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"HONOLULU NEI."
PAPER BY A. F. JUDD BEFORE MEN'S
CLUB OF ST. ANDREWS, HONOLULU,
November 7, 1913.
Rerinted from  P. C. ADVERTISER
November 8, 1913.


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'       i;   -     onollu         iscusse'Needs of Honolulu Discussed
In Plain Terms.
"No City Spirit," A. F. Judd Tells the Members of Men's ClubUrges Co-operation on Broad Lines to Make Honolulu a
Real City and Not a Collection of Villages.


UTrinr' Ilonolullalns to learn Ilonolulu,
to (ret together for Ilonolulu andr to
wilpe out anil  forget the parltisanshll i
thaIt lhas limlited tl e activities of the
variolls citizen groups to their own paritcular section of tlle city, Senator AlIert P. 11 tdd alddressed thle menihlers of
the AlMe's ('1lu  of St. Andlrew's at
tlhe D)avies Melorial Hall last night,
his sl-enldid address beinlg very warmly
received. Tlie attenda:nce at the mieeting was large, andl the discussion of
the  poinlts raiseld b)  tie  principal
s!peai er, at the conclusion of his address, was pertinent and spirited, showing tlhe interest his )plaini word(s had
twakl ened.
Senator Judd said:
fr am1  a citizen of no mean city'
was the bloast of the seer of old, who
wa1s Iproiud of tlhe fact that his home was
the city of Tarslus.  I take this stateamenit of comieneda)ble pridle as llmy text
this evening, not because     r am to
preach a se11ron andl 1must therefore:have a text, but because of the fact
that lHooloulu is not Tarsus, tllat the
rilde in our city alndl its relputation andl
welfare is somlletling wlich is practically inoln-cxistelit as such.
"T'here a re reasons, soiii  of them
l istorical, why this statis exists. Let
us examiiie this eveiling in a cursory
way the conmlmuniity of lonoluliu, some
of the reasons why we are as we are,


11and if we are dissatisfie(d with wha t we
fiind, perllaps soime suggesstions for action iiav ie worth while.
' looliului originalli  was the nalme
of a loicality not far from the,jiiction
of School and ILiliha streets.  In the
early days tlie lname was extended to
cover the harbor and tlhe business town
wlich gorew up, arouild tile h:arbor, displaci(n their anciein t nameli  of Kon.
" l)Drilg the king(lori tle imajority
')f the wlhite residents did not liv e iln
Il(oolulu. Thev liveil in 'the valley'
il(leaning Nuiianu, on 'the plains', at
Pl'na;iho, 'alanall  or K(alili as the case
was. D)islances were great and roads!)oor. l:eople dined early, generally at
five('-thirty, visited with tile neiighbors
and retire(l early. Tlle native residents
did the same. Except when the King
or tlie consuls entertained, Ipeolple (lil
not c'oile (to town ' inl tlhe evening except to religious services. T'he neighhorlhood' feeling was fostered by the
condition of life both for natives anii
otli ers. Tl'  I Iawaiian hIas always hadi
a, particular and, pe(iculiar pride in ' 1awaii nei,' the exact flavor of which cannot l)e (boe  inito English. This neighhorhood feeling gave him also a prido
inl his home locality.  The white residents cauglht this tone from the Hawaiian alnd assimilated it, as they have
done in many other things generally to
their advantage. Men thought in terms
of ' Nuuanu and Hawaii nei', 'Waikiki




and Hawaii nei' and so, on. 'Honolulu
nei' did not fit and was not used. There
was a collection of villages, the residents of, which went 'to town' as they
said, to do their business.
First " Get-together."
"Previous to annexation this community, then much smaller than it now
is, at times had to get together. I
refer to the whites to whom   Hawaii
was 'home'. They had to stand or fall
together. The instinct of self-preservation was strong. The peculiar institution of letters of denization was constructed whereby a subject of a European monarch or a citizen of the United
States could exercise all the rights and
enjoy all the privileges of an Hawaiian
subject without foreswearing his other
allegiance. This made a common ground
in national and civic activities for these
denization subjects and those subjects
of the king-of American or European
stock, who had 1-een born such under
the Hawaiian flag or had foresworn
their former sovereigns. Impressive in(1ee(1 is the recital of some of the crises
thronu-h which Honolulu passed.  The
small pox of 1885, the Revolution and
the New Constitution of 1887, the Wilcox Insurrection of 1889, the Revolution and Abrogation of Monarchy of
1893, the Insurrection, of 1895, the cholera of the summer of that year, and
the plague of 1S99-1900.
"Two other elements in the situation
will be mentioned only.
"The coming together of different
race stocks, speaking different languages nnd with diverse customs and ideas,
nasking it necessary that all should
take time to learn of each others characteiistics, has retarded the growth of
civic ideas. Education talkes time.
"The commercial expansion of the
whole country did not bestow its results to 'the man lower down,' nor encourage nor foster  the  growth of a
eitizen population with financial independence.
"What has been said so far may recall to our minds some of the facts and
perhaps somewhat of the atmosphere of
the past, to explain the present and
to help us to understand what is before us.
2


What of Today?
"Now what of Honolulu today?
"Honolulu has grown rapidly. It has
tripled in population in fifteen years.
The heads of many of the older American families have done their share of
public service and left the boards. Annexation fringing  with it the great
sense of security under the Stars and
Stripes, has forever ended the peculiar
centripetal force which made Honolulu's people get together, to which I
have referred. It has also ended the
peculiar institution of letters of denization, and a man today who is not an
Amer;can citizen has no weight in civic
matters in Honolulu except through the
force of extraordinary personality. The
pre-annexation English communnity has
practically lost its identity as such and
has become American. This same trend
exists in tie German colony. though I
believe to a lesser degree. Manv of the
mainlanders who have come to Honolulu
since annexation have imade Hawaii
their home; but some of them, although
they enjoy their life here and the living they obtain, think of some other
place as 'home' whither they will go to
end their days when their ship comes
in.
A Real Kamaaina.
"The turning of a malihini into a
karnmaina is not measured by the length
of residence, but by the adoption of
these Islands as the home of the newcomer with all that the word 'home'
means of responsibility and affectionate
regard. With this definition of kamanina in mind, it would seem not to be
too strong a statement that the kamaainas of Honolulu-the home makershave no common meeting ground and
are separated into too many circles,
factions and cliques for the lest interests of the mlunicipality.
"As has been often said. Honolulu
is a municipality of magnificent distances. Our government is spread over
the whole island of Oahu and some
distant islettes.  The city part of it
spreads from Fort Shafter to Waialae
and up into the valleys, and is inadequately provided with the necessaries
of modern city life, clean and abundant
water, sewerage, garbage service and




proper streets, sidewalks, parks and
playgrounds.
"The Honolulu of today is really a
collection of little villages separated
by areas under water or under cultivation or both, and connected by inadequate highways and an automatic telephone service; but demanding for each
little village all the facilities of a city.
Community Champions.
"The best developed villages of Honolulu are those wherein reside men and
women who know what the civic needs
of their villages are and who have
known in the past where and when and
how often to make those wants known.
I venture to assert that these villagers
compose a minority of Honolulu's pop-t
lation; while the wage earner, the poola
and the Asiatic have to get along as
best they can without cement gutters,
sidewalks or oiled streets and are content with the crooked lane without
lights, often times muddy and sometimes flanked by an open drain,.
"'Kaimuki has its champions; Collee Hills and Manoa talk of a separate municipality. The view-loving residents of Prospect street delight in their
recent improvements. The improvement
club idea has fostered a feeling of conpetition between the villages of Honolunl. The existence of each club emphasizes the fact that the unit of community feeling is still the neighborhood
district. Just as far as the clubs are
successful do the members thereof feel
that they have performed their civic
duties. Appeals for the less favored
parts of the city fall on ears satisfied
that they have already done their part.
District Competition.
"In politics the competition between
the fourth and fifth districts has been
a bad thing for the city idea. The
fourth district people feel no responsibility for the welfare of the city precinct of the fifth district and the country districts of the fifth have shared
the same feeling. In these neglected
precincts rural conditions  are being
made over into urban ones   by   the
pressure of population, haphazard and
without plan.  Every invitation offers


for another big fire. or epidemic.  It
would pay you, gentlemen, to go on the
ground and have a look for yourselves.
Tile Garrison Needs.
"The making of Oahu into a military
stronghold has had a distinct influence
on Honolulu's problems in more ways
than one. There is today on the part
of a large portion of Honolulu's business community too little recognition of
the fact that HIonolulu has become and
will continue to be an army town. The
monthly pay roll of $250,000 should
tempt the sordid business sense to bring
the army and civilian closer together,
even if no higher motive demanded that
this be done. Army nian and civilian
alike are Americans working for the
common good of our common country in
this outpost of the Pacific. Promotion
work  is   fine  work  if the  broad
view   is taken.   The army   is apparently  not   within  tlie jurisdiction  of  promotion  work, andl the
main effort is concentrated on the tourist, the underlying idea being to disconneet the tourist from his gold as painleesly as piossible.  To one who has
slummed through   lIonolIIul and  who
from observation is heartily ashamed of
Honolulu's many back sections, this
lavish attempt to turn the tourist Honolulu-ward does seem prenmature. While
we have nmuch to show, we also have
much to hide.
The Automobile Class.
"The rapid increase of wealth in the
halnd(s of a few, due to our recent prosperous years, has set a standard of living in certain quarters which 'is coimparal)le to those of the older communities on the mainland and Europe. Those
of us who are not yet forty recall the
yesterdays when few roads were maca(ldamizld, none curbed and to drive a
span of horses was the height of opulenice. Now the automobile has become
a necessity and has created a class of
society which has ceased to thin'k in
the termrs of the man who walks or uses
the street car
This high standard   of living has
caused those who are socially ambitious
to vearn   and scheme for sufficient




wealth that they too may indulge and
make necessaries out of luxuries. This
scramble for wealth bringing as it does
disregard for the feelings and rights of
others less favored, makes one of the
greatest hindrances to good citizenship.
It is a customary thing to contribute
to charities and to give one's service
for the furtherance of what is generally
known as philanthropic work. It is not
fashionable to give one's time to public
service in public office.  It is easy to
contribute to campaign funds.   You
pay the money and your civic conscience is stilled. It is hard and disagreeable work however to give of
one's own energies and service to the
maintenance of government
'"Honolulu  today  does not need
money in politics. Honolulu needs men.
The New Idea.
"'Hawaii's experience in the development of representative government is,
I believe, unique in that there has. been
a devolution from a strong centralized
government of a people to whom the
county, township or other localgovernment idea was unknown. Even Russia
and China have had for centuries the
local government idea in   operation.
The idea was not known in Hawaii
until 1905 when the County of Olahu
was created  by the  passage of the
County Act; the City and 'Cbunty of
Honolulu followed two years later. Both
were viewed with distrust by the responsible men of Oahu and were submitted to as a sort of necessary evil to
be endured. As far as the real government of the city of Honolulu went the
supervisors had little to say beyond the
expenditures upon the roads. The government was inefficient largely because
it was insufficient. Believing that the
cure for this inefficiency was government with more authority and greater
responsibility, the legislatures of 1.911
and 1913  quietly  cut almost every
string which had kept Honolulu tied
to the Territory's apron.
After July 1, 1914, when the water
and sewer systems must be turned over
to the supervisors, the  municipality
will have all the powers of a real American city except full control of taxa

tion. This will conme in due time, for
the best insurance of good municipal
government is to have connection between a man's vote and the amount of
taxes he pays.
Successes and Failure.
This devolution4 in government has
given us the successful counties of Kauai and Maui. The failure of county
government on Hawaii is, in my belief,
due to the fact that the devolution
there has not gone far enough. Oin this
island I believe that we will not have
a successful city government until the
city part of the municipality is separated from the county. The city should
include the old district of Kona and
be the fourth Representative District
and the County of Oahu should be the
rest of the island and be the Fifth
Representative District.  Such a plan
may be a solution of the apportionment impasse in which two legislatures
have struggled.
City Spirit Lacking.
"I think none of youl will dispute
my statement that we have no city
spirit. I believe also that you will unarnmously support my contention that
Honolulu needs an adequate city government affording to its residents the
municipal necessaries and backed by a
strong community feeling.
"This is just what Honolulu is going
to get as soon as Honolulu goes after
it. Many of our present troubles are
really nothing more than growing pains.
Sustantial progress has been made and
there is an awakening of men's interest
in public afairs. The recent civic convention brought an unmistakiable inspiration.
"We need a strong central commercial organization, call it the chamber
of commerce, if you wish, the delight
of which it shall be to further the commerce, internal and overseas, of the
port of Honolulu and the duty of which
it shall be to safeguard the conduct
of public affairs within the city. The
lack of such a forum is holding back
the healthy growth of the city idea.
Get Acquainted.
"Abolish  the   local improvement




clubs, those perpetuators of locality selfishness, and all get busy on the committee of the Greater Chamber of Commerce for the city's common good.
"Get acquainted with Honolulu by
actual contact. Go to the top of Punchbowl with a map and study out the
large areas to which you are a stranger;
then walk through them, for you cannot
see them from an automobile. Figure
out how to take garbage, either by free
or pay system, from a block which is
so large that all the stuff has to be
packed out by hand, say four hundred
feet. Take a tuberculosis map of the
city and then visit the congested areas
where the most of the pins are sticking
into the map. The wet agriculture with.
in the city was responsible for the
spread of the cholera of 1895 and 1911
— find out what this means on the
ground and see if you can devise a
scheme to prevent its repetition.
"I might go on and make many more
suggestions for 'seeing Honolulu first'.
The few that I have just mentioned
have been spoken of over and over
again. The problems they present will
not be solved until we have a city spirit
and a real community interest.
The Test of Adequacy.
"The test of the adequacy of our
present municipal act will shortly be
upon us, when the sewer and water departments come within the jurisdiction
of the supervisors, and the growing demnands on the municipal treasury are not
followed by increased income.
"'Finances will be the test.
"Times have changed.    No longer
can we expect financial assistance from
the territorial common pot. The other
counties will not stand for it. Honolulu
must fiiance herself and stand on her
own bottom. All the property taxes on
Oahu go to the city and county. The
Territory gets the income tax. The good
old days are pan. The future lies before us.
" What does Honolulu need?
"'.-A municipal building to provide
the office space sorely needed for the
executiv c officers' to symbolize the city,
a building of dignity in which we all
may rejoice, a City Hall.


"2.-There is not school room space
sufficient to house our school population.
More school rooms are needed at once.
"3. —Our fire department is inadequately provided with men and equipment.
-"4. —The police cannot be expecte.t
to properly guard the city without added numbers and equipment.
'5. —Additions to the fire atuil p,lice
telegraph systems are imperativ e.
"6. —Provision must be made for the
care of the city 's dependents, the orphafis, the incurables, the incorrigibles,
the insane. The rest of the Territory is
impatient over Honolulu's preponderating use of the Territorial Insane Asylum and the Industrial Schools. Scon
Honolulu itself must pay the bills for
the care of its own.
"7.-The city is growing faster than
we realize and the streets must be
lighted.
"8. —The storm waters must be controlled to save the streets and to prevent mosquitoes. It has been so long
since we have had a real storm that we
have forgotten this necessity. Ne storin
sewer system   now exists, except in
spots.
''9.-The supervisors must prepare to
take over the sewer and water systems
which by the provisions of Act 1338 of
the Laws of 1913 must be transferred
to the municipality not later than July
1, 1914. HIow are these systems to be
modernized and extended so as to provide the city with what is neede'd?
"O. —The  city's refuse and  waste
must be disposed of
"'11.-The streets and roads must be
cleaned, and repaired. Too much money
is already invested in streets to allow
un to continue the old scheme of doing
nothing on the street until the time
for its reconstruction has arrived.
"12.-M-ore open spaces within the
city must be provided. We should have
more public parks, and playgrounds for
children properly supervised. This is
a city function.
Not the Whole List.
"The above does not purport to be
a full list of Honolulu 's necessities. It
is only suggestive. Purposely I have




omitted two subjects, the opening of
new streets and the paving of existing
streets. I have done this so as to ask
you the question, how is it possible to
do the things I have listed and have
any money left for streets?
"I say it is not possible. The present scheme must stop, for there is not
enough money to allow us to go on this
way unless we want streets and nothing
else.
Property Must Pay.
"The entire amount necessary to pay
the condemnation judgment when new
streets are to be opened up or existing
streets are to be widened must be borne
by the owners of the property directly
benefited by the improvement, not by
the municipal treasury. Under Act 87
of the statutes of 1913 this can now be
done, the only limitation being as pointed out by Chief Justice Robertson in
the case of Brown vs. Campbell, 21
IHawaii 314, that the assessment shall
not exceed the value of the special
benefits. This case decided last year,
construed the insanitary land act of
1911 and states the principles surrounding local assessments.
"Note what I say, the act provides
a means of raising money to pay the
condemnation judgment. It is conceivable that as the result of a condemnation proceeding, no money damages may
be payable. The jury may find that the
land, a part of which is taken for the
street, is benefited more than it is dam
aged by the opening of the street. In
such a case Act 87 need not be invokel
An Equitable Law.
"The law is equitable. In most cases
the payments will be made by those persons whose property by the opening of
the street has been changed in character, from agricultural land worth $400
per acre to residence property worth
$1400 per acre or from back property
taxed at so many cents per foot to
frontage property taxed at so many dollars per foot. It is not equitable that
the public should pay for the improvement which adds such values to private
property. The law gives the property
owner the option of paying his share
in ten annual installments.


Benefits to Follow.
"It has been stated that our conditions are peculiar in that only ten per
cent. of the population of the city own
their own homes. I 'know of no other
measure the use of which will have a
greater tendency to cut up big holdings
and give the small man a chance.
"A consistent use of this law will
put wet agriculture with its constant
menace to the city's health, absolutely
out of business. It will cut up the large
city blocks now congested with popula
tion and furnishing the foci of tuberculosis. It will tend to cheapen and simplify the collection of the city's waste.
It will make possible the connecting
up more intimately of the villages of
fHonolulu and the substitution of the
city spirit for the neighborhood idea.
"Let your fancy play and imagine
for a moment, a broad street from Manoa down the eastern side of the valley
through Moiliili to the Moana Hotel,
the extension of Wilder avenue through
Moiliili to KaimuRi, the extension of
Queen street across the swamps and rice
fields of Kapahulu, the extension of
School street across Kalihi Valley to
Fort 'Shafter  and the   extension, of
Queen street westward through Moanalua to the new Pearl Harbor road.
Only Feasible System.
"It is not feasible to open up a
system of needed main highways. except
by the principle of local assessment.
One, however, has to be convinced first
of the crying necessity of such highways for health, sanitary, civic anid military reasons and has to have faith in
Honolul  and a. vision of the future
before he can become an advocate of
this principle. The law may not be a
perfect law.  Let us try it and see.
Amendment may be necessary. Every
such law has to be tested in the.courts.
This law will be. The application of
this new principle may cause hardships
in certain cases. This is true of every
step forward in civic affairs For instance, the enforcement of health nmens
lures, vital to the life of the community,
is a continuous iwnringement on personal and private rights. The ideal of the




greatest good to the greatest number
must prevail.
"Nevertheless I do not expect to see
the city fathers apply this new principle and open these streets until a pub
lie opinion is created on the subject.
That is my excuse for hammering away
on this point before you tonight, that
you may be convinced of Honolulu's
necessity and go forth as advocates of
this principle.
Frontage Street Tax.
'The other statute of 1913 which has
the local assessment principle is Act 131
and by it it is provided that streets
may be made and the cost thereof assessed against the property benefited.
The supervisors are to determine, after
public hearings, the limits of the area
benefited. The assessment becomes a
lieu on the property within this area,
and these liens are the security behind
the bonds by the sale of which the
nmunicipality gets the money to pay for
the road nlaking. The property owners
have the option to pay at once or in
ten equal installments. While payment
of these bonds is not made a charge on
the revenues of the city and county,
the municipality is obligated at thl
foreclosure sale of any lien to bid for
the property the full amount of that
lien. Thus the city and county indirectly guarantees the bonds.
"In the preliminary hearings before
the supervisors it may be decided that
the district benefited shall be assessed
so much a square foot throughout, or a
Separate rate for each zone of such district or the basis of assessment may be
the front foot. The 'frontage tax' principle is in the law but need not be used
if the square foot basis in any case is
considered more equitable. The supervisors of their own motion may start
the machinery of the law going. Of
necessity their powers are broad and
their discretion great. The owners of
fifty-five per cent. of the area to be assessed may file a veto of the proposed
improvement which veto holds good for
six months.
"The owners of sixty per cent. of an
area proposed as an assessment district
can compel the supervisors to use the
provisions of the law.


On Denver Model.
"These two acts, numbers 87 and 131,
are framed upon the laws applicable
to the city of Denver, and are drafted
each on the same plan. The two were
separated during their passage through
the last legislature for reasons of expediency. The same limitation which I
have spoken of regarding the street
opening law, applies to the street pavinmg law-namely that the assessments
must not exceed the value of the special
benefits to the area within the district.
"Because of this limitation of law
on the power to proceed upon the local
assessment principle, I believe that the
city should pay, if at all in any eas,,
only that part of the cost of the street
making which is represented by the dtlferenee between the total cost of the
improvement and the    value of   the
special benefits. Let me illustrate. The
special benefits  to a  given district
around Alakea street may exceed the
cost of placing permanent paving on
that street from Beretainia street to
the wharves; while the maaking of the
extension of Queen street to Kapahulu
(after Act 87 shall have been invoked,
and the title to the new  street shall
have passed to the city) may exceed
in cost the value of the special benefits
to the area, now largely swamp and
rice land, adjacent to the new street.
This difference must be borne by the
city.
"The only way for the supervisors
to avoid the appearance of partiality
is to adopt the principles above suggested. Should they say we will have
the city pay fifty per cent. of the cost
in any case, it is said at once that the
business portions of Honolulu  taxed at
dollars per square foot and earning an
income to the owners thereof would
gain at the expense of the residence
portions taxed at a few cents a square
foot and earning no income for the
owners. Even if it is possible to work
out a scheme to equitably settle these
differences and others that may arise,
say between main highways and cross
streets, there is not to be money enougi
in the city's treasury to permit the expenditure of any funds therefrom for




I


new streets and permanent paving except that which by law, as above indicated, will have to be paid. I base
this statement on the supposition that
we are going to make a real American
city out of what we now have.
Preliminary Work.
"The city must get ready for these
new laws. Grades of streets and sidewalks must be established. (It is interesting to observe here that the establishing of these grades only became a
city function in 1913.) The city must
be mapped. There are large areas of
the city for which no proper maps
exist, for instance that section between
the Kaehammeha Schools and Asylum
road and mauka of King street. The
making of these necessary maps will
take time and money.
"The problem at best is not an easy
one for the supervisors to solve. They
see the city's other financial needs. The
man about to be soaked, as he thinks,
for a part of the cost of paving his
street only sees coming the day of paying his assessment, and opposes the
whole scheme taking full use of his
right as a citizen and taxpayer, etc.,
to 'cuss out' the supervisors.
"Ie does not thinlk in terms of 'the
city' and 'the common good.' He has
never boasted of being a resident of
'Honolulu nei' nor that he is 'a citizen
of no mean city.'
''The supervisors need your enlightened interest, gentlemen, and your active support in a thorough and comprehensive try-out of these laws.
The Tax Rate.
"Right here I would like to point out
by way of parenthesis, that sooner or
later the taxpayers of Honolulu will demand a reduction in the tax rate. The
city's necessaries, some of which I have
nentioned, can properly be met in no
other way than out of the general fund.
The power to issue bonds which the city


now has should be used only for extra.
ordinary  matters.  Is  there   any
way other than by the application of
the principle of local assessment that
sufficient moneys can be saved at any
one time to admit of the reduction of
the tax rate, without crippling the city
by over-economy? I know of none.
"The city is growing faster than we
know. It is growing along the lines of
least resistance and at haphazard. We
do not conduct private affairs this way
in Honolulu. Why should we allow publie affairs by our inattention to slide
'along as best they may. Attention to
public affairs which concern the city
is your business. You pay the bills.
How is your money being spent?
A City Plan.
"Is it economical to put down permanent paving before solving the storm
water sewer problem? The next torrential down-pour will damage the streets.
Is it the part of wisdom to put down
permanent pavement on a concrete base
under which there is a sanitary sewer
inadequate in size? No sooner will our
streets in the business sections be properly paved before we will face the nee
essity of digging them up to do over the
sewer and water systems. It does not
take a student of municipal matters to
see at once that what Honolulu needs
is a city plan. If you agree with me in
this, tell your friends of the necessity
and thus help to create a public opinion
on the subject.
"The subject of how to make Honolulu into a real city is a very big and
broad one.
"It is our business as American citizens to see to it that Honolulu is transformed into a real municipality with
true city spirit. This will mean much
study and unselfish service. Let me
ask you to take, as your pledge to each
other in this great work, the words of
Paul of Tarsns- 'I am a citizen of no
mean city.' "




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