberty, in November, 1796.'L His expiring moments," says one, " were marked with that peculiar firmness of mind which distinguished him through life; and his last words, delivered in whispers, were more sublimely eloquent than all the studied declamation of the pulpit'The scene,' said Mr. Brownson,'is now closing; the business of life is nearly over. I have, like the rest of my fellow-creatures, been guilty of foibles, but I trust to the mercy of my God to pardon them, and to his justice to reward my good deeds.'" JOHN MARTIN, DURING our Revolutionary struggle, was a zealous and active defender of the liberties of his country. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress of Georgia, which assembled in the city of Savannah, on the 4th of July, 1775. It will be remembered that the resolutions adopted by this body were of the most spirited character. Many of its members afterwards gave unquestionable proofs of the sincerity of these resolutions, and of their determination to peril everything in behalf of their country. Among these was Mr. Martin. He first entered the army as a Captain, in the Continental Line of the Georgia Brigade. In 1781 he was a Lieutenant-Colonel, and a member of the Legislature from the county of Chatham. In 1782, he was elected Governor of Georgia, and in the communication of the Legislature informing him of his election, the integrity and patriotism which he evinced from the beginning of the contest are highly praised. We think it was when Mr. Martin was Governor that the Legislature passed a resolution directing him to purchase, for the use of the Executive, Council, and House of Assembly, twenty-three pounds of coffee, three hundred and seventy pounds of sugar, sixteen bushels of salt, and forty-two gallons of rum; and a Committee was appointed'to designate a mode for the distribution of the articles purchased by the Governor, viz.: Washington, Bugg, Bonnell, Williamson, and Lewis. When Savannah was evacuated by the British in 1783, Mr. Martin was Governor of Georgia. General Wayne was requested to procure from him assurances that the persons and property of such inhabi — tants as thought proper to remain in the town should be protected; but he declined entering into any stipulations, alleging that the Executive and Judiciary were separate and distinct, and that over the latter he had no control,. McCall LYMAN HALL-SAMUEL ELBERT. 215 LYM AN HALL. DR. LYMAN HALL was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and was graduated at Yale College, 1747. After his collegiate course, he studied medicine, removed to Dorchester, South Carolina, and finally came to Georgia, and settled in St. John's Parish, now the County of Liberty. The inhabitants of this parish sent Dr. Hall as their delegate to the Continental Congress. Upon taking his seat, a difficulty arose as to whether the Parish of St. John should be considered as representing the Colony of Georgia. Mr. Hall expressed a wish merely to hear and assist in the debates, as he only represented a part of Georgia, and to vote only when the sentiments of Congress were not taken by colonies. Soon after this, Georgia, by her Provincial Assembly, determined to join the other colonies, and Lyman Hall, with others, was selected to represent the whole Province. Mr. Hall's name appears among the signers of the Declaration of Independence. When the enemy took possession of Georgia, he was compelled to remove his family to the North. In 1782, he returned to Georgia, and in the succeeding year was elected Governor of that State. He afterwards removed to the County of Burke, where he died, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. SAMUEL ELBERT. THIS gentleman was born in South Carolina, in the year 1740. At an early age he became an orphan, and went to Savannah to seek employment. Here he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and continued to be so engaged until the commencement of the American Revolution. A Council of Safety was appointed on the 22d of June, 1775, of which he was elected a member. The General Assembly of Georgia passed a resolution to raise a battalion of Continental troops; and on the 4th of February, 1776, he was appointed Lieut.-Colonel. On the 16th of September, 1776, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel; and in May, 1777, he commanded in an expedition intended by President Gwinnett for the reduction of East Florida. On the 19th of April, 1778, Colonel Elbert having heard that some British vessels were at anchor at Frederica, obtained the galleys, and manned them with some of his own landsmen, and captured them.' The troops under his command at the battle at Savannah, 29th of December, 1779, made a brave but ineffectual resistance. * See under the head of" Glynn County." 216 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The next battle in which Colonel Elbert was engaged was at Briar Creek, where General Ashe, of North Carolina, commanded the Americans. This was a complete surprise and total defeat.* When the Southern States were overrun by the British troops after the fall of Charleston, Colonel Elbert having been exchanged, went northward, and offered his,services to General Washington. They were gladly accepted by this excellent judge of human character, and at the siege of Yorktown, in Virginia, Colonel Elbert was honoured with the command of the grand deposit of arms and military stores, a post of great trust and responsibility; and by his strict adherence to his orders, merited and received the approbation of the Commanderin-Chief. Colonel Elbert was gradually advanced in rank by the Legislature of Georgia, and finally made Major-General, the highest military rank in the State. In civil offices he was also favoured, having been elected Sheriff, an office then considered the most desirable and the most profitable in Georgia. In 1785 he was elected Governor, by a vote almost unanimous. He died in Savannah, on the 2d of November, 1788. EDWARD TELFAIR. EDWARD TELFAIR was born in Scotland, in 1735. He received an English education at the grammar school of Kirkcudbright. At the age of twenty-three, he came to America as an agent of a mercantile house, and resided some time in Virginia. He afterwards removed to Halifax, N. C., and subsequently to Georgia, and in 1766 settled in Savannah, and engaged in commercial pursuits. When the storm of the American Revolution began to lower, Mr. Telfair was found among the Sons of Liberty. At a meeting of the patriots, held in the city of Savannah, on the 27th of July, 1774, he was placed upon a committee appointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the determination of Georgia to co-operate with the other Colonies in defence of their violated rights. About this time the citizens of Boston were suffering much inconvenience from the effects of the Boston Port Bill, and their distressed condition had'excited a feeling of commiseration throughout the Colonies. The friends of liberty exerted themselves to render every assistance in their power to the inhabitants of Boston. Contributions in money and provisions were sent to them from various sections; and although Georgia was weak, and incapable of sending much aid, she resolved to do all which her means would allow. Accordingly, a committee was appointed to receive subscriptions for the relief of the suffering Bostonians, and Mr. Telfair had the.honour of being placed upon this committee. * See under the head of " Sereven County." GEORGE MATTHEWS. 217 Mr. Telfair was one of the brave band, under the direction of Mr. Habersham, who broke open the magazine at Savannah, and removed a quantity of powder. When the exigency of the times demanded the appointment of a Council of Safety, such had been the devotion of Mr. Telfair to the cause of freedom, that he was honoured with a seat in this illustrious body. Throughout the whole Revolutionary struggle he bore a conspicuous part, and was intrusted by his fellow-citizens with the highest offices. In February, 1778, he was elected by the House of Assembly of Georgia one of the delegates to represent the State in the Continental Congress, and took his seat in that body on the 13th of July following, and on the 24th of that month signed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. In November of that year, he obtained leave of absence, returned to his seat on the 15th of May, 1780, and continued a member until January, 1783, when his term of office expired. Early in this year he was appointed, by the Governor of Georgia, one of the Commissioners to form a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs. In May, 1785, he was re-elected a member of Congress, but did not take his seat. He was Governor of Georgia from the 9th of January, 1786, to the 9th of January, 1787, and again from the 9th of November, 1790, to the 7th of November, 1793. During General Washington's visit to Georgia, he was brilliantly entertained by Governor Telfair, at his family residence, near Augusta, called the Grove. He died at Savannah, 17th September, 1807, in the seventy-second year of his age. GEORGE MATTHEWS WAS born in Augusta County, Virginia. At an early period of life he commanded a company against the Indians at Point Pleasant, on the great Kenhawa, and his consummate bravery at this place (10th of October, 1774) has long been inscribed in brilliant characters on the roll of fame.* At the commencement of the Revolution he was appointed a colonel in the 9th Regiment of the Virginia Line, and with his command he joined the army of Washington, and was engaged in the battles at Germantown and Brandywine. In a skirmish he was taken prisoner, and confined on board of a prison-ship in the harbour of New-York. After his exchange, he joined the army of General Greene as commander of the 3d Virginia Line. In 1785, he purchased a tract of land called the Goose Pond, on Broad River, in Geor* For a full account of the battle at Point Pleasant, see Historical Collections of Virginia, page 361, 218 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. gia, to which he removed with his family. His military distinction soon made him a prominent man, and in 1780 he was elected Governor of Georgia, and again in 1794,'95. During the period in which Governor Matthews filled the Executive chair, the Indians gave the citizens much trouble, and his determined spirit contributed in no small degree in controlling their violence. In a former work we have given a particular account of this gentleman, and to it, for further information, we must refer the reader. He died at Augusta, August 30, 1812, aged seventy-three years, and was buried in St. Paul's Churchyard. GEORGE HANDLEY. THIS patriotic gentleman was the son of Thomas Handley, and was born near Sheffield, in Yorkshire, England, on the 9th of February, 1752. At the period of his arrival at Savannah, which was in May, 1775, the inhabitants were adopting measures to resist the encroachments of the British Government. It is not known with certainty at what time Mr. Handley joined the ranks of freedom, but it is probable he did so the year after his arrival, when the Assembly of Georgia passed a resolution to raise a battalion of Continental troops. He first entered the army as Captain, and rose to the rank of LieutenantColonel. During the whole struggle for liberty, he was actively engaged in South Carolina and Georgia. In several engagements he distinguished himself. After the reduction of Augusta, he was sent to Charleston as a prisoner of war. At the close of the war, he married Miss Sarah Howe, a niece of General Elbert, and removed to Augusta. Here he was highly esteemed. Besides being elected Sheriff of Richmond County, he was repeatedly chosen a member of the Legislature. In 1788 he was elected Governor of Georgia. In 1787 he held the office of Inspector-General of Georgia. He was also Commissioner to the State of Franklin. In August, 1789, he was appointed Collector of the Port of Brunswick by President Washington. He died at Rae's Hall, then the residence of J. Hammond, Esq., on the 17th of September, 1793. JARED IRWIN SERVED his country faithfully many years during the latter part of the Revolutionary War, and afterwards in campaigns on the Georgia frontiers against the Indians. He at one time commanded a detachment of Georgia Militia in the Creek country. In early life he lived in Burke County; afterwards he removed to Washington County, which he often represented in the Legislature. He was a BrigadierGeneral of the Militia. He was in the Convention for revising our State Constitution in 1789; in a Convention for the same purpose in JAMES JACKSON. 219 1795, and President of the Convention that formed the present Constitution in 1798. The Presidency of the Senate was frequently conferred upon him, at various periods, from 1790 to 1818, when he died. As Governor, in 1796, he had the honour of signing the Act rescinding the Yazoo Law. He was again Governor from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. At the close of the war of Independence, he was a member of the first Legislature that convened under our present form of government He died at Union Hill, in Washington County, aged sixty-eight years. JAMES JACKSON. THIS gentleman was born in England, September 21, 1757. He arrived in Savannah when only fifteen years of age, an entire stranger to every one except John Wereat, Esq., who had been intimate with his father in England. Samuel Farley, Esq., attorney-at-law, received him into his office, and superintended his studies. But the times were exciting. People spoke their sentiments freely in regard to the differences between Great Britain and her colonies. Jackson laid aside his law-books, and associated himself with that portion of the citizens who had resolved no longer to wear the chains of slavery. The first time he had an opportunity of distinguishing himself was when an attack was proposed against Savannah by a fleet of vessels commanded by Captain Barclay, aided by land forces under Majors Maitland and Grant. This affair gained him the approbation of his fellow-citizens, and upon the organization of a company of light infantry, he was elected Lieutenant, and afterwards Captain, but shortly afterwards resigned, from an impression that injustice had been done him by his Colonel. In the battle at Midway he commanded a party of volunteers, received a wound, and acquired fresh laurels for soldierlike conduct. After the fall of Savannah, in 1778, in company with his friend Mr. Milledge, he went to South Carolina, and joined the command of General Moultrie. During the progress of these sons of liberty, barefoot and clothed in rags, they were apprehended as spies by some American soldiers, and condemned to be hung. The gallows was actually prepared, and but for the timely arrival of Major Peter Deveaux, who accidentally heard of the transaction, these two patriots would have been executed. In 1779, he was at the ill-fated siege of Savannah, attached, as it is thought, to the division of troops under Colonel Marbury. Georgia being now in possession of the enemy, many of its noble defenders were compelled to retreat to South Carolina, among whom was Major Jackson. In August, 1780, General Sumter was attacked at Blackstock's house by Colonel Tarlton. In this action, the bravery of Jackson was not surpassed by that of any other officer. 220 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The battle of Cowpens gave Jackson another opportunity of evincing his unconquerable desire to serve his country. Having raised a legion, according to General Greene's orders, he received his commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, which was afterwards confirmed by Congress. Jackson's arrangements at the beginning of the attack upon Augusta contributed in a great degree to the success of the American arms. He led one of the advance parties, and performed other perilous duties with great honour to himself. After the surrender of the town, he received orders to level the fortifications, to collect as many men as possible, and join the army of General Greene; but having marched about thirty miles, he found it impossible to reach the main army, and therefore returned to Augusta, of which he had been appointed commandant. In July he was ordered to advance towards Savannah, and take post midway between this town and Augusta. Before Colonel Jackson with his legion reached Ebenezer, he had several skirmishes with the foe, in which he was generally victorious. On the 2d of November, 1781, he determined to surprise the British post at the Ogeechee Ferry. His approach to the post was conducted with so much address, that it was not perceived until the demand was made upon it to surrender. In consequence of the improper conduct of Captain Patrick Carr, Jackson was compelled to abandon his enterprise. With his force much thinned, he proceeded about a mile, when he attacked a house in which were fifteen Loyalists, commanded by Captain Howell; and the whole party were either killed or taken prisoners. A few hours after this affair, he was attacked by a superior force, consisting of the whole British cavalry from Savannah, under Lieut.Col. Campbell, and compelled to retreat to a swamp; but not until he had killed or disabled as many of the foe as he had men under his own command. Efforts were made to dislodge him, but the Colonel could not easily be caught. Taking advantage of the night, he retreated towards Ebenezer. Upon reaching Ebenezer, he was ordered by General Twiggs to retreat to Burke County, for the purpose of reinforcements. After his force had been considerably augmented, he was for some time engaged in cutting off the foraging parties of the enemy. On the 12th of July, 1782, the British evacuated Savannah, and General Wayne honoured Colonel Jackson with the distinction of receiving from them the surrender and keys of the town. He entered it with his ever-faithful cavalry, having the proud satisfaction of being the first American officer who in actual command had been within its lines since its fall, in 1778. After the war, Colonel Jackson took up his residence in Savannah, and married Miss Mary Charlotte Young, daughter of William Young, Esq., an ardent patriot, and devoted himself to the practice of law, in which he soon became eminent. When elected to the Legislature, with a magnanimity eminently characteristic of him, he laid aside his Revolutionary animosity against some of the Tories, who DAVID EMANUEL. 221 were greatly indebted to his exertions in procuring for them a release from the penalties of the confiscation acts. In 1784 he became Colonel of the First Regiment, and in 1786 he received the commission of Brigadier-General; the duties of which were peculiarly arduous, involving the charge of the operations against the Indians. When only thirty-one years of age he was elected Governor of Georgia, but for reasons which he deemed satisfactory, he refused to serve. About this time he was made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons in Georgia, and Honorary Member of the State Society of the Cincinnati. In 1789 he was elected to represent the Eastern District in the first Congress held under the Federal Constitution. Between this period and 1806 he held almost every high office in Georgia, viz.: member of the Legislature, Major-General, member of the Convention that framed the present Constitution of the State, of which he wrote the greater part; Elector for President and Vice-President; Governor, and Senator to Congress. In 1791, General Anthony Wayne, who had become a citizen of Georgia, was induced to become a candidate in opposition to General Jackson for the same district in Congress. An animated contest took place. General Wayne was returned. General Jackson presented himself before the House of Representatives in February, 1792, contested the return, personally conducted his claim to the seat, and obtained a decision, awarded without a dissenting voice, that General Wayne was not entitled to retain it. By the casting vote of the Speaker alone, the House refused to declare General Jackson elected. Of Mr. Jackson's agency in defeating the Yazoo speculation, the author has spoken in a pamphlet recently published by him.* In the establishment of the University at Athens, Mr. Jackson cheerfully co-operated with Baldwin, Milledge, and other friends of education. In 1802 he was associated with Abraham Baldwin and John Milledge in ceding to the United States the State territory west of the Chattahoochee. Mr. Jackson died in the City of Washington, on the 19th of March, 1806, whilst serving as Senator from Georgia. DAV ID EMANUEL. DAVID EMANUEL came to Georgia about 1768 or 1770, and settled in Burke County. At a very early age he took up arms in defence of his country. Burke County was the scene of some severe skirmishes between the Americans and British, in which Emanuel participated. On one occasion he was captured by a party of Loyalists commanded by Captain Brantley, and conveyed to McBean's Creek, where, after consultation, it was determined to shoot him. Brantley ordered a large fire to be kindled, and made Emanuel and his fellow-prisoners, Lewis and Davis, take off their clothes, with the exception of their shirts' History of the Yazoo Fraud. 222 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. They then designated three men to shoot them, and placed the prisoners between them and the fire. The word "fire" was then given, upon which Davis and Lewis received their death-shots; but the man who was directed to dispatch Emanuel missed his aim, upon which our hero, with the rapidity of lightning, leaped over the fire and made his escape. For many years he was a member of the Legislature from Burke County. He was President of the Senate, and for some time filled the Executive chair. He is represented to have been a finelooking man, amiable, of good judgment and inflexible integrity. He died in 1808, at the age of sixty-four years. JOSIAH TATTNALL. THIS gentleman was the son of Colonel Josiah Tattnall, and was born at Bonaventure, below Savannah, a place owned by his grandfather, Colonel Mullrvne. He was sent to Nassau to school, where he remained for eighteen months; after which his uncle placed him on board of a man-of-war ship, to prevent his return to Georgia. -He was under the patronage of the captain, with assurances of rapid promotion if he behaved well. The ship was bound for India, Having procured a little money from his godfather, a gentleman of the name of Elliott, who had lived in Georgia, unknown to his parents or uncle, he found his way back to America. At the age of eighteen he landed, without a shilling in his pocket, on the north side of the Savannah River, and travelling alone on foot through the country, arrived at Purysburg, where he crossed into Georgia, and then joined the army of General Wayne, at Ebenezer. The war was closing, and no opportunity was presented for drawing his sword in defence of freedom. On the surrender of Savannah he was immediately placed in office. In 1792 he had command of the Chatham Artillery. In 1793 he became Colonel of the regiment. In 1800 he was elected BrigadierGeneral of the First Brigade of the First Division. In. his military capacity he rendered important services in 1788 and 1793, in organizing detachments of militia sent from Chatham into the counties of Bryan, Liberty, and McIntosh, then much troubled by the Indians. In 1797 and 1798, Colonel Tattnall was much engaged, when not in attendance upon the sessions of Congress, in the drill of his regiment. He was frequently sent to the Legislature. HIe served in the year 1796 at Louisville, in the General Assembly that rescinded the Yazoo Act of January, 1795. He died in the West Indies, in 1804. His dying request was, that his body should be removed to his native State. The Hon. Nathaniel Hall, of Nassau, to whom the management of his affairs was committed, complied with his last wishes, and accompanied his remains to Georgia, and deposited them in the burial-ground at Bonaventure. JOHN MILLEDG4E. 223 JOHN MILLEDGE. THE ancestors of this gentleman came to Georgia with General Oglethorpe. He was born in the city of Savannah, in the year 1757, and received the best education which the infant colony then afforded. He was placed in the office of the King's Attorney, where he had excellent opportunities of becoming acquainted with the forms of business. At the very beginning of the difficulties between Great Britain and the colonies, he espoused the cause of the latter. He was one of the party which took Governor Wright prisoner in his own house-the first bold Revolutionary act performed in Georgia. When Savannah was taken by the British, Mr. Milledge, with his friend Major James Jackson, retreated into South Carolina, where they were captured by a party of Americans, who took them to be spies, and, notwithstanding their reiterated denial of the charge, they were about to inflict upon them a spy's death, but were prevented by Major Deveaux, an American officer, who, fortunately coming up at this time, declared the prisoners to be Georgia officers, and ordered them to be released. At the unsuccessful attempt, by the combined forces of the Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln, to recover Savannah from the British, Mr. Milledge was present, and, with his associates, evinced a bravery that would have done honour to veterans. In South Carolina, at the siege of Augusta, and upon various occasions, he continued to do everything in his power to advance the cause of liberty. Throughout the whole Revolutionary conflict, few made more costly sacrifices than Mr. Milledge. After the war he became one of the leading men of the day. As a representative of the people in the State Legislature-as Governor of Georgia a- a period of great political bitterness-as member of both branches of Congress, his course gave satisfaction to the people of Georgia. He was the first to advocate everything which he thought would promote her interests. It is due to the memory of Mr. Milledge to say, that he was one of the first with whom the idea of establishing our State University originated. He cordially united, with the most eminent men in Georgia to carry out that important measure. The funds of the University, however, were very small, when the Legislature and the Trustees determined to commence the institution. No lands belonging to it were thought suitable for a seat of the College. One was selected on the 6th of July, 1801, by a Committee, of which Mr. Milledge was a member, and he generously purchased a tract of land, at a cost of about $4000, and made it a. donation to the College. On this land Athens is principally built. President Meigs, in a letter, addressed to Mr. Milledge, dated May 11, 1808, says:'Your institution has taken a strong root, and will flourish; and I feel some degree of pride in reflec ting that a century hence, when this nascent;illage 224 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. shall embosom a thousand of the Georgian youths, pursuing the paths of science, it will now and then be said that you gave this land, and I was on the forlorn hope." Mr. Milledge distinguished himself by his opposition to the celebrated Yazoo fraud. He resisted with all his influence the vile machinations of the speculators, and if he had performed no other service for Georgia, this alone ought to entitle him to the gratitude of her citizens. In 1802 he was associated with James Jackson and Abraham Baldwin, as a Commissioner for ceding to the United States Government certain portions of the territory of Georgia. Mr. Milledge died at the Sand Hills, near Augusta, on the 9th of February, 1818. DAVID B. MITCHELL WAS the son of John Mitchell, and was born in Scotland, on the 22d of October, 1766. His uncle, Dr. David Bradie, was present at the skirmish near Midway when General Screven was killed, and attended that officer in his dying moments. When the British took Savannah, he was placed on board of a prison-ship, close confinement in which terminated his life. By his will, Dr. Bradie left his property in Georgia to the subject of this memoir, who arrived at Savannah in 1783, to take possession of it. He studied law under the Hon. William Stephens. At this time the criminal code of Georgia was undergoing a revision. The gentlemen appointed to revise it met at the house of Mr. Stephens, and Mr. Mitchell was appointed their clerk, and from writing the acts over several times, and hearing them discussed, he acquired considerable legal information. In 1795, he was elected Solicitor-General of Georgia. In 1796, he was a member of the Legislature which passed the Yazoo Law, and voted against it. In 1804 or'5, he was elected Major-General of the First Division of Georgia Militia, and on the 9th of November, 1809, was elected Governor of Georgia, and on the day after took the oath of office. During the first year of Governor Mitchell's administration, some excesses were committed on the frontiers of Camden County by the Indians. The Governor promptly gave the necessary orders to have the Indians punished. In his message, he called the attention of the Legislature to various important subjects, viz., alterations in regard to the law relating to libels, regulations concerning roads, the improvement of the navigation of rivers, the payment of the public debt, &c. In 1811, the Governor made many efforts to bring to an end the difficulties between North Carolina and Georgia relating to bounda DAVID B. MITCHELL, 225 ries, but was unsuccessful. In 1812, the United States were compelled, in vindication of their rights, to declare war against Great Britain. In his message of this year, the patriotic Governor thus speaks:' The insolent and arbitrary domination assumed by the British, to control by her naval power the rights of this country, and the measures adopted by our Government, with a view of bringing the corrupt and corrupting ministry of Great Britain to a sense of justice, have been felt by Georgia with as much severity as any other State in the Union. Let us, therefore, maintain the character we have acquired, and unite heart and hand in support of the Government, and the contest in which our country is now engaged. "When we contemplate the present situation of this State, our attention is irresistibly directed to our extensive frontier. Our sea-coast, from the River Savannah to that of St. Mary's, inclusive, is indented by numerous inlets, affording sufficient depth of water for armed ships of considerable force, to oppose the entrance of which there are few works of defence. the population thin, and a vast property to invite the attention and satisfy the cupidity even of British cruisers. "From the mouth of the St. Mary's to the termination of our -line on the Tugalo River, we have an extent of frontier of between three and four hundred miles, the teirritory immediately beyond which is occupied by numerous tribes of restless and warlike savages-some hostile to us. With due preparation, however, the State is capable of defending herself against any hostile attempt of British cruisers or Indian enemies. Our citizens of the middle and western parts are numerous; hardy, and brave, and are not only capable of defending themselves against the Indians, but would march at a moment's warning to the assistance of their fellow-citizens on the sea-board in case of need, who, although equally brave, are less numerous, and consequently less able to defend their extensive and vulnerable coast. But to do this, the citizens must have arms, and they must be taught the use of them, as well as the duties of the camp." In view of these considerations, he pressed upon the attention of the Legislature a revision of the militia laws, and the encouraging the formation of artillery companies. During this year, he was requested by the President of the United States, as the Governor of Georgia, to act for the General Government in settling some difficulties arising from the part taken by the Commissioner of the United States in East Florida. He proceeded without delay to St. Mary's. On his arrival, he found the progress of the Revolution stopped before St. Augustine, the patriots not being able to attack that post. In a few days, a correspondence between the person who acted as Governor and Mr. Mitchell commenced, which, however, soon terminated, in consequence of the Spaniard preferring the application of force to remove the American troops, which experiment, however, failed. In his message to the General Assembly, November 1, 1813, the Governor, in alluding to the events of the past year, remarked: "With a little experience in the art of war, which we are gaining daily, our officers and men will soon teach the British legions the difference between the 15 226 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. energies of freemen fighting the battles of the Republic, and mercenary slaves contending for injustice and oppression under the orders of a despot. But what shall be said of our Navy-our infant Navy? Its achievements, in a relative point of view, are unparalleled in the history of any country upon the face of the globe. The enemy, with his thousand ships of war, has to boast of but two triumphs over it, whilst we can claim almost, as many as we have ships.? Governor Mitchell was active in adopting measures to defend the State both from the attacks of the British and the incursions of the Indians. On the 9th of November, 1815, he was again elected Governor of Georgia. In the commencement of his message, in 1816, he remarked: "But whilst theorists and the advocates of monarchy are indulging themselves in the belief of the weakness of our system, it is both our pride and happiness to know that our gallant army and navy, although, as it were, in their infancy, and composed of citizens hastily collected from the private walks of life, and unaccustomed to military discipline, gave the enemy, in our recent contest, such proofs of republican energy, as made them glad to withdraw their royal mercenaries from the conflict, under a succession of disasters, which confounded themselves and astonished all Europe," His views upon the subject of education may be gathered from. the following very sensible remarks: " Good morals are all-important in estimating the value of a liberal education. A disregard of moral instruction will have an inevitable tendency to promote luxury and vice, and ultimately endanger, if it does not entirely overthrow, our present happy Government." Mr. Mitchell was, in 1817, appointed by the President of the United States Agent to the Creek Nation of Indians, and on the 4th of November of the same year, he resigned the Executive government of the State to the Hon. William Rabun, President of the Senate. In announcing this fact to the Legislature, he observed: "In retiring from the service of the State, I shall carry with me a just sense of the obligation which their long-continued confidence has laid me under, and my gratitude will be as lasting as my life. In the various and complicated duties which in the course of my public life I have been called upon to perform, I. cannot flatter myself that my conduct has been exempt from error; but my conscience acquits me of any intentional departure from duty. Devoted as I have been to the service of the State, and still ardently desiring to see her prosperous, and happy, it is a reflection which gives me much pleasure, that the duties of the appointment I am about to enter upon are so intimately connected with the interest of the State, that by a faithful discharge of the one, the other will be promoted." On the 22d of January, 1818, he concluded a treaty with the Creek Indians at the Creek Agency. Whilst performing the duty of Agent, PETER EARLY. 227 exceptions were taken to his proceedings in regard to some African slaves. Mr. Mitchell explained the connection that he had with this affair. His statements were denied, and angry discussions occurred. He died in the County of Baldwin. In honour of his memory, the Legislature of Georgia ordered a slab to be erected, which was accordingly done. PETER EARLY. THIs gentleman was born in Madison County, Virginia, on the 20th of June, 1773, and came to Georgia about 1795 or 1796, and commenced the practice of law in Wilkes County. In 1802 he was elected to Congress, and soon became a leading member of that body. When the impeachment of Judge Chase was before Congress, he was associated with Randolph, Rodney, Nicholson, Clark, Campbell, and Boyle, in conducting the prosecution. His speech on this occasion is said to have been the ablest that was delivered on the side of the prosecution. He continued in Congress until 1807, when he was appointed by the Legislature, Judge of the Superior Court in the Ocmulgee Circuit. For this station he seems to have been eminently qualified. In 1813 he was elected Governor of Georgia. This was a critical period. Accumulated disasters had nearly broken the spirit of the nation, and the howling tempest of war raged with violence. Whilst the stoutest hearts trembled for the safety of the country, the resolute mind of Governor Early beheld the threatened storm without dismay, and boldly prepared to avert its fury. His military arrangements were extremely judicious, and his administration of the Government most able and patriotic. An officer in the service of the United States being destitute of funds, and unable to procure a further supply, in consequence of the embarrassed state of the national finances, applied to Governor Early for a loan of $80,000, and pledged for its payment the faith of the General Government. Rather than the operations of the army should languish, the request was readily granted, and a warrant for the aniount drawn upon the Treasury of the State. It was suggested by a gentleman who happened to be present, that as the union of the States might not be of very long duration, in which case each member of the confederacy must defend itself, it would be well to husband our resources. To this hint Governor Early replied, that "he hoped such a thing would never happen, but if it should, he had no wish that Georgia should survive the general wreck; he wanted to swim or sink together." In 1814, a majority of the Legislature desired to continue what was called the Alleviating Law. Governor Early considered its continuance inexpedient and unconstitutional, and vetoed it, and on this account was not re-elected Governor. Some circumstances connected with this event gave him such a disgust for public life that he resolved to abandon it altogether; but this 228 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. determination he relinquished. "His countrymen, to convince the world that their confidence in him was undiminished, and perhaps to soothe his feelings for the harsh and unmerited treatment he had received, elected him by common consent to the senatorial branch of the ensuing Legislature, in which capacity he agreed to serve, because, to use his own words, he felt bound to comply with the wishes of his constituents, as they had always shown a correspondent disposition to oblige him." He died on the 15th of August, 1817. WILLIAM RABUN WAS born in Halifax County, North Carolina, on the 8th of April, 1771. He came to Georgia in 1785, with his father, Matthew Rabun, who, after residing in Wilkes for one year, removed to the County of Hancock, where he resided for a long period honoured by his fellowcitizens. The education of his son was limited; but still, by reading and observation, he acquired considerable information. His popularity in Hancock was very great. For many years he represented this county in both branches of the State Legislature. Being President of the Senate in 1817, upon the resignation of Governor Mitchell, he became Governor, and afterwards was elected to this office by the Legislature. During his administration, a correspondence took place between General Jackson and himself, relative to an attack upon an Indian village called Cheha.* Mr. Rabun died, whilst Governor, on the 24th of October, 1819. The message which he had prepared for the Legislature was sent to that body, Matthew Talbot being Governor pro tern. The Legislature, in honour of his memory, adopted the following report:The joint committee appointed for the purpose of taking into consideration the subject of the death of the late Governor Rabun, being deeply affected by the afflicting dispensation that has deprived society of an ornament, the State of an undeviating and zealous patriot, and humanity of an unwavering friend, despair of doing justice to worth so seldom equalled. The eulogium of this excellent man is written in the hearts of the people. of Georgia. Nature had endowed him with a strong and vigorous mind, and a firmness of character which never forsook him. Love of order and love of his country were conspicuous in his every action, and justice he regarded not only as a civil, but a religious duty. His public life flowed naturally from these principles. Ever obedient and attentive to the admonitions of his conscience, his * See under the head of " Lee County." MATTHEW TALBOT-JOHN CLARKE. 229 public acts were marked with an integrity which did honour to his station. His private virtues were of the highest order. Their remembrance is the melancholy joy of his family and his friends. Who can estimate the loss of society in such a man? Who can but weep, that he should be cut off in the midst of his usefulness, when his heart was dilated with the prospect of soon retiring to the bosom of his family, to enjoy that bliss which Heaven appeared to have spread out to him, in its most generous profusion? Yet to Rabun death was a welcome messenger. How great, how sublime does he appear, when calmly resigning the fulness of earthly joy, to the triumphant hope of everlasting happiness [' Deeply impressed with these reflections, your committee recommend the adoption of the following resolution, which was unanimously agreed to:" Resolved, That the Executive and Judicial officers of this State, together with the members of this Legislature, do wear crape on the left arm for sixty days, and that the members of both branches do attend at the Baptist Church, on Wednesday the 24th inst., at twelve o'clock, for the purpose of hearing a funeral sermon, to be delivered by the Rev. Jesse Mercer, on this mournful occasion." MATTHEW TALBOT. ZMR. TALBOT being President of the Senate at the time of Governor Rabun's death, became, by the provisions of the Constitution, Governor of Georgia. By birth he was a Virginian, settled in Wilkes in 1785, and afterwards moved to Oglethorpe. His honesty and firmness made him one among the most popular men in Georgia. Whilst a citizen of Wilkes, he was often elected a member of the Legislature. When he removed to Oglethorpe, he was appointed a delegate to the Convention which framed the present Constitution of the State of Georgia. In 1808 he was elected to the Senate, and was President of that body from 1818 to 1823. He died in Wilkes, 17th of September, 1827, aged sixty years, leaving behind him the character of an honest and patriotic citizen. JOHN CLARKE. AT fourteen years of age this gentleman was sent to school in Wake County, North Carolina, where he, however, did not long remain. A scouting party being raised to go against the Tories, he joined them. At the age of sixteen, he was appointed Lieutenant, and then Captain of Militia. Under the command of his father, General Elijah Clarke, he fought at the siege of Augusta; and at the battle of Jack's Creek, in 1787, the particulars of which are given under the head of " Walton County," he greatly distinguished himself. 230 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. He rose rapidly, until he was elected by the Legislature of Georgia Brigadier, and then Major-General. Important civil offices were frequently conferred upon him. Near the conclusion of the last war with England, at a most critical and dangerous time, the command of the forces destined for the protection of the sea-coast and southern boundary of Georgia was given to him by Governor Early. In 1816, he was chosen Elector of President and Vice-President, and was afterwards twice elected Governor. In 1827, he moved to West Florida, and sought a retreat from the cares of busy life. He died on the 15th October, 1832, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. The following tribute to the memory of this gentleman appeared in one of the papers of the day:" A large number of citizens, from every part of the State, assembled in Milledgeville, on the evening of the 16th, to express their feelings at the death of our late estimable fellow-citizen, General JOHN CLARKE, formerly Chief Magistrate of this State; when Jacob Wood, Esq., was appointed Chairman, and Joseph Sturges, Esq., was appointed Secretary of the meeting. "The following preamble and resolutions were submitted by John A.. Cuthbert, Esq., and were unanimously adopted:This assembly of citizens of Georgia, convened on the afflictive intelligence of the decease of our late distinguished fellow-citizen, and of his respected consort, with strong emotions of grief, feel it to be a melancholy, but a grateful duty, to render honour to departed worth. In the death of General John Clarke, his country has sustained a severe bereavement, and his friends have suffered an irreparable loss; but his memory will long live in the hearts or his countrymen, and. his example will light, them to the paths of honour and patriotism. "In the green days of his unripened boyhood, we honour that ardent courage which prompted him to encounter the dangers of battle, and that unshaken constancy which sustained him in enduring the hardships and privations of the camp. At the early age of fourteen, he was a soldier of the Revolution. "In his mature years, we admire that integrity of heart, that warmth of affection, and fixedness of purpose, which marked him as an upright man, a disinterested patriot, a generous and constant friend, a pure, energetic, and consistent statesman. We revere that unalterable resolution and inflexible virtue, which never yielded to an enemy, which never forsook a friend, which never swerved from duty to his country.' Be it therefore Resolved, That, in honour of his memory, and in token of grief at his decease, and that of his respected, amiable, and pious consort, his partner in life and in death, we will, and his friends throughout the State are requested to, wear crape on the left arm for thirty days. "Be it further Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in the Gazettes of the State; and that a copy be sent to the surviving kindred of the deceased. 4' JACOB WOOD, Chairmasn "JOSEPH STURGES, Secretary.' ------------ ~IDI JO)UI ---------------------------- ---—' GE;K -w'G E'-agrv,- a by 3. Bu I' GEORGE M. TROUP. 231 GEORGE M. TROUP. COLONEL GEORGE M. TROUP was born at McIntosh's Bluff, on the Tombigbee, in what was then the Territory of Georgia, now Alabama, in September, 1780. After receiving the rudiments of a classical education in McIntosh County, and afterwards in Savannah, he was sent to a celebrated academy at Long Island, State of New-York., Thence he went to Princeton College, where he graduated honourably. On his return to Savannah, he studied law with Mr. Noel. In 1800, before he was twenty years of age, he was invited by the Republicans of Chatham County to represent it in the Legislature. This he declined, because of his minority. In 1801, he yielded to a second application, and was elected a representative. In the Legislature he at once occupied a high position. In 1802, he was again elected, and again in 1803. In 1804, he removed to Bryan County, where he resided some years. In 1806, he was elected to Congress. He was a member of the House of Representatives until 1815, when he withdrew to private life. His support was given to the administrations of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, possessed of the confidence of both. As a representa tive of Georgia, he was distinguished by his opposition to the compromise made by the Federal Legislature with the Yazoo speculators. As a legislator of the Union, he sustained the war measures which were adopted towards England. Naturally fervid, he was impassioned in debate; scrupulously honest, he was listened to with respect; devoted to his country, he gave to her all his heart and all his mind. In 1816, in opposition to his own wishes, Colonel Troup was elected a Senator in Congress over Dr. Bijbb, a very distinguished servant of Georgia. Dr. Bibb's term would have expired on the 3d of March, 1817, but he resigned, and the Legislature, in addition to the ensuing full term, conferred the vacancy on Colonel Troup. He continued but two years in the Senate. In 1823 he was elevated to the Chief Magistracy of the State of Georgia. The Legislature of 1823 required the Governor elect "to use his exertions to obtain from the United States the extinguishment of the Indian title to all our remaining territory." He immediately opened a correspondence with the Secretary of War, which resulted in a commission to Duncan G. Campbell and James Meriwether, two distinguished Georgians, to treat with the Creek Indians.* During Governor Troup's administration. the great and good Lafayette visited America. He was a guest of Georgia. Governor Troup, in 1825, received him opn the Bluff of Savannah. The author of this * For Governor Troup's acts in relation to the Creeks, we refer the reader to our article upon the Creek difficulties. 232 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. memoir heard his address to the nation's friend. "Welcome, Lafayette General,'tis little more than ninety years since the founder of this State first set foot upon the bank upon which you stand. Now, four hundred thousand people open their arms to receive you. Thanks to a kind Providence, it called you to the standard of independence in the helplessness of our Revolution. It has preserved you, that in your latter days the glory of a great empire might be reflected back upon you, amid the acclamations of millions. The scenes which are-to come will be for you comparatively tranquil and placid. There will be no more of dungeons, no more fears of tyrants. Oh, sir, what a consolation for a man, who has passed through seas of trouble, that the millions of bayonets which guard the blessings we enjoy, stand between you and them! But enough! Welcome, General! Thrice welcome to the State of Georgia!" Mr T. retired from the government in November, 1827, with a popularity equal to that of any former Chief Magistrate. In 1828, he was recalled to the United States Senate. This appointment was accepted by him with unfeigned regret. Ill health and other circumstances had determined him to live in domestic seclusion. It is not generally known that, when apprised of the legislative intention to send him to Washington, he, to prevent it, hastened from his home in Laurens, to Milledgeville, where he arrived only a few hours after his election. He continued in Congress until 1834, enjoying the respect and veneration of his fellow-citizens of Georgia. In the Senate, his feebleness of health forbade participation in debate. The same cause produced his final resignation. By his more intimate friends, Governor Troup is regarded as the living Apostle of State Rights, the Champion of State Sovereignty. It was under the conviction that these were imperilled that he declared, in 1833, that "he would have been carried on his death-bed to the Capitol, rather than not have given his vote against the Force Bill." His opinions upon topics of public interest are given unreservedly when solicited; and the acknowledged consistency of his life-the admitted integrity of his heart-the soundness of his intellect-give them a weight felt by all. Governor Troup resides in Laurens County. .......... --------- -....................................... Ml................................................... 11A -------- ----........................................................... ", Ov. 77............ -7:- ::z W-7. ppp',- -:7:-........... r:wr:::.?::::.................................. --- ------- -------- ------ JOHN FORSYTH. 233 JOHN FORSYTH WAS born in Frederick County, Virginia, and came with his father to Georgia when he was about four years of age. He studied the classics under the Rev. Mr. Springer, who had charge of an academy of great repute in Wilkes County. He then went to Princeton College, where he was graduated in 1799. After his collegiate course he studied law in Augusta with Mr. Noel, and commenced practice in 1802. A short time afterwards he was appointed Attorney-General of the State, and in this office acquired great distinction. In 1811 he was honoured by his fellow-citizens with a seat in the House of Representatives of the United States. Upon most of the important topics which then agitated Congress he distinguished himself. In 1-818 he resigned his seat in the House of Representatives, and was elected a member of the Senate. In this august body he displayed the superiority of his talents, and the whole country regarded him with pride and admiration. During the winter of 1818, he was sent Minister to Spain, where he remained several years engaged in adjusting the differences betweef that country and the United States. By his skill and prudence, he brought matters to a successful termination. Whilst in Spain, Georgia elected him a member of the House of Representatives of the United States, in which body he took his seat in 1823. At this session he showed himself to be the firm friend of the rights of Georgia. The report which he then made on the subject of the original compact, by which the United States had agreed to extinguish the Indian title to the territory within Georgia, is acknowledged by the most able men to be equal to any ever presented to Congress. In 1827 he was elected Governor of Georgia, andl warmly and ably sustained the ground he had taken in the councils of the nation relative to the Indian question. At the expiration of his term as Governor, he was again elected to the Senate of the United States, where he remained until 1834, when he succeeded Mr. McLane as Secretary of State. During no period since the war of 1812, had our foreign relations involved questions more important; and the honour and success with which they were conducted were owing, in a great degree, to the talents and firmness of Mr. Forsyth. He died in Washington City on the 21st day of October, 1841, in the sixtieth year of his age. In person he was upright, and finely proportioned; height about five feet eight inches. As a speaker, Mr. Forsyth never failed to attract attention. In the Boston Morning Post, a correspondent thus spoke of him:"Mr. Forsyth's manner is peculiarly Virginian-respectful in his language, courteous and complimentary to his antagonist. Without ever exhibiting passion, he evinces deep feeling. His voice is peculiarly melodious, and without talking fast, the words seem to melt into each other, like one continued sound, not unlike the enuncia 234 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tion of Judge Story, though with less compass of note. He uses but little gesture, and his most emphatic passages are always in an under-tone, which produce a solemn effect and leave a deep impression. It is the still small voice in which he pours out heart, and soul, and feeling, charming the audience into a silence, as if they were listening to the last fading notes of an 2Eolian harp, when they feel that the spirit of the wind is dying away. His countenance is fair and pleasing, with a smile always playing around his lips." Mr. Forsyth was not a hard student in the " midnight lamp" sense. He was, however, a deep thinker. He mastered the contents of a book whilst others would be turning over its leaves. His knowledge was extensive, and whatever he knew was always at his command. As an off-hand debater he had no superior. To his lofty spirit as a man, was added a breast overflowing with ardent affection for his family. The Legislature of Georgia, at their session in 1841, unanimously adopted the following report:" The people of Georgia have heard, with feelings of deep regret, of the decease of this distinguished citizen, whose eminent talents and elevated political course have, through a long series of years, shed lustre, not only upon this State, but upon the whole Union. Entering public life at a period of extreme youth, and at an early day inr the history of the Republic, John' Forsyth rose at once to the first rank; with unequalled rapidity attained political eminence, in which elevated sphere he continued to move, with splendour and applause-exemplifying the statesman, dignified and firm-the orator, brilliant and beautiful-the gentleman, whose elegant deportment and honourable bearing attracted universal admiration and regard. First, the Attorney-General of Georgia-then its Representative in Congress-the Ambassador of the nation at a Foreign Court-subsequently the Chief Magistrate of this State, and its Senator in Congress-and finally, Secretary of the United States. John Forsyth discharged the duties of these several stations with a brilliancy, a readiness, and' an ability which few may expect to equal; in all of them maintaining the honour and sustaining the interest of this State and of the nation. " As the immediate representative of Georgia, John Forsyth early riveted the attention and secured the affections of its citizens, by his great talents and his commanding power of eloquence, and the promptness with which he employed them in vindicating their honour, and in defending their peculiar and exclusive rights. Occasional differences of opinion and embittered party excitements have never withdrawn the attention, nor dislodged those affections, and the people of Georgia now mourn his death as a great national bereavement, sensibly -felt' by the State of which his eloquence and talents made him so distinguished an ornament, and by the nation, in whose service much of his life was spent, and for the protection of whose honour and interest some of his greatest intellectual efforts were made. "It is therefore most fit and proper that the representatives of the people of Georgia here assembled should, in a becoming manner, acknowledge the magnitude and importance of the public services of this accomplished citizen through a long and eventful political career, and testify to the country, in an imposing ..........~::.~::::::~ i,Ile-b j C RAlp 021,~~ GEORGE R. GILMER. 235 form, their just appreciation of one of tie distinguished men of the age, whose character is identified with that of the nation; and with this view, the Committee present the following resolutions, and ask for them the unanimous concurrence of this Legislature. " Resolvel, That we receive with feelings of deep and sincere regret the intelligence of the death of the Hon. John Forsyth, and that his talents and his eloquence, and the valuable public services rendered by him, justly entitle his memory to an official manifestation of respect by the Legislature of Georgia. "' Resolved, That we hold in proper estimation his efforts in time of difficulty to preserve the rights, promote the interests, and sustain the honour of the State of Georgia. "Resolved, That this report and resolutions be sent to the Governor for his concurrence, and that he be requested to transmit a copy of them to the family of the deceased." GEORGE R. GILMER WAS born on the 11th of April, 1790, in the County of Wilkes, now Oglethorpe. When he was thirteen years of age, his father sent him to Dr. Wilson's Classical School, near Abbeville Court-House, South Carolina, and afterwards to the Academy of Dr. Waddel. At these institutions he studied the languages, and would have entered college, but his ill health prevented. He then employed his time in teaching his younger brothers and a few of the children in the neighbourhood of his father. After this, he commenced the study of law with the Hon. Mr. Upson, but was compelled to abandon it on account of his health, although he had been admitted to the bar. His physician, Dr. Bibb, then a Senator in Congress, believing that an active life might improve his health, obtained a commission for him in the United States Army. InOctober, 1813, he was appointed First Lieutenant in the 43d Regiment of Infantry, and took up his quarters near Washington, where Captain Tattnall had established a recruiting station. As soon as a few recruits were collected, orders were received from General Pinckney to place them under a suitable officer, and to march them to the Creek territory. With this command Lieutenant Gilmer was invested, and by the prompt manner with which he executed his orders, as well as by his subsequent prudent arrangements, contributed most essentially to the quiet of the whites residing near the Chattahoochee, who had been much alarmed by hostile appearances on the part of the Indians. After the war, Mr. Gilmer returned to Oglethorpe, and in 1818, commenced the practice of law at Lexington, and soon acquired reputation as an able lawyer. The citizens of Oglethorpe called upon him to represent their interests in the State Legislature, and for two years he was their faithful representative. The journals of the House for that'period will show that his course was 236 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. independent and fearless. By his exertions chiefly, a law was enacted to prevent private banking, at that time a very sore evil. Mr. Gilmer is entitled also to the praise of having made the first effort which awakened public attention to the importance of establishing an Appellate Court for the Correction of Errors. In 1820 and 1824, he was elected to Congress, and also in 1828; but failing to give notice of his acceptance to the Executive within the time required by law, Governor Forsyth declared his appointment vacant, and ordered a new election. Mr. Gilmer declined being a candidate. As a member of Congress, Mr. Gilmer distinguished himself by his ability and devotion to the interests of Georgia. In 1828, Mr. Gilmer was a candidate for Governor, and was elected, his opponent being Major Joel Crawford. In 1830, he was again a candidate for the gubernatorial chair, but was defeated by Mr. Lumpkin. In 1832, his fellow-citizens selected him as one of their representatives in Congress; and in 1834 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated. In 1836, he was President of the Board of Electors of President and Vice-President, when the votes of that body were given for Judge White, of Tennessee. The next year he was elected to the Chief Magistracy of Georgia, the duties of which demanded so much labour as seriously to injure his health. No Governor of Georgia had ever been called upon to perform so many complicated and delicate duties. The situation of the Cherokee Indiansthe injustice said to have been practised upon them by the State of Georgia-the conflicting opinions of the United States Government and the constituted authorities of Georgia, all conspired to render Governor Gilmer's administration anything else than pleasant. Wisdom, prudence, and firmness were requisite to conduct the helm of State at this critical period; and we believe we utter the sentiments of every thinking man in Georgia, when we say that Governor Gilmer's administration was marked by all these attributes. During his Executive term, in 1837 and 1838, the Indians were removed from Georgia, and we have no doubt that by their removal their condition has been greatly improved. Mr. Gilmer has retired from public life, and holds no appointment except that of Trustee of Franklin College. He resides in Lexington, Oglethorpe County. WILSON LUMPKIN. MR. LuMPKIN was born in Pittsylvania County, State of Virginia, on the 14th of January, 1783. When he was one year old, his father removed to Georgia, and settled in that part of the State then known as Wilkes County, now Oglethorpe County. At this period the means of education were very limiited; and his father being unable to send his children from home to be educated, they received no other instruction than that which is acquired in a common country school. WILSON LUMPKIN. 237 When young Lumpkin was fourteen years old, his father held the office of Clerk of the Superior Court of Oglethorpe County, and, knowing that many advantages would be enjoyed by his son in an office of this kind, he employed him in copying, writing, &c. This was of incalculable benefit to him, compensating, in no small degree, for the want of a regular education, and introducing him to many gentlemen of the legal profession. He imbibed a great fondness for reading, and during the time he continued in this office he devoted all his leisure moments to reading law. A short time after he was twenty-one years of age, he was elected a member of the Legislature for Oglethorpe County, and for several years continued a member, discharging his duties with zeal and fidelity. He served for several years both as a member of the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States. When he was solicited to become a candidate for the office of' Governor of Georgia, he reluctantly consented, and was elected, and at the close of his Executive term was re-elected. Mr. Lumpkin has filled many other responsible offices, but the limits fixed to these sketches will not allow us to enumerate all of them. In 1823, Mr. Lumpkin was commissioned by President Monroe to ascertain and mark the boundary line between Georgia and Florida. By a commission from General Jackson, he was one of the first Commissioners appointed under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. The records of the country will bear testimony to the ability and justice with which he discharged that delicate and difficult trust. When the Legislature of Georgia created a Board of Public Works, with a view of commencing a systematic course of internal improvement, it provided for a Board, to consist of six members. Of this Board, Mr. Lumpkin was appointed a member. The act also directed that a civil engineer should be appointed to take a general survey of the State, with a view to report upon the expediency of canals and railroads; and it also directed that a member of the Board should accompany the engineer. Mr. Lumpkin was selected, and in his report he recommended a route which varied very little from the present location of our railroads. It will be seen' from this short sketch, that Mr. Lumpkin has been an active man all his life. To the interests of this State he has devoted much labour. He enjoys better health now than at any period before he was sixty years old, works every day, and reads more than at any former period of his life. He never had a lawsuit or arbitration. He has been a member of the Baptist Church for more than fifty years, and is an active and liberal supporter of many benevolent institutions. Of such men as Wilson Lumpkin any country may well be proud. 238 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. WILLIAM SCHLEY. WILLIAM SCHLEY was born in the city of Frederick, in the State of Maryland, on the 10th of December, 1786. His education was acquired in the academies at Louisville and Augusta, Georgia. He was admitted to the bar in 1812, and continued the practice of law until 1825, when he was elected Judge of the Superior Court of the Middle District of Georgia, the duties of which high office he discharged with ability until 1828. In 1830, he was elected a member of the Legislature from Richmond County; and in 1832, was elected a member of Congress. In this body, he served during the sessions of 1833,'4, and'5. In 1835, he was elected Governor of Georgia, and acted in that capacity until November, 1837. During his administration the Creek war broke out, and, accompanied by Generals Scott and Jesup, he repaired to Columbus, where he remained six weeks, in the discharge of such duties as the peculiar position of things at that time demanded. In his first message to the Legislature, in 1836, he strongly recommended the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. To this work he devoted all the time he could possibly spare fiom the discharge of the duties of the Executive office. He twice visited the engineers on. the several routes, for the purpose of giving such instructions as seemed proper, and obtaining accurate information in regard to the surveys, and other matters immediately connected with the subject. Governor Schley had the honour of signing the law authorizing the construction of this road. Mr. Schley is, we understand, an uncompromising Democrat. He believes in a strict construction of the Constitution of the United States, and allows no implied powers to Congress, except such as are absolutely necessary to coarry into effect special delegated powers. In a work published by him, called " Digest of the English Statutes," he gives some notes on Magna Charta, from which we make the following extract, for the purpose of showing what his political creed then was, and from which it is said he has never departed. Speakinug of the Federal Government, Mr. Schley says: " It was necessary, in the formation of the Federal Government, that each State should give up a part of its sovereignty, delegating to the General Government such powers as were necessary for its existence, and to enable it efficiently to sustain its own dignity, and to protect the individual States. This was accordingly done by the original framers of the Constitution, and their acts were ratified by the States. But. neither the Convention who formed, nor the States who ratified this Constitution, had the most distant idea that the doctrine of constructive powers would be carried to the alarming extent contended for by some politicians of the present day, and which threatens the total destruction of State rights and State sovereignty. If the doctrine be persisted in, and no remedy be provided for the evil, the t~, E I \ N.-::::::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~.:~.~.~~~~~~.................... ~~~~~.......... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4~A~.'A4W it's,::::::: -::::::::::::::::aiBi. u:3:siF':4j:A,~' < r ~J~2j~A~A AA: */.~A1>A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:::;iz~::s~~: ~A:::I:: ~:~::~ ~ ~ A~'/.,4,.~::~$24.::j//.:.::~S~'i~l,''ii~:ai:.:.:: r:I:~~~~.... //A4A/;4/.A: -~i:-:~~~~~:ij_:::::~:::i.:~::aj:-j~~~~~~~~~~~~l'4/..A A /./. /./.J ~~: ~~~:~-::;:.. ~~?':~i:::::::::::_4 AA:::::4':::1' A'4 A A A./"''.'A*.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::~~:::~::i::::::::::::'::::::::;.:::::: CHARLES J. LM'DONALD. 239 Federal Government, like Aaron's rod, will swallow up the State Governments, and a final consolidation of the whole will put an end to that beautiful system of liberty, which is now the pride and boast of the free people of these States." Governor Schley has always taken a deep interest in everything concerning the welfare of Georgia. He recommended the establishment of the Lunatic Asylum, and a geological survey of the State. CHARLES J. Mc DONALD. THE subject of this sketch is a native of South Carolina. In his early infancy, his parents' removed to Georgia, and settled in the County of Hancock. The citizens of that section of the State had always shown a deep interest in the subject of education, and at one of their celebrated schools, under the direction of the Rev. Nathan S. S. Beman, Mr. McDonald received his academical education. He then entered Columbia College, South Carolina, of which institution he is a graduate. After studying law in the office of Major Joel Crawford, he was admitted to the bar in 1817, and the followinog year entered upon the duties of his profession. In a very short time he obtained an extensive practice. As evidence of the public appreciation of his talents and Mworth, the Legislature of 1822 elected him to the office of Solicitor-General of the Flint Circuit, which he held until elected Judge of the same Circuit, in 1825. Upon his elevation to the bench, he resigned his commission of Brigadier-General, to which post he had been elected in 1823. Presiding over a circuit embracing territory then newly settled, Judge McDonald found himself frequently in positions which required prudence and firmness, both of which qualities, so essential to those clothed with judicial power, were conceded to him. In 1830, Mr. McDonaldwas elected a representative to the Legislature from the County of Bibb. In 1834, and again in 1837, he was elected to the Senate. Among all the members with whom he was associated, many of whom subsequently rose to the highest honours, none exerted a greater influence, or commanded higher respect. His election to succeed Mr. Gilmer as Governor of the State of Georgia, in 1839, showed the estimate placed upon his character and ability, by those who agreed with him in political principle, as well as by the people of the State. The office to which he was elected was at that time especially replete with reslponsibility. Governor McDonald found the State Treasury empty, without the means of pushing to completion the great work undertaken in the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, with the public debt increased to a million of dollars, and what was worst of all, the character of Georgia disgraced by the protest of an obligation for three hundred thousand dollars, contracted by the Central Bank 240 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. under legislative authority. The work of restoring the State to a healthy financial condition, and establishing its credit abroad, was rendered much more arduous from the fact, that the commerce and business of the country had hardly more than begun to recover from the revulsion that had followed the excitement of 1836 and 1837. Georgia shared largely in this excitement. The Central Bank, established in 1828, had been required by the Legislature, from year to year, to meet its appropriations from the resources of the State. In 1837, the counties had been authorized, by legislative act, to retain the general tax to be applied by the inferior courts to county purposes. Notwithstanding the State taxes had thus been relinquished to the counties, the Central Bank was still required to pay the annual ordinary and extraordinary appropriations. In the embarrassed condition of the finances, the position of the Chief Magistrate was a difficult one, involving the duty of recommending to the legislative branch of the Government a line of policy that would relieve the State from her financial difficulties. Governor McDonald, in his first annual message, in 1840, recommended, as a remedy for the embarrassments then existing, "a resumption of the entire amount of State taxes, which had for some years been given to the counties with but little benefit to them, and greatly to the injury of the finances of the State." The recommendation of the Governor prevailed, and a law was enacted directing the State taxes to be paid into the State Treasury. In 1841, a bill reducing the taxes of the State twenty per cent., passed both branches of the Legislature. To this act the Governor refused his assent, and communicated his objections to its passage to the Legislature, which we insert in his own language: " It is with extreme reluctance, said Governor McDonald, "that I dissent from an act of the Legislature, so as to prevent its becoming a law, which has for its object the regulation of the amount of revenue to be raised from the people. Nothing but a most imperative sense of duty could induce it. There is now a permanent tax law, not requiring renewal from year to year. The act under consideration proposes to reduce the taxes required to be raised by that law twenty per centum, on the supposition that they are not required by the exigencies of the Government. The measure is, doubtless, based upon the opinion of the Committee on Finance, that the amount of the revenue arising under the law from ordinary sources, exceeds the amount required to meet the expenditures of the Government twenty per centum. It will be found, upon investigation, that the amount of estimated receipts at the Treasury from such sources is greatly overrated, and that the actual receipts will not reach the estimate by fifty thousand dollars or more. If the error had been detected which led to this over-estimate, I am compelled to presume that, a reduction would not have been made, which must leave the Government without the necessary means to sustain itself, and meet its indispensable engagements. "Again the Committee recommended, and an act has been passed accordingly, CHARLES J. M'DONALD. 241 that the interest on the public debt should be paid by the Central Bank instead of the Treasury. The condition of the Central Bank does not justify the belief that. this can be a permanent regulation. It must be relieved from this heavy requisition, or its notes must depreciate, so as to become a greater tax upon the people than twenty per centum upon the amount now levied. In every view of the case, then, I am forced to a conclusion different from that to which the Committee has arrived, both in regard to the amount of the revenue expected to be levied under the law, and the propriety of throwing on the Central Bank, permanently, the burden of paying the interest on the public debt. Believing that the amount of taxes levied under the act of 1840 are absolutely required by the Government to meet its necessary expenditures, I feel bound to withhold my consent." In his annual message of November 8th, 1842, Governor McDonald urged again upon the Legislature the only efficient remedy for relieving the State from its embarrassments. Said he, in that message: "The difficulty should be met at once. Had there been no Central Bank, the expenses of the Government must have been by taxation. These expenses having been paid by the Central Bank, they become a legitimate charge upon taxation. This must be the resort, or the Government is inevitably dishonoured. The public faith must be maintained and to pause to discuss the question of preference between taxation and dishonour, would be to cast a reflection upon the character of the people whose servants we are." He was aware that he was thus deliberately presenting an issue on a subject in regard to which men living under a republican government are always deeply jealous and sternly watchful. But he had given the question the most mature consideration, and did not hesitate to face the opposition that he knew must be encountered. He made his appeal to the Legislature. He cited them to the fact, that upwards of nine hundred and eighty-five thousand dollars, which ought to have been applied to the support of Government, (under the erroneous pretence of raising taxes from the people,) were to be relinquished to the counties; and that while this had been going on, the capital of the Central Bank had been appropriated to supply money for the expenses of the Government. A former Legislature had authorized a sale of bonds bearing a high rate of interest. Governor McDonald stated, in this same message, that " there was not, at that time, a market in the world in which State stocks, to any considerable amount, could be advantageously sold. But," added he, "if bonds could be sold, it is highly questionable whether sound policy would justify the measure. The interest of the bonds must be paid annually, and eventually the principal at maturity. The postponement would throw on a future generation the unjust burden of supporting the Government, which should devolve upon us." After remarking that " the people are ever sensitive on the subject of taxes, and it is proper that they should be, to check the wasteful prodigality of their rulers, but that they pay them without murmur or complaint when they are 16 242 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. convinced they are required by the necessities of the Government," he recommended a small addition to the amount of'taxes then paid as all that was required. Notwithstanding the urgent appeal and decided recommendations of the Executive, the Legislature took no effectual action for restoring the credit of the State. A bill, making an addition of twenty-five per cent. to the tax of the previous year, had been introduced and rejected, then reconsidered, and again lost. The session was near its closeprompt action was necessary. Governor McDonald took his decision. He found the Treasurer, in accordance with usage, sitting with members of the Legislature, preparatory to their departure, in anticipation of the passage of the Appropriation Bill. He immediately directed him to suspend all payments from that department, except upon appropriations actually made, and warrants legally drawn thereon. The Governor gave as his reason for this step, that the Legislature was about to adjourn, " leaving him without the means of meeting the engagements of the State, for the performance of which her faith and honour had been repeatedly pledged." The Governor cited the Legislatire to the report of the Treasurer, which he at the same time transmitted to that body, from which it appeared, that the appropriations of a general nature absolutely required in the administration of the Government, with the amount necessary to defray the expenses of protecting the Florida frontier from Indian invasions, would exceed the probable amount remaining in the Treasury, leaving the sum of one hundred and ten thousaid dollars, for the payment of the interest on the public debt, altogether unprovided for. Never was there, perhaps, a higher state of excitement from any similar cause, among the members of the Legislature, than when they found the treasury thus closed upon them. The opposition denounced Governor McDonald as a tyrant, as guilty of a high-handed measure, worse than Jackson would have enforced. His political friends, alarmed, urged him to recede from his determination, and rescind his order to the Treasurer. He peremptorily refused. The result was, that the bill was finally passed. At the next session of the Legislature, Governor McDonald reported a greatly improved condition of the finances, and upon submitting the estimate of the ComptrollerGeneral, it appeared that the receipts into the Treasury would be more than sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the Government, and pay the interest on the public debt. He further reported that public confidence was reviving in regard to the Central Bank, and that specie-paying banks would no doubt, at an early day, find it to their interest to receive its notes in payment. We have been thus particular in regard to the subjects of taxation and finance, as connected with the administration of Governor McDonald, that the people of Georgia might understand his agency in restoring the credit of the State. No man, in the existing embarrassments under which the State laboured, could have acted with greater prudence in the management of her fiscal affairs than did Governor McDonald, CHARLES J. M'DONALD. 243 In behalf of popular education, Governor McDonald uniformly ex erted his influence, avowing his belief that our political institutions can be supported only by the virtue and intelligence of the people. While urging upon the Legislature attention to the subject of education, he said, "The first thing to be regarded in a republic is the virtue of the people; the second, their intelligence. Both are essential to the maintenance of our free institutions; the first inspires them with a disposition to do right, the second arms them with power to resist wrong." In August, 1840, a party of Indians from Florida made an incursion into the counties of Camden and Ware, who, after murdering some of the inhabitants, and plundering and destroying their farms and dwellings, disappeared. Governor McDonald promptly communicated information to the Secretary of War, and at the same time authorized a sufficient force to be raised at once, composed of volunteers, to pursue the enemy, and capture and drive him from his hiding-places. In the mean time he took all necessary steps for the security of our people, deeming it his sacred duty not to shrink from any responsibility when the property and lives of the frontier inhabitants were in danger. He afterwards presented with confidence the claims of Georgia against the General Government. Their justice was recognized, and the State was reimbursed for the expenditure that had been incurred in the protection of the citizens. We understand that in politics, Governor McDonald has always been a strict constructionist. Regarding the Federal and State Governments as distinct, and each sovereign in its sphere to the extent of its constitutional powers, and that, within that sphere, neither has the right to interfere with the affairs of the other, he has always been found in opposition to every encroachment upon the rights of the States, whilst he has maintained the authority of the General Government in the exercise of all power granted in the Constitution. In every question of disputed authority he makes his appeal to that instrument, as the only rightful standard for determining the extent of delegated powers. Hence his affinities have been with the teachings of Jefferson and Madison, and with democratic principles and measures. Governor McDonald's official character and prominent public position devolved upon him important duties in maintaining the rights and interests of the Southern States, in opposition to the aggressions made from various quarters upon the institution of slavery. In laying the address and resolutions of the Anti-Slavery Convention held in London, in June, 1839, before the Georgia Legislature, he remarked, " The suggestion of any measure to the General or State Governments of this Union, whether constitutional or not, by the subjects of foreign powers, is an impertinence not to be endured; but an offer to dictate an unconstitutional policy, subversive of the authority of the States, violative of individual rights, and endangering the peace of any member of the confederacy, is an injury that should be felt by every American citizen." 244 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Governor McDonald's correspondence with Governor Seward, in regard to the refusal of the latter to deliver up a slave who had escaped to New-York, was a most profound and masterly exposition of the whole constitutional question. In communicating this correspondence to the Legislature., Governor McDonald pointed out the defect in the Act of 1793, which had devolved upon the officers of the State Governments the duty of delivering fugitives. In his message, he remarked, "The duty of delivering fugitives from justice, without discrimination, is created by the Constitution of the Union, and is unknown to the laws of nations; so that the States, as independent sovereignties, would have no right to demand it of each other, except by compact or treaty. The Constitution nowhere requires the execution of this duty by the States. It is, then, to be performed by the General Government, and it ought to be required to execute it. This is the true doctrine of State Rights. While it jealously guards against the encroachments of Federal power, it requires of the General Government the strict performance of all its constitutional obligations." The acquisition of territory from Mexico, upon the termination of the war between the United States and that power, was attended with an alarming controversy connected with the question of slavery. Governor McDonald took high ground in behalf of what he regarded as the constitutional rights of the Southern States. 1-He held that from the nature of our Government, all the people of all the States had an equal right of ingress into the public territory, carrying with them any property which, by the laws of any of the States, they are entitled to hold. He advocated the adoption of the Missouri Compromise line recommended by the Nashville Convention, as reasonable and right-as having been acted upon before, as not subject to constitutional objection, and as one to which all who wished to preserve the Union, execute justice, and insure domestic tranquillity, no matter to what latitude they belong, would readily assent. In the height of the controversy relating to the acquired territory, Governor McDonald steadily referred to the Constitution as the supreme law, and said, in accepting the appointment of delegate to the Nashville Convention, that "if the Constitution of the Union were administered according to its letter and spirit, the South would not complain." After the decision of the Georgia Convention, which had resolved to acquiesce in the Compromise measures passed by Congress, Governor McDonald regarded the controversy as settled. He said, "That decision ought not to be disturbed, however much it may con flict with individual opinions. In a government of law and order, such decisions must be considered authoritative; they are the will of the people." In public life, Mr. McDonald has ever been governed by the same principles of honour and stern integrity which have given lustre to his private character. When the prospect of high dignities and elevated office has been held up to him, if he would enter into com ::::::::::~:~:: i i,;il'Z 4i~~.ii;:i ::"::::-::j:i:::::i::i:-:i-oj:::::::.:ii::l: sz~~si $- ~:::-::::::::~-iiiii:l::i::i:i':ii:'i:iii''iiiEi'::'::::~:::::.::: I:1:':I::::_::"::I:: I:i:ji: j::~j::::: ~::: ~~l::::-::i:i~,:lii:::;: - I::_:j':::; 1:-:-::::.:_:::-:.-:-::::::I:::i:rr::::ii:;: abt~csi s; i:l o~-1_-::I:::::~Lji :::::.::::::::::s;:::::::::::~r~:j-..~..;:-~:,i:~:::;:::::::ir-.~: ~.;~;:.:.. ~:~r;~i::i~~:3~~:::~:~r:~:~.~:~:::~:~:~:::~:-;:::;:;:::~::::::i:l::i:i:i:i:::ll:::i;::::::::::::::l:i:::::-i-;~: —- ~:::::i'i:::;eL'il8:~l:':~:::'~i:::::_:::.-_::l:-,:Y;-l:-::'i:Il:2i;::l:~':~ii:.:j~:~:ti:::::::-::::":ox.'j~-:'~:~~'~'':'.''''-'''''Bsi::_:::::-:_:I:-: I-: ili::l~."XI' —-::l-liiiiii::il:-. BlliiB'g:~ni'i:'.'i:i.:..:::j::l::::~::: j::t::,:.::::::~:::::::::j::~:~;::::::::r;:;:::::i:;:; i:;,:- i~~~~;~Pi I~ GEORGE W. CRAWFORD. 245 binations to promote the personal ambition of others, his invariable reply has been-" I have never bargained for any office, and if I do not receive it without conditions, I shall never reach it." The con sequence has been, that he has obtained a most enviable position in the estimation of the people of Georgia. Even when unsuccessful as a candidate, he has never lost the respect even of his opponents. In concluding this sketch, it is sufficient to say, that while Governor McDonald's comprehensive and cool judgment, his habits of method, and his untiring industry, have won for him a high rank as a jurist and statesman, his urbane manners, his benevolence of heart, and his strict integrity, have secured to him universal respect and esteem in the walks of private life. GEORGE W. CRAWFORD. GEORGE W. CRAWFORD was born in Columbia County, Georgia, on the 22d day of December, 1798. He is the son of Peter Crawford, one of the early and prominent citizens of that county. At the usual age the subject of this memoir entered Princeton College, where he was graduated in 1820. Upon his return to Georgia, he commenced the study of law in the office of the Hon. Richard H. Wilde, and was admitted to practice in 1822, when he opened an office in the city of Augusta. He rose rapidly to a position of eminence amidst a bar remarkable for its ability. In 1827 he was elected Attorney-General, and remained in that office until 1831, discharging its duties with zeal and ability. In 1837 he was elected by the people of Richmond County to the Legislature, and, with the exception of one year, continued to act as their representative until 1842. In 1843 he was elected a representative to Congress, to fill the unexpired term of the lamented Habersham. At the Whig Convention of 1843, he was nominated for Governor, much against his wish, and elected by a large majority, and re-elected in 1845. At the period of Mr. Crawford's election as Chief Magistrate of Georgia, the public finances were in a very deranged condition. The State was almost without credit, and her currency at a ruinous depreciation. The Western and Atlantic Railroad was in a languishing condition. The Penitentiary was a tax upon the people. The administration of Mr. Crawford will long be remembered for the reformation which he achieved in all these particulars. The difficulty in the way of State credit had not been a lack of means, but the entire want of confidence in their administration. This confidence Mr Crawford restored, by inducing some of the leading banks of the State to receive State bonds and Central Bank notes at par, which arrangement soon made them available as money, and equal to coin. This important transaction was effected partly through the confidence of the banks in Mr. Crawford's management of the State finances, and 246 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. partly by his pledging to some of them his personal responsibility to the extent of $150,000, to make good any depreciation. The subsequent value of the State securities, however, rendered any sacrifice on the part of the Governor unnecessary. Almost immediately upon his inauguration, followed the restoration of the public credit. Vitality was infused into all the public enterprises. In March, 1849, Mr. Crawford was appointed, by President Taylor, Secretary of War, but upon the death of the latter, he resigned, and retired to private life. It is known to many of our readers that Mr. Crawford's connection with what is called the Galphin claim has been the subject of much speculation. We believe the facts in this case have not been understood, and that injustice has been done to Mr. Crawford. To show that his course has been beyond reproach, we have taken much pains to examine the original documents, relating to this affair, now in the Treasury Department, at Washington City, and we think the following is a true statement of the case:Prior to the year 1773, George Galphin was a licensed trader to the Creek and Cherokee tribes of Indians then within the limits of the Colony of Georgia, and to whom these tribes were largely indebted, in his own right, or by assignment of the claims of other traders. In the same year, Sir James Wright, Governor of Georgia, pursuing the instructions of the parent government, concluded at Augusta a treaty of cession of land, for the sole purpose of discharging the indebtedness of the Indian traders, and by which was annexed to the British Crown a large extent of territory, embracing the present counties of Wilkes, Lincoln, Elbert, and parts of Greene, Oglethorpe, and Franklin. It was expressly stipulated that the traders, in accepting this fund in payment of their debts, took it in full satisfaction of their claims, and at the same time released the Indians and British Government. In 1775 the treaty was ratified by the British Crown, and Commissioners were appointed to ascertain and liquidate the claims under it. Accordingly, on the 6th of June, the claim of George Galphin was proved for ~9,791, 15s. 5d., and duly certified by the " Governor in Council," and payable out of such moneys as shall or may arise by the sale of lands lately ceded to his Majesty by the Creek and Cherokee Indians. The menace of hostilities and open war in the succeeding year arrested, and, by its result, entirely destroyed the prospect of payment from this source. In January, 1780, the Legislature of Georgia, under the exigencies and pressure of the war, appropriated these ceded lands, and applied them to the uses of that war. An important reservation was, however, made in behalf of such Indian traders who were "friends to America." They were required to lay their claims before "Ithe then, or some future House of Assembly, to be examined, and whatever *A copy of these documents is in the office of the Secretary of State, at Milledgeville. GEORGE WV. CRAWFORD. 247 claims should be allowed as just and proper, were to be paid by Treasury Certificates, payable within two, three, and four years, and carrying six per cent. interest."' This act of Georgia brought into view the inquiry-What was the relation of George Galphin to the American Revolution? As preliminary to the answer, it is proper to state that George Galphin was a native of Ireland, emigrated soon after manhood to America, and died at Silver Bluff, his residence, on Savannah River, in South Carolina, on the 2d of December, 1780, in the seventy-first year of his age.t By his enterprise, he extended his mercantile transactions with several Indian tribes, far into their country, and, by fair dealing and uniform kindness, acquired a.controlling influence over their temper and conduct, which were always predisposed to resentment and war. His position commended him to the notice and employment of the Colonial Government, and, as a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, his official duties were discharged with promptitude and fidelity. To the period of his death his conduct, during the war of the Revolution, was consistent, uniform, and patriotic. We have before us a copy of a letter, from the original, in the possession of Colonel Peter Force, of Washington City, addressed by General Robert Howe to General Washington, dated Charlestown, November 3, 1777, from which we make the following extract: —" The temper of the Creek Nation, by the unwearied exertions of Mr. Galphin, and by the liberality of this State in supplying them, upon generous terms, with those goods they wanted, seems at present to promise peace, which I consider as a very happy event for this State, and that of Georgia." The Hon. George Walton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Chairman of the Committee which reported the Act of Georgia, in 1780, and knew its motives, its sincerity, and intention of justice," was called upon in the year 1800, by the representatives of George Galphin, "for his knowledge and recollection of and concerning the objects, terms, and conditions of a treaty held at Augusta, in the year 1773." To that call he responded, and spoke highly of Mr. Galphin. He said-" Having enjoyed his friendship in his lifetime, having fully known his sentiments as to the Revolution, and been a frequent witness to his exertions in favour of it, I cannot resist the occasion of paying my own individual tribute of gratitude to his memory and services. Who is there that has forgot the exercise and right of his influence in restraining the inroads and consequent murders and ravages of the savages, especially the Creeks? None. The undersigned is of opinion, therefore, that to dispense with the claim of this venerable man, founded as it is, is to dispense with the justice and laws of the land." By the side of this full statement of Mr. Walton may fitly be placed that of his compatriots, Major Joseph Habersham, Hon. Judge William Stephens, and Major Peter Deveaux, who unite in testifying that Mr. Galphin was a decided friend of the American Revolution, from its * See Watkins' Digest, page 236. t Family Bible in possession of George Galphin's grand-daughter, Mrs. B. McKinme. 248 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. early origin to his death; that he, with others, suffered very considerably, indeed largely, in property, during the war. The act of Georgia was an open invitation to all claimants, "friends to America," on the ceded lands, to apply to her Legislature for payment. The heirs of Galphin have been the only applicants. Their first petition was in 1793, when the Senate passed a bill, by eight to three, to carry into execution the promise of the State made in 1780 to the whole amount of Galphin's claim.* Most of the members of that body had signalized their devotion to the new Government, and must have known who had been, only a few years before, their friends and foes. The Royal Assembly which met in Savannah, in 1780, attainted George Galphin of high treason, only four months before he was carried to his grave.t In 1790 the British Parliament appropriated $250,000 for the payment " of the claims of the sufferers, by the cession of Georgia to the Americans," with the allowance of four per cent. on each claim. The heirs of George Galphin, in 1792, applied to participate in this fund, but were rejected on the ground that an Act of Parliament intended to indemnify British loyalists was purely " an act of grace," and comprehended only those who belonged to that class.t It is also a fact that the patrimonial estate of Galphin's heirs was sold under execution to satisfy debts incurred by their ancestor, in his trade with the Indians, and for the payment of which he and they relied on the proceeds of these ceded lands, but which, as before stated, had been applied in aid of the Revolutionary War. This claim was referred to the Committees on the Judiciary, whose reports received the unanimous approval of both houses of Congress, the conclusion of which was as follows: "As there can be no question as to the justice or equity of this claim, the question presents itself, Who is bound to pay it? The Government of the United States, or that of the State of Georgia? Here was a debt secured by express treaty stipulation between the British Government and certain Indians, and no obstacle remained in the way to its payment as provided for in the treaty; it had become a vested right, and but for the Revolution which intervened, would have been acquitted and discharged. The Revolution was not the act of the State of Georgia. She was merely a participant in what was the common glorious act of all; it was by no special act of hers that the treaty by which this debt was secured was set aside; and it would seem that, being' only a sharer in the act which caused tile rights secured under it to be disregarded, she could scarcely be called on to meet the whole responsibility, which should be the joint respon* See Journal of the Senate of the State of Georgia, 1793. t See Disqualifying Act of 1780, on page 98, where George Galphin is called "' Rebel Superintendent of Indian Affairs." i See British Statutes at large, by Pickering, vol. xxxvii., pp. 35, 36; also vol. xxxvi, pp. 475 and 470. GEORGE W. CRAWFORD. 249 sibility, as its benefits were the joint benefits of all who contributed to its accomplishment. As well might any single State be called on to to indemnify a citizen of the United States against the act of the General Government, because he resided within her limits, as that the State of Georgia should be called on to discharge this debt, which was arrested in its payment by the Revolution; which may, considering its consequences, be called a national act, and which transferred from the British Government, against which Galphin's heirs could now have no claim, to that of the United States, their right of appeal for its settlement. By the act of the Revolution, the Government which followed, and of which Galphin, as he had contributed to its establishment, claimed the protection, transferred to itself all the obligations which existed prior thereto on the part of the Government which by it was set aside, as far as the claims of a similar character with the present were concerned. The Government of the United States now stands in the relation to the Indian tribes that Great Britain did prior to the Revolution. And the obligations of the treaty entered into by that Government with the Creek and Cherokee Indians before that even1, which had for its object the payment of the just debts of the traders, would seem to devolve on the United States, wherever it could be shown that the claimant had fixed that obligation by his support of the Government substituted. That the obligation runs no further is sufficiently manifest, and needs no argument. The Government of Great Britain paid the debts of the Indians to such traders as had espoused her cause, and rejected Galphin's, who opposed it. And it was the duty of the United States, of whose Government Galphin's heirs were now the subjects, to prosecute theirs, and failing to do so, have made themselves justly liable for its payment. "Apart from the considerations above set forth, the State of Georgia appropriated these lands-set apart as they were by the treaty of 1773, as a fund for the payment of these debts-to the public defence, and the bounty warrants of the officers and soldiers of the Georgia line in the Revolutionary army were located upon them. By an act of Congress, approved July 5, 1832, the Government of the United States provided for certain claims, which Virginia had assumed, to the officers of that State engaged in the public service during the Revolutionary War. It is believed that the principles of that act are applicable to the present claim, which the Committee think ought to be allowed, and accordingly report a bill for his relief." In accordance with the recommendation of the Committee, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to pay the claim of Galphin. Whatever may be the opinion of others, we must be allowed to say that, in our judgment, this report embodies the force of truth and patriotism. The States united had conquered the territory, and displaced British sovereignty. The power to make and to execute a treaty was inseparable. War may change the capacity, but conquest fixes and retains the liability 250 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The war of'76 only transferred the sovereignty, which, in this instance, could not rightfully annul a vested right without an act of political disobedience of the possessor. By the result of that war, and powers delegated by the States in their early confederation, and under the present Constitution, the American Congress succeeded to that supreme authority that had been exercised by the British Crown. Here, then, was a treaty, and in respect to one, and only one, party interested in it. There had been no offence, and, consequently, no forfeiture. It would, therefore, have been a paradox and an outrage to have acquired and succeeded to a right that attested nationality, without the corresponding obligation of performing whatsoever was nationally and morally a duty to perform. But when important benefits have been derived without a strict estimate of the result which a particular incident may be presumed to have aided to produce, something may, and will be, conceded to a rule of justice or gratitude adopted in a similar case. Hence, in the settlement between the States and the General Government, concluded in 1790, it was declared and accepted that the "principles" of the case of Virginia were applicable to that of Galphin. During the Revolutionary War, Virginia agreed to pay the officers of three regiments and of the navy, for their services in the prosecution of that war. She failed to fulfil her promise, and was sued in several cases, on which judgments were obtained. She applied t'o Congress for relief, and in 1832 her present and accruing liabilities were assumed by the Federal Government. The legislative acts of Virginia and Georgia had their existence from the wants and pressure of the times. The former were passed in 1799, the latter in 1780. Virginia promised to pay for military and naval services, Georgia for land which was encumbered. Both were deemed necessary to the " particular or general defence," and so applied. Both States failed to pay, and both have been relieved by the Genera] Government. Virginia applied by memorial, the claimant of Georgia by petition. The former did not promise to pay interest; the latter did. The claimants of each State have received interest. When the act for the relief of Galphin's representative was passed in 184S, the claimants of Virginia had received $1,468,354. Subsequently the heirs of Galphin have obtained $234,871. The Virginia cases are in progress; that, the only one of Georgia, is concluded. The immediate connection of Mr. Crawford with this claim can be explained in a few words. The representatives of Galphin had been prosecuting it for forty years, until repeated failures led them almost to despair of justice They had become impoverished in the pursuit. In 1833, they employed Mr. Crawford, then neither holding nor looking for any office, as agent and attorney in the matter. He pressed the claim, in every direction, with zeal, industry, and at a heavy expense. It was brought before the Commissioners for treating with the Cherokee In GEORGE W. CRAWFORD, 251 dians, in 1835. In 1837, in 1839 and 1840, favourable reports were obtained in the State Legislature-but no bill for relief ever passed them —the only resource was the General Government. Here Mr. Crawford was finally successful; but it is worthy of notice, that the claim was allowed when he was in no way connected with the administration or with Congress, and the reports in favour of the claim were drawn by his political opponents, and passed when the majority of both houses was of that stamp. The principal of the claim was actually paid during the administration of Mr. Polk; the Secretary of the Treasury expressly leaving undecided the question of interest, and referring it to his successor. When General Taylor's administration commenced, and Mr. Crawford became a member of it, he placed the claim in the hands of an agent at Washington-making known his own interest to the President alone, but leaving his colleagues, on whose decision the question of interest depended, wholly free of any influence from his official position. The Secretary of the Treasury, on the written and deliberate opinion of the Attorney-General, allowed the claim of interest, and when the matter was called up in Congress, each of those high functionaries declared on oath, that he had no knowledge whatever of any interest in, or connection with it, on the part of Mr. Crawford, until after the decision was made. These statements were made during an investigation by a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed at the personal request of Mr. Crawford; and when, on the report of that committee, the House resolved that the interest ought not to have been paid, he proposed to submit the matter to the decision of the courts, in a suit to be instituted against himself. But a resolution to this effect was lost in the Senate-all his political friends voting in favour of it. 252 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. GEORGE W. TOWNS. GEORGE W. TOWNS was born in the County of Wilkes, in this State, on the 4th day of May, 1802. His parents were from Virginia. His father, when but a youth, was in the battles at Eutaw and Cowpens. Mr. Towns was prevented from receiving a classical education by ill health. A fall from a horse produced a hemorrhage from the lungs, which at times threatened his life, and from the effects of which he did not recover until he attained the age of thirty. He studied law in Alabama, and was admitted to practice in 1824. In 1826 he returned to Georgia, and settled in Talbot County, where he became very popular, representing that county for several years in both branches of the State Legislature. In October, 1831, he was elected to Congress, and again in 1836. In 1839 he resumed the practice of law, in which he continued until 1846, when he was again elected to Congress to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Washington Poe, Esq. In 1847, he was elected Governor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1849. While Mr. Towns was Governor, he issued a proclamation calling a convention to consider the action of Congress upon subjects affected by the question of slavery. The candidates for delegates were very numerous, and of all shades of opinion. Few men possess a kinder heart and more insinuating manners than Mr. Towns. HOWELL COBB. HOWELL COBB was born at Cherry Hill, Jefferson County, Georgia, on the 7th of September, 1815. He is the son of Colonel John A. Cobb, who, when quite a boy, removed from Greenville, N. C., with his father. His mother, Sarah R. Cobb, was the daughter of the late Thomas Rootes, of Fredericksburg, Va. At nineteen, he graduated at the University of Georgia. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and at once gave such evidence of talents, character, and attainments, that in the ensuing year he was elected Solicitor-General of the Western Circuit. Here he was compelled to contend with the ripe abilities and long-trained skill of some of the first gentlemen of the bar in Georgia. We believe we hazard nothing in saying that the office was never filled in that circuit with more skill and vigour than during the three years it was occupied by Mr. Cobb. In 1842 he was elected, on a general ticket, to the Congress of the United States, it being his first service in any legislative body. He was successively re-elected in 1844,'46, and'48. Space will not allow a full account of Mr. Cobb's Congressional career; but justice to him demands that we make a few remarks in reference to it. Upon the floor of Congress, he has delivered able '., ~ ~ ~ ~'*.'.'.**."~~~~::'4>: V. $>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t *K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V~~~~~~.'.~~~~~~~i.-:.. ". I\;:::-i:.ii-i~~~~,j, /:. /::~:.. 77/.:i..u.': ~ ~ < X /'~ lliili:::ii l:::::::i ~ ~ tX-tV i t HOWELL COBB. 253 speeches upon many leading questions. On the 14th and 18th of January, 1844, on the motion of his colleague, Mr. Black, for the readoption of the celebrated twenty-first rule, he delivered a very able speech in vindication of the constitutionality of that regulation, of the devotion of the South to the Union, and of the title of the Northern Democrats, who had taken what he conceived to be the true constitutional position upon the question, to the gratitude of his own section of the Confederacy. During his Congressional career, Mr. Cobb obtained great celebrity by the delivery of speeches on various subjects, as for instance, the Tariff question, the annexation of Texas, the Oregon question, and on the causes and conduct of the war with Mexico. In 1848-9, many of the Southern members, becoming alarmed by the decided encroachments upon what they regarded as the constitutional rights of their constituents in the matter of slavery, manifested by certain votes in the House of Representatives, called a meeting of Southern delegates in Congress, without distinction of party, to consider their common danger, and deliberate upon the line of conduct proper on their part. This meeting or convention resulted in the promulgation of the Southern address, signed by a large portion of the Democratic Senators and Representatives from the South. Mr. Cobb did not feel at liberty to sign that paper; and, finding their motives misrepresented, himself and his colleague, Mr. Lumpkin, with Messrs. Boyd and Clarke of Kentucky, published a joint address to their constituents, understood to have been written by him., in which the motives for their course in this important affair were duly set forth. This paper obtained almost as general circulation as the Southern address. The following, with a slight alteration, is taken from the "Whig Almanac and United States Register" for 1851:" The First Session of the XXXIst Congress, which commenced November 3d, 1849, and closed September 30th, 1850, was one of the longest and. most exciting ever held. Its ten months' duration was in good part devoted to speech-making-nearly the first month having been consumed by the House in ineffectual ballots for a Speaker. The Opposition had a small plurality in the House, with a very decided majority in the Senate; but the number of'Free-Soil Democrats,' who could not vote for a Speaker so thoroughly adverse as Mlr. Cobb to their views of Slavery Extension, rendered the result doubtful, and would have secured the re-election of Mr. Winthrop, but for certain members who refused to vote with their party on Speaker without a distinct committal against the Wilmot Proviso. This could not be conceded, so Mr. Winthrop was steadily voted against by several proslavery Whigs on one side, and anti-slavery men elected by Whig votes on the other, while Mr. Cobb lost votes on one side only. Several other candidates were tried on either side with like success, though one (Mr. W. J. Brown, of la.) came very near an election, having succeeded in uniting both wings of the Opposition upon himself, by satisfactory private assurances on the slavery question. The fact that such cross-eyed assurances had been given became public 254 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. barely in time to prevent his election. Finally, the House decided to try a plurality vote, agreeing that the highest candidate at the next ballot should be thereupon elected; and on this vote Howell Cobb, of Georgia, had 102 votes, Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, 100, and there were some fifteen scattering. Howell Cobb was thereupon declared Speaker by a resolution moved by Edward Stanly, (Whig,) of North Carolina." Mr. Cobb was elected Governor of Georgia in 1851. and discharged his duties most faithfully. Even those who differ from him in politics, acknowledge that he cannot be charged with any neglect of duty. His management of the State road, and the finances of the State, deserves the highest commendation. His messages are papers of great merit, treating on every important topic. HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON. HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON, the present Governor of Georgia, was born in Burke County, on the 18th of September, 1812. In early life he enjoyed all the facilities for intellectual improvement which his native county afforded. At public schools, he was prepared for college, and in January, 1831, became a member of the Freshman Class in the University of Georgia, and was graduated in 1834. Having selected the law as his profession, many of his leisure hours, while in college, were devoted to its study, and for months before his graduation, he repaired to the Law School of Judge Gould, in Augusta, where, while attending a course of law lectures, he reviewed at the same time the college studies in which his class was engaged. By this double tax upon his physical and intellectual energies, he was enabled to stand his examination in college in August, and in the September following was admitted to the bar. He opened an office in Augusta, where he pursued his profession till 1839, when he removed to Jefferson County, and soon acquired an extensive and lucrative practice. Like most young men of our country, political life held out to him its allurements, and with little resistance on his part, he soon found himself engulfed in its vortex. Educated in the principles of democracy, he entertained sentiments of profound respect for them, and for all who consistently maintained them. Through the press, and on the stump, in the ever memorable race between Van Buren and Harrison, he did his party important services. The gallant Glascock, who was then in the meridian of his renown, and who often witnessed his exploits, spoke of him as a youthful giant, who fought with burnished armour, and was able to compete with the most stalwart of his foes. In June, 1841, in a State Convention of the Democratic party, held at Milledgeville, for the purpose of nominating candidates for Congress, (the State then electing by general ticket,) Mr. Johnson was brought forward as a candidate for a seat. He, however, HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON. 255 being a member of the Convention, withdrew his name, and urged his friends to cast their ballots for Mr. Howell Cobb. In 1843, Mr. Johnson was nominated to fill a vacancy in Congress; but was defeated, with the whole Democratic ticket. In the spring of 1844, he located himself in the vicinity of Milledgeville. The State, at this time, was divided into Congressional districts, and Mr. Polk having been nominated for the Presidency, Mr. Johnson was unanimously selected by the Democratic Convention as the elector for the Seventh District. The canvass in Georgia, as all well remember, was exciting, and warmly contested; and upon Mr. J. devolved a large proportion of the labours of the hustings. The seventh was the district so long and ably represented by Mr. Stephens, with its overwhelming Whig majority; and the eighth, contiguous to it, was Mr. Toombs' district, with a still larger Whig majority. Nearly all, if not all, the counties of those districts, he visited, and addressed the people, some of them more than once; and besides this, in obedience to the numerous calls of his party friends abroad, traversed almost every portion of the State. In 1845, when the State Democratic Convention assembled to nominate a candidate for Governor, there were but two names prominently before that body-those of Colonel M. Hall McAllister and Mr. Johnson. Their respective friends urged the claims of each with great pertinacity; but aware that neither could be nominated under the state of feeling existing in the Convention, Mr. Johnson, before the ballotings commenced, formally addressed a letter to the Convention, withdrawing the use of his name. In 1847, his friends in the Convention that assembled to select the Democratic nominee for the Executive chair, again urged his claims. On the first ballot he received a number of votes nearly equal to his competitor, Colonel Towns, when his friends withdrew his name. The prominent objection urged against him was, that he had made temperance speeches, and that on this account he was not so available as Colonel Towns. Many of his friends, disappointed at the result of the nomination, anticipated the defeat of the party. Colonel Towns was, however, elected. Shortly after his inauguration, Hon. Walter T. Colquitt having resigned his seat in the U. S.' Senate, Governor Towns appointed Mr. Johnson to fill the vacancy. He took his seat in that body on the 14th of February, 1848, and sustained the measures of Mr. Polk's Administration. The first speech which he made was upon the " Ten Regiment Bill," in vindication of the Administration touching the Mexican war, and the necessity and policy of its vigorous prosecution. The talent, patriotism and statesmanship evinced by this speech, gave him at once position in the National Council, and equalled the expectations of his friends. During the long session of 1848, besides taking part in the occasional debates of the Senate, he made a speech on the resolutions congratulating France upon her Republican movements, and another upon the Oregon Territorial Bill. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention held at 256 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA.. Baltimore, in June, 1848. On his return to Georgia, after the adjournment of Congress, he participated in the Presidential canvass then in progress. On reassuming his seat in the Senate in December, he was elected Chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia. The feeble state of his health during the early and greater part of this session, prevented him from taking an active part in many of the exciting discussions which occupied it. He did, however, near its close, make an able and effective speech on what is known as Walker's amendment to the Civil Appropriation Bill. It was during this session of Congress that the meeting of the Southern members was held, which promulgated what is known as the "Southern Address." That paper received his signature. The career of Colonel Johnson in the U. S. Senate was brief, but it was brilliant. It was no small compliment to him that he stood high in the estimation of Mr. Calhoun-that distinguished Senator having more than once declared that he regarded him the ablest man of his age then in the Senate. In November, 1849, he was elected by the Legislature of Georgia Judge of the Superior Court for the Ocmulgee District. In this new and responsible position, he did not disappoint the expectations of those who placed him in it. Upon his elevation to the Bench, it was his determination to abstain from any active participation in politics, but "the Compromise Measures," as they are termed, excited every man in the State, and he could not easily avoid participating in the feelings they engendered, and the discussions they elicited. These measures gave rise to two new party organizations in Georgia-the Union and Southern Rights. His feelings and sentiments threw him into the ranks of the latter. Mr. Johnson's friends say he was never a disunionist. He believes in the right of secession, not as constitutional, but as resulting necessarily from the character of our confederated government, the sovereignty of the States composing it. He therefore favoured a Southern Congress, not to ride roughshod over the Constitution, but to preserve it; not to dissolve the Union, but to perpetuate it. He believed that a Southern Congress was the best practicable mode of securing union and harmony, among the States of the South, and consequently of securing the glorious results anticipated from it. But when Georgia, in her Convention in December, 1850, resolved to acquiesce in the Compromise, Judge Johnson was one of the first to declare that the causes which led to the organization of the Southern Rights party had ceased to exist. He therefore was found in the meeting held in the capitol at Milledgeville, in November, 1851; the design of which was, among other things, to nominate a democratic electoral ticket for the State. In that meeting he offered a preamble, reciting among other things the views that have been adverted to, concluding with the following, among other resolutions:Resolved, That the question of submission to the Compromise is settled in this State; and that it is the duty of the people, for the future, to unite as one man, in IIERSCHEL V. JOHNSON. 257 the inflexible determination to maintain, to the letter, the position which Georgia has taken against all future aggressions by Congress upon the institution of slavery. Resolved, That in view of the indications given by the Northern Democracy, to consider the slavery question as finally settled by the Compromise, to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law, and to oppose its repeal or material modification, Georgia should be represented in the Baltimore Convention, to co-operate in such action by that body, and the nomination of such candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as will give vitality and efficacy to the Compromise, secure safety to the South, and harmony to the Confederacy. Resolved, That we recommend the Democratic party to hold a Convention at Milledgeville, at as early a day as may be convenient and expedient, to appointdelegates to the Baltimore Convention, and that a committee of nine be appoint. ed by the President of this meeting, to confer with the friends of this policy in every part of the State, to designate and publicly announce the day for the assembling of such Convention. Mr. Johnson's preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted. The Convention ordered by that meeting assembled on the 31st of March, and sent delegates to the National Democratic Convention, in which Judge Johnson occupied a seat, and, in connection with his colleagues, cordially seconded the movement of Virginia, which resulted in the nomination of General Pierce. He was also unanimously nominated by the Convention of Georgia one of the electors for the State at large, and was elected. Having been nominated a candidate for Governor, he resigned his seat on the bench in August, 1853, was elected Governor on the first Monday of October, and inaugurated on the 9th of November. In commenting upon his inaugural, the editor of the Savannah Republican says:" The inaugural address of Governor Johnson will not fail to attract that general attention due alike to a document of the kind, and the distinguished source from whence it emanates. Had the people of our commonwealth no other evidence whereby to judge of the character of its chief magistrate, and his ability to administer its laws, than the authorship of this address, their confidence in his honesty of purpose, under a just appreciation of the trusts and responsibilities which devolve upon him, would be hearty and unreserved. This address gives evidence on the part of its author of a clearness of perception, a firmness of purpose, and an humble reliance, worthy the head and heart of one called to preside over and administer the extended and varied interests of a free and Christian people. The great interests of education, agriculture, internal improvements, and the mechanic arts, are alluded to as worthy the fostering care of the Government." Upon the subject of education, Governor J. says:"Our system assumes, that the people are capable of self-government; each man is a portion of the sovereignty, and, to the extent of his individual influence, gives direction to all the operations of government. But this assumption is not based upon any inherent capacity for government, as an attribute of 17 258 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. man. It presupposes intelligence, to understand his rights, and virtue to give that intelligence proper direction. Hence, public education and morality-enlightened intellect and cultivated heart-are indispensable to the success of our political system. They are the main pillars on which the structure is built: let them be substituted by ignorance and vice, and the fabric will tumble to ruins.' If to this consideration we add the reflection, that education is the most potent means for the rapid development of a high civilization-the proper end of government-how obvious and imperative is the obligation to foster its diffusion among the people, with a liberality commensurate with its importance and the unnumbered blessings which it procures! The cause of public education is emphatically the cause of our State. It addresses itself to every noble feeling of our hearts. If, as patriots, we desire the perpetuity of our free institutions-if, as philanthropists, we would gladden the children of poverty with the sunbeams of science, elevate them to useful citizenship, and press to their lips the cup of intellectual happiness, it pleads with an urgency and pathos that should awaken every generous impulse.;' We most ardently wish that such sentiments may be speedily appreciated and acted upon throughout the length and breadth of Georgia. Judge Johnson, besides his political speeches, has, on several occasions, distinguished himself by his efforts in other fields. In 1842, he delivered the Annual Address before the Alumni of the State University; in 1845, the eulogy on General Jackson before the citizens of Milledgeville; and in 1847, the annual commencement oration before the Literary Societies of Mercer University; also before the Wesleyan Female College at Macon, on the 14th July, 1853. All these addresses were published, and added to the reputation he had previously acquired. As a public speaker, he enjoys an enviable reputation. On the hustings, he has few equals. As a man, Judge Johnson's public and private character is without a stain. At the age of forty, without any adventitious circumstances to aid him, by mere force of talent and weight of character, he has won his way to a proud distinction among the leading spirits of the country. ^U$|ete es f ~mlzziimsU APPLING COUNTY, NAMED after Colonel Daniel Appling, was laid out in 1818; part added to Telfair in 1819, part to Ware in 1824, and a part to Telfair in 1825. Length, 55 m.; breadth, 35 m.; area square miles, 1,925. Appling is sparsely populated. The head waters of the Great and Little St. Illa are in this county. The creeks are Ten-mile Creek, Five-mile Creek, Big and Little Goose, Dougherty's, &c. The face of the country is level. The soil is poor. Productions, cotton, sugar-cane, corn, and rice. HOLMESVILLE is the county site, distant from Milledgeville 115 m. Town Bluff is a small place on the Alatamaha. The climate is healthy. The first settlers of this county were NATHAN DEAN, JOHN TAYLOR, HENRY TAYLOR, SILAS O. QJIN, MOSES VICK, JOHN JOHNSON, JOHN HAwKINS, JOHN SMITH, D. REDISH, D. SUMMERALL, R. STRICKLAND, SAMUEL SELLEARS, JOHN PERVIS, A. EASON, G. MOODY, JOHN ROBERSON, JESSE CARTER, SAMUEL CARTER, THOMAS WooDS, R. and S. SWILLEY, B. GEORGE, the MOBLEYS, HALLS, OVERSTREETS, and WILCOXES. According to the census of 1850, there were in this county 410 dwellings, 410 families, 1,271 white mhales, 1,250 white females, 17 free coloured males, 7 free coloured females. Total free population, 2,545; slaves, 405. Deaths, 27. Farms, 313. BAKER COUNTY. THIs county was laid out from Early in 1825, and was named after ColonelJohn Baker, of Revolutionary memory. It is 37- miles in length, and about the same in width. The lands of this county have a wide-spread and well-deserved reputation for great productiveness and certainty of crops. Cotton and corn are the chief productions; but sugar-cane, Upland rice, tobacco, 260 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and the various grains, fruits, and vegetables, which grow in the same latitude elsewhere, thrive well here. Throughout this county there is a substratum of soft limestone, which is supposed to add to the fertility of the land. This limestone in many places forms the banks and bed of the principal streams, giving them somewhat the appearance of works of art. Many streams pass through the limestone formation, concealed from view until they empty into the Flint River. The occasional falling in of the earth above these streams forms funnel-shaped cavities, which are called lime-sinks. The county is well timbered, chiefly with the finest size and quality of yellow pine, though there are large districts in which oak, hickory, &c., predominate. Flint River runs almost diagonally through the county from northeast to southwest, and is navigable a part of the year, by steamboats, to Albany. The county is watered by several creeks, which empty into the Flint River.* The face of the country is level, or gently undulating; the climate is equable and pleasant; the atmosphere is generally clear, and free from fogs; and the pine lands are considered very healthy. NEWTON, the capital, is situated on the west bank of Flint River, near the centre of the county, and is a place of some trade. Albany is situated on the west bank of Flint River, in the northeastern part of the county. The location is pleasant and healthy; it is the centre of a large fertile district of country; is the head of steamboat navigation, and has a thriving trade. Albany was founded in October, 1836. The place where it now stands was then an unbroken pine forest, without an inhabitant. The removal of the remaining Creek Indians, in 1836, from the southwestern part of the State, promoted the settlement of this fertile district by the whites, and the population and productions of the country, and the consequent importance of Albany as a market town, has been steadily increasing. In 1841, the Legislature granted a charter for the " City of Albany," under which that place has since been governed, by a Mayor and City Council, annually elected by the citizens. It will not be inappropriate to mention in this place a railroad project which was originated here, and which, if accomplished, as recent events seem to indicate, will add very greatly to the importance and value of the whole southern part of the State. In 1847 the representation of Baker County obtained from the Legislature a charter for the "Savannah and Albany Railroad Company," which authorized the construction of a railway from Savannah to Albany, and thence across the Chattahoochee River, with such branches as the company may determine. On the 27th August, 1853, a company was organized in Savannah under this charter, whose purpose it is to construct a direct road from Savannah, through Albany, to Mobile. Alabama, with branches. The city of Savannah immediately subscribed one The Indian name for Flint River is Thronateeska. BAKER COUNTY. 261 million dollars of the capital stock of the company; agents were appointed to procure the further necessary capital, and the work will probably be commenced within the year. Concord is a public place, and a post-office in the northern part of the county. Milford is a place of some business, and a post-office, situated on the Ichawaynochaway Creek, in the western part of the county. Oak Lawn and Gillionsville are post-offices in the northern part of the county. Gumpond is a post-office in the eastern part. The census of 1850 gives this county 755 dwellings, 755 families, 2,311 white males, 2,044 white females; free coloured males, 17; free coloured females, 7; total free population, 4,355; slaves, 3,765; deaths, 126; farms, 444; manufacturing establishments, 12. The population is supposed now (1853) to exceed 10,000. There are several saw and grist mills in this county, among which are Tift and Brisbane's, on the Kinchafoona Creek, two miles north of Albany, Hampton and Harris's steam-mill, one mile east of Albany, and Lawton's steam-mill, several miles southwest of Albany, each of which is capable of cutting four thousand feet of timber per day. The county is rapidly improving. Should the season prove favourable, it is estimated by resident merchants that the cotton crop of Baker, for 1853, will reach 30,000 bales. Intelligence, industry, and hospitality are prominent traits in the character of the citizens. Among the first settlers of this county were the TINSLYS, HOWARDS, HALLS, HOBBYS, WHEELERS, JARNIGANS, and the persons whose names appear in the list of the first Grand Jury. The following is an extract from the record of the proceedings of the first Superior Court held in Baker:GEORGIA, BAKER COUNTY. JANUARY TERM, 1827. The Honourable Superior Court met according to law,-present, the Honourable MoSEs FORT. The following persons appeared, and were sworn as the Grand Jury:1. JOHN S. PORTER. 12. NATHAN GRIFFIN. 2. JOHN KELL. 13. JOHN L. W. SPEARS. 3. STEPHEN JOHNSON. 14. ASA FOscuE. 4. CURTIS NELLUMS. 15. TrrOMAS HOWARD. 5. JOHN KELLY, 16. HILLORY HooKs. 6. WILLIAM KEMP. 17. JOHN GILLION. 7. JOHN DENNARD. 18. PATRICK SESSUM. 8. BERRAJAH JOYNER. 19. CHAS. S. MILLER. 9. ROBERT KELLY. 20. JAMES J. GOODWIN. 10. BENJAMIN KEATON 21. JOSEPH HOLLAWAY. 11. HENRY SMITH. 262 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The Grand Jury made the following report:The Grand Jury for the County of Baker having had nothing laid before them for consideration, and from the peaceable and orderly condition of their county, know of no grievance of sufficient magnitude for presentment. Court adjourned. Ex'd. MOSES FORT, J.S.CS.C.. THOMAS F. WHITTINGTON, Clerk. gihnlell eUInngI BATTLE OF CHICKASAWHACHEE. THIS was the hardest fought battle of the war with the Creek Indians, in 1836. The Chickasawhachee Creek has a swamp, several miles in extent, lying partly in the second and partly in the third districts of Baker County, covered with timber and a dense undergrowth, and in a great many places to a considerable depth with water. In the latter part of June, 1836, the Creek Indians, after burning Roanoke, in Stewart County, and committing other depredations, departed for Florida, with the purpose of joining the Seminole Indians. Captains Rich and Hentz, with two small companies of militia, who were volunteers from Baker and adjoining counties, followed their trail into Baker County; and on the 26th of June, at night, knowing they were in the vicinity of the Indians, dispersed in small squads to protect their own families and those of their friends and neighbours. The next morning they heard the report of guns, and taking the trail, they found the Indians had murdered a gentleman, whose name we have forgotten, with his wife and three children, also Mr. William Hicks, and a Mr. Padget and his two children. Mr. and Mrs. Hollaway and their daughter were wounded, but made their escape. The dead bodies were shockingly mangled. The Indians, to the number of three hundred warriors, penetrated the Chickasawhachee Swamp, and took possession of an island in the middle of it, where they prepared to defend themselves against any attack which might be made by the whites. The Baker militia, after buiying the dead, devoted themselves to the security of the inhabitants, until other'troops arrived. On the 3d of July, a week after the Indians had entered the swamp, the two Baker companies, having been joined by Captain Jarnigan's company from Stewart County, Captain Holmes' company from Early County, a company from Thomas County, and a company of cavalry from Bibb County, numbering together about five hundred men, the whole under the command of Colonel Beall, it was determined to attack the Indian camp. Accordingly, two hundred men were stationed outside of the swamp, to prevent the escape of the enemy; and these were subsequently joined by Captain Bostwick's company from Pulaski Countyo BAKER COUNTY. 263 The remaining force penetrated the swamp, through undergrowth, mud, and water, sometimes to their waists, to the Indian camp, when a warmly-contested battle of more than half an hour was maintained, until the Indians were driven from the field, leaving nine dead, together with their horses and plunder. Several dead were seen to be carried off the field during the battle, and some were afterwards found by the whites. Of the Georgia troops, twelve or fourteen were wounded-one mortally.. The Indians were dispersed; and being closely pursued by the different companies, were made captive, or killed, before reaching Florida. The consequences of this action were very important, as it prevented the junction of a band of brave and experienced warriors with the Seminoles, who were then giving the General Government much trouble in Florida. Although the troops engaged in it were militia, without experience or discipline, they behaved with great coolness and bravery. The following, supposed to have been written by an officer who was present in the above engagement, is taken from the Coluzmzbus Sentinel of 1836 - "I will, as far as I have been able to learn them, give you some of the par ticulars relative to Colonel Beall's fight, in the Chickasawhachee. After marching about four miles in mud and water from knee deep to near their waists, the advance guard discovered the enemy's tents pitched on dry ground, and such being their eagerness for fight, they cracked away at an Indian who chanced to be walking down to the water to wash his hands. This alarmed the whole camp, and they rushed out and commenced a regular fire at. our men., behind the cover of trees, &c., led on by a chief, who did all that he could to encourage his men, until an unerring ball from a rifle laid him prostrate upon the earth. The firing lasted about twenty minutes, when the charge was made and the enemy fled with precipitation, leaving thirteen dead upon the field, and ample evidence of a much greater number being slain; many were seen to be picked up and carried off; they were pursued for some distance. The Indians had thirty-six tents, and an incredible quantity of beef, bacon, horses, saddles, bridles, homespun, cooking utensils, &c., &c., all of which fell into the hands of the victorious whites. Many' rifles were also taken; in a word, the whole camp equipage was taken and destroyed by the troops. Their situation now is desperate. The whites had nine wounded, of which one has since died, Mr. John Hardison, of Early. Mr. James Buchanan of this place, a gallant soldier, had his thigh broken, but is doing well. It is generally admitted that if the advance guard had reserved their fire until the main body could have gotten up, every rascal of them would have been taken. As an evidence of their desire to fight, when' it. was necessary for a guard to be placed over the houses, during the absence of the troops, the officers were compelled to detail them regularly for that purpose, no one being willing to remain. After Buchanan fell, he called some men to him and begged them to hold him up until he could shoot, but his gun had been wet, and it would not fire. Two dead Indians have been found since the battle, and some twenty-five or thirty horses and mules taken. The swamp is from four to eight miles wide, and fifteen miles.long, and now and then a dry 264 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. spot of earth appears. It is infested with alligators, bears, wolves, &c.; not a human being save the savage has ever explored it. It is impossible to say how many Indians there are. Tom Carr's estimate is generally believed to be correct. He was in the battle, and fought gallantly-he numbers them at three hundred; there were, at any rate, thirty-six cloth tents. Beall had two hundred and seventy-five. The Indians will now, without doubt, use every effort to escape, for their situation is, as I have before stated, desperate. It is feared by some that they have already gone; if they have not, their time has well nigh drawn to a close, for the boys are mad and determined to have them. Beall has now three hundred men under his command; our battalion will augment that number to five hundred. It is believed that yet a greater number of men will be necessary to force the Indians from the swamp, or to keep them in it." We copy from the.Albany Patriot of May 14, 1845, the following account of a tragical incident connected with the Creek war:"Near the road leading from Albany to Blakely, in a solitary place about two miles from the Chickasawhachee Swamp, stands a dilapidated house, which is now uninhabited, and has a very desolate appearance. To a believer in ghosts, it would present a favourable spot for their nocturnal visits. A traveller approaching it in the twilight, would almost expect to see something frightful start up before him. This was the scene of a bloody tragedy in the last Creek war. It was then inhabited by a man and his wife, with several children and servants. A former resident of the place had offended the Creeks, and they, with that unrelenting spirit peculiar to their race, had determined to have revenge. A party of them, in their flight from Alabama to Florida, passed near this place. They believed the object of their hatred was within their reach-the demon of revenge stirred within them, and they determined to sacrifice their victim and his whole family. Concealed by the forest, they approached the house while the unsuspecting family and several neighbours were assembled at breakfast. " Alarmed by the shouts of the savages, they attempted to escape. A horrid massacre ensued. The blood of father, mother, children, neighbours, and servants was mingled together. "A party of whites next day visited the spot. They found some dead, some dying, and some, though shockingly mangled, still survived. "In their blind rage, the savages had missed the object of their vengeance, and brought destruction upon an innocent family. "The appearance of the place is in keeping with its history; the woods look dark and gloomy; long moss hangs in curtains from the trees, as if nature, in sympathy for the murdered family, had clothed herself in the habiliments of woe."* *To Nelson Tift, Esq., of Albany, Baker County, we acknowledge ourselves much indebted for valuable information relating to the section of country in which he resides. We feel it to be a duty we owe to this intelligent and enterprising gentleman to state that he furnished us with the above sketch of Baker County. BALDWIN COUNTY. 265 BALDWIN COUNTY. THIS county was first laid out by the Lottery Act of 1803; parts added from Wilkinson, Washington, and Hancock, 1807; parts added from Washington, 1812, and a part taken from Washington, 1826. Organized in 1805. Named after the Hon. Abraham Baldwin. The Oconee runs through the middle of the county, into which Fishing and other creeks empty. MILLEDGEVILLE is the seat of justice for the county, and the capital of the State of Georgia; situated on the west side of the Oconee River, in lat. 33~ 4' 10". West lon. from Washington, 6~ 19'. It is distant 659 miles S.W. of Washington City; 158 N.W. of Savannah; 89 W. S.W. of Augusta; 193 N. of Darien; 32 E. of Macon, and 125 E. N. E. of Columbus. The town was named after Governor John Milledge. It was made a city in 1836. The Legislature first held its session here in 1807....__ _. i~~T —l 11, _ ~n ii,,~~~~~ti _i STATE-HOUSE. The STATE-HOUSE stands upon an eminence, about three-fourths of a mile from the river. In it are rooms for the Legislature, offices for the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Surveyor-General; and rooms for clerks, committees, &c. The PENITENTIARY is located at Milledgeville. The outer walls of the Penitentiary are made of brick, averaging twenty feet in height, by two and a half feet thick, containing within the walls two and a half acres. The cells, or prison proper, 266 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. are contained in a three-story granite building, two hundred feet long by thirty feet broad. They are on each side, and divided into four wards, designated by the letters A, B, C, and D. These cells are numbered on the doors, beginning in each ward at No. 1, and rising until all are numbered in each respective ward. The occupants are also numbered, corresponding with the letter of the ward to which they belong. The present workshops were constructed in 1844. Theyare built of brick, one story high, of nine feet pitch, with jointed sheathing, and covered with shingles. The form at its common centre is that of an octagon, with three of its angles cut to a straight line, leaving five angles of thirty feet each, which angles being all open, they present so many openings into as many shops, each one hundred and fifty feet long, by thirty broad. There is in the inclosure a twostory building of brick, forty feet square, in which are apartments for the sick, female convicts, &c. STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM.-Number of buildings for patients, 2. Size of buildings-height, four stories; length, 129 feet; width, 39 feet. Number of rooms for patients in each of the two buildings, ex elusive of those used for bathing purposes, &c., 63; size of those rooms, ten feet by nine. Extent of ground at present belonging to the Asylum, forty acres. The Milledgeville Manufacturing Company is located at Milledgeville. Capital, $83,000. Main building four stories high, built of brick. 3,136 spindles; 53 looms. In the vicinity of Milledgeville there is much to interest the geologist. Sir Charles Lyell, President of the London Geological Society, who visited Georgia in 1846, in a volume which he afterwards published, has some valuable remarks on the subject of the boulders of granite lying on the surface of the soil in the vicinity of Milledgeville Midway, one mile and a half from Milledgeville, is the seat of Ogle thorpe University. This institution is under the government of the Presbyterian Church, represented by the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia. The College commenced operations in January, 1838. The main college building is of brick, two stories high, besides a basement. The central part contains a fine chapel; whole dimensions, 52 feet front by 89 feet deep, including a colonnade 14 feet deep Attached to the building are two wings, 30 feet front by 34 feet deep, three stories high. In the basement and wings are 16 rooms, for library, museum, &c. On each side of the campus there is a row of dormitories of one story, for the accommodation of the students. The other buildings are the President's house, the Academy, and a building used for recitations. Scottsborough, named after General John Scott, four miles south of Milledgeville, is a pleasant summer residence. Fort Wilkinson is on the Oconee, three miles below Milledgeville, famous as the place where a treaty was held with the Creeks in 1802.* * See under the head of "Treaties." BALDWIN COUNTY. 267 The climate is regarded healthy. The cases of longevity that have come to the compiler's knowledge are, Mrs. MARTHA THOMAS, now living, aged 107 years; Mrs. MARTHA BASS, died at the age of 83; Mrs. EDITH HOWARD, 89; Mrs. SUSANNA JACKSON, 84; Mrs. MYRIC, 85; JESSE DOLES, 85; Mrs. HUSON, over 80; VWILLIAM MCGEHEE, 80; JOHN DISMUKES, 93. According to the census of 1850, this county has 647 dwellings, 647 families, 1,885 white males, 1,637 white females, 19 free coloured males, 5 free coloured females. Total free population, 3,546. Slaves, 4,602. Deaths, 77. Farms, 240. Manufacturing establishments, 3. Value of real estate, $1,051,350. Value of personal estate, $2,058,778. Among the early settlers were, Major JOHN HOWARD, HERBERT REYNOLDS, General JOHN SCOTT, General JETT THOMAS, Captain AUGUSTINE HARRIS, Colonel ABNER HAMMOND,.Major rHOMAS H. KENAN, JESSE SANFORD, LAZARUS BATTLE, HINES HOLT, GEORGE R. CLAYTON, Dr. THOMPSON BIRD, Colonel Z. LAMAR, CHARLES MALONE, WILLIAM and ARCII DEVEREAUX, W. D. JARRETT, THOMIAS NAPIER, D. FLUKER, A. GREENE, and R. WHITE. Several prominent men of the State have resided in Baldwin. Among them may be mentioned Major JOHN HOWARD, a gentleman of most excellent character; ROBERT RUTHERFORD, a lawyer of distinction, and of great energy of character; JOHN W. DEVEREAUX, an honest and enterprising citizen; S. GRANTLAND, an editor, and member of Congress; SEABORN JONES, now of Columbus, acknowledged to be one of the best lawyers in Georgia; AUGUSTINE HARRIS, a gentleman of great probity of character; General JOHN SCOTT, a resolute, persevering man; THOMAS FITCH, an able lawyer, and of unimpeachable integrity; Dr. SAMUEL BOYKIN, a man of science. Drs. FORT and WHITE now reside in Milledgeville, standing high in their profession, and acknowledged by all the citizens of Georgia to be upright and kind gentlemen. 3,t r t 111 i n as. The following items are taken from old Milledgeville papers. "Duncan M'Krimmon, a resident of this town, was a Georgia militiaman in the service of the United States during the late Seminolean war. While stationed at Fort Gadsden on the Appalachicola, he one morning went fishing, and in attempting to return, missed his way, and was several days lost in the surrounding wilderness. After wandering about in various directions, he was espied and captured by a party of hostile Indians, headed by the wvell-known Prophet, Francis, who had an elegant uniform, a fine brace of pistols, and a British commission of Brigadier-General, which he exultingly showed to the prisoner. Having obtained the satisfaction they wanted respecting the strength 268 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and position of the American army, they began to prepare for the intended sacrifice. M'Krimmon was placed at a stake-and the ruthless savages, having shaved his head and reduced his body to a state of nudity, formed themselves into a circle; and danced around him some hours, yelling all the while most horribly. The youngest daughter of the Prophet (who is about fifteen years of age, and represented by officers of the army we have conversed with to be a woman very superior to her associates) was sad and silent the whole time-she participated not in the general joy, but was evidently, even to the affrighted prisoner, much pained at the savage scene she was compelled to witness. When the fatal tomahawk was raised to terminate for ever the mortal existence of the unfortunate iM'Krimrono-at that critical, that awful moment, Milly Francis, like an angel of mercy, placed herself between it and death, resolutely bidding the astonished executioner, if he thirsted for human blood, to shed hers, being determined, she said, not to survive the prisoner's death. A momentary pause was produced by this unexpected occurrence; and she took advantage of the circumstance to implore the pity of her ferocious father, who finally yielded to her wishes, with the intention, however, it is believed, of murdering them both, if he could not sell M'Krimmon to the Spaniards, which was luckily effected a few days after at St. Mark's, for seven gallons and a half of rum. As long as he remained a prisoner, M'Krimmon's benefactress continued to show him acts of kindness. Now, the fortune of war has placed her in the power of the white people-she arrived at Fort Gadsden not long since, with a number of others that had surrendered, in a starving condition. We are gratified to learn, that a proper respect for her virtues induced the commanding officer, Colonel Arbuckle, to relieve her immediate wants. M'Krimmon appears to have a due sense of the obligation he owes the woman who saved his life at the hazard of her own-he left town last week to seek her, and as far as may be in his power to alleviate her misfortunes. It is also his firm determination, we understand, if she will consent, to make her his wife, and reside, provided he can prevail upon her to do so, within the settled parts of Georgia." "INDIAN TALK.-On Saturday, the.19th of July, 1811, a company of fifty-seven of our red brethren of the lower Creeks, of whom twenty-two are of distinction, encamped on the banks of Fishing Creek, about a mile from the State-House. On Sunday, about twenty attended Divine service at the Methodist MeetingHouse, and their deportment was such as to evince they were disposed to be orderly and attentive. On Monday, at 10 A. M.,'thirty-eight assembled in the Representative Chamber in order to have a talk with his Excellency the Governor; they were attended by Colonel Hawkins, the United States Agent for Indian Affairs, and Mr. Timothy Barnard, as interpreter. A numerous concourse of ladies and gentlemen were present. About 11, the talk was commenced. The principal speakers were Tustunnuggee Hopoie, or Little Prince, Micco Thlucco of Cusseta, (known in the treaty at New-York by Birdtail King,) and Tustunnuggee Hutkee-known by the whites as Wi. M'Intosh, who was one of the deputation that made the last treaty at Washington City. The purport of the talk was a reciprocal assurance of amity and, friendship, and a desire to cultivate a more close attachment and friendly intercourse between the BIBB COUNTY. 269 white and red men-to be of one house and one fire. Tustunnuggee Hutkee, among other things, said, he was pleased to see so many white men, because they could hear what they had to say, and tell others. That whenever persons were intoxicated, they looked upon them as beside themselves, and took no notice of what they said or did-this was their manner of treating white men, and they expected to receive the same treatment in return. That the old people would soon be gone, and this talk was intended for the rising generation, and to evince to them that their young men would as anxiously cultivate a good understanding with their white brethren as their fathers had done. They informed Governor Mitchell that they had some other matters to mention, but would make him acquainted with them through Colonel Hawkins. After the talk was concluded, about twenty of them, Colonel Hawkins, Mr. Barnard, &c., dined with the Governor. It affords us pleasure to state that not the least complaint of irregularity or riotous behaviour occurred; and brotherly love and harmony mutually subsisted whenever the white and red men were together. " It thus appears that rude and uncultivated minds are susceptible of the finest sensibility, of the warmest attachments, of the most inviolable friendship, and that they sometimes practise virtues which would do credit to a people the most refined and enlightened." BIBB COUNTY. LAID out in 1822; part taken from Twiggs in 1833; part from Jones in 1834. Lot 78 and fraction 79, in Old Baldwin, now Jones, added to Bibb, 1835. Organized in 1822, and named in honour of Dr. William W. Bibb. Length, 19 miles; breadth, 16 miles; area square miles, 304. The Ocmulgee River is the chief stream. The creeks are Tobesofkee, Rocky, Savage, Echaconnee, &c. MACON, named after the Hon. NATHANIEL MACON, is the seat of justice. The first lots were sold in 1823. It is situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee River, 32 miles from Milledgeville. The Municipal Government consists of a Mayor and eight Aldermen, elected annually. There are many handsome public buildings in Macon, namely, the Court-house, the various churches, as, the Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic. The Female College, standing upon an eminence, is constructed of brick, 160 feet by 60. The Southern Botanico Medical College is located at Macon. The Legislature of 1852 appropriated $5,000 to enable the Board to erect a building, procure apparatus, &c. One student from each Congressional district in the State is to receive instruction free of charge. The Georgia Academy for the Blind is located in this city. 270 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The above is a front view of the Rose Hill Cemetery. It is the admiration of strangers. We are indebted to Mr. S. Rose for the following description of this interesting spot: "It is situated about half a mile above the city, on the banks of the Ocmulgee River, mostly on elevated ground, the highest point being 142 feet above its bed. Its entrance is through a lofty arched gate, constructed after the Doric order of architecture. The area of ground comprised within the inclosure is about fifty acres. Another spot could scarcely be found in any section of our country so much diversified, and comprising so many distinct objects and combinations going to form a perfect picture of rural beauty. Many who have visited the cemeteries of the North, and even the far-famed Mount Auburn, think them far inferior in natural beauty and location to Rose Hill. A prominent feature in its scenery is the Ocmulgee River, along which it extends nearly half of a mile. The banks are from thirty to sixty feet high, and generally rocky and precipitous, and form an impenetrable barrier to its approaches. The higher parts of the ground are nearly level, and laid out as places of interment; other places have been selected by many in the wildest parts, almost overhanging the deep valleys. From the river, deep and narrow dells penetrate the ground from fifty to two hundred yards; one of them divides it entirely near its centre, through which a rivulet murmurs over a steep and'rocky bed to the river. This is supplied by four springs, one at the head, outside the ground, and three within it. The water of one is reputed to be the coolest and purest in this vicinity. It is most beautifully located, and is the most attractive spot for visitors. The banks around it are high and steep, and thickly wooded. Above it tower giant poplars and the shady beech, and the sun can scarcely penetrate a beam to enlighten this quiet and solemn solitude. BIBB COUNTY. 271 Seats are provided here for visitors, as well as in many other parts of the ground. Two rustic bridges of rock and earth cross this valley; and in it a pond of about eighty yards in length, by twenty in breadth, has been excavated, supplied by pure water from the springs, and its banks neatly sodded with grass. Around it are several cypresses and weeping willows, and one rises from a mound in its centre. A variety of fine roses is also near it, and in perpetual bloom. These are also scattered over the ground, and along the walks and roads, in great profusion. The ridges between the dells are steep, and generally terminate abruptly in rocky cliffs at or near the river. On their summits are most beautiful sites for burial lots, most of which are occupied. A broad avenue from the gate terminates on a rocky bluff at the river. Carriage-ways are laid out wherever necessary. One makes the entire circuit of the ground; another winds along the heads of the valleys, and presents most picturesque views. The entire length of the roads and foot-walks is about five miles. Many of them have been constructed with great labour, being cut into the steep sides of the river bank and hills, winding through every place that presents any object of attraction." CiRIST CHURCH, (Protestant Episcopal,) here represented, is a beautiful edifice. Its extreme length is one hundred and nine feet, and it has ninety-two pews, each capable of seating six persons. The galleries will accommodate three hundred more. It is of the Gothic order, and cost upwards of sixteen thousand dollars. Being in the centre of a thickly-settled and fertile part of the State, Macon enjoys many advantages. According to the census of 1850, there were in Bibb 1,234 dwellings, 1,280 families, 3,619 white males, 3,390 white females, 20 free coloured males, 33 free coloured females. Total free population, 7,062; slaves, 5,637; 177 deaths; 308 farms; 82 manufacturing establishments. In Macon there are two extensive foundries. First, Findley's Foundry, the principal building of which is 320 feet long, fifty feet wide, and two stories high. Hands employed, 70; capital invested, $30,000. The principal work is the building of steam- ngines, with 272 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. all the necessary outfit of boilers, pipes, &c., for the same; also machinery for saw and grist mills, of every description, by steam or water power. Secondly, Nesbet & Levy's Ocmulgee Foundry and Machine Shop. At this establishment steam-engines and boilers, rice thrashers, bark and sugar mills, gin and mill gearing, water-wheels, castings, and machinery in general, are manufactured. Number of hands employed, 60; and the establishment is prepared to manufacture from twentyfive to thirty stationary engines per annum. At a meeting of the Southern Central Agricultural Society and Mechanics' Institute, October 22, 1852, the Committee on Machinery awarded to this establishment a silver cup and a gold medal for the best steam-engine, a premium for the best pumps, a premium for the best water-wheels; and the Committee on Steel and Iron gave it as their opinion, that two sets of gin gear, together with some castings, were the best exhibited. n.. MACON COTTON FACTORY. This establishment is situated in the southwestern part of Macon, on the road leading to Columbus. Capital, we believe, $125,000. The building is of brick, neatly constructed. Vineville, one mile from Macon, is a pleasant retreat. Messrs. Ingersoll and Ross erected the first framed building in Macon. The first court was held on the 20th March, 1823, in a small log building which stood near the depot of the Western and Macon Railroad. Judge Shorter presided. The first presentment was against a free man of colour, for retailing liquor. The first indictment was stabbing. Among the first settlers were ROLAND BEVINS, GEO. B. WARDLAW, B. BULLOCK, C. BAITMAN, JOHN DOUGLASS, JAMES HENDERSON, JONATHAN WILDER, JOHN LOVING, THOMPSON BIRD, JEREMY STONE, THOMAS HOWARD, LEONARD SIMS, BENJAMIN MARINER, HENRY BAILEY, JEREMIAH BURNETT, ANSON KIMBERLY, JOHN LAMAR, B. B. LAMAR, DANIEL WADSWORTH, JORDON WITCHER, JEREMIAH BAUGH, TIMOTHY MATTHEWS, JAMES W. ALLSTON, A. MERIWETHER, J. BATES, C. MCCARDELL, S. ROSE, JAMES FITZGERALD, HENRY WILLIAMS, THOMAS HOUSE, H. G. Ross, who has been Clerk of the Superior -_ —:~- - -- -- - -- -- -- -- - - - - --- -- - -- -- - -— ~ - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- ---- - --- --- i —- -=- ~ _~ - _ —--------- -—: -- ---- - - --- - -- - - - - - ---------- ------------ -- - -------.:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ti~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~I ~~y J. c~1 BIBB COUNTY. 273 Court for twenty-four years; THOMAS MOODY, N. W. WELLS, C. BULLOCK, and WM. CUMMINGS. The climate is favourable to health. Dr. WILLIAM GREENE died at 84; Mr. RICHARD BULLOCK at 95; JOHN DALTON, 80; Mrs. CLEVELAND, 90; Mrs. MARY BULLOCK, 84. In this county reside many gentlemen of high intellectual and moral character. In the learned professions there are many who occupy elevated positions. Judge CHRISTOPHER STRONG lived in Macon several years. He was a man of active mind and liberal sentiments. He was favoured with a retentive memory. May the recollection of his virtues be long cherished! The Rev. SENECA G. BRAGG, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, has a high place in the affections of the citizens. Perhaps there is no man in Georgia who is more beloved than this gentleman. He was rector of the Episcopal Church in Macon for a long period, and by his devotion to the duties of his office, united to his conciliating conduct, gained universal esteem. We have often heard the opinion expressed that Mr. Bragg has not an enemy in the world. Hon. EUGENIUS A. NESBIT resides in Macon, and we are glad that we have it in our power to give the reader a brief sketch of his life. This gentleman was the son of Dr. James Nesbit, who emigrated to Georgia from North Carolina, in 1791, and settled in Greene County, where, in a very short period, he became one of the most useful and active citizens. Offices of the highest responsibility were conferred upon him, the duties of which he performed with ability and integrity. The subject of this memoir was born in the County of Greene, Georgia, on the 7th of December, 1803. His academical education was conducted at Powelton, Hancock County, from whence he was transferred to Columbia College, and continued there until the end of his sophomore year, when he joined the Junior Class in Franklin College, at which institution he was graduated in 1821, with the highest honours of his class. He commenced his forensic studies under the direction of the Hon. Judge Clayton, and completed them at the celebrated law school in Litchfield, Conn., conducted by Judge Gould. Upon his return to Georgia he was admitted to the bar by a special act of the Legislature, and established himself in Madison, Morgan County. This portion of the State was included in the Ocmulgee Circuit, and its bar, at the time Mr. Nesbit entered upon his profession, was said to be the most able in Georgia, having its rolls illustrated by the names of Early, Cobb, Shorter, Gordon, Longstreet, Lamar, Dawson, and others, and. it is certainly a strong evidence in favour of his talents and industry, that notwithstanding such competition, he succeeded in obtaining a lucrative practice. The citizens of Morgan appreciated the character of Mr. Nesbit, 18 274 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and elected him a member of the General Assembly for seven terms -four in the House, and three in the Senate. The limits fixed to this sketch will not allow us to comment upon all the various measures proposed and advocated by Mr. Nesbit whilst a member of the Legislature. The journals of both houses show, that uninfluenced by party considerations, he was always ready to support any policy by which the interests of Georgia could be promoted. At the session of 1828 there was much discussion in regard to the Penitentiary. This institution had worked badly, and a proposition was seriously entertained to abolish it. Mr. Nesbit, as Chairman of the Committee to whom this subject had been referred, made an elaborate report in favour of the continuance of the Penitentiary, which was adopted. In 1830 he took his seat in the Senate, and made his debut in that body by a speech advocating, with much zeal, an increase of the annual appropriation to Franklin College. Our State University has never wanted for efficient friends when her interests were in jeopardy, but we believe we hazard nothing in saying that in devotion to the cause of his "alma mater," there is no person now living who will not award to Mr. Nesbit the praise of standing among the first on the list of her defenders. He has, indeed, sustained every interest of education and letters. Fond of literature, he is a writer of excellent taste and high cultivation. Although from early life a hard professional worker, he has found time to be an occasional contributor to some of our most popular magazines. He has been invited to deliver addresses upon numerous literary occasions. For example-before the Literary Society of the State University at Commencement; at the Anniversary of the Alumni Society of the University; at the Anniversary of the Georgia Historical Society, &c., &c. He has devoted much time and thought to the cause of Common and Free Schools, and presided over a Convention of Delegates elected by the counties to devise a plan of Common Schools, which convened at Marietta in the summer of 1850, and which was composed of able men from every section of the State. At the session of 1830 he made a masterly speech in favour of a bill for the establishment of a Supreme Court, in which he replied to the various objections urged against such a measure, and anticipated all the benefits which the State has since realized from that institution. The bill was, however, lost; but so highly was his speech appreciated by his brother Senators, that they requested a copy of it for publication. A Convention met in 1832 for the purpose of considering the reduction and equalization of the representatives sin both branches of the Legislature. Of this body Mr. Nesbit was- an active member, and participated largely in its discussions. His speech to the Convention was regarded as a brilliant effort, and a copy desired for the press. In 1836 he was nominated for Congress on the general Whig ticket, which was defeated. In 1838 he was again nominated for Congress, and was elected, BIBB COUNTY. 275 and in 1840 was re-elected, but from private considerations resigned before the expiration of his term. When the Supreme Court was established in 1845, he was elected one of the judges, and in 1847 was re-elected, and he is at this time an incumbent of that bench. Mr. Nesbit, like many of the distinguished men of Georgia, is a professor of religion, having in early life connected himself with the Presbyterian Church, and to his life religion has given a beautiful symmetry and form.* THE Indian mounds in the vicinity of Macon, on both sides of the river, have always been objects of curiosity to visitors and travellers. The one most noted, called the Large Mound, is on the east side, about half a mile below the bridge; from which, leaving the public road, a smooth carriage road takes you to the foot of the mound, about the eighth of a mile from the river. The face of the country surrounding it is uneven, though having the appearance of being formerly a level plain, and its present unevenness may be in consequence of the overflowing of the river or the lashing of the ocean. The top of the mound is about one hundred and twenty feet above the bed of the river, about one hundred above the ravine on the south, eighty above the plain on the southwest, (between the mound and the river;) and not over thirty above the plain on the north. The shape approaches that of a cone flattened at the top, which contains an area of nearly a quarter of an acre. The sides are covered with large oaks and hickories. From the summit the trees have been removed, and some years since it was tended as a flower-garden. Other mounds, of a smaller size, are near this. One, situated in a secluded, romantic spot, goes by the name of McDougald's Mound, from the circumstance of Captain Robert McDougald being buried here, (by his own request,) while commanding the garrison of Fort Hawkins, about the year 1809. It is a small hillock, thirty feet high. A neat paling, on which many visitors have left, their names, incloses the grave on its summit. About thirty-five years ago a brother of Captain McDougald was buried on the same spot. BROWN'S MOUNT, seven miles below Macon, presents a long high ridge of shellstone, several hundred feet above the bed of the river. The ridge has much the appearance of the oyster reefs off the coast. The whole mass appears one vast conglomeration of sea-shells, the different genera and species of which may be distinctly traced, though some parts are of the hardest flint, and others in various stages of decomposition. FORT HAWKINS was built for protection against the Indians about the year 1805-6, and was a place of considerable importance during the war of 1812 and * See Memoir of Judge Nesbit, in Livingston's Sketches of Distinguished Lawyers, from which, with the exception of a few thoughts of our own, the above has been condensed. 276 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the subsequent Indian wars. No garrison has been stationed here, we believe, since 1819, the time of the first settlement of New Town, (now forming part of Macon,) on the east bank of the Ocmulgee, three-quarters of a mile from the fort. BRYAN COUNTY. THIS county was laid out in 1793; a part taken from Effingham, 1794; and a part set off to Bulloch in 1796. There are no large towns or villages. The county site is BRYAN COURT-HOUSE. Fort Argy.le, so called by Oglethorpe, after John, Duke of Argyle, stood upon the west bank of the Ogeechee River; built in 1733, as a defence against the Spaniards. Hardwick, so called from the Earl of Hardwick, Lord High Chancellor of England, is situated on the south side of the Ogeechee River, fifteen miles from the ocean. Extractfrom Census of 1850:-Dwellings, 212; families, 212; white males, 604; white females, 560; free coloured males, 10; free coloured females, 5. Total free population, 1,179; slaves, 2,245. Deaths, 63. 209 farms. Value of real estate, $250,000; value of personal estate, $1,235,400. SAMUEL STILES, with his brother, B. Stiles, came to this country about 1769, and settled a plantation in what is now called Bryan County. When the Revolutionary War commenced, although his family was in Bermuda, Mr. S. Stiles took part with the Americans. His services to the United States were very valuable. He was engaged, a large portion of his time, in procuring warlike stores and ammunition for the United States, as well as for the State of Georgia. Much of the powder used by the Americans in the Revolution came from Bermuda. It is said that the Bermudians, being in a starving condition, stole the Government powder from the magazines, and sold it for provisions, and that Mr. Stiles was the person who arranged the trade, anid carried off the powder. The British Government offered a large reward for the apprehension of the persons engaged in the theft. Mr. Stiles had the honour of being at the siege of Savannah, at which he had a horse shot under him. The Count D'Estaing made Mr. Stiles liberal propositions to assist him in taking some of the West India Islands, but unavoidable circumstances prevented his acceptance of the offer. BRYAN COUNTY. 277 COLONEL JOSEPH CLAY, PAYMASTER-GENERAL To THE SOUTHERN DEPARTMENT. This gentleman was connected with the army during the greater part of the Revolutionary War. His cotemporaries speak of him as a man of high virtue and patriotism. Though brought up in affluence, he cheerfully endured all the privations to which the Southern army was exposed. In a paper describing some of the incidents of the war in Georgia, which has been placed in our hands, we find the following particulars in relation to Colonel Clay. He went as a volunteer under Jackson to the relief of Wilkes County. His patriotism was severely tried. At this time the sufferings of the army were great; tents were unknown; for weeks together salt could not be procured; at night officers and men lay exposed to the open air. Mr. Clay submitted to all these privations, eat and slept like the common soldier. He was highly esteemed by his fellow-citizens. He was placed upon the Committee appointed by the Sons of Liberty, in 1774, to draw up resolutions relating to the grievances of which the Colo nies then complained; and also upon the Committee to receive subscriptions for the suffering citizens of Boston; and in 1775 was appointed a member of the Council of Safety. He was also a member of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1780, besides filling many important offices. REV. JOSEPH CLAY.-This gentleman, the son of Colonel Joseph Clay, was born in the city of Savannah, August 16, 1764. The Hon. Mr. Berrien says: "I knew him well; he was the friend of my father, and my legal preceptor. At his own request, I lived in his family in the 278 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. country, while engaged in the prosecution of my law studies, and had therefore an opportunity of knowing and appreciating his many virtues. He was descended from one of the oldest and most respectable families in our State, and was himself possessed of talents of the highest order. He was liberally educated, and received the first honour in the class of which he was a member, at the College of Princeton, where he graduated. "Returning to Georgia, he entered upon the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, soon rose to the highest eminence in his profession. He was particularly distinguished as an advocate, and especially in criminal cases. " Mr. Clay was a leading member of the Convention which formed the present Constitution of Georgia. The original draft was carefully prepared by him in his retirement, but the Convention met in times of high party excitement, arising from the then recent controversy about the sale of our western lands, commonly denominated the Yazoo lands, and the plan of government submitted by Mr. Clay received various modifications which diminished its value. " Mr. Clay was called from his retirement (in what precise year I do not recollect) to fill the office of District Judge of the United States for the district of Georgia, and presided in that court for several years, with distinguished ability and with universal approbation. But he was destined, in the providence of God, to a higher sphere of action. Mr. Clay had always been a moral man. His disposition was peculiarly amiable, and he was distinguished by a warm and-active benevolence. These, combined with his social qualities, made him an object of universal affection and respect in the community in which he lived. If any one of that community had been requested to point to a man of blameless conduct, he would have been designated. He alone did not concur in this judgment. While he was yet actively engaged in his judicial duties, the subject of religion presented itself to his mind and engrossed his thoughts." He became a member of the Baptist Church in 1802, and immediately entered upon the ministry. He died in 1811. ON 20th August, 1852, died in this county, BESS, an aged negro woman, whose history in some respects is remarkable. On the death of her then late mistress -the widow of a Revolutionary officer in South Carolina-her younger son was left under the care of a rapacious executor, who took little or no care of him, and squandered the greater part of his property. While this lad was living on the plantation, not very far from Charleston, BEss, who had been freed by her mistress for her faithful conduct, grieved at the treatment which her young master was receiving, went to the plantation, took the orphan, then a very little fellow, carried him into Charleston, and there supported him by her own labour and BULLOCH COUNTY. 279 that of her husband, who was a fisherman for Charleston market. She afterwards came with him to Georgia, to see him educated, took care of him while at school, and on his marriage continued to live as a domestic in the family, making herself useful in several departments of voluntary service. For some time previous to her death, she was very infirm, and at her decease must have been considerably over one hundred years old. She was often heard to speak of the risk she ran in entering Charleston at night. RELICS OF THE ABORIGINES.-From the number of mounds or burial-places on the banks of the Ogeechee, that river would appear to have been a favourite one with the natives. About fifteen miles from its embouchure, a part of the land projects several miles out, called the "Seven Mile Point," from the number of miles in its eircumference —across this point the extent is not more than the sixth of a mile; and each side of it is swept by the bold and rapid river. The tumuli abound more especially here; and there are found in them, besides a great number of human bones, the urns in which the ashes and bones of the dead are con. tained. Some of these urns are carved with a degree of skill and beauty, and contain, also, the ornaments in use with the natives, among which I have found pearls, perforated to be strung, and on one occasion an ornament which, from its size and texture, must have been made from the tooth of an elephant or hippopotamus; a proof (as neither these animals nor their relics are found with us) that the earliest inhabitants of this continent had commercial relations; and a concurring proof, with the remains of regular fortifications, and other works of art which are found everywhere in our country, that there was a people who had attained a higher degree of excellenee in the arts of civilized life, than those who were its inhabitants when Columbus discovered it. The bones found in the tumuli mentioned are in a petrified state, to which may be attributed their preservation; and it may also be remarked, that their processes and spines for the insertion of muscles are bolder and more prominent than those we find at present; their muscular force must have been proportionately greater. A very old burial-place of the earliest white settlers adjoins the Indian one, and also a more recent one of the negroes, a striking amalgamation in the death of those races, who in each are so widely separated by customs, and physical and moral peculiarities.-Savannah Republican. BULLOCH COUNTY. THIs division of the State was laid out in 1796, and named after Archibald Bulloch, Governor of Georgia; length 40 miles, breadth 30 miles; area, square miles, 1,200. The face of the country is level. The soil, except on the watercourses, is poor. The climate is healthy and pleasant. The general appearance of the inhabitants speaks favourably in this respect. There are few 280 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. diseases; and we know of no section of Georgia in which there are more chances for health than among the pine forests of Bulloch County. The cases of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, Mrs. DRIGGERS and Mrs. CANNON, both of whom were said to have been 104 years at their death; Mrs. EVERITT, 106. Mr. RIMES died at 92; WILLIAM KIRBY, 90; JOSEPH HODGES, 80. Three years ago there were living Mrs. SHEPHERD, 106; Mr. DONALDSON, 82; NATHAN BREWTON, 90; Mr. KICKLIGHTER, 80; Mrs. POLLY WILLIAMS, 90; Mrs. HAGAN, 80. The rivers are the Ogeechee and Cannouchee. Near the Ogeechee is a lake ten miles long. STATESBOROUGII is the county site; distant from Milledgeville, 120 miles. Among the early settlers of this county were, WILLIAM and BENJAMIN COOK, BARNARD MICHAEL, JOHN and JEHUi EVERITT, ANDREW E. WELLS, GEORGE THREADCRAFT, CHARLES MCCALL, ALEXANDER STEWART, M. BURKHALTER, A. MCKENZIE, DANIEL and ARTHUR LOT, WM. iMEZELL, LEwIs LANIER, CLEMENT LANIER, DANIEL HENDRIX, N. SWEAT, Mr. OLIFF, Mr. SHORTER, JOHN GROOVER, WM. ROWE, the families of the HODGES, CONES, HAGANS, &C. Extract from the Census of 1850:-Dwellings, 477; families, 487; white males, 1,435; white females, 1,405. Total free persons, 2,840; slaves, 1,460; deaths, 28; farms, 412; manufacturing establishments, 3; value of personal estate, $379,205; value of real estate, $885,200. THE Clerk of the Superior Court of Bulloch County has politely favoured us with the following extracts from the minutes of the first Court held in this county:" At a Superior Court, began and held at the house of Stephen Mills, in and for the County of Bulloch, on Tuesday, the 16th day of May, 1797, the Hon. William Stephens, Esq., one of the Judges of the Superior Court of the State of Georgia, presiding. The Court opened in due form, and proceeded to the organization of the same by calling the Grand and Petit Jurors, when the following appeared as Grand Jurors:"John M. Buckhalter, William Cone, James Jackson, John Fletcher, Samuel Peacock, James Webb, Jacob Hoofman, George McCall, A. Hagan, Isaac Carter John Rawles, M. Pridgeon, M. Carter, James Bird, M. Driggers, Francis Wells, R. Abritton, Jehu Everitt, N. Sweat. The Grand Jury presented William Cone as their Foreman, who, with the rest of the Jurors, were duly sworn, and a charge delivered to them by the Judge. The following gentlemen of the Bar BULLOCH COUNTY. 281 attended and took their seats at the table:-D. B. Mitchell, Esq., AttorneyGeneral of the State; Jeremiah Cuyler, and William B. Bulloch, Esqrs., Attorneys at Law. "DANIEL McGIRTH.-During the Revolutionary War, the section of the State now known as Bulloch County was a favourite resort of Colonel DANIEL MCGIRTH. He was a native of Kershaw District, South Carolina. From his early attachments and associates, he joined cordially in opposition to the claims of the British Government. Being a practised hunter, and an excellent rider, he was well acquainted with the woods in that extensive range of country. He was highly valuable to the Americans for the facility with which he acquired information of the enemy, and for the accuracy and minuteness with which he communicated what he had obtained. He had brought with him into the service a favourite mare, his own property, an elegant animal, on which he felt safe from pursuit when engaged in the duties of a scout. He called the mare the Gray Goose. This animal was coveted by one of the American officers at St. Illa, in Georgia, who adopted various means to obtain possession of her, all of which were opposed by McGirth, chiefly on the ground that she was essentially necessary to the American interest in the duties performed by him, and without her he could no longer engage in them. The officer continuing urgent, McGirth said or did something to get rid of him, which he might have only intended as a personal rebuff, but probably was much more. He was arrested, tried by a court-martial, found guilty of violating the articles of war, and sentenced to be whipped. He suffered this punishment, and was again placed in prison, waiting to receive another whipping, according to his sentence. Whilst thus situated, he saw his favourite mare, observed where she was picketed, and immediately began to concert measures for his escape and the re-possession of his mare. He succeeded in both, and when seated on her back, he turned deliberately round, notwithstanding the alarm at his escape, and denounced vengeance against all the Americans for his ill treatment. He executed his threats most fully, most fearfully, most vindictively. Indulging this savage, vindictive temper, was indeed productive of great injury to the American cause, and of much public and private suffering, but it was also the cause of his own ruin and misery. When the State was again recovered by the American army, he still kept in the woods, retreated into Georgia, and thence into Florida. When Florida was reconveyed to the Spaniards by the treaty of peace, he became subject to their laws, and on account of suspicious conduct was arrested and confined by them five years in one of their damp dungeons in the Castle of St. Augustine, where his health was totally destroyed. When discharged from St. Augustine, he, with much difficulty, returned to his wife in Sumter District, S. C., where he ended his life."* * Johnson's Traditions and Reminiscences of the American Revolution in South Carolina. 282 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. BURKE COUNTY. THIS county was laid out as St. George's Parish in 1758, and the name changed to BURKE, in honour of Edmund Burke, the great champion of American liberty, in 1777. In 1793, a part was added to Screven; and in 1798, a part to Jefferson. Length, 321 miles; breadth, 32 miles. Area, square miles, 1,040. The Savannah separates this county from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee from Emanuel. Briar Creek flows through its whole length, and is celebrated for the rich lands upon its borders. The soil is generally very productive, peculiarly adapted to cotton, corn, &c. Extract from the Census of 1850:-1,017 dwellings, 1,017 families, 2,757 white males, 2,359 white females; 80 free coloured males, 72 free coloured females. Total free population, 5,268. Slaves, 10,832. Deaths, 326. Farms, 712. Manufacturing establishments, 41. WAYNESBOROUGH is the seat of justice. It is 80 miles east of Milledgeville. Incorporated in 1812. Alexander is a village of recent date, on the road from Waynesborough to Savannah. Burke Jail is noted for a battle which took place in 1779, between the British, commanded by Colonels Brown and McGirth, and the Americans, under the command of Colonels Twiggs and Few, in which the latter were victorious. In this engagement, Captain Joshua Inman, of the Americans, killed three of the enemy with his own hand. iVt rrttula U e D 2 A nOUSE of worship now owned by the Methodists, called the Old Church, is six miles southeast of Waynesborough, on the old Quaker road leading to Savannah. It was formerly an Episcopal Church, and had a glebe of forty-seven acres. In 1770 and 1772, Rev. Alexander Findlay was rector of this Church. In 1773, Mr. Findlay, finding the church and parsonage not finished, left St. George's, and went to North Carolina. In 1774, Rev. Mr. Seymour and Rev. John Holmes had charge of St. George's Church. In 1776, 1777, 1778, Rev. Mr. Holmes, rector. In 1780, Rev. Mr. James Brown, rector.* It is said that, after the location of Waynesborough for the county site, the Justices of the Inferior Court passed an order that the Old Church building should be torn down, removed to Waynesborough, and converted into a court-house; and that this would have been done, but for a lawyer by the name of Allen, who said that the passage of Scripture would be fulfilled, which says-" My house shall be called an House of Prayer, but, you have made it a den of thieves."' From the Minutes of the Society for the Propagation of Religion in Foreign Parts. BURKE COUNTY. 283 REVOLUTIONARY PAPER CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF BURKE COUNTY. WEDNESDAY, Sept. 28, 1774. We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the Parish of St. George, in the Province of Georgia, do hereby publicly declare that we entirely disagree to the paper containing certain resolutions which were drawn up in the city of Savannah, by some persons met there on the 10th of August, 1774; because, although many of us gave our votes that Mr. Jones and Mr. Lord should go to the said meeting, yet it was because we were told that unless we did send some persons there, we would have the Stamp Act put in force. By these and such like arguments, we were prevailed upon to do what we did; but as we find we were deceived, and that the said meeting was intended to draw up a paper that we think reflects very improperly upon our King and the Parliament, and may be of bad consequence to this Province, and can serve no good purpose, we therefore declare that we do not approve of the said paper; and we give our dissent in this public manner.: Signed, GEORGE WELLS, JAMES RAE, PETER SHAND, JOSEPH GRESHAM, JAMES DAYLE, WILLIAM DAYLE, SHADRACH BARROW, JOSEPH TILLEY, DANIEL THOMAS, JOB THOMAS, GIDEON THOMAS, DRURY ROBERTS, JOHN THOMAS, JOEL WALKER, ROBERT HENDERSON, JAMES RED, FRANCIS LEWIS FEYER, WILLIAM M. NORELL, JOHN RED, JOHN KENNEDY, JAMES WARREN, FRANCIS STRINGER, JAMES WILLIAMS, PtUL MCCORMICK) SAMUEL RED, HUMPHREY WVILLIAMS, ALEXANDER BERRYHILL, JOHN GREENWAY, EDMUND HILL, ROBERT BLAISHARD, CHARLES WILLIAMS, HUGH IRWIN, THOMAS PENNINGTON, THOMAS CARTER, JOHN ROGERS, JAMES BRANTLEY, JOHN ANDERSON, WILLIAM WHETHERS, JOHN CATLETT, WILLIAM MOORE, DAVID GREENE, WILLIAM GoDBE, JOHN PETTYCREW, RICHARD CURTON, WILLIAM CALLETT, WILLIAM CURTON, JOHN RATTEN, PHILIP HELVESTON, JOHN FRIER, ELIAS DANIEL, JAMES DAVIS, EPHRAIM ODOM, WILLIAM MILNER, BENJAMIN BRANTLEY, ELIJAH DIXE THOMAS GREY, SAMUEL BERRYHILL, JEREMIAH BRANTI.EY THOMAS RED, JOHN GREENE, JOHN BLEDSOE, JOHNi BUENSIDES, 284 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. STARLING JORDAN, JOHN FORTH, PATRICK DICKEY, NATHAN WILLIAMS, ZECHARIAH WIMBERLY, EDWARD WATTERS, STEPHEN LAMB, JOHN STEPHENS, BENJAMIN WARREN, FREDERICK FRANCIS, SOLOMON DAVIS, MOSES DAVIS, JOHN GRAY, ARTHUR WALKER, FRANCIS HANCOCK, AMOS DAVIS, PLEASANT GOODALL, JACOB LAMB, WADE KITTS, ALLEN BROWN, DANIEL LOGAN, JOSEPH ALLDAY, MYRICK DAVIS, JAMES DOUGLIS, JOHN ROBERTS, LANDMAN ASHBURY, ROBERT DOUGLASS, Sen., CHARLES GOLIGHTLY, JESSE SCRUGGS, JOHN HOWELL, HENRY MILLS, BUD CADE, JOSEPH MOORE, JAMES MOORE, AMOS WHITEHEAD, JOHN WHITEHEAD, JOHN ROBINSON, JOHN SHARPE, EZEKIEL BRUMFIELD, THOMAS ODOM, JACOB SHARPE, WILLIAM HOBBS, CLEMENT YARBOROUGH, JOHN THOMAS, Sen., JAMES HUNT, WILLIAM YOUNG, BARNABY LAMB, JOHN TILLMAN, SETH SLOCKUMB, CALEB WHITEHEAD, LEWIS HOBBS, ROBERT CADE. Among some papers loaned us by the late Major Twiggs, we found the following, the insertion of which we believe will be interesting to our friends in Burke:A Return of the First Battalion of BURKE COUNTY MILITIA, agreeable to order, with its present situation and rank, with the number of effective men in each Company, and the number of arms, shot-bags, andpowder-horns, for the year 1792. No. of No. of Shot-Bags, Captains. 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut, Men. Arms. &c. Samuel White.... Hopkin Dye.... John McGomery....44...... 23......23 Willis Watson.... Lark Robinson... Martin Martin......68......50......30 Dill Sapp........Wills Davies..Henry Bryant...... 48......30......30 Daniel Evans.....Wm. Martin...Basil Gray........38...... 20......20 Chas. Kilbee.....Lemuel Lasiter.. John Tredwell......48......27......27 John Buford......Nich. Stregles...John McCarroll.....92...... 68......68 Wm. Edwards....John Roberts....John Wright........55...15.... 15 Wm. Coursey.... Wm. Parrimore.. John Salter........34......20......20 Laban Thompson. Elihu Thompson. Wm. Dunn........37......15......15 Benj. Matthews... John Fryar.....Mich'l McCormick..82.......41......41 Noah Williams... James Rawles.. Aaron Justice......43......21......21 THo. LEWIS. BUTTS COUNTY. 285 BUTTS COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Monroe and Henry in 1825. Length, 17 m.; 13 m. in breadth; area square miles, 221. Named after Captain Samuel Butts, who lost his life in the battle of Chalibbee, on the 27th of January, 1814. The Ocmulgee flows along the eastern borders of this county. The small streams are Tussahaw, Yellow Water, Sandy Creek, &c. The face of the country is level. The gray lands prevail, and are admirably suited for cotton. JACKSON is the county site, 55 m. N. W. of Milledgeville. Dublin is eight miles from Jackson. Lofton's Store, 7 m. from Jackson. The Indian Springs are situated upon the waters of Sandy Creek. They have a high reputation, and are much resorted to. Extract from the Census, 1850:-Dwellings, 642; families, 642; white males, 1,888; white females, 1,792; free coloured males, 2; free coloured females, 1; total free population, 3,683; slaves, 2,805; deaths, 55; farms, 391; manufacturing establishments, 14; value of real estate, $717,112; value of personal estate, $1,588,752. The climate is salubrious. Among the instances of longevity are, Mrs. MCMICHAEL, who died at 100; Mr. BUTRIL, over 80; E. PRICE, a Revolutionary soldier, 79; ROBERT GRIER, 80; WM. FOSTER, 105. Early settlers,-A. MCCLENDON, JESSE DOLLY, SAMUEL CLARKE, THos. ROBINSON,, Col. Z. PHILLIPS, JOHN TERRELL, HOWELL ANDREWS, THOS. BUFORD, A. WOODWARD, WM. BARCLAY, JAMES HARKNESS, ABNER BANKSTON, JOHN MCMICHAEL, I MCCORD, and others, mostly from South Carolina, and the upper counties of Georgia. Planters' Factory is situated at the seven islands on the Ocmulgee River. Capital, $50,000. Water power said to be unsurpassed by any in Georgia. IN 1826, LUDWELL WATTS was convicted of murder in this county, and was sentenced to death, but was twice respited by the Governor, to afford the Legislature an opportunity of considering his case. A bill for his pardon was passed in the House, but rejected by the Senate. The last respite extended to Friday, 14th December, 1826, on which day the Sheriff went to the jail to carry 286 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the prisoner to execution, but he having procured arms, defied the officer, threatened to kill him if he entered the jail, and it was not until three or four days afterwards that Watts gave up and was hung. On Major Ward's plantation there are three mounds, with embankments, running to the River Ocmulgee. These mounds were excavated a few years ago, and a variety of Indian implements found. CAMDEN COUNTY. THIS county was formerly embraced in the Parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's; but in 1777 these were formed into the County of Camden, and named after the Earl of Camden, the fearless champion of Colonial rights. Part taken from Wayne, 1805; part added to Wayne, 1808. The streams of most importance are, the St. Mary's, (Thlathlothlaguphka,) Indian name, signifying rotten fish, St. Illa, and Little St. Illa. JEFFERSON, the seat of justice, is situated on the south side of St. Illa River. It is 25 miles from St. Mary's, 28 from Brunswick, and 50 from Darien. St. Mary's is beautifully situated on the north side of the St. Mary's River, nine miles from, and in sight of the ocean. It has a fine harbour, being accessible to the largest vessels. Centreville is a place of considerable business. Coleraine is 45 miles above St. Mary's. Burnt Fort is on the St. Illa. Extractfrom the Census of 1850:-Dwellings, 400; families, 400; white males, 1,028; white females, 1,041; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 1. Total free population, 2,073; slaves, 4,246; deaths, 61; farms, 235; manufacturing,establishments, 5; value of real estate, $694,712; value of personal estate, $1,843,466. Among the early settlers of this county were, HENRY OSBORNE, TALMAGE HALL, JAMES ARMSTRONG, JACOB WEED, HENRY VWRIGHT, JOHN FLEMMING, JAMES WOODLAND, THOMAS STAFFORD, LANGLEY BRYANT, WM. REDDY, HUGH BROWN, JOHN KING. Cumberland is the most important of the islands. The Indian name of Cumberland Island was Missoe. The name was changed, when Oglethorpe visited it, at the request of an Indian chief who had received some kindness from the Duke of Cunberland, to that of Cumberland. CAMDEN COUNTY. 287 GENERAL LEE, a Revolutionary officer, and author of the " Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States," died on this island. In the Savannah Republican of 18-, a writer says: "I yesterday witnessed the interment of another of those patriots that our country,'in Congress assembled,' so frequently speak of, but so little assist. I have seen the body of General Lee receive all the honours that could be given by feeling hearts, from those, who will be forgotten by their country, when no longer serviceable, until it, is too late to benefit them, either by pecuniary rewards or a just acknowledgment of their merits. He was buried from Dungeness house, the property of one of our Revolutionary heroes, General Greene. Whether to meet, in fancy, his old companion in arms, in the house that he had inhabited, or to call back scenes of better times, led him here, I did not inquire but heard that he came an invalid-that Mr. Shaw and family strove all in their power to keep the lamp of life burning, and although the oil was expended, they still blew the gentle breath of affection and attention, to preserve the wick alive. Commodore Henley superintended the last sad duties. Captains Elton, Finch, Madison, Lieutenants Fitzhugh and Richie, of the navy, and Mr. Lyman, of the army, were pall-bearers. As the procession moved, the swords of the two first crossed the old man's breast-they were in their scabbards: for his heart beat no more, and I thought they said,'rest in peace.' The other officers of the navy, and Captain Payne of the army, followed. The marines of the U. S. ship John Adams and brig Saranac formed the guard, and a band from our army assisted. A Mr. Taylor performed the last ceremonial duties. The sight of a long train of sailors, cleanly dressed, their respectful deportment, and rough but independent looks, interested my feelings; and leaning against a fine live oak, I was immediately absorbed in contemplation. I pointed to the procession; they were marching over the field where once a fine orange orchard flourished. An invader of our'country had destroyed it. Admiral Cockburn had been there,' the last of his name, and a far greater scourge to mankind than the locusts of Africa. Involuntarily I turned to embrace the venerable but sturdy monarch that supported me; for it promised such things never should be again. A volley of musketry over the grave of General Lee aroused me, and with folded arms I retraced my steps; while the howling of the minute-guns from the John Adams echoed through the woods." On the north end of the island, or rather on Little Cumberland, is a light-house sixty feet high, with a revolving light, which can be seen at sea twenty miles. Dungeness, formerly General Greene's property, is on this island. On the 11th of January, 1815, the British effected a landing on Cumberland Island, in two divisions, with nineteen barges, assisted by two look-out boats, and flanked by two gun barges. At first they showed a disposition towards the bay; but ascertaining that the Americans were prepared to receive them, they changed their course, and took the Plum Orchard passage, keeping Cumberland close 288 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ahead. The first division effected its landing at Dungeness; the se cond at the Plum Orchard. On the morning of the 13th January, 1815, the enemy, with fifteen hundred men, moved against Point Petre. Captain A. A. Messias received information of the approach, and, aware of his intentions to place himself in his rear while he was advancing in considerable force in front, to attack the battery on the St. Mary's, with a view to cut off Messias' retreat, he ordered Captain Stallings to remain at the Point, with about thirty-six effectives, with orders to defend it as long as possible, and if he should be overpowered to spike the guns, fire the train at the magazine, and retreat to him with the remainder, about sixty riflemen and infantry. Messias' detachment moved against the enemy in the rear, determined to oppose his passage at a narrow defile near Major King's, at which they came about nine o'clock. This defile was flanked by a marsh on each side, and had a complete cover for riflemen on the right and left, across which the day before Messias had caused some large trees to be fallen. It was the intention of Messias to gain the cross-roads near Major King's; but finding himself stopped, Lieutenant Hall, of the 43d infantry, was ordered, with a detachment of riflemen, to advance on the enemy's left, and Lieutenant Hardee, with another detachment, to pass the thicket, and endeavour to gain his rear, which order was promptly obeyed. Captain Tattnall, of the 43d infantry, was ordered at the same time to advance in close column and pass the defile. At this moment the enemy's bugle sounded, and a brisk fire commenced on both sides. The Americans had already passed some distance, and the enemy had given away twice, when Captain Tattnall received a severe wound which obliged him to fall back, and the number of the enemy appearing too imposing, a thousand to sixty, a retreat was ordered, which was effected in good order, without the loss of a man. In this battle, Captain Tattnall, Sergeant Benson, and Private Greene, are mentioned as having acted bravely. All did their duty. One among the most remarkable feats ever recorded in the annals of war took place on the St. Mary's River in the year 1815. Twenty-three barges, filled with British soldiers, ascended St. Mary's River for the purpose of burning Major Clarke's mills, as a retaliation for breaking his parole. The St. Mary's is a very crooked river, from sixty to one hundred yards wide. The enemy intended to land at a place called Camp Pinckney, and march to Clarke's mills, which were situated on Spanish Creek, three miles distant from St. Mary's River. Whilst the barges were ascending, they. were attacked by a party of twenty-eight men under the command of Captain William Cone. As soon as they were attacked they fired their cannon; but the palmetto on both sides of the river served as a screen for Cone's men, so that the shot from the enemy proved harmless. In this manner the barges were harassed for several miles, Cone's men taking advantage of every turn of the river to fire upon them, and every shot brought down a man. Finding them CAMDEN COUNTY. 289 selves exposed to so deadly a fire, the barges retraced their course towards St. Mary's. Upon their arrival at the latter place, they reported one hundred and eighty men killed, and as many wounded. The following is taken from a newspaper of the day:"February 26, 1817.-On the 24th of this month, the house of Mr. Garrett, residing in the upper part of this county, was attacked during his absence, near the middle of the day, by a party of Indians consisting of about fifteen, who shot Mrs. Garrett in two places, and then dispatched her by stabbing and scalping. Her two children, one about three years old, the other two months old, were also murdered. They then plundered the house of every article, and set it on fire. A young man in the neighbourhood hearing the reports of the guns, went immediately towards the house, where he discovered the murdered family." To Major Joel Crawford, of Early County, we are indebted for the following interesting sketch of General John Floyd, who lived and died in Camden County:The father of this distinguished man was Mr. Charles Floyd, a native of Virginia, who came to Beaufort District, in South Carolina. Here his son John was born, on the 3d of October, 1769. The devotion of Charles Floyd to the cause of American liberty was remarkable. During the Revolution, he was in the habit of wearing a silver crescent, about two inches long, with the motto "Liberty or Death" engraved on it. Few patriots of'76 were doomed to greater sufferings. Besides a long imprisonment, his estate was ruined by the devastations and plunder of the British soldiery, and their infamous allies, the Tories. After the close of the war, the broken fortunes of the family demonstrated to the son the necessity of providing for his own wants; and at the age of sixteen, he, with the approbation of his father, apprenticed himself to a housecarpenter for the term of five years. Having served four, his master, as a compliment to his fidelity, offered to release the services of the fifth year; but the apprentice gave proof of that conscientious estimate of moral obligation and high-toned self-denial, which shone so conspicuously through the subsequent scenes of his life. When a boy, he had promised the service of five years, and nothing short of a plenary fulfilment could satisfy the requirements of his own buoyant and honest heart. About the year 1791 or 1792, both father and son removed to Georgia, and established themselves near the mouth of St. Illa River, in the County of Camden. The great demand at that time for water craft adapted to the navigation of the numerous sounds, creeks, and rivers of the country, determined him to commence the business of boat-wright. Having procured at Charleston drawings and models of the most approved keels in that harbour, he hired the requisite number of timber cutters, and without delay entered upon his new business. By nature he was endowed with great aptitude for mechanics, and, by the habits of his life, for 19 290 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. great activity in business. With these qualifications, he soon raised himself from a state of comparative poverty, to one of opulence; and long after he had acquired an independent estate, he still retained his chest of fine tools, and occasionally applied his own hands " to the labours of a boat-wright, as well as to house-building." He was frequently a representative from the County of Camden in the General Assembly of the State; and in 1826 was elected one of the representatives of Georgia in the Congress of the United States. Anterior, however, to his election to Congress, he received the commission of Brigadier-General in the militia service of Georgia, and on the occurrence of a vacancy, he was advanced to the grade of Major-General of the First Division. Though not averse to politics, his predilections were decidedly military, and considering the defects of his early education, his attainments in the history and art of war were quite remarkable. The act of Congress passed in June, 1812, declaring war between the United States and Great Britain, opened a theatre for the display of Floyd's military talents, although, as the British did not attempt an invasion of the State, his action was confined to a limited sphere. In September, 1813, the Federal Government called for a levy of Georgia troops, and 3,600 men were ordered to rendezvous at Camp Hope, near Fort-Hawkins, on the Ocmulgee River. This force consisted of one company of artillery, one squadron of dragoons, one battalion of riflemen, and two regiments of infantry, a majority of whom were volunteers, and considered at the time the flower of the State Militia. General Stewart, of Oglethorpe County, being the oldest Brigadier, was ordered to the command of these troops, but from age, infirmity, or some other cause, he resigned his commission, leaving Floyd the senior officer of that grade in the State. Though unapprised of General Stewart's resignation, and of course unprepared for the Executive order which conferred upon him the command, he accepted it, and promptly repaired to the place of encampment of the army, and without subsistence and the means of transporting military stores. Energy and dispatch in all things were characteristic of General Floyd, and on assuming the command, he proceeded to make immediate arrangements for taking the field. Unfortunately, it was not in his power to control the Commissariat of the army-it could not march. Either the perfidy of the contractors, or what they alleged in case of themselves, the default of the Federal Government, in supplying promised funds, prevented the army from moving into the country of the Creek Indians, then the allies of England, before the middle or latter part of November. Even then the march of the army would have been impracticable, had not the General succeeded in an application to the Legislature, then in session, for a loan out of the State Treasury. This loan was placed in the hands of Captain Samuel Butts, a special commissioner, who, under the orders of the General, procured a temporary supply of provisions and transportation. Though the troops could anticipate but little glory in contend CAMDEN COUNTY. 291 ing with an undisciplined army, they marched with alacrity, and bore with patience the heavy labours of constructing a line of forts and block-houses, extending foom the Ocmulgee to the waters of the Alabama River. They missed no opportunity of encountering the enemy, but by reason of the great distances which were to be traversed before the hostile towns could be reached, and the unfortunate, if not culpable, delinquency of the Federal Government, in failing to supply provisions and transportation, it was not in the power of General Floyd to meet the Indians in any considerable force, but at two places. Having completed a work on the right bank of the Chattahoochee, called Fort Mitchell, he put himself at the head of a detachment of nine hundred troops, and hastened to the attack of Autossee, one of the most populous towns of the Creek Nation. It was situated on the left bank of the Tallapoosa River, and in the immediate vicinity of a considerable town called Tallasee. On this expedition, every man, for the want of other conveyance, carried his rations in his own knapsack; and after a rapid march over a distance of sixty miles, at daybreak a successful and simultaneous attack was made on both towns. The action lasted more than an hour, when the Indians fled from the field, and the towns were burnt to ashes. This victory over a superior force, however, was not achieved without serious loss to the detachment as well as to the enemy. The General received a dangerous wound, from the effects of which it is believed he never entirely recovered. Soon after the battle of Autossee, as General Floyd found himself able to ride on horseback, he determined to make another inroad; and having received information that certain bands of savages, known as the Upper Creeks, had collected in great force, and fortified Hothlewaulee, a town on the same river, he determined to attack it, and for that purpose detached from the army a force of 1,500, rank and file. The march of these troops was badly obstructed by continued falls of rain, and the want of bridges and roads. When the detachment had advanced to a point within fifteen or twenty miles of the town, it was attacked about an hour and a half before daybreak, and by such a superiority of numbers, as to render the issue at first doubtful. Everything, except the firmness and discipline of the detachment, was in favour of the enemy. The darkness of the hour, the covert afforded the Indians by a thick forest of pines, with which the camp was surrounded, the total want of breastworks or other defences, the surprise which the first yell of the savages occasioned, and the estimated numerical superiority of the enemy's force, were well calculated to put the courage of the militia to a severe test; but they had been in service six months, had become hardened to the privations and hardships of camp life, had met the enemy before, and now they encountered him with the coolest intrepidity. Not a platoon faltered, but every one brought into action kept up a brisk fire, until the dawn of day enabled General Floyd to order a 292 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. charge. In less than fifteen minutes, every hostile Indian but the dead and dying had fled fiom the battle-field. In this action, known in the official report as the battle of Chalibbee, the detachment sustained severe losses in both killed and wounded. Among the former was that gallant soldier and true patriot, Captain Samuel Butts. The loss of the enemy was, doubtless, greater; but as it is the known custom of the Indians to carry off their wounded in time of battle, and as many of the killed as practicable, their actual loss was never ascertained. Within a few days after the battle of Chalibbee, the term for which this army had been called into service expired, and the several corps, after due inspection, received an honourable discharge. But the war continuing, new levies were made, and another brigade was placed under command of General Floyd, for the purpose of repelling an apprehended assault on Savannah. This, however, turned out to be a bloodless campaign. The British troops never appeared in that vicinity until the President's proclamation announced the treaty of peace. After the close of the war in the spring of 1815, General Floyd served several sessions as a member, either of the State Legislature or of Congress-everywhere and at all times esteemed and honoured as one of the most meritorious citizens of Georgia. Though his public and private life exemplified, to a great extent, the circle of social and moral virtues, it has been said by those who knew him best, that the sturdiest and most effective element of his character was patriotism. With him it was a deeply-seated passion-a fixed sentiment, that seemed to modify all his estimate of human merit. He died on the 24th of June, 1824. CAMPBELL COUNTY. LAID out from Coweta, Carroll, De Kalb, Fayette, in 1828; a part taken from Cherokee, 1832. Length, 16 m.; breadth, 12 m.; area square miles, 192. The Chattahoochee is the principal river. The climate is healthy. Among the instances of longevity are the following:-Mr. W. WooD died at 80; Mr. H. RowAN, 80; Mr. WINN, 80; Mr. MCCLARTY, over 80; JOSEPH HOWELL, 99; Mr. CLINTON, over 98, served under Marion; Mrs. CLINTON, over 90; WILLIAM HUMPHRIES, 83; JAMES ENDSLEY, 80; SARAH MILLAR, 80; MosES HARTSFIELD, 80; JOHN DEMONE, 83; SIMEON WYATT, 90; Mrs. TURNER, 80. These were living twelve months since. CAMPBELLTON is the county site, situated on a commanding eminence upon the Chattahoochee River, distant from Milledgeville 151 miles. Sand Town is on the Chattahoochee. CAMPBELL COUNTY. 293 Extractfrom the Census of 1850:-Dwellings, 920; families, 920; white males, 2,893; white females, 2,825; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 4. Total'free population, 5,725; slaves, 1,507. Deaths, 62; farms, 694; manufacturing establishments, 18; value of real estate, $1,700,609; value of personal estate, $1,045,104. Among the earliest settlers of this section were, GEORGE MCCLARTY, WILSON MCCLARTY, JAMES STEWART, COLONEL LATHAM, ROBERT 0. BEAVERS, REUBEN C. BEAVERS, W. A. J. BEAVERS, the LONGINOS, Mr. DAVENPORT, Mr. ROBERTS, BERRY WATTS, C. COCHRAN, WADE WHITE, MARTIN KOLB, HENRY PAULETT, P. SKEENE, E. PENNINGTON, the BULLARDS, the BRYANS, WILLIAM HIGHTOWER, J, A. HOPKINS, ANDREW SMITH, WM. JENNINGS, D. and W, SILVEY, M. THORNTON. SWEET WATER FACTORY.-Situated in Campbell County, about 18 miles from Marietta, on Sweet Water Creek. Capital, $50,000. Water power one of the best in the Southern country. Building of brick, five stories high, 48 by 120 ft.; number of hands employed, 60. Manufactures yarns only, at the rate of 750 lbs. per day. The scenery is very picturesque. About two hundred persons reside within one mile of the factory. 1 a r Ita n1.i FIRST GRAND JURY OF THE COUNTY.-On Monday, the 20th day of April, 1829, the Court met, pursuant to a law of the Legislature of Georgia. Present-his Honor Walter T. Colquitt. The following persons appeared, and were sworn to serve as Grand Jurors for and during the present term of this Court:1. Tarlton Sheats, Foreman. 13. James West. 2. Jeremiah Sampler. 14. Elijah Dorsett. 3. J. D. Crumpton. 15. John Wise. 4. Stephen Baggett. 16. James Gresham. 5. Henry C. Bird. 17. Jacob Hogue. 6. John Turner. 18. John Dorsett. 7. Reuben Dawson. 19. Isaac Gray. 8. Caleb Fields. 20. Daniel Hull. 9. George Harris, Jr. 21. Shadrach Grun. 10. Middleton W. Antony. 22. Daniel D. Smith. 11. Thomas Hill. 23, Moses W. Benson, 12. Jacob Crow. N. B.-The Court was held at Campbellton. ANAWAQUA'S TOMB.-Opposite the village of Campbellton, on the western bank of the Chattahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on one of those mounds so common in Georgia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian Princess, the former proprietor of the soil. It is situated in a meadow, in a bend of the Chattahoochee, and near the foot of a considerable hill. Ancient fortifications are traced all around the plain, extending from the river to the hill. 294 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. CARROLL COUNTY. LAID out in 1826; a part set off to Campbell in 1828; and portions successively set off to Heard in 1830, 1831, and 1834. Organized in 1826; and named after Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of American Independence. Length,'26 m.; breadth, 22 m. Area square miles, 572. Several ridges run through the county. These ridges give origin to many springs. The soil is various. Some of the land is gray, and a large portion is productive red land. The principal streams are the Chattahoochee and Little Tallapoosa. CAIIRROLLTON is the county seat, situated upon the waters of Little Tallapoosa, 151 n. from Milledgeville. Incorporated in 1829. Villa Rica is a pleasant village, situated in the centre of the gold region, on the ridge dividing the waters of the Tallapoosa and;Sweet Water Creeks. It was settled in 1830, by persons interested in the mining operations. Distance from Carrollton, 16 miles northeast. No country enjoys a finer climate. The instances of longevity are, Mrs. WARREN, over 84; WILLIAM GOGGANS, who died in this county at the age of 94. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and performed his duty gallantly. At the battle of King's Mountain, he received a severe wound. Some time after, he received two other very' severe wounds, in engagements with the Tories. In all the relations of life he faithfully discharged his duty. He was an exemplary member of the Baptist Church. The early settlers were, 1HINCUE P. MABRY, W. G. SPRINGER, JOSEPH CHAnMBERS, JOHN ROBINSON, GILES S. BOGGESS, JOHN GRISWOLD, WM. H. MALLERY, and others. Extracts from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,379; families, 1,379; white males, 4,174; white females, 4,078; free coloured males, 2; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 8,256. Slaves, 1,101. Deaths, 70.. Farms, 782. Manufacturing establishments, 16. Value of real estate, $1,092,680. Value of personal estate, $831,005. Gold has been found in large quantities in this county. The Carroll mines were once much celebrated. CARROLL COUNTY. 295 I i i r e 11 at 11 u a e IT was in this county that General William McIntosh was killed by the Indians. The circumstances of his death have already been detailed. The following will be read with interest:Copy of a Letter from PEGGY and SUSANNAH MCINTOSH to Mlessrs. CAMPBELL and MERIWETIHERI, United States Commissioners. LICE CREEK, FAYETTE COUNTY, May 3. GENTLEMEN-When you see this letter stained with the blood of my husband, the last drop of which is now spilt for the friendship he has shown for your people, I know you will remember your pledge to us in behalf of your nation, that in the worst of events you would assist and protect us; and when I tell you that at daylight on Saturday morning last, hundreds of the Hostiles surrounded our house, and instantly murdered General McIntosh and Tome Tustennuggee by shooting near one hundred balls into them, (Chilly and Moody Kenneard making their escape through a window;) they then commenced burning and plundering in the most unprincipled way, so that here I am driven fiom the ashes of my smoking dwelling, left with nothing but my poor little naked hungry children, who need some immediate aid from our white fiiends; and we lean upon you while you lean upon your Government. About the same time of the morning that they committed the horrid act on the General, another party caught Colonel Samuel Hawkins, and kept him tied until about, three o'clock, when the Chiefs returned from our house and gave orders for his execution in the same way, and refused to leave his implements to cover his body up with, so that it was left exposed to the fowls of the air and the beasts of the forest; and Jinney and her child are here in the same condition as we arethis parly consisted principally of Oakfuskies, Talledegas, and Muckfaws: though there were others with them. The Chiefs that appeared to head the party were Inlockunge, of Muckfaw, Tholocco-cosco-mico, of Arpachoochee, Munnauho, but I know not where he was from, who said they were ordered to do it by the Little Prince and Hopoiethyoholo; and that they were supported and encouraged in it by the Agent and the Chiefs that were left after the Big Warrior's death, in a Council at Broken Arrow, where they decreed that they would murder all the Chiefs who had any hand in selling the land, and burn and destroy, and take away all they had, and then send on to the President that he should not have the land. I have not heard of the murder of any others, but expect all are dead that could be catched. But by reason of a great fieshet in the Chattahoochee, they could not get Colonel Miller nor Hogey McIntosh, nor the Darisaws, and they and Chilly are gone to the Governor. Our country is in a most ruined state, so far as I have heard, (though by reason of the high waters word has not circulated fast;) all have fled from their homes in our parts and taken refuge among their white friends, and I learn ithere are now at General Ware's (near this place) from one hundred and fifty 296 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. to two hundred of them, who are afraid to go to their homes to get a grain of what little corn they have to eat, much more to try to make any more, and if you and your people do not assist us, God help us-we must die either by the sword or the famine. This moment General Ware has come in, and will in a few minutes start with a few men and a few friendly Indians, to try to get a little something for us to eat. I hope so soon as you read this you will lay it before the Governor and the President, that they may know our miserable condition, and afford us relief as soon as possible. I followed them to their camp, about one and a half miles, to try to beg of them something to cover the dead with, but it was denied me. I tried also to get a house to take my little children and some provisions to last us to the white settlements, which was given up to me, ant( then taken back; and had it not have been for some white men who assisted in burying the dead and getting us to the white settlements, we should have been worse off than we were, if possible. Before I close I must remark, that the whole of the party, so far as I knew them, were hostiles during the late war. (Signed) PEGGY and SUSAN MCINTOSH.* To Colonel CAMPBELL and Mcjor MERIW.ETHER. FAYETTE COUNTY, May 3,'25. MY DEAR FRIENDS-I send you this paper, which will not tell you a lie; but if it had ten tongues, it could not tell all the truth. On the morning of the 30th of April, at break of day, my father's house was surrounded by a party of hostile Indians, to the number of several hundred, who instantly fired his dwelling, and murdered him and Thomas Tustennuggee, by shooting more than one hundred balls into them. and took away the whole of father's money and property which they could carry off and destroyed the rest, leaving the family no clothes (some not a rag) nor provision. Brother Chilly was at fatherls, and made his escape through a window, under the cover of a travelling white man. who obtained leave for them to come out that way. It being not yet light, he was not discovered. While those hostiles were murdering my beloved father, they were tying my husband (Colonel Samuel Hawkins) with cords, to wait the arrival of Itockchunga, Tholocco-cosco-mico, and Munnawana, who were the commanders at father's, to give orders for the Colonel's execution also, which took place about three o'clock the same day. And these barbarous men, not content with spilling the blood of both my hisband and father, to atone for their constant friendship to both your nation and our own, refused my hands the painful privilege of covering his body up in the very ground which he lately defended against those hostile murderers, and drove me from my home, stripped of my two best friends in one day, stripped of all my property, my provision, and my clothing-with a more painful reflection than all these, that the body of my poor murdered husband should remain unburied, to be devoured by the birds and the beasts. Was ever poor woman worse off than I? I have this moment * These were General Mcintosh's two wives, the one a Creek, the other a Cherokee woman. They areboth said to have been affectionately attached to their husband, and lived on amicable terms with each other. CASS COUNTY. 297 arrived among our white friends, who, although they are very kind, have but little to bestow on me and my poor helpless infant, who must suffer before any aid can reach us from yours; but I can live a great while on very little; beside the confidence I have on you and your Government, for I know by your promise you will aid and defend us, as soon as you hear from our situation. These murderers are the very same hostiles who treated the whites ten years ago as they have now treated my husband and father; who say. they are determined to kill all who had any hand in selling the land, and when they have completed the work of murdering; burning, plundering, and destruction, they will send the President word that they have saved their land, and taken it back; and that he and the white people never shall have it again; which is the order of the heads of the nation, by the advice of the Agent. We expect that many of our best friends are already killed, but have not heard, by reason of the waters being too high for word to go quick, which is the only reason. Colonel Miller and others on his side of the river were not killed. We are in a dreadful condition, and I don't think there will be one ear of corn made in this part of the nation, for the whole of the friendly party have fled to De Kalb and Fayette counties, too much alarmed to return to their house to get a little grain of what corn they left for themselves and their families to subsist on, much more to stay at home to make more, and we fear every day that what little provision we left will be destroyed. I am afraid you will think I make it worse, but how can that be? for it is worse of itself than any pen can write. My condition admits of no equal, and mocks me when I try to speak of it. After I was stripped of my last frock but one, humanity and duty called on me to pull it off and spread it over the body of my dead husband, (which was allowed no other covering,) which I did as a farewell witness of affection. I was twenty-five miles from any friend but sister Catherine who was with me, and had to stay all night in the woods surrounded by a thousand hostile Indians, who were constantly insulting and affrighting us. And now I am here with only one old coat to my back, and not a morsel of bread to save us from perishing, or a rag of a blanket to cover my poor little boy. from the sun at noon or the dew at night. I am a poor distracted orphan and widow. (Signed) JANE HAWKINS. CASS COUNTY. LAID out from Cherokee, 1832. Part taken from Murray, 1834. Named after the Hon. Lewis Cass. The chief stream is the Etowah. Numerous creeks water the country. The soil in many places is very productive. Rye, barley, oats, cotton, and indeed everything, does well on this soil. No part of Georgia is richer in valuable rocks and minerals. Iron ore, equal to any in the world, is abundantly diffused. Fine marble, limestone in any quantity, from which lime is made and sent to different parts of 298 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the State, elastic sandstone, asbestos, soapstone, plumbago, lead, gold, and copper, exist in considerable quantities. CASSVILLE is the seat of justice, 150 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In the vicinity are several fine springs. Cartersville is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, surrounded by a rich country. Named after Colonel F. Carter, of Milledgeville. Kingston is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. This place is celebrated for the excellency of the water. Named after J. P..King, Esq., of Augusta. The above is a view of Spring Place, the residence of the Rev. C. W. Howard, one of the most beautiful seats in Cherokee Georgia. Adairsville is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, twelve miles from Cassville. EARLY SETTLERS.-Colonel HARDEN, Z. B. HARGROVE, JOHN DAwsoN, D. IRVINE, T. G. BARON, ROBERT PATTON, L. TUMLIN, the JOHNSONS, the WYLEYS, Dr. HAMILTON, and others. Extract from Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,712, families, 1,750; white males, 5,333; white females, 4,938; free coloured males, 11; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 10,292; slaves, 3,008; deaths, 105; farms, 601; manufacturing establishments, 8; value of real estate, $1,773,689; value of personal estate, $1,942,121. CASS COUNTY. 299 There are many fine springs, impregnated with mineral qualities, in this county. Among these are the Rowland Springs, purchased in 1843 by their present owner, John S. Rowland, Esq. The tract of land contains 2,100 acres, and is in the midst of the great iron region of Cherokee Georgia. When this property was purchased, it was a forest, being entirely unimproved. The proprietor has made all the improvements. Water is conveyed upon the premises in the centre of the square, in front of the main building, watering the whole place. The springs are numerous, of pure freestone, chalybeate, and sulphur. The location is high and healthy, surrounded by mountains and romantic scenery. This place was said to be the favourite resort of the Cherokee Indians for health in sickly seasons. The Rowland Springs were kept as a watering-place by their owner until the year 1850, and were one of the most fashionable resorts at the South, being always crowded to excess in the summer months, since which time they have been used as a stockfarm. and summer residence of the proprietor. I T.C 1_ S ICT Tf j% There are several remains of ancient works in this county. Among them is a mound on the plantation of Colonel Tumlin, a diagram of which is given above. The following description of it first appeared in one of the early numbers of Silliman's Journal:On the north side of the Etowah, vulgarly called the High-tower River, is a mound of large dimensions. It stands upon a strip of alluvial land, called river bottom. The first object which excited attention was an excavation about twenty feet wide, and in some parts ten feet deep. Its course is nearly 300 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. that of a semicircle, the extremities extending towards the river, which form a small elbow. I had not time to examine it minutely. An Indian said it extended each way to the river, and had several unexcavated parts, which served as passages to the area which it incloses. To my surprise, I found no embankment on either side of it, but I did not long doubt to what place the earth had been removed, for I had scarcely proceeded 200 yards, when, through the thick forest trees, the stupendous pile met the eye, whose dimensions were in full proportion to the intrenchments. I had at the time no means of taking an accurate admeasurement. To supply my deficiency, I cut a long vine, which was preserved, until I had an opportunity of ascertaining its exact length. In this manner I found the distance, from the margin of the summit to the base, to be 111 feet; and, judging from the degree of its declivity, the perpendicular height cannot be less than seventy-five feet. The circumference of the base, including the feet of three parapets, measured 1,114. One of these parapets extended from the base to the summit, and can be ascended, though with difficulty, on horseback. The other two, after rising thirty or forty feet, terminate in a kind of triangular platform Its top is level, and at the time I visited it, was completely covered with bushes and trees of a most luxuriant growth, so that I could not examine it as well as I wished. Its diameter, I judge, must be 150 feet. On its side and summit are many large trees of the same description, and of the same dimensions as those around it. One beech tree near the top measured ten feet and nine inches in circumference. The earth on every side of the tree was several feet lower than on the opposite side. This fact will give a good idea of the mound's declivity. An oak which was lying down on one of the parapets, measured, at the distance of six feet from the butt, without the bark, twelve feet four inches in circumference. At a short distance to the southeast is another mound, in ascending which I took thirty steps. Its top is encircled by breastworks three feet high, intersected through the middle with another elevation of a similar kind. A little further is another mound, which I had not time to examine. On these great works of art the Indians gazed with as much curiosity as any white man. I inquired of the oldest chiefs if the natives had any tradition respecting them, to which they answered in the negative. I then requested each to say what he supposed was their origin. Neither could tell, although all agreed in saying that they were put there by our people. SALTPETRE CAVE.-In this county are many caves. A remarkable one is situated about five miles from Cassville. The adjoining country around it is poor, rocky, and mountainous. The descent is steep, abrupt, and somewhat difficult, for perhaps one hundred and fifty feet, where the bottom becomes perfectly smooth and even; owing, no doubt, to the collection of dirt which has been washed down the mouth, and settling there for ages. This smooth and even surface extends forty by sixty feet. Here the Indians are said to have been in the habit of meeting for the purpose of dancing, and to indulge in other customary pastimes and festivities. The air is damp, and unpleasantly cold. From the mouth to the bottom of the first descent, the aperture becomes larger and larger until the bottom is reached. About midway the rocks overhead are so far above CASS COUNTY. 301 as to render the top almost invisible from the light of the torches. Stones thrown up can barely reach it. At the bottom of the first room, as it is usually called, the rocks close in on all sides, except the entrance, and a few feet through which the visitor must pass half bent, if he desires to proceed farther. After going in this way for twenty or thirty feet, the opening again becomes suddenly large and extensive on all sides, and a steep and rugged ascent has to be encountered for eighty or one hundred feet. Here, if it were not that the cave is in the side of a mountain, it could not be very far to the surface of the earth above, as it is now ascended a distance nearly equal to that which was descended in entering, and it is also some distance to the rock overhead. But the visitor is now in the heart or centre of the mountain, where no ray of light ever found its entrance, except that of the torch or lantern of exploring man. At the top of this ascent a road branches off to the right and left. Both are circuitous, and lead into various rooms of different sizes and shapes. The one to the right leads by a difficult and sometimes dangerous route, to the longest room in the cave. From this there is a small and narrow outlet, scarcely of space sufficient to proceed erect, of about one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet in length, and leads to another issue, though small. There are in this cave some twenty or thirty rooms of different sizes and forms, and generally connected with each other by apertures sufficiently large to admit of easy access; but in some places, though rarely, the visitor must gain his way on his hands and knees. Some visitors, of more enterprise and perseverance, have taken in poles, by which to ascend to the rooms overhead. The continual drippings of the lime and saltpetre have, in many of the rooms, formed beautiful columns and pillars, by concretion. Many of these, from the different shapes which they have assumed, are interesting curiosities. These pillars are, in a state of nature, almost as white as marble; but the frequent visits to the cave, and the visitors using pine for torches, they have become smoked black. Several years ago, considerable quantities of saltpetre were manufactured from the dirt dug out of this cave, and the signs are yet visible, but no operation of the kind is now going on. 302 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. CHATHAM COUNTY. THIS county forms the southeast corner of the State. It is a portion of what was once called Savannah County, for in 1741, by order of the Trustees, the Colony of Georgia was divided into two counties, one of which was called Savannah, embracing all the territory north of Darien. It was laid out in 1758 into St. Philip's and Christ Church Parishes, and Christ Church and a part of St. Philip's were formed into the County of Chatham, which name was given in honour of the celebrated Earl of Chatham. Length, 28 m.; breadth, 15 m.; area square miles, 420. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,915; families, 1,979; white males, 4,794; white females, 4,367; free coloured males, 296; free coloured females, 426; total free population, 9,883; slaves, 14,018; deaths, 385; farms, 132; manufacturing establishments, 13; value of real estate, $4,890,750; value of personal estate, $5,828,388. The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are, St. Augustine, Vernon, Pipemaker, &c. The face of the country is flat, interspersed with many swamps. The country has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah River, the bodies of tide swamp lands are extensive, and are cultivated upwards of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are considered the most valuable lands in the State. Many of the rice plantations have a picturesque appearance. The annexed cut exhibits a view of Mr. James Potter's plantation on the Savannah River. SAVANNAH is the seat of justice, and the largest city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the Savannah River, on a high bluff forty feet above low-water mark, twelve miles in a direct line from the ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the river. It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 56 seconds; west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds from Greenwich; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude from Washington City; 158 miles E.S.E. from Milledgeville, the capital of the State. The city contains the following public buildings, viz.: two Episcopal churches, one Roman Catholic, one Lutheran, one Independent Presbyterian, one Presbyterian, one Unitarian, two Baptist churches for whites, three for coloured people, one Hebrew Synagogue, one for Mariners, one Methodist Church for whites, one Methodist for coloured people, Court-House, Jail, Exchange, Female Asylum, Armoury, Arsenal, Guard-House, Market-House, Academy, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy, United States Barracks, Savannah Poor-House and Hospital, Hall of St. Andrew's Society, Custom-House, Athenaeum, Masonic Hall, Odd Fellows' Hall, Powder Magazine, Bank of the State of Georgia, Planters' Bank, Marine and Fire Insurance Bank, Central Railroad and Banking Company, Savann;h Bank. -fS — c i-~; — s8-i 5 t- —-- riCt RESIDENCE OP J9S. POTTER, ESQ., ON THE SbVBNNIH RIVER. CHATHAM COUNTY. 303 There are in the city about 45 charitable societies. Many of the private dwellings are beautiful. This institution was organized the 17th September,1801. MMrs. Ann Clay was called toASYL the chair, and the following la- dies elected Managers, viz. Mary Mrs. Elisabeth Smith, Mrs._ Ann Clay, Lady Ann Hours. Je Smith ad Mrs. S h L Stoune, Mrs. Margaret Stephens, Treas r. Mrs.. MORSE, Esq., Civil annah McAllister, of NewFrances Holcombe, Mrs. J anEq, f e Same Smi th, Mrs. Margaret Htuno be compl ter, Mrs. Phebe Mosse, Mrstg. Sarah Lamb, Mrs. Susanna... Jenkins, Mrs. Ann Moore, Mrs FEMALE ASYLUM Rebecca Newell, Mrs. Mary all.,Mrs. Elisabeth Smith was elected First irectress, and irs Ann Clay the Second. Mrs Jane Smith and Mrs. S arah Lamb the Secretaries, and Mrs. Margaret Hunter, Treasurer. fhe compiler has been n poitely favoured with the fom llowin account by JAMES O. MORSE, Esq., Civil and Mechanical Engineer, of NewTork the gentleman who designed and is engage d in constructing the wors, with'whom is associated H. R. Worthington, Esq., of the same place, the patenteeand builder of the pumping apparatusp:thi- SAVANNAoi WATER-WORs now in process of construction, were commrenced in the winter of 1 i52-'3, and are to be completed in 1854. A brief description of this important public work will pe praps be deemed interesting. The supply is obtained from the Savannah River, the water of which, though turbid in its appearance, (rendered so by the minute particles of clay held by it in suspension,) is nevertheless of rerarkable purity-inasmuch as it contains no soluble impurities, the sources of the river being in regions of a primitive formation. The water is taken from the river above the city, and received into a reservoir located on the low lands west of the 0Teechee Canal. In older to free the water from the earthy matter it holds in suspension, this reservoir is divided into four compartments, rendered distinct from each other by partitions faced with masonry. Into any or all of these compartments, or basins, the water is admitted by means of iron gateways; the contents of one basin, therefore, can be used while the process of sedimentation is going on undisturbed in the others. Each one of these basins is made to communicate, by means of culverts of masonry and iron gateways, with a chamber, or "pump-well," of masonry, situated underneath a building which contains the boilers and engines of the pumping apparatus, by means of which the water is forced into the city. 304 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. _ _ —~ — _ _~ The plateau upon which the city of Savannah is built has an altitude of about forty feet above the river. Upon this elevation is built the Distributing Reservoir, having a height of about eighty feet above the general grade of the streets. This structure, a representation of which is annexed, consists of a circular tower of substantial masonry, upon which is placed the reservoir, of iron. Frotm this reservoir, having an elevation sufficient for all purposes, the water is distributed throughout the city in the usual manner, by means of cast-iron pipes, furnished with all necessary fire hydrants, stop-gates, etc. The whole height to which the water is raised by the pumping engines is one hundred and twenty feet; the distance from the receiving to the distributing reservoir is somewhat more than half a mile. Most of the cities in the United States that are supplied with water under pressure sufficient to carry it to all parts of the buildings, are so situated as to have in their, vicinity ground of sufficient elevation to command the town, and on which the reservoir is built. The city of Savannah having no such advantages, it became necessary in the design for these works to devise some means whereby an ample supply of water might be delivered into the town with height, or "head," CHATHAM COUNTY. 305 sufficient to give the necessary pressure in the pipes of distribution, without incurring the enormous expense of creating an artificial elevation of large area on which to build the usual plan of reservoir containing many days' supply. The plan adopted to effect the object required is this: Upon a tower of masonry, a tank, or reservoir, is erected, of a capacity to hold the quantity of water required for the night supply; while the pumping apparatus is so arranged as to place beyond all contingency of failure the ability of the apparatus to preserve in the reservoir the quantity of water necessary for the day supply. The pumping apparatus consists of three direct action, condensing pumping engines, each one independent of the other, and each capable of delivering into tne reservoir one million of gallons in twelve hours. These are supplied by two steam-boilers, each in like manner independent of the other. From these engines, situated, as before mentioned, at the lower or receiving reservoir, two distinct lines of forcing pipes, or "mains," are laid to the upper or distributing reservoir, and from thence the. water is conveyed, under the pressure due to the height of this reservoir, throughout the streets of the city. By this arrangement it will be seen that not only is the apparatus amply able to meet the demands that the town makes upon it, but that it is sufficiently large to respond to the increased wants due to an increase of population. The Custom-House, at the corner of Bull and Bay streets,.. is an imposing building. Length: i10 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pavement to the basement story is devoted to the use ofthe Post-office and the ap-t praisers'department. Th e fiCrstsion of Fih or principal floor is used for Cus-. tom-house purposes The theird C o S or upper story, for United States - Court-rooms. It is built ofn e cuincy granite. The structuredec d is fire-proof. cusroN nUo usE INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CIHURCH. To the Rev. Dr. Preston, its present pastor, we owe our thanks for the following information:The exact date of the organization of this church is not known. In 1755 a grant was obtained for a site on which to erect a house of worship, and a charter was granted by the Assembly, and Trustees appointed.'The Confession of Faith was substantially the doctrines of the Church of Scotland, agreeably to the "Westminster Confession of Faith," but not in ecclesiastical connection with that church, having from the first declared themselves an Independent Presbyterian Church, and by that style and title were originally incorporated, and by this name it has always 20 306 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. been known. The first pastor was the Rev. John J. Zubly, D. D. In 1796, the house of worship was destroyed by fire. Previously to that date, and after Dr. Zubly left, or in his absence, the Rev. Messrs. Phillips and Johnson supplied the church for a few years. They were sent by Lady Huntingdon to take charge of the Orphan Asylum, established by the Rev. George Whitefield, in the neighbourhood of Savannah. The former of these ministers came in 1778, and left in 1790. The latter succeeded him, and left in 1793. In 1794 the Rev. Mr. McCall was employed to preach, and died in 1796. This gentleman was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Morduth in 1797, who resigned in 1799. In 1800 the Rev. Robert Smith took charge of the church, but death called him from his labours two years after his settlement. The next pastor was the Rev. Samuel Clarkson, D. D., whose connection with the church was dissolved at the expiration of three years. In the fall of 1806, the Rev. Henry Kollock, D. D., became its pastor, the duties of which he continued to discharge until 1819, when death closed his labours. He was succeeded by Dr. Snodgrass, and successively by the Rev. Messrs. Howe and Baker, the term of whose united ministry was less than eight years, ending in the fall of 1831. In the month of December of the same year, the Rev. Dr. Willard Preston was invited, and became the pastor the following month, and whose uninterrupted ministry has continued for more than twenty years.:' =-~ -.. —- w~- ~ —-- - -—......_ _ METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Methodism was established in Savannah in 1807. As early as 1790, Rev. Hope Hull was sent to Savannah, and he preached a few times in a chairmaker's shop belonging to Mr. Lowry, but such was the opposition manifested towards him that he was assailed with mob CHATHAM COUNTY. 307 violence, and his success was small. He was followed, in 1796, by Jonathan Jackson and Josiah Randle, but they left the place without making any permanent impression. In 1800, John Garvin made an ineffectual attempt to collect a society in Savannah; and though he succeeded, after many difficulties, in inducing a few to attend his meetings for a season, yet he also abandoned the place in despair. The next attempt was made by Mr. Cloud, whose conduct increased the prejudices against the Methodists. In 1806, Rev. Samuel Dunwody came to Savannah and laboured assiduously. After hard toiling, the members succeeded in erecting a house of worship, which was called Wesley Chapel. The church of which we have given a sketch was erected three years ago, and is one among the neatest and most commodious in the city. "COUNT PULA COUNT PULASKI. After Casimir Pulaski had unsuccessfully contended for the principles of liberty in his own country, he determined to connect himself with those who were engaged in the same struggle in America. Furnished with testimonials from Franklin, Pulaski found no difficulty in getting employment in the American army. In the battle of Brandywine he had a post near Washington, and by his bravery and activity confirmed the reputation which he had in Europe as an accomplished officer. After this battle, Congress appointed him to the command of the cavalry, with the rank of Brigadier-General; but owing to some dissatisfaction among the officers under him, he resigned his com 308 HIISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mand, and joined the main army at Valley Forge. In 1778, with the approbation of Washington and Congress, he raised a corps, which was afterwards called Pulaski's Legion. In the assault upon Savannah, in 1779, he sealed his devotion to liberty with his blood. He died at sea a few days after ihe received his wound. 0PULASKI MONUMENT. We extract from the Savannah Republicacn the following account of the laying of the corner-stone of this monument:The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the monument to be erected to the memory of Brigadier Count Pulaski, a name dear to the heart of every American, and especially so to the people of Georgia, was performed on Tuesday afternoon, in Monterey Square, 11th Octo ber, 1853. The military, under the command of Colonel A. R. Lawton, the different Masonic Lodges, together with a large concourse of citizens, were present during the very interesting ceremonies. The oration delivered upon the occasion by Henry Williams, Esq., is said to have been a masterly production. CHATHAM COUNTY. 309 After the delivery of the oration, Wm. P. Bowen, Sen., read the following record, which was deposited in the corner-stone:PULASKI MONUMENT. SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, CHATHAM COUNTY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 11th October, 1853. This parchment is to -record the laying of the corner-stone of a MONUMENT in the centre of MONTEREY SQUARE, at the junction of Bull and Wayne streets, (City of Savannah,) to the memory of Brigadier-General Count PULASKI, who fell mortally wounded by a swivel shot while on a charge at the head of a body of cavalry before the British lines at the SIEGE of SAVANNAH, on the ninth day of October, seventeen hundred arid seventy-nine. Count Casimir Pulaski was born in the province of Lithuania, Poland, in the year seventeen hundred and forty-six. Arrived in the UNITED STATES in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-seven (1777), and volunteered his services to the AMERICAN GOVERNMENT in the great and glorious cause of LIBERTY and FREEDOM from British tyranny-received a commission from the Government as BRIGADIER-GENERAL of Cavalry, and fought gallantly in the battles of this country at Brandywine, Germantown, Trenton, Charleston, and Savannah. Aged 33. Robert E. Launitz, of New-York, Designer. M. Lufburrow and E. Jones, builders of the foundation. Robert D. Walker, sculptor of the corner-stone. (Signed) RICHARD D. ARNOLD, Chairman of Commissioners. WM. ROBERTSON, by GEO. ROBERTSON, JUN., Treasurer. WM. P. BOWEN, SEN., Secretary and Commissioner. The following articles contributed by the citizens were deposited int a copper box in the stone:Roll of the officers of the Independent Volunteer Battalion of Savannah, together with rolls of the several volunteer corps composing said battalion. Statement of the Marine and Fire Insurance Bank. Last report and list of stockholders, together with notes of the denominations one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, and one hundred. Statement of the Bank of the State of Georgia, with notes of five and ten dollars. Bills of the Planters' Bank, of the denominations of five and ten, Bills of the Central Railroad and Banking Company, of the denominations of one, two, five, and ten. Statement of the Bank of Savannah, also notes of the denominations of five, ten, twenty, fifty, and one hundred dollars. 310 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Names of the Officers of the Governments of the United States and of the State of Georgia. Engraved likenesses of Generals George Washington, Benjamin Lincoln, andof Robert Morris, Esq.; presented by I. K. Tefft. Medal representing a view of the city of Bremen, with a statue of Rolandi, dated 1540; also, medallions of Benjamin Franklin and Henry Clay; presented by A. Oemler. Medallion representing the Crystal Palace of New-York; presented by W. A. Richmond. Hungarian Bond; presented by Hinko Naklen Kazel. A piece of the oak tree from Sunbury, Liberty County, Georgia, under which General.ames Oglethorpe opened the first Lodge of Free Masons in Georgia; also under which, in 1779, the charter of the Union Society was preserved, and Mr. Mordecai Sheftall, Sen., then a prisoner of war, elected President; presented by Mrs. Perla Sheftall Solomons. Copies of the Savannah Republican, of October 1, 1853, giving an account of the exhumation of the corner-stone laid by General La Fayette, in 1825; also of the 11th of October, 1853. Copies of the Savannah Daily Morning News, of the 4th, 6th, and 11th of October, 1853. Copies of the Savannah Daily and Weekly Cozrier, of October 11, 1853. Copy of the Savannah Georgian, established in 1817. Past Master's Masonic Jewel, dated 1710; presented by S. P. Bell, Esq. A silver dollar, found among the bones of the soldiers who fell at. the siege of Savannah, dated 1778; presented by Barnard Constantine, Esq. A badge, medals, and copper coin; presented by Mrs. David Thompson. Two Roman coins of the days of Constantine, Emperor of Rome; presented by Benjamin Arnold. Gold, silver, and copper coin; presented by A. Oemler, N. Wolf, J. N. Prentiss, C. F. Preston, P. G. Thomas, R. W. Pooler, T. Holcombe and F. J. Rosenberg. Three German coins, dated 1623, 1624, and 1632, presented by Paul Haller, French Masonic Lodge Jewel; presented by William Hone. A silver dollar, dated 1727; presented by A. Bonaud. One cent, dated 1793; presented by J. H. Damon. Two silver medals; presented by John J. W. Buntz and George J. J..Buntz. Continental notes, by Mrs. David Thompson; and rare coin, by R. R. Scott, Esq. Directory and Census of the City of Savannah for the year 1853; presented by David H. Galloway, Esq. Officers and assistants of the Savannah Post office. Constitution, by-laws, list of officers and members of Zerubbabel Lodge, No. t15 Records of the Georgia Chapter, No. 3. Records of Clinton Lodge, No. 54-list of officers and members; and a silver compass. Records of Solomon's Lodge for the year 1853, with by-laws, &c. The Masonic ceremonies were performed by Acting Grand Master R. R. Cuyler. CHATHAM COUNTY. 311 In the course of his address, Mr. Williams observed: " Nor should allusion be omitted to the artist under whose creating hands this marble memorial is destined to rise. Particularly appropriate is it, that the genius of Polish art should be invoked to illustrate the virtues of a Polish patriot, and that the execution of a monument raised upon American soil to a chivalrous son of Poland should be intrusted to one who breathed his native air in Poland, and drew his inspiration beneath her skies; to one who, in his adopted country, has already made the marble breathe, in so many forms of varied beauty, to the compatriots of Pulaski and Kosciusko-the gifted and accomplished Launitz."* Mr. Launitz has furnished us with the following description, being a copy of his letter to the Commissioners of the Pulaski Monument: SAvANNAH. GENTLEMIEN:-I herewith have the honour to submit, according to your proposals, a design for a monument to the memory of Count Pulaski, consisting of an elevation and perspective view. In designing the Monument, I have had particular regard to purity of style, richness of effect, and strength and durability in material and execution; while I have not lost sight of the main object, which is to design a Monument for Pulaski. It is perceived at the first glance that the monument is intended for a soldier, who is losing his life fighting. Wounde'd, he falls from his horse, while still grasping his sword. The date of the event is recorded above the subject. The coat of arms of Poland and Georgia, surrounded by branches of laurel, ornament the cornice on two sides, or fronts; they stand united together; while the eagle, emblem of liberty, independence, and courage, rests on both, bidding proud defianee-the eagle being the symbolic bird of both Poland and America. The allegory will need no further explanation. The cannon reversed on the corners of the die, are emblematical of military loss and mourning, while they give the monument a strong military character. To facilitate the execution of the shaft, which it would be impossible to execute in one piece, I have divided the same into several parts, separated by bands, so as to remove the unsightliness of horizontal joints on a plain surface. The bands are alternately ornamented with stars, emblems of the States and Territories now and in embryo, which enjoy and will enjoy the fruits of the valour and patriotism of the heroes of the Revolution. The garlands on the alternate bands above the stars denote that they (the States) are young and flourishing. The shaft is surmounted by a highly elaborate cap, which adds richness, loftiness, and grandeur to the structure. The monument is surmounted by a statue of Liberty, holding the banner of the: stars and stripes." The love of liberty brought Pulaski to America; for love of' liberty, he fought; and for liberty he lost his life;-and thus I thought that Liberty should crown his monument, and share with him the crown * This is true only in part. Mr. Launitz informs the author that he is a native of Courland, formerly an independent dukedom under the protection of the King of Poland, but at present a Russian province. 312 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of victory. The garlands surrounding the column show that Liberty now is a young and blooming maiden, surrounded with fragrant flowers. The monument is designed to be fifty-five feet high, which, for a square in a city, is of ample height. The two steps and lower plinth to be of granite; and all the rest, of the finest and best Italian marble, in solid blocks weighing from one to six tons, and to be executed in the most artistical and workmanlike manner; to rest on a solid foundation six feet deep, or more, if the soil requires it. The first step to be in twelve pieces, the second step in eight pieces, as also the plinth, of best hammered granite. The base-block in four pieces, the base moulding in two pieces. The die with the cannon in four pieces, jointed at the sides: each front will weigh five tons. The cornice in two pieces; the baseblock of shaft, as well as every section of the shaft, each in one solid piece; the cap of shaft in two pieces; the statue and columns each part in one piece. All the parts that are composed of more than one piece to be cramped with dovetail keys of metal. The monument to be delivered and erected in Savannah in two years, say on or before the 1st of July, 1854. The cost of the whole, as above specified, to be seventeen thousand dollars.,. - - - -~- " _ _.',. PULASKI HOUSE, The Pulaski House, a view of which is here given, is a large building facing Monument Square. The City Hotel, on the bay, the Marshall House, in Broughton street, and the Pavilion, on the corner of Bull and South Broad streets, are well conducted. The private boarding-houses are numerous, and some of them have a high reputation. Strangers have heretofore found some difficulty in procuring accommodations in the city of Savannah; but it is confidently expected that the early erection of a splendid hotel, now proposed, will remedy any inconvenience in this respect. It is hoped that the spirited citizens of Savannah will unite in any effort which may be proposed to multiply the inducements for strangers to visit the city, among which, it is well known, good hotels form a very important item. CHATHAM COUNTY. 313 COLOURED BAPTISTS.-The first ordained minister of colour, in Savannah, was George Leile, who was liberated by Mr. Henry Sharp, of Burke County, Georgia, and afterwards became pastor of a large church in Kingston, Jamaica. During his short stay in Savannah, he baptized, among others, Andrew and his wife Hannah, and Hagar, belonging to the Hon. Jonathan Bryan, and by whom they were made free. Andrew became a preacher, suffered much opposition, but succeeded in establishing his character as a pious man. He preached in his master's barn at Brampton, three miles from Savannah. On the 20th of January, 1788, Andrew, surnamed Bryan, was ordained by the Rev. Abraham Marshall, and a coloured minister named Jesse Peter, from the vicinity of Augusta, and constituted the first coloured Baptist Church in Savannah, consisting of sixty-nine members. _.,- - -- _,~ — __ _ EXCHANGE. This building is situated on the bay fronting Bull-street. It is constructed of brick, and has a venerable appearance. For a number of years the business of the Custom-House was transacted in it. From the steeple is presented a fine view of the city and surrounding country. 314 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. M_. I. —SAVANNAH POOR-HOUSE AND HOSPITAL. This is a commodious structure, situated on the southeastern part of the Commons. It is under the management of a Board of Directors, who have made the most ample provision for the comfort of its inmates.._ 1FRI - = = = S-~-~- = 1 —-~ —: - E cu =e ST. ANDREW'S HALL. This building is situated on the south side of Broughton-street. It is sixty feet in front by ninety in depth. The first floor is designed for stores. Upon the second floor are a spacious hall and ante-rooms, CHATHAM COUNTY. 315 and on the third are dinner-rooms, &c. The building cost $27,000. It is the property of the St. Andrew's Society, organized in 1819. The eligibility for membership is confined to Scotchmen, their sons and grandsons, on the paternal side only, and its object the relief of distressed Scotchmen, their widows and orphans, with provision for educational purposes. Norman Wallace, Esq., is the only member living, of some twentyfive in number present at its original organization. 7T_=^ ~ _-_______ HALL OF THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. This is a beautiful building, and admirably adapted for the pur poses for which it was intended. In the city of Savannah, the want of some Historical Society had long been felt, but it was not until April, 1839, that any definite action was taken in regard to the subject, when the Rev. William B. Stevens, I. K. Tefft, Esq., and Dr. Richard D. Arnold, addressed a circular to a number of gentlemen whom they thought most likely to interest themselves in the design, inviting them to attend a meeting for the purpose of forming an Historical Society. Accordingly the meeting was held, and a Society formed. Though its operations have been limited, it has nevertheless achieved much. It has published two volumes of highly interesting collections~ Its archives contain many valuable manuscripts and rare books. 316 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. STATE BANK. By many, this is thought to be the handsomest building in Savannah. It fronts Monument Square, is built of brick, and three stories high. 0.J SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH. In the year 1794, Messrs. Jonathan Clarke, George Mosse, Thomas Polhill, and David Adams, proposed the erection of a house of worship for the Baptists, in Savannah. The whole number of Baptists.did not exceed eight or ten. About this time the Rev. Mr. Reese, a Baptist minister from Wales, visited Savannah, and encouraged the design. Accordingly, in 1795, a Baptist Church, 50 by 60 feet, with galleries and a steeple, was erected by the subscriptions of CHATHAM COUNTY., 317 several denominations, under the superintendence of Ebenezer Hills. John Millen, Thomas Polhill, John Hamilton, Thomas Harrison, and John H. Roberds, as Trustees. In 1796, as the Baptists had no minister to occupy their church, they rented it to the Presbyterians, who had lost their place of worship by fire. By the Presbyterians it was occupied for about three years, when the Rev. Henry Holcombe was invited by the Baptists to become their minister. This gentleman accepted the invitation, and under his ministry many additions were made to the Baptist faith. In 1800 the church formed a constitution for its government, which was signed by H. Holcombe, F. Holcombe, George Mosse, -Phebe Mosse, Joseph Hawthorn, Mary Hawthorn, Elias Robert, Mary Robert, Rachel Hamilton, Esther McKenzie, Elisabeth Stoney, and Martha Stephens.* ST. JOHi'S CURCIc. This church is built in the English style of Gothic, that which prevailed in England from the year 1200 to the year 1300 of the Christian era. CHRIST CJHURCH is one among the most imposing edifices in Savannah. The order of architecture is the Grecian Ionic. The first building was commenced on the 11th of June, 1740. Six years afterwards the roof was covered with shingles. It was finally completed; and on the 7th of July, 1750, was dedicated to the worship of God. The fire of 1796 reduced it to ashes. The first minister of the parish was the Rev. Dr. Herbert. He was succeeded by the Rev. S. Quincy, who remained until 1735, when the Rev. John Wesley became rector. The latter was followed by the Rev. William Norris, who 318 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. resided alternately at Savannah and Frederica. Rev. Win. Metcalf was next appointed, but he died before he entered upon his duties; and his place was filled by the Rev. Mr. Orton, who died in 1742. The Rev. T. Bosomworth was his successor; this gentleman was displaced, and the Rev. Mr. Zouberbuhler appointed, who faithfully performed his duties for twenty;one years. In 1768, 1771, 1773, the Rev. Mr. Frink was the minister of Christ Church. Wie cannot say who were the rectors for some time after 1763. The Rev. John V. Bartow had charge of the parish from 1810 to 1814, when the church was rebuilt. Mr. Bartow removed to Baltimore, having received a call from Trinity Church, the pastoral care of which he retained for twenty-one years. This gentleman died in 1836. In 1820, Rev. Mr. Cranston became rector. He was succeeded by the Rev. A. Carter, who was followed by Rev. Dr. Neufville. Upon the death of the latter, Rev. A. B. Carter was chosen rector. This gentleman remained but a short time; and the present Bishop of the diocese, Stephen Elliott, became its minister. LUTHERAN CHURCH. This is a chaste building. The whole length, with the portico, is 88 feet; width, 56 feet. It can accommodate more than 800 persons. The whole cost was $15,000, and erected in 1843. The early records of the church being lost, we are unable to give a history of it. It was established, probably, before 1759, under the direction of Rev. Messrs. Rabenhorst and Wottman, but divine service being conducted in the German language, and the younger part of the congregation being ignorant of that language, the church was closed, and remained in this situation for many years. It was again opened for worship in 1824. CHATHAM COUNTY. 319 NOTICES CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY SETTLEMENT OF CHATHAM. ASSOCIATIONS, both colonial and revolutionary, of deep interest, are connected with the history of that section of Georgia now known as the County of Chatham. Here Oglethorpe first landed-here was commenced the Colony of Georgia. The annals of no nation can produce one more generous and praiseworthy. Its benevolent founders gave their time and money for promoting the welfare of others, expecting no other reward than that which arises from the performance of virtuous actions. Here, too, was exhibited the first opposition of Georgia to the unjust demands of the mother country. Here her first Revolutionary battle was fought. From the Colonial documents and other sources we have selected several notices connected with the arrival of Oglethorpe and the settlement of Georgia, which, doubtless, will be interesting to our readers. "The Seal of the Trustees was formed with _ two faces-one for legislative acts, deeds, and commissions; and the other,'the common seal, for grants, orders, certificates,' &c. The device on the one was two figures resting upon \\ urns, representing the rivers Savannah and Alatamaha, the northeastern and southwestern: boundaries of the Province, between which the genius of the colony was seated, with a. cap of liberty on her head, a spear in onei a hand, and a Cornucopia in the other. with the inscription,'COLONIA GEoiGIA AuG.' On the other face was a representation of silkworms, some beginning and others completing their labours, which were characterized by the motto,' oN SInB, SED ALIIS." SEA, OF THE TRUSTEES. From" A Brief Account of the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia, under Gen. Oglethorpe, 1733." Arrival of first Colonists at Charlestown, South Carolina, 13th January, 1733. Charlestown, January 20.-On Saturday night, 13th January, 1733, came to anchor off our bar, a ship with about 120 people, for settling the new Colony of Georgia, in which was James Oglethorpe, Esq., who came ashore that night, and was extremely well received by his Excellency, our Governour. The next morning he went on board, and the ship sailed for Port Royal; and we hear there are two more ships, with people, (which will make the number 500,) expected daily. Account of the Progress of the first Colony sent to Georgia. We set sail from Gcravesend on the 17th of November, 1732, in the ship Anne, of 200 tons, John Thomas, Master; being about 130 persons, and arrived off the bar of Charlestown on the 13th day of January following. Mr. Oglethorpe went on shore to wait on the Governour; was received with great marks of civility and 320 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. satisfaction; obtained an order for Mr. Middleton, the King's pilot, to carry the ship into Port Royal; and for small craft to carry the Colony from thence to the river Savannah, with a promise of further assistance from the Province. He returned on board the fourteenth day, and came to an anchor within the bar of Port Royal, at about sixteen miles distance from Beaufort. On the 18th, he went on shore upon Trench's Island, and left a guard of eight men upon John's, being a point of that island which commands the channel, and is about half-way between Beaufort and the river Savannah: they had orders to prepare Huts, for the reception of the Colony, against they should lie there in their passage. From thence he went to Beaufort town, where he arrived about one o'clock in the morning, and was saluted with a discharge of all the Artillery, and had the new Barracks fitted up: where the Colony landed on the 20th day, and were in every respect, cheerfully assisted by Lieutenant Watts, Ensign Farrington, and the other officers of his Majesty's independent company, as also by Mr. Delabarr, and other gentlemen of the neighbourhood. While the Colony refreshed themselves there, Mr. Ogletho1pe went up the river, and chose a situation for a town, and entered into a treaty with Tomo Chachi, the Mico, or Chief of the only nation of Indians living near it. He returned on the 24th day, and they celebrated the Sunday following as a day of Thanksgiving for their safe arrival; and a sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr. Jones, (the Rev. Dr. Herbert, who came with the Colony, preaching that day at Beaufort town.) There was a great resort of the gentlemen of that neighbourhood and their families; and a plentiful dinner provided for the Colony, and all that carme, by Mr. Oglethorpe-being four fat hogs, eight turkeys, besides fowls, Engilish' beef, and other provisions, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, and a large quantity of wine; and all was disposed in so regular a manner, that no person was drunk, nor any disorder happened. On the 30th, the Colony embarked on board a sloop of seventy tons, and five Periaugers, and made sail, but were forced by a storm to put in at a place called the Look-out, and to lie there all night. The next day they arrived at John's, where they found huts capable to contain them all, and a plentiful supper of venison. They re-embarked the next day, and in the afternoon arrived at the place intended for the town. Being arrived, on the 1st of February, at the intended town, before night they erected four large tents, sufficient to hold all the people, being one for each tything. They landed their bedding and other little necessaries, and all the people lay on shore. The ground they encamped upon is the edge of the river where the Key is intended to be. Until the 7th was spent in making a Crane, and unlading the goods; which done, Mr. Oglethorpe divided the people; employing part in clearing the land for seed, part in beginning the palisade, and the remainder in felling of trees where the Town is to stand. Colonel Bull arrived here, with a message from the General Assembly to Mi. Oglethorpe, and a letter from his Excellency Governour Johnson and the Council, acquainting him that the two Houses, upon a conference, had agreed to give the Colonists all the assistance in their power. On the 9th day, Mr. Oglethorpe and Colonel Bull marked out the Square, the CHATHAM COUNTY. 321 Streets, and forty Lots for houses of the town; and the first House (which was ordered to be made of clap-boards) was begun that, day. The town lies on the south side of the river Savannah, upon a flat on the top of a hill, and sixty yards of it is reserved between it and the Key. The river washes the foot of the hill, which stretches along the side of it about a mile, and forms a terrace forty feet perpendicular above high water. From the Key, looking eastward, you may discover the river as far as the islands in the sea; and westward, one may see it wind through the woods above six miles. The river is one thousand feet wide; the water fresh, and deep enough for sloops of seventy tons to come up close to the side of the Key. The following is a copy of the Assembly's resolutions, in regard to the assistance to be given to Mr. Oglethorpe:The Committee of his Majesty's Honourable Council, appointed to confer with a Committee of the Lower House, on his Excellency's message relating to the arrival of the Hon. James Oglethorpe, Esq., reportThat agreeable to his Majesty's instructions to his Excellency, sent down together with the said message, we are unanimously of opinion that all due countenance and encouragement ought to be given to the settling of the Colony of Georgia. And for that end, your Committee apprehend it necessary that his Excellency be desired to give orders and directions that Capt. McPherson, together with fifteen of the Rangers, do forthwith repair to the new settlement of Georgia, to cover and protect Mr. Oglethorpe, and those under his care, from any insult that may be offered them by the Indians, and that they continue and abide there till the new settlers have enforted themselves, and for such further time as his Excellency may think it necessary. That the lieutenant and four men of the Appalachicola garrison be ordered to march to the Fort on Cambahee to join those of the Rangers that remain; and that the Commissary be ordered to find them with provision, as usual. That his Excellency will please to give directions that the scout-boat at Port Royal do attend the new settlers as often as his Excellency shall see occasion. That a present be given Mr. Oglethorpe for the new settlers of Georgia forthwith, of an hundred head of breeding cattle and five bulls, as also twenty breeding sows and four boars, with twenty barrels of good and merchantable rice; the whole to be delivered at the charge of the public, at such place in Georgia as Mr. Oglethorpe shall represent. That periaugers be provided at the charge of the public to attend Mr. Ogle thorpe at Port Royal, in order to carry the new settlers, arrived in the ship Anne, to Georgia, with their effects, and the artillery and ammunition now on board. That Colonel Bull be desired to go to Georgia with the Hon. James Oglethorpe, Esq., to aid him with his best advice and assistance in settling the place. On the 13th of January, 1732-3, the Governor of South Carolina published in the Charlestown newspaper the following advertisement. "Whereas I have lately received a power from the Trustees for establishing a Colony in that part of Carolina between the rivers Alatamaha and Savannah, 21 322 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. now granted by his Majesty's Charter to the said Trustees, by the name of the Province of Georgia, authorizing me to take and receive all such voluntary contributions as any of his Majesty's good subjects of this Province shall voluntarily contribute towards so good and charitable a work as the relieving poor and insolvent debtors, and settling, establishing, and assisting any poor Protestants, of what nation soever, as shall be willing to settle in the said Colony; and whereas the said intended settlement will, in all human appearance, be a great strengthening and security to this Province, as well as a charitable and pious work, and worthy to be encouraged by all pious and good Christians: I have therefore thought fit to publish and make known to all such pious and well-disposed persons as are willing to promote so good a work, that I have ordered and directed Mr. Jesse Badenhop to receive all such subscriptions or sums of money as shall be by them subscribed or paid in for the uses and purposes aforesaid; which sums of money (be they great or small) I promise them shall be faithfully remitted to the Trustees by the aforesaid charter appointed, together with the names of the subscribers, which will by them be published every year; or, if they desire their names to be kept secret, the names of the persons by whom they make the said subscriptions. "The piety and charity of so good an undertaking, I hope will be a sufficient inducement to every person to contribute something to a work so acceptable to God, as well as so advantageous to this Province. R. JOHNSON." A Copy of the Letter of the Governor and Council of South Carolina to Mr. OGLETHORPE. SIR-We cannot omit the first opportunity of congratulating you on your safe arrival in this Province, wishing you all imaginable success in your charitable and generous undertaking; in which we beg leave to assure you that any assistance we can give shall not be wanting in the promotion of the same. The General Assembly having come to the resolutions inclosed, we hope you will accept it as an instance of our sincere intentions to forward so good a work; and of our attachment to a person who has at all times so generously used his endeavours to relieve the poor, and deliver them out of their distress; in which you have hitherto been so successful, that we are persuaded this undertaking cannot fail under your prudent conduct, which we most heartily wish for. The Rangers and scout-boats are ordered to attend you as soon as possible. Colonel Bull, a gentleman of this Board, and who we esteem most capable to assist you in the settling of your new Colony, is desired to deliver you this, and to accompany you, and render you the best services he is capable of, and is one whose integrity you may very much depend on. We are, with the greatest respect and esteem, Sir, your most obedient, humble servants, ROBERT JOHNSON, JAMES KINLOCK, THOMAS BROUGHTON, JOHN FENWICKE, AL. MIDDLETON1 THOMAS WARING, A. SKEENE, J. HAMMERTON. FaA. YoUNGE, COUNCIL CHAMBER; 26th Jan., 1733. CHATHAM COUNTY. 323 Extract of a Letter from His Excellency ROBERT JOHNSON, Esq., Governor of South Carolina, to BENJAMIN MARTYN, Esq., Secretary to the Trustees, &c. CHARLESTOWN, Feb. 12, 1733. SIR-I have received the favour of yours, dated the 20th of October, and the duplicate of the 24th. I beg you will assure the Honourable Trustees of my humble respects, and that I will attach myself to render them and their laudable undertaking all the service in my power. Mr. Oglethorpe arrived here with his people, in good health, the 13th of January. I ordered him a pilot, and in ten hours he proceeded to Port Royal, where he arrived safe the 19th; and I understand from thence, that, after refreshing his people a little in our barracks, he, with all expedition, proceeded to Yamacraw, upon Savannah River, about twelve miles from the sea, where he designs to fix those he has brought with him. I do assure you, that upon the first news I had of this embarkation, I was not wanting in giving the necessary orders for their reception; and, being assisted at Port Royal, (although they were here almost as soon as we heard of their design of coming,) not knowing whether Mr. Oglethorpe designed directly there, or would touch here. I am informed he is mighty well satisfied with his reception there, and likes the country; and that he says things succeed beyond his expectation; but I have not yet received a letter from him since his being at Port Royal. Our General Assembly meeting three days after his departure, I moved to them their assisting this generous undertaking. Both Houses immediately came to the following resolution: That Mr. Oglethorpe should be furnished, at the public expense, with one hundred and four breeding cattle, twenty-five hogs, and twenty barrels of good rice; that boats should also be provided, at the public charge, to transport the people, provisions, and goods, from Port Royal to the place where he designed to settle; that the scout-boats and fifteen of our Rangers, (who are horsemen, and always kept in pay to discover the motions of the Indians,) should attend to Mr. Oglethorpe, and obey his commands, in order to protect the new settlers from any insults, which I think there is no danger of; and I have given the necessary advice and instructions to our out garrisons, and the Indians in friendship with us, that they may befriend and assist them. I have likewise prevailed on Colonel Bull, a member of the Council, and a gentleman of great probity and experience in the affairs of this Province, the nature of land, and the method of settling, and who is well acquainted with the manner of the Indians, to attend Mr. Oglethorpe to Georgia, with our compliments, and to offer him advice and assistance; and, had not our Assembly been sitting, I would have gone myself. I received the Trustees' commission, for the honour of which I beg you will thank them. I heartily wish all imaginable success to this good work, and am, Sir, Your most humble servant, ROBERT JOHNSON. P. S.-Since writing the above, I have had the pleasure of hearing from Mr. Oglethorpe, who gives me an account that his undertaking goes on very successfully. 324 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Effects received in America for the use of the Colony of Georgia at the times and from the several persons hereafter mentioned.* 1732. January.-Periaugers were provided at the charge of the public, pursuant to a resolution of the General Assembly of South Carolina, to carry the new settlers to Georgia, with their effects, and the artillery and ammunition on board the ship Anne, then at Port Royal. February.-Colonel Bull came to Savannah with four labourers, and assisted the colony for a month, he himself measuring the scantling and setting out the work for the sawyers, and giving the proportion of the houses; and also gave the work of his four servants for the said month. Capt. McPherson, with fifteen of the Rangers, pursuant to a resolution of the General Assembly of South Carolina, covered and protected the new settlers until they enforted themselves, and as they had occasion. The scout-boat at Port Royal attended the new settlers as occasion required, pursuant to a resolution of the General Assembly of South Carolina. Twenty barrels of rice were sent to the colony, by order of the said Assembly. Mr. Bellinger, at Purysburgh, by order of the said Assembly, delivered to the colony 58 cows, with their calves, and 4 bulls, making together 120 head of cattle. Mr. Whitaker and his friends sent the colony 100 head of cattle. Mr. St. Julian came to Savannah and stayed a month, directing the people in building their houses and other works. Mr. Barlow and Mr. Woodward came to Savannah to assist the new settlers. Mr. Hume gave a silver boat and spoon for the first child born in Georgia, which being born of Mrs. Close, were given accordingly. March.-Mr. Joseph Bryan himself, with four of his sawyers, gave two months7 work to the colony. The inhabitants of Edistow sent sixteen sheep to the colony. Mr. Barnwell sent four sheep to the colony. Mr. Hammerton gave a drum. Colonel Bull came to Savannah with several of his relations, and sixteen servants belonging to himself and family, while Mr. Oglethorpe was at Charlestown, and gave a month's work. 1733. April.-Captain Odingsell and Mr. Grimball sent four sawyers for fourteen days, and gave their work to the colony. Mr. Thomas Drayton sent a pair of sawyers, and Mrs. Anne Drayton sent two pair of sawyers in the colony one month; their labour, valued at ~60 South Carolina currency, was part of the subscription in St. Andrew's Parish. May.-Mr. Whitaker and his friends gave fifty head of cattle to the colony. July.-Colonel Bull and Mr. Bryan came to Savannah to assist, with twenty servants, whose labour they gave to the colony. 1734. April.-Captain Odingsell and the other inhabitants of Edistow gave fifty more head of cattle. His Excellency Robert Johnson, Esq., gave the colony seven horses, value ~25 South Carolina currency each.' Extract from a report of the Committee appointed to examine into the proceedings of the people of Georgia with respect to the Province of South Carolina, and the disputes subsisting between the two colonies. Charlestown: Printed by Lewis Timothy. 1737. CHATHAM COUNTY. 325 Knowing it to be important to obtain the consent of the Indians to the settlement of his colony, Oglethorpe sought an interview with Tomo Chachi, the Mico, or Chief, of a small tribe who resided at a place called Yamacraw, three miles up the river. By means of an Indian woman named Musgrove, who had married a Carolina trader, and who understood the English language, he was able to communicate with the Indians. A general meeting of the chiefs was called at Savannah, at which Oglethorpe informed them that the English had no intention of dispossessing the natives of their land, &c. Presents were distributed, and a treaty of peace and amity was entered into. TOMO CHACHI, fAico, or King, of Yamacraw; and his nephew, TOOANAIIOW1, son of his brother, King of Etiahitas, Painted by Verilst. Engraved at Augsburgh by J. J. Kleinsmnidt, after the London original. Oglethorpe carried both to England, where the above portraits were painted. Ton0o CaIACHI died in 1739, aged 97, and was buried in Court-House Square, at Savannah. On the 7th of May, 1734, General Oglethorpe set sail for England, accompanied by Tomo Chachi and Scenawki, his wife, and Tooanahowi, his nephew; by Hillispilli, the war chief, Apakowlski, Stimalchi, Sinlouchi, and Hinguithi, five chiefs of the Creek Nation; and by Umphichi, a chief from Palachocolas, with their interpreter. 326 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The following is an account of their visit, extracted from an English periodical: August 1.-This day at one o'clock, Sir Clement Cotterel, attended by three of his Majesty's coaches, with six horses each, came to the Trustees' Office, for Georgia, in Old Palace Yard, and proceeded from thence with the Indian King, Queen, and Chiefs, and the interpreter, to Kensington Palace, where his Majesty received him seated on his throne in the Presence Chamber; and Tomo Chachi, Mico or King of Yamacraw, made the following speech:"This day I see the majesty of your face, the greatness of your house, and the number of your people. I am come for the good of the whole nation, called the Creeks, to renew the peace which long ago they had with the English; I am come over in my old days. Though I cannot live to see any advantage to myself, 1 am come for the good of the children of all the nations of the Upper and of the Lower Creeks, that they may be instructed in the knowledge of the English. These are the feathers of the eagle, which is the swiftest of birds, and who flieth all round our nations. These feathers are a sign of peace in our land, and have been carried from town to town there; and we have brought them over to leave with you, 0 great King, as a sign of everlasting peace. "0 great King, whatsoever words you shall say unto me, I will tell faithfully to all the kings of the Creek nations." To which his Majesty gave this answer:'I am glad of this opportunity of assuring you of my regard for the people from whom you came, and am extremely well pleased with the assurances you have brought me from them, and accept very graciously this present, as an indication of their good disposition to me and my people. I shall always be ready to cultivate a good correspondence between them and my own subjects, and shall be glad of any occasion to show you a mark of my particular friendship and esteem." They were afterwards introduced to her Majesty, to whom Tomo Chachi made the following speech:I am glad to see this day, and the opportunity of seeing the mother of this great people. "As our people are joined with your Majesty's, we do humbly hope to find you the common mother and the protectress of us and all our children." To which her Majesty returned a most gracious answer. They were very importunate to appear at Court in the manner they go in their own country, which is only with a proper covering round their waist, all the rest of their body being naked; but Mr. Oglethorpe, whom they reverence as their father, recommending to them the dress they have at present, they declined any further solicitations. Their faces were painted in a surprising manner, some haif black, others triangular, and others with bearded arrows instead of whiskers. Tomo Chachi, the Chief, and Scenawki, his wife had on scarlet garments, adorned with fur and gold lace; two others were in blue, and three more in yellow, with fur. All of them wore their own Indian shoes and boots, and had their heads dressed with feathers. CHATHAM COUNTY. 327 August 2.-This night, died at his apartments in Little Ambrey, Westminster, one of the Indian Chiefs, brother to the queen. The particular manner of burying him in the burying-ground of St. John the Evangelist, in the Horse Ferry Road, according to the custom of the Kings and inhabitants of Karakee Creeks, was as follows, viz.: the deceased being sewed up in two blankets, with one deal board under and another over him, and tied down with a cord, was placed upon a bier, and carried to the place of interment. There were only present, at the time of his being put into the grave, the Emperor Tome, some of his domestics, the Upper Churchwarden of the Parish, and the grave-digger. When the corpse was laid in the earth, without any rites or ceremony, the cloths of the deceased were thrown into the grave; after this a quantity of glass beads were cast in, and then some pieces of silver. For the custom of these Indians is to bury all their effects with them. August 17.-The Archbishop of Canterbury sent his barge to wait on Tome Chachi, Mico, or King of Yamacraw, and the rest of the Indians, in which they went to Putney, being engaged to dine at Lady Dutry's, where they were entertained in a very handsome manner. Tomo Chachi made a compliment to Lady Dutry, on his taking leave of her, in which he said could he but speak English he could tell her the thoughts of his heart, and how sensibly he was touched with the noble reception she had given him, and was much more pleased at being able to see and thank her for having assisted in sending the white people to Georgia. They next waited on his Grace the Archbishop, at Lambeth, who received them with the utmost kindness, and expressed his fatherly concern for the ignorance they were in with respect to Christianity; his strong desire for their instruction, and great satisfaction at the probability of the door being now opened towards it. His Grace, notwithstanding his present weakness, would stand up; the Mico perceiving it to be uneasy to him, insisted upon his sitting down, which his Grace excusing the Mico omitted speaking what he intended, and only desired his Grace's blessing, acquainting him that what he had further to say he would speak to the Rev. Dr. Lynch, his Grace's son-in-law; and then withdrew. He had a conference with the Rev. Dr. Lynch, and expressed his great satisfaction at the venerable appearance of his Grace, and the tenderness he expressed towards him. After the Mico returned, he showed great joy, believing some good persons would be sent to them to instruct their youth. September 16.-The Indians from Georgia went to Eaton College, and were received by Dr. George, Dr. Berriman, and the rest of the Fellows present; they went into the school-room, among the scholars, where Tomo Chachi begged them an holiday, desiring it might be when the Dr. thought most proper, which caused a general huzza in the school. They were shown the several apartments in this College, and afterwards went to Windsor, where they were kindly received, and after having seen the royal apartments there, went to St. George's Chapel, where the Prebendaries present named Dr. Maynard to compliment the Mico from the Dean and Chapter. They went to Hampton Court the next day, saw the royal apartments there, and walked in the gardens, where was a great concourse of people to see them. November 1.-On the 30th past Tomo Chachi, Mico, or King of Yamacraw, 328 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and his Queen, Scenawki, Tooanahowi, and his other Indian Chiefs, set out in one of the King's coaches for Gravesend, where they arrived the same day, and the next day went on board the Prince of Wales, bound for Georgia. They expressed great satisfaction at the treatment they had met with in England, and at the power and greatness of the King and nation. They were mighty desirous of returning to their own country, and at the same time showed a great deal of tenderness at parting with Mr. Oglethorpe, who took leave of them on board the ship. The Mico, among other things, said that he would show his gratitude to the King of England for all the favours he had received here, by loving and assisting the English people in Georgia. The ship set sail a little after midnight, with a fair wind. The Saltzburghers were on board the same ship, as also some English gentlemen with foreign servants, who intend to settle in Georgia. The Trustees encourage the people to take foreigners for servants, since thereby the King's subjects are increased, and no labouring hands are taken from England. About this time a company of forty Israelites landed in Savannah. Reference is made to them in the minutes of the Trustees, from which the following extracts are given:PALACE COURT-Septemnber 21, 1732.-Commissions were desired by Thomas Frederick, Mr. Anthony da Costa, Fiancis Salvador, and Alvaro Lopez Suaso, to take subscriptions and collect money for the purposes of the Charter.-Granted. January 31, 1732-3.-Ordered, That the Secretary do wait upon Mr. Salvador, Suaso, and Costa, with the following message in writing:Whereas, commissions were granted to the said persons to collect such moneys as should be contributed for establishing the Colony of Georgia, in America, and to transmit the same to the Trustees, by them to be applied to the purposes in their charter mentioned; and the Trustees being informed that certain expectations have from thence been raised, contrary to their intentions, which may be of ill consequence to their said designs: therefore, to obviate any difficulty that may attend the same, they desire the said persons will redeliver to Mr. Martyn, their Secretary, the said commissions. February 7, 1732-3.-Secretary acquainted the Board that he had waited upon the above persons. December, 1733.-Ordered, That the Secretary do wait on Messrs. Lopez Suaso, &c., with the following message in writing:Whe'reas, a message, dated January 31, 1732-3, was sent for the redelivery of their commissions, with which they did not think proper to comply, and which, on the said refusal, were vacated by the Trustees; and whereas, the Trustees are informed that, by moneys raisedby virtue of their commissions, which moneys ought to have been transmitted to the Trustees, certain Jews have been sent to Georgia, contrary to the intentions of the Trustees, and which may be of ill consequence to the colony: the Trustees do hereby require the said persons to immediately redeliver to Mr. Martyn, their Secretary, the said commissions, and to render an account in writing to the Trustees of what moneys have been raised by virtue thereof, and if they refuse to comply with this demand, that then the Trustees will think themselves obliged not only to advertise the world of the demand and refusal of the said persons to deliver the commissions and accounts, CHATHAM COUNTY. 329 and of the misapplication before mentioned, in order to prevent any further impositions on his Majesty's subjects, under pretence of an authority granted by those vacated commissions, but likewise to recover these commissions, and demand an account of the moneys collected, in such manner as their Council shall advise. December 29, 1733.-Read a letter from Lopez in answer to the message, and Secretary ordered to deliver the message. The Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America received a letter from said persons, in answer to a message sent for their commissions, which letter does not appear satisfactory to the said Trustees; they think themselves obliged not only to insist on the redelivery of their commissions, but as they cannot conceive but the settling of Jews in Georgia will be prejudicial to the colony, and as some have been sent without the knowledge of the Trustees, the Trustees do likewise require that the said persons, or whoever else may have been concerned in sending them over, to use their utmost endeavours that the said Jews be removed from the Colony of Georgia, as the best and only satisfaction they can give to the Trustees for such an indignity offered to gentlemen acting under his Majesty's charter. January 19.-The Secretary acquainted the Trustees that he had called upon said persons, and delivered to the Board their commissions. The remains of Whitefield's Orphan House are about nine miles from Savannah. The following account of the Orphan House is taken from a pamphlet printed in the year 1746, entitled, " A Brief Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present Situation of the Orphan House in Georgia," in a letter to a friend, by George Whitefield, A. B., late of Pembroke College, Oxon:ROMANS xii. 17-" Provide things honest in the sight of all men." BETHESDA, IN GEORGIA, iMarch 21, 1745-6. Some have thought that the erecting such a building was only the produce of my own brain; but they are much mistaken; for it was first proposed to me by my dear friend, the Rev. Mr. Charles Wesley, who, with his excellency General Oglethorpe, had concerted a scheme for carrying on such a design before I had any thoughts of going abroad myself. It was natural to think that as the Government intended this Province for the refuge and support of many of our poor countrymen, that numbers of such adventurers must necessarily be taken off, by being exposed to the hardships which unavoidably attend a new settlement. I thought it, therefore, a noble design in the General to erect a house for fatherless children; and believing such a provision for orphans would be some inducement with many to come over, I fell in with the design, when mentioned to me by my friend, and was resolved, in the strength of God, to prosecute it with all my might. This was mentioned to the honourable the Trustees. They took itkindly at my hands, and as I then began to be pretty popular at Bristol and elsewhere, they wrote to the Bishop of Bath and Wells for leave for me to preach a charity sermon on this occasion in the Abbey Church. This was granted, and I accordingly began immediately to compose a suitable discourse. 330 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. But knowing my first stay at Georgia would necessarily be short, on account of my returning again to take Priest's orders, I thought it most prudent first to go and- see for myself, and defer prosecuting the scheme till I came home. When I came to Georgia, I found many poor orphans who, though taken notice of by the Honourable Trustees, yet, through the neglect of persons that acted under them, were in miserable circumstances. For want of a house to breed them up in, the poor little ones were tabled out here and there; others were at hard services, and likely to have no education at all. Upon seeing this, and finding that his Majesty and Parliament had the interest of the colony much at heart, I thought I could not better show my regard to God and my country than by getting a house and land for these children, where they might learn to labour, read and write, and at the same time be brought up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. Accordingly, at my return to England, in the year 1738, to take Priest's orders, I applied to the Honourable Society for a grant of five hundred acres of land, and laid myself under an obligation to build a house upon it, and to receive from time to time as many orphans as the land and stock would maintain. As I had always acted like a clergyman of the Church of England, having preached in a good part of the London churches, and but a few months before collected near a thousand pounds sterling for the children belonging to the Charity Schools in London and Westminster, it was natural to think that I might now have the use at least of some of these churches to preach in for the orphans, hereafter more immediately to be committed to my care. But by that time I had taken Priest's orders, the spirit of the clergy began to be much embittered. Churches were gradually denied me-and I must let this good design drop, and thousands (and I might add ten thousands) go without hearing the word of God, or preach in the fields. Indeed, two churches, one in London, viz., Spitalfields, and one in Bristol, viz., St. Philip's and Jacob, were lent me upon this occasion, but those were all. I collected for the Orphan House in Moorfields two-and-fifty pounds one Sabbath day morning, twenty-two pounds of which were in copper. In the afternoon I collected again at Kennington Common, and continued to do so at most of the places where I preached. Besides this, two or three of the Bishops and several persons of distinction contributed, until at length, having gotten about a thousand and ten pounds, I gave over collecting, and went with what I had to Georgia. At that time multitudes offered to accompany me; but I chose to take over only a surgeon and a few more of both sexes, that [ thought would be useful in carrying on my design. My dear fellow-traveller, William Seward, Esq., also joined with them. Our first voyage was to Philadelphia, where I was willing to go for the sake of laying in provision. I laid out in London a good part of the thousand pounds for goods, and got as much by them in Philadelphia as nearly defrayed the family's expense of coming over. Here God blessed my ministry daily.. January following, 1739, I met my family at Georgia, and being unwilling to lose any time, I hired a large house and took in all the orphans I could find in the colony. A great many, also, of the townls children came to school gratis, and many poor people that could not maintain their children, upon application had leave given them to send their little ones, for a month or two, or more as they could spare them, till at length my family consisted of between sixty and CHATHAM COUNTY. 331 seventy. Most of the orphans were in poor case; and three or four almost eat up with lice. I likewise erected an infirmary, in which many sick people were cured and taken care of gratis. I have now by me a list of upwards of a hundred and thirty patients, which were under the surgeon's hands, exclusive of my own private family. About March I began the great house, having only about one hundred and fifty pounds in cash. I called it Bethesda, because I hoped it would be a house of mercy to many souls. Many boys have been put out to trades, and many girls put out to service. I had the pleasure the other day of seeing three boys work at the house in which they were bred, one of them out of his time, a journeyman, and the others serving under their masters. One that I brought from New-England is handsomely settled in Carolina; and another fiom Philadelphia is married, and lives very comfortably in Savannah. We have lately begun to use the plough; and next year I hope to have many acres of good oats and barley. We have near twenty sheep and lambs, fifty head of cattle, and seven horses. We hope to kill a thousand weight of pork this season. Our garden is very beautiful, furnishes us with all sorts of greens, &c., &c. We have plenty of milk, eggs, poultry, and make a good deal of butter weekly. A good quantity of wool and cotton have been given me, and we hope to have sufficient spun and wove for the next winter's clothing. If the vines hit, we may expect two or three hogsheads of wine out of the vineyard. The family now consists of twentysix persons. Two of the orphan boys are blind, one is little better than an idiot. I have two women to take care of the household work, and three men and two boys employed about the plantation and cattle. A set of Dutch servants has been lately sent over. The magistrates were pleased to give me two; and I took in a poor widow, aged near seventy, whom nobody else cared to have. A valuable young man from New-England is my schoolmaster, and in my absence performs duty in the family. On Sabbaths the grown people attend on public worship at Savannah, or at White Bluff, a village near Bethesda, where a Dutch minister officiates. The house is a noble, commodious building, and everything sweetly adapted for bringing up youth. Georgia is very healthy; not above one, and that a little child, has died out of our family since it removed to Bethesda. AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORPHANS AND CHILDREN THAT HAVE BEEN MAINTAINED AND EDUCATED AT, AND ARE NOW IN THE ORPHAN-HOUSE, AT GEORGIA. Children's Names. Persons from whom they Former Place A,-ni.Twhmadterplcofbd. Children's Names. pe nwere taken. of abode. e Age. Taken in Placed out. To whomand their place of abode. 1 Richard Warren......... nder the care of Mrs Savannah..... 12 years. 18th January, 1739, 40. 22d August, 1744.... James Habersham, Savannah, merchant. IGoldwire. e' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bound by the magistrates of Savannah to 2 William Feaster.. Michael Burghalter. Hampstead... 11 " 29th January.. 27th February, 1744.. the Orphan-house, to learn husbandry. 3 JohnFeaster............. do...........do...... 10 do.......... January, 1744... Mr. Thoms Baily, blacksmith, at Sa-a 4 ichardMillidge....... John Millidge, his brother... Savannah. 13 19th January, 1739.... 10th April, 1740..... eu d his brother. - Since putto Richard Millidge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J. Papott, carpenter, at Savannah. 3 Peter Tondee. Mr. Henry Parker. -do...16 1st February, 1739.... 19th December, 1740.. James Papott, at Savannah: carpenter. 6 Charles Tondee. do.........do...... 10......... do.......... 7th June, 1741. Thomas Baily, at Savannah blacksmith. Q ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Joseph Hunter, now at Savannah:. apoth7 William Riley. Mr. John Fallowfield........ do...... 14 16th February, 1739... 26th Decembel, 1740.. ecary and surgeon. z 8 John Riley. Mr. Patrick Houstoun. do. 13 3d March, 1739, 40.... 21st August, 1744....William Grant, mariner. 9 William Mackay. ev. Mr. McCleod's care.... Darien in Geo. 10 28th February, 1739... January, 1744, 5. Thomas Salter, at Savannah bricklayer. 4 10 John Mackay. do.do...... 8......... do.......... January, 1745, 6. James Papott, at Savannah: carpenter V4! (A Georgia orphan, though) s 11 John More.......... - putrinby somebody into } 6 20th March, 1739, 40... do. John Teasdale, at Savannah: tailor. O ( Charlestown workhouse) 12 Marmaduke Cannon. Mr. Thomas Causton.... Savannah. 16 15th May, 1740.... March, 1740, 41. Joseph Wardrope, at Savannah: carpenter. -. 13 Joseph Bodett. Mr. Jonathan Bryan. South Carolina 29th April,. 1740. 23d October, 1742..... Was accidentally smothered in a sand-pit. 5 14 Thomas Bodett.................o...............do............... do.......... December, 145, Taken away by Mr. J. Bryan, to be,Z 4Toa oet)od oDeebr 73 placed to a trade in S. Carolina. E-i 15 James Gallache Their mother died in the Or- Purssburgh { 11 8th March, 1739, 40.... March, 1744,5. James Papott, carpenter, at Savannah. W 16 John Gallache 3- phbn-house infirmary, 1740. 8. do.......... December, 1745....Mr. William Russell, at Savannah.. 17 Francis Piang. Piang.......do.. 10th November, 1744.. 1746..... Mr. John Doble, at Savannah. 18 Thomas Searson......... 191Charles Mellichamp..... 19 Caharle Melea pIThomas Young, bricklayer, at the In1dian 20Nathaniel Young.. Isaac Young, his brother.... Savannah.....17 " May, 1743.December, 1745....... land, S. Carolina. 21 John Young... o.do...... September, 1744. do.. Returned to his brother, at Savannah. 22 Lewis Pang.S on of- Pang. Purisburgh... 5 10th November, 1774.. 1745.... Returned to his father-in-law, at Savannah Former place of Ae To whom, and their place of abode. co Children's Names. Persons from whom they were takn.Age. Taken in. From Fort Argyle, in Georgia. Parents died 1 FortArgye. 6years. 11th Febrary, 39 Now inthe house... 23 Jeremiah Sleighterman.. 11th February, 1739... Nein the house.. 24 Ely Dupree............. o parents living............. Savannah........ 7 mos. 1st February, 1739.... Now in the house... 25 John Gallaway......... Son of James Gallaway, deceased......................... do........4 6th April, 1740......... Now in the house.,i ^ ~ mosri A r~ 1 7 4 0........ l( Is in te n d e d fo r a sch o o lm a ste r, an d n o w 26 Nathaniel Polhill........ Mrs. Goldwire...........do 9 years.... April............1740..do........ assists in teaching, being of a good 26} 95Year Arl1..genius, and lame in one of his arms. 27 Peter Netemant......... James Richards............... ~ Purisburgh.......5 6th September, 1742... Now in the house.. 28 Lewis Netemant............... do...................................... do 4mos........... Nowinthehouse. 29 William Lemon......... Elisabeth, his sister....Chrlestown...... 11 years. 19th Jne, 1743...... Now in the house. 30 Henry Manse, who th Under the cre of his brother-in-law.............. Georgia....... 11 " 1st April, 1743..... Now in the house. 31 John Lewis ymer, Under the care of Mr. Mallett.................... Purisburgh....... 16 20th June, 1743....... Now in the house. blind Hu6 years.. His mother died at Frederica, and his father left 4 " December, 1745....* Now in the house. 832 Hnugh Mackay... said place and has not been heard of since.. ~ 33 Philip Alman............ Came in with the late German servants........... 8 January, 1745, 6....... Now in the houseo FEMALE ORPHANS. Chilren's Naes. Personsfrom whomthey Former place Age. Taken in. Placed out. To whom, and their place of abode. were taken. of abode. a Went out to service to one of the magis34 Elisabeth Warren..... Mrs. Sarah Goldwire........ Savannah..... 10 years. 18th January, 1739.... January, 1745, 6. trates of Savannah. 35 Elisabeth Feaster.. Michael Burghalter Hampstead... 13 " 29th January, 1739....- January, 1745......... " " to Mr. Hunter in " 6 Frances Millidge. John Millidge, her brother... Savannah..... 12 " 9th January, 1739.... 10th April, 1740....... Returned to her brother in Savannah c Went with and returned with Mr. Whitefield from 37 AnnClarke............. Peter Joubert, in Savannah.. 14 " 11llth February, 1739, 40 Engd, and was put out to service ts Mr. Ha37 Ann Clarke. Peter Joubert, in h - - - 14 llth February, 1T39, 40 bersehm, in Savannah 4eryinfirm, and ttken intothein- Married to Anthony Gautier, the garden38 Jane Dupree........ fiary from Purisburg, whereo 19 " 16th June, 1740....... November, 1744 er. at Bethesda, now in Savannah. she continued three years.. now in tehu. 39 Rachel Mackay.. Rev....... Mr. Mled's care; then Darien 12 28th February, 1739... Nowinthe house. 40 Margaret Mackay. 510 5 - - - -9 ". do. Now in the house. 40 Margaret Mackay.................... y LandrHer parents died at High " 3 10th March, 1742, 3.... Now in the house. 41 Mary Landree...... - Gate, near Savannah.. Etured to Mr. MCleod, now at diJane Mackay k Rev. Mr. McCleod's care..... " 16th September, 1746.. to, S.. N. B.-A person made a present of an indented servant, who. served the Orphan-house 3 years in consideration of the above child.. _~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~sre th. r.ihos _.er i o POOR BOYS, THAT HAD FATHERS OR MOTHERS, OR BOTH. Children's Names. Persons from whom they were taken. Age. Taken in. Placed out. To whom, and their place of abode. P Returned to his father, being very indirm, 43John Curtis. Son of - Curtis, S. Carolina. 8 years. 7th January, 1739, 40.... 19th September, 1741.. t assist him. 44!Benjamin Jones J Sons of - Jones, at the Indian land, 15 25th December, 1739,40.. 28th December, 1740, 1 Returned to their father, to be placed 45 Jeremiah Jones f S. Carolina........... $ 11.......... do. 12th February, 1741, 2.. I out at trades. 46;lJohn Clarke 4Sons of Judith Cross, widow, in Sa-10 ". d. Jn,74. Reuedtthimoer ~ 47ipt~rS^^**t**o**{sovnasnn^^^^^^ "........0 do......... June, 1740..........eturned to their mother. ti 47jPeter Clarke fvannahb. ---- | 48 William Bradley. Son of Wm. Bradley, of Savannah 21st January, 1739, 40... 23d November, 1741.... | Reurned to his father, then in S. Caro49 John Momford. Son of- Momford. Pk 0 50 John Landree. Son of- Landree.... 51 John MoreL...... Son of Peter Morell, at Savannah 17th September......... 1740. eturned to his parents. 0 6"1tMrh17940 Otbr170Returned to his mother and since bound 52 Henry Deane....... Son of Lydia Deane, widow, in Savannah. 6 t 1st March, 1739, 40 October, 1740 h ~ 53 LacklanMcIntosh.......Son of - McIntosh, Darien. 13 28th February, 1739, 40.. 26th April, 1742. Was orderdh g r e lan Mc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ntosh ~~~~~~~~~~~~iment at Frederica, being a cadet there. A 54 Peter Francis Grenier Son of Mary Grenier, widow, in Purisburgh 6 " 3d March, 1739, 40. 6th July, 1745.. eturedt his mother, to he placed out Peter Francis Grenier ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to a trade. ~ 55 Charles Story...... Son of- Story, Indian land, S. C. 13 do........... July, 1745 Reunedtoi ^ 56 Edward Addison. Son of Edward Addison, Frederica. 6 " 10th April, 1740......... 24th November, 1740... f took him away when he left 57 Son of Isaac Gibbs, widower, at Aber- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Ithecolony3 57 Philip Gibbs.... corn oGeoria.. w a " 7th April, 1740. April, 1742.R eturned to his father. 0 E., 58 Peter Mackay Sons of John Bean Mackay; now at 13 " May, 1740. February, 1744,5.. A bricklayer in Charlestown. r 59 Daniel Mackay Darien. 12 do. July, 1745. Thomas Salter, bricklayer, in Savannah. 60 Joseph Avery.......... Son of Joseph Avery, Savannah. 10 " July, 1740.March, 1740,1. R Eeturned to his parentsHis mother took him away with her 61 John Proctor............ Son of - Proctor, widow, at Frederica.. 8 " 13th October, 1740.... 10th July, 1742.. when she fled from the Spaniards, the time they invaded Frederica. Returned to his mother, and soon after 62Robert Burney..........Son of Mary Burney, widow. 5 " 30th January, 1740, 1.... 20th November, 1745... b oto thtr ofajoinr'Son of a very por, helpless wiow " July, 17416th July, 1745. ibnce bound to ah potraer.ajinr 63 Henry Gosman,...... Son of'very poor, helpless widow, at 1 ~ July,1741 6th july 1745 4 Returned to his mother, to keep her;' ( Purisburgh.................... u, - j........oatuy J<..... since bound to a potter. J sepClrkeSons.... Son of- Clarke, a poor man, at 2 Taken away by their father; he urging 5 Richad Cl r Tyee.arke1 June 13, 1748. 15thFebruary, 1745.... that he wa now in a capacity to main co | | Children's Names. Persons from whom they were taken. Age. Taken in. Placed out. To whom, and their place of abode.::'G ge Dl- all.... Son of -- Deliarall Scull Creek, S. 1 July, I1 Returned to his relations the ~at ion: h: 6Geoge Dellagall.... C.: his relationsset him clothing.. 13 years 30th January, 1740,1.. 11th July, 1742... time ofSpanish alarm it~JinarT, / ct maze>, ol! (Sonsof Richard Hazelton, at Bransdow, I 13,............ S. Carolina, who sent them clothingr June, 1740.2th July, w42 n eat Savan t 768'Barrid GJ lbert and so Jame provision............... 6Jonunae TheiMar mother and father desoerteandAnn the 11 21st..........26thDecember, 1739, 40 ASrnsti 1741. Wlla as b Shava. a 70 Thomas Kundalton I Province..16dead. t March, 139, 40.... 1745 * | sit her ed| | OMary Becue......... Daught er of Giles and Ann Becuerch......... 174 9. st, IT4 0...... Returned tohe parents. | *S w5 qa ~ - John Starkeah bricklayr Daughter of Elisabeth then 85 Margaret ntrobus Daghter of Thomas Antrobus, an. Went to sevCaptain William 71 MaryAntrobus aged man in the house 1 March, 1739, 40....11th August, 1742. Grant, mariner a e 3286 Margary Mo uset — _...,,.., | o! Daughi ters of 6aos y D anutchea, 1Twi4d6ow. 174 5, 6........ iReturned to her mother, to E 0 - T21 _________ _ ________ __ __ ____ ____! _____ _ _____) Ma e.,to serv ice r3cMary Mouse f...... Daughters of..................... March, 1739,40 go to service. 73 Lucyoue atSavannah.. 6 September, 1745 ri av Went to service at Savannah.. Mal~ry. Momford I Daughter of - Momford, at High } Gate, near Savannah.February, 1739, 40 July, 1745 eturned to her parents... 75 Ann McIntosh...... Daughter of- McIntosh, at Darien....- 3 do.......... September, 1742.. do, o ~ ~ 0 Daughter of James and Barbary Mack — }[~.''6]Jane Mack-ay....... ~ ay: the said James since killed at 12 do. October, 1743 do ca n accc ac,TT[Mary Bolton Daughters of Robert and Ann Bolton, of 16 do...... 26thDecember,1740 TS Rebecca Bolton Philadelphia: said Robert since dead. 10.........February, - s e o Daughter of John and Mary Grah14 nts leaving the 79 Mary Graham.............. 11 of Sayaunah May, 1740. December, Province, took her away. ~:.: ~ 80 Mary Becue.. DauerofGilesandAnnBecue...... 9 June, 1740. August, 1740. Returned to her parents. o C a -'a 81 Elisabeth Pitts. Of Boston. Married to a considerable. fa........ person in u Carolina. a W' 82Mary..........ey Daughter of Mary Burney; then in the Went with her mother to -: 82hryBurey. Dughter of MaryBurney;theni 4 30th January, 1740, 1.. May, 1744.... house4S. Carolina.;- C: -C a+ Daughter of Elisabeth Raynor; then.!a::: SarahRayor............ 83arah an.......an assistant in the house.......-... Went to service..e ~ Ant..obus Daughter of Thomas Antrobus; then 86 Margaret fnoro - us yr. I t 85 Margaret in the Orphan-house..... Daughter of a Dutch widow; indented 86 Margaret for fouryears 6 mos. January, 1745, 6...;Now in the house o. 336 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Thunderbolt is five miles southeast of Savannah. According to General Oglethorpe's account of Carolina and Georgia, this place received its name " from the fall of a thunderbolt, and a spring thereupon arose in that place, which still smells of the bolt." Beaulieu, about twelve miles from Savannah, was formerly the residence of Colonel William Stephens, celebrated in the early history of the State. Bonaventure is four miles from Savannah, known as the seat of Governor Tattnall, one among the most lovely spots in the world. Brewton's Hill, now the property of Dr. Screven, was the place where a portion of the British landed preparatory to their attack upon Savannah in 1778. At Gibbons' plantation, seven or eight miles from Savannah, a battle occurred in 1782, between General Wayne and a body of Creek Indians, commanded by Guristersigo. The Indians fought with much spirit, but finally were compelled to fly, leaving Guristersigo and seventeen of his warriors dead upon the field. Cherokee Hill, eight miles from Savannah, Hutcheson's Island, opposite to the city, and many other places in this county, are associated with Revolutionary incidents. UNITED STATES FORTIFICATIONS IN SAVANNAH RIVER.-Fort Pulaski is situated upon Cockspur Island, fourteen miles from the city. The site was selected by Major Babcock, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, about twenty years ago, but it was not until 1831 that the work was commenced in earnest. In that year, Captain Mansfield (now Colonel Mansfield, of the U. S. Engineer Corps) took charge of its erection. The entire cost of the work was near a million of dollars, and was nearly sixteen years in construction. It has been pronounced by competent judges to be one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the continent. Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is situated on the south side of the river, about three miles from the city. Jasper Spring, which is about two miles from Savannah, and just within the edge of a forest of oaks and gums, derives its name from the following incident:Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah for trial, Sergeant Jasper determined to release them at all hazards. With Sergeant Newton as his companion, at this spring, about thirty yards from the main road, he waited the arrival of the prisoners. When the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal, and eight men, and the prisoners in irons, stopped to refresh themselves at the spring, two of the guard only remained wvith the captives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprung from their hiding-place, seized the guns, and shot down the two sentinels. The remaining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to recover their guns, by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners were CHATHAM COUNTY. 337 releaased, and Jasper and Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah River and joined the army at Purysburg. In the disastrous siege of Savannah, the gallant Jasper lost his life. Shortly after the battle of Fort Moultrie, the lady of Colonel Bernard Elliott presented an elegant pair of colours to the Second Regiment, to which Jasper was attached. Her address on the occasion concluded thus: "I make not the least doubt, under Heaven's protection, you will stand by these colours so long as they wave in the air of liberty." In reply, a promise was made that they should be honourably supported, and never should be tarnished by the Second Regiment. This engagement was literally fulfilled. Three years after they were planted on the British lines at Savannah. One by Lieutenant Bush, who was immediately shot down. Lieutenant Hume, in the act of planting his, was also shot down; and Lieutenant Gray, in supporting them, received a mortal wound; and while Jasper was in the act of replacing them, he received a death-shot. An officer called to see him, to whom he thus spoke: "I have got my furlough. That sword was presented to me by Governor Rutledge, for my services in the defence of Fort Moultrie; give it to my father, and tell him that I have worn it with honour. If he should weep, tell him his son died in the hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott that I lost my life supporting the colours which she presented to our regiment. If you should ever see Jones, his wife and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remembrance of the battle which he fought for them brought a secret joy to his heart, when it was about to stop its motion for ever." Savannah was taken by the English in 1779. The following is the English account of the reduction of Savannah in 1779, contained in a letter addressed by Colonel Campbell to Lord George Germain, dated Savannah, January 16, 1779:In consequence of orders from Sir Henry Clinton, to proceed to Georgia with his Majesty's 71st. Regiment of foot, two battalions of Hessians'four battalions of Provincials, and a detachment of the Royal Artillery, Colonel Archibald Campbell embarked at Sandy Hook on the 27th November. 1778, and arrived off the Island of Tybee on the 23d December, escorted by a squadron under the command of Commodore Parker. On the 24th, the greatest part of the transports got over the bar and anchored in Savannah River. On the 27th, the balance of Commodore Parker's fleet joined him. During the time occupied in bringing the last division of the fleet over the bar, from the provincial battalions, were formed two corps of light infantry, the one to be attached to Sir James Baird's light company of the 71st Highlanders, the other to Captain Cameron's company of the same regiment. Having no intelligence that could be depended upon with respect to the military force of Georgia, or the dispositions formed for its defence, Sir J.ames Baird's Highland company of light infantry, in two flat-boats, with Lieutenant Clarke, of the Navy, was dispatched in the night of the 25th, to seize any of the inhabit, ants they might find on the banks of Wilmington River. Two men were taken, from whom the enemy derived information which they considered satisfactory, and 22 338 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. induced them to resolve to land the troops the next evening at the plantation of Mr. Gerredeaux, twelve miles further up the river, and. two miles from the town of Savannah. The Vigilant man-of-war, with the Comet galley, the Keppel armed brig, and the Greenwich armed sloop, followed by the transports in three divisions, in the order established for a descent, proceeded up the river with the tidey at noon. About four o'clock in the evening the Vigilant opened the reach to Gerredeaux's plantation, and was cannonaded by two American galleys. The tide and evening being too far spent, and many of the transports having grounded at the distance of five or six miles below Gerredeaux's plantation, the descent was delayed until next morning. The first division of troops, consisting of all the light infantry of the army, the New-York volunteers, and the first battalion of the 71st, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, were landed at break of day on the river dam in front of Gerredeaux's, from whence a narrow causeway of six hundred yards in length, with a ditch on each side, led through a swamp directly for Gerredeaux's house, which stood upon a bluff about thirty feet high. The light infantry, under Captain Cameron, having first. reached the shore, were formed, and led briskly forward to the bluff, where a body of fifty Americans were posted, and from whom they received a smart fire of musketry; but the enemy rushed forward and drove them into the woods, and secured a landing for the rest, of the army. Captain Cameron and two Highlanders were killed, and five Highlanders wounded. The army of Major-General Howe was drawn up about half a mile east of the city of Savannah, with several pieces of cannon in their front. The first division of troops, together with one company of the second battalion of the 71st, the first battalion of Delancey's, the Wellwolth, and a part of the Wissenbach regiment of Hessians being landed, Colonel Campbell went in pursuit, of the Americans, leaving a considerable force to cover the landing-place. On the troops reaching the road leading to Savannah, the division of the Wissenbach regiment was posted on the cross-roads, to secure the rear of the army; a thick swamp covered the left of the line of march, and the light infantry, with the flankers of each corps, effectually covered the cultivated plantations on the right. The troops reached the open country, near Tattnalls plantation, before three o'clock in the afternoon, and halted on the road about two hundred paces short of the gate leading to Governor Wright's plantation. The American army were drawn up across the road, at the distance of eight hundred yards from this gateway. One-half, consisting of Thompsons and Huger's regiments of Carolina troops, were formed under Colonel Huger, with their left oblique to the road leading to Savannah, their right to a wooded swamp,overed- by the houses of Tattnall's plantation, in which some riflemen had been )laced. The other half of the American army, consisting of part of the first, second, third, and fourth battalions of the Georgia brigade, was formed under Colonel Elbert, with their right to the road, and their left to the rice swamps of Governor Wright's plantation, with the fort of Savannah bluff behind their left wing, in the style of a second flank: the town of Savannah, round which were the remains of an old line of intrenchment, covered their rear. One piece of cannon was planted on the right of their line, about one hundred paces in front of the traverse. At a spot between two swamps a trench was cut across the road; and about one hundred yards in front of this trench a marshy rivulet run CIHATHAM COUNTY. 339 almost parallel the whole extent of their front; the bridge of which was burnt down, to interrupt the passage and retard the progress of the English. Colonel Campbell discovered, from the movements of the Americans; that they expected an attack upon their left, and he was desirous of confirming that expectation. Having fallen in with a negro named Quamino Dolly, Colonel Campbell induced him, by a small reward, to conduct the troops, by a private path through the swamp, upon the right of the Americans. Colonel Campbell ordered the first battalion of the 71st to form on his right of the road, and move up to the rear of the light infantry, whilst he drew off that corps to the right, as if he meant to extend his front to that quarter, where a fall of ground favoured the concealment of this manmuvre. Sir James Baird had orders to convey the light infantry to the hollow ground quite to the rear, and penetrate the swamp upon the enemy's left, with a view to get round, by the new barracks, into the rear of the enemy's right flank. The New-York volunteers, under Colonel Tumbull, were ordered to support him. During the course of this movement, the enemy's artillery were formed in a field on their left of the road, concealed from the Americans by a swell of ground in front, to which Colonel Campbell meant to run them up for action, when the signal was made to engage, and from whence he could either bear advantageously upon the right of the American line as it was then formed, or cannonade any body of troops in flank which they might detach into the wood to retard the progress of the light infantry. Campbell then commenced the attack, and the American line was broken. About one hundred of the Georgia Militia, under the command of Colonel George Walton, posted at the new barracks with some pieces of cannon, were attacked by Sir James Baird, and, after fighting bravely, were compelled to retreat. The General (Howe) ordered a general retreat, which was made in great confusion. "Few conquests," says McCall, "have ever been made with so little loss to the victor. Thirty-eight officers, four hundred and fifteen non-commissioned officers and privates, one stand of colours, forty-eight pieces of cannon, twentythree mortars, ninety-four barrels of powder, the fort, with all its stores, and the capital of Georgia, fell into the hands of the enemy, without any other loss on their part than that of one commissioned officer and two privates killed, one sergeant and nine privates wounded. The Americans lost eighty-three killed. Many of the inhabitants of Savannah who were not in this action were bayoneted in the streets, and those who refused to enlist in the British service were placed on board of prison-ships. Among the prisoners were the Hon. Jonathan Bryan, Rev. Moses Allen, Mr. Mordecai Sheftall and Mr. Sheftall Sheftall, Edward Davis, Dr. George Wells, David Moses Vallotton, and James Bryan, son of Jonathan Bryan. The following were the names of the prison-ships and their commanders: NANcY, Captain Samuel Tait. WHITBY, Captain Lawson. ELEANOR, (hospital ship,) Captain Rathbone. The MUNIFICENCE, Captain 340 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. After the fall of Savannah, Commodore Parker and Colonel Campbell issued a proclamation, which induced a considerable number to flock to the royal standard; and, having left Colonel Innis Commandant of the town of Savannah, Colonel Campbell directed his course towards Augusta. SHEFTALL SHEFTALL, Esq., a soldier of the Revolution, died a few years since, at an advanced age. Our artist has represented him dressed in the costume which he always wore. He was possessed of a most extraordinary memory. Nothing afforded him more pleasure than to communicate information concerning " the times that tried men's souls." We acknowledge our obligations to one of the members of his family for a copy of the narrative of the " Capture of Mordecai Sheftall, Deputy Commissary-General of Issues to the Continental Troops for the State of Georgia, viz., 1778, December 29th." Mordecai Sheftall was the father of Sheftall Sheftall, Esq. This day the British troops, consisting of about three thousand five hundred men, including, two battalions of Hessians, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, of the 71st regiment of Highlanders, landed early in the morning at Brewton Hill, two miles below the town of Savannah, where they met with very little opposition before they gained the height. At about three o'clock, P. M. they:entered, and took possession of the town of Savannah, when I endeavoured, with my son Sheftall, to make our escape across Musgrove Creek, having first premised that an intrenchment had been thrown up there in order to cover a retreat, and upon seeing Colonel Samuel Elbert and Major James Habersham endeavour to make their escape that way; but on our arrival at the creek, after having sustained a very heavy fire of musketry from the light infantry under the command of Sir James Baird,.during the time we were crossing the Common, without any injury to either of us, we found it high water; and my son, not knowing how to swim, and we, with about one hundred and eighty-six officers and privates, being caught, as it were, in a pen, and the CHATHAM COUNTY. 341 Highlanders keeping up a constant fire on us, it was thought advisable to surrender ourselves prisoners, which we accordingly did, and which was no sooner done than the Highlanders plundered every one amongst us, except Major Low, myself and son, who, being foremost, had an opportunity to surrender ourselves to the British officer, namely, Lieutenant Peter Campbell, who disarmed us as we came into the yard formerly occupied by Mr. Moses Nunes. During this business, Sir James Baird was missing; but, on his coming into the yard, he mounted himself on the stepladder which was erected at the end of the house, and sounded his brass bugle-horn, which the Highlanders no sooner heard than they all got about him, when he addressed himself to them in Highland language, when they all dispersed, and finished plundering such of the officers and men as had been fortunate enough to escape their first search. This over, we were marched in files, guarded by the Highlanders and York Volunteers, who had come up before we were marched, when we were paraded before Mrs. Goffets door, on the bay, where we saw the greatest part of the army drawn up. From there, after some time, we were all marched through the town to the court-house, which was very much crowded, the greatest part of the officers they had taken being here collected, and indiscriminately put together. I had been here about two hours, when an officer, who I afterwards learned to be Major Crystie, called for me by name, and ordered me to follow him, which I did, with my blanket and shirt under my arm, my clothing and my son's, which were in my saddle-bags, having been taken from my horse, so that my wardrobe consisted of what I had on my back. On our way to the white guard-house we met with Colonel Campbell, who inquired of the Major who he had got there. On his naming me to him, he desired that I might be well guarded, as I was a very great rebel. The Major obeyed his orders, for, on lodging me in the guard-house, he ordered the sentry to guard me with a drawn bayonet, and not to suffer me to go without the reach of it; which orders were strictly complied with, until a Mr. Gild Busler, their Commissary-General, called for me, and ordered me to go with him to my stores, that he might get some provisions for our people, who, he said, were starving, not having eat anything for three days, which I contradicted, as I had victualled them that morning for the day. On our way to the office where I used to issue the provisions, he ordered me to give him information of what stores I had in town, and what I had sent out of town, and where. This I declined doing, which made him angry. He asked me if I knew that Charlestown was taken. I told him no. He then called us poor, deluded wretches, and said, " Good God! how are you deluded by your leaders!7 When I inquired of him who had taken it, and when he said General Grant, with ten thousand men, and that it had been taken eight or ten days ago, I smiled, and told him it was not so, as I had a letter in my pocket that was wrote in Charlestown but three days ago by my brother. He replied, we had been misinformed. I then retorted that I found they could be misinformed by their leaders as well as we could be deluded by ours. This made him so angry, that when he returned me to the guard-house, he ordered me to be confined amongst the drunken soldiers and negroes, where I suffered a great deal of abuse, and was threatened to be run through the body, or, as they termed it, skivered by one of the York Volunteers; which threat he attempted to put into 342 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. execution three times during the night, but was prevented by one Sergeant Campbell. In this situation I remained two days without a morsel to eat, when a Hessian officer named Zaltman, finding I could talk his language, removed me to his room, and sympathized with me on my situation. He permitted me to send to Mrs. Minis, who sent me some victuals. He also permitted me to go and see my son, and to let him come and stay with me. He introduced me to Captain Kappel, also a Hessian, who treated me very politely. In this situation I remained until Saturday morning, the 2d of January, 1779, when the commander, Colonel Innis, sent his orderly for me and son to his quarters, which was James Habersham's house, where, on the top of the step, I met with Captain'Stanhope, of the Raven sloop of war, who treated me with the most illiberal abuse; and, after charging me with having refused the supplying the King's ships with provisions, and of having shut the church door, together with many ill-natured things, ordered me on board the prison-ship, together with my son. I made a point of giving Mr. Stanhope suitable answers to his impertinent treatment, and then turned from him, and inquired for Colonel Innis. I got his leave to go to Mrs. Minis for a shirt she had taken to wash for me, as it was the only one I had left, except the one on my back, and that was given me by Captain Kappel, as the British soldiers had plundered both mine and my son's. clothes. This favour he granted me under guard; after which I was conducted on board one of the flat-boats, and put on board the prison-ship Nancy, commanded by Captain Samuel Tait, when the first thing that presented itself to my view was one of our poor Continental soldiers laying on the ship's main deck in the agonies of death, and who expired in a few hours after. After being presented to the Captain with mine and the rest of the prisoners; names, 1 gave him in charge what paper money I had, and my watch. My son also gave him his money to take care of. He appeared to be a little civiller after this confidence placed in him, and permitted us to sleep in a state-room-that is, the Rev. Moses Allen, myself and son. In the evening we were served with what was called our allowance, which consisted of two pints and a half and a half-gill of rice, and about seven ounces of boiled beef per man. We were permitted to choose our messmates, and I accordingly made choice of Captain Thomas Fineley, Rev. Mr. Allen, Mr. Moses Valentonge, Mr. Daniel Flaherty, myself and son, Sheftall Sheftall. After the conquest of Grenada, in 1779, Count D'Estaing received letters from. Governor Rutledge, and Monsieur Plombard, the French Consul in Charleston, in which he was urgently requested to visit the American coast; and was also informed that Savannah might be taken from the English. Having received orders to act in concert with the forces of the United States, the Count sailed for the American Continent, and arrived early in September. As soon as his arrival was known, General. Lincoln, with the army under his command, marched for Savannah. Various accounts have been given of the unsuccessful attempt of the Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln to recover Savannah from CHATHAM COUNTY. 343 the British. We believe the principal facts to be correctly stated in the following English Account of the Attack and Rep2ulse at Savannah. (From the London Gazette of December 21, 1779.) ADMIRALTY OFFICE, December 21. Captain Christian, of his Majesty's armed ship the Vigilant, arrived here early this morning with a letter from Captain Henry, of his Majesty's ship Fowey, to Mr. Stephens, of which the following is an extract:SAXVANAE RIVER, GEORGIA, November, 8, 1779. I beg you will be pleased to communicate to the Right Honourable my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the following important particulars:That the French fleet, under the Count D'Estaing, consisting of twenty sail of the line, two of fifty guns, and eleven frigates, arrived on this coast the 1st of September past, from Cape Francois, having on board a large body of troops, purposely for the reduction of this Province. They sailed from the Cape on the 20th of August, and came through the windward passage, when they dispatched two ships of the line and three frigates to Charlestown, to announce their coming, and prepare the rebel force by sea and land to join the Count D' Estaing. These two ships of the line and frigates were seen from Tybee, the 3d of September, when Lieutenant Lock, of the Rose, was sent to reconnoitre them, and brought word they were French. Lieutenant Whitworth, who commands the Keppel armed brig, was ordered to get ready a fast-sailing tender of his own to proceed to New-York with this intelligence, and sailed with his despatches on the 6th, but was chased in again by seven sail. On the 7th, at night, he made another attempt, wherein there is every reason to hope he was successful. On the 8th, forty-one sail were discovered to the southward of Tybee, plying to windward. The wind being northerly, as it had been for some days past, drove them to the southward of this port. Major-General Prevost, at Savannah, was immediately acquainted with their appearance, who went to work with every exertion to increase the fortifications of the town. Despatches were sent to the Hon. Colonel Maitland, who was posted with part of the army on Port Royal Island, and to Captain Christian, of his Majesty's ship Vigilant, to repair to Savannah as soon as possible with the troops, ships, and galleys there. The Fowey, Rose, Keppel, armed brig, and Germain, provincial armed ship, were so placed that if the French ships came in superior, we might run up the river; and the leading marks for the bar were cut down. On the 9th, the whole French fleet anchored off the bar, and next day four frigates weighed and came to Tybee anchorage. It was determined on their approach to run up the river with the King's ships, and join our force with the General for the defence, of the town. At this time the French were sending troops from their ships, which were first put into small crafts from Charlestown 344 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and run into Osabaw Inlet, from whence they were landed in launches at Bowley, thirteen miles from Savannah, under cover of four galleys; and their frigates were preparing to advance up the river. From the 10th to the 13th we were busy sending to town part of the Fowey and Rose's guns and ammunition, in vessels sent by the General for that purpose. On the 13th, the Fowey and Rose, being much lightened, sailed over the Mud Flat to Five-Fathom Hole, three miles below the town, from whence was sent up the remainder of the guns and ammunition. The Comet galley and Keppel armed brig were directed to place themselves below the Mud Flat, so as to cover the passage of Colonel Maitland with the King's troops from Port Royal, through Wall's Cut, from whom we had not heard since our despatches to him were sent, the communication by boats being cut off. The 14th and 15th the seamen were employed landing the cannon and ammunition of the ships from the small vessels; and this having been done, the seamen were appointed to the different batteries, and the marines incorporated with the grenadiers of the 60th Regiment. On the 16th, the Count D'Estaing summoned the General to surrender the town to the arms of his most Christian Majesty; at the same time saying, his troops were the same who so recently stormed and conquered the Grenades; that their courage and present ardour were so great, that any works we should raise, or any opposition we could make, would be of no import. Not intimidated with this language, the General called a meeting of field and sea officers, when it was resolvedto take twenty-four hours to consider. In that time the troops from Beaufort arrived in boats from the Vigilant and transports, (in Callibogie Sound,) through Wall's Cut, under the direction of Lieutenant Goldensborough, of the Vigilant; and now the Count D'Estaing had his final answer, "that we were unanimously determined to defend the town.' The General, ever attentive to increase the defences of the town, with Captain Moncrief, our principal engineer, was now indefatigably, night and day, raising new works and batteries, which astonished our enemies; and every officer, soldier, and sailor worked with the utmost cheerfulness, and I have the pleasure to inform their Lordships, the General has been pleased to express his particular satisfaction with the services of the officers of the King's ships and transports, during the whole siege. It being apprehended that the enemy's ships might come too near the town, and annoy the rear of our lines, it was judged expedient to sink a number of vessels to stop the passage; his Majesty's ship Rose, making at this time seventeen inches of water an hour, after sheathing her as low as we could at Cockspur, her bottom worm-eaten quite through, and her stern rotten, as appears by a survey of shipwrights held on her a short time before, wherein it is declared she could not swim over two months, her guns, men, and ammunition being on shore, I thought her the most eligible to sink, as her weight would keep her across the channel, when lighter vessels could not, owing to the rapidity of the current, and hard sandy bottom, which prevented them sticking fast where they were sunk. The Savannah armed ship; purchased into the King's service some time before, by Commodore Sir James Wallace, was scuttled and sunk also; four transports CHATHAM COUNTY. 345 were sunk besides, which blocked up the channel; several smaller vessels were sunk above the town, and a boom laid across the river, to prevent the enemy from sending down fire rafts among our shipping, or landing troops in our rear. The Fowey, Keppel brig, Comet galley, and Germain provincial armed ship, were got to town previous to sinking the vessels; the Germain having her guns in, was placed off Yamacraw to flank our lines. Three French frigates were now advanced up the river to the Mud Flat, one of them having 12-pounders, with two rebel galleys, carrying two 18-pounders in their prows, anchored in Five-Fathom Hole, from whence the frigate sailed into the back river, with intent to cannonade the rear of our lines; they threw a great number of shot, which being at their utmost range, did no execution. The galleys, advancing nearer, did some damage to the houses. A few shot now and then from the river battery, made them keep a respectable distance. The French having now made regular approaches, and finished their batteries of mortars and cannon, near enough to our works, on the 3d of October, at midnight, opened their bomb battery of nine large mortars; at daybreak, they also opened with thirty-seven pieces of heavy cannon, landed from their fleet, and fired on our lines and batteries with great fury. This lasted day and night until the morning of the 9th, when, finding little notice taken of their shot and shells, at daybreak stormed with their whole force, the Count DIEstaing at their head. This attempt proved most fatal to them, for they met with so very severe a repulse from only three hundred men, assisted by the grape-shot from the batteries, that from this day they worked with indefatigable labour to carry off their cannon and mortars, and descended to a degree of civility we had hitherto been strangers to. Their loss was very great, most of their best officers and soldiers being killed or wounded, the Count D'Estaing among the latter. On the night of the 17th, the French entirely quitted their works, retreated to their boats, and embarked under cover of their galleys. General Lincoln, with the rebel army, retreated up the country with the greatest precipitation, burning every bridge behind them, and we are told that their army is totally dispersed. The French have been favoured by the weather to their utmost wishes the whole time of being on this coast, their great ships lying constantly at anchor in fourteen fathoms, and the small craft from Charlestown employed watering them from this river. The only accident we know they met with was losing one boat with one hundred men. When the French troops were all embarked, an officer was sent on shore to exchange prisoners. This being finished, they lost no time in returning down the river, with their frigates and galleys, to Tybee. The Vigilant, with the Scourge and Vindictive galleys, the Snake, half galley, and three transports, were obliged to remain at Callibogie the whole siege, where Captain Christian, of the Vigilant, secured them in so strong a position, and erected a battery on shore to protect them, that the French and rebels thought it most prudent to let them alone. They are now all at Tybee, the French fleet having left this coast the 26th of October, and their frigates left this river the 2d of November. Orn the 4th of November, the Myrtle, navy victualler, who was taken by the 346 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. French, and turned into a watering vessel, being blown out of this river a few days before they left it, returned to Tytbee with a rebel galley, expecting to find their friends. They both fell into our hands. The galley is called the Rutledge, carries two 18-pounders in her prow, and four sixes in her waist. I have named her the Viper, and appointed Mr. John Steel, Master's Mate of the Rose, to command her, with an establishment similar to other galleys, until the Adrniral's pleasure is known. Mr. Steel's behaviour at the battery, on the spot where the French and rebels stormed our line, deserves particular notice. His Majesty's ship, Ariel, of twenty-four guns, on a cruise from Charlestown, (when the French came on this coast,) was taken on the 1 lth of September, after a gallant resistance, by the French frigate Amazon, of thirty-six guns. His Majesty's ship Experiment, having lost all her masts and bowsprit in a gale of wind, on her passage from New-York to Savannah, fell into the middle of the French fleet off this bar, and was taken on the 24th of September, together with the Myrtle, navy victualler, and Champion, store-ship. List of the Frenc7 Fleet on this Coast, under Count D'Estaing. FIRST DIVISION-Mr. Bougainville. Le Guerriere... 74 Le Province... 64 Le Magnifique.. 74 Le Marseilles... 64 Le Cmsar.... 74 Le Fantasque... 64 Le Venguer... 74 SECOND DiviSION-Comte D'Estaing. Le Languedoc... 74 Le Vaillant... 74 Le Robuste... 74 Le Artizien.... 64 Le Zele..... 74 Le Sagitaire... 54 Le Annibal... 74 THIRD DIVISION. Le Tonant.... 80 Le Fendant... 74 Le Diademe... 74 Le Refleche... 64 Le Hector.... 74 Le Sphynx.... 64 Le Dauphine, Royal. 70 Le Roderique, storeLe Royal.... 70 ship..... 00 FRIGATES. Le Fortune... 38 La Chimere... 36 L'Amazon... 36 La Bordeaux.. 36 L'Iphigene.... 36 La Bricoli.... 36 La Blanche.. 36 La Lys..... 18 ENGLISH SHIPS TAKEN. Experiment.... 50 Lively..... 20 Ceres...... 18 Alert Cutter.. 14 The land forces on board this fleet were the Irish Brigade, (Dillon,) the regiment of Foix, the grenadiers, light infantry, and a picqluet of the regiments of CHATHAM COUNTY. 347 Armagnac, Agenois, Bram, and Royal Rousillon, and of the colony troops of Guadaloupe, Martinique, Cape Francois, and Port au Prince, with marines of the ships, amounted to about five thousand five hundred men. They landed at first four thousand, and at different landings about three hundred more, (the rebels had three thousand,) besides some hundreds of free blacks and mulattoes, taken on board in the West Indies. This fleet is very badly manned, very sickly, and the ships in very bad condition,-short of anchors and cables, having no running rigging to reel but what came out of the Champion store-ship, from New-York, and intended for this port. We have every reason to believe this expedition cost them two thousand men. Return of Seamen and Marines killed and wounded during the Siege. Fowey-One marine killed, one wounded. Return of the Officers of the American Forces who were killed and wounded in the action at Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. Killed. Second Regiment-Major Motte; Lieutenants Hume, Wickham, and Bush. Third Regiment-Major Wise, Lieutenant Bailey. General Williamson's Brigade-Captain Beraud. Charlestown Regiment-Captain Shepherd. South Carolina Artillery-Captain Lieutenant Donnom. Major Jones, aid to General McIntosh. Wounded. Cavalry-Brigadier- General Count Pulaski; Captain Bendelo, Captain Giles. Second Regiment-Captain Roux; Lieutenants Gray and Petre. Third Regiment-Captain Tanar; Lieutenants Gaston and Dessasure. Sixth Regiment-Captain Bowie. Virginia Levies-Lieutenants Parker and Walker. Light Infantry-Captain Smith, of the Third; Captains Warren and Hogin, of the Fifth; Lieutenant Vieland, of the Second; Lieutenant Parsons, of the Fifth. South Carolina Militia-Captain Davis; Lieutenants Bruneau, Wilkie, and Wardel. After five hours' hard fighting, the combined armies displayed a white flag, and asked a truce to bury their dead. Prevost granted four hours; and during that interval D'Estaing and General Lincoln consulted in regard to further operations. The latter wished to continue the siege, but the Count D'Estaing, whose loss had been heavy, resolved on immediate departure. The siege was raised; and on the 18th of October, 1779, the combined armies withdrew. The result of this siege was a death-blow to the hopes of the South. On the sea-board, every appearance of opposition to royal power was crushed; and only in the interior did the spirit of armed resistance appear. In 1782, the British Parliament began to listen to the voice of reason, and steps were taken towards the establishment of peace between the United States and Great Britain. On the 11th of July the British army evacuated Savannah, after an occupation of three 348 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. years and a half. General Wayne, in consideration of the services of Colonel James Jackson, appointed him to receive the keys of Savannah from a committee of British officers. Three weeks after the evacuation, Governor Martin'called a meeting of the Legislature. HOUSE IN WHICH THE LEGISLATURE MET. This house is on South Broad street, eastward from Drayton street, and is supposed to be the oldest brick house in Savannah. An account of the siege of Savannah was written by Major-General Prevost, commanding his Majesty's forces in the Province of Georgia. It does not differ very materially from the above account. It may be found in the "American Remembrancer," for 1780. From this account we have only space for the letters which passed between the respective commanders. Copies of Letters which passed between Count D'ESTAING and General PREVOST. No. I.-TRANSLATION. Count D'Estaing summons his Excellency, General Prevost, to surrender to the arms of the King of France. He apprises him that he will be personally respon. sible for all the events and misfortunes that may arise from a defence, which, by the superiority of the force which attacks him, both by sea and land, is rendered manifestly vain and of no effect. He gives notice to him, also, that any resolution he may venture to come to, either before the attack, in the course of it, or at the moment of the assault, of setting fire to the shipping or small craft belonging to the army or the merchants, in the river of Savannah, as well as to all the magazines in the town, will be imputable to him only. The situation of Hospital Hill in the Grenades, the strength of the three intrenchments and stone redoubts which defended it, and the comparative disposition of the troops before the town of Savannah, with a single detachment which carried the Grenades by assault, should be a lesson to futurity. Humanity obliges the Count D'Estaing to recall this event to his memory; having so done, he has nothing to reproach himself with. CHATHAM COUNTY. 349 Lord Macartney had the good fortune to escape from the first transport of troops who entered a town sword in hand; but notwithstanding the most valuable effects were deposited in a place supposed by all the officers and engineers to be impregnable, Count D'Estaing could not have the happiness of preventing their being pillaged. (Signed,) ESTAING. Camp before Savannah, the 16th of September, 1779. ANSWER No. I. Copy of a Letter from Major-General PREVOST to Count D'ESTAING, dated Camp, Savannah, September 16th, 1779. SIR:-I am just now honoured with your Excellency's letter of this date, containing a summons for me to surrender this town to the arms of his Majesty, the King of France; which I had just delayed to answer till I had shown it to the King's civil governor. I hope your Excellency will have a better opinion of me, and of British troops, than to think either will surrender on general summons, without any specific terms. If you, Sir, have any to propose, that may with honour be accepted of by me, you can mention them, both with regard to civil and military; and I will then give my answer. In the mean time I will promise, upon my honour, that nothing, with my consent or knowledge, shall be destroyed, in either this town or river. (Signed,) A. PREVOST. His Excellency Count D'ESTAING, commanding the French Forces, &c., &c., &c. No. II.-TRANSLATION. CAMP BEFORE SAVANNAH, Sept. 16th, 1779. SIR:-I have just received your Excellency's answer to the letter I had the honour of writing to you this morning. You are sensible that it is the part of the besieged to propose such terms as they may desire; and you cannot doubt of the satisfaction I shall have in consenting to those which I can accept consistently with my duty. I am informed that you continue intrenching yourself. It is a matter of very little importance to me; however, for form's sake, I must desire that you will desist during our conferences. The different columns which I had ordered to stop, will continue their march, but without approaching your posts, or reconnoitering your situation. I have the honour to be, with respect, Sir, your Excellency's most humble and most obedient servant, (Signed,) ESTAING. His Excellency General PREVOST, Major-General in the service of his Britannic Majesty, and Commander-in-Chief at Savannah, in Georgia. 350 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. P. S.-I apprise your Excellency that I have not been able to refuse the army of the United States uniting itself with that of the King. The junction will probably be effected this day. If I have not an answer, therefore, immediately, you must confer in future with General Lincoln and me. ANswER No. II. Copy of a Letter from Major-General PREVOST to the Count D'ESTAING, dated September 16th, 1779. SIR:-I am honoured with your Excellency's letter in reply to mine of this day. The business we have in hand being of importance, there being various interests to discuss. a just time is absolutely necessary to deliberate. I am therefore to propose that a suspension of hostilities shall take place for twenty-four hours from this date; and to request that your Excellency will order your columns to fall back to a greater distance, and out of sight of our works, or I shall think myself under the necessity to direct their being fired upon. If they did not reconnoitre anything this afternoon, they were sure within the distance. (Signed,) A. PREVOST. His Excellency Count D'ESTAING, &c., &c (TRANSLATION.) CAMP BEFORE SAVANNAH, Sept.'16th, 1779. SIR:-I consent to the truce you ask. It shall continue till the signal for retreat to-morrow night, the 17th, which will serve also to announce the recommencement of hostilities. It is unnecessary to observe to your Excellency, that this suspension of arms is entirely in your favour, since I cannot be certain that you will not make use of it to fortify yourself, at the same time that the propositions you shall make may be inadmissible. I must observe to you, also, how important it is that you should be full aware of your own situation, as well as that of the troops under your command. Be assured that I am thoroughly acquainted with it. Your knowledge of military affairs will not suffer you to be ignorant, that a due examination of that circumstance always precedes the march of the columns; and that this preliminary is not carried into execution by a mere show of troops. I have ordered them to withdraw before night comes on, to prevent any cause of complaint on your part. I understand that my civility in this respect has been the occasion, that the Chevalier de Chambis, a lieutenant in the navy, has been made a prisoner of war. I propose sending out some small advanced posts to-morrow morning. They will place themselves in such a situation as to have in view the four entrances into the the wood, in order to prevent a similar mistake in future. I do not know whether two columns commanded by the Viscount de Noailles and the Count de Dillon, have shown too much ardour, or whether your cannoniers have not paid a proper respect to the truce subsisting between us; but this I know, that what CHATHAM COUNTY. 351 has happened this night is a proof that matters will soon come to a decision between us one way or another. I have the honour to be, with respect, &c. (Signed,) E STAIN G. His Excellency General PREVOST, Major-General in the service of his Britannic Majesty, and Commander-in-Chief at Savannah, in Georgia. No. III. Copy of a Letter from Major-General PREVOST to Count D'ESTAING, dated Savannah, September 17th, 1779. SIR:-In answer to the letter of your Excellency, which I had the honour to receive about twelve last night, I am to acquaint you, that having laid the whole correspondence before the King's civil Governor, and the military officers of rank assembled in council of war, the unanimous determination has been, that though we cannot look upon our post as absolutely inexpugnable, yet that it may and ought to be defended; therefore, the evening gun to be fired this evening at an hour before sundown, shall be the signal for recommencing hostilities, agreeable to your Excellency's proposal. I have the honour to be, (Signed,) A. PREVOST. Copy of a Letter. from Major-General PREVOST to Count D'ESTAING, dated Camp, Savannah, October 6th, 1779. SIR:-I am persuaded that your Excellency will do me justice; and that in defending this place, and the army committed to my charge, T fulfil what is due to honour and duty to my prince. Sentiments of a different kind occasion the liberty of now addressing myself to your Excellency; they are those of humanity. Tfie houses of Savannah are occupied solely by women and children. Several of them have applied to me, that I might request the favour you would allow them to embark on board a ship or ships, and go down the river under the protection of yours, until this business is decided. If this requisition you are so good as to grant, my wife and children, with a few servants, shall be the first to profit by this indulgence. I have the honour to be, &c., &c., A. PREVosT. ANSWER No. IV. Copy of a Letter from Count D'ESTAING a(nd General LINCOLN tO JrfajorGeneral PREVOST, dated Cacmp before Savannah^ October 6th, 1779. SIR:-We are persuaded that your Excellency knows all that your duty prescribes; perhaps your zeal has already interfered with your judgment. The Count D'Estaing, in his own name, notified to you that you would be personally 352 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and alone responsible for the consequences of your obstinacy. The time which you informed him, in the commencement of the siege, would be necessary for the arrangement of articles, including the different orders of men in your town, had no other object than that of receiving succour. Such conduct, Sir, is sufficient to forbid every intercourse between us which might occasion the least loss of time. Besides, in the present application, latent reasons may again exist. There are military ones, which in frequent instances have prevented the indulgence you request. It is with regret we yield to the austerity of our functions; and we deplore the fate of those persons who will be the victims of your conduct, and the delusion whiph appears to prevail in your mind. We are, with respect, &c., &c., (Signed,) B. LINCOLN, ESTAING. Return of the Casualties in the different Corps, during the Siege. One Captain, 2 Lieutenants, 1 Ensign, 4 Sergeants, 32 rank and file, killed. 2 Captains, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Sergeants, 1 drummer, 56 rank and file, wounded. 2 drummers, 2 rank and file, missing. 5 Sergeants, 2 drummers, 41 rank and file, deserted. Names of OQicers killed. Lieutenant Henry McPherson, 1st battalion 71st, 24th September. Lieutenant Tawse, of ditto, and Captain Lieutenant of dragoons, 9th of October. Captain Simpson, Georgia Loyalists, 8th of October. Ensign Pollard, 2d battalion, De Lancey's, 4th of ditto. Names of Officers killed. Captain Cozens, 3d battalion, Jersey Volunteers, 24th of September. Lieutenant Smollet Campbell, 2d battalion, 71st, and Lieutenant of dragoons, 9th of October. Captain Henry, of the South Carolina Royalists, 9th of October. (Signed,) A. PREVOST, M. G. Camp, Savannah, Oct. 18th, 1779. CHATHAM COUNTY. 353 LOSS OF THE STEAMER PULASKI. A GENTLEMAN who was on board of this ill-fated steamer, has kindly furnished us with the following interesting narrative, entitled "A Memorandum of the Incidents of One Day at Sea." It was prepared for the sole use of his family, and it was only after earnest solicitation on the part of the author that he consented to furnish him with a copy for insertion among the " Historical Collections of Georgia." That it will be read with the most thrilling interest, we cannot entertain a doubt. The steam-packet Pulaski, Captain Dubois, left Savannah at eight o'clock on Wednesday morning, the 13th of June, 1838, with about ninety passengers, and a crew of thirty-seven persons. She arrived at Charleston the same afternoon, and departed the next morning at six o'clock for Baltimore, with about sixty-five additional passengers. Of the passengers about forty-five were females, and from fifteen to twenty were children. As it was the period of the year when the usual summer migration from the South to the North was at its height, and as the Pulaski was a favourite boat, particularly in Savannah, the passengers consisted of some of the most respectable persons of the two States of Georgia and South Carolina, embracing, in several instances, every, and in many, most of the members of distinguished families. Attracted by the reputation of the packet, the shortness of the voyage, and the circumstance that it would embrace " only one night at sea," many persons had come to Savannah from distant points to embark in the Pulaski. Among themr may be particularly mentioned Judge Rochester, of New-York, from Pensacola, and a party of eleven persons from Florida, consisting of the Rev. Mr. Woart. lady and child, the Rev. Mr. -, Dr. Stewart, lady and child, Mrs. Taylor, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. McCrea.* From Savannah were Mr. G. B. Lamar, with his wife and seven children, being every member of his immediate family' Mr. Parkman, with three daughters and a son, Mr. Hutchinson, wife and two children, Dr. Cumming and lady, Mrs. William 2Mackay and two children, with many others. The Pulaski, dressed out gaily in her flags, crossed the bar of Charleston between seven and eight o'clock. The weather was clear, and apparently settled. the wind blowing freshly and coolly from the southeast, and both sky and sea giving every promise of a safe and pleasant passage. The appearance and feelings of the passengers were in harmony with the elements around them. Cheerfulness and pleasure were depicted in eveiy countenance. All appeared happy; and disposed to contribute to the happiness of others; and the observation was general, that to travel in such a way was, truly, a mere jaunt of pleasure. As the day advanced the wind increased in force, and shifted to the east. During' the latter part of the afternoon the waves became high, and the vessel * Of this party of eleven persons, only one escaped. 23 354 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. rolled so much that most of the ladies retired to their berths, and at tea many even of the gentlemen were missing. About sunset the clouds began to muster heavily towards the northeast, and predictions were made that a gale was brewing in that quayter. At nine, however, the clouds had very generally dispersed, and the stars shone out with great brilliancy above; beneath, the sea heaved in long waves, the inky darkness of which was relieved only as the wind broke their crests into wreaths of snowy foam. The sea striking the vessel under the weather bow, and impeding her progress, a full pressure of steam was given, to enable her to overcome the resistance, which she did in gallant style; and at ten o'clock, when I left the deck, she was dashing through the water at the rate of eleven miles an hour, with a steadiness and ease which indicated power, but no unusual effort. At this time nearly all of the passengers had retired from the deck to the cabins, where a few still continued to converse or read, until half after ten, when the last stragglers went to their berths, anticipating a quiet and refreshing nightms rest. Having exchanged with Colonel and Mrs. Dunham, who occupied the next berths to my own, and with whom I had been conversing, the usual wishes for a pleasant night's rest, undressing myself, I soon fell into a sound slumber. I could not have been asleep.more than half an hour when I was suddenly awoke by a deep, hollow, and heavy sound, like the discharge of a battery of cannon at a short distance, which was instantly followed by a violent concussion of the air, a universal tremor of the vessel, and a loud and general crash, as if the sides and decks had been, by somne irresistible force, crushed together. The report and the crash left no doubt that the boiler had exploded; and, as I sprung up from my berth, the conviction was strong in my mind that the vessel was in a sinking condition. The lights having been extinguished in the after cabin, in which I was, by the concussion of the air, it was some moments before I could ascertain the position of the companion stairway; and it was only after stumbling over the floor, which was torn up, that, placing my hand on the table, and following it down, I perceived the light at the head of the companion. On reaching the deck, I proceeded to the door of the ladies' cabin-which was immediately above that of the gentlemen's-with the intention of seeing two ladies who were under my charge, with the double object of calming their fears, and of placing them where I could find them. At the door, I met the ladies with their children, all in their night-dresses, huddled together, with an expression of wild dismay and horror depicted on every countenance, anxiously inquiring what was the matter. I called for the ladies under my care, when one of them, holding her son by the hand, answered, and came to me. I requested her to be composed, and not to leave that spot, until I could ascertain the character of the accident, and return to her. Proceeding over the fragments of glass with which the deck was strewed, and which gashed my feet, I met several persons crying out that the boat was on fire, and calling for buckets and water. For an instant I turned; but, reflecting that the fire must soon be checked by the leaks, I proceeded over the starboard deck to the centre of the vessel, where the engine was placed. The scene of wild destruction which there presented itself precluded all hope CHATHAM COUNTY. 355 of safety, and rendered it certain that the vessel must sink in a very few minutes. The promenade deck and wheel-house, (which were above the boilers,) with the state-rooms on the right side, were all blown off, the decks ripped up, the bar. room and bulkhead, between the boilers and the forward cabin, crushed, and the right side of the hull so shattered, that the sea rushed in most fearfully. The boiler appeared to have been rent in the top, throughout its whole length; and the end next to the bow of the boat burst out on the right side. The left boiler and that side of the vessel were comparatively uninjured, in consequence of which, she careened over to the left, and fortunately threw the shattered side partially out of water. As she, however, soon fell into the trough of the sea, at every roll the water rushed in, and increased in quantity as she settled down. Perceiving that the boat was inevitably and rapidly sinking, I returned towards the stern. As I reached the companion of the after cabin, I met a poor wretch dragging,himself on the deck, and calling out most piteously, " 0 God! both of my legs are blown off." It was the barber, whose shop was near the boilers. At this moment, the ladies' cabin and the deck in front of it presented a most heart-rending spectacle. Ladies, children, and men, all in their night-clothes, were grouped together. The wildest expression of alarm and despair marked the countenances of the ladies, while the gentlemen were anxiously seeking for their wives and children, and endeavouring to calm their fears by holding out hopes which they knew to be utterly vain. There were frantic and wild calls for husbands and children-despairing inquiries if there was no hope of safety-horror and utter dismay; but there was little shrieking. The shock was, as yet, too sudden and stupefying, the danger too undefined, for loud exclamations of grief or alarm. There seemed to be a general, deep, and appalling feeling, that some terrible and overwhelming calamity had occurred; but as yet everything was uncertain and undefined. As I reached the companion of the gentlemen's cabin, I stood still for a moment to rally myself. I felt that the final hour of my existence had arrived, that there was no possible escape, and I summoned up all my energies to meet my fate with calmness and fortitude. The images of my wife, children, father and mother, flashed before my mind; the bitter pang of the last separation wrung my soul for an instant;-the struggle was over, and I was collected and ready to meet the emergency. My thoughts were now directed to the ladies and children under my care, whose helpless and dependent situation called for every effort to save them. Immediately descending to my berth, I drew on my pantaloons, and made the mental inquiry, what articles of clothing would be most useful. Boots and shoes were rejected, as too cumbrous for swimming; and, throwing a large camlet cloak over my arm, for the protection of the ladies and children, I reached the deck, and passed rapidly to the starboard quarter, where I had noticed one of the small yawls hangifig, and many settees and tables. As I got to it, I found two of the crew casting off the ropes, and in the act of lowering the boat. I had now but to spring in, and my individual safety was insured;-the ladies were, however not there. The time lost in searching for them would probably deprive me of this only chance of life; but the occasion called for the risk. 356 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Proceeding to the door of the ladies5 cabin, and assuming as calm a tone as I could, I called for the ladies under my care. They instantly replied; when, merely observing, "Follow me, ladies-you have not a moment to lose," I turned towards the yawl, and the ladies followed. We had not proceeded far when Mrs. —'s foot slipped, and she fell with her son. I turned to assist them, but before I reached her she had recovered. This accident placed one of the ladies in advance, and, by the time I had got up with her, she had reached the boat. The hands were in it, and had nearly lowered it down to the water. Taking the infant from Mrs. -, I assisted her on to the bulwarks, and requested her to jump into the boat, which she immediately did-a distance of ten feet. Her fall was fortunately broken by striking on one of the persons in the boat. Perceiving that the boat was about to be shoved off, I then sprang down myself, with the infant in my arms. The yawl surged off as I sprang, my feet struck the gunwale, and I fell backwards into the sea. When I arose to the surface, I regained the boat, and threw the infant into its mother's arms. Getting in, I requested Mrs. - to throw down her son, which she immediately did. I caught him, and called to her to jump herself;-she fell into my arms, and the whole of our party were safe in the yawl. The next instant it was shoved off. As I looked up, the side of the steamboat was thronged with persons, calling out, " Hold on to that boat-don't shove off that boat." In another moment, had the boat not been pushed off, they would have precipitated themselves in a mass on us, and sunk it. There are moments in life, when the escape from impending danger has exceeded all possible hope, that the belief of an overruling Providence is felt with irresistible force. The heart then, overflowing with gratitude, bows with deep-felt thankfulness to the hand that has been stretched out to save. Never were persons in a situation more calculated to inspire such a feeling than we were at this moment. When the yawl left the side of the Pulaski, it was agreed that we should place ourselves at such a distance from her as to be beyond the vortex, if she sunk suddenly, and yet near enough to regain her, if, contrary to our expectations, she should continue to float. In pursuance of this intention, the yawl was allowed to diift about one hundred and fifty yards astern of the steamer, and, keeping her head on to the sea, the two sailors, who had taken the oars, endeavoured to preserve that distance. Having accomplished the great object of getting out of the sinking vessel, our attention was now directed to our own situation. We found ourselves in a small yawl from sixteen to eighteen feet long, crowded with twelve persons, who consisted, besides the ladies and children under my care, of Captain Pooler and son, Mr. William Robertson, a seaman, (alias Barney,) a negro waiter, (Solomon,) and two negro women. For some minutes it was doubtful whether the boat could live in the sea, or whether she could be kept from filling with water. She leaked very much, and the only article to bail with was a slipper of one of the negro women. The wind was blowing freshly, and the sea running high, and there were but two oars in the boat with which to manage her. These dangers appeared, however. small to that which had just been escaped, and there was a feeling of comparative safety. The two seamen rowing to keep the head CHATHAM COUNTY. 357 of the boat to the sea, and to avoid drifting, and one person bailing incessantly, we remained at one hundred to two hundred yards from the Pulaski, awaiting, with feelings of intensely painful anxiety, the closing scene of the awful catastrophe. The wind was blowing freshly and keenly from the east, the sea rolling in heavy black waves below us, whilst the sky above was partially obscured by flying clouds. The galley lights of the steamer were still burning brilliantly, and, as she rose and fell with the heaving ocean, she appeared as if illuminated for some fete. This brilliant and holy-day appearance, compared with the utter wretchedness and despair of the helpless human beings in her, who were rapidly approaching that awful moment when the ocean was to swallow up them and her, presented a contrast the most touching and painful. From our position, we could perceive that she was fast settling in the water; and in profound silence, and with the most intensely painful feelings, we awaited the moment when nearly two hundred human beings, many of them our intimate friends, were to experience the agony of the last mortal struggle, in the darkness of the night, on the wild abyss of the ocean, remote from friends or human succour, and suddenly called from the deep slumber which had followed:a day of happiness and of hope, to meet not only a fearful death themselves, but to witness the expiring agonies, and to hear the dying shrieks, of those most dear to them. The mass above the waters gradually diminished, and in a moment every light was extinguished, and all was darkness. As the water approached the upper deck, a single wave had swept over the whole of the galley lights, and with them hope seemed also to be extinguished. Soon afterwards a heavy crash was heard, followed by a loud and piercing shriek. The boat had broken in two; then came the crackling of planks, as if the decks were breaking up; shrill, wild, and prolonged shrieks ensued, with the quick and agonizing cry of the dying, all rising at once, and ringing wildly over the waste of waters. In a few minutes the burst of frantic despair and agony had ceased; the larger portion of the sufferers had experiened the short and bitter pang of death, and had sunk to rise no more. Instead of shrieks, were now heard the long' and deep halloo for assistance from persons who were clinging to such fragments of the wreck as they had grasped when they were precipitated in the ocean by the breaking of the boat, and the separation of the deck from the hull. Soon after this time, the other quarter-boat, under charge of the mate, Mr. Hibbert came near us. Having hailed each other, it was agreed that we should keep together, to render such mutual assistance as might be in our power. Understanding that we were in a leaky situation, the mate gave us a hat to bail with, and an oar to aid in steering. We then, supposing that he had in his boat as many as it could carry, proposed to steer for the shore. To this he replied, that he would not quit the wreck until daylight, and that he would consider it an act of murder if he did. We very cheerfully assented, when we found that he had but five persons in his boat, to cruise with him among the fragments of the wreck, in order to pick up as many persons as his boat could carry. In our leaky state, we had already as many on board as she could well float with. 358 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Following at a short distance from the other boat, we continued for several hours to cruise among the fragments of the wreck, which were thickly strewed over the sea, and which threatened, from the darkness of the night, to stave in our frail barks. The mate directed his course as he heard the calls for assistance. The first person relieved was Mr. Bird, of Georgia, who was nearly exhausted with the effort of supporting himself. The next were two firemen, dreadfully scalded. We were then hailed by some persons on a raft, who said they were ten in number. Fearing that they would sink our boats, we turned away from them. The next person picked up was a young German, a son of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, who was found floating on a settee. The last was an old gentleman, Judge Rochester, of New-York, The mate then came alongside, and requested us to take the last gentleman into our boat, which we did, and proposed to go in search of one of the deck boats, which had sunk after having been launched. When he had placed Judge Rochester in our boat, and was turning off, the judge, filled with joy at his escape, and gratitude to his preserver, called out, in the most heartfelt manner, "Mr. Hibbert, you are a noble fellow-God bless you P' Alas! at that moment of supposed safety, he little thought that he had received but a brief respite from that watery grave into which he was destined to sink, after enjoying for a few short hours the cheerful light of day. We soon reached the yawl we were seeking, and the united efforts of the persons in the two boats were directed to bail her out. After a long but fruitless attempt, she was abandoned, as the water poured in through the open seams faster than we could bail it out with hats, the only instruments for that purpose we had. As both boats had now as many persons in them as they could safely carry, it was proposed that we should direct our course for the land. Our longer stay with the wreck could be productive of no good to others, and might endanger our own lives, should a change of wind or stormy weather occur. We were also desirous of avoiding the harrowing sight of recognizing our perishing friends, and of leaving them, with a knowledge of who they were, to die without being' able to render them any assistance. These reasons, added to the threatening appearance of the sky, from which a squall of wind and rain had just burst on us, overruled the objections of the mate, and at half past three o'clock the heads of the boats were turned towards the land. The moon, which had arisen about two hours before, gave but a very feeble light from behind a mass of heavy clouds; and the first faint streaks of the morning light were just appearing in the east. The sky was gloomy and threatening, and the sea. under a fresh wind, was heaving in long inky waves, the crests of which broke incessantly into sheets of white spray. The fragments of the wreck floated by us; but we saw nothing of the hull of the Pulaski; and we presumed, from its sudden disappearance from our eyes, and the assurances of those we had picked up, that it had sunk with the machinery. The only survivors were supposed to be those who were clinging to fragments of the wreck, to whom we could render no farther assistance; and with heavy hearts we turned away from the melancholy scene. The calls for aid were still heard around us. As they came faintly and despairingly from the distance,-now drowned by the winds and the waves, and again swelling mournfully on the ear,-the unseen spirits of the deep seemed to be wailing for the un CHATHAM COU;NTY. 359 timely fate of the young, the beautiful. the wise, and the brave, whose lifeless. but yet warm bodies, were sinking to that deep tomb where rest "the seaburied." The land was supposed to lie in a northwest direction, about thirty-five miles distant; and the mate steering one boat, and myself the other, we struck off for it. Few words were exchanged; and- in silence, broken only by the incessant moaning of the scalded firemen, one of whom was fast dying from the acuteness of his sufferings, we proceeded on our melancholy and dangerous voyage. The sea and wind were both high; but the boats, which became tighter, rode the waves admirably, although they appeared every moment in danger of destruction, as they reeled on the crests of the waves, or plunged into the deep gulfs between them. Day at length broke, and all eyes were directed to every point of the horizon, in the hope of seeing sonme friendly sail; but nothing met the sight but the boundless ocean, which seemed the more dreary and solitary when contrasted with the small and frail barks which were tossing on its bosom. The sun rose brilliantly, and the hearts of all were insensibly cheered by its enlivening influence. The heat, however, soon became oppressive, as it fell with tropical fervour on the unprotected heads of the half-naked party; and such expedients as were in the power of'each, were adopted for protection. The ladies and children found the ample folds of the cloak almost! as valuable a screen against the fervid rays of the sun, as it had proved against the chill wind of the night. The gentlemen resorted to handkerchiefs, waistcoats, and aprons, as substitutes for hats. The half-clad and grotesque appearance of every one tended to excite feelings of the ridiculous, which were suppressed as soon as they arose, by the recollection of the awful scene that had just been witnessed, and of the dangers yet before us. Notwithstanding this, there was yet an obvious feeling of cheerfulness pervading the party. The mind, after the intense excitement of the night, required relief, and passed rapidly from a state of despair to that of hope. Conversation became general; and the ladies, who during the most trying period of the night had never uttered an expression of fear. showed a calmness and cheerfulness which did them the greatest honour. Directing our course by the position of the sun, we continued to pull steadily for the shore. Tlie only coat in the boat was extended by two of the seats, and erected into a temporary sail. Aided by it, the oars, the waves, and the wind, which blew directly on to the shore, we proceeded at the rate of three miles an hour. The rnoanings of the scalded seamen increased as the day advanced; and it was a piteous sight to witness the swollen, blackened, and skinless faces of the two poor wretches as they writhed under the burning sun, and tossed their arms about in the agony of their pain. About nine o'clock, the persons in the mate's boat lay on their oars, and allowed us to pass ahead of them, until they were sufficiently astern to escape the observation of the ladies, when the body of one of the scalded men, who had died, was consigned to the deep. The boat then came alongside, and it was proposed to relieve us of some of our crew, as we were found to be overloaded. Judge Rochester and the negro women were aceordingly transferred to it, 360 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The men in the boats taking their turns at the oars, now continued to row *under a most scalding sun, which blistered their faces, hands, and feet, and occasioned the most painful thirst. There being neither water nor food in the boats, the only relief to be found was in keeping the feet and arms wet with salt water. About ten o'clock a large shark came near the boats, but after some time, left us. The persons in the boats, who had been incessantly exerting themselves since midnight, now began to sink from fatigue and thirst, and every eye was anxiously directed towards the land. Deceived by their wishes. there were frequent false reports that it was in sight. At last, about twelve o'clock, the mate, who was standing up in his boat, was observed to wave his handkerchief and point to the west. As we strained our eyes in that direction, a faint line of blue hanging above the water, and scarcely distinguishable from it, gave us the glad assurance that we were really in sight of land. The hopes of the party revived, and with it their strength. Even the poor negro, whose tongue had been for some time hanging from his mouth from exhaustion, cheered up and renewed his efforts. As we neared the land, it was found to be low, with a white sandy beach skirting it. Deceived by our wishes, we imagined that we saw houses and villages, but they vanished from our eyes as we approached, and melted into barren hillocks and a desert shore. At three o'clock, we were within a quarter of a mile of the land, and endeavoured to discover some inlet or bay which would afford us a safe landing. But as far as the eye could extend, there was between us and the land an uninterrupted wall of heavy breakers roaring and dashing on it with irresistible force. Beyond the beach, at the distance of two miles, the country appeared to be better wooded; and in the midst of a field several buildings were distinguishable. Behind us was the ocean, with all the recollections of the fearful night fresh in every memory; before us the firm land, associated with the idea of perfect safety; but between us and that place of security dashed the breakers, threatening destruction to all who should attempt to reach it through them. The mate, who was some distance in advance, as he approached the shore laid on his oars until we came up. He then mentioned that the persons in his boat, worn out with fatigue, thirst, and hunger, refused to row any farther, and had determined to attempt a landing; but that he himself regarded it as a very dangerous measure. Fully agreeing with him in opinion, I urged the propriety of keeping down the coast, in the hope of reaching some inlet, or of meeting with aid from the shore. Being overruled by the persons in both boats, who insisted on landing at once, we most reluctantly consented to do so. Mr. Hibbert then proposed, as there were ladies and children in our boat, that we should lie off until he had made the attempt, when he would be prepared to point out the best course to us, and be ready to assist us as we reached the shore. In pursuance of this advice, our yawl was kept with her head to the sea about one hundred and fifty yards from the breakers, to await the result of the attempted landing of the other boat. Every eye was fixed on her. We saw her CHATHAM COUNTY. 361 rise to the summit of the first breaker and disappear behind it. Anxiously we sought to catch a view of her rising on the crest of the next, but nothing for some minutes was to be seen but the sheet of angry foam. which extended for a hundred yards from the shore. It was now certain that she had upset, and that all in her were struggling for life in the boiling surf. In a short time two persons were seen issuing from the waves, and reaching the shore. They turned, after resting a few seconds, entered the water, and dragged two others to the shore, who were thrown on the beach, where they lay apparently insensible; The two first persons were then seen to walk in a hurried manner up and down the beach, again enter the water, and bring out another. After a considerable interval of time, a sixth was dragged to the shore. Those who had landed were then observed to spread themselves along the beach, as if searching for the remaining persons of their party; but no more appeared. After some time, they were seen to drag their boat out of the water. All further hope then ceased; and it was certain that five out of the eleven had perished. They were, as we afterwards learned, Judge Rochester, of New-York, Mr. Bird, of Georgia, the scalded fireman, and the two negro women. Deterred by the fate of the other boat, my companions now consented to keep off, until they could receive aid from shore, through those who had just landed; but they positively refused to row any farther, as I earnestly urged them to do. It was now but three o'clock, and as the sun set after seven, we had still four hours of light, in which time, feeble and exhausted as we were, we could row, with the aid of the wind, eight or ten miles, in which distance there was every probability of finding some inlet or safer place of landing. There was also the probability that the wind, which was blowing freshly from the southeast, would subside at sunset; or that a squall, then forming over the land, would come out, and enable us to run in with safety when the first gust of wind should flatten the sea, which was breaking on the shore from the southeast. On men suffering from intense thirst, and exhausted by fatigue, these arguments had, however, no influence. Exertion had become severely painful; and as long as there was the faintest hope of safety, they were willing to encounter the danger before them, rather than continue their labour and sufferings. Those who had landed were observed to drag their boat across the beach, with the intention, as we supposed, of proceeding to the settlement which was observed in the distance beyond it. The mate was at the same time seen to walk down the beach in the direction of a fisherman's hut about a mile and a half south. After having been out of sight for some time, the men who had dragged the boat across the beach returned, except two, and the mate soon afterwards joined them. To our signals of inquiry what we should do, they replied by gestures not to be misunderstood that we should continue to keep off, and by no means attempt to land. Our party now became desponding, and insisted on landing. Against this I warmly remonstrated; but was compelled finally to enter into the compromise with them, that if, when the sun touched the horizon, no aid came to our relief, I would steer them to land. The time dragged heavily along as, with the bow to the sea, the boat was merely kept from drifting into the breakers; while we watched anxiously, but in vain, for the hoped-for succour. The wished-for squall, after rising for some time, 362 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. was borne back by the wind from the sea, which, instead of diminishing, freshened up considerably as the evening approached. The sun at last sunk behind the heavy mass of clouds that obscured the western sky, and admonished me that the time had arrived when the perilous act of landing was to be attempted. When I beheld the two helpless ladies and their children, doomed, as it appeared to me, to almost certain destruction, I again appealed to the men to abandon the attempt. It was, however, made in vain; and submitting to the necessity of the case, I proceeded to make such arrangements as promised to increase the probability of safety. Barney, the young sailor, as the person most to be relied on, was requested to endeavour to save Mrs. —, should we be upset. Solomon, the negro man, was to take care of her child; and as Mr. - had his son to attend to, Mr. - was requested to take Mrs. -— s child. But as he declared himself unable to render any assistance, the only alternative was to adopt Mrs. - s suggestion, to lash her infant to her person, and to endeavour to save them both myself. Having requested the ladies to avoid grasping any one around the neck or waist who came to their assistance; and the general direction having been given to the party to advance forward rapidly as the breakers struck them, to stand still and brace themselves as they receded, and to recover, if possible, their footing, should they fall, I requested Barney and Solomon to prepare themselves for the attempt of landing, by taking some rest in the bottom of the boat. Following their example, I instantly fell asleep; and remained in that state for a quarter of an hour, when, being awoke by one of the men, I took the steering oar, whilst Barney and Solomon rowed. Proceeding down the coast about a quarter of a mile, the head of the boat was turned to the shore; and waiting until the third heavy roller raised us on its crest, the order to row was given; and in an instant we were among the breakers. The sea broke under and around us in one wide sheet of hissing and boiling foam; and the boat darted forward with the velocity of an arrow, as it was impelled by the breaker, which was roaring and dashing with headlong fury to the shore. For a moment there was a hope that the boat would preserve her course, and escape upsetting; but the next instant the following wave dashed the oar out of the hands of the negro, and before he could use that which I threw to him, the boat broached-to. Another breaker came roaring behind! For a moment it hung with its curling crest threatening over us, then rushed down with the noise and force of a cataract. The water dashed madly into the boat, and in an instant she was turned bottom up, and we were all precipitated into the sea. I felt a severe blow on the back of my head, and another on my breast; the water hissed with a confused and rushing sound as it entered my ears and nostrils, and I found myself under the water, and the boat above me. Holding my breath, I dove down perpendicularly, struck off horizontally until the light was seen above, and fthen arose to the surface. As I reached it, the boat was floating a few yards from me, keel up; and beyond it the men, who had just reached the surface, were swimming for the shore. Glancing my eyes rapidly around, neither of the ladies nor the children were to be seen; but in a few seconds the back of Mrs. - came slowly to the surface. Her head and feet were under water, and she appeared to be struggling. CHATHAM COUNTY. 363 As I reached her and brought her head above the water, I found that she had her son by the wrist, having convulsively retained the grasp she had of his arm as she sat by him before the boat upset. Keeping them above the water, I regained the bottom of the boat; and supporting them across it, called to Barney and Solomon, and reminded them of their promise to save that lady and her child. They both immediately turned back, and came to my assistance. I then gave one to each; and perceiving that they were in a fair wayof being saved, directed my attention to Mrs. - and her child. They were nowhere to be seen; and I was about diving under the boat, supposing that they might be entangled there, when something brushed against my feet, and looking down, I saw a body floating, about three feet deep, with the undertow out to sea. Diving down and grasping at the head, I caught Mrs. - by the hair, and brought her to the surface. She was still conscious; and glancing my eyes down to the infant, which continued bound to her body, I had the happiness to find that it was also alive, and so little injured that it was as composed as if resting in its nurse's arms. Supporting them with my right hand, I swam back to the boat, and held on to the keel with my left. In this situation we were forced towards the shore by the breakers, which rolled over us with such violence that it was with difficulty I retained my hold, as each wave buried me and my charge beneath it. Feeling the bottom with my feet, as the fourth wave passed over us, I determined to abandon my hold of the boat, as there was danger that it would be dashed against us; and taking Mrs. by the arm, we waded for the shore. The bottom was in ridges, and the sand slipped from under our feet, whilst the receding waves rushed past us with great force. We had not proceeded very far, when Mrs. ---- fell. I made several ineffectual attempts to raise her up; and as the water was sweeping us back into the sea, I felt assured that she must perish unless she could be got up. Reminding her of my observation that her safety depended on her keeping her feet, I requested her to attempt to rise. Fortunately, she was sufficiently collected to do so; and after a further effort, we reached the edge of the beach; when the gentlemen of the first boat, who, seeing us about making the attempt to land, had run forward to meet us, came into the water and relieved me. The excitement being now over, my strength suddenly failed me, and I fell down in the water. As the waves passed over me, I crawled forward on my hands and knees; and sinking my fingers in the sand, held on as they reced6d. With painful effort, I at length reached the beach beyond the waves, when, being completely exhausted, I threw myself in an almost insensible state on the sand. I had the happiness, however, before I did so, of knowing that the ladies and their children, with every person belonging to our boat, were safely landed. The first object, after reaching the shore, was to screen the ladies and children from the keen easterly wind, which, in their thin and drenched clothes, threatened to chill them with an ague. The only protection which offered was the lee side of a small sandy hillock; and to this they were taken and covered with dry grass and sand, to protect them against the air. The mate then with the aid of some'shells which were picked up on the beach, dug a hole in the sand, and procured a scanty supply of muddy and brackish water. Nauseous as it would 364 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. have proved under ordinary circumstances, it was now most grateful and refleshing to persons, none of whom had tasted food or water for twenty-four hours. After this slight refreshment, the gentlemen of the party placed themselves in a row on the sand, lying as closely as they could together, for mutual warmth, and were all soon asleep. Soon after ten o'clock, we heard the welcome hail of those who had gone for assistance; and in a few minutes we received the glad assurance that they had returned with boats, food, and clothing. A jug of coffee, another of water, with fried bacon and corn bread, were divided among us; and a most welcome distribution of homespun garments, of every size and kind, was made among the half-clad and shivering party. We then embarked in canoes, and crossed Stump Sound, which separated the small barren island, called the Bermudas, from the main-land; and as the clock struck eleven, we found ourselves in the house of the kind-hearted Mr. Tigler Kedd, of Onslow County, North Carolina. One day had just elapsed since the deep sound of the bursting boiler had awoke two hundred human beings in the darkness of the night, and in the midst of the wild ocean, from their unsuspecting slumbers, to the certainty of a speedy and terrible death. We, a small remnant of that gallant crew, found ourselves, by the blessing of Providence, alive and on land, after a day of suffering, which embraced within its brief space more of excitement and of danger, of horrible and painful recollection, than occur in many long years of ordinary existence. CHATHAM COUNTY. 365 DISTINGUISHED MEN OF CHATHAM. REV. J. J. ZUBLY.-This gentleman was a native of Saltzburg, Germany, and appeared to be active among the sons of liberty at the commencement of the Revolution. In the first Provincial Congress of Georgia he was placed on the most important committees, and appointed a member of the Continental Congress. He suddenly left the Congress at Philadelphia, and took sides with the crown. He was accused of treasonable correspondence with Sir James Wright. He returned to Savannah, and, to avoid the indignation of the people, for some time lay concealed in the cellar of a Whig lady, Mrs. Smith, the grandmother of A. Smith, Esq., of Roswell. We believe that he was afterwards restored to favour with the public, so as to be useful during the remainder of his life as a clergyman. He died in Savannah in 1781. COLONEL FRANCIS H. HARRIS. In the "Magnolia," published in 1842, by P. C. Pendleton, Esq., we find the following notice of Colonel Harris:LIEUTENANT-COLONEL FRANCIS H. HARRIS was a native of Georgia. His father, the Hon. Francis Harris, was among the earliest settlers of this State, having come from England immediately after Oglethorpe had planted the colony. When a boy, he was sent to England to receive his education, and whilst he was prosecuting his studies, the disturbances between the mother country and the colonies commenced. His devotion to his native country would not permit him to 366 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. remain in England, and accordingly he left college, and arrived in Georgia just in time to be amongst the first to take up arms in resisting the oppressions of Great Britain. He was appointed a Captain by the Continental Congress, and in a short time afterwards was promoted to the command of a battalion. In this capacity, he is mentioned, in the History of South Carolina, as leading a detachment of Continental troops to relieve Charleston when it was besieged by General Prevost. At Ashe's defeat at Briar Creek, after a gallant defence, he was taken prisoner by the enemy. He was present in the battles at Camden and Eutaw, and displayed great prowess and skill. He died in 1782, and was buried at the high hills of Santee; but his relatives have never been able to discover his grave. The HON. JONATHAN BRYAN was a prominent man in the early history of Georgia, and distinguished himself by his opposition to the arbitrary measures of the crown. This patriot, with his son James, was sent to New-York and placed on board of a prison-ship. He was finally exchanged; and afterwards, although eighty years of age, fought under General Wayne. He died March 12, 1788.* DAVID MONTAIGUT, Esq., died in 1796, aged eighty years. This gentlernan had been Speaker of the House of Assembly, Judge of the Court of Conscience, Naval Officer, Vice-Consul of France, and Secretary to most of the societies in Savannah. His father and mother lived to be about the same age with himself. MAJOR JOHN HABERSHAM died on the 19th of November, 1799, at the age of forty-five years. In the American Revolution he early defended the rights of his country, and was promoted to the rank of Major in the First Continental Regiment of Georgia. He was a member of Congress in 1785 and'86. Upon the organization of the Federal Constitution, he was appointed Collector of the Port of Savannah, in which office he continued until his death. MAJOR JOHN BARNARD, a soldier of the Revolution, died in this county at the age of sixty-nine years. Unequivocal in his attachment to our republican institutions, he always raised his voice in favour of those men and those measures which he believed most friendly to republican principles. HON. ANTHONY STOKES.-This gentleman was a native of Wales, and upon coming to Georgia, became Chief Justice. He was decided on the part of the crown, and, at the evacuation of Charleston by the British troops, he became a loyalist refugee. * Extract from a letter addressed to Lord George Germain by Major-General Prevost, dated January 18th, 1779: —" On the first of January, Lieutenani Clarke, of the Phoenix, was detached with row-boats about seventeen miles up the river Savannah, above Savannah, upon information that the late rebel Governor of Georgia was at a plantation on the South Carolina shore. He did not get the Governor, but returned with one Bryan, a notorious ringleader of rebellion." CHATHAM COUNTY. 367 Hon. WILLIAM STEPHENS, District Judge of Georgia, died in this county, at the age of sixty-seven. He was the son of William Stephens, Esq., President of the Colony of Georgia, and was distinguished for his fine intellect and amiable disposition. Hon. JAMES JONES was born in Maryland, and came to Georgia when very young. After he was admitted to the practice of the law, he settled in Savannah, where he soon became very popular. He was often a member of the Legislature, and in 1798 was elected to Congress. He died at Washington City, 12th January, 1801. HON. NOBLE WYMBERLEY JONES.-This patriot was born near London, in the year 1723 or 1724. At the commencement of the dissensions between Great Britain and the colonies, Mr. Jones took a decided stand in favour of the latter. He was among the first of those who associated for the purpose of sending delegates to a General Congress at Philadelphia, and would have gone himself as one, had it not been for the entreaties of his father, then the Treasurer of the Province, and a member of the Council, who was far advanced in years. He was, however, chosen Speaker of the Provincial Legislature; and at every new election consequent upon the frequent dissolutions of the House of Commons by the Governor, he was returned, and elected to that office. When Savannah fell under the power of the British, in 1778, he removed to Charleston, where he was arrested, by order of the British commander, and carried to St. Augustine. On the following July he was released, and went to Philadelphia. In this city he remained some time, practising medicine. Whilst here, he was appointed by the Legislature of Georgia a delegate to Congress, and continued in that capacity until 1782, when he returned to Savannah. He died on the 9th of January, 1805, honoured by the community as an honest man, a sterling patriot, and a skilful physician.* JOHN Y. NOEL, Esq., died in Savannah-acknowledged to be one of the first lawyers of his day. Hon. Judge WILLIAM DAVIES died in Savannah. His talents were of a high order. He was a gentleman of unspotted integrity. Hon. THOMAS U. P. CHARLTON died in the city of Savannah. He was distinguished for his legal learning. In 1808 he published the Life of General James Jackson. COLONEL JOHN WHITE.-This gentleman was an Englishman by birth, of Irish parentage, and was at one time a surgeon in the British navy. On leaving the naval service, he embarked with his family for America, and purchased a suitable residence near Philadelphia. * Abridged from a sketch in the "' Americana Encyclopedia," vol. xiii., p. 479. 368 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. When the Revolution commenced, and all aliens were ordered to quit the country or to take the oath of allegiance, he preferred the latter, saying "that he had fought for the King as long as he ate his bread, but that now America was his home, and for America he would now fight." He entered the American army as a captain, and was promoted to the rank of colonel. His regiment (4th Georgia Battalion) was ordered to Savannah. His exposure and fatigue brought on a pulmonary disease, of which he died in Virginia.~ Colonel White effected, during the siege of Savannah, one of the most extraordinary captures the annals of warfare ever recorded. When General Prevost called in his detachments, he ordered the commandant at Sunbury, on the Georgia coast, upon evacuating that post, to put the invalids on board of the small-armed vessels, and to send them by'the inland navigation to Savannah, under the care of Captain French, of the British Regulars. In consequence of head winds, Captain French and his command were detained until some of D'Estaing's fleet were in possession of the pass, and he was induced to sail up the Ogeechee River until he reached a point about twenty-five miles from the city of Savannah. Having arrived here, he learned that the passage over land was also blocked up by the allied force, and he therefore made a descent upon the shore, and finally took post with his party about fifteen or twenty miles from Savannah. Colonel White, having ascertained that Captain French's force consisted of one hundred and eleven soldiers, posseessingDc one hundred and thirty stand of arms, and that he also had under his charge, in the river Ogeechee, adjacent to his camp, five vessels, four of them fully arined, and one of them mounting fourteen guns, and manned by forty seamen, formed the resolution of capturing the detachment. He disclosed his plan to those who were with him. McCall, in his History of Georgia, says that the party consisted of Colonel White, Captains Geo. Melvin and A. E. Elholm, a sergeant and three privates, seven in all. Other historians make no mention of Captain Melvin, or of a sergeant, but give the whole praise to Colonel'White, Elholm, and three soldiers, reducing the dumber to five. White built many watch-fires around the camp, placing them in such a position, and at such intervals, as to induce Captain French and his soldiers to believe that he was absolutely surrounded by a large force. The deception was kept up through the night by White and his companions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from tho east of the British camp, and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme west. Nor was this the only stratagem; each mounted a horse and rode with haste in divers directions, imitating the manner of the staff; and giving orders with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Captain French suffered himself to be completely trapped. White carried his daring plan forward by dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British, and * Extract from MSS. furnished by the Hon. R. M. Charlton, of Savannah. CHATHAM COUNTY. 369 demanding a conference with French. "I am the commander, Sir," he said, " of the American soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops are highly incensed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any consequences that may ensue." French thanked him for his humanity, and said, despondingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force that he saw was around him, and announced his willingness to surrender his vessels, his arms, his men, and himself to Colonel White. At this instant Captain Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, inquired of him where he should place the artillery. " Keep them back, keep them back, Sir," answered White, "the British have surrendered. Move your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post at Sunbury." The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and the British, urged by White to keep clear of his men, and to hasten their departure from the enraged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great celerity, whilst White retired with one or two of his associates, stating that he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now employed himself in collecting the neighbourhood militia, with which he overtook his guides, and conducted them in safety to the Sunbury post. Lee, in his account of this affair, says:<" The extraordinary address of White was contrasted by the extraordinary folly of French, and both were necessary to produce this wonderful issue. The affair approaches too near the marvellous to have been admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted, as uniformly accredited, and never contradicted." Captain Elholm was an officer of Pulaski's Legion. Captain Melvin, it is believed, lived and died in Savannah. Hon. JOSEPH nABERSHAM was the son of James Habersham,born 28th July, 1751. Among all the patriots of Georgia, there were none more devoted to liberty than Joseph Habersham. On every occasion in which danger was to be encountered, or service performed, he was actively engaged. In 1795 he was appointed by Washington Postmaster-General of the United States. He died on the 17th of November, 1815. The Rev. HENRY KOLLOCK, D. D., was for many years the pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church in the City of Savannah. This distinguished minister was born in New-Jersey, on the 14th of December, 1778. On the 7th of May, 1800, he was licensed to preach, and was shortly afterwards invited to become the pastor of a church in Elisabethtown, which he accepted, and continued there until 1803, when he removed to Princeton, to take upon him the office of Professor of Divinity, to which he had been elected. In 1806, he entered 24 370 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. upon his duties as pastor of the Independent Presbyterian Church in Savannah, and continued in that relation until the 29th of December, 1819, when he was removed by death. As a preacher, Dr. Kollock possessed a reputation surpassed by few in America. As a pastor, he was diligent and prudent. In private life he was kind and tender. A beautiful monument has been erected to his memory in the Savannah Cemetery, by his congregation, Rev. HENRY HOLCOMBE was the son of Grimes and Elisabeth Holcombe, and was born in the County of Prince Edward, Va., on the 22d of September, 1762. When very young, his parents removed to South Carolina. At " eleven years of age he completed all the education he ever received from a living preceptor." When the Revolution commenced, he hastened to the standard of liberty, joined the army, and was made a Captain, but soon directing his mind to religious subjects, he resigned his commission, connected himself with the Baptist denomination, and. immediately commenced preaching. In a short time afterwards he accepted a call to become the pastor of a church at Pipe Creek, South Carolina. Here he continued labouring to advance the interests of religion, and multitudes under hins ministry were brought to the knowledge of the truth. Whilst pastor of this church, he was honoured by being appointed a member of the South Carolina Convention, which ratified the Constitution of the United States. On the first of February, 1791, he became pastor of the church at the Euhaw, in Beaufort District, South Carolina. Here his influence was immediately felt, in removing the prejudices which had long existed against the denomination to which he was attached, and he mayhbe considered as the founder of the Baptist Church at Beaufort. The citizens of Beaufort elected him President of a society for the encouragement of literature. Mr. Holcombe discharged his duty with uncommon zeal, and took great interest in the establishment of the Beaufort College, of which he was made a trustee. In 1799 he removed to Savannah, and in 1800 became pastor of the Baptist Church in Savannah. In every scheme proposing the religious and. intellectual improvement of the people, no one could exhibit more zeal than Mr. Holcombe. The " Georgia Analytical Repository," the first periodical published in Georgia, originated with, and was conducted by him. In 1804 he selected a site for a seminary, and petitioned the General Assembly of Georgia for an act of incorporation, but was refused, a small majority supposing that if the Baptists became directors of a college, their numbers and influence would be dangerous to the religious liberties of the State. It was insinuated in the public papers that the Baptists were the leading denominationl in Georgia, and if they obtained a charter with a celebrated writer, at their head, the treasury would be in an alarming condition, and eventually everything would be under Baptist direction. 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In 1810 he resigned his charge of the church in Savannah, and retired to Mount Enon for the purpose of recruiting his health. Whilst here, he was called to Beaufort and Boston, both of which calls he declined. He afterwards accepted a call to be pastor of the First Baptist Church in Philadelphia, in which city he died on the 22d of May, 1824. Hon. CIHARLES HARRIS was born in England, and received his education in France. He came to Georgia in 1788, settled in Savannah, and became one of the most profound lawyers in Georgia. He died March 17, 1827. REV. EDWARD NEUFVILLE, D.'D.-We feel that we would be failing in our duty did we not give this gentleman a place in our Collections. At the age of twenty he took his degree at Columbia College, NewYork, and entered upon the study of divinity in the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church. He received deacon's orders in 1824. His first and only parish, save the one in which he died, (Christ Church, Savannah,) was Prince William's, South Carolina. Upon the death of the Rev. A.biel Carter, in 1827, then pastor of Christ Church, Dr. Neufville was called to fill the vacancy. For nearly a quarter of a century did he continue to occupy this responsible station, and we hazard nothing in saying, " that few ministers have passed so blamelessly, and so successfully, through so long a course of service." He died on the first of January, 1851. HON. JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN.-The paternal ancestors of this gentleman were Huguenots. Fleeing from France to Holland on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, two brothers emigrated to this country, and settled, the one on Long Island, the other in New-Jersey. His paternal grandfather, John Berrien, was one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of New-Jersey. The father of the subject of this memoir, Major John Berrien, of whom we give a brief sketch in another part of this work, came to Georgia at a very early age. Towards the close of the Revolutionary War he married, in Philadelphia, Margaret Macpherson, the sister of John Macpherson, (aid-de-camp of General Montgomery, who fell with him at Quebec,) and of General William Macpherson, who served in the American army until the close of the war. The latter.gentleman had a commission in the British army, and the company under his command was stationed at New-York; but being unwilling to bear arms against his countrymen, he applied for permission to resign, which was granted, coupled with a condition that he should not leave the British lines, within which he remained under the surveillance of a soldier, being indulged, however, with the liberty of going in pursuit of ducks on the East River, attended by his guard. Having one day advanced some distance from the city, he put his fu 372 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. see to the head of his attendant, and ordered him to pull him over to the Long Island shore, where he was received by a party of Americans. This fact being known to Congress, that body gave him a Major's commission in the American army. Major Berrien having returned to Georgia, after the termination of his military service, to prepare for the reception of his family, his wife was left at his mother's house in New-Jersey. This house had been the head-quarters of the army, and from it Washington's farewell address to that gallant band was issued. Here the subject of this sketch was born, on the 23d of August, 1781. Mr. Berrien, then, can claim a double nativity: in New-Jersey, the place of his actual birth, and in Georgia, that of his father's domnicil, to which he was brought when a few months old. His academical education was obtained at various schools in New-York and NewJersey, and he was graduated at Princeton at the age of fifteen. It is not unworthy of note that this time-honoured institution, in 1830, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, on the occasion of his delivering an address before its two literary societies. Returning to Georgia, he commenced the study of law under the direction of the Hon. Joseph Clay, and such was his assiduity, that before he had attained the age of eighteen years he was admitted to the bar. He opened his office first at Louisville, then the seat of government, and afterwards in the city of Savannah, and applied himself with indefatigable industry to the profession in which he had embarked. His books were his delight, and to his studious habits in the early stages of his legal career may doubtless be attributed the great success which he afterwards met with, and which at this time places him among the first lawyers in America. In November, 1809, he was elected Solicitor of the Eastern District of the State of Georgia, and the following year judge of the same district. At this period the judicial term was limited to three years, and Mr. Berrien was elected four times to that office. The war with England from 1812 to 1815, in the earlier portion of Mr Berrien's judicial career, and the excitement of the public mind in such a crisis, in no small degree added to the responsibilities of his station. The excesses which prevailed at that period are doubtless remembered by many persons now living, and we are sure that they will award to Mr. Berrien the praise of having administered the laws with prudence, firmness, and impartiality. During the period of his judicial service, the State was agitated by the advocates and opponents of what were called " the alleviating laws".-certain legislative acts which prevented the collection of debts, and in effect almost closed the courts of justice for all civil suits. The question of the constitutionality of these acts was brought before a Convention of Judges of the State, assembled at Augusta, at which Mr. Berrien prepared and delivered the unanimous opinion of those judges, declaring the law to be unconstitutional, and thus reopening the iourts of justice to the people. Whilst upon the bench, Mr. Berrien frequently recom CHATHAM COUNTY. 373 mended to the General Assembly, at their annual sessions, changes in our penal code, which changes have since been made, and their utility acknowledged by the wisest men in our State. Believing that the defects then existing in our judiciary system could be more efficiently corrected by the adoption of measures that would in sure uniformity of interpretation, rather than by any new legislative enactments which might again be liable to variety of construction, he strenuously advocated the establishment of a Court of Errors and Appeals. During the long period in which Mr. Berrien presided in the Eastern Circuit, it is natural to conclude that cases involving human life must have been often brought before him. Upon such occasions, whilst he felt it to be his duty to see that the mandates of the law were strictly observed, he never failed to show to those arraigned before him for offences, the utmost sympathy, and every indulgence not inconsistent with the obligations he owed to the public weal. In discharging the last duty which the law requires in cases punishable by death, it was hardly possible for a judge to be more solemn and impressive. We happen to have in our possession a copy of the remarks which he delivered to an unfortunate man who had been found guilty of murder at Effingham Superior Court in 1818, and from it we make a brief extract, to give our readers some idea of Mr. Berrien's feelings and language upon such melancholy occasions. Addressing himself to the culprit, the Judge said: "You are young would I could add that you are innocent. The bloom of youth still plays upon your cheeks; would that I could add that the consciousness of rectitude beams from your countenance. But it may not be. The sad reality is before me, and even in your youthful visage I behold the deep, indelible impressions with which guilt ever marks her fallen victims. Alas! what is man? The child of error -the sport of every furious passion-a helpless vessel on the tempestuous ocean of life, without a rudder to guide it from the shoals and quicksands of vice. Such is the wretched condition of him who madly refuses to yield to reason's guidance." In McIntosh, one of the counties embraced in Judge Berrien's, circuit, a case of homicide occurred, which at the time produced much excitement. At the session of the Legislature of 1818, a resolution was adopted directing inquiries to be made in reference to the conduct of the Court and Sheriff. Learning that reports as injurious to his reputation as they were unfounded, had been circulated in some portions of the State, Mr. Berrien came to Milledgeville, and addressed a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in which he demanded a full investigation of his conduct. A committee, composed of some of the first men in Georgia, was appointed to examine the matter, and after a patient investigation, both houses reported unanimously that Judge Berrien stood acquitted and discharged, and that whilst they would watch with an attentive and jealous eye the administration of the public justice, they would guard and protect with a steady hand the inestimable boon of private vir 374 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tue and judicial reputation; and they therefore recommended the following resolution, which was adopted: That in the trial, conviction, and sentence of John L. Hopkins, the conduct of the Hon. John Macpherson Berrien was identified with ability, unyielding virtue, and rigid integrity." During a part of tne time in which Mr. Berrien occupied a seat upon the bench, as has already been stated, war existed between England and the United States. With a regiment of volunteer cavalry under his command, he performed a short tour of service at Darien, while the British forces were upon the Island of St. Simons, and in the adjacent waters, but did not come into contact with the enemy. Mr. Berrien resigned his office as Judge in the second year of his fourth term, and returned to the practice of law, which soon became very extensive. In 1822 and 1823, he represented the County of Chatham in the State Senate, and as the journals of that body will show, with distinguished ability. A wider field, however, for the exercise of his talents was reserved for Mr. Berrien, viz., the Senate of the United States, to which he was transferred by the Legislature of Georgia in 1824, and took his seat in that body on the 4th of March, 1825. It is not in accordance with the plan of this work to express opinions in regard to the policy and propriety of any measures advocated in their official capacity by those whose memoirs we have prepared. This task we leave for others; remarking, however, at the same time, that during the period of Mr. Berrien's senatorial term, above referred to, there was not a subject of general interest with which he did not display consummeate knowledge. His speeches before the Senate were always listened to with profound attention, and acquired for him the reputation of being one of the most gifted orators and able statesmen in our country. In 1829, Mr. Berrien received the appointment of Attorney General of the United States, in consequence of which he resigned his seat in the Senate. For this office his great legal attainments eminently qualified him, but owing to a want of concert in President Jackson's Cabinet, Mr. Berrien resigned his office in 1831, and resumed the practice of his profession in the city of Savannah, and continued in it until 1841, serving intermediately in a State Convention which had been called to consider the ratio of representatior, in the Legislature. In 1840, Mr. Berrien was again elected to the Senate of the United States, and took his seat on the 4th of March, 1841. This period of our country's history will long be remembered for the important and delicate political questions which agitated the councils of the nation. In them Mr. Berrien took a prominent part and added to the fame he had already acquired. CHATHAM COUNTY. 375 At the session of the Legislature of Georgia in 1841, the Committee upon the State of the Republic reported a series of resolutions expressive of disapprobation of the political course of Mr. Berrien, particularly in regard to his support of the nomination of the Hon. Mr. Everett as Minister to England, the subject of a Na tional Bank, the bill to distribute the proceeds of the public lands among the States, the Bankrupt Law, and the Revenue and Loan Bills. The report occupied the attention of the Legislature for several days, and was finally passed, accompanied by resolutions requesting the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Georgia to vote against the establishment of a Bank of the United States, bankrupt law, &c., &c., and directing the Governor to send a copy of these resolutions to each of the Senators and Representatives in Congress from the State of Georgia. Thirty of the members declined voting on the resolutions censuring Mr. Berrien, believing that he had not done anything worthy of censure. Governor McDonald, in compliance with the directions of the Legislature, sent a copy of these resolutions to Mr. Berrien; and in his message to the Legislature of 1842, informed that body that he had complied with the resolutions, accompanied by some remarks in regard to Mr. Berrien's course. This part of his message was referred to the Committee upon the State of the Republic. The report of this Committee excited much feeling in the Senate. On the 6th of December, a minority of said Committee made a report, in which the following resolution was embraced:-" That the lion. John M. Berrien, our Senator in Congress, for the able and distinguished manner in which he has discharged. his. public duties, receives our warmest approbation, and is entitled to the thanks and. confidence of the people of Georgia." Upon receiving the report of a majority of the Committee, the votes stood thus-yeas, 46; nays, 35; so the report was adopted, and Mr. Berrien was virtually proclaimed as not representing the sentiments of the people of Georgia. The communication of Governor McDonald did not reach Mr. Berrien until after the adjournment of the Legislature; and being thus deprived of the opportunity of replying directly to his accusers, he determined to appeal from the decision of that body to the people at large.. He accordingly issued an address to the people of Georgia, in which, after discussing various political questions, he entered into a full consideration of the doctrine of legislative instruction, and denounced it, as. a usurpation of power, equally inconsistent with the Constitution of the State, and of the United States. Judge Story, in a letter addressed to Mr. Berrien, dated Cambridge, 14th of February, 1843, from which we are permitted to make the following extract, says:"I read your address with unfeigned satisfaction. It was in every respect worthy of yourself, and of your principles; and I heartily concur in your powerful, and, in my judgment/ conclusive reasoning on all the topics which you have 376 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. discussed. My only regret is, that the address is not put in pamphlet form, so as to be capable of a more enduring mode of preservation. Your argument upon what is called'the right of instruction is exceedingly cogent, and, as I think, unanswerable. If ever my work on the Constitution shall reach another edition, I mean to extract the passage, and use it in that work. [ have laid aside the newspaper for this purpose, among my choice collections." This appeal of Mr. Berrien was generally circulated among the people of Georgia. At the session of the Legislature of 1843, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:The last General Assembly of the State of Georgia having adopted a series of resolutions, approved on the 28th of December, 1842, censuring the course of the Hon. John M. Berrien, one of our Senators in Congress, withdrawing their confidence from him, and declaring that they would not receive from, nor address to him any communication to further the interests or defend the rights of the people of Georgia, the General Assembly feel constrained to restore the relations thus dissevered between the people of Georgia and their faithful Senator, and to express their confidence in his worth and patriotism. Be it therefore Resolved, by the Senate and Ilouse of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met, That we and our constituents approve the course of the Hon. John M. Berrien in the Senate of the United States, and cherish an honest pride in his enlightened patriotism and distinguished ability. Resolved firther, That we especially commend his uncompromising resistance to the disorganizing doctrine of legislative instruction. Resolved further, That this General Assembly hereby express their unqualified confidence in their honourable Senator; that it will always be their pride and their pleasure to commnunicate with hil; and that, in any and every emergency, they will address themselves to him as the WILLING CHAIMPION AND ABLE DEFENDER of the rights and interests of the people of Georgia. Resolved, That the Governor be requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions to our Senators in Congress, with the request that they be laid before the Senate of the United States. Thus sustained by the Legislature and people of Georgia, Mr. Berrien continued in the discharge of his public duties in the Senate oi the United States; and in.1847 was re-elected for another term of six years, which would have terminated on the 4th of March, 1853; but he resigned, his seat in May, 1852, and retired to private life. The manner in which his resignation was announced to the Senate by that excellent man, the late Vice-President King, and the remarks of the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee on the occasion, afford evidence of the high estimation in which Mr. Berrien was held in that body. As we have already said, Mr. Berrien bore his full share in the discussion of the exciting subjects which agitated the Senate. He was ever the uncompromising advocate of the constitutional rights of the people of Georgia; but he sought with equal zeal to advance the interests, and steadfastly to preserve the integrity of the Union. CHATHAM COUNTY. 377 Two of Mr. Berrien's speeches are now before us: one on the subject of Slavery in the Territories, and the other on the President's Message, in relation to the slave rescue at Boston, Mass. From both of these speeches we conceive it to be our duty to give a few extracts, to show that he has never lost sight of his duty to Georgia. From the first of these we make the following extract in reference to the right of the people of the South to participate in the benefits of all public property, and in the territories of the Union:"This right is based upon the equality of the States. If they be equal in dignity, in right; if they were so at the formation of the Constitution; if nothing has intervened since to produce an inequality, then the right which is claimed rests upon the basis of their equality. It is the inevitable consequence of it. You can perceive that such an equality of rights between the members of the Union must apply not only to actual possessions at any given time, but also to all future acquisitions. "It is difficult to prove so self-evident a proposition, as the equality of the States of this Union at the formation of this Constitution. But let us for a moment consider it. Thirteen independent States, loosely connected by the Articles of Confederation, with a view to form a more perfect union, established our federal charter. That they were free and independent States, they affirmed in their Declaration of Independence, and they maintained that declaration by their wisdom in council and by their gallantry in the field. That they were sovereign States was recognized by the country of which they were colonies, by a treaty in which they.were severally and by name acknowledged as free, sovereign, and indepen dent. Well now, sir their equality necessarily resulted from their sovereignty, as sovereignty is correlative to equality. I do not know whether upon a questior of this sort it may be necessary to resort to authorities; but Vattel says:-' Since men are naturally equal, and a perfect equality prevails in their rights and obligations, as equally proceeding from nature; nations composed of men, and considered as so many free persons living together in a state of nature, are naturally equal, and inherit from nature the same obligations and rights. Power or weakness does not in this respect produce any difference. A dwarf is as much a man as a giant; a small republic is no less a sovereign State than the most powerful kingdom.' The thirteen States of this Union, then, entered into the bond which now unites us as equals. The Constitution of the United States recognizes that equality as existing between the States, not only by its grants, but also by its reservations of power.'In the exercise of these; their equal rights, they formed a Constitution and established a government to administer it. Now, is it to be doubted-this is the inquiry which I would address to the Senate-is it to be doubted that a government so formed was to be conducted for the common and equal benefit of all those equal and sovereign States who formed it?" We wish we had space to allow us to give more extracts from this speech, particularly that portion of it which relates to the Mexican laws on the subject of slavery; but we are compelled to omit it. Mr. Berrien concluded his speech in the following language: 378 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "I hope to return to that people, bearing to them the evidence of your disposition to preserve the peace and harmony of the Union. I know their devotion to it. For myself. I do not hesitate to say that disunion is an idea which, even in imagination, I cannot fully realize. In moments of despondency, it floats before my mind, as a shapeless vision, to which I can give no distinct form, dimly exposing to my view, in the background, the horrors of anarchy and civil commotion. I could not draw the dividing line by any effort of imagination of vwhich I am capable. I am not-within the broad limits of the State in which I dwell I do not believe there is a single advocate of disunion; but that which the understanding cannot devise, which the imagination cannot conceive, desperation, produced by a sense of injustice, may accomplish. I pray that it may be averted. My best efforts shall be employed to avert it. I do not indicate.the course which Georgia will pursue, if the measures which you propose are carried into execution. That is for her people to determine; and I am but one of these. I can only say, that the rights and the interests of that people are mine; that they are endeared to me by a thousand recollections which can never be obliterated; that I cannot separate myself from a gallant and patriotic people, the protectors of my infancy, who have in manhood extended to me a generous and unwavering confidence which commands all my gratitude. Beneath the soil of Georgia the ashes of my parents and of my children repose; and there, too, my own must shortly rest. Whether in weal or woe, the lot of her people shall be mine." The motion of the Hon. Mr. Clay in the Senate of the United States, in 1851, to refer the Message of the President, in relation to the slave rescue at Boston, to the Committee on the Judiciary, gave rise to a very animated debate. Mr. Berrien expressed the opinion that the President of the United States ought to be armed with all power which can be constitutionally conferred upon him, for the purpose of carrying the Fugitive Slave Bill into execution. In support of the opinion, that those States in which abolition societies exist should by their own laws repress them, Mr. Berrien argued thus:"Mr. President, I may be told that freedom of speech and of the press are guaranteed by the Constitution. Be it so. But there are other rights also which are guaranteed by that instrument. One principle of law, of justice, and of common sense, is, that however absolute the right which any man possesses, he may not so use it as to inflict injury upon others. Sic uterc tuo, ut non acienum laeder'c, is a maxim of law, but it is also a maxim of common sense and of justice. If the people thus associated, and claiming this right of freedom of speech and of the press, exercise it for no legitimate purpose within their own limits, for the enjoyment of no right which they possess, but solely for the purpose of disturbing the peace, and violating the rights of others residing in States in which slavery exists, they violate that principle, and are no longer within the pale of the protection of the Constitution. "The Senate will bear with me in a very brief view of this subject. They will not, I trust, consider that time as misspent which is employed in fixing this great principle on the basis on which truth, justice, the laws of nations, the Constitution of the country, and our own uniform practice, have established it. I CHATHAM COUNTY. 379 say, then, it is an established principle of the law of nations, that no one State has a right to do anything, even within her own limits, which may operate injuriously to the people of another, although a foreign State, with whom they are at peace. The proposition is laid down so simply, so briefly, and yet so forcibly, by Vattel, that I will for a moment refer to it. After stating that no nation ought to commit actions tending to injure others, Vattel says:'The general principle forbids nations to practise any evil manmeuvres tending to create disturbance in another State, tofoment disorder, 4c., to raise enemies against it," &c., &c. " This principle of the law of nations, thus stated by this writer, and recognized by every other on the subject, is enforced (as you have seen by reading a portion of the report of the Convention of Georgia) by the Constitution of the United States, one of the objects declared in the preamble being to insure the' domestic tranquillity' of each State. The obligation, then, which exists between foreign States, not by any act committed within their limits, to disturb the repose of any State, is recognized, enforced, and applied by the Constitution of the United States to the people of the several States composing this Confederacy. And, sir, the Government of the United States has acted upon this principle from its very foundation. It is now acting upon it at the very moment in which I am speaking to you. That principle lies at the foundation of all the laws on your statute-book, which inhibit citizens of the United States from fitting out armed vessels within the United States to cruise against a nation at peace with them. The offence is complete before the injury is done to the foreign nation. It is the act of fitting out with the intent to cruise against a nation with which the United States are at peace. So, also, the provisions which forbid any warlike preparation for the purpose of doing an injury to the people of such foreign State." Since the resignation of his seat in the Senate of the United States, Mr. Berrien has remained in retirement, under the pressure of a domestic calamity, devoting himself to the care and education of his young family. He appears occasionally in the courts as assistant counsel, and at the meetings of his fellow-citizens of Savannah, who at this time are extensively engaged in measures of internal improvement, of which he has always been a zealous advocate. We cannot conclude this sketch without remarking, that Mr. Berrien has long been a worthy member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in its State and General Conventions has always acted a prominent part. Hon. JAMES MooRE WAYNE was born in the city of Savannah, in the State of Georgia. His father, an Englishman by birth, came to this country early in life, and marrying a Miss Clifford, a descendant of a family which emigrated from England to South Carolina as early as 1687, established himself in business in Charleston, whence he removed to Savannah. Of the thirteen children born of this union, but two now survive-the subject of this memoir, and his younger brother, General William C. Wayne, at present residing in South Carolina. Mr. Wayne received the rudiments of his education under the care 380 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of Mr. Mackay. At a proper age, he joined the Freshman Class of Princeton College, at which he was graduated. Returning to Savannah, he entered upon the study of law in the office of John Y. Noel, Esq., where he remained, however, only a few months, being advised by his friends to prosecute his legal studies at the North. He accordingly repaired to New-Haven, and became the law pupil of the Hon. Judge Chauncey, a gentleman of high legal education. As commemorative of this high-minded and estimable gentleman's peculiarities, which will be instantly recognized by all who knew him, and as illustrative of his method of instruction, conveying useful hints for legal education, we shall here quote Judge Wayne's own description of his New-Haven course. " I can never forget Judge Chauncey," he writes, " for in his parlour and office was laid the foundation of my professional career. But I did not get into either, without much questioning of,'who I was'-' where I had been'-' what I had done'-'why I came to him' —and not before he verified, in some measure, my answers, by examining me in both Latin and Greek; saying, that he had never undertaken to teach any one the law, who was not prepared for it by previous education. The end of it was, that after a week, I was sent for to begin my course. He was well acquainted with his profession and its literature. First, he gave to me alone, for his other students were advanced, several lectures upon the ethics of the profession, illustrating them by narratives and anecdotes from the lives of eminent lawyers. These were not conversations, but precisely written chapters upon the practice of the profession, in the different relations of lawyer and client, lawyer with lawyer, and lawyer with the court and jury, in which were traced their obligations to each other, with exactness and truth. I was then lectured for three or four months upon the Roman law. First, historically, as to its sources and its reception in modern Europe, and then in its subdivisions concerning persons, things, rights, the modes of prosecuting them, and in all of those analogies in relation to contracts, which exist between it and the English common law. It was in this course that the Latin I had learned was of use to me, and it has been so ever since professionally. In connection with this course, I was carried through the history of the English common law, before I was permitted to take up any of the works ordinarily first used in getting a knowledge of the law. Hale's History of the Common Law was his text, and Edward I. his hero. Every statute of that prince's reign, and of each succeeding reign, in any way bearing upon the improvement of the law, I was made to know something of, in contrast with the antecedent defective condition of English law. My instructor did everything he could to point out the road for my future travel in the profession, and it is my own fault if I have not made the journey. Circumstances which I could not control, forced me to leave Judge Chauncey sooner than I wished, after I had been with him for twenty months. When taking my leave of him, he put into my hand a complimentary certificate, with one of his characteristic remarks. It was to this effect:'I have tried to make a lawyer CHATHAM COUNTY. 381 of you-go-but do not think yourself one yet. Continue to do as you have done with me, and I may hear before I die that you are one.' Nor did his interest in me cease with our separation; for, having been told some time afterwards, that I was more devoted to social pleasures than he thought consistent with my becoming a lawyer, he wrote a friendly letter to me, very much in his peculiar way. It was as follows:' I hear of your health, and am glad of it; but I hear also, that your time is very much given to balls and dinners. That is not the way for you to become a lawyer. Others have tried it without success, and so will you.' As regards myself; he was more than half right. Under strong allurements, I was giving myself too much to society, in a vain hope that I could divide my time between study and pleasure." After he left Judge Chauncey's office he returned to Savannah, where he passed five months in the office of Mr. Stites, for the purpose of becoming familiar with the practice in Georgia. He then entered upon his profession, and in a few years acquired an extensive practice. Mr. Wayne was first drawn into public life by an inducement which bore hard upon the profession in Georgia. The Legislature had passed what is commonly known as a relief law for debtors. Suits could not be commenced against them: such as had been begun, were stayed in the courts from being carried into judgment and execution; and levies could not be made for the payment of judgments obtained before the enactment of the law. Judge Berrien, then presiding in the Superior Court of Georgia, took the lead in showing and deciding that such a law was unconstitutional. Mr. Richard Henry Wilde, of Augusta, published a well-written and learned pamnphlet against it, with great success; and there was organized an opposition to the law, for its repeal at the sitting of the next General Assembly. Public sentiment in Savannah was against tle law, and became more efficient from the stand Judge Berrien had taken, land fromr the violence of the advocates of the law against him, in other parts of the State.. Candidates for the General Assembly were selected in every county of the State with reference to their advocacy or opposition to the Relief Act. In Chatham County, in which is the city of Savannah, Mr. Wayne was put forward as a candidate, and was elected by a large majority. It was his first appearance in public life, or in politics, and was the means of introducing him to an extensive circle of gentlemen in the General Assembly, who had been prominent in Georgia affairs for a long time, but many of whom had been, voluntarily, in retirement for years, and had only left it for the occasion, to help in restoring the State to an upright position. The proposition to repeal the law brought out the speakers on both sides, and it was thoroughly discussed. The part borne in this discussion by Mr. Wayne was his first attempt in political debate, and gained for him the favourable opinion of all who thought with him, and of many of those who were opposed to him. A large number, on both sides, united in asking himn to write out his speech for publication. He did so; and it being very 382 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. generally circulated, formed the beginning of that good-will which the people of Georgia have always since shown to him, in every instance in which he has been put before them, or the Legislature, as a candidate. The next year, he was again elected a member of the General Assembly; but the year after, he declined being a candidate, having been placed at the head of the municipality of his native city. As Mayor of Savannah, he introduced and established the system of financial accountability in the management of the city affairs, which still exists, and under which they have prospered, without loss by the defalcation of any of its officers. Resigning the mayoralty as soon as he could, he returned, exclusively, to the practice of his profession, and worked at it, in partnership with Mr. Richard R. Cuyler, earnestly, industriously, and profitably, until he received a written communication, signed by every practising member of the bar in the Eastern Circuit of the State, requesting him to become a candidate before the General Assembly for the bench of the Superior Court. He did so, and was elected. He presided in this court for five years and a half, and then resigned, to take his seat in the Congress of the United States, in the session of 1829-30, to which he had been elected by the people of the State-Georgia then electing her representatives by a general ticket. The State Reports, and the records of the Superior Court, sufficiently show how his judicial duties during this period were discharged; and to the reputation he then earned must mainly be attributed his subsequent appointment to the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States. The period of Mr. Wayne's entry into public life was an exceedingly interesting one in the history of our country. The administration of the younger Adams had been terminated in the March previous by the inauguration of General Jackson. The United States were at peace with all the world; but there were unsettled questions -with England, France, and Spain, requiring, on our part, delicate treatment and consideration. They had been the subjects of an unsuccessful negotiation, our people were impatient of the delays which had attended the same, and the time had come when, in order to avoid greater difficulties, it was necessary for our Government to arrange the disputed boundary with England, and to settle the claims of our citizens with France and Spain for spoliations upon our commerce. With the new republics of the American Continent we were in friendly relation, but against all of them we had complaints, which were to be adjusted before commercial arrangements for mutual benefit could be matured. At home, the many questions of domestic policy, bearing directly upon sectional interests and the constitutional powers of the government in legislation, were more perplexing even than our foreign affairs -mnore embarrassing, perhaps, than ever before in the history of the nation. The tariff-internal improvements-the Bank of the United States-the public lands-the policy to be adopted in relation to the CHATHAM COUNTY. 383 tribes of Indians within the limits of some of the States-were all engrossing and dividing public attention. There were other difficulties which brought upon the acministration many responsibilities, present and prospective. Coming into Congress under these circumstances, and with the confidence of the people of this State, particularly as regarded her Indian difficulties, Judge Wayne, soon after taking his seat, was brought into frequent and close intercourse with the President and his Cabinet. In the arrangement of the committees, he was placed on that of commerce, of which the Hon. C. C. Cambreleng was chairman, to whom was conceded by all, an enlarged knowledge of the principles of trade, with great practical experience in their operation. It was in the business of this committee that it was first seen that the representative from Georgia possessed industry with great application, and the ability to defend its action in debate when brought before the House. He was, at the same time, a member of the Library Committee, which brought him into frequent and pleasant intercourse with many of the members. Subsequently, as chairman of a special committee, he reported a plan for the reorganization of the Treasury Department; and afterwards he occupied the responsible position of chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, until removed from it to the bench of the Supreme Court. Notwithstanding the engrossing duties which devolved upon him as a member of different committees, he found time to inform himself in relation to the other business before Congress, and to participate in the discussion of every measure of importance, connected or unconnected with our foreign or domestic policy. His support of the administration was liberal, without partisan intention, or advocacy of what he could not approve. Its foreign policy had his uniform support. He sustained free trade, without denying the constitutionality of protection. He opposed internal improvements by Congress, except. of rivers and harbours, which he always upheld. He differed from. the President as to the distribution to the States of the revenue received from the sale of public lands. He opposed the rechartering of the United States Bank, on account of its mismanagement and its power, always admitting, however, that Congress had constitutional power to charter a bank; and he took an active part in the removal of the Indians to a permanent home. His position in regard to the rechartering of the United States Bank we find clearly defined in his speech delivered on the 13th March, 1832. (Gales and Seaton's Debates, vol. viii., part 2, page 2129.) This speech was widely circulated, and brought him into correspondence and connection with the most distinguished bankers and financiers of the country. Judge Wayne defended President Jackson's course in relation to the South Carolina resolutions, proposing to nullify the acts of Congress for the collection of the revenues. He voted for the Force Bill, and, in consequence, was denounced by a 384 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. portion of his own party. But the people of Georgia sustained him, and returned him to Congress by a larger majority than he had eve, before received. In debate, Judge Wayne is ready, quick, ingenuous, and courteous, never forgetting, in the excitement of the subject or the moment, the respect due to himself, to the House, or to individuals. His legal practice, and the early habit of noting the arguments of eminent counsel, served him here to great advantage, and we find him, generally, attacking the turning point of his adversary's argument. In his speeches we find no efforts at declamation, nor attempts at rounded or inflated periods for popular applause, but great research and varied information, exhibiting a thorough and extensive range of examination, with much and careful study. In their arrangement, the system and habit of legal argument are evident; and we find him adhering to the main points of the case with a tenacity that no diversions of his opponents could relax. In his politics, he uniformly assumed high national ground; yet no one has defended the constitutional rights of the States more consistently, or with more vigour and ability, when those rights have been assailed. The impressions and influences of his political career are to be seen in many of the measurss of public policy to which he gave his support, and which are now matters of national history. But in none have they been more apparent and decisive than in the advancement and prosperity of his native State, resulting from the removal of the Indian tribes within her borders. Withdrawing from political strife upon the acceptance of the appointment to the supreme bench, Judge Wayne has taken but little part since in public affairs, and then, only upon the urgent solicitations of his friends, or the unequivocal demands of national obligations. As a delegate from Savannah, he attended the famous Knoxville Internal Improvement Convention; but perceiving upon its organization that it was merely called to confirm a predetermined conclusion, without an examination of, or regard to, the route through Georgia, he suggested to his colleagues, and impressed it upon them as essential to the interests of their own State, the imperative necessity of unanimous action; and recommended, as best calculated to promote agreement among them, and to render their action effectual, that the delegates from Georgia should meet daily, after the adjournment of the Convention, for the purpose of examining and criticising its proceedings. The suggestion and recommendation were both approved and acted upon, and the result of these meetings was the subsequent Convention of the people of Georgia, in which he presided, and in which was laid the foundation of that line of internal improvements, uniting the current of the Mississippi with the tide-waters of the Atlantic, so successfully undertaken, and now almost completed. He has also presided in two conventions called for revising the constitution of his native State. Before we close this memoir, we conceive it to be a duty we owe to Judge Wayne to say something of his judicial career. CHATHAM COUNTY. 385 Two important branches of the law, in which Mr. Justice Wayne has exerted an especial influence, demand particular notice here. One of the most interesting subjects, in every point of view, which is exhibited in our judicial history, is that of admiralty jurisdiction. It is perfectly well known to the profession, and to his brethren on the bench, that no individual has more earnestly devoted himself to this particular topic, nor exhibited more industry or research in exploring it, nor contributed more effectively to the establishment of those principles which are now recognized as governing this interesting and important branch of jurisprudence, than the subject of the present memoir. In the year 1847, the case of Waring v. Clark was brought to the consideration of the court. It was a suit in the admiralty, originating in a collision which occurred between the vessels on the Mississippi River, about ninety-five miles above New-Orleans. In the judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Wayne, it became necessary to examine at great length the history of the admiralty jurisdiction in both England and the United States, to institute a comparison, and to discriminate between them, and to lay down certain and precise rules, by which the courts of the Union are to be governed in the administration of their functions. This task was performed with great ability; and it is believed that the lines there drawn will henceforward be regarded as permanently settled landmarks on this subject. There is, perhaps, no one department of the law involving greater or more momentous interests than those which concern the public lands, particularly that portion of them which lies within the territories which the United States have acquired from foreign powers. In the investigation of such causes, it is perfectly well known that no member of the bench has been more laborious, more conversant with the law by which they were to be decided, nor, above all, more distinguished for high appreciation of the obligations of treaties, and impartiality in the adjudication of them, than the subject of this memoir.* Georgia is proud to own Judge Wayne as one of her most gifted sons. The Right Rev. STEPHEN ELLIOTT, Jr., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Georgia, was born at Beaufort, in South Carolina, on the 31 st of August, 1806. His father was Stephen Elliott-one among the most eminent scholars which the South has ever produced, and a gentleman universally beloved. His mother was the grand-daughter of the Hon. James Habersham, who was Governor of Georgia in 1771, and sister to the Hon. Richard W. Habersham, formerly a member of Congress from this State. Bishop' Elliott received the rudiments of his education in Charleston, under a celebrated teacher, Mr. Hurlbert, and entered the Sophomore class at Harvard University, where he remained one year, and " Abridged from a memoir in " Biographical Sketches of Eminent American Lawyers," edited by John Livingston, of the New-York bar. 25 386 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. then returned to South Carolina, and entered Columbia College, at which he was graduated in 1825. Under James L. Pettigrew, Esq., an eminent barrister in Charleston, he studied law, and was admitted to practice as soon as he became of age. He pursued his profession in Charleston and Beaufort until 1833, when he determined to study for the ministry, and became a candidate for orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, Anterior to this, his mind had been directed to religious subjects. It will be remembered by some, that, in 1830 and'31, the churches of almost every denomination in the lower part of South Carolina were uncommonly excited upon the subject of religion. The Rev. Daniel Baker, we believe, was at this time the instrument in the hands of the Almighty of bringing many to feel that religion was the " one thing needful," and among whom, if we are not mistaken, was Mr. Elliott. He was ordained deacon by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Bowen in 1835, and shortly afterwards took charge of the parish at Wilton, South Carolina, where he remained but one month, and was elected Professor of Sacred Literature in South Carolina College, the duties of which professorship he assumed early in January, 1836. When, in 1840, the weak Diocese of Georgia believed that the time had arrived when Providence seemed to open a way by which a Bishop might be secured, attention was turned to Mr. Elliott, and at the Convention held at Clarkesville, May 1st, 1840, he was elected, and consecrated in Christ Church, at Savannah, in 1841. CHATTOOGA COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Walker and Floyd, in 1838, and derived its name from its principal river, Chattooga. The most prominent streams are Chattooga River; Snake, Eukelanaquaw, Johns, and Amuchee Creeks. SUMMERVILLE is the county town, situated in Chattooga Valley, one hundred and ninety-five miles from Milledgeville. The climate is considered healthy. Among the instances of longevity are, JOSEPH POLLARD and HENRY LAURENCE, 80; Mrs. MARGARET MIDDLETON, 90. The face of the country is uneven, traversed by mountains and ridges running N. E. and S. W. Although a small county, it contains much good land. It is interspered with rich and delightful valleys and mountains, unfolding picturesque and highly interesting scenery. The names of the principal valleys are Broomtown, Chattooga, and Amuchee. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge and John's Mountain; there is also a very high peak which stands by itself, called Dirtseller Mountain; the Indians called it Ifarte Kitnteesky. CIIATTOOGA COUNTY. 387 Tryon Factory, on Chattooga River, is five miles N. of Summerville,-864 spindles, 10 looms, averaging 45 yards per loom; 45 operatives. Factory 114 feet by 44; 2 stories high. Water power good. Among the first settlers of this county were, ROBERT CAMERON, CHARLES PRICE, FRANCIS KIRBY, JOHN LAMAR, WM. MCCONNELL, ISAAC CHANDLER, JAMES HERNDON, JAMES WEILS, JOHN JOHNSON, PHILIP BURNS, SANDERS DICKSON, WM. PRICE, HUGH MONTGOMERY, ALBERT MITCHELL, EDWARD ADAMS, REUBEN SLATON, N. ALLMAN, ELIJAH MOSLEY, THOMAS TREDAWAY, ALBERT QUINN, JOSEPH CROOK, CHARLES A. HEARD, JOHN F. BEAVERS, HUGH MCMULLIN, JAMES PRICE. Extract from the Census of 1850,-869 dwellings; 869 families; 2,628 white males; 2,503 white females; 1 free coloured male; 3 free coloured females. Total free population, 5,135; slaves, 1,680. Deaths, 79. Farms, 419; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $861,066; value of personal estate, $1,018,308. IN the vicinity of Summerville there was a very large Indian town called Island Town, the principal chief of which in 17- was Cabin Smith, one of the signers of the treaty concluded at the Cherokee Agency, July 8, 1817, and also of the treaty at Washington, February 27, 1819. About the end of the American Revolution, the small-pox made great ravages among the inhabitants of this town. Broomtown was situated west of Island Town, and took its name from its chief, The Broom, whose name is affixed to the treaty concluded at Tellico, October 24, 1804. Sequoia, or George Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, formerly resided in this county. CHEROKEE ALPHABET.-We find the following interesting article in the miscellaneous department of a Northern paper, but without any acknowledgment of the source whence it was derived. The material facts here stated are, however, well established, but we do not recollect to have before seen so particular an account of this singular aboriginal invention.-Sparta Republican. The invention of'the new Cherokee alphabet is one of the most remarkable circumstances which has ever occurred in the history of the Indian tribes of America. We lately conversed with a reverend gentleman, who has for some time laboured as a missionary in the territories of that tribe, and who, from the station he lately held, was able to give us some information respecting this interesting piece of aboriginal improvement. The American Cadmus, it seems, is an illiterate Cherokee, unacquainted both with the English language and the powers and system of the English alphabet. The language of the tribe, though 388 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. perhaps the most copious of any Indian dialect on the continent, is wholly composed of the various combinations of about sixty monosyllables. The ingenious savage, after a persevering labour of two years, having ascertained the certain number of those radical particles of his native tongue, invented for each a representative character, and thus formed a complete, and perhaps the only syllabic alphabet in the world. The accomplishment of this among a people so little addicted to inventive study as the savages of our country, is truly astonishing, and proclaims the author of it to be a person of no ordinary mind. During the course of his labours, it is said, his fellow-savages often remarked the singularity of his behaviour in generally sitting apart from his companions, apparently deep in thought, and employed in making marks on the ground. He, however, with true Indian taciturnity, declined speaking to any one of the object of his study till his work was finished. He then took one of his brethren aside, and explained to him his new invention, and ended with saying, " We call now have speaking papers as well as white men.' The newly discovered art was seized with avidity by the people of the tribe, and, from the extreme simplicity of the plan, the use of it soon became general. Any one, on fixing in his memory the names and forms of the letters, immediately possessed the art of reading and writing; and the whole could be acquired in one day. It is now but two or three years since this discovery was made, and reading and writing have already become so general among the Cherokees, that they not only carry on a correspondence by letter between the different parts of their territory, but are also in the habit of taking receipts and giving promissory notes in affairs of trade. The gentleman from whom we received this information told us, that it is now common, in travelling the lands of the tribes, to see directions for the different paths inscribed on the trees. The inventor of the alphabet adopted a few of our manuscript letters. Those were probably the only ones he knew of; and it is certain that he was unacquainted with their power, for he gives proof of it, by applying them to sounds wholly different from those they stood for in English. Nearly all his characters, however, are of his own invention. The following interesting particulars are taken from the Missionary Herald for October, 1828:Mr. Guess is, in appearance and habits, a full Cherokee, though his grandfather on his father's side was a white man. He has no knowledge of any language but the Cherokee, consequently, in his invention of the alphabet, he had to depend entirely on his own native resources. He was led to think on the subject of writing the Cherokee language, by a conversation which took place one evening at SAUTA. Some young nen were making remarks on the superior talents of the white people one said that white men could put a talk on paper and send it to any distance, and it would be understood by those who received it. They all agreed that this was very strange, and they could not see how it could be done. Mr. Guess, after silently listening to their conversation for a while, raised himself, and putting on an air of importance, said: "You are all fools; why, the thing is very easy; I can do it myself;" and picking up a flat stone, he commenced scratching on it with a pin, and after a few minutes read CHATTOOGA COUNTY. 389 to them a sentence which he had written, by making a mark for each word. This produced a laugh, and the conversation on that subject ended. But the inventive powers of Guess's mind were now roused to action, and nothing short of being able to write the Cherokee language would satisfy him. He went home, purchased materials, and sat down to paint the Cherokee language on paper. He at first thought of no way but to make a character fdr each word. He pursued this plan for about a year, in which time he had made several thousand characters. He was then convinced that the object was not attainable in that way; but he was not discouraged. He firmly believed that there was some way in which the Cherokee language could be expressed on paper, as well as the English; and after trying several other methods, he at length conceived the idea of dividing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan, before he found, to his great satisfaction, that the same characters would apply in different words, and the number of characters would be comparatively few. After putting down and learning all the syllables that he could think of, he would listen to speeches, and the conversation of strangers, and whenever a word occurred which had a part or syllable in it which he had not before thought of, he would bear it, on his mind until he had made a character for it. In this way he soon discovered all the syllables in the language. In forming his characters, he made some use of the English letters, as he found them in a spelling-book which he had in his possession. After commencing upon the last-mentioned plan, I believe he completed his system in about a month. During the time he was occupied in inventing the alphabet, he was strenuously opposed by all his friends and neighbours. He was frequently told that he was throwing away his time and labour, and that none but a delirious person, or an idiot, would do as he did. But this did not discourage him. He would listen to the expostulations of his friends, and then deliberately light his pipe, pull his spectacles over his eyes, and sit down to his work, without attempting to vindicate his conduct. After completing his system, he found much difficulty in persuading the people to learn it; nor could he succeed, until he went to the Arkansas and taught a few persons there, one of whom wrote a letter to some friends in this nation, and sent it by Mr. Guess, who read it to the people. This letter excited much curiosity. Here was a talk in the Cherokee language, which had come all the way from the Arkansas sealed up in a paper, yet it was very plain. This convinced many that Mr. Guess's mode of writing would be of some use. Several persons immediately determined to try to learn. They succeeded in a few days, and from this it quickly spread all over the nation, and the Cherokees (who, as a people, had always been illiterate) were, in the course of a few months, without school or expense of time or money, able to read and write in their own language. 390 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. CHEROKEE COUNTY. THIS division of the State was laid out in 1832. The Etowah River flows almost through the centre of the county. The Little River empties into the Etowah. The creeks are, Cooper's, Sandy, Chicken, &c. CANTON is the seat of justice, on the southeast bank of the Etowah River, one hundred and thirty miles northwest of Milledgeville. The portion of the county west of the Etowah, and south of Long Swamp, is very hlilly. The part that is traversed by Little River and its tributaries is undulating. The section of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, except some portions contiguous to Forsyth. Lands of the first quality are on Etowah River and Long Swamp. Sharp Mountain, in the northwest part of the county, is remarkable for its peak, running up like a sugar-loaf. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,970; families, 1,994; white males, 5,921; white females, 5,708; free coloured males, 6; free coloured females, 8. Total free population, 11,643. Slaves, 1,157. Deaths, 81., Farms, 1,000,; manufacturing establishments, 5; value of real estate, $1,637,037; value of personal estate, $790,175. Gold is found in this county. Sixes' Mines are six miles southwest of Canton, on the road to Allatoona. Williamson's Mines are on the waters of Little River. Franklin Mines are on Etowah River, five miles from Frog Town. The other minerals are iron, sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, titanium, quartz, granite and marble. Quicksilver and cobalt are said to exist. On Long Swamp there are large quarries of marble, which are beginning to be a source of profit to the owners. Old Sixes, an Indian town, was situated about seven miles S. W. of Canton. In 1833 about four hundred Indians resided here. Stop was the chief. The Ball-ground was a prominent place among the Cherokees. Little River Town, fourteen miles S. E. of Canton, was in 1833 inhabited by three hundred Indians. Chicken was the chief. Among the early settlers were, DANIEL H. BIRD, JOHN P. BROOKS, JOHN WAGNER, General ELI MCCONNELL, JOHN MCCONNELL, JOHN B3 GARRISON, R. F. DANIEL, JAMES DANIEL, WILLIAM GRISHAM, JOHN EPERSON, WASHINGTON LUMPrINr, HENRY COBB, CHARLES CHRISTIAN, JOHN MADDOX, THOMAS JOHNSTON, WILLIAM GREENE, SAMUEL TATE, PETER KUYKENDALL, JOHN P. WINN, JOSEPH S. DYER, MARTIN EVANS, JOHN M. CHAMBERS, J.OSEPH DONALDSON, MERRICK FORDB, E CLARKE COUNTY. 391 PUTNAM, T. CHAMLEE, M. CHAMLEE, S. RUCKER, JAMES DORRIs, DAVID RUSK, JOHN HUNT, Sen., JOHN LEONARD, WILLIAM MAY, WILLIAM KEY, JAMES A. MADDOX, B. BAILEY, JOHN MULLINS, JOHN PUGH, JOHN HENSON, JOHN WHEELER, HENRY WHEELER, P. C. BOGER, E. DYER, &c. This county derived its name from the Cherokee Indians. The word CHEROKEE is derived from Chera, fire, and the prophets of the nation were called Cheralag-hye, men of divine fire. CLARKE COUNTY. THIs portion of the State was laid out from Jackson in 1801; a part taken from Greene, 1802, 1807; part set off to Madison in 1811; part added to Oglethorpe, 1813; and part added to Madison in 1829. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 14 m.; area square miles, 280. WATKIINSVILLE, named after Colonel Robert Watkins, of Augusta, was made the county site in 1802. It is situated three miles west of the Oconee, and sixty-four miles north-northwest of Milledgeville. Athens is on the west bank of the Oconee. The public buildings, not including those connected with the University, are the Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, and two churches for coloured people, Town Hall, &c. Franklin College is located in Athens. As early as 1788-9, the Legislature of Georgia made liberal endowments for the establishnent of the University; but it did not go into operation until 1801. Its first President was Mr. Josiah Meigs, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College. Mr. Meigs resigned the Pre sidency in 1811, and the Rev. Dr. Kollock was elected to fill the vacancy. This gentleman, however, declined the appointment, and Dr. Brown, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Columbia College, South Carolina, was then chosen to the office, who continued to preside over the University until 1816, when he resigned. Dr. Finley, of NewJersey, was appointed his successor. This great and good man applied himself with indefatigable zeal to the advancement of the' College, and confidence was felt throughout the State that it would soon. occupy a prominent stand among the literary institutions of the United States; but his sudden and lamented death for a time obscured the cheering prospect. The Rev. N. S. S. Beman was selected to fill the vacancy occasioned by' the demise of Dr. Finley; but this gentleman declined serving. In 1819, Dr. Moses Waddel was elected President, under whose administration the University succeeded. Dr. Waddel resigned in 1829, when the present incumbent, Dr. Alonzo Church, of Brattleborough, Vermont, was appointed to this distinguished station. 392 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The resources of the University are 100,000 dollars in stock of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and about $1,500 in other stocks, together with the proceeds of the tuition of students, and a small amount of town lots. The buildings are: Two three-story, 120 by 45 feet, for lodging rooms for students; a philosophical hall and chemical laboratory, a chapel, a library and cabinet, president's house, and three houses for the professors. The library contains between eight and nine thousand volumes. The philosophical apparatus is one of the most extensive and complete in the country; the chemical laboratory is ample, the cabinet of minerals large, and the botanic garden in good order. The College has forty-four acres of ground, on which the buildings are erected, and which are set apart by the Legislature of the State for that purpose, and can never be diminished. Salem is eleven miles south of Watkinsville. Farmington is six miles south of Watkinsville. The face of the country is hilly. One-third of the land is worn out; but, in the opinion of many, may be restored with proper care. The richest lands are on the different forks of the Oconeeo Among the early settlers of this county were, THOMIAs GREER,. CHARLES DEAN, F. ROBERSON, JAMES GREER, Col. WMI. CRAIG, SOLOMON EDWARDS, WM. CLARK, WM. WILLIAMS, WILLIAM JONES, FRANCIS OLIVER, THOMAS WAADE, DAVID ELDER, ZADOCK Cool, JOHN JACKSON, HUGH NEISLER, THOMAS MITCHELL, JAMES COOK, WYATT LEE, ROBERT BARBER, Rev. HOPE HULL, A. BOGGS, JESSE WHITE, General MERIWETHER, THOMAS MIrTCH-ELL, JOSEPH ESPEY, JOHN ESPEY. Extract from the Census of 1850. —Dwellings, 1,024;' families, 1,024; white males, 2,711; white females, 2,804; free coloured males, 11; free coloured females, 4.' Total population of free persons, 5,530; slaves 5,589; deaths, 149; farms, 400; manufacturing establishments, 55; value of real estate, $2,122,644; value of personal estate, $3,039,428. In this county great attention has been paid to manufactures. The following are the factories:Athens Manufacturing Company, capital, $92,600; spindles, 2,500; looms, 40; operatives, mostly females, 85; overseers, 3; expenses per month, $800; goods manufactured per day, 1,500 yards; bunches of yarn per day, 100; machinery made in New-Jersey; cost, $60,000. Princeton Manufacturing Company, capital $54,000, organized in 1836, and purchased by the present company in 1845, is situated two miles southwest of Athens, on the middle branch of the Oconee. Cotton spindles, 2,184; wool do., 240; looms, 45; bales of cotton used per week, 21; yards of cloth made per day, 1,700; bundles of yarn per day, 90; mattresses made per year, 100. The goods manufactured are shirtings, bed-ticking, linsey-woolsey, jeans, and checks, quality very superior. CLARKE COUNTY. 393 Mars Hill Eactory is situated on Barber's Creek, seven miles southwest of Athens. Capital, $20,000; owned by Moses & Jenkinson. Water power fine. Spindles, 350; looms, 12; machinery cost $8,000; yards of cloth made per day, 400; bales of cotton consumed per day, 1-; number of operatives, 25; wages of operatives per month, from $5 to $25; saw-mill, 1; grist-mill, 1. Georgia Factory, owned by John White, Esq.; situated four miles south of Athens. Machinery cost $50,000; spindles, 1,704; bundles of yarn per day, 140; looms, 20; yards of cloth per day, 800; operatives, 70. Goods sent to North and South Carolina, Philadelphia, and New-Orleans. New machinery has recently been erected. Pioneer Paper Mill, owned by Albon Chase and J. S. Linton. Located on Barber's Creek, three and a half miles southwest of Athens. Building of wood, upon a stone basement, two stories high. At this mill is manufactured writing, printing, and wrapping paper. The Watkinsville Tanning, &c., Company is situated at Watkinsville. There are two brick buildings; the larger, 40 by 50 feet, three stories high; engine 25 horse power; mill can turn out 200 bushels of grain per day. Saw-mill turns out 1,500 feet of lumber per day. Connected with the establishment is a fulling mill for hides 7 or 8,000 pairs of shoes are made per annum. Establishment supplied with water from a spring fifty yards distant. DISTINGUISHED MEN. REV. HOPE HULL.-This gentleman was one of the founders of Methodism in Georgia. He was born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in 1763, and was admitted to the travelling ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1785. His itinerant career, with the exception of a short interval which he spent in the New-England States, was devoted to the introduction and propagation of Methodism in North and South Carolina and Georgia, to which last State he came in 1788. Wherever he preached he produced a deep sensation. There are a few persons now living in Wilkes, Burke, and Chatham Counties, who retain a recollection of the great eloquence of Mr. Hull. A venerable clergyman, who remembers him well, says, "I knew Mr. Hull, and almost envied him his talents. I thought, indeed, if I possessed his qualifications, I could be instrumental in saving thousands. This extraordinary young man drew multitudes after him, who, disarmed of their prejudices, were under the influence of his discourses like clay in the hands of the potter." In 1796, Mr. Hull married Miss Ann Wingfield, of Wilkes County; and about this time, or perhaps before, ceased to be a travelling minister. In connection with the Rev. Mr. Springer, Mr. Hull established a classical school at Washington, in Wilkes County. In 1803 he settled at Athens, the seat of the State University, having been appointed one of its trustees. In 394 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the prosperity of this institution he took a very deep interest; and perhaps we may venture to say, that to very few persons is our University more indebted than to Mr. Hull. He died at Athens, October 1, 1818. He left two sons, the elder of whom, the Hon. Asbury Hull, is well known to the people of Georgia. He has filled a number of important stations in the State, such as Judge of the Inferior Court, member and Speaker of the House of Representatives, delegate, &c. The second son, Dr. Henry Hull, has been a successful practitioner of medicine, and subsequently Professor of Mathematics in the State University. Mr. Hull left one daughter, the wife of Professor James P. Waddel,.of Franklin College. Rev. MosEs WADDEL, D.D., was born on the 29th of July, 1770, in Iredell County, North Carolina. So confident were his parents that Moses would not survive his birth a single day, that when they found themselves mistaken, they gave him the name of the Patriarch, who was providentially preserved in his infancy. In May, 1777, he entered, as a half scholar, a school about three miles from his father's residence. At his tender age, it was believed that he would not be able to attend more than half the year; and this proved true. In the May following, he left this school, having received at it, in all, about six months' instruction. In this time he learned to read accurately, and to write a fair hand. His proficiency here, which was unequalled by any child of his age in the school, opened the way to all his subsequent usefulness. In 1778, by the instrumentality of the Rev. James Hall, a Presbyterian divine, a grammar school was established in the neighbourhood, and Mr. Waddel's friends besought him to enter his son Moses in the Latin department. The old man objected, upon the very reasonable ground that he was not able to purchase the books, much less to endure the more heavy expenses of such a course of study. He at length, however, yielded to the importunities of his friends, casting himself on Providence for the means. On the 15th of October, 1784, he took charge of a school not far from his father's residence. This was the beginning of his labours in that field in which he reaped so much renown. At this place, near the waters of Hunting Creek, in what is now Iredell County, and in its vicinity, he continued to teach, giving general satisfaction to his employers, until the latter part of the year 1786, when he removed to Greene County, in the State of Georgia. In January following, he established a school, composed mostly of English scholars, with one or two in Latin. This, his first establishment in Georgia, was near the North Ogeechee River. In the summer of 1787, a threatened invasion of the Creeks forced him to break up his school, and being now out of employment, he visited his parents in North Carolina, who determined to accompany him to Georgia. He preceded them, however, about a month; and on his Lqi K -~~~~~~~~~~~7 CLARKE COUNTY. 395 return, found that the Indian alarms had been but too well founded. The Creeks had invaded the white settlements, burnt Greenesborough, and committed several murders still farther to the eastward. Mr. Waddel found his old patrons and friends had abandoned their houses, and taken refuge in forts. He now went to Augusta, and after having spent nearly a month in an ineffectual attempt to procure a place in the Richmond Academy, he returned to Greene, where he found quiet restored, and his parents just arrived from North Carolina. In 1788 he opened another school; and while engaged in its duties, received religious impressions. Mr. Waddel now determined to enter the ministry, and preparatory thereto, to obtain a collegiate education. In the fall of the year 1790, he set out, by the advice of the Rev. John Springer, for Hampden Sydney College. He arrived there in September, and after employing himself in preparatory studies until the 3d of January following, entered the Senior Class in that Institution. On the 29th September, 1791, he graduated, after remaining in College but eight months and twenty-six days. In 1793 or 1794 he opened a school in Columbia County. In 1804 he removed to Wellington, in South Carolina, where he remained until 1819, when he was elected President of Franklin College, and immediately entered upon its duties. The effect of his coming to take the Presidency of this institution was magical. It rose instantly to a rank which it had never before held. In 1829 he resigned, and retired toWellington; and on the 21st of July; 1840, died at the residence of his son in Athens.' JOSEPH HENRY LUMPKINt was born in Oglethorpe County, on the 23d of December, 1799. At an early age he entered the University of Georgia, but upon the death of President Finley, he left it and entered the Junior Class at Princeton, half advanced. Here he soon distinguished himself, and was graduated with high honour, the salutatory address being awarded to him. Soon after his return from college he organized the Phi Kappa Society at the University of Georgia. In 1846, he was elected Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in the University, which chair, however, he declined. In 1820, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in Lexington. He lingered, not as many great men have done, for many years a briefless lawyer, but sprung almost per saltem to the head of his profession. He had to contend with the first men of that day. They had experience and reputation; he had neither; but he possessed, in a high degree, integrity, talent, and industry. With these qualities to support him in the contest, the most celebrated lawyers acknowledged him an equal. His devotion to his profession for twenty-four years greatly en* Abridged from a discourse delivered by the Rev. Dr. Longstreet. t We have drawn freely in the preparation of this sketch from an article in the' United States Law Magazine," vol. iv., page 34. 396 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feebled his health, and in 1844 he retired from the bar. In 1845, whilst he was in Europe, his friends offered his name as a candidate for a seat upon the bench of the Supreme Court, and he was elected. As a judge, he has a profound sense of the solemnity of judicial functions. In the discharge of his duties, he exhibits labour, conscientiousness, and independence. It is believed that his opinions, to be found in the nine volumes of the Reports of the Supreme Court of Georgia, will compare well with those of any of the judges in the United States. Mr. Lumpkin has not had much to do with politics. He was a member of the Legislature from Oglethorpe County two years, which embraced a period when party spirit raged with great violence. Mr. Lumpkin belonged to the State Rights party, at the head of which was George M. Troup. Had he thought proper to continue his political career, he might have received any distinction that he asked, but. he abandoned politics, and although he still acts with his party, he is by no means uncharitable or exclusive. For the classics Mr. Lumpkin has always had a great fondness. His use of the Latin language in his public addresses, and in the graver literature of his judicial opinions, is very happy. As a speaker, he has acquired a high reputation. His action is free and natural, very often emphatic, and rarely otherwise than graceful. At the bar, Judge Lumpkin was mostly distinguished as an advocate-not because he did not deserve distinction for his deep research, his quick perception, and his sound judgment of the law, but because public opinion, which hesitates to award to one man more than one excellence, having cheerfully yielded to him the palm of eloquence and power as an advocate, was partially blind to his other attainments. As an advocate, however, in criminal causes especially -in opening the fountains of the heart-in awakening the spirit of mercy and charity-in skilfully grouping the facts in favour of the hypothesis of innocence-in staying and driving back the mad passions of the human soul, which, in the reckless mob, are generally found arrayed against the prisoner, and crying out " Crucify him, crucify hin"-in those higher efforts of genius and eloquence, for the display of which our criminal trials furnish frequent occasions, we hazard little in saying that Judge Lumpkin was without equal or rival in his native State. Very soon after beginning public life, he enlisted in the cause of temperance. Steadily and zealously, by example, by argument, the most fruitful illustrations, by appeals the most persuasive, and by a judicious patronage of every feasible expedient, he has given himself to the temperance reform. We are glad to inform our readers that Mr. Lumpkin is a religious man. For twenty-five years he has been a member of the Presbyterian Church. In the person of Judge Lumpkin, religion has never suffered. His study has been to let his light shine; and his life proves that he endeavours to imitate the example of Him who went about doing good. CLARKE COUNTY. 397 His attachment to Georgia is great; and whilst he feels interested for the welfare of every section of his wide-spread country, we believe there is not a Georgian that can say with greater truth than Judge Lumpkin: — i'I love thee next to Heaven aboveLand of my fathers! thee I love! And, rail thy slanderers as they will, With all thy faults, I love thee still." General DAVID MERIWETHER resided in this county for many years. By birth he was a Virginian. During the whole Revolutionary conflict he was actively engaged. He was at the siege of Savannah, and there taken prisoner by the British. In a former work, the compiler has spoken of this gentleman. He died in Clalke County. COPY OF GENERAL MERIWETHER'S PAROLE.-I do hereby acknowledge myself to be a prisoner of war; upon my parole to his Excellency Sir Henry Clinton; and that I am thereby engaged, until I shall be exchanged, or otherwise released therefrom, to remain at the barracks at Haddrells Point, or within six miles thereof, without passing any rivers, creek, or arm of the sea; and that I shall not in the meantime do, or cause anything to be done, prejudicial to the success of his Majesty's arms, or have intercourse or hold correspondence with his enemies; and that upon a summons from his Excellency, or other person having authority thereto, that I will surrender myself to him or them at such time and place as I shall hereafter be required. Witness my hand this 18th day of May, 1780. (Signed) DAVID MERIwNETIHER, Lieutenzant. Witness: C. H. SIMMONS. I do hereby certify that the above is a true copy of the parole this day signed by Major Stuart, Con. of Prisoners. JOSIAH MEIGS was one of the ablest men of his day. Dr. Church, in a discourse delivered before the Georgia Historical Society, says:" President Meigs commenced the exercises of the University when no College buildings of any description had been erected. Recitations were often heard, and lectures delivered, under the shade of the forest oak; and for years he had the almost entire instruction of the College, aided only by a tutor or some member of one of the higher classes..The institution was without library-without apparatus-without professors-without buildings-without productive funds! And yet the President was called upon to instruct from forty to sixty students, to superintend the erection of buildings, and frequently to meet the Board of Trustees and the Legislature at a distance from'the seat of the College, leaving the institution under the superintendence of a tutor, or without any control but the discretion of inexperienced youth. And yet, because he did not, in a few years, call together as many students as were found at Harvard or Yale, and give to the College as high a reputation as was enjoyed by those 398 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ancient seminaries, he has been thought by some to have been deficient in zeal and in talents. "Few men, perhaps, ever laboured with more untiring zeal and unremitting industry than this faithful pioneer in the cause of learning in our State. His views upon the subject of instruction were enlarged, and the measures which he recommended to the Trustees of the College and to the Legislature were judicious-such as fully to sustain his character as a man of learning, and one who had carefully studied the subject of general education. The only failure on his part was a failure to accomplish an impossibility-to build up, without means, a flourishing College. The Israelites had not a harder task when required to make brick without straw, than President AMeigs, when, under such circumstances, he was required to raise up in a few years an institution which would compare with those which had been long established and well endowed." In a letter addressed by Mr. Meigs to Governor Milledge, dated May 11, 1808, now in our possession, referring to the arrival of the philosophical apparatus, he says-" I have been much embarrassed with company since its arrival, but I have patiently attended to the wishes of the people. It is thought we know everything. Alas! how limited is all our knowledge! yet when we compare ourselves with others, we look down with a species of pride, but upwards with humility." Colonel REYNOLDS, father of the late Governor Reynolds, of Alabama, was among the most enterprising of the first settlers. EDWARD PAYNE, attorney at law, was among the early settlers of this county. As a lawyer, he occupied a very high position. Colonel BARBER was a man of great integrity. In the Indian wars he greatly distinguished himself. He was much confided in by his men, and under his command they seemed to fear no danger. Colonel Barber had many escapes from the savages, some of which were almost miraculous. Hon. ZADOCK CooK is still living near Athens, over 85 years of age. He has frequently been a member of the Legislature of Georgia. He was a member of Congress in 1817 and 1819. Mr. Cook has been a great reader. His memory is wonderful. We have heard that, after once reading a chapter in the Bible, he can repeat from memory every word of it. Hon. AUGUSTUS S. CLAYTON was one among the most eminent men in Georgia. He was a member of the first class that graduated at our University. In a knowledge of the classics he made great proficiency, and was esteemed one of the best writers in Georgia. He was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the Superior Court. When Washington visited Augusta, in 17-, he attended an exhibition of the students of the Richmond Academy. The great chief CLINCH COUNTY. 399 was so pleased with the performances of the young orators, that previous to his departure he desired a list of their names to be furnished him, which was accordingly done. Upon his return home, he sent each of the speakers a book. Mr. Clayton was among the speakers, and received from Washington a copy of Cgesar's Commentaries. Major DOUGHERTY was an early settler of Clarke, remarkable for his activity and integrity. He left three sons, one residing in Athens, Judge Dougherty,* one residing in Columbus, and the third in Alabama-gentlemen who do honour to their father. Mr. THOMAS MITCHELL, an early settler of Clarke, was a very useful and worthy citizen. General J. V. HARRIS has long been a resident of Clarke. He was one of the first class that graduated at Athens College; and practised law in Elbert, in which he was very successful. He has, been a member of the Legislature, a trustee of the College, &c. Six of this gentleman's sons have been educated at Athens. Mr. Harris possesses great conversational powers, and his memory is filled with interesting reminiscences connected with the history of Middle Georgia. We acknowledge our obligations to him for most of the information concerning the prominent men of Clarke. CLINCH COUNTY. THIS county is bounded N. by Irwin and Telfair, E. by Ware, S. by the State of Florida, W. by Lowndes. Named after General Iun can L. Clinch. The rivershare the Allapaha and Suwannee. MAGNOLIA is the county site, distant from Milledgeville 210 miles. Among the citizens residing in this county at the time of its organization were-BENJAMIN SEMMONS, J. C. KIRKLAND, SAMUEL REGISTER, JOHN TOMLINSON, Sen., JOHN ROBERTS, J. J. ROBINSON, E. H. MORGAN, JOHN NORTH, WM. STARLING, ABRAHAM REGISTER, H. SEARS. * Since the above was written, this gentleman has departed this life. He was one of'the best and most respectable citizens of Georgia. 400 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. COBB COUNTY. LAID out from Cherokee in 1832, and named after Judge Thomas W. Cobb. The Chattahoochee is the principal stream. Numerous creeks water the county. MARIETTA is the seat of justice, situated near the highest point between the Atlantic Ocean and the Tennessee River, and is distant from Milledgeville 113 miles. The city is rapidly improving, and a more pleasant residence there is not to be found in the United States. WVATER-CURE_ ES'rABLISHMENlT. The above is a view of Dr. Cox's Water-Cure establishment. It is located at the base of the Kenesaw Mountain, and immediately upon the Western and Atlantic Railroad, one and a half miles irom Marietta. For purposes of health~ so far as pure water, bracing atmosphere, and fine scenery are concerned, a more desirable situation can scarcely be found. It is not our business to enter into any discussion as to the merits of the Hydropathic system, but justice requires we should say, that hundreds have derived important benefits from the regimen adopted by Dr. Cox. The Georgia Military Institute is within a.short distance of Marietta. This Institute originated in 1851, under the direction of Colonel A. V. Bumby. Its first session opened on the 10th of July, with For purposes of eabut before the clos pure of thaterm the nmospher had and fine scencry are concerned, a more desirable situation can scarcely be found. It is not our business t-lo enter into any discussion as to the merits of the Hydropathic system, but justice requires we should say, that hundreds heave derived important benefits from the regimen adopted by Dr. Cox. The'Georgia Military Institute is within a short distance of Marietta. This Institute originated in 1851, under the direction of Colonel A. V. Brumby. Its first session opened on the 10th of July, with only seven cadets; but before the close of that term the number had COBB COUNTY 401 increased to twenty-eight. Since that time the number has steadily and rapidly increased at each session up to the present time; and now, having completed but two years of its history, it numbers one hundred and twenty cadets, five professors, and one assistant professor. It was incorporated as a college by the Legislature, at their session of 1851-2. At the same session an act was passed, entitled, " An Act to provide for the education of a certain number of State Cadets in the Georgia Military Institute, to defray the expenses of the same, and for other purposes therein mentioned." The Legislature also directed the Governor to make requisition upon the Government of the United States, to furnish the Institute with arms and accoutrements; these arms have been received, and are of the most beautiful and appropriate kind for their purpose. The government and discipline of the Institute are strictly military. The course of studies is thoroughly scientific and practical, modelled as nearly as possible after that of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Acworth is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Powder Springs are twelve miles S. W. of Marietta. They are highly impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, and are efficacious in the cure of diseases, particularly those of a cutaneous character, and dyspepsia. Roswell, a pretty village, so called from Roswell King, Esq., is situated thirteen miles from Marietta, and one mile from the Chattahoochee. It was settled by persons chiefly from the seaboard of South Carolina. Kenesaw Mountain, (Indian name, Chuquetah,) 22- miles from Marietta, is 1,828 feet above the level of the ocean. Lost Mountain, Brushy Mountain, and Sweat Mountain, are considerable elevations. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,918; families, 1,918; white males, 5,872; white females, 5,696; free coloured male, 1; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 11,571. Slaves, 2,272. Deaths, 24. Farms, 931; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $1,881,269; value of personal estate, $1,447,370. Denmead's Mill, situated on Soap Creek, is 6- miles from Marietta. The main building is three stories high —40 by 50 feet. It has four run of stones, capable of turning out 125 barrels of flour per day. Capital, $15,000. The flour is of excellent quality. Marietta Tannery, propelled by steam, is situated one mile from Marietta; proprietor, J. H. Glover, Esq.; capital employed, $50,000. Connected with this establishment are three brick buildings. The main building for machinery is 30 by 54 feet, 2 stories, having a smoke-stack 85 feet high. The wet bark is used for fuel. The finishing-room is 30 by 54 feet, 2 stories. The third building is occupied by the hands; number of hands employed, 15; cords of bark used per annum, 700; 7,000 hides prepared in one year. It is 26 402 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. proposed to furnish the Southern market with leather finished in the best style, equal to any manufactured at the North. William McFlesh & Company's Variety Works, Marietta, Georgia; dimensions of building, 64 by 84 feet; built of granite; 3 stories high; manufactures all kinds of furniture, sashes, blinds, &c.; 18 or 20 hands employed; more than $12,000 worth of work done in twelve months. The establishment of the Roswell Manufacturing Company is situated at Roswell, containing 2 cotton mills, 1 wool factory, and 1 flouring mill; capital, $220,000. The old factory is built of brick; 3 stories, with basement, 88 feet by 48; 2,208 fly spindles, turning 6ff 1,000 pounds of yarn, No. 6 to 12, per day. The building is in the process of enlargement, and it is expected that at an early period there will be added 8 frames, 1,152 spindles, which will make 650 pounds No. 16 yarn; also, machinery for cotton rope; 400 lbs. per day. The new factory is built of brick, with rock foundation; 140 feet by 53; 4 stories; overshot iron wheel, 16 feet, face 20 feet diameter; contains 5,184 Danforth cap spindles, 32. thirty-six inch cards, and 120 looms, making 2,575 pounds per day No. 20 yarn; number of hands, 250. After the present year, 300 will be required. The water-power fine. Wages of operatives dependent upon their industry. The temperance principle strictly enforced. Provision made for the instruction of the children. Goods manufactured have a high character, and are sent to Tennessee, Alabama, and to various parts of Georgia. Nickajack factory is on Nickajack Creek. The surface of the country is broken. The lands upon the Chattahoochee are rich. The creek bottoms are also fertile, and well adapted to cotton, wheat, and corn. The uplands are of a mulatto and gray colour. Best Chattahoochee lands are worth $20 per acre; creek bottoms, $8; uplands, from $1 to $8 per acre. The roads are as good as the nature of the country will allow. The principal road crosses the Chattahoochee at the Standing Peachtree, passing through Marietta and Allatoona to Cassville. Another main road passes through Sand Town, in Campbell County, to Allatoona, and is known as the Alabama road. Another road much travelled is the one which crosses the Chattahoochee River, at MlcAfee's Bridge, and passes near Roswell to Vann's Valley and North Alabama. Gold has been found on Proctor's Creek, in the northern part of the county; at Allatoona, on Powder Spring Creek, on Sweet Water Creek, near Kenesaw Mountain, and in Marietta. Silver, iron, lead, copper, talc, soapstone, plumbago, quartz, &c., abound. There are many respectable schools in various sections of the county, particularly at Marietta and Roswell. On Mud Creek there are the remains of an ancient fortification, and on the Chattahoochee River several small mounds. The climate, though variable, is as healthy as any portion of the COBB COUNTY. 403 United States. Exposure to cold and rain is hardly ever attended by serious consequences. No case of consumption has ever occurred in the county. The summer diseases are bowel complaints, &c. The winter diseases are pleurisy and pneumonia. Among the instances of longevity are, Mr. FLEMING, who was over 94 years of age when he died; Mr. J. COLLINS, a Revolutionary soldier, over 88; Mrs. HENRY was over 80; Mrs. DOUGHERTY was over 85; Mr. SMITH, 80; Mr. EDWARDS died at 90. EARLY SETTLERS.-TALIAFERRO McAFEE, Colonel MERRITT, OSBORN MULLINS, DANIEL REID, ISAAC GREY, THOS. HAIRSTON, DANIEL R. TURNER, L. SIMPSON, MATTHIAS BATES, JOHN L. MOORE, JAMES ANDERSON, JOSIAH MASSEY, WM. C. GREENE, SIMEON STRICKLAND, REUBEN BENSON, ALLEN A. WINN, ARCHIBALD HOWELL, SAMUEL M. and WM. MALONY, JOSEPH D. SIIEWMAKE, SAMUEL YOUNG, WM. MAYES, ROBERT LEMMON, WM. GUESS, MARTIN ADAMS, BRADLEY SMITH, JACKSON GREGORY, WM. W. DUNCAN, LEMA KIRTLEY, JOHN ROWE, GEO. W. WINTER, THOS. PRITCHARD, ALFRED EDWARDS, WILEY ROBERTS, JAMES FOOT, Sr., GEO. W. GOBER, WM. B. CRANE, JOHN B. BROCKMAN, T. H. MCCLUSKY, P. M. OLIVER, THOS. WHITEHEAD, ROBERT GROVES, D. MOORE, &C. The first Superior Court for this county was held on the 16th day of September, 1833, at Marietta,-Judge John W. Hooper presiding. FIRST GRAND JURORS. JACOB R. BROOKS. WM. PURSELL. GEo. BABER. JOHN PACE. SIMPSON DYER. WM. HARRIS. JAMES BERRY. DANIEL MAY. FERDINAND JETT. JOHN CLAY. WM. B. MALONE. JOHN JAMES. SIDNEY F. FOUCHE. SAMUEL HANNON. JOHN W. LOWERY. DAVID KENNEDY JOHN MOORE. JAMES POWER. JAMES L. DAVIS. The population of this county, like that of the greater part of newly settled countries, was composed of many rough and lawless persons, which rendered decided and summary action necessary on the part of the presiding officer to maintain the authdrity of the Courts, and the supremacy of the law;, there was no jail at Marietta, and nothing but a small log-cabin erected for the administration of justice, and just in the rear of which there was a small inclosure about twelve rails high, intended for a horse lot. During the session of one of the Courts at which Judge Warner presided, a man somewhat intoxicated, or pretending to be so, became very boisterous, disturbing the business of the Court. The judge ordered the Sheriff to take him away, and request his friends to keep him away, but in a few minutes he returned more vociferous than ever, cursing the 404 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Court and its officers, telling the judge to put him in jail and be d-d. The judge hesitated for a moment, and then very deliberately ordered the Sheriff to take the disturber of the public business and place his head under the horse lot fence, until he became sober. The Sheriff promptly executed the order, and shortly afterwards, when he was wanted in Court, he could not be found, and it was ascertained that, in obedience to what he considered the order of the judge, after putting the man's neck between the heavy rails of the fence, about two feet from the ground, his body on one side, and his head on the other, he had taken his seat on the top rail of the fence above his prisoner, that he might be securely kept. The prisoner, however, soon reported himself sober, and was released. The next morning he met the judge, and after thanking him for his imprisonment, said that he had made a sober man of him during life. This decided conduct on the part of Judge Warner prevented any further disturbance of the Court. There was a tradition among the Indians that the line between the Creeks and Cherokees commenced on the Chattahoochee, about the Lower Shallow Ford, running out to the ridge dividing the Etowah and the Chattahoochee rivers, around to the head waters of the Tallapoosa and those streams that flow into the Etowah, and thence on to the Coosa River. At a ball play in which the Creeks and- Cherokees were engaged, the former staked that portion of their territory that lay south of this line, and the latter won the game and obtained possession of the territory, in which the counties of Cobb, Paulding, and Polk are now included. Kenesaw Town was situated upon the plantation now owned by Mr. Roberts. Kenesaw was the chief. In 1833 it had 200 inhabitants. Alatoona was on the Etowah River. In 1830 it had 500 inhabitants. Sweet Water Old Town was situated upon the plantation now owned by Israel Causey. Sweet Water was the chief. Buffalo Fish Town was upon the plantation now owned by Mrs. Varner. COLUMBIA COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Richmond in 1790. Length, 25 m.; breadth, 20 m.; area square miles, 500. The Savannah River separates this county from South Carolina, and Little River from Wilkes and Lincoln counties. APPLING is the seat of justice, on the Great Kiokee Creek, 82 miles from Milledgeville. Incorporated in 1826. Wrightsborough is on Town Creek, 16 miles from Appling. It was settled before the Revolution by a colony of Quakers, under the direction of Joseph Mattock, who had obtained for himself and fol COLUMBIA COUNTY. 405 lowers a tract of land embraciug 40,000 acres. It was named after Sir James Wright, formerly Governor of Georgia. Raysville is on Little River, 10 miles from Appling. Extractfrom the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 751; families, 751; white males, 1;838; white females, 1,779; free coloured males, 38; free coloured females, 34. Total free population, 3,689. Slaves, 8,272. Deaths, 24. Farms, 931; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $1,881,269; value of personal estate, $1,447,370. The climate is mild. A long list of instances of longevity might be given. We insert a few names. Captain THOMAS COBB, aged 110. " He was a native of Buckingham County, Virginia. His patriotism induced him to take part with the country in the struggle for the independence of these States, and he was often associated in the counsels of the chiefs of those startling times. He held offices under the Commonwealth, after it had obtained self-government, and removed to Georgia about the year 1783. He was an agriculturist, and the efficient manager of his plantation for eighty or ninety years. Such was the comprehensiveness of his mind and physical activity, that he was surrounded with abundance under every difficulty of season. Perhaps no man ever in Georgia, during so long a space of time, enjoyed so much entirely from his own resources." Captain LEONARD MARBURY, aged 93. He left three sons, three daughters, and ninety-six other descendants. Mr. DAVID HODGE, aged 102. His marriage was thus announced in a paper of the day:The Spirit of Seventy-six I-Another hero of the Revolution has fallen-before the shrine of Hymen /-but even in his fall he triumphed! Thus runs the proud memorial of his glory: On the. 25th ult. was united in the holy bands of matrimony, by John McGehee,-Esq., Mr. David Hodge, aged one hundred and two years and two months, to Miss Elisabeth Baily, aged forty years, both of Columbia County, Georgia. Mr. Hodge was at Braddock's defeat, and served throughout the whole period of the Revolutionary War.-Augusta Chronicle. Mr. GIBsoN, who resides in this county, has in his possession a remarkable stone, which it is affirmed has the property of curing the bite of a snake or mad dog. The compiler of this work has been assured by more than fifty respectable gentlemen, some of whom have been eye-witnesses to experiments made with this stone, that when applied to the wound it extracts the poison. Many instances have occurred in which persons were relieved who had been severely bitten by poisonous snakes and mad dogs. It is not our business to speculate on this subject. We only state the fact, and remark that it is too well authenticated to admit of any doubt. 406 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DISTINGUISHED MEN. THE Rev. DANIEL MARSHALL, a zealous minister of the Baptist denomination, lived and died in this county. His grave is near the court-house in Appling. Captain IGNATIUS FEW died at the age of sixty. He was an ardent patriot of the Revolution. DAVID BUSHNELL, a very remarkable man, was first known to the people of Georgia, in 1795 or'96, as a teacher in the County of Columbia. He was eminently distinguished for his classical and scientific learning. His chief enjoyments were found in the instruction of his classes, and an occasional visit to a few men of congenial spirit. He had, doubtless, been an officer in our Revolutionary army-a captain of a corps of sappers and miners. It was in this capacity, according to a statement in Colonel Humphrey's Life of General Putnam, that Captain Bushnell contrived a submarine engine, for the purpose of destroying the British fleet, then lying in the Delaware Bay, below Philacelphia. Owing to some cause, the enterprise against the fleet failed; but the explosion of combustible matter, contained in two or three hundred kegs of powder, floating beneath the surface of the water, brought to view such strange and frightful pyrotechnical phenomena, that the British admiral took alarm, and his fleet left the Delaware with the utmost haste and confusion. This ridiculous panic of the admiral stirred the mirthful muse of Francis Hopkinson, Esq., of Philadelphia, whose description of the scene is contained in the following verses, entitled iTHE BATTLE OF THE KEGS.? Gallants, attend, and hear a friend Trill forth harmonious ditty: Strange things'11l tell, which late befell In Philadelphia city.'Twas early day, as poets say, Just when the sun was rising, A soldier stood on log of wood, And saw a thing surprising. As in amaze he stood to gaze, (The truth can't be denied, sir,) He spied a score of kegs, or more, Come'floating down the tide, sir, A sailor, too, in jerkin blue, The strange appearance viewing, COLUMBIA COUNTY. 407 First d- d his eyes, in great surprise, Then said, " Some mischief's brewing. t" These kegs, I'm told; the rebels hold, Pack'd up like pickled herring; And they've come down t' attack the town, In this new way of ferry'ng.' The soldier flew, the sailor too, And, scared almost to death, sir, Wore out their shoes to spread the news, And ran till out of breath, sir. Now, up and down, throughout the town, Most frantic scenes were acted; And some ran here, and others there, Like men almost distracted. Some fire cried, which some denied, But said the earth had quaked; And girls and boys, with hideous noise, Ran through the streets half naked. Sir William* he, snug as a flea, Lay all this time a snoring; Nor dream.'d of harm, as he lay warm In bed. Now, in a fright, he starts upright, Awak'd by such a clatter; He rubs both eyes, and boldly cries, "For God's sake, what's the matter?' At his bedside, he then espied Sir Erskine,t at command, sir; Upon one foot he had one boot, And t' other in his hand, sir. "Aris! arise!' Sir Erskine cries; "The rebels-more's the pityWithout a boat, are all afloat, And rang'd before the city. "The motley crew, in vessels new, With Satan for their guide, sir, Packed up in bags, or wooden kegs, Come driving down the tide, sir.' Sir William Howe. f Sir William Erskine. 408 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "Therefore prepare for bloody warThese kegs must all be routed, Or surely we despised shall be, And British courage doubted." The royal band now ready stand, All ranged in dread array, sir, With stomachs stout to see it out, And make a bloody day, sir. The cannons roar from shore to shore; The small arms loud did rattle: Since wars began, I'm sure no man E'er saw so strange a battle. The rebel dales, the rebel vales, With rebel trees surrounded, The distant woods, the hills and floods, With rebel echoes sounded. The fish below swam to and fro, Attack'd from every quarter: Why, sure, (thought they,) the devil's to pay'Mongst folks above the water. The kegs,'tis said, though strongly made Of rebel staves and hoops, sir, Could not oppose their powerful foes, The conqu'ring British troops, sir. From morn to night, these men of might Display'd amazing courage; And when ihe sun was fairly down, Retired to sup their porridge. A hundred men, with each a pen, Or more, upon my word, sir, It is most true, would be too few, Their valour to record, sir. Such feats did they perform that day, Against these wicked kegs, sir, That, years to come, if they get home, They'll make their boasts and brags, sir, After the close of the Revolutionary War, Captain Bushnell travelled in Europe, and subsequently engaged in mercantile pursuits, which are said to have terminated in heavy losses. Whether a hope of re COLUMBIA COUNTY. 409 instating himself in the possession of an independent fortune induced him to come to Georgia, we are unable to say. His old fellow-soldier, the Hon. Abraham Baldwin, received him into his family, under whose auspices he had no difficulty in placing himself at the head of one of the most respectable schools in Georgia. In this vocation he spent several years, and under his guidance and tuition many of our most useful citizens received valuable instructions in learning and morals. Late in life, he settled in Warrenton'as a practitioner of physic. Then, and ever afterwards, he was known as Dr. Bush. For reasons which have never been disclosed, he had, some time before he settled in Georgia, dropped the last syllable of his name; and until the publication of his last will aid testament, no person in this country, except his old friend Baldwin, was apprised of the fact that his family name was Bushnell. It was probably a device of his own, for the purpose of concealing his personal identity; but what considerations induced him to desire such concealment, will probably never be known. Those who knew the man best, however, during his residence of thirty or forty years in Georgia, could not be led to think that it had its origin in circumstances disreputable to his character. At an age little short of ninety years, Dr. Bush departed this life, leaving, by his last will and testament, his whole estate to be disposed of at the discretion of his executors, Peter Crawford, Esq., a prominent citizen of Columbia County, and George Hargroves, Esq., a gentleman of known probity, a resident, at that time, in Warrenton. According to the will, these executors were required to make inquiries in the town of Seabrook, in Connecticut; and if any persons should be ascertained to be of the blood and family of the testator, and, in the opinion of the executors, to have fair claims, on the score of moral worth, to such bounty, they were required to regard the most meritorious individual of the family as the true legatee, to whom the whole estate was to be transferred. But should none of the kindred be found to fulfil the condition set forth in the will, then they were directed to transfer the estate to the Trustees of Franklin College, in this State, as part of the permanent fund of that institution. Legatees were found in Connecticut. Colonel DANIEL APPLING was born on the 25th of August, 1787, in this county. At the age of eighteen he entered the army of the United States, and during the war of 1812, distinguished himself in several engagements with the enemy. He died 18th March, 1818. Colonel WILLIAM FEW, a descendant of one of the original settlers of Pennsylvania, was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, on the 8th of June, 1748. His paternal ancestor, who was from Wales, and whose family name was written Ffew, accompanied William Penn in his migration to this country. When William was ten years of age, his parents removed with their family to Orange County, North Carolina, and here his education was conducted by an able teacher. His book was his constant companion in the field and during the in 410 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tervals of labour. Qualified by his sound principles and virtuous habits, at the very beginning of the Revolution he espoused the cause of his country. In conjunction with some young men of his acquaintance, he formed a volunteer company of infantry. Of those who joined this company, the greater part were appointed officers in the regiment of Continental troops raised by the Convention of North Carolina in 1776. In one of these regiments, Mr. Few was offered a captain's commission; but, in pursuance of arrangements previously made, he removed, in the autumn of 1776, to Georgia, where the Revolution was in active progress, the affairs of government having been transferred to a Committee of Public Safety. Shortly after his arrival, the knowledge of his character having preceded him, he was elected a member of the Convention about to be called to form a constitution for the future government of the State. At the coming election, he was chosen, by a unanimous vote, a member of the Assembly for the County of Richmond, and in the meeting of that body'was appointed one of the Council. From this period to that of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and afterwards, with short intervals, to the close of 1804, he was constantly employed in public affairs. His earliest military service was performed in repulsing a British force which invaded Georgia from East Florida. After the capture of Savannah in 1778, and the subsequent occupation of Augusta by the British, he was engaged in several hazardous marches and successful actions, which resulted in expelling the enemy from the interior. Soon after this, with a small force of militia, he dispersed a body of Creek Indians, who, to the number of seven hundred, under the influence of Tate, a British agent, were approaching the frontier settlements from the West. As Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia, he was for a length of time occupied in the perilous and difficult service of guarding the interior portions of the State from the incursions of the Indians. In 1778 he accepted the appointment of Surveyor-General of the State, and also that of Presiding Judge of the County of Richmond; and in 1779, he was re-elected a member of the Legislature for the ensuing year; by which body, in January, 1780, he was appointed a member of Congress, and in the following May proceeded to Philadelphia, and took his seat. The British forces continued, in 1781, to occupy the coast and southern part of Georgia, when information was communicated to Congress, by their minister in Europe, of a disposition on the part of the British Government to treat for peace, in view of which the delegates from Georgia feared that a negotiation might proceed, on condition that each party should retain the places of which it held possession; and Colonel Few, by the advice of Congress, and on the request of his colleagues, returned to his constituents, to advise with them on the subject, and to assist in appointing officers, and reorganizing the government in the several counties of the State. Having accomplished these objects, he was reappointed to Congress, and again took his seat in that body, in May, 1782. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 411 Soon after the peace in 1783, Colonel Few returned to Georgia, and was immediately elected by the County of Richmond a member of the Legislature, which assembled in January, 1784, for the purpose of revising the laws, and providing for an effective administration of the government, which, from the events of the war on the coast, and the disturbed state of the frontier, had for a length of time been wholly inoperative. He now engaged in the practice of law, and by his intimate knowledge of the affairs of the State, his experience in public life, his talents as a debater, and his integrity, industry, and prudence, was rapidly rising to eminence in his profession, when a controversy, arising between Georgia and South Carolina, in relation to territory which was referred to Congress for adjustment, he was appointed agent for the claims of his State, and was again elected a member of Congress. On the 25th of May, 1787, the Convention for forming the Constitution of the United States met in Philadelphia. Colonel Few was a member of the Convention, and one of those who, by their signatures, testified their approbation of that instrument, and recommended it to their constituents. He soon after repaired to Georgia, to exert his influence in favour of the adoption by that State of the proposed Constitution, and was elected a delegate from the County of Richmond to the State Convention, which met in Augusta the ensuing December, and by which the Constitution was ratified and adopted. The Legislature, shortly afterwards, appointed him one of the Senators of that State. In 1788, Colonel Few married Catharine, daughter of the venerable Commodore Nicholson, of the United States Navy, with whom he lived in all harmony and affection until the day of his death. About the time of his marriage the frontier citizens of Georgia were much harassed by the predatory incursions of the Creek Indians, and a commission, on an application, through their Senators, from the Legislature of that State, to the President of the United States, for relief, being appointed to adjust the controversy between the parties by treaty, Colonel Few, having personal knowledge of the Indian chiefs, and of the nature of the difficulties to be overcome, and feeling a deep interest in the success of a friendly negotiation, voluntarily accompanied the Commissioners on their mission. After their first interview with the chiefs and head men, on the banks of the Oconee River, the latter, contrary to their friendly professions, suddenly retired, under the influence of their perfidious advisers, to the interior of their country. At the instance of Colonel Few, the Commissioners, under the escort of two friendly kings, were induced to follow the retiring party. They accordingly pursued, and overtook them, but all their efforts to renew the negotiation were unavailing. His term of service in the Senate of'the United States, by which the classification was limited to four years, having expired in March, 1793, Colonel Few retired with his family to his estate in Georgia, and resumed his agricultural pursuits. In 1795, Mr. Few was elected a member of the Legislature which declared the Yazoo act null and 412 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. void. About the same time, the State having been divided into four Judicial Districts, he was appointed Judge of the Second District, the arduous duties of which he continued to discharge for three years, when his health being impaired, he resigned, and in the summer of 1799, removed with his family to the City of New-York, where he continued to reside to the close of his life, having filled many important offices in the gift of the city, as Mayor, &c. He died 16th July, 1828. Hon. THOMAS W. COBB attained to a degree of eminence in his profession scarcely surpassed by that of any lawyer in Georgia. He was a native of Columbia County. He was elected to Congress in 1818, and in 1823 and 1824 was elected Senator, which office he resigned in 1828, and became a Judge of the Superior Court. He died at Greenesborough in 1830. REVOLUTIONARY PAPERS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF COLUMBIA.* WE, the inhabitants of the town of Wrightsborough and places adjacent, understanding that fourteen persons have drawn up several resolutions respecting the disputes between Great Britain and the town of Boston, concerning the destroying of a quantity of tea, the property of the East India Company, and have published them as the act of the Province, and which we look upon as a great imposition, having no knowledge of them till after they were passed: therefore we do, in this public manner, deny passing any concerning them, and disapprove of them altogether, such proceedings as a few acting for the whole without their knowledge, we apprehend being contrary to the rights and privileges of every British subject. John Oliver, J. P.; John Stubbs, Isaac Vernon, Jasias Pewgate, John Jones, Thomas Watson, Sen., David Baldwin, Henry Ashfield, Samuel Hart, Alexander Ottery, Jesse Margan, Ellis Haines, Aaron McCarter, Stephen Bigshop, Abram Louders, James Oliver, John Greason, William Daniel, Silas Pace, Gereiom Wooddell, Absalom Beddell, William Foster, John Clower, Abraham Parker, James Jenkins, Oliver Matthews, Edward Greene, Joseph Jackson, Joel Phillips, Matthew Hobbs, Joseph Haddock, J. P.; Thomas Ansly, John Lindsay, Abram Dennis, Richard Webb, Benjamin Ansly, John Watson, Robert Day, Drury Rogers, James Anglin, Jacob Watson, Robert Cowin, Lewis Powell, Jacob Collins, William Childre, Robert Harper, Jacob Dennis, Nicholas White, John Moor, Joshua Sanders. Robert Jenkins, Robert Nelson, Hillery Grey, James Bishop, John Fairchild, John James, Zachariah Phillips, Edward Hill, John Hill, Joshua Hill, John Davis, Isaac Greene, Samuel Sinquefield, William Sinquefield, Reuben Sherill, Morris Callingham, Joel Cloud, John Stewart, Jun., John Lang, James Ryan, Henry Walker, Peter Perkins, Thomas Gilliland, Uriah Odom, State Documents. COWETA COUNTY. 413 Richard Hokitt, Edward Hagen, Joseph Kallensworth, Abram Hilton, William Michell, John Evans, John Evans, Jun., Peter Williams, John Stewart, Jonathan Sell, William Welden, John Thompson, Joseph Millen, William Penton, Alexander Oliver, Ambrose Holiday, Abraham Johnston, Nathaniel Jackson, George Wagganer, Robert Walton, Walter Drummond, Charles Dunn, Ezekiel Millar, John West, John Hodgin, Peter Cox, Joseph Brown, Henry Jones, John Dennis, Francis Jones, Peter Weathers, Timothy Jourdan, Watkin Richards, Abraham Davis, Gabriel Davis, John Davis, Isaac Davis, John Pirks, Jacob Davis, Jonathan Sell, J. P.; Thomas Pace. COWETA COUNTY. LAID out in 1826. Part set off to Campbell, 1828, and a part to Heard, in 1836. Length, 27 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 486. The streams are the Chattahoochee River, and several creeks. The lands are fertile, producing cotton, corn, wheat, &c. NEWNAN, the seat of justice, is situated about the centre of the county, 126 miles~N. W. of Milledgeville. The Newnan Seminary is located here, and ranks among the first schools in Georgia. The climate does not vary much from that of other counties surrounding it. Among the first settlers of this county were, JOSEPH EDMONDSON, ANDREW J. BERRY, GILBERT GREENE, JOHN JOHNSTON, - TALIAFERRO, ROBINSON, JAMES STAMPS, WASHINGTON ARNOID, JAMES HUTCHESON, LEVI PHILLIPS, DANIEL WESTER, the REDWINES and HEARNES. Extract from the Census of 1850. —Dwellings, 1,382; families, 1,382; white males, 4,223; white females, 3,979; free coloured males, 7 free coloured females, 11. Total free population, 8,220. Slaves, 5,415. Deaths, 218, Farms, 911; mauufacturing establishments, 52. Value of real estate, $2,146,322; value of personal estate, $4,070,586. ON a tract of land belonging to Major Cheedle Cochran, of Fayette County, No. 112, Fifth District of Coweta County, are the remains of an old fortification, of a circular form, and containing an area of from six to ten acres. The site is advantageous for the defensive, being situated on a point of land makingin between a small creek and a branch; a short and almost perpendicular hill, projecting towards the creek swamp, protected the fort from an attack from that quarter, or made death the inevitable lot of any who had the hardihood to ascend to 414 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. its brow, in hostile array. On the other side, a gentle descent gave to those within the fort the command of it for a considerable distance. ALLEN GAY died in this county at the age of eighty-two. A relative of this gentleman has furnished the author with a sketch of his life, from which the following extracts are made:He began his Revolutionary career when only sixteen years of age, volunteering to act as a substitute for his father, who had been summoned to appear at the high hills of Santee for twelve months' service. IHe was attached to a battalion belonging to General Greene's army. At the battle of Eutaw Springs, the company to which he was attached formed a part of the advance, and displayed a courage which would have done honour to veterans. Upon this occasion he actually took five of the enemy prisoners. After the war he removed to Georgia. He was a worthy member of the Baptist Church. REV. DABNEY JONES.-This great champion of temperance resides in this county, and was one of its early settlers. In 1828 he removed from.Madison, and settled on Shoal Creek, while, to use his own language, "the bark camp of the Indians was standing, while the wolves still howled in the solitude of the forest." Mr. Jones assisted in erecting the first church in Coweta, and preached the first sermon in Newnan, in a rude log house. He also delivered the first temperance lecture on the 4th of July, 1832, and from this period until 1847 he lectured at most of the Superior Courts, when the friends of temperance called upon him to be their representative. Mr. Jones's labours are well known in Georgia. He is an interesting man, full of anecdote, and one cannot be in his company without being convinced of his worth. In 1836, a military detachment, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, on their return from the Creek war, stopped at the town of Newnan. Their visit was thus noticed in the Newnan Palladium: Early on the morning of Tuesday, 26th ult., our citizens were apprised of the approach of a company of our chivalrous up-country volunteers; we at once thought it to be our own-but when they approached, who should it be but the gallant Captain Garmany, with a part of his command. They were received with enthusiasm by our citizens, and were compelled by urgent solicitation to partake of a breakfast with us-after which the ladies and gentlemen of the town and its vicinity repaired to the court-house to welcome this heroic band. Colonel W. D. Spear was called to the chair, and after making a few pertinent remarks, suitable to the occasion, the following song was, after proper intervals, sung thrice, with weeping eyes and great applause:CAPTAIN GARMANY'S FIGHT. TuNE-" Scots wha ha, 4c. See the Cliattahoochee flow, By Roanoke descending low; There our soldiers met the foe, Fierce as panther prowling. COWETA COUNTY. 415 GoD! was not Thy presence nigh, When to Thee, with trusting eye, Looked our soldiers, while the cry Burst like wild wolves howling? Hear our Captain's cheerful tone-' Courage, soldiers! soldiers, on! Let no craven fear be shown, Here no aid can find us! "Who a home or loved one hath, Fight like whirlwinds in their wrath: Fight, there lies no middle pathWreath or shade must bind us. "Should the God of battles smile, Blessings wait to crown our toil; Many a listener we'll beguile With this day's bold story. " Should we fall, we leave a name Ages will be proud to claim; Death, upon the soldier's fame, Stamps the seal of glory." Garmany, such thy counsels bold, Now in song thy name's enrolled, And thy gallant deeds are told, While thousands throng applauding. Bravery makes thy field her shrine, Beauty's grateful tear is thine: Who but would his life resign, Such the meed rewarding? After the singing had ceased, Captain Garmany rose and said, in substance, as follows: " Mr. Chairman, I beg leave to respond by offering my thanks, both for myself and in behalf of my company, for the honour conferred upon us. It is true, we have encountered hardships, difficulty, great danger, some suffering, and the loss cf some of our best men; yet we have done no more than our duty, and duty which every man should at all times be ready to discharge. You, dear females, I with pleasure behold here in peace, and under the protection of the good and virtuous; while my bosom burns at the thought that I have seen the places where many of your sex have been butchered by those blood-thirsty savages, too cruel to relate; yes. so cruel and heart-rending, that my life has almost been my terror." Tears flowed from the eyes of all in the house, which created an inexpressible 416 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feeling, and we could not trace him further, only to say that he spoke the sentiments of a warm and patriotic heart. The citizens wished to retain them as guests until the morrow; but the anxiety of the heroes to see and embrace their wives, daughters, and sisters, was such, that we had to succumb. The first Superior Court for Coweta County was held at a place 2- miles east of Newnan, commencing on the 25th day of June, 1827,-Honourable Walter T. Colquitt, Judge. GRAND JURORS. 1. ISAAC GRAY, Foreman. 11. MOSES KELLEY. 2. ELI NASON. 12. LEWIS M. PAULETT. 3. JAMES CULWELL. 13. ROBERT O. BEAVERS. 4. SAMUEL WALKER. 14. ELIJAH HAMMOND. 5. ANTHONY NORTH. 15. JOHN CULWELL. 6. NATHANIEL NICHOL. 16. S. GREEN. 7. EDWARD SECOUR. 17. JOHN KISOR. 8. THOMAS DYER. 18. MILES WOOD. 9. EDWARD RPEEVES, 19. DANIEL HULL. 10. DANIEL WESTER. CRAWFORD COUNTY. LAID out in 1822. Part set off to Upson in 1824. The Old Agency Reserve added 1826. Part taken from Talbot and Marion 1827; and a part taken from Houstoun 1830. Length, 17 m.; breadth, 17 m.; area square miles, 289. Named after the Hon. William H. Crawford. The Flint River is the only stream of any magnitude. The surface of the country generally is uneven. The northern part is tolerably productive, of a dark gray soil, adapted to cotton. The bottom. lands are exceedingly fertile, but liable to inundations. In the poor pine region, some seven miles S. E. of Knoxville, rises a prominence of about 300 feet above the level of the surrounding country. It consists of twenty or thirty acres of rich mulatto land, covered with luxuriant growth. On this elevation is an inexhaustible supply of limestone. KNOXVILLE is the seat of justice, distant from Milledgeville fiftytwo miles. Hopewell is six miles N. E. of Knoxville. Francisville is six miles W. of Knoxville. Hickory Grove is twelve miles N. W. of Knoxville. The climate is pleasant. CRAWFORD COUNTY. 417 The Census of 1850 gives to this county 724 dwellings; 754 families; 2,253 white males; 2,089 white females; 5 free coloured males; 8 free coloured females. Total free population, 4,355; slaves, 4,629. Deaths, 118. Farms, 444; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $1,243,525; value of personal estate, $2,591,959. Among the early settlers were, JOHN HANCOCK, WILLIAM HANCOCK, H. B. TROUTMAN, STEPHEN W'RIGHT, BENJAMIN BELAND, JOHN S. BROOKS, HENRY BRADFORD, SAMUEL DUKES, BENJAMIN LIGHTFOOT, ELISHA P. TURNER, WILLIS TAYLOR, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, MATTIEW J. JORDAN, BENJAMIN DICKSON, JAMES LANG, WILLIAM ZAIGLER, W. C. CLEVELAND, MANCEL HANCOCK, T. D. HAMMOCK, S. D. BURNETT, GREEN P. CULVERHOUSE, JOHN CULVERHOUSE, WILLIAM SIMMONS, GEO. R. HUNTER, JAMES CLARK, JOHN PERRY, JOHN DENT, EZEKIEL HALL, ELIJAH M. AMOS, E. WHITINGTON, ADAM FILES, WM. T. BROWN, JAMES A. EVERETT, HENRY CROWELL, JOHN ANDREWS, JOHN ROBINSON, WILLIAM WILLIAMSON, SAMUEL CALHOUN, WILLIAM TRICE, ROBERT HOWE, ARCHIBALD GREY, JAMES A. MILLAR, Rev. HENRY HOOTEN, At Fort Hawkins, formerly the Creek Agency, in July, 1817, there was an assemblage of the Creeks, amounting to between fourteen and fifteen hundred. The principal chiefs dined every day with General Mitchell, the United States Agent, and in the afternoon executed the points which had been previously discussed and decided upon in council. On this occasion the Indians had received a considerable sum of money from the United States. Some of the younger warriors determined to have a frolic before they returned to their homes. A principal warrior, next in command to McIntosh, in the service of General Jackson, got drunk and killed his own nephew. The chiefs immediately convened, and after ascertaining the fact of the murder, they ordered the perpetrator to be instantly taken and executed; which was done in less than an hour after the murder was committed. Colonel BENJAMIN HAWKINS resided in this county for many years. He was born in the County of Bute, now Warren, North Carolina, on the 15th of August, 1754. His parents were Colonel Philemon Hawkins and Delia Hawkins. Their son Benjamin received the best education the country afforded. He was sent to Princeton College, where he remained until the Revolutionary War suspended its exercises. It is said that Colonel Hawkins, at the time he left College,. was an excellent French scholar; and that Washington's intercourse with the French officers rendering it necessary that he should have some member of his family to aid him in this particular, he became acquainted with Colonel Hawkins, and pressed him into his service as a member of his family. He was present with Washington at the battle of Monmouth, in 1779, and upon several other occasions. In 1780, he was chosen, by the North Carolina Legislature, Commercial 27 418 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Agent. In that capacity he repaired to the Island of St. Eustatia, to procure arms and amnunition; but the vessels on board of which he had placed the articles purchased were taken by the British. In 1782, he was elected a member of Congress for one year, and was reelected in 1783. In 1785 he was appointed a Commissioner to treat with the Cherokees, and other Indians south of them, as well as Commissioner to negotiate with the Creeks, the duties of which he faithfully performed. In 1786, he was again elected to Congress; and in 1789, to the Senate of the United States, where he remained for six years; after which General Washington appointed him Superintendent of Indian Affairs South. He took up his residence among the Creeks, and devoted all his energies to their improvement. He established a large farm, built mills, houses, wagons, and implements of all sorts suited to the demands of the country. He had a large stock of cattle, which the Indians were scrupulous to protect while he was alive, but when he died they stole them without limit. Colonel Hawkins possessed in a high degree, not only science to conceive anything he desired, but practical common sense necessary to its full achievement. The celebrated French General, Moreau, when an exile in this country, made a visit to Colonel Hawkins, at the Agency. After leaving him, he said he was the most remarkable man he had found in America. Many volumes of his manuscripts were destroyed when his house was burnt. Some have been published; the Georgia Historical Society possess several volumes of them. He died on the 6th of June, 1816, at the Agency. During our visit to Crawford County, we visited the spot where Colonel Benjamin Hawkins is supposed to have been buried. There is no stone or monument to designate the spot.* DADE COUNTY. LAID off from Walker in 1837. Length, 24 m.; breadth, 12 m.; area square miles, 288. Named after Major Francis Langhorne Dade, U. S. A., who was killed by the Indians in Florida, December, 1835. Lookout Creek is the only stream of any importance. The soil is fertile, producing with little labour abundant crops of corn, wheat, rye and oats. The mountains are Lookout and Raccoon. TRENTON is the county site, 240 miles from Milledgeville. The climate is cold in winter, but delightful in summer. The in* A very interesting account of Colonel Hawkins may be found in Wheeler's Historical Sketches of North Carolina, page 426. DECATUR COUNTY. 419 stances of longevity with which we are acquainted are the following: Mrs. CARTWRIGHT, 80; Mrs. CARR, 80; Mr. R. Cox, 80; Mr. AsBURY, 100. The mineral resources of the county are great, and large quantities of bituminous coal are found in the mountains. It also abounds with caves-; and it is thought that within its limits are more than fifty Indian mounds. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 421; families, 421; white males, 1,246; white females, 1,286. Total free population, 2,532; slaves, 148. Deaths, 30. Farms, 235; manufacturing establishments, 4. Value of real estate, $240,220; value of personal estate, $151,443. The Legislature of 1849 made an appropriation of $3,500, to construct a road over the Lookout Mountain. Among the persons who first settled this county were, J. B. PERKINS, JOEL HULSEY, JAMES STEWART, HOWELL TATUM, JOHN GUINN, ISAM COLE, A. HALE, WMi. HUGIIS, T. L. TANNER, A. B. HANNAH, JACOB MCCOLLUM, W. HULSEY, G. STEPHENS, Z. O'NEAL, L. HENDRICKS, JESSE CARROLL, JEREMIAH PACE, M. CUNNINGHAM, M. MORGAN, WILLIAM MORGAN, JACOB SITTON, W. H. TAYLOR, R. L. TAYLOR, DAVID KILLION, DANIEL KILLION, ALFRED GARNER, JAMES M. HALL, LEROY SUTTON, GEORGE SUTTON. DECATUR COUNTY. LAID off from Early in 1823; part set off to Thomas in 1825. It received its name from Commodore Stephen Decatur. Length, 36 m.; breadth, 25 m.; area square miles, 900. The Flint River runs through the county, and the Chattahoochee forms its western boundary. Spring Creek is a considerable body of water. There are several other streams, viz,, Musquito, Willocoochee, &c. In various parts are excellent tracts of land. Between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers is a pine barren, with some fertile spots, which are well calculated for the growth of cotton and corn, the soil being silicious. The climate is temperate and pleasant. BAINBRIDGE is the county town, situated on the east side of the Flint River, on a beautiful bluff, 190 miles from Milledgeville. Fort Scott is below Bainbridge, on the Flint River. Attapulgus is 12 miles southeast of Bainbridge. Extractfrom Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 898; families, 898; white 420 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. males, 2,391; white females, 2,227; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 4,623; slaves, 3,639. Deaths, 92. Farms, 491; manufacturing establishments, 2. Value of real estate, $805,018; value of personal estate, $1,970,631. Among the original settlers of this county may be named the following, viz.: G. MITCHELL, WM. MARTIN, WI. DONALDSON, JOEL DARSEY, JOHN DARSEY, W. WILLIAMS, H. INGRAHAM, B. CRAWFORD, JAMES GRIFFIN, M. HARDIN, JAMES BROWN, SAMUEL CHERRY, WM. POWELL, SAMUEL WILLIAMS, DANIEL 0. NEAL, HIRAM ATKINSON, JAMES T. NEAL, WM. FORsoN, M. KELLY, WM. HAWTHORN, JOHN WHITE, JOHN JONES, DUNCAN RAY, EDMUND HERRING, JOSHUA PROCTOR, WILLIAM WHIGHAM, ELIAS MCELVAN, WILLIAM POWELL, PIIILIP PITMAN, JOHN DONALDSON, R. B. DOUGLAS, ABNER BISHOP, JEREMIAH SLADE, WM. CHESTER, Captain PARHAM, R. STRICKLING, J. SAUNDERS, G. G. GAINES. i r la a Is. THIS county is remarkable for its numerous caves or lime-sinks. Dr. Cotting; who made a geological survey of this portion of the State, has kindly furnished us with the following facts:"Decatur abounds with what are called lime-sinks. Some are filled with water, others are empty. Some have streams passing through the bottom, and communicating with the river. The walls of these caverns are lined with slaty limestone, in which there is a quantity of marine organic remains. " At Curry's Mills, near the church, is a large sink or depression. The rim ot the crater is nearly circular, being 666 feet; depth, 102 feet. " Sixteen miles from Bainbridge is a cavern, explored to the distance of eightythree feet,-a small stream runs through it. "Three miles east of Flint River is a large fissure, one hundred yards long; breadth, 10 feet; depth, 30 feet." One-half of a mile southeast of Black Creek, Dr. Cotting found fragments of large tusks, and other bones of the zeuglodon. DE KALB COUNTY. 421 DE KALB COUNTY. LAID out in 1822, and named after the Baron De Kalb, who fell in defence of American freedom at the battle of Camden, South Carolina, on the 19th of August, 1780. Length, 25 m.; breadth, 19 n.; area square miles, 475. The Chattahoochee is the chief river. The creeks are, Nancy's, Peach-Tree, Utoy, &c. DECATUR is the county town, ninety-five miles northwest of Milledgeville. Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South. It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western, and the Georgia railroads, connect. To J. Norcross, Esq., we are indebted for the following statement relating to Atlanta:Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none under 4,500, and still increasing. The number of stores, exclusive of retail liquor-shops, in the city, is 57. Large cotton warehouses, 4. Amount of goods sold from 15th December, 1850, to 15th December, 1851, was $1,017,000. The amount of Georgia and Tennessee produce sold, exclusive of cotton, during the same time, $406,000. The amount of goods sold in the month of October, 1851, $108,000. Amount of cotton received and sold from December, 1850, to December, 1851, 35,500 bales. Amount of money advanced by bank agents to buyers in Atlanta and neighbouring villages, and bills drawn against cotton shipped to Augusta, Savannah, Charleston, and New-York, $1,250,000,-making, in round numbers, exchange or mercantile transactions over $2,500,000. Nor does this include large quantities of Georgia and Tennessee produce, received and sold here by the owners, the larger portion of which would probably go into stores here, were there any banking or other suitable accommodations for advancing on the same. There is in this city one steam flouring mill,-investment, $35,000,;-the operations of which may be placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop-cash operations, $20,000 per annum. Three carriage and wheelwright shops. Two large tanneries. One large shoemaking establishment. Two large tanneries and shoe establishments in course of construction. In addition to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops, which employ large numbers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up as a private enterpriseinvestment, $30,000. WINSHIP'S ESTABLISHMENT.-The main building of this extensive establishment is 200 feet by 40 feet; a wing at one end, 24 feet by 32 422 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. feet, for engine; a wing near the centre, 20 by 40 feet, for blacksmith's shop. Engine, 25 horse-power; planing machines, 3; circular saws, 4; tenoning machine, 1; sash and mouldingmachine, 1; wood-turning lathe, 1; bolt-cutting machine, 1; drill press, 1; number of hands employed, 40. Chief business, making railroad cars. Capital, $20,000. ATLANTA TANNING COMPANY.-Proprietors, Alexander & Orme. Capital, $20,000. Propelled by steam. Dimensions of building, 50 feet by 80, with a wing 25 by 50; two stories high. Hands employed, 10. Hides handled by machinery. Connected with this establishment are a grist-mill and a patent circular saw-mill, lathe and shingle machine. ATLANTA MACHINE COMPANY.-Capital employed, $5,000; number of hands, 12; amount of work done per annum, $12,000; dimensions of building, 160 by 40 feet. Stone Mountain and Lithonia, small places, are on the Georgia Railroad. Extract from the Census of 1850. —Dwellings, 1,792; families, 1,794; white males, 5,704; white females, 5,668; free coloured males, 9; free coloured females, 23. Total free population, 11,404 slaves, 2,924. Deaths, 118. Farms, 1,019; manufacturing establishments, 45. Value of real estate, $1,669,810; value of personal estate, $1,721,560. Among the early settlers of this county were, WILLAMS JACKSON, JAMES MONTGOMERY, JOHN R. BRooKs, WM. EZZARD, W. M. [HILL, JOSEPH HEWEY, STEPHEN MAYS, R. CONE, J. M. SMITH, WM. DAVID, MASON SHEWMAKE, JOHN SIMPSON, AMOS TOWERS, JOHN W. FOWLER, EDWARD JONES, ANDREW JOHNSON, JOHN TURNER, J. P. CARR, JAMES W. REEVES, Colonel MURPHY, GEORGE CLIFTON, JAMES JONES, JESSE LANE, L. JOHNSTON, WM. TERERLL, GEORGE BROOKS. The climate is healthy. Instances of longevity are numerous. JOHN BIFFLE died at 106; D. GREENE, 90; WM. TERRELL, 90; Mr. BROOKS, 92; WM. SUTTLES died in 1839, aged 108. He was possessed of great physical strength, and had been a soldier of'76. At his death-an estimate of his descendants was made, and it amounted to 300 persons. His wife, MARGARET, 104 years old, died in June, 1839. For seventy years she had been a member of the Baptist Church. CHARLES ISOM and JAMES BURNES, both 90, are now living. WM. REEVES died at 87. The Stone Mountain is in this county, of which we have seen many descriptions; but the following, taken from the Macon Telegraph, of April 3, 1830, we consider the most accurate:The Stone Mountain is a huge solid peak of solitary rock, three thousand feet in height, and six or seven miles in circumferenoe. The finest view of this stu. DE KALB COUNTY. 423 pendous pyramid is obtained from the eastern side. Seen from this point at a distance, it has the appearance of a large dark cloud streaked with thunder and lightning. Approach it nearer, and its figure and consistence become distinguishable; you see the bold, naked rock, nearly globular in form, of a darkish gray colour. On climbing it, the shrubs and bushes are scattered so thinly over its sides among the crevices, that it appears nearly bald. About half way up to the right of your path is pointed out a small tuft of scrub cedars and oaks, designated as the Buzzard's Roost, from the number of those birds hovering about the spot. STONE MOUNTAIN. About a quarter of a mile from the top are seen the remains of a fortification that formerly extended around and defended every accessible point leading to the summit, the only entrance being through a natural passage under a large rock, where only one person could enter at a time, and that by crawling on allfours. The whole length of the wall at first was probably a mile, breast high on the inside, and constructed of the loose fragments of the rocks. On reaching the summit, you have a beautiful and extensive view of the country. The top presents an uneven surface, nearly flat, of an oval shape, two or three hundred yards in width, and about twice that in length. Many hollows are observable in the winter and spring, filled with water, and occasionally little patches of soil, where various shrubs and herbs luxuriate. On the eastern side, some distance from the top, is a little grove called the Eagle's Nest. Adjoining, it, among the broken fragments, are a number of frightful caverns, called the Lion's Den, the Panther's Hole, &c. From the summit you may ramble down the arch in any direction for several hundred yards, without danger.. A pathetic story is told of a couple of hounds that a year or two ago followed their owners to the top of the mountain, and in performing their gambols round the edge of the precipice, had got too far down to be able to get back. One slid immediately over, and was dashed to pieces on the rocks below, not a whole bone being left in his skin; the other held to the rock for two days, howling piteously, but at last became exhausted, fell, and shared the fate of his companion. 424 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOOLY COUNTY. BOUNDARIES described in the Lottery Act of 1821. Part added to Pulaski, 1826; a part to Lee, 1827. Named after Colonel John Dooly, who was murdered by the Tories in 1780. Length, 35 m.; breadth, 32 m.; area square miles, 1,120. The chief stream is the Flint River. The creeks are, Pennahatchee, Hogcrawl, Lampkin's Limestone, Cedar, &c. The face of the country is level; much of the land is productive. Lands which a few years ago were considered worthless, now command high prices. VIENNA is the county town, situated on the waters of Pennahatchee Creek, distant from Milledgeville ninety-five miles. Drayton is a mile and a half from Flint River. Travellers' Rest is in the northwest corner of the county. The climate is temperate. Remote from the water-courses, the country is regarded healthy. The cases of longevity with which we are acquainted are the following: —Mr. WADSWORTH died at 103; Mrs. NAPIER, aged 100; Mrs. WADSWORTH, aged over 100; and Mrs. BRADSHAW, aged over 80, were all alive a few years since. Extract from the Census of 150.-Dwellings, 962; families, 962; white males, 2,844; white females, 2,736; free coloured males, 4; free. coloured females, 2. Total free population, 5,586; slaves, 2,775. Deaths, 110. Farms, 663; manufacturing establishments, 8. Value of real estate, $'1,106,253; value of personal estate, $1,721,560. EARLY COUNTY. LAID out in 1818; part set off to Decatur in 1823; part set off to Baker, 1825; organized in 1825, and named after Governor Peter Early. According to the last census, there are in this county 656 dwellings, 656 families, 1,909 white males, 1,807 white females, 1 free coloured male. Total free population, 3,717; 3,529 slaves, 55 deaths, 367 farms, 11 manufacturing establishments. Value of real estate, $757,005; value of personal estate, $2,067,717. The Chattahoochee is the chief stream. Various creeks water the country. The face of the country is' gently undulating, almost without an elevation worthy of being called a hill, and two-thirds covered with forests of the tallest long-leaf pine. -:-g-z-gs-F — g:7 - INDIAN MOUNDS, EARLY CO-UNTY. EARLY COUNTY. 425 This section of our State, except in the lime-land valleys, is decidedly healthy. There are no diseases peculiar to the country. Among the original settlers of this county were, ISHAM SHEFFIELD, WEST SHEFFIELD, ARTHUR SHEFFIELD, JAMES BUSH, JOHN HAYS, JOSEPH and RICHARD GRIMSLEY, RICIIARD SPANN, FREDERICK PORTER, JOSEPH BOLES, JOHN ROE, ABNER JONES, NATHANIEL WEAVER, JAMES JONES, SOLOMON V. WILSON, JOHN DILL, ALEXANDER WATSON, JAMES CARR, JOHN TILLEY, WILLIAM HENDRICK, JOHN FLOYD, D. ROBERTS, ANDREW BURCH, B. COLLIER, J. FOWLER, MARTIN WOOD, GEORGE MERCIER, WILLIAM DICKSON, A. HAYS, JAMES BRANTLEY, E. HAYS. BLAKELY is the county town, named after Captain Blakely, of the navy. It is 180 miles fiom Milledgeville. Fort Gaines is on a high bluff of the Chattahoochee, and is a place of considerable business. It derived its name from a fort built against the Indians, in 1816, by order of General Gaines. Six miles north of Blakely, on Little Colomokee Creek, at the plantation of Judge Mercier, are some ancient works. Annexed is a view of them. In Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia, they are thus described:" No. 1. The iarge sacrificial mound, seventy feet in height, and six hundred feet in circumference. This mound is covered with large forest trees, from four to five hundred years old. A shaft has been sunk in the centre to the depth of sixty feet, and at its lower portion a bed of human bones, five feet in thickness, and in a perfectly decomposed state, was passed. "No. 2, 2. Like the former, have earth stones on the summit, with charred wood around them, which would show that they, too, were used for sacrifices. They are thirty feet high. No. 3. A wall of earth inclosing these mounds. " No. 4, 4, 4, 4. Mounds outside of the inclosure, twenty feet high, and probably used as watch-towers. "No. 5. Entrance to the inclosure. "In the rear of these mounds is a creek, No. 6, and from the large mound there has been constructed an arched passage, three hundred yards in length, leading to the creek, and probably intended to procure water for religious purposes." Major JOEL CRAWFORD resides in this county. He was born in Richmond County, on the 15th of June, 1783. His early education was received at a school kept by Dr. Bush.* At the age of twenty he became a student of law under the Hon. Nicholas Ware, of Augusta, and was admitted to practice at Washington in January, 1808. He then removed to Milledgeville, and in a few years succeeded in obtaining an extensive practice. * For many particulars connected with the history of Dr. Bush, see under the head of "Columbia County." 426 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In 1813, Mr. Crawford joined the army of General Floyd, and, although a perfect stranger to him, he appointed him his aid, and in this capacity he served through the whole of the campaign. In his official despatches, General Floyd spoke in the highest terms of Major Crawford. After the war, he resumed the practice of the law, and in 1826 removed to the County of Hancock, where he became very popular, being elected to the Senate of Georgia for three consecutive years. Anterior to his removal to Hancock, he had been elected to Congress. In 1823 he was brought out as a candidate for Governor in opposition to Mr. Gilmer, but was defeated. In 1831 he was again a candidate for the Executive chair, and was defeated by Mr. Lumpkin. To Major Crawford many important trusts have been committed, all of which he has discharged with fidelity. He has a commanding person, and is possessed of fine conversational powers. EFFINGHAM COUNTY. THIS county formerly constituted a part of the Parishes of St. Matthew and St. Philip, formed in 1758.' In 1777 it was laid off, and received its present name in honour of the Earl of Effingham, an ardent supporter of colonial rights. In 1793 a portion of it was added to Screven, and in 1794 a portion to Bryan. Length, 30 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 480. SPRINGFIELD is the county town, 140 miles southeast of Milledgeville. Ebenezer is an old German settle_ment, twenty-five miles from the City of Savannah. The Lutheran Church, of which a view is annexed, was used by the British, in the Revolutionary _____ ____ War, as a hospital. Whitesville is on the Central Railroad. Among the early settlers were, g1; THOS.GSOHWANDEL,GABRIEL MAURER, JOHN IMAJRER, GEO. KOCLER, PAULUS ZITTRAiER, PETER RENTER, SIMON REITER, MATTHIAS BRANDNER, CHRISCHURCH AT EBENEZER. TIAN LEIMBERGER, MARTIN LACKNER, LUPRETCHT STEINER, VEIT LEMMENHOFFER, JOHN and CAR. FLOEREL, RUPRETCH ZIMMERMAN, SIMON STEINER, GEO. SCHWAIGER, JOHN SCHMIDT, LEONHARD CRAUSE, PETER GRUBER, JACOB SCHARTNER, JOSEPH LEITNER, JOHN CORNBERGER, AN EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 427 DREAS GRIMMIGER, MATTHIAS BURGSTEINER, VEIT LANDSELDER, JoSEPH ERNST, JOHN MICHEL RIESER, THOMAS PICHLER, JOHN SPIELBIEGLER. Abercorn, sixteen miles from Savannah, was a noted place in the early settlement of Georgia. No memorial of its former condition can now be seen. A history of this ancient county would furnish material for a large volume. Our thanks are due to the Rev. P. A. Strobel, of Americus, Georgia, for the following items in relation to the settlement of Ebenezer: Persecution first brought the Salzburgers to America. As soon as the object of the Trustees was made known, the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge began to interest itself for the removal of some of the Salzburgers to Georgia; and as early as the 12th of October, 1732, they applied to the Trustees to aid them in their benevolent designs. The Trustees did not feel authorized at this time to do more for the Salzburgers than to offer them grants of land in their new colony. Steps were, however, immediately taken to ascertain whether any of the German Protestants were willing to remove to Georgia, and become British subjects, submitting themselves to such rules as the Trustees might prescribe. The Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge opened a correspondence with several Protestant ministers in different parts of Germany, in order to ascertain if the Salzburgers were disposed to avail themselves of their kind offices. From their correspondents, the Society learned that there were hundreds of the persecuted Protestants, who were not only willing, but anxious to emigrate. This fact was communicated to the Trustees, who, warranted by a special fund recently raised for this purpose, sent in December, 1732, an invitation to fifty families of the Salzburgers, to remove to Georgia. At the same time, the venerable Society proposed to pay their expenses from Germany to Rotterdam, and to furnish the means to support amongst them a pastor and a catechist. Various causes prevented the immediate execution of these plans. But they finally wrote again to Germany, and requested that a portion of the Salzburgers might be sent over to England to prepare for their transportation to America; and in the meantime money and articles of clothing were furnished. To such as were deemed worthy of their patronage, the Trustees advanced the funds necessary to pay their passage and stores. On arriving in Georgia, each Salzburger was to receive three lots,-one for a house and yard, within the town, one for a garden near the town, and one for tillage, at a short distance from the town, (the whole embracing fifty acres;) said lands to be a freehold to them and to their heirs forever. In addition to this, the Trustees engaged to furnish them with provisions until their lands could be made available for their own support. In consideration of these grants, the Salzburgers were to obligate themselves to obey the Trustees' orders, and become citizens of Georgia, with all the rights and privileges of Englishmen. The necessary arrangements having all been completed, the company of emigrants began to prepare for their journey. These were. from the town of Berchtolsgaden and its vicinity. Setting out on foot from their homes, the direction of their journey required them to pass through Bavaria; and at almost every step 428 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. they were exposed to insult. At length they arrived before the gates of the free city of Augsburg, in Swabia. Here they were at first repulsed; but at length they were reluctantly permitted to enter the city. The news of their arrival at Augsburg soon spread through the neighbouring countries, and all classes vied with each other in doing honour to those who, in obeying the dictates of conscience, had preferred banishment rather than renounce their attachment fo the Gospel. On the 21st of October, 1733, the Salzburgers reconmenced their pilgrimage. This company consisted of forty-two men with their families, numbering in all seventy-eight persons. The arrangements for their transportation to Georgia had been previously made with the Trustees by the venerable Samuel Urlsperger, then pastor of the Lutheran Church of St. Ann, in the city of Augsburg, who bestowed special attention upon them during their sojourn, and ever afterwards watched over their welfare with the solicitude of an affectionate father. Pursuing their pilgrimage, they arrived at the Protestant city of Frankfort, in Nassau, where they were welcomed and hospitably entertained. After remaining here a short time they set out for Rotterdam, at which city they arrived on the 27th of November. Here they xwere joined by their teacher, the Rev. John Martin Bolzius, and their catechist, Rev. Israel Christian Gronau. REV. JOHN MARTIN BOLZIUS. These pious men had consented to relinquish the lucrative and honourable positions which they held in the Orphan House at Halle, that they might accompany the Salzburgers to Georgia. After staying a week at Rot.terdam, the emigrants embarked on board one of the Trustees' ships, on the 2d of December; and on the 21st day of the same month they arrived safely at Dover, in England. Here they were visited by the Trustees, who bestowed upon them every attention in their power. The arrangements for their voyage to America having been made, the emigrants embarked on board the Purysburg, on the 28th of December, destined for America. After a perilous voyage of one hundred and four EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 429 days, they reached Charleston, S. C., in MSarch, 1734. Here they met General Oglethorpe, who came with these exiles to Georgia to aid them in making an advantageous settlement. On the 9th of March the Salzburgers left Charleston, and on the 11th day they entered the Savannah River. On the 12th they reached Savannah, and met with a cordial reception. General Oglethorpe informed Baron Von Reck, who conducted this expedition, that his people might exercise their own choice il regard to their location. They expressed a desire to be removed to some distance from the sea, where the scenery was diversified with hill and dale, and they might be supplied with springs of water. To carry out their view, General Oglethorpe, in company with several gentlemen and some Indians, made a tour of observation into that part of the country now known as the County of Effingham. They penetrated about thirty miles into the interior, where they discovered a place which it was supposed would meet the wishes of the emigrants. The place was described as being on the banks of a river of clear water; the sides high; the country of the neighbourhood hilly; with valleys of rich cane, intermixed with little brooks and springs of water. With the selection and general appearance of the country, the Salzburgers expressed themselves highly gratified. After singing a psalm, they set up a rock which they found upon the spot, and named the place EBEN-EZER, (the stone of help,) for they could say truly, " Hitherto hath the Lord helped us." The lands allotted to the Salzburgers bordered on the possessions of the Uchee Indians, from whom General Oglethorpe obtained them some time previously. It is worthy of remark that these Indians were near neighbours to the Germans, and that the most friendly relations always subsisted between them. The site for a settlement having been agreed upon, General Oglethorpe marked out the town, and sent up workmen to assist the colonists in clearing lands and erecting temporary dwellings, which consisted of tents and sheds constructed from rough planks. In a few weeks, the preparation for the accommodation of the settlers being in a suitable state,of forwardness, the whole body of the Germans, in company with their pastors; went from Savannah to their new home at Eben-ezer. From the journal of Baron Von Reck we extract the following: —" The lands are inclosed between two rivers, which fall into the Savannah. The town is to be built near the largest, which is called Eben-ezer, in remembrance that God had brought them hither. It is navigable, being twelve feet deep. A little rivulet, whose water is clear as crystal, glides by the town. Another runs through it; and both fall into the Eben-ezer. The woods here are not so thick as in other places. The sweet zephyrs preserve a delicious coolness, notwithstanding the scorching beams of the sun. There are very fine meadows, in which a great quantity of hay might be made with very little trouble. The hill-sides are also very fit for vines. The cedar, walnut, cypress, and oak make the greatest part of the woods. There are likewise a great quantity of myrtle trees, out of which they extract, by boiling the berries, a green wax very proper to make candles with. There is much sassafias, and a great quantity of those herbs of which indigo is made; and an abundance of china-root. The earth is so fertile that it will bring forth anything that can be sown or planted, whether fruits, herbs, or trees. There are wild vines which run up to the tops of the tallest trees; and 430 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the country is so good that one may ride in full gallop twenty or thirty miles. As to game, here are eagles, wild turkeys, &c." To one living at this distant period who has any knowledge of Old Eben-ezer and the general character of the surrounding country, the above description appears to partake somewhat of the marvellous. We must either, make considerable allowances for the warmth of the writer's imagination, or conclude that the country has undergone a very great change. The site of their town was about four miles below Springfield, in a region which is composed of hills and plains that are very sterile, and upon which no one having any correct knowledge of the character of the soil would ever think of settling a farm. But circumstanced as the Salzburgers were, exiled from their country, and worn out by fatigue in travelling both by sea and land, they, no doubt, were inclined to regard with favour any spot which promised them rest from their toils, and a period to their cruel sufferings. Upon the arrival of the Salzburgers at their home, it was deemed proper to assign a lot of land to each family. This having been done, arrangements were made for the erection of more permanent and comfortable dwellings upon it. Captain Hernisdorff succeeded in raising a small company of volunteers, and they offered their services to General Oglethorpe, and requested that they might be put upon any service that he deemed necessary. This company was accordingly ordered to Frederica, to aid in the defence of that place against the Spaniards. It became the nucleus for a Lutheran congregation, which was organized in 1743, under the care of the Rev. Ulrick Drieslerl a German missionary, sent over by the Trustees, and supported by their funds. The rest of the Salzburgers immediately repaired to Eben-ezer, where they were received with great kindness. About this time Messrs. Bolzius and Gronau visited Savannah to confer with General Oglethorpe in reference to the propriety of changing the location of their town. They stated to the General that there was great dissatisfaction among the people, which induced him immediately to set out for Eben-ezer. The settlers informed him that they were disappointed in the character of the soilthat the climate had proved unhealthy —that the stream upon which their town stood could not be navigated to any advantage. Here it may be proper to remark, that the water-course upon which the Salzburgers were originally settled was not properly a river, but a creek, which at times is swollen to a considerable size, and there are not perhaps many streams in Georgia which are so serpentine in their course. Some idea may be formed of it, when it is stated that although the distance from Old Eben-ezer to the Savannah River by land does not exceed six miles, the distance by the course of the creek is not less than twenty-five miles. General Oglethorpe listened patiently to their representations, but informed them that, although he was satisfied that there were embarrassments connected with their situation, yet he was convinced from his acquaintance with the nature of the country to which they desired to remove, that as soon as the forest should be cleared, and the lands brought under cultivation, they would be again subject to the diseases peculiar to the climate, and would be forced to leave the neighbourhood. Stillj if they persisted in their wishes, he should not oppose them. But the settlers could not be induced to give up the idea of removing. The site selected for the new town was on a high ridge within a short distance of the river, and which, from the peculiar colour of the soil, was called EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 431 Red Bluff. The new town was laid off after the plan of the city of Savannah, and covered an area of a quarter of a mile square. This space was divided into smaller squares, each containing ten building lots, and these latter numbered one hundred and sixty. Three wide streets passed through the town from east to west, which were intersected at right angles by four others running from north to south; besides which, there were a number of narrow lanes, but these extended only in one direction, from north to south. Four squares were appropriated for the sale of produce, and called market-places, and four were reserved as public parks or promenade grounds. Two-thirds of a square were appropriated to the church, parsonage, and academy, and an equal quantity to the Orphan Asylum and the public storehouse. On the east, a short distance fromr the town, was the cemetery. On the north and east was a large pasture for cattle; and on the south was one for sheep and goats. On the north and south, garden lots were laid out; and still farther south, beyond Little Creek and Mill Creek, and upon their waters, the farms were located, each farm consisting of fifty acres. The country to the north beyond Eben-ezer Creek was occupied by the Uchee Indians. In the course of a few years, Eben-ezer began to give evidences of its future growth and prosperity. Houses were again erected, gardens and farms were inclosed, and brought under cultivation. No church was erected here for several years; whether it was for want of funds, we are unable to say. The Orphan Asylum was for a long time used as the place of worship. As a religious community, the Salzburgers may be properly viewed as a missionary station, under the fostering care of the English Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany. It was required of the pastor and each member of the congregation to subscribe to the Augsburg Confession, and to submit to a code of regulations drawn up by the Rev. Samuel Urlsperger, of Augsburg, Rev. Frederick AM. Zeigenhagen, of London, and Rev. Gottluff Augustus Franke, of Halle. These regulations were prepared in 1733, and continued in force, with some few alterations, which were made principally by Dr. Muhlenburgh, until 1843. The immediate superintendence of the settlement was assigned to the Rev. John Martin Bolzius and his colleague, Mr. Gondau. The church in Germany kept up its ecclesiastical connection with the church at Eben-ezer, and continued to send it donations, which from time to time amounted to 12,000 guilders. In the establishment of this colony, the cause of education was not overlooked; for, in every instance in which a pastor was sent over, a schoolmaster accompanied him, and a plan was adopted for a house of worship. In building their houses, they were much hindered by the scarcity of materials. Among them there were few mechanics, and not being able to erect either saw-mills or gristmills, their situation became very trying. In a newly-settled country, too, the means of transportation were very limited, and having no boat of their own, they were entirely dependent upon the Government for the conveyance of their supplies; and such were the straits to which they were at times reduced, that they were compelled to carry their provisions upon their backs from Savannah, a distance.of twenty-five miles. To add to their sufferings, much sickness prevailed; but, amidst all their distresses, the emigrants exhibited patience and fortitude. 432 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Such was the state of things when a second party of emigrants arrived. These were likewise Salzburgers, who had been sent over by the Trustees in the ship Prince of Wales, which left England in November, 1734, and arrived in Georgia the early part of the next year, which consisted of fifty-seven persons. This expedition was conducted by Mr. Vat. On reaching Savannah, they immediately set out to join their brethren at their new town. They were kindly received, and provision made for them, as far as the means of the colonists would warrant. It was with difficulty, however, that they could be furnished with lodgings; and the stock of food was not very abundant. Nevertheless, by this accession to their numbers, the Salzburgers were greatly benefited; for amongst the new-comers were many mechanics, whose labours were of essential service. By their aid, planks were soon sawed, timber was hewed, boards and shingles split, and the good people went cheerfully to work to improve their dwellings. As to the church, they were compelled as yet to worship in a large tent, which, during a part of the time, had been the residence of their minister. When General Oglethorpe visited Europe in 1734, he made such representations of the prospects of the colony, as induced the Trustees to resolve upon strengthening it by sending out new settlers. The Trustees invited one hundred Germans from the city of Ratisbon to remove to Georgia, and settle under their patronage. They engaged to give them a free passage, with an ample supply of sea-stores, and a freehold of fifty acres of land to every settler, together with such an outfit of clothes, tools, and farming utensils, as might be deemed necessary. To these proposals the Salzburgers consented, and about eighty of them, under the conduct of Captain Hernisdorff and Baron Von Reck, repaired to England to avail themselves of the liberality of the Trustees. A sufficient number of emigrants having been secured, the Trustees chartered two ships, the Symond, of two hundred tons, Captain Joseph Cornish, and the London Mlerchant, of the same burden, Captain John Thomas; the whole number consisted of 227 heads. This was called the great embarkation. Among the passengers were twenty-seven Moravians, under the care of their Bishop, the Rev. David Nitsehman, and Messrs. John and Charles Wesley. The embarkation reached Georgia early in the month of February, 1736. Shortly afterwards, they were required to take up arms in defence of the colony; but refusing to do so, they were obliged to leave, and sought an asylum in the peaceable domain of William Penn.* * We regret to inform the reader that a portion of the valuable paper furnished us by Mr. Strobel was unfortunately mislaid by the compiler, which will account for its abrupt termination. EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 433 AN EXTRACT OF THE JOURNALS Of Mr. Commissary VON RECK, who conducted the First Transport of Salzburgers to Georgia; and of the Rev. AMr. BoLZlus, one of their Ministers, giving an Account of their Voyage to, and happy settlement in, that Province. Published by the direction of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowoledge. London: IMD CCXXIV. EXTRACTS OF MR. VON RECK S JOURNAL FROM DOVER TO EBENEZER. January 8, 0. S., 1733-4.-Having a favourable wind, we left Dover, and again set sail. An universal Joy appeared amongst the Salzburgers, who praised God that he had heard their Prayers. Jan. 9.-We discovered at Noon the Isle of Wight. Jan. 10, 11.-At eleven in the morning, having happily passed through the Channel, we left the Land's End. Thus God was pleased to rejoice us and give us Hopes, that, through the continuance of His Mercy, the rest of our Voyage would be no less prosperous. May the Lord be pleased always to assist us. Towards night the wind increased so much, that it broke the Stay which held the main-topmast; and we had been exposed to great Danger, if Divine Providence had not averted it. Jan. 24.-The Weather was fine and pleasant. According to our Reckoning, we passed the Latitude of the Canary Islands, and through the adorable Mercy of the Almighty, approached the Trade-winds, which are reckoned to blow all the year from the Eastward. Jan. 25.-We sung Te Deunm, and praised the Almighty with our lips and hearts. Jan. 26.-God was pleased to give us very fair Weather, with the continuation of the Trade-wind. Jcn. 28.-An alarm of fire caused a great consternation in the whole ship, but no ill accident ensued. Jan. 30.-This day we felt a great deal of heat; and for refreshment washed between the decks, where the people lay, with vinegar..Feb. 6.-At night a tempestuous wind arose, but God in his goodness held his Almighty hand over us, and was pleased the next day to give us a good wind, which advanced us five or six miles an hour. Feb. 17.-We had this evening at Prayers, Psal. L. 14, Offer unto God thanksgiving, and pay thy vows unto the Most Highest. Feb. 18.-At two in the afternoon, the wind was strong at S., and soon after it proved contrary, and extremely violent. I was surprised to see the sea rise so high; a tempest darkened the sky; the waves swelled and foamed and everything threatened to overwhelm us in the deep. All the sails were furled; the violence of the wind was so great that it tore the main-sail to pieces. Besides which, the mate cried out that the water rose fast in the hold; but though he spoke truth, the ship received no damage. Feb 27.-Last night we had the wind contrary, W. S. W., but God granted us sweet repose, and renewed our strength, the better to undergo a tempest which 28 434 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. a wind at W. by S. brought upon us by break of day. The storm was more dreadful than the other. At night the wind abated. March 4.-We sounded this morning at six, and drew up some sand and soil of Carolina. The Captain told me we were tell leagues distant from the shore. March 5.-A S. S. W. arose, which carried us, through the mercy of Jesus Christ, within sight of Carolina. We sung Te Deum, which was the psalm for the day. March 7.-At nine there came from Charlestown a pilot on board our ship. We immediately cast anchor, and at ten the Captain, the Rev. divines and I, went into the pilot's boat. At one in the afternoon, we came to Charlestown, where I immediately waited on his Excellency, Robert Johnson, Esq., and Mr. Oglethorpe. They were glad to hear that the Salzburgers were come within six leagues, all safe and in good health, without the loss of any one person. Mr. Oglethorpe showed me a plan of Georgia, and gave me liberty to choose a settlement for the Salzburgers, either near the sea or further in the Continent. I accordingly accepted his favour, and chose a place 21 miles from the town of Savannah, and 30 miles from the sea, where there are rivers, little Hills, clear brooks, cool springs, a fertile soil, and plenty of grass. Mr. Oglethorpe sent on board our ship, by the Pilot's Sloop, a large quantity of fresh beef, two butts of Wine, two Tunn of Spring Water, Cabbage, Turnips, Radishes, Fruil. &c., as a present from the Trustees, to refresh the Salzburgers. Marcl/ 9.-We beg'd of God that he would permit us to go to our Georgia. We went away this morning at ten, and got on board our ship at two in the afternoon. March 10.-God blessed us this day with the sight of our country, our wishedfor Georgia, which we saw at ten in the morning; and brought us unto the Savannah River, and caused us to remember the vows we had made unto him, if he did, through his infinite Goodness, bring us hither. We were to-day very much edified with the 32d Chapter of Genesis, and the 26th of Leviticus. At noon we cast anchor, because of the Tide; at night, during the Evening Prayers, we entered the river of Savannah. March 12.-The magistrates of the town sent on board our ship an experienced Pilot; and we were carried up to the town of Savannah by eleven in the Forenoon. They returned our salute of five guns, with three; and all the Magistrates, the citizens and the Indians, were come to the River side. The two Divines, Mr. Dunbar, some others and myself, went ashore in a boat. We were received with all possible demonstrations of Joy, Friendship, and civility. The Indians reached their hands to me, as a testimony of their joy also for our arrival. The Salzburgers came on shore after us, and we immediately pitched a tent for them in the Square of the Town. March 13.-I went to see the Indians, and their King, Tomo-cha-chi. I caused some raisins, of which they are very fond, to be distributed amongst them. ~March 14.-MIr. Oglethorpe had given orders for three horses to be ready for my service, to take a view of the country, and to ride to the place where the Salzburgers were to settle. I went this morning at nine of the clock, with a Constable and a Guide; but after we had gone a mile or two, we entered some thick woods, divided by deep brooks of water, and though we could with great difficul EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 435 ty pass over some, yet there were others we could not pass; wherefore we returned back to the town. Mr. Oglethorpe, and Mr. Jenys, Speaker of the Assembly of Carolina, arrived at Savannah from Charlestown; the first having, out of love to our Salzburgers, put off his Journey to England, being resolved to see them settled before he went. Having informed him that the Floods had made it impossible for me to pass the woods by land, he said he would go himself, to show me the country and see what place I would choose. The Speaker desired to accompany him; and I did myself the honour to make one of the company. He sent to the Indian King to desire two Indians to hunt for him in the Journey; who not only granted them, but his chief War Captain, Tuskeneoi, out of civility to Mr. Oglethorpe, came along with them to accompany us. We went on board a ten-oared boat to the place where a house was building by Mr. Musgrove, six miles up the Savannah River. March 16.-Having slept well in a tent, which we pitched under the shade of a tree by the river side, last night, I accompanied Mr. Oglethorpe on horseback, and the Speaker and others went by water. If you ask how a country that is covered with wood, and cut with rivers and morasses, is passable, I must acquaint you that since the Colony was settled, the ways were marked by barking off the trees, to show where the roads should go, and where the rivers were passable. After passing through a morass covered with canes, we came to an unfordable river, through which the Indians swam our horses, and we crossed over upon a great tree, cut down for that purpose. The tree was cut down so as to lie across the river and serve for-a bridge. And after riding some leagues in the woods, we passed another river. Night overtaking us, we were obliged to take up our quarters upon a little hill, round a fire with the Indians, who brought us a wild turkey for our supper. March 17.-We continued our Journey, and set out by break of day; and at nine arrived at the place where the Salzburgers were afterwards settled. From hence I returned to the town of Savannah, through Abercorn. a village newly settled by order of the Trustees, upon the Savannah River, near where Ebenezer falls into it. March 27.-Mr. Jones, who is a surveyor, and I went away this night in a small boat for' Abercorn, in order to go from thence to seek and clear the River Ebenezer. Mllarch 30.-Towards night we came out of the river, which fell into the Savannah eight miles above Purysburg; so our design was frustrated, by missing the River Ebenezer, and we returned the same night to Abercorn, where we stayed. March 31.-We arrived this afternoon at Savannah. April 1.-We put on board a sloop provision for three months, with necessary tools, and the baggage of the Salzburgers. April 2.-We all went on board the little sloop, but found it was too much loaden; wherefore I went with only a few of the men, and was obliged to leave the rest in the town. iApril 3.-We came to the village of Abercorn at four in the afternoon; from hence we were forced to carry our provisions and baggage to Ebenezer by land. April 4.-I stayed at Ebenezer; and could not but commend the diligence and industry of the nine Salzburgers who were come before, and whose labour 436 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. God had given a blessing to. They had erected two good tents made of the barks of trees, one of which was forty feet long; and had cut down abundance of trees, in order to breathe a free air; and besides all that, they were obliged in the greatest heats, almost every day, to walk to Abercorn, which is twelve miles, and to carry their utensils and daily provision upon their backs. April 5.-I returned to wait the arrival of the other Salzburgers, who were to follow us immediately. April 7.-The rest of the Salzburgers arrived. April 9.-We began to make a bridge over a brook, and finished it. April 12.-Good Friday. God was pleased to take to himself the soul of one of our people, called Lackner. April 16.-Our Salzburgers continued to work upon the road. April 19.-This day the Salzburgers finished the way for carriages. We found before my tent a strong white horse; and as we wanted horses, and knew not from whence he came nor to whom he belonged, we received him with thankfulness to God. April 22.-We found another horse in the woods to-day, which proved very fit for our service. Parrots and Partridges make us here a very good dish. April 24.-The inhabitants of Edistow having given thirty Cows for the use of the Colony of Georgia, Mr. Oglethorpe ordered them to be sent up to the Salzburgers. April 29.-[ went this day from Abercorn, in order to take my leave of Ebenezer, and to build a Chapel. May 12.-The Chapel was quite finished, and we could worship our God in it. May 13.-I took my leave, and left some rules for their direction. EXTRACT OF THE REV. MR. BOLZIVSn JOURNAL, FROM THEIR ARRIVAL IN CAROLINA. March 7, Thursday.-Though the wind is fair, the ship will not go into Charlestown harbour, but lie at anchor till we get a. Pilot to carry us to Georgia. Sunday, March 10.-Blessed be the Lord that he has brought us within the bounds of Georgia upon the Sunday Reminiscere; the Gospel of which day tells us that our blessed Saviour came to the borders of the heathen, after he had been persecuted in his own country. SAVANNAH, Tuesday, March 12.-At the place of our Landing almost all the inhabitants of the town of Savannah were gathered together; they fired off some Cannons and cried Huzzah! which was answered by our sailors and other English people in our ship, in the same manner. A good dinner was prepared for us. We, the Commissary, and Mr. Zwefler, the physician, were lodged in the house of the Rev. Mr. Quincy, the English Minister here. March 14.-Last night we prayed on shore for the first time in the English Chapel, made of boards, and used for divine worship till a church can be built; the use of which is allowed us during our stay here. The inhabitants join with us, and show much devotion. The Jews, likewise, of which there are twelve families here, come to church, and seemed to be very devout. March 15.-This day, Mr. Oglethorpe arrived here, and received our Salz. burgers and us in a friendly manner, and we dined with him. He being very EFFINGHAM COUNTY. 437 solicitous that these poor Indians should be brought to the knowledge of God, has desired us to learn their language, and we, with the blessing of God, will joyfully undertake the task. Tuesday, March 26. —It is a great pleasure to us that Mr. Oglethorpe approved of our calling the river, and the place where our houses are to be built, Ebenezer. April 13.-Lackner having been very long sick, died last night. He was to have had a, coffin made for him, but the Salzburgers thought it unnecessary, be ing accustomed to bury no body in a coffin, but women that die in childbed. So they dressed the corpse, after it was washed, in his own clothes. laid him upon a board, and after he was brought to his grave, in an orderly procession, they wrapped him up in a cloth, and let him down into the ground. April 16.-The deceased, Lackner, hath left a little money, with which we have made a beginning of a box for the poor. EBENEZER, Tuesday, May 7. —To-day I had the happiness of seeing Ebenezer. The good people are already much advanced in tilling the ground. May 9.-A tabernacle is to be made of boards till a church can be built. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS. Copy of a Letter from Governor WRIGHT to the EARL OF DARTMOUTH, inclosing certain papers, tc. SAVANNAH, IN GEORGIA, 13th of October, 1774. MY LRD,-Iin my letter of the 24th of August, I mentioned that some protests and dissents were preparing in different parts of the Province, which were not then completed. These were not sent to town until lately, and only published in yesterday's paper, and which I now inclose. They have been wrote by the people themselves, just in their own way, as your Lordship will see by the style. However, they certainly show that the sense of the people in this Province is against any resolutions, and that those attempted by a few in Savannah, are held in contempt, and just nothing at all, whilst the resolutions and conduct of our neighbours in the other Northern colonies really make me shudder. (Signed) JAMES WRIGHT. To the EARL OF DARTMOUTH. Wednesday, Sept. 21st, 1774. We who have just put our names to this paper, inhabitants of the Parish of St. Matthew, and Town of Ebenezer, think it necessary, in this public manner, to declare, that about the 4th day of this instant, August, we were told by certain persons, that we must send a petition home to our King, in regard to the Bostonians, to beg for relief, as a child begs a father, when he expects correction, and that all those who would not join must sign their name, that they might know how many wouldbe in this parish, and that should we decline what was recommended, we must expect the Stamp Act imposed upon us. By these and like flattering words, we were persuaded to sign, but we find we are deceived, for, that the people who met at Savannah, on the 10th inst., did not petition our 438 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. King, but made up a paper, which we think is very wrong, and may incur the displeasure of his Majesty, so as to prevent us from having soldiers to help us in case of an Indian war. We, therefore, disagree entirely to the said paper, and do hereby protest against any resolutions that are, or hereafter may be, entered into on this occasion. Signed by the following persons:-Urban Buntz, George Gnann, Jaher IHang letter, John Paulus, George Gruber, Matthew Beidenback, George Ballinger, John Oexlin Rentz, George Buntz, John Pillager, Henry Ludwig Buntz, Jacob Metzger, John Metzger, John Adam Fryermouth, John Feberl, George Zettauer, John Heckel, Solomon Zondt, Jacob Guann, Jacob Keiffer, Christian Steiner, John Remshart, Israel Luineberger, Leonhart Kraus George Bechley, Batlas Keiffer, Michael Mack, Jr., Peter Fryermouth, Solomon Prothero, John Grasen. tine, Christopher Rattenberger, Andrew Guann. We, the subscribers, do hereby certify that we are against resolutions, this 2d of Sept., 1774.-Philip Dell, Paul Pinck, Mathew Meyer, Jacob Meyer, John Maurer, George Maurer, Daniel Weitman, Martin Reylander. The inhabitants generally in this section, in the'very beginning of the Revolution, took an active part in favour of the colonies. This was to be expected. They said,' We have experienced the evils of tyranny in our native country; for the sake of Liberty we have left home, lands, houses, estates, and have taken refuge in the wilds of Georgia; shall we now again submit to bondage? No! we willf not." The Rev. JOHN E. BERGMAN died at an advanced age. He was born in Germany, and served the congregation, at Ebenezer, for thirtysix years. Colonel GEO. G. NOWLAN was one of the most estimable men in Georgia. He died at Milledgeville whilst discharging the duty of a representative from this county. ELBERT COUNTY. LAID out from Wilkes in 1790. Length, 32 m,; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 512. The Savannah and Broad Rivers are the chief streams, both of which have several tributaries. The lands, although impoverished by bad cultivation, still continue productive. ELBERTON is the county town, situated on the waters of Falling Creek, 90 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville. Ruckersville is on Van's Creek. ELBERT COUNTY. 439 Petersburg is at the junction of the Savannah and Broad rivers, formerly a prosperous place, but now in a state of dilapidation. The instances of longevity in this county have been very numerous. A few years ago there were living, WM. TRAMMELL, 83; LEONARD RAE, 81; JOHN DANIEL, 80; JOHN DAVIS, 87; DAVID CARTER, 82; THOMAs MAXWELL, a minister, and Revolutionary soldier, 97; Mrs. JEMIMA HUNT and Mrs. WYCHE are still living, both over 90 years of age. Among the first settlers were-Dr. BIBB, WM. BOWEN, A. BROWN, who, we understand, has a son now living, who has had twenty children, eighteen of whom were girls; WM. BARNETT, BILLY ALLEN, JAMES BELL, P. M. WYCHE, JOSEPH DEDWYLER, Rev. Mr. WHITE, Rev. D. THORNTON, THOS. MAXWELL, RICHARD TYNER, WILLIAM KEY, WM. GAINES, JOHN WATKINS, J. HIGGINBOTHAM, Col. JACK, PETER OLIVER, WM. RUCKER, Mr. HIGHSMITI, P. DUNCAN, WM. HALEY, WMr. WARD, E. SHACKELFORD, WM. WOODS, Mr. LINDSEY, S. HEARD, D. OLIVER, J. CASON, WM. BROWN, L. RICE, WM. Moss, E. RAGLAND, WM. TATE, J. HOWARD, S. NELSON, THOS. BURTON, ISHAM THOMPSON, WM. HODGE, S. WILSON, T. A. CARTER. Extract from the last Census.-1,177 dwellings; 1,177 families, 3,374 white males; 3,302 white females; 6 free coloured males; 10 free coloured females. Total free population, 6,692; slaves, 6,267. Deaths, 143. Farms, 804; manufacturing establishments, 20. The first Superior Court was held at the house of T. A. Carter, 20th of January, 1791, Judge Walton presiding. 2 islrtaIrun. THERE is a remarkable mound in this county, on the Savannah River, three miles above Petersburg. Bartram, the celebrated botanist, visited this mound, and thus describes it:"These wonderful labours of the ancients stand in a level plain, very near the bank of the river, some twenty or thirty yards from it. They consist of conical mounts of earth and four square terraces. The great mount is in the form of a cone, forty or fifty feet high, and the circumference of its base two or three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich earth of the low grounds: the top, or apex, is flat; a spiral path, or track, leading from the ground up to the top, is still visible, where now grows a large, beautiful spreading red cedar. There appear four niches excavated out of the sides of this hill, at, different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points. These niches, or sentry-boxes, are entered into from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for resting-places or look-outs. The circumjacent level grounds are cleared, and planted with Indian corn at present; and I think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this place, said that the mount itself yielded above one hundred ibushels in one season."9 440 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The citizens of this section of Georgia suffered much from the depredations of the Indians after the Revolutionary War. Stockade forts were constructed in many of the settlements. The murderous tomahawk spared neither men, women, nor children. The following account was furnished by persons well acquainted with the facts:In 17-, there lived upon the banks of Coodyes Creek, in the flat woods, in what is now called Elbert County, Mr. Richard Tyner, a poor, though respectable man. During his absence one day, a party of savages attacked his house. They immediately killed Mrs. Tyner. They then seized the youngest child, and dashed out its brains against a tree. Another child they scalped, and left it for dead. A little boy, the son of Mr. Tyner, named Noah, amidst the confusion escaped the notice of the Indians, and crept into a hollow tree, which for many years afterwards was known by the name of Noah's Ark. An elder son of Mr. Tyner fled to the Savannah River, and was pursued by some of the Indians, but he effected his escape. Mary and Tamar, the daughters of Mr. Tyner, the Indians carried off to the Coweta towns. There they remained for several years, when an Indian trader named John Manack purchased Mary, who returned with him to the county of Elbert, and became his wife. When he returned to the Indian nation he offered to purchase Tamar, but the Indians refused to sell her. The main employment of Tamar was to bring wood. Upon a certain occasion, an old Indian woman informed her that her captors, suspecting that she was trying to escape, had resolved to burn her alive. The feelings of the poor girl can be better imagined than described. She determined at all risks to escape. The Indian woman supplied her with provisions and a canoe, accompanied with directions how to proceed down the Chattahoochee River. Bidding adieu to her benefactress, Tamar launched her canoe, and commenced her perilous voyage. During the day she secreted herself amidst the thick swamps of the river, and at night pursued her course. She finally reached Appalachicola Bay, embarked on board of a vessel, and arrived in Savannah. By the assistance of some of the citizens, she was enabled to reach her home in Elbert, where she afterwards married a Mr. Hunt. Many of her descendants are still living, who will vouch for the truth of this story. The following incident, related to the author by a reliable gentleman, is worthy of a place in the annals of Georgia: — During one of the attacks of the Indians upon the inhabitants of this frontier county, they succeeded in killing a number of persons. On one occasion they took prisoner a small girl about twelve years of age. There was living in the county at the time a man by the name of William Suttle, a gunsmith by trade, who, upon hearing that the savages had gone off with the little girl, determined to pursue them, rescue the captive, or die in the attempt. Providing himself with an excellent gun, he started on his generous mission;. and after a short time in the middle of the night, came in sight of the party, who were seated around a fire, and noticed the little girl sitting upon the lap of a brawny Indian, who appeared to be much delighted with his prisoner. After a while, the Indian rose, and standing very erect, appeared to be making gestures, when Suttle, who !0i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i::~~~~~ I__ ~~~~~-I ~~~~t~~~ —-~ex CI ~ ~ ~ ~ NAC AT ELBERT COUNTY. 441 had been watching a favourable opportunity, fired his gun, and shot the Indian through the heart. In the midst of the alarm consequent upon this sudden attack, the little girl made her way in the direction where she supposed the gun was fired, was received by Suttle, and carried behind him on horseback to her friends. HISTORY OF NANCY HART. ONE among the most remarkable women that any country has ever produced resided in Elbert. We give our readers various particulars concerning her, derived from conversations which we have had with persons who were acquainted with her, and from notes kindly furnished by the Rev. Mr. Snead, of Baldwin County, Georgia, a connection of the Hart family. We are also under obligations to the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton, to whom we addressed a letter asking for information in regard to the relationship existing between the family of the Harts and himself, who promptly favoured us with all that we desired. NANCY HART'S maiden name was Morgan. She was married to Benjamin Hart, and soon afterwards came to Georgia. Her husband was brother of the celebrated Colonel Thomas Hart, of Kentucky, who married a Miss Gray, of Orange County, North Carolina. This gentleman was the father of the wife of the Hon. Henry Clay, and maternal uncle of the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton. The family of Mr. Snead removing to Georgia, in consequence of the relationship between them and the Harts, Aunt Nancy, as she was usually called, came to see them. Mr. Snead says he well remembers her appearance, and many anecdotes related of her. He describes her pretty much as she is made to appear in the Yorkville sketch below, but says she was positively not cross-eyed. He represents her as being about six feet high, very muscular, and erect in her gait; her hair light brown, slightly sprinkled with gray when he last saw her, being at that time about sixty years of age. From long indulgence in violent passion, her countenance was liable, from trivial causes, to sudden changes. In dwelling upon the hardships of the Revolution, the perfidy of the Tories, and her frequent adventures with them, she never failed to become much excited. Among the anecdotes remembered by Mr. Snead is the following:On one evening, she was at home with her children, sitting round the log fire, with a large pot of soap boiling over the fire. Nancy was busy stirring the soap and entertaining her family with the latest news of the war. The houses in those days were all built of logs, as well as the chimneys. While they were thus employed, one of the family discovered some one from the outside peeping through the crevices of the chimney, and gave a silent intimation of it to Nancy. She rattled away with more and more spirit, now giving exaggerated accounts ol the discomfiture of the Tories, and again stirring the boiling soap, and watching the place indicated for a reappearance of the spy. Sud 442 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. denly, with the quickness of lightning, she dashed the ladle of boiling soap through the crevice full in the face of the eavesdropper, who, taken by surprise, and blinded by the hot soap, screamed and roared at a tremendous rate, whilst the indomitable Nancy went out, amused herself at his expense, and, with gibes and taunts, bound him fast as.her prisoner. Soon after the close of the Revolution, she removed with her family to Georgia, and settled at Brunswick, then a frontier place. She was the mother of six sons, Morgan, John, Ben, Thomas, Mark, Lemuel, and two daughters, Sally and Reziah. Her eldest daughter, Sally, married a man by the name of Thompson, who partook largely of -the qualities of Mrs. Hart. Sally and her husband followed Mrs. Hart to Georgia several years afterwards. Upon their journey, a most unfortunate affair occurred. In passing through Burke County, they camped for the night on the roadside. Next morning, a white man who was employed as a wagoner, on being ordered by Thompson, in a peremptory manner, to do some particular thing, returned rather an insolent answer, and refused. Thompson, enraged, seized a sword, and with a single blow severed his head from his body. He then with apparent unconcern mounted the team, and drove on himself until he came to the first house, where he stopped and told the inmates he had "just cut a fellow's head off at the camp, and they had best go down and bury him!" He then drove on, but was pursued and taken back to Waynesborough, and confined in jail. This brought the heroic Nancy to the up-country again. She went to Waynesborough several times, and in a few days after her appearance thereabouts, Thompson's prison was one morning found open, and he gone! Mrs. Hart, speaking of the occurrence, said rather exultingly, "That's the way with them all. Drat'em, when they get into trouble, they always send for me!" Not long after their removal, Nancy lost her husband. But after paying suitable respect to his memory, she consoled herself, like most other good wives who have the luck, by marrying a young man, with whom she lifted up her stakes, and, in the language of the annexed sketch, set out among the earliest pioneers for the "wilds of the West." The following sketch of this extraordinary woman, which originally appeared in the Yorkville (S. C.) Pioneer, is believed to be the first account of her that ever found its way to the public:NANCY HART and her husband settled before the Revolutionary War a few, miles above the ford on Broad River, in Elbert County, Georgia. An apple orchard still remains to point out the spot. In altitude, Mrs. Hart was a Patagonian, and remarkably welllimbed and muscular. In a word, she was " lofty and sour." Marked by nature with prominent features, circumstances and accident added, perhaps, not a little to her peculiarities. She was horribly cross-eyed, as well as cross-grained; but, nevertheless, she was a ELBERT COUNTY. 443 sharp-shooter. Nothing was more common than to see her in full pursuit of the bounding stag. The huge antlers that hung round her cabin, or upheld her trusty gun, gave proof of her skill in gunnery; and the white comb, drained of its honey and hung up for ornament, testified her powers in bee-finding. Many can testify to her magical art in the mazes of cookerybeing able to get up a pumpkin in as many forms as there are days in the week. She was extensively known and employed for her profound knowledge in the management of all ailments. But she was most remarkable for her military feats. She professed high-toned ideas of liberty. Not even the marriage knot could restrain her on that subject. Like the "wife of Bath," she received over her tongue-scourged husband "The reins of absolute command, With all the government of house and land, And empire o'er his tongue, and o'er his hand." The clouds of war gathered, and burst with a dreadful explosion in this State. Nancy's spirit rose with the tempest. She declared and proved herself a friend to her country, ready "to do or die." All accused of Whiggism had to hide or swing. The lily-livered Mr. Hart was not the last to seek safety in the cane-brake with his neighbours. They kept uip a prowling, skulking kind of life, occasionally sallying forth in a sort of predatory style. The Tories at length however, gave Mrs. Hart a call, and in true soldier manner ordered a repast. Nancy soon had the necessary materials for a good feast spread before them. The smoking venison, the hasty hoe-cake, and the fresh honeycomb, were sufficient to have provoked the appetite of a gorged epicure! They simultaneously stacked their arms and seated themselves, when, quick as thought, the dauntless Nancy seized one of the guns, cocked it, and with a blazing oath declared she would blow out the brains of the first mortal that offered to rise, or taste a mouthful! They all knew her character too well to imagine that she would say one thing and do another. "Go," said she to one of her sons, "and tell the Whigs that I have taken six base Tories." They sat still, each expecting to be offered up, with doggedly mean countenances, bearing the marks of disappointed revenge, shame, and unappeased hunger. Whether the incongruity between Nancy's eyes caused each to imagine himself her immediate object, or whether her commanding attitude, stern and ferocious fixture of countenance, overawed them; or the powerful idea of their non-soldierlike conduct unnerved them; or the certainty of death, it is not easy to determine. They were soon relieved, and dealt with according to the rules of the times. This heroine lived to see her country free. She, however, found game-and bees decreasing, and the country becoming old so fast, that she sold out her possessions, in spite of the remonstrances of her husband, and was "among the first of the pioneers who paved the way to the wilds of the West." 444 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The following, from Mrs. Ellet's "Women of the Revolution," will be read with interest, although it does not coincide exactly with the Yorkville account:In this county is a stream, formerly known as "War-woman's Creek." Its name was derived from the character of an individual who lived near the entrance of the stream into the river. This person was NANCY HART, a woman ignorant of letters and the civilities of life, but a zealous lover of liberty and the " liberty boys," as she called the Whigs. She had a husband, whom she denominated " a poor stick," because he did not take a decided and active part with the defenders of his country, although she could not conscientiously charge him with the least partiality towards the Tories. This vulgar and illiterate, but hospitable and valorous female patriot, could boast no share of beauty-a fact she herself would have readily acknowledged, had she ever enjoyed an opportunity of looking in a mirror. She was cross-eyed, with a broad, angular mouth, ungainly in figure,. rude in speech, and awkward in manners, but having a woman's heart for her friends, though that of a Catrine Montour for the enemies of her country. She was well known to the Tories, who stood in fear of her revenge for any grievance or aggressive act, though they let pass no opportunity of worrying and annoying her, when they could do so with impunity. On the occasion of an excursion from the British camp at Augusta, a party of Tories penetrated into the interior, and having savagely murdered Colonel Dooly in bed, in his own house, they proceeded up the country for the purpose of perpetrating further atrocities. On their way, a detachment of five of the party diverged to the east, and crossed Broad River, to make discoveries about the neighbourhood, and pay a visit to their old acquaintance, Nancy Hart. On reaching her cabin, they entered it unceremoniously, receiving from her no welcome but a scowl; and informed her'they had come to know the truth of a story current respecting her, that she had secreted a noted rebel from a company of King's men who were pursuing him, and who, but for her aid, would have caught and hung him. Nancy undauntedly avowed her agency in the fugitive's escape. She told them she had at first heard the' tramp of a horse rapidly approaching, and had then seen a horseman coming towards her cabin. As he came nearer, she knew him to be a Whig, and flying from pursuit. She let down the bars a few steps from her cabin, and motioned him to enter, to pass through both doors, front and rear, of her single-roomed house; to take the swamp, and secure himself as well as he could. She then put up the bars, entered her cabin, closed the doors, and went about her business. Presently some Tories rode up to the bars, and called out boisterously to her. She muffled her head and face, and opening the door, inquired why they disturbed a sick, lone woman. They said they had traced a man they wanted to catch, near her house, and asked if any one on horseback had passed that way. She answered no, but said she saw somebody on a sorrel horse ELBERT COUNTY. 445 turn out of the path into the woods some two or three hundred yards back. " That must be the fellow," said the Tories; and asking her direction as to the way he took, they turned about and went off. " Well fooled!" said Nancy, " in an opposite course to that of my Whig boy; when, if they had not been so lofty-minded, but had looked on the ground inside the bars, they would have seen his horse's tracks up to that door, as plain as you can see the tracks on this here floor, and out of t'other door down the path to the swamp." This bold story did not much please the Tory party, but they could not wreak their revenge upon the woman who'thus unscrupulously avowed her daring aid to a rebel, and the cheat she had put upon his pursuers, otherwise than by ordering her to aid and comfort them by giving them something to eat. She replied, "I never feed King's men if I can help it; the villains have put it out of my power to feed even my own family and friends, by stealing and killing all my poultry and pigs, except that one old gobbler you see in the yard." " Well, and that you shall cook for us," said one, who appeared the head of the party; and raising his musket, he shot down the turkey, which another of the men brought into the house, and handed to Mrs. Hart, to clean and cook without delay. She stormed and swore awhile-for Nancy occasionally swore-but seeming, at last, resolved to make a merit of necessity, began with alacrity the arrangements for cooking, assisted by her daughter, a little girl some ten or twelve years old, and sometimes by one of the soldiers, with whom she seemed in a tolerably good humour, exchanging rude jests with him. The Tories, pleased with her freedom, invited her to partake of the liquor they had brought with them, an invitation which was accepted with witty thanks. The spring, of which every settlement has one near at hand, was just at the edge of the swamp, and a short distance within it was a high, snag-toppedc stump, on which was placed a conch-shell. This rude trumpet was used by the family to give information, by means of a variation of notes, to Mr. Hart, or his neighbours, who might be at work in a field or clearing just beyond the swamp, that the "Britishers" or Tories were about; that the master was wanted at the cabin, or that he was to " keep close," or " make tracks" for another swamp. Pending the operations of cooking, Mrs. Hart had sent her daughter, Sukey, to the spring for water, with directions to blow the conch in such a way as wo.uld inform him that there were Tories in the cabin, and that he should " keep close," with his three neighbours who were with him, till he heard the conch again. The party had become merry over their jug, and sat down to feast upon the slaughtered gobbler. They had cautiously stacked their arms where they were in View, and within reach, and Mrs. Hart, assiduous in her attentions upon the table, and to her guests, occasionally passed between them and their muskets. Water was called for, and as there was none in the cabin-Mrs. Hart having so contrived that-Sukey was again sent to the spring, instructed by her mother to blow the conch so as to call up Mr. Hart and his neighbours im 446 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mediately. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hart had slipped out one of the pieces of pine which constitutes a " chinking" between the logs of a cabin, and had dexterously put out of the house, through that space, two of the five guns. She was detected in the act of putting out the third. The party sprang to their feet. Quick as thought, Mrs. Hart brought the piece she held to her shoulder, and declared she would kill the first man who approached her. All were terror-struck, for Nancy's obliquity of sight caused each one to imagine her aim was at him. At length one of them made a motion to advance upon her. True to her threat, she fired. He fell dead upon the floor! Instantly seizing another musket, she brought it to the position in readiness to fire again. By this time Sukey had returned from the spring, and taking up the remaining gun, carried it out of the house, saying to her mother, "Daddy and them will soon be here." This information increased the alarm of the Tories, who understood the necessity of recovering their arms immediately. But each hesitated, in the confident belief that Mrs. Hart had one eye, at least, upon him for a mark. They proposed a general rush. No time was to be lost by the bold woman; she fired again, and brought down another Tory. Sukey had another musket in readiness, which her mother took, and, posting herself in the doorway, called upon the party to "surrender their d — d Tory carcasses to a Whig woman." They agreed to surrender, and proposed to " shake hands upon the strength of it;" but the conqueror kept them in their places for a few moments, till her husband and his neighbours came up to the door. They were about to shoot down the Tories, but Mrs. Hart stopped them, saying they had surrendered to her, and, her spirit being up to boiling heat, she swore that " shooting was too good for them." This hint was enough. The dead man was dragged out of the house, the wounded Tory and the others were bound, taken out beyond the bars, and hung. The tree upon which they were hung was pointed out, in 1838, by one who lived in those bloody times, and who also showed the spot once occupied by Mrs. Hart's cabin, accompanying the designation with the emphatic remark, "Poor Nancy —she was a honey of a patriot, but the devil of a wife!" The compiler of this work, during a visit to Elbert, was introduced to Mrs. Wyche, a lady far advanced in years, who was on terms of intimacy with Mrs. Hart. From her he received many anecdotes, among which are the following: — "On one occasion, when information as to what was transpiring on the Carolina side of the river was anxiously desired by the troops on the Georgia side, no one could be induced to cross the river to obtain it. Nancy promptly offered to discharge the perilous duty. Alone, the dauntless heroine made her way to the Savannah River; but finding no mode of transport across, she procured a few logs, and, tying them together with a grape-vine, constructed a raft, upon which she crossed, obtained the desired intelligence, returned, and communicated it to the Georgia troops. ELBERT COUNTY. 447 On another occasion, having met a Tory on the road, and entering into conversation with him, so as to divert his attention, she seized his gun, and declared that unless he immediately took up the line of march for a fort not far distant, she would shoot him. The dastard was so intimidated, that he actually walked before the brave woman, who delivered him to the commander of the American fort." Nancy, with several other women and a number of small children, were once left in a fort, the men having gone some distance, probably for provisions, when the fort was attacked by a party of Tories and savages. At this critical period, when fear had seized the women and children, to such an extent as to produce an exhibition of indescribable confusion, Mrs. Hart called into action all the energies of her nature. In the fort there was one cannon, and our heroine, after endeavouring in vain to place it in a position so that its fire could reach the enemy, looked about for aid, and discovered a young man hid under a cow-hide; she immediately drew him from his retreat, and threatened him with immediate death unless he instantly assisted her with the cannon. The young man, who well knew that Nancy would carry her threats into execution unless he obeyed, gave her his assistance, and she fired the cannon, which so frightened the enemy that they took to their heels. Once more, when Augusta was in possession of the British, the American troops in Wilkes, then under the command of Colonel Elijah Clarke, were very anxious to know something of the intentions of the British. Nancy assumed the garments of a man, pushed on to Augusta, went boldly into the British camp, pretending to be crazy, and by this means was enabled to obtain much useful inbormation, which she hastened to lay before the commander, Colonel Clarke. - PROMINENT MEN. CAPTAIN JAMES JACK died in this county, on the 18th of January, 1823, at the age of eighty-four years. He was born in Pennsylvania, from whence he removed to North Carolina, and settled in the town of Charlotte, where he remained until the end of the Revolutionary War, in which he took a decided and active part. At the close of the war he removed to Georgia. In the spring of'75, he was the bearer of the Mlecklenburg Declaration of Independence to Conigress. His claims upon the State of North Carolina, for Revolutionary services, were said to have amounted to ~7,646, State currency. Colonel Patrick Jack was his son. REV. WILLIAM DAVIS.-This gentleman was a minister of the Baptist Church, and died on the 31st of October, 1831. The following particulars are taken from an excellent book, the "Georgia Baptists," by Rev. Jesse H. Campbell:* Since this sketch was written, a new county has been formed, named Hart, and we understand it is proposed to call the seat of justice Nancyville. 448 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. "For several months previous to his death, he had a presentiment that his end was near-often spoke of it, and arranged all his worldly business with reference to it. All his children were invited to make him a last visit, and on their doing so, he required each of his sons to lay their hand on the scar on his head, (the result of a wound he received in his youth, while a soldier of the Revolution,) and solemnly charged them severally to be faithful to their country's interest." Judge CHARLES TAIT resided in Elbert-a man of fine talents. He had the rectorship of the Richmond Academy, in Augusta, in 1795, and afterwards was a Senator in Congress, and Judge of the Superior Court. General SAMUEL BLACKBURN was of Irish descent. He was a classical scholar, and for some time after his removal to Georgia, taught in the academy at Washington, Wilkes County. Whilst thus employed, he prepared himself for the practice of law. His fine voice, expressive features, noble person, perfect self-possession, keen wit, and forcible language, directed by a well-cultivated and powerful intellect, made him one of the most eloquent men of hiss time. He married Governor Matthews' daughter, and soon after settled in Elbert County, on Broad River. He removed afterwards to Virginia, where he died in 1835. The Rev. BEVERLY ALLEN formerly resided in this county. To the H[on. George R. Gilmer our thanks are due for the following interesting particulars, connected with a transaction which is still remembered by some of the older citizens of Elbert:In the year 179-, Beverly Allen and Billy Allen carried on the business of merchandise in the County of Elbert. Their storehouse and residence were on a hill rising from Beaver Dam Creek, on the side of the road leading from Fish Dam ford on Broad River, to the Cherokee ford on the Savannah. They were both young, and belonged to a family which emigrated fiomn Virginia to Georgia soon after the Revolutionary War. Beverly Allen was handsome, with a fine voice and ardent temperament. He was one of the converts of Bishop Asbury, during his tour through Georgia. From public praying he commenced exhorting, and, soon after, preaching. Without any of the learning of Whitefield, he had much of his enthusiastic eloquence. Preaching was a rarity when Beverly Alien became a convert. Men pricked up their ears, their souls were stirred within them, when they heard striking exhibitions of the punishments of the lower world for their sins, and the joys of the upper for their repentance. When Beverly Allen held forth upon these subjects, the whole population crowded together to hear him. He became the idol of the people. Some time in the year 1795, Beverly Allen, with his brother, went to Augusta to buy goods with the money they had, and the credit they could obtain. Whilst there, the foreign merchant of whom they had purchased their first stock of goods found thembuying goods of others, instead of first discharging their debt to him. He caused a Ca. Sa. writ to be issued for their arrest, returnable to the United States District Court. The Allens, being informed of this, armed them. ELBERT COUNTY. 449 selves, and took possession of a room in'the public house, and fastened the doors against entrance. The Marshal (Forsyth, the father of the celebrated John Forsyth) pursued them, forced open the door, and was, upon his entrance, shot dead by Beverly Allen. The Aliens immediately fled to Elbert County, and were pursued by a warrant for their arrest upon a charge of murder. William Barnett, for a long time afterwards a well-known public man, was the Sheriff of Elbert County. Upon receiving the warrant, he assembled a large force, and went in pursuit. The Aliens had concealed themselves in a high log-house, which stood for a long time after the event alluded to on the side of the road near Beaver Dam. The place of their concealment bein cocommunicated to the Sheriff, he surrounded it with his guard. The doors were barricaded, so as to prevent entrance. After many fruitless attempts to get the Allens out, the house was set on fire. Billy Allen, finding resistance in vain, opened the doors and gave himselfup. The fire was put out, and search commenced for Beverly Allen, the principal offender. He was at first concealed between the ceiling of the cockloft and the roof. The Aliens were immediately confined in the jail of the county. This became known -to the people. The news spread that the servant of God was in jail for resisting an effort to take from him his liberty, to separate him from his home, friends, and flock, by confining him in jail at Augusta, through the process, of the United States Court, the instrument by which the Federalists intended to deprive the people of their rights, and for a debt to one who was not a citizen of the State. In those days, the people were a law unto themselves. The restraints of Government were very slight during the dominion of Great Britain, and scarcely felt at all, especially on the frontiers of the new States; voluntary associations called Lynch Men afforded some protection against thieves. Personal rights were secured from violation only by the sure aim of a good gun, or a heavy fist and a fearless spirit. Liberty, and especially liberty of person, was, from the habits of speaking, acting, and feeling of the times of the Revolution, and immediately after, considered by many as the chief good. In such times, among such people, operated'upon by such causes, the Aliens could not remain prisoners. The Sheriff, finding that their rescue would be attempted, set off with his prisoners for Washington, Wilkes County. He was headed on the road, and considered it safest to return. He increased his guard to sixteen men, but many of these proved to be the friends of the prisoners. On the night after his return from the attempt to secure the prisoners, in Wilkes jail, the jail of Elbert was attacked by 200 men, the doors forced open, and the Aliens permitted to escape. The friends of the prisoners on guard had, previous to the attack, taken the powder from the locks of the guns of all the guards, from whom any danger was apprehended, except one. Beverly Alien fled to the most distant western frontier of the United States. He lived to old age, apprehensive, during his entire life, that he might be arrested for the killing of Forsyth. Billy Allen, whose crime consisted in being in company with his brother when the act of violence was done, was permitted soon after to return to his home, where he remained unmolested during his life. As soon as search after Beverly Allen had ceased, inquiries began to be made about the persons who were engaged in his rescue. John Rucker, one of the rescuers, 29 450 HISTORICAL' COLLECTIONiS OF GEORGIA. used to amuse his friends, after the alarm had passed away, by telling some of the incidents which happened to him, whilst concealed to avoid arrest, and which became a sort of sing-song among all the little boys of the country for a long time afterwards. Middleton was Barnett's deputy. They were small, active, quick-spoken men. One of the guard, Thomas Gilmer, was a very fat man, weighing three hundred pounds. Rucker said he had fled to the Savannah River, and concealed himself under its bank. Whilst hid, he heard a great many small frogs crying, "Middleton and Barnett! Middleton and Barnett! and imitating what hle was describing, he would compress his lips, and drawing his voice only from his teeth, very quickly, make a sound like that of the frogs. He said he stood this cry without flinching, but after a while he heard a big bullfrog cry out, "T-O-M G-I-L-M-O-R-E! T-o-MI G-I-L-M-O-R-E P? and this he would repeat with swelled cheeks, and full voice, which he said he could not stand. He then plunged into the water, and made for the Carolina side of the river. EM ANUEL COUNTY. LAID out from Blllloch and Montgomery in 1812, and named after the Hon. David Emanuel.'Length, 45 m.; breadth, 41 m.; area square miles, 1,845. The rivers are the Ogeechee, separating the county from Burke, the Big Cannouchee, the Little Cannouchee, Great Ohoopee, &c. The creeks are Yaingrandee, Sartain's, Pendleton's, &c. SWAINSBOROUGH is the county site, 80 miles S. E. of Milledgeville. The face of the country is level. On the rivers, good lands may be found. The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, &c. The climate is salubrious. Instances of great longevity are not rare. Extract from, the Census of 1850.-Families, 605; dwellings, 605. White males, 1,846; white females, 1,745. Free coloured males, 14; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 3,615; slaves, 962. Deaths, 25. Farms, 511; value of real estate, $413,712; value of personal estate, $743,463. Among the first persons who settled in this part of the State were, JAMES MOORE, WM. STEPHENS, HENRY DURDEN, GEO. ROUNDTREE, RICHARD EDINFIELD, M. THIGPIN, A. GARDNER, N. ROWLAND, E. SWAIN, JAMES TAPLEY, JOHN SNELL, JAMES HICKS, WM. PHILLIPS, J. SUTTON, E. LANE, B. JOHNSTON, JOHN WIGGINS, P. NEWTON, WM. ROWLAND, WM. and J. NoRRIS, WM. DOUGLASS, S. POWELL, JOHN RHINER, M. CURL, S. KENNEDY, E. COLMAN, D. E. RICH, E. WILKS, S. WILLIAMSON, B. KEY, J. C. SUMMER. FAYETTE COUNTY. 451 Several years ago a very singular robbery was committed in this county. A physician had been attending on the daughter of a Mr. and Mrs. Gregory. After the recovery of the patient, her father paid the doctor for his professional services the sum of forty-five dollars, which, with other collections he had made about the same time, amounted to seventy or eighty dollars. While on his way home, and passing by a swamp, this infirm and aged son of Esculapius was accosted by a foe clad in no ordinary terrors. It was no less than Mrs. Gregory, the mother of his late patient, as the doctor declared under the solemnity of an oath before a civil tribunal, habited in the attire of a warrior, her face well blacked, a musket upon her shoulder, and two or three pieces of pipe-stem thrust in her mouth. She advanced with the intrepidity of Joan of Arc, seized his bridle rein with one hand, and with the other laid hold of the pocket which contained the money, and never relaxed her grasp till she tore away the pocket and secured its contents. We are unable to inform the reader whether Mrs. Gregory was tried for this offence. FAYETTE COUNTY. THis county is a portion of the territory acquired by the United States for the use of the State of Georgia, from the Creek Indians, by a treaty made at the Indian Springs. Organized in 1821. Named after the Marquis De La Fayette. Length, 27 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 486. The Flint River passes along the eastern part of the county. FAYETTEVILLE is the county town, 107 miles from Milledreville. Jonesborough is a thriving place, situated on the Macon and Western Railroad. Rough and Ready, and Fairburne, are small places. The face of the country is level. The lands are of the gray quality, adapted to cotton, corn, &c. The climate is healthy. We insert a few cases of longevity. Mr. WALDROUP died at 104; Mr. GRAVES, over 80; WM. GAY, over 80; Mr. HANES, 87; Mr. GREY, 80; JOHN FULLER, 96; Mr. MosEs, 80; Mrs. ATKINSON, 80; E. KNOWLES, 80; WM. POWELL, 90; JOHN COOKE, 95; WM. ABERCROMBIE, 85; Mr. S. SPEIGHTS, 85. General DAVID DICKSON died in this county in 1830, aged 79 years. He joined the standard of American Independence in February, 1775, at the Snow Camps, on Reedy River, at the taking of Colonel Cunningham and his Tories. In 1776, he commanded a volunteer company, under Gen. Williamson, in the Cherokee Nation, against the Cherokees and Tories. In 1777, he brought a company of minute-men to 452 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Georgia, and was stationed on the frontiers. In 1778, he and his company went with the American army to take St. Augustine, and served in the artillery. The taking of St. Augustine miscarried; the minute-men were discharged, and he returned to South Carolina, joined the standard of Independence, and continued in the service of his country to the end of the war. SAMUEL PARSONS died in 1832, aged 70 years. He was a native of the State of Virginia. At the age of fifteen he entered the army of the Revolution, was engaged in the battle of Guilford CourtHouse, at the siege of Little York, and witnessed the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,196; families, 1,206; white males, 3,450; white females, 3,290; free coloured males, 3; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 6,744; slaves, 1,965. Deaths, 99. Farms, 818; manufacturing establishments, 6. Value of real estate, $2,185,835; value of personal estate, $1,162,169. The first Superior Court for this county was held on the 22d of April, 1824. His Honor ELI SHORTER, Judge. GRAND JURORS. JAMES STRAWN, WM. GILLELAND, WMi. MORGAN, WM. POWELL, MATTHEW BURGE, LARKIE LAUDNEUR, WM. WATTS, JOHN CHAMBERS, JOSEPH H. SHAW, STEPHEN SMITH, JOHN LEVI, WMr. HARKIES, CHARLES LISLES, JAMES GARRATT, JOHN HAMILTON, M. GLASS, JAMES HEAD, R. BARROW. A. TILGHNUAW, FLOYD COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Cherokee in 1832. The principal streams are the Oostenaula and Etowah, which unite their waters at Rome, forming the Coosa. ROME is the county town, at the junction of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, situated upon several high hills, and commands a fine view of the mountains. Distant from Milledgeville 176 miles. Rome, in the opinion of Colonel A. J. Pickett, whose researches into the early history of Georgia and Alabama are highly interesting, occupies the site of an Indian town formerly called Chiaha. De Soto took up his quarters in this town in 1540, according to the following FLOYD COUNTY. 453 statement, which is extracted. from an account of De Soto's travels, written "by a Portugall gentleman of Eluas emploied in all the action, and translated out of Portugese by Richard Hacklvyt. 1609." The Gouernour departed from Guaxule, and in two daies iournie came to a towne called Canasragua. There met him on the waytwenty Indians, euery one loaden with a basket ful of mulberries; for there be many, and those very good, from Cutifa-chiqui thither and so forward in other Prouinces, and also nuts and plummes. And the trees grow in the fields without planting or dressing them, and as big and as rancke as though they grew in gardens digged and watered. From the time that the Gouernour departed from Canasagua, hee iournied flue daies through a desert; and two leagues before he came to Chiaha, there met him 15 Indians loaden with maiz, which the Cacique had sent; and they told him on his behalfe that he waited his comming with twenty barnes full of it; and farther that himselfe, his Countrie and subiects, and al things els, were at his seruice. On the 5 day of June the Gouernour entred into Chiaha: The Cacique voided his owne houses in which he lodged, and receiued him with much ioy, saying these words following:Mightie and excellent Lord, I hold myselfe for so happie a man in that it hath pleased your Lordship to vse me, that nothing could haue happened vnto me of more contentment, nor tihat I would haue esteemed so much. From Guaxule your Lordship sent vnto me that I should prepare maiz for you in this towne for two months. Here Ihaue for you 20 barnes full of the choicest that in all the Countrie could be found. If your Lordship bee not entertained by me in such sort as is fit for so hie a Prince, respect my tender age, which excuseth me from blame, and receuve my good wil, which with much loyaltie, truth and sinceritie, I will alwaies shew in anything which shall concerne your Lordship's seruice." The Gouernour answered him that he thanked him very much for his seruice and offer, and that he would alwaies account him as his brother. There was in this towne much butter in gourds, melted like oile; they said it was the fat of beares. There was found also great store of oile of walnuts, which was cleare as butter, and of a good taste, and a pot ful of honie of bees, which neither before nor afterward was seene in all the Countrie. The towne was an Island betweene two armes of a Riuer, and was seated nigh one of them. The Riuer diudeth itselfe into those two branches two crosse-bow shot aboue the towne, and meeteth againe a league beneath the same. The plain betweene both the branches is sometimes one crosse-bow shot, sometimes two crosse-bow shot ouer. The branches are very broad, and both of them may be waded ouer. There were along them verie good meadows, and manie fields sowne with maiz; and because the Indians staied in their towne, the Gouernour only lodged in the houses of the Cacique, and his people in the fields; where there was euer a tree euerie one tooke one for himselfe. Thus the Camp lay separated one from another, and out of order. The Gouernour winked at it, because the Indians were in peace; and because it was very hot, and the people should haue suffered great extremitie if it had not bin so. The horses came thither so weake, that for feeblenesse they were not able to carrie their masters; because that from Cutifa-chiqui they alwaies trauelled withverie little-prouender, 454 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. and were hunger starued and tired euer since they came from the desert of Ocute; and because the most of them were not in case to vse in battell, though need should require they sent them to feed in the night a quarter of a league from the Camp. The Christians were there in great danger, because that if, at this time, the Indians had set upon them, they had been in euill case to haue defended themselues. The Gouernour rested there thirtie daies, in wvhich time, because the Countrie was very fruitfull, the horses grew fat. At the time of his departure, by the importunitie of some, which would haue more than was reason, hee demanded of the Cacique 30 women to make slaues of. Hee answered that he would conferre with his chiefe men. And before hee returned an answere, one night all of them, with their wiues and children, forsooke the towne and fled away. The next day, the Gouernour purposing to goe to seeke them, the Cacique came vnto him, and at his comming vsed these words vnto the Gouelnour:' Mightie Lord, with shame and feare of your Lordship, because my subiects against my will, hale (lone amisse in absenting themselues, I went my way without your license; and knowing the errour which I have conmitted, like a loyall subiect I come to yeeld myselfe into your power, to dispose of mee at.your owne pleasure. For my subiects doe not obey mee, nor doe anything but what an Vncle of mine commandeth, which gouerneth this Countrie for me, vntill I be of a perfect age. If your Lordship will pursue them and execute on them that which for their disobedience they deserue, I will be your guide, since at this present my fortune will not suffer me to performe any more." Presently the Gouernour with 30 horsemen and as many footemen went to seeke the Indians; and passing by some townes of the principall Indians which had absented themselues, hee cut and destroyed great fields of maiz; and went vp the Riuer, where the Indians were in an Island, where the horsemen could not come at them. There he sent them word by an Indian to returne to their towne and feare nothing, and that they should giue him men to carrie burdens, as al those behind had done; for he would haue no Indian women, seeing they were so loth to part with them. The Indians accepted his request, and came to the Gouernour to excuse themselues; and so all of them returned to their towne. A Cacique of a Prouince called Coste came to this towne to visit the Gouernour. After hee had offered himselfe, and passed with him some words, of tendring his semuice and curtesie, the Gouernour asking him whether he had notice of any rich Countrie, he said yea; to wit, that toward the North there was a Prouince named Chisca; and there was a melting of copper and of another metall of the same colour, saue that it was finer and of a farre more perfect colour, and farre better to the sight; and that they vsed it not so much because it was softer. And the selfe-same thing was told the Gouernour in Cutifa-chiqui; where we saw some little hatchets of copper which were said to haue a mixture of gold. But in that part the countrie was not well peopled, and they said there were mountaines which the horses could not passe; and for that cause, the Gouernour would not goe from Cutifa-chiqui directly hither. And hee made account that trauelling through a peopled countrie, when his men and horses should bee in better plight, and bee were better certified of the truth of the thing, he would returne toward it by mountaines and a better inhabited countrie, whereby hee FLOYD COUNTY. 455 might haue a better passage. He sent two Christians from COiahca, with certaine Indians which knew the countrie of Chisca, and the language thereof, to view it, and to make report. De Soto then broke up his camp, recrossed the Oostenaula, and marched down the west side of the Coosa, leaving the generous people of Chiaha well satisfied with presents. Rome has a number of handsome private dwellings. The Etowah House is eligibly situated near the railroad and steamboat landing, and is conducted by an obliging gentleman. At the last session of the Legislature, a town opposite to Rome was incorporated by the name of De Soto. Hillsborough is opposite to Rome. The town of Cave Springs is in the southern portion of the county, near the Alabama line. DEAF AND DUMIB ASYLUM. The Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, of whiclh the above is a view, is located here. The Legislature of the State, at different time., have made liberal appropriations for the support and education of the deaf and dumb. Formerly, a commissioner was appointed to receive applications in behalf of indigent deaf and dumb inhabitants of this State, and to make all necessary arrangements -for conveying such beneficiaries to the American Asylum at Hartford, Connecticut; but that office is now abolished. In 1847, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Governor to appoint five commissioners, who were required to make all necessary arrangements for the erection of an asylum. ~ K ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ all necessary arrangements for the erection of an asyiunu, 456 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 866; families, 866; white males, 2,781; white females, 2,421; free coloured males, 2; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 5,206; slaves, 2,999. Deaths, 49. Farms, 397; manufacturing establishments, 15. Value of real estate, 81,581,400; value of personal estate, $1,673,691. 3tim t tal i tnBIt 9. IN the fork of the Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, human bones have been found. In September, 1793, an engagement took place here between the whites and Indians, the particulars of which are thus given by Breazeale:BATTLE WITH THE INDIANS.-In September, 1793, the Cherokee Indians, amounting, it is believed, to about one thousand, made an incursion into the settlements of Tennessee, and attacked and took Cavit's Station, eight miles below Knoxville, murdering the whole family, thirteen in number. After the massacre of the inmates of the fort, they made a precipitate retreat, turning across the country towards the Clinch River, which they crossed in a few hours afterwards. It was supposed at the time that the Indians intended to attack the town of Knoxville, and were only prevented by daylight breaking upon them sooner than they expected. General Sevier was then at John Ish's, on the south side of Holston, having arrived a few days before with four hundred men. He immediately raised additional troops, and marched into the Cherokee country, hoping to overtake the party who had murdered Cavit's family. His force consisted of about seven or eight hundred men. They crossed Tennessee at the Coyetee ford, Hiwassee, at the mouth of Ocoee, and marched directly to a town called Oostenaula. At this place he remained three days, on account of sickness among his troops. The first night after Sevier's soldiers crossed Coosawattee, the Indians fired upon them, and wounded one man. The second night, Sevier caused a breastwork of logs and brush to be erected. On the next morning, John Lowry (now Colonel John Lowry) and others went to the river to water their horses, and were fired on by the Indians, and Lowry received a shot in his arm. On the third day after the army crossed the Coosawattee, General Sevier ordered Colonel Kelly to march with his army up the river to the Coosawattee village, and destroy it, which he accordingly did, and returned to Sevier's encampment the same evening. On the next morning, General Sevier marched the army down the river. When he came within half a mile of the junction of the Oostenaula and Etowah, the paths forked, one leading to the Hightower towns, and the other to the Oostenaula, and leading down it, on the northern or eastern side; and here he divided his army, and placed one detachment under the command of Colonel Kelly, and took command of the other himself. He ordered Colonel Kelly to cross the Etowah, and proceed down on the southern side, and destroy all the Indian towns as he marched; while he (General Sevier) would march down on the other side of the river, and lay waste the country there, Carey and Findleston had been em FLOYD COUNTY. 457 ployed as pilots, well acquainted with the country. Upon arriving at the ford of the Etowah, it was discovered that the Indians had fortified themselves on the ford on the opposite side. They had dug holes in the river and bank in which to secrete themselves, and had cut saplings, and fell them down the bank, where the path went out of the river. Upon making this discovery, Colonel Kelly concerted a plan with Major Evans to draw the Indians out of their strongholds, and compel them to fight on open ground, and he succeeded most admirably. He marched the army down the river, a few hundred yards below the ford, to a canoe-landing, where the water was deep enough for swimming, and himself, Findleston, and a few others; plunged in, and- swam across. Major Evans instantly ordered the detachment to halt, and, seeing the Indians running down on the other side of the river to meet Kelly and his comrades, he faced the men about, all being horsemen, and dashed up to the ford in full gallop, and crossed the river at half speed. The Indians, seeing the main party crossing at the ford, ran back, leaving Colonel Kelly and his friends to escape from the water in safety. A hot and furious battle ensued, which lasted about twenty minutes. When the front of the detachment had crossed the river and reached the bank, they were obliged to alight, and cut the saplings and brush with their hatchets, and remove them out of their way, before they could ascend the bank; and while this was doing, the Indians fired upon them, and killed one man; but the little army succeeded in ascending very quickly, and returned the fire of the Indians with so much alacrity, that they soon retreated, carrying with them all their killed and wounded, except one, which they could not get away. They were seen by the whites dragging their killed and wounded over logs and into the cane-brake. Judge Hugh L. White was in this engagement, then a very young man, and was among the first that ascended the bank of the river under the fire of the enemy. Evans had two men killed, Wear and Prewitt. John Wallace, who was wounded, died the night after the battle. General Sevier, hearing the firing, wheeled his detachment about, and pushed with all possible speed to the assistance of Evans, and came up just as the Indians had retreated. The two men, Wear and Prewitt, that were killed, were taken down the river to an Indian village, buried in a cellar in an Indian cabin, and the cabin burnt over them, to prevent the Indians from finding and mangling their bodies, as was their custom. General Sevier then marched the whole army back across the Etowah, crossed the Coosawattee, and moved down the river, destroying all the towns as he went. Floyd County was originally settled by persons from the older parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Cave Spring is situated on Little Cedar Creek, in Vann's Valley. This spring issues from a mountain east of the valley. The force of the water is sufficient to turn an overshot mill. There is a cave fifty yards from the spring. You descend into it at an angle of ninety degrees. Beautiful stalactites are in the different apartments of the cave. The creek formed by the spring runs off with great swiftness, almost as swift as the mountain stream, until it enters 458 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. into Big Cedar. There are several other springs in this vicinity, the water of which is just as good as that of the Cave Spring. About a mile and a half northeast of Rome, near Mr. Mitchell's plantation, is Nix's Cave. The interior is filled with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near this cave, and is always ready to guide visitors through its numerous apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is Woodward's Cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. The entrance is through a large rock, which is nearly one hundred feet perpendicular. There are a great many small caves in various parts of the county. FORSYTH COUNTY. LAID out from Cherokee in 1832; named after the Hon. John Forsyth. The lands on the rivers and creeks are fertile. The climate is healthy. CUMMING, named after Colonel William Cumming, is the county town, 145 miles from Milledgeville; it is surrounded by beautiful scenery. The public places are Big Creek, Hartford, High Tower, Vickery's Creek, and Warsaw. This section lies in the gold region. The mineralresources are supposed to be great. The principal streams are the Chattahoochee and Etowah. There are several creeks, such as Vickery's, Dick's, John's, &c. According to the census of 1850, there were in this county-Dwellings, 1,334; families, 1,334; white males, 3,950; white females, 3,862; free coloured males, 6; free coloured females, 5. Total free population, 7,823. Slaves, 1,027. Deaths, 39. Farms, 765; manufacturing establishments, 8. Value of real estate, $672,978; value of personal estate, $700,426. The first persons who made settlements in this county were, A. SCUDDER, L. BLACKBURN, JOHN JOLLY, W. W. VAUGHAN, A. CAMERON, WM. ROGERS, JOHN ROGERS, NOAH STRONG, L. HUDSON, B. ALLEN, W. H. BACON, L. D. HARRIS, E. HARRIS,GEO. KELLOGG, Mr. JULIAN, ALFRED HUDSON, W. G. FIELDS. On Mr. Rogers's plantation, twelve miles south of Cumming, on the road to Lawrenceville, are several small mounds. On the road from Canton to Dahlonega, ten miles northwest from Cumming, is a very remarkable rock, an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide, three-sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are numerous characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. The largest circles are eight inches in FRANKLIN COUNTY. 459 diameter. From its appearance, it must have been wrought at avery remote period. The designs are very regular, and it is probable that they were executed by the same race of people who constructed the mounds in this and other sections of the State. FRANKLIN COUNTY. THIs is among the oldest counties in the State. Length, 26 m. breadth, 25 m.; square miles, 650. The Tugaloo River separates the county from South Carolina. The other streams are, Hudson's Fork, North Fork, and Middle Fork. Lands of the first quality are situated on Tugaloo River. CARNESVILLE is the county town, named after Judge Carnes, 108 miles from Milledgeville. The public places are, Acquilla, Hudson, Bowersville, Bushville, Fairview, Grove Level, Middle River, Parker's Store, Walnut Hill. The Franklin Springs are situated nine miles S. E. of Carnesville. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,546; families, 1,546; white males, 4,516; white females, 4,560; free coloured males, 33; free coloured females, 22. Total free population, 9,131; slaves, 2,382. Deaths, 96. Farms, 1,305; manufacturing establishments, 4. Value of real estate, $1,293,827; value of personal estate, $1,145,948. Franklin can show a long list of aged persons. Mr. HALE died at 117; JOHN WATSON and his wife, at 90; THos. CLARKE, at 90 WM. SPEARS, 110; HENRY PARKS, 100; ELISHA DYER and wife, 93; SAMUEL MACKAY, 100; JESSE MARSHALL, 97; Mr. JOHN STONECYPHER, 96; DAVID GUESS, 90; Mr. SHANNON, 83; A. SAUNDERS, 85; Colonel JAMES H. LITTLE, 83; JOSEPH PARKER, 85; JOHN PEARCE, 85; SAMUEL DAILY, 85. Captain JAMES TERRELL died in this county, in the 77th year of his age. He was among the foremost to join the standard of his country, though beset on all sides by the adherents of royalty. He was, for his distinguished services, very soon promoted to the captaincy of a company, in which station he served with fidelity and honour, until disabled by a musket-ball that shattered his hip into pieces-which deprived him from rendering farther military services in a cause the success of which, as he often declared, "was more dear to him than his own existence." The early settlers in this county were, L. CLEVELAND, PETER WILLIAMSON, JOSEPH HUMPHREYS, N. CLEVELAND, JOHN GORHAM, THOMAS and JOHN PAYNE, BENJAMIN ECHOLS, WM. HARDIN, JOHN 460 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. SMITH, BENJAMIN WATSON, Colonel JAMES H. LITTLE, JOHN STONECYPHER, CLEMENT WILKINS, SAMUEL SEWELL, THOMPSON EPPERSON, WM. SPEARS, WM. BLACKWELL, RUSSEL JONES, DANIEL BUSH, Mr. GILBERT, GEO. RUCKER, JOHN NORRIS, JAMES TERRELL, JAMES HOOPER, HENRY SMITHTI S. SHANNON, PETER WATERS, JOSIAH and GEORGE STOVALL, JOSEPH CHANDLER, JAMES BLAIR, &C. A COMPANY of volunteers from this county, commanded by Captain Morris, was engaged in a battle with the Creeks in Pea River Swamp, in Alabama, March 25, 1837. They won for themselves a reputation that may be envied by the victors of any field. Their deeds of noble daring were the theme of their associates in arms, and they were not behind the rest of the brave fellows, either in the march, the swimming, or the charge. An incident that occurred during the charge is worthy of note. One of the Franklin Volunteers was in hot pursuit of an Indian, who, finding that he must fall into the hands of his pursuer, attempted to save himself by running in the midst of the women, two of whom seized the volunteer; he used every exertion to disengage himself from them, but they made a furious and deadly assault upon him with their knives, and in selfdefence he drew his bowie, and with two blows killed them both. This section of the State was for a long time exposed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost every part it was found necessary to erect forts and block-houses to protect the inhabitants against the savages. Cruelties were inflicted upon the helpless women and children, the record of which would chill the blood. GILMER COUNTY. THIS county was named after the Hon. George R. Gilmer, and was laid out from Cherokee in 1832. The rivers are Ellijay and Tacoa. The face of the country is broken by mountains, the principal of which are, Cohuttah, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amacolola, Turnip Town, Tallona, and Sharp Top. The best,ands are in the valleys and on the water-courses. ELLIJAY is the capital, situated on the northwest bank of the Ellijay River, 171 miles N. W. of Milledgeville. The public places are, Prince Edward, Tacoa, Talking Rock, and Blue Ridge. The country is rich in minerals. Gold, iron, and marble are found in various sections. Among those who first settled in this county are, B. CHASTAIN, JAMES CODY, ALEXANDER KELL, JAMES KELL, BENJAMIN GRIFFITH, GLYNN COUNTY. 461 L. HOLT, C. COOPER, J. E. PRICE, JOHN P. ALEXANDER, SAMUEL JONES, E. CHASTAIN, A. JOHNSON, J. A. JOHNSON, E. GIBSON, JAMES SIMMONS, JACOB GIBSON, C. GOBLE, J. C. KING, S. GRIFFITH, H. K. QUILLIAN, THOS. M. BURNETT, WM. Cox, B. M. GRIFFETH, &C. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,396; families, 1,396; white males, 4,242; white females, 3,994; free coloured males, 3; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 8,240; slaves, 200. Deaths, 54. Farms, 577; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $551,451; value of personal estate,, $233,115. We are indebted to a gentleman well acquainted with the history of the Cherokees for the following items, viz.:OLD INDIAN TowNs.-Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Ellijay now stands. White Path was the Chief. He accompanied John Ross to Washington, in 1834. General Jackson invited him to dinner, and presented him with a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. He was taken sick at Hopkinsville, Kentucky. During his illness, the people showed him great kindness. After his death, his watch was sold, and its proceeds appropriated to the erection of a marble monument. Talona was south of Ellija. It was sometimes called Sanderstown, after the principal Chief, George Sanders, who kept a house of entertainment on the Federal Road, and was considered a high-minded man. He accompanied Ross to Washington. On his return, he was taken sick, and died at Raleigh, North Carolina. Mountain Town was situated in the eastern part of Gilmer; Cartilana was the principal Chief. GLYNN COUNTY. THIS is one of the oldest counties in Georgia, being first laid out in 1765, into two parishes, viz., St. Patrick and St. David's, although extensive settlements had been made many years before. In 1777, the parishes above named were formed into the County of Glynn, and so named in honour of John Glynn, Esq., distinguished for his unwavering support of the colonies. The principal streams are the Alatamaha, Turtle, Little and St. Simon's rivers. The face of the country is broken by extensive swamps, which, when drained, become the most valuable lands in the county. The climate is warm. In the summer fevers and agues occur in the lower lands. BRUNSWICK is the county town, situated on the east bank of the 462 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Turtle River, 201 miles S. E. of Milledgeville. The town is situated on a beautiful bluff of white sand, elevated from eight to twelve feet above high water, and extending itself up and down the river for upwards of two miles, affording a delightful situation for a city of the largest extent. Frederica is on the west side of St. Simon's Island, and was settled in 1739. It received its name in honour of Frederick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange-trees. This place was the favourite residence of General Oglethorpe, and figures much in the early history of Georgia. On the coast are numerous islands, of which St. Simon's is the most celebrated. Here a battle was fought, July 7, 1742, between Oglethorpe's regiment and thle Spaniards. The latter were defeated with great loss, and the place where the engagement took place has ever since been called " Bloody Marsh." We prefer to give a narrative of matters connected with the Spanish invasion of Georgia in the language of Genera] Oglethorpe, as we consider his account the most reliable in its details of any to which we have had access. The Spaniards (says the General, in one of his letters,) at Augustine were so strengthened by the troops left there after the invasion of Georgia; amongst which were the dragoons of the regiment of Italica, that they repulsed all the parties of Indians that I could send out against them. I had also intelligence of a strong party of men marching towards the river St. Mathew. As I concluded, this was to enlarge their quarters, ready for the next body of troops that they expect in the spring, from Havannah, and with which they propose to invade all North America, and begin with the conquest of Georgia and Carolina. I, therefore, thought the best means I could take was to oppose them in time, and myself in person, to lead the Indians, and dispute with them the field, before their troops came from Cuba. I, therefore, with a detachment of the Highland Company of Rangers, and of the regiment, landed in the night in Florida, and had such success that the Indians advanced, undiscovered, and attacked the Spaniards, and killed upwards of forty of them; but one of their own party being killed, they would give no prisoners quarters, therefore I have no intelligence. I march to-morrow, and if I have success I trust in God 1 shall be able to force the Spaniards once more to take shelter in their town, which I shall look upon as a great point gained, since it will delay their intended operations, and give heart to our Indians, and keep them steady to his Majesty's interest, who were a good deal staggered by some strahge steps taken by the Lieutenant-Governor of South Caroliha, which Captain. Duilbar will inform your Grace of; but any success I can now have, will only be putting off for a short time the fatal blow which must at. tend the vast operations making at Cuba, &c. From the Camp, on the River St. Mathew, or St. John's, ) Florida, 18th March, 1742-3. GLYNN COUNTY. 463 FLORIDA, ON THE RIVER ST. MATHEW, 21st March, 1742-3. I am to acquaint your Grace of his Majesty's arms. The Spaniards have quitted the field, and are retired into St. Augustine. The troops made a very extraordinary march in four days, of ninety-six miles, for so many it is from this place to St. Augustine and back again, and this we performed without leaving one man sick behind us, and the whole party is in strength and health. I hear from all hands that there is a strong body of troops at St. Augustine, and can hardly conceive the reason of their behaviour and precipitate retreat, from numbers so much inferior to them, unless they have orders from their court to preserve their strength entire for the intended invaders. I did all I could to draw them to action, and having posted the grenadiers and some of the troops in ambuscade, advanced myself, with a very few men, in sight of the town, intending to skirmish and retire, in order to draw them into the ambuscade, but they were so meek there was no provoking them. The Indians advanced so nimbly, as to get up with a party of the enemy, and killed forty of them under the cannon of the town. Above addressed to the Earl of Oxford. FREDERICA) IN GEoRGIA, 30th July, 1742. The Spanish Invasion, which has for a long time threatened the colony of Carolina and all North America, has at last fallen upon us, and God has been our deliverer. General Hozeasilas, Governor of the Havannah, ordered those troops who had been employed against General Wentworth, to embark with artillery and every thing necessary for a secret expedition. They sailed with a great fleet; amongst them were two half galleys, carrying 120 men each, and 18-pound guns. They drew but 5 feet water, which satisfied me they were for this place. By good great fortune, one of the half galleys was wrecked coming out. The fleet sailed for St. Augustine, in Florida. Captain Hamer, the latter end of May, called here for intelligence. I acquainted him that the succours were expected, and sent him a Spanish pilot to shew him where to meet with them. He met with ten sail, which had been divided from the fleet by storm; but having lost 18 men in action against them, instead of coming here for the defence of this place, he stood again for Charlestown to repair, and I having certain advices of the arrival of the Spanish fleet at St. Augustine, wrote to the commander of H. M. ships at Charlestown to come to our assistance. I sent Lieutenant Maxwell, who arrived there and delivered the letters on the 12th of June, and afterwards Lieutenant Mackay, who arrived and delivered letters on the 20th of June. Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, who was then at Charlestown, and was Engineer hastened to England; and his son-in-law, Ensign Eyre, Sub-engineer, was also in Charlestown, and did not arrive here until the action was over; so for want of help, I myself was obliged to do the duty of an engineer. The Havannah fleet being joined by that of Florida, compose 51 sail, with landmen on board, a list of whom is annexed. They were separated, and I re 464 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ceived advices from Captain Dunbar, who lay at Fort William with the guard schooner of 14 guns and 90 men, that a Spanish fleet of fourteen sail had attempted to come in there; but being drove out by the cannon of the fort and schooner, they came in on Cumberland. I followed on myself, and was attacked in the Sound by fourteen sail, but with two boats fought my way through. Lieutenant Folson, who was to have supported me with the third and strongest boat, quitted me in the fight, and run into a river, where he hid himself until next day, when he returned to St. Simon's with an account that I was lost; but soon after found that I had arrived there before him. For which misbehaviour I put him in arrest, and ordered him to be tried. The enemy in this action suffered so much, that the day after they run to sea, and returned to St. Augustine, and did not join their great fleet till after their grenadiers were beat by land. I drew the'garrison from St. Andrew's, reinforced Fort William, and returned to St. Simon's with the schooner. Another Spanish fleet appeared on the 28th off the bar. By God's blessing, upon several occasions taken, I delayed their coming in until the 5th of July. I raised another troop of Rangers, which, with the other, were of great service. I took Captain Thompson's ship into the service for defence of the harbour. I embargoed all the vessels, taking their men for the service, and gave large gifts and promises to the Indians, so that every day we increased in number. I gave high rewards to them who distinguished themselves upon any service. Freed the servants brought down by the Highland company, and a company of boatmen filled up as far as we had guns. All the vessels being thus prepared, on the 5th of July, with a leading gale and spring tide, 36 sail of Spanish vessels run into the harbour in line of battle. We cannonaded them very boldly from the shipping and batteries; they twice attempted to board Captain Thompson's ship, but were repulsed; they also attempted to board the schooner; but were repulsed by Captain Dunbar, with a detachment of the regiment on board. I was with the Indian Rangers and batteries, and sometimes on board the ship, and left Major Heron with the regiment. It being impossible for me to do my duty as General, and be constantly with the regiment; therefore it was absolutely necessary for his Majesty's service to have a Lieutenant-Colonel present, which I was fully convinced of by this day's experience. I therefore appointed Major Heron to be Lieutenant-Colonel, and hope your Grace will move his Majesty to approve the same. The Spaniards, after an obstinate engagement of four hours, in which they lost abundance of men, passed all of our batteries and shipping, and got out of shot of them towards Frederica. Our guard sloop was disabled and sunk. One of our batteries blown up, and also some of our men on board Captain Thompson's. Upon which I called a council of war at the head of the regiment, when it was unanimously resolved to march to Frederica; to get there before the enemy, and defend that place; to destroy all the provisions, vessels, and artillery at St. Simon's, that they might not fall into the enemies' hands. This was accordingly executed, having first drawn all the men on shore which had defended the shipping. I myself staid until the last, and the wind coming fortunately about, I got Captain Thompson's GLYNN COUNTY. 465 ship and guard schooner, and our prize ship to sea, and sent them to Charlestown. This I did in the face and in spite of 36 sail of the enemy. As for the rest of the vessels, I could not save them, therefore was obliged to destroy them. I must recommend to his Majesty those who are sufferers thereby, since their loss was, in a great measure, the preserving the Province. We arrived at Frederica; and the enemy at St. Simon's. On the 7th, a party of theirs marched towards the town; our Rangers discovered them, and brought an account of their march; on which I advanced with a party of Indians, Rangers, and the Highland company, ordering the -eciment to follow. Being resolved to engage them in the defiles of the woods jefore they could get out and form in the open ground, I charged them at the head of our Indians, Highlandmen and Rangers, and God was pleased to give us such success that we entirely routed the first party, took one Captain prisoner, and killed another, and pursued them two miles to an open meadow or savanna, upon the edge of which I posted three platoons of the regiment and the company of Highland foot, so as to be covered by the woods from the enemy, who were obliged to pass through the meadow under our fire. This disposition was very fortunate. Captain Antonio Barba, and two other Captains, with 100 Grenadiers and 200 foot, besides Indians and negroes, advanced from the Spanish camp into the savanna with huzzas, and fired with great spirit; but not seeing our men by reason of the woods, none of their shot took place, but ours did. Some platoons of ours in the heat of the fight, the air being darkened with the smoke, and a shower of rain falling, retired in disorder. I hearing the firing, rode towards it, and at near two miles from the place of action met a great many men in disorder, who told us that ours were routed, and Lieutenant Sutherland killed. I ordered them to halt, and march back against the enemy, which orders Captain Demere and Ensign Gibbon obeyed; but another officer did not, but made the best of his way into the town. As I heard the fire continue, I concluded ours could not be quite beaten, and that my immediate assistance might preserve them; therefore spurred on, and arrived just as the fire was done. I found the Spaniards entirely routed by one platoon of the regiment under the command of Lieutenant Sutherland, and the Highland company under the command of Lieutenant Charles Mackay. An officer, Captain Don Antonio Barba, was taken prisoner, but desperately wounded. Two others were made prisoners, and a great many left dead upon the spot. Lieutenant Sutherland, Lieutenant Charles Mackay, and Sergeant Stewart having distinguished themselves upon the occasion, I appointed Lieutenant Sutherland Brigade Major, and Sergeant Stewart Second Ensign. Captain Demere and Ensign Gibbon being arrived with the men they had rallied, Lieutenant Codogan, with an advance party of the regiment, and soon after the whole regiment, Indians and Rangeis, I marched down to a causeway over a marsh very near the Spanish camp, over which all were obliged now to pass, and thereby stopped those who had been dispersed in the flight in the savanna from getting to the Spanish camp. Having passed the'night there, the Indian scouts in the morning advanced to the Spanish camp, and discovered they were all retired into the ruifis of the forts, and were making intrenchments under shelter of the cannon of the ships; they guessed them to be about 4,000 men. 30 466 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. I thought it imprudent to attack them, defended by cannon, with so small a number, but marched back to Frederica to refresh the soldiers, and sent out parties of Indians and Rangers to harass the enemy. I also ordered into arrest the officers who commanded the platoons that retired. I appointed a General Staff: Lieutenant Hugh Maxwell and Lieutenant Maxwell, Aids-de-Camp; and Lieutenant Sutherland, Brigade Major. On the 11th of July, the great galley and two little ones came up the river towards the town. We fired at them with the few guns we had so warmly, that they retired, and I followed them with boats till they got under the cannon of their ships which lay in the sound. We received intellioence from the Spanish camp that they lost four captains and upwards of two hundred men in the last action, besides a great many killed in the sea-fight, and several killed in the night by the Indians, even within or near the camp; and that they had held a council of war, in. which there were great divisions, insomuch that the forces of Cuba were separated from those of St. A ugustine; and the Italic Regiment *e - ~ of dragoons separated from them both, at a distance from the rest, near the woods, and that there was a general terror amongst them. Upon which I was resolved to beat up their quarters in the nighlt; and marching down with the greatest body of men I could make, I halted within a mile and a half of their camp, to form, intending to leave the troops there till I had well reconnoitered the enemy s disposition. A Frenchman, who without my knowledge was come down amongst the Indians, fired his gun and deserted. Our Indians in vain pursued, and could not take him. Upon this, concluding we were discovered, I divided the drums in different parts, and beat the grenadier march for about half of an hour; then ceased, and we marched back in silence. The next day I prevailed with a prisoner, and gave him a sum of money to carry a letter privately and deliver it to that Frenchman who had deserted. This letter was wrote in French, as if from a friend of his, telling him he had received the money, that he should strive to make the Spaniards believe the English were weak; that he should undertake to pilot up their boats and galleys, and then bring them under the woods, where he knew the hidden batteries were; that if he could bring that about, he should have double the reward he had already received. The Spanish prisoner got into their camp, and was immediately carried before the General De Montiano. He was also asked how he escaped, and whether he had any letters; but denying his having any, was strictly searched, and the letter found; and he, upon being pardoned, confessed that he had received money to deliver it to the Frenchman, for the letter was not directed. The Frenchman denied his knowing anything of the contents of the letter, or having received any money or correspondence with me; notwithstanding which, a council of war was held,-and they deemed the Frenchman to be a double spy; but General Montiano would not suffer him to be executed, having been employed by him; however, he embarked all their troops, and halted under Jekyl; they also confined all the French on board. and embarked with such precipitation that they left behind them cannon, and those dead of their wounds unburied. The Cuba squadron stood out to sea, to the number of twenty sail. General GLYNN COUNTY. 467 Montiano, with the Augustine squadron, returned to Cumberland Sound, having burnt Captain Horton's houses on Jekyl. I, with our boats, followed him. I discovered' a great many sail under Fort St. Andrew's, of which eight appeared plain; but being too strong for me to attack, I sent the scout-boats back. I went with my own cutter and landed a man on Cumberland, who carried a letter from me to Lieutenant Stewart, at Fort William, with orders to defend himself to the last extremity. Having discovered our boats, and believing we had landed Indians in the night, they set sail with great haste, insomuch that not having time to embark, they killed forty horses which they had taken there, and burnt the houses. The galleys and small craft, to the number of fifteen, went through the inland water passages. They attempted to land near Fort William, but were repulsed by the Rangers. They then attacked it with cannon and small arms, from the water, for three hours, but the place was so bravely defended by Lieutenant Alexander Stewart, that they were repulsed, and run out to sea, whither twelve other sail of Spanish vessels had lain at anchor without the bar during the attack, without stirring; but the galleys being chased out, they hoisted all the sail they could, and stood to the southward. I followed them with the boats to Fort William, and from thence sent out the Rangers and some boats, who followed them to St. John; but they went off rowing and sailing to St. Augustine. After the news of their defeat arrived in Charlestown, the men-of-war, and a number of Carolina people raised in a hurry, set out and came off the bar. After the Spaniards had been chased quite out of this colony, the Carolina vessels were dismissed, and Captain Hardy, in his letters, promised to cruise off St. Augustine. We have returned thanks to God for our deliverance. I have set all the hands I could promptly to work upon the fortifications; and have sent to the northward to raise men ready to form another battalion against his Majesty's orders shall arrive for that purpose. I have retained Thompson's vessel, have sent for cannon shot, for provisions, and all kinds of stores; since I expect the enemy, who, though greatly terrified, lost but few men in comparison to their great number, as soon as they have recovered from fright, will attack us with more caution and better discipline. I hope his Majesty will approve the measures I have taken; and I must entreat your Grace to lay my humble request before his Majesty that he would be graciously pleased to order troops, artillery, and other necessaries sufficient for the defence of this frontier and the neighbouring provinces, or give such directions as his Majesty shall think proper; and I do not doubt but with a moderate support not only to defend these provinces, butl also to dislodge the enemy from St. Augustine if I had but the same number they had in the expedition. The above is from a letter written by General Oglethorpe, July 30, 1742, addressed to the Duke of Newcastle. In this section of the State a gallant action was performed by the American troops during the Revolution, the particulars of which are thus given by Colonel Elbert in a letter to Major-General Howe, dated Frederica, April 19, 1778: 468 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DEAR GENERAL:-I have the happiness to inform you, that, about ten o'clock this forenoon, the brigantine Hinchinbrooke, the sloop Rebecca, and a prize brig, all struck the British tyrant's colours, and surrendered to the American arms. Having received intelligence that the above vessels were at this place, I put about three hundred men, by detachment, from the troops under my command, at Fort Howe, on board the three galleys,-the Washington, Captain Hardy, the Lee, Captain Braddock, and the Bulloch, Captain Hatcher,-and a detachment of artillery, with two field-pieces, under Captain Young, I put on board a boat. With this little army, we embarked at Darien, and last evening effected a landing at a bluff about a mile below the town, leaving Colonel White on board the Lee, Captain Melvin on board the Washington, and Lieutenant Petty on board the Bulloch. Immediately on landing, I dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Ray and Major Roberts, with about one hundred men, who directly marched up to the town, and made prisoners three marines and two sailors, belonging to the Hinchinbrooke. It being late, the galleys did not engage until this morning. You must imagine what my feelings were to see our three little men-of-war going on to the attack of these three large vessels, who have spread terror upon our coasts, and who were drawn up in order of battle; but the weight of our metal soon damped the courage of these heroes, who took to their boats, and as many as could abandoned the vessels, with everything on board, of which we immediately took possession. What is extraordinary, we have not one man hurt. Captain Ellis, of the Hinchinbrooke, and Captain M., of the Rebecca, made their escape. As soon as I see Colonel White, who has not yet come to us with his prizes, I shall consult with him. I send you this by Brigade-Major John Habersham, who will inform you of other particulars. SAMUEL ELBERT, L. C. The.following was related to the compiler by the late Hon. Thomas Spalding:In 1788, the Creek Indians overran the country, from the Alatamaha to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnett lived at this time at the head of Turtle River, with his family and slaves, attending to large stocks of cattle. All the people had fled from the main to the islands. Going out one day with his son, the late Colonel Burnett, he discovered Indians at some distance with rifles. "John," said the old man, " let us charge on them." "Father," replied his son, " do not charge on them; there are more Indians behind the log." He did, however, charge, and his son followed him. When they had reached within a few yards of the log, ten Indians rose up, and discharged their pieces'at the old man. He received several wounds, one of which, in the ear, finally proved mortal. With the aid of his son and a black boy, he was able to reach his house. About two weeks afterwards, one hundred Indians, in the dead of night, came into his inclosure, having killed a negro who stood sentinel at the gate. They attempted to fire the house, in which there were five or six males and two females. Repeated efforts were made by the savages to force the doors; but those within were upon the alert, and continued firing upon them for four hours. The- eldest daughter of Captain Burnett, assisted by her younger sister, loaded the muskets below, and GLYNN COUNTY. 469 handed them, through the scuttle, to their brothers above. The firing was heard at St. Simon's Island, many of the inhabitants of which came to the beach to listen to it; and as soon as daylight came, thirty men collected, and proceeded to Mr. Burnett's. Upon their arrival, they found that, within the house, one negro had been killed. Mr. Moses Burnett received three wounds, and all of his negroes were carried away by the Indians. JOHN COUPER, Esq., died in this county. He was born at Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the 9th of March, 1759, and was the third son of the Rev. John Couper, clergyman of that parish. His eldest brother, the Rev. James Couper, was for more than a quarter of a century Regius Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow; and his second brother, Mr. William Couper, a distinguished surgeon of that city, was, with Mr. Tennant, the inventor of the chloride of lime, which, as a bleaching material, has exercised a most important effect on textile fabrics. Mr. Couper emigrated to Georgia at the early age of sixteen, and arrived in Savannah, during the autumn of 1775, as a clerk to the house of Lundy & Co. On the breaking out of the Revolution, he retired with his employers to Florida, where he remained until the peace of 1783, when he removed to Liberty County, where, in the year 1792, he married a daughter of Colonel James Maxwell. The death of Mrs. Couper preceded his own only a short time, after a union of more than fifty years. The talents and integrity of Mr. Couper at once gave him a leading influence, in society; and soon after his removal to Glynn County, that influence was successfully exercised against the Yazoo fraud, of which he was an indignant opponent, and which, as one of the members of the Legislature of 1796, he aided in defeating. In 1798, Mr. Couper represented Glynn County in the Convention that framed the Constitution of Georgia; and at the time of his death, himself and his friend, Mr. Spalding of Sapelo Island, were the only survivors of that body. Having embarked very extensively in the cultivation of Sea-Island cotton, Mr. Couper, at an early period, withdrew himself from politics, and during the remainder of a long life, devoted himself to the discharge of the duties of a private gentleman. In making this selection, his talents and character were, probably, more valuable to the community than if he had adopted a career of more notoriety, but of less practical utility. Living in a style of refined and most liberal hospitality, generous and enlarged in all his views, his example exercised an elevating influence on all around him. For many years one of the largest proprietors in the State, his system of treatment of his slaves, which was in accordance with his humane and just feelings, produced a happy effect on those around him, and has continued to influence the condition of that class of persons throughout the sea-board. Mr. Couper possessed a conversational talent equalled by few; and 470 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. having been endowed with a tenacious memory, his reminiscences of the early history of Georgia were highly interesting. The memoir of Captain Rory Mclntosh, (who may, from his elevation and purity of character, his romantic courage, and his madness on some points, justly be called the Quixote of Georgia,) which is annexed, will induce the reader to regret that more of his recollections have not been permanently recorded. Mr, Couper died in March, 1850, having just completed his ninety-first year. Reminiscences of Captain RODERICK MCINTOSH, contained in a letter written by JOHN COUPER, Esq., at the age of eighty-three, and addressed to a gentleman of Georgia. ST. SIION'S, 16th April, 1842. DEAR SIR:-Believing it would be acceptable to you to know some particulars respecting that singular kinsman of yours, Captain RoDER ICK MCINTOSHE, of Mallow, I sit down at the age of eighty-three to give you my reminiscences. After the lapse of more than half a century, recollections are not to be depended on; yet, as my acquaintance with him was principally between 1777 and 1781, when I was from eighteen to twenty-three years of age, and at which time I was strongly impressed with his character, my recollections of him are more vivid than of events of more recent date. Of the time of Rory's emigration to America, and the relation in which he stood to Captain John Mcintosh, the head of the clan in Georgia, I know nothing. That he was at the battle of Musa, in Florida, I learned from hearing him say to an officer in St. Augustine, " I am a scoundrel, sir; at Musa, a Captain of Spanish Grenadiers was charging at the head of his company, and, like a vermint, sir, I lay in the bushes, and shot the gallant fellow." It was my understanding that Rory, until he left the Highlands for America, had been strongly in favour of the Stuart family, an attachment that continued to the end of his life. My first recollections of Rory are on his arrival in St. Augustine, in 1777. His loyal character was well known. On parade, some of the officers congratulated him on having made his escape from the rebels.:' My escape, sir! No! I despised them too much to run away, but sent them. a message that I should leave Mallow for East Florida at twelve o'clock on the day of --, and to come and stop me if they dared." Rory, and his ancient maiden sister, Winnifred, resided together at Mallow. I don't recollect that she came to St. Augustine, and rather think that she remained at Mallow, and died there. I am of opinion that he was only distantly related to Captain John Mclntosh. To elucidate my stories, I must introduce myself-clerk to a Mr. Archibald Lundy, in St. Augustine-a gentleman of a most generous and hospitable disposition. He invited Mr. Rory McIntosh to reside with him. At that time I was particularly fond of shooting birds. " My young friend," said Rory to me, " I see youm are a sportsman, GLYNN COUNTY. 471 and I love you for it." He often told me of shooting on Blackbeard Island, where the ducks and geese were so numerous on a frosty morning, "that we could hardly hear each other speaking." Having now introduced Captain Roderick McIntosh and myself, I shall proceed to relate some anecdotes:In 1777, he must have been about sixty-five years of age, about six feet in height, strongly built, white, frizzled, bushy hair, and large whiskers, (then uncommon,) frizzled fiercely out, a ruddy, Mcintosh complexion, handsome, large and muscular limbs. In walking, or rather striding, his step must have been four feet. I have seen him walking along, and a small man trotting by him. One of his shoulders was rather depressed, the effect of " an inglorious wound" received from a slave. I think I now see his manly figure, strutting before a battalion of British troops on parade, and receiving the most pointed attention from the officers. Rory was not wealthy; a few negroes, and a large stock of cattle at Mallow, made him comfortable. Huntingo was his business and amusement, and in those days supplied a bountiful table. While the Spaniards held East Florida before 1763, he had carried there a drove of cattle, and received payment in dollars, which he put in a canvass bag behind him on his horse. In returning home, and near Mallowthe roads were then hog-paths-the canvass gave way, and a part of the dollars fell out. He secured such as were left, without looking after those which had dropped. Some years after, being in want of money, he recollected his loss, went to the place, picked up as many dollars as he wanted, and returned home. It is said that he more than once had the same resource. He was fond of dogs, and besides hounds, had some setters; one in particular, Luath, which he had taught to take his back scent. He laid a considerable bet that he would hide a doubloon at three miles distance, and that Luath would find it. Luath went off on his trail, and returned panting, his tongue out; but no doubloon. " Treason!" cries Rory, and off he and Luath went. The log was turned over, and the dog had scratched under it; a man appeared at some distance splitting rails. Without ceremony, Rory drew his dirk, and swore that he would put him to instant death unless he returned the money. The man gave it up, saying that he had seen Mr. McIntosh put something under the log, and on examnining, had found the gold.' Rory tossed him back the money. "Take it," said he, " vile caitiff. It was not the pelf, but the honour of my dog I cared for." Some time before the Revelution, Rory and his kinsman, Colonel William McIntosh, went on horseback to Charleston. About Jacksonborough, they stopped some days; their landlord had a handsome daughter. Rory fell in love, and called the Colonel out, saying, " My kinsman, I am in love with the young maiden in the house, and you must ask her father for his daughter." The Colonel foresaw trouble, but complied. The landlord politely thanked Mr. McIntosh for the honour that he did him, but said that his daughter was engaged to a 472 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. young man in the neighbourhood. "No matter," says Rory, " I will have her." The Colonel remonstrated. Rory persisted, saying, " I will beat him and spit on her intended." " But why?" says the Colonel, " he has not injured you." " No matter," says Rory, "he is my rival, and I will disgrace him." With much difficulty, the Colonel got Rory to proceed on their journey. Rory seldom had money. Upon extra occasions, Cowper & Telfair, in Savannah, were his bankers. Mr. Cowper was his particular friend. Before the Revolution, Rory came to Savannah on his way to Charleston, and applied for money to bear his expenses. Mr. Cowper saw that something extraordinary agitated him, and with difficulty got the secret. "'That reptile in Charleston, Gadsden, has insulted my country, and I will put him to death." " What has he done 1" says Mr. Cowper. "Why," says Rory, "on being asked how he meant to fill up his wharf in Charleston, he replied, with imported Scotchmen, who were fit for nothing better." Mr. Cowper prevailed on him to return home. Aprivateer ship of twenty guns was fitted out in St. Augustine, called the Toreyn, Captain Wade. Rory engagedl twenty Loyalists from McIntosh County, as mariners under him. A report reached Rory that he wanted prize-money, which he resented with great indignation, and made a deed to a Mr. Gordon's children of all he might be entitled to. On crossing the bar, the ship struck; Rory drew his dirk on the pilot, and said he was bribed by the rebels. The ship got over, but took no prizes. In 1778, a part of the garrison under General Prevost marched by land to join a force from New-York to attack Savannah. Rorv accompanied them, and attached himself particularly to the light infantry company (4th Battalion, 60th Regiment) commanded by Qaptain Murray. In thei? advance, a part of them beleaguered a small fort at Sunbury, commanded by Captain (afterwards General) John McIntosh. The British opened lines, in which Captain Murray's company was placed. Early one morning, when Rory had made rather free. with the "mountain dew," he insisted on sallying out to summon the fort to surrender. Ilis friends could not restrain him, so out he strutted, claymore in hand, followed by his faithful slave Jim, and approached the fort, roaring out, " Surrender, you miscreants 7 how dare you presume to resist his Majesty's arms?" Captain McIntosh ktew him, and, seeing his situation, forbid any one firing, threw open the gate, and said, "Walk in, Mr. Mcintosh, and take possession." "No," said Rory, "I will not trust myself among such vermin; but I order you to surrender." A rifle was fired, the ball from which passed through his face, sideways, under his eyes. He stumbled, and fell backwards, but immediately recovered, and retreated backwards, flourishing his sword. Several dropping shots followed, Jim called out, " Run, massa-de kill you." "Run! poor slave," says Rory. " Thou mayest run, but I am of a race that never runs." In rising from the ground, Jim stated to me, his master, first putting his hand to one cheek, looked at his bloody hand, and then, raising it GLYNN COUNTY. 473 to the other, perceived it also covered with blood. He backed safely into the lines. When the French, under D'Estaing, landed near Savannah, Rory was at Thunderbolt, with the family of Robert Baillie. The house was surrounded-in the night. Rory dropped out of a back window, and made his way into Savannah. What part he acted during the siege, I never heard; but after the French were repulsed, a truce was arranged for the purpose of burying the dead, and several of the officers went out on the battle-ground, among them Rory, who strutted about, and. said-"A glorious sight-our enemies slain in battle " I recollect seeing, in St. Augustine, on some public day, Rory, Colonel McArthur, and Major Small, Scotch officers, parading the streets in full Highland costume, attended by their pipers. After Charleston fell, Rory went there from Savannah, by land, particularly to visit Major Small. On meeting, Rory said: " I have traversed, at the risk of my life, the rebellious Province of South Carolina, to see my friend, the famous Major Small." "Welcome! welcome the brave Roderick McIntosh! I have heard his Majesty speak with kindness and respect of Roderick McIntosh." " Spare me-oh, spare me!" said Rory, "his Majesty is too good;" and the pair hugged each other. "I can offer you," said Major Small, "no greater mark of my respect, than by ordering my pipers to attend you whilst in Charleston." The 71st Regiment was then in Charleston. Sir AEneas McIntosh, the chief of the border clan, was a captain in it. Sir Eneas was a slender, delicate gentleman, educated in France. Rory, who could brook no chief that was not a powerful man, was sadly disconcerted. Sir,Eneas politely asked him to dine with him the next day on calf's head. " Calf's head!" said Rory. "I feed my negroes on calves' heads." Rory never afterwards noticed his chief, but observed that he was of a spurious race. Major Trail, of the British Artillery, was particularly attentive to Rory, and had him one day at dinner, when, no doubt, the company were well informed of his character. I visited Charleston about this time. A friend of mine, Captain James Wallace, with his family, from St. Augustine had removed to Charleston, and rented a house in the suburbs, north of Governor's Bridge. I was there of an evening, when in came Rory, followed by his piper. "I am come, Madam," said he to Mrs. Wallace, who was from the Highlands, "to take a cup of tea, and give you a taste of our country's music. I have just come from dinner with Major Trail, where I spent a most happy day. A toast was given which I had not heard for many years, and which I drank with muckle glee." " What was it?" said Mrs. Wallace. " The Young Gentleman," said Rory. I had not met Rory since his residence in St. Augustine, and he seemed pleased to see me. "I was surprised," said he, " at Thunderbolt by the French, and disgraced by dropping out of a window, like a raccoon, sir; but, what grieves me, I left the dirk of my ances 474 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tors behind me; and-do you see, sir?-this eye is set in darkness by the hurt I got near Sunbury." At the close of the war in 1783, Rory's health was sadly impaired. He had been appointed Governor of Sunbury, with Captain's pay. He took passage on board the brigantine Ranger, Captain Stuart, from St. Augustine to London; during the voyage he was confined to the cabin. The Rahger had been a privateer; her guns bad, however, been landed, with the exception of four. On their passage, they fell in with a ship under American colours. Captain Stuart informed Rory that she was bearing down on them. "Oh, my friend," said Rory, " prepare for battle, don't believe that there is peace. His Majesty would never make peace with rebels." Captain Stuart went on deck, made some bustle, and returned below, saying they were all prepared. "Oh," said Rory, "how it grieves me to lie here like a dog, when brave men are fighting!" The Ranger got safe to London; but poor Roderick died on board at Gravesend. I forgot to mention some matters in due time; but it is not yet too late. A gang of negroes had got arms, and had even built some kind of a fort, above Savannah. Rory went with a party, attacked, and took them prisoners. In this skirmish, Rory received the " inglorious wound" in his shoulder. One of his party, after firing, stepped aside behind a tree. "What do you do there?" asked Rory. " To load my musket." "And can't you, like a brave man, load your musket in the road?" A Creek Indian had committed a murder; Rory went to demand satisfaction. The Indian, aware of his purpose, had assembled his friends to kill him. Rory, who also knew his danger, went boldly into the midst of the Indians, and seized the man with his drawn dirk in his hand, which so intimidated the assembly that they agreed to give satisfaction. Another version of the story is, that Rory actually killed the Indian. I know both merely by report. I was once in St. Augustine, when Rory was introduced to an elderly Scotch gentleman, Mr. Morrison, who had just arrived. Rory addressed him in Gaelic. Mr. Morrison lamented his ignorance. "I pity you," said Rory, "but you may be an honest man for all that." Rory did not like his namesakes in Georgia. He accused them of attempting to deceive him at the beginning of the war, by saying that their design was to bring in " the young gentleman" to reign in America. I am, my dear Sir, Your most obedient servant, JOHN COUPER. GORDON COUNTY. 475 GORDON COUNTY. LAID out from Floyd and Cass, in 1850. Bounded N. by Murray and Whitefield, S. by Cass, W. by Floyd and Chattooga, and E. by Cherokee and Gilmer. The rivers are the Oostenaula, Coosawattee, and Connasauga. There are several creeks. CALHOUN is the county town, distant 22 miles from Spring Place, 20 from Dalton, 21 from Cassville, 26 from Rome, and 32 from Summerville. This town has increased with rapidity. Population, 600. Resaca is five miles north of Calhoun. Fairmount is twelve miles east of Calhoun. New Echota is twelve miles east of Calhoun. Among the early settlers were, JOHN B. ADAMS, D. G. KING, A. STROUP, T. G. PHILLIPS, U. PHILLIPS, W. H. BAILEY, C. KINMAN, WAM. CURTIS, N. GRANT, JAMES SHELNOT, JOSEPH WILSON, H. S. GARDNER, T. B. SHOCKLEY, M. VANDEVIER, D. MORROW, JESSE SWAIN, O. C. WYLEY, MARTIN DUKE, Colonel LAWSON, D. S. LAW, JAMES W. STRANGE, GEORGE STEWART, Dr. GIDEON, D. B. BARRETTE, Dr. WALL, JAMES LONGSTREET, Colonel ADAMS, J. R. KNOTT, and others. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 861; families, 868. White males, 2,646; white females, 2,510. Total free population, 5,156; slaves, 828. Deaths, 42. Farms, 419. Value of real estate, $813,935; value of personal estate, $165,205. Gordon County received its name from WILLIAM WASHINGTON GORDON, who was born in Richmond County, in 1796. His father, Ambrose Gordon, was a native of Maryland, and served as Lieutenant of Cavalry under the command of Colonel William Washington, in the Revolutionary War, at the close of which he came to Georgia, and settled in Augusta. At a very early age, he was left by his father under the care of his uncle, Ezekiel Gordon, then residing in New-Jersey. After remaining at school in Rhode Island for several years, he entered the Academy at West Point, where he was graduated in 1815; and shortly afterwards was appointed aid to General Gaines. Believing, that the legal profession afforded a better field for the exercise of his talents, he resigned his commission, removed to Savannah, and studied law with the Hon. James M. Wayne, now one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. He practised his profession with great success until the early part of 1836, when he was elected President of the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia, the arduous duties of which he continued to discharge until March, 1842, when he died in the city of Savannah, from a disease produced by the exposure incidental to his office. The most 476 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. prominent traits in Mr. Gordon's character were honesty and firmness of purpose. He richly merited the inscription which the hand of friendship has placed upon his monument, now to be seen in the old cemetery at Savannah. THE first Superior Court for this county was held on the 12th of November, 1850. The Grand Jurors were,ALEXANDER STROUP, Foremacn. S. T. KING, URIAHI PHILLIPS, D. G. KING, JOSEPH L. NEEL, WM. J. FULLER, B. LoWRY, DENNIS MILLER, M. BOAZ, ALEXANDER STEWART, D. D. ROANEY, B. KIKER, Sen., A. G. B. VANDIVEU, H. MCCONNELL, D. MORROW, WVM. B. CHANDLER, JAMES H. BURCIH, JAMES MOORE, HENRY H. PITMAN, M. M. DOUGLASS, THOMAS BIRD, OLIVER C. WYLEY. ISRAEL P. BOWEN, At New Echota, Schermerhorn's treaty was made. In 1832 it had 300 inhabitants. Several distinguished Cherokees resided here, viz., Elijah Hix, Boudenot, and Alexander McCoy. Oothcologa was the residence of the Adairs. It was sparsely inhabited; but the Indians here lived better than in any other part of the nation. Siloquoy, on the Tennessee road, was formerly occupied by the Thompsons, who married natives. The British had an agency here during the Revolutionary War, conducted by John Waters. Oostenaula was a large town in 1791. The Indians of this town were exceedingly hostile to the Americans. GREENE COUNTY. LAID out from Washington, 1786. A part set off to Hancock, 1793; part to Oglethorpe, 1794; a part added to Clarke in 1802; a part taken from Wilkes, and a part added to Clarke, 1802; a part set off to Taliaferro in 1825. Named after Major-General Nathaniel Greene. Length, 22 m.; breadth, 17 m.; area square miles, 374. The rivers are the Ogeechee, the Oconee, and Appallachee. The first rises seven miles N. W. of Greenesborough. There is much worn-out land in this county; but it is confidently GREENE COUNTY. 477 believed that, by judicious management, it may be redeemed; and it affords us much pleasure to state, that many of the planters are turning their attention to this subject. The earliest settlers of this county were, THOMAS HARRIS, TIIos. HORTON, DAVIS GRESHAM, WM. FITZPATRICK, HENRY GRAYBILL, OLIVER PORTER, JOHN BAILEY, CHARLES CESSNA, THOMAS BALDWIN, M. RABUN, JOHN GEORGE, ALEXANDER REID, MICHAEL ROGERS, DAVID DICKSON, WALTON HARRIS, PEYTON SMITH, E. E. PARKS, PETER CURTWRIGHT, G. W. FORSTER, JOHN AMOUR, Major POULLAIN, JESSE PERKINS, JOEL NEWSOME, JAMES ARMSTRONG, Major BEASLEY. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 854; families, 854; white males, 2,420; white females, 2,324; free coloured males, 28; free coloured females, 30. Total free population, 4,802; slaves, 8,266. Deaths, 242. Farms, 512; manufacturing establishments, 47. Value of real estate, $1,800,000; value of personal estate, $4,116,000. FEMALE COLLEGE. GREENESBOROUGH is the county site, forty miles from Milledgeville. The Greenesborough Female College is located here. It was founded by the Synod of Georgia, and opened January 2, 1852. rfhe building, of which we give a representation, cost $13,000. Penfield is the seat of Mercer University. In 1829, Mr. Josiah Penfield bequeathed to the Baptist Convention of Georgia $2,500 to aid in the education of poor young men for the ministry. Other funds were obtained for the same object, and in January, 1833, a Literary and Theological Institution, with a department for manual labour, was established. In its progress, the character of the institution became elevated, and in 1838 it received a charter from the Legislature, with the title of Mercer University. Besides its valuable buildings, and an extensive tract of land, the University possesses funds to the amount of $138,200, for which it is chiefly indebted to the liberality of the late Rev. Jesse Mercer. 478 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The library contains 2,000 volumes, and the philosophical and chemical apparatus continues to receive additions. The two literary societies have valuable libraries. White Plains and Union Point are small places. The climate is mild, and as healthy as any portion of Middle Georgia. The following are some of the cases of longevity:-WM. HARRIS died at 100; A. PERKINS, 94; Mr. STEWART, 90; Mr. SlAW,, 87; Mrs. ELISABETH DANIEL died on the 4th of October, 1819, at the age of 85. Mr. ALEXANDER GREsHIAM died on the 23d of February, 1823, aged 70. During "the times which tried men's souls," he was an active officer. At the commencement of the last war with Great Britain, when the Silver Greys, or old men, were tendering their services to defend their country, he was the first that offered. On the day ot his death he was uncommonly cheerful; while sitting at dinner, application was made to him for assistance by a distressed traveller, whose wagon and horses were stalled near the house. His servants being all out of the way except one, he called on him to go, and observed he would go himself; and accordingly went and aided the man up one hill, but in attempting to help him up another, having taken hold of the wheel, he made an exertion to start the wagon, let go, and immediately sunk to his knees, and expired in about one minute. THOMAS FAMBROUGH died in the 80th year of his age. A paper of the day says, " There is no doubt that he was in nine as tough battles as were ever fought in the Revolution." Captain JOEL PARISH, who died at the advanced age of 73, was one of the few remaining patriots of'76 who commanded a company of infantry during the Revolutionary War. EZEKIEL E. PARK, an old Revolutionary soldier, and respected citizen of Georgia, died in this county. Mrs. MARY HOBBS was living last year, 93 years of age. Her husband, ROBERT HOBBS, was 90 at his death. Mrs. CATHERINE FREEMAN, the widow of Colonel John Freeman, is living at Penfield, over 86 years of age. Mrs. HOGG, now living, is 90 years old. GREENESBOROUGH MANUFACTURING COMRPANY.-Situated at Greenesborough; motive power, steam; cost, $70,000;,spindles, 4,000. SCULL SHOALS MANUFACTURING COMPANY. - Situated at Scull Shoals, on the Oconee River. Cost, $50,000. Spindles and looms, 2,000. Annual consumption of cotton, 4,000 bales. Annual value of goods produced, at present prices, $200,000. GREENE COUNTY. 479 CURTWRIGHT MANUFACTURING COMPANY. This factory is situated at Long Shoals, on the Oconee River. Cost of property, $140,000; spindles and looms, 4,000. The Company owns an elegant stone bridge across the Oconee, with flouring and saw mills, and a large tract of land. Wth r kRll t UU0 THIS county suffered much from the Indians. Besides burning Greenesborough, the savages committed many other acts of violence On the 31st May, 1787. a party of the Upper Creeks came to the frontiers of Greene County, killed and scalped two men, and carried off a negro and fourteen'horses. Some of the militia crossed the Oconee in pursuit of the murderers (Indians), overtook them, and killed twelve who happened to belong to the lower towns. In a talk, the Indians demanded the officer who commanded, and as many men as would satisfy them for the twelve. Governor Matthews, in his reply said, We will deliver up none of our people. and if the Indians spill a drop of blood, we will lay their towns in ashes, and sprinkle their land with blood." June, 1787.-In this month the Creek Indians carried off a negro, the property of Mr. Lang, and were closely pursued by IMr. McMichael and a lad, who unfortunately fell in attempting to rescue the negro, and was scalped. Captain Alexander, witha small party of volunteers, went in pursuit of the Indians, overtook, and killed six of them. In April, 1793, six persons,-a man, a woman. three children, and a negro,residing near the Scull Shoals, on the Oconee River, were killed by the savages. On the 22d of April, 1793, the Indians, numbering thirty-seven, made a sudden attack upon the house of Mr. Richard Thrasher. They killed Mr. Thrasher, two children, and a negro woman. Mrs. Thrasher, to avoid, if possible, the fate with which she was threatened, fled with her infants five or six weeks old, in her arms, and reached the river. The savages pursued her, shot her through each thigh and the right breast, stabbed her in the left breast with a knife, cut her 480 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. arm nearly off, and then scalped her. In this dreadful situation she remained until the neighbours coull assemble in sufficient numbers to cross the river and pursue the Indians. As the first canoe was crossing, she had strength sufficient to call for assistance. The poor woman was found hanging by a bush, in water nearly up to her chin, her infant at the bottom of the river, a few yards from her. She lived nearly twenty-four hours, and when informed by her physician that it was impossible for her to survive much longer, she, with a fortitude that is rarely to be met with, called her friends around her and in a calm manner gave her hand to every one, wishing them a better fate than that which had befallen her and her family. This lady was twenty-five years old, of highly respectable connections; handsome, and well educated. In September of this year, a young lady by the name of Catherine Cessna was cruelly murdered by these ruthless demons. On one occasion the Indians crossed the Oconee River, and came to the house of Mr. Fielder, a celebrated scout and hunter, who happened at this time to be absent. Thirteen of them came into his lot, and were about to carry off his horses, when Mrs. Fielder and her negro woman, the only persons upon the premises, determined, if possible, to save the horses. As the negro woman was making her way to the dwelling, she received a shot in the thigh and fell. Her mistress immediately dragged her within.the house, and barred the door. whereupon the Indians attacked the house. Mrs. Fielder resolved at all hazards to defend herself; and there being four or five guns ready at hand, she fired upon the savages, the negro woman aiding her to load. To induce the foe to believe that there were many persons in the house, they made a great noise, shouting and calling upon each other to fire. After discharging nearly twenty-five rounds, the Indians abandoned the attack, from an impression, as it was afterwards ascertained, that the building was filled with armed men. Extract from a Muster-Roll of a Detachment of the Militia Troop of Dragoons of the Greene County Regiment, under the conmmand of Captain JONAS FAUCHE, stationed at sundry posts, February 25; 1794............. Names...................... To whose District belonging. Jonas Fauche, Captain.... Captain Armor's. Peyton Smith, Cornet.. George Phillips, Sergeant..., Wm. Browning, ".... Captain Browning's. Charles Harris, Corporal.... " Taylor's. John Young,'... " Armoi's. Samuel B. Harris, Trumpeter... T Taylors. William Heard, Farrier.... " Beard's. Samuel M. Devereaux, Gent. armes.. Columbia Ct. John Harrison,.. Captain Armor's. Abner Farmer,.. Isaac Stocks, ".. Captain Browning's. Samuel Dale, i.. Josiah McDonald,.. " Jesse Standifer,.. Captain Beard's. -— J-tyJ — eIA-O2w zA -7'RA. GREENE COUNTY. 481 Names. To whose District belonging. William Scott, Gent. armes.. Captain Browning's. Arthur Foster, 4.. William George, ".. Captain Armor's. John Capps,.. North Carolina. Micajah Wall, ".. Captain Armors. Robert Patrick, ". c Jesse Jenkins,.. Captain Browning's. Charles Watts,.. ( Terrance Byron,.. Captain Armor's. Joseph White,.., James McGuire,.. Captain Taylor's. Robert Finley, ".. William Curry,.. Captain Armors. Joseph Shaw,.. " John Pinkerd, ".. Little B. Jenkins,. Captain Browning's. Presly Watts,.. Theodore Scott,.. Virginia. Robert Watson,.. Captain Browning's. Henry Potts, ". Captain Cameron's. Dennis Lynch, c.. Skelton Standifer,. Captain Beard's. Joseph Heard, ". Captain Browning's. James Moor,. " Humphrey Gibsons,.. Elbert Ct. Robert Grimratt,. Captain Melton's. George Reid, ". s Duglas Watson,.. Captain Browning's. George Owen, ".. Wilkes Ct. PROMINENT PERSONS. HON. WILLIAM C. DAWSON was born in Greene County, Georgia, of respectable parentage. His academic course was first taken under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Cummins, and afterwards at the County Academy, in Greenesborough. At an early age he entered Franklin College, and was graduated in 1816. Upon leaving college, he immediately commenced the study of law in the office of the Hon. Thomas W. Cobb, at Lexington; and at the expiration of a year, he entered the Law School at Litchfield, Connecticut, under the care of Judges Reeve and Gould. After taking a full course of lectures, he returned to Greenesborough, was admitted to the bar, and in a short time ranked very high in his profession. In 1821, he was elected Clerk of the House of Representatives of the State Legislature; and it is a proof of his fidelity as an officer, and his amiable character as a man, that through frequent changes of party supremacy, he filled that office for ten or eleven consecutive years. 31 482 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In 1828, he was appointed by the Legislature to compile the statutes of Georgia, which duty he performed to the satisfaction of the General Assembly and the legal profession. In 1845, he was appointed by Governor Crawford to fill a vacancy on the bench of the Ocmulgee Circuit. His patience, urbanity, and ifankness, are remembered with pleasure by his cotemporaries. In 1834 and 1835, he was elected to the State Senate from the County of Greene, and gave his efficient aid. to promote all the great interests of Georgia. In 1836, he was elected, by general ticket, to Congress, being the only Whig returned, prevailing over a popular Democratic majority. General Coffee, a member of Congress from Georgia in 1836, having died, he was also elected to fill his unexpired term, and took his seat, in the winter of that year, in the House of Representatives. The Creek and Seminole Indians in Florida, and on the line of Georgia, becoming-hostile, in 1836, Judge Dawson raised a company of volunteers, to the command of which he was elected, and, under the authority of the State Government, took the field. General Scott, who had at that time taken the conduct of the Florida war, gave him a separate command, and detailed him upon a special service, which he performed to the satisfaction of that gallant soldier. Having faithfully discharged the duties of his new post, he returned home. He was re-elected to Congress in 1838, and also in 1840. In 1841, he was nominated for Governor by the Whigs, and was beaten, on account, it is believed, of a vote which he had given, at the extra session of Congress in 1841, to increase the duties on tea and coffee. Believing that his defeat was a disapproval of his course in Congress, Mr. Dawson resigned his seat in November, 1841. In the autumn of 1847, he was elected to the Senate of the United States, of which body he is now a member. His character in Congress is that of a vigilant, industrious man of business. He seldom speaks, and when he does, it is upon a question requiring action. Good sense and independence characterize his speeches. In the course of his Congressional career, he has been associated with the most important measures. Whilst a member of the House, he was qhairman of the Military Committee, and also chairman of the Committee on Claims-the latter, one of the most laborious and useful positions appertaining to the National Legislature. At the opening of the XXVIth Congress, he was put in nomination for the Speaker's chair. Upon the first ballot he received a flattering vote; but discovering that two of his colleagues had voted against him, he requested his name to be withdrawn. Against the absurd theories, and indelicately selfish, not to say impudent demands of Kossuth, Mr. Dawson was the first to take ground. He is eminently social in his nature and habits. For harmless fun andinnocent frolic he has a keen relish; and his associates cherish with fond recollection his anecdotes, his pleasantry, and his practical jokes. GWINNETT COUNTY. 483 Dr. FRANCIS CUMMINS died in this county. He was one of the oldest and most respectable Presbyterian ministers in the Southern States. He preached to his congregation for more than twenty-three years. Major OLIVER PORTER was four times elected Elector of President and Vice-President, and frequently a member of the Legislature of Georgia. Colonel JONAS FAUCHE, in the early settlement of Greene, bore a conspicuous part in the defence of the frontiers against the Creek Indians. He was a remarkable man in every respect. Captain STOKES was an active officer during the Indian wars. GWINNETT COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1818; part taken from Jackson, 188; part set off to De Kalb, 1822; part of the ceded territory added, 1822. Named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett. Length, 29 m.; breadth, 19 m.; square miles, 551. The Chattahoochee is the principal stream. The head waters of several of our rivers are in this county. The face of the country is hilly. The soil is various. Its productions are corn, cotton, &c. LAWRENCEVILLE is the county town, 90 miles N. N.W. of Milledgeville. Lawrenceville Manufacturing Co., situated in Lawrenceville, has a capital of $90,000. Building of granite, 200 feet by 50; four stories high. Spindles, 3,050; looms, 36; operatives, 80. Connected with this establishment is a flouring and grist mill. The whole propelled by steam. The public places are Auburn, Cains, Orrsville, Pinckneyville, Yellow River, Suwannee, Choice's Store. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,610; families, 1,610; white males, 4,499; white females, 4,454; free coloured males, 4; free coloured females, 6. Total free population, 8,963; slaves, 2,294. Deaths, 110. Farms, 1,036; manufacturing establishments, 26. Value of real estate, $977,693; value of personal estate, $1,440,125. The climate is healthy. The examples of longevity are numerous, viz.: DANIEL CLOVER, 87; JOHN LAWRENCE, 85; STEPHEN HARRIS, 90; JONATHAN JOHNSON, 80; LEWIS DISHONS, 80; OWEN ANDREWS, 90; EDWARD JACKSON, 87; SARAH HUNT, 81; Mrs. SHADDOCK, 100; Mr. HUNT, 100; GEORGE WILSON, 100; JOHN DAVIS, 110; GEORGE THRASHER, 93. The list might be enlarged, but space will not allow. 484 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. 3n i S n 11 it na B u int u WE extract from the ColZmbus Enquirer the following account of a meeting held at Lawrenceville, for the purpose of doing honour to the memory of volunteers who were cruelly shot at Goliad, in Texas, and also of those who were killed in the battle at Shepherd's Plantation, in Stewart County, Georgia:At a meeting of a portion of the citizens of Gwinnett County, the Committee appointed at a previous meeting for that purpose made the following report:The Committee appointed for that purpose, beg leave to report that they appointed Captain H. Garmany, Ensign M. T. Hamilton, and Privates Thomas Hunt and Elias Greene, to bring the remains of Ensign J. S. Lacy, Orderly Sergeant James C. Martin, and Privates J. A. V. Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland, James M. Allen, Henry W. Peden, and William M. Sims, who fell in the battle of Shepherd's Plantation, and who belonged to Captain Garmany's Company; that the remains have been carefully disinterred, placed in coffins and boxes, have been brought to this place, and are now in a room in the Courthouse, ready for interment. Your Committee respectfully recommend that they be interred near the northwest corner of the Court-house yard, and that a suitable monument be erected to commemorate them for their gallantry and bravery. To this end, your Committee recommend the adoption of the following resolution:Resolved, That the remains of the said deceased be interred on Friday the 17th inst., in the northwest corner of the Court-house yard, at the hour of 1 o'clock, P. M., with military honours, and that a suitable monument be erected in a convenient time to their memory. After this report was read, Colonel N. L. Hutchins offered the following as an amendment to the report, &c.:And whereas, our townsman, Captain James C. Winn, at the firstl call to arms, flew to the assistance of the Texians, who were warring for liberty and independence against their oppressors, and his early companion, Anthony Bates, who went with him to share his perils, fight in the same holy cause, and to suffer the same sad fate, were both inhumanly butchered in cold blood, in Fannin's devoted band; And whereas by their bravery and devotion to the cause they had espoused, the first was promoted to a Captain, and the latter to Orderly, in a very short time after they entered the service, and served with honour to themselves and usefulness to the cause, until they were taken, bravely fighting, and in cold blood butchered by a savage band of Mexicans, by order of their still more savage commander:-Therefore, Resolved That Captain James C. Winn, and Orderly Sergeant Anthony Bates, share the honours bestowed on our other lamented volunteers, and that their names, with suitable inscriptions, be engraved upon the monument to be erected in the public square. GWINNETT COUNTY. 485 Which amendment was adopted; and then both preamble and resolution were unanimously adopted. On motion of Colonel N. L. Hutchins, a committee, consisting of himself, Captain H. Garmany, Lieutenant M. T. Hamilton, T. W. Alexander, Colonel H. P. Thomas, A. R. Smith, J. B. Trippe, Esq., John S. Wilson, Win. Montgomery, and Captain George Reid, were appointed to take order for the interment. And on motion of T. Wr. Alexander, a committee, consisting of himself, J. W. Thompson, M. Crawford and William Gordon, was appointed to prepare a vault for this purpose. The meeting then adjourned, to meet at 10 o'clock on Friday, the 17th ult. The Committee appointed for that purpose beg leave to report the following order for the interment of the remains of Ensign Lacy, Orderly Martin, Privates Tate, R. T. Holland, J. H. Holland, Allen, Peden and Sims, and in honour of Captain Winn and Orderly Bates. Order for Interment.-The procession will form in front of Dr. Hall's, in the following order:-1st. The Committee of Arrangements. 2d. Pall-bearers. 3d. Relatives of the dead as mourners. 4th. The clergy. 5th. The military. 6th. The judges and officers of courts. 7th. The corporate authorities of the town. 8th. The citizens. The procession to march around the public square, and enter the inclosure at the east side. The pall-bearers, under direction of the Committee of Arrangements, to receive the remains at the east door of the Court-house, and proceed to the vault. The remains to be deposited, the Committee to take station on the right, the pall-bearers on the left, and the mourners and clergy on the west side of the vault, the military t. approach the east end of the vault. The military to be formed and ordered by Captain Garmany into platoons. The rounds fired in honour of each, as follows, (to wit):-lst. Captain Winn. 2d. Ensign Lacy. 3d. Orderlies Martin and Bates. Privates Tate, R. T. Holland, J. H. Holland, Allen and Sims. The vault to be filled and covered up. The procession will then disperse. The Committee recommend the appointment of a Marshal, with power to regulate the procession, and have agreed upon Dr. Thomas W. Alexander as a suitable person. On the 17th of February, the remains were interred in conformity with the above arrangements. A large concourse of citizens attended to witness the solemn ceremonies. A suitable monument will be erected as soon as it can be done. The monument has been erected. It stands in the Court-house Square. On one side is this inscription: "This monument is erected by their friends to the memory of Captain James C. Winn and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in honourable combat at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican commander, March 27th, 1830." On the other side, " To the memory of Ensign Isaac Lacy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and Privates William M. Sims, John A. V. Tate, Robert T. 486 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers, Henry W. Peden, James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett Company of Mounted Volunteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians at Shepherd's, in Stewart County, June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument." HABERSHAM COUNTY. HABERSHAM COUNTY was laid out by the Lottery Act of 1818. Length, 31 m.; breadth, 23 m.; area, 713 square miles. The country is broken by mountains. The most valuable lands are below the Currahee Mountain, on Tugaloo, Middle, Hudson's, and Soquee rivers, adapted to wheat and corn. The climate is unsurpassed. The principal streams are the Chattahoochee, the Soquee, and Middle rivers. The county furnishes some excellent farms. CLARKESVILLE, the county seat, was named after Governor John Clarke, and incorporated in 1823. It is most delightfully situated near the southwest bank of the Soquee River, and its beauty is increased by the picturesque grandeur of the surrounding country. It is 136 miles north of Milledgeville. Habersham contains several small but pleasant villages, among which are Loudsville, Mount Yonah, and Nacoochee Valley. With the latter place is connected an Indian legend, as follows: " Long before the Anglo-Saxon had made his first footprints on these western shores-long before even the Genoese visionary had dreamed of a new world beyond the columns of Hercules, there dwelt in this lovely valley a young maiden of wonderful and almost celestial beauty. She was the daughter of a chieftain-a princess. In doing homage to her, the people of her tribe almost forgot the Great Spirit who made her, and endowed her with such strange beauty. Her name was Nacoochee-' The Evening Star.' Ason of the ehieftain of a neighbouring and hostile tribe saw the beautiful Nacoochee, and loved her. He stole her young heart. She loved him with an intensity of passion that only the noblest souls know. They met beneath the holy stars, and sealed their simple vows with kisses. In the valley, where, from the interlocked branches overhead, hung with festoons, in which the white flowers of the climate, and the purple blossoms of the magnificent wild passion-flower, mingled wi th the dark foliage of the muscadine, they found a fitting place. The song of the mocking-bird, and the murmur of the Chattahoochee's hurrying waters, were marriage-hymn and anthem to them. They vowed eternal love. They vowed to live and die with each other. Intelligence of these secret meetings reached the ear of the old chief, Nacoochee's father, and his anger was terrible. But love for Laceola was stronger in the heart of Nacoochee than even reverence for her father's commands. One night the maiden HABERSHAM COUNTY. 487 was missed from her tent. The old chieftain commanded his warriors to pursue the fugitive. They found her with Laceola, the son of a hated race. In an instant an arrow was aimed at his breast. Nacoochee sprang before him, and received the barbed shaft in her own heart. Her lover was stupefied. He made no resistance, and his blood mingled with hers. The lovers were buried in the same grave, and a lofty mound was raised to mark the spot. Deep grief seized the old chief and all his people, and the valley was ever after called Nacoochee. The mound which marks the trysting-place, and the grave of the maiden and her betrothed, surmrounted by a solitary pine, are still to be seen, and form some of the most interesting features of the landscape of this lovely vale." The mountains are, Ellick's, Sall's, Skitt's, Tray, Currahee, and Mount Yonah. Currahee rises gradually, in a conical form, until it reaches an elevation of nine hundred feet. On the east, it sinks completely to the usual level of the land; but on the western side, after descending for many hundred feet, it blends with a ridge that unites it with the chain of the Alleghanies. The Yonah is among the highest mountains in Georgia. The distance from the bottom to the top of it may, perhaps, be a mile on a gradual slope. From the summit a delightful view is afforded. Plantations and dwellings are seen interspersed among the hills and forests, watered by sparkling rivulets, presenting a varied landscape, resembling a carpet of patch-work. The village of Clarkesville may be distinctly seen from hence. The following account of a subterranean village is copied from an old newspaper:( About twenty years ago, a singular discovery was made of a subterranean village in this county. The houses were disinterred by excavating a canal for the purpose of washing gold. The depth varied from seven to nine feet. Some of the houses were imbedded in the stratum, or gravel. The logs were but partially decayed, from six to ten inches in diameter, and from ten to twelve feet long. The walls were from three to six feet in height, joined together, forming a straight line upwards of three hundred feet in length, comprising thirty-four buildings, or rooms. The logs were hewn at the ends, and notched down, as in ordinary cabins of the present day. In one of the rooms were found three baskets, made of cane splits, and a number of fragments of Indian ware. From the circumstance of the land having been covered with a heavy growth of timber previous to its cultivation by the whites, twelve years before the time of its discovery, it was inferred that they were built at some remote period. The houses were situated from fifty to one hundred yards from the principal channel of the creek. "A great number of curious specimens of workmanship were found in situations which preclude the possibility of their having been moved for more than a thousand years. During the operations of a gentleman, he found, at one time, about one-half of a crucible, of the capacity of near a gallon. It was ten feet below the surface, and immediately beneath a large oak-tree, which measured five feet in diameter, and must have been four or five hundred years old. The depo 488 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. site was diluvial, and what may be termed table-land. There was a vessel, or rather, a double mortar, found in Duke's Creek, about five inches in diameter, and the excavation on each side was nearly an inch in depth, and perfectly polished. It was made of quartz, which had been semi-transparent, but had become stained with iron. Some suppose it was used for grinding paint, or for some of their plays or games. The lot of land upon which this discovery was made is in the third district of Habersham, four miles from the Nacoochee valley, on Duke's Creek." The celebrated Falls of Tallulah are in this county, and all who have visited them unite in saying that they merit a high place among the natural curiosities of the United States. The following account of these falls is from the pen of David P. Hillhouse, Esq.: " The stream is, by the Cherokee Indians, called in some places Tarrurah, at other places Tallulah. It is the western branch of the Tugaloo River, and the rapids are situated about ten miles above its junction with the Chattooga, which is the eastern branch of the Tugaloo. The rapids are about twelve miles from Clarkesville. The river passes through a range or ridge of mountains, for somewhat more than a mile, forming for its bed an awful gulf, and for its banks stupendous fronts of solid rock, like those of Niagara, just below its great cataract, and of the Genesee River below the fall in that stream, a few miles above Lake Ontario. These banks of Tallulah are worn by its waters, in many places, into caverns and grotesque figures, and often the sides are perpendicular, and smooth beyond the means of art to imitate. Just at the head, and also at the foot of the rapids, the banks of Tallulah River are not more than ordinary height above common water-mark. In the intermediate, distance, the height of the banks varies from two hundred to five hundred feet perpendicular. The width of the river is from fifteen to one hundred feet. There are four perpendicular pitches of water, of from fifty to eighty feet, and a great many smaller cataracts of from ten to twenty feet perpendicular pitch. There are but two or three points by which a person can possibly descend to the bed of the river, and these are the tracks of small rivulets emptying themselves into the river on the west side, and making several very steep precipices, down which one may possibly pass by aid of the shrubbery that grows in the hollows. When arrived at the water's edge, to look out at the opening of the great cliffs above, is surprising, interesting, and alarming! "These cliffs, combined with the foaming, roaring, bounding, impetuous current of water, exhibit novelty, beauty, and grandeur, in the greatest degree. At the instant the visitor views'the current some hundred feet below him, he shrinks back, in apprehension of his destruction. Still curious to view it more, he cautiously advances again, until by degrees he becomes so familiar with the scenery, as to be perfectly enraptured. At every step he beholds some new dress that gives additional interest to the prospect. But there is no tinselled ornament to the banks of Tallulah. In a wild, uncultivated, and barren country, no art has been introduced to deface this grand exhibi — T,_T~ —-__ —;;;I~I-— _-_-_-.. _7--- —-- — ~ — L:-L1 _ —-__;-:.-1.:. - —-— _I,ll ___ =L-:- --— -- —-- ----------—. — -=;L-= —--— llf-..T- I;I= —-:-= — — —i ___ ---— :-_~---~ —_Lln_L_=_-j__,-,__I___='__1=i —--- II ________: -' —-rr —— —: —--- ------------------------ L_-'-- —-S=- —_=_- —;~_~ I= _ —-— _1 —- I-_..= - —-=-=-__= —-_I- —; —-— ~~=-= -=-=---:- —--"-_=-I-~~- _..; _I-=-I.L_____=___=__;__=; _:--TLC_ -~;;l;l--;I=~-__=__=____ I —==--' —--— —= —----—'= —- ----— —r' I —,I- ---- —-_ —-==-l=r:l___ — —- —11 -I- — -;- —=-=====- —I; —-- — =--i..___;:, —:,______ __ ---------— I:_ —;: ~ —'i -'= —-— -; —= —===== —=; —-===-=:r 1__1_- —1= —= —-— r==-=;;;_--==- ----— ____ .- — —-------------- -----— —------------- _- --_ —— _=r===.-___ _;-~_-r:= —-— - —;;-===;;_- — 75 8:-=-=rT---'I -; —------ II-_-_;;- —----—;-- —:_I-: - —-- L= —L=-1----'-_ —-_L---- --—: —--- ------- _-"= —=: —_-T-r —;_ —— ___-:__-I=-=1_ ----— - — —-- --—;I-= —- — —--— -,-I~-I ES-i i Fii 1 ~\- L-lIiJ — Y: 2 ~c:~i -d!?h ql;y ;'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" r 2 ~ ,,Sb5dfBllpa"?r"~~"-a""""""~~"' ii:1S uc ~-;C;I! ~sr -5;r;~::iv: tt k zi, I' ALLULAH PAI, T, Y. r___I- -_ __;: [; ;_;= —-—: —- —-— I __;_ I —- — TI —-— I-; — — _. —----- -Z= —--==-~-=-===-' —-=-= _- -:_ -_T_;'- —--` —-— -=;= —-— : — IIT -=-;===;-=-===-==- —— —:-r;=Z-==-_-= —____ — -______ __ ----— -- ------. - -7- —_ 7:::_ -____=--_= —- ___: — —-__,,-_ —---—:_:_,: T 1S-- T _(;_- - _-:-1=1-;_-=_=;-=1-,-,;:_:_ —-— r__ —: _I' —-"; — —---—:: - L__ -_; — - - __-. -I:. -- ==;=--=;===- —-=-:- --— —-= -I-_ _=lr__=l- —- —-::- - ---— —---- ------------- ------—: —II--_- - —--— C — ——; __ __ _-._;-;r7.._ ---—:-: — -------- =.- —-— —___L-= — — —_L__ —-=-_-_L —=_= —----— _ —I:: r_-I1 —- —;-_= -— ILZ= — —— —-, — -=- —---- -: —-— I___-_-_--;= —_=r-=== —-= ~ —-- -=;1__=,_I__ —-- —;;:r- —- —'--- —----— "-"TT- —I_: -I _I__ — _ —=-==I= —= —----- -:; —----- -- -- rr~- — = —— - —------ ---— --; —--— I;=;= —== —— ==== —==== -- =____;__I___ - -------------------- — _ 6/ 3) j F,,I: li;~7~ c; ii;i ijiii:i ilj /jj I I u,r_ I:;,,1!i-r lil j(: ii! s,-'il!I!iSLee~gy-" —---— ~Y~""~~'IR;CSe_lL_SE_-ih~42 ic zJ13 ~5: `'CUYi(HI;IU1RBInl'illlllL. -1=-L? ------.rc-n-srma —-u ----— -r-~- rl' O C C O A E' A L L 8, HABERSIIAM COUNTY. 489 tion of nature. Sculptured chasms and fonts, elevated portals, formidable stockades, impregnable fortresses, deep perpendicular cascades, and successive bounding currents, added to the many rainbows that continually shine (when the sun does) through the spray that rises from the falling water, and the variegated colours in front of the rocky banks of red, white, yellow, and brown, and the small rivulets that pour down into the gulf from the mountain's top, give novelty, beauty, sublimity, and awe, to the rapids of Tallulah." On the 5th of July, 1837, the Rev. Mr. Hawthorn, a minister of the Presbyterian Church, arrived at Clarkesville by the stage. He preached in the evening of that day and on the following Sabbath, and gainied the approbation, and almost the admiration, of all who heard him. Those with whom he became partially acquainted during this time, esteemed him very highly as a Christian minister. With others, he went on a visit to the Tallulah Falls. After the party had closed their excursion to the Falls, he and some other gentlemen concluded to go into a beautiful basin of water, between two of the falls, for the purpose of bathing. Some ladies being in company, they waited on them to some distance, leaving Mr. Hawthorn alone at the water intending to return and bathe with him. They did return, but only found his clothing on the rocks-he was gone, and gone forever. It is supposed that he went into the water; and, from some circumstance unknown, sunk to rise no more. The strictest search, by a number of gentlemen, was made, but the body was not found. The Toccoa Falls are on a creek of the same name. The water falls more than one hundred and eighty-five feet perpendicular. No description can give an idea of the beauties of this fall and the surrounding scenery. "Among the curiosities of this county is the Choplped Oak, a tree famous in Indian history, and in the traditions of the early settlers. This tree stands about six miles southeast of Clarkesville, and is noted as being the'Law Groundl, or place of holding company musters and magistrates courts. According to tradition, the Chopped Oak was a celebrated rendezvous of the Indians in their predatory excursions, it being at a point where a number of trails met. Here their plans of warfare were laid, here the several parties separated, and here, on their return, they awaited each other; and then, in their brief language, the result of their enterprise was stated, and for every scalp taken, a gash cut in the tree. If tradition tells the truth, and every scar on the blasted oak counts for a scalp, the success of their scouting parties must have-been great. This tree was alive a few years since, when a young man, possessing all the prejudices of his countrymen, and caring less for the traditions of the Indians than his own revenge, killed the tree by girdling it, that it might be no longer a living monument of the cruelties of the savages." Minerals of almost every kind exist in Habersham. It was in this county that the first gold mines were discovered in Georgia. The following is a list of the principal ones:-Loud's, Gordon's, Lewis's, 490 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. iolt's, Richardson's, White & McGie's, Gordon & Lumsden's, Williams's, Little John's, Horshaw's. Iron is abundant. In addition to the minerals already named, the county has cyanite, garnets, carnelians, augite, asbestos, tourmaline, rubies, plumbago. Three diamonds have been found in the county. Extract fromn the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,338; families, 1,338; white males, 3,962; white females, 3,713; fiee coloured males, 2. Total free population, 7,677; slaves, 1,218. Deaths, 17. Farms, 732; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $327,003; value of personal estate, $1,083,771. Among the early settlers of this county were, General WAFFORD, GABRIEL FISH, Major WILLIAMS, JOHN ROBINSON, ALEXANDER WALDEN, B. CLEAVELAND, JOHN WHITEHEAD, JOHN GRANT, JESSE KINEY, CHARLES RICHE, Mr. VANDEVIER, HUDSON MOSS, WM. HERRING. This county was named after one of the Habershams, but which one we cannot say with certainty. HALL COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1818. A part taken from Jackson and Franklin, 1818; part of new territory added to it, 1819. Length, 30 m.; breadth, 24 m.; square miles, 720. Named after Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of American Independence. The principal streams are, the Chattahoochee, Chestatee, Oconee, and Little rivers. The creeks are numerous. The soil is productive in some parts; in others poor. GAINESVILLE is the seat of justice, 111 miles from Milledgeville, delightfully situated, with a climate equal to any in the world. The Sulphur Spring, six miles N. of Gainesville, has been known to the public for several years. The Limestone Spring, two miles from Gainesville, is much frequented. Minerals in great variety are found in this county. Among them are gold, lead, ruby, tourmaline, cyanite, and emerald. The elastic sandstone abounds, in which a few diamonds have been found. Extractfrom the Census of 1850. —Dwellings, 1,300; families, 1,300; white males, 3,639; white females, 3,731; free coloured males, 4; free coloured females, 3. Total free population, 7,377. Slaves, 1,336. Deaths, 69. Farms, 697. Value of real estate, $609,639; value of personal estate, $867,332. Among the early settlers were, WM. I-. DICKSON, E. DONEGAN, HANCOCK COUNTY. 491 JOSEPH WILSON, JOHN BATES, B. REYNOLDS, R. ARMOUR, JOSEPH GAILEY, T. TERRELLI, JOHN MILLAR, 1). WAFFORD, M. MOORE, W. BLAKE, JOSEPH READ, R. YOUNG, J. MCCONNELL, R. WINN, THOS. WILSON, WM. COBB, N. GARRISON, JOSEPH JOHNSON, JOHN BARRETT, E. COWEN, A. THOMPSON, JESSE DOBBS, JAMES ABERCROMBIE, SOLONON PEAKE. HANCOCK COUNTY. THIS county was laid out in 1793. A part set off to Baldwin, 1807, and a part to Taliaferro, in 1825. Length, 22 m.; breadth, 20 m.; area square miles, 440. It received its name in honour of John Hancock, whose name appears so conspicuous upon the Declaration of Independence. The north fork of the Ogeechee River separates the county from WVarren, and the Oconee from Putnam. Hancock is on the dividing ridge between the primitive and secondary, or rather tertiary formations. The northern portion is very hilly, with a red aluminous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. The best lands are on Shoulder Bone and its waters. SPARTA is the seat of justice, twenty-four miles N. E. of Milledgeville. Powelton is in the N. E. part. Mount Zion is seven miles from Sparta. The climate is mild, but variable. The history of this county furnishes a number of instances of longevity. Dr. TIMOTHY WV. RosSITTA died in 1845, aged 92; General HENRY MITCHELL, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 79; Mrs. TABITHA MARCHMAN, at 91; Mrs. JUDITH GREENE, at 84; Captain JAMES REESE, 84; WM. WYLEY, 84; Mrs. ELISABETH REID, 88. Among the Revolutionary patriots who died in this county were, JOHN HAMILTON, Esq., aged 78; Mr. AMos BRANTLEY, aged 70; Dr. EDWARD HOOD, 71. HENRY GRAYBILL, Esq., aged 82 years. He was born in Lancaster, (Penn.,) but removed to South Carolina before the Revolutionary War, and afterwards settled in Georgia, where he lived forty-two years. He was a conspicuous and active man during the contest which obtained our Independence, and filled with credit to himself and country the important offices of surveyor, clerk of the court, &c., and was four times elected by the Legislature of this State one of the electors of President and Vice-President. He had been a member of the Baptist Church for fifty years, and of the 492 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Masonic fraternity since the first establishment of regular Lodges in our State. He sustained through a long life the most unblemished character. From the earliest settlement of this portion of Georgia the citizens have been particularly distinguished for their great attention to the subject of education. Some of the most eminent men in the State received their academical education in Hancock. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 761; families, 785; white males, 2,134; white females, 2,078; free coloured males, 33; free coloured females, 27. Total free population, 4,272; slaves, 7,306. Deaths, 128. Farms, 444; manufacturing establishments, 20. Value of real estate, $1,630,646; value of personal estate, $4,049,156. HANCOCK MANUFACTURING COMPANY.-Situated at Sparta; dimensions of factory, 54 by 140; engine-room, 25 by 54; engine, 100 horse power; capital, $80,000; spindles, 4,500; looms, 100; operatives, 140; yards of cloth made per day, 3,500; pounds of thread per day, 500; osnaburgs, sheetings, &c., are manufactured. The lovers of natural science will find much to interest them in this section of the State. Minerals are abundant, viz., agate, jasper, chalcedony, iron, gold, asbestos, kaolin, galena, zircon, plumbago, epidote, &c. There are some remarkable mounds in this county. A gentleman has, furnished us with an account of several on Shoulder Bone Creek. He says, "The principal one is 400 feet N. of the centre prong of Shoulder Bone Creek; its base is 20 feet above the level of the creek. A few years ago it was 37 feet high; around it are the remains of a ditch or intrenchment, containing about four acres. Near the mound is an inclosure. Human bones, to a large amount, have been exhumed.." This county has furnished her share of distinguished men. Hon. DIXON H. LEWIS was born in Hancock. Governor McDONALD, Hon. W. T. COLQUITT, and numerous others, resided in it. Hon. BOLLING HALL was a gentleman of an uncommonly fine mind. We have in our possession a number of his letters addressed to prominent men, and they afford evidence of a great knowledge of the science of government- Hancock may still point to many useful and patriotic men among her citizens. It is said that she is particularly noted for producing stout men. We have heard of a jury whose united weight exceeded 3,600 pounds. Among the first settlers of the county were, General H. MITCHELL, BOLLING HALL, CHARLES ABERCROMBIE, General ADAMS, HENRY GRAYBILL, JOSEPH BRYAN, WM. REES, JONATHAN ADAMS, JOHN MONTGOMERY, JACOB DENNIS, ARCHIBALD SMITH, T. HOLT, THios. HARRIS COUNTY. 493 RAINES, JAMES BISHOP, ISHAM REES, M. MARTIN, R. CLARKE, R. SHIPP, F. rUCKER, L. BARNES, W. WYLEY, WM. SAUNDERS, JAMES THOMAS, JESSE POPE, JONAS SHIVERS, WM. HARDWICK, L. TATUM, R. MORELAND. Shoulder Bone Creek is memorable as being the place where a treaty was made with the Creeks in 1786. HARRIS COUNTY. LAID out from Troup and Muscogee, 1827. Part added to Muscogee, 1829. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 18 m.; square miles, 360. Named after Charles Harris, Esq., of Savannah, an eminent jurist. The Chattahoochee forms the western boundary of the county. West End, Standing Boy, Sowahachee, Mulberry, Flat Shoal, Old House, and Mountain creeks, empty into the Chattahoochee. HAMILTON is the county town, situated at the extremity of the Oak Mountain, one mile south of the Pine Mountains, and distant from Milledgeville i10 miles. Whitesville is on the road leading from Columbus to La Grange. Valley Place, Cochran's, and Ellerslie, are small places. There is much variety in the face of the country. The Pine Mountains enter the county near the northeastern corner. The Oak Mountain enters it at its eastern corner. Above the Pine Mountains, east of the road leading to Columbus, the country is level, having a thin, light soil, productive, but not lasting. West of the road, from Columbus to La Grange, it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. In the valley between the Oak and Pine Mountains the soil is gray; growth, Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak Mountain, upon the head waters of Mulberry Creek, and extending all the way down said creek, the soil is rich. There is nothing in the climate to distinguish it from that of the surrounding counties. The instances of longevity that have come to our knowledge are —JONATHAN BLACKMAN, who died over 80; EZEKIEL BROWN, 86; SMITH COTTON, 88; Mr. FARLEY, over 84; Mr. WELDEN, over 80; Mrs. STREET, over 80; Mrs. WALKER, 80. Among the first settlers of this county were-ANDERSON REDDING, T. JONES, W. C. OSBORN, A. JOHNSON, JOSEPH DAVIS, E. D. HINES, Tiios. HALL, B. JOHNSTON, A. GOODMAN, S. HIUEY,: JAMES RAMSEY, JOHN WHITE, JUDGE WELBORN, General Low, R. MOBBLEY, NATHANIEL H. BARTON, WILLIAM WHITEHEAD, THOMAS WHITEHEAD, LEWIS WINN, JOHN J. HARPER, THOS. L. JACKSON, JACKSON HARWELL, STRINGER GIBSON, JOHN and JULIUS MITCHELL THOS. MAHONE. 494 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,175; families, 1,242; white males, 3,391; white females, 3,318; free coloured males, 15; free coloured females, 15. Total free population, 6,739; slaves, 7,982. Deaths, 149. Farms, 873; manufacturing establishments, 73. Value of real estate, $1,773,509; value of personal estate, $3,677,877. Extractfrom the Minutes of the first Superior Court of Harris County. Agreeably to appointment, the Court met-present, His Honor WALTER T. COLQUITT, Judge thereof-this 20th day of March, 1828. The following persons were sworn as Grand Jurors to serve the present term, being the first Superior Court in this county:1. GEORGE W. RODGERS, 13. LEVI EZZELL, 2. WILLIAM HEARD, 14. BURWELL BLACKMON, 3. J. BAss, 15. THOS. G. BEDELL, 4. JAMIES LOFLIN, 16. JOHN D. JOHNSON, 5. GEORGE CHATHAM, 17. DRURY KENDRICK, 6. GEORGE H. BRYAN, 18. JOHN JORDAN, 7. SILVESTER NARAMORE, 19. THOMAS MAHONE, 8. BENNETT WILLIAMS, 20. REUBEN R. MOBBLEY, 9. EDWARD D. PERRYMAN, 21. BENJAMIN MEDDOWS, 10. BOLLING SMITH, 22. WILLIAM PEEL, 11. STEPHEN CURVIN, 23. JNO. S. BECKIHAM. 12. WILLIAM WATTS, N. H. BADEN, Esq., was elected Clerk of the Superior Court in 1836, and has held the office ever since. HEARD COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Troup, Carroll, and Coweta, in 1830, and named after the Hon. Stephen Heard. It is well supplied with streams. The only river is the Chattahoochee, into which numerous creeks empty. The surface of the country is very hilly. About one-third of the county consists of rich oak and hickory land; two-thirds are pine, mixed with oak and hickory, and remarkably productive. FRANKLIN is the seat of justice; it is situated on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River, 145 miles from Milledgeville.,Corinth, 11 miles east, and Houstoun, 9 miles southwest of Franklin, are thriving villages. St. Cloud's and McBride's Mills do considerable business. No section of Georgia is favoured with a more salubrious climate. There are a few small mounds near the Chattahoochee. On HENRY COUNTY. 495 Colonel Dent's farm, some negroes ploughed up a gun, having on it the British coat of arms. Gold has been found in the bed of the Chattahoochee, and in all the creeks and branches on the west of it. Iron ore and lead have also been discovered. Among the instances of longevity are the following:-Mr. JOHN CooK, who died between 90 and 100; a Mr. Wood had a negro woman supposed, at her death, to have been 120 years old; Mr. JAMES WOOD died at the age of 85; his wife was supposed to have been about the same age at her death. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 724; families, 724; white males, 2,295; white females, 2,225; free coloured' males, 3. Total free population, 4,523; slaves, 2,400. Deaths, 41. Farms, 512; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $799,770; value of personal estate, 81,425,064. Among those wh.o made the first settlements in this county wereColonel DENT, WINSTON WOOD, JOHN WARE, DANIEL WHITAKER, D. SULLIVAN, C. B. BROWN, JAMES ADAMIS, Dr. GHENT, J. T. SMITH, IHOMAS PINKARD, P. H-. WHITAKER, ELISHA TALLEY, Dr. JOSEPH REESE, BAILEY BLEDSOE, W. KIRK, Rev. SAMUEL LANE, Rev. JESSE GEORGE, JAMES WOOD, J. STEVENS, Rev. W. W. STEAGALL, JOHN SCOGGINS. HENRY C OUNTY. BOUNDARIES defined by the Act of 1821; a part added to, and a part taken from, Walton, 1821, and parts to Newton, to Fayette, 1821; and apart to Butts, 1825. Length, 27 m.; breadth, 15 mn.; square miles, 405. Named after Hon. Patrick Henry, of Virginia. The rivers are, South and Cotton. Several creeks water the county. McDoNOuGH is the capital, situated on the waters of Walnut Creek, seventy miles from Milledgeville. The public places are, Hollinsworth's Store, Double Cabins, Hale's Store, White House, Cotton River, and Pittsfield. The face of the country is uneven. The bottom lands are productive. The climate is healthy. We insert a few cases of longevity. JOHN SMITH, near 100; JAS. DANIEL, 80; JOHN TREADWELL, 80; JACOB COKER, 80; RICHARD CARD, 80; JOHN OSLIN, 80; E. CLOUD, 92; Mr. CUNCLE, 82. Mr. JOHN WYATT lived to the age of 93. During that war which "tried the souls of men," this gentleman, then in the vigour of 496 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. youth, rendered to his country the most signal services. He was present, and acted an honourable part in the character of an officer, when Cornwallis surrendered. In this and other severe engagements, the deceased bore ample testimony of that undying devotion to his country's welfare, which distinguished him through the course of a long life. Statistics Sfrom the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,680; families, 1680; white males, 4,978; white females, 4,765; free coloured males, 9; free coloured females, 5. Total free population, 9,757; slaves, 4,969. Ieaths, 157. Farms, 1,003; manufacturing establishments, 3. Value of real estate, $1,762,595; value of personal estate, $2,869,342. Among the early settlers of this county were, WILLIAM HARDIN, JESSE JOHNSON, JAMES SELLERS, H. J. WILLIAMS, WM. PATE, D. JOHNSON, W. H. TURNER, M. BROOKS, S. WEEMS, WOODSON HERBERT, JAMES ARMSTRONG, ROBERT BEARD, JAMES PATILLO, JOSIAH MCCULLY, ROLAND BROWN, R. M. SIMS, WM. CRAWFORD, E. MOSELEY, JOHN BROOKS, who built the first mill, REUBEN DEARING, JACOB HINTON, E. BRoois, JOHN CALLOWAY, B. JENKS, WM. JENKS, Col. S. STRICKLAND, PARKER EASON, JOSEPH KIRK, WM. and JOHN GRIFFIN, DANIEL SMITH, H. LONGINO, WMI. TUGGLE, JOHN LOVEJOY. IN 1828, a paper called the Jacksonian was published at McDonough, by Mr. Samuel W. Minor. This paper was the first to nominate General Andrew Jackson for the Presidency. The first Superior Court was held 10th June, 1822, at the house of William Ruff, Judge CLAYTON presiding. The names of the Grand Jurors were,WILLIAM JACKSON, ROBERT SHAW, WM. MALONE, JAMES COLWELL, JAMES SELLERS, JOHN BROOKs, JAM ES PATE, F. PEARSON, THOMAS ABERCROMBIE, WM. McKNIGHT, C. COCHRAN, B. LASSETER, G. G-AY, JACOB HINTON, WM. WOOD, JACKSON SMITI, AVILIE TERRILL, S. STRICKLAND. JETHRO BARNES. HOUSTOUN COUNTY, THIS county was organized in 1821. A part set off to Bibb and Crawford in 1822; a part to Pulaski in 1828; and a part to Crawford in 1830. Named after John Houstoun, formerly Governor of Georgia. It is 35 miles long and 25 wide; square miles, 875. HOUSTOUN COUNTY. 497 The Ocmulgee flows along the eastern borders of the county. There are many creeks which water the country. The soil is rich, and mostly of a limestone formation. The first quality lands are on the rivers and creeks, adapted to cotton and corn. The lands generally lie level, and are easily cultivated. PERRY is the county town, situated upon the waters of Big Indian Creek, sixty-seven miles from Milledgeville. Fort Valley is twelve miles N. W. of Perry. It is situated on an elevated table-land, which divides the waters of the Ocmulgee and those of the Flint, the former flowing into the Atlantic, and the latter into the Gulf-thus rendering it, by position, one of the healthiest localities in Central and Southern Georgia. In addition to these advantages, it is situated in the midst of a community not surpassed by any in the State for intelligence, refinement, and general morality, making it a desirable place of residence for persons wishing to educate their families. At this place is the Fort Valley Female Seminary, which possesses many advantages for the purposes contemplated. At this village there is also an excellent academy, under the direction of a gentleman whose qualifications are highly spoken of. Hayneville and Henderson are small but pleasant villages. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,138; families, 1,138; white males,. 3,360; white females, 3,152; free coloured males, 7; free coloured females, 7. Total free population, 6,526; slaves, 9,924. Deaths, 201. Farms, 750; manufacturing establishments, 23. Value of real estate, $2,211,709; value of personal estate, $5,463,591. Among the first settlers in this county were, ABNER WIMBERLY, JAMES and DAVID CLARK, ALLEN SUTTON, ALLEN WILLIAMS, MEREDITH JOINER, THOS. GILBERT, J. M. KELLY, Colonel HOWELL COBB, LEWIS HUNT, DANIEL DUPREE, JACOB LITTLE, JAMES EVERITT, Rev. DANIEL McKENZIE, THOMAS SCOTT, DAVID W. MANN, HENRY W. KALY, JESSE POLLOCK, AMOS WINGATE; JAMES DUNCAN, and F. PATILLO. Colonel SIMON BATEMAN died on the 7th of August, 1841. Like his father, Colonel Bateman obeyed the call of his country in the hour of danger, and volunteered his services in her defence in the last contest with the colossal power of Great Britain, and contin{ued in the service until the close of the war. The following well-authenticated incident will illustrate his bravery and humanity. In a skirmish with the Indians, a brother soldier was wounded and left on the field. The. Colonel, generously risking his life, went back to him, and, dismounting, took him up and carried him to a place of safety. While performing this noble act, his clothes were pierced by the enemy's balls who were in sight. 32 498 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Four miles south of Perry are the remains of an old fortification. When the county was first settled, large trees were found growing upon it. The first Court was held at Mr. Jacob Little's house, the Hon. Thomas W. Harris, Judge. In the early settlement of this county, the citizens encountered many difficulties. Four years passed before a good mill was erected. Mr. William H. Moore built one of the first grist-mills. It was situated on Juniper Creek, and was in operation withoutinttermission for six months. People stayed at the mill day and night. Colonel HOWELL COBB was the first justice of the peace in the county. IRWIN COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1818, and part set off to Thomas and Lowndes, in 1825. It was named in honour of General Jared Irwin. Length, 52 m.; breadth, 28 m.; area square miles, 1,456. The Ocmulgee and the Allapaha rivers are the chief streams. Little River rises in the northern part of the county. Among the creeks may be named, Sandy, Hat, Lake, Big House, Willocoochee, Indian, Domes, Little House, Deep, Warrior, Tyty, Pine Woods, &c. IRWINVILLE is the seat of justice, 112 miles from Milledgeville, 60 from Hawkinsville, and 30 from Jacksonville. Statistics prepared at the Census Biueau, 1850.-Dwellings, 448; families, 448. White males, 1,479; white females, 1,404; 1 free coloured male. Total free population, 2,884; slaves, 450. Deaths, 15. Farms, 414. Value of real estate, $171,636; value of personal estate, $383,433. Among the first persons who made settlements in this county were, JOHN DORMINY, R. H. DICKSON, M. MCDUFFEE, L. MOBBLEY, JOHN HENDERSON, THOS. BRADFORD, LOT WHIDDON, REDDING HUNTER, JOHN JOICE, WM, BRADFORD, S. GRIFFIN, JAMES WALLACE, JAMES ALLEN, JOHN FORD, SAMUEL STORY, THOMAS and JOHN GIBBES, WM. FUsSELLS, J. C. SUMMERS. On the 13th of July, 1836, on the Allapaha River, near the plantation of Mr. Wm. H. Mitchell, a battle was fought between the whites and Indians. Captain Levi J. Knight commanded the whites, numbering about seventy-five men. The Indians were defeated, and all killed except five. Twenty-three guns and nineteen packs fell into the hands of the whites. JASPER COUNTY. 499 JACKSON COUNTY. THIS county was formed in 1796; part set off as Clarke, 1801; part added to Madison, 1811; part to Walton, Gwinnett, and Hall, 1818. It is 23 miles long, and 18 wide; square miles, 414. It was called after General James Jackson. The branches of the Oconee flow through this county. Big Sandy, Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's, Cider, and Beach creeks, are some of the streams. Much of the soil of this county is unproductive, although there are some good lands on the branches of the Oconee. The diseases most prevalent are fevers and pneumonia. Instances of longevity are not rare. Among others, are Mr. HENRY ANGLING, aged 80; Mr. AMOS STAPLER, 80; MIDDLETON BROOKS, 95; Mrs. BROWN, over 100. JEFFERSON is the seat of justice, situated on the waters of the Oconee River, distant from Milledgeville 87 miles. It was made the county site in 1806, and incorporated in 1812. Extractfrom the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,200; families, 1,200. White males, 3,372; white females, 3,436; free coloured males, 9; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 6,827; slaves, 2,941. Deaths, 91. Farms, 547; manufacturing establishments, 6. Value of real estate, $723,054; value of personal estate, $1,375,657. Among the first settlers of this county were, JACOB BANKSTON, RICHARD EASLEY, JOHN SMITH, JORDAN CLARK, ABEDNEGO MOORE, THOMAS HILL, PAUL WILLIAMS, EDWARD CALLEHAN, PARKS CHANDLER, ANDREW MILLAR, BEDFORD BROWN, Z. COLLINS, S. LIVELY, JOHISON STRONG, MILES GATHRIGHT, D. W. EASLEY. JASPER COUNTY. THIS county was laid out by the name of Randolph, in 1807; but the name was changed to Jasper in 1812, in honour of Sergeant Jasper, who distinguished himself in the American Revolution. A part was set off to Morgan in 1815, and a part to Newton in 1821. Length, 24 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 384. The Ocmnulgee, which divides the county from Butts and Monroe, is the chief stream. MONTICELLO, SO called, from the residence of Thomas Jefferson, is the county site, situated on the waters of Murder Creek, 35 miles W. N. W. of Milledgeville. 500 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Hillsborough is nine miles S. E. of Monticello, named after Mr. Isaac Hill, one of the early settlers of the county. Shady Dale is eight miles from Monticello. The climate is temperate. The diseases which most generally prevail are fevers, chills, and pneumonia. There were living, three years ago-ANTHONY DYER, over 83; GEORGE CLARK, 90; Mr. CAPS, nearly 80; JOHN DAVIDSON, over 80; DAVID SMITH, over' 80; RICHARD CARTER, 83. Dr. CARROLL died at the age of 100; JEREMIAH CAMPBELL, a Revolutionary character, was over 80; SION BARNETT published the first proclamation connected with the Mecklenburg meeting, was present at the battles of Stono and Cowpens, and died at the age of 82; LITTLETON JOHNSON, 86; Mr. WATERS, 105, killed by a fall from a horse; Mr. ABNER CHAPMAN, 86; Mrs. CHAPMAN, 80; Mr. YANEY was at the siege of Savannah, and when Pulaski was shot down, was within five steps of him. A negro man, named SHADE, at 110; GILBERT SHAW, at 80, killed by a tornado, in 1842; A. RIDDICK, a Revolutionary soldier, died at 94; JOHN SLkY, at 80 years; THOMAS G(RANT, a soldier of the Revolution, 72; Mrs. MARY BREWER, at the age of 100. The face of the country is undulating. The soil is productive, furnishing fine crops of cotton, corn, &c. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,812; families, 1,812; white males, 2,230; white females, 2,093; free coloured males, 14; free coloured females, 15. Total free population, 4,352; slaves, 7,134. Deaths, 180. Farms, 588; manufacturing establishments, 12. Value of real estate, $723,054; value of personal estate, $1,375,657. Among the early settlers were-JEREMIAH Cox, RICHARD CARTER, ADAM GLAZIER, SYLVANUS WALKER, JOEL WISE, CHARLES CARdbLE, WM. SCOTT, STOKELY MORGAN, ANTHONY DYER, Gen. J. W. BURNEY, ISAAC HILL, Captain ELI GLOVER, Major PEARSON, WM. PENN, TnOS. BROTERS, JAMES SMITH, S. BARNETT, W. DOZIER, JOHN POWELL, A. CHAPMAN, W. L. THOMPSON, R. JORDEN, F. and S. MALONE, M. WHITFIELD, D. MERIWETHER, NATHAN FISH, E. LOVEJOY, N. WILLIAMS, WM. REID. 3 is r i e lnn l n g. Os IvNurder Creek are several mounds. On the 17th of May, 1847, a portion of this county was visited by a hail-storm, which destroyed the crops, timber, stock, &c. The hail-stones generally were as large as a man's fist. GmENERAL DAVID ADAMS.-A paper of the day says:-" This gentleman was born at the Waxaws, in South Carolina, on the 28th of January, 1766. He served a campaign in the latter part of the Revolution, in the lower portion of South JASPER COUNTY. 501 Carolina, under General Henderson, against the British and Tories. After the successful termination of that war, his father removed, and settled on Shoulder Bone Creek, in the State of Georgia. The Creek Indians, at that time, were a powerful nation of savages; a war of extermination existed between them and the white settlers of the frontiers of this State. The attacks of the Creeks were so frequent, being often marked by the extinction of whole families, that the inhabitants of every neighbourhood were compelled to build and live in forts. The younger Adams now came forward in defence of his country, with a zeal that gained the confidence of his fellow-citizens; he was elected amajor of the militia, and was engaged in the arduous duties of a scout for ten years. "Major Adams was elected Brigadier-General by the Legislature of Georgia, and subsequently a Major-General. He was appointed to the command of an expedition in the war against the towns on the Tallapoosa River, by the Governor. Having commenced his march with about three hundred volunteers to the above-mentioned towns, General Floyd, being then in the lower part of the nation, with the army under his command, hearing of the expedition under General Adams, and knowing that the savages had evacuated their towns, and embodied in the Horse Shoe. and consequently were too strong for such a force as that commanded by General A., detached a troop of horse to intercept him and turn him back; unfortunately he was too far advanced, and the troop could not overtake him. On arriving at the town opposite, or a little above the bend distinguished by the name of the Horse Shoe, he found it deserted by the Indians, who had retired within their fortifications in the Horse Shoe, out of which they marched up and paraded in considerable numbers, on the opposite side of the river, and fired upon the volunteers in the town, with little or no effect, having slightly wounded one man. It was found.impracticable to cross the river, it being very much swollen by the recent rains; and, indeed, it was highly necessary to commence a retreat. Having burnt the village, and destroyed the provisions which the Indians had not removed to their fortifications within the bend of the river, he retired a short distance and encamped for the night. The cunning savages were prowling about his encampment, endeavouring, no doubt, to ascertain the number of the volunteers. They were frequently fired upon by the sentinels. General Adams wisely suffered no fires to be kindled during the night, which was remarkably cold. To this circumstance, and his judicious manceuvres, by which he concealed the strength of his detachment, may be attributed his not being attacked and defeated by the powerful force of the savages then in his immediate neighbourhood.' General Adams held various appointments under the State Government, all of which he discharged with fidelity and ability. He was a Commissioner on the part of the State, when the lands lying between the Ocmulgee and Flint Rivers were obtained. He was always a favourite with his fellow-citizens, was a distinguished member of the Legislature for upwards of twenty-five years, and was often Speaker of the House of Representatives.' The Hon. ALFRED CUTHBERT and Dr. REES, gentlemen who stand deservedly high in the estimation of their fellow citizens, are residents of this county. 502 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, JEFFERSON COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Burke and Warren in 1796. Length, 30 m.; breadth, 23 nm.; area square miles, 690. The face of the country is level, and the soil diversified. Good crops of cotton and corn are made, and the lands are increasing in value. The Ogeechee is the principal stream. The climate is mild. The instances of longevity are the following, viz.: —ELISABETH JORDAN died at 82; ELLEN BOYD, at 86; JOSIAH WELLS, at 85; WM. PARADISE, at 84; SARAH MOYE, at 86; SIMON FIELDS, a negro, at 101. Rev. M. POLK died at 94 years of age. Mon. JACQUES BENJAMIN GOBERT, Sen., at 80 years. This gentleman once filled the appointment of Procureur-General for the department in which he lived in France. For some time he held the office of Vice-Consul of France for the port of Savannah. Mrs. RAIFORD, at 82; WM. LYON, a soldier of the Revolution, at 88; JOHN J. SCHLEY, at 80; AARON TOMLINSON, an officer of the Revolution, under General Greene, at 80; Dr. JOHN BOUTON, at 87; General SOLOMON WooD, a Captain in the Revolutionary War, and who distinguished himself by his opposition to the Yazoo Law, at 80; MOSES THOMPSON, at 90; HUGH WILSON, at 100; SETH PEARCE, a Revolutionary soldier, at 85. When the census of 1850 was taken, there were living, HANNAH YOUNG, aged 80; ABRAHAM BEASLEY, 81; ANN JUSTICE, 92; MA-RGARET STAPLETON, 82; JOSEPH PRICE, 82; PATTY COLLINS, 92; SARAH WORRELL, 81; JAMES GUNN, 81; MARY PATTERSON, 98; NANCY DAVIS, 92; SARAH MARSHALL, 82; JAMES SHEROD, 81; JANE NEELY, 82; MILLE PIERCE, 92; RACHEL GORDON, 91. LOUISVILLE is the county town, situated on Rocky Comfort Creek, fifty-four miles from Milledgeville. It was once a place of importance. It was made the seat of government for the State of Georgia, by the Constitution, on the 16th of May, 1795, and continued such until 1804, when Milledgeville became the capital. The court-house is built of the materials which formerly composed the State-house. It was here that the papers connected with the celebrated Yazoo Acts were publicly burnt. The inhabitants of this village are particularly distinguished for their hospitality. Pine Hill, a summer retreat, is four miles from Louisville. Queensborough was an old settlement, two miles S. E. of Louisville. Galphinton was nine miles S. E. of Louisville. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 503 PROMINENT MEN. HON. ROGER L. GAMBLE was a member of Congress, and Judge of the Superior Court. Captain JAMES MERIWETHER, who died in this county on the 25th of October, 1817, was born in Virginia, and removed to Georgia in 1782. Ever ardently interested in the support of justice and the rights of mankind, he, at the commencement of -the Revolutionary War, breasted the shock of invasion, and successfully aided in repelling the encroachments of the enemy. GEORGE STAPLETON, Sen., died 30th May, 1832. He was born in the State of Virginia; enlisted in the army at an early aage, and with patriotic zeal, served his country throughout the Revolutionary War. He was in several engagements, but was preserved throughout the struggle that tried men's souls, and lived to bring up a numerous and respectable family. Major JOHN- BERRIEN, father of the Hon. John M. Berrien, died in this county. At the dawn of the Revolution, when entering on the threshold of'life, with a heart glowing with patriotic ardour, he visited Georgia, expecting to find there a field in which he might devote himself to the defence of his country. At fifteen years of age he was appointed a Lieutenant in the 1st Georgia Regiment, and was subsequently promoted to a captaincy in the same. When General McIntosh was appointed to a command in the Northern army, Major Berrien was selected'by him as Brigade Major, and in that capacity he joined the grand army at Valley Forge. He was very conspicuous in the battle of Monmouth, and in several other engagements, and continued in service until the close of the Revolutionary War. On the return of peace, being qualified by an active, well-cultivated mind, and correct judgment, for public usefulness, a great part of his life was occupied in offices of honour and trust, the duties of which he performed with integrity and diligence. Rev. DAVID E. BOTHWELL was a native of the County of Monaghan, in Ireland. His father, who was the tenant of a small estate in the immediate neighbourhood of Monaghan, was removed by death, leaving a widow and ten children in limited circumstances. In due time he attached himself to the church of his fathers, and felt it to be a duty to consecrate his life to the ministry. With rigid economy and application, he spent the intervals which his occupation would allow alternately in attending a grammar school and in teaching. He afterwards repaired to Glasgow, in Scotland, where he graduated with honour about his 28th year. He then studied theology, under the care of the Presbytery of Monaghan. After a sufficient period spent in his theological studies, he returned home, and was licensed to preach in 1787. 504 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In the mean time, the Colony of Georgia, in America, was being settled by subjects of his Majesty's government, and a small colony of several families from Ireland, of the Burgher and anti-Burgher churches, had settled at Queensborough, near to where Louisville now stands, being increased from time to time by emigrations from Ireland and Scotland. They spread over a large area of country, in parts of what are now Burke and Jefferson Counties. Their fortunes had been various. They suffered vpry much during the American war, both from their immediate neighbours, the Indians, and from the English. Besides, their settlement being composed of Burghers and anti-Burghers mingled together, they of course had conflicting views as to the justice and policy of the war. Some of them felt bound by conscience to observe in good faith their oath of allegiance to his Majesty George II., and some of them felt an equally strong obligation to disregard the oath. Their pastor, the Rev. Mr. Ronaldson, conscientiously opposed the war, and with him a minority, chiefly of antiBurghers, agreed in sentiment; and as the war advanced, he was taken captive, his pastoral relations were violently dissolved, and the party who had constituted the reformed church were broken, and never again reorganized. Those left consisted principally of the Associate Burgher Synod, and a few of the Reformed, who rallied again, and formed two congregations, known as Buck Head and Louisville, to which Big Creek, now Ehenezer, was afterwards added. In the year 1789 they sent up a petition to the Presbyters of Monaghan for a pastor, and the choice fell upon David E. Bothwell. He, after some private arrangements, sailed for Charleston, S. C., on the 1st of January, 1790, and shortly afterwards arrived at Queensborough. His congregations were large, and embraced Louisville and a vast scope of country around. Here he laboured for many years, and died at the residence of General Jared Irwin, in Washington County, June, 1801, aged forty-five years, and was interred in the family burialground of General I., where his grave may still be seen by the visitor. He was a man of medium size, rather stout. As a speaker, he was clear, and had no difficulty in enunciation. The Hon. BENJAMIN WHITAKER, who died in this county, was long the able Speaker of the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia. The celebrated PATRICK CARR lived and died in Jefferson. By birth he was an Irishman, and came to Georgia before the beginning of the American Revolution. Upon the commencement of hostilities, he warmly espoused the cause of his adopted country. Never, perhaps, was there a more determined man. Many anecdotes are related of him. On one occasion he was praised for his bravery, upon which he replied, that he would have made a very good soldier, but the Almighty had given him too merciful a heart. A And yet it is said that Patrick Carr had killed one hundred Tories with his own hands I! JONES COUNTY. 505 It is certain that the Tories stood very much in fear of him, and it was seldom that they ever received mercy at his hands. He lived many years after the Revolution, and it is said was finally murdered by some of the descendants of the Tories. JONES COUNTY. LAID out in 1807; part added from Putnam, 1810; part to Bibb, 1822. Length, 21 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 378. The chief river is the Ocmulgee. The face of the country is hilly. The soil, though much worn, is productive. CLINTON is the county town, distant from Milledgeville 22 miles. Blountsville, a small place, is 10 miles from Clinton. Griswold's Cotton Gin Factory is situated in Griswoldville. Machinery moved by steam. Yearly average sales, 900 gins, worth not less than $40,000; saws worth about $80,000 70,000 pounds of castings, mostly of iron, used per annum; 50,000 pounds of wrought iron, 40,000 pounds gin-saw cast steel, and 200,000 feet of lumber. Annual profits of business, $20,000. Connected with this establishment are two saws, cutting 600,000 feet of lumber per annum, besides wagon, smiths' shops, &c. Whole number of hands employed, 80. The most common diseases are fever and pneumonia. Extract from the Census of 1850.-White males, 1,972; white females, 1,927; free coloured males, 17; free coloured females, 29. Total free population, 3,945; slaves, 6,279. Deaths, 85. Farms, 405; manufacturing establishments, 15. Value of real estate, $1,373,625; value of personal estate, $3,525,464. Among the first settlers were, Captain JONATHAN PARISH, PETER CLOWER, HENRY Low, WM. WILLIAMS, WILKINS JACKSON, JEREMIAH DUMAS, THOMAS WHITE, JEREMIAH PEARSON, Major HUMPHRIES, JAMES and HIGH COMER, ROGER MCCARTHY, ALLEN GREENE, BENJAMIN TARVER, BAILEY STEWART, JAMES ANTHONY, GEORGE HARPER, JOHN CHAPELL, JESSE M. POPE, HENRY POPE, JOHN BAYNE, STEPHEN KIRK, WM. CARBANUS, P. A. LEWIS, JAMES JONES, WM. JONES, ROBERT HUTCHINS, JAMES GREY. Mr. BENJAMIN REYNOLDS died in this county, aged seventy-three years. He was a native of Caroline County, Virginia. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, he was too young to enter the service. As soon as his age would admit, he, together with the patriotic citizens of that part of Virginia, so distinguished in the history of the Revolution, took up arms, and entered the service of his 506 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. country. At the end of the war he removed to South Carolina into a neighbourhood distinguished for their loyalty to the British crown. Mr. Reynolds, from his zealous devotion to the cause of liberty, encountered the most violent persecution from his misguided associates. After the purchase of the land on which Jones County is included, he removed thither, being one of it earliest settlers. JOHN LAMAR, Esq., died in this county. As a soldier of the Revolution, he was not only brave to a fault, but his services were of long continuance, and his sufferings excessive. Very shortly after entering the army, he was deputed with others to the performance of a perilous duty, in which he was deserted by his companions, and left to execute the order alone, which he did to the admiration and astonishment of all. For this act of intrepidity and fidelity, the Government tendered him a Lieutenant's commission in the regular forces, which, however, he modestly declined, on the ground that he was too young and inexperienced to assume the responsibilities of the station, being at this time only in his seventeenth year. He served under Generals Marion and Pickens, attached generally to the battalion. of the latter; was at the battle of the Eutaw, Cowpens, siege of Augusta, and in several other engagements; once taken a prisoner, but made his escape from the camp of Lord Cornwallis, rescuing at the same time one of his cousins; was twice wounded during the war by the British, and once by the Indians, after his removal to Georgia. Many of the citizens of this section of the State have done honour to it by their virtues and talents. Dr. HAMILTON, now of Cass, was a practitioner of medicine in this county for many years, and had a high reputation. Colonel ROBERT IHARDEMAN is well known as a courteous gentleman and eminent lawyer. INTERESTING TnIAL.-In December, 1837, there was brought up and tried before the Superior Court of this county a case which excited great interest throughout the country. A full account of it was given in a pamphlet, from which the following extracts are made: The maiden name of the mother of Jesse L. Bunkley was Elisabeth Slatter. Her first husband, the father of Jesse, was William D. Bunkley. After the death of Mr. Bunkley, who left a large estate, his widow married Mr. Billingslea. After the death of Billingslea, she married Samuel Lowther, Esq. Captain Jonathan Parish married the annt of Jesse L. Bunkley by the mother's side, and in 1815, was appointed guardian of the person and property of Jesse. The estate left to Jesse by his father was considerable. At the time when it was claimed by Elijah Barber, who personated Jesse L. Bunkley, it is supposed that it would have amounted to between thirty and forty thousand dollars. Young Bunkley having ample means to educate him in the best style usual in our country, JONES COUNTY. 507 was, from five years old, sent to the first schools and academies in the vicinity, was prepared for college, and entered the University of G eorgia. As is too common withyoung men of fortune, Jesse L. Bunkley did not feel the necessity of personal exertion to get him through the world. He was consequently wild and rude, though talented; his habits did not permit him to remain long a student of the University. He made frequent excursions to our large cities and elsewhere, to indulge in amusements more congenial to him than the strict rules of a college life. After he left college, in order to indulge his disposition for roaming and amusement, he determined to make a trip to the westward and to New-Orleans. At this time, 1825, his mother lived about three miles from Clinton, Jones County, Georgia. She testified that he left there on the 17th day of MAay, 1825, aged nineteen years and six months. She heard from him occasionally, by letter and otherwise, for little more than two years. After this it was generally reported and believed in and about Clinton, that Jesse L. Bunkley had died in New-Orleans. And this report was so much confided in, that his guardian paid out his estate to his brother, William D. Bunkley, (generally called familiarly Bob Bunkley,) who was entitled to his brothers estate upon his death. William D. Bunkley has since died, and his estate descended to his widow and children, residing in Alabama. The following is the description given of Jesse L. Bunkley when he left Georgia: Light complexion, a little inclined to be swarthy, light hair, yellow eyes, face full and round, a deep dimple in the chin, full jaws, the upper one inclined to turn up when he laughed; nose large, and a little turned up at the end; large hips, large thighs and legs, a full body, but slim round the waist. The middle finger of the left hand was bit off above the nail, the nail entirely gone; a scar on the right side of the neck, under the jaw-bone, which grew up into a ridge; a scar immediately under the left knee-pan, directly across the leg. A mark is also described on a private part of Bunkley, by Mr. Williams, who was present when he got the wound. We collect, from the history of the case, that from about the middle of the year 1827, till about the year 1830, or 1831, nothing was heard of Bunkley; but the belief of his death generally prevailed among his relatives and acquaintances in Georgia. About this time counter reports began to reach them that he was dead, and that he was alive. Rumours reached Clinton that he had been seen chained to a block, working on the streets and the Levee at New-Orleans. About 1832 or 1833, the report became current that he was confined in the Calaboose, in New-Orleans. About this time a correspondence was commenced between a person in the Calaboose and a respectable gentleman of the bar in Clinton, in which the former represented himself to be Jesse L. Bvxlkley, and wrote to the latter under that name, with a view to procure money to aid him in his difficulties; from the estate left to his son by William D. Bunkley. The individual in the Calaboose was visited by Major Wynn of Columbus, who knew Bunkley, but who identified him to be the prisoner on his trial. He was convicted and confined in the Calaboose, under the name of Elijah Barber, of having forged bank-notes in his possession. He afterwards opened a correspondence with the mother of Bunkley; but failed to satisfy her of his identity. This ndi 508 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. vidual had been well known to many persons in Georgia, for a number of years. Many of the citizens of Gwinnett and other counties knew him well as Elijah Barber. He was recognized by that name about Macon, Milledgeville, Augusta, and elsewhere. The citizens generally were acquainted with his father, mother, and family. He was seen as late as the year 1828 in Milledgeville, and 1829 in Augusta,/three or four years after Bunkley left the State. He was a wild, dissipated, intemperate man, extremely illiterate, so much so, that he could not write his name; and was fiequently arrested for breaches of the laws. Barber first demanded his estate of the guardian of Bunkley, by power of attorney, purporting to have been written in the State of Arkansas. The guardian suspected some unfairness, as he did not recognize the handwriting, and believed Bunkley to be dead. He therefore refused to settle with the agent who produced the power of attorney. A short time after this, the person representing himself as Jesse L. Bunkley, made his appearance in Jones County, and after remaining there two or three weeks, demanded of Captain Parish the estate of Jesse L. Bunkley. He passed by the name of Bunkley, and this personation and demand gave origin to the case here reported. Elijah Barber (the man convicted) is about the ordinary stature, perhaps a little over it, said to be taller than Bunkley when he left Georgia-spare madevery little bow-legged-somewhat thin-visaged, face rather long-complexion ruddy-hair quite black, and black whiskers-deep blue eyes-sharp chin, without any appearance of a dimple-nose long and sharp, a little aquiline, or turned down. On his left leg, about an inch and a half below the knee, is a scar made obliquely up the leg. He shows a very small spot for a scar on the side of the neck under the right jaw-bone. A very peculiar mark on a private member is proved. He has not lost any of his fingers-the nails are all on them, and perfect. He has never been seen to write anything but Jesse L. Bunkley, and that badly. One of the witnesses described a scar or scars on Barber's leg from the bite of a snake. Barber exhibited himself before the jury, and scars were found on his right leg, very much resembling the description of the wounds from the bite of a snake. Two objections were raised by the prisoner's counsel when the indictment was about to be read. 1st Objection: " That prisoner had not been served with a copy of this indictment." 2nd: "That the indictment has been amended by adding to it the name of a new prosecutor, the former being dead, and that the statute of jeofails extends to civil and not criminal cases." Which objections, however, were overruled by the court, who ordered the indictment to be read. Ninety-eight witnesses were sworn in behalf of the State, and thirty-nine in behalf of the prisoner. The jury were out but a few minutes, and returned a verdict of guilty. The prisoner was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at hard labour in the Penitentiary. The Solicitor-General, William G. Smith, Hardeman, Colquitt, and Reid, for the State, and James Smith and E. Y. Hill for the prisoner. LAURENS COUNTY. 509 LAURENS COUNTY. THIS county was named after Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens, who was killed in the Revolutionary War, near Combahee, South Carolina, 27th of August, 1782. It was laid out in 1807, and portions of it added to Pulaski in 1808-9. Length, 32 m.; breadth, 22 m.; area square miles, 704. Extract from the last Census.-White males, 1,740; white females, 1,719; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 6. Total free population, 3,468; slaves, 2,974. Deaths, 54. Farms, 328; manufacturing establishments, 6. Value of real estate, $464,181; value of personal estate, $1,171,164. The Oconee is the chief stream. There are numerous creeks, such as Deep, Okeewalkee, Tickee Hachee, Palmetto, Turkey, Hunger, Hardship, Shaddock, Pues, and Whitewater. The climate is considered as pleasant as any in the United States. DUBLIN, the county seat, is situated half a mile from the Oconee River, forty-six miles from Milledgeville, sixty from Macon, and one hundred and twenty from Savannah. The public places are, Thomas' Cross Roads, Hampton's Mills, Laurens Hill, and Buckeye. The face of the country is rolling. Tlle soil has a clay foundation, with sand and vegetable mould in the pine, and a good mixture of lime, with mould and sand, in the oak lands. The oak and hickory lands constitute one-third of the cultivated portion of the county; the remainder are, for the greater part, the open pine woods and wire-grass. The wire-grass lands are very susceptible of improvement; a little manure is sufficient to give from ten to twelve bushels of corn, ten to twelve of wheat, and two hundred bushels of sweet potatoes. The wire-grass itself is valuable. There is no other known grass in the South which resists the cold and furnishes food to cattle, sheep, and hogs, and in the spring or early summer, to the table of the farmer the finest butter, rich in flavour and beautiful in colour. It is true that, as the season advances and winter approaches, this grass, like every perennial, becomes coarser and tougher, and is therefore less relished; but never so coarse or tough as not to afford aliment sufficient to sustain life. Besides the wire-grass, there is the lightwood, the poor man's fuel, and charcoal-a fire kindled in three minutes for warmth, cooking, and for every household purpose. Should the time ever come when steam shall be found to be cheaper for every mechanical operation, upon an extensive scale, than waterpower, the pine forests will be invaluable. Every material for building, of excellent quality, and abundant, is furnished by these forests. Tar and turpentine might now be made to great advantage. Such a 510 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. combination of advantages makes this county, as well as others in the same parallel, a garden spot to the poor man, and a wide field to the manufacturer of cotton and wool, whenever he shall find it his interest to prefer steam to water-power. Among the early settlers were, General BLACKSHEAIR, Colonel McCoRMICK, Mr. JONATHAN SAWYER, Colonel HAMPTON, the ROBINSON family, and others. DISTINGUISHED MEN. GENERAL DAVID BLACKSHEAR was born in Jones County, North Carolina, January 31st, 1764. At an early age he took an active part against the Tories. He moved to Georgia in 1790, and settled in Laurens County, near the Oconee River, which was then the dividing line between the whites and Indians. Here he was engaged in several battles with the savages, and earned a high reputation for his intrepidity. Prior, we think, to 1813, he was elected Brigadier-General, and had the immediate command of a line of forts in Twiggs, Pulaski, and Telfair Counties. In 1814, in consequence of the disability of General Floyd to take the field, he was offered the command, by Governor Early, of the army in the service of the United States, against the hostile Creek Indians. General Floyd, however, recovering his health, General Blackshear was placed in command of the army under Major-General John Mcintosh, and ordered to rendezvous at Fort Hawkins. This order was obeyed. The force raised amounted to 2,500 men, and was intended to join General Jackson near Mobile, being marched first to Hartford, and thence to Fort Early, on the Flint River. Here he received orders to conduct his force to Darien, McIntosh County. The road from Fort Early to Darien was opened at that time, and is still known as "Blackshear's Road." In 1815, a vote of thanks was given to Generals McIntosh and Blackshear by the Legislature of Georgia for their faithful services. In various ways General Blackshear served the State of Georgia. He represented Washington County first, and afterwards Laurens, for a number of years. He was one of the electors who voted for Mr. Jefferson, and again when General Jackson was elected. He was the honoured friend of some of Georgia's noble sons, such as Governors Early, Troup, Floyd, &c. This good man died on the 4th of July, 1837, at his residence in Laurens County, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. The Hon. GEORGE M. TROUP, so conspicuous in the annals of our State, is a resident of this county. LEE COUNTY. 511 LEE COUNTY. THIS county was laid out in 1826; part set off to Muscogee and Marion, 1827; part taken from Dooly in 1827; part set off to Randolph in 1828; and part set off to Sumter in 1835. It is 40 m. in length, and 25 m. in breadth; square miles, 1,000. It was named after Richard Henrv Lee, of Virginia, who on the 7th of June, 1776, in his place in the Congress of the United States, moved "that the colonies declare themselves free and independent." The soil is fertile, producing cotton, corn, &c. STARKVILLE is the seat of justice, situated nearly in the centre of the county, 130 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. The town was made the county site in 1832, and named after Major-General John Stark, of Revolutionary memory. Palmyra is situated on Kinchafoona Creek, ten miles from Starkville. Watson's Cotton Gin Factory is located in this village. The articles manufactured are said to be unrivalled in their performance and durability. The machinery is propelled by water-power taken from a subterranean stream which runs at this place from twelve to fifteen feet under the surface of the earth. The limestone has been excavated down to the stream, and a head of water raised sufficient to run the machinery for the gin factory and the grist-mill. The creek upon which the factory is built runs into Kinchefoona, about three hundred yards distant. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 550; families, 550; white males, 1,576; white females, 1,449; free coloured males, 7; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 3,033; slaves, 3,626. Deaths, 117. Farms, 387; manufacturing establishments, 7. Value of real estate, $1,148,224;'value of personal es e, $2,207,702. Among the early settlers of this county wem Mr. WOOLBRIGHT, Dr. MERCER, JOHN McCLENDON, WM. SPENCE, JOSHUA CLARKE, J. O. EDWARDS, JOHN LAWHORN, JOHN COCK, ABRAHAM DYSON, LEWIS BOND, WAI. JANES, E. JANES, D. JANES, D. SNEED. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SOIL, BY DR. M CECER.-The middle ad eastern portions of this county rest upon tertiary limestone, which is found at depths varying from twenty to fifty feet. It is the chief obstruction in sinking wells; nevertheless, water is generally obtained by penetrating it thirty or forty feet. This rock makes good, but not very white lime. The free and general use of it in agucl.ulture would greatly improve the soil, and promote the health of the citizens. This limestone is covered by a bed of earth destitute of fossils, and consisting of sand, 512 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. clay, and water-worn pebbles of primary rocks. It is a diluvium, having evidently been transported from the older parts of the continent. The smaller streams, as well as.the Flint River, have washed away this diluvium in their courses down to the limestone, and in this also have dissolved channels, in which they now flow. Rain-water, charged as it always is, more or less, with carbonic acid, percolating through the diluviun, has dissolved here and there subterranean channels and caverns in the limestone, and these, giving way from time to time to the superincumbent weight of earth, have formed the lime-sinks and ponds that diversify and distinguish the topography of the country. Strewn over and imbedded in the diluvium are innumerable fragments of burrstone, the remains, no doubt, of a bed once much more continuous than the present, the softer portions having been destroyed by the combined agency of rain, fire, and frost. The fossils prove that it belongs to the same division of rocks (Eocene) as the limestone below. Great quantities of these fragments of burrstone have been deposited in the beds of the water-courses in the natural process of their formation, and from aggregation constitute the existing shoals that obstruct their navigation. DESTRUCTION OF AN INDIAN TOWN.-In this county there was formerly an Indian town called Cheha, and sometimes Au-muc-cuz-la. It was destroyed by a force under Captain Wright, on the 23d of April, 1818. Its destruction produced great excitement in the country, and gave rise to a spirited correspondence between General Andrew Jackson and William Rabun, then Governor of the State of Georgia. It was asserted that the inhabitants were friendly to the whites; that they had supplied our army with a large quantity of provisions; that some of the sick soldiers had been left under their protection; and that forty of their warriors were at that very time fighting for the United States under General Jackson. It was declared to be an offence of such enormity as to be without a parallel in history, &c. We have taken pains to collect the facts connected with this affair, as far as we were able, and believe them to be substantially the following:In March, 1818, Governor Rabun requested General Jackson to station a sufficient military force on the frontier, to protect the most exposed parts against the incursions of the Indians. To this application no answer was given. Governor Rabun, believing it to be his duty to provide for the safety of the frontier inhabitants, ordered Captain Obed Wright, with a sufficient force, to proceed immediately against the Felemma and Hopaunee towns, the inhabitants of which were known to be decidedly hostile, and had committed many murders. The orders of Governor Rabun confined Captain Wright specially to this object. Captain Wright took up the line of march from Hartford. in Pulaski County, with Captains Robinson and Rogers's -companies of mounted gunmen, Captains Dean and Childs' Infantry; together with two detachments under Lieutenants Cooper and Jones —in all about two hundred and seventy effective men. When the detachment reached the neighbourhood of Fort Early, they were informed that a celebrated old chief, Hopaunee, whose town had LIBERTY COUNTY. 513 joined the hostile party, had removed; that he was at that time living in the village upon which the attack was made, was considered as their principal leader, and that a great portion of them was under his immediate direction. Captain Wright considered himself authorized to attack it, as being one of Hopaunee's towns. The town was attacked on the 23d of April, 1818, and in the course of two hours the whole was is flames. About ten of the inhabitants were killed. General Glascock, of the Georgia Militia, in a letter to General Jackson, dated April 30, 1818, in detailing this transaction, says, "When the detachment arrived at Cheha, an Indian was discovered grazing some cattle; he proposed to go with the interpreter, and bring any of the chiefs for the captain to talk with. It was not attended to. An advance was ordered. The cavalry rushed forward, and commenced the massacre. Even after the firing and murder commenced, Major Howard, who furnished you with corn, came out of his house with a white flag, in front of the line. It was not respected. An order was given for a general fire, and nearly four hundred guns were discharged at him before one took effect. He fell, and was bayoneted. His son also was killed." Governor Rabun regretted very much this occurrence. Captain Wright was arrested by order of General Jackson, but was released by the civil authority. Governor Rabun had him arrested afterwards, and the President of the United States ordered him. to be placed in the custody of the Marshal, but he made his escape. LIBERTY COUNTY. THIS county was formed from the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew, and St. James, in 1777. The eastern part is intersected by many large swamps. The surface is level. HINESVILLE, named after Charlton Hines, Esq., is the county town, 180 miles from Milledgeville. Walthourville is in the northwest part of the county. Dorchester is five miles from Sunbury. Riceborough is on North Newport River, Sunbury is on the south side of Medway River, on a bold bluff eight miles E. S. E. of Riceborough. It was laid out, in 1758, by Mark Carr. Proposals were afterwards made to him to make a deed of trust for this tract of land, and accordingly he executed a deed to James Maxwell, Kenith Baillie, John Elliott, and John Stevens.* This town was taken by the British in the war of the Revolution. Immediately after the war it was quite a flourishing seaport, having about forty families residing in it, and twelve or fifteen squarerigged vessels have been seen in its harbour at one time. The remains of the old fort, from which Colonel MlcIntosh sent to the British corn * McCall's History of Georgia, vol. i., p. 255. 33 514 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. mander the gallant reply, " Come and take it,' are still to be seen. Sunbury is now almost deserted, being inhabited by not more than six or eight families. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 360; families, 362; white males, 1,021; white females, 981; free coloured males, 6; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 2,118; slaves, 5,908. Deaths, 116. Farms, 244; manufacturing establishments, 4. Value of real estate, $514,436; value of personal estate, $2,532,235. HISTORICAL NOTICES. WHILST Georgia was a colony.under the Trustees, the excellent character of its lands attracted the attention of a company of persons who were then living on the northeast bank of the Ashley River, eighteen miles from Charleston. They were the descendants of the first persecuted Europeans who emigrated to New-England. In the beginning of 1630, a Congregational Church was gathered at Plymouth, England, who intended to come to North America, in order to enjoy civil and religious privileges. After a day of fasting and prayer, they chose Rev. John Warham and Rev. John Maverick to accompany them as their ministers. They set sail on March 20th, and arrived at Nantasket on May 30th, where the captain put them on shore, notwithstanding his engagement was to bring them up Charles River. Here "they were left in a forlorn wilderness, destitute of any habitation, and most other necessaries of life." Several of the company having procured a boat, they proceeded to Charlestown, and after various adventures, finally settled at a place called by the Indians Mattapan, which they named Dorchester, because several of the settlers came from a town of that name in England, and also in honour of the Rev. Mr. White, of Dorchester. In 1695 a church was gathered in this town, and Mr. Joseph Lord was ordained its pastor, for the purpose of removing to South Carolina, " to encourage the settlement of churches, and the promotion of religion in the Southern plantations. After a passage of fourteen days, they landed at Carolina, and on the 2d of February, 1696, was the first Sacrament of the Lord's Supper that was ever celebrated at Carolina. The place proving unhealthy, and the quantity of lands too small for the inhabitants, they determined to remove to Georgia." The causes of their removal are stated in the Record-book of the Medway Church in the following manner:-'Our ancestors, having a greater regard to a compact Settlement and religious Society than future temporal advantages, took up but small tracts of land, many of which, after their Disease, being divided amongst their children, reduced them still to smaller, in consequence of which our lands were generally soon worn out. Few had sufficient for the convenient support and Maintenance of their families, and some none at all, nor likely to get any among us. Young people, as they grew up and settled for themselves, were obliged, for want of lands, to move out from us. Dorchester and Beach Hill, the places where we settled, being LIBERTY COUNTY. 515 also a very sickly part of the country, several persons among us, chiefly for these reasons, seemed very anxious to move out from us, and had several times searched for some other place in Carolina, but could find none capacious and convenient enough for that purpose; notwithstanding which, the same disposition to remove continuing with several, occasioned some serious reflection on the state and circumstances of this Church, and it was thought probable, that unless some tract of land, suitable for the convenient and compact settlement and support of a Congregation, could be found to which we might remove, and settle in a body, the Society would, in a few years at most, be dispersed, so as not to be capable of supporting the Gospel among us, especially if we should lose our present pastor, and (which in that case seems not unlikely) be any considerable time without the administration of Gospel ordinances among us-the only circumstance which at present detains many, otherwise quite inclined to remove from us. Upon these considerations, a removal of the whole Society seemed advisable; and having heard a good character of the lands in Georgia,'twas thought proper that some should take a journey to that Colony, and search out some place there conveniently for our purpose, which was accordingly performed at several inquisitions, and issued at length in a tolerable satisfaction as to the capacity of the place, and a remove hereupon was more generally concluded on. "On Monday, ye 1 th of May, anno 1752, three persons of our Society sett off from Beach Hill for Georgia, to view the lands there; and on Thursday, the 16th, arrived at Medway, the place proposed. After a few days' stay, haveing viewed Medway Swamp, and approving of it, and heard of large Quantitys of good Lands adjoining, they returned home, with an account of what they had heard and seen. 1Upon which a Disposition to remove seemed to encrease among us, theo opposed by several, and a Further Search was determined. A Petition was also drawn up, and signed by many, to be presented to the Council of Georgia, for a Reserve of a Quantity of Land for us, if approved of by the Searchers; and on Monday, ye 15th of June, 1752, five of the said Society sett off for Medway, where they arrived on Thursday, the 25th, and continued their searches till the third of July, and got as good a satisfaction for the Time as could be expected, and returned from thence to Savanna with their Petition, and got a Grant of 22,400 acres of land, to be reserved for us eighteen months. From thence they returned home on the fourteenth of July, when people were differently affected with the relation of what they had discovered, and how far they had proceeded. Several used their Endeavours to frustrate the Scheme, notwithstanding which, an Inclination to remove seemed considerably in the Ascendant. Several Persons not included in the former grant were now desirous of joining with us, and a new Petition was drawn up; to which were affixed the names of thirty persons more, and it was determined that another journey should be made to the place, in order to survey the lands already granted, to petition for more, and to make a further search. About the Beginning of August, 1752, six persons sett off by Land, and on the 10th of the same month, Seven more by water, to survey the Lands, and begin Settlements. Those by land caryed in the petition, and got a grant of nine thousand five hundred and fifty acres more of land, and took a further prospect of the place; but, being disappointed in the coming of the Schooner, which was to have met them at the place, on board of which was most of their provisions and their Negroes, 516 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA they were obliged to return without effecting much there. On the 12th of September, in the evening, they got on board, in order to return, and on the 14th got down to St. Catherine's Island, from whence they intended to have proceeded the next day to Sea; but Providence, happily for them, ordered them a Disappointment, which kept them some days from their purpose, for on the —, while they lay in the harbour, there arose an Hurricane, which was in Carolina the most violent that ever was known since the Settlement of the English there, which in many places left not one tree in Twenty standing, and threw down many Buildings. On the 16th, they attempted to put out to sea, but could not, and therefore went within land to Tibi, where, meeting with high winds, they sailed up to Savanna, where several, leaving the vessel, went home by land; the rest, who remained in her, had a tedious, long passage, and were met by a second hurricane before they got home, but were then also in a safe Harbour. In their passage to Georgia, one negro fell overboard, and was drowned, and those who went up by land had two of their horses drowned in their return. These adverse Providences were very discouraging to most, and brought the affaire of our Removing to a very considerable stand." On the 16th of May, 1752, a settlement was commenced at Medway. Mr. James Habersham, in a letter to Mr. Martyn, Secretary to the Trustees of Georgia, thus speaks of this emigration:" In 1752, five persons, deputed by forty-three families, part of a congregation of Protestant dissenters, with their minister, in the neighbouring province, had applied for lands to settle here, which was granted; and that it was expected that several more of their brethren would want to join them. Accordingly twentyeight persons by their deputies petitioned the Board yesterday for lands, and received a satisfactory answer. These twenty-eight, with their families, consist (by the account of the deputies) of 77 whites and 158 blacks, which, with the former 43 families, make 280 whites, men, women and children, and 536 blacks. Part of the first petitioners are gone to have their lands laid out, and make the necessary preparation for the rest to follow. "These people, with their minister, are not unknown to many in this colony, and we have an extraordinary character of them from all quarters, which I believe they very justly deserve. They will all be settled as contiguous as possible for the conveniency of meeting together in public worship, which they say is a principal end of their moving, for where they formerly resided, many of them were very much pinched for land, and some rented what they occupied, which was very discouraging, and would have obliged them to separate; and to prevent this, those who were well accommodated in respect to lands, proposed to dispose of them, and remove with those that wanted. They will be settled on the heads of Medway and Newport rivers, about thirty or forty miles south of this town, which will greatly strengthen those parts. I really look upon these people moving here to be one of the most favourable circumstances that could befall the colony. They are all inured to the climate, know how to begin new settlements, and will be an immediate benefit by increasing her products."* * Colonial Documents. LIBERTY COUNTYo 51 EARLY SETTLERS OF LIBERTY COUNTY. THE following is from the Record-Book of the Medway Church: Arrived from Dorchester and Beach Hill, in South Carolina, to Medway and Newport: in Georgia, for inhabitation:1752, Dec. 6, SAM'L BACON and family. 1754, May 10, BENJ.ANDREW andfamily, " BENJAMIN BAKER, do. from Ponpon. 1753, March 24, PARMENAS WAY, do. 1755, March, THOMAS PEACOCK, 1754, Feb. 8, JOHN STEVENS, do. Charlestown. 1754, March, RICHARD SPENCER, do. 1755, March 16, JOHN GORTON, do. 6'" - RICHARD BAKER, do. a April 15, JOHN WINN, do. C" " 31, JOSIAH OSGOOD, do. C " JOHN LUPTAN, do. " "31, SAMUEL WAY, do.' " 20, JOSEPH BACON, do. i April 22, JOHN ELLIOTT. JOSEPH MASSEY, Ponpon. " May 2, JOHN QUARTERMAN, do. 1755, May 6, ANDREW WAY, do, " June 8, Rev. Mr. J. OSGOOD, do. " o ISAAC GERREAUDEAT, do. 6; February, SARAH MITCHELL, do. 1756, Feb., WM. GRAVES, do. from Ponpon. Mr. JOHN STEWART, Sen., do, l" I JOHN MITCHELL, do. 1756, April 20, Mr. JOHN GRAVES, do. from Ponpon. " Mr. DANIEL DONNOMT, do.' June 12, SAMUEL BRUNLEY, do. Mr. RICHARD GERREAUDEAU, do,' May 2, EDWARD WAY, do. 1758, March 13, JAMES ANDREW, do. EDWARD SUMNER, do. "i May 12, Mr. SAMUEL JEANS, do. 1754, May 22, WM. BAKER, do. 1759, Jan. 26, Mr. PALMER GOULDING, do. " April 6, JOHN SHAVE, do. 1771, Mar. 22, Mr. JONATHAN BACON, do. NATHANIEL WAY, do. " " WM. NORMAN. do. JOHN QUARTERMAN, Jr., MOSES WAY. " June 1, ISHAM ANDREWS. We continue our extracts from the Medway Church books: 1754. 31st of November.-John Elliott was chosen a Representative to the General Assembly. 1755, 29th of March.-Two of us went to Savannah to attend upon the Governor and Council. 1755, 19th of May, Monday.-We had our first muster, when the militia law was read at the head of the company. 1755, 29th of May.-Dr. Samuel Stevens, Messrs. John Graves, and Williamr Graves, arrived. 1756.-A letter came to us from the Hon. Jonathan Bryan, Esq., one of his Majestie's Council for this colony, giving an account of some Creek Indians being slain by some persons from the Northward, who had settled themselves pretty high upon the Great Ogeechee River, in a quarrel about some creatures which the Indians had taken from them; that the Indians were very much irritated and declared they must have blood for blood; and that all means to pacify them seemed to no purpose, and advising us with expedition to build a fort for our safety. People are very much alarmed with the news, and consultations were immediately had about the building and place for a fort, and it was determined 518 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. by a majority, that it should be at Captain Mark Carr's, low down, and upon the river near the sound, at about seven or eight miles distance from the nearest of the settlementof the Society, which accordingly was begun on the 20th September, 1756; October, 1756.-We hear that the Indians, upon the arrival of one who was wounded in the quarrel, and the relation he gave them of it, were as uneasy about it as ourselves, blamed their people for stealing the English horses, and have sent them runners, to spare us of their own, and desire the continuance of their friendship. THE MEDWAY CHURCH. 1757, July 11.-Last. night, received letters from some of our neighbours who were going on a trading voyage to Augustine, and taken by a French privateer, the captain of which made one of the company pretty large offers to brin'g him in at St. Catherine's, and told them he was informed of a rich vessel lately arrived there. Our neighbours having agreed to the ransom of the vessel and cargo, were let go by the privateer, and meeting with another of the inhabitants returning in a canoe with part of the said letters, and in them advised us to take care of ourselves, upon which we were called down this day to Sunbury, where we raised a couple of batteries, and made carriages for eight small cannon, which were at the place. 1757, July 16.-Before day, we were alarmed by the fire of cannon at Sunbury, whither we repaired, and a boat went out, but could discover nothing, LIBERTY COUNTY. 519 1760, May 27.-An express arrived from the Creek Nation, informing us that several of the traders were killed there, upon which many of the out-settlers left their settlements. 1773, Aug. 2.-Our dear and much honoured pastor, the Rev. Mr. John Osgood, departed this life. The first house for public worship was erected on Medwav Neck, near the plantation of Mr. Thomas Mallard. About 1754, measures were taken to build a new meeting-house. It was erected at the Cross Paths, on the north side of the north branch of Newport Swamp, 44 feet by 36, with a gallery 18 feet, and pitched roof, hipped. at one end, and a small steeple at the other. The steeple was placed west, and the pulpit north. This house was destroyed by fire in 1778, by a body of armed men, under the command of Colonel Prevost. At the close of the Revolution, a coarse building was put up near the place where the old meeting-house stood, 40 feet by 30, with posts in the ground, and the sides filled up with poles. The present meetinghouse, of which a view is annexed, was built in 1792. The body of.:-,, the house measures 60 feet by 40. There is a large cemetery connected with this church, contiguous to it, which is happily illustrated by the accompanying engraving. The view of the cemetery, as also that of the church, was taken from a daguerreotype politely furnished us by a promising young artist of Liberty. List of the pastors of the Medway Church, from its organization to the present time:-Rev. JOHN OsGOOD, Rev. MOSES ALLEN, Rev. ABIEL HOLMES, D. D., Rev. CYRUS GILDERSLEEVE, Rev. MuCHRDOC MURPHEY Rev. ROBERT QUARTEvMAN, Rev. J. S. R. AXON. that of the church, was taken fom a daguerreotype politely fur nihdu b rmsigyuno ritofLbry List of the pstors of theM-edway Churc, from its Oganization t th rsnttm:Re.Jq SGORv.MSSALERv MURPHEY Rev. ROBERT Qfee bRTERM TIN, i Rev. J. S. R. AxoN on 520 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. LIBERTY COUNTY was the theatre of many important events during the Revolution. The reader may recollect, that at a meeting held at Savannah, to determine whether deputies should be sent to join those of the other colonies at the Continental Congress, it was decided in the negative. St. John's Parish, now Liberty County, dissented from that negative. The following papers will explain the conduct of her sons upon this occasion:ST. JOHN'S PARISH, GEORGIA.-On Thursday evening, 23d of February, 1775, Joseph Wood, Mr. Daniel Roberts, and Mr. Samuel Stevens, three members of the Committee for the Parish of St. John, in Georgia, arrived in Charlestown, S. C., deputed to wait on the General Committee there, with the following letter and account of the proceedings of the inhabitants of that parish, in the present critical situation of American affairs:At a meeting held in the Parish of St. John's, 9th of February, 1775, a letter from this Committee to the Committee of Correspondence, in Charlestown, S. C., was agreed to and written. It was then moved and agreed that some person or persons of this Committee do wait upon the Committee in Charlestown, with said letter. Accordingly, Messrs. Daniel Roberts, Samuel Stevens, and Joseph Wood were appointed and authorized to present the samef and transact such matters relative thereto as shall seem prudent and necessary. Taken from the minutes by order of the Chairman, and certified by Benjamin Baker, Clerk. GENTLEMEN:-We, the Committee of the Parish of St. John, take the earliest opportunity to lay before you the several steps taken by this Parish to conform, as near as possible, to the resolutions entered into by the other Provinces, and the measures now adopted for carrying into execution the Continental Association. As it wsas particularly recommended to us; we readily embraced those measures, by subscribing an agreement to accede to the General Association, on condition that trade and commerce might be continued to us with the Provinces, and we should have immediately sent it to you for your approbation, but were delayed by a summons to attend a Provincial Congress at Savannah, 18th of January last, for the purpose, we understood, of a General Association with the other Provinces, and for choosing delegates to attend at the next Continental Congress to be held at Philadelphia in May next. We met at that time and place, and acquainted the Committees of the other parishes then assembled, that the inhabitants of this parish had acceded to the General Association on the above-mentioned conditions, and earnestly recommended the same to them. They did enter into an association, (a copy of which we transmit to you,) but so different, in our opinion, from the Continental Association, that it appears to be a contravention of it, and exposes them to the censure of the 14th clause of the General Association, 1st. They have extended the time limited for exportations beyond what is allowed by the Continental Congress, and thereby indulged a liberty of exportations to the prejudice of the other Provinces. 2d. For that in their limited time of importations, they have, contrary to the Continental Association, extended it LIBERTY COUNTY. 521 in general to 15th of March next, for goods to be shipped to England, and for the Indian trade, to a still greater latitude, under the cloak of which, we have reason to believe, may be introduced a large importation equally adapted to the whites as well as to the Indians, and on the whole, such as we could not, consistent with our own association, possibly join in. Had they acceded fully to the General Association, even at so late a time as our Provincial Congress, we should have no occasion to trouble you with this address; but as they did not, we now apply to you to admit us, the subscribers in this parish, to an alliance with you, requesting that you will allow trade and commerce to be continued to us, exclusive, if you think proper, of this Province in general; the same to be continued and conducted under such regulations and restrictions as shall be consistent with the General Association, and which on our parts we engage with all possible care to keep inviolate. Our being a parish of a non-associated Province, cannot, we presume, prevent our joining the other Provinces, as the restriction mentioned in the 14th clause of the General Association must, as we apprehend, be considered as a general rule only, and respects this Province considered in a mixed or promiscuous sense'; but as we of this parish are a body detached from the rest by our resolutions and association, and sufficiently distinct by local situation, large enough for particular notice, and have been treated as such by a particular address from the late Continental Congress; adjoining a sea-port, and in that respect capable of conforming to the General Association, and (if connected with you) with the same fidelity as a distinct parish of your own Province; therefore we must be considered as comprehended within the spirit and equitable meaning of the Continental Association, and we are assured you will not condemn the innocent with the guilty, especially when a due separation is made between them. We now wait your answer, and shall be glad of your advice. (Signed,) LYMAN HALL, Chairman. MEDWAY, February 9, 1775. To the Committee of Correspondence in Charlestown, South Carolina. Extracts froml the Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee of the Parish of St. John, met at Savannah, 1Sth January, 1775. Wednesday, Jan. 18, 1775.-The Committee met, and Dr. Lyman Hall took the Chair. The following message was sent to the Committees of the several parishes in Congress sitting:GENTLEMEN: —The Committee of the Parish of St. John present the Committees of the other parishes with a copy of a letter received by them from the late Continental Congress, and agreeably to the advice therein contained, the inhabitants of the Parish of St. John have acceded to the General Association, entered into and recommended by the said Continental Congress. They hope you will adopt the same measures. Thursday, Jan. 19, 1775.-The Committee sat until six o'clock in the afternoon, in expectation that the Committees of the several parishes, in Congress sitting, 522 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. would return an answer to the message delivered to them yesterday, which not being received, the Committee adjourned. Friday, Jan. 20, 1775.-Another message was sent to the Committees of the several parishes in Congress met, in the following terms:GENTLEMEN:-On the first day of your meeting, we presented you with a message acquainting you that the inhabitants of the Parish of St. John have acceded to the General Association entered into, and particularly recommended to them by the late Continental Congress. We have patiently waited your answer, and wish to impute your silence rather to inattention than design. We now assure you, if you think proper to enter fully into the measures of the late Continental Congress, we will heartily join you in everything that may tend to enforce them. The Committees of the several parishes sent the following answer:GENTLEMEN:-In answer to your message of this morning, we beg leave to inform you of three determinations from which we hope this Congress will never recede. 1st. That we should be glad to have the Province upon this occasion as fully represented as possible, and will cheerfully receive the delegates of St. John's Parish as part of us. 2d. That we apprehend every delegate here is accountable to his constituents and his own conscience for the opinion he gives at this time, and therefore ought not to let any other man, or set of men, judge for him. 3d. That. we trust no member amongst us has any other object in view but the public good. Satuarday Jfan. 21, 1775.-Committee met, and came to the following resolutions:Resolved, That the Committees of the several parishes in Congress, now sitting, are not, nor cannot, be called a Provincial Congress, as the greatest number of parishes in this Province are not represented therein; they therefore are not bound by the proceedings of said Committees, although they may arrogate to themselves such a power. Resolved That as the Committees of the several parishes in Congress, now sitting, have not fully approved of and adopted the measures entered into and recommended by the late Continental Congress, this Committee cannot join them without violating the General Association which they have already acceded to, and betraying the trust reposed in them by their constituents. And then the Committee adjourned sine die. Above extracts taken from original minutes, by JOSEPH WOOD, Secretary. The following are the resolutions adopted by the General Committee at Charlestown, S. C., in reference to the Colony of Georgia, and the action taken by the citizens of the Parish of St. John:In General Committee, Charlestown, Feb. 8, 1775.-Inasmuch as the Colony of Georgia hath not acceded to the Continental Association, entered into by the General Congress at Philadelphia, 20th of October last; therefore, and in conformity to the resolution of said Continental Congress, LIBERTY COUNTY. 523 Resolved, That we will from henceforth have no trade, commerce, dealings, or intercourse with the said Colony of Georgia, but will hold them as unworthy of the rights of freemen, and inimical to the liberties of their country. Feb. 24, 1775.-A letter and sundry papers from the Parish of St. John's were considered; and it was Resolved, That the Chairman be desired to write a proper letter to the Committee of the Parish of St. John, in Georgia, assuring them of the high sense we have of their arduous struggle in favour of the common cause of America, and that we sincerely lament their present unhappy situation; but as the parish is a part of the Colony of Georgia, in our opinion falls under the 14th article of the General Association, so we apprehend that it is not in our power to give them that relief they desire, and we can only recommend that they will persevere in their laudable exertions, and lay a state of their case before the ensuing Continental Congress, making no doubt that it will by them be properly considered. The determination of the inhabitants of this county to send delegates to Congress before the rest of the Province had acquiesced in that measure, induced the Legislature to change the name of St John's Parish to that of Liberty County. An idea of the spirit of the people may be gathered from the following letter addressed by Sir James Wright, then Governor of Georgia, dated 24th of April, 1775, to the Earl of Dartmouth:But here, my Lord, I must mention that a few inhabitants of the Parish of St. John's, chiefly descendants of New-England people, of the Puritan Independent sect, and who left New-England and settled in South Carolina about forty or fifty years ago, and who, there is great reason to believe, still retain a strong tincture of Republican or Oliverian principles, have entered into an agreement amongst themselves to adopt both the resolutions and association of the Continental Congress. They did not join the people here, but sent three persons to Charlestown, in South Carolina, to the Committee, as they call them, offering to associate with them; but they would have nothing to say to them, being but a few, or a part of one parish only; and I am told they have appointed a man, Lyman Hall, of New-England. extract, to go from thence to meet in Philadelphia next month, where, I expect, they will be treated in the same manner as in Charlestown. And these poor insignificant fanatics no sooner entered into association, than they broke through it in many instances, and still do, although they pretend great sanctity, and to be strict adherents of religion and liberty, as they term it; and it is said they have collected about 200 barrels of rice, which Hall is to carry with him for the relief of their poor distressed, innocent brethren in Boston, suffering under tyranny and oppression. The annals of this county are rich in Revolutionary incidents. About one mile and a half south of Medway Church, the brave General James Screven w.as killed. The following correspondence, copied from the Londozn Remem 524 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. brancer, will explain some circumstances connected with the battle at Midway, in which this noble patriot fell:CAMP AT MEDWAY, Nov. 20, 1778. SI: —General Screven and Mr. Strother having been missing since the skirmish with your troops, I have sent Major Habersham to know whether they had fallen, or are prisoners in your hands; and, in the former case, to request that their corpses may be permitted to be brought in for interment. I cannot avoid, on the present occasion, to complain of the equally ruinous and disgraceful warfare carried on by the troops under your command. While your King affects to wish a pacification with America, his officers are heightening the resentment of the people by the most contrary to good offices. What advantages or consolations do you derive fiom cruel burnings? Are not the effects of war sufficiently calamitous for the community, that you should transfer them to individuals, and in a manner, too, without discrimination? Britons did not use to do so; it is their practice only in these latter days. Having fought in their service, I feel a right to remonstrate against it, and which I more earnestly do, that it may prevent the horrors of retaliation. I am, Sir, J. WHITE, C. C. Lieut.-Colonel J. PREVOST, Commander of the King's Troops. ANSWER TO THE ABOVE. ST. JoHNas PARISH, Nov. 22, 1778. SR:-I had the honour of yours relative to Brigadier-General Screven and Mr. Strother. The former, I am happy to inform you, is likely to do well, from the report of the surgeons. The other, I believe, is dead. I shall give directions for his burial. When you come to consider that many of the troops under my command are irregulars, and many of them have resentments, to account for many acts which I heartily abhor; and that the calamities of war you complain of have been by people under your immediate command, given as a precedent, at Pierson's Island; the destruction previous to that of every settlement on St. Mary's River; the wanton destruction of animal creatures on the Island of Amelia, and the murder of Captain Moore, and others, in cold blood;-you will own, I hope, that if the retaliation has been severe, it might have been foreseen and expected, and the more costly, it will be less felt than that of the poor people who lost their all. At the same time; I positively disclaim any order, or even approbation, of such proceedings. My heart bleeds for the sufferers, though authorized by the laws of war. I have forbidden in the strictest manner the burning of any houses; and whenever any people have been found to take care of their property, though known to be inimical to the King's government, I have left them in possession of everything belonging to them, and only required them to remain quietly and peaceably at their own houses. The hostile appearance of the inhabitants, and your Governor's indecent proclamation when your last attempt against Florida was LIBERTY COUNTY. 525 threatened, would justify anything, if I could reconcile it to myself; at the same time, I must declare to you, that whenever I shall meet with opposition from planters and inhabitants, their property must answer for their imprudence. The destruction of provisions, which I know to be a capital loss to a planter, will at least atone for their rashness. I have to acquaint you that I have accounts of a large number of Indians anxious to join me; the horrors attending their mode of carrying on war have always shocked me, and I could wish that I could be justifiable in sending them back again previous to their entering the heart of the settlement. Think not that I am vain, or mean to threaten, by demanding a tame submission of the Province until the fate of America is determined; you will find that my humanity and my wish to save Georgia dictate my application to you. I have the honour to be with respect, sir, Your most obedient, humble servant, J. PREVOST, Lieutenant-Colonel, Commanding the King's Troops in Georgia. P. S.-Brigadier-General Screven being desirous, I was glad to send him, when he couldrmeet with proper assistance. I am really unhappy to hear from him that one of the Rangers shot him after he was already disabled. Captain Mittuc, whom I send with him, with eight men, has orders to deliver him safe in your camp, and to return immediately. I beg he may not be detained. Your flag was detained no longer than to give proper attendance to the General. I am, sir, yours, J. PREVOST. The following correspondence between Colonel John McIntosh, commanding officer in Fort Morris, and Lieutenant-Colonel Fuser, commanding a body of British troops, who then had possession of the upper part of the town of Sunbury, will be particularly interesting to the reader:SIR:-You cannot be ignorant that four armies are in motion to reduce this Province. The one is always under the guns of your fort, and may be joined when I think proper, by Colonel Prevost, who is now at the Medway meetinghouse. The resistance you can or intend to make will only bring destruction upon this country. On the contrary, if you will deliver me the fort which you command, lay down your arms, and remain neuter until the fate of America is determined, you shall, as well as all of the inhabitants of this parish, remain in peaceable possession of your property. Your answer, which I expect in an hour's time, will determine the fate of this country, whether it is to be laid in ashes, or remain as above proposed. I am, sir, your most obedient, &c., L. V. FUSER, Colonel 60th Regiment, and Commander of his Majesty's Troops in Georgia, on his Majesty's Service. P. S.-Since this letter was closed, some of your people have been firing scattering shot about the line. I am to inform you, that if a stop is not put to such irregular proceedings, I shall burn a house for every shot so fired. 526 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. This letter was brought into the fort by Major Lane, who soon returned with the following answer, which he delivered to Colonel Fuser:FORT MORRIS, Nov. 25, 1778. SIR:-We acknowledge we are not ignorant that your army is in motion to endeavour to reduce this State. We believe it entirely chimerical that Colonel Prevost is at the Meeting-house; but should it be so, we are in no degree apprehensive of danger from a junction of his army with yours. We have no property compared with the object we contend for that we value a rush —, and would rather perish in a vigorous defence than accept of your proposals. We, sir, are fighting the battles of America, and therefore disdain to remain neutral till its fate is determined. As to surrendering the fort, receive this laconic reply, " COME AND TAKE IT." Major Lane, whom I send with this letter, is directed to satisfy you with respect to the irregular, loose firing mentioned on the back of your letter. I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servt, JOHN MCINTOSH, Colonel of Continental Troops. About half past 11, A. M., Major Lane returned, after having signified to Colonel Fuser, that the loose firing complained of was intended to prevent the British troops from plundering the town; and as to his threatening to burn a house for every shot, the Major stated to Colonel Fuser, that such a proceeding would be rather savage and inhuman; but if he was determined to do it, in order to convince them how little we were to be deterred by such threats, as soon as he burnt a house at one end of the town, we would apply a torch to the other, and let the flames meet by a mutual conflagration. Several skirmishes between the Americans and the British took place in this county. At the White House, in 1779, Major Baker defeated a party of the enemy. Several were killed, among whom was Lieutenant Gray, whose head, McCall says, was almost severed from the body by a cut from the sabre of the celebrated Robert Sallette. Near a place then called Hickory Hill, the plantation of James Butler, a battle took place in June, 1779, between a party of the enemy, commanded by Captain Muller. and a detachment of Americans, commanded by Major Cooper and Captain Inman. Although the British fought bravely, victory declared in favour of the Americans. None of the British detachment escaped. On June 27th, 1779, Colonels Baker and Twiggs, of the Georgia Militia, with a party of volunteer horse, in an excursion towards Sunbury, fell in with some of McGirth's men at Medway Meeting-house, whom they attacked, and made a few of them prisoners. Intelligence being received by Colonel Baker of several Continental officers, prisoners on parole, going from Savannah to Sunbury, went in quest of them, and retook, at Mrs. Arthur's, Captains Mosby, Nash, Booker, LIBERTY COUNTY. 527 Hicks, and Templeton, and Lieutenants Mosby, Davenport, and Mitchell. These gentlemen, with the prisoners, were sent up to Cannouchee. Colonel Twiggs remained, with about sixty men, at Mr. James Butler's plantation, which the enemy learning, Captain Muller, of the 60th Grenadiers, was sent for from Savannah, with about fifty regulars, mounted on horseback, to surprise him. Twiggs, being apprised of their approach, had just time to collect thirty-five of his men, and post them behind a fence which Muller had to pass, and who, dreading nothing less than an ambush, was coming on in perfect security, when he received a well-directed fire of musketry, by which several of his party were killed. He ordered his men to dismount, and charge. After keeping up an irregular fire for ten minutes, the enemy betook themselves to flight. In this engagement Muller was killed. In the year in which McGirth made his first trip from St. Augustine to Liberty County, he came to a place, now Jonesville, where there was a stockade fort built by MosesWay. It contained provisions, and was garrisoned by eight or ten men who were sent from Barrington. Their horses were grazing near the fort. Early in the morning, when Way's son went to collect the horses, McGirth made his appearance, took him prisoner, tied him to the horse by his legs, and then made him ride in full view of his father. McGirth commenced the attack upon the fort, and the firing continued from sunrise to sunset, when Colonel Baker appeared, and McGirth retreated. No portion of the State suffered more from the Indians than this county. A volume might be filled with an account of the sufferings of the inhabitants. We extract from the papers of the day the following particulars: 1787.-On the 24th of October in this year, a man was scalped within eighteen miles of Sunbury. 1788.-On the 9th of January, two men, named Rogers and Queeling, and a lad named Bennett, were killed and scalped by a party of thirteen or fourteen Indians, in Medway settlement, twelve miles from the Great Ogeechee ferry. On the 6th of March, Captain Sterling received intelligence that a party of Indians were collecting stoclk on the River Alatamaha, whereupon he ordered five picked horsemen, well mounted, to cross the river. That night they stopped at an evacuated fort, called Williams', and on the next day proceeded up the south side of the river; and at Phinholloway Creek found their trail, which they followed. and about two o'clock came up with them, twelve in number, with seventeen head of cattle and a drove of hogs. The whites immediately charged, and drove the Indians for a considerable distance, until they gained a bay, where they resolutely faced about, and entered into a spirited action, which continued for some time, during which two of the Indians were killed; but the superiority of their numbers compelled the whites to retreat. One of the men was wounded through the hand, and another slightly through the neck. The names of the five men who so gallantly fought upon this occasion were, GREENE, HARVEY, KING, WAGGONER. and CORKER. These brave fellows were publicly thanked in general orders by General James Jackson. 528 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In the same month a party of Indians attacked Captain Lewis,'at Mr. Shepherd's plantation. The Captain had been on a scout to Beard's Creek and across to Cannouchee. Returning about the middle of the afternoon, he turned out his horses, and dispatched several of his men to procure forage. A little before sunset, the Indians were discovered coming up behind some outhouses. The men had just time to fly to their arms and conceal themselves, when the enemy marched within forty yards, discovered the white party, and fired. The fire was instantly returned, which killed one Indian and wounded two more. The Indians then retreated. Captain Lewis pursued them, but the wily foe escaped. MIay 1st.-The Indians came to Mr. Gerreaudeauns plantation, carried off some of his negroes, and wounded a young man by the name of Smallwood. May 8.-The Indians came to Colonel Maybank's plantation and carried off some of his negroes. At Sapelo a young man was killed by the savages, whilst milking his cow. On the 6th of June, a party of Indians came to the plantation of John Houstoun, Esq., and near the fort killed a man by the name of McCormick, scalped his son, and carried off three of his daughters, with a little boy. In the month of September, a party of Indians came to Mr. Quarterman's plantation, and took away thirteen negroes. Captain Sumner and Lieutenant Burnley pursued them. The latter gentleman overtook them in a thick branch on Taylor's Creek, and charged them, but the Indians fled. The negroes were retaken. During the same month, the inhabitants of this county held a meeting at Medway Church, at which it was resolved, that a body of light horse be immediately raised for the defence of the county, to consist of 40 privates, 2 sergeants, 2 lieutenants and a captain, and to be under articles agreeably to the Continental establishment. The following is extracted from a letter written by Colonel Maxwell to Lieutenant-Colonel Fishburne:"On the 14th of November, 1788, information was received by Captain Whitehead, that the Indians had attacked Mr. Walthour's plantation, killed three and carried off eight negroes. Being at a loss for a pilot, Captain Whitehead's company proceeded to a place owned by Mr. Taylor, about half a mile from where these depredations had been committed. Knowing Mr. WValthour to be a good' woodsman, and acquainted with the different crossing-places on the Alatamaha, Captain Whitehead sent two expresses for him to join him at the above plantation, but received no answer. Captain Whitehead then proceeded to search out the trail, and after going about four miles, found it, which made for Beard's Bluff. He pursued with all possible haste. A mile and a half from the Bluff the Indians had stationed a sentinel, who, at the appearance of Captain Whitehead's force, gave the alarm by firing his gun. Upon his arrival at the Bluff, the Indians fled into a swamp, but they were pursued. Not being able to'overtake them, the Captain returned, ordered eight men to dismount, laid an ambuscade, and requested Lieutenant Maxwell to proceed with the remainder back on the route, to continue firing guns, and hallooing for a mile or two, to decoy the enemy into the belief that he had retreated, which had the desired effect, for in a short time the Indians were heard collecting together in the LIBERTY COUNTY. 529 swamp, and one appeared on the other side of the river in order to reconnoitre. The Indians came within forty-five yards of the ambuscade, and were fired upon." 1793, April 10.-Mr. Peter Gerreaudeau was killed by the Indians. He was attached to a force under the command of Colonel Stewart, who were in pursuit of twelve negroes who had been taken from Mr. James Smith's plantation by the savages. For some cause he left his party, and when search was made for him he was found dead. Mr. Smith, the gentleman above referred to, is still living, now between eighty and ninety years of age. The following is the address of the Congregational Church and Society at Medway, formerly St. John's Parish, to President Washington, whilst on a visit to Georgia in 1791:SIR:-We feel ourselves happy in an opportunity of expressing our attachment to your person, and our peculiar pleasure in your selection by the unanimous voice of your country to the Presidency of the United States. Thfugh situated in the extreme part of the Union, we have gratefully to acknowledge that we already experience the propitious influence of your wise and parental administration. To the troops stationed on our frontiers by your order, and to the treaty lately concluded with the Creek Nation under your auspices, we are indebted, under Proridence, for our present tranquillity. The hatchet is now buried, and we smoke with our Indian neighbours the calumet of peace. This, while it affords a happy presage of our future protection, gives, at the same time, a recent proof how justly you have earned, in your civil as well as military capacity, the glorious title of Father of your Country. With the laurel, then, be pleased to accept the civic wreath from a grateful people. We readily conceive how arduous must be the duties, how weighty and complicated the cares of office, in the government of so extensive a Republic as that over which you are called to preside. Impressed with a deep sense of this, we will not fail to implore the Divine blessing in your behalf. May you continue to be directed by that wisdom from above which is necessary to the discharge of the duties of your high and important station; and may you long be preserved the favoured instrument of Heaven to secure to a fiee people those invaluable rights which you so eminently contributed to rescue from the hand of oppression. Distant as our situation is from the Seat of Government, permit us to assure you that our influence, however inconsiderable in the national scale, shall not be wanting in encouraging submission to the laws of the United States, and thus under God perpetuate the blessings of an efficient Federal Government, now so happily established. (Signed,) JAMES MAXWELL, ] DANIEL STEWART, Committee in behalf A. HOLMES, of the Church and HENRY WOOD, Society. JOHN P. MANN, J MIDWAY, LIBERTY COUNTY, May 12, 1791. 34 530 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The President's Answer to the Congregational Church and Society at Medway, Georgia. GENTLEMEN:-I learn with gratitude proportioned to the occasion, your attachment to my person, and the pleasure you express on my election to the Presidency of the United States. Your sentiments on the happy influence of our equal government impress me with the most sensible satisfaction. They vindicate the great cause of humanity. They reflect honour on the liberal minds that entertain them, and they promise the continuance and improvement of that. tranquillity which is essential to the welfare of nations and the happiness of men. You overrate my best exertions, when you ascribe to them the blessings which our country enjoys. From the gallantry and fortitude of her citizens, under the auspices of Heaven, America has derived her independence. To their industry and the natural advantages of the country, she is indebted for her prosperous situation. From their virtue she may expect long to share the protection of a free and equal government, which their wisdom has established, and which experience justifies, as admirably adapted to our social wants and individual felicity. Continue, my fellow-citizens, to cultivate the peace and harmony whiclt now subsist between you and your Indian neighbours-the happy consequence is immediate-the reflection which arises on justice and benevolence will be lastingly grateful. A knowledge of your happiness will lighten the cares of my station, and be among the most pleasing of their rewards. GEORGE WASHINGTON. The following is extracted from the minutes of the proceedings of the first Superior Court held in Liberty County:Stunbury, in the County of Liberty and State of Georgia.-The Superior Court was opened in the usual form on Tuesday, the 18th November, 1783. But a sufficient number of the officers not appearing for holding the same, on account of bad weather, the Court was adjourned to Wednesday, 19th. Wednesday, the 19th, the weather still continuing bad, their Honors, George Walton, Esq., Chief-Justice, and Benjamin Andrew, Sengr, Esq., Assistant Judge, present, ordered that the Court be adjourned to 10 o'clock to-morrow and it was adjourned accordingly. Thursday, 20th November, 1783, the Court met according to adjournment. The Grand Jury being empannelled and sworn, the Chief-Justice gave the following charge:GENTLEMEN OF THE GRAND JURY:-The Circuit which I have lately rode, and which is now to be finished in your county, being the first since the close of the war, the best consequences may be expected to ensue from that good order and subordination which everywhere attended the courts, and which I doubt not will take place here. Nothing can contribute so much to confirm the blessings of peace as an invariable observance of the laws, which have, or ought always to have, for their sole object the general happiness of the people. In their execution, juries are the grand medium, and without their intervention, no citizen can be deprived of his rights. To you in particular is now consigned an in LIBERTY COUNTY. 531 quiry into the nature and degree of those offences committed within the county jurisdiction against the peace of the State. In the prosecution of it, neither hatred nor malice, favour, nor affection, is to be admitted, but the culprit is to be punished, and the innocent discharged. I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the news of a definitive treaty of peace, by which our freedom, sovereignty, and independence, are secured. The war which produced it was one of necessity on our part. That we were enabled to prosecute it with firmness and perseverance to so glorious an issue, should be ascribed to the protecting influence of the Great Disposer of events, and be a subject of grateful praise and adoration, while the result of the contest is so honourable and advantageous to us and to posterity. It is to be lamented that those moral and religious duties, so essential to the order of society and the permanent happiness of mankind, have been too much neglected. To recover them into practice, the life and conduct of every good man should be a constant example. Your temples, which the profane instruments of a tyrant laid in ashes, should be built again; for nothing tends to harmonize the rude and unlearned organs of man more than frequent meetings in the place of holy worship. Let the monument of your brave and virtuous soldier and citizen,* which was ordered by Congress to his memory, be erected on the same ground, that his virtues, and the cause in which he sacrificed his life, may be seen together by your children, and remembered through distant. ages. In the course of the conflict with an enemy whose conduct was generally marked with cruelty, the whole State has suffered, undoubtedly, more than any in the confederacy. The citizens of Liberty County, with others, have drunk deep in the stream of distress. Remembering these things, we should not lose sight of the value of the prize we have obtained. And now that we are in full possession of our freedom, we should all unite in our endeavours to benefit and perpetuate the system, that we may always be happy at home, and forever freed from the insults-of petty tyrants commissioned from abroad. GRAND JURORSn NAMES. 1. JOSEPH LAW, 13. JOHN HARDY, 2. WILLIAM BAKER, Sen., 14. WILLIAM BAKER, Jun., 3. JAMES MAXWELL, 15. NATHANIEL SAXTON, 4. JAMES JEFFRIES, 16. JAMES POWELL, 5. JOHN MITCHELL, Jun., 17. WILLIAM WAY, 6. PALMER GOULDING, 18. JOHN MYERS, Sen., 7. JOHN ELLIOTT, 19. JOHN WAY, 8. JOHN WHITEHEAD, 20. JOHN WINN, 9. WILLIAM WEST, 21. EDWARD WAY, 10. THOMAS BRADWELL, 22. JOSEPH WAY, 11. WILLIAM PEACOCK, Sen., 23. WILLIAM QUARTERMAN. 12. NATHAN TAYLOR, * Judge Walton here refers to a monument which was ordered by Congress to be erected to the memory of General James Screven. 532 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. THIS county may be justly proud of her sons. We give short sketches of a few of them. Rev. WILLIAM McWHR, D. D., died in this county, in the ninetysecond year of his age. He was born in Ireland in 1759, received his collegiate education at Belfast, and, after pursuing his theological course, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Belfast. In 1783 he came to America, and settled in Alexandria, Va., where for ten years he was at the head of an academy, of which General Washington was a trustee. In 1793, he came to Sunbury, at which place he established an academy. Here he married the widow of Colonel John Baker. Such was the reputation of his school, that pupils came to it from almost every part of the State. As a Greek and Latin scholar, Dr. McWhir was without a rival. In 1819 he visited Ireland, England, and Scotland. About the years 1823-24, he visited Florida, preached at St. Augustine and Mandarin, and in the vicinity, and was the founder of a church at the latter place, the first Presbyterian Church ever organized in Florida, and it was mainly through his efforts that the church at St. Augustine was founded. Dr. McWhir never had a regular pastoral charge; nevertheless, he continued, to his death, a member of the Presbytery, within the bounds of which he lived, and was frequently in Synod, and a Commissioner to the General Assembly. The Boards of the Church found in him a willing contributor, and considering his means, which never were large, few men ever gave more to religious and benevolent objects. Until within the last ten or fifteen years, he preached occasionally, chiefly in destitute places, and at his decease was probably the oldest Presbyterian minister in the United States. At the age of nearly ninety, Dr. McWhir was a vo. luntary colporteur of the American Tract Society, and gave up the work not until he was too feeble to labour. The name of no man who ever lived in Georgia was more intimately identified with the cause of education, unless the late venerable Moses Waddel be an exception. As a teacher, his chief merits were thoroughness of instruction and the most exact discipline, such as would in these days be esteemed too rigorous. He never enjoyed much reputation as a preacher, owing, no doubt, to the want of ready eloquence, and the almost entire absence of that faculty of the mind called imagination. Nature and education seemed to have fitted him for the school-house. Among his pupils may be ranked some of the most eminent men in the State. His correspondence was very extensive, and embraced within its range several distinguished men, amongst them General Washington, Dr. Chalmers, and Sir John Sinclair. REV. MosES ALLEN.-ThiS gentleman was born in Northampton, -- -—: —-- - a. A-?1fl 1 -!X_ < a' l' ~ r:::-:i-:'.I LIBERTY COUNTY. 533 Mass., Sept. 14, 1748. About 1777 he was established atMIedway. At the reduction of Savannah by the British troops, Mr. Allen was taken prisoner. The Continental officers were sent to Sunbury on parole, but Mr. Allen, who was Chaplain to the Georgia Brigade, was denied this privilege. He was sent on board a prison-ship, and in attempting to recover his liberty by swimming to land, he was drowned. His body was washed on an island, and was found by some of his friends. They requested of the captain of a British vessel boards to make a coffin, but were refused. BENJAMIN BAKER, at the age of twenty-three, attended General Oglethorpe in his expedition against St. Augustine. During the Revolution he suffered many hardships. In 1776, " he was engaged for almost a week in studying and writing for the public, comparing several constitutions of government, and endeavouring from these to compile one suitable for the Province of Georgia." For more than twenty-seven years he was clerk of the Medway Church. At his death, he left several volumes of manuscripts. Colonels WILLIAM and JOHN BAKER were active soldiers in the Revolution, and distinguished themselves upon many occasions. Hon. JOHN ELLIOTT died in this county, and served in the Senate of the United States from 1819 to 1825. GENERAL DANIEL STEWART.-The chronicle of Georgia's great names would be incomplete without that of this distinguished citizen. He was frequently in battle under Sumter and Marion, and rendered important services to the State by the judicious measures he adopted to defend its frontiers against the attacks of the Indians. He died in the sixty-ninth year of his age. Mr. AUDLEY MAXWELL was a member of the first General Assemsly in Georgia, which met in Savannah on the 15th day of January, 1751. For the following sketch of Major JOHN JONES, the father of the late Captain Jones, who was killed in the battle at Savannah, we are indebted to a friend:Major John Jones removed from Charleston, S. C., of which city he was a native, to St. John's Parish, now Liberty County, Ga., prior to the Revolution. In 1774 he was a large importing merchant, residing with his family in the then flourishing town of Sunbury, cultivating at the same time his plantation, still known as Rice Hope. At the earliest call of his country, we find him enlisting in her cause. The Atlantic wave, which had heretofore borne from our mother England only the peaceful sails of commerce, was now, from the same source, wafting with every breeze the invader to our shores. On his 534 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. part, there was no hesitation from motives of selfish interest. His soul was pledged to freedom, and so was his fortune. From this period the affluent merchant was merged into the partisan soldier. Our first notice of his gallant bearing is derived from the personal recollections of General Daniel Stewart. He was attached to the corps of cavalry raised for the defence of the parish under the command of Colonel Baker. They were hastily summoned to resist the invasion of General Prevost, from the South, and the members joined the corps on its march as early as it could be done by them. Major Jones was summoned to join the body at the intersection of the road from Savannah with the Sunbury and Darien road. With all possible speed he rode from Sunbury, and on arriving at the appointed place of meeting, and finding the roads vacant, he concluded the cavalry had passed. They had done so not two hours, and finding that General Prevost, anticipating an attack at Bull Town Swamp, had hastened forward and crossed it, they made good their retreat, with the infantry, towards Riceborough and Medway. Major Jones passed on, and when near Bull Town Swamp, saw what he supposed to be his corps in the distance, and in the eagerness of his advance, never discovered his mistake until within point-blank shot of the enemy. Reining in, he stood firm, in so perilous a situation, and drawing his pistol, discharged it in the face of the foe; to use his own words, " he was determined not to retreat until he had first given the red coats a shot." Wheeling, he put spurs to his horse, and escaped unharmed amidst volleys of balls discharged at him. " When he overtook his company," says General Stewart, " as he rode up flushed with the excitement of the occasion, he narrated the circumstances, and remarked that as he retreated a hundred bullets whizzed within an inch of his nose, which was the prominent feature of his face." A disagreement arising between Colonel Baker and himself, he challenged him to a settlement by single combat. They were to fght in uniform, on horseback, and with their broadswords. The morning came, and the appointed hour found them on the ground, when General James Screven unexpectedly presented himself before them. He well knew their courage and settled determination. Approaching them, he said: " My friends and companions in arms can it be, when your country is bleeding at every pore, and needs the support of her sons in her defence, that you are about to sacrifice your lives to feelings of personal hostility and revenge? If you cannot extend to each other the hand of confidence and friendship, for your country's sake, do not destroy each other's lives." The appeal was heard. The drawn swords were returned to their scabbards. The spirit of patriotism sealed the fountain of injured honour, and triumphed over the desire of private revenge. To live for their country was more noble than to die for themselves. Major Jones suffered severe losses in common with his fellowcitizens. On the surrender of Sunbury to the British, his dwelling, store and warehouse were rifled and destroyed. His plantation also LIBERTY COUNTY. 535 in the country was broken up, and many of his servants taken off, and he removed his family to Jacksonborough, in South Carolina, for safety. In the progress of the war, he was appointed aid to General McIntosh, with whom he continued until his death. The following are a few brief extracts from his letters to his wife, Mrs. Mary Jones. The first was dated " Canys, at Reed's Bluff, 3d June, 1778," in which he says: " Do hot make yourself unhappy. I do not expect the campaign mill be long. The General offers his compliments to you, and thanks you for the buckle sent him. Do not forget to send Major Grimkie some black ribbon to make a cockade." The others relate immediately to the siege of Savannah. General Lincoln reached Zubly's Ferry, on the Savannah River, in his march to co-operate with Count D'Estaing in an attack upon Savannah, on the 11th of September, 1779; and from this place Major Jones writes: "ZUBLYr; FERRY, Tuesday, 14th Sept., 1779.' MY DEAR POLLY:-We arrived here last evening, and are just going to cross the river. Count Pulaski has taken ten prisoners, but they were not found in arms. We are informed that a number of the inhabitants of Georgia have come over to receive pardon, and implore protection. How far the General will protect their property I do not know.' " CAMP NEAR SAVANNAH, 3d October, 1779.' MY DEAR POLLY:-The express not setting off yesterday, gives me an opportunity of writing you again. I expected we should have begun with bombs and cannonading this morning but as matters are not quite ready, we shall not begin before this afternoon, when we shall open with twenty-six pieces of battering cannon and thirteen bombs. I am in hopes, in the course of twenty-four hours' play on their different redoubts, that they will think it prudent to surrender; and if they should not, God knows what will be the consequence. Many valuable lives must be lost in taking the town by storm, the last resource. We are just upon the move-the scene will shortly open. We have the prayers of the Church, and I hope, from the justness of our cause, that God will decide in our favour. " Your affectionate, "JOHN JONES.) "CAMP BEFORE SAVANNASH, 4th October, 1779. "MY DEAR POLLY:-This being a very favourable opportunity, I cannot omit writing you. I still keep my health, and am in high spirits. Last night, at twelve o'clock, we began to open our bomb battery, and this morning, at five o'clock, we began with our battering cannon-a sight that I would not miss seeing. We are still at it, and I do not expect that we shall cease for forty-eight hours. At the end of that time, I hope Savannah will have surrendered. I feel most sincerely for the poor women and children; God only knows what will become of them. I can form no idea at present when we shall get into Savannah. I am of opinion the enemy will make a very vigorous and desperate defence, and it is 536 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. more than probable that we shall be driven to the disagreeable necessity of storming. Count D'Estaing is now embarked seriously in this matter, and his honour will not allow him to withdraw; so that, at all events, we must reduce Savannah. I heartily desire to see the day when I can inform you of our success. But pray do not be unhappy on my account, and believe that if it is my fate to survive this action, I shall; if otherwise, the Lord's will must be done. Every soldier and soldier's wife should religiously believe in predestination. What shall I do for clothes? I have but one pair of breeches left. "Your affectionate, — ~- <"' JOHN JONES.? "CAMP BEFORE SAVANNAH, 5th October, 1779. "MY DEAR POLLY:-The enemy still being obstinate, and not knowing how long they may continue so, I must beg the favour of you to send off Ishmael immediately, on Black Sloven, with a pair of thick breeches, my blue coat, and three ruffled shirts, without stocks, and one pair of black silk breeches. Ishmael is to go no farther than Mrs. McPherson's, at Indian Land, where Jacob will meet him. I have sent home my English horse: he has been very sick. The time I have been absent from you appears almost an age. As soon as this important affair is over, I shall immediately return home. "Your ever affectionate husband,; JOHN JONES.7 " CAMP BEFORE SAVANNAH, 7th October, 1779. "This letter, my dear wife, will be handed you by Ishmael, I expect. I am sorry that it is not in my power to congratulate you on our safe arrival in Savannah. The enemy still continue very obstinate, and a more cruel war could never exist than this. The poor women and children have suffered beyond description. A number of them, in Savannah, have already been put to death by our bombs and cannon. A deserter has this moment come out, who gives an account that many of them were killed in their beds, and amongst others, a poor woman, with her infant in her arms, was destroyed by a cannon-ball. They have all got into cellars; but even there they do not escape the fury of our bombs, several having been mangled in that supposed place of security. I pity General McIntosh; his situation is peculiar. The. whole of his family is there. We have burnt, as yet, only one house; but I expect this night the whole will be in flames, Count D'Estaing being determined they shall now surrender at discretion. We keep up a most incessant cannonade and bombardment, and this evening we shall carry on our approaches within pistol-shot of the enemy's lines. We are hourly expecting that they will strike, though many, with myself, are of opinion they will not, until we compel them by storm. Their investment is complete, and the siege a regular one. I think the matter so near a conclusion, that I doubt if Jacob will return from Mrs. McPherson's in time. The want of thick clothes has been the means of my taking a great cold. We have been very unlucky with respect to the weather-a continued rain, and now very cold. "Adieu, my good wife, and believe me to be, with sincerity, your ever affectionate, " JOTN JONES.? LIBERTY COUNTY. 537 Two replies to these letters alone remain. They breathe a spirit kindred with his own in patriotic feeling and tender affection. In one of them she says:" I am very anxious to hear from you how matters go on. I would to God the great affair was over, for oh! how I dread it, no tongue can express. I am convinced, my dear, you ever will act like a man of spirit; but do not run rashly into danger, if you can avoid it. Consider you have two dear children and a wife whose whole happiness depends on yours. May Heaven guard you, and give me once more a happy sight of you!" Count D'Estaing declining to wait for the reduction of the garrison by regular approaches, an assault was determined upon on the morning of the 9th of October. The plan of the attack was revealed to the British by a deserter. The consequence was, the Spring Hill battery was reinforced, and so confident were the enemy of repulsing the allied army, that they received them with lively airs. Major Jones was in the forlorn hope which led on the attack upon the Spring Hill battery. A French and an American standard were for an instant planted on the parapet of the redoubt; and here, in the fiercest and most desperate part of the contest, he was struck by a cannon-ball in the breast, and instantly killed. The attacking columns, although literally mowed down, pressed gallantly on, and sustained the murderous fire for nearly one hour before a retreat was ordered. The dead were hastily buried. An intimate friend, passing by one of the pits, discovered an exposed hand, which he recognized as that of Major Jones. He had his body disinterred, and carefully and properly buried. He fell at the early age of thirty years and a few months. In this county there lived, during the Revolution, a man by the name of ROBERT SALLETTE, distinguished for his opposition to the Tories It is not known with certainty to what particular command he was attached. He appears to have been a sort of roving character, doing things in his own way. The Tories stood very much in dread of him, and well they might, for never had they a more formidable foe. On one occasion, a Tory, who possessed considerable property, offered a reward of one hundred guineas to any person who would bring him Sallette's head. This was made known to our hero, who provided himself with a bag, in which he placed a pumpkin, and proceeded to the house of the Tory, and told him that, having understood he had offered one hundred guineas for Sallette's head, he had it with him in the bag, (at the same time pointing to the bag,) and that he was ready to deliver it, provided the money was first counted out for him. The Tory, believing that the bag contained Sallette's head, laid down the money, upon which Sallette pulled off his hat, and, placing his hand upon his head, said, " Here is Sallette's head." This answer so frightened the Tory that he immediately took to his heels, but a well-directed shot from Sallette brought him to the ground. 538 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. On one occasion, Sallette and Mr. Andrew Walthour, who, with some others, were the advanced guard of the American army, met the advance of the British, when a smart skirmish took place, and the British guard was driven back. In the skirmish, a very large man of the British was killed. Noticing a pair of boots on the feet of the dead man, Bob resolved to possess them, and was pulling them off, while his comrades were hallooing to him to leave, for he would be killed; but he answered,' I must have the boots, for I want them for little John Way." He has been known to leave the American army during battle, get into the rear of the enemy, and kill many of them before he was discovered. On a certain day he dressed himself in British uniform, dined with a party of the enemy, and whilst the toasting and drinking were going on, suddenly drew his sword, killed his right and left hand man, sprung upon his horse, without having time to throw the bridle over his neck, and rode off amidst the fire of his pursuers. His motto was, never to forgive a Tory; and if one was liberated, he would follow, and, if possible, take his life. The following letter was addressed to the author by George W. Walthour, Esq., of Liberty County, and contains some particulars concerning Sallette:WALTHOURVILLE, A4ugust 28, 1851, DEAR SIR:-My father, Andrew Walthour, Sallette, and another man, were once riding a small trail late in the evening, near to Fraser's old mill seat, when they met three men. My father being in front, said to Sallette, "I will pass the first and second man, and as soon as I come opposite the third, will seize his gun, and you can do the same.:' In this way, the three men were disarmed. "Dismount, gentlemen,? said Sallette. " What is your name?' addressing himself to the leader, to which he replied. giving a fictitious name. "Where is your camp2" The Tory replied, "We are from over the river." "Where did you cross?" "At Beard's," (the Alatamaha,) where the Whigs were most numerous. Sallette replied, "That is a lie!" Then asking the second man the same question, and receiving a similar answer, he turned to the third, and repeated the same question, and received a like answer.' If you do not tell me the truth," said Sallette, "1 will cut off your head." The fellow replied as at first, and was shot down by Sallette. The others promised, if he would spare their lives, they would conduct him to their camp. Their lives were spared, and with the aid of his prisoners, he captured a large party of Tories. Yours, &c., GEORGE W. WALTHOUR. Doctors DUNWOODY and AXON were distinguished practitioners of medicine. LINCOLN COUNTY. 539 LINCOLN COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Wilkes in 1796, and named in honour of Major-General Benjamin Lincoln. Length, 22 m.; breadth, 9 m.; area square miles, 198. The Savannah River separates the county from South Carolina, Broad River from Elbert, and Little River from Columbia County. The creeks are, Fishing, Mills', Pistol, Gray's, Lloyd's, Cherokee, Shivers', Soap, Dry Fork, &c. LINCOLNTON is the county town, situated upon the waters of Soap Creek, distant 90 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. Lisbon, on the south side of Broad River, was laid out as early as 1786. Goshen is six miles N. of Lincolnton. Leathersville is six miles S. of Lincolnton. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 378; families, 378; white males, 1,109; white females, 1,078; free coloured males, 15; free coloured females, 16. Total free population, 2,218; slaves, 3,780. Deaths, 94. Farms, 273; manufacturing establishments, 13. Value of real estate, $611,312; value of personal estate, $1,735,722. Among the first settlers of this county were, THOMAS MURRAY, ROBERT WALTON, JOHN LOCKHART, B. LOCKHART, THOS. MITCHELL, STERNE SIMMONS, J. STOVALL, Captain JOHN LAMAR, STEPHEN HANDSPIKER, M. HENLEY, ROBERT FLEMING, JAMES WALLACE, PETER LAMAR. DISTINGUISHED MEN. JUDGE JOHN M. DOOLY died in this county on the 26th of May, 1827. Hon. THOMAS W. MURRAY was born in this county. In 1819 he became a public man. He was distinguished not so much for the brilliancy of his talents, as for his honesty and independence. For many years he was a member of the Legislature, and once Speaker of the House. Colonel JOHN DOOLY settled in Lincoln about the beginning of the American Revolution. He came to his death by the hands of the Tories. Captain THOMAS DooLY was a brave soldier of the Revolution. He lost his life in a skirmish with the Indians on the 22d of July, 1776, near the Oconee River. 540 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. LOWNDES COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Irwin in 1825, and a part added to Thomas in 1826. Length, 52 m.; breadth, 40; area, 2,080 square miles. The rivers are, the Allapaha, Little, and Withlacoochee. Among the creeks are the Allapahoochee, Ocopilco, Allapacoochee, Cat, Camp, Mule, &c. TROUPVILLE is the seat of justice, immediately in the fork made by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. It is situated S. of Milledgeville, distant 180 miles. Named after the Hon. George M. Troup. Statistics according to the last Census.-2,998 white males; 2,847 white females; 16 free coloured males; 6 free coloured females. Total free population, 5,867; slaves, 2,484. Deaths, 64. Farms, 469; manufacturing establishments, 2. Value of real estate, $790,000 Value of personal estate, $1,590,276. The general face of the country is level. The lands are very fertile. Rice, cotton, corn, &c., are the productions. Among the early settlers were, Rev. WM. A. KNIGHT, BENJAMIN SERMAN, BANI BOYD, WM. SMITH, JOHN BRYAN, JACOB BRYAN, JOHN J. UNDERWOOD, HENRY PARISH, FISHER GASKINS, JESSE LEE, JESSE CARTER, H. COLSON, J. JAMESON, J. HALL, S. HALL, G. HILL, JOHN HILL, Rev. Mr. ALBERTON, J. D. SPANKS, JAMES MATTHEWS, S. E. SWILLEY, Major SIMMONS, WM. DEAS, J. DEAS, WILLIAM MCMULLIN, FRANCIS ROUNDTREE, JESSE GOODMAN, Captain BURNETT, L. ROBERTS, Captain BELL.'io r ttIan ani0s. ALMOST every stream of note in this county has some natural curiosity connected with it. Many of the streams disappear and are not seen for miles, when they again make their appearance, and flow as tranquilly to their destination as if nothing strange or unusual had happened to them. Others present caves in their banks, into which a part of the stream is diverted, and at their entrance a thriving mill will often be found. Lowndes County also contains curiosities in the shape of numerous large open ponds, covering some six square miles, without any tree or stump in them. A portion of the surface of these ponds is covered with beautiful and rare botanical specimens. The streams and ponds abound in fish of various kinds, The woods are filled with game of all sorts. LOWNDES COUNTY. 541 Within a few miles of Troupville are the ruins of an old town. Large live oaks grow in front of the ruins in straight rows, and so regular in their distance that it is scarcely probable they are of spontaneous growth. Roads are also discernible. These are wide and straight. In 1827 a spot of earth in this county suddenly sunk to the depth of one hundred feet. The place is now covered with water. ADVENTURE WITH A PANTHER.-In 1849, a step-son of Thomas B. Stewart and his younger brother were hunting hogs near a swamp, one mile from the Allapaha River, and ten miles above Knight's Bridge. Their dog had left them and gone into the swamp; but soon returned at full speed, closely pursued by a huge panther. Escape was impossible. The panther seized the elder brother, and mangled him most fearfully. Leaving him for dead, it then pursued the younger brother and the dog. It soon, however, returned. The boy finding escape impossible, pretended to be dead. After smelling around him, the animal proceeded to cover him partially with leaves and grass, and' again renewed its pursuit of the other party. The wounded boy had by this time so far recovered from his wounds and fright as to be able to make good his escape, which he did as rapidly as possible. In the mean time, the younger boy had given the alarm and aroused the neighbourhood. William G. Aikin, John H. Guthrie, Alfred Herrin and Jesse Vickery, immediately went in pursuit. Upon arriving at the spot, they found the pile of leaves and grass, and broken bushes, but the boy and panther were both gone. Having an excellent dog, they soon trailed the panther into the swamp, and in a few hundred yards brought him to bay. The hunters entered the swamp, and proceeded cautiously until they approached within about thirty yards of the huge monster. Here they stopped to consult as to the manner of attack. Not so the panther. He was in their midst at almost a single bound. Seizing Guthrie, he dashed him violently to the earth, horribly gashing his head and face. Vickery discharged his piece, loaded with buckshot, into the panther's breast, at a distance of six feet. Herrings gun missed fire, when he drew his knife, in real Western style, and cut the panther's throat. The dog was killed in the fight by the cougar, but Guthrie and the boy escaped with their lives, and still'survive to tell the tale. 542 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. LUMPKIN COUNTY. LAID out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832, and named after the Hon. Wilson Lumpkin. The rivers are, the Etowah, Chestatee, and Tesnatee. The creeks are, Yellow, Amicalolah, Shoal, Nimble Will, Cain, Yahoola, &c. The Blue Ridge is in the northern part of the county. Walker's Mountain is in the eastern part. Some fine bodies of land are on the rivers and creeks. The ridge lands are valuable only for timber and mining. The principal products are corn, wheat, and tobacco. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,381; families, 1,381; white males, 3,971; white females, 4,022; free coloured males, 9; free coloured females, 13. Total free population, 8,015; slaves, 939. Deaths, 46. Farms, 598. Value of real estate, $556,334; value of personal estate, $647,274. The climate of this county is pleasant, but subject to great and sudden changes. Lumpkin can show a long list of persons who have attained to a great age. Mrs. YOUNG, living a few years ago, was over 100. JOHN J. WILLIAMS was over 90-he was in the battle at King's Mountain. Mr. JOHN HAMES was over 100; SAMUEL EVANS, 85; Mr. HARPER, 89; JOHN ALEXANDER, 84. Mr. ALLEN died at the age of 115 years; Mr. WATTS died at the age of 90; Mr. JAMES BOYD was over 100 years, and his wife, NANCY BOYD, over 94 years. RICHARD LEDBETTER, a Revolutionary soldier, at his death was 100 years old; Mrs. SMITH died at 103; Mrs. SALLY BRIGHT at 112. M. PILGRIM died at 86. DAHLONEGA, the capital of this county, is situated on a high hill, commanding a view of Walker's, Mossy Creek, and Yonah Mountains, and is 141 miles from Milledgeville. Gold is often found in the court-house square, particularly after a shower; and the little boys frequently pick up pieces of gold weighing from one-fourth of a dwt. to one dwt. The U. S. Branch Mint establishment is located in this town. The Indian name for Dahlonega was Tau-lau-ne-ca, meaning yellow money. Auraria, alias Nuckollsville, is situated six miles from Dahlonega. Leather's Ford is situated on the Chestatee River. The following are the principal gold mines in Lumpkin County:Singleton's mines, near Dahlonega, embracing more than 2,000 acres. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee River, has yielded enormously. MACON COUNT'. 543 J. E. Calhoun's mine, on the Chestatee River, five miles from Dahlonega, has been a very rich deposit mine, and is not yet exhausted. Cain and Yahoola creeks are celebrated localities. On the latter is the famous lot, 1,052, which once created such a sensation among the gold speculators. In almost every portion of this county gold abounds. Evidence of its existence meets the eye of the traveller in every direction. Amicalolah Falls are 17 miles west of Dahlonega, near the road leading to Tennessee. The name is said to be a compound of two Cherokee words, " ani," signifying water, and " calolah," rolling or tumbling. A writer in the Orion, vol. ii., p. 352, thus describes these falls " The view from the top does not (as is the case at Tallulah) comprehend the whole extent of all the cascades; but, on some accounts, is preferred. The range of mountains to the south and west, as it strikes the eye from the summit of the falls, is truly sublime; and the scene is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. The view from the foot embraces, as strictly regards the falls themselves, much more than the view from above, and is therefore perhaps the better; both, however, should be obtained, in order to form a just conception of the scene." MACON COUNTY. BOUNDED on the N. by Crawford, E. by Houstoun and a part of Talbot, S. by a portion of Dooly and Sumter, W. by Marion, and named after the Hon. Nathaniel Macon. The Flint River flows through the county, and has the following tributaries, viz.:-Beaver, Juniper, Horse, White Water, Bucks, Buck Head, and Spring. On the Flint River are several mounds. LANIER is the seat of justice, situated on the west side of the Flint River, 80 miles from Milledgeville. It was named after Clement Lanier, Esq. Oglethorpe is one mile W. of Flint River, and fifty miles from Macon. The site of the town is high, dry, and sandy. It is so situated as to command the trade of a large portion of Southwestern Georgia. The place has rapidly improved. Mr. S. Boone built the first house. Montezuma, on the east side of the Flint River, was founded by John T. Brown, Esq. Cuyler is two miles west of Oglethorpe. Marshallville, Winchester, and Marthasville, are on the Southwestern Railroad. The face of the country is level. East of the Flint River the lands are mixed. 544 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 679; families, 679; white males, 2,091; white females, 1,999; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 4,091; slaves, 2,961. Farms, 419. Value of real estate, $1,249,925; value of personal estate, $1,684,317. Among the first settlers of this county were, WM. H. HOLLINGSHEAD, W. N. L. CROCKER, NEEDHAM MUSSEY, JAMES M. TAYLOR, WM. COLE, GEO. V. WHITEFIELD, JACOB DUNN, SAMUEL WILLIAMS, DAVID JONES, PHILIP BAILEY, ROBERT PEACOCK, R. SELLERS, JOHN STAPLER, WM. McDOWELL, EDWARD BRooKS, WALTER L. CAMPBELL, JOHN RUSHIN, ROBERT BROOKS, JOHN MOTT, HENRY TURNER, JOHN YOUNG, WM. MEASLES, JOHN PERRY, A. BRANHAM, E. ADAMS, JESSE ROUSE, JOHN MONK, ROBERT GREENE, D. WADLEY, M. WADLEY, D. MITCHELL, THOMAS BIVINS, GEO. BUCHANAN, JAMES KAIGLER, WM. UNDERWOOD, N. POWELL, R. SNELLING, L. THROWER, S. HILL, JOSHUA NEWSOME, WM. TOIPKINS, D. OWENS, R. STEWART, M. KEMP. The first court was held at the house of Walter.L. Campbell, Judge King presiding. Upon the plantation now owned by Mr. L. Wyley was formerly a place known as Barnett's Reserve, on the east side of the Flint River, MADISON COUNTY WAS laid out from Oglethorpe, Clarke, Jackson, Franklin, and Elbert, in 1811. Part added from Clarke in 1813; part from Elbert and Franklin in 1819; part taken from Franklin in 1823; part from Clarke, 1829; part taken from Oglethorpe in 1831. It received its name from the illustrious James Madison. Length, 14 m.; breadth, 13 m.; area square miles, 182. The Broad River is the chief stream. Good lands are on Blue Stone Creek. The lands on the north fork of Broad River are very inferior. On the south fork the lands are productive. The northwest part of the county is poor. The productions are cotton, corn, &c. The climate is pleasant and healthy. There are several instances of longevity. Mr. JAMES PITTMAN, 93; Mrs. LETTUCE MILLIGAN, 89; Mr. STEPHEN GROVES was over 98; Mr. JAMES THOMPSON was over 80; Mr. JAMES CARUTH, over 80; Mr. JAMES SAUNDERS, 80; Captain ROBERT L. TATE, 80; Rev. TIMOTHY CARRINGTON died at 80; ALEXANDER HAMAN, at 80; WM. CHEEK, at 89; CHARLES TUGLE, 87. Among the early settlers were, SAMUEL LONG, JACOB EBERHART, SAMUEL WOODS, STEPHEN GROVES, General DANIEL. MARION COUNTY. 545 DANIELSVILLE, named after General Allen Daniel, is the capital, distant from Milledgeville 87 miles. Madison Springs are 20 miles N. E. of Athens. For forty years they have had a high reputation. The accommodations are of a superior character. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 692; families, 692; white males, 1,848; white females, 1,919; 1 free coloured male; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 3,670; slaves, 1,933. Deaths, 68. Farms, 404; manufacturing establishments, 3. Value of real estate, $927,844; value of personal estate, $1,134,308. MARION COUNTY. NAMED after General Francis Marion, and laid out from Muscogee and Lee in 1827; part added to Crawford in 1827; part added to Muscogee in 1829. Length, about 41 m.; breadth, 30 m. There is great variety in the soil. In some parts the land is red and stiff, but the most of it is a loose, sandy soil, and very productive. Cotton, ride, corn, &c., are the productions. There is no large river in this county. The creeks are the Kinchafoona, Pine Knot, Uchee, &c. BUENA VISTA, made the county site in 1847, is situated 101 miles from Milledgeville. Tazewell, formerly the county site, is about 25 miles from Flint River. Pineville, in the western corner of the county, is 15 miles from Tazewell. Glenalta is in the northern, and: Poindexter in the southeast part. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,101; families, 1,101; white males, 3,270; white females, 3,298; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 5. Total free population, 6,676; slaves, 3,604. Deaths, 72. Farms, 563; manufacturing establishments, 4. Value of real estate, $1,359,940; value of personal estate, $2,107,500. Among the first settlers in this county were, THOMAs BIVINs, D. M. BURKHALTER, J. BURKHALTER, MORGAN KEMP, REUBEN KEMP, RANDALL STEWART, D. OWENS, R. SELLERS. 35 546 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. McINTOSH COUNTY. THIS county was laid off from Liberty in 1793. Length, 40 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 640. The Alatamaha is the principal river. The Alatamaha lands are of inexhaustible fertility, producing large quantities of rice and sugar-cane. The pine lands are valuable for their timber. DARIEN is the capital, on the north bank of the Alatamaha, 190 miles from Milledgeville. At this place is a large steam saw-mill, having five gangs of saws, capable of sawing 50,000 feet of lumber per day; valuation of mill, $50,000. Fort Barrington is 12 miles from Darien, on the Alatamaha. South Newport is north of Darien. Jonesville is in the northern part of the county. The islands are, Sapelo, Wolf, Deboy, Broughton, &c. Extratct friom the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 283; families, 283; white males, 692; white females, 635; free coloured males, 41; free coloured females, 31. Total free population, 1,399; slaves, 4,629. Deaths, 111. Farms, 117; manufacturing establishments, 1.0. Value of real estate, $632,945; value of personal estate, $1,931,136. The lumber business is conducted extensively, and several of the citizens have engaged in the manufacture of turpentine with success. The climate is warm, and unhealthy. The planters are in the habit of retreating, during the summer months, to the pine lands. Numerous instances of longevity are recorded. Mrs. SUSANNAH FORD died in this county at the age of 113 years; Mr. JOHN GRANT, a soldier under Oglethorpe, was nearly 90 at his death; GEORGE WHITE, 81; JOHN CALDER, 77. Both of these gentlemen were soldiers.of the Revolution. Mrs. ANN MCINTOSI died on Tuesday, the 22d of October, 1833, at Cedar Point, McIntosh County, aged 100 years. Her parents came to this country with General Oglethorpe, and she was born shortly after at Darien, where Oglethorpe had a military post. She spent her life within ten miles of that place, ninety-five years within two miles of it, and eighty-six on the same spot, never having left it but once, when she was expelled by the British. Mrs. M. possessed her voice and animation to the last hour, was a woman of good character, and highly esteemed by her friends. This county was named to commemorate the services of the McIntosh family. M INTOSH COUNTY. 547 General LACHLAN MCINTOSH was born in Scotland. When the first regiment in Georgia was organized, he was elected commander. Besides rendering important services in Georgia, he was invested with the command of an important Western post by Washington; and by his prompt and prudent measures, succeeded in giving repose to the frontiers. He died at Savannah in 1806. Colonel James S. MCINTOSH, who lost his life in the late Mexican war, was born on the 19th of June, 1787, in the County of Liberty. He entered the army in 1812, and remained in it until the battle of Molino del Rey, where he received a wound which terminated his life. GENERAL JOHN MCINTOSH.-Some incidents in the life of this distinguished soldier, as also of the lady whom he married, which have never appeared in print, and are known to but few persons now living, cannot but prove highly interesting to the reader. They were furnished by an esteemed friend. The patriotism and heroic fortitude of Mrs. McIntosh, under the most trying circumstances, are worthy of record: General McIntosh, when a Lieutenant-Colonel in the army of the Revolution, during the war became acquainted with Miss Sarah Swinton, of South Carolina, of Scottish descent, and whose father, a patriot of those times, was killed in battle by the British at Stono. Her form was light and delicate. Possessed of a well-cultivated and discriminating mind, with a rare faculty for conversation and argument, and although of soft, retiring manners, she espoused with an almost imprudent zeal the cause of freedom, in a part of the country infested by Tories, and marauding bands of British troops. To this lady he was engaged to be married; and in one of his excursions to the neighbourhood in which she resided, he was informed that Captain Elholm, a Polander in the American service, (Lee's Legion,) had acted oppressively towards some of the inhabitants, and in remonstrating with him on the injustice and impolicy of his conduct, a quarrel quickly ensued, and which, it was as promptly determined, should be settled by the arbitrament of the sword. The arranged meeting was soon generally known. Both were young, resolute, active, and powerful and and it was thought that one or both would certainly be killed in the contest; and as the parties were moving on to the place of combat, Miss Swinton requested to see for an instant her intended consort. The friends of the Colonel hesitated, fearing the consequences of an interview at such a moment, which he had not the heart to decline, though he had one for a different and desperate encounter. He called on her, and was met with serious firmness, and after a little conversation, she observed, "If you are, then, inviolably pledged to meet this man, and feel that your honour is dearer than life, what shall I do 7" Seeing that his cravat was but loosely bound about his neck, she continued, " Yes, but let me adjust your cravat.' And having with scrupulous care, as she thought, protected the most vulnerable and exposed part, after a few brief words, feeling the softer susceptibilities of her nature beginning to prevail, she hastily gave him her hand, and fled to her room, to conceal there her agitation, and the anguish of a devoted heart. 548 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The hostile parties met under a large oak, the ground about which was soon cleared of every obstacle that might impede the movements of the combatants. At the word "Ready," they drew, and, advancing with sharp and glittering swords, commenced the battle in good earnest, with firm hearts and sturdy arms. In a little time the right arm of Captain Elholm was nearly severed from his body, and fell powerless by his side. Here it might be supposed that the contest would cease: not so; there was but a momentary pause, for he was a proud, fearless soldier, expert, with his weapon, and naturally left-handed. His sword was dexterously transferred to his left hand, which he used with great effect; and the blows came soiawkwardly, that they were not easily parried by his righthanded antagonist. Both were in a few moments disabled in such a manner, that the friends present felt it proper to interfere, and end the bloody conflict. They carried to their graves the scars, and deeply furrowed cheeks, as evidences of a once terrible struggle. Miss Swinton was not long in suspense; the combatants were soon taken from the field, disfigured by many deep and dangerous sabre wounds, of which, however, in due time, they both recovered; and the Colonel often remarked that he was more indebted to the tender attentions of Miss S. for his restoration to health than to the management or skill of his surgeon. Witnesses of the particulars of this scene have often related to the writer what he has above stated. A little time after this occurrence, Colonel McIntosh brought his young and patriotic wife to Georgia, his'native State; and some eight or ten years after the close of the war, he was induced by the representations of friends who had removed to Florida, to go there also, being then a province of Spain, where grants for fine lands could be obtained at but little cost or trouble. He removed there, and settled on the St. John's with his family; and was making improvements on the south bank of that beautiful river, when, on going to St. Augustine, as usual, he was roused from his bed, at midnight, by a band of Spanish troops, accompanied by the Governor in disguise, Juan Nepomuceno de Quesada, with whom he had been on friendly terms, and by him was imprisoned in the fortress of St. Augustine; a company of soldiers being dispatched to the residence of the family, forty miles distant, in search of papers to criminate him they had so basely seized, on suspicion, as it was afterwards said, of his having designs against the Spanish Government. They came suddenly to the house, which they surrounded, and entered, to the terror of a helpless family, rudely demanding the keys of every place on which there was a lock, made a. thorough search, and carried off every document, private letter, and scrap of paper on which any writing was to be seen. While he remained in this prison, all intercourse with his distressed family and friends was interdicted; and by the first opportunity he was shipped, under a strong guard, as a prisoner of state, to the Captain-General of Cuba, and by him incarcerated in the Moro Castle of Havana. He could obtain no information as to the direct cause of his imprisonment, nor hope as to the period of any trial, by which his innocence might be made to appear, expecting to perish in that loathsome dungeon, as many do who enter it, never even hearing the cause of their arrest or detention. Just about this time, Mrs. McIntosh had lost her sight, by attempting to reduce an inflammation of the breast, which fell on her eyes, and produced M INTOSH COUNTY. 549 blindness, which the best oculists and medical men of our country, who had been employed, could not relieve. Thus situated was Mrs. McIntosh, in a wilderness country, with an aged grandmother and family of young children, far from her friends; her husband in a distant prison beyond sea, in the power of a despotic and pitiless government, surrounded by spies, ready to attribute all his movements to criminal designs, and so represent them; and her property subject to many losses for the want of accustomed care and direction. Yet she quailed not under these multiplied wrongs and afflictions. Her fortitude yielded not to the pressure of misfortune, but strengthened as her difficulties increased. She was a fervent Christian, and trusted in God to approve her efforts for deliverance. from present and impending troubles. She obtained permission from the Governor of Florida to write to her husband. She also addressed several letters to the Captain-General of Cuba. Some of her letters to Colonel McIntosh were in her own handwriting: the process was painful and slow, being conducted by having a ruler as a guide, placed on the paper, and writing over the upper edge of it, until the line was finished, when it was removed to a proper distance for the next line, the attendant supplying the ink when necessary. An amanuensis became indispensable, (which was often one of her little sons,) in consequence of her increased correspondence, induced by the imprisonment of her husband. Several affecting letters of Mrs. McIntosh, and a few pieces of poetry, some of which appeared in the journals of the day, are all of her writings which now remain in the hands of her descendants. Colonel Mcintosh having placed himself voluntarily under the Spanish Government, no interposition from ours could be claimed for him; but the private influence of General Washington, and of the most distinguished men of our country, many of whom had served with him during the war, was exerted in his behalf, mainly through the active correspondence and ceaseless efforts of Mrs. McIntosh. In her addresses to the functionaries of the Spanish Government, she endeavoured to propitiate by a persuasive and flattering style; but meeting with disappointment, and wearied by procrastination and the neglect of prevaricating officials, she had recourse to a more energetic manner, through letters to her husband, which she knew could not fail of falling into the hands of the CaptainGeneral. In little less than a year, Colonel McIntosh was released without trial, confronted by no accuser or testimony of any kind; no charge having ever been formally preferred against him. Such was the suspicious Spanish Government then, and such it is now. On Colonel McIntosh's arrival in Florida, from Cuba, when near his home on the St. John's, it was announced to his family that he had been released, and would soon be in their midst. This was as a resurrection from the tomb, for all who judged rightly of the injustice and tyranny of this execrable government, believed him lost to his family forever. Mirs. McIntosh sprang from her seat, and with clasped hands expressed the rapturous emotions of her long and sorely-bruised heart in a flood of grateful tears-more eloquent than words. The tumultuous burst of joy by the family and servants around her was too much for her delicate health; and she sunk upon the floor, oppressed by the over 550 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. powering sensations of the moment; and when she awoke to consciousness. found herself in the arms of her husband, whose fate she had so long deplored. Colonel McIntosh, chafed by the injustice and rigour of his confinement, left the Province immediately, not, however, without some acknowledgment of his gratitude for Spanish hospitality, (aided by a few faithful followers, who had also suffered imprisonment in St. Augustine:) by destroying a small fort on the St. John's, opposite to Jacksonville, then called the Cow Ford, and burning several galleys in the river, as they passed on to Georgia. The late Colonel Abner Hammond, of Milledgeville, was a fellow-prisoner with Colonel Mcintosh in the Moro Castle, and released at the same time. Mrs. McIntosh lived several years after these troubles, and died among her friends on St. Simon's Island, Georgia, in 1799. General McIntosh was called again to the service of his country in the war of 1812, and died in 1826, at his plantation, in the county which received its name commemorative of the services of his family, some of whom have held commissions in every war in which the country has been engaged since the settlement of Georgia by General Oglethorpe. BELLEYUE, FLORIDA, May 25, 1794. MY DEAR ME. MCINTOSI:-Three days ago I received your letter of the 30th ult., but have heard nothing of the one directed to the care of Dr. Traverse. Nothing, my dear husband, in life would have given me half the satisfaction I experienced in hearing from you, and, in the midst of my afflictions, I rejoice to find you so resigned to the will of God, who will, I trust, shortly deliver you from captivity, and restore you again to your unhappy family. But why, my dear husband, do you mention my settling any of your business 1 Rest assured I have not the smallest doubt but you will be permitted to return as soon as your trial is over, which, I have the best reason to believe, will be soon. Innocence and justice are on your side; you have, therefore, nothing to fear from laws which, when administered justly, never oppress the innocent. Cheer up your spirits, therefore, dear husband, and look forward to brighter prospects and happier days, which 1 hope will shortly present themselves to your view. I truly regret you did not receive your trunk earlier; you must have wanted for every necessary. We are all as well as we can be in your absence.......... Adieu, my dear husband; and may that merciful God, who so often shielded you in the day of battle, guard and restore you in safety to your unhappy family, is the sincere and constant prayer of your truly affectionate wife, SARAn S. MCINTOSI-. A Letter to'his Excellency the Cacptain-General of the.Tsland of Cuba, Louisiana, and the two Floridas. EAsT FLORIDA, Mfay 25th, 1794. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY:-I should before the present time have done myself the honour of addressing you, emboldened to do so from your generous, humane, and benevolent character; but I hitherto declined it, in expectation of first receiving a copy, agreeably to the translation into Spanish, of some papers, which, on the 21st day of March last, I had laid before his Excellency M'INTOSH COUNTY. 551 the Governor of this Province, with a letter from myself respecting my husband, Mr. John McIntosh, who unfortunately, though innocently; fell under some suspicion. as I am told, of having views inimical to the government, and who, I understand, is now in confinement in the Moro Castle. Having at length, this day, received the above-mentioned copy, I take the liberty of doing myself the honour of transmitting it to you, and of candidly laying my unfortunate story before you, humbly entreating your Excellency's attention to it. Being informed by a friend that nothing would be done respecting my papers without a formal petition from myself to the Governor, I, in a weak and infirm situation, without loss of time, went to St. Augustine, and on the first day of April, laid a petition before his Excellency, the Governor, praying that the papers already laid before him respecting my husband, Mr. John McIntosh, should be justly translated into the Spanish language; that such translation, with the original, should be annexed to the proceedings against him; also that I should be furnished with a copy of said translation and petition, which was granted; but whether anything more has been done in the business, I have not been able to learn. This is, therefore, with all imaginable respect and due submission, to petition the favour of your Excellency to order that the charges (if any there are) against my husband, with the proofs annexed in his vindication, should be transmitted to your Excellency, that he may the more speedily be brought to trial. By those papers you will be able to judge of the character and connections of my unfortunate husband. Is it then reasonable or probable to suppose that a man who for forty years has pursued a life of the strictest honour and most undeviating rectitude, should in a moment descend from every sentiment that was honourable and just, to unite with a set of desperate and unprincipled men, who had nothing to hazard, and whose only views could have been to enrich themselves by the property of others'! One who had been for upwards of fourteen months previous to his captivity labouring under a consumptive habit, whose life had been several times during that period despaired of by his friends and physicians, with a wife who, I may without vanity say, he most affectionately loved, deprived of sight, and who still is under the influence of the same painfully distressing complaint, added toall which, the loss of a lovely infant, his only daughter, on whom he doted. Can. it, indeed, as I have before observed, be reasonable to believe that a man of such character, in such circumstances and situation, could have designs inimical to a government under which he enjoyed perfect peace and tranquillity, his happiness being only disturbed by the afflictions with which it had pleased the hand of God to visit himself and his family? What I have advanced is literally true, and what I can prove readily by my neighbours. To your Excellency's humanity and justice I submit my cause. Justice is all I ask; all I require. Justice from your humane hands I have not a doubt I shall receive; and justice will, I trust, restore my dear partner to his (at present) wretched and disconsolate family. Suffer, O sir! my miserable situation to touch your generous and noble breast with pity and compassion. Allow your imagination to paint my distress in the most lively colours. Imagine you behold before you an unhappy female, deprived of sight, labouring under a continual series of bodily pain, unused hitherto to experience the iron hand of want, whose mental anguish is far the most poignant, with six small children around 552 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. her, the eldest of whom does not exceed twelve years, with a very slender property to support them, and that daily diminishing for want of its head to direct and manage it to the best advantage. Let me, 0 sir! for pity's sake, for justice, sake, and for God's sake, entreat you in the most earnest manner to take into consideration my most unhappy case, and as you find no cause for longer detention, restore to liberty your innocent and suffering prisoner, and thereby add new lustre to a character already dignified by acts of liberality, justice and humanity. And what is still more, your generous heart will exult in the pleasing reflection, that you have snatched from misery and ruin an unhappy family, who will to their latest breath feel the highest sense of gratitude for your goodness. I should be wanting in gratitude to the best of husbands, who ever since our union has reposed the most unbounded confidence in me, did I not declare, that since his residence in this Province, he has been a warm friend, and upwards of two years a faithful servant of the Spanish government, which he served in the office in which he was placed without reward or emolument, to the apparent satisfaction of his superiors, and all others with whom concerned in business. I have further to petition that your Excellency will permit my husband to write to me by every opportunity that may offer, and allow him to receive my letterso Resting in the fullest confidence of your justice and goodness, With the highest respect, I have the honour to be, Your Excellency's most obedient, And very humble servant, SARAH S. MCITOsn, BELLEVUE, EAST FLORIDA, October 24th, 1794. Your favours, my dear Mr. McIntosh, of the 6th of July and 2d of August, were handed to me two days ago. Nothing, in my present situation, could have given me so much real pleasure as I experienced in observing your resignation to the will of Providence, and that you had again recovered your health, for which I am truly thankful; although I must confess I am still fearful respecting your consumptive complaint —pray be more particular in your next. I shall most undoubtedly call on Colonel Howard with your letter, and apply to him for a certificate, as you requested, knowing he has it fully in his power to give it, having myself delivered him a letter in March last, from Major Berrien, containing some information (with his newspapers) interesting to this Province, which letter the Major read to myself, and then intrusted to my care. I should make no delay in calling on Colonel Howard, but at present he is on a visit at the Battery be. low; but on his return shall pay my respects to him, after which you shall hear from me, as I expect another conveyance will offer in a few days. I am very happy to find. you have received my letters of the 19th and 25th of May, which I feared had miscarried, having written also by the same opportunity to his Excellency the Captain-General, stating facts, and petitioning for justice from his humane hands. I also inclosed him a Spanish translation of the papers that I received from Georgia, likewise entreating that his Excellency would have the goodness to order to Havana the accusations against you, (if any there are,) with the proofs annexed in your favour, those papers being collected by me, in M'INTOSH COUNTY. 553 consequence of being informed by some of my friends in St. Augustine that there was some suspicion of your having views inimical to this government. The charges against you, with the proofs annexed in your favour, were, I am told, sent on by the Governor in the month of August; but not hearing from his Excellency the Captain-General, and being impatient of such long delay, which is indeed the severest punishment both on yourself and your unfortunate family, and this punishment, too, without a crime to merit it, has at length determined me to apply to the King, and by a memorial in my own name, entreat a redress of those grievances under which we have too long laboured. For this purpose, therefore when I was last in town, from whence I returned about three weeks ago, I made application for a power of attorney, to be drawn out in the name of the American Ambassador at the Court of Madrid, empowering him to authorize another to act, under his direction, in your business. This power I found great difficulty in obtaining, nor should I ever have received it but through the dint of perseverance and resolution; for after being amused with frequent promises for near three weeks, and becoming more impatient and solicitous, (having no other business in town,) I received the categorical answer, that as the power was desired in favour of a foreigner, it could not be granted. Roused with resentment at so flagrant a violation of law and justice, I, without loss of time, memorialized his Excellency the Governor, to direct that I should be furnished with the above-mentioned power, which was finally done; although I can assure you, I met with many obstacles before my point was gained. My memorial and power of attorney go to Court well supported, my friends being no less powerful than willing to serve me. I have also the promise of our fiiend Major Berrien, to write respecting your business to his Excellency, Don Diego de Gardoquie, one of his Majesty's Ministers of State, formerly Ambassador from Spain to the United States, with whom the Major had the honour of a personal acquaintance when in New-York. When I memorialized the Governor, I requested he would return your papers as well as my own, which had been seized on your imprisonment. This was likewise granted, except your agreement with Mr. Wagnon, to bring in your cattle from Georgia, and four letters from Colonel Samuel Hammond, which he (the Governor) informed me he had forwarded to the Captain-General. This intelligence was far from being unpleasant, knowing full well the contents of all the letters you ever received either from him or any other friend since you left Georgia; one of his being written years ago, and containing nothing more than might naturally be expected from an old acquaintance and brother officer; and although it has been represented by some mischievous character, that he had long ago joined General Clarke, who has possessed himself of the Yazoo land, it can easily be proved that this very man is still pursuing his own private business in Savannah. However, be that as it may, Colonel Hammond's letters will speak for themselves, and I rejoice they are placed in the Captain-General's hands, who, if he does not fully understand the English language himself, has, I hope, a better interpreter than some of the Spanish Provinces can boast of. You flatter me, my dear husband, in saying I would make a good lawyer. I claim no merit; shining abilities are not very necessary to plead well in a good cause; but I must truly acknowledge, it requires brightness of genius to trans 554 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. form a bad cause into a good one. Your letters inclosed to Dr. Traverse have never reached my hands; that dated the 10th May I received and answered. I am much surprised at your hearing so seldom from me, this being the ninth letter I have written to you since our painful separation, which, God grant, may not be of much longer continuance. I am sorry you missed your morning-gown. I shall send you another by Captain Dominic, by whom this also will be forwarded. I hope to hear from you by his return. I feel the deepest sense of gratitude and, obligation to the Captain-General, for his humanity in permitting you to write to me, and to receive my letters, which I shall, in future, send under cover, as directed. May the Supreme Disposer of all human events reward him for every mark of indulgence he is pleased to bestow on his innocent but suffering prisoner. Don Sanctos Roderique, the Commissary at the Bluff, goes in a few days to Havana. I shall furnish him with money to purchase your tobacco. Agreeably to your desire, I have sent our son William with $100 to his uncle, and requested he should be sent on to New-York. My eyes are considerably mended, but as I think Dr. Baron may still be. serviceable, I shall, with the Governor's permission, go to Charleston in the course of a fortnight; my stay there I do not expect will exceed more than two months. I trust, in the goodness of God, the justice of the law, and the humanity of his Excellency the Captain-General, to restore you again shortly to your unhappy family, who all unite in an affectionate remembrance to you. Adieu; my dear husband, and may the Guardian of innocence protect and restore you to liberty again, is the sincere and daily prayer of your truly affectionate wife, SARAH S. MCINTOSH. N. B.-Your passport is undoubtedly in the Captain-General's hands. We are all well-adieu. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENT. WE copy the following paper from the Colonial records, to which access was granted us by a resolution of the Legislature of the State of Georgia:January 12, 1775. IN TIHE DARIEN COMMITTEE.-When the most valuable privileges of a people are invaded, not only by open violence, but by every kind of fraud, sophistry, and cunning, it behooves every individual to be upon his guard, and every member of society, like beacons in a country surrounded by enemies, to give the alarm, not only when their liberties in general are attacked, but separately, lest a precedent in one may affect the whole; and to enable the collective wisdom of such people to judge of its consequences, and how far their respective grievances concern all, or should be opposed to preserve their necessary union. Every laudable attempt of this kind, by the good people of this colony, in a constitutional manner, hath been hitherto frustrated by the influence and authority of men in office, and their numerous dependents. We, therefore, the representatives of the extensive district in the Colony of Georgia, being now assembled in Congress, by the authority and free choice of the inhabitants of the same district, now freed from their fetters, do resolve! Signed by LACH. AMCINTOSH, GEO. THREADCRAFT, CHARLES MDONALD, JOHN M INTOSH COUNTY. 555 MCINTOSH, RAYMOND DEMERE, JILES MOORE, SAMIUEL MCCLELAND, RICHARD COOPER, SETH MCCOLLUGH, ISAAC HALL, THOMAS KING, JOHN ROLAND, P. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH SLOBE, JAMES NEWSON, A. D. CUTHBERT, JOIIN HALL, JNO. MCCULLUGH, Sen., PETER SALLERS, Jun., JAMES CLARK, JNO. WITHERSPOON, Junl', JNO. WITHERSPOON, JNO. FULTON, SAMUEL FULTON, ISAAC CUTHBERT, JNO. McCoLLUGH, Jun'r, WM. MCCOLLUGH, R. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOHN OICCLELANDI members of the Association. The following resolutions were adopted:First, That the unparalleled moderation, the decent, but firm and manly conduct of the loyal and brave people of Boston and Massachusetts Bay, to preserve their liberty, deserve not only the applause and thanks of all Americans, but also the imitation of all mankind. But to avoid needless repetition, we acquiesce and join in all the resolutions passed by the Grand American Congress in Philadelphia, last October. We thank them for their sage counsel and advice, and most heartily and cheerfully accede to the association entered into by them, as the wisest and most moderate measure that could be adopted in our present circumstances to reconcile and firmly unite Great Britain and the colonies, so indispensably necessary to each other, by the surest and best basis, mutucel interest. But as the wisest counsels upon earth are liable to the errors of humanity, and notwithstanding our reverence and partiality for that august Assembly, we beg leave to differ from them in opinion, charging the unjust measures of the present and preceding ministry to a person qualified rather for a private than a public station; and as the resentment of his countrymen on a former occasion was raised by the illiberal and unjust abuse of them indiscriminately, for the faults of that man, we humbly presume the renewing it at this time, on so little foundation, at least impolitic, being confident that every- member of that late wise, patriotic, and truly honourable Congress, from a principle of candour and justice, will rather commend than blame our honest and well-meant freedom. Second, That in shutting up our land offices, with the intention of raising our quit-rents, and setting up our lands at public sale, representations of the Crown tract have not been duly considered and attended to in all its consequences to this vast continent; that it is a principal part of the unjust system of politics adopted by the present ministry to subject and enslave us, and evidently proceeds from an ungenerous jealousy of the colonies, to prevent as much as possible the population of America, and the relief of the poor and distressed in Great Britain, and elsewhere, for whom a kind Providence has opened a new world from the merciless oppressors, when the old is overcome with such monsters. That monopolizing our lands into few hands, is forming and encouraging petty tyrants to lord it over us, or to reside in any other part of the world in extravagance, luxury, and folly, by the fruit of our labour and industry. Such oppressors neither we nor our fathers were able to bear, and it drove us to the wilderness, and that all encouragement should be given to the poor of every nation by every generous American. Third, That ministerial mandates, under the name of instructions, preventing 556 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the legal representatives of the people to enact laws suiting their own respective situations and circumstances, are a general grievance, and more especially to this young colony, where our internal police is not yet well settled; and as a proof of the intention of these restrictions, when time and opportunity offer, we point out particularly, amongst many others of like nature, the not suffering us to limit the term of our Assembly, or passing a quit-rent law to ascertain and fix the most valuable part of our property. Fourth, That an over proportion of officers for the number of inhabitants, and paying the salaries from Britain, so much cast up to us by Court parasites, and for which we are so often charged with ingratitude, are, in truth, real and great grievances, rendering them insolent and regardless of their conduct, being independent of the people, who should support them according to their usefulness and behaviour, and for whose benefit and conveniency alone they were originally intended. That besides these exorbitant salaries, which enable them all to act by deputies, whilst they wallow in luxury themselves, their combining to raise their exorbitant and illegal fees and perquisites by various acts upon the subject to an alarming height, are more dangerous to our liberties than a regular army, having the means of corruption so much in their power, the danger of which is exemplified in the present unhappy state of our brethren and fellow-subjects in Great Britain. To prevent, therefore, as much as in us lies, these direful effects, we do resolve never to choose any person in public office, his deputy, deputies, or any expectant, to represent us in Assembly, or in any other public place in our election, hoping the example will be followed throughout this colony, and in all America. Fifth. [This resolution is omitted by the compiler.] Sixth, That we do hereby choose Messrs. -- to represent us for this district in the Provincial Congress at Savannah, the 18th instant, or at any'other time and place appointed hereafter, for the space of one year from this day, and that a copy of these resolutions be given them, as expressing the sense of this district of public grievances, which will serve for their direction and instructions and it is further our desire that our said deputies shall use their endeavours to send two delegates to the General Continental Congress, to be held at Philadelphia next May. MERIWETHER COUNTY. LAID out from Troup, and organized in 1827. Length, 26 m.; breadth, 17 m.; area square miles, 442. Named after General David Meriwether. Flint River is the principal stream. The surface of the country is undulating. The Pine Mountains rise in this county W. of the Flint River, and afford a variety of picturesque scenery. Good lands are found, particularly on Flint River, and Red and White Oak creeks. MERIWETHER COUNTY. 557 The climate is temperate, but subject to frequent changes. GREENEVILLE, named in honour of Major-General Nathaniel Greene, is the seat of justice. It is located nearly in the centre of the county, on a high ridge, on the waters of Walnut Creek, 108 miles west of Milledgeville. Sandtown is ten miles south of Greeneville. Flat Shoals is twelve miles east of Greeneville. The water-power is unimproved, although it presents inducements for manufacturing purposes unsurpassed by any in Georgia. This county is celebrated for its valuable medicinal springs. The Chalybeate Springs are 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. The waters are highly spoken of, and the accommodations for visitors are excellent. The Warm Springs are situated on a spur of the Pine Mountain, 36 miles from Columbus. A fountain, gushing forth 1,400 gallons of water per minute, of 90 degrees temperature, is among the greatest wonders in Georgia. The bathing-houses are fine, and every arrangement is made to accommodate visitors. The Cold Spring is three-quarters of a mile from the hotel, affording 4,000 gallons of water per minute. There are some other springs in the county. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,428; families, 1,428; white males, 4,269; white females, 4,212; 1 free coloured male; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 8,483; slaves, 7,993. Deaths, 210. Farms, 824. Value of real estate, $2,125,747; value of personal estate, $4,241,421. Among the first settlers of this county were, Colonel WELLBORN, MARSHALL MARTIN, DAVID WILLIAMS, Dr. ANDREW PARK, ABNER DUNHAM, FREEMAN W. BLOUNT, W. D. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM HARRIS, HENRY HARRIS, Sen., ISAAC THRASH, ALLEN ROWE, GEORGE C. HEARD, WM. GILL, LEWIS PYROM, JOHN P. THOMPSON, J. HODNET, E. PEAVY, SIMEON PETIT, JOHN JONES, CHARLES B. HARRIS, C. CAMPBELL, Major KENDALL, JOHN H. JONES, E. BRADLEY. HON. HIRAM WARNER.-This gentleman was born in the State of Massachusetts, on the 29th of October, 1802. When about seventeen years of age, he came to Georgia, and after visiting the upper parts of the State, was employed as an assistant teacher ni the academy at Sparta, in Hancock County. Fears were entertained that his youth and inexperience would disqualify him from discharging his duties; but during his entire connection with the academy, he was able to give general satisfaction. Having determined to make the profession of the law his business, as soon as he could qualify himself to enter upon its duties, he occu 558 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. pied the time not spent in school in legal studies. In the fall of the year 1824, he was admitted to practice in the courts of Georgia, and shortly afterwards settled at Knoxville, Crawford County. By unremitting attention to his duties, he very soon secured an extensive practice. In 1828 he was elected a representative to the State Legislature from Crawford County, and continued to be its representative until 1831. Judge Warner's course as a legislator was always independent and liberal, and although generally acting with his political friends, his kind behaviour to his opponents commanded their respect and good feeling. Whilst a member of the Legislature, he introduced a bill to alter the Constitution, so as to abolish the property qualification of Senators and Representatives, contending, in a speech which he made in support of the measure, "that a man's capacity for making laws ought not to be estimated according to the amount of property he might possess." The bill, however, was lost, but at a subsequent session was passed, and is now a law of the land. We have heard of an incident connected with this gentleman's political career which reflects great credit upon him, and which, we hazard nothing in saying, is not common at the present day with candidates for public favour. When a candidate before the people, he was opposed on the ground that he had refused to pledge himself to vote for some public officer, who was to be elected by the Legislature, and whom a majority of his constituents, it was thought, preferred. His opponent had pledged himself, if elected, to vote for the officer, and on the Saturday before the election, at a regimental muster in the county, whilst Judge Warner was making a speech, the question was put to him, "whether he was willing to make a similar pledge?" To which he indignantly replied:" I may or I may not vote for that officer, but I will not degrade myself so much, nor those whose suffrages I seek, as to make a pledge in advance as to what I may or may not do as their representative. If the people whose suffrages I seek have not, from their knowledge of my general character, sufficient confidence to believe that Iwill honestly and faithfully represent their wishes and interests, then vote against me; but if they have such confidence, I should be extremely happy for them to manifest it at the ballot-box on Monday next." This noble answer was appreciated by the people, for they elected him by an increased majority. During the nullification controversy, Mr. Warner was directly opposed to that movement, not believing it to be either a peaceable or constitutional remedy for the alleged grievances, and was a delegate from the County of Crawford to the Anti-tariff Convention, which assembled at Milledgeville in 1832, and was one of the seceders from that body, with the late John Forsyth and others. During the session of the Legislature of the year 1833, a new circuit was formed, called the Coweta Circuit, and of which he was elected judge. In 1836 he was re-elected by nearly a unanimous vote, and continued to discharge its duties until 1840, when he was MERIWETHER COUNTY. 559 removed, for no other reason, it is supposed, but that he did not vote the Harrison ticket. He then returned to the practice of law with his usual energy, and it is affirmed that he realized at least ten thousand dollars by his practice for the year 1841. In December, 1845, the Supreme Court of Georgia was organized, and he was elected one of the judges for the term of four years; and in 1849, was re-elected for the term of six years, by almost a unanimous vote. He resides upon his plantation, in Meriwether County, near Greeneville. To agricultural pursuits he is much devoted, and, unlike most professional men, makes good crops. Of Judge Warner it may be truly said, that he has been the architect of his own fortune, and that is the only aristocracy which ought to be acknowledged in a republican government. He has always been remarkable for great energy and perseverance. In 1849, he stated to a gentleman, that during the seven years he was on the bench of the Superior Court, he never failed to hold a court at the time prescribed by law, either in his own circuit or for some judge with whom he exchanged circuits, and that during the five years from 1840 to 1845, he was never absent from any term of the court, both regular and adjourned, which was held in the circuit; that during the four years he had been on the bench of the Supreme Court, he always presented himself at every term which had been held in the State, making, in the aggregate, a period of sixteen years, within which time he was punctual in his attendance upon every term of the courts to which business called him. There are some incidents connected with Judge Warner's administration of the laws that have not generally been known, and a recital of which we believe will be interesting to our readers. Soon after the organization of Murray County, there were two parties, called the Bishop and the Anti-Bishop parties, among which there was great excitement. Owing to some prejudice that existed, Bishop and his friends were unwilling that the then presiding judge of the Cherokee Circuit should hold the court for the trial of the causes in which they were interested, and therefore the judge of that circuit proposed to exchange courts with Judge Warner, so that the latter might preside at the trials in Murray. An eye-witness says: "Judge Warner arrived at Spring Place, the county site, early in the morning of the day the court was to be held, and found the little village nearly surrounded by a company of United States soldiers. The judge, having ordered breakfast, was shaving, when a communication in writing was handed to him by the late General Steelman. Upon opening the letter, he found it to be from Captain Buffington, of the army, informing him that, by order of Colonel Lindsey, of the United States Army, stationed in Tennessee, he had repaired to Spring Place, for the purpose of enabling the Judge of the Superior Court to execute the laws of Georgia, and tendering him his own services and that of his command. The judge, immediately calling for pen, ink, and paper, replied to Captain Buffington's communication; assuring him, that however highly he might appreciate the motives which induced Colo 560 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. nel Lindsey to order Captain Buffington and his command to that place, to enable the Judge of the Superior Court to execute the laws of Georgia, he was not aware there existed any necessity for his services, or that of his command; that Georgia was abundantly able to execute her own laws; and that so far as that duty devolved upon him, on that occasion he expected to have no difficulty in doing it," without his assistance. In less than thirty minutes after the receipt of the communication the soldiers' tents were struck, and Captain Buffington and his command were on their march to their quarters in Tennessee. Several of the Anti-Bishop party implored the judge not to send the soldiers away; the women cried, and said they would all be killed, the court could not be held, &c. When the time arrived for opening the court, the Sheriff was reluctant to go to the court-house, saying that he was certain he would be killed before the trials were over. The judge assured him that he should be protected-took him by the arm, walked to the court house, opened court, and during the term tried Bishop and other im portant criminal causes, growing out of the Murray difficulties, without the least disturbance. Judge Warner's conduct on this occasion was the theme of admiration. Of the legal qualifications of this gentleman it is scarcely necessary to speak, as the evidences of their high order have been already exhibited in the positions to which he has been so repeatedly elevated, The characteristic feature of his mind is its remarkable logical force. His efforts at the bar and his decisions on the bench alike disclose this feature. His style is free from ornament, and with an unusual directness, he approaches and discusses the question controlling every case-not one redundant word, not one of repetition, and yet complete. His language, with perfect accuracy, conveys precisely the idea intended. MONROE COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1 821, and apart set off to Butts, 1825, and named after James Monroe, President of the United States. Length, 21 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 336. The Ocmulgee forms the eastern boundary. The Towaliga empties into the Ocmulgee. There are several creeks, viz., Tobesofkee, Crooked, Shoal, &c. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,194; families, 1,194; white males, 3,472; white females, 3,338; free coloured males, 2; free coloured females, 3. Total free population, 6,815; slaves, 10,170. Deaths, 210. Farms, 746; manufacturing establishments, 2. Value of real estate, $2,580,103; value of personal estate, $5,684,909. W, y Nikkei J Fijian T''I 1 iMtO l, r Electr oencep halograph!, llillflli!i, i0iljI1i;lj:!, ou 1j;:1I,!I: F lo rida! i i: FIJI!! J evil W'! 0 ; 111!!!Gillette, Civilian I101111jil!:1 jj' 11 I "'I H I!!h all!,;I II P 1i I N1111li liable II, Ilk ill Financial Airline H 1, ji April ME Z E-4!Availability 5z,Calvin: U 1111i'I eviljiI Lon gitud in al W Iacocca, 1! Pi, Bell 11 F F!Miller!! I -- E-4 Illin ois!",'i. Hill s i F'l 11 1! 1 I MI IYU Controlling ailing u — 6 Nh l-':,!Al i jij Ij- IO77 i lilt", El XZ S. I-, MONROE COUNTY. 561 The soil is various, combining the best and the worst. The lands on the water-courses are rich, dark, chocolate soil, well timbered, and admirably adapted to the cultivation of cotton. The mulatto and gray lands are tolerably productive. FORSYTH is the county town, situated on a ridge dividing the waters of Rum and Tobesofkee creeks, 50 miles W. N. W. of Milledgeville. At, this place is located the Forsyth Female Collegiate Institute. The wealthy and intelligent citizens of Forsyth, and Monroe County generally, having felt for some years the inconvenience and impolicy of sending their daughters far from home to obtain a suitable education, determined to change their course, and throw themselves upon their own resources. Accordingly, the citizens of the county and village determined to establish a female school of high order. An act, incorporating a college seminary at Forsyth, passed the State Legislature in 1849, which was at once carried into effect by the friends of the enterprise. The brick building known as the Monroe Railroad Bank, owned by the Masonic Fraternity, was repaired, and enlarged with a third story, at a cost of several thousand dollars, so as to accommodate a school of seventy or eighty pupils. The Board of Trustees chose the Rev. E. J. C. Thomas Principal during the year 1850. He was succeeded by the Rev. William C. Wilkes, who entered upon his duties with a determination to elevate the institution to a rank equal to any in the South. He well knew the difficulties to be encountered; but with prudence, energy, and a full board of efficient assistants, the College was soon placed in a position to secure confidence and command extensive patronage. The annual increase of pupils has been over twenty-five per cent. In two years, under its present organization, the increase of pupils Was so great, and the audiences which attended the commencement occasions were so large, that the Trustees were convinced other and more extensive arrangements should be made to meet the wants of the institution. The old Southern Botanic College building, a large and imposing edifice in an unfinished condition, was purchased and completed for a sum little less than $10,000, and is now an ornament to the town, and well suited to the purposes contemplated. The principal and nearly all his assistants reside in the College. Connected with it are a good library, a well-selected chemical, philosophical, and astronomical apparatus, and a mineralogical cabinet, with some of the rarest and finest specimens. Culloden is a quiet and pleasant village, 32 miles west of Macon. It was selected by gentlemen of wealth having large families to educate, on account of its healthiness. It is named after Mr. William Culloden, one of the first settlers of the county. At this place there has been for several years an excellent seminary for young ladies. 36 562 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Gulletsville, or New Market, is twelve miles north of Forsyth. Russellville is eight miles northeast of Culloden. Prattsville is nine miles from Forsyth. TOWAL1GA FALLS. On the Towaliga River are the falls known as the Towaliga Falls. In the "Illustrations of Georgia," by William C. Richards, Esq., they are thus described':-" The pleasing impressions first received were continually enhanced by successive and varied views, which may be obtained at will. Indeed, so fine is the view afforded from many points, that it is difficult to decide which is the most attractive; and passing from rock to rock, the beholder is ever delighted with new features. This variety is the greatest charm of the scene. The river above the falls is about three hundred feet wide, flowing swiftly over a rocky shoal. At its first descent it is divided by a ledge of rock, and forms two precipitous falls for a distance of fifty feet. The falls are much broken by the uneven surface over which the water flows, and on reaching their rocky basin are shivered into foam and spray." GEORGIA-EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE.-The Episcopal Church is chiefly indebted to the liberality of G. B. Lamar, Esq., formerly of the city of Savannah, now of the city of New-York, for this invaluable seminary. It is located at Montpelier, in this county, about seventeen miles from Macon, fourteen from Forsyth, and six from the Macon and Western Railroad. It s advantages are not surpassed by those of any school in the United States. Until the property was purchased by Mr. Lamar, it was a favourite resort for invalids, who were attracted by its medicinal springs, healthful climate, and delightful tem MONROE COUNTY. 563 perature. Its natural beauties, which are rarely equalled, have been improved with the finest taste. The visitor needs only to see its extensive lawn, majestic groves, shady walks, beautiful gardens, and spacious buildings, to be in love with the spot. The course of instruction is thorough and complete, embracing every item that can contribute to fit a lady for the first stations in society. Its teachers are persons of high character and first-rate abilities. It may be truly said that in this school true religion, useful learning, and polished refinement, are inseparably united. Among the early settlers were, 0. WOODWARD, B. ROGERS, P. LACY, Rev. 0. ROGERS, JOB TAYLOR, T. HARPUE, A. PONDER, Mr. LESTER, WILLIAMSON MIMS, JOHN BROWN, E. BROWN, A. CHAPMAN, A. LOCKITT, A. REDDING, THOMAs HOLLAND, SIMON BROOKS, THos. DEwBERRY, JOSIAH HORTON, A. DAVIS, JOSEPH DUNN, MOSES DUMAS, BENJ. DUMAS, D. PONDER, THos. BATTLE, E. JACKSON, A. CHAPELL, W. P. HENRY, WILKINS HUNT, ANDREW WEST, Rev. G. CHRISTIAN, Dr. BROWN, Dr. E. W..JONES, DAVID MCDADE, Dr. LAW, GEO. W. GORDON. The following instances of remarkable longevity have come to our knowledge:JESSE POWELL, 81; Mrs. SARAH WOODWARD died at 84; Mrs. BROOKS died between 80 and 90; JOHN CHAPELL at 80; JOHN KING, 84; Mrs. BLOUNT, 80; EDEN TAYLOR, between 80 and 90; VW. A. WHEELER, over 83; JOHN WATSON, 86; AARON JORDON, 82; BENJAMIN HAYGOOD, 83. Three years ago there were living, Rev. RICiARD HOLdMES, aged 80; Mrs. RICHARD HOLMES, 80; Mrs. JOINER, 80; PHILEMON LACY, 80; SIMON BROOKS, 90; Major SULLIVAN, 80; Mr. HARPUE, 90. Mrs. HAYGOOD, aged 93, recently died in this county. "She was born on Christmas, married on Christmas, and baptized on Christmas." She was 69 years a member of the Baptist Church. ANDERSON REDDING died on the 9th of February, 1843, in the 80th year of his age. No sooner had he arrived at the vigour and elasticity of manhood, than he was enrolled among those of the New IWorld who determined to be free, and contended against the tyranny of British oppression, He served under his country's banner with a patriot's zeal and devotion. He was present at the consummation of American liberty, the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. The recollections of that glorious day lingered long in his memory, a rehearsal of which often caused him to feel as though the ardour and buoyancy of earlier days were yet fresh upon him, while a big round tear would fall and moisten the old man's cheek Rev. ISAAC SMITH died m this county in 1834, aged 76 years. He was a soldier in the Revolution under Washington, and was 564 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. present at most of the principal actions which were fought by his distinguished leader, and although his term of service expired before the close of the war, yet he was present as a volunteer at the capturing of Cornwallis at Yorktown; after which he retired from military life, and was soon after, under the preaching of the Methodists, awakened and converted, and called of God to preach deliverance to the captives and the opening of the prison doors to those that were bound by the fetters of sin. METEORIC STONE.-On the 8th of May, 1828, a meteoric stone fell near Forsyth. About four o'clock a black cloud appeared south from Forsyth, from which two distinct explosions were heard in immediate succession, followed by a tremendous rumbling or whizzing noise, passing through the air, which lasted about four minutes. This uncommon noise was on the same evening accounted for by Mr. Sparks and Captain Postian, who were informed by some negroes working in a field one mile south of Forsyth, that they had seen a large stone descending through the air, weighing, as it was afterwards ascertained, thirty-six pounds. This stone was in the course of the evening, or very early the next morning, recovered from the spot where it fell. It had penetrated the earth two feet and a half. The outside wore the appearance as if it had been in a furnace. It was covered about the thickness of a common knife-blade with a black substance, somewhat like lava that had been melted. On breaking the stone, it had a strong sulphureous smell, and exhibited a metallic substance resembling silver. A fine specimen of this aerolite may be seen in the cabinet of Franklin University. THE first Superior Court in Monroe County was held on the 3d day of June, 1822, at the house of H. H. Lumpkin, Esq., nine miles northwest of Forsyth, by the Hon. C. B. STRONG and A. G. SAFFOLD, Esq., Judge and Solicitor-General of the Ocmulgee Circuit. GRAND JURORS. GEORGE CABANISS, DAVID DUMAS, ISAAC WELCH, ROLAND PARHAM, ABNER LOCKETT, WILLIAM SAUNDERS, JAMES:). LESTER, JOHN HAMIL, HUGH W. ECTOR, JAMES SLATTINGS, LEMUEL GRESHAM; JOSEPH YOUNGBLOOD, HENRY WIMBERLY, WILLIAM D. WRIGHT, JOHN C. WILLIS, WILLIAM BELL, THOMAS WYNN, JESSE EVANS. WOOD MORELAND, MORGAN COUNTY. 565 MONTGOM ERY COUNTY. LAID out from Washington in 1793; part set off to Tattnall, 1801; part added to Laurens, 1811; parts taken from Telfair and Tattnall, 1811; part set off to Emanuel, 1812; part taken from Tattnall, 1814; parts from Telfair, 1820 and 1833. Named after General Richard Montgomery, an early martyr to the cause of American liberty. Length, 26 m.; breadth, 24 m.; area square miles, 624. The Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee Hachee, and the Oconee, are the chief streams. The creeks are Lott's, Limestone, Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Little, Okewalkee, Pendleton, and Swift. MOUNT VERNON is the county site, one mile from the Oconee River. It is 87 miles from Milledgeville; 40 from Jacksonville; 40 from Reidsville; 38 from Swainsborough; 33 from Dublin; 100 from Savannah, and 110 from Augusta. Colquitt and Boxville are small places. The face of the country is level, the soil sandy, and in some places fertile. The productions are cotton, sugar-cane, corn, wheat, oats, &c. Between 500 and 600 bales of cotton are annually produced. Land sells at from 25 cts. to $3 per acre. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 236; families, 236; white males, 819; white females, 722. Total free population, 1,541; slaves, 613. Deaths, 22. Farms, 168. Value of real estate, $120,693; value of personal estate, $384,008. Among the first settlers were, the CoNNORS, ALSTONS, McMILLANs, McCRANIES, McLEODS, MCINTYRES, ADAMSES, WALLS, &c. MORGAN COUNTY. THIS section lies within the primary formation, and was laid out from Baldwin in 1807. Length, 17 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 272. It was named after General Daniel Morgan. The face of the country is undulating. The lands of the best kind are embraced in a section of country commencing a few miles below Madison, and extending across the county, from east to west, on the waters of Little Oconee and Appalachee rivers, and Indian and Sugar creeks. Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c., are the principal productions. Orchards do not appear to thrive. From 12,000 to 14,000 bags of cotton are produced in one year. 566 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. This was formerly regarded an unhealthy county; but it has very much improved within a few years, and the bills of mortality will compare with those of any section in the same latitude. The Appalachee and Little rivers are the chief streams. The creeks are, Indian, Sugar, Sandy, &c. 3ADISON is the county town, situated on a ridge surrounded by a fertile country. It is 43 miles N. N. W. of Milledgeville. It was incorporated and made the county site in 1809. Here is located the Madison Female College, an institution of a recent date, numbering, according to the last catalogue, 171 pupils. It is well supplied with philosophical and chemical instruments. Board, including fuel, washing, and lights, may be' had in private. families at from $10 to $12 per month. The course of study embraces every useful and ornamental branch. The (eorgia Female College is also situated in Madison, numbering, according to the last catalogue, 1 56 pupils. The trustees have authorized the formation of a Normal class, for the benefit of those graduates who may desire to receive instruction in the theory and practice of teaching. No charge is made for their tuition. The apparatus is of the most recent and approved construction. Board from $10 to $12 per month. MADISON STEAM MILL C1VIPANY.-This mill is located at Madison. The Company have a capital of $69,280; number of spindles, 2,016; loonms, 26; operatives, 75; number of yards of cloth made per day, 1,040; amount of cotton used per day, 1,600 pounds, This establishment manufactures stripes, tickings, rope, &c., and has in the course of erection machinery to spin wool and make kerseys. Attention is paid to the, religious instruction of the operatives, and the proprietors speak highly of their conduct. Winship's Cotton Gin Factory is situated ten mlies south of Madison; machinery moved by water-power; capital, $20,000; from fifteen to twenty hands employed. High Shoals Factory, on Appalachee River, manufactures domestics and yarns. Wellington, Rehobothville, and Buck Head are small places. According to the census of 1850, there were in the county 62t dwelling-houses; 621 families; 1,862 white males; 1,772 white females; 11 free coloured males; 5 free coloured females. Total free population, 3,650; slaves, 7,094; 216 deaths; 336 farms; 31 manufacturing establishments. Value of personal estate, $3,930,583 value of real estate, $1,648,414. Among the early settlers were, HENRY CARLTON, BEDNEY FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BROWN, JESSE and CHARLES MATTHEWS, Dr. WILLIAMB JOHNSON, LANCELOT JOHNSON, ADAM G. SAFFOLD, REUBEN MANN, Dr, JOHN WINGFIELD, D. W. PORTER, ISHAM and JEPTHA FANNING,. MURRAY COUNTY. 567 MURRAY COUNTY. L.ID out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. Part set off to Walker, 1833; part added to Cass, 1834. Named after the Hon. Thomas W. Murray. The principal river is the Connasauga. The lands of this county are generally very fertile, producing all the comforts of life. SPRING PLACE is the county town, situated a mile and a half E. of Cofinasauga River, 230 miles N. W. of Milledgeville. The scenery'around this village is beautiful, the Cohuttah Mountains beingl in full view. It was formerly a missionary station for the Cherokees. The Moravian Missions were commenced at Spring Place in May, 1801, by the Rev. Messrs. Abraham Steiner and G. Byhan, although the former, in 1799, was sent out by the Society of United Brethren, to ask permission to establish a school among the Cherokees. He pressed the subject with great zeal in the National Council, backed by the officers of government, but was utterly refused. In 1800 he came out again, renewed his application, and was again refused; but before the close of the Council, two influential chiefs agreed, to patronize the school independently of the National Council, and offered a -place near the residence of one of them, on land which he had cleared. The other chiefs did not after this press their opposition, and shortly after, the mission at Spring Place was commenced. The Rev. Jacob Wohlfahrt was employed in the mission from 1803 to 1805. The Rev. John Gambold and lady joined the mission in October, 1805, and his brother about four years after. The first converts of the Moravians were a woman and Charles R. Hicks. Mr. Gambold cultivated a farm of thirty-five acres. In.1817, Mr. Kingsbury commenced the first mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions among the Cherokees. At first, food was purchased in Tennessee, and transported some forty or fifty miles to the mission. To obviate this inconvenience, and to teach the people the arts and habits of civilized life, a farm was purchased on the Chickamauga Creek. Mr. Kingsbury laboured alone, until the arrival of Messrs. Moody Hall and Loring S. Williams. On the 30th of June, they had twenty-six Cherokee pupils boarding with them, and Mr. Kingsbury preached by an interpreter to a congregation of more than one hundred. The Rev. Mr. Cornelius visited the mission in this year. Under his preaching much good was done. Among the converts was Catherine Brown, the daughter of half-breed parents. The Rev. Mr. Hoyt and Rev. Daniel S. Butrick joined the mission this year. In 18I8, the labours of the missionaries were eminently successful. Many of the Cherokees were baptized and received into the church. In 1819, the mission was strengthened by the arrival of two missionaries. In 1820, the labours of the mission went on prosper 568 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ously, and schools were established at different points. In 1821, the mission suffered much from the sickness of its members. Subsequently, Messrs. Potter, Butler, Ellsworth, and Parker were added to it. In 1825, several new stations were commenced. Mr. Steiner told the missionaries that the chief on whose land the mission was established, built the first wagon, for which he was severely censured by the Council, and forbidden the use of such a vehicle. But he did not regard their mandate. The objection was, "If you have a wagon, there must be wagon roads; and if wagon roads, the whites will be among us."* Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 2,047; families, 2,047. White males, 6,604; white females, 5,888; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 8. Total free population, 12,503; slaves, 1,930. Deaths, 67. Farms, 1,034; manufacturing establishments, 25. Value of real estate, $1,660,705; value of personal estate, $1,268,406. Cohuttah Springs are 10 mnailes from Spring Place, on the waters of Sumac Creek. The water is said to be strongly impregnated with medicinal properties, and the place is beginning to attract the notice of the public. Arrangements are being made to accommodate visitors. There are fine springs in almost every section of the county. On the Cohuttah Mountains are the remains of an ancient fort, but when and for what purpose constructed, we are unable to say. MUSCOGEE COUNTY. LAID out in 1826. Part set off to Harris, Talbot and Marion, in 1827. Part taken from Marion and Harris in 1829. Length, 23 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 414. No country is more highly favoured with extensive water facilities than Muscogee County. The principal stream is the Chattahoochee, affording to the inhabitants a steamboat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. The smaller streams, all of which enter into the Chattahoochee, are Upatoi, West Upatoi, or Randall's, Nocheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, and West End creeks. The nature of the soil is various, from the richest vegetable mould to the poorest sand. COLUMBUS is the seat of justice, situated at the foot of the falls, on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River, 128 miles W. S. W. from Milledgeville. It was laid out in 1828, and is the third city in the State. Immediately before the town rugged and large rocks rise over the whole bed of the river, and convert it into a succession of rapids. There are several fine public buildings in Columbus, among which are the Court-House, Odd Fellows' Hall, and Methodist Church. * Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions for 1820. MIUSCOGEE COUNTY. 569 Many of the private houses are large and beautiful, inclosed by grounds adorned with shrubbery and trees. There are generally about sixteen steamboats plying between Columbus and the Apalachicola Bay. There is a handsome.bridge over the river, belonging to the corporation, which cost $40,000, and yields an annual income of $10,000. No place in the United States possesses greater advantages for manufacturing purposes than Columbus. Captain Basil Hall, of England, during his visit to this town, observed that the value of its water power could not be estimated. Columbus has a number of benevolent institutions, among them the Female Asylum, a description of which has been furnished us by a lady: In the spring of 1840, a few ladies of the Methodist Church in the city of Columbus, in mutual conference projected an Association, educational and benevolent in its scope. The design of the Society, as its name and title obviously import, was two-fold. The Society was extremely fortunate in the selection of its beneficiaries, but was greatly embarrassed in the educational branch of its operations, by the constant drain upon its limited resources, and diversion of a large share of its funds to cases of physical suffering. These demands were so multiplied, and- the cases presented so worthy of relief, that the funds of the Society were mainly appropriated in the way of charitable donations, leaving, after these contributions, but, a scanty pittance for educational purposes. This exigency suggested a change in the plan of operations, and upon consultation it was determined to petition the Legislature for a charter, incorporating the Society, under the name and title of "The Columbus Female Asylum." The charter was promptly granted, and a neat brick edifice, at the cost of a thousand dollars, was immediately erected upon a portion of the Commons, generously donated by the City Council. The building was completed in the spring of 1845, and was dedicated to Christian benevolence the 7th of April, by Dr. L. Pierce and Rev. J. E. Evans. Thankful and exultant hearts united on that memorable day, with the ministers of God, in prayer for blessings upon the four little orphans and the matron, (who nobly gave her services,) the first inmates of the Asylum. The necessary funds, in the outset of the enterprise, were raised in part by the needle, and an annual collation prepared by the members. This method of supply was so precarious, and the remuneration for work actually done was so insufficient, that it was abandoned in 1848, and annual subscriptions substituted, as more certain and reliable. This Christian enterprise was projected by members of the Methodist Church, and by them supported until the year 1848, when, upon invitation, a limited number from the other denominations of the city cheerfully united, and now co-operate in the good work with Christian zeal. The Society has at this period, 1852, twenty children under its care, and from the success of the past, is devoutly thankful to God, and, in looking to the future, is hopeful and confident. During the past year the Society received the very liberal donation of five hundred dollars. With this sum two comfortable rooms (much needed) have been added to the building. The donor is unknown. 570 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Statistics from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,884; families, 1,981; white males, 5,279; white females, 5,081; free coloured males, 29; free coloured females, 33. Total free population, 10,422; slaves, 8,156. Deaths, 187. Farms, 581; manufacturing establishments, 30. Value of real estate, $4,339,582; value of personal estate, $4,465,400. The Cotton Gin Manufactory of E. T. Taylor & Co. is situated in Columbus. Capital, $60,000; hands employed, 50,.who are generally boarded in a large house belonging to the establishment. Number of gins manufactured every year, 1,000. Machinery capable of manufacturing 1,500 per annum. Principal building, 100 by 48 feet, three stories high, with a wing 30 by 50. The Columbus Variety Works have two saw-mills, and machinery for manufacturing tubs, buckets, churns, &c.; also a planing machine capable of planing, tonguing, and grooving 7,000 feet of lumber per day. Employs 45 hands. Capital, $35,000. Columbus Factory, three miles from Columbus. Capital, $50,000. Coweta Falls Factory, situated in Columbus. Capital, $80,000. The Howard Manufacturing Company is located in Columbus. Capital, $85,000. i____ 1, ti' i ______11 EAGLE MILLS, COLUMBUS. The Eagle Mills were erected in 1851. The main building is of brick, 150 by 50 feet, four stories and a basement. Steam is used for all purposes for which heat is required. The machinery is adapted to the manufacture of all the various styles of cotton and woollen fabrics. Capital, $140,000. Hands employed, 240; consumption of cotton, 1,500 bales per annum; consumption of wool, 100,000 pounds per annum; spermaceti oil used 1,000 gallons per annum; lard, 500 per annum; cords of wood, per annum, 200; barrels of flour for sizing, 350 per annum. Average pay of females, $10 per month; average pay of males, i20 per month. MU SCOGEE COUNTY. 571 Winter's Merchant Mill is eight stories high, and cost $30,000. The Rock Island Paper Mill is situated on the Chattahoochee River, 22 miles above Columbus; partly in Georgia, and partly in Alabama. Capital, $50,000. The machinery is prepared for making all kinds of writing, printing, and wrapping paper; capable of manufacturingc 2,500 pounds of paper per day; consuming 3,000 pounds of rags daily. THE LOVERIS LEAP. THE following description of the " Lover's Leap" is extracted from Richards' "Georgia Illustrated." This romantic locale is a high and ragged cliff, which terminates an ascendiing knoll of dark rocks and projects boldly into the Chattahoochee River. Its summit commands one of the most magnificent displays of river scenery which Nature could present, or which Art could picture. On the left the river pursues its down. ward course to Columbus, in a straight line. Its flow is rapid and wild, broken by rocks, over which the water frets and foams in angry surges. The bed of the stream is that of a deep ravine, its walls lofty and irregular cliffs, covered to their verge with majestic forest growth. From this point the city of Columbus is but partially visible. At the' Leap," the river makes a sudden turn, and forms an angle with its course below, flowing in a narrow channel so regularly lined with rocks on both sides, and of such uniform width. as to resemble a canal. &A short distance above it makes another right angle, and resumes its old course. LEGEND OF THE LOVER'S LEAP.-In the early part of the present century, this region was inhabited by two powerful tribes of Indians. Rivals were they, and, with numbers equal, and alike proud names, well they vied with each other. There was no tribe. among all the powerful nation of the Creeks, who boasted of 572 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. their prowess before a Cusseta or a Coweta. Yet they were not friends; for who of those proud red men would bend before the acknowledged superiority of the other? It may have been a small matter from which their jealousy sprung, but the tiny thing had been cherished, till a serpent-like hatred hissed at the sound of the other's name. The proud Chief of the Cussetas was now become an old man, and much was he venerated by all who rallied at his battle-cry. The boldest heart in all his tribe quailed before his angry eye, and the proudest did him reverence. The old man had outlived his own sons. One by one had the Great Spirit called them from their hunting-grounds, and in the flush of their manhood they had gone to the spirit-land. Yet he was not alone. The youngest of his children, the darkeyed Mohina, was still sheltered in his bosom, and all his love for the beautiful in life was bestowed upon her:-ah, and rightly too, for the young maiden rivalled in grace the bounding fawn, and the young warriors said of her that the smile of the Great Spirit was not so beautiful. While yet a child, she was betrothed to the Young Eagle of the Cowetas, the proud scion of their warrior Chief. But stern hatred had stifled kindly feelings in the hearts of all save these two young creatures, and the pledged word was broken when the smoke of the calumet was extinguished. Mohina no longer dared to meet the young Chief openly, and death faced them when they sat in a lone, wild trysting-place,'neath the starry blazonry of midnight's dark robe. Still they were undaunted, for pure love dwelt in their hearts, and base fear crouched low before it, and went afar from them to hide in grosser souls. Think not the boy-god changes his arrows when he seeks the heart of the red man. Nay, rather with truer aim and finer point does the winged thing speed from his bow, and deeply the subtle poison sinks in the young heart, while the dark cheek glows with love's proper hue. The deer bounded gladly by when the lovers met, and felt he was free, while the bright-eyed maiden leaned upon the bosom of the Young Eagle. Their youthful hearts hoped in the future, though all in vain, for Time served but to render more fierce that hostile rivalry, more rank than deadly hatred, which existed between the tribes. Skirmishes were frequent amid their hunters, and open hostilities seemed inevitable. And now it was told by some who had peered through the tangled underwood and matted foliage of those dim woods, that the Coweta had pressed the maiden to his heart in those lone places, and that strange words and passionate were even now breathed by him to her ear. Then the hunters of the Cussetas sprang from their couches, and made earnest haste to the dark glen. With savage yell and impetuous rush they bounded before the lovers. They fled, and love and terror added wings to their flight. For a while they distanced their pursuers. But the strength of Mohina failed her in a perilous moment, and had not the Young Eagle snatched her to his fast-beating heart, the raging enemy had made sure their fate. He rushed onward up the narrow defile before him. It led he forgot whither. In a few moments he stood on the verge of this fearful height. Wildly the maiden clung to him, and even then, in that strange moment of life, his heart throbbed proudly beneath his burden. The bold future alone was before him; there was no return. Already the breath of one of the pursuers, a hated rival, came quick upon his cheek, and the bright-gleaming tomahawk shone MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 573 before him. One moment he gazed on him, and triumph flashed in the eye of the young Chief, and then without a shudder he sprang into the seething waters below. Still the young maiden clung to him, nor yet did the death-struggle part them. The mad waves dashed fearfully over them~ and their loud wail was a fitting requiem to their departing spirits. The horror-stricken warriors gazed wildly into the foaming torrent, then dashed with reckless haste down the declivity, to bear the sad tidings to the old Chief. He heard their tale in silence. But sorrow was on his spirit, and it was broken. Henceforth his seat was unfilled by the council-fire, and its red light gleamed fitfully upon his grave. The name of MUSCOGEE is given to this division of the State to perpetuate the name of a tribe of the Creek Nation. Le Clerc Milfort, a highly educated French gentleman, came to America in 1775, and after making a tour through the New-England States, he visited the Creek Nation. At Coweta, two miles below Columbus, he formed the acquaintance of Colonel McGillivray, the great Chief of the Creeks. Pleased with the Colonel, he determined to take up his residence in the nation. In a short time he married McGillivray's sister, was elected Grand Chief of War, and in this capacity conducted many expeditions against Georgia. Much of his time was devoted to the writing of a history of the Creeks, which he afterwards published in France. Mr. Pickett, in his History of Alabama, has extracted from this work the following particulars in relation to the Muscogees:Hernando Cortez, with some Spanish troops, landed at Vera Cruz in 1519. He fought his way thence to the city of Mexico. At that time the Muscogees then formed a separate republic on the northwest of Mexico. Hitherto invincible in war, they now rallied to the aid of Montezuma, engaging in the defence of that greatest of aboriginal cities. At length Cortez was successful. Montezuma was killed, his government overthrown, and thousands of his subjects put to the sword. Having lost many of their own warriors, the Muscogees determined to seek some other land. The whole tribe directed their course eastward until they came to the banks of the Red River, where they laid out a town, and remained there several years. In 1527 they abandoned their town, and after various battles with the Alabamas, settled upon the banks of the Wabash. How long they remained here is not known, but they finally crossed the Ohio and Tennessee, and settled upon the Yazoo. Learning what a fine country was occupied by the Alabamas, they broke up their establishments upon the Yazoo, took possession of the lands upon the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa, and advanced to the Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Ogeechee. Pushing on their conquests, they reduced a warlike tribe called the UJchees, upon the Savannah River. Some time after these conquests, the French established themselves at Mobile, by whose instrumentality a peace was made between the Alabamas and Muscogees. The Alabamas and Tookabatchas became members of the Muscogee confederacy, and in the course of time many other tribes joined them. When the English began to explore their country, and to transport goods in all parts of it, they gave all the inhabit 574 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ants collectively the name of the CREEKS, on account of the many beautiful rivers and streams which flowed through their extensive dominion. This union gave them much influence. In 1786 the whole number amounted to 17,280, of whom 5,860 were fighting men. NEWTON COUNTY. LAID out from Jasper, Walton, and Henry, in 1821; part added to Jasper, 1822; part to De Kalb, 1826, and a part to Jasper, 1834. Named after Sergeant John Newton, of Revolutionary celebrity. Length, 22 m.; breadth, 15 m.; area square miles, 330. The rivers are, Yellow, Ulcofauhachee, and South. COVINGTON is the county site, 67 miles from Milledgeville. SOUTHERN MASONIC FEMALE COLLEGE. The Southern Masonic Female College is located in Covington. This institution was adopted by the Grand Lodge of the State of Georgia at its last annual communication. The College edifice is a chaste, beautiful, and durable brick building, flanked in front by two elevated quadrangular towers, with an open portico or verandah between, and situated in a retired grove.. It is well supplied with philosophical and chemical apparatus. Confidence is felt that this College will command the patronage of the public. Oxford is three miles from Covington, and is the seat of Emory College. Its first President was the Rev. Ignatius A. Few, LL. D. .. __: _::..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... I (: _1 _:::1:__I:: I:I.:::: __:._: _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............::...:..... _:1. I i __:_...::::::::::: —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... Il'll~l —-:-li'i-i:::-::::: - -:: - -::_:-::-: ------------—:::- i -- -:-: --:;-::-::: -::: - -- - - - -- -------- ------------ - —::::::::.::.-.:-:_i..... -- - --- ---- -:.i d~;~~~~~s i-::_::-:::::::::::::-:::-:::-:-::-:_ —-: —-::::::::-::.:::. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ---------::-__::::::::::::::::::- - - --------:i ------------— I1I1 I il- I---- - --- ---- --:::::::::::-:: i —-l:: —: —;:! —:i ---— i —--: —-:::sllI ~ ~;::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::;:-::: o, NEWTON COUNTY. 575 This gentleman resigned the presidency on account of ill health, and was succeeded by the Rev. Augustus B. Longstreet, LL. D., who continued to preside over the College until July, 1848, a period of more than ten years. The Rev. George F. Pierce, D. D., is now the President. Sandtown is twelve miles from Covington. Oak Hill is ten miles from Covington. Extract fromn the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,374; families, 1,374; white males, 4,099; white females, 3,980; free coloured males, 17; free coloured females, 13. Total free population, 8,109; slaves, 5,187. Deaths, 95. Farms, 812; manufacturing establishments, 23. Value of real estate, $2,163,078; value of personal estate, $3,645,938. The climate is healthy. A few years ago Mr. RIcIHMOND TERRELL was living, aged 89; Mr. WEATHERS died over 90; Mrs. BOWERY, 94; Mrs. SHELL, 90; Mrs. BAss, 90; THOMAS McCLEAN, over 100; Mr. TRETWELL, 100. Cedar Shoals Factory is on Yellow River, three miles from Covington. Capital invested, 840,000. Newton Factory manufactures cotton goods. REV. JAMES OS'GOOD ANDREW, BISHOP OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCuI, SOUTH. —This gentleman resides in this county. We are sure that his numerous friends in Georgia, as well as in other sections of our country, will be pleased to learn some particulars of his history, and we feel glad that it is in our power to gratify them. We wish we had space sufficient to allow an extended history of this eminently good man, who for more than thirty years has been engaged in preaching the Gospel. Our limits will only permit us to give a brief sketch of his life. We have known him a long time, and could say much. Mr. Andrew was born near the town of Washington, Wilkes County, in this State, on the 3d of May, 1794. His fatiher was a native of Liberty County, and was a member of the Medway Church, of which the Rev. Mr. Osgood was then pastor. As a mark of the high regard he entertained for this reverend gentleman, he named his son after him. In common with many of his fellowcitizens, he. took up arms in defence of his country,i and was in several engagements under Sumter and Screven. IHalving lost the greater part of his property in the Revolutionary struggle, he removed to that portion of the State now called Columbia County, and shortly afterwards became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and subsequently a minister, being, probably, the first native Georgian who entered the itinerant ministry of that church. The mother of Mr. Andrew was one among the first converts to Methodism in Georgia. All the recollections of his childhood are associated with his father's farm in Elbert County, not far from 576 HIISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. WXebb's Ferry, to which place he had removed. The country was then almost a wilderness, affording the young very few means of obtaining anr education. H-e went to a common school, kept by a Mr. C —--, who made it a practice to give his pupil one or two whippings every day, not for improper conduct, but because he did not hold his pen to please him, or write such a hand as suited him. From his father, who -was an excellent English teacher, he derived many advantages; " but being the mill-boy of the family, and the main dependence for doing jobs at home," lis attendance upon his father's school was very irregular, but still a fondness for reading was awakened in his bosom. We cannot state precisely when his thoughts were first directed to religious subjects, but he was licensed as a preacher in 1812; and at the session of the South Carolina Conference, held at Charleston in the winter of this year, was received into the itinerancy, being then only nineteen years of age.;'rom the time he first entered the ministry, he has been actively engaged in discharging the onerous duties peculiar to a minister of the Methodist Church. The denomination of'which he is so bright an ornament cannot point to one who has served it with more fidelity, or ilboured more successfullvy Thousands ini South Carolina and Geor(gia retain a grateful recollection of his valuable services. At the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, held at Phil adelphia in 1832, he w-as elected and ordained Bishop. In 1844, the General Conference, held at New-York, regarnded it as a very grave offence that Bishop Andrew had become the owner of a few sla.ves, and passed resolutions deposing him from his office, unless he would abandon his connection with. what they were pleased to call " tghe Igreat evil'' The facts were these:-Many years since, an old lady of Augusta, Georgia, had bequeathed to; the Bishop a mulatto girl in trust, that he should take care of her until she should. be nineteen years of age; that provided she was willin-, she should then be sent to Liberia, and that otherwise he should keep her, and make her as free as the laws of Georgia wolld permit. When the time arrived, the girl refused to go to Liberia, and of her own choice remained legally his slave, although he derived no pecuniary benefit from her. She continued to live in her own house, and was at liberty to go to a free State whenever she thought proper. The mother of Bishop Andrew's first wife left to her r, negro boy, and she dying without a will, he became, by the laws of Georgia, the Bishop's property. In January, 1844, Mr. Anlldr3ew married a lady possessed of slaves, but secured them to her by a deed of trust. This case occupied the attention of the General Conference for several days, but finally was settled by the adoption of the following preamble and resolution:-: Whereas, The discipline of our Church forbids the doing anything calculated to destroy our itinerant general superintendency; and whereas Bishop Andrew has become connected with slavery, by marriage and otherwise; and this act NEWTON COUNTY. 577 having' drawn after it circumstances which. in the estimation of the General Conference, will greatly embarrass the exercise of his office, as an itinerant general superintendent, if not in some places entirely prevent it:-therefore,' Resotled That it is the sense of this General Conference that he desist from the exercise of his office, so long as this impediment remains." For this resolution 110 members voted; against it, 68. A few days after, the Rev. A. B. Longstreet, in behalf of the delegations from the Southern and Southwestern Conferences, presented the following declaration to the General Conference:"The delegates of the Conferences in the slaveholding States take leave to declare to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, that the continued. agitation of the subject of slavery and abolition in a portion of the Church, the frequent action on that subject in the General Conference, and especially the extra-judicial proceedings against Bishop Andrew, which resulted on Saturday last in the virtual suspension of him from his office as Superintendent, must produce a state of things in the South which renders a continuance of the jurisdiction of this Conference over these Conferences inconsistent with the success of the ministry in tile slaveholding States.' A protest, also, of the minority of the General Conference, against the action of that body in the case of Bishop Andrew, was read. The substance of it was this-that the General Conference had no power to suspend or depose a Bishop without the presentation of charges; that the act of the General Conference was an attempt to place in jeopardy the general superintendency of the Church, by subjecting any Bishop to the will and caprice of a majority of the General Conference, not only without law, but in defiance of the restraints and provisions of the law; that: to request Bishop Andrew to resign is, in the judgment of the mrinority, to punish and degrade him, and they maintain that the whole mrovemnent was without authority of law, and is null and void, and therefore not bindinl upon Bishop Andrew, or the minority protesting against it. To this protest there was a reply. In view of the existing state of things, it was finally agreed upon by the General Conference that there — should be a distinct ecclesiastical connection, composed of the Conferences of the slaveholding States. The meeting of the dele(ates from the slaveholdino States was held in the city of Le vT-York on the day after the adjournment of the General Conference, which, among other things, recoimmenlded a convention of dele(g ates fromn the several Annual Conferences to be held at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 1st of May, 1845, and also published an address to the ministers and members of the Methodist Episcopal Chlrch in the slaveholding States and Territories. The Kentucky, the Missouri, the Holston, the Moiemphis, the Mississippi, the Arkansas, &c., some fifteen or sixteen Southern Conferences, passed resolutions, condelmning the action of the General Conference in reference to Bishop Andrew, and recommending the formation of a Southern organization of the Church. 3,7 578 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The Convention met at Louisville, upon the clay designated, when it was resolved that a distinct church be formed, to be known by the style and title of " The Methodist Episcopal Church,South." At this meeting it was also resolved that Bishops Soule and Andrew be cordially requested to become regular and constitutional Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which invitation both of the reverend gentlemen accepted. A full knowledge of the causes which led to a Southern organization of the Methodist Church,South may be obtained by referring to a pamphlet published in 1851, entitled "The Methodist Church Property Case." In writing a sketch of Bishop Andrew, we felt it to be a duty to allude to these subjects, because we believed that it was the action of the General Conference in relation to him which mainly contributed to a division in the Methodist Church. i rll t n 1 u It THE first Court for this county was held April 15, 1822. FIRST GRAND JURORS. SOLOMON GRAVES, WMr. FANNIN, L. DUNN, F. H. TRAMMELL, W. WHATLEY, JUNIUS BLOODWORTIs, C. A. CARTER, H. LANE, R. Q. LANE) DAVID HODGE, H. JONES, ROBERT LEAKE, JAMES JOHNSON, JOHN STEPIENS, WM. JACKSON, G. B. TURNER, THOS. JONES, GEO. CUNNINGHAM, JOHN STORIKS JOHN F. PIPER, S. D. ECHoLs, JAMES HODGE, Sen. About 1810, the father of'ishop Andrew died, leaving his wife and several children, without property, and dependent upon the exertions of his widow for their support. One of his sons, Herbert Andrew, had this dependence increased, by an attack of disease, which made him a deformed cripple for life. His feet and legs were so contracted, as to rest upon his body, instead of the ground. When other children would have been running about, he was confined to his mother's side. Whilst thus seated, receiving her instruction how to read, he heard from that fond, devoted, pious mother, how the best and holiest of all had suffered meekly, and without resistance, ignominy and death, because it was the will of his Heavenly Father; until there came upon the spirit of the deformed boy the desire to imitate that example so strong, that its control was beyond all human strength. This noble youth struggled to do whatever was possible in aid of his mother, in her hard labour to support her family, and effected more than most imagined possible. When he had learned what his mother could teach him, he went to school, moving upon his hands instead of his feet, not being able to walk upright. By his mother's assistance, some little schooling, and his own untiring OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 579 exertions, he qualified himself for teaching others. He has now been teaching nearly twenty years. His energy and ceaseless industry have secured him the greatest success. Whilst keeping school, he has acquired, by his own unassisted exertions, such knowledge of the various departments of learning, that his scholars are now admirably qualified for entrance into college. His pure life, the strength of his determination in overcoming difficulties, and the energy of his efforts in doing good, made such an impression upon the people of Newton County, among whom he lived, that they resolved to give him some assistance. They elected him tax-collector. He performed the duties of the office with unsurpassed faithfulness.* OGLETHORPE COUNTY. LAID out in 1793. Part taken from Greene, 1794. Parts of Oglethorpe added to Griene, and parts of Greene added to Oglethorpe, 1799. Part set off to Madison, 1811; a portion taken from Clarke, 1813; a part set off to Taliaferro, 1825; a part added to Madison, 1831. Named after General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia. Length, 28 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 448. The face of the country is hilly: the western part is red land, the central gray, and the eastern partakes of several varieties. The lands upon Goose Pond have long been noted for their fertility. Broad River separates the county from Elbert, and the Oconee forms part of its western boundary. LEXINGTON is the county town, 64 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville, distinguished alike for the hospitality and intelligence of its inhabitants. Bowling Green, Bairdstown and Woodstock, are pleasant villages. The climate is mild. We insert a few instances of longevity. Mr. CLIFFORD WOODRUFF died over 104 years of age; Mrs. TAYLOR over 80; CHARLES STRONG, 84; Mrs. STRONG, 80; General STEWART, 70, a soldier of the Revolution; CHARLES CARTER, 88; JACOB EBERHART, 83; SAMUEL WARD, 85. Education has always been appreciated by the citizens of this county. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 819; families, 820; white males, 2,228; white females, 2,154; free coloured males, 2; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 4,385; slaves, 7,874. Deaths, 175. Farms, 555; manufacturing establishments, 13. Value of real estate, $2,163,078; value of personal estate, $4,235,515. * Extract from Governor Gilmer's Address before the Alumni of the State University. 580 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Oglethorpe boasts of having furnished a number of distinguished men, the history of many of whom is given in this work. Hon. STEPHEN UPSON, an eminent lawyer, long resided in this county. At the time of his death, in 1824, he was esteemed one of the first men in Georgia. The Hon. WILLIAM HARRIS CRAWFORD resided in this county. His history shows how much may be done by study, industry, and honesty. He was born in Amherst County,Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1772. Mr. Crawford's family were from Scotland. His father came from Virginia in 1779, and settled in Edgefieid District, South Carolina; and in 1783 he removed to Columbia County, Georgia, where he died five years afterwards. W. H. Crawford was a lad during the Revolution, and was raised with the hardihood of those scuffling times. After the death of his father, Mr. Crawford, in order to aid in the support of his mother's family, devoted himself to the business of instruction, for several years, until Dr. Moses Waddel opened a classical school in Columbia County; when, feeling the importance of a knowledge of the languages, he resolved to avail himself of this excellent opportunity of obtaining an acquaintance with the classics, and accordingly became a student in Dr. Waddel's academy, where his progress was so great, that he was soon employed as an assistant. After remaining in this academy two years, he came to Augusta, and formed a connection with Charles, afterwards Judge Tait, in the management of the Richmond Academy. In 1799 he removed to Lexington, and commenced the practice of law; and it was not long before his talents and great attention to business placed him at the head of his profession. At the period when Mr. Crawford first commenced practice, the upper counties of Georgia were monopolized by a clique engaged in legislative speculations. Efforts were made to secure his co-operation in these iniquitous proceedings, but with no success. For four years he represented Oglethorpe County in the Legislature of Georgia. In 1806, he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1811 re-elected without opposition. In this body he occupied a pre-eminent station; and upon many important and exciting questions, evinced a judgment unsurpassed by that of any member of the Senate. In 1813, President Madison offered him the appointment of Secretary of War, which he declined. He was then sent Minister to Paris, where he remained two years, during which time he not only showed himself to be a fearless advocate of his country's rights, but gained the favour of Parisian society by his open manners and instructive conversation.'When he returned to the United States he was appointed to the War Department, but in which he served only for a brief period. In October following, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, and continued to discharge the duties of this important office until 1825, with an ability which men of all parties acknowledged. In 1825 he received a flattering vote for the office of President of the United States. In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, OGLETHORPE COUNTY. 581 Mr. Crawford was appointed judge of the Northern Circuit, which office he held, until his death, which occurred in Elbert County, September 15, 1834, aged sixty-two years. His remains lie at Woodlawn, his seat in Oglethorpe County. FIRST GRAND JURY. JOHN LUMPKIN. ROBERT McCORD. JOHN MARKS. JAEL HURT. ANDREW BELL. JESSE CLAY. CHARLES IHAY. JOHN COLLIER. RICHARD GOLDSBY. ISAAC COLLIER. JOHN GARRETT. JOHN SHIELDS. ROBERT BEAVERS. PRESJLEY THORNTON. JEFFREY EARLY. HUIMPHREY EDMONSON. WILLIAM PATTS. JAS. NORTHINGTON. THE annals of this county afford some interesting incidents. From an address delivered by the Hon. George R. Gilmer, at Athens, we make the following extracts:Miles Jinnings was a leather stocking old man, who lived, when the Yazoo Act passed, in the county of Oglethorpe, at the place now known as the Crabtree. He had been, before he moved to Georgia, an Indian-fighter on the frontiers of Virginia and North Carolina. He retained during life the gun with which he fought at the great battle of the Point, where the Indians of the West, under Logan, did not yield the victory until after they had fought the whites hand to hand, from sunrise until dark. On the morning of the day of the first general meeting of the people of Oglethorpe, after the passage of the Yazoo Act, a neighbour, who lived on the other side of the Crab-tree, stopped at the gate, whilst Miles Jinnings made ready to accompany him. Jinnings put a rope in his pocket before he left home. He was a silent man, and said nothing about his purpose. Upon being asked by his neighbour what he intended doing with the rope, he replied, " Hang Musgrove." When they arrived at the Court-house from their distant part of the county, all the people had assembled. Miles Jinnings hitched his horse, went into the crowd, pulled from his pocket the rope, and holding it up at arm's length, cried out,, Neighbours, this rope is to hang Musgrove, who sold the people's land for a bribe." The lashing of the surge upon the shore, when the ocean is driven by the most furious storm, was not louder than the noise of the people, excited into tumult by Jinnings's words, and the sight of the elevated rope. No human power could have saved Musgrove from hanging, if Jinnings's neighbour had not given him notice to make his escape. There was no school in the Goose-Pond neighbourhood, on Broad River, from its first settlement in 1784 until 1796. The first teacher was a deserter from the 582 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. British navy, whose only qualification was, that he could write. He whipped according to navy practice. On cold mornings, when fire could not be conveniently had, he made the children join hands and run round and round, whilst he hastened their speed by the fiee application of the switch. He was knowing in all sorts of rascality. Observing the son of a very poor man eating mutton for his twelve o'clock meal, he inquired of him where his mutton came from. The little boy answered, that' daddy had caught a stray sheep in the brier-patch." He forced the locks of several of his employers, in search of money, was detected, and punished at the public whipping-post. PAULDING COUNTY. THIS county has Cass on the N., Campbell on the S., Cobb on the E., and Polk on the W. It was laid out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. Named after John Paulding, one of the captors of Andre. The Tallapoosa has its source in this county. The creeks are Sweet Water, Pumpkin Vine, &c. There are some fine bodies of land in the county. At a place called Burnt Hickory, considerable quantities of gold have been found. DALLAS is the county town. This is a place of recent date. It has a handsome court-house, several stores, &c. Near the public square is an excellent freestone spring. Vanwert was formerly the county site. Among the first settlers were, WHITMIAEL A. ADAIR, WILLIAM ADAIR, MITCHELL S. ADAIR, THOMAS REYNOLDS, GEORGE LAWRENCEl GARNETT GRAY, iMr. FORSYTH, LEWIS M. MATTHEWS. The climate is salubrious. It is not in our power to name any remarkable instances of longevity. The Hon. JOHN JONES has long been a resident of this county. Whatever may be the character of party differences, we believe it may be affirmed, without the fear of contradiction, that Mr. Jones is a warm-hearted Georgian, an able lawyer, and an honest man. PIKE COUNTY. 583 PIKE COUNTY. LAID out in 1822, and received its name in honour of General Zebulon M. Pike. It lies within the granite formation. The Flint River is the principal stream. The creeks are Big Potato, Elkins, Birch, &c. There are some rich lands on the Flint River. The productions are cotton, corn, &c. ZEBULON is the county town, distant from Milledgeville 77 miles W., 27 from Fayetteville, 10 from Flint River, 17 from Thomaston, 25 from Forsyth, 50 from Macon, and 12 from Griffin. The courthouse is built of brick, and cost $8,000. The jail is a plain building, constructed of wood. A considerable amount of business is done at this place. The seat of justice was formerly Newnan, but in 1825 it was removed to Zebulon. Barnesville, situated on the Macon and Western Railroad, is a thriving village. More business is transacted in Barnesville than one would suppose, and the population will not suffer by a comparison with any in Georgia. Milner, on the railroad, is 12 miles below Griffin. Liberty Hill is 13 miles S. E. of Griffin. The Pine Mountains are in the southern part of the county, The climate is mild and healthy. The instances of longevity are numerous. Mr. ADAM COOPER was living a few years ago, aged nearly 100-a very remarkable old man, having had his coffin made for eight years previous to the time the compiler saw him, as well as his shroud, both of which he was in the habit of keeping under his bed. Mrs. CRAWFORD, 105 years old. Mr. HARPER died at 90. Mrs. LUSHIN, 90. Mr. WM. NELSON died a few years ago, at the age of 100; and there is a church in the county called Century Nelson, in memory of the fact that he had numbered 100 years. Extract from the Census of 1850. —White males, 4,477; white females, 4,209; free coloured males, 28; free coloured females, 33. Total free population, 8,747; slaves, 5,558. Deaths, 150. Farms, 807; manufacturing establishments, 21. Value of real estate, $1,921,987; value of personal estate, $3,128,778.* EARLY SETTLERS. —JOHN MARSHALL, ISAAC COOPER, BENJAMIN JORDIN., JACOB GILDER, S. STEPHENS, THOS. MATHEWS, ELBERT PHILLIPS, BINFORD GROCE, JOSEPH WEAVER, WILLIAM MOBBLEY, EPHRAIM MABRY, WILLIAM AMos, ELI WALKER, WILLIAM TAYLOR, JOHN FARLEY, JABEZ GILBERT, JAMES JOHNSON, RICHARD MYRACK, JOHN MOORE, General DANIELL, JAMES NEAL, J. B. READ, J. B. WIL* Since the last census a portion of Pike has been added to Spalding. The above statistics must therefore be considered as embracing both counties. 5S4 IHIISTrORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. LIAISON, H. G. JOHNSON, W. E. MANGUM, GIDEON BARNES, WILLIS J. MILNER, WM. ELLIS, B. ORR, JOHN NEAL. Rev.' JOHN MILNER, Jun., was a useful minister, who died in this county. The following notice of him is condensed from a sketch in the Georgia Baptist. He was born in 1775. His education was limited to the ordinary branches of English. In 1812, he was baptized by the Rev. Jesse Mercer, and ordained in 1825. His preaching was well received wherever he went. On one of his preaching tours, he fell in with a gentleman, (as he believed, providentially,) from whom he purchased the tract of land upon which Barnesville now stands. His oldest son made a settlement upon it, in visiting whom, from time to time, Mr. Milner found a few persons scattered about in the wilderness, the country being then quite new. These he gathered into the church, now known as Sardis, near Barnesville. This little band at first consisted of less than a dozen members. At the period of Mr. Milner's death, 1841, it had increased to near one hundred and twenty. In 1827 he left Jones County, and settled near this church. Here again his zeal impelled him to press into the surrounding, neighbourhood, holding forth the lamp of life. Other churches were soon gathered, to which he ministered. As his bodily strength declined, his sphere of usefulness continued to enlarge; and, as his end drew near, his way was " as the path of the just, which shineth more and more unto the perfect day." Mr. Milner lived to a good old age, having died in his sixty-sixth year. AUSTIN DABNEY, a remarkable free man of colour, died at Zebulon, His remains repose, we understand, near those of his friend Harris. The following account of Dabney, as given by Governor Gilmer, may be interesting:In the beginning of the Revolutionary conflict, a man by the name of Aycoci removed to Wilkes County, having in his possession a mulatto boy, who passed for and was treated as his slave. The boy had been called Austin, to which the Captain to whose company he was attached added Dabney. Dabney proved himself a good soldier. In many a skirmish with the British and Tories, he acted a conspicuous part. He was with Colonel Elijah Clarke in the battle at Kettle Creek, and was severely wounded by a rifle-ball passing through his thigh, by which he was made a cripple for life. He was unable to do further military duty, and was without means to procure due attention to his wound, which threatened his life. In this suffering condition he was taken into the house of a Mr. Harris, where he was kindly cared for until he recovered. He afterwards laboured for Harris and his family more faithfully than any slave could have been made to do. After the close of the war, when prosperous times came, Austin Dabney acquired property. In the year 18-, he removed to Madison County, carrying with him his benefactor and family. Here he became noted for his great fond PIKE COUNTY. 585 ness for horses and the turf. He attended all the races in the neighbouring counties, and betted to the extent of his means. His courteous behaviour and good temper always secured him gentlemen backers. His means were aided by a pension which he received from the United States. In the distribution of the public lands by lottery among the people of Georgia, the Legislature gave to Dabney a lot of land in the county of Walton. The Hon. Mr. Upson, then a representative from Oglethorpe, was the member who moved the passage of the law, giving him the lot of land. At the election for members of the Legislature the year after, the County of Madison was distracted by the animosity and strife of an Austin Dabney and an Anti-Austin Dabney party. Many of the people were highly incensed that a mulatto negro should receive a gift of the land which belonged to the freemen of Georgia. Dabney soon after removed to the land given him by the State, and carried with him the family of Harris, and continued to labour for them, and appropriated whatever he made for their support, except what was necessary for his coarse clothing and food. Upon his death, he left them all his property. The eldest son of his benefactor he sent to Franklin College, and afterwards supported him whilst he studied law with Mr. Upson, in Lexington. When Harris was undergoing his examination, Austin was standing outside of the bar, exhibiting great anxiety in his countenance; and when his young protege was sworn in, he burst into a flood of tears. He understood his situation very well, and never was guilty of impertinence. He was one of the best chroniclers of the events of the Revolutionary War, in Georgia. Judge Dooly thought much of him, for he had served under his father, Colonel Dooly. It was Dabney's custom to be at the public house in Madison, where the judge stopped during court, and he took much pains in seeing his horse well attended to. He frequently came into the room where the judges and lawyers were assembled on the evening before the court, and seated himself upon a stool or some low place, where he would commence a parley with any one who chose to talk with him. He drew his pension in Savannah, where he went once a year for this purpose. On one occasion he went to Savannah in company with his neighbour, Colonel Wyley Pope. They travelled together on the most familiar terms, until they arrived in the streets of the town. Then the Colonel observed to Austin that he was a man of sense, and knew that it was not suitable for him to be seen riding side by side with a coloured man through the streets of Savannah; to which Austin replied that he understood that matter very well. Accordingly, when they came to the principal street, Austin checked his horse and fell behind. They had not gone very far before Colonel Pope passed by the house of General James Jackson, who was then Governor of the State. Upon looking back, he saw the Governor run out of the house, seize Austin's hand, shake it as if he had been his long absent brother, draw him off his horse, and carry him into his house, where he stayed whilst in town. Colonel Pope used to tell this anecdote with much glee, adding that he felt chagrined when he ascertained that whilst he passed his time at a tavern, unknown and uncared for, Austin was the honoured guest of the Governor. 586 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. POLK COUNTY. Tins is a new county, laid out in 1851. It is bounded E. by Paulding, W. by the State of Alabama, S. by Carroll, and N. by Floyd and Cass. Length, 24 m.; breadth, 20 m. Named after the late James K. Polk, President of the United States. The streams are, Pumpkin Pile, Euharlee, Cedar, &c. In some parts the lands are of excellent quality, yielding cotton, corn, wheat, rye, &c. CEDAR TOWN, in Cedar Valley, is the capital, handsomely located, 1.8 miles from Rome, 25 from Dallas, and 9 from Cave Springs. LIMESTONE SPRING. At Cedar Town is one of the finest lilestone springs in the State. It is surrounded by a beautiful natural growth of cedar. The spring affords water sufficient to move machinery of several horse-power. It is proposed to supply the town with water by means of a hydraulic ram. We feel peculiar pleasure in stating that the citizens of this county take a deep interest in the subject of education. At Cedar Town PULASKI COUNTY. 587 there is an excellent school, called the Woodlawn Seminary, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Wood, a gentleman of very superior qualifications. The institution is yet in its incipiency, but we feel confident that it will soon occupy a high rank among the many resorts of learning of which Georgia may justly be proud. The following are the names of some of the persons living in the county at the time of its organization, viz.: THOMAS H. SPARKS, Dr. E. H. RICHARDSON, WM. PEEK, ASA PRIOR, Colonel SPRINGER, R. C. GIBSON, WM. F. JANES, W. E. WEST, G. W. WEST, JAS. 0. GRIGGS, B. F. BIGELOW, W. O. B. WHATLEY, B. CRABB. The first Superior Court in this county was held on the second Monday of September, 1852. PULASKI COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Laurens, in 1808. Length, 32 m.; breadth, 17 m.; area square miles, 544. The Ocmulgee is the principal river. There are several creeks. The lower part of the county is generally level. The upper part is rolling. The lands on the east side of the Ocmulgee are fertile, producing cotton, corn, &c. The climate is hot. HAWKINSVILLE is the county town, situated on the west side of the Ocmulgee River, 61 miles from Milledgeville. Hartford is opposite to Hawkinsville, formerly a thriving place. To the geologist, this county presents an inviting field. The rotten limestone formation prevails, filled with fossils of almost every variety. Among the early settlers of this county were, JOSEPH REEVES, EDMUND HOGAN, S. COLSON, GEORGE WALKER, WM. HATHORN, J. M. TAYLOR, E. BLACKSHEAR, MARK MASON. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 701; families, 701; white males, 1,896; white females, 1,888; free coloured males, 20; free coloured females, 19. Total free population, 3,823; slaves, 2,804. Deaths, 87. Farms, 371; manufacturing establishments, 2. Value of real estate, $760,980; value of personal estate, $1,651,033. 588 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. PUTNAM COUNTY, LAID out in 1807. Part added to Jones, 1810. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 18 m.; square miles, 360. Named after General Israel Putnam. The Oconee and Little rivers are the chief streams. The soil, although much worn, is still productive. The climate is the same as that which prevails in Middle Georgia. EATONTON is the county town, 22 miles from Milledgeville. Stanfordville, Rockville, and Glade Cross Roads are small villages. The Eatonton Cotton Factory is situated on Little River, three miles west of Eatonton. Capital, $70,000. Spindles, 1,836; looms, 36; bundles of yarn per day, 100; yards of osnaburgs per day, 1,000; number of hands employed, 97; wages of operatives, from $12 to $20 per month; annual expense of hands, $7,000. About 100 yards of bagging per day are made from waste and inferior cotton. In addition to the above, a quantity of rope is also made. Proper attention is paid to the instruction of the children of the operatives. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 609; families, 609: white males, 1,681; white females, 1,619; free coloured males, 11; free coloured females, 15. Total free population, 3,326; slaves, 7,468. Deaths, 160. Farms, 351; manufacturing establishments, 32. Value of real estate, $1,137,79 1; value of personal estate, $3,546,720. Among the early settlers of this county were, WAI. WILKINS, BENJAMIN WILLIAMSON, JOHN LAMAR, JOHN BUCKNER, ELI S. SHORTER, STEPHEN MARSHALL, JOHN MCBRIDE, Capt. VESEY, JAMES HIGHTOWER, JOHN TRIPPE, ISAAC MORELAND, JOHN WHITE, BENJAMIN WHITFIELD, JOSEPH COOPER, JOSIAH FLOURNOY, M. POUNDS, WARD HILL, Rev. RICHARD PACE, Rev. JOHN COLLINSWORTH, JESSE BLEDSOE, WM. TURNER, WILLIS ROBERTS, MARK JACKSON, PETER F. FLOURNOY, THOMAS PARK, RALEIGH HOLT, A. RICIARDSON, TARPLY HOLT, JAMES KENDRICK, REUBEN HERNDON, T. WOOLDRIDGE, JOSEPH TURNER, WARREN JACKSON, EDWARD TRAYLER, SAMUEL M. ECHOLS, JAMES ECHOLS, E. ABERCROMBIE, MATTHEW GAGE, THOS. NAPIER, WM. JACKSON. Six miles S. W. of Eatonton is a mound composed of quartz rock, of different varieties. Upon it there is a vestige of an ancient wall nearly circular. The inclosure embraces 110 feet. Putnam has produced her share of distinguished men. Among these may be mentioned the late Judge JAMES MERIWETHER, a gen RABUN COUNTY. 589 tleman of fine legal attainments. He was Judge of the Superior Court, a member of Congress, and Speaker of the House of Representatives of Georgia. Dr. HENRY BRANHAM was the first physician who settled in Putnam, and his reputation for skill in his profession is equal to that of any practitioner in Georgia. Judge ELI S. SHORTER was a man of first-rate talents. He was esteemed a most excellent judge. Rev. WILLIAM ARNOLD has, for a long term of years, been a zealous preacher of the Gospel. Rev. Mr. Cox was one of the first settlers. His life is a commentary upon the principles which he believes. RABUN COUNTY. LAID out in 1819. Part taken from Habersham, 1828. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 20 m.; area square miles, 400. Named after Governor William Rabun. The Tennessee, Chattooga, Tallulah, and Ulufta rivers, are the principal streams. The creeks are, Gumekeloke, War Woman, Stekoa, Tiger Tail, Wild Cat, Persimmon and Mud. CLAYTON is the seat of justice, and is situated near the centre of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. It is 156 miles N. of Milledgeville. It was first named Claytonville, alter Judge Augustus S. Clayton, but in 1823 the name was changed to that of Clayton. A few fine bodies of land are in the county, principally on the water-courses. Granite abounds, as well as iron, carbonate of iron, alum, &c. Gold has been found in several localities, particularly on Persimmon Creek. The climate is quite cold in winter, but decidedly pleasant and bracing in summer. The diseases are such as usually occur in mountainous districts. Rabun is a county of mountains. In whatever direction the eye is turned, it beholds ridges of mountains, one behind the other, "like a dark blue sea of giant billows, instantly stricken solid by nature's magic wand." The valleys are Tennessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tiger Tail, and Simpson's Creek. In the county are several caves, but none particularly celebrated. Ten miles N. E. of Clayton is a beautiful fall, called Eastatoah, and 590 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. about four miles from Clayton are the Stekoa Falls, which many persons think superior in beauty to the far-famed Toccoa Falls. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 385; families, 385; white males, 1,210; white females, 1,128. Total free population, 2,338; slaves, 110. Deaths, 12. Farms, 282. Value of real estate, $156,395; value of personal estate, $128,698. Among the original settlers of this county were, General COFFEE, HENRY. CANNON, TILLMAN POWELL, E. POWELL, General ANDREW MILLAR, JAMES and JOHN DILLARD, JESSE CARTER, CHARLES GATES, CHESLEY McKENZIE, JAMES KELL, JAMES ALLEN, DRtRY WALL, JOSEPH JONES, DAVID MOSELEY, JOHN KELLY, WM. JONES, CLEVELAND COFFEE, JOEL COFFEE, JOHN PATTERSON, WM. PRICE, E. DEN TON, WM. GRANTHAM, WM. GODFREY, ELIJAH CRANE. RANDOLPH COUNTY. LAID out from Lee, 1828. Part set off to Stewart, 1830. Length, 40 m.; breadth, 27 m.; area square miles, 1,080. Named after John Randolph, of Virginia. The Chattahoochee separates the county from Alabama. Pataula, Ocetahnee, Tobenanee, and Cemochechobbee creeks, flow into the Chattahoochee; Pachitla and Fushachee flow south, and empty into the Ichawaynochaway, which discharges itself into the Flint River. There are excellent lands in the county. CUTHBERT is the capital, 150 miles from Milledgeville. It has improved very much within a few years. Georgetown is on the Chattahoochee. The Baptist Female College of Southwestern Georgia is located at Villa Nova, near Cuthbert. It commenced operations on the 17th of February, 1852, and on the 31st of May, 1853, it had 130 pupils. An edifice is now erecting at a cost of $10,000. Provision is made for instruction in all the branches of a useful and polite education. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,408; families, 1,408; white males, 4,067; white females, 3,790; 1 free coloured male; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 7,860; slaves, 5,008. Deaths, 130. Farms, 930; manufacturing establishments, 38. The climate is mild. There are but few diseases, and it may be called a healthy county. Mr. LOVE died a few years since at the advanced age of 117. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and was an active man, though blind for thirty years before his death. Mrs. DARBY was living a few years ago, aged 105. RANDOLPH COUNTY. 591 Among the early settlers of this county were —SAMUEL A. GREER, JAMES P. SHARP, JAMES MARTIN, JACOB HAWK, WILEY STRICKLAND, THOMAS CORAM, LEWIS RIVERS, BENJ. DAVIS, ALLEN MOYE, MARTIN BRowN, ABEL BASS, JOHN ROE, EDWARD McDoNALD, Z. BAILEY, JOSEPH SANDS, DAVID RUMPH, Dr. JONES, Colonel ALEXANDER, Rev. Mr. SWAIN, GEORGE WOOD. Pataula Falls, on Pataula Creek, are 12 miles N. W. of Fort Gaines. The creek runs through a bed of blue argillaceous marl containing a profusion of sea-shells, some of a very large size. Imbedded in the rocks are balls the size of a 12-pound shot, of compact blue limestone. Factories to any extent could be established at these falls. BATTLE OF ECHOWANOTCHAWAY SWAMP. ON the 25th of July, 1836, at the Echowanotchaway Swamp, Major Jernigan had a sharp contest with the Indians. The enemy having the advantage of ground, andbeing superior in numbers, Major Jernigan ordered a retreat of one hundred and fifty yards, bearing his wounded before him, expecting that the Indians would renew the attack, which, however, they did not. The wounded were carried to Captain Stapleton's house. The loss in the skirmish was three killed, and seven wounded. The battle lasted fifty minutes. The number of the enemy was estimated to be from two to three hundred. On the 26th, Major Jernigan pursued them until sunset, when he was reinforced by a company from Lanahassee, commanded by Captain Galba Matthews, by Guilford's Company, a part of Captain Snellgrove's Company, Colonel Wood, Major Wills, and Captain Smith, together with others, making his force amount to three hundred men. A council of officers was called, who requested Major Jernigan to take the whole command, to which he consented. On the 27th, at sunrise, the line was formed, and the troops quickly put in motion. The trail was soon discovered, and about three miles below the camp, Major Jernigan's advance-guard, under Captain Moye, heard the savages crossing Turkey Creek, at its confluence with the main branch of the Echowanotchaway. The troops were marched to this spot, and preparations made for battle. The advance-guard was ordered to proceed, and in crossing Turkey Creek, the Indians fired several scattering guns from thick cane-brakes, and appeared to be moving forward. The commands of Captains Matthews, Guilford, and Snellgrove were detached to a place on the eastern side of the main creek, and below Chumba and Turkey Creeks. Captain Clifton's Company was stationed on the trail which entered the swamp. The companies of Captains Still and Ball were marched across the creek. Major Jernigan having thus arranged his force, and knowing that the Indians were below him, dispatched Captain Ball to inform the troops on the eastern side of the main creek that they would be required to approach the swamp; and as it was not probable that the Indians would attempt to escape at the point covered by Captain Ball's company, he was directed to blow the horn before he countermarched, to induce the enemy to believe that a station was kept there. 592 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. In the mean time, the companies of Captains Ball and Clifton were united, and from each a guard was detailed. Captain Ball returned, and gave information of the arrival of General William Wellborn, of Irwinton. The General, on his march to join Major Jernigan's eastern division, was hooted at by the Indians in the cane-brake. He, however, reached the station without being fired on, and by consent and request of the captains, commanded and led that division. As the time for action approached, signals were given to enter the swamp, which was accordingly done by a part of Captains Ball and Clifton's company. Precisely at eleven o'clock, signal-guns were fired for the whole body to be put in, motion, and lth march was immediately commenced. It was evident that the Indians were well prepared for battle, and would vigilantly guard their trail; and it being considered more than probable, from what had passed between them and General Wellborn, that spies would be placed on the eastern force, it was determined, if possible, to take the enemy by surprise. The troops marched through Turkey and Chumba creeks, leaving the Indian trail on their right, After marching about three hundred yards through mud and water, thickly set with cane, a man was ordered to ascend a tree, for the purpose of making discoveries, who reported the camp at the distance of three hundred yards, pointed out a noted forked pine as a land-mark, and also stated that he cAuld discern spies watching their trail, and others keeping a look-out on General Wellborn's division. Captains Ball and Clifton were directed to move forward, inclining to the left, in order to give them an attack broadside. The march was continued until the Indians could be heard talking. A halt was ordered by giving signs, and Colonel Wood dispatched, with otbhers, tlo gain the rear of General Wellborn, and inform him where Major Jernigan was situated, the position of the Indians, &c. The messengers had not been absent two minutes before a brisk firing took place between General Wellborn and the savages. A charge was ordered with the sound of the horn, and in thirty seconds from the fire of the first gun, the two companies gained the hammock, and covered the entire line of the enemy. The firing fiom all quarters was heavy and animated. The Indians fought with more desperation, and gave up the ground with more reluctance, than in any battle previously had with them. The engagement lasted forty-five minutes, and ended about half past one o'clock. After forcing them from their strong positions, two infant children were heard to cry in the cane-brake. They were brought to the battle-ground. Major Jernigan's loss was three killed-Mr. CARTER, of Irwinton, Ala, DAVID SUTLEY, of Randolph, alnd JOHN CROCIER, Jun., of Lumpkin. Thirteen were wounded. A part of those whose wounds were slight returned to their homes. The following is a list of the wounded:-E. Butler, -- Frith, Thomas Shepherd, Willis Barton, William Hughes, Colonel Wood and William Hilborne, of Randolph; Lewis Williams, Richard Cannady, Captain Green, and B. Ball, of Stewart; Captain Jenkins and - Patterson, of Irwinton, Ala. The loss of the Indians was not ascertained. Eighteen were found dead, some of them three miles from the battle-ground. RICHMOND COUNTY. 593 RICHMOND COUNTY. THIS county was originally St. Paul's Parish. In 1777 it was made the County of Richmond, receiving its name from the Duke of Richmond, a warm friend of American liberty. In 1790 a part was set. off to Columbia. Length, 27 m. breadth, 25m.; area square miles, 675. The Savannah River divides the county from South Carolina. AUGUSTA, named by General Oglethorpe in honour of one of the royal princesses, is the capital, situated on the southwest bank of the Savannah River, 92 miles from Milledgeville. It was laid out in 1735 by the Trustees of Georgia, and garrisoned in 1736. Several warehouses were built and furnished with goods for the Indian trade. Boats were used for transportation, which made four or five voyages annually to Charleston. Few cities have improved more rapidly than Augusta. It is well built, mostly of brick, and very favourably situated for trade, being in the centre of a thickly populated and wealthy country. The city is governed by a Mayor and Aldermen, called the City Council. The police is excellent, and there is no city where better order exists. Augusta has a number of elegant public buildings. CITY HALL. The City Hall is an ornament to the city. It is built of brick, three stories high, with a cupola surmounted by the figure of justice. It was built at a cost of $100,000. 38 594 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The Medical College was finished in 1835. The Masonic Hall is a showy edifice, fronting Broad-street. It was erected in 1826, and cost $30,000. The jail is constructed of brick, and cost $28,000. The city is supplied with water brought from a spring three miles distant. There is an excellent bridge over the Savannah River, owned by the corporation. In Augusta there are five or six banks, besides several insurance agencies. The Augusta Canal is a splendid monument of the enterprise of the citizens. The warehouses have always challenged the admiration of travellers. There are ten or twelve of these structures, capable of holding 70,000 bales of cotton, which were erected at a cost of more than 120,000 dollars. In 1796 there was a bridge over the river opposite Centre-street, built by the late Colonel Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, which was carried away by the great freshet of that year, known as the Yazoo freshet. On the 28th of May, 1840, the river rose 37 feet above low-water mark, by which a large portion of the city was inundated, and much injury done to property. In March, 1841, there was another freshet, the river rising 33 feet. *FREIGHT DEPOT. The premises belonging to the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company are worthy the attention of visitors. The above is a view of the interior of the Freight Depot. It is 280 feet long, and 80 feet wide. The roof projects 11 feet beyond the walls on each side. Cars for leceiving the goods stand under the projecting roof upon one side, and the loaded drays drive into all parts of the building through the doors of the opposite side. RICHMOND COUNTY. 595 ---, ____ CHURCH OF THIE ATONEMENT. There are nine churches in Augusta. The Church of the Atonement, of which a view is given above, is probably one of the most unique buildings in the State. It was erected at the expense of one family. i... -- - ST. PAUL S CHURCH. St. Paul's Parish was established some years prior to the Revolution. From 1750 to 1770 it was served at intervals by the following clergymen, as missionaries of the Society of the Church of England 596 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, viz.:-Rev. Jonathan Copp, from 1750 to 1756; Rev. Samuel Frink, from 1764 to 1767; Rev. Wm. Ellington, from 1767 to 1770. The original house of worship was built opposite one of the curtains of the fort, known during the Revolution as Fort Cornwallis. This building was succeeded by another, a plain wooden structure. The corner-stone of the present building was laid in the spring of 1819, and was first occupied in March, 1820, and in 1821 was consecrated by the Pt. Rev. Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. The church is built of brick; length, 94 feet; breadth, 62. It contains 124 pews on the ground floor, and 14 in the organ gallery, there being no side galleries. The pitch of the ceiling is 25 feet; it is of the Grecian Doric order, and is generally admired for its chasteness and simplicity. The design was furnished by Mr. John Land, the architect, by whom it was built, at a cost of upwards of 25,000 dollars. The Rev. Hugh Smith, at that time Rector of St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, L. I., was elected to the Rectorship in 1819. He resigned in the spring of 1832, and in May of that year was succeeded by the present Rector, the Rev. Dr. Ford. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Presbyterian Church is a neat edifice, located in a pleasant part of the city, surrounded by a beautiful grove of oaks. RICHMOND COUNTY. 597 Mount Enon is 15 miles S. of Augusta. Brotherville is 13 miles from Augusta. Belair is on the Georgia Railroad, 10 miles from Augusta. Bath is in the southern part of the county. Summerville is three miles from Augusta. The lands on the river are excellent, and command a high price. The productions are cotton and the various grains. The institutions for the education of youth are numerous and respectable. The climate is healthy. Fevers are the most prevalent diseases. The instances of longevity are the following:-Mrs. PRISCILLA TULLY died at 101; Mr. JOHN MARTIN, at 103; Mrs. DAWSON, over 91; Mrs. GRIFFIN, over 90; Mr. D'ANTIGNAC, at 89; Mr. JAMES GARDNER, 83; Mr. N. MURPHY, 80; Mrs. ROWELL, over 80; Mrs. TINLEY, nearly 103; E. TAvER, 82; Mrs. CRAWFORD, 80; Mrs. LACY, 82; Mr. CONRAD LIVERMAN, 80. He was a native of Hesse Cassel, and first came to this country among the mercenaries of the British army, during the Revolutionary War; but in Savannah he deserted the British, and ever afterwards fought manfully for the United States. Mr. NICHOLAS DE LAIGLE died at 87. He was a gentleman of great industry, and of the highest integrity. In 1789 a gentleman and his wife resided in this county, from whom, in fifty-five years, the following generations descended:I The father, 76 years old. 1 The mother, 72 do. 14 Children. 40 Grandchildren. 42 Great-grandchildren. 98 In 1826, an African, known by the name of OLD QUA, died at the advanced age of 96. OLD AMY, as she was familiarly called, died at the extreme age of 140 years. JACK WRIGHT, a negro, died at the age of 109. He had been a servant to Lord Anson when stationed at Charleston, prior to his voyage round the world. Extract fromn the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,556; families, 1,556; white males, 4,140; white females, 4,012; free coloured males, 126; free coloured females, 156. Total free population, 8,434. Slaves, 7,812. Deaths, 291. Farms, 272. Manufacturing establishments, 56. Value of real estate, $4,392,325; value of personal estate, $4,019,160. Various minerals are found in this county, among which are burrstone, porcelain clay, novaculite, wacke, steatite, micaceous sandstone, mica slate, granite, and sienite. 598 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Considerable attention is paid to manufactures in Richmond. The Augusta Manufacturing Company have two mills. Mill No. 1 contains 8,160 spindles and 312 looms, for cotton goods. Mill No. 2 has 6,280 spindles and 200 looms, for the manufacture both of cotton and woollen goods. The production of the two mills, when in full operation, will be over 125,000 yards per week. CUNNINGHAM S FLOUR MILLS. Cunningham's Flour Mills are in Augusta. The main building is 60 feet by 40; five stories high. It has six run, of stones, with all the necessary fixtures. The whole machinery is driven by two overshot wheels, eleven feet in diameter. _~ -...._..... --._ -_.... GOODRICH S MANUFACTORY. This extensive establishment is owned by Mr. William H. Goodrich, a gentleman of great enterprise. Doors, blinds, sashes, and indeed almost all descriptions of carpentry, are manufactured. RICHMOND COUNTY. 599 Richmond Factory is situated on Spirit Creek, 10 miles S. of Augusta. Capital, $35,000; spindles, 1,500; looms, 40. Belleville Factory is seven or eight miles from Augusta, owned by Mr. George Schley. Warren & Colman's Mill is at Augusta. It is built of granite, and is three stories high. American Iron Foundry, situated in Augusta, Osmond & Gray, proprietors. At this establishment iron and brass castings, railroad car and engine wheels, mill and gin gearing, ploughs, water-pipes, &c., are manufactured. There is a Machine Factory on Butler's Creek, seven miles from Augusta. MONUMENT TO LYMAN HALIL AND GEORGE WALTON. This monument is erected in Greene-street, opposite to the City Hall. It is 150 feet high. 600 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY HISTORY OF AUGUSTA. A List of such Traders, Men and Horses, as come from other parts, and only pass through or by Augusta in their way to the Creek Nation.................................................................... M en. H orses Messrs. Wood & Brown, from South Carolina. 8 60 Daniel Clark, from Ditto.. 4 20 Archibald McGillivray, from Ditto. 3 18 George Cossons, from Ditto. o 4 30 Jeremiah Knott, from Ditto,. 4 30 Messrs. Spencer, from Mount Pleasant.. 3 16 c Gilmore, from Ditto., o 4 20 Messrs.! Barnett, from Ditto 3 20 Ladson, from Ditto e 3 20 James Cossons, from South Carolina, 5 30 George Galphin, from Ditto e o e 4 25 William Sluthers, from Ditto. 4 25 49 314 A List of Traders, Men and Horses, employed from Augusta in the Chickasaw and Creek Trade......................................................................... Men. Horses. George Mackay.... 4 20 Henry Elsey. 3 20 Messrs. Facey and Macqueen. 6 40 John Wright.,.. 4 20 John Gardner.. 3 20 William Calahern.... 3 15 Thomas Andrews, in Creek and Chickasaw Nations 8 70 Thomas Daval. e.. 3 20 John Cammell.. o. 3 20 Paul Rundall... 3 20 Nicholas Chinery..... 3 20 William Newberry..... 3 20 46 305 SAVANNAH, July 14, 1741. JOHN GARDNER. In 1756, Governor Reynolds laid before his Council the following letters from Augusta:AUGUSTA, SATURDAY, 10 OF THE CLOCK IN THE } MORNING, 12th September, 1756. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY:-We have, as in duty bound, sent this express on purpose, with the inclosed informations, by which you will understand that Indian blood has been spilt, and consequently an Indian war is almost inevitable-the only thing, in all probability, that can prevent it, is the having of the murderers secured for to make him satisfaction; for which reason, we issued Aus RICHMOND COUNTY. 601 and crys everywhere to apprehend them; and in case they come by the way of Savannah, we hope care will be taken to secure them. WVe are afraid we cannot hold this place long without speedy assistance, which we hope your Excellency will take into serious consideration. All the settlements on the Ogeechee are abandoned. The fort cannot contain all the inhabitants, so that we shall be obliged to fortify some other places. We beg your Excellency would send us instructioris how to act as you shall think proper. There are some head-men of the Creeks in Charlestown, or on their way thither, on whom we have had great dependence, as we designed to assure them that we will take and do justice on the murderers, and give them all the satisfaction they required. WTe wish we could hear from your Excellency before they went from this place, for which reason, we hope your Excellency will dispatch the express with all haste possible. There is no match in the fort. Mr. -- begs if there is any such thing in Savannah, that you will send him some. And we are, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's most humble, most obedient servants, DA. DOUGLASS, JOuN RAE, MARTIN CAMPBELL. Representation or Petition of the Inhabitants of Augusta, and places adjacent, setting forth their danger from the Indians, and their present defenceless state. AUGUSTA, 30th of August, 1756. To his Excellency JOHN REYNOLDS, Esq., Captain-Geneiral and Conmmander-inChief in and over his Majesty's Province of Georgia, and Vice-Admircal of the same. The humble representation and petition of the inhabitants of Augusta and the places adjacent, showeth,That your petitioners, by their vicinity and connection with Indians and Indian affairs, have had the opportunity to behold with concern the great progress the French have made for some time past in seducing the Creek Indians, and drawing them over to their interest. These people are indefatigable in persuading and spurring on the Indians to a rupture with us, and had, within those few months, according to the best intelligence we could get, and from the behaviour of the Indians in general, very nearly succeeded, and even with the concurrence of a part of the Cherokees. That although we believe they have miscarried just at this present juncture, yet we have good reason to think if some effectual methods are not taken to prevent it, they will very soon bring their designs to bear. That Augusta and the places adjacent being not only frontiers, but places where the stores and trading goods for all the Chickasaws, Creeks, and a part of the Cherokees, are kept, are of the greatest consequence, for in all probability they would. for the sake of the stores, be the first that would be attacked, as they, the Indians, would thereby be enabled, with a little assistance from the French, to carry on a war with the English for a considerable time. That in our present helpless, defenceless condition, these places and stores, we are morally certain, would fall too easy a prey to them. That it is well known that Fort Augusta was erected here for the sake of the Indian trade, and 602 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. protection of those who should carry it on, and might also be a protection to the inhabitants that might afterwards come and settle in the northwest division of the Province, by being an asylum for the women and children, and a place of security for their effects in case of danger. That that fort at present cannot answer any of those wise and salutary ends, being in every part of it in a ruinous condition, for the truth of which we can appeal to your Excellency, who had ocular demonstration thereof when your Excellency was up here; but ever since that time it is much decayed, and would have fallen to the ground had it not been supported by the care of thecommanding officer. That was the fort in proper repair, it would not answer the ends proposed; the few soldiers that had been for a long time at that station, which, by repeated detachments to South Carolina and elsewhere, are now rendered fewer, being insufficient for its defence in case of an attack. That if this place was destroyed, the destruction of the whole Province would, in all probability, soon follow; for, as we hinted before, the Indians would get arms and ammunition, and other necessaries here, enough to enable them to carry on the war when and how long they pleased. That although we have been informed that your Excellency hath before now laid before his Majesty the defenceless state of this Province, and the ruinous condition of the fortifications in it, and we are sensible no person could take more pains to know it than your Excellency; yet we hope this representation of our particular situation, especially in time of war with France, and, as we have good reason to think, of immediate danger, will not be taken amiss. That we also, with submission, beg leave to observe to your Excellency that we sincerely wish there had been no settlement made on Ogeechee as yet, for if ever the Creeks should break out a war with us, whatever reasons they in their own minds might have for it. we are assured they will make that settlement one pretence, for they are continually exclaiming against it, and more so this summer than ever. We wish there could be a method taken of withdrawing the settlement by degrees, so it might not look like a public concession of these lands. The Indians would then at least want that pretence of quarrelling. We therefore hope your Excellency will take this our representation and petition into your serious consideration, and we cannot doubt your Excellency will do everything in your power to remedy these evils, and to render our safety and protection more effectual;but if nothing can be done here for the public security of these parts, we humbly beseech your Excellency to represent our situation to his Majesty, from whose fatherly care we may yet, before it is too late, receive the assistance necessarily required. And your Excellency's petitioners, as in duty bound, shall ever pray. (Signed,) PATRICK CLARKE, MARTIN CAMPBELL, JOHN RAE, LACIILAN MCGILLIVRAY, ISAAC BARKSDALE, JOHN WILLIAMS, WIA. BONAR, JOHN SPENCER, DANIEL CLARK, WILLIAM LITTLE, EDwARD BARNARD, JAMES McHENRY, WILL1AM CLEMENT, GEORGE GALPHIN, RICHARD JOHNSON, ROBERT DIXON, DA. DOUGLASS, MOSES NUMIES. RICHMOND COUNTY. 603 We have sent you the inclosed representation, that your Excellency may see the sentiments of the people of this place before this unlucky affair happened. I have, as in duty bound, sent you the inclosed information, by which, in all appearances, an Indian war is inevitable. There is nothing, in all human probability, cal prevent it but having those people who did the injury to make a retaliation for the murdered Indians, and we have accordingly issued hue and cry, sent out parties to apprehend them, and we have alarmed all the country both on the Carolina and Georgia side. The head-men of the Chickasaws are now with me. They declare they will live and die with the white people, provided we will get them a place for their wives and children. The fort is too small, neither is it in a condition to hold the people of this place, so I think it will be better to have one or two fortifications or intrenchments as near to the fort as possible, where the women and children may be secured, while we scout out and fight the enemy. I am afraid we cannot keep this place without assistance, and the loss of this will be an immense destruction to both provinces, as there is no people in this Province to spare to send to our assistance. I hope your Excellency will immediately apply to the Government of South Carolina, who are equally concerned, to send an immediate supply of men or otherwise, as you think most proper, as I only hint my hasty thoughts, which if not right, 1 beg your Excellency would excuse. I hope your Excellency will by this express give me what power and instructions you think needful. If possible, we will immediately send to the Creek Nation, to assure the Indians those people who did injury will be taken and secured for their satisfaction. We are afraid the blow will be struck in the nation. (Signed,) DA. DOUGLASS. REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF RICHMOND COUNTY. WEDNESDAY, October 12th, 1774. A Protest or Declaration of Dissent of the Inhabitants of St. Paul's Parish, against any Resolutions expressive of Disloyalty to our Most Gracious King, and the Lords and Commons of Great Britain. We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the Parish of St. Paul, having understood that certain persons have attempted, and are now attempting to prevail on the good-meaning and well-disposed people of this Province, to enter into resolutions similar to those made in the Province of South Carolina, in order to counteract and render ineffectual some late acts of the British Parliament intended to reduce the people of Boston to a sense of their duty:We do hereby, for ourselves and others, protest against any; and declare our dissent to any such resolutions, or proceedings in any wise tending to express disloyalty to our most gracious Sovereign, and the Lords and Commons of Great Britain, for the following reasons, viz.:First, Because we apprehend this mode of assembling and entering into resolutions that arraign the conduct of the King and Parliament, is illegal, and 604 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. tends only to alienate the affection, and forfeit the favour and protection of a most gracious Sovereign, and to draw upon this colony the displeasure of the Lords and Commons of Great Britain. Secondly, Because, if we have real grievances to complain of, the only legal and constitutional method of seeking redress is, we apprehend, to instruct our representatives in Assembly to move for and promote a decent and proper application to his Majesty and the Parliament for relief. Thirdly, That as the inhabitants of this Province have had no hand in destroying any teas, the property of the East India Company, and, therefore, are not involved in the same guilt with those of Boston, they can have no business to make themselves partakers of the ill consequences resulting from such a conduct. Thirdly, Because we understand that the Council and Assembly of this Province have lately applied to his Majesty for assistance in case of an Indian war; and should we enter into any such resolutions, we could not in justice expect any such assistance, but would be counteractitng what they have done, and exposing the Province to imminent danger. Fourthly, Because the persons who are most active on this occasion, are chiefly those whose property lies in or near Savannah, and, therefore, are not immediately exposed to the bad effects of an Indian war; whereas, the back settlements of this Province, and our parish in particular, would most certainly be laid waste and depopulated, unless we receive such powerful aid and assistance as none but Great Britain can give. For these and many other reasons, we declare our dissent to all resolutions by which his Majesty's favour and protection might be forfeited. Signed, James Grierson, William Goodgeon, Robert Bonner, John Anderson, Edward Barnard, Andrew McLean, John D. Hammerer, John Dooly, James Hill, Barnard Heard, Amos Stapler, Charles Walker, John McDuffie, Giles Tillett, James Seymour, Thomas Pace, Richard Basley, Samuel Tullett, Wm. Redman, Joel Cloud, Wm. Millar, Zechariah Lamar, Sen., Jacob Dennis, Littleberry Bosticke, Basil Lamar, James Few, Benjamin Webster, Robert Honey, Job Smith, Win. Barnard, Wm. Mangum, John Chapman, Patrick Jarvis, Joseph Maddock, Jonathan Sell, Robert Mackay, Wm. Candler, Devereaux Jarratt, Sherwood Bugg, Isaac Low, Peter Parris, John Henderson, Thomas Grierson, John McDonald, Francis Hancock. AUGUST 5, 1774. To THOMAS SHRUDER, THOMAS NETHERCLIFT, and JOHN HUME, Esqrs., Jemnbers of Assembly for the Parish of St. Paul's. GEORGIA, Parish of St. Paul. 1 We, inhabitants of the town and district of Augustine,* think it incumbent upon us, in this public manner, to declare our dissent from, and disapprobation of, certain resolutions published in this gazette, of the 17th instant, entered into on Wednesday, the 10th day of August, as it is there said,' At a general meeting of the inhabitants of this Province," though, we are credibly informed, that * We think this was intended for Augusta. RICHMOND COUNTY. 605 the said meeting, so far from being general, was not even numerous, and that one of our representatives, whom we had provided with a protest, and our reasons at large, why we could not agree to any resolutions expressive of disaffection or disrespect to our most Gracious King, or the Lords and Commons of Great Britain, thought it improper to deliver said protest to a few people met privately at a tavern, having also been told by some gentlemen coming from the place of meeting, that they had been refused admittance. We entirely dissent from the aforesaid resolutions, because we apprehend upon this occasion our silence would be construed into consent and a partial act of, and resolutions entered into by, some individuals, might be considered as the general sense of the Province. We, therefore, in duty to our King and country, and ourselves, do hereby solemnly protest against any of the proceedings of the aforesaid meeting, and declare our entire dissent from the resolutions entered into at the same, as witness our hands at Augusta, this 30th day of August, 1774. Robert Mackay, Andrew Johnstone, Edward Barnard, Win. Goodgeon, James Gordon, James Grierson, Francis Begbee, Thomas Graham, Francis Pringle, Donald Cameron, John Francis, Daniel Waiscoat, George Barnard, Charles Walker, John Pratt, William Matthews, Robert Bonner, Benjamin Webster, Martin Weatherford, Abraham Spear, John Laarl, John Francis Williams, Peter Parris, John Bacon, Sherwood Bugg, nWm. Johnston, Charles Clarke, Moody Butt, Samuel Clerk, John Howell, John Dooly, Thomas Grierson, Robert Grierson, Spencer Kelly, John Leslie. GEORGIA, PARISH OF ST. PAUL. We, the inhabitants of Kyokee and Broad River settlements, do in this public manner think proper to declare our dissent and disapprobation to a certain paper or handbill published and dispensed throughout the Province entitled and called, "Resolutions entered into at Savannah, on Wednesday, the 10th day of August, 1774, at a general meeting, (as therein set forth,) of the inhabitants of this Province, to consider of the state of the Colonies in America." For the following reasons:First, Because we look upon the said paper as a very improper treatment of the inhabitants of the Province, and of this Parish in particular, for that we have been well informed that the said meeting was not a public one, as before advertised, it being held at the house of Mr. Tondee, in Savannah, and that many respectable persons were refused admittance. Secondly, That the meeting was by no means a numerous one; for where a question of the most serious concern was put, there were only twenty-six persons that gave their voices. Thirdly, Because we from the beginning entirely disapproved of the said meeting, and in consequqnce of our disapprobation, we sent to Savannah a protest and reasons at large, which would have been presented at said meeting, on Wednesday, the 10th inst., had not a number of gentlemen of honour and probity in Savannah been refused admittance; and it is denied by a number that there were any deputies from the Parish of Christ Church legally appointed. Fozurthly, Because we had no voice in said meeting, and because we think that 606 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the said paper carries with it unnecessary and unjust reflections on the honour and justice of King, Lords and Commons. For these and other reasons, we do solemnly protest against the proceedings had on the 10th inst., and do entirely dissent from them. James McFarland, J. P., Saunders Walker, Daniel Marshall, John Griffin, Andrew Paull, Aaron Sinquefield, Edward Seed, William Lamar, Charles Jordan, William Love, James Cox, James Young, Charles Hurd, James Hill, John Hill, Joshua Hill, Solomon Barfield, John Kelly, Giles Tillett, John Truman, Moses Powell, William Wilden, Henry Brewster, Solomon Vickers, William Few, Niel Jackson, George Cowin, Daniel Walker, John Buchanan, David Sidwell, Thomas Mills, Charles Lea, John Brady, John Matthas, D. Wright, Robert Story, Henry Golden, John Howard, John Anderson, John Johnson, Nicholas Mercer, William Handley, Frederick Stump, William Wright, Samuel Blair, Samuel Smith, Thomas Jackson, E. Smith, Samuel Morton, William Halliday; John Smith, William Barnard, F. Ashmore, John Lloyd, Jacob Jones. Jacob Winfred, R. Balaman, George Bagby, N. Barnet, Mark Jones, John Mitchell, John Fuller, Sen., John Fuller, Jr., R. Howard, Z. Lamar, Sen., M. Custino, R. Gilgore, James Aycock, George Neals, Sen., Moses Perkins, Jeremiah Cloud, Noah Cloud, Thos. Hooper, Thomas Waters, George Simson, Andrew Brown, VWm. Dicks, William Thomas, Samuel Whitaker, Jacob Bowes, A. Williams, E. Wilrore, Benjamin Browne. August 24, 1774. REVOLUTIONARY INCIDENT. WE extract the following from the Georgia Gazette, of 1774:This day a respectable body of the Sons of Liberty marched from this place to New Richmond, in South Carolina, in order to pay a visit to Thomas Browne and William Thompson, Esqs., two young gentlemen lately from England, for their having publicly and otherwise expressed themselves enemies to the measures now adopted for the support of American liberty, and signing an association to that effect; besides their using their utmost endeavours to inflame the minds of the people and to persuade them to associate and be of their opinion. But upon their arrival they found the said Thompson, like a traitor, had run away; and the said Thomas Browne being requested in civil terms to come to Augusta, to try to clear himself of such accusations, daringly repeated that he was not, nor would be answerable to them or any other of them for his conduct, whereupon they politely escorted him into Augusta, where they presented him with a genteel and fashionable suit of tar and feathers, and afterwards had him exhibited in a cart from the head of Augusta to Mr.Weatherfor('s, where out of humanity they had him taken proper care of for that night; and on the next morning, he, the said Thomas Browne, having publicly declared upon his honour and consented voluntarily to swear that he repented for his past conduct, and that he would for the future, at the hazard of his life and fortune, protect and support the rights and liberties of America, and saying that the said Thompson had misled him, and that therefore he would use his utmost endeavours to have his name taken from the association RICHMOND COUNTY. 607 he had signed as aforesaid; and further, that he would do all in his power to discountenance the proceedings of a set of men in the Ninety-sixth District in South Carolina, called Fletchall's Party; upon which the said Browne was then discharged, and complimented with a horse and chair to ride home. But the said Thomas Browne that time having publicly forfeited his honour, and violated the oath voluntarily taken as aforesaid, is therefore not to be considered for the future in the light of a gentleman, and they, the said Thomas Browne and Wiiliam Thompson, are hereby published as persons inimical to the rights and liberties of America; and it is hoped all good men will treat them accordingly. N. B.-The said Thomas Browne is now a little remarkable; he wears his hair very short, and a handkerchief tied around his head, in order that his intellects this cold weather may not be affected. AUGUSTA, 4th August, 1775. William Davis, for publicly declaring himself a foe to the Sons of Liberty, was by order of this Committee drummed round the liberty tree three times, and is also published as a person inimical to the rights and liberties of America. By order of Committee. JOHN WILLSON, Secretary. UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO RETAKE AUGUSTA. IN January, 1779, Augusta was taken by Colonel Campbell, but evacuated by him on the 28th of February. It was again taken possession of by Colonel Thomas Browne, and an attempt to retake it was made by Colonel Elijah Clarke, in September, 1780. The details of the engagement that occurred on that occasion are given by Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, in his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, and by McCall, in his History of Georgia, from both of which we have drawn freely in the preparation of the following article:When Georgia came into the hands of the enemy, many of her bravest patriots found it necessary to retreat into other States. Among these was Colonel Elijah Clarke, who for a long time had been particularly anxious to expel Browne from Augusta, and retake the town. His arrangements had been made so suddenly and unexpectedly, that he reached Augusta unobserved, and found the enemy unprepared for an attack. Clarke halted before the town on the 14th of September, 1780, with his command formed into three divisions-the right commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel McCall, the left by Major Samuel Taylor, and the centre by Clarke himself. The centre advanced towards the town by the middle road, and the right and left by the lower and upper roads. Near Hawks' Creek, Taylor fell in with a body of Indians, who, after keeping up a desultory fire, retreated towards their allies. He pressed on, however, to get possession of what was called the White House, one mile and a half west from the town. At this house Captain Johnson commanded a company of the King's Rangers, with which a body of Indians was joined. The first intimation which Browne had of the advance of Clarke was his attack upon the camp. 608 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Colonel Grierson was ordered to render assistance to Johnson, and Browne advanced to the scene of action, in person, with the main body. The garrisons of the enemy's forts were completely surprised by Clarke's and McCall's divisions, and seventy prisoners, with the Indian presents, fell into the hands of the Americans. In the meantime, Browne joined Johnson at the White House. Clarke made several unsuccessful efforts to dislodge the enemy. A fire was kept up from eleven o'clock until daylight, and strong guards were posted to keep the enemy in check. During the night, Browne strengthened his position by throwing up works around the house. The next day two pieces of artillery were placed in a position to bear upon the house, but they proved to be of little service. Captain Martin, the only artillerist attached to Clarke's division, was killed soon after the pieces were prepared. A firing continued during the day. On the night of the 15th, Browne was reinforced by fifty Cherokee Indians. On the 17th, Clarke summoned Browne to surrender, but his summons was rejected. In the afternoon the same demand was made, and refused. Browne, immediately after Clarke's arrival at Augusta, had communicated his situation to Colonel Cruger, who lost no time in advancing to his relief. Clarke persevered in his attempts to bring the enemy to submission, but Browne continued to defend his post with obstinacy, notwithstanding the difficulties of his position. He himself had been shot through both thighs. The wounded were suffering for want of medical aid, and were destitute of water, Clarke having succeeded in depriving the garrison of a supply. Lee says of the emergency: " To remedy this menacing evil, Colonel Browne ordered all the earthen vessels in the store to be taken, in which the urine was preserved; and when cold, it was served out with much economy to the troops, himself taking the first draught. Disregarding the torture of a wound in his leg, which had become much swollen by exertion; he continued booted at the head of his small, gallant band, directing his defence." He supported himself for four days, when, the forces under Colonel Cruger having appeared on the opposite side of the river, Colonel Clarke withdrew, from a belief that all further efforts to retake Augusta would be useless. McCall says, in relation to this affair, that the weakness occasioned by the loss of men during the siege, and by the desertion of those who preferred plunder to the honour and interest of their country, compelled the Americans to raise the siege. The loss of Clarke was sixty killed and wounded. Among the killed were Captains Jourdine, William Martin, William Luckie, and Major Carter, adjutant to Colonel Clarke, (father of Farish Carter, Esq.,) of Baldwin County. He was killed whilst endeavouring to prevent the enemy gaining possession of the White House. Clarke remarked of him, "that a man of more bravery than Major Carter never occupied a space between heaven and earth." Those of the Americans whose wounds would not allow them to be removed, were left in the town. Captain Asby, with twenty-eight others, fell into the hands of the enemy. He and twelve of the wounded RICHMOND COUNTY. 609 prisoners were hanged on the staircase of the White House. Henry Duke, John Burgamy, Scott Reeden, Jordan Ricketson, and others, were also hanged. All this was mercy, compared to what others suffered. They were delivered to the Indians, who formed a circle, and placed the prisoners in the centre. Some were thrown into the fires, and others roasted to death. Notwithstanding the assurances of Browne, contained in his letter on page 614, we are compelled to believe McCall, who says, " that at the time he wrote, the record of these transactions was before him, from the pens of British officers who were present, who exultingly communicated it to their friends in Savannah, Charleston, and London." SIEGE AND SURRENDER OF AUGUSTA. THE compiler has met with several descriptions of the siege of Augusta, but upon the whole, he thinks the one prepared by Lee, in his Memoirs, is much the best, and, therefore, presents the reader with an abridgment of it. Upon the arrival of General Henry Lee in the vicinity of Augusta, in 1781, he learned that there had been recently received, at Fort Galphin, the annual royal presents for the Indians, consisting of powder, ball, small arms, salt, blankets, &c., articles very much wanted by the army, which he determined, if possible, to secure. Leaving Major Eaton behind with his battalion, he advanced to Fort Galphin, and, assisted by Captain Rudolph, took possession of the fort, with the Indian presents, having lost but one man, from the heat of the weather. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee resting his troops for a few hours, detached Major Egleston with his horse, to pass the river below Augusta, with instructions, after acquainting himself with Browne's situation, to demand a surrender. With these orders Egleston complied, but to his demand made to Browne no reply was made. In the evening, Lee joined Egleston, Pickens, and Clarke in the woods west of Augusta. In the centre of the town stood Fort Cornwallis. On the northwestern border of a lagoon, half a mile up the river, was Fort Grierson. The first attempt, upon the part of the Americans, was to drive Grierson out of his fort, and to destroy or intercept him in his retreat to Fort Cornwallis. The arrangements for this being made, the several commanders proceeded to the points assigned them. Grierson's resistance was soon overpowered, himself, with his Major, and many of his garrison, killed, and several taken prisoners. Grierson was killed after his surrender, and although a large reward was offered to detect the murderers, no discovery could be made. Colonel Browne then applied himself to strengthening his position. In the skirmish against Fort Grierson, Major Eaton was killed. On the banks of the Savannah River, south of the lagoon, there was a large brick building belonging to one who had joined Browne. Here Colonel Lee took post. General Pickens occupied the woods on the left of the enemy. 39 610 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF G;EORGIA. Fort Cornwallis was not far from the Savannah River, the shelter of whose banks afforded a safe route to the American troops, and it was determined to commence works in that quarter towards the left and rear of the enemy. These works had advanced to the desired state, but as the surrounding ground offered no swell or hill which would enable the Americans to bring their six-pounders to bear upon the enemy, it was determined to erect a Mayham Tower. Perceiving that his enemy's works were progressing rapidly, Browne fell upon them on the night of the 28th of May with such vigour, that he drove the guard before him, but was compelled afterwards to take shelter in his fort, Captain Handy coming up with his support. On the next night, Browne renewed his attempt, and for a long time the struggle was violent, but Captain Rudolph, by the bayonet, drove him within the fort. On the 30th, at evening, the erection of the Mayham Tower was commenced, and in the course of the night and ensuing day it was brought nearly on a level with the enemy's parapet, the adjacent works in the meantime being vigorously pushed on. Pickens and Lee knowing that Browne would endeavour, to destroy this tower, doubly manned the lines in that quarter, and drew up Handy's division of infantry, to support the militia. To the defence of the tower one company of musketry was exclusively applied. Not more than a third of the night had passed when Browne renewed his attempt upon the river quarter, but meeting a gallant reception from Rudolph, he fell upon the American works in the rear. Here the militia of Pickens contended with vigour, but at last, at the point of the bayonet, were forced out of the trenches. Handy coming up with his main body, turned upon the victors, and drove them into their fort. Upon this occasion the loss on both sides exceeded all which had occurred during the siege. Colonel Browne now determined on resorting to stratagem. There was contiguous an old wooden house, under cover of which the tower had been commenced, and which the besiegers had omitted to pull down. Browne resolved, if possible, to burn this house, with a hope that the fire would communicate to the tower, and consume that also. A deserter was sent to Colonel Lee by Colonel Browne, and upon being questioned upon many subjects, he replied that the tower gave the Americans such an advantage, that if improved, it would force Browne to surrender. The deserter suggested that the effect of Lee's cannonade could be increased by directing it to the spot in the fort where all the powder was deposited. The suggestion was considered a good one, and the deserter, upon the assurance of a large reward, promised to give his aid in execution of it. Reflecting, however, in the course of the night, upon the statement of the deserter, Lee became uneasy, and finally ordered him to be removed from the tower, where he had been placed. In the morning it was observed that three or four deserted houses which stood between Lee's quarters and the fort, and from the upper stories of which riflemen might be employed with effect, had been burnt by RICHMOND COUNTY. 611 Browne. Orders were given to make the assault against the enemy; and the American commanders wishing, if possible, to save the effusion of blood, dispatched a flag on the 3d of June, demanding a surrender, but Colonel Browne repeated his determination to defend his post. He, however, the next day offered to surrender, after discussing the conditions for twenty-four hours, and at eight o'clock on the morning of the 5th of June. the British garrison marched out, Colonel Browne being placed under the special care of Captain Armstrong. During a short interview which Browne had with Lee, he informed him that the soldier who had proposed to aid in the direction of his cannon was no deserter; that he had been sent expressly to burn the tower. Gardner, in his Anecdotes, says, " I have often heard the gallant Armstrong declare that he never had, in his own opinion, encountered equal peril with that he experienced on this trying occasion. At every turn preparation was made for death. In every individual who approached, was seen the eager wish to destroy. Resentment was excited to the highest pitch, and called aloud to be appeased by blood." THE following is the correspondence between the American commanders at Augusta and Colonel Browne, arranging the preliminaries of a surrender: Brigadier PICiENS and Lieutenant-Colonel LEE to Lieutenant. Colonel BROWNE. AUGUSTA, May 31, 1781. SIR:-The usage of war renders it necessary that we present you with an opportunity of avoiding the destruction which impends your garrison. We have deferred our summons to this late date, to preclude the necessity of much correspondence on the occasion. You see the strength of the invading forces, the progress of our works; and you may inform yourself of the situation of the two armies by inquiries from Captain Armstrong, of the Legion, who has the honour to bear this. Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE in answer to PICKENS and LEE. GENTLEMEN:-What progress you have made in your works I am no stranger to. It is my duty and inclination to defend this place to the last extremity. PICKENS and LEE to Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE. AVGUSTA, June 3, 1781. SIR:-It is not our disposition to press the unfortunate. To prevent the effusion of blood, which must follow perseverance in your fruitless resistance, we inform you we are willing, though in the grasp of victory, to grant such terms as a comparative view of our respective situations can warrant. Your determination will be considered as conclusive, and will regulate our conduct. 612 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Lieutenant- Colonel BROWNE to PICKENS and LEE. FORT CORNWALLIS, June 3, 1781. GENTLEM EN:-I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your summons of this day, and to assure you, that as it is my duty, it is likewise my inclination to defend the post to the last extremity. PICKENS and LEE to Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE. HEADQUARTERS, June 4, 1781. SIR:-We beg leave to propose that the prisoners in your possession may be sent out of the fort, and that they may be considered yours or ours as the siege may terminate. Confident that you cannot refuse the dictate of humanity and custom of war, we have only to say, that any request from you of a similar nature will meet our assent. Lieutenant- Colonel BROWNE to PICKENS and LEE. GENTLEMEN:-Though motives of humanity, and a feeling for the distresses of individuals, incline me to accede to what you have proposed concerning the prisoners with us, yet many reasons to which you cannot be strangers forbid my complying with this requisition. Such attention as I can show, consistenly with good policy and my duty, shall be shown to them. Lieutenant- Colonel BROWNE to PICKENS and LEE. GENTLEMEN:-In your summons of the 3d instant, no particular conditions were specified: I postponed the consideration of it to this day. From a desire to lessen the distresses of war to individuals, I am inclined to propose to you my acceptance of the inclosed terms, which, being pretty similar to those granted to the commanding officers of the American troops and garrison in Charleston, I imagine will be honourable to both parties. PICKENS and LEE to Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE. June 5, 1781. SIR:-There was a time when your proposals of this day ought to have been accepted. That period is now passed. You had every notice from us, and must have known the futility of your further opposition. Although we would be justified by the military law of both armies to demand unconditional submission, our sympathy for the unfortunate and gallant of our profession has induced us to grant the honourable terms which we herewith transmit. Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE to PICKENS and LEE. GENTLEMEN:-Your proposition relative to the officers of the King s troops and militia being admitted to their paroles, and the exclusion of the men, is a matter I cannot accede to. The conditions I have to propose to you are, that such of the different classes of men who compose this garrison be permitted to march to Savannah, or continue in the country, as to them may be most eligible, until exchanged. RICHMOND COUNTY. 613 PICKENS and LEE to Lieutenant-Colonel BROWNE. June 5, 1781. SIR:-In our answer of this morning, we granted the most generous terms in our power to give, which we beg leave to refer to as final on our part. Lieutenant- Colonel BROWNE. to PICKENS and LEE. GENTLEMEN:-As some of the articles proposed by you are generally expressed, I have taken the liberty of deputing three gentlemen to wait upon you for a particular explanation of the respective articles. Articles of Capitulation proposed by Lieutenant-Colonel THOMAS BROWNE, and answered by General PICKENS and Lieutenant- Colonel LEE. ARTICLE 1. That all acts of hostilities and works shall cease between the besiegers and the besieged until the articles of capitulation shall be agreed to. Answer. Hostilities shall cease for one hour; other operations to continue. ARTICLE 2. That the fort shall be surrendered to the commanding officer of the American troops, such as it now stands. That the King's troops, three days after signing the articles of capitulation, shall be conducted to Savannah, with their baggage, where they will remain prisoners of war until they are exchanged. That proper conveyances shall be provided by the commanding officer of the American troops for that purpose, together with a sufficient quantity of good and wholesome provisions, till their arrival at Savannah. Answer. Inadmissible. The prisoners to surrender field prisoners of war; the officers to be indulged with their paroles; the soldiers to be conducted to such place as the Commander-in-Chief shall direct. ARTICLE 3. The militia now in garrison shall be permitted to return to their respective homes, and be secured in their persons and properties. Answer. Answered by the second article, the militia making part of the garrison. ARTICLE 4. The sick and wounded shall be under the care of their own surgeons, and be supplied with such medicines and necessaries as are allowed to the British hospitals. Answer. Agreed. ARTICLE 5. The officers of the garrison, and citizens who have borne arms during the siege, shall keep their side-arms, pistols, and baggage, which shall not be searched, and retain their servants. Answer. The officers and citizens who have borne arms during the siege shall be permitted their side-arms, private baggage, and servants; their side-arms not to be worn, and the baggage to be searched by a person appointed for that purpose. ARTICLE 6. The garrison, at an hour appointed, shall march out with shouldered arms, and drums beating, to a place agreed on, where they will pile their arms. Answer. Agreed. The judicious and gallant defence made by the garrison entitles them to every mark of military respect. The fort to be delivered up to 614 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Captain Rudolph, at twelve o'clock, who will take possession with a detachment of the Legion Infantry. ARTICLE 7. That the citizens shall be protected in their persons and properties. Answer. Inadmissible. ARTICLE 8. That twelve months shall be allowed to all such as do not choose to reside in this country, to dispose of their effects, real and personal, in this Province, without any molestation whatever, or to remove to any part thereof, as they may choose, as well themselves as families. Answer. Inadmissible. ARTICLE 9. That the Indian families now in garrison shall accompany the King's troops to Savannah, where they will remain prisoners of war until exchanged for an equal number of prisoners in the Creek or Cherokee nations. Answer. Answered in the second articlc. ARTICLE 10. That an express be permitted to go to Savannah with the comrmanding officers dispatches, which are not to be opened. Answer. Agreed. ARTICLE 11. (Additional.) The particular attention of Colonel Browne is expected towards the just delivery of all public stores, moneys, &c., and that no loans be permitted to defeat the spirit of this article. Signed, at Headquarters, Augusta, June 5, 1781, by ANDREW PICKENS, Brig. Militia. HENRY LEE, Lieut.-Colonel, Commander F. L. THOMAS BROWNE, Lieut.- Colonel Commander of the King's Troops at Augusta. THE following letter was addressed to Dr. David Ramsey by Colonel Browne, and presented by the daughters of the former to the Charleston Library. We give it insertion that our readers may have a fair example of the specious manner in which Colonel Browne attempted to justify himself for his cruelties:SIn:-The publication of an extract from your History of the Revolution of South Carolina, highly injurious to my reputation as an officer and a man of humanity, induces me to address this letter to you. Having professed yourself " an advocate for truth, uninfluenced by passion, prejudice, or party spirit," you declare that, embracing every opportunity of obtain ing genuine information, you': have asserted nothing but what you believed to be fact." If I am to credit these professions, I must believe, sir, that no party motive would tempt you to defame the reputation of an individual, or advance the reputation of your country at the expense of your own. The scandalous imputations, therefore, thrown upon my humanity, must be imputed to the malignity of some wretch as devoid of honour as of truth, who attempts to acquire fame by ruining that of others. Conscious of the rectitude of my intentions, although I may have erred in judgment, the censure or praise of an unprincipled person, who has wilfully misrepresented facts, and wantonly departed from truth, ought to be indifferent to me; yet the duty I owe to the officers and RICHMOND COUNTY. 615 men serving under me, and a reverence for the opinion of the world, which often judges from caprice or common report, prompt me to state to you an account of the material transactions on which these charges are founded, lest my silence might be imputed to a consciousness of merited reproach. A civil war being one of the greatest evils incident to human society, the history of every contest presents us with instances of wanton cruelty and barbarity. Men whose passions are inflamed by mutual injuries, exasperated with personal animosity against each other, and eager to gratify revenge, often violate the laws of war and principles of humanity. The American war exhibits many dreadful examples of wanton outrages, committed by both parties, disgraceful to human nature. From the commencement of the war, in the limited sphere in which I acted, it was my duty, and the first wish of my heart, to carry it on agreeably to the rules which humanity formed to alleviate its attendant calamities. The criminal excesses of individuals were never warranted by authority, nor ever obtained the sanction of my approbation. Could violations of humanity be justified by example, the cruelties exercised on my person by a lawless Committee, in the wanton abuse of power, might have justified the severest vengeance; but, esteeming'it more honourable to forgive than to revenge an injury to those men who had treated me with the most merciless cruelty, I granted protection and safeguards to such as desired them. In the discharge of the duties of my profession, I can say with truth, I never deviated from the line of conduct the laws of war and humanity prescribed. In your History of the Revolution of South Carolina, you have been pleased to form a different' judgment. From what source you have obtained your information relative to the circumstances of General Screven's death, I cannot pretend to determine; but give me leave to say, not from "an advocate for truth, uninfluenced by passion, prejudice, or party spirit." So malicious a representation requires a brief detail of the truth. The frontier of East Florida being exposed to the incursions of the Georgia Militia, a party from the districts of Newport and Medway entered the Province, plundered and destroyed every house and plantation on St. Mary's River, and carried off all the inhabitants prisoners, without distinction of age or sex. The garrison of St. Augustine being reduced to great difficulties by an extreme scarcity of provisions, General Prevost was under the necessity of detaching Colonel Prevost, with a party of light troops, to collect cattle in the settlements of Medway and Newport. With this detachment I had the honour of serving. To enable this light corps to forage with greater effect and security, a party was ordered by the inland navigation, under the command of Colonel Fuser, to present itself before Sunbury, to divert the attention of the Americans from us to its security. After various skirmishes with the Americans near Medway, our spies brought intelligence that their army, said to consist of nine hundred men, under the command of General Screven and Colonel White, was on its march to attack us. Colonel Fuser ordered me to reconnoitre the position and movements of the Americans, and if possible to harass them on their march. The country being full of swamps and difficult passes, I selected thirty-two men from the regiment I commanded, to whose spirit and activity I could trust. About a mile in front of our camp, the ground being particularly favourable to my purpose, an ambuscade 616 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. was formed in a thicket. General Screven and Colonel White harangued their men to prepare for action. After finishing their harangue, I ordered my party to fire. General Screven and a Captain Struthers fell. The Americans, I presume, mistaking this for our whole force, instantly retreated. The General (Screven) being grievously wounded, was treated with tenderness and humanity. He had the character of a brave, worthy man. I sincerely felt for his misfortune, and ordered him to be conveyed to our camp, where every attention was paid to him by Colonel Prevost, and every assistance given to him by our surgeons. (Vol. ii., page 2.) With respect to the devastations you complain of, I shall decline the ungrateful task of justifying the loyalists on St. Mary's River retaliating on the property of such of the militia of Newport and Medway as had previously destroyed theirs, and dragged their families into captivity. I only wish to call to your remembrance the generous invitation of the Governor and Council of Georgia, by the proclamation, "to all the friends of liberty and independence in and throughout the United States of America," to come and partake of the plunder of East Florida; for which purpose, they had nothing to do but to repair to the camp in Burke County, where provisions and ammunition would be supplied gratis, and from thence march, under the command of the Governor of the State, by whom every encouragement would be given, and all captures free plunder. The account you have obtained relative to the death and sufferings of MeCoy and his confederates, in Carolina, is equally delusive. After the reduction of Charleston by Sir Henry Clinton, I was detached by Brigadier-General Clarke to Augusta. On our march, the Carolinians of the districts near Savannah River voluntarily took the oaths of allegiance, and received protection. Among the number, one McCoy, a young man of a character notoriously infamous, applied for protection. His mother, from a knowledge of the character he bore, accompanied him, and promised she would be responsible for his future conduct; he received protection, and was told if he persisted in plundering and destroying the peaceable inhabitants, he would receive no favour. About twelve months subsequent to this period, numbers of Carolinians who had received protection, formed themselves into plundering parties, under the command of a Captain McCoy, robbed and murdered many of his Majesty's peaceable and loyal subjects, and attacked the guards of the public boats navigating the Savannah River, with provisions, ammunition, and clothing, for the garrisons of Ninety-six and Augusta. Having received intelligence that the King's stores had been intercepted, I dispatched Lieutenant Kemp, of the King's Rangers, from Augusta, with ten soldiers and twenty militia, to pursue the plunderers. He engaged one Willie as a guide, a man who had taken the oath of allegiance, and received protection; this traitor conveyed information to McCoy of Kemp's force, design, and intended route, and led him into an ambuscade previously formed. The militia under the command of Kemp fled upon the first fire; he and the soldiers, unable to resist a very superior force, surrendered themselves prisoners. Captain McCoy asked Kemp to join his party. On his refusal, he stripped and shot him. The same question was put to the soldiers; nine out of the ten refused, and shared the same fate. The other joined them to save his RICHMOND COUNTY. 617 life, and in a few days afterwards made his escape, and brought me intelligence of the murder of Kemp and his men, and that Willie and young McCoy were the most active in putting them to death; that the inhabitants in general had converted their written protections into cockades, and had joined a Colonel Harden; that the King's stores taken from the boats were distributed among the plunderers, and secreted in or near their houses. Apprehending a general revolt in that quarter of the country, I immediately marched from Augusta with one hundred and seventy Indians, and was joined by four hundred militia. About thirty miles from Black Swamp, Colonel Harden, about midnight, attacked our camp, and was repulsed. The militia under my command during the action deserted to a man, joined Colonel Harden, who, thus reinforced, at ten in the morning renewed the attack, but his men being totally without discipline, were defeated with considerable loss. Among the prisoners, Willie and young McCoy, and eleven of Kemp's murderers, were taken. The identity of their persons, and the fact being proved and confirmed by their own confession, they (WVillie excepted) suffered on the gallows; and the houses of the plunderers where the King's stores were secreted, were ordered to be burnt. Although I lamented the necessity of having recourse to these extremities, a necessity created by themselves, I am persuaded, on a similar occasion, Dr. Ramsey would have done the same. Willie, Kemp's guide, experienced a different fate. An Indian chief, a friend of Kemp, on learning from the soldiers that Willie was the man who had betrayed and murdered his friend, immediately killed him with his tomahawk. This is the only outrage, if it ought to be called one, ever committed by any Indians under my command, and of which you have been pleased to give so truly a tragical and melancholy narrative. After so pathetic a display of your descriptive talents, how ample a field for your fertile genius, without a flight into the regions of fiction, will the Indian expedition of General Pickens afford you-such a scene of devastation and horror! Thirteen villages destroyed! Men, women, and children thrown into the flames, impaled alive, or butchered in cold blood! How different the conduct of those you style savages! Not an outrage was committed on the reduction of Fort Howe, in Georgia; on that service three-fourths of that detachment consisted of Indians, and the fort was carried by assault; half of the officers with me killed or wounded; yet the Indians, less savage than their adversaries, [the MS. is here defaced, but I make out that they, the Indians, were touched at the sight of a defenceless enemy.] The account you have obtained of the events at Augusta is, I must confess, as well adapted to the prejudices of the weak, as the credulity of the ignorant. Your very honourable and genuine informer, with a truly patriotic spirit, disdains to charge his memory with transactions that might stain the reputation of your arms; or it was not convenient to his purpose to remember the shameful violation of the capitulation of Augusta, the horrid cruelties exercised on the prisoners, the barbarous murder of Colonel Grierson, and others, with the bloody achievements of Colonels Dun,* Burnett, and Dooly, previous to the siege. In either case, it will not be amiss to refresh his memory with the following narrative:-The port of Augusta being invested and besieged near three months, * Sixty peaceable loyalists on the ceded lands were murdered in their own houses in the course of a week by these execrable ruffians. 618 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. was surrendered by capitulation. From Colonel Lee, who commanded the Continental Legion, a gentleman of the most honourable and liberal sentiments, and from his officers, the King's troops experienced every security and attention; from the militia, under a General Pickens, every species of abuse and insult. Colonel Lee and his officers exerted themselves in an uncommon degree, and took every possible precaution to protect the prisoners from violence. The King's Rangers were paroled, and quartered at a gentleman's house, with a guard of Continental dragoons, under the command of Captain Armstrong. The militia prisoners were confined to a stockade fort, where General Pickens and his militia were quartered. After Colonel Lee marched from Augusta, Colonel Grierson, who had rendered himself peculiarly obnoxious to the enemy by his spirited and unwearied exertions in the cause of his country, was under the custody of the main guard, about ten paces from General Pickens' quarters. His spirit and unshaken loyalty in every change of fortune, marked him out as a proper victim to sacrifice to their savage resentment. One of General Pickens' men, named James Alexander, entered the room where he was confined with his three children, shot him through the body, and returned unmolested by the sentinel posted at the door, or the main guard. He was afterwards stripped, and his clothes divided among the soldiers, who, having exercised upon his dead body all the rage of the most horrid brutality, threw it into a ditch without the fort. Thus fell the brave, unfortunate Colonel Grierson, a man high in the estimation of his country, valued by his acquaintances, beloved by his friends-not by the shot of an unseen marksman, but under the eye of General Pickens, by the hand of a bloody, sanctioned, and protected villain, in shameful violation of a solemn capitulation. After the murder of Colonel Grierson, another execrable villain named Shields, (an unseen marksman,) the same day, in the same fort, under the eye of General Pickens, in the presence of his officers, without interruption from the sentries or guards, called Major Williams, of the Georgia Militia, to the door of the prison, and shot him through the body. These outrages served only as a prelude to a concerted plan, for murdering all the prisoners. To execute this diabolical design, a hundred of General Pickens' unseen marksmen, accompanied by three colonels, marched with drawn swords to the quarters of the King's Rangers. Captain Armstrong being informed of their intention, threatened, and ordered his guards to oppose them if they advanced. Then, addressing himself to the King's Rangers, he told them, that if attacked, to consider themselves released from their paroles, and defend themselves. The determined spirit of Captain Armstrong and Major Washington, who were present, struck such a terror into these ruffians, that, apprehending an obstinate resistance, they instantly retired. Enraged at the repetition of such abominable outrages by this band of assassins, not yet satiated with blood, I wrote to General Pickens, reproaching him with a violation of the articles of capitulation, in defiance of every principle of honour * " Tarlton Brown, a respectable inhabitant of Barnwell District," says Dr. Johnson, in his " Traditions and Reminiscences of the American Revolution," published in 1843, " gives the first direct information on this subject. He confirms McCall's intima. tion by the following words-' Captain Alexander shooting Grier-son for his villanous conduct in the country.' He had exposed his prisoners, among whom was the father of Captain James Alexander, to the fire of their relatives and friends, for the purpose of screening his men from the besiegers." RICHMOND COUNTY. 619 and good faith, and informed him, that the officers and men, having acted by my orders, ought to be exempted from violence; and if it was his determination that I should share the fate of Colondel Grierson, he would at least find that a man, conscious of having faithfully discharged his duty to his king and country, would meet his fate with indifference. The prisoners shortly afterwards embarked for Savannah, under the charge of Major Washington, who, apprehending the commission of further outrages, distributed the guards among the different boats. By this precaution, the different detachments from General Pickens' camp, who had taken post on the banks of the river, were prevented, after repeated attempts, from firing into the boats. Your account of a skirmish between General Wayne's army and a party of militia and dragoons, consisting of fifty men, who composed the advance of a small detachment I had the honour to command, I presume is taken from General Wayne's hyperbolical report to the Congress. As this buckram feat is altogether a fancy piece, it does not merit a comment. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, THOMAS BROWNE, NASSAU, BAHAMAS, Dec. 25, 1786. COLONEL BROWNE was tried for forgery, in the City of London, m 1812, and found guilty. The following are the circumstances of the case:-In 1809, he represented to the British Government that he had a large gang of negroes, which he had nurtured with particular care, and had succeeded in reducing them to such domestic habits, that they multiplied as fast as, by the course of nature, they would die off; and he prayed for an allotment of the crown lands in the Island of St. Vincent's. It was thought he had claims upon the English Government, having suffered as an American loyalist; and a grant was made to him of six thousand acres. It was subsequently discovered that a part of these lands had been granted to other occupants, who held at the will of the crown; and as they had expended their money in reducing the land to a state of cultivation, it was thought unjust to expel them, and they therefore were allowed to purchase, which was done to the amount of ~60,000. But in order to indemnify Colonel Browne for his disappointment, government gave him half of the money, ~30,000, which was considered a munificent recompense. It happened, however, shortly afterwards, in the year 1810, that Sir Charles Brisbane, the Governor of St. Vincent's, received a despatch, under the official seal of the Secretary of State's office, directing him to make a grant of the same quantity of land which had been deducted from the six thousand acres originally granted to Colonel Browne, which direction purported to be by order of the Lords of the Treasury, and was signed by Mr. Jenkinson, the Under Secretary of State. A discussion, however, ensuing with Colonel Browne's agent, the government thought proper to send home for instructions, when it was discovered that the whole was a forgery, 620 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. no such orders having ever issued from the Secretary of State's office in England. How Colonel Browne got possession of the seal of the office could not be stated; but it was proved that the papers were written, all but the signatures, in the office of Mr. Stevens, a law stationer in Chancery Lane. RATIFICATION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. ON the second of January, 1788, the Federal Constitution was ratified in the town of Augusta, in the words following:STATE OF GEORGIA, IN CONVENTION) t Wednesday, Jan. 2,1788. We, the delegates of the people of the State of Georgia, in Convention met, having taken into our serious consideration the Federal Constitution agreed upon and proposed by the Deputies of the United States in General Convention, held im the City of Philadelphia, on the 17th day of September, in the year of our Lord 1787, have assented to, ratified, and adopted, and by these presents do, in virtue of the powers and authority to us given by the people of the said State for that purpose, for and in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, fully and entirely assent to, ratify, and adopt the said Constitution, which is hereunto annexed, under the great seal of the State. Done in Convention, at Augusta, in the said State, on the 2d day of January, 1788, and of the Independence of the United States the 12th. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. JOHN WEREAT, President and Delegate from the County of Richmond. WILLIAM STEPHENS, l Chatham. JOSEPH HABERSHAM, JENKIN DAVIS, ) N. BROWNSON, j n E yham EDWARD TELFAIR, Bure. H. TODD, WILLIAM FEW, ) Ri JAMES McNEIL, R GEORGE MATTHEWS, FLORENCE SULLIVAN, Wilkes. JOHN KING, ) JAMES POWELL, ) JOHN ELLIOTT, Liberty. JAMES MAXWELL, GEORGE HANDLEY, CHRISTOPHER HILLARY, Glynn J. MILTON, RICHMOND COUNTY. 621 HENRY OSBORNE, JAMES SEAGROVE, Camden. JACOB WEED, JARED IRWIN, Washington, JOHN RUTHERFORD, W ROBERT CHRISTMAS THOMAS DANIELL, Greene. R. MIDDLETON, ) As the last name was signed to the ratification, a party of Colonel Armstrong's regiment, quartered in the town; proclaimed the joyful tidings opposite the State House, by thirteen discharges from two pieces of artillery. VISIT OF GENERAL WASHINGTON TO AUGUSTA. ON Wednesday, the 18th of May, 1791, George Washington, President of the United States, arrived in Augusta. The following items connected with this visit are taken from the Augusta Chronicle, May 21, 1791:GOVERNMENT HOUSE, AUGUSTA, April 25, 1791. GENERAL ORDER. AMBROSE GORDON, Esq., Major of the Richmond County regiment of militia, with not less than fourteen volunteers, is directed to hold himself in readiness to march and escort the President of the United States to this place. By order of the Commander-in-Chief. 3. MERIWETHER, Sect. GOVERNMENT HOUSE, May 9, 1791. GENERAL ORDER. Major GORDON is directed to march without delay with the escort ordered the 25th of April last, the nearest route to Savannah. By order of the Commander-in-Chief J. MERIWETHER, Sect. Tuesday, May, 1791. Ordered, That the State officers, together with General Twiggs and the Sheriff of Richmond County, do assemble at the State House to-morrow morning, at eleven o'clock, A. M., from whence they are to proceed in the following order of procession, to meet the President of the United States:The Sheriff of Richmond County, General Twiggs, the Secretary of the State, the Governor's Secretary, His Excellency the Governor, Judge Walton, the Treasurer, the Solicitor-General, the Attorney-General, the Surveyor-General, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Secretary of the Senate. Ordered, That the Artillery take post at the old fort, and upon the President's approach to the town, to fire a salute of fifteen rounds. J. MERIWETHER, S. E. D. 622 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. STATE HOUSE,, AUGUSTA, May 18, 1791. The officers having assembled agreeably to the order of yesterday, at eleven o'clock set forward, accompanied by a numerous train of respectable citizens. At the distance of five miles from the town, the President of the United States appeared in sight, when the procession halted, at which time he alighted from his coach, mounted his horse, and advanced with Major Jackson and the federal marshal. His Excellency the Governor, at the same time, attended by the Secretary of the State, moved forward, and after being announced, congratulated the President on his near approach to the residence of government. This ceremony being ended, the procession was resumed, and the President conducted to the house provided for his reception. WM. URQUHART, S. E. D. STATE HOUSE, AUGUSTA, flay 20, 1791. To the President of the United States of America - THIE ADDRESS OF THE EXECUTIVE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA, My warm congratulations on your arrival at the residence of government in this State, are presented with a peculiar pleasure, as well as a feeling sensibility; and I am persuaded that these emotions are perfectly congenial with those of my fellow-citizens. After the gratification felt from your presence among them, they will naturally contemplate the many unavoidable inconveniences arising in so arduous and extensive a tour with the most solicitous anxiety. Not less impressed, my cordial wishes shall accompany you through every stage on your return to the seat of government of the United States. Long may you remain to fill the exalted station of Chief Magistrate of the American Republics, as the just reward of that patriotism which marked every act of your life whilst engaged in the arduous struggles of a long and complicated war-gave tone to the liberties of your country-immortalized your name throughout the nations of the world, and created an unbounded confidence in your virtue, with the strongest attachment to your person and family, in the minds of American citizens. EDWARD TELFAIR. To which the President of the United States was pleased to make the follow. ing answer:To his Excellency Governor TELFAIR:Sin: —Obeying the impulse of a heartfelt gratitude, I express with particular pleasure my sense of the obligations which your Excellency's goodness, and the kind regards of your citizens, have conferred upon me. I shall always retain the most pleasing remembrance of the polite and hospitable attentions which I have received in my tour through Georgia, and during my stay at the residence of your government. The manner in which your Excellency is pleased to recognize my public services, and to regard my private felicity, excites my sensibility and claims my grateful acknowledgment. RICHMOND COUNTY. 623 You will do justice to the sentiments which influence my wishes by believing that they are sincerely proffered for your personal happiness and the prosperity of the State in which you preside. GEORGE WASHINGTON. To the house in Broad street, prepared for his reception, the President was conducted, under a discharge of artillery by Captain Howell. At four o'clock he dined with the Governor, where were present the Federal and State officers, and others. After dinner many toasts were given. The President's toast was, " The State of Georgia." In the evening Mrs. Telfair gave a ball to the ladies, at which the President was present a short time. On Thursday morning the citizens voted an address to the President, and which is as follows:THE ADDRESS OF THE CITIZENS OF AUGUSTA. To the President of the United States of America.SIR:-Your journey to. the southward being extended to the frontier of the Union, affords a fresh proof of your indefatigable zeal in the service of your country, and equal attention and regard to all the people of the United States. With these impressions, the citizens of Augusta present their congratulations upon your arrival here in health, with the assurance that it will be their greatest pleasure, during your stay with them, to testify the sincere affection they have for your person, their sense of obligation for your merits and for your services, and their entire confidence in you as the Chief Magistrate of their country. On your return, and at all times, their best wishes will accompany you, while they retain the hope that a life of virtue, benevolence, and patriotism, may be long preserved for the benefit of the age and the example of posterity. (Signed,) GEORGE WALTON, JOHN MEALS, THOMAS CUMMING, PETER CARNES, SEABORN JONES. THE PRESIDENT)S ANSWER TO THE CITIZENS OF AUGUSTA. GENTLEMEN:-I receive your congratulations on my arrival in Augusta with great pleasure. I am much obliged by your assurances of regard, and thank you, with unfeigned sincerity, for the favourable sentiments you are pleased to express towards me. Entreating you to be persuaded of my gratitude, I desire to assure you that it will afford me the most sensible satisfaction to learn the progression of your prosperity. My best wishes for your happiness, collectively and individually, are sincerely offered. GEORGE WASHINGTON. At half past four o'clock, an elegant dinner having been provided by subscription, the President dined with a large number of citizens at the Court-house, 624 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. where also his Excellency the Governor was present. After dinner, the usual toasts were drank. The President's toast was, " The State of Georgia, and prosperity to Augusta.? In the evening, he attended a ball at the large room in the Academy, at which was the largest number of ladies ever collected at this place. On Friday, the President honoured the examination of the students at the Academy with his presence, and was pleased to express himself handsomely of their performance; and in the afternoon again dined with his Excellency the Governor, with a select party; and this morning crossed the river by the bridge on his return-under the salute of Major Gordon's horse and Captain Howell's artillery. At his entrance upon the bridge, his Excellency the Governor, the Federal and State officers, paid their compliments, and took leave. AT Augusta, December 12, 1793, a committee was appointed by the Legislature, to confer with the Adjutant-General of the State, as to a procession in honour of the French Republicans. The following was the plan recommended:That the volunteers of the City Artillery, a troop of cavalry, and a company of Infantry, do repair to the battalion muster-ground, thence to march under the standard of the State to the House of Representatives, and in front thereof to salute the two branches with fifteen guns in honour of the State, thence to escort the Senate and Representatives to the State House in the following order, viz.: Four dragoons in front; next the musicians, next the infantry,and next one fieldpiece: then the Representatives; then the Senators, marching by two, and then the President and Speaker; then a field-piece; then the troop of cavalry. When arrived in front thereof, they will salute the Governor with fifteen guns. A committee appointed for that purpose will then wait on his Excellency, and conduct him down to the President of the Senate, who will address him suitable to the day, and the Governor will reply thereto; thence his Excellency will conduct them to a table with two wings, and spread with a collation, when he will take his seat with the President on his right and the Speaker on his left hand, the Major-Generals, former Governor,.and Chief Justice around, and the Representatives, with the Brigadier-Generals, on the right wing, and the magistrates and men-at-arms on the left wing. During the repast, a general toast will be given in honour of the French nation, answered with fifteen guns and three rounds of musketry, and all loyal toasts to be answered with musketry. The procession, as before, will be conducted to the place of occupation, where all the legislators will resume their seats, and be saluted with fifteen guns. A. C. GEO. ELHOLM. DISTINGUISHED MEN. COLONEL SAMUEL HAMMOND was the son of Charles Hammond, and was born inRichmond County, Virginia, 21st of September, 1757. The feverish state of the times interfered with his education; and the Indians being troublesome on the Western frontiers, Ham ~-.:c~si iP' ~'::: -: r:-:,:.~i;;w ::i s:P "` c a :~ sj I::::: i~ I - - B z::::: r:;I:::s;:: B:l:B:::: —'.,~i —:::I::::: --:'-":::::I"-::'::;':::;::::;:: i:::::::::r::i:::::::::::-:::-:i::: -:I:: i:::-i::: -:::::::::::: -::::-:-::::_:-::-:: RICHMOND COUNTY. 625 mond joined an expedition against them, ordered out by Governor Dunmore. At the commencement of hostilities between the mother country and her colonies, he raised a company of minute-men, at the head of which he commanded at the battle of Long Bridge, near Norfolk. In 1779 he joined the army of General Lincoln, with the rank of captain. During Prevost's invasion, Captain Hammond was attached to the command of Colonels Henderson and Malmudy, and with them was engaged in the battle of Stono, in 1779, and several previous skirmishes. He was also at the siege of Savannah in that year, and united with General Huger's command, in the gallant attack on the left of the British lines. After that disastrous affair, he continued with General Williamson's command, until the fall of Charleston, when Williamson took protection, with a considerable number of his followers. Young Hammond, however, who was courteously permitted to take part in the council which was called to decide on the terms of the capitulation at Charleston, (his rank and age not justifying such participation,) protested against the decision of the majority, and refused to take British protection. He withdrew from his former associates, raised a few choice spirits, (seventy-six in number,) and with them proceeded towards the North, determined to find assistance, or die with arms in their hands. But more than half of this number, in consequence of the discouragements of the times, subsequently left Hammond's party, and in hiding about fell into the hands of the Tories, who now overran the country, and from whose cruelties they suffered vastly more than if they had continued with their companions in arms. Hammond's little band, consisting now of only thirty-three persons, proceeded as they best could to make their way towards North Carolina. They were, however, compelled to conceal themselves during the day in swamps and cane-brakes, and push on with all possible speed at night, depending entirely on chance for subsistence. One night, while passing along the foot of the mountains, they came to the house of a good Whig, who was then absent from home, and learned from his wife (Mrs. Jones) that she had been ill-treated and plundered by a party of Tories, (seventy or eighty in number,) who had the day before passed her house on their way to join the British army. Hammond and his associates determined to pursue and chastise them, if possible. Guided by a lad along the trail they had taken, they succeeded in surprising them the next morning, at breakfast, and by a spirited charge routed them completely. On their arrival in North Carolina, they were joined by Captains McCall and Liddle, of Pickens' Regiment, and a small detachment of men Here, in July, 1780. they fought the battle of Cedar Springs, under command of Colonel Clarke, of Georgia, against a party of dragoons, under Dunlap, of Ferguson's Regiment, who attempted to surprise them about half an hour before day; but owing 40 626 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. to timely notice, which was brought by two noble Whig ladies into the camp, the dragoons were repulsed and defeated. In the following month, (19th August, 1780,) Captain Hammond was engaged with Colonels Williams, Clarke, and Shelby in the battle at Musgrove's Mills, on the Enoree River. Here the British were defeated, their commanding officer, Colonel Innis, wounded, Major Fraser killed, and a number of prisoners.taken. At Hillsborough, he received from Governor Rutledge the brevet commission of Major, with orders to take charge of all the refugees, as they were called, belonging to Colonel Le Roy Hammond's Regiment of Militia, and others who might come into service. In the ever-memorable battle of King's Mountain, which occurred on the 7th October, 1780, Major Hammond bore himself gallantly, and lost many of his men. After this battle, he was attached for a short time to the command of General Davidson, and acted under Colonel Davy, on the retreat of Lord Cornwallis from Charlotte towards Catawba; but was soon transferred to the command of General Sumter, and with him took part in the battle at Blackstocks. Previous to the battle of the Cowpens, he joined General Morgan. In this celebrated action, Major Hammond commanded on the left of the front line, and rendered the most important service throughout the engagement. After the battle, he was detached by General Morgan, with a small portion of his command, to reconnoitre the British army, which, after their defeat, had taken position on the north side of Broad River, some distance below the Cowpens. This service he performed efficiently. On the arrival of Cornwallis at Ramsour's Mills, Major Hammond passed over to the north side of the river, and joined General Greene. He continued with him, however, only a few days, when he was again attached to General Pickens' command, with whom he passed to the rear of the British army. He was joined by Major James Jackson, of Georgia, (afterwards Governor Jackson,) who was charged to pass into Georgia for a similar purpose. They proceeded together through the district of Ninetysix, enlisting numbers of the people in their enterprise. Hammond rejoined General Pickens, and the Georgia and Carolina forces acting in concert, advanced upon Augusta, drove in the outposts, and commenced the siege of that place. Hammond having now been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, was ordered with two companies of his regiment of State troops to storm Fort Grierson. On the capitulation of the enemy at Augusta, Colonel Hammond, with the other troops under Pickens, marched and joined General Greene at the siege of Ninety-six; but on the advance of Lord Rawdon, the siege was raised, and Pickens' command retreated westward, and thence turning northeastwardly, rejoined General Greene on the Congaree, below Broad River. Through the summer of 1781, Colonel Hammond continued actively employed as a par RICHMOND COUNTY. 627 tisan, and gave hot pursuit to the Tories in every direction. He, however, rejoined General Greene in the fall of the year, and was with him at the glorious battle of Eutaw Springs, on the 8th September, 1781. On the 17th of the same month, he was appointed to the command of a regiment of cavalry by Governor Rutledge, and instructed to raise and equip it like that of Mayham's, for three years, or the war. A number of his State troops, who had long served under him as volunteers, now enrolled themselves in his regiment. He was also joined by a portion of Colonel Le Roy Hammond's militia, and with these he remained in service under General Greene, until the preliminaries of peace were signed and announced. Being then encamped with General Greene at Bacon's Bridge, near Charleston, he received orders to discontinue recruiting for his new regiment, and in a short time afterwards, the greater part of his men were discharged. Within a short period after the peace in 1783, Colonel Hammond was married, in Augusta, to Mrs. Rebecca Rae, relict of Colonel John Rae, of Georgia. During his residence at Savannah, he was several times elected to the State Legislature, from Chatham County. He also for some time filled the office of Surveyor-General, in Georgia, and was appointed State Commissioner, to act in conjunction with other distinguished gentlemen in arranging treaties with the Indians. In 1793, he was appointed by Governor Telfair to the command of the first battalion of the Chatham County Militia, and immediately ordered to the frontier, where he rendered important service in throwing up block-houses, and in checking the depredations of the Lower Creeks, who were very troublesome about this period. In the spring of 1798, he lost his wife, and went into retirement for several years. On the 25th of May, 1802, he was again married, uniting himself to Miss Eliza Amelia O'Keefe, a young and beautiful Irish lady. The same year he was elected to represent the State of Georgia in Congress, defeating Joseph Bryan, Esq., and Wim. H. Crawford, who was just then coming into public life. Colonel Hammond held an important office under the U. S. Government in Missouri, where he resided about twenty years, during which time he unfortunately fell into the habits of speculation then prevalent in that section of country. He bought a large amount of valuable property, which his public duties and advancing age prevented him from attending to properly, and which, from neglect, has since been lost to his family. He also became involved in a large debt to the United States by the failure of local banks, whose notes had been taken in payment of public dues. For this debt he was prosecuted by the Government, and arrested in Charleston, after his return to South Carolina, which took place in 1824. Being discharged on bail, he finally disposed of a large portion of his property, and paid up the demand to the utmost farthing. Some time after his return to South Carolina, the theatre of his 628 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. early career, he settled at Varello Farm, on Horse Creek, three miles below Augusta. During his absence in the West, this fine estate had become nearly ruined, having been sold for taxes by the neglect of agents, and passed through several hands. He found it, however, in the possession of an old friend and companion in arms, Colonel Brooks, of Edgefield, who generously relinquished it without a contest. In 1827, he was elected by the Legislature of South Carolina to the office of Surveyor-General, and in 1831 was chosen Secretary of State. On that occasion, General Sumter, who had been his companion in arms, voluntarily came forward in an article strongly commending him to the Legislature, bearing testimony to his gallantry and usefulness during the Revolutionary struggle, and distinctly ascribing the victory at Blackstocks to his great bravery and good conduct. During Colonel Hammond's continuance in office, he resided occasionally at Charleston and Columbia until 1835, when, overcome by the weight of years, and the arduous labours of a protracted public life, he withdrew from all connection with public affairs, and retired to Varello, where he remained until his death, which occurred on the 11th September, 1842, in the 85th year of his age. AUGUSTUS CHRISTIAN GEORGE ELHOLM died in Augusta, in 1799. He was a native of the Duchy of Holstein, in the dominions of Denmark, came to America in the early part of the Revolutionary War, received a commission in Pulaski's corps, and. afterwards one in Colonel Horry's regiment of dragoons, in both of which he behaved with great gallantry. He rendered important services in Georgia, and was one of the five men associated with Colonel John White, whose wonderful achievement is described on page 368 of this work. Under the administration of Governor Telfair, he was made AdjutantGeneral of the State of Georgia, and took an active part in planning a system of defence against the Indians, who at that time were very troublesome upon the frontiers. When George Matthews was Governor of the State, a misunderstanding took place between him and Elholm. A court-martial was ordered, and the Adjutant-General was cashiered. He had a practice of writing and speaking in a very pompous manner. His record-book, now in the State Library at Milledgeville, is not only valuable for the amount of information it contains, but curious on account of the grandiloquent style in which he was in the habit of expressing himself. General THOMAS GLASCOCK died in this county, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. He was at the siege of Savannah, as a lieutenant, under Count Pulaski, and exhibited great bravery and military genius by attacking and defeating, with a small force, a large body of the enemy. During an expedition against the Indians, who were committing depredations on the western frontiers of Georgia, he was appointed a Colonel in the troops then ordered by the Legislature for the express RICHMOND COUNTY. 629 service of the State. He was afterwards elected a General of the militia, and as such, Governor Irwin, though differing somewhat in political sentiments, yet appreciating his worth, appointed him to the command of that quota of militia which was designated by the General Government to be furnished by this State. In every situation to which he was elevated, he never exhibited one mark of presumption, one mark of assumed authority over those with whom he was associated, but always exhibited that character with which we are mostly pleased, "the friend of mankind." General JOHN TWIGGs, a distinguished officer of the Revolution, lived and died in this county. The Hon. RICHARD HENRY WILDE resided for many years in Augusta. He died at New-Orleans. General D. E. TWIGGS, now of the U. S. Army, the son of General John Twiggs, has inherited his father's virtues. Posterity will speak of his deeds. Major FREEMAN WALKER lived and died in Richmond. As a member of Congress, he assisted in the settlement of the Missouri question, and his speech will ever remain a monument of his genius and patriotism. He died September 23, 1827. Hon. NICHOLAS WARE commenced his professional career in Augusta. For many years he represented Richmond, and was Senator to Congress from 1821 to 1824. He died in the City of Nevw-York, September, 1824. Hon. ANDREW J. MILLAR is a distinguished lawyer of Augusta. The high offices which he has held attest the superiority of his abilities. The Hon. CHARLES J. JENKINS was born in Beaufort District, South Carolina, on the sixth day of January, 1805. His father removed to the County of Jefferson, in Georgia, in January, 1816. Mr. Jenkins received the rudiments of his education in different schools; he first entered a school at Savannah, then successively the academies at Mount Zion and Powelton, in Hancock County, and afterwards for a few months the academy at Wellington, in South Carolina, under the direction of Dr. Waddel. In the year 1820 he went to Franklin College; but in 1822, by the request of his father, he was regularly dismissed from that institution, and soon after entered Union College, in the State of New-York, where he was graduated with high honours. He then returned to Georgia, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1826, and settled at Saundersville, in the County of Washington. In 1829 he removed to Augusta, and was elected a representative of Richmond County, in the popular branch of the General Assembly, in 1830. In 1831 he was elected Attorney-General for the 630 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. State of Georgia. Five years afterwards, he was again returned to the Legislature, and was re-elected to that body every succeeding year, up to 1852, inclusive, with the exception of 1842, when, as well as in the years 1834 and 1835, he was defeated. In each of the years 1840, 1843, 1845, and 1847, he was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1850, Mr. Jenkins was offered the post of Secretary of the Interior of the United States, which he declined; and in the same year he was a member of the Convention which met at Milledgeville, and drew up the exposition and resolutions adopted by that body in relation to the Compromise measures. He was a candidate for Governor at the last election, but was defeated by 510 votes. TWE cannot pass over in silence the character of the late Mrs. MARIA CAMPBELL. This lady was the daughter of General William Hull, and wife of Edward Fenwick Campbell, of Augusta, Georgia. She possessed a highly cultivated mind. In all the benevolent institutions of the day she took a deep interest, Mrs. Campbell and a grandson of General lull prepared a biography of their venerated ancestor.' She died in Augusta, on the 24th of May, 1845. * It is due alike to the truth of history as to the claims af a distinguished soldier of the Revolution, to say, that the justness of the decision of the court-martial, before whom General Hull was arraigned and convicted of the charge of cowardice, and on whom the sentence of death was pronounced, is at this time seriously called in question by prominent men of both political parties-of those who were zealous advocates and supporters of the administration of Mr. Madison, as of the opponents of that administration. General Hull commanded a company of volunteers from Connecticut, and joined General Washington at Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the commencement of the W-ar of the Revolution, and was with him when the army was disbanded, and when he took his final leave as commander-in-chief, in New-York, on the 4th of December, 1783. He served during the whole period of the war, and was in the battles of Long Island, at the White Plains, at Trenton, at Princeton, at Saratoga, Bhemis' Heights, at Monmouth, at Stony Point, Morrisania, and other memorable occasions. He was twice promoted for his courage and good conduct-once after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and subsequently after the storming of Stony Point, as one of the selected officers of General Wayne, on that hazardous enterprise. As a tribute of filial affection, and in defence of the much injured reputation of her father from the supposed iniquitous decision of the court-martial, his daughter, Mrs. Campbell, and a grandson of General Hull, have prepared a biography of their venerated ancestor, which has been published, under the title of, as General H1ull's Military and Civil Life," and to which the public is referred for a detailed history of this soldier of the Revolution. There have been several able reviews of this work, and a number of letters published from gentlemen of high character in our country, bearing testimony to the correctness of the narrative of facts embodied in it. Some of these letters were friom thh pens of Jared Sparks, the compiler of the writings of Washington; from the Hon. Horace Binney and Joseph R. Ingersoll, of Philadelphia; from the Hon. John Macpherson Berrien, Joseph W. Jackson, and Matthew Hall McAllister, Esq., of Savannah. In the letter from Jared Sparks, prefixed to " General Hull's Military and Civil Life," addressed to the grandson of General Hull, he writes: "I have perused the manuscript which you sent to me relating to the Revolutionary services and civil life of General Hull. The whole appears to me to be written with close attention to the facts of history." He then adds" I have also read with a lively interest the chapters on the campaign of 1812. The narrative is clear and full, and whatever judgment may be -formed of the result, the particulars here set forth give evidence of having been drawn from the highest sources, and they arle exhibited in such a manner as to present the controverted points in a just light." SCREVEN COUNTY. 631 S C REVEN COUNTY. LAID out from Burke and Effingham, 1793; part set off to Bulloch, 1796. Length, 30 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 540. The Savannah, Ogeechee, and Little Ogeechee rivers, and Briar Creek, are the principal streams. The soil is level, and in some parts productive. The climate is mild. The instances of longevity are, Mrs. L. THROWER, who died at 137; Mrs. JANE BLACK, over 100; Mr. HERRINGTON, over 90; MICHAEL DOHERTY, 140. Many others might be given. SYLVANIA is the county site, situated five miles below Jacksonborough, on the Middle Ground road. Jacksonborough was formerly the county site. Mill Haven is six miles from Matthews' Bluff. Paramore Hill is a considerable elevation, which the Central Rail Road crosses. At Hudson's Ferry the British army encamped in February, 1779, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 567; families, 567; white males, 1,625; white females; 1,548; 1 free coloured male. Total free population, 3,174; slaves, 3,673. Deaths, 32. Farms, 498. Value of real estate, $1,260,577; value of personal estate, $1,101,900. Among the early settlers of this county were, J. H. RUTHERFORD, JAMES BOYD, JOHN BONNELL, HENRY BRYAN, WM. RUSHING, BENJAMIN GREENE, WM. SHEPARD, ROBERT WARREN, JOSEPH TANNER, JOHN FLETCHER, JOHN NEVIL, ANTHONY BORNELL, BIRD LANIER, MATTHEW COLETON, WM. PEARCE, DANIEL BLACKBURN, JOHN JEFFERS, WM. RAULS, M. GREENE. Mr. JOHN ABBOT resided for many years in this county, and was very much devoted to the study of natural science. The result of his observations he delineated in a style of beauty and accuracy, which gained him a high reputation in Europe. In the Charleston Library are two large folio volumes, with elegant coloured engravings, entitled, "The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, including their Systematic Characters, the Particulars of their several Metamorphoses, and the Plants on which they feed. Collected from the observations of Mr. John Abbot, many years resident in that country, by James Edward Smith, M. D., F. R. S." LOOKING over the files of some old newspapers, we met with the following, and give it insertion, without vouching, however, that 632 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the Michael Doherty, of Screven, is the person of whom the writer speaks: At the moment of retreat, on the 12th of May, 1782, when Colonel Laurens, comPfanding the light troops of General Greene's army, beat up the quarters of the enemy near Accabee, Michael Doherty, a distinguished soldier of the Delawares, said to a comrade who was near-" By Jasus, it does my heart good to think that little blood has been spilt this day, any how, and that we are likely to see the close of it without a fight." No notice was taken of his speech at the time, but meeting him shortly after in camp, I inquired, "how he, who was so much applauded for uncommon gallantry, should have expressed so great delight on finding the enemy indisposed for action." " And who, besides myself, had a better right to be plased, I wonder V" said Doherty. "Wounds and captivity have no charms for me, and Michael has never yet fought, but as bad luck would have it, both have been his portion. When I give you a little piece of the history of my past life, you will give me credit for my wish to be careful of the part that is to come. I was unlucky from the jump. At the battle of Brandywine, acting as sergeant of a company in the Delaware Regiment, my captain killed, and lieutenant absenting himself from the field for the greater safety of his mother's son, I fought with desperation till our ammunition was expended, and my comrades being compelled to retire, I was left helpless and wounded on the ground, and fell into the hands of the enemy. Confinement was never agreeable to me. I could never be aisy within the walls of a prison. A recruiting sergeant of the British, who was at home in his business, and up to all manner of cajolery, by dint of perpetual blarney, gained my good will, slipped the King's bounty into my hand, which I pocketed, and entered a volunteer into the 17th Regiment. Stony Point was our station, and I thought myself snugly out of harm's way, when one ugly night, when I did not even dream of such an accident, the post was carried at the point of the bayonet, and an unlucky thrust laid me prostrate on the earth. It was a great consolation, however, although this was rather rough treatment from the hand of a friend, that the Old Delawares were covered with glory, and that as their prisoner, I was sure to meet the kindest attention. My wound once cured, and whitewashed of my sins, my ancient comrades received me with kindness; and light of heart, and hoping to gain any quantity of laurels in the South, I marched forward with the regiment, as a part of the command, destined to recover the Carolinas and Georgia. The bloody battle of Camden, fought on the 16th August-bad luck to the day!brought me once again into trouble. Our regiment was cut up root and branch, and poor Pilgarlic, my unfortunate self, wounded and made prisoner. My prejudices against a jail I have frankly told, and being pretty confident that I should not a whit better relish a lodging in the inside of a prison-ship, I once again suffered myself to be persuaded, and'listed in the infantry of Tarleton's Legion. 0, botheration, what a mistake! I never before had kept such bad companyas a man of honour, I was out of my illiment, and should certainly have given them leg-bail, but that I had no time to brood over my misfortunes, for the battle of the Cowpens quickly followed. Howard and Old Kirkwood gave us the bayonet so handsomely, that we were taken one and all, and I should have SJ.Vi:;N CCOUNTY. 633 escaped unhurt, had not a dragoon of \Vashington's added a scratch or two to the account already scored on my unfortunate carcass. As to all the miseries that I have since endured, afflicted with a scarcity of everything but appetite and musquitoes, I say nothing about them. My love for my country gives me courage to support that, and a great deal more when it comes. I love my comrades, and they love. Doherty. Exchanging kindnesses; we give care to the dogs-but surely you will not be surprised, after all that I have said, that I feel some qualms at the thought of battle, since, take whatever side I will, I am always sure to find it the wrong one.? AT Briar Creek, in this county, a battle was fought on the 3d of March, 1779, between the British, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the Americans, commanded by General Ashe, which resulted in the complete discomfiture of the latter. The following letter, written by General Lincoln, dated Purisburg, March 7, 1779, details, the particulars of the battle: After the enemy left Augusta, General Ashe, who was stationed on the opposite side of the river, was ordered'to cross and take post at or near Briar Creek lower bridge, as thereby he would cover the upper part of the country, and as this was considered one of the strongest posts therein, his left being secured by a deep swamp and the Savannah River, his front by the creek, which, at this place, was unfordable and about sixty yards wide; besides, he had a party of about 200 horse to cover his right rear. Boats were provided for the troops to recross the Savannah in case the enemy should move against them in force, and the baggage was sent over that they might not be encumbered therewith, in case they should be obliged to retire into the country. But, notwithstanding, on the 3d of March, 1779, at three o'clock in the afternoon, the enemy fell in his rear, his horse at that time being over Briar Creek, and began the attack so suddenly, that the General had not time to form the whole of his troops, which amounted to about 1,200, exclusive of the horse; those which were formed soon gave way, though many officers exerted themselves to prevent it, excepting a few under General Elbert, and one or two regiments of North Carolina militia. Some, he informs me, fled without firing, they took to the swamp, and escaped either by swimming the river or being brought across in a boat. General Ashe supposes his loss to have been 150 or 200. Prisoners taken, General Elbert, Georgia troops; Lieutenant-Colonel McIntosh, in the Continental service; Major Douglass, Aid-de-Camp; Captains Hicks, Nash, Cuthbert, Scott, Pendleton, Corbet, Sprowl, and Dalay; 162 non-commissioned officers and privates. 634 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. SPALDING COUNTY. THIS county is bounded on the north by Henry, on the east by Monroe and Butts, on the south by Pike, and on the west by Fayette. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 11 m.; area square miles, 220. Laid out in 1851. The streams are, the Flint River, and Potato, Cabin, Grape, and Head's creeks. The soil and productions are similar to those of Pike. GRIFFIN is the county town, situated on the Macon and Western Railroad. It is called after General L. L. Griffin, its founder. The Synodical Female College is located at Griffin. It is under the care of the Synod of Georgia. The college edifice is built of brick, 100 feet long, and 50 wide; two stories high. It contains on the lower floor a large chapel-room for the primary department, and a parlour. On the second floor are four large recitation-rooms, and a large study-room, well furnished with desks and chairs. The building occupies a commanding situation, and is surrounded by beautiful grounds. The funds for erecting this building were mostly contributed by the citizens of Griffin. Among the early settlers were, JOHN G. HIILL, A. A. GAULDING, JOHN B. REID, WMI. CLINE, General E. P. DANIEL, CURTIS LEWIS, MILES G. DOBBINS, WM. S. HERRONTON, JAS. A. BEEKS, ABSALOI GRAY, A. M. NALL, THOS. D, JOHNSON, JAMES S. JONES, A. W. HUMPHREYS, HUGH G. JOHNSON, DAVID JOHNSON, Dr. JNo. R. CLARK, JOSEPH P. MANLY, JAMES BUTLER, ISHMAEL DUNN, WILLIAM ELLIS, GARLINGTON LEAK, BURRELL ORR, SIMEON SPEAR, JOHN H. AKINS, ROBERT WALKER, GARRY GRICE, Dr. JAMES S. LONG, WILLIAM R. PHILLIPS, and WM. DISMUKE. HON. THOMAS SPALDING, after whom this county was named, was born at Frederica, on the Island of St. Simon's, Glynn County, on the 26th March, 1774, and was of Scottish descent. He was the son of James Spalding, Esq., who married the oldest daughter of Colonel William McIntosh, the latter being the same person who, when a lad, with his younger brother, Lachlan, (afterwards General McIntosh, of the Revolutionary War,) followed their father, John More McIntosh, a Highland chieftain, when, with a band of intrepid Highlanders, he accompanied General Oglethorpe to the wilds of Georgia, in 1736, and from whom sprang many of that name, who perilled their all for the independence of their country during our Revolutionary contest. Mr. Spalding's father was a gentleman of fine abilities, and a great reader of men and of books, the advantages of which he seemed to have early and indelibly impressed upon the mind of his son, who read FW-7~~~~~~~__-~ lgem~ ~ ~ ---— i —-~~~1-r-__ aTr ~-~~ —~ — SYNODIAL FEALE CLLEGE SPALDING COUNTY. 635 everything, and whose surprisingly tenacious memory, retaining all that he read, made him as a living book and depositary of literary treasures, especially those of historic interest. For those gentle and benevolent traits which he so liberally practised in mature manhood, he was indebted to the influence and example of his excellent and venerated mother, of whom he ever spoke with the most filial tenderness. He was their only child. At the time of his father's decease he was a student of law, in the office of Thomas Gibbons, Esq., of Savannah, whose practice was extensive and profitable; and had circumstances at this period permitted Mro Spalding to pursue the profession of his choice, he doubtless would have been eminent in it; but his fortune being ample, and requiring his personal attention, he declined to proceed in the practice. He married the daughter and only child of Richard Leake, Esq., which union added much to his already comfortable estate. About this time, though very young, he was elected to the Legislature, and shortly after, with his family, visited Europe, and took up his residence in London, where he remained two years a regular attendant on, and observer of, the proceedings of Parliament, and in the enjoyment of that society to which his pecuniary means and position among his countrymen abroad entitled him in the British metropolis. The lady whom he married was of rare accomplishments, good sense, and of singular beauty; yet she alone seemed unconscious of those irresistible fascinations which secured her the respect, admiration, and love of all. They had born to them many children, five only of whom survived their parents, and are still living. Mr. Spalding had the misfortune to lose his oldest son, James, while a member of the Legislature from McIntosh County, during its session in 1820-an amiable young man, of superior talent, and of great promise. The Legislature erected a monument to his memory in the capital of the State. On his return from England, Mr. Spalding was elected to congress, and served two sessions, and was for many years afterwards a promi. nent and leading member of the Senate of his native State, and until he retired from public life, to superintend his extensive private affairs, and to enjoy the repose and comforts of his attractive home, surrounced by his books, and friends, and strangers visiting our country, to whom he was ever attentive. For the various measures which he advocated during a long political career, through anxious and perplexing periods of our history, he acted always from a conscientious conviction of being right, and for the interest of his country. There never was a more ardent or a purer patriot. At the close of the war of 1812, in compliance with a commission from the General Government, he proceeded to Bermuda, and negotiated relative to the slaves and other property taken from the South by the British forces. In 1826, he was appointed Commissioner on the part of the State to meet the Commissioner of the United States, Governor Randolph, 636 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. of Virginia, to determine on the boundary between Georgia and the Territory of Florida, but which was not conclusively settled, the Commissioners disagreeing as to what should be considered the true source of the St. Mary's-the Georgia Commissioner insisting on the southern and most distant of the two lakes from the mouth of the river discharging its waters into the Atlantic, which lake has since been called after him. The limit assigned for biographical sketches in this work admits of nothing more than a mere outline of the life of Mr. Spalding. He was a fluent, energetic speaker, and a fine writer. Ease of style and originality characterize the productions of his pen.'He was the author of the Life of Oglethorpe, and of many other sketches, and furnished much useful matter for various agricultural journals of the country, was among the earliest cotton planters of the State, and introduced the cane, its successful culture, and the manufacture of sugar, into Georgia. He was the last surviving member of the Convention that revised the Constitution of the State in 1798. In personal appearance he was agreeable, of middling stature, of easy, unassuming manners, courteous and affable. His hospitality was boundless, and accessible to all; and it may be truly and emphatically said of him, that he was the friend of the distressed. Kind in all the relations of life, his slaves, of whom he had a large number, felt neither irksome toil nor disquiet under his mild and indulgent government. He felt intensely interested in the Compromise measures of Congress, and, though in delicate health, declared his wish to go as a delegate to the Convention in Milledgeville, even if he should die in the effort. He reached that city in a very feeble state, was elected President of the Convention, and commenced his duties by a neat and appropriate address, remarking in the conclusion, that "as it would be the last, so it would also be a graceful termination of his public labours." After the adjournment, he passed on homeward through Savannah, greatly debilitated, and reached his son's residence, near Darien, where he expired in the midst of his children, calmly relying on his God for a happy futurity, January 4th, 1851, in the 77th year of his age, and in sight of that island home in which it is hoped no spoiler will ever be suffered to trespass, but long to remain a sacred memorial of his taste for the sublime beauties of nature. His residence was a massive mansion, of rather unique style, in the midst ot a primeval forest of lofty, out-branching oaks, of many centuries, arrayed in the soft and gracefully-flowing drapery of the Southern moss, waving in noiseless unison with the ceaseless surges of the ocean, which break upon the strand of this beautiful and enchanting spot. Rev. WILLIAM MOSELEY resides in Griffin. He is the son of Elijah Moseley, and was born in Elbert County, Georgia, on the 21st of October, 1796. His education was limited, not having attended a school altogether more than nine months. When he was about twenty years old, he was commissioned as first lieutenant of a com STEWART COUNTY. 637 pany intended for an expedition against the Indians. In 1819, he was elected Receiver of Tax Returns for Putnam County. In 1820, he removed to Dallas County, Alabama, where he connected himself vwith the Baptist Church, and two years afterwards, began his ministerial career. Returning to Georgia, he resided a year in Jasper County, and then went to Henry County. In 184:3, he was elected to the Senate, and in 1846 was nominated by the Whig party for Congress, and was defeated by only one hundred and fifty-seven votes. In 1847, he was elected to the representative branch of the Legislature, in 1848 was chosen an elector, and voted for General Taylor and Mr. Fillmore, and in 1851 was again sent to the Legislature as Senator. In 1836, there was a division among the Baptists in the Flint River Association. Mr. Moseley took sides with thiat portion called the Primitive Baptists, " who hold to the predestinarian doctrine, repentance, faith, good works, the final perseverance of the saints," &c. The denomination of which Mr. Moseley is a minister believe that "the Church alone is the institution of Heaven, and that all the combinations of men,^irrespective of the Church, are wrong." He is a friend to education, and has been heard to say, that he will never die satisfied unless he sees a system adopted by which every child in the country will receive an education. Mr. Moseley is an orator by nature. His mode of speaking fixes attention; and although he pays no regard to the decorations of language, it is easy to perceive that he understands his subject. "It is very remarkable," says one, "that Mr. Moseley was born in October, married in October, professed religion in October, commenced preaching in October, his son was born in October, his daughter born in October, and the only slave he ever owned died in October." STEWART COUNTY. THrs division of the State was formed from Randolph in 1830, and named after General Daniel Stewart, whose name stands high upon the annals of Georgia. The Chattahoochee River forms the western boundary. Numerous creeks water the country. The lands generally are fertile, producing cotton, corn, sugarcane, &c. LIJMPKIN is the county site, situated on the waters of the Hodchodkee Creek, distant from Milledgeville one hundred and sixty miles. The Masonic Female College is located at Lumpkin. Florence is on the Chattahoochee River, sixteen miles W. of Lumpkin. Lanahassee is in the eastern part of the county. 638 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The climate is warm. The following cases of longevity have come to our knowledge:WM. ELLIOTT, 90; Mrs. ELLIOTT, 85; Mr. BUSH and wife, 80; B. SMITH, 88; R. MELTON, 82; THOMAS GLENN, 81; I. Cox, over 80; GEO. OSBORN, 86; Mrs. L. M. TURNER, 80. A negro woman belonging to Mr. John Glenn is over 100 years old. A free woman of colour died in April, 1852, said to have been 137 years of age. THOMAS WILLIAMS is now living, over 84 years. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,432; families, 1,445; white males, 4,480; white females, 4,169; free coloured males, 3; free coloured females, 2. Total free population, 8,654; slaves, 7,373. Deaths, 156. Farms, 990; manufacturing establishments, 36. Value of real estate, $2,241,302; value of personal estate, $4,393,703. Among the early settlers of this county were, N. CLIFTON, M. GRESHAM, Wi. H. DISMUKES, R. J. SNELLING, S. LUCKEY, JAMES GREER, J. TALBOT, L. BRYAN, Captain BALL, JAMES E. GACHET, HI. W. JERNIGAN, F. D. WIMBERLY. BURNING- OF ROANOKE. ROANOKE is a small village in this county, situated on the Chattahoochee River. A party of Creek Indians made an attack upon it on Friday night, the 13th of May, 1836, to the number of about thirty, the same, as is supposed, that fired upon the steamer Georgia, and killed all on board. This assault was promptly repelled by the whites. Another attack was made on Sunday morning, the 15th, just before day, by about three hundred Indians. A block-house had been erected, and surrounded by pickets. It seems that the citizens were taken entirely by surprise, most of them having retired to their slumbers. They were first alarmed by the firing of rifles and the yelling of the savages. The men sprung to their arms, and returned the fire of the Indians, but, seeing their number so large, immediately retreated, forcing themselves through their midst. Nine whites and three blacks were killed at the first fire, and eight or nine wounded. The following letter from Colonel G. thus describes the affair, and his escape:"No apprehension was felt of an attack; the men had nearly all gone out to Lumpkin-not more than twenty being in camp, which was near the warehouse. I was sleeping in my own room-Gazaway (Williams) was up stairs alone. Just before daybreak I was awakened by the firing of the Indians. At that moment, three fired through the window, at my bed. I sprang out of bed, and, on looking round, could distinguish them at each window. I ran into the dining-room, where I found every window occupied by two or three, and whenever I passed, they fired on me. I determined to sell my life as dearly as possible, feeling confident my last hour had come-caught up my gun-hallooed to Gazaway to make his STEWART COUNTY. 639 escape-burst open the door going into the passage, when a volley was discharged at my breast-closed it, and ran to the other door determined to hazard all in endeavouring to join the men at camp. On opening it, two fired, and a number approached. I fired-shut the door-caught up another gun-opened, and ran out of the door. From the door to the fence, I passed through the midst of twenty or thirty, all shooting as fast as they could fire-some lying down. Iran so near their powder that I burnt my clothes-met a number at the fence-go ththrough all untouched, except a blow, given with a gun or something else, which nearly arrested me. I then, finding the men flying in all directions, reached and found a thick place of bushes growing over the branch-laid down in the water below the spring, the Indians passing within a few paces, expecting every moment that I should be butchered. Shortly afterwards, Talbot, Captain Horn, (who was wounded,) and another gentleman, pursued by several Indians, came to my retreat. I then gave up again all earthly hope of escape, and told them I had determined to run down and jump into the river. They insisted on my staying, and all dying together. As our Maker would have it, the savages at that time commenced burning houses, to which their attention was chiefly drawn, and we lay until twelve o'clock, suffering all that men could suffer in the cold water from the spring. On coming out, I was so benumbed with cold and bruises, that I could not walk up the hill. On reaching the bluff, we discovered, to our great joy, a party of soldiers had come to our relief, and that the Indians had fled. We reached Lumpkin about dark. "Gazaway, seeing the Indians all flock after me when I left the house, sprang out of the second story, and made his escape without being fired on. " Poor Anderson! he was shot in the head, face to face with the savage, and expired without a groan. "'Kershaw was shot in his own house. His wife and child, with Mr. Pierce, remained until the building was in flames, and near falling in, when they made their escape, The two Mr. Donalsons were sleeping in the back room of my house: they fell, and were burnt up, as also one or two in Matthews' house-making in all eight whites. Our dwelling and warehouse, Joice's store, Starke's store, Rood & Seymour's, Matthews' dwelling, and new house, were all burnt. "Peter (black boy) fought near Anderson bravely. The Indians made great exertions to kill him." BATTLE AT SHEPARD'S PLANTATION. THE following account of one among the most serious and desperate battles that occurred during the Creek war in 1836, is compiled from despatches addressed to William Schley, Governor of Georgia at that time, by Captain Hamilton Garmany, and other officers. The battle took place at the plantation of Dr. Shepard, on the 9th of June, 1836:Between two and three o'clock, when Captain Garmany's men were eating their dinner, a firing was heard about half a mile from the place he occupied. Supposing that Major Jernigan and his force were attacked, Garmany ordered his men to leave their dinner and parade immediately. The horses were left, and 6440 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. indeed everything else, except the clothes which the men had on, and the force repaired to the direction where the firing was heard, and having marched about half a mile, found the Indians prepared for battle. When within some one huncdred yards of the Indians, Garmany's men fired, and six or seven of the enemy fell. The Indians then retreated a short distance, and formed a line. Garmany gave them another fire, the savages returning it in regular manner, and again retreated. Garmany discovered that every time they retreated they reinforced to the number of at least 250. As long as they could be kept in front, they were repulsed; but becoming so numerous, and Captain Garmany's company consisting of only forty-two metn in line at the time, the Indians began to flank them. A retreat was ordered, and the men commanded to fire on the retreat; half of them were directed to face to the right, and the other to the left, and to fire upon their flanks, to keep the Indians from surrounding them. After having retreated, and firing in this way about half a mile, a small field was reached, and the fence used as a breastwork, until two rounds were fired. By this time the enemy had succeeded in dividing the party. By firing on the left flank, Captain Garmnany and about ten men succeeded in getting possession of the yard; at the time they entered the gate, the enemy had succeeded in gaining the opposite side of the yard, but were driven from their position. They then fled to the gin-house, when a position was taken and an opportunity watched to shoot as they passed around the houses. The troops were directed not to fire until they could be certain to kill, which order was obeyed. Garmany took a position behind two trees, so situated that he could not be seen, and from that place he was certain that he killed an Indian who was attempting to get one of the horses over the fence. When he fell another attempted to get the same horse, and before he succeeded in getting the animal, he was shot, and fell within three feet of the other. Garmany then loaded again, and just at that moment three other Indians passed round the corner of a small house forty yards distant, when they were fired at, and two-of them stopped; the other shot Garmany through the thigh, which caused him to fall. The Indian drew his knife and made towards him. He raised up and shot the Indian, bringing him to the ground. At this time a panic was produced amongst Garmany's men who were present, who cried out that their captain was killed. But he called to them, saying that he was not dead, but that they must fight on. Dispatching the Indian after he was wounded, Garmany drew his pocket pistol, determined still to defend himself, and called to his men to turn the horses out of the lot, which they did. Those of his corps that were near continued to fight; and during the whole time, the men on the other flank of the enemy maintained the action with vigour and energy. Just at this moment, Major Jernigan, of Stewart County, who was at Fort Jones, three miles below the battle-ground, arrived with a small detachment of men, not exceeding thirty, and charged upon the Indians, which diverted them from Garmany, and enabled him to make his escape. One of his men seeing that he was wounded, brought him a horse, took him up behind him, and carried him to Fort Jones; when the rest of his force attempted their escape in the best way they could. About this time, a body of men who had been sent to Fort McCreary, and had heard the firing, came and charged through the ranks of the enemy; but they SUMTER COUNTY. 641 were too late to render much assistance. Four of Garmany s company had been left sick at Fort Ingersoll, with two others to wait on them, and two or three had gone to the shop to get their horses shod. These things account for the few men he had in the action. Those of his company who were in the engagement, acted with great bravery and firmness. Every man stood firm until ordered to retreat. Ample testimony was borne to the courage and bravery of Major Jernigan and his men, who went to the assistance of Garmany. In his company were seven killed and four wounded, none thought to be dangerous-of Major Jernigan's men, four were killed and three wounded. Those of Garmany's men killed were; Ensign Lacy, Orderly-Sergeant Jas. C. Martin, Jas. H. Holland, Robert T. Holland, Jas. M. Allen, Wm. M. Sims, (by exhaustion,) J. A. V. Tate, and A. W. Peden; wounded, Captain Garmany, John R. Alexander, Thomas WV. Hunt, and Wm. Stapp. It was thought there were from twenty-five to thirty Indians killed, but Colonel Gibson, who afterwards visited the battle-ground, was clearly of the opinion that the loss of Indians must have been much greater. Those of the Stewart company who fell in the battle were, David Delk, Esq., Jared Irwin Esq., Captain Robert Billups, and a young man by the name of Hunter. They were all gentlemen of the first standing. Mr. Delk was a member of the bar, and occupied a very respectable station in his profession. Mr. Irwin was Clerk of the Inferior Court of Stewart County. SUMTER COUNTY. LAID out from Lee, in 1851. Named after Major-General Thomas Sumter, of Revolutionary distinction. The Flint River forms the eastern boundary of the county. The Muckalee, Muckaloochee, and Kinchafoona, are streams of considerable magnitude. AMERICUS, the county site, is a pretty and thriving town on the waters of Muckalee Creek, distant 165 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. It was incorporated in 1832. The Americus Female Institute is located here. It is an individual enterprise, and was established in 1852 by the Rev. P. A. Strobel, a minister of the Lutheran Church, under an act of incorporation from the Legislature of Georgia. The institute is designed to supply a home education for the young ladies of Southwestern Georgia, and more particularly of Sumter and some of the adjoining counties. It is at present furnished with a good supply of maps and astronomical charts, and a small but well-selected cabinet of minerals. A philosophical apparatus will be obtained by the opening of the next session. Danville, 16 miles from Americus, is on the Flint River. Pondtown is 12 miles N. of Americus. 41 642 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Quebec is in the northwest corner of the county. The face of the country is flat. Much of the land is productive. Cotton is the principal article cultivated. The summers are very warm. The winters are pleasant. The following instances of longevity have come to our knowledge:Mrs. OATES died at 100; Mr. GOLDING, over 80; Mr. GUERRY, over 80. Two years ago there were living, Mr. NUN, 80; Mr. ADAMS,, 80. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,109; families, 1,109; white males, 3,346; white females, 3,123; free coloured males, 7; free coloured females, 11. Total free population, 6,487; slaves, 3,835. Deaths, 140. Farms, 768; manufacturing establishments, 34. Value of real estate, $1,422,960; value of personal estate, $2,219,379. Among the early settlers were, MARTIN MIMS, W. MIMS, JACOB LITTLE, W. BRADY, EDMUND NUN, JARED TOMLINSON, THOS. RIGGINS, ISAM WEST, JOHN MANN, A. WHEELER, R. SATLER, W. HUBERT, W. W. BARLOW, E. COTTLE, D. JUSTICE, W. PINCHER, M. MURPAY, W. B. SMITH, M. J. MORGAN. TALBOT COUNTY. LAID out in 1827; part added to Crawford, 1827. Named after the Hon. Matthew Talbot. Length, 25 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 450. The Flint River is the chief stream. The creeks are Patsiliga, Hachasofkee, Lazer, &co The face of the country is very broken. The Oak Mountains are in the northern part of the county. The soil is fertile. The productions are cotton, corn, &c. TALBOTTON is the county site, 93 miles from Milledgeville. The Collingsworth Institute is within a mile of the town. The climate is mild. The instances of longevity with which we are acquainted are, Mrs. GAMBELL, who died over 100; HENRY DICKSON, over 80; Mr. SIMMONS, 94. SHADRACH ELLIS, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 80. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,324; families, 1,324; white males, 4,023; white females, 3,770; 6 free coloured males; 12 free coloured females. Total free population, 7,811; slaves, 8,723. Deaths, 208. Farms, 928; manufacturing establishments, 46. Value of real estate, $2,241,302; value of personal estate, $4,393,703. TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 643 TALIAFERRO C'OUNTY. LAID out from Wilkes, Warren, Hancock, Greene, and Oglethorpe, in 1825; a part taken from Hancock in 1828; and parts taken from Wilkes in 1828 and 1835. Named after Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro. Length, 16 m.; breadth, 11 m.; area square miles, 176. Little River, and the North and South forks of the Ogeechee, are the chief streams. There are excellent lands in this county. CRAWFORDVILLE is the county town, situated on the Georgia Railroad, 45 miles N. E. of Milledgeville. Raytown is seven miles from Crawfordville. Among the early settlers were, GEO. TILLEY, WM. EVANS, MARCUS ANDREW, ASA ALEXANDER, WM. LITTLE, S. CREIGHTON, WM. GUNN, AMOS STEWART, H. ELLINGTON, B. JONES, G. KENT, A. B. STEPHENS, W. ANDERSON, R. KING, N. CHAPMAN, A. GRESHAM, S. HARRIS. Extract from the Census of 1850. —Dwellings, 408; families, 408; white males, 1,082; white females, 969; free coloured males, 28; free coloured females, 23. Total free population, 2,102; slaves, 3,044. Deaths, 88. Farms, 294; manufacturing establishments, 16. Value of real estate, $1,272,265; value of personal estate, $1,781,112. In the year 1800, a number of Roman Catholics emigrated from Maryland, and established a church at Locust Grove, The Hon. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS was born in the present limits of Taliaferro County, February 11th, 1812, about two miles and a half from Crawfordville. His grandfather, Alexander Stephens, emigrated from England about the year 1750. * He was in Braddock's army at the time of his celebrated defeat. In the war of the Revolution he took an early and active part. In 1789 or'90, he removed to Georgia, and settled on the plantation now owned by the subject of this sketch. He died in 1813. Mr. Andrew B. Stephens, the father of Alexander H. Stephens, continued to live on the same place until 1826. He was a man of small means, of strict integrity, and unblemished character. Mr. Stephens' mother was Margaret Grier, daughter of Aaron Grier, and sister of Robert Grier, the celebrated almanac maker in Georgia, and a distant relative of Mr. Justice Grier, one of the present judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. Upon a division of Mr. Stephens's property, the portion of each of his children was $444. The part which fell to his son Alexander, aided by a small legacy from his grandfather, was spent upon his education. At country schools he acquainted himself pretty well with 644 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. the rules of arithmetic, and obtained some smattering of geography and English grammar. He was but nine months preparing for College. His collegiate course was passed at the State University. He was graduated in 1832, with as much honour as any member of his class. He did not take a diploma, as it then cost two dollars, and the state of his finances did not, in his opinion, justify an outlay of so much money for such an object. Education was what Mr. S. wantedthat he willingly paid for; but as for the sheepskin, it was a matter of no consideration to him. After his graduation, he opened a school, and realized money sufficient to pay all he had to borrow to complete his college course. His health, which was always exceedingly delicate, at that time required relaxation. The early part of 1834 was spent in travelling, and in a few months his health was sufficiently restored to warrant his application to study. He took up the law, and was admitted to the bar in Crawfordville, on the 22d of July, 1834. In 1836, he was elected a member of the Legislature from the County of Taliaferro. His debut in the House was on the bill to commence the Western and Atlantic Railroad. His speech was an able one, and elicited the highest admiration. He continued in the House until 1841, when he was elected to the Senate. In 1843, he was a candidate for Congress.. The election then was by the State at large, under the General Ticket system. Mr. Stephens was brought forward'to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of the Hon. Mark A. Cooper; and he was elected. After this, the State was divided into Congressional Districts, and Mr. Stephens represented the Seventh District up to the close of the last Congress. Upon a reorganization of the Congressional Districts, by the Legislatures of 1851 and'52, Taliaferro County was put into the Eighth District. At the late election he was returned from that district. This election was without any distinct nomination, or party convention; and although he had many competitors, his majority over all of them was over three thousand votes-the largest majority he ever received. It was an evidence of undiminished popular confidence in Mr. Stephens, that while he represented the district, his majority was increased at every election. He has never been a candidate for any office without being elected. Mr. Stephens resides in Crawfordville. After the death of his father, the plantation was sold. He purchased it in 1839. Local attachments, more than anything else, determined the place of Mr. Stephens's destiny. He is passionately fond of agricultural pursuits. He informs us that upon his farm he enjoys more pleasure in one day in rambling over the hills upon which he first gazed in life's opening dawn, than he ever expects to realize in the bustle of public life. TATTNALL COUNTY. 645 TATTNALL COUNTY. LAID out from Montgomery in 1801; portions added to Montgomery in 1812. Named after Josiah Tattnall, formerly Governor of Georgia. Length, 35 m.; breadth, 34 m.; area square miles, 1,190. The rivers are Ohoopee, Alatamaha, and Cannouchee. There are several creeks. In the lower part of the county, bordering on Liberty, the land is level. The other part may be called hilly. The soil is light and sandy, with the exception of that on the streams, which is stiff. The productions are the same as those of the adjoining counties. Large quantities of lumber are sent to Darien and Savannah. The value of land varies from fifty cents to one dollar per acre. REIDSVILLE is the county town, 120 miles from Milledgeville. Extract fromi the Censtus of 1850.-Dwellings, 434; families, 434; white males, 1,221;white females, 1,157; free coloured males, 10; free coloured females, 8. Total free population, 2,396; slaves, 831. Deaths, 10. Farms, 327; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $283,153; value of personal estate, $427,175. Among the first settlers of this county were, EZEKIEL CLIFTON, EZEKIEL STAFFORD, HENRY HOLLAND, STEPHEN MATTOCK, WILLIAM COLEMAN, WILLIAM IEASON, GEORGE LEWIS, JOSEPH COLLINS, NATHAN BREWTON, MOSES JERNIGAN, JONES TEMPLES, B. STRIPLING, A. DANIEL, JOHN MATTOX, STEPHEN BOWEN, E. BOWEN, A. McLEOD, JOHN MCFARLAND, JAMES TURNER, JAMES JONES, M. JONES, JESSE COLLINS, DAVID BOYD, ALLEN JOHNSON, ELISHA PARKER, ELISHA CURL, JAMES TILLMAN, DANIEL HIGHSMITH, JOHN McARTHUR, ALEXANDER GORDON, JOHN JONES, JOSHUA DASHER, REUBEN NAIL, LUKE SAPP, BENJAMIN SAPP, JOHN and GROVE SHARP, LEVI BOWEN, LEWIS STRICKLAND, JOHN ANDERSON, JAMES UNDERWOOD, and JOHN DUKES. The climate is healthy. Disease is almost unknown. Many cases of longevity have occurred, but we have it not in our power to name them. We would as soon risk our chance for health in the pine lands of Tattnall as in any section of the United States. 646 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. TAYLOR COUNTY. THIS is a new county. It was laid out according to an act of the Legislature, passed January 15, 1852, from the counties of Talbot, Macon and Marion, including the following boundaries, viz.:-" Beginning at Walker's Ferry, on Flint River, in Talbot County, running thence along Walker's Ferry Road to Prattsburg; thence due south until it strikes the twelve-mile station on lot number 214, in the Fifteenth District of Talbot County; thence along the Fort Perry Road to Patsiliga Creek; thence up the said creek to the district line between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Districts; thence on the said line until it strikes Cedar Creek in Marion County; thence down said creek until it strikes Turner's BriBdge in Macon County; thence along the road leading to the Burnt Bridge on Whitewater Creek, Macon County; thence on a straight line running northeast until it strikes Horse Creek, on the southwest corner of lot of land number 162 in the Thirteenth District, Macon County; thence to the northwest corner of lot number 194 in said district; thence on a direct line due east until it strikes Flint River between lots numbers 246 and 247 in the First.District of Macon County; thence up said river to the mouth of Patsiliga Creek, along the old Talbot line to Walkers Ferry, the starting point" BUTLER is the county site, half a mile from the fifty-mile station, on the Muscogee Railroad. Reynolds is on the Columbus branch of the Southwestern Railroad, 13 miles from Fort Valley, 12. from Lanier, and 8$ from Butler. It was first settled by Dr. Colman, and named after L. C. Reynolds, Esq. EARLY SETTLERS.-Governor TOWNS, Dr. COLMAN, i. H. hLONG,, JAMES RAVEL, OSBORN DOWNING, J. M. TIHOMPsoN, S. TAYLOR, A. ADAMS, JOHN JONES, B. POSEY, THos. WALDEN, C. F. ANSLEY. TELFAIR COUNTY. LAID out in 1807; a part added to Montgomery, 1812; parts taken from-Appling, 1819; parts added to Montgomery in 1820. Named after Governor Telfair. Length, 23 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 414. The Ocmulgee and the Little Ocmulgee, or Auchee Hachee, are the principal streams. The soil is sandy, but productive. JACKSONVILLE is the capital, 104 miles south of Milledgeville. Lumber City is 16 miles below Jacksonville. TELFAIR COUNTY. 647 Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 434; families, 434; white males, 1,221; white females, 1,157; free coloured males, 10; free coloured females, 8. Total free population, 2,396; slaves, 831. Deaths, 10. Farms, 327; manufacturing establishments, 10. Value of real estate, $283,153; value of personal estate, $427,175. Among the early settlers of this county were, JOSEPH WILLIAMS, A. GRAHAM, D. GRAHAM, JOHN WILCOX, THOMAS WILCOX, GRIFFIN MEZELL, A. MCLEOD, ROBERT BOYD, MOSES ROUNDTREE, JAMES MOONEY, WRIGHT RYALL, MCDJFFEE, J. A. ROGERs, N. ASHLEY, C. ASHLEY, JOHN COFFEE, W. ASHLEY, A. BREWER, J. HERBERT, S. HERBERT, J. MCCRAE, D. McCRAE, 0. BUTLER, LOCKLAIN LASLIE. WE copy the following from a Milledgeville paper: The following was received on Wednesday last, by express to the Governor — HARTFORD, Jlarch 1Oth], 1818. SIn:-I have this moment received information through Mr. Isham Jordan, of Telfair County, which I rely on, of a skirmish between the Indians and some of the citizens of Telfair, on the south side of the Ocmulgee River, in the afternoon of the 9th inst., twenty or twenty-five miles below this. On the night of the 3d inst., Joseph Bush and his son were fired upon by a party of Indians, the father killed, and the son severely wounded and scalped, but he so far recovered as to reach home in two days after. The citizens having received information of the foregoing facts, assembled on the 9th instant to the number of thirty-six, and crossed the river in the forenoon to seek redress. Finding considerable signs of Indians, they pursued the trail leading from the river some distance out, where they came in view of a body of savages, fifty or sixty, advancing within gun-shot. The firing was commenced by each party, and warmly kept up for three-quarters of an hour. A part of the detachment effected their retreat, bringing off one badly wounded; four are certainly killed; the balance of the detachment has not been heard from; Major Cothom, (commandant of the Telfair Militia,) is among the missing. Four Indians were killed. From information, the citizens below this are much alarmed, and leaving their homes. I have thought proper to communicate the foregoing to you by express. I am your Excellency's most obedient servant, RICHARD H. THOMAS, Lieutenant-Colonel. In consequence of the foregoing, the Pulaski Troop of Cavalry has been ordered out by the Executive, to scour the frontier and afford protection to the inhabitants. Rumour says, that the part of the detachment who are spoken of as having effected a retreat, fled at the beginning of the action, leaving the rest, most of whom have since returned, to contend with the Indians. "MITCHELL GRIFFIN, Esq., Senator from Telfair, was among the killed. 648 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. THOMAS COUNTY. LAID out from Decatur and Irwin in 1825; part taken from Lowndes in 1826. Named after General Jett Thomas. Length, 37 m.; breadth, 25 m.; area square miles, 925. The rivers are the Ochlockonee, the Mickasuckee, and Aucila. The creeks are, Proctor's, Mule, Ocopilco, &c. The soil is sandy, but productive. THOMASVILLE is the capital, 9 miles east of the Ochlockonee River, and 206 from Milledgeville. The Fletcher Institute is located here. At the meeting of the Annual Conference of Georgia in 1848, a proposition was read from the citizens of Thomasville, to raise an amount of money for the purpose of erecting a school of a high order. The proposition was accepted, and the Conference appointed a Board of Trustees to make a suitable outfit for a High School. In March, 1848, the Trustees met, and were duly organized; and the agent, Rev. P. P. Smith, soon after raised money enough to enable him to erect two brick houses, besides purchasing 300 acres of land. The school is now in successful operation. To the exertions of Mr. Smith the institution is indebted for much of its prosperity. Grooversville is 18 miles from Thomasville. Duncansville is 12 miles from Thomasville. The climate does not differ materially from that of Lowndes. The instances of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, Mr. STANLAND, over 80; Mr. SEALERS, over 80; Mr. MCCALLA, over 80; Mr. SWEATMAN, over 90; Mrs. DONALDSON, over 80; Mrs. Collins, over 90. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 338; families, 338; white males, 2,576; white females, 2,367; free colourd females, 4. Total free population, 4,947; slaves, 5,156. Deaths, 125. Farms, 534; manufacturing establishments, 6. Value of real estate, $1,146,230; value of personal estate, $2,663,539. BATTLE WITH THE INDIANS. THE following account of a battle that took place between the whites and Indians, and in which the citizens of Thomas participated, is gleaned from the papers of the day:On the S1th of July, 1836, a severe engagement took place between a party of Creek Indians, on their march to Florida, and several companies of volunteers from Thomas and Lowndes counties, under the command of Major.M. Young; one company from Thomas, commanded by Captain James A. Newman, and oue company commanded by Captain Tucker; the company from Lowndes commanded by Captain Pike-these three companies composing the battalion. On the 11th of July, information was received at Thomasville that a body of THIOMAS COUNTY. 649 Indians were seen making their way through the northern part of Thomas County, to join the Seminole tribe in Florida. This intelligence was received at night, and on the morning of the 12th; a company of brave volunteers, forty-six in number, embarked in their country's cause, under the command of Captain Newman, and proceeded on their march to the place where the enemy were seen; and on the 13th arrived within a few miles of Warrior Creek Swamp, where the Indians were supposed to be, and camped. The next morning a detachment of men were sent out as scouts, and after proceeding four miles on their way, discovered fifteen Indians between Warrior Creek and Little River, about a mile and a half above the fork. The troops then started upon a forced march, directing their course to a ford of the river, four miles below, thinking to intercept the Indians at a certain place where it was supposed they would leave the swamp, when the companies from Thomas and Lowndes united their forces, and placed themselves under the command of Major Young, of Thomas. The troops then advanced to the river, and after swimming their horses, resumed their march for the place where they expected to meet the enemy; but upon arriving there. they could make no discovery. It was then concluded to scour the swamp, which was two miles and a half in length. Every sixth man was detailed to guard the horses; they then entered the swamp, and after marching nearly through it, a tremendous rain came on. Calling a halt until it was nearly over, the pilot got bewildered and lost, and said that he knew not which way to direct his course. Another guide was procured, who, after some difficulty, succeeded in carrying the troogs back to their horses. Not one Indian was seen after marching until the men were worn down with fatigue, who were ordered to mount their horses, and marched back three miles, where they could get provisions, and encamped that night. During the evening, Captain Sharpe and Captain Tucker joined the troops shortly after they had reached their horses on returning from the swamp. Captain Hamilton W. Sharpe was ordered to remain near where they had entered the swamp. Much credit is due to Captain Sharpe for his vigilance and perseverance in discovering where the enemy were. Early on the morning of the 15th, Captain Sharpe and his company came upon their trail, and following it some distance, discovered a body of Indians, nearly one hundred in number. He immediately dispatched a man to give the intelligence; which, when it reached the little band, aroused in them a spirit of unconquerable pride and patriotic bravery. They were soon upon their horses, and, in high spirits, the gallant little army was led away to meet the murderous foe. In a few moments they met Captain Sharpe, who had had an engagement with the enemy and retreated, with the loss of one man killed and one wounded, who piloted them to where the Indians were, and after marching two miles in pursuit of them, the advance-guard was fired upon in a kind of meadow, near a pond in open pine woods. A charge was immediately ordered, and the troops gallantly entered the conflict. Never did a braver little crew march into an enemy's field; like veterans they stood the shock, the savages pouring a heavy fire into their ranks. Buoyed up by the love of country, and ready to protect its sacred altars, they rushed upon the foe, and put them to flight, continuing to pour volley upon volley into their midst as they fled, pursuing them nearly three 650 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. miles, through several ponds, into a large swamp, killing two of the only three that were seen to enter it. The number of Indians was supposed to be between sixty and seventy, out of which number twenty-two were killed, and two negroes; eighteen were captured-nine squaws and nine children. The volunteers numbered about one hundred and twenty, out of which they sustained a loss of two men killed, and eight wounded, but none of them mortally. TROUP COUNTY. THIS county was laid out in 1826; a part set off to Meriwether and Harris in 1827; and a part to Heard in 1830. Named after Governor Troup. Length, 28 m.; breadth, 24 m.; area square miles, 672. The principal stream is the Chattahoochee, with numerous creeks as its tributaries. The country is broken. The soil is productive, although much of it is worn. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, &c. The climate is pleasant, and may be considered healthy, although in some seasons diseases are fatal. For instances of old age'this county is remarkably distinguished. When the last census was taken, there were living, ROBERT BRADFORD, aged 80; W. C. BARKSDALE, 80; SARAH CAMERON, 84; J. HENING, 80; Mrs. TIIMONS, 81; Mrs. GRAY, 82; LYDELL ESTIS, 87; MARTHA ESTIS, 80; POLLY 0. JOHNSON, 81; JULIA GALAIN, 83; NANCY LASSETER, 81; ANN KING, 80; ROBERT BOOTH, 82; Mr. DUGGER, 80; ANDERSON HARWELL, 81; MARGARET ANDERSON, 90; WM. STRONG, 95; HENRY WALSTON, 82; SIMON HUGHS, 85; P. HATCHER, 85; ORANGE DAVIS, 80; ELISABETH GOODY, 90; MARTHA STEPHENS, 88; FERRUBY HUBBARD, 86; JOHN PATTERSON, 82; AGNUS CARR, 80; ELISABETH SMITH, 87; THOMAS SNEDLEY, 82; JACOB REID, 80; HANNAH SCROGGINS, 80. MALDEN AMOS died at 99; WM. THOMASON, 92; JOSEPH JOHNSON, 80; Mrs. RALLINS, 92; FRANCES THORNTON, 108; Mr. POTTS, 95; a negro belonging to the Rev. Mr. Wilson, at 140; BENJ. HEMP, 100; Mrs. CLARA HARRIS, 85. The list might be increased, but our limits will not permit. According to the census of 1850, there were in the county 1,295 dwellings; 1,333 families; 3,897 white males; 3,892 white females; 19 free coloured males; 23 free coloured females. Total free population, 7,831; slaves, 9,048. Deaths, 148. Farms, 789; manufacturing establishments, 8. Value of real estate, $1,225,250; value of personal estate, $2,820,230. LA GRANGE is the countytown, 6 miles S. E. of the Chattahoochee TROUP COUNTY. 651 River, 130 miles W. of Milledgeville. Population, 1,500. Incorporated in 1828. The schools of La Grange for many years have been highly celebrated. The Southern Female College of La Grange is situated in the eastern part of the town, presenting a commanding view from the railroad. The premises extend over a space of fifteen acres, shaded by a most beautiful native grove. This institution was founded in the year 1843; incorporated in 1849; number of professors and teachers, 10; average number of pupils, 200; expenses of board and tuition, per annum, from $165 to $220. It has been for ten years under the charge of Mr. Milton E. Bacon, A. M., who is its President and proprietor. - HIM ~. Ii_ LA GRANGE FEMALE COLLEGE. The above institution was established in the year 1845, by Mr. Joseph T. Montgomery, who still presides over it. It began its career with twelve little girls, and for the last six years has averaged two hundred and forty pupils. The board of instruction is composed of professors and assistants to the number of fourteen. The course of study embraces the usual collegiate branches, except the Greek language, which, however, is taught to all who desire it. The library, apparatus, &c., are extensive, and quite sufficient for all the purposes of a college. The facilities for musical instruction are of a superior character, the department being always headed by artists of the highest worth and most distinguished reputation. There are two literary societies established for the intellectual improvement of their members. The college building has but few, if any, equals in the 652 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. South. The principal edifice is of granite, 120 feet long by 60 feet wide, and four stories high. Its cost was thirty-five thousand dollars. The entire investment for the outfit of the college has been seventyfive thousand dollars. We cannot permit this opportunity to pass without expressing the opinion, that the unwearied exertions of Messrs. Montgomery and Bacon to promote the cause of education in Georgia, richly entitle them not only to the gratitude, but also to the support of her citizens. There are schools for males in La Grange, of a high order of character. Mountville is 9 miles from La Grange. Harrisonville is 10 miles from La Grange. Long Cane is 9 miles west of La Grange. West Point is on both sides of the Chattahoochee. The town is connected by a bridge 550 feet long, built at a cost of $16,000. Troup Factory is 10 miles S. E. of La Grange. Capital, $42,000. Among the early settlers were, E. S. HARRIS, JOHN E. MORGAN, WM. H. COOPER, JOSEPH BIRD, JAMES CULVERSON, SILAS TATOM, W. C. MAYS, ROBERT HALL, ADAM and JOHN HARDEN, JAMES RINGER, JOHN FENDLEY, WM. J. STERLING, NICHOLAS JOHNSON, SAMUEL REID, JAMES HERRING, JOHN HERRING, HOWELL W. JENKINS, JAMES MATTOX, ARCHIBALD HARRIS, GIDEON RIDDLE, Colonel DAVID W. MORGAN, JEREMIAH ROBBINS, JAMES JONES, JOHN SIP, A. M. LANE, JAMES R. LAWS, JACOB GERARD, JOHN ADAMS, JAMES W. FANNIN, Sen., ISAAC Ross, General S. BAILEY, HENRY ROGERS, WM. DOUGHERTY, LEWIS MUCKLEROY, DAVID CULVERSON, H. L. WILKINSON, JOSEPHUS SPARKS, JAMES LOVE, ISAAC MITCHEILL, JOEL D. NEWSOME, JAMES FLOWERS, M. MATTOX, P. HIGHTOWER, W. HORTON, Dr. CHARLES CANNON, H. S. SMITH, JAMES AMos, GEO. H. TRAYLOR, Rev. C. W. KEY, JOHN E. GAGE, R. H. LANE, THOS. CAMERON, JOHN HILL. HON. EDWARD YOUNG HILL was born in Abbeville District, S. C., in 1821. When a lad, he was placed by an elder brother, now a citizen of Augusta, at Franklin College. After his education, he read law, and upon his admission to the bar, settled at Monticello, in Jasper County, where, in a short time, he placed himself at the head of his profession. His excellent understanding, his benevolent disposition, and his affable manners, led the people of Jasper to elect him their representative, and afterwards Senator. In the session of 1836, he bore a conspicuous part in the adoption of our great scheme of Internal Improvement, and gave to it all the aid of his talents. In 1838, he was elected a judge of the Ocmulgee Circuit. Judge Hill was a candidate for Governor, but was defeated by George W. Towns. He is distinguished for his faculty of attention and calm analysis. His unquestioned integrity, his pure impartiality, his entire freedom from all prejudices, and his abstinence from partisan activity, made his judicial administration very popular. TROUP COUNTY. 653 Hon. HUGH ANDERSON HARALSON was born in Greene County, Georgia, on the 13th of November, 1805. He was prepared for college under teachers of high reputation, was graduated at our State University in 1825, and immediately commenced the study of law. The Legislature passed a special act, authorizing him to practise before he was twenty-one. He first entered upon his profession at Monroe, Walton County, and afterwards removed to La Grange, where he has since resided. In 1831 and 1832, he was elected to the Legislature. In 1837 and 1838, he was electedto the Senate of Georgia. As Major-General, he offered his services to the Governor of the State, and afterwards to the President of the United States, after the commencement of the Mexican War. In 1842, 1844, 1846, he was elected a member of Congress. In 1847, he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and has at all times stood forth in defence of the army. For a full account of this gentleman, the reader can refer to the History of Congress, by Henry G. Wheeler, page 251, from which the above facts were gathered. THE following incidents were taken from an old newspaper:THE BURNT VILLAGE: A TALE OF THE INDIAN WARS.-The Burnt Village lies six or eight miles west of La Grange, in the county of Troup, on the west bank of the Chattahoochee River, where the great Wehadka Creek pours its waters into that river. Previous to the year 1793, it was the great central point of the Muscogee nation, the crossing-place of all the trading and marauding parties of that nation west of the Chattahoochee, where the untamed savages met to arrange and mature their plans for making those nocturnal attacks upon the helpless and unprotected settlers on the outskirts of the white settlements, by which consternation and dismay were spread throughout the land; and the sparse population of the country at that time, for mutual safety, was forced to concen, trate in forts, hastily thrown up on the borders; the place where the scalp, with its crimsoned tresses of many a maid and matron, and the flaxen locks of the little blue-eyed boy, have been the cause of deep savage exultation, as the warrior in triumph would pile the blood-stained trophies, and describe to the half-astonished and delighted women and children of the forest, the dying shrieks and screams of the slaughtered victims. It was after one of those predatory excursions of the Creek Indians into the settlements of the whites-and the ashes of many a building and murdered family told of their prowess-that other plans of murder and plunder had been arranged, and the warriors of the nation had assembled at the little town of which we are speaking, to the number of several hundred, to celebrate the Green Corn Dance, as was their custom, and to take the black drink, an ablution deemed necessary to reconcile the, Great Spirit to the enterprise, in which they were about to engage. A few hundred men, under the command of Colonel M. and Major Adams, who had volunteered and resolved to strike a blow at the heart of the nation, arrived within a few miles of the river, and waited for the setting of the sun to advance to its bank, to cross and take the enemy by surprise. 654 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Night came, and they were halted in silence on the bank of the river opposite the Indian town. All was hushed and still as death —not a sound was heard save the savage yell and war-whoop of the Indian, with occasionally a monotonous war-song, bursting forth amid the revelry, in which all ages and sexes seemed to join. The moon had begun to shed a dim light through piles of clouds, and the water, breaking over the rocks, had the appearance of the ghosts of the murdered whites, calling on their brethren upon the bank to take signal vengeance, or admonishing them of great danger; and many were there who heard sounds in the air-strange meanings,'and screams of "Beware." But there was amongst them one who was unappalled. The night was far spent, and the noise from the other bank had ceased-the voice of the wearied Indian was hushed and still-all had sunk to rest, or the little army had been discovered. Not a sound was heard save the rippling of the stream:atwas a solemn pause; but time was precious, the blow must be struck, or all would be lost. It was proposed to Colonel M. and Major Adams to cross the river and ascertain the situation of the Indians, so as to be able to lead their little band to certain victory. Colonel M. declined the hazardous enterprise. Major Adams resolved to go, and sought a companion; but he had nearly despaired of finding one who would volunteer to share his dangers, when a small and very feeble man, whose name was Hill, advanced from the ranks and proposed to accompany him. Major Adams and his companion set out together; but the force of the current soon overpowered the brave Hill, and swept him down the stream. Major Adams sprang to his relief, and at the imminent hazard of his own life, rescued his friend from a watery grave; with his athletic arms he buffeted the rapid current, and bore the exhausted Hill to the bank which they had left. He then set out alone. The ford which he had to pass was narrow and difficult-making in a direct line across the river, nearly half way, opposite which was an island; it then turned down the stream a quarter of a mile or more, over rocks and shoals, sometimes scarcely knee deep, then up to the neck —and the trunks and limbs of old trees, which had drifted upon the island, with the dim light of the moon shining through clouds, cast upon them, had the appearance of so many savages ready to pounce upon their victim; but with a firm step Major Adams proceeded, and soon reached the bank in safety. The town was situated on,he edge of the river swamp, about three hundred yards from the water, and so numerous and intricate were the paths leading in every direction fiom the ford into the swamp, and the darkness produced by the thick undergrowth was so great, that when he reached the hill, or dry land, he discovered by the fire around which the Indians had kept their revels and dance, shooting up, occasionally, a meteoric blaze, that he was far. below the point at which he aimed. Bending his course cautiously along the margin of the swamp, he soon reached the border of the town; an Indian dog seemed to be the only sentinel, and after a few half growls and barkings, as though he had but dreamed, sunk away into perfect quiet. In a few moments he was in the centre of the town. In addition to those in the cabins, innumerable warriors, with their rifles and tomahawks in their arms, lay stretched and snoring in every direction; the earth was literally covered with them. TROUP COUNTY. 655 Major Adams examined the fastenings of the cabin doors, by running his hand through the cracks and feeling the log of wood or the peg by which they were secured. He was convinced that no alarm had been given, and that the Indians did not, suspect an enemy was so near. A huge savage, close to whom he was passing, raised himself upon his elbow, grasped his rifle, and looked around, as though he heard, or dreamed he heard, strange footsteps. Major Adams perceiving him stir, threw himself down amidst a group of snoring Indians; the warrior perceiving nothing unusual, concluded he had dreamed, and again sunk into the arms of sleep. Our hero proceeded cautiously, examining with a military eye every point of attack and defence, arranged his plans, and was returning to the anxious army on the other bank of the river. His exertion in crossing the river had been great-he was fatigued, and perceiving an Indian pony tied to a sapling, and believing that the little animal would pursue the ford to which it was most accustomed, and probably show him one less difficult than that at which he had crossed, he resolved to ride it over the river. He did not perceive the bell which hung around its neck —frightened at his approach, it snapped the rope of bark with which it was fastened, and scampered off through the town with a hundred dogs at its heels, whose yells and the tingling bell produced a frightful roar through the wilderness. The clattering of Indian voices was heard in every direction. Major Adams sprang towards the river, but missed his path, and found himself surrounded by the briers and thick undergrowth of the river swamp. The Indians passed within a few paces of the place where he stood, half suspended by the briers, in the air; and returning from their fruitless search, he thought he heard them speak of strange sights and sounds, such as were told in Rome of the fall of " Great Cesar.? They returned, and again slept. Major Adams proceeded in a direct line to the river, glided into the stream, and swam quietly and safely to the other bank. He told what he had seen, and stated his plans of attack. The little army listened, amazed and delighted with their gallant leader; each individual felt that the danger to which he had exposed himself was that theirs might be lessened, and with one voice, when orders were given to march, declared that they would be led by no other commander than their own intrepid Adams. Colonel M. was forced to yield. They were led across by Major Adams, and it is needless to say, to victory, without the loss of a man. Scarcely a warrior escaped. The town was burned; but as far as possible, the women and children, of even the savages, were saved. Posts may yet be seen standing in the midst of the saplings grown up where the town was burned, which are the only remains that serve to point out to the traveller the place where stood the Burnt Village. 656 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, TWIGGS COUNTY. LAID out from Wilkinson in 1809, and part added to Bibb in 1833. Length, 25 m.; breadth, 14 m.; area square miles, 350. Named after General John Twiggs, of Revolutionary memory. The upper part of the county is broken. On Turkey Creek and OcmulgeeRiver the lands are fertile. The Ocmulgee River forms most of the western boundary. MARION is the county town, 36 miles S. W. of Milledgeville. Tarversville is in the S. W. corner of the county. Jeffersonville is six miles from Marion. Burrstone of good quality is found in Twiggs. According to the census of 1850, there were 696 dwellings, 696 families, 1,795 white males, 1,722 white females; 20 free coloured males; 22 free coloured females... Total free population, 3,559, slaves, 4,620. Deaths, 107. Farms, 367. Value of real estate, $1,001,142. Value of personal estate, $3,121,795. Among the first settlers were,. ARTHUR FORT, E. WIMBERLY, WM. PERRY, HENRY WALL, WM. CROCKER, Gen. TARVER, IRA PECK, JOHN FUJLTON, JOHN EVERITT, D. WILLIAMS, JOEL DENSON, S. JONES, WILLIS HODGINS, MILTON WILDER, JOSIAH MURPHY, DAVIS LOWERY, C. JOHNSON, C. A. THORPE, JOHN DAvIS, C. W. MELTON, B. RAY, S. HARRELL, T. HARRINGTON, H. SULLIVAN. Among the-instances of longevity which have come to our notice are the following:-Mrs. NANCY CHAPPELL, aged 81 years; JOHN KEITH died at 90; Mr. JOHN DENSON at 90; Major JAMES GORDON at 91. He was in Braddock's defeat, and bore the name of King CornStalk. He died in a state of delirium, abusing the enemy. JOHN SHINE died in 1832. He was born in North Carolina, 1759, and devoted a part of his youth to the service of his country in the Revolutionary War, under the command of General Caswell, and was at the battle near Camden, S. C., in 1780. His recollection of the events of that day was perfect almost to the last hour; the portly figure and animated countenance of Baron De Kalb, and the bleached locks and early flight of General Gates on that occasion, were vividly retained in his mind. HENRY SAPP, a Revolutionary hero, died in this county on the 29th of October, 1829, aged 83; and on the same day, REMILSON SAPP, his wife, at 93. This venerable pair were married several years previous to the Revolution, and lived in the happy fruition of domestic life for the period of sixty-five years. The remarkable coincidence of their dissolution within a few hours of each other, seemed to be in accordance with their mutual desire, expressed a short time before death. As a soldier and a patriot, during the arduous struggle of the Revolution, and as a citizen during the long period which has since elapsed, UNION COUNTY, 657 Mr. Sapp was emphatically an honest man, " the noblest work of God." Mr. ARTHUR FORT died in this county, in the 85th year of his age. He had been a resident and a citizen of Georgia for 75 years; a.soldier and a statesman of the Revolution, a member of the Committee of Safety in the darkest hour of that struggle, when the whole of the powers of government rested in the hands of only three men; and afterwards, for many years, he was retained in honourable stations by the people. A fervid, patriotic zeal, characterized his life to its latest hour. For nearly fifty years, he led the life of a Christian, and his death was truly the Christian's death. Colonel JOHN LAwsON died in April, 1816, after an illness of only two days. He had literally grown gray in the service of his country, It is well known that during the Revolutionary struggle, he took an active part in behalf of freedom. He lived many years after, to enjoy the blessings of his hard toils. THE first Superior Court for this county was held in November, 1811, at Marion. Presiding Judge, the Hon. PETER EARLY. FIRST GRAND JURORS. FRANCIS POWELL, WM. GRIMEs, N. BUGBY, ROBINS ANDREWS, A. WOOD, WM. CLOUD, WM. FORD, JOHN MATTHEWS, JOHN WELKINSON, JOHN YOUNG, THOS. C. HEIDLEBURGE, ARTHUR FORT, Jr., B. JOINER, JOHN HAWTHORN, S. BARBAREE, ASHLEY WOOD, WM. HERRISHILL, S. DICK, T. PEARCE, JOHN EVANS. WM. CARR, UNION COUNTY. LAID out from Cherokee, and organized in 1832. The chief streams are, the Hiwassee, Notley, and Teccoa rivers. BLAIRSVILLE is the seat of justice, situated in the midst of the Blue Ridge, distant from Milledgeville 165 miles. The county has some excellent lands, mostly on the bottoms and creeks. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,141; families, 1,141; white males, 3,536; white females, 3,419; 1 free coloured male. Total free population, 6,956; slaves, 278. Deaths, 64. 42 658 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Farms, 911; manufacturing establishments, 3. Value of real estate, $485,688; value of personal estate, $282,769. Amongst the early settlers were, JOHN B. CHASTAIN, JOHN BUTT, J. P. WELBORN, MOSES ANDERSON, ELISHA HUNT, LEWIS VANZANT, J. M. GREER, GEO. W. GADDIS, JAMES GADDIS, Sen., MARTIN ENGLAND, J. BIRCH, JESSE OSBORN, JOSIAH CARTER, P. D. MARONEY, Colonel JOHN HUDGINS, WM. MATTHEWS, JOHN WEST, JOHN HEDDRICKI, JOHN NORTON, JAMES CROW, EDWARD CHASTAIN. The Blue Ridge crosses Union, and its different peaks are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, Cooper's Creek, Ball, &c. Minerals are abundant. ENCHANTED MOUNTAIN. THE following account was written by Dr. Stevenson, of Dahlonega:The elevation of this mountain is considerable compared with the Blue Ridge, of which it forms a part, the latter being at this point probably 4,000 feet above the Atlantic level. The main chain of mountains is about fifteen miles broad, and forms the great natural barrier between the eastern and western waters. The Enchanted Mountain is a spur of this chain, about ten miles north of it, and derives its name from a great number of tracks or impressions of the feet and hands of various animals in the rocks, which appear above its surface. The number visible or defined is one hundred and thirty-six, some of them quite natural and perfect, others rather rude imitations, and most of them, from the effects of time, have become more or less obliterated. They comprise human feet from those of four inches in length to that of the great warrior, which measures seventeen and a half inches in length, and seven and three-quarters in breadth across the toes. What is a little curious, all the human feet are natural, except this, which has six toes, proving him to have been a descendant of Titan. There are twenty-six of these impressions, all bare, save one, which has the appearance of having worn moccasins. A fine-turned hand, rather delicate, occupied a place near the great warrior, and is probably the impression of his wife's hand, who, no doubt, accompanied her husband in all his excursions, sharing his toils, and soothing his cares. Many horse tracks are to be seen. One seems to have been shod. Some are very small, and one measures twelve and a half inches by nine and a half inches. This, the Indians say, was the great war-horse which their chieftain rode. The tracks of a great many turkeys, turtles, terrapins, a large bear's paw, a snake, and two deer, are to be seen. The Indian tradition respecting these impressions varies. One tradition asserts that the world was once deluged by water, and man and all animated beings were destroyed, except one family, together with various animals necessary to replenish the earth-that the great canoe once rested on this spot-and here the whole troop of animals was disembarked, leaving the impressions as they passed over the rock, which, being softened by reason of long submersion, kindly received and entertained them. Others believe that a very sanguinary UNION COUNTY. 659 conflict took place here, at a very remote period, between the Creeks and Cherokees, and that these images of hieroglyphics were made to commemorate that event. They say that it always rains when any one visits the spot, as if " sympathetic nature wept at the recollection of the sad catastrophe which they were intended to commemorate."'A late tradition asserts it to be the sanctuary of the Great Spirit, who is so much provoked at the presumption of man in attempting to approach so near the throne of Divine Majesty, that he commands the elements to proclaim his power and indignation by awful thunderings and lightning, accompanied by deluges of rain, that his subjects might be kept in awe and fear, and constrained to venerate and adore their God. On the morning of the 3d of September, 1834, our party left the Nacoochee Valley, for the purpose of verifying those traditions, which for the last half century have created so much interest and curiosity in the minds of speculative philosophers. At six A. M. we arrived at the summit of the mountain. As we approached it, the heavens, which before for several days and nights had worn a brightened countenance, began to scowl and threaten; we advanced with a quickened pace to the foot of the rock, and spread out our breakfast on the " table of stone," poured out a libation to appease the wrath of Jupiter, drank a few appropriate sentiments, and then, with a chisel and hammer, commenced the resurrection of one of the tracks. Notwithstanding I believe I possess as little superstition as any one, yet I could not suppress a strange sensation that pervaded me. A thousand circumstances were identified with the present: a sanguinary and long-contested battle had evidently been fought here, from the large and extensive heaps of loose rocks which were piled over the slain-the sacred veneration the Indians have for their dead-their present and former relations to the whites..... The tradition being so completely fulfilled, rather astonished me; for no sooner did we arrive on consecrated ground, than it began to threaten, and the first stroke of the hammer in the sacrilegious act of raising the track of a human being, was responded to by a loud peal of thunder; the clouds continued,to thicken and condense, attended with awful thundering and the most vivid lightning, when soon a deluge of rain was precipitated upon our offending heads. I continued, however, to labour incessantly, until I succeeded in disintegrating the impression of a youth's foot, which I carefully wrapped up, and sounded a retreat, still, however, looking back towards the sepulchres of the slain, in momentary expectation of seeing a legion of exasperated ghosts issuing forth to take vengeance on the infidel who would presume to disturb the sacred relics of the dead. As soon as we passed the confines of the mountain, the rain ceased, the sun broke out, and all nature resumed her cheerful aspect. At nightfall we encamped upon the summit of the Blue Ridge, and after partaking of some "corn dodgers" and cheese, we'retired to rest. The rock upon which these impressions are made is an imperfect species of soapstone, which, more than any other circumstance, induced us to believe it to be a production of art. After excessive fatigue, and no inconsiderable danger, we arrived at the summit of the Blue Ridge, where was presented to our enraptured view one of the most magnificent scenes anywhere to be met with in the United States. On the 660 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. north and west, range after range of lofty mountains rise by regular gradation, one above another, until they are lost in distance. On the east is the Tray Mountain, peering above the clouds, and giving rise to several mighty rivers. Southward appears Old Yonah in the distance, rising proudly pre-eminent above the surrounding battlements, maintaining an isolated dignity, and calling forth the most unqualified strains of approbation. In the evening we descended in a northwestern direction, and encamped within four miles of the Enchanted Mountain. The country here presents a most charming prospect. The gently undulating hills covered a carpet of the richest verdure-the deep green foliage of the trees, and the countless variety of the most splendid flowers, scattered in gay profusion over the whole face of the country, gave it the appearance of enchantment. INDIAN LEGEND. A CENTURY ago, a bitter war raged between the Catawba and Cherokee tribes of Indians. In one of those frequent and bold excursions common among the wild inhabitants of the forest, the son of the principal Cherokee chief surprised and captured a large town belonging to the Catawba tribe. Among the captives was the daughter of the first chief of the Catawbas, named Hiwassee, (or the pretty fawn.) A young hero of the Cherokees, whose name was Notley, (or the daring horseman,) instantly became captivated with the majestic beauty and graceful manners of his royal captive; and was overwhelmed with delight, upon finding his love reciprocated by the object of his heart's adoration. With two attendants, he presented himself before the Catawba warrior, who happened to be absent when his town was taken by the Cherokees, to whom he gave a brief statement of recent occurrences, and then demanded his daughter in marriage. The proud Catawba, lifting high his war-club, knitting his brow, and curling his lips, with scorn declared, that as the Catawbas drank the waters of the east, and the Cherokees the waters of the west, when this insolent and daring lad could find where these waters united, then, and not until then, might the hateful Cherokee unite with the daughter of the great Catawba. Discouraged, but not despairing, Notley turned away from the presence of the proud and unfeeling father of the beautiful Hiwassee, and resolved to search for a union of the eastern with the western waters, which was then considered an impossibility. Ascending the pinnacle of the great chain of the Alleghanies; more commonly called the Blue Ridge, which is known to divide the waters of the Atlantic from those of the great West, and traversing its devious and winding courses, he could frequently find springs running each way, and having their source within a few paces of each other, but this was not what he desired. Day after day was spent in the arduous business, and there appeared no hope that his energy and perseverance would be rewarded. But on a certain day, when he had well nigh exhausted himself with UNION COUNTY. 661 hunger and other privations, he came to a lovely spot on the summit of the ridge, affording a delightful plain. Here he resolved to repose and refresh himself during the sultry portion of the day. Seating himself upon the ground, and thinking upon Hiwassee, he saw three young fawns moving towards a small lake, the stream of which was rippling at his feet; and whilst they were sipping the pure drops from the transparent pool, our hero found himself unconsciously creeping towards them. Untaught in the wiles of danger, the little fawns gave no indication whatever of retiring. Notley had now approached so near, that he expected in a moment, by one leap, to lay hold and capture one, at least, of the spotted prey; when, to his surprise, he saw another stream running out of the beautiful lake down the western side of the mountain. Springing forward with the bound of a forest deer, and screaming with frantic joy, he exclaimed, " iwassee! 0 Hiwassee! I have found it." The romantic spot is within a few miles of Claytonville. Having accomplished his object, he set out for the residence of Hiwassee's father, accompanied only by one.warrior, and fortunately for the success of the enterprise, he met the beautiful maiden with some confidential attendants half a mile from her father's house. She informed him that her father was indignant at his proposals, that he would not regard his promises. "I will fly with. you to the mountains," said Hiwassee, "but my father will never consent to our marriage." Notley then pointed her to a mountain in the distance, and said if he found her there, he should drink of the waters that flowed from the beautiful lake. A few moments afterwards, Notley met the Catawba chief near the town, and at once informed him of his wonderful discovery, and offered to conduct him to the place. The Catawba chief, half choked with rage, accused Notley with the intention of deceiving him, in order to get him near the line. of territory, where the army of the Cherokees were waiting to kill him. "But," said he, "as you have spared my daughter, so will I spare you, and permit you at once to depart; but I have sworn you shall never marry my daughter, and I can't swear false." " You can't swear false!" exclaimed Notley: " then, by the Great Spirit, she. is mine!" and the next moment he disappeared in a thick forest. That night brought no sleep to the Catawba chief, for Hiwassee did not return. Pursuit was made in vain. He saw his daughter no more. Notley, bounding through the mountains, soon met his beloved Hiwassee. Solemnizing the marriage according to the customs of their country, they led a retired life in those wild regions for three years, and upon hearing the death of his father, Notley settled in the charming valley of the river on the western side of the mountain, and called it Hiwassee, after his beautiful spouse. In process of time he was unanimously chosen first chief of the Cherokees, and was the instrument of making perpetual peace between his tribe and the Catawbas. Gold has been found in many places in this section. 662 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Lanman, in his very interesting book entitled " Letters from the Alleghany Mountains," gives many amusing anecdotes connected with the gold region. Among them are the following:Among those who obtained prizes at the great drawing, was an individual from the southern part of the State, who drew a lot in this region. In process of time he came to explore his property, and had called at the house of a farmer near his land for the purpose of obtaining a guide. In conversing with the farmer, he took occasion to express his dislike to the rattlesnake, whereupon the farmer concluded that he would attempt a' speculation. Remembering that in going to the strangers land, he might (if he chose to do so) pass through an out-of-the-way ravine, which abounded in the dreaded snake, the farmer beckoned to the stranger, and they took their way towards the ravine. After they had arrived at the spot, hardly a rod did the pedestrians pass without hearing the hiss of a snake, or seeing its fiery tongue, and the stranger was as completely frightened as any one could possibly be by a similar cause. In his despair he turned to his companion, and said,-" Are snakes as plenty as this all over the country V" "I can't say about that, stranger, but one of my neighbours killed about a hundred last year, and've hearn tell that your land is very rich in snakes."' Now, I aint going any further in this infernal region, and I want to know if you have a horse that you'll give me for my land-gold ore, snakes, and all?" "I have, and a first-rate horse, too.? " It's a bargain." On the following morning the stranger took his departure, rounted on a steed, pursuing his way to the south. THE compiler, when he last visited Union, was introduced to a remarkable man, by the name of Lorenzo Dow Smith. He was interested in several gold mines, and gave him glowing descriptions of the richness of the gold region. When Mr. Lanman visited Union, he was also introduced to Mr. Smith, and received from him the following particulars of his history:I was born-in Vermont. I came into this Southern country twenty-four years ago as a clock peddler, where I drove a good business. I used to spend my summers among the mountains of the Cherokee country, partly for the purpose of keeping away from the fever, and partly with a view of living over again the days of my boyhood, which were spent among the Green Mountains. I made some money, and when the gold fever commenced, I took it, and went to speculating in gold lots, though I spent many years without finding lots of gold. I associated with bear hunters, and explored every corner and stream of this great mountain land away to the ntrth, and have seen more glorious scenery than any other live man. I'm forty years old, unmarried, love good liquor, and go ir for having fun. UNION COUNTY. 663'Bout four years ago, it came into my thinking mug that there must be plenty of gold in the bed of Coosa Creek, which runs into Coosa River. I traded for a lot there, and went to work. I found a deposit, gave up work, and went to leasing small sections, which are now worked by a good many men, and give me a decent living. I have had all sorts of luck in my day-good luck and bad luck. When I'm prosperous, I always hope to be more prosperous still; and when I have bad luck; I always wish for worse luck, if it'ill only come. I never allow myself to be disappointed. The longer I live, the more anxious am I to do some good to my fellow-men. I've passed the blossom of my life, and don't expect to live many years longer. I haven't lived as I ought to have lived; but I hope it'ill be well with me when I come to take my final sleep. But enough: I am going out to my mine on a visit to-morrow, and if you'll go withme, I'll show you some real Vermont trout and mountain peaks, which would shame the cgmel's hump of old Yankee land. SOME years since, there was living in this section ADAM VANDEVER, the hunter of Tallulah. Mr. Lanman, who paid him a visit, says that he was about sixty years old, small il stature, had a regular-built, weasel face, a small gray eye, and a long white beard. He was born in South Carolina, spent his early manhood in the wilds of Kentucky, and the last thirty years of his life in the wilderness of Georgia. By way of a frolic, he took a part in the Creek war, and is said to have killed more Indians than any other white man in the army. In the battle of Autossee alone, he is reported to have sent his rifle-ball through the hearts of twenty poor heathen, merely because they had an undying passion for their native hills. But Vandever aimed his rifle at the command of his country and of war. He was then living with his third wife, and claimed to be the father of thirty children, only five of whom, however, were living under his roof, the remainder being dead or scattered over the world. His live stock consisted of a mule and some half dozen goats, together with a number of dogs. On inquiring into his forest life, he gave me the following, among other particulars:When the hunting season commences early in November, he supplies himself with every variety of shooting materials, steel traps, and a comfortable stock of provisions, and placing them upon his mule, starts for some wild region among the mountains, where he remains until the following spring. The shanty which he occupies during this season is of the rudest character, with one side always open, as he tells me, for the purpose of having an abundance of fresh air. In killing wild animals, he pursues but two methods, called fire hunting, and still hunting. 664 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. His favourite game is the deer, but he is not particular, and secures the fur of every four-legged creature which may happen to cross his path. The largest number of skins that he ever brought home at one time was 600. He computes the entire number of deer which he has killed in his lifetime at 4,000. When spring arrives, and he purposes to return home, he packs his furs upon his old mule, and seating himself upon the pile of plunder, makes a bee-line out of the wilderness. The name of the mule is the Devil and Tom Walker. Vandever related many of his adventures to Mr. Lanman, among which are the following:On one occasion he came up to alarge gray wolf, at whose head he discharged a ball. The animal did not drop, but made its way into an adjoining cavern, and disappeared. Vandever waited a while at the opening, and as he could not see or hear his game, he concluded that it had ceased to breathe, whereupon he fell upon his hands and knees, and entered the cave. On reaching the bottom, he found the wolf alive, when a " clinch-fight" ensued, and the hunter's knife completely severed the heart of the animal. On dragging out the dead wolf into the sun-light, it was found that his lower jaw had been broken, which was probably the reason why he had not succeeded in destroying the hunter. At one time when he was out of ammunition, the dogs fell upon a large bear, and it so happened that the latter got one of the former in his power, and was about to squeeze it to death. This was a sight the hunter could not endure, so he unsheathed his huge hunting-knife, and assaulted the black monster. The bear tore off nearly every rag of his clothing, and in making his first plunge with the knife, he completely cut off two of his own fingers, instead of injuring the bear. He was now in a perfect frenzy of pain and rage, and in making another effort, succeeded to his satisfaction, and gained the victory. Thatbearweighed three hundred and fifty pounds. On another occasion, he had fired at a large buck, near the brow of a precipice some thirty feet high. On seeing the buck drop, he took for granted that he was about to die, when he approached the animal, for the purpose of cutting its throat. To his great surprise, however, the buck suddenly sprung to his feet, and made a tremendous rush at the hunter, with a view of throwing him off the ledge. But what was more remarkable, the animal succeeded in its effort, though not until Vandever had obtained a fair hold of the buck's antlers, when the twain performed a somerset into the pool below. The buck made its escape, and Vandever was not seriously injured in any particular part. About a month afterwards, he killed a buck which had a bullet wound in the lower part of its neck, whereupon he concluded that he had finally triumphed over the animal which had given him the unexpected ducking. But the most remarkable escape which old Vandever ever experienced, happened in this way. He was encamped upon one of the loftiest mountains in Union County. It was near the twilight hour, and he had heard the howl of a wolf. UPSON COUNTY. 665 With a view of ascertaining the direction whence it came, he climbed upon an immense boulder, which stood on the very brow of a steep hill-side. While standing upon this boulder, he suddenly felt a swinging sensation, and to his astonishment, he found that it was about to make a fearful plunge into the ravine, half a mile below him. As fortune would have it, the limb of an oaktree drooped. over the rock, and as the rock started from its tottlish foundation, he seized the limb, and thereby saved his life. The dreadful crashing of the boulder, as it descended the mountain-side, came to the hunter's ear, while he was suspended in the air, and by the time it had reached the bottom, he dropped himself on the very spot which had been vacated by the boulder. Vandever said that this was the only time in his life when he had been really frightened; and he also added, that for one day after this escape, he did not care a finger-snap for the finest game in the wilderness. UPSON COUNTY. LAID out from Crawford and Pike in 1824; a part added to Pike in 1825. Length, 24 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area in square miles, 384. Named after the Hon. Stephen Upson. The chief stream is the Flint River. THOMASTON is the county town, 75 miles from Milledgeville. Logtown, Hootensville, and Double Bridges, are small places. The face of the country is undulating. The best lands are in the south and southeast parts. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 795; families, 795; white males, 2,347; white females, 2,373. Total free population, 4,720; slaves, 4,704. Deaths, 74. Farms, 436; manufacturing establishments, 19. Value of real estate, $1,104,000; value of personal estate, $3,500,000. The Pine Mountains begin on the east side of the Flint River. The highest summits are 800 feet above the river. Among these mountains are some fine springs, and upon the highest summit is an Indian burial-ground. The Thundering Spring is in the N. W. part of the county, two miles from the Flint River, 20 from Thomaston. It derives its name from a rumbling noise resembling distant thunder, which formerly proceeded from it, but which is no longer heard. The discontinuance of the sound is owing, it is supposed, to the number of rocks which have been thrown into it by visitors. The spring is at the base of a hill, and is inclosed by a frame building, to which is attached a convenient dressing-room for bathers. It is twelve feet in diameter; its depth has never been correctly ascertained. It is said to possess 666 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. medicinal virtues, in cases of rheumatism and other chronic diseases. Its warm and pleasant temperature renders it a delightful bath at all seasons, and its buoyancy is such, that bathers cannot sink below the arm-pit, the motion of the water having a tendency to throw all light bodies to the surface. MANUFACTURES, MILLS, ETC.-The water-power in this county is very fine. At the Thomaston Factory, there is a succession of natural dams or water-falls, which could be rendered valuable by a few hours' labour. From various sources we have derived the following statistics of the factories in this county:Thomaston Factory is situated on Potato Creek, two miles W. of Thomas.ton. The water-power is sufficient to propel 20,000 spindles; number of spindles, 1,500; manufactures cotton osnaburgs, &c.; number of hands employed, 45. The proprietor challenges similar establishments, North or South, to exhibit a more sober, orderly, and religious community than can be found in this establishment. It is proposed to erect another mill, to have 5,000 spindles. The Franklin Factory and Wayman Factory are on Tobler's Creek, 7 miles S. E. of Thomaston, owned and managed by the same persons. The Franklin Factory was first put into operation in April, 1833. Spindles, 1,320. Cards, 16. The Wayman Factory was first put into operation in 1841. Spindles, 1,664. Looms, for weaving heavy osnaburgs weighing half a pound per yard, 26. Flint River Factory is owned by Walker & Grant. Among the first settlers of this county were-JONEs PERSONS, JAMES HIGHTOWER, Sen., SOLOMON STEVENS, GEO. POWELL, ROBERT COLLIER, PETER and EDWARD HOLLAWAY, E. BASS, MARK JACKSON, R. JACKSON, E. ROBINSON, JOSIAH A. CHRISTIE, WM. WORTHY, WM. and JOHN ROBINSON, THOS. FLUELLIN, JAMES WALKER, HENRY HUNT, E. WAMBLE, JOHN GOODE, L. MATTHEWS, JOHN BRANSFORD, M. W. STAMPER, JOHN TURNER, J. COOPER, THOS. NELSON, WM. TRICE, A. F. EDWARDS, JAMES HARWELL, GEO. M. PETTY, D. B. GREENE, Dr. ALEXANDER HAWKINS, Dr. JAMES W. STINSON, ABNER McCoY, H. SMITH, ANDREW HooD, H. GARLAND, LEE TRAMMEL, CASPER HOWELL, WM. TRAYLOR, THOS. W. GOODE, F. MYRICK, THOMAS:PARHAM, WM. GIBSON, R. GRAHAM, MOSES DUKE, JAMES BOYD, MOSES REYNOLDS, JOSEPH ROGERS. HON. GEORGE CAREY died in this county. He was a native of Maryland, and resided for several years in Columbia County, in this State. He represented Georgia in the Congress of the United States in 1823 and 1827. He possessed a highly cultivated mind, being familiar with several languages. Upon the Grecian question he is said to have made a splendid speech in Congress. He removed to Upson about the year 1834. He died in 1844, leaving behind him the character of a highly polished scholar and an honourable man. WALKER COINTY. 667 WALKER COUNTY. LAID out from Murray, and organized in 1833. Named in honour of Major Freeman Walker. VIEW OF LA rFAYETTEo LA FAYETTE is the county town, beautifully situated, distant from Milledgeville two hundred and ten miles. Ringgold is a town of recent date, situated on the State Road. Walker is a region of mountains, which generally run from N. E. to S. W. Their names are, Taylor's Ridge, John's, Pigeon, Look-Out, and White Oak Mountains. The streams are East and West Chicamauga. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,867; families, 1,867; white males, 5,803; white females, 5,605; free coloured males, 18; free coloured females, 19. Total free population, 11,445; slaves, 1,664. Deaths, 139. Farms, 600; 1 manufacturing establishment. Value of real estate, $923,600; value of personal estate, $1,007,725. No section is favoured with a greater variety of springs than this county. The Medicinal Springs, owned by the Gordons, are situated at the base of Taylor's Ridge. There are twenty springs within the space of half a mile; but the main springs are twelve in number, on a beautiful eminence of Taylor's Ridge. The trees have been cut down. From this spot may be seen various mountains. Cherokee Springs are at the base of Taylor's Ridge, twenty-four miles from Chattanooga. Yates's Spring is five miles from Gordon's Springs. Crayfish Spring is twelve miles from Gordon's. 668 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. VIEW OF COTOOSA SPRINGS. Cotoosa Springs are one and a half miles from the State Road. We give the following extracts concerning these springs from an account written by Mr. S. Rose, one of the editors of the Georgia Messenger:"Imagine to yourself an elevated cove, or basin, in the Blue Ridge, surrounded almost entirely by towering eminences. From the eastern slope a bold, clear brook comes tumbling into the valley, and passes rapidly westward, until it escapes between two abrupt mountain peaks, and dashes for half a mile over rocky barriers into a branch of the Chicamauga. On the borders of this brook, and in the centre of this basin, which I shall designate'The Vale of Springs, there is a level spot about two acres in extent, within the limits of which I have counted no less than fifty-two distinct, bold, and well-defined springs. The waters are strongly mineral. "All these springs seem to issue either from the mountain side, upon a bed of hard, black slate, or boil up through the slate. They are perennial; the most severe and continued droughts make no perceptible difference in the quantity of water which they discharge. The country around is protected by its native forests. The atmosphere is pure) dry, and bracing, and entirely free from disease, or from any cause which could produce it. " Immediately in the rear of the springs there are two beautiful mountain peaks, from the summits of which visitors might enjoy an extensive, prospect of the surrounding country. There is a pond in Chattooga Valley called the Round Pond. It embraces four or five acres, forty-eight feet deep in the middle, of a sea-green colour. Tradition says two Indians were drowned in this pond. There is no visible outlet, and the water never becomes stagnant. Long Pond is a beautiful sheet of water, famous for excellent fish. WALKER COUNTY. 669 Among the first settlers of this county were, X. G. MCFARLAND, T. G. MCFARLAND, JOHN SPRADLIN, Mr. ALLMAN, J. R. BROOKS, General NEWNAN, Mr. AcoCK, S. MARSH, S. FARRIS, JESSE LAND, J. T. STORY, ROBERT BOYLE, B. MCCUTCHINS, A. HUGHES, S. DUNN, LAWSON BLACK, WM. HARDEN, JAMES PARK, JOHN CALDWELL, JOHN WICKER, JOSEPH P. MCCULLOCH. WALKER has many caves, among which the most remarkable is Wilson's Cave. We extract from " Sears' Wonders of the World" the description given by some persons of a visit which they made in 18-. " The company being met, with lighted torches we entered the cave, through a small aperture, descending a flight of natural stairs, almost perpendicularly, some ten or twelve feet. Coming to the most magnificent room we ever beheld, and being desirous of viewing as minutely as we could, from the amplitude of this anomaly of nature, its various curiosities, we raised a considerable light, and illuminated the place as far as we were able by the means we had, when we discovered that an almost infinite number of stalactites had been formed by the continual dripping of the water, resembling, in size and appearance, various animal bodies. "Being somewhat satisfied with our examination of this apartment, with our hearts glowing with wonder, love, and praise to the Architect of Nature, we moved slowly and rather pensively along this solitary and hitherto unexplored mansion, through devious wiles of'incognita loca, in quest of new discoveries. " Having reached the extreme end of this spacious dome, we found that to proceed farther, we had to ascend stupendous and almost inaccessible eminences, over craggy precipices and yawning gulfs, to the height of some fifty or sixty feet, when, by the dim light of our tapers, we discovered through a small opening another room, less extensive, but far more beautiful and picturesque; for there appeared to the astonished beholder not only the representation of a part of the animal creation, but a true delineation of a great number of inanimate objects, such as cones, altars, pyramids, tables, candle-stands, with a fac-simile of some ot nature's choicest productions and it really appeared as if she, in her wild and playful moments, had intended to mock the curiosities of art." GENERAL DANIEL NEWNAN died in this county. He merits the remembrance and respect of the people of Georgia. In the Indian wars, he proved himself a good soldier. Besides holding many high offices in the State, he was a member of Congress from 1831 to 1833. A GENTLEMAN who resided among the Cherokees for many years, has furnished us with the following items:Strawberry was a large town, situated upon the head waters of Amuchee, ten miles E. of La Fayette. Dogwood was situated upon the head waters of Chicamauga, 670 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. The principal chief was Charles Hicks, a man of vigorous mind and of ardent piety. He was a member of the Moravian Church. Elijah Hicks was the son of Charles Hicks —a man, it is said, "who would not have disgraced any circle, either in appearance, manner, or conversation." Richard Taylorwas a distinguished chief among the Cherokees. His name is affixed to the treaty made at Washington, March 22, 1816. Chestnut Town was on Pea Vine Creek. The head chief was Partridge. Crayfish Town was situated west of Chestnut. The principal chief was George Lowrey. The first Court in Walker was held at this place, Judge Hooper presiding. WE have been favoured with the following letter from a gentleman, giving an account of an Indian ball-play which took place in this county,, and at which he was present:We started one fine morning in the month of August, for the hickory grounds, having learned that two towns, Chattooga and Chicarnauga, were to have a grand ball-play at, that place. We found the grounds to be a beautiful hickory level, entirely in a state of nature, upon which had been erected several rude tents, containing numerous articles, mostly of Indian manufacture, which were the stakes to be won or lost in the approaching contest. We had been on the ground only a short time when the two contending parties, composed of fifty men each, mostly in a state of nudity, and having their faces painted in a fantastical manner, headed by their chiefs, made their appearance. The war-whoop was then sounded by one of the parties, which was immediately answered by the other, and continued alternately; as they advanced slowly and in regular order towards each other to the centre of the ground allotted for the contest. In order that you may have an idea of the play, imagine two parallel lines of stakes driven into the ground near each other, each extending for about one hundred yards, and having a space of one hundred yards between them. In the centre of these lines were the contending towns, headed by their chiefs; each having in their hands two wooden spoons, curiously carved, not unlike our large iron spoons. The object of these spoons is to throw up the ball. The ball is made of deerskin wound around a piece of spunk. To carry the ball through one of the lines mentioned above is the purpose to be accomplished. Every time the ball is carried through these lines counts one. The game is commenced by one of the chiefs throwing up the ball to a great height, by means of the wooden spoons. As soon as the ball is thrown up, the contending parties mingle together. If the chief of the opposite party catches the ball as it descends, with his spoons, which he exerts his utmost skill to do, it counts one for his side. The respective parties stand prepared to catch the ball if there should be a failure on the part of their chiefs to do so. On this occasion the parties were distinguished from each other by the colour of their ribbons; the one being red, the other blue. The strife begins. The chief has failed to catch the ball. A stoutwarrior has WALTON COUNTY. 671 caught it, and endeavours with all speed to carry it to his lines, when a faster runner knocks his feet from under him, wrests the ball from him, and triumphantly makes his way with the prize to his own line; but when he almost reaches the goal, he is overtaken by one or more of his opponents, who endeavour to take it from him. The struggle becomes general, and it is often the case that serious personal injuries are inflicted. It is very common during the contest to let the ball fall to the ground. The strife now ceases for a time, until the chiefs again array their bands. The ball is again thrown up, and the game is continued as above described. Sometimes half an hour elapses before either side succeeds in making one in the game. It is usual at these ball-plays for each party to have their conjurers at work at the time the game is going on; their stations are near the centre of each line. In their hands are shells, bones of snakes, &c. These conjurers are sent for from a great distance. They are estimated according to their age, and it is supposed by their charms they can influence the game. On this occasion two conjurers were present; they appeared to be over one hundred years of age. When I spoke to one of them, he did not deign even to raise his head; the second time I spoke, he gave me a terrific look, and at the same time one of the Indian women came and said, " Conagatee Ulnaka " —go away, white man. I cannot resist the inclination I feel'to give you an account of an individual whom I met on this occasion. He was a Cherokee Indian belonging to a wealthy family, and had received a finished education at one of our Northern colleges. His talents were of a high order, and upon his return home, he was appointed a petty chief. He was dressed in fine calf boots, blue cloth pantaloons, silk velvet vest, fine beaver hat, with a silver band. His gown was made of red flowered calico, reaching nearly to the ground, with a cape over the shoulders trimmed with blue fringe. Judge of my astonishment when I ascertained this individual to be the distinguished Jim Fields. WALTON COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1818; a part taken from Jackson, 1818; a part added to Jasper, 1820; part added to, and taken from, Henry, 1821; a part set off to Newton, 1821. Length, 35 m.; breadth, 18 m. Named after the Hon. George Walton. MONROE is the county site, distant from Milledgeville 66 miles. Social Circle is situated on the Georgia Railroad. Centreville and Broken Arrow are small places. The rivers are, the Appalachee and the Ulcofauhachee. The creeks are, Jack's, Cornish, &c. The climate is considered healthy. The most prevalent diseases are those of an inflammatory character. The instances of longevity are quite numerous. Mr. CARSON died at the age of 100; Mr. STARK BROWN, over 100; a negro woman, belonging to Mr. William Ander 672 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, son, died at the advanced age of 116; TOM, a negro, at 105; Mr. SWORDS died at 100; JAMES GUNTER, 80. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,191; families, 1,191; white males, 3,531; white females, 3,365; free coloured males, 5; free coloured females, 11. Total free population, 6,912; slaves, 3,909. Deaths, 135. Farms, 864; manufacturing establishments, 56. Value of real estate, $1,151,865; value of personal estate, $2,384,532. Among the early settlers of this county may be named-CHARLES SMITH, R. M. ECHOLLS, O. STROUD, JOHN DICKERSON, WARREN J. HILL, JESSE ARNOLD, Judge COLQUITT, JONAS HALE, VINCENT HARRALSON, JAMES NOWELL, A. W. WRIGHT, C. D. DAVIS, W. and R. BRISCOE, R. MILLIGAN, JAMES RICHARDSON. BATTLE OF JACK'S CREEK. JACK'S CREEK, in Walton County, is noted for a battle with the Indians, the particulars of which are given in the following letter from General Elijah Clarke to Governor Matthews:LONG CREEK, Sept. 24, 1787. I had certain information that a man was killed on the 17th, near Greenesborough, by a party of six or seven Indians; and that on the 16th, Colonel Barber, with a small party, was waylaid by fifty or sixty Indians, and wounded, and three of his party killed. This determined me to raise what men I could, in the course of twenty-four hours, and march with them to protect the frontiers, in which space of time I collected 160 men, chiefly volunteers, and proceeded to the place where Colonel Barber had been attacked. There I found the bodies of the three men mentioned above, mangled in a shocking manner, and after I had buried them, proceeded on the trail of the murderers as far as the south fork of the Ocmulgee, where, finding that I had no chance of overtaking them, I left it and went up the said river, till I met with a fresh trail of Indians coming towards our frontier settlements. I immediately turned and followed the trail until the morning of she 21st, between eleven and twelve o'clock, when I came up with them. They had just crossed a branch called Jack's Creek, through a thick cane-brake, and were encamped and cooking upon an eminence. My force then consisted of 130 men, thirty having been sent back on account of their horses being tired and lost. I drew up my men in three divisions; the right commanded by Colonel Freeman, the left by Major Clarke, and the middle by myself. Colonel Freeman and Major Clarke were ordered to surround and charge the Indians, which they did with such dexterity and spirit that they immediately drove them fiom their encampment back into the cane-brake, where, finding it impossible for them to escape, they obstinately returned our fire until half past four o'clock, when they ceased, except now and then a shot. During the latter part of the action they seized every opportunity of escaping by small parties, leaving the rest to shift for themselves. About sunset I thought it most advisable to draw off, as the men had WARE CO1UNTY. 673 suffered for provisions for nearly two days, and for want of water during the action, but more particularly to take care of the. wounded, which amounted to eleven, and six killed. From every circumstance, I am certain that there were not less than twenty-five Indians killed, and am induced to suppose that had I remained that night, I should have found forty or fifty dead of their wounds by the morning. In short, they were totally defeated, with the loss of their provisions, clothing, and the following articles: a gun, thirty-two brass kettles, thirtyseven large packs, containing blankets, &c. Colonel Freeman and Major Clarke distinguished themselves, and from the spirit and activity with which the whole of my little party acted during the action, I do not believe that had we met them in the open woods, we should have been more than five minutes in giving them a total overthrow. R. M. ECHOLLS, formerly President of the Senate, lived in this county. He died in Mexico, and his remains were brought to Walton, and buried at his homestead, one mile from Broken Arrow. THuE first Court was held on the 12th August, 1819, JOHN M. DOOLY, Judge. FIRST GIRAND JURY. JOURDAN BAKER; Foreman. J. BEEKS, JOSHUA REAYES, C. AUSTIN, WILSON WATLEY, R. M. ECHOLLS, LEWIS BRADBURY, R. BOND, ISAAC AUSTIN, J. HOBBS, NATHAN CENTAL, R. R. BILLUPS, E. GARDNER, J. FLETCHER, B. HAMMOCK, J. F. PIPER, W. HEFLIN, 0. WHITAKER, R. STANFIELD, J. J. BENTLEY. E. DANIELL, WARE COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Irwin in 1824, and named after the Hon. Nicholas Ware, formerly a member of the Senate of the United States, from Georgia. Length, 55 m.; breadth, 53 m.; area square miles, 2,915. This section is well watered. Here are the head waters of the Suwanne and St. Mary's, besides numerous creeks. WARESBOROUGH is the county site, 163 miles from Milledgeville. The country is flat, and interspersed with numerous swamps The soil is light, and tolerably productive. Extract from the Census of 1850. -Dwellings, 561; families, 561; white males, 1,824; white females, 1,773; 2 free coloured 43 674 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. males; 1 free coloured female. Total free population, 3,600; slaves, 288. Deaths, 18. Farms, 339. Value of real estate, $237,240; value of personal estate, $345,647. Among the first settlers of this county were-WILLIAM SMITH, A. JERNAGIN, WM. DRYDEN, JAMES FULWOOD, JOHN WILLIAMS, JAMES SWEAT, JOHN MOORE, THOMAS ALLMAN, JOSEPH DYALL, P. BRYAN, WM. KING, TIOS. NEWBORN, L. WALKER, JAMES JONES, M. J. MILLER, THOS. HILLIARD, M. ADDISON. THERE is a remarkable swamp in this county, called by the Indians E-CUN-FI-NO-CAU, from "Ecunnau," earth, and " finocau," qutivering. It is 30 miles long and 17 broad. Several rivers have their head waters in this swamp. In it are numerous islands, one of which the Indians represented to be among the most blissful spots in the world; that it was inhabited by a peculiar race of Indians, whose women were incomparably beautiful; that this place had been seen by some of their hunters when in pursuit of game, who, being lost in inextricable swamps and bogs, and on the point of perishing, were unexpectedly relieved by a company of beautiful women, whom they called daughters of the sun, who kindly gave them such provisions as they had, chiefly fruit, such as oranges, dates, &c., and some corn cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for safety to their own country, as their husbands were.fierce men, and cruel to strangers. They also stated, that these hunters had a view of their settlements, situated on the elevated banks of an island, or promontory, in a beautiful lake; but that in their efforts to approach it, they were involved in perpetual labyrinths, and, like enchanted land, when they imagined they had just gained it, it seemed to fly before them, alternately appearing and disappearing. They resolved, at length, to leave the delusive pursuit and to return, which, after a number of inexpressible difficulties, they effected. When they reported their adventures to their countrymen, their young warriors were inflamed with a desire to invade and conquer so charming a country; but all their attempts proved abortive, never being able again to find that enchanting spot, nor even any road to it. WARREN COUNTY. THIS county was laid out in 1793, and portions set off to Jefferson in 1796; and in 1825, portions to Taliaferro. Length, 26 m.; breadth, 16 m.; area square miles, 416. It was named in honour of MajorGeneral Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker's or Breed's Hill. The north fork of the Ogeechee is on the western boundary of the county. Here Briar Creek rises, runs S. E., and after a course of 100 miles, discharges itself into the Savannah River. WARREN COUNTY. 675 WARRENTON, a pleasant and flourishing town, is the seat of justice. It is situated on the waters of Goulden's Creek, nearly in the centre of the county, distant from Milledgeville 45 miles E. N. E. From the Georgia Railroad there is a branch railroad terminating at Warrenton, 23 miles long. Mayfield, Double Wells, and Camak, are on this road. Extract fron the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,135; families, 1,135; white males, 3,066; white females, 3,102; free coloured males, 72; free coloured females, 77. Total free population, 6,317; slaves, 6,108. Deaths, 138. Farms, 605. Manufacturing establishments, 42. Value of real estate, $1,751,790; value of personal estate, $4,148,853. The climate is mild and healthy. Most of the diseases occur on the water-courses. This county is remarkable for cases of longevity. Six years ago, there were living the following persons:-Capt. HILL, aged 87 years; Mr. JOHN JONES, 85; Mr. G. BERRY, over 90; Mr. D. NEWSOME, 80; Mr. H. PooL, over 85; Mr. H. CHALKER, 85; Mr. J. BURKHALTER, 90; Mr. CRENSHAW, over 80; Mrs. PERSONS, 92; Mrs. BASS, 90; Mr. BRINKLEY, 85; Mrs. HOBBES, 100. The following individuals died in this county:-Mrs. PEOPLES, 100; Mrs. KILBREW, 100; Mrs. HEATH, 90; Mrs. WALKER, 93; Mrs. BATES, 90; Mr. CASON, 96; J.W. JACKSON, 100; JOHN WILSON, 92: C. STURDEVANT, 95; Mr. BULLOCK, 90; Mrs. KENT, 80; M. RACHEL, 105. Mr. JOHN TORRENCE died July 4th, 1827, aged 78 years. The venerable old patriot breathed his last a short distance from his residence, on his return from the celebration of the day in Warrenton, in which he participated with more than usual interest and feeling, as if he were conscious it was the last national jubilee he should ever witness. His countenance wore a peculiar cast of serene and heartfelt joy during the day, and his old acquaintances received many a cordial embrace. HENRY BONNER died on the 1st of January, 1822, aged 98 years. He was an officer in the Revolutionary War. JONAS SHIVERS died on the 12th of November, 1826, aged 77, a soldier of the Revolution. JAMES DRAPER died in the 83d year of his age. At a very youthful period, say sixteen years of age, he enlisted in the cause of Liberty, to fight the battles of freedom against the British Lion, and continued in that service for something like three years, animated by the principles of liberty which burned in his bosom. Among the early settlers were, DANIEL ATKINS, SOLOMON NEWSOME, DAVID NEAL, WM. JOINSTON, JOB HUNTER, CULLEN BRADDY, ROBT. ABERCROMBIE, HENRY PEOPLES, WM. HILL, A. DENTON, WM. CASON, S. BURNLEY, B. UPTON, E. PERRYMAN, E. CONNER, A. BRINKLEY, WM. JENKINS, A. JONES, M. ENGLISH, C. LOWE, Sen., D. A. SIMPSON, THOS. MADDUX, E. IVY, JOHN BURKHALTER, E. WILSON, T. PERSONS, T. LOCKITT, SAMUEL BELL, JONAS SHIVERS, PETER NEWSOME, JOHN NEWSOME. 676 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. A Return of the Commissioned and Acting Elect Officers in Lieutenant- Col onel SAMUEL ALEXANDER'S Regiment of Militia, including all Volunteer Corps attached thereto, for the 13th day of December, 1797. The First Battalion, commanded by Major John Lawson. Captains.-David Neal, commissioned Dec. 15, 1788; Absalom Cobbs, Nov. 26, 1795; James Wilson, Jan. 28, 1797; Chapman Abercrombie, April 13, 1797. Lieutenants.-William Landrum, commissioned Nov. 15, 1795; Benjamin Mitchell, Jan. 20, 1797; John Barnes, Jan. 28, 1797; A. Jones, April 18, 1797. Ensigns or Cornets.-Daniel Hutcheson, commissioned Nov. 15, 1795; Charles M. Lawson, Feb. 10, 1797; Moor Carter, Jan. 28, 1797; Benjamin Oliver, Jan. 20, 1795. The Second Battalion, commanded by Major Solomon Slatter. Captains.-Jesse Bunkley, commissioned May 11, 1793; Nicholas Jones, Nov. 26, 1795; William Smith, Nov. 26, 1795; William Hill, Nov. 26, 1795; Abner Fluellin, Jan. 29, 1797. Ensigns.-Joseph Carter, commissioned Nov. 26, 1795; John Brantley, Nov. 26, 1795; Joseph White, Nov. 26, 1795; Peter Clowers: Nov. 16, 1796; Wm. Cox, Jan. 29, 1797. Lieutenants.-M. Womack, commissioned Nov. 26, 1795; Mountain Hill, Nov. 26, 1795; Burrell Perry, Nov. 26, 1795; Gibson Flournoy, Nov. 26, 1795; Thos. Cox, Jan. 29, 1797. I hereby certify that the above return contains all acting, commissioned, and elect officers, of the Regiment of the Warren County Militia, under my command. July 12, 1798. SAML. ALEXANDER. The Hon. DAVID MERIWETHER, Brigadier-General. WASHINGTON COUNTY. THIS county was established in 1784. It then included all the territory " from the Cherokee Corner, north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee, south to Liberty County. In 1786 a portion of it was added to Greene; in 1793, a part to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; in 1811, a part to Laurens; in 1812, a part to Baldwin; and in 1826, a part to Baldwin. Length, 38 in.; breadth, 38 m.; area, 1,444 square miles. The streams are, the Oconee, Ogeechee, and Ohoopee, besides a number of creeks. Fine burrstone is abundant. Near Saundersville are five or six lime-sinks, or caves, as many of them may be properly called, in which fossil teeth, ribs, and shells of endless variety are gathered in almost any quantity. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 677 SAUNDERSVILLE is the capital, 28 miles E. of Milledgeville. The climate is moderate. The instances of longevity which have come to our knowledge are, WM. RACHEL, who died at the age of 118 years; Mr. BEDGOOD, at 112; Mr. PEACOCK, 85; ELISABETH HANSON, 93; WM. WILLIAMS, 86; THOMAS LOVE, 90; Mr. JOHN JOURDON, a Revolutionary soldier, at a very advanced age. Major NICHOLAS CURRY died in this county, aged sixty-seven. He entered the Revolutionary army a private soldier, and left it with the rank of Captain of Dragoons, after a hard service of five years. During that period he shared in many of the perils and hardships of the war, and was always active and efficient upon the field of battle, Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,077; families, 1,077; white males, 3,004; white females, 2,989; free coloured males, 19; free coloured females, 16. Total free population, 6,028; slaves, 5,738. Deaths, 159. Farms, 632. Manufacturing establishments, 6. Value of real estate, $1,259,121; value of personal estate, $3,295,936. Among the early settlers of this county were, ALEXANDER IRWIN, JOHN RUTHERFORD, WM. JOHNSON, ELISHA WILLIAMS, JARED IRWIN, JACOB DENNARD, JOHN ROBERTSON, JOSEPH BEDDINGFIELD, PHILEMON FRANKLIN, AARON SINQUEFIELD, JOSEPH AVENT, JOHN SHEPPARD, JAS. THOMAS ANIE, WILLIAM IRWIN, JOSHUA WILLIAMS, SAMUEL SINQUEFIELD, BENJAMIN TENNILLE, JOHN MARTIN, JOHN BURNEY, HUGc LAWSON, JOIN SHELLMAN, WM. SAPP, MILES MURPHY, JOHN JONES, JOHN H. MONTGOMERY, JOHN STOKES, Mr. SAUNDERS, JOHN IRWIN, JAMES THOMAS, GEORGE GALPHIN, JOHN DENNIS, JOHN NUTT, D. WOOD, GEO. FLUKER, WM. WARTHEN, JACOB KELLY, WM. MAY. THE early settlers of this county suffered much from Indian depredations. The following particulars were derived from old newspapers loaned to the compiler by Mr. Ralston, of Macon:29th March, 1788.-The Indians killed and scalped Lieutenant Hogan, near Kemp's Fort. On Friday after, Mr. Daniell met with the same cruel death; and shortly afterwards they killed Mr. David Jackson's family, consisting of his wife and four children, his brother and two negroes. The same year, in the neighbourhood of Williamson's Swamp, the Indians were constantly attacking the inhabitants. On the 12th of March a party of savages were discovered on the plantation of Mr. Sikes, by the barking of the dogs. Mr. Sikes went over the fence to see what they were barking at, when he was fired upon by the foe, and received three balls in his arm, shoulder, and hip. He then made his way over the fence to the house, and as he was going received another shot, which broke his leg. Notwithstanding his severe wounds, he prepared to defend his wife and four children; but the Indians did not attack the house. A young man from a neighbouring family hearing the reports of the guns, came to the house, and upon seeing Mr. Sikes's condition, went to a fort near by, for assistance, and returned immediately with Allen Spurlock, who 678 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. placed Mr. Sikes on a bed in his sledge, with one of his daughters, about nine years old, his wife's sister, about sixteen years old,.walking, and Mrs. Sikes on horseback, with one child before and one behind her, and proceeded towards the fort; but before they reached it they were fired upon by the Indians, who had come in their rear. They all ran and left Mr. Sikes. In attempting to gain the fort, the young woman and Spurlock were shot and scalped. The little girl carrying a bottle of rum in her hand, begged the Indians to accept of it and spare her life, but they cursed her and the rum, and said they wanted her scalp, upon which they knocked her down and scalped her. They then pursued Mrs. Sikes, who, with her children, must have fallen into their hands, had not Major Wood come to her assistance. The little girl came to the fort about half an hour afterwards. April 7, 1793.-On this day, a son of Colonel Francis Pugh was killed by the Indians; they also plundered seven families of all their clothing, furniture, provisions, horses, and negroes. THE first Superior Court for this county was held on the 22d day of May, 1787, his Honor HENRY OSBORNE, Judge. NAMES OF THE GRAND JURORS. ALEXANDER IRWIN, Foreman. SAMUvL SINQUEFIELD, ELISHA WILLIAMS, JOSEPH AVENT, WATM. JOHNSON) WM. IRWIN, PHILEMON FRANKLIN, WM. SHIELDS, JOHN ROBERTSON, Sen., JOHN SHEPPARD, JOHN BURNEY, JOHN RUTHERFORD3 JOHN MARTIN, JACOB DENNARD, JAMES THOMAS, JOSEPH BEDDINGFIELD, BENJ. TENNILLE AARON SINQUEFIELD, JOSaUA WILLIAMS, JOHN DANIEL, Sen. THE following was communicated to us by a gentleman in Macon: In one of the excursions of a party of Indians against the whites, they came to the house of a Mr. Browne, one of whose daughters and a negro woman had left the house for the purpose of milking the cows. Mr. Browne having stepped to the door, was shot down by the savages. His wife hearing the firing of the gun, hastened to the door, and to her surprise found her husband dead, and in the act of dragging him into the house, received a shot from one of their rifles, which broke her arm. She succeeded, however, in shutting the door, and took down her husband's rifle, and, with the aid of Tempa, her daughter, about eight years of age, she placed it between the logs of the house, and fired at the Indians. By showing Tempa how to load, she was enabled to keep up a fire a long period, at the same time crying out "Hurrah, boys!" At length the Indians retreated; not until, however, they had set the house on fire. Twice she extinguished the fire with milk, not having it in her power to procure water. The daughter and negro woman, who were milking the cows, as soon as they saw WHITEFIELD COUNTY. 679 the Indians, ran off and gave the alarm to the nearest neighbours, who collected with all possible dispatch, and went to the aid of Mrs. Browne. Upon their arrival at the house, they found that she had fainted. Being too few to carry her off, they hid her in the top of a fallen tree, with Tempa to mind her, and went after the savages, but did not overtake them. WAYNE COUNTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1803. Part taken from Glynn, 1805; part added to Camden, 1805; part taken from Camden, 1808; part taken from Camden, 1812; a part taken from Glynn in 1820; a portion added to Glynn, 1822; organized in 1805. Named in honour of Major-General Anthony Wayne. Length, 33 m.; breadth, 18 m.; area square miles, 594. The Great St. Illa runs through the southern part of the county. The Alatamaha washes the north side; the Finholloway, or Phennohaloway, (a Creek word meaning turkey,) flows into the Alatamaha. WAYNEVILLE is the seat of justice, 176 miles from Milledgeville. The soil is generally poor. The climate is healthy. Extractfrom the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 182; families, 182; white males, 549; white females, 539; free coloured males, 2; free coloured females, 3. Total free population, 1,093; slaves, 406. Deaths, 10. Farms, 172. Value of real estate, $232,145; value of personal estate, $195,079. WHITEFIELD COUNTY. THIS county was laid out from Murray, in 1851, including an extent of country " beginning at the southwest corner of the County of Murray; running from thence east with the line between Murray and Gordon Counties, until it strikes the mouth of the Connasauga River; thence up and with the meanders of said river, to the mouth of Sugar Creek; thence with the meanders of said creek to the Tennessee line; thence west with said line, to the line of Walker and Murray Counties; thence south with the line of Murray and Walker to the place of beginning." DALTON is the county town, situated on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 100 miles N. of Atlanta, and 35 S. E. of Chattanooga. The lands are fertile, producing abundantly all the necessaries of life. 680 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. Recent discoveries prove that the mineral resources of this section of the State are great. In the vicinity of Dalton copper mines are said to be found, and a strong impression prevails that beneath the ridges, with which Dalton is surrounded, lie imbedded vast amounts of copper, silver, and lead. TUNNEL OF THE WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD. The tunnel of this road is 1,477 feet in length, height 18 feet, width in the clear 12 feet. It is cut, in a great measure, through solid rock. The lateral walls are of rock, six feet thick at the base, and five feet at the top. The approaches to the tunnel are protected on both sides by massive masonry. THIS county was named after the celebrated GEORGE WHITEFIELD. Many particulars in regard to his connection with Georgia, and the establishment of his Orphan House, are given under the head of "Chatham County," to which we refer the reader. He was the son of Thomas Whitefield, and was born in 1714, at the Bell Inn, in Gloucestershire, England, which was then kept by his mother. At twelve years of age he was sent to a grammar school in Gloucester. There he made considerable progress in the Latin classics, and in oratory. From this school he was transferred to Pembroke College, at Oxford, where he became acquainted with the Wesleys, and attached himself to a religious club, of which they were the leaders. On the 30th of June, 1736, he was ordained by Bishop Benson, and on the next Sunday preached his first sermon in the church in which he was baptized. A week after this he went to Oxford, where he '::: I;-:;::~-;~'-:::::.::-::,:"i:i~i~l-:r: i :':iiibiiiii:.:':::-:::_ -:::::.1:;~:.:~-;I:::r:.,r::;:. ~I:::::.:~i,::i:.::~~:-,si~i::i:~~-::s,, :, =: - .a ——: .- —.i:-i-;;:::::-:p 9'li ii4:::: I:::;~i.'-::: i?i r ~~ .; -~~~~;v-.\~:;- =~~ I " ~\\~I~~ t`' Szs;l- ,: r; lli~ I WILKES COUNTY. 681 tookl his Bachelor's degree, and then complied with an invitation to visit London, where he continued two months, preaching with great effect to large and admiring audiences. About this time he received a letter from the Wesleys, who were then in Georgia, which induced him to determine to offer himself as a missionary to the Trustees. His offer was accepted, and he arrived at Savannah on the 7th of May, 1738. Having resolved to establish an orphan house, he left Georgia for the purpose of collecting money to enable him to accomplish his object. Arriving in Charleston, he preached on several occasions to imnmense crowds, and then embarked for London, and after a voyage oi nine weeks, he arrived at Limerick. Remaining there a short time, he sailed for England, and arrived September 30, 1738. The Trustees of Georgia received him cordially, presented him with the living of Savannah, and granted him five hundred acres upon which to erect an orphan house. Crowds attended his ministry. It was no unusual thing for twenty thousand people to assemble to hear him. Having collected about ~1,000, he set sail fiom England,.and landed at Philadelphia. After preaching in various places in NewYork, New-Jersey, and Pennsylvania, he arrived at Savannah on the 11th of June, 1740. He died on the 30th September, 1770, fifty-six years old. WILKES COUNTY. LA1D out in 1777. Part set off to Elbert, 1790; part to Warren, 1793; a part to Lincoln, 1796; part to Greene, 1802; parts to Taliaferro, 1825 and 1828. Length, 23 m.; breadth, 17 m.; area square miles, 391. Named after John Wilkes, the great champion of American liberty. The streams are Broad and Little rivers. The surface of the country is undulating. The soil is productive, though much worn. WASHINGTON is the county town, 60 miles N. E. of Milledgeville. The railroad is completed to Washington, at which place evidences of improvement greet the eye in every direction. Mallorysville and Danburg are small villages. Statistics from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 709; families, 709; white males, 1,883; white females, 1,922; free coloured males, 10; free coloured females, 11. Total free population, 3,826; slaves, 8,281. Deaths, 193. Farms, 468; manufacturing establishments, 9. Value of real estate, $1,772,515; value of personal estate, $4,359,015 The climate is subject to great changes. A few years ago there were living, THOMAS ANDERSON, aged 81; 682 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, 90; Mrs. SARAH FREEMAN, 85; THOMAS TALBOT, 80; D. CARRINGTON, 80. Mrs. H. MINTON died at the age of 95; WM. JONES, 80; ANDREW WOLF, 80; Mrs. CALLAWAY, 90; ISHAMi RICHARDSON, 86. Mrs. HANNAH CLARKE, relict of Major-General Elijah Clarke, died in this county on the 26th of August, 1827, aged 90 years. Mrs. Clarke had attended her husband through many interesting periods of the American Revolution, and had often experienced some of the distressing vicissitudes of war. She once had her house burnt, with all its contents, during the absence of her husband, by a pillaging party of British and Tories, who ravaged that part of the country in which she then resided, and was turned out to seek shelter as she could, with a family of several children then in her charge. She was afterwards robbed of the horse on which she was riding to meet her wounded husband near the North Carolina line. During part of the campaigns in which General Clarke was engaged, she accompanied him, and on one occasion, in attempting to remove from a place of danger near which an engagement was soon expected, she had her horse shot under her, while two children were on his back with her. She was at the siege of Augusta, and present when the garrison under Browne capitulated, and many of the prisoners, then and at other times taken by her husband, experienced her benevolence and hospitality. She lived to behold and rejoice in the prosperity and happiness of that country which she had frequently seen desolated by cruelty and bloodshed; and in the enjoyment of the esteem and affection of a large circle of friends, she attained a good old age, and at last, after a short struggle, was liberated from all earthly cares, and entered " into that rest which remaineth for the people of God." Her remains were interred at Wooburn, near the resting-place of her husband, who had twenty-eight years before closed a life of patriotic exertion in the cause of his country. Mr. JOHN WRIGHT died on the 28th of March, 1831, aged 102 years. He was a soldier under Braddock in 1755, an armed patriot during the whole Revolutionary War, and an active and able partisan in repelling the murderous inroads of the Indians into Georgia, in the earlier periods of her history. EZEKIEL HARRIS, aged 71; Colonel SAMUEL JACK, 65; Major SAMUEL WELLBORN, 60; Captain ABRAHAM SIMONS, 79; JOSEPH JOHNSON, 98, all soldiers of the Revolution, died in this county. Among the early settlers in this county were, S. HEARD, WM. DOWNS, JOHN KING, ABSALOM BIDDLE, BENJAMIN CATCHING, HENRY WARE, GEORGE WALTON, JOHN RUTHERFORD, H. FREEMAN, JOHN TORRENCE, WILLIAM MOSS, WILLIAM TERRELL, JOHN WINGFIELD, JOHN GEORGE, BENJAMIN TALIAFERRO, THOMIAS WOOTEN, ANDREW BURNS, JOHN CUNNINGHAM, JAMES TATE, WM. MOORE, JOHN TALBOT, WALTON HARRIS, HENRY MONGER, JAMES MARKS, T. LEDBETTER, B. JORDAN, JOSIAH COLE, JEREMIAH WALKER, EDWARD JONES, WM. STOKES, JAMES SHEPARD, WM. POLLARD, MICAJAH WILLIAMSON. WILKES COUNTY. 683 BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK. KETTLE CREEK is famous as the battle-ground where Clarke, Dooly, and Pickens, distinguished themselves in the war of the Revolution. When Savannah was taken, Colonel Campbell advanced to Augusta. Colonel Boyd, who had just returned from New-York, was to notify the disaffected, and excite the Tories on the western parts of North and South Carolina, and force his way to join Colonel Campbell at Augusta. Colonel Campbell immediately moved up Savannah River, with several hundred mounted men; and after manoeuvring in the neighbourhood of where Petersburg now stands, and Kerr's Fort, in order to effect a junction with Boyd, he was compelled by the Whigs to return. Colonel Pickens, with only three hundred and twenty men, after driving back Campbell, pursued Boyd, and forced him to cross the river eighteen miles above the junction of Savannah and Broad rivers. He then crossed at their junction, and was joined by Dooly and Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke, with about one hundred dragoons. Colonel Dooly, with great patriotism, gave the command of all the forces to him. They pursued Boyd rapidly, who had taken a circuitous route through the Cherokee Nation, until they overtook him, in a few days, on the east bank of Kettle Creek, in Georgia, just as his men had shot down some beeves, and were preparing their breakfast. Colonel Pickens had divided his forces into three divisions, Colonel Dooly commanding the right, and Clarke the left, with directions to flank the enemy, while he commanded the attack from the centre, giving strict orders not to fire until within thirty-five paces of the foe. Colonel Boyd was a brave, active man, but was shot down early in the engagement. After close fighting for half an hour, the Whigs drove the enemy through the cane, and over the creek. They fought with desperation, and left a great many dead and wounded upon the field. They rallied on a rising ground on the west bank, and renewed the fight, the Whigs finding great difficulties in passing through the cane. However, the victory was complete. The Whigs had four hundred and twenty, and the Tories upwards of seven hundred; and out of that number, not more than three hundred ever reached Colonel Campbell, in Augusta. This success was of far more importance than the number engaged would indicate. It broke up the Tories throughout North Carolina, who never afterwards assembled, except in small parties, or under the immediate protection of a foreign force. Although they were dreaded for their desperate and malignant outrages upon the country, yet they acted more for the plunder and murder of individuals than for concerted and manly warfare. This battle of Kettle Creek decided their fate. THIS county has produced a number of men who would have done honour to any country. Colonel JOHN GRAVES died in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He was born in Culpepper County, Virginia. He entered the army, in 684 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. 1776, as a lieutenant in the Eighth Virginia Regiment, and when he retired from the service, had the rank and command of a Major. He was at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and at the siege of York. When General Greene, in 1781, had to cross the Yadkin River, Colonel Graves was intrusted with the command of two hundred men, detached by the General to protect the passage of the troops. This small band, headed by their gallant commander, sustained a desperate encounter with the army of Cornwallis, and succeeded in protecting the passage of the American troops and themselves, in crossing the Yadkin, with the loss of only nine men killed and five wounded. During the eventful and critical period of the American Revolution, Colonel Graves was constantly in the field, defending, with consummate energy and bravery, the liberties of his native country. He never for one moment despaired of the great cause of which he was so gallant a champion. Amid the distresses of the Southern army, after the defeat of Gates at Camden, and during the retreat of the Americans before the victorious Cornwallis, Colonel Graves, with cool intrepidity, supported every privation, and with the greatest fortitude waited for a change in the gloomy prospects that were before the army at that time. Shortly after peace, Colonel Graves settled in Georgia. In 1786, he was in command of a regiment against the Creek Indians, who had committed acts of hostility upon the inhabitants of the State. Colonel NICHOLAS LONG died on the 22d of August, 1819, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. He was a young, active, and meritorious officer of dragoons, attached to the Virginia and North Carolina lines during the Revolutionary War. In the last war with Great Britain, he was appointed to the command of the Forty-third Regiment of United States Infantry, raised for the maritime frontier of North and South Carolina and Georgia. His exposure in this service impaired his constitution, and produced a pulmonary disease. He was an early settler of Wilkes. REV. JESSE MERcER.-This gentleman was the son of Silas Mercer, and was born in Halifax County, North Carolina, December 16, 1769. Before he was twenty years of age, he was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist Church. Such was his thirst for knowledge, that after his marriage and ordination, he went to school two years, to the Rev. Mr. Springer, a Presbyterian clergyman, under whom he made considerable proficiency in the learned languages. In 1798, Mr. Mercer was a member of the Convention which was appointed to amend the State Constitution. His services in that body were highly valuable. A lawyer moved that ministers of the Gospel be ineligible to the office of legislator, which was warmly advocated by both doctors and lawyers. Mr. Mercer offered an amendment, to the effect that both these professions be included in the contemplated WILKES COUNTY. 685 act. The motion was speedily withdrawn. He offered himself once for Senator in the county in which he then resided, but was not elected. Afterwards, he was urged to allow his name to be used for the office of Governor, but positively declined the honour. His approach to the tomb was gradual, having been in a low state of health for years before his death. This event, deeply lamented by thousands, took place in Butts County, September 6, 1841. His remains were taken to Penfield, and buried near the site of Mercer University, named in honour of him. His estate, which was large, was bequeathed to the above University, and other benevolent objects.* DUNCAN G. CAMPBELL came to Wilkes in 1807, and took charge of a female school. For several years he represented the county in the State Legislature. He was also one of the Commissioners who negotiated a treaty with the Creeks at the Indian Springs. He died on the 31st of July, 1828. General ELIJAH CLARKE was a native of North Carolina, who came to Georgia in 1774, and settled in Wilkes County. Endowed with hardihood and decision of character, he was fitted for any enterprise. His first appearance in the history of Georgia dates in the year 1776, as Captain of a company intrusted with the care of some wagons, loaded with provisions for the army. Whilst crossing a small stream, he was attacked by a body of Indians, who, after a severe contest, were put to flight. In Howe's expedition against East Florida, he rendered important services. In the battle of Kettle Creek, he increased his military fame. After the victory at Kettle Creek, many of the citizens of Georgia who had gone to South Carolina for safety, returned with their families and property to Wilkes County, but shortly afterwards were much alarmed by the approach of a body of Indians; and to Colonel Clarke was committed the highly responsible duty of remaining on the frontiers to guard the forts. This was a trying period. The enemy had devastated the fairest portion of Georgia. Colonel Clarke's house was pillaged and' burnt, and his family ordered to leave the State. The love of freedom, a persuasion that Heaven would favour the righteous cause of the Americans, inspired Clarke with hope; and the loss of his property, and the indignities offered to the helpless females of his family, did not in the least intimidate him, but nerved him to renewed action. Accordingly, he succeeded in recruiting men for his regiment, and gave the enemy so much trouble, by cutting off their supplies, that it was determined to bring him to a general action. Colonel Innis pursued him to Wafford's Iron Works, where his ground had been judiciously chosen. Clarke waited the attack, and bravely defended his post. His constant annoyance of the foraging parties of the enemy became so provoking, that Colonel Innis resolved to augment his force, and drive him from the country. Having re* See Mallory's Life of Jesse Mercer. 686 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. ceived reinforcements, Clarke met the enemy about four miles north of Musgrove's Mill, and defeated him. In the battle of Long Cane, Colonel Clarke was severely wounded, and carried off' the field. After his recovery he joined the command of General Pickens, and was sent by him against Major Dunlap, whom he compelled to surrender. Shortly after this affair he was attacked with the small-pox, but in a very brief period had so so far recovered as to resume his command, and was present when Augusta surrendered to the Americans. Indeed, he had gallantly confined the British garrison to their works for weeks before Colonel Lee arrived. With the Indians, Colonel Clarke was engaged in several battles, the principal of which was the battle of Jack's Creek, fought in 1787, in which he defeated the Creeks. In 17-, Clarke made an attempt to settle on the Indian side of the Oconee River, and also crossed the St. Mary's to the Florida side, and drove in the Spanish posts. For these acts he incurred the displeasure of the United States Government. His merits as a soldier may be easily known, when it is remembered that he was solicited by two great European nations to engage in their service. He died December 15, 1799. The following will explain the nature of the settlement which Clarke made on the Oconee:In May, 1794, Governor Matthews receiving information that some adventurers, supposed to be in the French interest, were making settlements on the southwest side of the Oconee River, ordered General Irwin to direct-the settlers immediately to disperse, and was informed, a few days afterwards, that they had obeyed the injunction. On the 14th of July, the Governor received a letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Gaither, stating that Elijah Clarke, lately a Major-General in the Militia of Georgia, with a party of men, had encamped on the southwest side of the Oconee, opposite to Fort Fidius. General Irwin sent two officers to Clarke, ordering him to move off without delay, which he refused to do. On the 28th of July, the Governor issued a proclamation, forbidding such proceedings; and also wrote to one of the judges, directing him to issue his warrant, and have Clarke apprehended. At the Superior Court for Wilkes County, Clarke surrendered himself to the judge, who referred the case to some of the iustices of the county, whose decision was as follows:STATE OF GEORGIA, Wilkes County. Whereas, a proclamation was issued on the 28th day of July last, by his Excellency George Matthews, Governor of this State, stating that Elijah Clarke, Esq., late Major-General of the Militia of this State, has gone over the Oconee River, with an intent to establish a separate and independent government, on the lands allotted to the Indians for their hunting-grounds, and commanded, in the said proclamation, all Judges, Justices, Sheriffs, and other officers, and all the citizens of this State, to be diligent in aiding and assisting in apprehending the said Elijah WILKES COUNTY, 687 Clarke and his adherents, in order that they may severally be brought to justice; andwhereas, the said Elijah Clarke, who is the object of the said proclamation, has this day personally appeared before us, the undersigned Justices of the Peace for the County of Wilkes, and surrendered himself into custody; and it being our duty to do speedy justice to the said State, as well as to the party charged, we proceeded to the most mature consideration of the cause, and after an examination of the laws of the State, and the treaties made, and the laws passed by the United States, do give it as our decided and unanimous opinion that the said Elijah Clarke be, and is hereby discharged. (Signed,) R. WOOSHAM, J. P. R. CHRISTMAS, J. P. G. WOOLDRIDGE, J. P. WILLIAMr BELL, J. P. This decision greatly encouraged Clarke's party, and the settlements were pushed with vigour. The measure had become popular, and it was thought that the militia would not march against them. Under these circumstances, Clarke's works were completed; houses were erected within his forts, and a town was laid off at Fort Advance. He was chosen Major-General, and placed at the head of the enterprise; a Committee of Safety was appointed, and everything wore the appearance of a permanent settlement. Governor Matthews, upon learning this, directed that one-third of the militia should hold themselves in readiness to march, and, in the meantime, sent Generals Twiggs and Irwin to General Clarke to induce him to remove. These officers visited him at his post, but were unsuccessful in their efforts. General Twiggs gave orders to Major Adams to cross the river and endeavour to prevail upon Clarke to abandon the settlement; but his life was threatened, which so exasperated the inhabitants in that neighbourhood, that they held a meeting, at which it was determined that Major Adams should go to Augusta and request the Governor to give him orders to dispossess the people. A few days afterwards, a Cornet and eighteen men, of Colonel Fauche's dragoons, came to the post, and took one of Clarke's lieutenants prisoner, and made arrangements to cut off supplies. In the meantime, Clarke made every effort to strengthen his post. General Irwin collected a party of militia, and took post at Town Creek, nine miles from Fort Fidius, and encamped on the bank opposite Fort Advance; whilst Colonels Melton and Lamar, and Major Adams, crossed with 130 men, and cut off the communication on the south side of the river. Irwin promised Clarke, if he would evacuate the post, himself and men should be protected in their persons and property. Accordingly, a party of the militia took possession of his works, and set the fort on fire, when Clarke abandoned the enterprise. HERE is a proper place to introduce the name of Mrs. HILLHOUSE, a lady of great energy and enterprise. Upon the death of her hus 688 -HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF GEORGIA. band, in 1804, she took charge of his newspaper, called the Monitor and Impartial Observer, and conducted it for several years. The Journal of the House of Representatives of Georgia was printed in her office, and sent to Louisville, then the seat of government. WILKINSON COU NTY. LAID out by the Lottery Act of 1803; a part added to Baldwin in 1807; a part set off to Twiggs in 1809. Named after General James Wilkinson. The Oconee is the principal stream. The creeks are, Commissioners, Black Uchee, Buck, &c. The face of the country is somewhat undulating. There is much variety in the soil. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, &c. IRWINTON is the county site, twenty-one miles from Milledgeville. It was made the seat of justice in 1811, and incorporated in 1816. Gordon and McDonald are on the Central Railroad. There is nothing which distinguishes the clinate. The instances of longevity are, R. ROSIER, Sen., JOHN MEADOWS and WM. JENKIN, who lived to an advanced age. Mr. MYERS died at 80; Mr. BLOODWORTH, 80; THOMAS GRAY, a soldier of the Revolution, 81; WM. BIVINS, a soldier of the Revolution, 83. Mrs. JACKSON, 82, JOSIAH RAMAGE, 90, WM. FRASER, 80, were living twelve months since. Mrs. MARSHALL was over 90 when she died; Mr. HATFIELD, 80; Mrs. CLAY, 90; Rev. R. TALIAFERRO, 88; WM. CHAMBERS, 90. Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 983; families, 983; white males, 2,811; white females, 2,656. Total free population, 5,467; slaves, 2,745. Deaths, 87. Farms, 645; manufacturing establishments, 5. Value of real estate, $713,307; value of personal estate, $1,708,105. Among the first settlers of this county were, SAMUEL BEALL, CHARLES C. BEALL, SOLOMON B. MURPHY, JOHN HOOVER, JOHN MEREDITH, ABNER HICKS, ALEXANDER PASSMORE, JOHN FREEMAN, JOEL RIVERS, SAMUEL BRAGG, JOHN LAVENDER, ISAAC HALL, GREEN B. BURNEY, WILEY SHEPHERD, JOSEPH HILL, WM. LORD, JESSE PITTMANN, M. CARSWELL, ANSON BALL, WM. LINDSEY, ELLIS HARVILL, and others. THE first Superior Court for Wilkinson County was held in 1808, Hon. PETER EARLY, Judge.