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I - I AMICHIGAN CENTRAL THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicagd to Boston, 263 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: 1J9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES No. 2I ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. MARCH 4, I898 UNTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American~~ NavW Cuba and ~~~~~~Iawaii* REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART ONE CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS "THE PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC" REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS BELFORD, CHICAGO MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, I898, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., PRINTERS, CHICAGO, ILL. I ' uolgu!qsr3, 0o,em.iiaq uo paddols ~aql qa-!qA u! sat.lp snol!tx aqJl ut paA!aoal,(IIupItoD a.aJm pue 'saelS pal!unl a;ql JOj pal!Lcs 'uaUlu.la^oD uA!!g,~xH aql Ao sle!.Wo Xq pamucdmoaae 'aloa 'saW pUr '-IAy '86I '.(ienufe u.tb6gI 'b A([nf 'pam!ulDodld sum D!iqndaJ aqi uaqik uo!lsod stq u! pamaiquoD seM pug 'luap!sa.Id iguo!s!^o.~d uasota s M aq g68I u! ULMo.rqlqaao se^l Xtta.uoll aDq uaqA\ ';lnoD aumaJdnrs ql jo a'ipnf amicjaq puge Ael Jo aa!lzgLad aql usgoq aq nlnlouoH oi u.inlat slq uodn '.tq uolsog atll o0 pa;l!tUpr sUa pur, aQai1oD sm[llPl}A\ 1 pa!pnls OH '~amuo!ssim u-rlaumoV um jo uos aql sT put 'ttSI u n[nilnOUOH LII ujoq seM '!ilqndaI urt!grm-lH aql jo luap!sacl 'lao(I 'a cimoiNvS 'a1oc! '[a cao-_dXVS h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AT, ~~~~~~~~L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i i-i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L ~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~~~~ 6) a, * C:E;.^,/;f: D C:: b 1,st D 7 S0:0::g~f t2:f:: S:-OO i:l INTRODUCTION It is now just one hundred and twenty years since Captain Cook's vessels hove in sight of the Hawaiian Islands, in the course of that navigator's voyage in search of a northwest passage around America. The group was sighted by Gaetano more than two centuries earlier, but there was no record of this save in vague, unused charts, hidden away among the archives in Madrid; so that the existence of the islands was unknown to the rest of Europe, and apparently even forgotten by the Spaniards themselves. Cook at once recognized the importance of these large bodies of land, and devoted considerable time to investigating their resources. Hawaiian history practically begins with his circumstantial account of his intercourse with the natives. Their number he estimated at 300,000 and upwards, and their condition he found to be far superior to that of the Polynesians previously known to him. Their hospitality enabled him to refit his vessels, to recuperate the strength of his crews, and to establish an astronomical station for obtaining various scientific data. The only thing the English complained of was the thievishness of the natives, whose cupidity was as sorely tempted by the iron articles and gewgaws of civilization, as was the greediness of the newcomers by the toothsomeness of the provisions offered in exchange. The frequent thefts led to severe repressive measures, and it was while attempting to capture an offender that Cook himself was slain, being stabbed from behind with one of the iron daggers he had so extensively bartered to the natives. This occurred in 1779, after his return to the Islands from his voyage northward, and a monument near the shore now marks the spot where the great navigator perished. From this time on, many ships touched at the Hawaiian Islands, then more generally known as the Sandwich Islands, the name which Cook gave them. Their position, nearly midway in the Pacific, made them convenient for the slow sailing-vessels of the period, which were often out of port for months. Whaling ships and others made Hawaiian harbors their rendezvous, and intercourse with Europeans was frequent. As might have been expected, with some of the arts of civilization came most of its vices. Epidemics ravaged the Islands, and the rapid decrease of the population was still further hastened by the introduction of firearms and spirituous liquors. The conquest of the entire group by Kamehameha, ruler of the largest island, Hawaii, put an end to the sanguinary strife among the different native factions; and this, with the subsequent abolition of idolatry, marked a new era in Hawaiian history. The advent of the American missionaries, in I820, furnished efficient checks to the evils due to intercourse with foreigners, and offered the first opportunity of founding a national existence. They reduced to writing the musical language of the aborigines, and printed the Bible and other books in it for their instruction. They also taught a more rational way of living, and substituted medical treatment for the weird incantations previously relied on by the natives for the cure of diseases. But for these beneficent measures the natives would have disappeared long ago, just as they did in Tasmania, an island four times as large as the whole Hawaiian group. It is now considered certain that Cook's estimate of the population was too large, and that 200,000 is nearer correct. But even if these figures be accepted, the decrease is frightful, for the most favorable estimate of the present native population is only 35,000, which is less than a third of the whole number of inhabitants. The Hawaiian is indolent and fond of pleasure. Nature is so bountiful that he can live without the severe and sustained efforts necessary in less favored climes. Accordingly, in Hawaii, as in many other tropical regions whose interests are chiefly agricultural, it was long ago found necessary to import foreign labor for the prosecution of large enterprises. Large numbers of frugal Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese laborers were landed in the Islands, and with their help immense crops of sugar-cane, rice, coffee, fruits, etc., were produced at a low cost. There was a corresponding expansion in business, which was chiefly in the hands of Americans and Europeans, and soon commercial relations were established with every country trading in the Pacific. Honolulu, the capital, became an important city from its position, 2,oo00 miles from San Francisco and immediately in the track of steamers sailing between American and Australian ports. From an obscure port of call for whaling ships, it grew into prominence as the emporium of a productive island kingdom, and its harbor afforded a secure anchorage for the largest vessels. The internal dissensions of the native rulers and their disagreements with the English and French, covering a long period, need not be related here. The attention of the general public was first directed to the Islands at the time of King Kalakaua's visit to the United States, in I881. During his reign began the friction with resident foreigners who controlled the commercial interests of the country. Theirs was the dominant influence then, and in I893 they were able to effect the deposition of Queen Liliuokalani two years after she succeeded her brother Kalakaua in the sovereignty. In this bloodless revolution Americans were the chief actors, though among intelligent foreigners there was general acquiescence in the provisional government established with Sanford B. Dole as president. The failure to secure annexation to the United States after Cleveland s inauguration, led to the proclamation of the Republic of Hawaii, July 4, I894, with a constitution modeled after that of the United States. Notwithstanding the apparently favorable auspices under which the new republic began its existence, there has been persistent agitation to bring about annexation to the United States. It is assumed that President Dole and party Ed: \: g:; 0: An:::: t? S) 0 S S; f f f f 0 d 0 visited Washington in January, I898, in furtherance of the bill for Hawaiian annexation. To this succinct resumeii may be appended some statistical and other information for the better understanding of the following views in "THE PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC." The Hawaiian Islands lie in the North Pacific, between the meridians 154~ 40' and 160~ 30', West Longitude, and the parallels 22~ i6' and I8~ 55', North Latitude, or just within the tropics. However, their position in mid-ocean and the prevalence of the cooling northeast trade-winds render the climate very equable, and secure exemption from the extreme heat, hurricanes, epidemics, and other scourges peculiar to the torrid zone. The islands are of volcanic origin, and in Hawaii, the largest of the group, is situated one of the most remarkable of the world's active volcanoes. Omitting the uninhabited islets and bare rocks, the group numbers the following eight islands, commencing at the southeast: SQUARE MILES. Hawaii --- —---------- -------------- -- 4,210 Kahoolawe -------------------------------- -------------- - 63 Lanai ----------------------— I --- —------------------- ---— _- 150 Maui ------------------------------------------------- --- 760 Molokai -----------------------------— 270 Oahu --- —--------- ----— _ _ --- 600 Kauai ---------------------------------- ----------------- 590 Niihau ----. --- —--------------------------------------- 97 Total area --- —----------- --------— 6,740 561.40. Of the former, the United States took $I5,460,098.15, and of the latter furnished $5,464,208.20. Fifty-two vessels fly the Hawaiian flag, and their tonnage is 21,678, distributed as follows: 23 steamers ---------------------- ---------- 9,585 tons 5 barks --- —-------------------------------------------— 4,198 3 shis ------------------------------ ------------— 6,272 21 schooners and sloops ------------------- ----------------,623 " Of these vessels, 13 are employed in foreign trade, and 39 in traffic between the Islands. There are several lines of steamers, which give excellent service between Honolulu and the principal ports of America and Australia. In Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu. 71 miles of railway and 250 miles of telegraph are in operation. The Hawaiian Republic belongs to the Postal Union, and in 1893 its 72 post-offices handled 2,276,000 letters. Honolulu has electric lights, street-cars, and telephones, and is adorned by handsome and commodious public buildings. There are numerous churches, schools, a public library of 1o,ooo volumes, Y. M. C. A. Hall, Masonic Temple, Odd Fellows' Hall, and theatre. All forms of religious worship are tolerated in the Islands, and the principal Christian denominations are represented. Education is compulsory, and the government maintains excellent public schools, modeled after those of the United States. In Honolulu there are published, in English, three evening papers, one morning paper, and two weeklies. The form of government closely resembles that of the United States. The President is elected for six years. The Legislature consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, each having fifteen members. Senators hold office for six years, and are elected by voters possessing real property worth $I,500, or personal property worth $3,000, or a yearly income of not less than $600. These qualifications are not required of those who elect representatives. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, five Circuit Courts (in which trials by jury are conducted), and a due apportionment of District Courts. The judges of the higher courts are well-trained, educated men. There is an efficient police force in every part of the Islands. The inhabitants are law-abiding, and crimes of violence are rare. Even in Honolulu, the largest centre of population and a seaport, petty theft is almost unknown, and the doors of many houses are left unlocked at night. The new republic begins its career under conditions highly favorable to its welfare, and therefore its success may be safely predicted. Certain it is that its praiseworthy efforts elicit sympathy and command respect. It is the purpose of these VIEWS to impart a better knowledge of a country with which, already affiliated by language and institutions, the United States are destined to have, at least commercially, still more intimate relations. Thus their united area exceeds that of Connecticut and Rhode Island together, and is less than that of New Jersey. Though much of the surface is mountainous, the percentage of arable land is considerable, and the varying elevations furnish all the conditions necessary for the cultivation of the most diverse crops, including sugar, coffee, fruits, rice, and even wheat, potatoes and other vegetables of the temperate zone. Hitherto, sugar has been the most important product, but of late coffee has attracted much attention, and large tracts are devoted to its production. The census of 1897 gave the population as 109,020, by race as follows: 31,019 natives, 8,485 of mixed blood, 21,616 Chinese, 24,407 Japanese, 15,I91 Portuguese, 3,o86 Americans, 2,250 British, 1,432 Germans, 378 Norwegians, 10I French, 455 Polynesians and 6oo other nationalities. The population of Honolulu, the capital, is 30,000. The largest increase is among the Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese, imported to labor on the sugar and coffee plantations. The direct taxes in 1895 yielded $592,691.92; the customs revenue was $547, I49.04, while licenses and other sources produced $600,224.23, making a total of $1I,740,06 65. 9. The public debt of the republic January I, I896, was $3,764,335. The exports in I896 aggregated $15,515,230. 13, and the imports $7,164, A. fJ.I f i i;i THE HARBOR OF HONOLULU. HONOLULU, the capital and chief city of the Hawaiian Islands is situated upon the southern coast of Oahu. Its harbor is the only one in the Islands af secure anchorage for large vessels, and to this fact is due the city's rapid growth and extensive commerce. The picturesqueness of the water-front is greatly 4 by a background of bold mountains, and the view from these is unsurpassed. fording a enhanced II KALAKAUA I. DAVID KALAKAUA, King of the Hawaiian Islands, was born November i6, 1836, and succeeded Lunalilo in the sovereignty February 12, I874. A revolutionary movement in 1887 forced him to grant a new constitution by which the royal prerogative was greatly curtailed and the right of suffrage safe-guarded. Kalakaua died in San Francisco January 30, 189I, and was succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani. -i6Si 'gz IsnonV pz~p 3H 'SSq-x 'uoIsoa JO 3AM1UU 1? 's!UIUJOU 0 uqof si-xm pui~qsnq s~iur oniqyj L46si '4i ounf galiil Jo Avai~aS aqp flLAX Is~old t-;)I o4 ua3IO-x3 oill p;DAOLLI SOILv pz~liufl aI{j ol uoijuxautue ainflas O IUDtI1IJ1-DAO- X1IAi~ T1 JO S1JOJJZ) PQAN)UQI ~qj, -saiuj p;Dliufl oqp 01 o~? ol pDaXmllu puVc ppsv~ju SumA inq '1'68i ',Xivnuvf jo uomai-mnsui aq ui AXjp11idm~o3 JO w.~ipq aqj uo pols:Dix1 SL'I;1q8 -pasodap sum aqs qipqIJAX Aq '~6Ri JO uot1nIOAai aL11 01 pal 'su-uziuatuV jo XIl-ediauuid p,)sodtuioz 'Xlied UI-e;q!l a111 01 uoiiisoddo -i 68 1'6z ~.uenu-f 'I-enelclN WuN " iD{ ol.ioq p,?pQ,?ns puu 'S~iIz 'j iquioz)D( uioq sum 'spurjsl umi!UAXH;)1 JO ua;UO-x;) 'iNv-IVmofiL'n1L' 'INV7IVN01f7WII7L THE HARBOR OF HONOLULU (From the top of the Executive Building). THE EXECUTIVE BUILDING is near the water and is so high that it commands a good view of the wharves where the vessels discharge and 1 part of the picture exhibits native houses embowered in tropical foliage, and Union Square is enlivened by the parade of U. S. marines from the load. The intervening; warship in the harbor. FORT S'rREET. THE view from the eminence commanding Fort Street in Honolulu shows the extent of the city in one direction. In the background Mt. Pali is seen o and Mt. Tantalus on the right. About the bases and upon the slopes of these are situated many charming suburban homes. )n the left, cd ct ct a) Ft ct ct c) L) ct ct .SX-eM3AIJP PU-e SJJVM IU'US-e;)Id;aql jgp-ioq jvqj smlrd;aql qllm p3siadsialui UOIj'PjQ,9;)A luz)ido-il snoiluz)l;)jd ss;)Ii3qlo z)ql ioj;Dz)gjns ol s;Djvij3uod ui-ei pur ouiqsuns jo qinoua S3AUQI aq —ioqiv;)j 'luUpu3d ii;)ql TI.Wno-iql -qiiq iz)aj Xiioj pu-e plo sxealk' Xljg i;aAo Q.ru XQqj, -Lujud z)ijue2i.W siql jo suommads umou3i isaug;aql jo aluos Qiu InIn TelldsOH suQDnb,, aqj jo spunoi2 aqj NI lOuOH.SW-ivd -IVAON :_1:1::1:::::: _::::: - ii:~::::i: -::::::~:::::-: -::;:.:~I- r:-l-:::::: I:::: -:I:-::: —._-::::::::i:I:::::iiil::-:::I:-::::-:::: —: -::::: _:::::-::::::-::::::: -:-:h ~ —_~;i;:_::::::::::;::1:: ii:::: i::-:i:-: -I ---_-li -I:::_::::l~i::l-::::::-::::::: _:I: I~::: I:i: -i —: —::: — —:_::::::.:::::: —::_: - i:i::::::::;:_-: —::i: —:::::::-1:-: I:: -:: --- —--—:: -;i:l:::-: -i:-l:.-:: -:-: i-i::-ii:l:: ~i:::: i-;: ~::i:: ~ ~::*:::.::~i:;::I::::::::::: __:::::-:;-r,:::::-i-_-:i::ri —:ll:jlil~:l- I —._ _i-ll;::: -::-:-: i:'-'l::::: j —: -: -:::: i:::::: _I i-i'- -: r_ -::i: :::::-::::::::~-:: :: ~::::- i:::::::::- i.::l~:::__ --::: —:,: i: -::: a T: i' '' i ct CZ 4-1 b f-), ct bIDd ct C ct E: t cliC cr, Tt 5 4-j u rd d:5 %,d C/ z M. Fr4 j I. I I i t i.: ~ i. ~~ ~~ ' *s j?::s i~~~ i m:i:: 'L:fA b0S:~ ~ ~ i~: ~:i ~ ~ ~ ~.::;i~~~ j~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ) j:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::::.....i: ~~i:i i,~:i::: ~~~:: ~: ~: 7:.. t ' ~: iz r ~: i ~i /: E; ~ i ~:::..:::: Ra 0::.:: SHE f:i~ ~:::: D 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~: -i.:. -.:.~ - i.: j i.- -:;' *: ^ - t:::: t '": ' ' 0 ':: t:::: THE ROYAL PALACE. THIS is now the Executive Building of the Republic, and with its pleasing architecture and large, well-kept grounds, constitutes one of Honolulu's: attractions. The building faces the harbor and from its imposing size and height, as contrasted with adjacent structures, immediately arrests the eye of th as he walks down the gang-plank of the steamer. )rominent e traveler . ^,,!. '. X.... Es...., ' '.,..,.....,.... SEA-BIRD ROOKERY. THE barren and unoccupied islands are the breeding-places of countless sea-birds. At times they congregate in such numbers as to leave no in the exchange of social courtesies among themselves. As they are not molested, they are quite fearless, and evidently feel secure in the unsuited to the culture of sugar-cane and coffee-trees. They get their living from the sea, therefore their independence is complete, and extin them till some use is found for their feathers and flesh. Neither has yet tempted man. o room for locomotion ' possession of islands ction will not threaten I GATHERING THE EGGS OF SEA-BIRDS. AT the rookeries the sea-birds lay their eggs in such numbers that it has been found profitable to construct tramways for hauling them to the landingthe boats. From the eggs is manufactured the commercial product called albumin, which is extensively used for fixing colors in calico-printing, for clarify sirup-like liquids, and also in some of the processes of photography. As every egg removed means one bird less hatched out, the only wonder is that tl diminution in the number of the birds! Probably their rich diet of fish enables them to produce more eggs than are needed to perpetuate the species, an< young birds are hatched from the eggs the collectors leave. -places of ing ropy, iere is no d enough .. A PINEAPPLE PLANTATION. THE pineapple is grown in perfection in the Islands. The luxuriance of the plants' serrated leaves effectually stifles all other growth upon strength of the soil is expended in making fruit, whose quality is considered superior to that of the best West Indian product. The plants are numerous "suckers" which sprout from the base and crown of the fruit. They are cut off and set out like cabbage-plants. the land, and thus the 1 propagated from tile -::I-.:::::i:;.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;;F-:;~~~~~~~~~s~5 i:~.il-s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: )~~.~ i~~,::' i " ~ ~i:~:':: -i~~.... ~1.~~~~~~-,i 7' ~'~,:? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:Q ~;:i,~; i:; ~~!:: i: ~.... ~?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'a-n?'7: 1;~.. i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~:?'(: ' ~ ~ A SURF SCENE. THE native Hawaiians, like all Pacific islanders, are nearly amphibious and do not hesitate to brave the dangers of the heaviest surf. Their canoes are with outriggers to give them steadiness, and with these frail vessels they often encounter a sea in which a well-manned, clinker-built boat could scarcely live. provided A STREET SCENE. NOT the least attractive of Honolulu's features is the profusion and variety of the shade-trees which flank the streets in the residence parts of the city. The dense foliage offers an impenetrable barrier to the sun's rays, and occasionally the branches meet from opposite sides of the street, forming a leafy archway 30 feet above the pedestrians below. Through these shady streets and avenues the tradewinds carry their refreshing coolness, and make one forget that the Islands are within the tropics. PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 22 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. MARCH 21, I898 ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American Nav Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART TWO-O CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY BILrORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. CENTRAL 'THE N IAGARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited~~~~~~~~~~~~0 Chicago to oNew York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 265 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: 119 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. i I THE AMERICAN 11V WITH INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE TEXT REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, I898, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. R. R. DONNELLE'Y & SONS CO., PRINTERS, CHICAGO, ILL. INTRODUCTION A battle between a barn and a cheese-box in I86I revolutionized naval architecture. The "barn" was the hull of the United States steam frigate "Merrimac, " raised by the Confederates, armed with an iron beak for ramming, and roofed over above the berth-deck with 4-inch iron plates, supported by massive timbers. The "cheese-box" was Ericsson's newly finished "Monitor," a war-vessel consisting of an ironclad turret upheld by a nearly submerged hull, driven by powerful engines. At nightfall, March 8th, the wooden ships "Congress" and "Cumberland" were beneath the waves in Hampton Roads, rammed and shattered by an adversary invulnerable to their broadsides. With the dawn of March 9th, the " Merrimac" (christened "Virginia" by the Confederates) steamed back to destroy the helpless "Minnesota," and was encountered by the "Monitor," which had arrived meanwhile. Four hours' mutual thumping with the heaviest ordnance of the period resulted in a drawn battle, which the retirement of the "Merrimac" made a tactical victory for the "Monitor." Neither was able to pierce or seriously injure the other's armor. This was the first engagement between iron-clads, and it made obsolete for war purposes the wooden ships of all existing navies. Maritime nations at once began to rebuild and rearm. The evolution was commenced which transformed the three-decker into the battle-ship- her sides armored like the "Merrimac's,'' her guns mounted in impregnable turrets like the "Monitor's." Steam had already doomed sail-power for warships, and smooth-bore guns were giving place to high-power rifles. The close of the Civil War found the United States with about sixty monitors in commission on the seaboard, while the navigable rivers swarmed with gunboats of the "Merrimac" type. Our enthusiasm for iron had not been cooled by the sinking of the original "Monitor" off Cape Hatteras, in 1862, and seaworthiness was still secondary to shot-resisting power, when the battle of Lissa, July 20, I866, again put naval architects to thinking. In that engagement the Austrian wooden vessels boldly rammed the Italian iron-clads, and found them to be as unstable as floating tea-kettles. Since that time buoyancy has been regarded as a prime requisite, and all classes of steel vessels are made staunch enough to weather a hurricane. However, there was no satisfactory test of the offensive and defensive qualities of the new constructions till I893, when the Brazilian insurrection furnished the spectacle of a contest between the latest model of battle-ship and of fortifications. The armor-clad "Aquidaban" (built in England in I885) engaged the harbor forts day after day and suffered no injury, though the gunners of Fort Santa Cruz got her range and repeatedly struck her with projectiles from their Io-inch rifles. These rattled harmlessly from her Io-inch and I I-inch armor, and did not prevent her from anchoring where she pleased. On the other hand, her 9-inch and 6-inch rifles could effect nothing against the forts, with which the vain expenditure of the ship's ammunition and stores left the advantage ultimately. The next year, in the war between Japan and China, there was a more conclusive test. Off the Yalu River, September I7, 1894, modern battleships opposed each other for the first time, and the lesson was hardly less instructive than that afforded by their prototypes at Newport News, thirtythree years before. As the "Monitor's" commander learned too late that he could have destroyed the "Merrimac" by using a larger powder-charge in his II-inch Dahlgren guns, so, too, European shipbuilders saw that they had, in some cases, sacrificed efficiency to size; that for close quarters numerous rapid-fire guns-each firing twenty shells a minute-are more effective than larger guns less rapidly served. A shell from the latter is more likely to pierce an adversary's armor, but a concentration of fire by enough of the former will hinder a turret from presenting its port-holes. To do so would be to admit a storm of shot and shell, stripping gun and turret of their defenders. This closes the list of instructive battles, and it remains to be seen what would be the outcome of an encounter between evenly matched battle-ships or cruisers, officered and manned by Americans or Europeans. Every nation having maritime interests to protect has steadily increased its naval appropriations, and striven to raise the efficiency of its fleet, but the test of war has not been made. Some have thought the United States rather behind the times, but this error will be dispelled by the illustrations and explanatory text of the PORTFOLIO SERIES. The perfection our vessels have attained could not find an abler exponent than Mr. G. W. Melville, Engineer-in-chief, U. S. Navy. He describes a typical American battle-ship and cruiser as follows:* The "Kearsarge " may be taken as a typical battle-ship, and a description of her will serve for that of other battle-ships, and, with certain modifications, which will be stated, for that of ether types of naval vessels. She is built entirely of steel, is 358 feet long onl the water-line, 72.2 feet beamrn, 25.5 feet mean draft, and of 11,500 tons displacement. She has engines of Io,ooo horse-power, and will steam at the rate of I6 knots an hour. In outward appearance, she resembles the " Indiana," except in the arrangement of the turret for the *These extracts are fromn his article " The Navy of the United States," in the New Supplement to the Encyclopedia Brittanica, The Werner Company, publishers, Akron, Ohio. 8-inch guns, and in that she has two military masts instead of one. In previous battle-ships the practice had been to mount the very heavy guns in turrets, a pair of each calibre in a separate turret, those of medium calibre in rear of, above and outboard of the heaviest ones; but in the " Kearsarge " and " Kentucky " the turrets are superposed, or " two-story," the 8-inch ones being on top of the I3-inch, and revolving with them. This arrangement gives the greatest concentration of fire, and it is believed that there is not a battle-ship afloat that can withstand the fire from the guns as arranged in the " Kearsarge." The main battery consists of four 13-inch and four 8 inch rifles, and fourteen 5-inch, rapid-fire guns; and the secondary battery of twenty 6-pounder, four I-pounder, four Gatlings, and one field gun. The 5-inch guns are placed in the citadel between the turrets, and the rapid-fire and machine guns on the deck above, in the military tops, and on the deck below the main deck. The armor belt extends along the water-line from the bow to the barbette, and is.53 feet above and 4 feet below the water-line; it is x5 inches thick at the top, and tapers to 4 inches at the bow, where it meets the ram. The protective deck, which extends from the ends of the armor belt to the bow and stern, respectively, varies in thickness from 2X4 to 5 inches. Above the belt, to the height of the main deck, the armor is 5 inches thick, and that of the citadel containing the 5-inch guns, 6 inches. The armor on the I3-inch turrets is 17 and I5 inches, on the 8-inch turrets, II and 9 inches, on the barbettes I5 inches, and on the conning-towers lo inches. All the armor is Harveyized nickel steel. Each I3-inch gun throws a projectile weighing 600 pounds, and each 8-inch gun one weighing 290 pounds. There are two military masts, with fighting tops, in which will be mounted rapid-fire guns. Five torpedo-tubes, one in the stem and the others in broadside on the lower deck, complete the armament. The supply of torpedoes, which are of the automobile type, is eight. The engines are of the triple-expansion type, and have been designed to develop o,o000o horse-power at full speed; they have three cylinders each, and are placed in separate water-tight compartments, each operating its own screw. The boilers are designed to work at a pressure of I60 pounds per square inch, and to furnish all the steam that the engines can work off at that pressure; when working at full power the draft is forced by steam fans, delivering air under pressure into an air-tight fire-room, in which each boiler is placed. When fully equipped and ready for sea, she carries I,210 tons of coal, and draws 25 feet of water. The contract price for her construction, exclusive of the cost of her armor and guns, is $2,250,00ooo, and when completed and ready for sea she will have cost about $3,500,000. 'Ihe next most important vessels in our navy are the cruisers, which are built primarily for speed, and which differ in construction from the battle-ships principally in having little or no vertical armor along the water-line, the protection to the vitals of the ship being afforded by a thick protective deck, and in having lighter protection for the guns than the battle-ships have. The vessels are smaller than the battle-ships, and also carry a lighter battery. In them, offensive and defensive qualities have been sacrificed for speed and for coal-carrying capacity, in order that they may be able to remain at sea a considerable length of time, and overtake a merchantman once he is sighted; that they may act as scouts for a fleet, and perform those duties, in peace, necessary for the protection of our commerce and the maintenance of our position amongst the great nations of the earth. Two of our cruisers, the " New York " and the " Brooklyn," have a small amount of light side-armor, three inches thick in the former and four int the latter. The "New York " mounts six 8-inch and twelve 4-inch, and the " Brooklyn " eight 8-inch and twelve 5-inch guns. These vessels are regarded justly as the finest vessels of their class afloat, and the former, on her trial in I892, maintained for four hours a speed of 2I knots an hour. Her engines are of I7,4oo horse-power, and have been designed so that the ship may cruise economically at low speed. For this reason there are four engines of the same size in the ship, two on each shaft, and so arranged that the forward ones, which, like the after ones, are each in a separate water-tight compartment, may be disconnected when cruising at low speed. The operation of disconnecting or connecting takes only about twenty minutes, as compared with thirty-six hours on the English cruiser " Blake," of similar construction. Two others of our cruisers which have been the subject of universal commendation, and of no little amazement, are the "Columbia" and the "Minneapolis," of 7,375 tons displacement, which, on trial, made the unparalleled speed of 22.81 and 23.07 knots, respectively. These vessels are intended as " commerce-destroyers," and in them much of the offensive power of previous cruisers has been sacrificed to speed and endurance, their battery comprising but one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch guns. To get such speed as these vessels attained, and at the same time to make them fairly economical cruisers in time of peace, the power was divided among three screws, one in the center and one on either side, as is usual in twin-screw steamers, each screw operated by an engine of equal power. While this system of propulsion had previouslybeen tried on a few small vessels, the " Columbia " marked its first successful application to vessels of considerable size and power, and since her advent a number of similar designs have been projected abroad. Up to I896 there was not a vessel of their size in any navy with a speed equal to theirs, and there was not in any navy a vessel of any size which had maintained such a speed over a measured course for so long a time as they did. In July, I895, the "Columbia" made the run from the Needles to Sandy Hook, a distance of 3,0go miles, in 6 days 23 hours and 49 minutes, thus maintaining an average speed of I8.4I knots for the distance, a performance which no other man-of-war afloat, except the " Minneapolis," could approach, and one which has never been equaled by any vessel of her size, naval or merchant. That she did not make greater speed is due entirely to the fact that she does not carry coal enough to enable her to cross the ocean at a much higher rate. Millions are expended every year on naval armaments and fortifications, and the end is not yet. Each new improvement in artillery is met by one in defensive armor. The limit in the former is approached by our coast-defense I6-inch gun, which hurls its 2,350-pound conical projectile over a distance of sixteen miles. Its charge of powder is I,050 pounds, producing a striking-energy sufficient to annihilate any existing armor, afloat or ashore. Under the appalling impact of its steel missile-larger and longer than a flour-barrel —armor a yard thick and two miles off would be riven asunder. Nature's everlasting hills are the only bastions able to withstand it; the bowels of the earth are the only bomb-proofs it cannot reach. l l I ~~~~~~~~~~~~THE MAINE. THE recent destruction of this fine battle-ship in the harbor of Havana has aroused general interest in everything pertaining to her. While the TV.M only a second-class battle-ship, she possessed fighting qualities of no mean order, as will be apparent from her dimensions, armor, and armament, as follows 318 ft.; breadth, 57 ft; a dat 15 ft.; armor, 12 inches thick on the sides, 8 inches on the turrets, and from 10 to I12 inches on the barbettes; guns, fou six 6-inch. Her displacement was 6,682 tons and her engines, of 9,293 indicated horse-power, propelled her at the rate of 17 knots an hour. Had she unarmored cruiser, instead of a strongly constructed, floating fortress, she would have -been crushed like an eggshell from stern to stern, and not one of her o men would have been found alive. As is was, her massive sides were riven and twisted, and her upper works torn away. She kept afloat barely long enougl the escape of those who were not killed or carried overboard by the explosion. v: -:~::,:.... i: y::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ ~:~ ~~~,::~0:::i'~ < s;? 0:A I: i ii': ~;X ~: ~-:~~~ ' ~~:~ "a~ ~:f3; i. ~4 s - A=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~i'}':"i~~i~~~~ EfAN ~~ '~'....~::~ '';':H THEreen dstucio o tisfie atleshp n hehabo o Hvaa asarusd enra itees i eerthngpetanig o~er Wil te/ M only~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a'2?/ seod-ls batle-hip sh posese fihtn qualtie of no~:::~i::~ mean order...s~ wil be appren....rdmnsos ro, n raetaolw 3I8 ft.; breadth, 57 ft.; mean draft, 2I.5 ft.; armor, I2 inches thick on the sides, 8 inches on the turrets, and from IO to I2 inches oll the barbettes; guns, fou~~~~ six6-inch. erdisplaceentwas6,68tonsandheregines~of 9293 indicaed horse-poer~propelld her at te rate of 1knot~ an~hur. Had sh unarore cruser insedo/ togy osrcefotigfrrss.wul aebe rsedlk neghl ro~tmi tran o n fhro menwoldhae ee fun aiv.A is ahrmsiesdswr ie nwseadhruprwrstr ay......talatbrlyln eog the escape o those who wre not kille or carried verboard:by he explosion,....i I''d LX l " }...E.t ^s..e an....;..: A..nd:;to,....! aie wa:legth "r~oic, bee an,.cers an t o permit Copyright T895 by W. H. Rau. TIIE INDIANA. THE first-class twin-screw battle-ship " Indiana" has a displacement of Io,288 tons, and engines of 9,738 indicated horse-power, which will I5.55 knots an hour. Her dimensions are: length, 348 ft.; breadth, 69.25 ft.; mean draft, 24 ft. In the main battery are Your I3-inch, eight E breech-loading rifles; in the secondary battery are thirty rapid-fire guns of small calibre, intended chiefly for repelling torpedo-boats and rakin, action. There are six tubes for launching torpedoes. The hull is entirely of steel, and the protective armor is: sides, 18 inches; turrets, from 6 t from 6 to I 7 inches. The " Indiana's" keel was laid in i891, and her cost when completed was $3,020,000. She has a complement of 38 officers and 427 mnen. drive her at the rate of 8-inch, and four 6-inch g an antagonist during 0o 5 inches; barbettes, X... -Abroad~~~~~:.:::;c: Copyright x895 by XV. 11. Rau. THE INDIANA'S 13-INCH GUNS. FOR piercing an adversary's armor, or for breaching modern fortifications, a battle-ship relies chiefly on the heavy guns mounted in pairs in her movabl These monster 13-inch rifles throw their 6oo00-lb. projectiles I2 miles with an initial velocity of more than 2,000 feet a second. Under their impact the fortresses of masonry ever planned by Vauban would crumble, and it is believed that a dozen such guns could easily chip away the face of Gibraltar's I make untenable the seaward galleries which honeycomb it. No ship nor fort now defending Havana could survive the converging fire of the six 13-inch rifles in the forward turrets of the " Indiana," " Iowa," and " Massachusetts," at present anchored at the Dry Tortugas. e turrets. strongest rock, and; mounted Copyright x896 by w. H. Rau. THE MASSACHUSETTS. THIS first-class, twin-screw battle-ship has precisely the same dimensions, armor, and armament as the " Indiana," but her engines of Io,4c enable her to steam 16.2 knots an hour, which makes her.65 of a knot faster than her sister ship. Accordingly we have the following: length, 3 mean draft, 24 ft.; armor on the sides, 18 inches, on the turrets, from 6 to 15 inches, on the barbettes, from 6 to 17 inches; armament, four four 6-inch rifles. Besides she has a secondary battery of thirty rapid-fire guns of small calibre. The keel of the Massachusetts was laid in It completed ship was $3,020,000. Her complement of men and officers is 424 and 38 respectively. >o indicated horse-power 48 ft.; breadth, 69.25 ft.; 3-inch, eight 8-inch, and 39I, and the cost of the i: i!.: ': f:::: Of: L.::: A::iC g i;::X E: EM::. i* 0 lan t ~IPI_0 W I~ ~ ~~';: THE OREGON. THE first-class twin-screw battle-ship " Oregon " is a sister ship of the "Indiana," having exactly the same dimensions, armament and armor, as 348 ft.; breadth, 69.25 ft.; mean draft, 24 ft.; main battery, four I3-inch, eight 8-inch, and four 6-inch rifles; secondary battery, 30 rapid-fire guns armor, I8 inches on the sides, from 6 to I5 inches on the turrets, and from 6 to I7 inches on the barbettes. However, her engines are more powerful than the "Indiana's" having II, ri indicated horse-powel, and giving a speed of i6.79 knots an hour. bers 38 officers and 424 men. The " Oregon's " keel was laid in i891 and her entire cost was $3,I80,000. follows: length, of small calibre; Her crew num ;::.i:i~.::i.'.::::~:l:j:i::) tr:,il~'l:':-::':: I:::::-:i-(:i:' ------------------—,,^,.I 777,,.,I Copyright 1893 by W. H. Rau. TH E NEW YORK. THE armored cruiser "New York" is of a type intermediate between the battle-ship and unprotected cruisers. Her enormous engines of i power give her a speed of 21 knots an hour, so that she can overtake the fastest merchant ships afloat. Her armament of six 8-inch and twelve q superior to any but the first-class battle-ships, and from them she could easily escape. Armor 4 inches thick protects her sides, while that of tl 53 and io inches thick respectively. The keel of this superb vessel was laid in 189o, and when completed she represented the sum of $2,98 are the "New York's" dimensions: length, 380.5 ft.; breadth, 64.8 ft.; mean draft, 23.3 ft.; so that her displacement is 8,200 tons. For handl 526 men are necessary. I7,400 indicated horses-inch rifles renders her urrets and barbettes is 5,000. The following ing her 40 officers and :.~:~: Copyright 896 by W. H. Rau. rHE BROOKLYN. THIS is an armored cruiser like the " New York," but is larger, swifter and in every way more formidable except in point of armor, which is as follows: inches; turrets, 52 inches; barbettes, from 4 to 8 inches. The "Brooklyn's" displacement is 9,271 tons, and her twin screws are driven by engines of i8, cated horse-power, giving her a speed of 21.9I knots an hour. The triple-screw unarmored cruisers "Minneapolis" and "Columbia" are the only vessels in which can overtake her, and hostile ships of this class would not dare to come within range of her powerful main battery, consisting of eight 8-inch and twel rifles. The "Brooklyn's" dimensions are: length, 400.5 ft.; breadth, 64.7 ft.; mean draft, 24 ft. Her construction was commenced in i893, and her tota completion was $2,986,ooo000.::,.: v ~.: /~:3:i:' Sides, 3 77~ indiour navy ve 5-inch 1 cost on THE KATAHDIN. THIS vessel was constructed in accordance with the ideas of Admiral Ammnen of the American navy, and is unique in having, as her sole wea ram. This, under the impulsion of her powerful engines, is expected to pierce and sink an antagonist, to whose guns she offers a difficult targt has a heavily armored " turtle-back " deck, and possesses exceptional maneuvering powers by reason of her elliptical keel which allows her to r under full steam. She carries four rapid-fire guns of small calibre for repelling torpedo-boats, and is manned by 30 officers and 9I men. The as follows: length, 250.8 ft.; breadth, 43.4 ft.; mean draft, 15 ft.; giving a displacement of 2,155 tons. Her engines have 5,o68 indicated hoi steam I6.I knots an hour. Work was begun on the "Katahdin" in I89I, and the entire cost was $930,000. ipon of offense, a sharp et. The "Katahdin" lake short turns while vessel's dimensions are rse-power, and she can 1:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:!:% ~~ ii: ~ i:?:i ~.:!:?:::izi. iiif:~:: l:::0C';~~~~~~..............."::!!i-^ ~1:'2''-i.:11;:i-! 1:- ~ i::-::~~~~~~l~: THE MIANTONOMOH. THE " Miantonomoh " is a double-turreted, twin-screw, iron monitor intended chiefly for coast defense. Her speed is twelve knots an hour, derived frot of I,6oo indicated horse-power. The vessel's dimensions are: length, 259.5 ft.; breadth, 55.8 ft.; mean draft, 14.5 ft.; giving a displacement of 3,990 to turrets are protected by armor Ii1 inches thick, while that of the sides is 7 inches. The main battery consists of four lo-inch rifles-two in each turretsecondary battery of six rapid-fire guns of small calibre. The " Miantonomoh's " keel was laid in I874, and her cost when completed was $3,I78,046. The crew consists of 13 officers and 136 men. m engines ns. The -and the .: t,! -,.:..`:, -I:' -I I, - I; I::: ' - g I:' 7:i:i!. ' ~ ' ~:,, -. I, ~~~~~~~~~~~:" -. - I I...: ':.i ~i t~.:.k.! 7 ~:t, I I I - I.... ~.~~`::-~,":,s..C~~ P J,,~:? r r i / / ii i t i i t i: r j*: -i~ Iid i:. d; r f is THE DYNAMITE CRUISER VESUVIUS. THIS vessel is an experiment and her utility remains to be seen. Her three I5-inch guns, specially constructed for throwing dynamite proje te effective against armored vessels. If she could escape an adversary's rapid-fire guns long enough to explode one charge of dynamite agains shot would win the victory. The "Vesuvius" has the following dimensions: length, 252.3 ft.; breadth, 26.5 ft.; mean draft, io.6 ft. Her dis and her engines, of 3,795 indicated horse-power, will drive her through the water at the rate of 21.4 knots an hour. Thus she can steam away f from any but the fastest cruisers. The keel of the "Vesuvius " was laid in I887, and her total cost upon completion was $350,000. She has 6 office ectiles, are expected to t her side, that single placement is 929 tons, Trom a battle-ship and ers and 64 men aboard. --- 6 kr C~r THE DOLPH I N. THE steel dispatch-boat " Dolphin " has the following dimensions: length, 240 ft.; breadth, 32 ft.; mean draft, I4.3 ft. With a displacement of 1,486 engines of 2,253 indicated horse-power she is able to steam I5.5 knots an hour. She carries two 4-inch guns which are adequate for driving off torpedo other interfering small craft, but her principal function is to carry dispatches from the flag-ship to the various vessels composing the squadron; or from these point on the coast where the telegraph will connect her with the authorities at Washington. Her light draft enables her to enter nearly every harbor on the Atlantic Coast, so that at no time need the commanding admiral be long deprived of communication with his superiors. tons, and )-boats or to some Gulf and 1Il ^A 0 -^T.-1':. X RS./ * r- THE ATLANTA. THE "Atlanta" is an unarmored single-screw steel cruiser of 3,000 tons displacement, propelled by engines of 4,000 indicated horsespeed of 15.6 knots an hour. Her crew consists of g19 officers and 265 men, and she carries two 8-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles i powerful one for a vessel of her class. Besides she has fourteen rapid-fire guns for repelling boarders and torpedo-boats. The ship's dim length, 271.3 ft.; breadth, 42.1 ft.; mean draft, I6.83 ft. The " Atlanta's " keel was laid in I 883, but she has lately undergone extensive repairs and alterations which greatly increase her efficiency. power, which permit a n her main battery-a ensions are as follows: F ~~.:~:<,l..i,: ~ ~...l:y._ l:.,...,:.!?-: l<~ _`:'::.", "~~~"b '"Bir96~;"""..:.?.::~:..~"'"....?.:::i~i)~::~:~~7~~~}~:`;(%?i~;.:.'ii.~:..: ~,~ ~:~~~:.~:,~,~l.~. I I i I j 0 1 1 i i t f II II I11-.1-,11 1 , '' 11 I I _ I - I I - , IIII-:,, I-...-.I11 I I I I I . I III - I " -,,: III:IIIII,n. III,IIIIIII.II.. -,. i t 14 '..", - 0%"- I 11I- -1, . , I11I -,- -,_,::,.z_, , I III.I,III.III1.I I-,.I,-."II1 I,% I IIII. I1I- 11-ilI11,. II I I.I:,I: ,I.III .., I,"IIII" III I I. I11 11I:,IIIII11I,11,..I I1II. III. ,II11I. I , II I I::, I ;:., i, P II:II .I I1 4 1 I I II, II,,.I ,:;::..II.I. III::,,.IIIII I-II;1, III.IIiI,IIII IIIIII1IIIII - I 1. I,', I . I 1. 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I,:,,,..., I.II.,,,.. ,I :: I, I I I I, I1, I I I, I III",:,I.III,IIIII , ,,. I I ",::,;,,I, III n - ",,:,. I, q, II. IIIIIII III.I I'I; I,..I II: II I ,IIIII:, I.. II:. I..,..II. I..I.:,, -; 1, : I, II,,.,IIII,,.,,,,, , I - I , ,.. II I, , I..III.I.I. -I,., I.I - -5 ., II%,,,II IIII..1.I..I IIIII, III.I, , —,"', - armamn., ft.; mean 'and sten THE CHICAGO. THE unarmored twin-screw cruiser "Chicago" has been subjected to a thorough overhauling since her completion in 1883, and with I machinery and guns is fully equal to the other vessels of her class. Her dimensions are: length, 325 ft.; breadth, 48.2 ft.; mean draft, 19 ft.; of 4,500 tons. Her new engines have g,ooo indicated horse-power, enabling her to steam I9 knots an hour. The main battery consists of foul and two 5-inch rifles, and she carries seventeen rapid-fire guns of small calibre. Her crew numbers 33 officers and 376 men. The "Chicag $88g,ooo, but to this must be added the expense of her recent equipments. her new equipment of giving a displacenment r 8-inch, eight 6-inch, 01o'sI) original cost was X. 1:6:::: M r f; i -, E EN:...-: THIE MONTGOMERY. THIS unarmored cruiser was selected to replace the ill-fated battle-ship "Maine" in the harbor of Havana. Her dimensions are: length, 257 ft.; 37 feet; mean draft, 14.6 ft.; giving her a displacement of 2,o8g tons. She has engines of 5,580 indicated horse-power, which can propel her at the rat knots an hour. Nine 5-inch rifles constitute her main battery, and ten rapid-fire guns of small calibre suffice for repelling hostile torpedo-boats, or for raking range a disabled adversary. Work was commenced on the " Montgomery " in i890 and her total cost was $61 2,500. She has a complement of 20 officers and. breadth, te of 19 at short 254 men. :'''' ' '.' - '- ~':::`j:::::''i $:'": i r;r I :::1: i\j~t ri.;~ ~~:::~1.::bi " i;': ::: e:~,.-::~~:r: 1.! '~i;~;l':: :::'::~:If"- ":.i "a "':,,,. ~~~ ~ EI Copright 1896 by W. H. Rau. THIE RALEIGH. rhe " Raleigh " is an unarmored cruiser of 3,213 tons' displacement and has engines of Io,000 indicated horse-power, permitting a speed Her dimensions are: length, 300 ft.; breadth, 42 ft.; mean draft, I8 ft. Her armament consists of one 6-inch and ten 5-inch rifles, and fourt guns. The keel of this cruiser was laid in I889 and her total cost amounted to $I,I00oo,ooo. At present she has 20 officers and 292 men aboard. of 20 knots an hour. Leen smaller rapid-fire PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 23 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. MARCH 28, I898 ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American avy Cuba and Hawaii~~~~~0 REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART THREE CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. GCENTsR P.TEh NUCARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New Yor, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 26- hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: 119 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. is =::; k? D::::::::: D: g..?, - 0 0.,:, -.,',u'.'8.,. ' " ':. -.' X, '- '.. -.,:.. 0 ',. '. ':.... t: '.:,.. ' "' "'Di''". ':' ' 0 -:.:. ':, ' " ' ' ''. ' '. - ' ',. 0:, ', - -. ' ''a '.' ' ' ",- ' ''. '. '" ' ' AH.. -., 0 ':E': ' 4''.', f.,; ' "',,''.,:. ': ' '. ':. '; '.,: ',.,.::. ' ' - f ',:. 8 i.; ' ' ': ~~::: jF:; ~~~~~~~:i:..: ~ en ~?.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: il I i.1: K~~~~~~~~~~~ ~' i i r ':1 ^ '.:"' ' *^81~~~~~~~~~~a:V, *'. * ~? i::i ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ i::: ~ %r. '.....: ";.. ':-:. me ^ > X ',: i,f ' ', '...: I,-; ';' ' |,'!' ' THE TEXAS. THE "Texas," our only battle-ship of the second rank, now that the " Maine " is no more, has a displacement of 6,3I5 tons, and can steam I7 knots with her engines of 9,600 indicated horse-power. She has the following dimensions: length, 310.3 ft.; breadth, 64.1 ft.; mean draft, 22.5 ft. Her armamer of two 12-inch and six 6-inch rifles, with twelve auxiliary guns of the rapid-fire type. Both side and turret armor is 12 inches thick. The keel of the " Texas in 1889 and her cost on completion was $2,500,000. As will appear on comparison, the " Maine " was slightly superior to the " Texas" in the weight of met; but the latter's turret has 12-inch armor and her 12-inch guns are, for many purposes, nearly as effective as the Indiana's of 13-inch calibre. s an hour it consists " was laid al thrown, .I ----— *,,n:':~~~I~ - -,, _ _ _ _ _______ ___ THE MINNEAPOLIS. THIS new triple-screw cruiser, intended as a "commerce-destroyer," is the fastest large war-vessel afloat, and her speed, 23. i knots an hour our navy only by that of the torpedo-boats of the latest type. Her displacement is 7,375 tons, and her three screws are driven by enormous e cated horse-power. Her dimensions are: length, 412 ft.; breadth, 58.2 ft.; mean draft, 22.5 ft. She carries one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eig with sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns, constitute an ample battery for the destruction of the enemy's merchant ships. Work was commenced on i89I, and her total cost was $2,69o, ooo. She has a crew of 40 officers and 456 men. Additional information regarding her is contained in t initial portfolio of the American Navy. - i:::?...., has been exceeded in mngines of 20o,862 indiht 4-inch rifles, which, the "Minneapolis" in ihe introduction to the ___:_;__i_____i____i_ __; _______ __ X__~__ _____~ i __ _ _ __ _1 1_____;: -.. 'i:':?;:: id: '' D, - -:`! 7: 7:':! '-: S,::':,: -. iL.i -...................... iiii;111!i 11 i:.::i~ iR i, D ~:'"...::::;:;:::: ~ ~....~17 ~::/~ i:::~ -,::;: I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~..::~' i:::;i ' /: i! ~: ~~.. l?:::i ~ ~ ~,;:..:;~ ~ ~::;!-~::~......?::: ~:: -: ~: i:: ~~:i.i:'~; ~::r':':" ~ ~"~~1~:-~;? B~:::: ~ -: I:-i.... ~~: -; ~:,:,: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~i,::::: ~~:,. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. -. I '^ IL:- I Copyright 1893 by W. H. Rau. THE COLUMBIA. THE "Columbia" is almost a duplicate of the "* Minneapolis," having the saine displacement, dimensions and armament as that cruiser, but somewhat 1 due to engines of smaller horse-power. The exact figures are: displacement, 7,375 tons; speed, 22.8 knots an hour; engines of 18,509 indicated horse-powe 4I2 ft.; breadth, 58.2 ft.; mean draft, 22.5 ft.; main battery, one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch rifles; secondary battery, sixteen rapid-fire guns of sma Her keel was laid in I89o and her cost, $2,725,ooo, exceeded that of the sister cruiser begun the year following. Her present crew consists of 40 officers and The mission of the " Columbia " and the " Minneapolis " is to overhaul and destroy the enemy's merchant vessels, and to keep out of the way of armore, or battle-ships. Their great speed enables them to do this, yet their fighting power is greatly superior to that of armed merchant liners, such as hostile natit certainly use as auxiliary cruisers. These they could easily run down and destroy. The introduction to Part I of the American Navy contains additional in regarding the " Columbia." ess speed, r; length, i11 calibre. 429 men. d cruisers, ons would formation :t i:, "*s * ~ i a r.o'. 0 W: ':..:;: -. ' *. -. i.~. 0I. '*.~ THE PHILADELPHIA. THIS cruiser's keel was laid in I888, but the recent overhauling to which she has been subjected has increased her efficiency notably. length, 327.5 ft.; breadth, 48.6 ft.; mean draft, I9.2 ft., which give a displacement of 4,324 tons. Her speed is 19.7 knots an hour, derived indicated horse-power, and she carries twelve 6-inch rifles, besides fifteen auxiliary guns of smaller calibre. The vessel's first cost was $1,350o, added the sum recently expended in refitting her. Her present complement of officers and men is 34 and 350 respectively. Her dimensions are: from engines of 8,815 ooo, to which must be '1 uamasOiua t a~uuisu! ou soaqstuanj ~iols!q sr 'iajjo plnom asoql jo iowiu;oql oo uejls~so luq, umouil iou s! 4I 'sspl3 umo iaq ]o spela-uoa! palonaisuoz X~P!IOs isoui aql Inc o4 lua!zyJns s! ~Isnoaumlljnm!s 2ui~u!dm! sa!lpaazoid oql jo ~Saaua-2U!iN!als atll pm I'suol oMI s! a3.irqasip qaea iu asaql ~q umtoltql ijlaut ]o!qF,!aa aqj, 'qaU put'l uaui-8 jo inoj 'au!-gI jo.inod:saaq!Iea 2utaxoliO J oql lo saj!a 52u!.,(.u-ea I i'snl x!s jo aati aql ap!spuoaq u! oleluauxo a uua,, sllasnqaessIw,, aqj '~1X ~diqs aql to asanoa aoq 2ui~urqa Xq lou puu 'laaanl aql iu!^IOaa.I ~q patn!g aau Xoql s? ';aaj jo mopaaaj lgaaU. a^AVI ssajoinl u! palunoui sunD) 'ap!spgo qljua.~ls aql smols aaq jo aMa!A sfqi,,,'~AN uv~alaaV aoqj,, jo i laud 'anss[ sno!Aaad aql u! iatq jo uoigeilsnjIj aqi aapun paq!aasap st dtqs-ajlllq ssula-ls.~t '(_~:~II aallsavouaf) 81L.~7nIrsfltvsv l~t uHLtj.,~:.,...,, up qa~ns Jo I ~uu )JUTS 1!-9 jo oao,.tq aaq jo Iq 968i ltjl,'!udo D i:i!!::::: i: I —:ll;-~T:r "a ii. ~-I:::.;.. -~`~; 'I: a I~ I:: 1:'::: '277-'I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ";':~:4 ~~~~~~:r~ ~ ~~~~~~~5:; ~:, i: C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~.~ ~....~;1~ I: I~~: ~ ' I ,.l, I :: i: f. i: As: *:}: THE AMPHITRITE. THE "Amphitrite " is a double-turreted monitor of the following dimensions: length, 259.5 ft.; breadth, 55.8 ft.; mean draft, 14.5 ft. Hei tons, and her speed 1 2 knots an hour, derived from engines of I,600 indicated horse-power. Her side armor varies in thickness from 5 to 9 incl and barbettes is 7 Y and i I X inches thick respectively. Four io-inch and two 4-inch rifles constitute her main battery, and eight smaller guns c furnish the means of repelling torpedo-boats. Work was commenced on the "Amphitrite" in I874, and her entire cost was $3,I78,046. Monito for coast-defense and for fighting in smooth water, as their low free-boards are unsuited for navigation in a heavy sea. The "AmDhitrite" antagonist for a second-class battle-ship of the same metal and armor. She lies so low in the water that she presents a small target, and hI soon find vulnerable spots in a battle-ship. r displacement is 3,990 hes; that of her turrets Df the rapid-fire pattern rs are chiefly intended would be a dangerous er io-inch rifles would k ~-:;r,, r n THE BANCROFT. THOUGH built for the use of the United States naval cadets at Annapolis, the "Bancroft" has been in commission as a station cruiser and is more service her tonnage and lack of armor would seem to indicate. Her engines of I,2I3 indicated horse-power give her a speed of 14 knots, which would be coI augmented by a favorable wind, as she has large sail-power. Her length is I87.5 ft.; breadth, 32 ft.; mean draft, 12.2 ft., giving a displacement of 838 t( armament consists of four 4-inch rifles with auxiliary rapid-fire guns of smaller calibre. The "Bancroft's" keel was laid in I891 and her total cost was $250, handle her io officers and I20 men are required. sable than isiderably )ns. Her ooo. To -i:'^ ^'lI ^^^^^^ ' s ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::::;r:.:;: ~? i::::, S~~~~~~~: U 0;000^ dfy:11:11~::0; -:::: i::::: li~*. ^A:::: ~??~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~:::; i:i _::' ~: ~: ~:~:~::~ ~~~ ~:::~ ~i~~ ~~:i~:~ ~~ ~~:: ~:;::,l ~ll::l ~:i:i:': i::~::i.:~ i:: i ~~.. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~,: ~1r'.... `:'~-:l-::1::; ^'y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1- -~i;...:?.........::; i:; l;:/::-?: * ^: - -::,:i::i?:A:: i; ~ r,~;~::l: _~;:://: - ':':::/ I.' d%:i'..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: I ~:: ~i ~:i::ii~ i: ~::: d': ~:~~~~~~~~~~ x,i:: ~~~ ~:::,!' ~.,, ~., ~,I: ~; He^ allr `Ps. i: r 10e ~::: ;: II)* 6 * c Y" r!::r r 'j;i-:~ 'ki a ~ i: a. THE NEWARK, BALTIMORE AND FLEET AT HAMPTON ROADS. THESE two fast cruisers, though of nearly the same displacement and power, are entirely different in appearance, as the "Newark " is bark rigged and a o,ooo sq. ft. of canvas if need be, whereas the " Baltimore" has merely two small military masts. The " Newark's " dimensions are: length 30o ft.; breadth mean draft, 18.8 ft.; giving a displacement of 4,o098 tons. Her speed is I9 knots an hour, her engines are of 8,869 indicated horse-power, and she is ar twelve 6-inch rifles and sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns. The "Baltimore's" displacement is 4,413 tons, with the following dimensions: length, 327.5 ft.; 48.6 ft.; mean draft, I9.5 feet. Her engines have Io,o64 indicated horse-power, giving her a speed of 20 knots an hour. She mounts a main battery of fo and six 6-inch rifles, and a secondary one of fourteen rapid-fire guns. an spread t, 49.2 ft.; -med with breadth, ur 8-inch, V,T -: z:::: i: ~-, L.. ***,.. NAVAL PARADE LEAVING HAMPTON ROADS. Ir is doubtful whether a fleet of modern war-ships ever presents the picturesqueness of the old-time frigates and line-of-battle ships. The funnels, the E huge guns, the small and usually sailless masts, and above all, the black smoke of the former, are far less gratifying to the eye than the trim wooden hulls, metrical tiers of guns, the tapering masts, the cloud of white canvas of the latter. But if iron and steam are less pleasing to the eye than oak and sails, they Iore satisfactory to the mind. Modern vessels perform their tactical evolutions with as much precision as do soldiers, and they can lay their course for a regardless of wind and tide, and reach their destination without loss of time. That an aggregation of such vessels is reassuring in troublous times, is appa this illustration. armor, the, the symare much riven port rent from -1 - II I I,!:?:';r- -':, 9, - '"< I r 9. I.... a-:~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /'// a~-;.'.:~~~ ~ ~~~~:-N.y*.;-.* *. ^via::::^ f27~~~~~~~~ ~~~~: i!tC?:'!~i i ~ ii 81. i::!i::!~!! ~.... '~ ~ ~ ~ ~~::i~:. i~~::~~~~~~~ ~~~~ iilj~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~i:~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ THE SAN FRANCISCO. THE "San Francisco" is an unarmored cruiser of 4,o098 tons' displacement, and has engines of 9,913 indicated horse-power, enabling her to steam 1.5 hour. Her dimensions are: length, 310o ft.; breadth, 49.2 ft.; mean draft, 18.8 ft. She carries a main battery of twelve 6-inch rifles and a secondary one rapid-fire guns of small calibre. Thus she would possess a high efficiency as a "commerce-destroyer." The "San Francisco's " keel was laid in 1888, and cost was $1,428,ooo. Her complement of officers and men is 33 and 350o respectively.; knots an of fifteen I her total THE TORPEDO-BOAT STILETTO. THIS is the smallest vessel of this class in our navy, as she has a displacement of only 31 tons. However, that is an element of strength as she is e) steal upon a war-ship and launch her torpedoes at the enemy's hull. Her smallness renders her less conspicuous and her light draft permits her to escape inl waters, whither larger vessels can not go. Her dimensions are: length, 88.5 ft.; breadth, II ft.; mean draft, 3 ft. Her engines of 359 indicated he give her a spec'd of i8.2 knots an hour. For repelling the boats that a hostile ship might send after her, she has six rapid-fire guns of small calibre. One ( five men compose her crew. The "Stiletto" cost $25,0oo. Kpectcd to to shallow )rse-power officer and w I ii Copyright,893 by WV. if. Rau. ^THE INDIANA'S FORWARD-DECK I3-INCH GUNS. THESE like the pair of after-deck guns of the same calibre are mounted in a heavily armored turret, which revolves through a large arc so as to give mu of fire. Thus it is not necessary to change the vessel's course in order to bring her heaviest guns to bear upon an object directly ahead or on either side. a fort the "Indiana" could present her bow and fire with her two 13-inch and four 8-inch rifles. The latter are mounted in the two smaller revolving behind and higher than the large one. At a distance of ten miles the ship's breadth (694 ft.) would subtend no larger visual angle than a croquet-ball the water xoo yards off, and she would be much harder to hit by reason of refraction and atmospheric disturbances which are very deceptive at such a dista] ch freedom In assailing turrets just floating in n ce. THE SAN FRANCISCO, BANCROFT AND FLEET AT HAMPTON ROADS. THESE vessels are specially described and illustrated elsewhere in this Portfolio. Their introduction here is for the purposes of comparison and contrast, Francisco" having five times the " Bancroft's" displacement and carrying three times as many guns in her main battery. However, it must not be inferrec "Bancroft" is serviceable merely as a training-ship. She has no mean powers of offense as a cruiser, since she can keep the sea a long time aided by her sail-power, and can enter shallow harbors inaccessible to larger war-ships. Both vessels have beautiful lines and exhibit a happy union of strength and symm the "San i that the: auxiliary ietry. SPINNING A YARN. THE innovations in ship-building have made the "old salt" of Marryat's novels less conspicuous (because less needed) aboard a war-ship. Moreover renders a vessel independent of wind and tide, there are fewer periods of enforced idleness during which seamen may assemble for the purpose of narra adventures-"spinning yarns" as it is still called. Yet, even now, when steam and electricity do nearly every thing aboard the war-vessels, many old sail found whose experience dates from the time of sails and wood, and their "yarns" are deservedly in request whenever this kind of "spinning"-circle is form r as steam Lting their ors can be ed. 'I A I v FIRING A PIVOT-GUN. GUNS of this kind are usually mounted on a ship's upper deck, military mast, or behind an elevated parapet, whence it is desirable to fire rapidly c moving object. The pivot allows the gunners to sweep the piece through a large angle and to change its aim instantly. Thus if it should be seen that the sunk or repulsed an approaching torpedo-boat, they could turn their gun upon the port-holes of a hostile turret, and greatly impede the handling of the h nance within; or they might aim it at the platform of an enemy's military mast — a difficult target for large guns. It is believed by many naval constructor of the chief dangers to be avoided now is the explosion of ammunition by the searching fire of the comparatively small pivot-guns. rn a sinall ir fire had ieavy ords that one ~:`~- ~~~11,, ~: I~::. ': i....... THE NEWARK. THE "Newark" embodies in part the ideas of those who believe that a cruiser should have considerable auxiliary sail-power, both to economize her coal.s not pressed, and also to add to her speed when the wind favors this during a chase. She is bark rigged and can spread io,ooo sq. ft. of canvas to aus steaming speed of i9 knots an hour, derived from engines of 8,869 indicated horse-power. The "Newark's" dimensions are: length, 3IO ft.; breadth, 49.2 draft, x8.8 ft.; which make her displacement 4,098 tons. She carries twelve 6-inch rifles in her main battery, and sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns of small ca another illustration of this issue a comparison may be made between the " Newark " and the " Baltimore," a cruiser of the same size but of different design. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~:,:a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' ) THE N~~~~~~~~w^R~:.~~~~~i T}E"eak moisi pr h da ftoewh eiv htacusr hudhv osdrbe uiir alpwr ot oeooiehrca is otprssdan asotoad t hr ped he te infaostis uigacae h sbr igdadcnsra ooos.f.o avst u staigsedof1 nt nhor eie ro nie f8,6 niae hrepwr he"eaks imnin r:legh t; rat,4. drf, 88 t; wihmk e ipaeet408tn. Secristev nhrfl e in he ma ib a t er, an d s ixtee auiir ri-fr uns ofsmlca Lanoter ilustatio~of his ssuea comarisn ma be ade etwen th "Neark" nd te "Bltimre,"a criserof th sam siz butof dffernt dsign.-:I i....^:j * ' * 3 'l;.:.-, ^;-.''*.^ ^:::i R S... a. * i;i when she rment her; ft. mean libre. Iln PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 24 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. APRIL 4, 1898 ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American Navy Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART FOUR CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII CoMoGMT, 188, BY BlXIORD, MIDDLEBROOK & Co. VIGHIGAN 'Hlkr NIAGARA FALL ROUTE COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON J0......" ' '1.... The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 26j hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: 19i ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. A NATIVE FEAST (QUEEN LILIUOKALANI IN THE CENTRE.) THOUGH the native Hawaiians of the upper class are well educated, and in many respects conform to the ideas of the dominant foreigner them, they still retain certain immemorial customs and practices of their ancestors. An instance is furnished by this picture of a native feast, over by Queen Lil, and served on a mat in front of a typical grass-house. Everything is in primitive Hawaiian style except the costumes of the pants. The large vessel in the middle contains poi, the national dish. It is a thick paste prepared by pounding and mixing with water the root of plant, and then allowing it to ferment. The absence of individual plates and spoons is explained by the fact that the guests partake by thrusti fingers into the mass in the large bowl, and then conveying the adhesive poi into their mouths, where it is removed by a dexterous rake between and front teeth. s among presided I particithe tara ng their the lips AVENUE OF DATE-PALMS (GROUNDS OF THE QUEEN'S HOSPITAL). THIS palm has proved to be a desirable acquisition to the Islands, attaining there a size unknown in its original habitat. As an ornamenta yields to none that has been naturalized since the advent of Europeans. The date-palm is at first a bush, but soon a central stem indicates its as to become a tree. Eventually the lower stems break off, leaving the main trunk sheathed with their rough, protruding stumps, which require wear away to a comparatively smooth surface. The illustration exhibits these various stages of growth. '.....-. * *.; i ~i.; 1 tree it;piration years to A PUBLIC SCHOOL (FORMERLY THE RESIDENCE OF MRS. C. R. BISHOP, A DESCENDANT OF THE KAMEHAMEHAS). THIS mansion, with its spacious, well-kept grounds occupies a conspicuous position in Honolulu, and its use for educational purposes enhai interest which attaches to it as the former home of a Kamehameha. The natives have made good use of the facilities here afforded them, and ir in all the public institutions, their exemplary deportment and creditable work constitute a better monument to the glories of the Kamehamehas t mass of inert bronze or unused sto:ne could have been.I Tins mansion, with its spacious, wel-kpground ocupe aosicus poito:in Honolulu,: and its useforeuaionalproena interst whch atache to i as he fomer hme o a Kaehamea. Te natves ave mde god us of te faclitis her affoded hem, nd i in all the public institutions, their exemplary deportment and creditable work constitute a better monument to the glories of the Kamehamehas t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:;:"il~iii-:::: ~ i: nces the a this, as '~han any '~ 'I 1; 1 -:)~ i:. HAWAIIAN MOUNTAIN SCENERY. PERHAPS nowhere in the world is there a more magisterial display of past volcanic force than in these Islands. That force raised them midwm Pacific, and left their surface torn and contorted into rugged mountains and deep-cut valleys. While the former are usually barren, the latter, by the detritus of ages, are covered with luxuriant vegetation, and furnish excellent agricultural lands. ty in the enriched --- 5 — -: THE CRATER OF KILAUEA. KILAUEA, the largest active volcano in the world, is the chief scenic attraction of Hawaii, the most considerable island of the group in area. The mountain is about thirty miles southwest of the seaport Hilo, and rises to the height of 4,000 feet. The crater is about eight circumference, and exhibits the rare spectacle of molten lava in ceaseless activity. Commodious steamers render the volcano accessible to whose number increases every year. point of miles in tourists, "FLOWER GIRLS." THIS is the title which dignifies the Hawaiian women - young and old - engaged in the sale of cut flowers. At almost any street c the business part of Honolulu these flower-venders may be seen squatting along the sidewalk with their wares in baskets before them. of their display consists of wreaths and festoons, and conspicuous samples of both are wound about their heads and hang down from the in front. The wreaths are composed chiefly of carnations, but they also use a yellow native flower, more pleasing to the eye than to tl orner in A part ir necks he nose. HAWAIIAN JUNGLE. THE rich marshy lands to be found in all the Islands exhibit in their perfection the palms and other indigenous growth. However, no mazes of vines and underbrush obstruct the view or shelter tigers and snakes, and in consequence a botanizing expedition is more pleasura than in India. Where circumstances have allowed the inclosure of such situations in private grounds, nearly all of the useful and decorative of the torrid zone have been successfully naturalized. tangled ble here growths *z,; -,J ^,' e '", ** l ~: I. a,. An DRIVEWAY TO THE ROYAL HAWAIIAN 1HOTEL, UNASSUMING architecturally, this hotel offers the tourist superior facilities for studying Hawaiian conditions. As showr. by its name the buildi from the time of the monarchy, and has witnessed the decay and overthrow of the native government. The adjacent garden and grounds contai collection of trees and plants, and the guests can stroll or drive there for hours, enjoying the summer air, the fragrance of the flowers, the repos tropical foliage. ing dates.n a rare;e of the ~i ~ -li::':~:::;:~ i *:,*w, GROUNDS OF A PRIVATE RESIDENCE. How responsive nature is in the Islands may be seen from the tropical splendor which surrounds this unpretentious home. Such a varied c of fruit and flowers, such a lavish display of ornamental foliage, would be impossible without favoring conditions of climate and soil. S charms are never lessened here, and the genial freshness of the trade-winds is a perpetual invitation to linger amid this outdoor magnificence. )llection immer's I:'::.:~icl" ii i~ ~I A FAVORITE BATHING-PLACE. THE native Hawaiians of both sexes and all ages are expert swimmers and appear to be nearly as much at home in the water as on lar common to see a large number of the younger natives congregated at some convenient spot to engage in various aquatic sports and contests, whir no fear of the man-eating sharks known to infest those waters. The Hawaiians say that a shark will not assail several swimmers, nor even an one if he keeps up a continual splashing, and the strength of their faith is frequently evinced by a pair of men swimming out to a vessel lying more from the shore. id. It is ch reveal t isolated a mile or HAWAIIAN WOMEN PICNICKING. NOTWITHSTANDING their adoption of modern civilization in its essential features, the native Hawaiians still have lapses into the habits toms of their forefathers, as is clearly shown by the repast as well as by the attire (or lack of it) in this scene. Of the feast the piece de resistanz fish, as might be expected, but poi. As for the native costumes here, the most conspicuous- and sole visible -features are the wreaths of flowe guitars furnish a musical accompaniment for their songs in Hawaiian, but the plates and saucers are of small use in eatingpoi, as this food is c with the fingers directly from the large vessel into the mouth. The national dish, poi, is a thick paste made by pounding and fermenting the roc taro plant, an esculent common to all the Pacific islands. and cusce is not rs. The onveyed )t of the -4uM-'POI PUT-4 Iraqi 1114 413olj o4 s4auaaq4o qlioj puas ujn4 ui qoiqAx soon o:Ium puu dn 4no-ids Saqj aioqj, -saioqs a4owaa o4 sallui jo spuLsiioqq s4nu aq4 .uuD s4uounz)-uua;Do 4uqj 4z)vj atp Sq pamuldxa ST allOZ PI-1.101 3111 qiioqfnoiq4 uois.TodsTp oplm sjj -o.ioqsuas oq4 04 aSOI;) PUU I0A0j-US oTp jL-u 4sz)q SOAT.Iql -Lujud-4nuuoz)oz) ailj, -Iooj S4xis JO 4q2taq u ouTuiu44,p- Ijuaiibaij 'nliijouol-I JO szunsojom a-Io.Tvj oqj JO omos ut ainjuaj zn1sofem u st 11 .q pluameu-io ur sV -z)4a 'sduz)4IUT:fUT.Tp Sle sllaqs aq4 pooj Oj towa —[ aq4! a2upiozz) pup, 'sq,,;iijq '.UT41UUI 2UTJULU IOJ S4nU;Dql jo s:qsnq o-Lll! -10luipjjnq ioj poom oql - pazillIn St QZ)jl 344 JO Ijud -,JOAZ) IIJUON -a-inpupiuml U.,Oiajoj jo sappiu iopodus pull spoqlaui;aql q4lAk poluiunbou owuoaq Xql oz)uis sXo aiaq4 ui aouu4.Todmi sit JO OLITOS 4SOI SULI s I 'SUL-I.I.L-,kkLH OA14UU aq4 o4 olqusuadsipui os oz)uo 'Lujud IH zl 1, ', I. 4, W,, X ",~c;'9 gj~1 iR: 4-F cJ Cd 0d ti) 0 ro~s ' C,' ra b4 a Cd c d~ C) dr 4- J c.,-q 4-J cn 0,a ~c cr,,F C' c0.4 fq te c d cd E d.j IV~!a i r `Pi ~i , I:, I:;. 1, 1 ~ I.:: \ i I: -: E:: E ~ '.::...::: E SPRECKELS' FIRST SUGAR MILL. PRIMITIVE enough does this appear in comparison with the " Sugar King's " subsequent manufacturing plants, which are unsurpassed in eq and scale. It was to the immense output of Spreckels' plantations that the Hawaiian Islands first owed their importance commercially, and his iml of Portuguese and Asiatic laborers was the first disturbing factor in Hawaiian development.,uipment )ortation POST-OFFICE, HONOLULU. THE capacity of this structure is greatly increased by having both the general and box deliveries directly upon the vestibule, so as to rend more accessible as well as more pleasant to use in such a climate. Statistics show that relatively to-the letter-writing population and transp facilities, Honolulu's post-office handles more pieces of mail than any city of its size in the United States. The new administration has taken ( measures to keep the mail service up to the requirements of the city's steadily expanding commerce Ler them )ortation effectual ~aamvu uoruruoz) aqj ozmaqm 'sla3aaA eq Xrsu1p Xq paqsipai dus liz)4-em L, U~j~kpalIiY si 1:1un'1 oql luau iSULOIS ALIZ)LIOZ aqj jo 4.iu~d jsa-ytzn7 yqj, -uj -e jo oduqs oyp ui Ino praia~ds 'smoix Ir-iol-el allsoddo oxil Ul Ayunl1 uluul oq4 -Luoij 2ui-loioma 'sals;suayl puu 'jupld L-uuuu~q oq4 jo asoqj aIquiasaa SOAU01a ayjj -4ujjquq pui.!Buo sit ui possudinsun uoipojaiad L, S IL-44-c llnlOUOH Pul'O~'L pul u spuno.T-a! OILRud 2.iut;yl ui puv~ 'aaarl juluouirwo uv~ su spilLTql atll uly pazitIu.Tujuu, jij'no.iorij uaaq suq qz)Ttjlk'sjsiuvjoq jo s-zs-itdziv-7s-v-o'vpvH vjvuxivNv aqj ioj aumu lum3Ibollo3 aqj zzt stHL ~i* F -i k; ~1 PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 25 '~' ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.oo. APRIL II, 1898 ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American~~ Navy Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART FIVE CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. COPYRIGHT, 1808, BY BILFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII CENTRAL THE' NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 266 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: II9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. I I Copyright 1896 by J. S. Johnston. THE U. S. BATTLE-SHIP MAINE. THE verdict of the naval court of inquiry exculpated the officers of the " Maine" and ascribed her destruction to the explosion of a mine at 9:40 P. M. February 15, i898. History's list of infamous deeds has received an addition, and in the harbor of Havana a wreck has become a monument to a living ide as to the uncoffined dead pinned under tons of iron. The battle-ship " Maine " was a thing of beauty as she proudly steamed to the spot that was to be her grave. She was more than a match for any Spani anchored near, and to practised eyes, on ship or shore, her formidable power must have been discernible. Aboard the ship there was not a soul unawar dangerous mission, and of the responsibility which weighed on all. Tuesday, a as well ish vessel e of her COMMANDINGO I OFFICERS OF THE MAINE. CAPT. SIGSBEE and his officers doubtless assembled for social pleasures while anchored before Havana as was their custom; tor, beyond the mainter discipline sharpened because of our strained relations with Spain, their routine duties were few and their hours of relaxation many. Still, in the light of s1 events we can well imagine that to the officers playing draughts, the "Maine" often seemed like an exposed man on the checker-board, and the issue c game at dice must have hung upon a throw as hopeless as the fire of the "Maine's" ro-inch rifles replying to hostile forts and fleet'around her! _z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 M ~,,.,, game at dice nlust have hung upon a throw as hopeless as the fire of the "Maine's" io-inch rifles replying to hostile forts and fleet-around her! iance of a ubsequent )f many a / a~ ~,-.Y ~' 5:: ~86: b\ I a. I ^II CIHIIEF OFFICERS OF THE MAINE. To the younger officers the curtailment of shore privileges made their stay at Havana far from pleasant. In February Wiest Indian harbors are unusually a and in casinos, club-rooms and hotels, to say nothing of balls and spIecial fetes, a round of pleasures is offered, such as makes cruising in those waters highly e When the "Maine" took her assigned anchorage, even the yountest cadet fromi Annapolis had no thought of anything but discipline. Jealous eyes were alwa upon the ship, and it was felt that at any moment an announcement of war might render it necessary to fight their way past forts and fleet. Every precai taken to mreet a probable danger. The actual one was unknown to the world's experience. ittractive, njoyable. ys turned ation was r~~~~~~~~RUE ~ ~i.~~MIE 'Tes........ i7 a~~~~~~ i, -ii:" SECRETARY ~EHERBERT S VISIT To THIE ic utoiedhrcosrcto roie 1) dy for her peed trial. 'he act wh ough tried he o Maine" was onlyd t Mn~ wil rcal th geers ineret fl'in the, Maine" when she was rea -,,lls inthis cunery.Alta. ~,,,.,,,,. ~.~. ~ ~~~~~~~eral interest felt — Dlate I it was felt thatnn lthughhe. Dain r~ ony MANY will recall the gen tureh, and this encouraged the building of a" Led te moi i of navalconstructors and officers alike, and ius ef ha part of her shouild be, y of heor lines and thesymetary of herS is proiirtio,, elintinued by his successor, Mr. HTerbert, and to the enthusias eknl b Matal to bil and art L naval~x exp nson Mr Heb r was receiveOS to the sip' Maine is due, ino doubi, his advocacy thi quarters of the ship's equipment, including the men and their quarters. Al I B i I1l i" r X: I hat every t seconde were at this visit:very part _: E OFF D)UTY ON TI-IE MAINE. A FEW of the men who posed for this picture may have seen ex-Secretary Herbert come aboard the "Maine," but most of them look too young to ha service so long. How many of these lusty fellows were of the 260 who perished on that fateful Tuesday night? Who can say? IThe roll-call of this pictu been made, and only the survivors can determine the number of the missing. Here they are portrayed when care and responsibility are farthest from th But in an instant a scene like this can change, for these mnen have onerous duties at stated hours. tve been in ire has not meir minds. l~ t P rli:i. I.1 I I I 1. TEACHING THE WIGWAG SYSTEM OF SIGNALING. ONE of the most important lessons the apprentice seamen are required to learn is "wigwag" signaling. This is by means of a small white flag held in and moved horizontally or vertically according to a certain system. A powerful glass enables these different motions to be distinctly recognized and inter board a sister ship miles away, and thus communication is established. It is obvious that sudden emergencies may require the speedy issuance of orders from the flag-ship to her consorts near enough to see, but too fai "Wigwagging" is the means employed by day, and the illustration shows practice in the art, as it was aboard the "Maine." the hand, preted on r to hear. ~''" "~'*x`" I I: t: l:: b E {I / rife J REVOLVER PRACTICE. FIRING at a target with the new-model "navy"' revolvers is another part of the drill on board a war-ship. A section of the "Maine's" crew is here she rank firing above the heads of the other kneeling. Of course there is no use for such a weapon in a naval engagement, as the contending ships will rarely within pistol-range, and no men are in sight. But when a detachment is sent ashore to do guard duty, serviceable revolvers enable the men to defend th against a mob, which might overpower them if they had only their fists for defense. It would be a bold hundred that could face and attack eighteen men fir heavy revolvers in this order. The experience of the " Baltimore's " men ashore at Valparaiso will not be forgotten soon. own, one approach leniselves ring with I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ll~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l:t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N 66 ~:~i)!'?~......... ~ X ~~p...... SINGLE-STICK PRACTICE. THIS is an exercise to impart skill in the use of the cutlass, or seaman's sword. However, seamen are not armed with cutlasses now, nor can mode be captured by boarding, so that single-stick practice is merely an agreeable system of calisthenics, pretty much the same as fencing with foils, but requiring greater strength. This illustration shows the "Maine's" expert fencers engaged in their regular drill. They were reputed the most skilful and their friendly rivalry with the crews of the other vessels was encouraged by their officers, who took great pride in their prowess. / t^^, ~?i:a.rn war-ships rougher and in our navy, l ~:::; TORPEDO-TUBE WITH GUARD AND GUNNER. ALTHOUGH there are specially constructed torpedo-boats whose sole means of offense is the torpedo, yet every modern battle-ship is provided with launching torpedoes while in action. One of the " Maine's" tubes is here shown, with gunner and guard on duty. The tube and its dangerous ammunition stantly under surveillance and their handling is committed only to experts. This tube's torpedo was exploded by the force of the concussion from the mine the ship, and the destruction wrought was ter-ible to behold. - - Hi tubes for are conbeneath iA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; P - *a L 1=_:P BOATSWAIN, CARPENTERS, AND ENGINEERS OF THE MAINE. Most of the designations in use on sailing-ships are retained on our war-vessels, but it is obvious that propulsion by steam now gives the engineer the in possessed by the carpenter or sail-mnaker of Decatur's time. There is small use for a wood-worker on a ship constructed of steel, and none for the sail-maT no canvas is spread.' Still, the capture of a prize in time of war might call for a crew of old-time sailors to carry it into port; and therefore every iron-clad1 sentative sailors as well as a full complement of engineers. The landsman will scarcely be able to distinguish them ill the illustration.::14;i nportance ker where has repre J:BACHELORS' GLEE-CLUB (on the Maine). IT is never difficult to find musicians when one can select from several hundred men, and a peculiar gravitation always helps to bring music-makers toget "Maine's" glee-club was deservedly popular from its excellent rendition of songs dear to the seaman's heart. Instrumental music was not wanting, but the cl rested chiefly on its songs, which were in great request among the officers and men alike. With one exception the members were all young men, and some perished in the fatal explosion which occurred shortly after their last songF floated out over the harbor of Havana.:]-:-~~;-[ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,;: _ i n s._51 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - -in - C~::~~~~~~~~~~ BACHELORSI GLEE-CLUB ( on the M aine ). IT is never difficult to find musicians when one can select from several hundred men, and a peculiar gravitation always helps to bring music-makers togetl " Maine's " glee-club was deservedly popular from its excellent rendition of songs dear to the searnan's heart. Instrumental music was not wanting, but the cll rested chiefly on its songs, which were in great request among the officers and men alike. With one exception the mlenabers were all young men, and some perished in the fatal explosion which occurred shortly after their last songs" floated out over the harbor of Havana. her. The ab's fame of them 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i:! itRc~ *- "..^1:,::::;!,,^:...?. i~ ',, ^^^^^^,.:::r.:*' ^; Be: do ~:: t '' i: MASTER-AT-ARMS' MESS ON BOARD THE MAINE. CONTRARY to the belief of many, the fare of our seamen is excellent, consisting of the best prepared foods and dishes. Service afloat requires the highes efficiency such as is found only in well-nourished men, and nothing is omitted that can add to the relish of their meals. This illustration of a specimen mr "Maine " shows that these men shared as well as the second-cabin passengers on the big liners. The officers' table had more elegant appurtenances but the the food was no better.;t physical ess of the quality of w~ "i,, SEAMEN'S MESS (Maine). PLAINER than that shown in the preceding illustration, but withal neat and clean, were the " Maine's" tables for the common seamen. The food served stantial, well-cooked and of the best quality. The accommodations exhibited a scrupulous regard for the comfort of the men, and it is certain that many of t never known a better home than was theirs aboard the battle-ship. It must be remembered that a war-vessel is seldom as much as ten days out of port, al fore her men are subjected to none of the privations which attended long voyages, in the old-fashioned men-of-war. was subthem had nd there ,iII " 1:e. -~ I I: I I I I I I I: I - — ~ ''I I I,, I, 7 IIT, 7: z,1 "'71,,,, 7.7 RETURNING TO THE MAINE AFTER A SHAM BATTLE ASHORE. THE summons to go ashore is always welcomed by the marines as a pleasant variation of their duties on shipboard, and especially gratifying to them is that there is to be a sham battle in which the men from other ships will take part. Opportunity is given of seeing old friends and renewing acquaintances, men embark for the ship after a day's arduous drill, their recollection of the interspersed pleasures make them forget their fatigue. The officers of the had brought their men to a state of high efficiency and their discipline was never more conspicuous than in that awful catastrophe in Havana harbor. the news and as the "Maine" TORPEDO-TUBE AND GUNNERS (on the Maine). A PREVIOUS illustration showed the unceasing vigilance which guarded this engine of destruction. The same tube is pictured here with the five men wh it. They all perished in the second explosion which followed the terrible upward blow from the mine beneath the " Maine." Few would suspect the latent a torpedo like this, but whatever is able to sink a hostile ship by striking its hull after traversing unseen a mile of intervening water, is far more destruct exploded in its tube by a shock from without. To realize this one should see in the harbor of Havana the unsightly wreck which marks the latest scene of i heroism and Spanish perfidy. lo served power of tive when American THE MAINE'S MASCOT. IT is well-known that sailors fasten their affections upon the most nondescript pets, and are allowed by their officers to keep them in their quarters a ship. Such a pet is known as a " mascot," and good treatment of it is supposed to bring luck to the ship. Sometimes it is a monkey, sometimes a parrot. cot of one of our war-ships is an ugly goat, whose stubbornness has completely effaced any amiability he ever possessed. The " Maine's " mascot was a cat ar to say, it survived the horrors of that awful explosion, being rescued by the sailors who were searching for dead and dying comrades. It has not been state this cat is eligible to the mascotship of one of the newly launched vessels, but it is scarcely likely, as that honor is determined by chance and not by election iboard the The masnd strange d whether 1. PUBLISHED WMKLY. PRICz, FIrTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 26 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, S15.00. APRIL 18, 1898 INTHRBD AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFPICE AS. SECOND CLASS MATTI The American~~ Navy Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART SIX CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. CENTRALL tE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTES COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 263 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: xI9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. !^ - '^.':',1-:.."~-*<'^SS_-;JiSB ^^ — x~..*^::**^!^ l'l''l'':;'''^ x, 4':: '^ 'z':,',X ': *;.*',\: e';;^ 1 \:,, '*y, */ ' ^;" ~;^~; '.e^,.: / /.' ~;. < '!. ha.:;' e^. " m* L C i '.'. ' *j;X^^ z'.'>*..1 1:^^ t ^^'':*0;* **-:1 * f: *\ X. X '.'''f''>'. ' '- ''a i,..i-'. 04'.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,',',/ *i ' '. ' '"'' - ' ' * $, Ve ice ' ''1 '''' '^' ^ ' '~"': ''" *'; - i 0. 3'. I;: i ' } j.^^-^..i:::1^:^..^.^^^~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i..>s, - ~ ~ (' - 9..:>s. 'Ij '. -. ' 'EA X., v H,;,'," < X.. — "'"''"''''','-:''; E f.'''.'''..,'.,'','.".-'-""'' al''' ' A ', EXECUTIVE BUILDING. THIS is a more comprehensive view of the former Royal Palace than the one contained in Part I. On the right are seen the old Royal Barri the left the Royal Bungalow appears. The large inclosure is tastefully laid out and adorned with just enough tropical verdure to relieve the whit the structure. The background of mountains finishes the picture and shows the extent of Honolulu in one direction, though all buildings less lof this are hidden by the trees. icks; on eness of Ety than A GRASS HOUSE. KNOWLEDGE of foreign customs and the possession of palatial homes have not eradicated in the-better class of Hawaiians their innate predile living in the grass houses of their ancestors. These primitive abodes consist of a framework of poles thatched overhead and on the sides. Besi( lack of air and light they are unsightly and small, and the tourist wonders what can make them inviting to those able to purchase commodious da The natives here assembled are the ones elsewhere shown at a native feast. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ction for des their wellings. A WATERFALL. IN THE mountainous districts, especially in Hawaii, volcanic forces have left many precipices and abrupt changes in surface-level. The rain-co areas suffice for the nourishment of considerable streams, which seek the nearest way to the sea, falling over the tops of old lava cliffs long since with soil and overgrown with vegetation. That such streams often become resistless torrents is obvious from the size of this one s bed, and th worn rocks therein. - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*'~P!- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ no worn rocks therein. llecting covered e water THE QUEEN'S HOSPITAL. THIS beneficent institution was founded with funds raised by the joint efforts of Kamehameha IV and his consort Emma. In equipment and it compares favorably with the best European hospitals, while its attractive site and large grounds are highly conducive to the comfort of its The walks and driveways of the inclosure are shaded by fine specimens of rare palms and other trees introduced when intercourse with tropical ( was first established. methods inmates. countries THESE are to-day not unlike the ones that came out to Captain Cook's ships 120 years ago, but the use of steel tools has made their construe easier than when stone axes and fire were the only means of hollowing them out and shaping them from tree-trunks. These canoes are stee propelled with a paddle, and steadied by means of a rude outrigger. For fishing and coasting in fair weather and smooth water they a serviceable, especially when handled by a skilled native. It will be noticed that the craft has both ends shaped alike, but the position of the oi determines which is to be used as the bow.. ~..'i i '*- * '. 'S1^ 2tion far red and re very utrigger GROUNDS OF A PRIVATE RESIDENCE. LAND is SO cheap in all the Islands that every house-owner can afford to have a large yard and garden. The natives, as well as the resident fo take a pride in cultivating desirable trees and flowers, whether indigenous or specially imported from other tropical countries. A portion o collection of plants is here portrayed, and in the background are seen stables and horse-lots quite as they appear in our Southern States. How comparison fails in point of climate and everything dependent on it, for no part of the United States enjoys Honolulu's perfect exemption fr and annoying insects. oreigners, >f such a ever, the:om frost ,iW' I d I 9 -- ---- - - - - - - - APPROACH TO THE CEMETERY. THE interior of this inclosure is in keeping with the beautiful avenue leading to it. The feathery palms replace in the Islands the willow hospitable climes, and the breath of perpetual summer invites the flowers to dispense their fragrance round the graves. For this reason H cemeteries never present the bleak and desolate appearance which those of other countries wear in winter. There is always an abundance of verdur the tombs, and the floral wealth of the place impresses the beholder far more than the memorial stones. s of less lawaiian e among HONOLULU, FROM THE PUNCH-BOWL. THE eminence immediately behind the city is called the "Punch-bowl" because of its suggestive shape. The view from its summit i picturesque, embracing the entire city, harbor, and long reaches of the coast. The absence of many large dwellings is explained by the fact wealthiest citizens nearly all live in the outskirts of the city, or on the slopes of the mountains which surround it. The large mansion on the ] mansard roof, vestibule, and side piazza, was once the residence of Mrs. C. R. Bishop, a descendant of the Kamehamehas. It is now a public schc is highly that the left, with )ol. A DETACHMENT OF UNITED STATES MARINES. AT THE outbreak of the Revolution (I893) which deposed Queen Liliuokalani, it seemed that the lives and property of resident America jeopardized. Accordingly the commander of the United States cruiser "Boston," then lying in the harbor of Honolulu, landed a detachment of mar their protection. The men took a defensible position, and the guns (a Hotchkiss and a Gatling) were placed so as to command the approach apprehended trouble never came, and the men were recalled. However, it was just this display of force that caused President Cleveland to withc Annexation Bill, for the presence of the United States marines conduced greatly to the success of the Revolution, and he was unwilling to have the States seem to profit by an insurrectionary movement countenanced by landing the marines. ns were rines for es. The Iraw the D United jj~ -X;.'':l:1.~ -: — --- i ";;V i. i:~ ir~:d" ~.~:~::.::~~::-......... /. i THE KING'S RESIDENCE AT WAIKIKI. THOUGH the last native rulers observed, on a small scale, most of the forms of royalty of which they had knowledge through Europeans, then themselves of every opportunity to escape from the irksome restraints of their position. When the king left the capital and sought quietude in his ( abode among the cocoanut-trees at Waikiki, he became for the time being a chief, and his ministers were sub-chiefs gathered round him to exa behests. The delights of surf-swimming, poi feasts, dancing, etc., were indulged in very much the same as when the Islands were free from influence. y availed cool, airy ecute his i foreign A TARO PATCH. THIS remarkable food-plant, the Colocasia antiquorumn of botanists, resembles the water-lily in habit of growth and thrives only in a mo: soil. It is widely cultivated in all of the Pacific Islands, its starchy, tuberous roots supplying the want of grain. The native Hawaiians bak and then pound them, with water, into a thick paste, which is allowed to ferment for several days before it is eaten. This is poi, the l Hawaiian dish. The yield of tubers per acre is said to be enormous, and a very small "patch" of ground set with taro plants will sustain a large fa natives. Foreigners relish poi as little as they do the Hawaiian manner of eating it, which is to lick the sour paste from the fingers thrust common bowl. ist, rich:e them national imily of t into a THE CENTRAL UNION CHURCH, HONOLULU. MANY of the public and business buildings of Honolulu are constructed of the dark lava rock which abounds on every hand. It is nearly as d granite and so difficult to work that its use is restricted as yet to large structures, in which cost is secondary to strength and appearance. An ir afforded by the Central Union Church here pictured, which would be an ornament to any American city. When it is remembered that tl Anglo-Saxon population of the Islands is under 6,ooo - not one person to a square mile - it is clear that the native Hawaiians have furnished me money, as well as the church-goers, for so large an edifice in Honolulu, whose population is but 30,000. urable as istance is he entire ost of the -------- --- ---- ----— ~...... ~...,.-. ~.....,.:-. -.:. ~r~ ~ ~.:: ~~.i~.~.;.;,;.. ~~:.~.'i - ~ -r.:,. -,',b:-iilj -~i.~ ~~.;i ~ ---~ B:-_x t _ I THE KAMEHAMNEHA SCHOOL FOR BOYS. THE Hawaiian race profited less by the long rule of the Kamehameha dynasty than by the wise philanthropy of one of that famil representatives reduced to private life. Of the several institutions founded by Mrs. Bishop (Princess Bernice Pauahi) for the education of her the Industrial School for Boys, pictured above, will serve as an example. Its equipment includes everything that modern pedagogy presc suggests, and its course embraces, besides the requisite literary training, thorough practice-work in the various mechanic arts, so as to ins pupil's success in after life when he goes forth to compete with the pushing foreigners settled in the Islands. Though the school has operation only ten years, its salutary influence is already widely felt. ly's last ^ people, ribes or sure the been in ':: ]1i iL i '? I~ 11 w w~~i w~~ L PALM-TREES (GROUNDS OF THE QUEEN'S HOSPITAL, HONOLULU). THESE magnificent specimens are the finest in the Island, if not in the world, having received every attention which could favor their The ring markings on their trunks are the only indications of the rough stems which sheathed them far down while they were yet sma palm's habit of growth is such that it is not crowded at a distance of fifteen feet, and does not cast shade enough to interfere with smaller or trees or shrubs planted near it. Aside from its specific mission, the Queen's Hospital possesses importance as a botanical garden for the preser rare indigenous trees and plants threatened with extinction. growth. ill. The namental vation of ,,~ i ~~i;~ T HE EX-QUEENS HOUSEIHIOIDI) GUARDS. WITH the other borrowed forms of royalty, Liliuokalani maintained a small force of household guards, armed and drilled after the European However useful these soldiers may have been for parade, they were valueless when the Queen's high-handed measures needed military support them successful. The practised eye will detect an unsoldierly limpness in this line and other signs indicate that it would acquit itself better at a than before a hostile battery! In fact, when put to the test, these soldiers failed utterly. fashion. to make boi feast -puTq;aq AZ)Ol -CA-Ul AJUP aqj qjIm 4s-ei4uoo -Sq iajjqzA sAool 'jal-cm 2uilIL-j jo spuaiql a4uxedas aqj Ilt, qjIm'siq; pull Ilsim ui pa4vdTssip aq 04.134vm aql Jo amos Sasnw) 'slluj 11 oz)uulsip aqj put, tavaps aqj jo ssauljlms aqj, — eas aqj spi'mol asanoz) sil samnsaa oz)uaql puu 'molaq uis-eq aq4 olui iq2iaq Xzzip v -Luoij smod ia4um aqj, -ureaijs oiqlioj lauuvqz).Ssra u-e siajjo tusuqz) juml-eu v ai;)qm 'mn-e-N u' uullu'AA, sfunba -Lu'aql jo auou ina -sapvz)su;D Xll;aid atuos aiv axaqj 'saqz)uaq OATSSOODUS Xq pajxem si UOTI-eA31a ui;a2uuqz) aqj aiaqm pull 'llujumi snoidoz) v OAuq sputlsl aqj jo -I-IV.3'1'IVq Vfl-IIVIA PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 27 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.oo00. APRIL 25, 1898 ENTRBED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American~~ avy Cuba and Hawaii *. UIm 3o RNO 3.W211 REPRODUCTIONS AOF PHOTOGRAPHS PART SEVEN CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPTRIGHT, 1808, BY BILFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. CENTRAL "TIE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 263 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: Ii9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 21 9 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. Cuba and the Wrecked M~ ~~~ne~ WITH INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE TEXT REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS CHICA(CGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, I898 BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. RAND, McNALLY & Co., PRINTERS, CHICAGO, ILL. INTRODUCTION The West Indies comprise a chain of islands more than two thousand miles long, encompassing the Caribbean Sea on the east and north, and extending from the mouth of the Orinoco, in South America, to the entrance of the Mexican Gulf. One-third of this immense distance is covered by the Windward and the Leeward Islands, one-third by Porto Rico and Hayti, while the remaining third is occupied by Cuba, the largest and most considerable of the Antilles. It would have been wonderful if Columbus had not discovered Cuba shortly after leaving the small island he had first sighted in the Western Hemisphere. The natives there had a tradition of a vast body of land stretching far away toward the setting sun, and the great navigator concluded that this could be no other than the object of his search —the continent of Asia. It was scarcely possible for him to miss Cuba. Its bold mountains are visible for miles at sea, and the mariner sailing westward in this latitude has their outlines on his horizon for days before reaching the Gulf of Mexico. Columbus saw them one clear October morning, in I492, and, landing, claimed possession for his sovereigns. In twenty years the Spaniards had completely subjugated the island and exterminated the natives. It was their first secure possession in the New World-with Porto Rico it is now their last. Of that splendid Western empire whose treasures built the Escorial, equipped the Armada, and marched an invincible infantry to battle-fields far beyond the confines of the Peninsula, only these two islands remain under Spanish rule-or misrule;and one of them has already cost more men and money than the English spent in driving the French out of Spain. If it is strange that Cuba did not seek independence when the South American states and Mexico were asserting theirs in arms, it is no less strange that Spain should have eventually prized this island far above any possession on the mainland. It is worth while to note the economic and other conditions which explain these facts, as otherwise they may seem anomalous. In Cuba, no aboriginal population survived to receive a Spanish tincture and become assimilated, nor were there any mines of precious metals to divert the attention of the first colonists. The natives had been replaced by African slaves able to endure the hardships of the plantations, and crops for export yielded a surer, though less dazzling, wealth than that which filled the visions of a Cortez, or stimulated the efforts of a Pizarro. On the other hand, in Mexico and South America the early Spaniards were conquerors, not colonizers, and they made it their business to amass and send home the metallic wealth of their viceroyalties, rather than to develop an agriculture less favored by location and climate than that of the Antilles. As there was no occasion to substitute African slaves for the aborigines, most of the latter were suffered to live, and thus the bulk of the population was (and still is) of Indian blood. The descendants of the conquerors and the conquered coalesced in tolerably homogeneous nationalities, quite ready to declare their independence when Napoleon's seizure of Spain furnished the opportunity. It was impossible for the home government to extort any more riches from them. The galleons had carried beyond the ocean the visible supply of bullion, and there was little agriculture or commerce to provide another source of wealth. Oppression bore its fruit after three centuries. The various dependencies rebelled. Spain was too remote, too hard pressed herself to send adequate reinforcements to her viceroys, and her cruel flag was hauled down forever on the American continent. The success of these revolts on the mainland changed the commercial status of the islands at once, but did not affect their loyalty to Spain. Ships which before had loaded silver bars at Vera Cruz or Callao, now took aboard sugar and tobacco at Havana. The European consumption of these two commodities increased to such an extent that Cuba could not meet the demand with her existing facilities for production. Thousands of new haciendas were established, and armies of slaves brought under subjection the additional areas of virgin soil needed for cane and tobacco. Not infrequently vessels cast anchor in the harbors before their cargoes had been gathered from the fields! No such scale of agricultural operations had ever been witnessed, nor were any before so profitable. It seemed as if the planters had made with Nature a compact like Peter Schlemihl's with " the man in gray.'" Whatever their extravagances, an appeal to her bounty was always as effectual as to empty the magic purse of Chamisso's story: the squandered wealth was immediately renewed. But, notwithstanding this material prosperity, a vague unrest was abroad in the island, and it was slowly changing into discontent. The Cubans were of Spanish race and loyal to Spain, yet they were not intrusted with the management of the island's affairs. Young men, educated in the foremost institutions abroad, found themselves ineligible to positions offered lavishly to Spaniards in favor with the court at Madrid. Older men, possessing vast interests and unbounded social influence, found themselves without a voice when measures affecting the island's welfare were discussed. Their forefathers had reclaimed a wilderness; they cultivated the now arable fields, but sojourning aliens controlled the wealth the harvests yielded. This was bad enough, but when the injustice of such appointments was made more aggravating by the countenanced peculation of the appointees, it was evident that Cuba, too, was ready for independence. It took years to reach this condition. Successive captain-generals, with their hordes of satellites, had grown rich and returned to Spain; enormous deficits in the Madrid exchequer had been covered by loans saddled upon the revenues of the island. Representation was a mockery, autonomy a dream. Spain steadily refused to be warned by the example of the South American states, or to be instructed by England's experience with her colonies. It was not surprising that "filibuster" ceased to be an opprobrious epithet except on the lips of those whose abuses had provoked a special method of redress! If, in I85I, the fate of Lopez and his associates aroused in the United States only a passing sympathy, it cannot be said that the Virginius affair found us easy to placate in I873. Since the butchery of Captain Fry and his men, the Cuban cause has received constant encouragement and support in the United States. In the island, organized resistance to Spanish authority had always been easily crushed till I868, when the insurrection assumed the proportions of a war-if the barbarities perpetrated allow the use of so humane a word! For ten years that contest went on, devastating the island from one end to the other. Thousands of lives were sacrificed,'and money was poured out like water. The Peninsula was drained of its resources, the island bristled with forts and block-houses, but in their mountain fastnesses the insurgents defied all efforts to reduce them. Finally, in 1878, a peace was agreed upon which was, properly speaking, an armistice. The abolition of slavery in I880 came too late to conciliate a class ten years in arms. Negroes who had so long made common cause with the white Cubans against the despoilers, were not rendered less patriotic by the tardy removal of personal disabilities. When every pledge had been violated and every grievance revived, shoulder to shoulder with the whites they took up arms again in I895, to do battle for Cuba's freedom. To narrate the occurrences of these three terrible years is beyond the scope of this Introduction. They have shown that Cuba is not less worthy for having suffered so long. However scanty the rewards of her heroism, her place in the annals of freedom is secure. Cuba's approximate geographical position is between the parallels 20~ and 23~ of north latitude, and the meridians 74~ and 85~ of longitude west from Greenwich. The island is about 750 miles long, and from 25 to IOO miles wide. From the mainland of Florida it is separated by I50 miles of water, from Mexico by the Yucatan Channel, I30 miles wide. Commanding, therefore, both entrances to the Gulf of Mexico, and lying close to the track of our carrying-trade with the Atlantic ports of South America, Cuba is not only well situated for commerce, but is also strategically of great importance to a power at war with us. On an area equal to Indiana's, it had in I890 only three-fourths as large a population, while Ireland, which it exceeds in size by one-eighth, supported three times as many inhabitants. To be more precise, Cuba's area is 36,013 square miles, and population (I89o), 1,637,68I. The chief ports are Havana (pop. 230,000), Matanzas (pop. 87,000), Santiago de Cuba (pop. 71,000), and Cienfuegos (pop. 65,000). The exports, principally raw sugar and tobacco, have greatly fallen off since the last insurrection began, but were previously of a magnitude to overshadow the combined output of the other West Indian islands. The chief imports from the United States are food-stuffs and manufactures. One of the island's standing grievances is the repression of domestic manufactures for the purpose of favoring Barcelona and other Spanish cities which need raw products and desire to sell to the island manufactured ones. Cigars are an exception, but not all "Havanas" are made in Havana, or even in Cuba. The restrictions placed upon this industry by the Spanish authorities caused the removal of many establishments to Key West, Tampa, and even as far as New York, where they receive and make up large shipments of Cuban tobacco. The disturbed condition of the island for the last three years render all obtainable statistics more or less misleading, but there is little doubt that it could easily support three times its present population, and produce five times as much for export if it had a good government. i,r\:I;jy; -^ *ye CONSUL-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE. FOR two years General Lee has held a most trying position in Havana and he has performed its duties to the entire satisfaction of his Gove His has been no mere civilian's task, for he was surrounded from the first by the conditions of war, and was expected to pass a soldier's judgment C This his West Point training and subsequent career as a Confederate officer eminently qualified him to do, while his later public and private life in showed him possessed of the discriminating tact and courtly dignity requisite to one in his present delicate position. On the wall is the portrait of another Virginian related to the Lees, and near the General's desk hangs a map of Spain. Some shelves filled wit volumes complete the equipment of this unassuming office in which of late momentous questions have been weighed. irnment. n them. Virginia h choice THE COURT OF INQUIRY (ON BOARD THE " MANGROVE"). WHEN the news of the disaster was flashed to Washington shortly after its occurrence, our Government's first act was to succor the vic the next to appoint a Court of Inquiry. This consisted of the four naval officers here shown. Beginning on the left their names are: Captai: E. Chadwick, Lieutenant-Commander Adolph Marix, Captain William T. Sampson, and Lieutenant-Commander William P. Potter. Captain acted as President of the Court, and Lieutenant-Commander Marix as Judge-Advocate. The Court held its sittings on board the light-hous "Mangrove," anchored near the wreck, and had the advantage of being able to inspect for itself any part that remained above the wate: brought up by the divers. In the exercise of its judicial functions, such a court brings to bear the technical knowledge and special skill v inseparable from the vocation and rank of its members. tims, and n French Sampson se tender r, or was which are / DIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. THE work of these men was carried on under exceptional difficulties, such as rarely present themselves in a diver's experience. Ordinarily th4 a wreck suffers very little after it has settled firmly in its position, and, therefore, a diver can work with tolerable ease and safety; but the " Mai torn out of shape and a large part of her was converted into a tortuous maze of frames, plates, pipes, rods, etc., all bent, broken, or twisted. 1 these the divers had to work their way to reach the bodies of the victims, the guns, and the uninjured parts of the ship's equipment. The yield which covers the bottom of the harbor was not only difficult to traverse, but had allowed the heavy detached parts of the wreck to subside, a increased labor preparatory to hoisting. e hull of ne " was Through ing ooze Ind thus latter is a Spanish armored cruiser having a displacement of 7,000 tons and a speed of 20 knots. She is of the "Brooklyn" class, but her heaviest:FV only two in number and of I i-inch calibre. It will be observed that the "stars and stripes" floating over the wreck indicated that the United St held jurisdiction over her....i: 'A. -. e. Even or hours line," the guns are ates still GENERAL VIEW OF THE WRECK. THIS illustration shows the wreck as seen from the "Maine's" fighting top, or circular platform around the mast. When the vessel s mast remained upright, with the fighting top about fifty feet above the water. The three objects beyond the small boat in the centre of the are pieces of plate blown upward by the explosion, and sundered from frames I7, i8, and 19. They were made objects of the most s{ investigation, and much expert testimony was taken concerning them. The condition of this plate was one of the conclusive proofs of an e under and outside the "Maine's" hull. sank the: picture earching explosion i,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~, ~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A SPANISH DIVER AT WORK. IT will be remembered that the Spanish authorities deemed it advisable to make an independent investigation with the aid of divers. Their o were leisurely, if not perfunctory, and they were occupied fewer hours than the American divers. The illustration shows the Spanish crew in t letting a diver down. The report they made has not been published in detail, but from the utterances of the Madrid papers, as well as from the di correspondence, it is obvious that they made, or claimed to'have made, no discoveries implicating Spaniards, or pointing to any external agency. perations he act of iplomatic VIEW OF TIIE WRECK AMIDSHIPS. THE wreckers are here shown at work on the carriage of a 6-inch gun. The chief difficulty lay in disentangling the carriage fr encumbering debris, so as to make a clear lift. The view of the plates, frames, and machinery exhibit the destructive nature of the explosi in the mine. The fact that none of the ship's magazines not directly over the mine exploded is one proof of the exceeding care used "Maine" to isolate these, and to minimize the danger of carrying in them such large quantities of ammunition. The "Maine" did not go to to fight, but she was held in readiness to repel an attack, and unceasing vigilance guarded her against the surprises of war. She did not ar assassination ' tom the ive used I on the Havana iticipate MORRO CASTLE. T HE name of this celebrated fortification (often incorrectly written " Moro ") is due to the eminence upon which it is built, the word morro, in being equivalent to (isolated) mountain. In this instance the mountain is also a promontory commanding the entrance to the harbor of Havat distinctly visible to ships miles out at sea. Although an imposing pile of masonry, the Morro Castle has little value as a defensive work, and 1 fire of modern rifled ordnance would soon become untenable. The interest which attached to it by reason of its mediaeval appearance an picturesque location has long since given place to the horror inspired by its noisome dungeons and the inhuman executions of which its inclosure the scene. The waters which wash the base of the cliff swarm with sharks, and many gruesome stories are told of their usefulness in removing of inconvenient suspects temporarily confined in the dungeons above. i Spanish, na. and is under the id highly has been all traces isil THE CASINO ESPAROL, SANTIAGO DE CUBA. THE Casino (or club-house) of Santiago, like those of other Cuban cities, was built for comfort rather than for display, and to that end hasv larg-e as doors to admit freely the breeze which even during the hot months comes sweeping in from the Caribbean Sea. The squat appeara building is somewhat relieved by the stone vestibule, massive and deep, where one may lounge and look forth upon the plaza bordered by superb nightfall fireflies of a size and brilliancy unknown outside the tropics light up the scene, shooting through the air like a phosphorescent showe] of gravitation, and contrasting their mellow radiance with the rich green of the foliage. As the day declines, the Casino fills with people and animated scene out of keeping with its somnolent appearance by day. f~~.:~: `~~ 1. 51 |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~";~" fi. -~~"~ l - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`i-s' t R-'!~, |!! W =::~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H CAIN ESxSATAOr) UA TEE asin (o clu-hose) f Sntiao, ike hoseof therCubn ciieswas uil forcomort athe thn fo diplay an to hatend as lag s or o di rel hebez wiheendrngteht otscoe wepn n rmte aibenSa Tesut per buldn i omwhtreive b heson vsibl, asie n dep where n a oneadlo ot pntepaabree yspr nightfll firfliesof a sze an b';ir-pyiianc unnw otid the~I& trpisligtu tesensooigthog tear iea hshoecntso Hf gravitaton and cl-ontrstingf thetir meloraiane withe o theric green of thes was bue fos coth day declns theno Cipasi no fill wtha peoland pa animated scene out of keeping with its somnolent appearance by day. dindows as.nee of the ) trees. At r oblivious iresents an ENTRANCE TO THE PLAZA, CIENFUEGOS. IN the substantial cities of Cuba the beholder is impressed by the solidity and appositeness of everything around him. The plazas chance openings for market purposes in or between the streets, but like the spacious grounds which inclose the residences, were expressly on a scale in keeping with what Spain built to be her own forever. The plaza of Cienfuegos is the most attractive part of the once prospe and is the first which travelers visit. Here, at suitable hours, they are sure to see congregated people that they might vainly seek elsewh ravages of war have nearly destroyed the commerce which enriched Cienfuegos, but massive buildings, wide streets, and the magnificent attest its former importance. were no r laid out rous city, ere. The plaza all -* SANTIAGO DE CUBA. SANTIAGO DE CUBA. THIS city, the capital of the island's easternmost province of the same name, is situated on a small land-locked bay or harbor on the souther Before the last insurrection it had a considerable export trade in sugar, coffee, tobacco, and copper ore, but commerce is now at a standstill, being re to the city's bare necessities. It was to Santiago that the Spaniards steered the " Virginius," captured on the high seas in October, 1873; and it was here that Captain Fry an of his comrades were marched out and butchered at 4 P. Ni., November 7th. That the rest did not suffer the same fate is due, not to our Gover intervention, but to the commander of the British ship " Niobe," who had steamed at full speed from Jamaica for the express purpose of saving the these Americans. While our Government was preparing a diplomatic note, the "Niobe's" guns were trained upon the city. The threatened bomb; stayed the execution of the remaining prisoners, and the diplomatic correspondence secured their subsequent release. It is easy to see where t1 belongs. id a part nmment's e lives of ardment he credit ST. THOMAS STREET, SANTIAGO DE CUBA. THIS narrow street leads directly off from the Plaza towards the outskirts of the city, and apparently was intended mainly for pedestrians is barely room for two vehicles to pass each other. The signs on the two buildings in the foreground are expected to attract foreigners as well a whence it may be inferred that sailors sometimes pass this way in need of cigars and a " SHAMPOOM." The photographer farther down the s addressed himself to a larger public, with a less cosmopolitan sign, " FOTOGRAFfA," reaching across the street. The elevation in the dista continuation of the Sierra del Cobre, where copper ore was mined before the present insurrection broke out., as there s natives, treet has Ince is a - TIHE AMERICAN CLUB, JAGUEY STREET, SANTIAGO DE CUBA. THE Americans whom the exigencies of business held in Santiago were sufficiently numerous to maintain a club, and there they conversation, games, and reading, after their monotonous labors in the counting-house were over. The interior equipment of the club-housi be inferred from its unpretentious exterior, though this is a model of neatness compared with shabby brick walls of the opposite building, t the stucco lazily refuses to adhere! However, extremes meet in Cuba as in most Spanish -American countries, and squalor is often next door to.,. ~.. -.~. ~. -.. The American Club has lately been the scene of much anxious discussion regarding the measures to be taken to insure the safety of Americans. Americans. met for e cannot to which ) wealth. resident : a ALONG THE DOCKS, CIENFUEGOS. THE. expansion of the beet-sugar industry in Europe lessened the demand for cane-sugar, but Cuba's marvelous fertility and the introd improved methods enabled the island to hold a good part of its trade by meeting competition. It even gained some trade that had previousl the othet islands, and'but for the disastrous interference of the present war, the docks of Cienfuegos would be crowded with vessels seeking cargo harbor is well protected, and large enough to accommodate all the vessels which the rich back country can produce sugar to freight. Cienfuel covers a peninsula jutting into the harbor, and thus has an abundance of dock room. Though steamers are multiplying, there are still many sailir which regularly make up their entire return cargoes here,-. ~~~~~:;; ~l:: -;.Cb- - l,~ 5'a;l:;- -" ~~~~r:~~- 5.:-. f ~r: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ nS-Vjl ' Z~ w' '0 ~ -:'~I - I~~::~:- ~- -l- S;W!! ~~~i~:~~~;~~flLON THE:~i 1)C~,CEFUGS THEexpnson f te eetsuar ndutr inEurpelesend te dmad fr anesuar buti'- Cuba's: mavlusfri~ityadteito -i i uction of y gone to >es. The os nearly ig vessels SAN FERNANDO STREET, CIENFUEGOS. THESE massive pillars supporting a succession of archways seem a waste of strength and material in a structure of this height. But v Spaniards built in Cuba they intended should be theirs forever, whether it was private residences, public buildings, or warehouses. Man latter were on a scale which nothing could justify except the mountains of crude sugar stored there in expectation of vessels to carry it to r beyond the seas. From the monotony of stone archways the eye turns to the shady inclosures on the opposite side of the street and farth rests on the obtrusive Hotel Union, blocking half the street. The name seems inappropriate at a time when there is no union betM Spaniards and the Cubans! vhat the y of the efineries Ler down veen the ,aL,,.> v...>. R/;''.- '.~. ~,:<,'i-,-~-''',.'at:i:.... ~.,, _~ I__ Is A:*?: i..... ~ '::":":::. ' ~., ' - ':':i!'.. ' "'. ':.i. //'~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ By permission of Stone Printlng Company, Roanoke, Va.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~!'. '. ' ': '';::.,':.~ ~ ~ ~~ A E}.IIN SQUADRON.'"' '':.'"'~ ':, '' -, 4 - tons and her sped I6.$ knots n hour,?2.2 fet; mean draft as a ai bttry ndha teny -i gt s m l l r u x l irygns T e o w s d i e s i n s a r: enth 60fet;bradh *: l tons' disreadth, 36 t is I,14o 1, nch rifes 24 fee1t.. is 1141 nc ri.e 24''..' ' '' feet. PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 28 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. MAY I, 1898 -AgrgSRBD AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS UMATIST The American~~ Navy Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART EIGHT CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, B BY ILFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & Co. MICHIOgN GJENTRAL "THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON 11 The North Shore Limi e Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 263- hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: xI9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. " r; ~~:-., ~-,~.I~~ - - - NATIVES BATIIING (WAIKIKI BEACH). THE native Hawaiians are exceedingly fond of the water, and the genial climate, as well as the uniform temperature of the surrounding oceam them to indulge this fondness at any season of the year. Frequently great numbers of both sexes may be seen disporting themselves in the gen which rolls in upon Waikiki's shelving beach from the barrier reef outside. But they are not averse to encountering much rougher water, when requires, and instances are known of their having swum miles in the heaviest sea in order to reach the shore from a foundering vessel. n, allows tle swell occasion ir NUUANU STREAM. THIS is an inconsiderable watercourse traversing the valley of the same name, and furnishing natural drainage for large adjacent areas. As it depends on the rainfall, it varies between a river during the wet season and a streamlet in the drier months. In places the channel has been c and walls built to prevent the submergence of low ground. The elevation in the background is the "Punch-bowl," 500 feet above the sea 1 commanding a view of Honolulu. The large edifice on the right, whose twin spires overtop the surrounding dwellings, is Kaumakapili Churc: Hawaiian). s volume orrected, evel, and h (native i~;i?L; -?~ aji~ ~': Li " BRIDGE AT WAIKIKI. WAIKIKI Beach is Honolulu's seaside resort and the drive thither is one of the most charming at the disposal of sight-seeing tourists. In order the road more direct, the miry places and streamlets were bridged close to the shore, thus allowing a constant view of the sea from the carriage. the fringe of cocoanut-trees extends nearly to the water's edge, and their picturesque foliage lends greatly to the beauty of the scene. The bI favorite one for bathers, and there is plenty of smooth water for maneuvering sail-boats of any size. r to make In places each is a ,, ~ ~:~~~~~~~~~~:19 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.....:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~!'~~"'~"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ iIzi. ~i~~~i~~ii~~!111~.~'~I-. ~"~~~1 6~l~il~ ~, ~'~"~ ~ ~ ' ' "~'~"' '"......'....~1 =~::r~.i;:,j'li- ~~~~~~~~ ~.I ~~1: C:".:~'~ ' ' ~.i~- r~ -~'- -.~ w E-I — el u:Z) z ud 0~ 4 ho b-0 rd rd 4-J 4-) -4-J 4-j rd rd. r-4 r-A C) rd rd rd 0 4-2 Cd cd cn rd 4-J 0 rd 4-) C-4 E- bp 0 rg >-I En r 4 rs, rd Cd cd ro 4-J rd 4-4 0 bk tn -4-J rl 11-4 0 0 _4 4-J 4-j;- 0 0 0 4-1 P-rf"' C) 0 E.,;-I cn. 41-1, 4 4-J t4-4 t4-4 (n 0 Cd C) r..4 bl) W cd -cn Cd r 4-)' rCj r ---4 0 4' 0 r —4. -, 0 r-. U) CZ -4-j Cd 0 4 -4-J d 0 4-4;..4 4-11 4-J 4-4 CC. I I'4 '- !, : I i, I z t., 0, J /11, ) I ROAD THROUGH THE FOREST. THERE are still large areas of timbered land in the Islands, the growth varying with the elevation. In the lowlands, where the climate is es tropical and the moisture more abundant, the luxuriance of all the vegetation is little inferior to that of corresponding latitudes of the contin there is not the unpleasant accompaniment of insects and reptiles. In the elevated districts the timber appears to the casual observer very n that of our Middle States, but smaller and with more undergrowth. However, it is poorly adapted for building or manufacturing purposes, and n in demand as fuel is commonly burnt when the land is cleared. A road cut through an Hawaiian forest at any elevation requires constant prevent its being blocked by the impassable growth which quickly succeeds that first removed. isentially ents, and iuch like lot being work to arp~~ ~- —~ Mlb0"~2~~ -pi ?.I '" "P I- r* Jsi —~. aa9BCIX ~~ ~-;.i ",i -x~i~ 5~'; Ja _dS^I*r ~~~: pra'~':~''.g ~k -. d~:: -I:(:: _II Ic *p= a;i,_~:ixlL ~::~-~~-j.-:~~~ " `'" ^c-~.~peasza." b i-s — ~""i:~4a jBp'i~' ..-:~ "9a "; : aLEJa,~ "a b:Xbl7?, --- ~~-h-~.i*b*-i^ ii".u d~saaaaipx7 ~ ~-I;:~" ~i.~.--I ---.Q )ii: g "ji NATIVE BOYS DIVING FOR COINS. A COMMON amusement of tourists in Honolulu is to toss small coins into the water in order to induce the Hawaiian boys to exhibit their ast skill in diving. When the coin strikes the water, all the brown expectant faces disappear simultaneously, and somewhere amid the confusion of a arms and legs below the surface, a hand will close upon the prize, and a few seconds later it will be held aloft to the amazement of the spectato other heads soon reappear, the successful diver places the coin in his mouth, and all are ready to go down for another prize. It is said that the twelve or thirteen years old, earn a handsome sum by these exhibitions of their skill.:onishing wriggling rs. The ese boys, QUEEN LIL AT DINNER. NOTWITHSTANDING Queen Liliuokalani's careful education and training she never divested herself of her fondness for the Hawaiian customs, after her accession she liked at times to take up her abode in a "grass house," where she could eat poi and enjoy the society of her trusted con This illustration shows her thus, far removed from the annoyances of the little native court in Honolulu, where there was only constraint and Her place at the feast is third from the front on the left. The two women on her right are apparently quarter-blood Hawaiians, while the two them, on the right, are full-bloods. and even npanions. distrust. opposite :: 'li :~ ~X- ~ ~: i: I~~~~~~ TOWN OF KOLOA, KAUAI. IN respect to population, Kaloa is the fifth town in Kauai, the " Garden Island" of the group. Only a small part of the place is shown here properly speaking, only a loose aggregation of houses some distance from the sea, and the artist desired rather to exhibit the agricultural possil the valley reaching back from the coast and immediately tributary to the town. On Keoniloa beach here are the interesting "pictured rocks," a I merged ledge, bearing rude inscriptions made by the Island's prehistoric inhabitants. There is a landing here for vessels which handle the traffi part of the island —chiefly with Honolulu, i02 miles distant. The census of 1896 gave Koloa a population of 1,835, occupying 359 dwellings. A, as it is, )ilities of now subic of this THE CHINESE CONSUL'S RESIDENCE, HONOLULU. MORE than one-fifth of the present population of the Islands are Chinese, and of this number (25,901) the most are agricultural 1. expect to return to China when their terms of service on the plantations expire. Thus their status in the Islands and their relations wit such as to require a consular guardianship of their interests. The Chinese consul's abode, though of modest size, is beautifully siti embowered by a profusion of tropical vegetation. It may well be imagined that in this lovely retreat he can find solace after the da " adjudication of his countrymen's difficulties. It is worthy of remark that China has had no complications with the Hawaiian governm the importation of Chinese laborers ever given rise to serious disturbances. aborers who h China are t-ated, being y's tiresome ent, nor has THE BEGINNING OF A TOWN. SINCE the agricultural wealth of the Islands first began to be exploited, the natives have realized more and more how much they not utilizing their allotments of land. Notwithstanding the size of the crown holdings, there was enough of the very best soil to make tl native population independent and even wealthy. However, in one way or another, the Hawaiians parted with much of their land till at the ownership of the most desirable tracts is vested in large corporations. Many thrifty aliens have secured small farms, supporting themn the outset by working on the sugar and coffee plantations. These latter are so extensive as to justify building small towns to house the employed. The quarters they occupy are usually picturesque, especially when close to the sea. The Portuguese are all Catholics, and pro made for their spiritual welfare by erecting large churches like that shown in the illustration. * lost by ie entire present selves at laborers vision is HONOLULU PRISON. WHEN this building was erected (1857), Kamehameha IV was king of the Hawaiian Islands, then containing a population of about 70,000 na 2,500 resident foreigners. The substitution of confinement for the severer penalty of death previously exacted for trifling offenses was due to n influence, which was further exhibited in the neatness of this structure and the tastefulness of its surroundings. When a Republic was proclaim discipline was prominent among the matters which first engaged the attention of the authorities, for it was felt that the purposes of justice coul attained by combining reformatory methods with punitive restraint. The event has shown the wisdom of this view, and no city or community a more humane or more efficient system than that which prevails in Honolulu's prison. itives and iissionary ed, prison d be best possesses THE BARRACKS, HONOLULU. THE maintenance of a battalion of native troops, armed and drilled like Europeans, was one of the means by which the native rulers sough dignity to their rank. For the accommodation of these soldiers it was found desirable to erect barracks, and it must be conceded that the provided were more commodious than the subsequent efficiency of the soldiers justified. However, the building has admirably served the purpos small but well-disciplined force, which was organized for the preservation of law and order after the overthrow of the monarchy. In a previ there is a picture of native soldiers drilling. it to lend quarters;es of the ous issue ":-`I;-;;- ~: r,~~ I —~::i:li - ~L-:" i~:;.i~ iak-i ~I: b~'ia'i` P-;~ ~~ ~:~;r:i~;':i~~-.?'X: 5:-'" ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~..:,,ii":~::~-: i~I i.. I:::::; ~ ~::~ t~:l:::j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:'~ i~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::::: i;: ii: i. i1 i!1!~i!i ii, ili~ i.~::':I'i: l:i:'~i':~~~~~~~~~~~~I:" ~~~~~~~~~~~:i~;;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!/. 71i ~~....:j::...:~.'-:;::: ~"~ ~~:~ ~ ii I.::i;:. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i ~::;r _r: ~~:13:::.'::::~'~ HONOLULU PRISON (DISTANT VIEW). A LARGER perspective gives a better idea of the institution's equipments than can be gained from another picture in this issue, showing its distance of fifty yards. The ornamental shrubbery and trees, the cool grove on one side, the stretch of water, the outbuildings and stabling in the broad road leading up to the front-these at this distance give no intimation of the structure's true character, for despite the narrow win crenelated walls, it looks more like a manorial residence than a prison! Hopeless indeed must be the case of the prisoner confined here, if the hu influences of this environment are altogether nugatory! Only a desperate criminal hardened by a life of vice can be insensible to natural beau if he is an inmate of the prison they surround. front at a i the rear, Ldows and imanizing ities, even pp, 1 I i *I, I 1 v Al j aa:I1.IY ~. * I PRISONERS EATING IN THE JAIL YARD. SUPPLEMENTING the remarks made elsewhere in this issue on Hawaiian prison management, it may be said that even in the matter considerable indulgence is shown, and no attempt is made to force upon the prisoners unfamiliar or unpalatable food. For example, national Hawaiian dish, is prepared for the natives, and they are allowed to eat it in their own peculiar way. All of the men gatherer the tubs of poi are of the Hawaiian race, but in the background are some Asiatics seated on benches. Doubtless they prefer rice to chop-sticks to fingers-when the latter are licked and thrust back into common food supply! Not the least among the amenities of this is the absence of a distinctive prison garb, which most penologists now unite in condemning. ' of diet poi, the 1 around poi, and situation 'rd-,s ~Bo sv q4.IOU XUJ S:a4UIlM PiFto U SaAItAMs sau14auIos pUL- '[itnu uuw s-e u1tM.o: st 41 Upl~o[q UI ';so3. alanas V:maq joua u~3 put, '[u.tdoi; X<[auqs si vked-ed aqLj, "4~ 2ulmatuo o:~W u-E paDIos 4ta-L,uU:~apua: 2utAULt jo Xdjado:ad oqj sassassod:1n: adiaun aoq jo ooim[ aq, 'X~llTnod pu~ s~id Xq poaqsTIoa XI4O.L sT pu-e UloaU s oL z2['l sv st:lnz~ oqj, 'o32 qjTM 2uiuapiuq:I[s Xddes v.([uo 4nq 'poot amn - jou st 1t ao~t[ pul 'u-oq.o4sv;o aot soaq -moasaoz ~(~d'ecI a'q qlmoi2 jo 4lq{-q ujI 'saoqu-eq Isig aoq iopua dn asop:juni4 ao4 punoxe szo:snio tolyA '41mz~ s7l zoj Sv 4uaaumuuo:oj -ontu su umo:2 S t'pu-e 'spuu[sjI oaj uit oglloid X[~uipaaox a si (s~siuv~oq jo vZdrZvla v;.v?'3'og4) aaoq siH, -saaua ~ vxvavcI _" i:::1 aui:.-~':I .-~-: ~ "-i" I:1 .~ i:::;:: ~ i rl! j::.:;1;..;. -.: i. 1: j.................~-:.',:1: Ci. u ~ I -~ 3-;::.:,::;:::::-. — ~:1 i -;-;. I:- —..: ~ —~::,e.;.-.-....,...... ~-~_: ~~- i~;;;:~:I: i:rZ~~'. —, ~..~ ~;:~~ 41'11 '. -I~I :.: -i~i-lii i^iz i ri: ~::-~::::-I::::~i e., ":FE.:.. PUBLISHED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES NO. 29 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, 0e5.oo. MAY 8, i898.,] *:: _ BNTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTER The American Nav Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART NINE CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 188, BY BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. GENTRaL THE NIAOARA FALLS ROUTE" COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 263 hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: Ix9 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. MORRO CASTLE (NEAR VIEW). PRIOR to the era of armored ships and rifled ordnance, this fortress was considered impregnable, but it is now entirely obsolete for defensive purposes. years its chief use has been as a place of confinement for prisoners, and its foul dungeons have destroyed more human lives than all the cannon ever moun walls. Some few immured in this Bastille of Cuba have come back into the bright world, but unnumbered hundreds have perished in a captivity which lingering death! Fear of burying alive the prisoners there will probably deter our battle-ships from bombarding the Morro Castle, and therefore its ultimat be the ignoble one of demolition by Cuban hands after Havana falls. There is little foundation for the rumor that the Castle's masonry is pierced throu outer shell with port-holes for modern guns in readiness to be unmasked. That would invite destruction, for our fleet's 13-inch rifles would convert the foi heap of rock! For many ited on its was but a e fate will Igh to the rtress into THE CAPTAIN - GENERAL'S PALACE, HAVANA. THE military functions of Spain's chief executive in Cuba are partly revealed by his title, while the regal splendor which surrounds him gives to despotic power which he possesses. True, Spain herself is governed with the forms of a constitutional monarchy, but the edicts which issue from this lor Obispo street are tempered only by the mercy or malevolence of its chief occupant. The former quality is so rare in a Spaniard that its exhibition ma ascribed to fear, the latter is so common that its absence in the individual would render him an object of suspicion. Cruelty passes unquestioned in Cuba! The eye may find a momentary pleasure in the symmetry of these columns, in the harmony of these portals; but the mind wanders off into a considera evils which had their origin behind these walls - of the horrors planned within these gloomy chambers! ken of the dly pile on y be safely tion of the ppl gd -.. -.- I II. &,al ~1:i~: ~i" 9" -~-;3 - ~1;~ ~: ~ ~' ~~~::1~4;~::i.i Et i HOMES OF THE POOR. A HALF-HEARTED attempt to secure a street level along the face of this hill left a foot-hold for these cabins, and their builders crowded them much regard for anything except a vague municipal requirement as to front alignment! The photograph which this illustration reproduces was made centrados had been driven into the towns to die, therefore it conveys no idea of the misery now prevalent. Though suffering from the stringency gr conditions of war, their lot was beatific compared with what befell them when Weyler invented the new barbarity of wholesale starvation. This stre enough already, but when these roofs sheltered none but emaciated bodies, when these doorways opened only for the passage of the dead, humanity s itself again in the phases of previous centuries! together without before the reconowing out of the et was forbidding seemed to present THE CAPTAIN-GENERAL'S PALACE (INTERIOR). THE impression left by this structure's exterior, shown elsewhere in this issue, is strengthened by this view of its stately interior. A height that sufficed for three stories is devoted to two, and this provision, together with the wide archways and protecting jalousies, make endurable the heat of a Cuba Perhaps there is a waste of materials here. The palace was built when wealth was abundant and it was desirable to erect a pile which should be a monumer ish enterprise, as well as a worthy abode of Spain's viceroy. The orders issued hence, the atrocities sanctioned here, have made it seem to Cuban eyes rather of Spanish oppression, and it is doubtful whether the Cuban chief executive can bring himself to occupy it when the Spaniards have left the Island. p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i iC vould have in summer. at to Spana memorial s:. > di A LOWLY COUNTRY HOME. IN Cuba, as in the other West Indian Islands, nature has lavished her richest gifts. A small area planted with bananas or yams will feed the tropics fuel and clothing cease to be costly factors in a poor man's life. He may not earn much as a plantation laborer, but he certain The house is walled in with heavy planks, and roofed with a heavy thatch. The doors are low and the windows few according to the needs c time indoors except for sleeping. Before the present insurrection broke out there was no class more independent than the small farmers; si moning them into the cities thousands of them have perished. Over an expanse of many miles the eye wanders in a vain search for the comfortable farm-houses. Like the lordly haciendas they are gone! an entire family, and in ily ceases to need much. Af a family spending no ince the fatal edict sumhumble chozas and the PLAZA SAN FRANCISCO, HAVANA. HAVANA'S plazas are usually the scenes of varied activity, where carriages are in imminent danger of running into carts, standing and moving in all dire where pedestrians thread their way among inconsiderate mules and vociferous drivers -all bent on securing the best positions. The supplies for the Spa: which garrison the small towns are conveyed into the interior'in carts like those shown here. The mules are hitched tandem, the number depending on th the drivers walk by their side alternating blows and oaths. Of late the destruction of locomotives by dynamite has been so frequent that mules are consid The contrast between the buildings around the plaza and the traffic in front of them is something which the observer does not explain to his own satisfactic has acquainted himself thoroughly with the Spanish regime in Cuba. Actions, and nish troops e load, and lered safer. )n until he I - x m, - r r j X~:k f _: ':I i 4 a s And ( t i /;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: t: 0:~~~~~~~* * e: A:X;:^::w0:fKD: L::~p drA fI_< g S,,o y k S.f~~T. o CUBAN OX-CARTS. ONE'S first thought on seeing these cumbrous vehicles on such a fine highway is that in Cuba agriculture has not kept pace with road-making, or at leas use of oxen scarcely warrants the construction of mniacadamized roads. The fact is that the production is (or was) so great that only the best-made highways the loads to be hauled, and oxen are economical because they are cheaply fed on the coarse forage which abounds on the plantations. The advantage of wagons is not so apparent, but one is that on plantation roads or in the crowded thoroughfares, they can be turned in a small circle. Furthermore, carts ca; unbreakable by using large axles and strong wheels, and if they become stalled or mired, it is easy to dislodge them by stringing out additional oxen in attaching their chains to those behind. However stupid the ox may appear to be, he is guided chiefly by the voice of his driver, and in Cuba as in southe sippi it is amusing to see an uncouth team of six or eight oxen turn a corner in obedience to a command from a negro driver on the sidewalk fifty yards in tl it that the can stand carts over n be made front, and rn Missishe rear! HAVANA (AT A BOAT-LANDING). WHERE these queer-looking boats land their passengers and freight the tourist is regaled with sights which he may vainly seek outside of Cuba. These truly the hacks of the water-front-the vehicles for intercourse between ship and shore. Their breadth of beam allows two benches lengthwise for pass{ space between their knees for luggage and bundles. Overhead is an arched framework on which canvas or matting is laid so as to be rolled up accor direction of the sun's rays. Their small draft and great breadth enable them to carry immense loads in shallow waters, and their capacity never show advantage as when they conveyed the hooting, jeering Spaniards out to the wrecked " Maine." 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I-.. ,1:14!..,"I ,,,., II.-,:,,.,..,..,.:..:,,I.I`: i,;-"t ::,O""2:. — , I ,,', ,:,,',, ',",,:'! -, -,,' t,,,,,. ,;,',, -II,:-::,.,:,," I.I-.':,',,, - -:I.,:,..:,:I11..',I':.. I` i-`,,t,::,":,.,,,,,,.,:,,,,I,, —,-,. i ,1. ,:, I-,,"'-..:",,f,,.,,,.,IIII,:i.,::. -:.,, ,,., 1,,: . P,.,, ;, ;; ",, 'Ik.. ,,.,-,:.,:,- n, ,'r',,,,.;:, ,. ': ,, ,-,i,,.-,,-.. i';",.: :-;-:,,, ,,,,:: ,.,,,-.,.",,.,:,!',,:,I.-,. - -.,-:i.,A. -,; — ., -,:, . ":!.:,i: Ie':,p:i:..,, --- ::, 1.1,-,.II-.,:, ,elll- ,.,;,I -, -.,- -,,,,.", II,.,,,".,I-..; i. 1:1,.,: 1.,,,.,,r.".."..,:,, _:;!-,,::,"I.,.,.,,.,,.,. ., ,: ',;,-,-:I,,,.,,,I:I,:,:: I, ,,,,..,. i. - I I -"I- -I.-... - -, .!,,', ` 11 -, 1. IZ ". 1."`,,,II, re for the ring there t was their arge their istitute the a long ago i 1.-' 'y |:iv:~ ^^. * tti re for the ring there t: was their arge their istitute the a long ago THE WORLD'S LARGEST SUGAR PLANTATION. LARGE as are some of the establishments in southern, Louisiana and the Hawaiian Islands, they are all eclipsed by the vast sugar estates of Cuba. generations have added to the cultivated areas they inherited till some of the estates seem like principalities, and employ an army of laborers. Manyp owned by stock companies, and backed by foreign capital, reached the very highest development, and were models of scientific enterprise. The illustral where the cane of the world's largest plantation, " Constancia," is (or rather, was) ground, and its juice converted into sugar. With the burning of the cane the enforced cessation of sugar-making came starvation for the laborers and ruin for the owners. Estates that formerly produced sugar enough to freigl~ vessels, have been swept by fire and sword. The fields are given up t1.o weeds, the live-stock driven off, the laborers killed outright, or herded into the town starvation I Successive I antations, tion shows -fields and 4t a line of )s to die of CIENFUEGOS (FROM THE HARBOR). THE preceding issue of this Series contains a view along the docks of Cienfuegos; this one exhibits them as they appear to an observer half a mile harbor. The city is situated on a low peninsula which projects into a land-locked body of water more than 25 square miles in area, but badly silted up b rivers flowing into it. The province of Santa Clara, of which Cienfuegos is the chief Caribbean port, has suffered so much during the insurrection that little raised to ship, and therefore few vessels come here for cargoes. Properly dredged, the harbor is capacious enough to shelter the navies of the world, and country around the city might produce the coffee and sugar to freight them. Only the evacuation of Cuba by the Spaniards can restore Cienfuegos to position. out in the )y the two could be the fertile its former vii?:~:::~~::~ i:;4 00 i~~:?:: ~ to ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7:7 -007 ',: W,....i.... ~?:te ',~?:::'! ' '.!! - ^ ' './ *'* '^.'* '^ ^ ^' '' 1 '.1..,. '1!~i:: ~ii i **:::::.....:!:i: "' 1'-: ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~........... ~ ~.... ~ '..... "''..1 ~:(;^~\'i.''y i '[i.i'i:!:::'"'*'* '* ' 1.'' *:. 1 ':'...'/:..:?: " "**:\ *: |N | ok | | | | | | - | A| g V; NN: pi~~~ HAVANA (PANORAMA FROM ACROSS THE BAY). THE city leaves a better impression when viewed from this eminence than when seen from a carriage or steamer. The attention is not arrested by strik tiful architecture, but rests upon a vast area solidly built up to the water's edge. The trade which brought prosperity to the builders of these massive bloci to other ports-other islands, and few ships now arrive except those freighted with supplies for the Spanish troops. The four-masters anchored under the less brought provisions to maintain the recruits who dawdle about the streets, with no more serious occupation than jostling Americanos off the sidewalk Viva Espana! Standing there and musing upon Havana's former greatness one can not help trying to imagine what this panorama will be after the Cuba, above it, and a new nation begins its existence.;ingly beauks has gone cliff doubtand crying n flag floats MATANZAS. IF mention is seldom made of Matanzas, it is not because of its obscurity, for it is the second city in the island, and handles the trade of Matanzas pr which it is the capital. The city is about 75 miles by rail east from Havana, and is situated on Matanzas Bay, which affords a secure anchorage except duri northeast gales. The word matanzas in Spanish signifies "slaughterings," and the name was probably given to the city because so many wild cattle were slaughtered on the wide savannas near. The appropriateness of the name has received a terrible confirmation in the butcheries perpetrated by the Spania nothing of the deaths caused by famine! The view along the San Juan shows houses very much like those of Cadiz and other cities in southern Spain, wh most of the early Spanish adventurers and colonists. The estimated population of Matanzas was 87,000, but less than one-half of this number is now m correct. Commerce has greatly fallen off since the suspension of sugar-making and comparatively few vessels now anchor in the harbor. rovince, of ng strong. formerly rds, to say ence came ore nearly THIS isEone of Havana s leading hotels, and was the abode of General Fitzhugh Lee during his stay in the city, The full name is Gran Hotel' Ing there is nothing "great" about it except its pretensions and prices, nor was there ever anything suggestive of 1t England "except the vernacular of the American submitted to the first-mentioned items of greatness. rhe hotel's situation, near Central Park, is highly attractive in a city where shade in large quantit z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I to the unpurchasable luxuries, and this advantage is reinforced by the fame of a cuisine entirely dependent on importations from the United States. The of Havana by our Key West squadron will call for a limited use of canned goods while the land batteries are being knocked to pieces, so the hotel's re treatened.;es tha '-.' w1, 'hi - f I A - chance; ' 'h *, In in' " bi- ' forward - u- s.::.:::?:::::?z~....... Gil,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ = |1 E 1 EE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iE~~~~ 71/:'~'~~~ ~_:' _ _ 111~:~ _s - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II *II ~A- -1:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~IGAE;RA: i:EL: VA THIS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AS on of Haan' ledn hoes an wa th:bd fGnrlFthg e uighssa ntectTefl aei rnHtl thr i otig gea"abu i xcp isprtnsos n pies orws hreeeraytig ugetveo "Egln "ecetth eraulrofte mria sbite to, th fis-etoe itm of granes:::oe's siutin...... Cetaak is ihyatatv nact hr hd nlreqatt toteunucaabelxris:n ti dvnaeisrifrcdbThefm f.'tn nirl eeneto/ipratosfomte/nie tte.Te of avaa b or Ky Wsts'qadrn illcal fr alimte us ofcanedgoos wil th lad attrie ae bingkncke topices~soth~hoel': ' i: i: )i: i~:.... ~.... ~'::'.........;..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ threatened~~~ lesta:t al hc ol o tn pif: hib a! chanc shell/ fro th:Idin' bi fowr..... aterra, but guests who' ies belongs investment,putation is J. u1 u.C s I l: " I~:^. i/' I: I, t 'I I 4 VIEW IN THE PLAZA, CIENFUEGOS. THE stone blocks which floor the Plaza, no less than the palatial residences which inclose it would seem to substantiate the claim made for the Spani they built in the forms and after the manner bequeathed them by their Roman progenitors. What is more certain is that they have improved on the refin{ cruelty used by the Romans, and made their name hated throughout the Island whose cities they were so careful to invest with enduring beauty. A strol this spacious plaza leaves many ineffaceable impressions. It is not so much the majesty of the place, heightened by the tropical magnificence of the trees w it, as it is the consciousness that all this material grandeur is coexistent with the misery which its possessors have created and will not relieve. The plaza's lost on a beholder who has looked upon the destitution of the city's reconcentrados! iards, that ements of 1 through hich skirt beauty is CHAPEL IN THE CEMETERY, HAVANA. ONE of Havana's quaintest churches is that which looks out upon the quietude of a cemetery. Its architecture is plain but imposing, such where the living pay their last offices to the dead. Through these portals generations have been borne, and beneath this dome the grand burial servi has continued to lay its accustomed spell upon earth's anguished hearts. The noise and tumult remain afar, and round about the spot former ben have rested on the very flowers, for they breathe a sweeter fragrance here where the pulseless marble bears record of the dead. as befits a place ice of the Church edictions seem to ., # v;)'Ui) I3 - PUBLISHMED WEEKLY. PRICE, FIFTY CI ENTS THE TRAVEL SERIES No. 30 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $25.00. MAY I5, I898] ENTKRID AT THE CHICAGO POSTOMICE AS SECOND CLASS MATTIR The Ameri can Navy~ Cuba and Hawaii REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS PART TEN CHICAGO BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & CO. MDCCCXCVIII COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY BBLFORD, MIDDLEBROOK & Co. MICHI AN (GENTRSAL 'lTHE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE COMFORT IN TRAVEL IS FOUND IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ON The North Shore Limited Chicago to New York, 24 hours Chicago to Boston, 26j hours CITY TICKET OFFICES: i19 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 66 WOODWARD AVE., DETROIT. 219 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. PRIVATE RESIDENCE, NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU. THIS is the best residence street in the city, and the arboreal magnificence of the grounds, even more than the appropriate architecture of the fasten upon the beholder the belief that the designers of these abodes had learned the full capacity of Hawaiian soil and climate. Many of th< and plants have come half around the globe to reach this congenial habitat, and t4* splendor they here unfold is their requital for the pains tal them. Some of the collections along this street, although they excite no special interest here, vie with the best equipped botanical gardens 6f t and West Indies. > houses, ese trees ken with the East A QUIESCENT VOLCANO. EVEN if Hawaii did not have in evidence the largest active volcano (Kilauea) in the world, there are, on every hand, abundant proofs of volcal The dark lava rock is onlv molten lava cooled and solidified. Unlike the limestones, it has no constituents which can be disintegrated and convsoil, and ages of quiescence are needed for the vegetation of lower levels to creep up and by their decay make a beginning of soil upon its surface. the lava cones remain bare of vegetation, exhibiting here and there appalling chasms as if the subterranean forces had reasserted their suprrending thA outer crust. As some of these formations are below the tree line of other localities, it can be inferred that they, too, will be eventual] with trees; for all the islands are due to volcanic activity in past ages, and whatever influences have made one elevated region produce trees can * the same for another. Certainly time in liberal installments will be needed to cover with timber the waste here pictured! nlic origin. -rted into Therefore emacy by ly covered in time do CRATER OF KILAUEA. ' THIS is the largest active volcano in the world, having a crater eight miles in circumference and 50o feet deep. The elevation of Volcano Hot for the accommodation of tourists, is about 4,000 feet, affording a fine view. Tourists in great numbers visit the crater to witness the rare sight o lava seething in its immense caldron and lapping the edges of the receptacle now confining it. The present level, as well as the quantity of the ebullition, would seem to indicate that the Titanic forces which produced these islands in past ages are finding elsewhere on the earth's surface for their fury, as they no longer threaten danger here. use, built f molten z lava in an outlet LAVA BEDS-CRATER OF KILAUEA. EVEN the active volcanoes have their periods of relative quiescence, and it is then that the outer crust of lava hardens, cracks, is suffus liquefied rock seeking an exit from beneath, and this alternation goes on till the resumption of the normal activity, when the entire mass is pushe banked up around the crater by the eruptive force of the mountain. This process, continued and varied through long ages, accounts for the contours and ghastly shapes in which the accumulations of lava present themselves. To the novice they are merely astounding, to the man c they furnish valuable evidence confirmatory of a theory. sed by the id out and e frightful >f science CAPTAIN COOK'S MONUMENT. JUST one year after the great navigator discovered the Islands (1778) he returned from his voyage into the Arctic seas and cast anchor in Ke4 Bay, on the coast of the largest island, Hawaii. The news of his arrival spread and crowds of natives came to the beach to see again the ma strangers, whom they had at first sight, the year before, taken to be divine personages. According to the narrative of Cook's own men, he disinclined to turn to account the supposititious divinity -especially as his men were sadly in need of the fresh provisions which the temporary could furnish. He became involved in a dispute which terminated in an affray fatal to himself, February 14, 1779. A shaft of white marble m spot close to the water's edge. alakekua ysterious was not devotees tarks the RICE PLANTATION, WAIMEA. BESIDES high temperature, rice demands a rich soil and plenty of moisture. These three requisites are furnished in several of the Islan low-lying valleys and coast lands, where two crops a year may be had. The large consumption of "rice by the Chinese and Japanese makes its p remunerative, but only a Chinaman can endure the exposure it entails. The luxuriant field, thirstily drinking up an amount of water that would thing but taro plants, is a joy to the eye-of one who does not have to splash around in it-and its beauty is heightened by the cocoanut-trees wh the margins like sentinels. The illustration shows a small portion of a plantation near Waimea, in Kauai. ds by the roduction kill anydich picket COCOANUT-TREES AND LAGOON. UNDER a cloudless sky and upon a sheet of water like this a light skiff or canoe is as fertile of sentiment as a Venetian gondola is of poes one has any in his soul! The ripples and eddies of the water break the reflections of the slender cocoanut-trees, and make them look so u their serpentine presentments that it is necessary to raise the eyes from the water and follow the trunk aloft to its graceful foliage in realize that the mirror is false, and not the tree. The cocoanut-palm loves the salt spray and the refreshing sea-breeze, and does not thrive far inland. Though many fine specimens ha wantonly destroyed, some parts of the coast are still lined with good trees.;y, when nreal in order to, ive been ~::: t:,!;::i~',i:, i:i; ~ ~;.......i........^0?.: ~i1~:1 i'7:: L......;-<S W~~~j0, 0: ~~;:i iX/~ ':W ~~~~~~~~~: f",::0:.s::; *0:: d: *; Di:0:.ri;:. iii i'.: )t:'::~.....:~::.( ' * ''*^'''^ ^.% i: 1i^: %!;;??.....:i i. ~/!'/" i iKI I ^ M B..;.'.*...^. * i,. i** ^^ ^/**'" *"sN ~ ~ ^ THE SPRECKELS MANSION. A CHNESE pagoda accommodated to Hawaiian conditions would not be an inapt description of this house. It was planned to catch and sift the rooms the breeze from whatever quarter it might come, and intolerant of shade-trees like its owner was of industrial rivals, its cupola ov< goodly expanse of territory. The " sugar king " might have built a more august dwelling, but it is scarcely probable that it would have seemed as g as this modernized three-story pagoda with its coolverandas, tall windows, and beautiful grounds, in which no large trees near detract from its arch effect or cut off the view.;through erlooks a grandiose itectural ~:l'l:l:_iiii-:; -;'.:..- -:::::::::::::::: -- ---::::: HAULING SUGAR-CANE TO THE MILL-SPRECKELS PLANTATION. THE "Sugar King's" production of cane is so large that steam is the only agency that can quickly transport it from the fields to tl When cane-cutting time arrives, a small army of laborers is sent out to cut and prepare the huge stems, and a long train of cane-cars is from the piles on each side. Thus large areas are cultivated and enormous crops expeditiously handled. When the juice is expresse subjected to the most approved processes, so as to reduce to a minimum the cost as well as the labor of manipulation. ie mills. s loaded 3d, it is HAULING CANE TO THE MILL, KOLOA. A PART of this thriving town in Kauai is shown in another illustration. Its population is dependent on agriculture, and its farming is di The output of a few acres planted with cane must generally be hauled to the neighboring mill to be ground on shares. Oxen are employed to cane-wagons, three yoke of them being able to draw the heaviest load a wagon will support. A native driving a slowly moving " team " of this k very much like a Louisiana negro hauling the product of his " patch " to the mill of a large proprietor near. versified. draw the ind looks CANE-CARS ON TIHE SPRECKELS PLANTATION. FOR contrast with the cane-wagon in another view, the cane-cars in use on the Spreckels plantation are here shown. Such a train surpasses th wagon in capacity as much as the locomotive does the ox-team in power and speed. The cane is cut, stripped, and piled up before the cars re part of the field. When they arrive a gang of laborers -five or six to a car -load them with cane, piled evenly with the stems lengthwise in t which are rapidly drawn to the mill. When they return they stop alongside of fresh piles of cane, the men quickly load it, and thus the work c hundred oxen is done in a very short space of time. ie caneach that the cars, )f many SUGAR-MILLS ON THE SPRECKELS PLANTATION, MAUI. THE use of the latest processes and labor-saving machinery enabled this large establishment to meet all competition. It continues to prodr cheaply and profitably, despite adverse legislation abroad coupled with governmental encouragement to domestic beet-sugar. An important fact sugar industry, as in every other, is the kind and price of labor. Whatever objectionable features the importation of foreigners may present, th question of the superiority of the frugal Portuguese and Asiatics as compared with the labor obtainable in other sugar-producing countries. The s the sugar-making industry in the Islands was assured from the time that adequate and economical labor could be had. On the left of the illustr seen the neat white cottages occupied as homes by the mill hands, and the comparative comfort they here enjoy explains in part their contentmer ice sugar or in the ere is no uccess of:ation are it. -- NUUANU AVENUE (LOOKING UP). ELSEWHERE in this issue there is shown a specimen residence on this beautiful street. This view shows its width and the tropical luxurian continues to flank it as it gradually ascends. It is apparent that its beauty consists far less in the architecture of the residences than in the verdu ornaments their grounds. Where recreation is chiefly out of doors, large inclosures are indispensable, and in the Islands a varied list of fruits am are available for the landscape gardener. Nuuanu Avenue is a favorite drive, and one that tourists seldom miss, as it offers a better means of Hawaiian life than would strolling through the business portions of the city. ce which re which d flowers judging MERCHANT STREET, HONOLULU. As INDICATED by its name, this street is monopolized by buyers and sellers, and the illustration shows that their distribution is not regulate scale of their commercial transactions. The large building on the corner is owned and occupied by Bishop & Co., a substantial banking house no fortieth year of its existence, and having correspondents all over the world. At first Honolulu's larger structures were built of bricks, shippe Islands in sailing vessels, but latterly Hawaiian lava rock has been used to a considerable extent.:d by the ow in the d to the V - - 7 __ __ L I: 7 0:z:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ domift-~~~~~~~~~:E: i:,: VIEW UP FORT STREET, HONOLULU. THOUGH it does not extend very far, Fort Street has some of the city's most prosperous business houses, and the less pretentious ones farther u direction the observer faces, are the scene of a lively retail traffic. The offices of the Oceanic Steamship Company are in the large building on and Wilder & Company occupy the one on the corner diagonally opposite. The elevation in the distance is known as the Pali, a native Hawaii; meaning " precipice." ip, in the the left, an word ~ - BODY OF KING KALAKAUA (LYING IN STATE IN THE THRONE-ROOM). - KALAKAUAk acceded to the Hawaiian throne in 1874, and commenced his reign with measures looking to the negotiation of a treaty of co01 reciprocity with the!United States. This was duly ratified the next year and went into effect in September, I876. Despite the opposition t1 pk oked, it was the initial move in developing the resources of the Islands. However, in the train of benefits came many evils for the i the fdoreigners crowded them to the wall and gained virtual control of affairs. Eventually they overthrew the monarchy under Kalakaua's s:thoi nbt until a long succession of unconstitutional assaults upon their privileges and interests had forced them to take this step.: 'ng Kalakaua died January 20, 1891, While on a visit to California, and his remains were transported from San Francisco to Honolul U. S criiiser 'l"harleston." The body lay in state for some time in the magnificent throne-room of the palace. mmercial he treaty islanders. successor, u by the Of all the sights on this earth of ours which tourists travel to see,- at least of all those which I have seen,- I am inclined to give the palm to the Falls of Niagara. I know no other one thing so beautiful, so glorious and so powerful.-Anthony Trollope. THE.. —. - UT is distinctively ' the Niagara Falls Route" because it is the only railroad running directly by and in full view of the great cataract, stopping its day trains for five minutes at Falls View, on the Canada side. Coming out suddenly upon the bold bluff, a hundred and fifty feet above the river, the train stops, and the passengers step out at Falls View. It is rightly named, for from no other point can so extensive and comprehensive a view be obtained. For miles to the right one looks up the broad river, shining like silver in the sunlight, as the waters of the great lakes sweep grandly down to -the Rapids, where they foam and rage and roar in their first descent. Directly below is the curve of the gigantic Horseshoe, over which pours the now emerald flood into the abyss, from which rises the great column of spray, soaring into many- tinted clouds.' Opposite are the green wooded islands, and the American Fall, like a screen of Gothic tracery; and still farther the rocky walls of the great gorge spanned by the suspension foot-bridge. Beyond the river rise, from behind the groves of the State Reservation, the spires and great hotels of the city of Niagara Falls. THE HORSESHOE FALL AT NIAGARA. M:CHIGAN UENTRA THE NIAARA FALLS ROUTE* COMFORT IN TRAVEL Always goes with a ticket over the ICG E and is found on all its fast and well appointed trains BET' W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r Chbicago, Dsetroit, BUff aloE NeI Fork, an ed Bo Its system of THIROUGH SLEEPING CARS is extensive, running between NTIEL WEEN WN/I CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO AND AND AND AND AND NEW YORK: BOSTON BUFFALO DETROIT BAY CITY CHICAGO CHICAGO DETROIT DETROIT DETROIT AND AND AND AND AND GRAND RAPIDS MUSKEGON NEW YORK BUFFALO MACKINAW DETROIT AND GRAND RAPIDS DETROIT AND CINCINNATI DETROIT AND PITTSBURG DETROIT AND LOUISVILLE JACKSON AND MACKINAW And in Summer, Additional Lines Between CHICAGO CHICAGO AND PORTLAND VA NIAGARA FALLS AND THE WHITE MOUNTAINS AND BAY VIEW CHICAGO AND CHARLEVOIX CHICAGO AND CLAYTON VIA NIAGARA FALLS CHICAGO AND MACKINAW CITY Making it The Favorite Summer Tourist t Send for F'olders and for IlutAt ummer 'ours. afSend for Folders and or Illustrated Summer Tours. Line; - O. W.RUGGLES,e -g Genl Pass'r and Ticket Agent, CHICAGO. '. '*,~ '. ";.. ';. L. D. HEUSNER, W. H. UNDERWOOD, JOS. S. HALL, Gen'l Western Pass'r Agent, 119 Adams St., CHICAGO. Gen'l Eastern Pass'r Agent, 216 Main St., BUFFALO. Mich. Pass'r Agent, DETROIT. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 02703 5792 0 I M — -..a m m m