ki: 1, Adjectives Ir0-:7,- Diego OR RIC,!M Ul 14 -Y'l 'Mi WOM MM= MON Rp son M-1 erl4YoP 4 g, V eM -4 S I N tA /2> A MA N T A L OF THE CHALDEE LANGUAGE; COTAnIXISG A CHALDEE GRAMMAR, CHIEFLY FROM THE GERMAN OF PROFESSOR G. B. WINER; A CHRESTOMATHY, CONSISTING OF SELECTIONS FROMI TIlE TARGUMS, AND INCLUDING NOTES ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE; AND A VOCABULARY, ADATTED TO TIlE CItRESTOMATHY. WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE RABBINIC AND SAMA RITAN DIALE CT. BY ELIAS RIGGS, D.D. FOURTH EDITION, REVISED, NEW YORK: ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH & CO., 900 BROADWAY, COR. 20th STREET. """"*. -..r".. R57 EN"RED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by ELIAS RIGGS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. Drew mta. s'eA $ EXCHANQB ^4 8 CONTENTS. PREFACE....... INTRODUCTION. 'CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE * GRAMMAR, 5 9 PAGE PART I. —ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY. Consonants Vowels. Daghesh Mappiq.. Accents. Tone-syllable Of reading unpointed text.. 17 *. 17. 19 20. 20 20. 21 Verbs defective, and mixed forms irregular, with suffix pronouns NOUNS; derivation -- gender and number -- states; emphatic PAGE. 48 49 50. 51 52 PART II.-ETYMOLOGY. Derivation and inflection of erally. Mutations of consonants Vowel changes ___ -. - -1 - --- worus gee PRONOUNS; personal and possessive Suffix pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Relative and interrogative VERBS; derivation and inflection Conjugations Moods and tenses Inflection of the Regular Verb Notes on the Par. of the Regular Verb Personal inflection of the participles. Unfrequent Conjugations Quadriliteral Verbs Verbs with Gutturals Regular Verbs with Suffix-pronouns. IRREGULAR VERBS Verbs Pe Nun. - Ayin doubled - Pe Yodh. -- Pe Aleph -- Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh -- Lamedh Aleph. -- doubly anomalous 1! 22.23 25. 27 28. 29 29. 80 80. 82 83. 84 36. 8T 8T. 87 89 40 41. 41 42. 44 44 45 47 -- Declension Dec. I. Dec. II. III.. Dec. IV. V. Dec. VI. VII. Dec. VII: IIX. Irregular nouns ADJECTIVES Numnerals PARTICLES; adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections. *. 54 54. 55 56. 57 58. 59 59. 59.60. 61 61. 62 PART III.-SYNTAx. PRONOUNS; personal.. 63 -- relative...64 -- interrogative.. 64 -- reflexive, how designated.. 64 - indefinite ---. 64 -- demonstrative.. 64 VERBS; use of the tenses.. 64 Peculiar mode of designating certain tenses 65 Use of the Imperative... 66 Infinitive... 66 --- Participles. 66 Optative mood... 67 Agreement of the verb with its subject 67 Impersonal verbs; how designated. 67 Regimen of verbs... 68 Verbs used for adverbs... 68.:., I '. I 3.., i I th<, -...,.. % a F 4 CONT:E NTS. PAGE Constructio praegnans... 68 Ellipsis.... 68 NOUNS; designation of cases. 69 Use of the cases. 70 ---- plural... 70 Repetition of nouns.. 70 ADJECTIVES.. 70 PAGs Adjectives; comparison of.. 71 NUMERALS... 71 PARTICLES; adverbs...7 Negatives.... T7 Interrogative particles PARADIGMS of verbs, nouns, &c.. 7 CHRESTOMATHY. PART I.-SELECT SENTEXCES FROM TUE TARGUTM OF ONKrLOS.. 92 PART II-EXTRACTS FROM TIE TARGUMS.. IHistory of the fall, Gen. 3. Onkelos. 97 II. The same, Gen. 3. Pseudo-Jonathan 100 III. The same, Gen. 3. Jerusalem Targnm 105 IV. Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel, Gen. 4: 8. Jerusalem Targum. 108 V. Marriage of Samson, Judg. 14. Jonathan. 109 VI. Prediction of Messiah's kingdom, Ps. 2. Author of the Targum uncertain.....111 VII. The praises of Jahovah, Ps. 8. 112 VIII. Parable-of the vineyard, Isa. 5:1-7. Jonathan.... 112 IX. Extract from Isaiah's prediction of the Messiah, Isa. 52: 13-53: 2. Jonathan.... 114 X. Aphorisms of Solomon, Prov. 10:1 -12. Targumist unknown.. 115 PART III.-NOTEs ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE. I. Jeremiah 10:11... 117 II. Daniel 2: 4-7:28. 118 III. Ezra 4: 8-6: 18. 122 IV. Ezra 7: 12-283. 122 VOCABULARY APPENDIX A. Rabbinical Dslect " B. Samaritan Dialect 123 146 151 PREFACE. TIE first edition of this work was published in 1832. The preface tc that edition, kindly furnished by my respected instructor, the Rev. Moses Stuart, then Professor of Biblical Literature in the Theological Seminary at Andover, so well sets forth the advantages of studying the Chaldee dialect, that I retain the principal portion of it here. Prof. Stuart says: ' The study of the Chaldee language is worthy of commendation, on various grounds. ' (1) A knowledge of it is highly important, in aiding the student more fully to understand the Hebrew. The basis of Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan, is well known, by every good oriental scholar, to be one and the same. Hence it may be truly said, that he who has a solid and fundamental knowledge of the genius of one of these languages, possesses a real knowledge of them all. The meaning is, that the genius, structure, idiom, peculiarities of syntax, and a multitude of the words, are substantially the same in all; so that he who has acquired a radical acquaintance with any one of them, is prepared to make very rapid and easy progress in them all. The student who understands the Hebrew, has only to read through the pages of the Grammar in the following sheets, in order to be fully satisfied of the correctness of this statement. And if correct, then is it obvious, that in every step of his progress in the study of the Chaldee, he is gaining additional light and satisfaction and confirmation, in regard to the meaning, forms, and structure of the Hebrew. Who will say that the study of Greek, Latin, French (specially the Norman), and Saxon, does not cast light upon the English language? Indeed, how can it ever be radically understood, without some knowledge of these languages? But the Chaldee is much nearer to the Hebrew, than any of these languages to the English. "(2) The most important ancient helps extant, for illustrating the 6 PREFACE. meaning of Hebrew words, are in the Chaldee language. The two Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan (which extend over the most considerable portion of the Old Testament) are more to be depended on in difficult cases, than any other aid to which we can resort, in all the store-houses of antiquity. In all probability they are older than the Christian era (excepting a few later adscititious passages that have been mingled with them); and inasmuch as they are substantially of the same idiom with the Hebrew, so they often give us the exact shape, as well as meaning of the Hebrew, better than any or all other ancient versions. Let the attentive student note the use which Rosenmueller has, with so manifest advantage to his commentaries, often made of the Targums. We may reasonably have a confidence in such ancient Chaldee translators, that they, at least for the most part, rightly understood their original. "(3) Several chapters in Ezra and Daniel, as exhibited in our Hebrew Bibles, are in the Chaldee language. The student, then, who designs to acquire the power of consulting all the original Scriptures, must make himself acquainted with the Chaldee language. "(4) Whoever designs to pursue Talmudic and Rabbinic literature, or to be able to judge of quotations from the Talmud or the Rabbins, must have some acquaintance with the Chaldee. The Gemara of the Talmud is Chaldaic in its idiom; and so are nearly all of the older Rabbinical writings. All the works of this class are, indeed, of a corrupt dialect and mixed nature; but they all Chaldaize. " (5) The Chaldee is a very easy conquest to the well-grounded Hebrew student. A few weeks devoted to it will enable him to read it with as much facility as he does the Hebrew. Buxtorf's Lexicon Chald. Talmud. _Rabbinicum, is a complete store-house of these dialects, and is a book which may be procured for a trifle. It is an " opus triginta annorum;? and truly a paragon in this species of lexicography. Every biblical student should possess it. A Polyglott Bible will present the student with all the Targums; and Buxtorf's Biblia Rabbinica will not only give these, but all the distinguished Rabbinic commentaries, such as those of Kimchi, Jarchi, Aben Ezra, etc." After some remarks respecting the publication of such a work as the Chaldee Manual in this country, he adds: " As to the work itself, the plan and the execution are throughout such as I can commend. The grammar is brief; but quite copious enough for the student who is well versed in Hebrew. In the text, notes, and lexicon of the Chrestomathy, will be found all that is needful PREFACE. 7 in an introduction to the Chaldee language. With Buxtorf's Lexicon and the Targums, one can easily make his own way, after reading this Chrestomathy." A second edition of Prof. Winer's Chaldee Grammar appeared at Leipzig in 1842, revised and considerably enlarged. This was translated into English by the Rev. Hor B. BHackett, D.D., Professor of Bibl. Lit. in Newton Theol. Institution, and published at Andover in 1845. Revisiting my native land, after an absence of twenty-four years in the foreign missionary service in Greece and Turkey, it seemed to me due to the cause of Biblical literature that I should revise and re-edit the Chaldee Manual. This, with the full concurrence and approbation of Prof. Hackett, I have undertaken, avalling myself of whatever seemed to be improvements in Prof. Winei s second edition, and incorporating numerous manuscript notes of my own. To the brief view of the Rabbinic dialect in the Appendix has been added a similar view of the Samaritan. The former is a Chaldaizing Hebrew, the latter a Hebraizing Chaldee. I trust it will be found that the work has been decidedly enhanced in value, although somewhat diminished in size, by the omission from the Chrestomathy of the text of the Biblical Chaldee. The notes are preserved, and in the first edition the text also was printed for convenience of reference; but as every student has it already in his Hebrew Bible, it was thought that his interest would be best consulted by omitting it here, and thus diminishing the size of the book, and consequently its price. This edition will be issued simultaneously in this country and in Great Britain. It is offered to the lovers of biblical and oriental study in both countries, with a prayer to the Author of the Scriptures, that He would condescend to employ it as a means of furthering in these highly favored lands the critical study of the Sacred Volume. ELIAS RIGGS. NEW YORK, January, 1858. Is the tables of pronouns and numerals, and generally in the grammar, unusual forms are included in parentheses. In references to the Scriptures, where the name of the Targum is not given, that of Onkelos is to be understood, when the passages cited are from the Pentateuch, and that of Jonathan, when they are taken from the prophets. Distinct meanings of words are separated, in the vocabulary, by semicolons. Where two or more words are employed to express or illustrate the same definition, they are separated by commas. INTRODUCTION. CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. THE Aramean, one of the three grand divisions* of the Shemitish or Oriental languages, comprises two principal subdivisions; viz. the Syriac, sometimes called, by way of distinction, West Aramean, and the Chaldee, or JEast Aramean. The appropriate region of the latter was the province of Babylonia, between the Euphrates and Tigris, the original inhabitants of which (related in respect of their origin to the Hebrews and Syrians, and who should not be confounded with the Chaldeans, a tribe which occupied that region much later) cultivated this language as a distinct dialect, and communicated it to the Jews during the Babylonian exile. The Chaldeans [XaXSaZoL, =ts:'] originated, as is evident from a comparison of the statements of Greek authors, (particularly Xenophon,) with those of the Bible, in the mountains of Armenia. Partly overcome by the Assyrians, they removed to the plains of Mesopotamia, and especially of Babylonia, in the seventh century B. C. They afterwards not only gained their own independence, but rose to universal dominion on the ruins of the great Assyrian Monarchy. The name Babylonians (Ezra 4: 9) we apply, on the other hand, to the original inhabitants of Babylonia, who were of a Shemitish (Aramean) stock. To them belonged the language of which we are treating; and it may therefore not inappropriately * Aramean, Hebrew, and Arabic. 10 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. be termed Babylonish. For, that the Chaldeans did not speak the same language as the descendants of Abraham who settled in Palestine did, nor even a kindred dialect, is clear from the Chaldaic names of gods, kings, and offices: which appear in the Old Testament after the time of Nebuchadnezzar, and which are connected with the Mcdo-Persian language, (see Gesenius' Geschichte der Hebr. Sprach. p. 62 seq ), but which admit no adequate explanation from the Sheritish dialects. The appellation Aramean (language) is derived from 2 Kings 18: 26, Isa. 36 11, Ez. 4: 7, and Daniel 2: 4. In the first two passages the name renus is applied to the dialect through which the Assyrian and Chaldean )fficers made themselves understood in conversation with Hebrews [Jews]; i. e. the universal language of the inhabitants of the Assyrian [Chaldean] kingdom on this side the Tigris. See Gesenius Com. zu Jes. Vol. I. p. 956 seq. In the last case, on the other hand, the Chaldean mnagians address Nebuchadnezzar in Aramean; which is indeed remarkable. It is manifest however that the same dialect is meant from the sequel, in which the speech of the magians is inserted in the Chaldee dialect. now so called. In the Greek and Latin languages the term Aramean is not wholly wanting, (comp. Strabo I. p. 212. ed. Siebenkees.) although,Syriac is very extensively used in respect to Syria, Mesopotamia, and Babylonia, and specially of the languages of these countries. Comup. Xen. Cyrop. 7, 5. 31. Jerome.on Dan. 2: 4. Strabo II. p. 58.-On the name applied to the Chaldee by the Talmudists, see Lightfoot Hor. Heb. on John 4: 2, and below No. 2. Chaldaic. [n:.7;-_ q't] in the Old Testament, signifies the language of the inhabitants of Chaldea proper, which, according to Dan. 1: 4, was the court-language under Nebuchadnezzar. On the other hand, Philo uses XaXoaiarv of the Babylonian also, and even of the ancient Hebrew. To what extent the Babyloneo-Aramean was cultivated, as a separate dialect, and whether it ever became the language of books, history does not inform us. That it continued in Babylonia, in connection with the proper Chaldee, as the language of ordinary intercourse, is evident, partly from the above-quoted Scripture passages and from several passages in Xenophon's Cyropaedia, but especially from the well known circumstance, that the exiled Jews found the Babylonish, as a living language, in the provinces to which they were carried. It appears also, from the remains of the Pehlvi dialect, that the Babylonish produced a very great influence upon the ancient language of the Chaldeans, (i. e. the Median.) See Gesenius Corn. fiber Jes. Vol. I. p. 947. 2. By means of the Jews the Chaldee was transplanted into Palestine, where it became the vernacular tongue, and was employed by them, as it had been in Babylonia, as the language of books. Though the Aramean as spoken by Jews partook somewhat of the Hebrew char CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 11 acter, no entire or very important corruption of it took place; and to this circumstance alone the Babylonians are indebted for the survival, or at least the partial preservation, of their language, which, even in the mother country, has, since the spread of Islamism, become extinct. The Jews however did not, immediately after their return. adopt the Chaldee exclusively. It was not until the time of the Maccabees, that this language completely displaced the Old Hebrew, as Gesenius has demonstrated. Gesch. d. Heb. Spr. p. 44. Concerning the Chaldee as the language of books among the Jews, see No. 3. It is clear from Ezra 4: 7, 8. that it was also the government-languacge of the western provinces of the Persian empire. The Samaritans also spoke a dialect very nearly resembling the Chaldee. In later times, the name Ilebrew (e/pat's, cipa'Ls strXEKTro%, yXjTa KTv eppatov, e/paYcrr'), was transferred to the Babylonish dialect; comp. Prol. to Sirach. John 5: 2, 19:13. Acts 21: 40, 22:2, 26:14. Rev. 9: 11, 16: 16. Jerome Prol. to 1 Mace. It was even called wrarpTos ToyXooja, xovi. 2 Mac. 13: 37. Joseph. Jewish War, Pref. ~ 1. The Talmudists, on the other hand, call the Chaldee, in distinction from the Old Hebrew, iv.5 ^3nn::~s. See Lightfoot on John 5:2. Also 'ms [Syriac] Baba Kama fol. 83, 1. Sot. 49. 2. Pesach. 61. 1. Compare C. H. Zeibich de lingua Jud. Heb. tempore Christi. Viteb. 1741. The name Chaldaic (lid not, however, become totally obsolete. We find it again in Jerome, Prol. ad Tob., Judith. It is plain, from the nature of the case, that the Babylonish language would, as spoken and written by Jews, i. e. by those who inhabited Palestine, receive something of the Hebrew character. That such was the fact will be more particularly shown below, No. 3. Still the assertion is incorrect, that the Chaldee which we have, (and which has come to us only through the Jews,) has been extraordinarily corrupted by them, or is a mixture of Hebrew with pure Babylonian. See Michaelis Abh. v. d. Syr. Spr. 36 seq. Wahl Geschichte d. morg. Sprachen. ~ 78 seq. Meyer Hermeneut. d. A. T. vol. I. p. 266. Comp. Jahn, Einleitung in das A. T. I. 248, 284. For, from a comparison of the Chaldee (as it is found in the old Targums, for example) with the Syriac, which we learn from native Syrian authors, it is evident that the Chaldee has all the mo, important peculiarities of grammatical form and syntactical construction, as well as the greatest part of its stock of words-copia verborum. in common with the Syriae. Its prominent features are those of an Aramean dialect. On the other hand, those traits in which the Chaldee differs from the Syriac and agrees with the Hebrew, are few; and those few relate mostly to orthography and punctuation. See No. 4. But why may not all this be regarded as dialectic difference? As widely as the Aramean was extended, 12 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. it was natural that, like other languages extensively in use, it should split up into different dialects. The Hebrew and Phenician, notwithstanding their original relation and vicinity, exhibit variations of this kind. Besides, it would be difficult. on the other supposition, to say why the Jews varied from the Aramean character in so few points, and those such as differed from the Hebrew not more than others which they have left untouched: why for example, they said;^:p instead of L-.?, i~ - instead of'.ixp', which certainly did not savor more of foreign idiom than?p-b=. for M':ab, ' ir for a, or for 5i o. The periods of Persian and Grecian supremacy introduced some Persian and Greek words into the Babylonish (though less than into the Syriac); whence even the Targum of Onkelos is not free from Greek words. But the Saracen dominion, which commenced with the invasion of Babylonia by the hosts of the Kaliphs, A. D. 640, soon swept away the ancient language of the country, so that at the present day scarce a relic of it exists in the East. Note 1. There is a modern Syriac dialect spoken by the Nestorians on the plain of Oroomiah and in the mountains of Koordistan. See Smith and Dwight's Researches in Armenia, vol. II. p. 212. and Perkins' Residence in Persia, p. 11. The language of the Jews in the same region closely rese!mbles this. So do those remains of Aranmean which are found farther south in Mesopotamia. The fact that these remains have sometimes been called Chaldee, has perhaps arisen from the circumstance that a portion of the nominal Christians among whom they are found (viz., those who acknowledge the authority of the see of Rome) have been designated as the Chaldean church; or, perhaps, from the fact that these Christians reside in the region of the ancient Chaldea. Niebuhr, speaking of these remains, (Reisebeschreibung, vol. II. p. 352,) calls them indifferently Chaldee or Syriac. The subject is worthy of further investigation. Note 2. Other Aramean dialects are, the Samaritan, preserved in a translation of the Pentateuch and a few hymns; the Zabian, in the books of the Zabians or Christians of St. John; and the Palmyrene, only in inscriptions. The first of these is more nearly related to Chaldee, and the others to Syriac. 3. The principal remains of the Chaldee dialect in our possession are the following. (1) In the canonical books, Ezra 4: 8-6: 18, 7: 12-26. Daniel 2: 4-7: 28, Jerem. 10: 11. (2) A class of translations and paraphrases of the books of the 0. Test. [Targums] which have originated in different ages, and which exhibit very considerable varieties of linguistic and exegetical character. CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITEIRATURE. 13 Note 1. In respect to linguistic character, with which alone we are at present concerned, these remains of the Babylonish dialect may be divided into three classes. The purest Chaldee (i. e. the freest from Hebraism) appears in the Tar-gum' of Onkelos on the Pentateuch. Sim-ilar to this in respect to words. orthogr aphy, and grammatical construction, but somewhat inferior. is the Biblical Chaldee, which is interspersed throughout with Hebrew peculiarities e, g. the substitution of M for S whether quiescent or not. the Plural termination:' —, the Dual form. the conj. Hophal. Finally, the re.mai'ning Targumi.s are composed in a lanu'uao-e. not only aboutdint in foreign words. but exhibiting many peculiatr tbrms. (e. g Hiphil c!:^', from czp, preformative of the Infin. Pnel. lthpeel. and Ithpaal.) part of' vwhich resemble the Syriac or Rabbinic, (as prefixed to the 3d p. Fut. and the syllable rn prefixed in Passives.) and part arise from contractions, (as in the numerals.) These peculiarities have been noticed. though inadequately, by Eichhorn (Einl. ins A T. Ii. 6 seq. 90 seq.) They deserve indeed to be collected into a separate treatise. In the sequel the later Chaldee will constantly be distinguished from the earlier. Note 2. The language of the Talmud is commonly termed Chaldee. The Misllna and the Gemara are however very different. The former is written in a dialect nearly resembling the Hebrew, and is only disfigured by some Chaldee forms; the style of the Gemara exhibits the fundamental characteristics of Chaldee, both in respect to the roots of words and their grammatical conformation-still it is to be regarded, especially the Jerusalem Gemara, as a very corrupt Chaldee. Its grammar needs therefore to be treated separately. See J. E. Faber Anni. z. Erlernung des Talmud. und Rabbin. Gutt. 1770. Note 3. The Syrochaldaic originals of several of the Apocryphal books [those which were written in Palestine] are lost. See Jerome Prol. ad Tob., Judith, 1 Mace. and the Intrr. of Eichhorn, Bertholdt, and De Wette. Josephus also wrote his work on the Jewish War in the Syrochaldaic language, (Jewish War, Preface ~ 1.) 4. The Chaldee with which we are now concerned sustains, as is apparent from the slightest observation, a near relation to the Syriac, and shares with that dialect all its essential peculiarities, both in respect to the forms of words and their themes, but differs from it in details sufficiently to claim separate individuality as a dialect. These variations concern rather the grammatical forms than the themes of words, and especially punctuation, in which the Chaldee nearly accords with the old Phenician and Hebrew.! 14 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. Note 1. On the connection of Chaldee with Syriac, see Michaelis Abhandl. von der syr. Sprache. pp. 12 seq. Note 2. A full consideration of Chaldee ground-forms would be out of place here. I shall only notice the change of letters for others of somewhat different sounds, in such words as the Chaldee has in common with the Hebrew. In consequence of that flat pronunciation which characterises the Aramean dialects; we frequently find I and r substituted Ibr the Hebrew t and j; e. g. rfl to offer (sacrifices)..n gold, VIn seed, 'o to break in pieces, ')n an ox; and Z for s, as ':. a rock, sX= counsel. Besides these, X is used almost constantly instead of n final, x is sometimes changed into:, as:8x [7M.?]. (On the cause of this change, compare Gesenius Heb. Lex. letter Y);: into b, as ab7is a widow. Finally, it is scarcely necessary to remark, that letters of the same organ may be interchanged; e. g. ns.. [Heb. r.ma] brimstone, s2lp [Heb..1z] a helmet. saX [Heb. nmr] to wander. Note 3. In respect to grammatical forms, the Chaldee shares the following peculiarities in common with the Syriac. (1) The same forms of words are pronounced with fewer vowels than in Hebrew, so that the consonants predominate in grammatical formations; as, -, p, ^,;. (2) The emphatic state (of nouns) equivalent to the article in Hebrew and Arabic. (3) The use of - as a sign of the Genitive case; also as a Relative Pronoun; and the formation of Possessive Pronouns from u?. and suffixes as?i. mine,:'5i thine. (4) 5 as a mark of the Accusative. (5) The termination i — for the plural of masculines. (6) Distinction of genders in the 3d p. plur. Pret. of verbs. (7) The formation of Passives by prefixing the syllable rn. (8) The formation of the third conjugation like i=. (9) Imperatives Passive. (10) Two participles in the Actives of the second and third Conj. (11) The use of the participles with pronouns for a separate tense. (12) The preference of s to n as a termination of words; e. g. zteb a queen, and the consequent confusion of verbs C b and,ib. (13) The use of pleonastic suffixes before the Genitive. (14) The use of the 3d p. pl. of Actives in a Passive sense. Note 4. Peculiarities of the Chaldee, in which it differs from the Syriac, and in some ofthem more nearly resembles the Hebrew. (1) Preference of the clearer-sounding vowels. Thus a is often substituted for the Heb. and Syr. o; e. g. 5rn, Syr. L; ' b, Syr. jL; J HIeb. 1 3-1; ^S eb. jb.:; UR, Heb. bip; ui'p, Syr.1 l'; the plural termination of feminines.l — instead of Syr. j. So the Chaldee often has i where I occurs in Syriac, e. g. b: Ms.; and - for the Syr. -; e. g. bn, Syr.\ -4Z.-(2) Avoiding diphthongs; compare tti with CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. 15 Q:., b..5_ const. st. with. S, i.Sia with yo],:. with C.; also otiant letters; compare 5_ my king with ^ --, ':. with ~:.~. sibp with.L. —(3) The possibility of doubling letters not guttural; as Ibu,. —(4) The tone regularly on the ultimate; SO, I..(5) The formation of the Inf. except in Peal without the prefix ', &c.-In respect to orthography. it may be remarked here that the scriptio plena, or full mode of writing quiescents, is decidedly prevalent in Chaldee. THE LLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPAL HELPS TO THE STUDY OF CHALDEE. I. LEXICONS. J. Buxtorfii (t 1629) Lexicon Chaldaico-Talmudico-Rabbinicum. Basil. 1640. fol. Edm. Castelli Lexicon Heptaglotton. London, 1669. fol. (This work contains a complete Chaldee Vocabulary.) M. J. Landau, Rabb. Aram. Deutsch. Worterbuch zur Kenntniss des Talmud., der Targum. u. s. w. Prag. 1819. II. GRAMMARS. (a) Of the Shemitish dialects generally, or at least of the Aramean dialects. J. Buxtorf. Gram. Chald. et Syr. Basil. (1615) 1650. 8vo. Lud. de Dieu (t 1642.) Grammatica Ling. Orient. Heb. Chald. et Syr. inter se collatarum. Lugd. Bat. 1628. 4to. Frcf. a. M. 1683. 4to. J. H. Hottinger (t 1667) Gramm. quatuor linguar. Heb. Ch. Syr. et Arab. Tigur. 1649. 4to. Heidelb. 1658. Andr. Sennert (t 1689) Hypotyposis harmonica ling. Or. Chald. Syr. et Arab. curn matre Ieb. Viteb. 1653. 4to. Car. Schaaf (t 1729) Opus Aram. complec. Gram. Chald. Syr. &c. L. Bat. 1686. 8vo. Ign. Fessler Instt. Ling. Orient. Heb. Ch. Syr. et Arab. Vratisl. 1787, 1789. 2 vols. 8vo. J. Gottfr. Hasse (t1806) Prakt. Handb. der aram. Sprache. Iena 1791. 8vo. J. Jahn (t 1817) Aram. oder chald. u. syr. Sprachlehre. Wien 1793. 8vo.-Elementa Aram. s. Ch. et Syr. ling. lat. reddita et accessionibus aucta ab Andr. Oberleitner, Vindob. 1820. 8vo. J. S. Vater, Handbuch der hebr. syr. ch. und arab. Gramm., Leipzig, (1802) 1817. 8vo. t The obelisk designates, throughout this list, the year of an author's decease. 16 CHALDEE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. (b) Of the Chaldee language only. Chph. Cellarii (t 1707) Chaldaismus sive Grammatica nova Linguae Chaldaicae. Cizae. 1685. 4to. Henr. Opitii (- 1712) Chaldaismus targ. talm. rabb. Hebraismo harmonicus. Kil. 1696. 4to. J. Dav. Michaelis (t 1791) Grammatica Chald. Goett. 1771. Svo. Wilh. Fr. Hezel Anweis. zum Chald. bei Ermangelung alles mindl. Unterrichts. Lemgo. 1787. 8vo. N. W. Schroder (t 1798) Instt. ad fundam.-Chaldaismi bibl. brevissime concinnata (17S7) ed. 2. aucta et emend. Ulm. 1810. 8vo. (a proper appeIndix to the Hebrew grammar of this author. See Eichhorn's Bibl. VIII. 694.) F. Nolan. An Introduction to Ch. Grammar. Lond. 1821. 12mo. W. Harris, Elements of the Chaldee language, Lond. 1822, 24 pp. 8vo. (republished at N. York.) Jul. Ffirst, Lehrgebaude der Aramaischen Idiome in Bezug auf die indogerman. sprachen. (1 Thl. Formenlehre der Chald. Grammatik.) Leipzig, 1835. 8vo. G. B. Winer, Grammatik des biblischen und targumischen Chaldaismus, Leipz. 1824, and 2d ed. 1842. 8vo. (the basis of this work.) III. CHRESTOMATHIES AND READERS. Geneseos ex Onkelosi paraphr. Chald. quatuor priora capita una cum Dan. c. 2. Chald. Ed. W. Fr. Hezel. Lemgo, 1788. 8vo. Geo. Lor. Bauer (t 1806.) Chrest. e paraphras. Chald. et Talmude delecta c. nott. et ind. Nurnb. 1792. 8vo. (See Eichhorn's Bibl. IV 895 seq.) J. Jahn, Ch. Chrestomathie grosstentheils aus Handschriften. Wien, 1800. 8vo. (without a vocabulary.) H. Adolf Grimm (t 1813.) Chald. Chrestomathie mit einem vollstandigen Glossar. Lemgo. 1801. 8vo. G. B. Wirler, Chal. Lesebuch, aus den Targ. d. a. T. ausgewahlt, Leipz. 1825. 8vo. The Hebrew Lexicons generally contain also the Chaldee words which occur in Daniel and Ezra. The older Hebrew Grammars, (compare those of Alting and Danz,) contained also brief instructions for Chaldee. CHALDEE GRAMMAR. PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY. ~ 1. Consonants. THE Chaldee is written with the same characters as are employed in Hebrew; and, so far as we can trace its ancient history, was never expressed by any others. Indeed the square character, now termed iHebrew by way of distinction, appears to have belonged originally to the Chaldeans, (Babylonians,) and to have taken the place of the old Hebrew character among the Jews in the age succeeding the Babylonish exile. The most ancient Phoenician, the Samaritan and the Hebrew coinletter alphabets are essentially the same. The letters of the Palmyrene inscriptions, (the oldest of which date back to the first century after Christ,) much more resemble the square character. So do the letters of the Egyptian Aramean inscriptions, which are still more ancient. See Gesenius' Geschichte der Hebr. Sprache und Schrift, pp. 140 seq. Wood's Ruins of Palmyra, (the plates,) and Kopp's Bilder und Schriften, II. 245 seq. ~ 2. Punctuation. 1. The vowel-points, which are employed in Hebrew, have been transferred to the Chaldee, and appear in many manuscripts, and most editions of the Chaldee text. Since 2 18 ~ 2. PUNCTUATION. it is evident that these points are the work of the Jews, and were invented several centuries after Christ, it is plain that the Chaldee must originally have been written without vowel-points. Thus the Palmyrene inscriptions exhibit no vowel-marks. But the letters N 1 [matres lectionis] were earlier employed, in doubtful cases, as a guide in reading. The last-mentioned fhct is clear from such orthographical phenomena as x':z3, tS3,,k.= r ai' Dan. 2: 35, etc. and from the abundant use of the scriptio plena throughout. 2. The transfer of thle Hebrew vowel-points to the Chaldee took place in an age when the vowel system of the Jews was yet in an imperfect state; and in later times, the pointing of the Chaldee text, especially that of the Targums, did not receive the same attention which was devoted to the Hebrew. These circumstances exhibit clearly the reason why the punctuation of the Chaldee writings appears, at present, far less regular than that of the Hebrew. This irregularity is indeed so great that not only do different copies and editions, (especially those of London and Venice,) differ widely from each other, but there prevails throughout an extreme variableness in the use of the long and short vowels. On the variable punctuation of the Targums, see Eichhorn Einl. ins A. T. Part 2. p. 24 seq. 3. Long vowels sometimes occur in a mixed syllable without the tone, and vice versa, short vowels in a simple syllable. (Especially are. and - employed altogether promiscuously, to which usage only a slight tendency is noticeable in Hebrew. See Gcscnius Lehrgebaude p. 60.) For examples of the former comp. I.M.ir-n Deut. 23:16, I..:mr Jer. 49: 19, Orp [allin] Dan. 4: 4; of the latter.sp. 4. The violation of the rule of Qamets Hhatuph, in such cases as atn:rn is only apparent. The 1 is only a superfluous mater lectionis and is by no means to be regarded as quiescing in Qamets Hhatuph, or as a consonant [Ihlavchma] since it is written without Sheva. In general, however, Qaniets Hhatuph seldom occurs in Chaldee words. ~ 2. PUNCTUTATION; DGI-IESH. 19 DAGHESIL 5. Da7gieskh lene is subject to the same general rules as in Hebrew. a. The pron. suff. ]i: and "3 never receive it. b. In some editions. -- in the middle of a word is treated as a diphthong, and the next letter does not receive Daghesh lene; as I.~-" baithz, Generally however ' is regarded as a proper consonant, and we find 3M.' tu5 bay-tz, gelay-ta. c. Nouns of the form.. (Heb. -'.. ) are treated as though the groundform was -|.. and Daghesh is inserted in the = where a mixed syllabl ) precedes; as X g',, -'b. 6. Daghesh forte compensative a. Is inserted in the first radical of verbs:S; e. g. pVs for rjj, Aphel from pp. b. In n of the passive prefix ~r it compensates for the omission of X the characteristic prefix of Aphel, e. g. bpr? for ip? s. Note. The peculiarity of the Chaldee in both these cases is, that the letter for which compensation is made would, if the word were fully written, have succeeded the letter in which Daghesh forte is inserted. In Hebrew this is unusual, and where it occurs might perhaps be denominated Chaldaism. c. Sometimes, especially in the later Chaldee, it compensates for the omission of quiescents and consequent shortening of the vowel preceding the letter in which Daghesh forte is inserted; as st.s instead of a:b, Gen. 3: 2, Pseud. Jon. The converse of this also takes place; ~ 7. a. (2.) 7. Forms which regularly exhibit Daghesh forte, but sometimes appear with a different orthography. a. The letter sometimes takes the place of Daghesh forte, even where the radical form does not exhibit a; e. g. bS:t Dan. 2: 25, instead of btV or 'ab. from 5bb This may have arisen from an imperfect acquaintance with Chaldee. A Jew, on perceiving that was expressed in Chaldee in many cases where his own language required Daghesh forte or a long vowel compensating for it, would perhaps be liable to employ it even where it was not required by good Chaldee usage. See below ~ 6. a. note. Gesenius, Lehrg. ~ 33. 3. b. Very frequently no compensation is made for the exclusion of Daghesh forte from gutturals; e. g. 'il.n. Gen. 3: 3, tZ. 2 K. 21: 6. c. As in Hebrew, Daghesh forte is sometimes dropped when the letter in which it would regularly be inserted has Sheva. 20 ~ 3. TONE-SYLLABLE, MAPPIQ. 8. Mappiq is inserted, as in Hebrew, in ri where it is not quiescent. a. In the Pronominal suffixes -- and m-, comp. ~ 8. b. In,n when it occurs as the last radical of a verb or noun and is not quiescent; e. g. #;=. Ps. 131:1,,s Dan. 2: 28. ACCENTS. 9. a. In.the Chaldee portions of the original Scriptures, the same accents are employed, and subject to the same rules, as in Hebrew, only that the half-accent Metheg is much less regularly and less frequently inserted than in Hebrew. b. In the Targum of Onkelos, the train of accents is substantially the same as in the original text. See Chrestomathy Part I. Note on No. 1. c. To the text of the other Targums no accents have been appended. ~ 3. Tone-Syllable. The tone falls in Chaldee, (as in Hebrew,) usually on the last syllable. The following forms are exceptions, and are accented on the penultimate. 1. Segholate nouns which follow the Hebrew form; as i.n. C, ]s:- which however occur almost exclusively in the biblical Chaldee. 2. Verbal forms terminating in rn a-_ at -. and m; as r ^ j ^ h. 3. The suffixes e.- atg ai- 'n- ann; e. g. aI~, Yr - The German and Polish Jews place the tone in Chaldee (as they also do in Hebrew) on the penult. Whether this was the ancient Babylonish accentuation, cannot be decided from the accentuation prevalent in Syriac; since two closely related dialects may differ widely in this respect. Were ~ 4. OF READING UINPOINTED TEXT. 21 the vowels of the Chaldee, as we have them, entirely conformed to the old Babylonish pronunciation, we should have, in them, a clew to the ancient accentuation. ~ 4. Of reading unpointed text. As points have not been attached to all the Chaldee text, and since the unpointed, (besides the use of the matre.s lectio'ni8s,,, which obtains likewise in Heb.) presents some peculiarities, it may be well here to notice, as an assistance in reading without vowels, one usage at least, which obtains in the Targums, viz. that a double I or " is sometimes employed, (a) In the middle of a word, either to indicate that these letters are moveable; as Nhsim i. e. NCW, ":,n i. e. alan; or that they are to be pronounced double; as nnirns i. e. hri'r_, a. Rn. n i. e. T:n. (b) In the end of a word, especially when it is necessary to distinguish between the pronouns '- and '-; as ^, i. e. _:. Note. Only one abbreviation occurs in the Targums, viz. "" for!tot. The Talmud abounds with them. See J. Buxtorf De Abbreviat. Hebr. Basil. 1640. 8v3. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES WHICH REGULATE THE DERIVATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. ~ 5. The subject generally. 1. BEFOREJ entering upon the derivation and modifications of the various parts of speech, it will be necessary to notice briefly the general principles according to which these changes take place. In Chaldee, as in every other language, these changes respect partly consonants, and partly vowels, which will naturally divide this subject into two parts. 2. It is proper to distinguish, among the changes of consonants and vowels with which we meet in the inflections of the parts of speech, between those which are necessary, and those which are the result of ezphony. The former class includes those changes which are essential to permanent forms,-those which run through the language, and which form, so to speak, its substratum. Such are the terminations of the persons in verbs, and of the numbers in nouns. Those changes, on the other hand, may be reckoned euphonical, which are not essential to the form, but result simply from facility of utterance; ~ 6. M-UTATIOIS OF CONSONANTS. 23 as 'Tj instead of ^?7, ]?- instead of,, rsN instead of lzns. So in Latin we have imminmvtus for inminutusX, mi for zmili, Lodie for hoc die, &c. It is plainly with this latter class of changes that we are at present chiefly concerned. ~ 6. Miutations of Consonants. The derivation and inflection of words, so far as they depend on the consonants, are effected by other letters (beside those which compose the root) being prefixed, inserted, or suffixed; or by the radicals themselves being omitted, doubled, or commuted with other letters; e. g..tt,.:~, s^; b from.t; e: from mz;:) from t:. For these purposes the Chaldee employs the letters, r ', N,',., n. It belongs to the details of etymology to exhibit the manner in which these servile letters are employed in each particular case. Those changes only will be noticed in this place, which, in the formation and inflection of words, are the results of euphony. Such are the assimilation, tran,2sosition, omisSion, commutation, and insertion of consonants. a. Assimilation takes place regularly, (1) Of the letter h, when it occurs as the final consonant of a mixed syllable and immediately precedes another consonant. Thus instead of p_ is commonly written r., n:. instead of Cru:. Comp. ~ 18.-(2) Of n in the passive prefix rn with a succeeding t or T, more rarely with any other letter. See ~ 10. 5. Note. The converse of this takes place, when, instead of doubling a consonant, the letter: is inserted; e. g. ":.? for "T4p;.i.: for fss. Job 31: 12. Dan. 4. 9. (This takes place however in only a few words which must be learned by practice.)-" also is so used in the later Targums; e. g. ]ints instead of ]'iN Gen. 38:9. Pseudo-Jon. ebz: initead of r'n Eccl. 10:12. b. lransposition. The n of the passive preformative 24 ~ 6. MUTATIONS OF CONSONANTS. ns regularly changes places with the first radical, when that happens to be a sibilant (T, z, t, or Vi); e. g. -n, *._ -; --:.~ c. The following letters are dropped. (1) and i in some forms in which they would stand in the beginning of a word without a vowel; e. g. pm instead of pr?, si [Imp.] for S7.-(2) Consonants destitute of vowels, by contraction; e. g. tms instead of tts,.r instead of tr,n. Here belong also nt4 instead of 't-, ami_ instead of sm_7? Ex. 9: 31, Jon.-(3): without a vowel and in the end of a syllable, of participles changed into tenses; e. g. thtiS for 7pr:pn.-(4) Very frequently the quiescents; e. g. 7q. instead of ]-n., tUIr instead of n.n. —(5) n in the end of words, constantly in the absolute state of feminine forms like rnz:}; -also in the later Targums. for hf Gen. 22: 19, Jon. d. Cominutation takes place, especially of quiescents; (1) When one quiescent letter is exchanged for another capable of quiescing in the same vowel; as t_' instead of 'nxtj, (which is merely an orthographical change;)(2) When a quiescent, homogeneous with the characteristic vowel of a particular form, is substituted for one which would be heterogeneous; as:1s. for D.z (i.z). But those numerous cases of verbs %ib do not belong here, in which C appears instead of a; nor such instances as x^rlp instead of xrTsa; for in these cases the e is only the original consonant (which had been displaced by another) restored. See above. e. Insertion. m prosthetic is sometimes inserted in cases where otherwise a syllable would commence with two consonants; e. g. 'Si., 'n.s. Here belong also such cases as St_. instead of ~n:., 7i p.n? instead of bp.s. z. For Dacghesh forte is here euphonic, being primarily designed to shorten the pronunciation, (see GeseUius, Lehrgeb. p. 860,) though it constantly indicates the ~ 7. OWEL-CHANGES. 25 doubling of the consonant; and for this purpose the vowel of the s falls back to the r of the prefix. ~ 7. Vowel-changes. The derivation and inflections of words are effected, in the second place, by vowels, when forms of words derived from the same ground-form are claracterized by different vowels; ex. r:j'? from I,.- from -'", 5: from 5:_. It is impossible to decide, in each particular case, why such and such vowels have been selected as characteristic of -the form. We can distinctly ascertain, however, what are the characteristics of particular forms; and this again must be referred to the details of etymology. Only some variations from the general principles which regulate these forms, and some other modifications of vowels which result from facility of pronunciation, will be noticed here. Vowels, in the course of formation and inflection, are cornmuted, tran.posed, dropped, or inserted. a. Cormmutation of vowels; (1) Short for long, when a mixed syllable loses the tone; as Iy;:? from 55, Don from 7U, "~y const. state of a~s. In these cases i pure generally becomes -; and -, -. When the long vowel remains unchanged, either that is impure, or the last consonant of the ground-form is thrown forward and pronounced with the suffix; e. g. Di^^^ Dan. 3: 31. So constantly in Hebrew; as ITD]. See above ~ 2. 2.(2) Long vowels take the place of short; —in pause; as,T, Dan. 2: 32, t Dan. 4: 6, 7t Gen. 4: 11, Mntr Ex. 4: 13, (though this is not universally the case; comp. Dan. 2: 9, 17);-before a guttural which would regularly be doubled; as lrM instead of l:5n, N ~T instead of N"NI, (although this likewise is not without exceptions, especially if the guttural be rn or n. Dan. 4: 16, 24); 26 ~ 7. VOWEL-CHANGES. before other consonants, less frequently; as ]i5.K instead of;Th. Gen. 38: 9. Ps. Jon. see ~ 6. a.;-when a quiescent which would regularly have a composite Sheva, drops it and quiesces in the preceding vowel; as lw'r instead of pU.-(3) It is for the sake of euphony that, in final syllables which terminate in a guttural, Pattahh is usually found before it, instead of the usual characteristic vowel; as trrn instead of t.t, t57j instead of tn; also that when a syllable terminates in a quiescent preceded by a heterogeneous vowel, that vowel becomes homogeneous; e. g. pts. instead of t'al. The case of simple syllables, in which long vowels have displaced the short ones. does not belong here. In most of these instances, the punctuators probably employed the short vowels; and such forms as -ismr ri- occur only in particular editions. b. Transposition of vowels takes place in some monosyllabic forms of verbs, the vowel of which is between the last two radicals, when they receive a pronominal suffix; as Zi6? from 5'ip;-also in some contracted forms of verbs Zi; as pew for pp.;-and finally, in cases like cm for.'.p,, nn for ~'i3, when the moveable s or 1, etc. throws back to the preceding consonant its own vowel, for the sake of quiescing in it. c. Vowels are dropped, in the final syllable of groundforms, only when formative syllables are added, and then much less frequently than in Heb.; e. g. sLte from t:t, tP frofrom 5tm, Wp-iz from,.'p from tP:. The vowels most frequently omitted are Pattahh, Tseri and Hhireq. d. Finally, vowels are inserted; (1) When two consonants would otherwise stand together without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable; as tp: from tp,? 5t from T}. The vowel most commonly employed in such cases to facilitate pronunciation is HIhireq. But when ~ 8. PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 27 the following consonant is a guttural, and has a composite Sheva, the preceding consonant takes the short vowel corresponding with this Sheva; as Nsi_, mst.-(2) In cases like 1nimn Ez. 7: 8, rZ?5 Ez. 4:15, instead of fl.:rm, nlr;nn; where three consonants would come together, in the beginning of a syllable, without a vowel. Note. In case (1) the inserted vowel regularly belongs to the first of the two consonants which would have been without vowels. In the later Targums, a practice somewhat different prevails to considerable extent. Instead of a short vowel under the first consonant, a long vowel appears under the second; e. g. 'rIt instead of zx.? Gen. 3: 1. Ps. Jon. et passinm. sb5nT- instead of Xsrn'i. Gen. 3: 24. Ps. Jon. CHAPTER II. PRONOUNS. ~ 8. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. 1. Personal pronouns are divided, as in Hebrew, into two classes, separate and suffixed. The former express, with some exceptions, the nominative case, and the latter the oblique cases. TABLE OF THE SEPARATE PRONOUNS OR GROUND-FORM. Singular. Plural. I.c. c, ( ) I1. c. ~f.L,:~t, () ee 2. c.?X, m (rimn) thou 2 m. n., l, ye 3. m. I. ( n R. 7 My Prov. 25: 20, like the Syr.) he 3. m. j i5 (r') tey.3. f. she 3. r) ) 2. The suffix (or inseparable) pronouns are appended to verbs, to the signs of cases (~ 60) and prepositions, or to nouns. In the last case they are usually translated by possessive pronouns, though the genitive of personal pronouns would more exactly express them; precisely as in 28 ~ 8. PERSONAL AND.POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Greek, zario tovu, &c. The following are the suffixes attached to verbs.,1. c. ~, () me X:, s- (,:S-m) us 2. M. 2.m. VT_ I_ #t_ } thee | ~; T you 2. f. " -: " 3. ro. rv-, n>n (r, rW) hit u. 3. f. -he, ( ) r Which of the forms is to be used in each particular case, is explained, in ~ 16, where also will be found an explanation of the so-called 'hin epenthetic, which is frequently inserted between the verbal form and its suffix. 3. The sufnixes of nouns are divided, again, into two classes, viz. those attached to nouns singular, and those attached to nouns plural. The latter are expressed by somewhat lengthened forms, in which the k of the plural termination commonly appears. They are generally the following: I. SUFFIXES TO NOUNS SINGULAR. Singular suffixes. Plural suffixes. 1 C. C -. my T -- our 2.. rW T_ thy ' your 2. f. -:7. 3. m.,-. his in, (iT) th 3. f. t —,- (in bibl. Ch.,t-) her tN, j Note 1. Twice. instead of I,- appears -- Dan. 4: 15, 5: 8; the Targumists wrote likewise '.i Gen. 1:12, 21, or with the full orthography tm'-. Appended to the words =s, ns and tl which before sutff take the forms I",, etc., the suff. of the 2d and 3d per. sing. take the forms 7, st, Mf; the last of which forms occurs also elsewhere as a noun-suffix. Gen. 3: 5. Est. 1: 12. The same forms are attached to prepositions, (excepting such as are originally plural nouns ~ 44. 2.) and to the signs of cases, r', etc.; as ~b '-,,tn, etc. See below ~ 44. II. SUFFIXES TO NOItNS PLURAL. Singular suffixes. Plural suffixes. 1. c. - my:-'-, t —, (1.) our 2. f. t;; T- }thy ^- ' your 2.. tm. )-:- 1. 3. m. 'Oh, q his the* - 3.f. -, (r-" Dan. 7:7,19.) her P -r ~ 9. OTHER PRONOUNS. 29 Note 1. These suffixes are regularly appended, however, only to plurals masculine. Indeed, it is from the termination of such nouns, that the e comes, which appears in the suffix of the 2d per. sing. and in all the plural suffixes. Feminines frequently take the sing. suof. —, -., etc. Gen. 20: 17. Dan. 2: 32. 5:2. Ez. 4: 17, 6: 18. Is. 1: 4. Prov. 1: S. Gen. 47: 9. In Syriac this is constantly the case. The Chaldee exhibits a medium between the usage of the Hebrew and that of the Syriac. Note 2. The suffix " — is in some editions written;i'"- or -. Frequently it appears abbreviated '.-. Dan. 5:10. 2 Sam. 11:8, 24. Ps. 119: 4.-So also the feminine 7.- is in many editions written T -;, so that the genders are not distinguished. Isa. 49: 1S. Ven. Note 3. The possessive pronoun may be expressed separately from its noun by appending suffixes to a'r (comp. of the relative,', and b. sign of the dative case); or, more rarely, to t'e (comp. of ". 'relative and -, sign of the genitive case); e. g. ij nt:, thy king, lit. tle king who [is] to thee. Usage has however made these particles mere signs of the genitive; for even to them i (relative) is prefixed. Note 4. Prepositions which are originally plural nouns take the suffixes of pi. nouns; e. g. S.ee;,,. 2tl. See ~ 44. 2. So also do ri [-Heb..]j rpf, its negative, and xM, as; c g. 'ng. n, t', ';n'?, and the suffix must be rendered in the nominative case. ~ 9. Other Pronouns. 1. The Demonstrative Pronouns are, sing. masc. In (3' Gen. 3Y: 19,:.1 Job 9: 24,) "n,; (, Jer. 26: 9;) fem. ~1, at; corn.,, (7,) ^. (Ps. 24: 6, 52: 8,) this, that; plur. corn. is, rn,,:. these, those. Note. With the Hebrew article, a.~n, est (Ex. 20:1) are equivalent to our expressions this very, precisely this. So also are the forms ~N1?W, urnts, 2n1e (Ruth 1: 16. Lam. 1: 4.) 2. The Relative Pronoun is I (as a prefix), or. * (as a separate word), of both genders and both numbers. It designates regularly the Nominative or Accusative. How the other oblique cases are indicated, see in Syntax ~ 60. 3. The Interrogative Pronouns are expressed, sometimes, according to the Hebrew analogy, by 7x who? of * In the Egyptian Aramean inscriptions 'I and nt. Comp. the Heb. l y. 30 ~ 10. VERBS; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. persons, (whence Int for rn i Prov. 20:6, 27:'4,) and S (ft) What? of things: sometimes, by prefixing the interrogative particle ' to the demnonstrative pronoun: ]'7K m. sr? f. (?r7, t-;7). The latter mode is rather more expressive, who indeed? who then? On the mode of designating the reflexive and reciprocal sense of pronouns, compare Syntax, ~ 49. 1. CHAPTER III. VERBS. ~ 10. Derivation and inflection of verbs generally. 1. Verbs, as in Hebrew, are generally primitive. A few are formed from nouns, and are called denominatives; e. g. it~w to eradicate, t? ss. to take root, from t it a root; ';rti to pitch a tent, from at- a tent; 1?Zirnt to be acqucainted, firom 1t an acquaintance. 2. The roots of verbs consist, generally, of three consonants which are pronounced in one syllable with the vowel - under the middle radical. A few consist of four consonants [quadriliterals], and are pronounced with -; as brom to cover. The root is the third person singular masculine Praeter, and from this are derived, not only the other parts of the active voice, but a passive consisting of the same moods and tenses. Derivative Conjugations. 3. As in Hebrew, other forms, derived from the root and analogous to it, are employed to express various modifications of the original sense. These also are conjugated through an active and a passive voice. They are generally two, 5p. and 5pts. These, as well as the ~ 10. VERBS; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. 31 ground-form, are called conjugations; so that we may reckon in Chaldee three usual conjugations, each including an active and a passive voice. For the unusual conjugations, Shaphel, Poel, &c., see ~ 14. 4. Claracteristics and signification of the conjugations. (1) The 2d conjugation or Pael is characterized, like the Hebrew Piel, by Daghesh forte in the 2d radical. (a) Its signification is usually causative, when Peal is intransitive; as =:n to be wise,:tn to nake wise; 'n to be white, '~ to make white, to wash. (b) Frequently Pael has merely the sense of exhibiting, regarding, or treating a person as being or doing what is expressed in Peal; e. g.,:. to lie, =? to regard one as a lia), to convict one of falsehool. (c) Sometimes it is privative; as p5 to remove ashes;,ol to clear out stones. (2) The characteristic of the 3d conjugation or Aphel is 2 (sometimes n) prefixed to the root, and the vowel - (or -) in the last syllable. In signification it is usually (a) causative of Peal (especially in verbs which want Pael, though both are sometimes found; e. g. p3 p?). Thus Vib to put on, t.bs to cause [another~] to put on, to clothe, ~n to sin?, 'TI to seduce or entice to sin. Sometimes, (b) like Pael, it has merely the sense of exhibiting, &c., e. g. p3s.. to show [a person] to be righteous, to treat as righteous, to acquit. Note. The same conjugations are not in use in all verbs. A large number appear only in Peal, others in Pail only; for examples of the latter compare 'onT, arm,:,. ntb. Where the same verb has both Pael and Aphel, these two conjugations, for the most part, have different senses; e. g. Ijh to advise,:~Sb. to constitute a king. 5. The Passives of all the conjugations are characterized by the preformative syllable n.. The rn of this prefix is sometimes assimilated to the succeeding letter, or transposed with it, as follows. 32 ~ 10. VERBS; DERIVATION AND INFLECTION. (a) When the active form commences with 1, t or n, the n of the passive prefix is assimilated, and expressed by Dagl7esh forte in the following letter; e. g.;s,:rts, mllns, from 'l, it? and m:>. Less frequently, and only in the later Targums, does the same assimilation take place before other letters; e. g. rns,: it is written, for t snrs, Eccl. 12:10. (6) If the ground-form commences with a sibilant [T, t, z, b or t', the h is inserted after that letter; e.g. p~tfs. But after T, it is changed into '; as ]T~ from VT_; and after z into t; as ' -ts from ra. The signification of these forms is not merely passive, but sometimes reflexive or reciprocal; as ~~. to consult together; frequently, even in the sense of the Greek middle voice; e. g. nps to get an advantage. ]Moods and Tenses. 6. All these conjugations have, in both active and passive voices, the Praeter and Future tenses, the Infinitive and Imperative moods, and the Participle. The actives have two participles throughout. All these arise out of the ground-form, mediately or immediately, by the insertion of formative letters, or by a different pronunciation of the radicals, or by both together. The different persons of the Praeter and Imperative are formed, as in Hebrew, by suffixes, and the Future by prefixes and suffixes, originally fragments of personal pronouns. 7. VYerbs are either regular or irregular. The former class includes all those verbs, the radicals of which remain unchanged throughout all their inflections; the latter, those which suffer a change or omission of one or two radicals. ~ 11. REGULAR VERBS; INFLECTION. 3S ~ 11. Inflection of the Regular Verb. 1. Most nearly connected with the Praeter stands the Imneriatve, from which the Future is derived. The Imperative of Peal is characterized by the vowel -; those of Pael and Aphel are like the Praeter of the same conjugation. 2. The Future is derived from the Imperative by prefixing "; which is pronounced in Peal with -7, in Pael with, in Aphel (where the s suffers elision) with -, and in all the Passives with - [j.]. 3. The Infinitive is formed from the Praeter in two ways. (a) In Peal by the prefix e. (6) In the other conjugations and in all the Passives, by the sufformative syllables s -T. 4.' The Parcti'ci)pes are also derived from the Praeter, and are formed, (c) In Peal, by merely chnmging the vowels, 5P~, nt?.; (6) In all the other conjugations and in the Passives, by prefixing xn which is pronounced in Pael with, in Aphel with - and in the Passives with -, ti. Of the two Participles in the Active forms, the first has -.. constantly in the last syllable, and is active; the second has - in the ultimate, with a passive signification. 5. The formation of the persons is more simple in the Praeter and Imperative, in the Future more complex. The following table exhibits the letters and syllables employed in forming the different persons. Sing. 3. m. f. 2. m. 2.f. 1. c. PI. 3. m.. f. 2.m. 2. f. 1. c. Praeter. - - rn- n- r - - n- -- n. -. Imperat. -- - _ Future -4 - t -n 1 A-n -X - IT p-hn r —t - 6. When sufformatives are added which take the tone, 3 34 ~ 12. REGULAR VERBS; NOTES ON TIE PARADIGM. (a) The vowels -, and - (the latter only in the Fut. Peal) of the final syllable of the ground-form, are dropped, provided the sufformative commences with a vowel. Those which precede - and s-, of the 3d person plural Praeter, and the termination of the Imp., since these suffbrmatives do not take the tone, are retained. (6) In the 3d pers. fer. and 1st pers. corn. sing. Praet. in Peal and Ithpeel, where two consonants would, according to the above rule, come together without a vowel, Ihireq is introduced to facilitate pronunciation. Note. The principal variations of the Chaldee, from the mode of forming the persons in Hebrew, are, that, in the former, the 2d p. sing. Praet. has, generally, no distinction of gender, while the 3d p. plur. has; and that the 3. plur. fem. Fut. takes " instead of r for its preformative. The sufformatives of the Future (e. g. i-) are capable of an easier explanation than in Hebrew. ~ 12. Notes on theparadigm of the Regular Verbs. I. Generally. 1. Forms with. are often written fully (9-) or even with -, e. g. a. 1 sing. and 2. f. plur. Praeter; as r Ge. Gen. 3:10, (n'r,' PseudoJonathan,):'_rWs Ex. 1:18. Ps. Jon. b. Pael and Aphel; e.. g..iK 2 K. 6: 239, mise Ps. 16: 2. c. The Part. act. in Pe. e. g. rm Dan. 4: 10, 20, rn. Gen. 3: 15. Jeru. Targ. 'i= Gen. 3: 9. Pseudo-Jon. should doubtless be read t=_O. d. The Participle Peil sometimes, though seldom, appears in a contracted form; as b p Dan. 5:27. 2. Praefer. The 2. p. sing. masc. sometimes as sr51ip Prov. 23: 8. 2 Sam. 14:13. The 1st pers. sing. m. sometimes appears in the form r2^'-, Gen. 3:10, 13, Pseud. Jon.; or even like the 2d person; e. g. at$_ ~, Gen. 3:22, Pseud. Jon. The 3. p. pi. m. sometimes in the later Targums takes a paragogic 1; e. g..';rs Gen. 3: 7, 7.nd Ps. 148:7. The fern. sometimes appears ending in "-; as ]jq Ruth 1:10, 5]nt 1: 19. 3. Future. Instead of the formative ' the Targum of Proverbs, in accordance with the Syriac, exhibits also:; e. g. b.r:: Prov. 16:10, etc. Compare Dathe, de ratione consensus version. Chald. et Syr. Prov. Leipzig, 1764. pp. 16.-Instead of p., appears. as termination of the 3d p. pl. m. Ez. 4:12. 'zns. 4. Infinitive. The biblical Chaldee has,r- sometimes instead of ittermination of all the Inf. excepting Peal. Dan. 2:12. 14. Ez. 7:14. Dan. 6:4. In the Targums sometimes appears rt (without suffixes) Esth. 1:5. Ps. 102:23. Sometimes the characteristic ending S;t is ~ 12. REGULAR VERBS; NOTES ON THE PARADIGM. 35 omitted; as 1 Sam. 26: 25, 30: 8. Pael, Aphel and the Passives have sometimes a ' prefixed to the Inf. e. g. N=rnm Sol. S. 1:7, 71 t=:_ Deut. 32: 23. Jerusalem Targ. Forms like E',> Lev. 13:7. Jon. f`inre Job 1: 13, ' p:.s Deut. 18:10. Jer. T., with paragogic -.- are more rare. 5. Passives. Instead of the preformative rs the biblical Chaldee frequently exhibits rN (Ez. 6:2. &Sc.); the later Targums in the 1st. conj. n.; e. g. I'ir. 1 Sam. 23: 7; (agreeing with the Rabbinical conj. Nithpail); and in the Inlf. of all the conj. rn; as s-^n7. Ex. 21:20, Jer. T. spinets Deut. 32: 1. Jer. T. On the other hand Pr:of Winer in the second ed. of his grammar remarks that the Participles sometimes drop their initial x, and cites as examples s~?'- Job 28: 21 and Genrr._ Gen. 31:15. J. T.; but Walton's Polyglott has in these passages 64'zx and sxnni. II. Notes on the several conjugations. 1. Peal. a. Some verbs, especially such as are intransitive, take- (^-) or - (I-) and a few i as the characteristic vowel of the Praeter; e. g. tx= to be evil..sK to be good,.rn to sit,.^3i to lie (recline), Ap, to be strong, T7?! to sleep, Gen. 2:21, =in. to be dry. These vowels remain in those persons where - is usually retained; e. g. nmit Prov. 30: 7, sb5il Ez. 5: 9. Itb. 4: 12, zinrl Jer. 49: 4. The 3d p. sing, fem. also retains its vowel; as rb_: Ez. 4: 24, rminr. Ezek. 26: 2.-Such verbs in -'or - form the Imp. in -. or - as _ b 1 K 22: 30, b5 Gen. 22: 2, =p Job 2:5; the Future in, — or 1; as t'=: Dan. 5: 16,; -=r Deut. 28:30, gl^pl1 Gen. 31: 35. When two forms of the Future, as - and -, or - and i coexist in the same verb, they have different significations; e. g. ip Num. 1: 51. [who] will approach, (Future,) 'p,> Isa. 5:19, let [it] approach, (Optative.) etc. But verbs in q form the Fut. in.; e. g..n71 Ps. 121: 4. b. The Infinitive, in the later Targums, has sometimes the termination X-; e. g. Tq'0. Ps. 118: 7. Sometimes it has the form 5p.n, Job 29: 6. Ruth 4: 6; less frequently like the Heb. b5i or nsii; e.g. Gen. 49:6. Ruth 2: 1. Ps. 105: 14, (even with suff.,) or as Inf. absol. }i=jp Lev. 13: 7, Pseud. Jon. c. The Imperative exhibits, in a few instances, the full orthography sup, 2 Sam. 13: 20. Ps. 31: 24. It sometimes occurs with Hholem in accordance with Hebrew analogy; as "nir Ps. 26: 2; especially with suffixes; e. g.,.bn-p 1 Sam. 20: 8. 2. Ithpeel. The last syllable sometimes takes - ( —); e. g. p.iht. Dan. 2: 44, comp. 2 K. 7: 4. Prov. 3: 5. Gen. 9: 7, Retel Eccl. 12: 11. Sometimes -; as aSn&t Gen. 14: 15.-Preformative sometimes rma, Dan. 7:15. 3. Pael. K preformative of 1. sing. Fut. has sometimes -; e. g. 'itp Isa. 42:9,:br.t 63: 3; and even —; as ^b"I Deut. 32:1. Jon., where the Jer. T. has b^?rM.-As in Hebrew, Daghesh forte is sometimes omitted when the middle radical has Sheva. 4. Ithpaal. Final vowel sometimes — or; e. g. n:tnt Hos. 4:11, 36 ~ 13. PARTICIPLES; PERSONAL INFLECTION. btn,$n- Ps. 105:25, 1 ri Gen. 3:15, Jer. T. Heb. Pual forms occasionally appear instead of this conjugation; as i.ta Isa. 53:5, 1',-; Gen. 28: 17, Jon. ui-rS Gen. 37: 3, Jon. 5. Aphel. In the biblical Chaldee, and occasionally in the Targums fn appears, as the preformative of this conj. (p~ ). and even in the Fut. and Part. after the characteristic prefixes; e. g.. sr'n Ez. 5: 12..w.:n Dan. 5: 29, %0Sn78 7: 24, p E.tm Ez. 4:13, l:t'.r 6: 10. —Hiphil sometimes takes the place of Aphel in the biblical Chaldee; e. g. b.-. Dan. 5:20, 7: 22. 6. Ittaphal. For this conjugation, which indeed elsewhere is seldom found, the biblical Chaldee constantly exhibits Ilophal; e. g. Ez. 4:15, Dan. 4:33, 7:11, (with Qamets Hhatuph or Shureq.) ~ 13. Personal inflection of the Particiles. 1. The Participles of all the conjugations, in order to supply the want of a Present tense, are, as in Hebrew, construed with the separate Personal Pronouns of the first and second persons; e. g. s^ ti I kill. Beside this mode, the Chaldee has one peculiar to itself, viz., to inflect the Participle by the addition of pronominal fragments, thus forming in fact a new tense. The two Participles Peal are, after this mode, inflected as follows. First Participle. Second Participle. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 2 m. srtpg * 7tnteuP >I?^! 'p 2 f. *- t&Z,? 7rtpp 1 m. t'R.p. i?^TP]? 1 f. r:2t AT; 7, T TP;T T T 2. In the biblical Chaldee a kind of passive preterite tense is in use, formed by appending the sufformatives of the Praeter to the Part. Peil. It takes the place of Ithpeel. 1.. 2. 2..m.... m. r"Ib n. t::p t:i- r::p? p b.p Sing.. * 7 s*-..t71..% p X Plur. * Qateltth, not qttlath, ~ 2. 9. a. The learner should bear in mind that a knowledge of forms alone can enable him to distinguish Qamets Hhatuph from Qamets. ~~ 14. 15. VERBS WITHI GITTURALS. 37 Comp. Dan. 5: 27, 28, 30, 7:4, 6, 11. Ezra 5: 14. That these are not to be considered forms of Praeter Peal with - is plain, partly from their passive signification, and partly from the fact that other forms of the same are usually employed in the Praeter in an active sense. ~ 14. UZifrequent Conjugations and Quadrilitertals. 1. As in Hebrew, certain unfrequent conjugations occur, some of which are confined to particular classes of irregular verbs. a. Poel and It2poal, characteristics, same as in Hebrewn; e. g. pio Hos. 13: 5, "in Num. 11: 12; especially in verbs as; as: = t: int. b. Polel and It7polal, in verbs 8; e. g. wti Ps. 5: 8. Dan. 4: 34,: Ci s Dan. 5: 23. Ps. 107: 25. c. Palel and Itipalel; as Qt?, 1 tn_. d. Palpel, formed by repeating the first and third radicals, and Iti]palpal; e. g. 5:.. Gen. 11:9, Voi, (from =m-) Judg. 3: 22,:T: (from:.-) Ps. 143 3. Comp. ~~ 19, 22. e. Shapltel and Iszhtphal; e. g..?. Ez. 4: 12. Gen. 49: 10, '_5_..? Gen. 49: 10, 55n?rl Ez. 4: 13. Ez.t Ez. 6: 15, is Shaphel from. Gen. 2: 2, without:, V5; Passive '.2..riz to procure the completion of a thing, to finish. 2. Quadriliteral verbi follow usually the form of Pael; e. g.. ~~ (Syr. >. i. q. Xcarir/OQZv) Job 37: 20, ^? 20:15, =an- to interpret. The origin of these verbs is to be explained, for the most part, as in Hebrew. See Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 861, seq. Note. Altogether peculiar is the verb 5-7. ('- ') Dan. 3: 28. Put. t't5' Isa. 53: 11. Inf.,Zt"'Z Dan. 3:15. Part. If'.m, Dan. 6:28. Pass..~.~q4 Gen. 32: 30. Syr. l.. This Chaldee form should however be regarded rather as a kind of Poel than as a quadriliteral. ~ 15. Verbs with Gutturals. 1. The gutturals (, t, n, n,, and to some extent also, ') present the same peculiarities as in Hebrew. It will 38 ~ 15. VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. be sufficient therefore to give examples of the most important forms. 2. Verbs Pe guttural. Peal, Praet. iz f. hrnt 2. m. rwn- 1. c. n=7, Iump. 'I, 'T, t., %T, (ITs), N Ex. 4:4, fern. t;Z, (.nls Gen. 12: 13), Plur..1T Ex. 5: 16, -"ts Dan. 2: 9, Inf. ir4m, tri, Fut. imr, tr=,.,7 pe?, Participles -"i, n W. —ItT~peel,.&?, 'r?.. -Pael, Praet. 7in, Fut. 7 _.-Ittipaal,.,r. —Ap2e l, Praet. Ir;, n,: s, Fut. btC, crnI Part.. 3. Verbs Ayin guttural. Peal, Praet. ]nm f. ti?', 1. c. in1m; Imp. r; (tinr); Inf, vi; Fut. 3?;; Part. 7n, Tp~7.-h11 ee)l, 7..,..-PPcl, tt, Inlf. Xmrs. -Aphel, in.. 4. Verbs Lamedh guttural. Peal, Praet. rite fem. rimnr; Imp. r:#, ':; Fut. rmt, nt (__tt;); Part. totv,;97ff.- Ithpeeel, nrz\lm, fern. mr^..-Padc Praet. t_, Fut. z:&?; Part. act. nM1 Dan. 4: 34. —It.paal,:ns ~s.-ApAe, nt, n? 1st. pers.:-^i,:_. Note 1. When the first radical of a verb Pe guttural happens to be S, this letter is frequently dropped in Ithpeel when it would bc without a vowel (i. e. would have a composite Sheva), and by way of compcnsation, r of the prefix takes Daghesh forte; e. g. nnt. instead of 'rlnx Num. 15: 13, 35:33. Note 2. Verbs Lamedh guttural have the Praet. 3. sing. fern. sometimes terminating in - - or.. (the latter only in verbs "'b) with the tone on the penult; e. g. rlnt Gen. 30:16, rmn Dan. 5:10, nmi Gen. 16: 3. Note 3. When the 1st radical takes a comp. Sheva, verbs &s and urs usually have-, Dan. 2: 9. Sol. S. 5: 3.; verbs n'h and k_, generally. Note 4. Forms like ltn. Dan. 7:22, belong not to Aphel but to Hiphil, and are Hebraisms. Note 5. Occasionally verbs with x for their second radical. exhibit r instead of that letter in Pael; as bt' from bt,.1nt from nI~. See ~ 6. d. 40 ~ T1. IRREGULAR VERBS GENERALLY. i. e. with suff. these forms are conmmnolb. See Job 19:15. Gen. 30:13. Ex.1:16. (c) Inmperatilve. Forms with - in the 2d pers. plur. masc. throw this vowel back to the first radical before suffixes; e.. g.: Ex. 16: 25. (c) The Inf. and Part. Peal, having the form of nouns, may take the suffixes either of verbs or of nouns; as I='p, and.:;(e) In all those persons of Ptal and 21?pkel, M hich terminate in the third radical, is dropped before suffixes which have a union vowel. The same takes place, (on account of the tone being thrown forward,) in the forms.i5p,.ips^. The 2d pers. sing. fern., te 2d pers. plur. masc., and the 1st pers. plur. in the Praeter receive suffixes as in Peal. (f) The Infinitives of all the conjugcations except Peal take before suffixes the termination n.; e. g. snr..ip, nh.iup_. (Sometimes, though rarely, this ending appears out of the suffix state. Ps. 102: 32. Num. 9: 17. Est. 1: 5.) Note 1. An epenthetic is frequently inserted between the verb and the suffix. This is most common in the Fut. and Imp.; rare in the Praet. (ex. Ps. 16:7. Isa. 63:9. Gen. 6:2. Jud. 13:23.' 2 K. 20: 13;) and still less frequent in the Inf. (Prov. 22:21. Sol. S. 6: 11.) Note 2. In the Targum on Prov. appears an epenthetic I; e. g..-.. t, ~,pn, 4:6, 8. ~ 17. Irregular Verbs generally. 1. Of these there are, as in Hebrew, two general divisions, defective and quiescent. The irregularity generally respects but one letter. Verbs which exhibit irregularity in two of their radicals are called doubly anomalous, ~ 24. 2. The first general division comprehends two classes, viz. 'b, and ~; the second, four, viz. "'i, ~' (i), ' (;i), ~ 16. REGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIX PRONOUINS. 39 ~ 16. Regular Verbs with suffix Pronouns. 1. Of the suffixes given above in the table, ~ 8, 2. those which begin with a vowel, are generally appended to verbal forms terminating in a consonant; and vice verac, those which begin with a consonant to verbal forms terminating in a vowel. The Imperative and Participles must be excepted, as they frequently take those suffixes (of the 1st pers. sing. and plur.) which have no union-vowel; as t?.,:i. 2. The changes which verbs undergo in consequence of the accession of pronominal suffixes, respect chiefly the vowels, which are sometimes dropped, sometimes transposed. See Paradigm II. (a) Peal, Praeter. Before suffixes which have a union-vowel the 3d pers. sing. masc. has the form b p; as t'i? he killed thee, s:tp he killed uts, v-,i hle kiled themn [those men]. Before ti: and: the original form remains. The 3d pers. plur. masc. becomes.tio, (before t; and r, rim;,) the fem. which is rare, 5?; as.:5?, T ~ p, the 2d masc..rti?. The 2d pers. sing. remains unchanged, though in a few cases we have for the fern. ', Jer. 15:10. The 1st pers. sing. takes the form rii, (rarely i;?j, as Num. 23: 11, Jer. 30: 14, or it,;:ia Gen. 3:22, Pseudo-Jon.) The 1st pers. plur. has the form b35 and takes suffixes for the most part with the union-vowel -; e. g.:lt~P we killed him. In the Venice Polyglott. and occasionally in Walton, the 3d p. sing. masc. Praet. retains its vowel under the second radical; as n5rtri for,nimb. (b) Future. The 3d fer., 2d masc., and 1st pers. sing. receive suffixes precisely like the 3d pers, masc., and that, for the most part, with Nun epenthetic. The 2d and 3d persons plural fern. take the formn of the masculine, ~ 19. IREEGULAR VERBS; AYIN DOUBLED. 41 and s. The last include also such verbs as in Hebrew belong to the class rib. Note. The division of irregular verbs into defectire and quiescent, is not of special importance, and is neglected by the most recent grammarians. ~ 18. Terbs Pe N3un. The irregularity in these verbs results from the same cause, and is almost throughout the same as in Hebrew. 1. The letter:, where it would otherwise terminate a mixed syllable, is assimilated to the succeeding consonant; e. g. p~ for "pr?. 2. In the Imper. Peal, where: would regularly stand without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable, that letter is ordinarily dropped; e. g. ps for Jpr, (e;, Jer. 2 5: 27.) Beside these, which are common to Hebrew, 3. Some forms have, usually, a different characteristic vowel from that of regular verbs: thus the Future is generally like pa or n; Aphel pn. In the Imp. the forms pe, pr and rp are about equally common, though not ordinarily found in the same verb. 4. Ithpeel, Pal, and Ithpaal present no irregularity. Note 1. From No. 1. there are many exceptions, chiefly in verbs which have a guttural for the second radical; e. g. tIn:s Isa. 5: 9; '.: Prov. 29:13. (But rm. is inflected according to the rule above; as Fut. bins [instead of rinL], Aphel rus.) Also in some others; e. g. 'il. Dan. 2:16, -m n Ez. 7: 20, PT s Ps. 91: 7, pt Ez. 5: 14. Note 2. The verb or. takes - in the Fut. as its characteristic vowel; e. g. ]. Ex. 25:16, ]tn Deut. 21: 8. Once -, lat Dan. 2; 16. ~ 19. Verbs Ayin doubled. The anomalies of these verbs, which accord only in part with the same class in Hebrew, are particularly the following. (a) The root is a monosyllable, with its vowel between the first and second radicals, in Peal, (excepting the participles,) and in Aphel; and so, either 42 ~ 20. IRREGULAR VERBS; PE YODH. (1) No trace of the doubling of the second radical remains; as is the case in Peal Praet. 3d pers. sing. masc.. 2d masc. and fer., and in the 1st and 2d persons plur., in the Imp. masc. sing. and fer. plur., and more rarely in the 1st Part.; e. g. p1, P, i:?; or (2) It is indicated by Daghesh forte in the 2d radical in those persons of the Praet. and Imp. Peal, the sufformatives of which commence with a vowel; as nrp, ji, ~'-; or, finally, (3) It is compensated by Daghesh forte in the first radical in the Fut. and Inf. Peal, and throughout Aphel; as ps, p-ine; or even sometimes, in Ithpeel, in n of the preformative syllable r,; e. g. p~r's. (6) Instead of Pael and Itipcaal, which are regularly formed, (see Dan. 4: 10, 7: 20. Ps. 35:15, 42:6,) Palpel and Ithpalpal are generally used; as ppi, ~?P?., Job 9: 17, 30: 14. Isa. 21: 9; or Poel and Itlipoal; e. g. Dan. 4:15. Job 9:6, 6 i~. The Participles of Peal are usually regular. The second, or Peil, appears once in the form pe', Ex. 32: 20. An example of Ithpeel regularly formed, is 1".,} Am. 7:1. Jer. 50: 27. The following from the Biblical Chaldee are Hebraistic forms. Aph..l-,i Dan. 2 24, sp6.. 6:25, pa 2:40; Hoph. $5_', T'^n Dan. 5:13, 15. For such forms as rb:,f Dan. 4: 3, and.59sr't Gen. 19:'10, Jon.; see ~ 2 7. a. ~ 20. Verbs Pe Yodh (Pe Vav). 1. There are three classes of verbs which, in the ground form, have " for their first radical, viz. (1) Verbs originally %; (2) Verbs properly t; and (3) Those in which the ' is not treated as a quiescent, but is assimilated like the: of verbs it. 2. Verbs originally t", which constitute the most numerous class. (a) In the Imp. Peal, which is generally pronounced ~ 20. IRREGITLAR VERBS; PE YODH. 43 with -, drop the first radical; e. g. z:- from '-'7,: from n. nr from I. (b) In the Future Peal retain it quiescent in -, in consequence of which the last syllable takes - or '- as its characteristic vowel; e. g. T;1, ~"?. In accordance with the remark ~ 6. c. (4), the quiescent " is, in these forms, frequently dropped; e. g. Prov. 11: 25. Ps. 104: 4. Job. 3: 4. (c) Resume their original 1, which quiesces in tlholem, throughout Aphel and Ittaphal; e. g.?i", ~e:W;?r:s. Comp. n?'Tn IIoph. Job 33: 19. Ithpeel and the whole of the 2d conj. are for the most part regular. In the latter, some verbs retain I as their first radical; e. g..ri?_ Ps. 88: 13, SrUri<, Eccl. 9 3. In Aphel forms with i, after the prefbrmatives of the Fut. and Part., are not uncommon: e. g. tI:-iMn Dan. 2:5, 5:17. Ps. 55: 14. 3. The first radical of verbs originally % quiesces, (a) In Fut. Pe, ordinarily in-; e. g. ~, 2 Kings 1: 14, ir5n Ps. 102: 12. But compare =^ Isa. 7:18 (6) In Aphel, in -; e. g.:n Ps. 49: 19. Jer. 10: 5. Mic. 1: 8. But compare L5s Zech. 11:2. The difference between these two classes of verbs is not, however, so great as to prevent their forms being frequently interchanged. especially in Aphel. Thus we have, at the same time, G^en and.:~ Gen. 17: 16, "x^ and b'-.nd, Ps. 66:6, 'p.6 and -ix, p:;, (in Heb. 4') becomes in Aphel pmr:.q. 4. A class of verbs S assimilate their first radical to the following letter, in the Inf. and Fut. Peal, and in Aphel; so that they are in these forms entirely analogous to verbs It. To this class belong n:, Aphel _2.m;:, Aphel rln, Dent. 34: 6, Jon.;?, Aphel sp; also in some of their forms, SI_, _ and:; e.g. Inf.:V. Gen. 15: 13, 3:r Ps. 133: 1, 5. Num. 13: 31..Fut. I. 1 Sam. 20: 80, (even r.: Is. 4: 15. Dan. 2: 9,) also _?8; ': 2 Sam. 16: 18, 5l Ezek. 7: 19. 44 ~~ 21, 22. IRREGULAR VERBS; PE ALEPH; AYIN VAV. ~ 21. Verbs Pe Aleph. A few verbs '~t are treated not only as gutturals, but at the same time as quiescents; viz. (a) q, 5:N, r.4, ant. The s of these verbs, in the Future and Inf. Peal quiesces in -; e. g. sxt, and sometimes is even exchanged for 9; as t~t, n. Throughout Aphel it becomes i; as tis, 7:;b. (t,, Dent. 32: 13, is altogether peculiar.) An instance of Hop/acc,.r in, occurs Dan. 7: 11.._. in its third conjugation takes the Hebraizing form r'., (as if by contraction from rlxtv,) Gen. 15: 6. Job 4: 18, 15:22. Pass. 'I:M'nr' Gen. 42: 20.-For tr'x see ~ 24. 2. (b) nK, Rev and Ntx frequently take in the Fut. and Part. Padl, the contracted form i5s, 9S^q, in consequence of which l is frequently dropped. (c) The s of some others is dropped in Ithpaal and compensated by Daghesh forte in n of the prefix, which also receives the vowel which belonged to N; e. g. M: for _rst. 1 Sam. 2: 5. Ezek. 47: 11. ~ 22. Verbs Ayin Vav (Ayin Yodh). The commutation of q and ', in these verbs, is more abundant in Chaldee than in Hebrew. The following particulars are worthy of notice. 1. In the first conjugation (with the exception of the 1st Part. which has the form e::.) and in the third, these verbs are monosyllabic throughout; as p:,?, p. The preformatives of the Put. and Inf. of both conjugations generally have -, though in the later Targums, they are not unfrequently pointed with T, or -; e. g. Mtms Ruth 1: 17, res Gen. 27: 4. The form:M,, PFut. Peal from Ipn, Ez. 5: 5, 6: 5, is entirely peculiar. Note. The 2d Part. Peal is sometimes like the Inf. aMp, Dan. 6: 18 ~ 23. IRREGULAR VERBS; LAMEDI ALEPIH. 45 2. In Ithpeel, the first radical is pronounced with -, and the n of the preformative doubled, ans~. In the later Targums occurs also the lengthened form ldsrj~ Ex. 40: 17. Hhireq sometimes takes the place of Qamets; e. g. t:r., Jer. 33: 22. Gen. 38: 26, Jer. T. Dan. 4: 9. 3. Pael and Itpaal are regularly inflected from the ground-forms:-p and _Srns. Many verbs, however, substitute for these conjugations Polel u:p? or Palpel 4. Aphel has occasionally the form of verbs %i'; e. g. 0,;a Ps. 78: 13. Gen. 18: 16, Jon. " Ps. 14: 2. See 1, of this section. 5. The following verbs are inflected as '; (a) O=, tg, =o, nt and tr, in Peal; thus =a., rin_,, nre?, etc. Gen. 27: 1. Prov. 23: 22. 1 Sam. 12:2; Imp. Vi.,. t ', Ez. 4:41; Fut. t1. Deut. 15: 6. (6) ls in Ithpeel, fully, 7- iS., or contracted, ]?., Job 28: 23, 11:12, 37: 14. Ps. 73: 17. Note. Those verbs which have 1 moveable for their middle radical, (as bM1, Zth, a etc.), do not belong here, but are regular. The number of such verbs is greater in Chaldee than in Hebrew. Some verbs with the same radicals exist in both forms, and in that case have different significations; 'ni to look at, 'n1 to be white; nMi to sink down, nM to sprout. ~ 23. Verbs Lamedh Aleph. This class includes all those verbs which are comprehended in Heb. under the two classes,5 (including verbs originally I'i and,) and '5, the difference between the two classes being entirely lost in Chaldee. Rarely, (and almost exclusively in the biblical Chaldee), the radical form of these verbs terminates in nT; e. g. Dan. 2:16, 4:8, 6: 3. Num. 5: 26. Frequently, and in the later Targums, uniformly, they end in '- or -. Their chief anomalies are the following. 46 ~ 23. IRREGULAR VERBS; LAMEDII ALEPIr. 1. In those forms which terminate in the 3d radical, (a) In Peal Praeter, and Inf., as well as in the Fut, Imp. and 1st Part. of all the conjugations, that radical is almost indifferently s or '; as s% or o, s5 or f, s bi or 5. " (b) In the Praet. and 2d Part. of the other conjugations and in the Imp. Peal, '; as an, t', 5-,, t. 2. This R quiesces in the Praeter Peal in -, in the Inf., Fut. and Part. in -; the ' in the Praeter of Ithpeel and Aphel usually in -, in the Imp. and Part. in -; in the passive Part. of Pael and Aphel only, is n movable; Note. For examples of the Praet. Peal with -- see Gen. 2:18, Jon. Deut. 30: 9; of the Praet. Aphel with 9-) Ps. 78: 11 2 K. 8:8; of the Futures with - Is. 30: 26. Jer. 51: 8. 3. In the course of inflection the 3d radical is (a) Dropped, before the sufformative r- of 3d fem. sing. Praeter Peal, before t and.- in the Fut. of all the conjugations; before the sufformatives of the Imp. (in which i generally occurs instead of 1); and in the 3d pers. plur. masc. Praet. Peal before 9, which, in these verbs, takes the place of the regular.; e. g. ri5, 7, Icahn., 1855'; (b) Exchanged, for ' moveable, before the sufformatives _n and i-, 3d fem. sing. and plur. Praeter of all the conjugations except Peal, also before '-r of the 2d and 3d pers. fen. plur. Fut.; e. g. rlni:, n. fs, 7.; for ' gquiescent, (quiescing sometimes in -, sometimes in -) before all the sufformatives which begin with: or n, and before 1 of the 3d plur. Praeter (which is here moveable) in all the conjugations except Peal; e. g. nt.4, lrn5:, anbIz 71$, ~ 24. VERBS DOUBLY ANOMALOUS. 47 Notes on the Paradigm of verbs t'5. 1. Praeter. The 3d per. sing. fern. Peal sometimes appears with the full orthography; as nxt, Dan. 2: 35. Sometimes it follows the analogy of the other conjs.; thus rans Job. 17: 7, (or like n,.? Is. 1: 7. or rm. Dar1. 2: 35, 4: 19). The 2d per. sing. m. is sometimes writtenfitlly, terminating in S,-. The 3d per. pi. m. follows, in some copies, the Hebrew form; as I~~' Lam. 1: 3. Sol. S. 3: 1, ^;5 Num. 26: 64, or the analogy o' the other conjs.; as ~'P Dan. 3: 21. The 3d per. pl. f. occurs in the tlrm f;. Deut. 2: 11, or ]x; Ruth 4: 17. Finally a few instances occur of the Praet. Pe. with x prosthetic; e. g. "?-. Prov. 20:12. Dan. 5: 4. In the other conjugations the 3d per. pi. instead of 1'-_ sometimes takes tiN-; Ezek. 23:10. Is. 11:4. Jer. 6:14. 2. Future. The 3d per. m. sing. terminates indifferently in -. or x-. It sometimes appears even with Qamets; e. g. =s^' Is. 53: 2, tn2'. Zech. 6: 12, (according to Buxtorf.) The 3d per. pl. sometimes takes the termination i. instead of pi. Comp. Dan. 7: 26. Is. 65: 23. Ex. 22: 31. 3. Imperative. The 2d f. sing. ends sometimes in x-; as Gen. 19: 32. The form Xn t, Gen. 24: 60, is anomalous. 4. Infinitive. In Peal it sometimes takes a paragogic M; e. g. [?~.a Prov. 25: 17. Esth. 5: 14. Ez. 5: 9. The regular form is employed as Inf. absolute Is. 61: 10. Am. 5: 5. Gen. 26: 28. The Inff. of the other conjugations, in the biblical Chaldee, terminate in '-;-; e. g. Dan. 2:10, 5:2, 6:8, more rarely, in the Targums in u'; e. g. ]i;r' ' Num. 12: 8, Jon. For the Participles of verbs i', see below, ~ 34. Note. Apocopate Futures and Imperatives are less frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. The following are examples. Fut. apoc. m.t Hab. 2: 16, 'm (rTh Eccl. 11:3, like the Heb..ln ), rn, niT r Ex. 22: 31,.from Wst, (elsewhere fully, MIt. W'Un Gen. 17: 4, 24: 14); "'U,? 'I, ~, Inr, n Mn, from sr, Deut. 4 1. Prov. 15: 27. Gen. 20:7. 2 K. 1: 2, 8:10. These forms have generally an optative signification. Imp. apoc. ri.., with M prosth., Gen. 24: 14. Pael, r Gen. 44:1, In Gen. 37: 16. Aphel,.S. An apocopate participle, Aphel, is ~D~ instead of nn_ Deut. 32: 39. ~ 24. Verbs doubly anomalous. 1. 7t and '5 (r'i). These unite the irregularities of both classes; e. g. N~, Aphel, 'i. 2. 's and if. E. g., 7, bt^,,,. Peal Fut..? Deut. 29: 20, 'r Gen. 33: 14. Inf. bT? (a~pt) Dan. 3: 19,. Dan. 3: 2.-Ithpeel, v'..i Lev. 13: 18. Fut. 48 ~ 25. DEFECTIVE VERBS AND MIXED FORMS. wanI Lev. 13: 2.-Pcta, sPart. 'r 2 Kings 20:5. Itipaal err 2 Kings 5: 13. Aphel, err Gen. 4:4. Part. ne_ Gen. 6: 17. Imp. Peal in one case, by Aphaeresis, -t (Lond. ed. -im) come ye, Prov. 9: 5. Elsewhere r6, Dan. 3:26. 3. m and f'b. E. g. (n7n), sn,. P2ec Fut. ' Ps. 50:16. Adpke,R Ps. 75:2. Inf. fniS Ex. 12: 33. Part. 'Is Prov. 28: 13. Imp. Mts Gen. 19: 22..; s Judg. 5: 2. Note. Those verbs 'b which have I for their middle radical are regular, so far as 1 is concerned, i. e. the 1 is always a.consonant; as a!, ban. ~ 25. Defective verbs and mixed forms. 1. But few verbs actually exhibit all, or nearly all, the moods and tenses. So far as this deficiency is occasioned by the fewness of those remains of the Chaldee which have reached our time, it does not belong to a grammatical treatise. Those verbs only must be noticed here which, though cases frequently occur where certain forms would naturally be employed, constantly supply their places by forms borrowed from different themes. The following are examples; to. and ir_, to give, the former occurring in Peal Praet. and Imp. and in Ithpeel; the latter chiefly in Peal Fut. and Inf. —p5 and po_ to cacend, the former being used in Praet. Peal, in Pael, and the Passives of the first and second conjugations; the latter in the Inf. and Imp. Peal, and in Aphel. Deut. 9: 9, 10:1, 2 Kings 17: 4,atS and wpt to drink; aNt in Peal, ibj in Aphel. —:'Bn. and.rl to go; the former chiefly in Pael, the latter in Inf. and Fut. Peal. An example of double inflection in the same word is Vr. The Future is commonly A:r like verbs "i. The 1st per. sing. only follows the analogy of verbs G'E,: _ Ps. 39: 5, 101: 4, though:qsx also occurs, Dan. 2:9. ~ 26. IRREG1ULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 2. The following, which have been called lmixedforms, are improperly so designated. m,".s Dan: 15, and t ra Dan. 4: 16, are but Syriac pointings of the Praeter; and the Future 1st sing.:SS7 Jud. 15: 7, (Ven. ed.) for ^sz is not destitute of all analogy; comp. in Hebrew 7,-x., Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 312. J] I Hos. 4: 92 can hardly be called a mixture of Fut. and Part.; for, (as the Future of this verb has the form."?),?:. may be considered 3d plur. fern. analogous with p= Jer. 3: 19. ~ 26. Irregular verbs with suffixes. 1. The forms of mnost irregular verbs before suffixes do not differ essentially from those of the regular verbs; and, so far as verbs 7t,,, i, and eb are concerned, may be learned from ~ 16. The following examples will illustrate this remark; (a) ], Peal;?.:; Judg. 20:32, pbt-. Ps. 91:12, ~;5-_n. Ps. 28: 3.-Aphel; ].sp~ Ex. 32:12, ^:__ Job 10:18, w.rqi_ Num. 20: 5. (6) b, Peal; r.:^ Jer. 20: 5.-Aphel; npm with epenthetic:, Dan. 7:23, N:r:?9 Ps. 44:20, '.:7n Dan. 2:24, n-riZ. Jud. 19:3. (c) i, Peal; '-M.tt Gen. 50: 26, mTir Ez. 5:14, wnn=' Dan. 7: 23.-Pael; ts. Ps. 105: 10.-Aphel; mp., Dan. 3: 2, X?." lEos. 6: 2, smt.E Ez. 5: 11. (d) 4, Peal; =7_ Ez. 28:19, Mn.P Deut. 22: 2. — Aphel,,.s7n. Dan. 5:, ^:7;. n Dan. 2:13, n^rsiS Dan. 2:26. 2. The forms of verbs i5 before suffixes differ more widely from those of the regular verbs. Thus (a) b and ' final quiescent are commonly dropped before suffixes in the Praeter and Future; while the former takes suffixes with the union vowel - or -, and the latter with: epenthetic; e. g. t.m. he saaz me, 2 Sam. 1: 7,,tn. 4 50 ~ 27. NOUNS, DERIVATION OF NOUNS. he saw him, Jud. 19: 3, ]7.rn Is. 42: 5, 7?'Tr Lev. 13: 21,.T^r. Ex. 33:20. Sometimes they are retained; e. g..:-t Prov. 8: 22, -htnh Gen, 38: 15. Aph.:trTM Dent. 4: 36, 6 a:7 Obad. 3,?_t:_ Gen. 3: 13, Pseudo-Jon. (6), final quiescent in the Imp. of all the conjugations is retained; e. g. 'nm.L Ex. 4: 3,? Ltr Ex. 33: 18. (But Jer. 36: 15, gtp? for g?.I). (c) The i of the 3d pers. plur. Praet. Peal, and of the Imp. is generally changed into t: _1- into t.; e. g. '.:n Jon. 1:12, nmTtn Lam. 1: 7,?-T'2z= Is. 3: 12. (d) The persons of the Praeter in n - and n,.. remain unchanged; e. g. 1".l Jon. 2: 4. (e) n_ of the 3d pers. sing. fer. Praet. is changed into rn; e. g. l'.tat IHos. 4: 12. On the Inf. Peal and the Participles, see below, ~ 35. CHAPTER IV. NOUNS... ~ 27. Derivation of Nouns. 1. Nouns, in Chaldee as in Hebrew, are either primitive or derivative. The former are, for the most part, the same as in Hebrew, and are regarded as primitive for similar reasons. Comp. Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 478. seq. Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~ 316. The derivatives, constituting the great majority of nouns, are formed either from verbs, (which is generally the fact), and these are termed verbal; or from other nouns, and then they are called denominative. 2. Verbals derived from the Infinitive are generally abstract in signification, i. e. they express the action, and ~ 28. NOUNS; GENDER AND NUMBER. 51 have the forms b,,, b, -t:,, tp,, ji bp:i, u~, etc.; those derived from Participle. s are generally concrete, i. e. express the actor, and have the forms b, _, ~p, X 5p, t ip, b.s, etc. 3. Denominatives are generally formed by adding the termination '- (~), fem. nsT (n-.); or T-. They are generally adjectives, especially ordinal numerals, or patronymic or gentile nouns; e. g. e::? a foreigner, '_. an Egyptian, 1 aD a rebel. Many feminine nouns in n- and n. are also denominative; e. g. rn:b a kingdom, from b a kinng; m.:b widowhood, from tb.. a widow; rt5"t a rooting out, extirpation, from tnt~ a root. ~ 28. Gender and number of nouns. 1. The genders are two, masculine and feminine. The latter generally terminate in s- (n-), (nr), ~_ (n_.), or hi. It should be noticed however that w- is also the termination of the emphatic state in masculines. Conse quently, in ascertaining the gender of nouns, the analogy of the other dialects and the sense are more certain guides than the mere form of a noun. Note 1. The termination t — is generally to be considered a Hebraism. It is regular in Chaldee, only in feminines derived from masculines in -_; as PInMI fer. from Un>. The employment of n instead of t in these forms is obviously designed to avoid the repetition of the M. For a similar reason all the infinitives of verbs Lamedh Aleph except Peal terminate in rn. Note 2. There are a considerable number of feminine nouns with masculine forms, mostly the same as in Hebrew; e. g. 9. a stone, n[ k a path, VIa earth, int. an ear,:n: a sword. Some are common; e. g. rn a mark, trfire, stA. a vine, and the numerals from 20 to 100. 2. The numbers are two, singular and plural. The few dual forms which occur are to be regarded as Hebraisms. They occur only in the biblical Chaldee, terminating in the absolute state, in?-=. See Dan. 2: 34, 52 ~ 29. STATES Oi NOUNS. 7: 4. The dual in the other states cannot be distin guished from the plural. Compare Dan. 2: 33, 41, 7:7. In the Targums the double nmebers, etc. are expressed by the plural, and where the number two is required, ]tr is inserted. Plurals masculine end in r-, plurals feminine in T. To most masculine nouns, viz. to those which terminate in a radical letter, the termination 1"- is directly appended; e. g. 1t. a rock, pl. m-..: But those which terminate ins-. derived from verbs X'i, take Ad-; those in I- or by- take J] —. Feminines in &- change this ending directly into 1-; those in rt and fn —change these terminations into pi and; 5 e. g. r... r.n, plural Ir, rt'U; and finally, those in;nX — from masculines in - form the plural in i-; e. g. n 'Xrp plur. 'it;. As in Hebrew, there are also in Chaldee many nouns having the form of masculines in the sing. but of feminines in the pi.. and vice versa; e. g. - a T p* M-; TnX3 " *; n;; T '. ',".I.; N=,-. r'V. In some nouns both terminations are in use, even in the same Targum; e. g. ay., pl. ap. and jl x; ',q, pi. 41?.:a and in_;, (as if from r.-r:); i:h. pl. wir. and i'l", etc. Sometimes the forms with different endings have different significations; e. g. from bi a voice, rti? thunders, Ex. 9: 23, }p voices. Ps. 93:4. These examples should be distinguished fiom epicene nouns, or those which express both males and females, such as ibo, pi. pi..d and (btt. Sometimes feminines plural take an additional plural ending. So in Hebrew and Arabic; comp. Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~ 327. 5. Some nouns occur only in the plural; as j"_n life, smt heaven; especially those which designate the different ages of life; as '-7.3o: youth, though some of these occur in the singular, with the termination' rM. Others occur in the singular only; e. g. the names of the metals,:.rt gold, bomb iron, Sr_ silver. But J1p3 occurs in the sense of pieces of silver. Gen. 42: 25. ~ 29. States of Nouns. 1. Besides the absolute and construct, which occur in Hebrew, nouns in Chaldee have also the emphatic state in which they originally corresponded, in sense, to nouns in Hebrew with the article.* It has however come into * So in Danish, Landene, the countries, from Lande, countries. Rask, Danish Grammar, p. 14. Also in Albanian, Gour, stone; Gouri, the stone. Malte Brun, Univ. Geog. vol. VI. p. 201. ~ 29. STATES OF NOUNS. 53 use, in many cases, where the sense does not require the definite article. In Syriac, this liberty has been much more extensively taken. Note. The iznlefnite article is expressed, either simply by the absolute state. or by the numeral 'n one; e. g. Dan. 2: 31, 6: 18. Ez. 4: 8. 2. Coonstrluct State. Characteristic terminations. a. Masculines plural change ]p — into.-. The termination of the construct state of masc. nouns in the sinl. does not differ from that of the absolute state. b. Feminines in K- ('-T) change these endings into n- in the sing., into r- in the plur. const. Feminines in. and e_ resume their original r in the const. sing., and in the plur. change " and 'i into ri and ar. 3. The emphatic state is characterized, in both genders and both numbers, by the ending s. (Masculines in ' which take n- in the emphatic state, constitute the only exception). a. To masculines singular (except such as terminate in -- or " —) this termination is directly added; e. g. 0.0 a horse, st. the horse; masculines in X- substitute the letter r for their final syllable, and those which end in e- change this ending into AI —; e.. g. &, S:~; nit, T T _ "T ' -:b. Feminines in b- change X in the emph. sing. into r; e. g. X:<}, emph. [t2%; those in ' -7 change this ending into O-; e. g. t^'I2, emph. x VrI.; finally those in. and e- appear in the emph. state with their original fill endings n. and nr-; e. g. n S3.. c. In the plural, the masc. endings 3p- and? — are changed into }-; as -INX. 'c — (from sing. -:) becomes a-i; as qq"I', emph. d. In feminines plur., the emphatic state is formed by adding X- to the construct; e. g. awr:,, nr1n, Bui. But such as terminate in the sing. in tn- (from masculines in -_) resume here their original '; e. g. n"Wi7' from nsziP. 4. Before suffixes [in the suffx state], nouns exhibit the following modifications. a. Derivative masc. nouns in -_- change this ending into q —before suff.; as Mtang from '.i?; those in f- (from verbs Xi') change this termination into " moveable; as?.- from Ab. b. All masc. plur. nouns drop the ending "- (i-) and then take the Buff. of nouns plural. c. Feminines in X- change X into n in the sing.; as,r.iln from Din; 54 ~~ 30, 31. NOUNS; FIRST DECLENSION. those in. and E- take the construct form before buffixes; as,.ribn_; those in of (radical) change this ending to n —_; and those in n"-7 (from mase in.- ) resume their original I; e. g. nr-..,. d. In the fern. pi., suffixes are appended to the construct state; e. g ipnn::a, ^:,p3nr'. ~ 30. Declension of Nouns. Since no vowels are dropped, except those of the final syllable of ground-forms, (comp. ~ 7. c.,) and since changes of any kind are less frequent than in Hebrew, (the first vowel of the ground-form remaining throughout invariable, except in monosyllables and segholate forms,) fewer modes of declension would naturally be expected, than appear in Hebrew. Accordingly we reckon in Qhaldee nine declensions, six of masculine, and three of feminine nouns. ~ 31. First Declension. The first declension includes all nouns which have all their vowels immutable. It comprehends, (a) Nouns which have,-, -, 1 or m before their final consonant; as 3: afish,: a day, &61 a head, ~n.?~ nqear. In a few nouns which would seem to belong to (a), the quiescents are treated asfulrcra. Such belong to Dec. IV. e. g..a.x Num. 25: 15, Pseudo-Jon. instead of Sax. (6) Nouns which have, in their final syllable; as e: good 4n a tlief. Note 1. Nouns with - in the ultimate are chiefly of six classes. (I) Nouns derived from verbs '7; e. g. bp, - (Heb. 5ip, 1i=); (2) Nouns of the form:=n, cn=b (Heb.:b'i); (3) Nouns of the form b-, (Arabic JUi, Heb. with - impure;) (4) Nouns like (bp, (Heb. with - pure,) and bp; (5) Nouns which have the formative ending 1-?; as jl (Arab s );and (6) Nouns of the form b aip; as WS,?'=. The first three of these classes retain - in all the inflections, and consequently belong regularly to Dec. I. ~~ 32, 33. NOUNS; SECOND AND THIRD DECLENSIONS. 55 Nouns of the fourth, fifth, and sixth classes sometimes take - instead of- in the construct sing., and before the suff. p:z and 'Il. Elsewhere the - is retained. The punctuation of these nouns is however variable; and as they present no other irregularity, and are not very numerous, they may better be regarded as exceptions from Dec. I. than as forming a separate declension. Note 2. There are also a few nouns, (principally of the form b'::p,) having Qamets in the penultimate, which are sometimes varied according to the first declension, but sometimes drop their penultimate vowel, out of the absol. sing. ~ 32. Second Declension. The second declension includes nouns with final - or, either monosyllabic, or having the preceding vowels immutable; as '", ai, t!, G. This - or is dropped before pronominal suffixes or formative syllables, beginning with a vowel. Note 1. Form with a guttural n=~, with suffix m-:ltn Job 28: 26. Note 2. Forms like -,ib. (- shortened into -_) from Add, 1st part. Peal, e. g. i".-_. Gen. 3: 5, etc. are to be set down to the account of irregular punctuation. Analogy requires lpbjr. Note 3. In this declension may be reckoned bl.s, emph. ]t-_, etc. as if from brm. Note 4. Before p:n and (imn, monosyllables, as in Hebrew, take -, -, or -; e. g. inI Zeph. 1: 17, ' a. h Isaiah 1: 15. The form ri.:. from.. Ezek. 27:2, is peculiar. ~ 33. Third Declension. This declension includes all nouns which correspond to the Segholate forms in Hebrew. They may be written in Chaldee, as in Hebrew, either with two vowels, the second of which is always considered a furtive vowel; as }q5,:it, (these forms almost exclusively in the biblical Chaldee,) rt, (tT P;) or with only one vowel, which belongs between the last two consonants; as:>C, tl_. They are inflected, for the most part, as in Hebrew. But, a. In the Plural absol. the forms 5b. and 'V_ become, as they do in most other inflections,.^. and diz. b. The form ttp sometimes follows the analogy of Hebrew; as hDprt 56 ~~ 34, 35. NOUNS; FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. Dan. 2: 37; sometimes takes -; as slirt Ez. 5: 8. Very rarely, Hholem is retained; as -,25it:. Isa. 53: 2. c. In a few cases the ' of the form rn'= remains moveable in its inflec. tions; e. g. n:tE Ez. 5:3,.l3Y Sol. S. 4: 8. d. Nouns of the forms.'g and "E_ in the course of inflection, generally take - or - under their first radical, according to the paradigm. men, are tb...n t and some others take -. Comp. Dan. 4: 6, 5:12. Gen. 32: 16. Isa. 53: 2. Nouns having gutturals for their first or second radical; naturally take -; as tao;, sNtY; nm., ^. '. e. Participles Ithpeel, with a few nouns, not properly Segholates. follow the analogy of this declension; e. g.,p:n., inflected precisely like ~ 34. Fourth Declension. The fourth declension includes all nouns which double the final consonant when they receive accession. They are mostly monosyllables derived from verbs s&. The long vowels, -, - and (for the most part)., are exchanged in the course of inflection for the corresponding short vowels. In some nouns becomes; as rn_, ns; l_, tL Ex. 19: 23, bt, ]t): Dan.: 9. bi has in the emph. st. N'. etc. with the tone on the penultimate; but with suff. which draw the tone forward, ]q,~ Dan. 2: 38, 7: 19. ~ 35. Fifth Declension. The fifth declension includes nouns, participles, and infinitives, derived from verbs '5 and terminating in s-, ~-, e_ or.; as,. t, t, Ab., tnf. The e generally appears, in the course of declension, as the third radical, displacing the substituted s in forms like s;. The termination '?- of the plural absolute is sometimes contracted into -. More rarely it follows the Hebrew analogy, and terminates in J-o; as Job 1: 13. Lam. 1: 3. Sometimes, perhaps by mistake of transcribers, it is pointed I?-; as 7;n: Dan.: 3, 7n-. Gen. 3:15, Jeru. Targum, where the connection decides that these forms are masculine. In the const. and emph. plural, no trace of the radical e remains. ~~ 36, 37. NOUNS; SIXTHI AND SEVENTH DECLENSIONS. 57 Note 1. Peculiar forms of this declension. P.? P1. with suff. 1sn'. Is. 10: 2.-,?. Plar.,.. Lev. 1.9: 10. —Dp P1. ]p Deut. 6: 3: Jer. Targ.T^" PI. -t Ruth 2: 21. Note 2. inrfinitives Peal of verbs 'b are sometimes regularly inflected in this declension. Comp. Dan. 4:23. 2 Sam. 13: 6. Ez. 5:9. But sometimnes the X is dropped; as It'- 1 K. 18:16, 7rrt 2 Sam. 13:5, ^',_^ Josh. 3: 3, -tr: Gen. 23: 2. ~ 36. Sixth Declension. Here belong the derivative nouns terminating in the formative syllable - (t-,,) compare ~ 27. 3. They are mostly gentile or jpatronymic noTuns, or-odial d %2ine'ral.. a. These nouns, when they receive accession, change their final " into, which is likewise moveable, and commences a new syllable. As a consequence, - is here changed into -. b. The plur. emph. terminates in 9-, agreeing in form with the construct, as has been remarked above o 29. 3. c. Exe. from b. S<7? Dan. 2: 5, sx.n Dan. 3:2, 3, sa.n^ Dan. 3:8. Ez. 4: 12, 23, 5: 1, 5. This declension includes also some derivatives from verbs Si which terminate in 4- but are not passive participles. (Comp. the preceding decl.); e. g(. pl. 3Xs: Gen. 1: 6, Jer. T. Ps. 104: 13, %1,emph. nS3T, pl. ' 3?T Jer. 19: 4. ~ 37. Seventh Declension. The seventh declension includes all invariable feminines, i. e. all nouns with the feminine endings R T, and., the final syllable of which commences with only one consonant; as Rs / height, Rqr counsel, ste strength, wsin a roll, It= goodness, Vn G a nurse. Whatever vowels precede this termination are immutable; so that the paradigm exhibits all the changes of these nouns in accordance with the principles stated in ~~ 28, 29. Note. In forms like a, if the penultimate be a simple syllable, the Sheva which takes the place of the final Qamets in the emphatic and suffix states singular is silent; e. g. medhina, emph. rmdhinta: if the penultimate be a mixed syllable, that Sheva is vocal; as mszgilla, emph. mnEglletha. 58 ~~ 38, 39. NOUNS; EIGHTH AND NINTH DECLENSIONS.. ~ 38. Eighth Declension. The eighth declension includes all those feminines, the final syllable of which commences with two consonants; e. g. Kt lip, tp.?. (i. q. oror) a robe, zT purity. a. Nouns in X- of this declension must evidently supply a vowel in the emph. and suff. states; for otherwise they would exhibit the impossible forms:r;t:, Nrb7n x etc., viz. with two vocal Shevas in immediate succession. This supplied vowel is Hhireq or Pattahh, (the latter with gutturals;) more rarely Seghol; e. g. Sr., stir., Xc, rN.., s:..n srlMn.r Nt: belongs here, and is treated as if written 'l; e. g. emph. st. m:bt5': but the vowel of the first syllable is dropped for the sake of euphony. b. The paradigm b. comprises all feminines in,. derived from verbs X"b, which have a consonant without a vowel, immediately preceding this termination. The supplied vowel is Hhireq. in which e quiesces. c. Those in a-: and are regular in the sing. like Dec. VII. In the plur., as becomes necessary, they also take a supplied vowel, Hhireq or Pattahh. ~ 39. Ninth Declension. Here belong feminines in n-v derived from masculines in ~- of Dec. VI. Comp. ~ 28. 1. Note 1. In the emphatic state and before suffixes, N is exchanged for n moveable, though ordinal numerals, for the most part, take - or - or entirely drop it; e. g. s'rstr: Lev. 25: 22, 2Sr.t Deut. 15:9, rlh t v. 12. (but comp..72n, Dan. 7: 19.) The same substitution of I for s occasionally appears even in the absolute and construct plural; as 3D?.: Gen. 13:15. Note 1. As in Hebrew, the fer. forms are sometimes so mixed that the singular is of one declension and the plural of another; e. g. sNi pl. ]~s, as if from. *; nrnm:'n, pi. Ur.'t and t;Sr,:. Note 2. When feminine nouns are formed from masculines by adding the terminations &t-,.1 and t-, the changes in the ground-form are precisely the same which appear in the emph. st. of masculines. Note 3. Segholates in rl —w are rare. They are inflected precisely as in Hebrew. ~~ 40-42. IRR. NOUNS-ADJECTIVES-NUMERALS. 59 ~ 40. Irregular and Defective Xouns. These are doubtless such as were in most frequent use. The following are the principal. s,,:s, ss ~.s,?., &ts and: or:. Their anomalies are given in the vocabulary. ~ 41. Adjectives. The most frequent form's of adjectives are ^ b, p and b.P'; less usual are b? and i^p. They are inflected like nouns. For the conparison of adjectives see ~ 64. Note. Adjectives of the first, third, and fourth declensions have their feminines generally declined according to the seventh; those of the sec ond and fifth, according to the eighth; and those of the sixth, accord ing to the ninth. ~ 42. Numerals. 1. Cardinals. a. These, from 3 to 10, present the same anomaly as in Hebrew, the masculines being indicated by fern. forms, and the feminines by masc. forms. See Par. XI. Note.,n: sometimes takes suffixes, and then appears in the form ln; e. g. qn~]t~ both of them, Gen. 2: 25, 14:vl?: both of you, Gen. 27: 45. b. From 11 to 19. The units are prefixed to em; for the masc., and to WoO for the fer. It must be remarked however, (1) That the units appear somewhat different from the regular form, (comp. the paradigm,) and (2) That, in the later Targums, the units and 'ct or "ou are contracted into one word. These forms are presented in the paradigm in parentheses. c. The tens from 30 to 90 are, as in Hebrew, simple plurals of the units 3-9; e. g. i"pn thirty, ]p.~ forty, etc. Eighty is somewhat irregular, viz.:=m [i. e. ":rn.] or I:o, Jer. 41: 5. Ex. 7: 7. Twenty is expressed by the plural of ten, "'1V. or ]v.tq. Though masc. in form, these are all of the common gender. d. The intermediate numbers 21-29, 31-39, etc. are expressed by simply placing the smaller number after the larger, connected by I; e. g. masc. 'Ir! l gb, fern. InM;,I:. twenty-one, etc. e. One hundred rn3, 200 ]anay, ]nr, 300 n rM nI, 400 nMs =3n, .60 ~ 43. ADVERBS. etc. the prefixed units being feminine; 1000 ~X, 2000 t5} int, 300C is~x:n, etc. the prefixed units being masculine; 10,000 i11, 120,000 I'Mw" '9 oy n-;'n. Jon. 4:11.: ~.. - T: - 2. Ordinals. The first two have peculiar forms, viz.first "37', second r.., (comp. Heb..:'p). a. From third to tenth they are formed from the cardinals, and terminate in "- (X-,)) emph. fsl- for the masc., and 'l-7-, elnph.:%n- or R' fotr the ferm. t: b. From eleventh to nineteenth the units are prefixed to "'t, but contracted into one word; e. g. -miPt eleventh, Nun. 25:8, "oi".b.n twelfth, etc. In designations of time (as thefourteenth year, &c.) the cardinal numbers are generally employed. c. Above 20. as in Heb., cardinals and ordinals are the same. For the mode of designating distributives and numeral adverbs see ~ 65. 4, 5. CHAPTER V. PARTI C LES. ~ 43. Adverbs. 1. The following are primitive; / where? h when? $ also,.r_ there,. not. 2. Derivative's with characteristic ending;:7 by day, tqnf to-day, a:rftu carefully, rltw in Aramean (4AaaucciaTi), hn T hastily, f^T acain. 3. Other parts of speech uzsed adverbially; a. Substantives, either with prepositions; as i.tpn in short, shortly tDU'{.pa in truth, truly, ' T immediately; or without them; as b3 wholly, stnmrn below. b. Verbal forms, viz. Inf. and Part.; as V3IV backwards,:.n again, once more. c. Adjectives, numerals, and pronouns; e. g. 1 [firm] truly, thus, etc. trn l as one] tdgelher,,r3 [like what?] how! how very! 4. Compound adverbs; f'p=.1. how? 9rms when? Z'r t [to here] hitherto, rtrm [from here] hence, ~apnm whence? cn: thence, mmb [n.:t] there is not. For the mode in which the last, as well as nV9, takes pronominal suffixes. see 6 8. 3. II. Note 4. ~~ 44, 45. PREPOSITIONS; CONJUNCTIONS. 61 5. A simple question is expressed by the prefix n, (before a consonant with Sheva, simple or composite.: ). Pronouns or adverbs express an interrogative sense by prefixing *s; e. g. ir whenlihcce?.y Xs who? Comp. ~ 9. 3. Before interrogative adverbs es is intensive; as Er'c E, to which I believe our language has nothing precisely equivalent, unless it be the colloquial phrase, where in the world? ~ 44. Prepositions. 1. The following are originally prepositions: (a) The inseparable ', 5, and: prefixed to nouns and pointed with- before simple Sheva; as bie; before a word, the first letter of which has a composite Sheva, with a corresponding short vowel; as t:~,?b In the latter case, contraction sometimes takes place; as SNM.S Dan. 5: 23. (b) The separable monosyllables hr5, s,., which before nouns, appear as separate words. They take pronominal suffixes without change; as,'rt with me. Instead of m prefix, appears the separate form En, Sol. S. 1: 9, 13. 2. Words employed as prepositions but originally nouns or other parts of speech; viz. s.n without, (compounded of the adv.:b and n,) ". [part] from, of, ~=. and:. before, -,A between, C.rT instead of; rrnn under, t5a and *w'>mr on account of. These, (with the exception of the first.) and some others, are originally nouns, and conform to the analogy of nouns, in receiving suffixes; sometimes, a. Having feminine forms; e. g.:i6b.l~. But b.:z retains the masc. form before rqn and 1:; or b. Having plural forms; e. g.:b-, tp, tin, etc. 3. Compound prepositions;:$ iP, T B-h ':a br. ~ 45. Conjunctions. 1. Primitive conjunctions are 1 and,? as, b that (before Fut.), ]U if, '3 since, "IN because, qi or. Borrowed from other parts of speech 'twa but, m.nb so, b.t that. Compounded 2<b. or xnm that not, Se m until, ]_ and I ~.3t because, 1: y_ therefore, 1 a' after. 2. The inseparable conjunctions 3,., and i are prefixed like the prepositions, ~ 44. 1. a. Vav, before consonants with Sheva, also before:, It, and D, is pointed 1. When i is prefixed to the Fut. the preforma 62 ~ 46. INTERJECTIONS. tive of the latter is dropped; e. g..iur instead of Z.~?.. See below ~ 50. 2. ~ 46. Interjections. 1. These are for the most part primitive; e. g. n lo!, U1Kt would that.t oh that! 'n wo! (comp. Lat. vae.) 2. Some are borrowed from other parts of speech; e. g. Itn come on! (Imp. from ~I-),.r I pray! [lit. in entreaty], 5i;.. wo! (from ^n to destroy.) PART III. SYNTAX. CHAPTER I. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. ~ 47. Personal Pronouns. 1. The separate pronouns sometimes supply the place of the substantive verb, or at least render the use of that verb unnecessary; e. g. qnn -s:_w we are [lit. we they], Ez. 5:11; XW, N:N I [am] the seer, 1 Sam. 9:19. Most frequently is the verb omitted when the pronoun is joined -to a participle. The reason of this omission of the substantive verb, in such cases, seems to be this. These pronouns have a certain strength, an inherent emphasis, (so to speak), unattainable in English, on account of the frequency with which we are compelled to use them in the ordinary inflection of verbs. 2. The suffixes are used in Chaldee as in Hebrew. Compare Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~~ 470-472; Conant's Gesenius ~ 12,1. The pleonastic use of suffixes, where the noun to which they relate immediately follows, is more frequent here than in Hebrew. Thus.T. en.-.i'-T servants of God, Ez. 5: 11, bBl'j nm in Daniel. Dan. 5:12. Note. Even the separate pronouns are sometimes used in the same manner. 3. Anomalies likewise are the same as in Hebrew; e. g. masc. for fem. Ruth 1: 8, 9, j:.ra, (referring to the daughters-in-law of Naomi;) suff. of pl. nouns appended to sing. nouns, as in Num. 24: 7,,.tS im. his kingdom, the latter probably a result of the full orthography, ~ being only a mater lectionis. 64 ~~ 48-50. SYNTAX OF VERBS; TENSES. ~ 48. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 1. The relative pronoun t, (as a prefix T,) corresponds to the Hebrew 2; e. g. with noun suff. forming a Gen.,,.^^ 1^9 n S f, WHOSE language thou shalt not understand; with the adverb of place, jrs...., sometimes zrn_= Hebrew Q......t', where. 2. The interrogative appears as a Genitive, where a noun immediately precedes it in the construct state; e. g. am n r E WHosE daughter art thou? Gen. 24:23. 3. In respect to the compound possessive pronouns an. my, 'b.. his, &c. see ~ 8. 3. note 3. ~ 49. Mlode of designating pronouns for which specific forms do not occur in Chaldee. 1. Reflexice and reciprocal. These senses are indicated, a. Simply by passive verbs; b. By the personal pronouns; e. g. Judg. 20: 40. The Benjamites looked ir,'rz.: behind them [i. c. behind themselves, the English usage being analogous]. c. By t:.:5 or h'i:; e. g. t~S m71yself..M:; upon thyself Ex. 9:14; Nter= Gen. 18: 12, Sarah laughed within herself. So,. nseq himself Ruth. 3: 8. 2. Indefinite. Some one;:;, something =n -, He.t.l (=Hebrew ~ n) and:v'y. So no one... 'S, -n mI. nothing:ctr sxb. also R v', X: Job. 6: 6. 3. Demonstrative. Sometimes by i. t., sn, or with the Hebrew article Mm.n,? In.-A peculiar mode of designating the same idea is to attach a suffix to the preceding word; e. g. sato t-: Dan. 3: 8 at that time, (lit. in it, the time), comp. t'T. e,,Z Sol. S. 1:13. Other forms might be mentioned, but they will occasion no difficulty which the analogy of the Hebrew will not readily solve. CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF VERBS. ~ 5'0. Use of the Tenses. 1. The same variety of signification exists here as in Hebrew. Thus the Praeter sometimes, (especially in verbs of existence or condition,) corresponds to our Pres ~ 51. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 65 ent, sometimes to our Pluperfect; and the Future to the Optative, Subjunctive, or Imperative mood. It sometimes expresses even past time. See Dan. 4:9, 33. 2. When the Future is used in an Optative, Imperative, or Subjunctive sense, it not unfrequently takes the prefix } tMat, ut, and the preformative ' falls out; e. g. '^^.,' ~r n: thZy prvesent's be to tlyself Dan. 5:17. tsx,: tf, with the beasts of the field shall b e thy dwelling, Dan. 5:- 2. Though in the latter case Gesenius (Lehrgeb., p. 787,) considers w'^.i as Inf. instead of and compares the frequent use of the Infinitive for finite tenses in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~ 543. To this use of \ with the Fut., corresponds entirely the Arabic J Rosenmifller's Inst. ad fundam. Ling. Arab. p. 331. Compare also the French que. Prof. Winer in his 2d ed. abandons this explanation, on the ground that this use of % is found nowhere else in Chaldee, and prefers, with Beer, to consider the 5 as an unusual preformative of the Future tense, (not unfrequent in the Talmud) instead of ". He quotes two passages from the Targums to which. he considers this explanation suited; viz. Ex. 10:28, Jer. T..r\;3, Nr;: $ r,.7 ^,, (Pharaoh) desires go die, and not to be listening to your 'words; and Ex. 22:24, Jon. '. 'n b Y'~,n hia' ye shall not i'mpose upon him that there should be witnesses again7st him. But tthe old explanation seems to me pretf.rable. Is not this very idiom the basis of the Talmudical use of b as a preformative of the Future? ~ 51. Peculiar mode of designating certainfinite tenses. 1. A Pluperfect is formed, in the later Targums, by prefixing X1 to the Praeter; e. g. ip: r te had gone out. The Arabic has a similar usage. 2. A kind of Paulo-post-future, to be about to do any thing, is expressed by prefixing,s~ [re-eady] to the Inf. with; e. g. '1. -,, orar, Jehovah is about to punish, i. e. will speedily punish; by Ws-; e. g. ro _ nnmm Gen. 15: 12, the sun was jut about setting. In the latter construction, the sense of the Inf. active sometimes 5 66 ~~ 52, 53. USE OF PARTICIPLES. becomes passive; e. g. Deut. 31:17, bntt ]jn.in they shai speedily be destroyed. ~ 52. Use of the Imperative and Infinitive. 1. Of two Imperatives connected by 1, the second must often be rendered by the Future, being a promise, of which the first was the condition. So in English we say Do and live, i. e. If ye will do, ye shall live. 2. The use of the Inf. governed by verbs indicating desire, purpose, &c. and sometimes by nouns, with (or without), is more frequent than in Hebrew; e. g. Ex. 2: 15, bswt San he sought to kil; Gen. 29. 7, tt: sW? b it is not tine to collect. b is sometimes omitted, especially when the Infinitive is governed by a noun; as Josh. 10: 27,,xtt biu Wn, the time of sunset. In other respects these moods are employed as in Hebrew ~ 53. Use of Participles. 1. Participles joined (a,) To the substantive verb, indicate generally the Imperfect; as r'1 'nrn Dan. 2:31; Thou s8awest [or, wast looking;] also with the Future, 7t.m 7s? xi Ruth 1: 20, Ye shall not call [be in the habit of callin.g] me Naomi. The same indefiniteness seems to be given to the sense, as in the corresponding construction in English. This usage is more frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. (b) Joined to the personal pronouns and rm', they designate generally the Present tense; sometimes others; e. g. S:s bn Gen. 32: 11, I was afraid, pa'.-ne:=c Judg. 6: 36, if thou wilt save. Note. Sometimes the subst. verb is omitted in this construction; e. g. Job 1:13. ]in=tl l.te "53 his sons (were) eating and drinking. 2. Participles govern nouns; either, (a) In the Geni. tive, the participle being in the construct state;, ',5as rint 1 K. 2: 7, those who eat at thy table; or, (b) In the ~~ 54-56. SYNTAX OF VERBSS; OPTATIVE, ETC. 67 ease governed by the verb from which they are derived; as % lixnt 9 77. Ex. 25: 20, stretc/hing out their wings. ~ 54. Optative mood. This is indicated in Chaldee, either, a. By the simple future (compare ~ 50;) or, b. By questions expresising desire; e. g. Judg. 9: 29. *4,"l _" ] itho vwill deliver this people to me? i. e. would that this people were under my control. Especially is the formula 'I.n " (comp. Heb. (.",q) employed in this optative sense e.. Deut. 28: 67, WSt ]. 't:- Oh that it were evening, lit. who will give evenin? c. By v3. with the Future. when the wish respects future time; as -,,p.r. _,, m. nay he stand before thee! Gen. 17: 18.-With the Praeter when the wish regards time past; e. g. Num. 20 *3, 3;r. r b! Oh that we had died! ~ 55. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 1. The general principles, as well as most anomalies, are the same here as in Hebrew. See Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~ 479, seq. Conant's Gesenius, ~~ 146-148. 2. When a verb has several predicates it is generally put in the plural. Sometimes however, especially when the verb precedes the predicates, it is singular; so Gen. 8: 16. Num. 20: 11. ~ 56. Impersonal verbs and verbs with indefinite Nominatives. 1. Impersonal verbs are, as in Hebrew, simply the third person singular of personal verbs without any Nominative. They also take a Dative; e. g. 1 Sam. 30: 6, r1.? r1., David was distressed. 2. To express the idea of a verb with an indefinite Nominative; (a) The 3d person singular is sometimes employed exactly as in impersonal verbs; e. g. 'lb ~ti said (some ne) to Joseph; (b) The 3d pers. plur,; which frequently must be 68 ~~ 57-59. SYNTAX OF VERBS; REGIMEN, ETC. rendered by the passive; e. g. Dan. 4: 13, [English Version 4: 16,] 0 tt.:.:? let liM heart be changed, lit. let them change his heart. (c) The 2d per. sing. sometimes expresses the same idea, Is. 41:12. (d) Also the plur. Part.; as ~t.sN Dan. 3: 4, it is sploken. ~ 57. iRegimen of TVerbs. The use of the simple Accusative or Dative, of two accusatives, and of verbs with prepositions, may be learned from the Hebrew analogy. Comp. Stuart's Heb. Gr. ~~ 508-513. Conant's Gesenius, ~~ 138-140. ~ 58. Verbs used for Adverbs. In Chaldee, as in Hebrew, two verbs are often so connected that one of them may be best translated by an adverb. The verbs most commonly so employed are n'lco to add, for again, more; t~. to nmake good, for well;:=W to precede, for before;:.n to return, for agaiLn; n'n to hasten, for quickly; e. g.?n_ hn ~n_.:mn, Isaac digged again (lit. returned and digged) the wells, Gen. 26: 18. So in English we say, make haste and come, for come quickly. ~ 59. Constructio praegnans and Ellipsis. 1. Constructio praegnans. Comp. Stuart's Ieb. Gr. ~ 566. Conant's Gesenius, ~ 1,41. slsin.5 NH tb. z, and Jehovah chanyed (his heart and gave) to him another heart. 1 Sam. 10: 9. 2. Ellipsis is not frequent, except of the substantive verb. Ps. 120:7, 7?!. ].7:n r b6 s2u, I (desire) peace, they (are)for war. ~ 60. SYNTAX OF NOUNS; CASES. CHAPTER III. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. ~ 60. Designation of Cases. 1. The Genitive is indicated, (c) As in Hebrew, by the const. state of the preceding noun; e. g. K:;n I. the words of the king. (b) By the prefix ' (or ',) in which case the preceding word is ordinarily in the emphatic state; e. g.;so s s:.g7 the king of the earth,:t "n 75: t the king's captain, Dan. 2: 15. (c) In designations of time, by \; e. g. Gse'? si Gen. 8: 5, the day of the month; 2 Kings 12: 1, re et: sw.mr, in the seventh year of Jehu. Note 1. The case b. may be compared with the Hebrew. 'W^: and e' be regarded as a real relative; thus mbi u. si:~' might be rendered the captain who (belonged to) the king. sn might be regarded as a Dative (b being omitted by ellipsis), or as a Genitive governed by e in the construct state. Note 2. In the later Targums the characteristic prefix of the Genitive is sometimes omitted; e. g. Esth. 1: 9,:'t. rmc. banquet of the women. In some instances, on the other hand, the characteristic of the Genitive case (') is inserted after a noun in the construct state. Note 3. The form of the construct, especially of the const. pI.. sometimes appears in the Targums instead of the absolute; e. g. Gen. 1: 10, the collections of water '.9 aq., he called seas. 2. As in Hebrew, 5 prefixed forms the Dative. 3. The Accusative takes either 5, (like the Syriac, — and this is almost universal in the Targum on Proverbs;) or r_ (i. q. Heb. m;) or it has the simple form of the ]Nominative. 4. The Vocative is generally expressed by the form of the emphatic state. 70 ~~ 61, 62. SYNTAX OF NOUNS; USE OF CASES, ETC. ~ 61. Peculiar use of the cases. 1. The Genitive is often employed instead of an adjective qualifying the preceding noun; e. g. Dan. 3: 5,?._ T^m an inmage If gold: i. e. a gotaen image. Note 1. Sometimes the first noun qualifies the second; e. g. I Sp-n. with a strong hand-lit. with strength of hand. Note 2. The Hebrew student will not bedisappointed to meet in Chaldee with phrases like itwfn l:r Gen. 37:19 lit. master of dreams. i. e. interpreter of dreams; n:' An son of a year, i. e. a year old. 2. The Accusative of' place answers the question. where? and must consequently be translated by at or in. The simple Accusative is also sometimes employed, by synecdoche where we must render, in respect of; e.g. 'g. Tn 'p'o ruddy in respect to complexion, or (f a ruddy corimplexion, Lam. 4: 7. This construction is less frequent in Chaldee than in Hebrew. Instead of it the Targums sometimes employ m. 3. The case absolute, either the Norn. (which is most frequent), the Ace., or even sometimes the Dat. (with b signifying quoad.) is employed as in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart's Heb. Gr. ~ 415-417. ~ 62. Use of the plural and repetition of nouns. 1. The plural is sometimes employed where only one of the things designated is meant. Judg. 12: 7, Jephthah was buried, nib: lp.Z 3in one of the cities of Gilead; Gen. 8: 4, The ark rested on one of the mountains, etc. 2. jt.z and ]iz.- are employed as plurals of excellence or respect. On the other hand ]i-t has always a plural sense. In the biblical Chaldee only, occurs r'ti6, the Most High, as a name of God. Dan. 7: 15. 3. The double members, etc., which in Hebrew require the dual, are designated in Chaldee by the plural. When the dual in Hebrew is employed to designate definitely two persons or things, it is rendered in Chaldee by the plural with lr3t. 4. The immediate repetition of a noun indicates, a. Mullitude. Gen. 14: 10, ~.~ qm.'4 many wells. b. Partition or separation, expressed by each, etc.; as Gen. 32: 16, tt1t s.: each particular herd; Esth. 3: 4, ieWt hic' every day. ~ 63. Construction of Adjectives. 1. Exceptions from the general principle "that adjectives agree with the substantives which they qualify in gender and number" are the same as in Hebrew. Comp. Stuart's Heb. Gr. ~ 449. 2. When an adjective is the predicate of the sentence, it stands generally after the noun. Rarely, and only when the substantive verb is omitted, it precedes. ~, 64, 65. SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES, ETC. i71 3. Adjectives used as simple epithets. follow their nouns. 4. The eutter gender is usually expressed by feminine adjectives; Ps. 27: 4. rn; a?:t one thing have I desired. 5. An adjective is put in the construct state before a noun expressing the thing in respect to which the quality is affirmed; e.. Prov. 16: 19, rti 1. of a humcble spirit, lit. humble of spirit. ~ 64. Comparison of Adjectives. /' 1. The com.paratibve is formed, either (a) By i] simply, as in Hebrew; or (b) By inserting' '" or 'a (ctabudzdant, but here in the sense of more) before -n; e. g. Ps. 119: 103. 1m-= ~=~ 1~. 'Im? szoeeter than honey, lit. sweet more than etc. 2. The sTuperlative is designated as in Hebrew. Thus:p:,S tt. Dan. 4:14, the basest of men; ' _ 7' Lev. 24: 9, the highest heaven,; etc. ~ 65. Numerals. 1. Numerals from 1 to 10 are placed either before or after nouns. Gen. 8: 10, '} ' >>r=. Dan. 3: 25, xV.'ni '.. M 2. From 1 to 100 the numerals precede the substantive in the plural. Jud. 11:33, lfpi ]r.?. But the tens sometimes follow their substantives. Gen. 32: 14. Note 1. In a few instances the substantive appears in the construct state before its numeral. 1 K. 8: 63, stt- ',i;:. ]1,mm aid 220,000 oxen. Comp. ~ 60. 1. note 3. Note 2. When r" precedes the numeral, the noun is in the emph. st.; e. g. Gen. 1: 16, aSim ]fr r.e the two great lights. Note 3. In designations of weights and measures the noun expressing the weight, etc. is often, though not so frequently as in Hebrew, omitted. Thus Gen. 37: 28, 9]3 1l]n. for 20 (shekels) of silver. So in designations of time,:qal is still more frequently omitted. Comp. Gen. 8: 13, Lev. 23: 32. 3. Instead of the ordinals from 1 to 10 the cardinals are not unfrequently employed. Gen. 8: 13, st e n'm, on the first of the month. 2 K. 12: 1, ti... sx'2s r:3^ in the seventh year of Jehu-lit. in the year VII. of Jehu. 4. Distributives are expressed by a simple repetition of the cardinals without 1; as at:= V-:. by sevens. ]"~ ]pn two and two, by pairs. Gen. 7: 2, 9. T2 ~~ 66, 67. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES; ADVERBS, ETC. 5. Numeral adverbs are of two kinds. a. Those of degree or intensity. These are expressed in Chaldee by prefixing ~n to the cardinals; e. g. Dan. 3: 19,.nt 'n, sevenfold. b. Those of repetition. These are expressed, precisely as in English, by times, ]'t.; as Josh. 6: 3,:? N,rl, one time, once. Ex. 34: 23, ':.= r\ three times, etc. CHAPTER IV. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. ~ 66. Adverbs generally. 1. The repetition of an adverb expresses a. Intensity. Deut. 28: 43, N&'n. b..nrl very low; b. Repetition or continuation. Ex. 23: 30, 'WT 5'-. by little and little. 2. Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed before them as nouns in the construct state. Gen. 18: 4, S. a"'t a little water. 3. Adverbs sometimes take prepositions before them; e. g. Ar, instead of Tx simply. Comp. Gesenius' Lehrgeb. p. 828. Note. In the last three cases, i. b, 2 and 3, these adverbs may be regarded as real nouns. Thus a. 'Tn a small quantity of water, ~tS at that time. And so of many other cases. 4. Many adverbs are expressed by periphrasis of verbs. See ~ 58. ~ 67.:tgatives. 1. The same distinction exists between,' and rbn, as in Hebrew between V4 and -n; the latter, in both languages, implying the substantive verb. 2. Nb... aS none, nobody, nothing. So in Hebrew. Compare Gesenius' Heb. Lex. word nS. 3. In oaths or strong declarations, ]s or E:, if takes the place of a direct negative. Thus Is. 62: 8. il OX I will not give, lit. if I will give. So b w aaffirmatively, Josh. 14: 9. 4. " That-not" is sometimes expressed by i' before the Inf. e. g. Lev. 26: 19. I will make the heavens strong as iron above you s:,' xrnnxo, that they may not send down rain, (lit.from that they should, etc.) For the signification of i alone prefixed to the Infinitive, see ~ 50. 2. ~ 68. INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. 73 ~ 68. nterrogaytive Particles. 1. The direct question is indicated by t, or has no peculiar designation. 2. The double interrogation is generally expressed by ts.... c.; e.g. Num. 13: 20. tt'2: s —^mn, whether good or bad. I K. 22: 15... b.... 3:2r3 "-. shall we go?2u to Ramoth Gilead to battle, or shall we forbear? 3. The question with S6t, being employed simply to excite attention, is frequently better rendered by behold! Comp. S": under the word 'b in Gesenius' Heb. Lex. Thus Deut. 11: 30, s:n'n of.Y- x.. b t behold they are on the other side.Jordan, lit. are they not, etc. So also the trequent expression. -~'r- ]7. aon behold they are written. PARADIGMS. Paradigms of verbs, nouns, and numeral adjectives are here subjoined, accompanied by references to the corresponding sections in the Grammar ,r4 Praet. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. P1. 3mr 3-' 2 f. I t. Jilt. Imlp. 2 m.. 2 f. P1. 2 m. 2 f. Fut. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. Pi. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. I Part. m. f. 2 Part. m. f. Par. I. Regular Verbs. ~1-3 Peal. Ithpeei. t:p o r pL /..~~~~~~~~~~~v Th~~~~~~~nt PaeI. ~ r _ h~..d T:L Par. I. Regrular Verbs. ~1-3 Ithpaal. Aphel. Rr, or ~z p) - 3tpZ 75 Ittaplial. Par. II. Reg(ular Verbs with suffixes. ~6 ~ 16. S uffixes. Pe. Pr. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. P1. 3 M. 2 m. 1 C. Sin,-. I co rn. 2 mase. 0.,:%.,t: 17 -.1 tup,.:2, II- tA, I 11 - j 7j r.,.,_J, T: h=- t:, &c. Same-as -vr-=p k, I -, - -.Lj) -Asian. =p -.Iran=,-) T. 6= Tj letter-) T - -. 3 1 ill 2 fern. 3 mase,.. ~ fi,In,except that it doe(,s n ot take ~~~~V~ ~~t:P ~ ~ Inf. wt Ful, wit tA4~1 -01/.,epentli. P1. 3 m. 2 mn. with ___ epenth. - oa. 2 f. 2 f. -____p Pa. Praet,:p h= tAI? Par. II. Regular Verbs with suffixes. ~ 16. 7 717 Plur. 1 corn. 2 rna.-sc. 2 fern. suffixes of the second person. TT T 3 rn asc. 3 fe ry. ITI k6*_ A tA t: p iT rt~ r,.. N:.1 t: p T...; * i% R X Oit: , T T.... N k% t h.) " %,Lnm).. I jt.,-w. I-: I-..:.. 78 Praet. 3 in. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 1 C. P1. 3 M. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 11 C. 'uf. Imp. 2 in. 2 f. P1. 2in. 2 f. Fut. 3 in. 3 f. 2 f. 1 C. Pi. 3 M. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 1 C. Par. IlL. Verbs Pe Nun. 18 Peal. Apfiel. N or ipZr Tpp Ittaphal. s r N ts iN T Tin x 17t. r- x t r n. r. x t-) - n. 1 Part. in. f. 2 Part. m. f. #-I' 1. -, s —, -/. N P 4- r-1 t r. -. Par. IV. Verbs Ayin doubled. ~ 19. Par. V. '79 Peal. Aphet. lvaplwt. Verbs 2) 0. Praet. 3 m. R Peal.Pr. rip 17 '41., nq'i-inzA &c. reg. 2 in. r- in r- N rnl.) -.N T 1; - 2 f. r- 7-) ImpC. 1 IN Pi. 3 Fut. f. x iw).-, - tR ID, 7 r —, x T T A 0%6" 1 Part. 2 na. 2 f. r-.1 R Part. No kq Ti T T Iflipeel. Inf. NT T r**r Pa6. Pr. Imp. 2 m. r, -.1 2 f. Fut. Pi. 2 m. Tthpaal. 2 f. Fut. 3 M. -p. -p 7-r, - Apbel. f..1 VI p.1 17 Z -1 Fut. 2 m. 1117n. wp wo n. I.7 n2 f..1 in- n. Par. VI. C. p n z Verbs 2, 0. Pi. 3 M. Peal. Pr. f. p *-i n. Fut. tv14 2 f. I'IDT NO. Pr. 14 Fut. 1 Part. m. -:, L`2 Aph. Pr. KRI I IT tp"x.. 2 Part. m. Inf. witrx P"'P.-.1 P!'2- T T Np -Irn: Fut. 8o Par. VII. Verbs Ayin Va-1.Praet. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. Pi. 3mP. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1. C. Inf. Imp. 2 m. 2 f. Pi. 2 m. 2 f. Fut. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. P1. 3 M. 3 f. 2 mn. 2 f. 1 C. Peal. or (~~p~~) ~I T IT Ithpeel. =)r-),,R Pr tp T I-7 i7i rn, x. 'TT T x 71) r, R r f-r )IT IT x T T links, T T 2 2. Pael. ~r~mi T -;) Ithpaal. T rr -... 1 Part. m. f. 2 Part. m. Par. V1IL Verbs Ayin Vav. ~ 22. Aphel. (i) 0?) n r: z. 1z pR i Ittaphal. frrurt 17pT Polel. T Thj t IAIp 81 Ithpolal. PT T =,,:i*: * 6 S2 Par. VIII. Verbs Lamed Peal. Praet. 3 m. 3 f. 2 m. 2 f. 1 C. Pi. 3 m. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 1 C. Imp. 2 m. 2 f. Pi. 2 m. 2 f. Put. 3 m. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 1 C. P1. 3 m. 3 f. 2 in. 2 f. 1 C. T- =- Tz '- r-. TT7. 19 T T h Aleph. Ithpoel. Pae T T (T)T 1 Part. m. 89 x'i %.- X f tg A -. 2 Part. in. 9 - tab n-,Wn-r f. ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~T. - * Par. VIII. Ithpaal. rrbz r _x K~ _in T- ~ Verbs Lamnedli Aleph. Aphel. T-_ k n ~23. 8 3 ______Ittaphal. i~t _1 Inr r 6r~ 8~ In-. m ; r. i -,.i -r:; -.-n 8 Par. IX. IDeclension of Nouns mascuifIiie. Sing. Abs. Const. Emph. Sumf 3 s. mn. Suff 2 pi. mD. DEC. I. SINGULAR. ~ 3 1. (a) II~ Wl DEC. II. SINGULARP. 32. (a) DEC. III. SINSGULAR. ~ 3. (c) (d) ~ (e) (ort ti-etc.) DEC. IV. SINGULAR. 3 34. (a) DEC. V. SINGULhAR. ~35. (a) -Z DEC. VI. SINGULAR. ~36. Par. TX. Declension of Nouns masculine. 85 Plur. Abs. Const. Emph. Suiff. 3. s. m. SuffE 2. pl. mn. DEC. I. PLURAL. D.EC. II. PLurAL. 'T T IT I~~~~~~~~~~:T DEC. III. PLURAL. Nk)6. T-. - N"'.'j7Z T-: - r -. V I% & i. R. "i; T -,, W.J-Iv ( T-: -) WIX17r"i T. T 1~ZT * 1H n-' - z II -,; n O 1 *1"M IF km i 1-M jt 'HBO I I..:T, DEC. IV. PLUTRAL. D-Ec. V. PLURAL. T T ~~~~~~T-T T T~1 DEC. VI. PLURAL. 86 Par. X. Declension of Nouns feminine. A bs. Const. Emnph. S uffi 3 s. m. S uff. 2 pl. in. DEC. VII. SINGULAR. 3 37. PLURAL. (a)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 (~~~~~~~~~~~) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.6 n 11 TT T (c) ~ T 7 T; (a) (b) (c) DEC. VIII. SINGUILAR. ~~ Z T ~ ~ ~ ZT PLLURAL. T ~T ~~TT ~ 3 S. v * 0. 117:, /_j;N ). i., .) i 11.. - T,77 rl.1 T I. W j...ir. il I - - 11: r) - -. - T,'I i -11 rl.1 -11: I 1.6-$ 1 jr,t-IR T;: - -1) 6 I in ;-.. T. T b6- 4 I r, I.-.O T r:1 "' -46.kr"". [.Wi I., Z,: b I: T;: - t.6- nft... I: T: T " I 6- 11 b w- T I I-) - r.'..:W DEC. IX. SINGULAR.~ 39. T T r T: T T ~~~~~ Z T~~ 7 PLURAL. T T Tr~ - TT?AT.T T TT 4T Par. XI. Numerals. 87 PR.r XI. NLTMERALS. A. Cardincls from 1 to 1 0. TMaSCUlI I e. Feminime. No. - Abs. Const. Abs. Const, 1 2 3 4 5 G 8 9 10.-maw O I TT T T. 1wl In i..i.N ii I -r -., wir- 111"nI -.:,MM T ' WI. W —..k ix '-.w t,; -,,:.I n"M =6 W* 'I z nk 11V r7km,Anne T T B. Cardinals from Masculine. 12_ 13:,ll, 14 ( ~: ) 1:~=, 16 r (I') t T h. v w2l 11 to 19. Feminine.(b1n:,) rc.:i 19 1111cnvj,nw ri-vtn...:: I —: -r -. *trt 88 Par. XI. INumerals. C. Ordinals from 1Ito 1 0. Masculine. Feminine. No. Abs. Emnph. Abs. Einph. 1~~~~ij -II Ti T Tir - ~~~~Ti TY - A CHALDEE CHRESTOMATHY; CONSISTING OF EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS, ACCOMPANIED BY NOTES ON THEM, AND ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE, WITH A VOCABULARY. - 4.-*- --- THERE are ten Targums* or Chaldee translations of the Scriptures extant. No one of them, however, includes the whole of the Old Testament, and some only a single book or a few books. Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah have never been translated into Chaldee. At least, no Targums of these books are now extant. The Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch, from which the sentences in Part I. are extracted, is the most esteemed of all the Targums, both for its faithfulness, and for the purity of the language employed. It is so literal that, being set to the same musical notes as the Hebrew text, it was read or cantilated in the synagogues on the Sabbath, in connection with the Hebrew lesson appointed for the day. See Prideaux, Conn. Vol. IV. p. 623. Respecting Onkelos little is known. Prideaux places him before or about the time of our Saviour. Horne (Introd. Vol. II. p. 158,) gives the same as the generally received opinion. Jahn (Introd. p. 65 of the English transl.) supposes him to have written in the second century. The same is Prof. Winer's opinion. Compare his dissertation De Onkeloso, etc. ~ 1. But Gesenius maintains very satisfactorily the former opinion, Einl. zu Jesa. ~ 11. The Targum next in value, and probably also in time, is that of Jonathan the son of Uzziel, who translated the books of Joshua, Judges, I. and II. Samuel, I. and II. Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets. He is generally thought to have been earlier than Onkelos. Prideaux assigns him a later date, for the very probable reason, that he would not have commenced his translation at Joshua, unless the books of Moses had been already extant in Chaldee. There are two other Targums of the Pentateuch, both of a late date. *The word is Chaldee,:. r, (from amn to interpret), lit. an interpretation, a paraphrase. Its use is limited however to the Chaldee versions of the Scriptures. 90 CIIALDEE CIHESTOMATIY. To the unknown author of one of these the name Pseudo-Jonathan has been applied, because it was long supposed to have been written by Jonathan Ben-Uzziel. The following literal translation of Num. 24: 24, as it stands in this Targum,* shows how little care the author took to give the simple sense of the Hebrew text; while the mention of Constantinople and the Lombards makes it certain that this Targum was not the work of Jonathan Ben-Uzziel. It was probably composed in the ninth century. "And wirgs (ships?) shall come with instruments of war, and shall go forth with great multitudes from Lombardy and from the land of Italy, and shall be joined with the legions which shall come from Constantinople; and they shall afflict the Assyrians and enslave all the sons of Eber; but the end of these, as well as of those, shall be to fall by the hand of king Messiah; and they shall be destroyed forever." The Jerusalem Targum, so called from the dialect in which it was composed, is the other of the two mentioned above. It belongs probably to an age still later than the preceding. It is very imperfect, omitting many verses, and so loosely rendering the rest, that it hardly deserves the name even of a paraphrase. It abounds, much more than the Targulm of the Pseudo-Jonathan, with digressions and fables, which may be traditions of some antiquity. No IV. of Part II. may serve as a specimen. Both these Targums abound in Greek and other foreign words. In the above extract, the word translated multitudes is p..: s, plainly nothing but a Chaldee plural of the Greek oXkos, and the word rendered legions,.t,.~. These four are the longest and most valuable of all the Targums. The first two are esteemed most highly as affording critical aid to the student of the Hebrew Scriptures, and (especially that of Onkelos) introducing us to a pure Chaldee, nearly resembling the style of Daniel and Ezra. Being extremely literal, they also serve to vindicate the Hebrew text, as it has come down to us, against those who charge the Jews with having corrupted it for the sake of evading the arguments of Christians. The other two mentioned above, and indeed all the Targums, are valuable as affording many expositions, particularly of passages relating to the Messiah, which agree with those given in the New Testament. These passages many of the modern Jews attempt to explain away, so as to get rid of the evidence that Jesus was the Messiah. Several examples of this kind are given by Prideaux (Conn. Pt. II. B. VIII. p. 639, seq.) One instance will suffice here. * The English translation of this passage, which is literal, is as follows: "And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish forever." REMARKS ON THE TARGUMS. " Micah 5: 2. And thou.Bethlehe7m )hrattah...... out of thee shall come for& th n zto me e e tat is to be rIder in Isrcel. This is the true translation of the Hebrew text, and this all Christians understand of the Messiah; and so anciently did the chief priests and scribes of the people of the Jews, when consulted by lierod. But since that time, in opposition to the gospel, Jewish writers have endeavored to give this text another meaning, some ilterpreting it of Hezekiah, some of Zerubbabel, and some otherwise. But Jonathan, who perchance was one among those scribes whom H-erod consulted, gives the true meaning of it by interpreting it of the Messiah, in the same nmanner as Christians do: for his version of the text is: Out ot thee shall come brth bwJbre me thte Al-e Jssiah, who shall exccreise sovereign ru'le: over Isracel." (Id. p. 642.) In another place (p. 635) Prideaux remarks, that " the Targums of Jonathan and Onkelos are in so great esteem among the Jews, that they hold them to be of the same authority with the original sacred text." The other Targums are, one on the Hagiographa; one on the Alegilloth or five books of Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, Ruth and Esther; three on Esther alone; and one on the two books of Chronicles. The first has been ascribed to Rabbi Joseph the blind, who lived in the third century. But neither the dates nor authors of these Targums are known with certainty. The barbarous style in which they are written, is considered as affording sufficient proof that they are comparatively modern; though they appear to have been compiled from more ancient materials. For a full account of the Targums, see Prideaux, Conn. Vol. IV. pp. 618-645. Horne's Introd. Vol. II. pp. 157-163. Walton, Proleg. XII. ~ 4-20, and Winer, De Onkeloso ejusque paraphrasi Chaldaica Dissertatio. Compare also Stackhouse's I-ist. of the Bible, prelim. discourse p. 90, seq. Calmet's Diet. of the Bible, articles Jonathan, Onkelos, and Targum. Father Simon's Crit. Hist. B. II. Ch. 18. Eichhorn's Einleitung ~~ 213-245. De Wette, Einl. 9~ 57-62. Wolffii Bibliotheca Hebraea Vol. II. pp. 1135-1189. Allix, Judgment of the ancient Jewish Church, etc. Ch. VII. Carpzov. Critica Sacra, Part II. Ch. I. Gesenius, Comm. iber Jesa. Einl. ~ 11, and Jahn's Introd. to the 0. T. pp. 64-68 of the English translation. PART I. SELECT SENTENCES FOR GRAMMATICAL EXERCISE: IT; - -; T -; t- hT; j-T: 1 - NOTES. The sentences of this Part are all taken from the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch. They stand in the order of their selection, as it was thought that any of them would be sufficiently simple for grammatical analysis by those already familiar with Hebrew. The reader will observe, on comparing the translation with the Hebrew text, that the same train of accents appears in both. ~ 2. 9. b. This agreement is not perfect throughout. Where however the train of accents in the Targum is different from that of the Hebrew text, the accents are still similar. For the sake of comparison with the Hebrew, the accents are inserted in these sentences. 1. Gen. 1: 1, ]r1,, plur. of:ip Decl. III. a. comp. ~ 33. a. 4 prep. is prefixed regularly with - as in Hebrew. Lit. in principiis. —: ~ 4. note. This is strictly an abbreviation, and must not be read yeya, as though it were a distinct name. It is said by some to have been formed by prefixing thefirst letter of,;? to the last of yx., thus combining the Qeri with the Kethib and saving the trouble of marginal notes. Others affirm that its original form, which indeed appears in some editions, was ~,, i. e. the initial of,ltin repeated three times to express Trinity; and that later Jews, rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity, have preferred the other form. and given it the other explanation. It is pronounced Adho-nay. As here, it is generally employed in the Targums to render t~,S', when the latter stands alone (i. e. without any other name of God) and signifies the true God.-rn, i. q. Heb. r2. —Xt, emphatic state from ^]o., not used in the abs. form. See ~ 29. 3. c. The term emphatic seems to imply more than it really means; and the reader of Chaldee naturally inquires how strong SELECT SENTENCES. 93 1 1 *': - *'; *; I '; - - T -: T T -~ T; T *; TT- - T - IT: - t 1_ Ai *3i 1 t i Q lT ITrS_4b *yrr:i,"1 As A A 4 T;- -\-;. ~ *..; -';; - - /; *; -;; -: ': T: <.';IT: - t: *; AT *; T r - r -: that emphasis can be, which falls upon three-fourths of the nouns with which he meets. Perhaps the term definitee would be preferable. if the other were not in use. A noun in the emphatic state expresses usually the same idea which would be expressed in Hebrew by the noun with the article.-a:q,' emph. state. See.es in the vocabulary. 2. Gen. 9:9,:, ~7. d. l. —i'q, do establish, 1st Part. Pael from ti., ~ 22. 3.- -:''n from rnS, ~ 8. 3. II. Note 4.-The first two accents in this sentence differ from those of the corresponding Hebrew words.' In stead of Rebhia the Hebrew has Zaqeph Ghadhlol, and instead of Merka, Darga. The two former are both large disjunctives, and the two latter both conjunctives, and of course might easily be interchanged. Perhaps however the accents were originally transferred to the Targum from a Hebrew MS. which had Rebhia and Merka. The remaining accents in this sentence are the same as in the Hebrew. Similar remarks might be repeated on the other sentences; but it will be unnecessary. 3. Gen. 9:13, B.j., with suff. 1. p. sing. from nrp., Dec. III. a.rn9, 1. sing. Pr. Peal from I,5 Ido set, ~ 50. 1. The Hebrew likewise has the Praeter lnB. —tf apoc. for Tqr 2 f. sing. Fut. from N!t. See the note at the close of ~ 23.-r$, const. state, - being immutable. —A.q, pronounced mem-r4, ~ 2. 3. In sense it is precisely equivalent to the Hebrew ~'53:, myself or me. See 'n~q in the vocabulary. 4. Gen. 9: 27, 'tus, 3 sing. m. Fut. Aphel from,niO, ~ 6. d. 1.- -, sign of the Accusative case, ~ 60. 3.-And shall cause his glory to dwell, i. e. and he [God] shall dwell. ---. pleonastic suffix, ~ 47. 2. lit. in the tents of him, (even) of Shem. t, sign of the Gen. case, ~ 60. 1.-Servant to them; Hebrew ink 3?; Sept. 7ras avtrov' Vulg. servus ejus. But the Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan versions agree with our Targumist in giving a plural rendering. 5. Gen. 13:15, 'm, ~ 23. 1. note. —t.,?mM, 1 sing. Fut. from V1; 94 CHRESTOMATHY PART. I. I; ~ I /T; —: hT:- J:T: * WS..IhKi NSr~Z~ 3/&: k% /LI ~% '/1. 7 IT: -: tT T -: * T - - T: T ~1 IT: J; 7 $ * * -: "S-: -a rna ~ ' -;: A 'L. /, r I J 17 It ni,1. n'fi'ri. 'I, 1=:51.3'' 7~p' rl:r 1i I-: -,: rtzj-^^: s'C:a r,, r zt,: in b 10t - * 2: i*'; T -: -T;: roi*: C — r T -:- T-: J: -: * ": t; - J~ -I. " ~; T *; <-. *: - " hT: -: R.~',. IIT J-. --- IT;: aT; Tn-:- with: epenthetic, i. q -; ~ 16. note 1. —lrt, to thy sons. See 'n. 6. Gen. 15: 6,,rn,7 Aphel from -- = T', (see the latter word in the lexicon). ~ 20. 3. b and ~ 12. II. 5.-flnI i^"V the Lord, i. q. ' x, ~ 49. 1. c. But this expression, which occurs frequently in the Targums as a translation of the Hebrew;n'1, is considered by some critics as designating that Word which was afterwards "made flesh and dwelt among us."-mRIn, He (the Lord) reckoned it, ~ 16. 2. a. —~3T, ~ 7. d. 7. Gen. 27:28, ', sign of the Gen. case, ~ 60. 1. 8. Gen. 42: 38, r.n, Fut. of rnm, Tseri compensating for Daghesh forte, omitted on account of the guttural. —'St t, ~ 6. b. 9. Gen. 45: 4, n. 1.n.:.:, ~ 48. 1. 'rn, pleonastic. 10. Gen. 49:10, bs:, for s3I ~ 6. d. 1.- ibl. t25~, one exercising sovereignty, a ruler. —:., irreg. see (=.-:-1,-t, (=Hebrew.... Y7), to whom, ~ 8. 3. II. n. 3. ---r:, the pron. used for the substantive verb in the present tense. See ~ 47. 1. —'.srjs, Ithpe. from r., ~ 6. b. — gsK, irreg. see =. One bearing rule shall not depart from (be wanting to) the house of Judah, nor a scribe from the posterity of his sons forever; until Messiah shall come, whose is the kingdom; and to him shall the people hearken, or, him shall they obey. 11. Ex. 33:14, r:?S, my glory, doubtless equivalent to the Hebrew ':, my presence, i. e. a mere periphrasis for I, used of course only in relation to God. Comp. nos. 4 and 13. —ti?, ~ 22. l.-r —ts, Aph. Fut. 1st pers. sing. from rl.l, I will provide a resting place, tib for thee. SELECT SENTENCES. 95 N:N ~~r; i~~~ P~i~3 nis~s~ir~ ~5-? N'~j.~.3iJT 1 2 IT: xr-;~ ~ ~~~1 -1 rI7~.1.Nisr ~~:t3'"P T' AT TH~ I~itl"~~;~' 1A T. Vrr:: ~ ~ ~ ~~~IT *r- -T-: i- J- AT 12. Lev. 26:2. "l, ~ 8. 3. II. note 3.-I-r';; 1st Part. Pe. from bin.]1.?~ ]pnMM treat the house of my sanctuary with habitual reverence. Such appears to be the force of this combination. See ~ 51. 1. 13. Lev. 26: 12, USER, 1st pers. sing. fut. Pe. from,,; instead of the usual form I-I, ~ 23. 1. b. note. For the plural sufT. of ]' and?el: see ~ 8. 3. II. note 4. 14. Num. 10: 36, ',"1':, a plural, with suffix of the third person sing., formed from the inf. Pe. of Xnt, ~ 35. note 2. In its restings, i. e. whenever it rested.-The frequent repetition of Maqqeph in this sentence is not occasioned by any special intimacy of connection between the words thus joined. Its cause exists in the train of accents, which is the same as in the Hebrew. Three words are introduced into the Targum which do not appear in the original-" Dwell in thy glory, in the midst of "-but for these there is no accent. It is for this reason that they are joined by Maqqeph to the next word. The four words are, in cantillation, theoretically one. 15. Num. 24:5,.'twJn, thy valley, if we derive it from nth. But perhaps 'u'3 should be regarded as a verbal from,t ~ and then we may translate it dwelling, habitation. 16. Deut. 5: 7. 17. Deut. 6: 4. 18. Deut. 6:5. 19. Deut. 10: 19. 96 CIRESTOMATHY. PART I. rT**,zn:mpn:i t~rS, rfcrrfct i,,n i tpl dw, s- 20 t" -; -;;*: J" - T ': -: rT: * \-: ' T 9T *: ST: *:lJ-9j) g IT y;~7"Iz52- wp&;i~i hlNasn' 4 1 I- &' s 't1>rr; I ~~:)IT~~~: I:~" C'~- L'J 21 IT; -;.TT.: T T ": \:-; TT; * )T! - T-:l *-; )" T \-: AT; -r-: * e- J ~.*':; IT-:-; T -: * C.-: ': * \S"T:': T7T * XTT ':.:.* %% b.t?; /: -T: J20. Deut. 10: 20; min, ~ 15. 3. —^5;n, Qamets for Pattahh on account of a pause-accent. 21. Deut. 32:18, r_:i, plur. const. from Ls. Lit. the terrors of the Mighty One who created thee, ihou hast forgotten; i. e. the terrible and mighty One. ~ 61. 1. note 1. —S*n, ~ 26. 2. a. —n:tmr, ~ 23. note 1.Nr-.., ~ 12. I. note 2. —flt, ~ 16. 2. a. — stn, strong ighty, occurs likewise in vs. 30, 31; as a rendering of the Heb. tS. 22. Deut. 32: 29, I';,I o, plural from ]n with suff. 3. pi. m. defectively written, ~ 6. c. (4.) 23. Dent. 33: 26, b,n an instance in which the emphatic state, (as is sometimes the case with the Hebrew article), corresponds to our indefinite article; a or an. —,..:.. (scriptio plena), ~ 8. 3, I. note 1. Lit. who, his glory, i. e. whose glory, ~ 48, 1. r* PART II. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. I. History of the Fall. Gen. 3.-Onkelos.:s~:.y s'.:a 3.:, sI, s-,, m $~m i -~ (3). *: r: -- *- T - T T -:n T:'; T ' r * " - "r;; T r T: *- T; T ' T; *i a **r *T ^ T: T *. *- r r: -: -;: '. T: T: Tr:;r ~: *; T: -: |:. T:: ": -<' 1. 1. lVt., comparative, ~ 64. 1. a. more cunning than.-5'-, every.-. So the London Polyglott, which has been followed in the text of the Chrestomathy. Also Buxtorf Bibl. Heb. Basil. 1665. The Paris and Antwerp Polyglotts read 9. The title page of Miinster's Bibl. Heb. Basil. 1546 exhibits the form >~. Compare the note on Part I. No. I. —:r:1'. Here likewise the Polyglotts differ, Buxtorfand the London edition giving constantly the Hebrew form, and the other two mentioned above, Mtb.ir ~ 21. a. 2. r'S, ~ 15. note 2. —I:'^, Fut. expressing the sense of the Eng. Potential mood, we may eat. 3. 'l.l - i, Future Pael instead of JVntj:, ~ 2. 7. b. Buxtorf has il~:; the Antwerp and Paris Polyglotts,:Ipfm. in Peal. 4..tOrm r,n, an Inf. with a finite verb to denote certainty, as in Hebrew. 5. >a, Part. Peil from tba, ~ 6. d. (1), it is manifest before the Lord.in'n_,?. Use of? instead of another conjunction, same as in Hebrew. "(Mt.t., Ithpaal Fut. 3d plur. fem. —i'mn, Fut. Peal 2d plur. masc. from:n. —:., see:.* in Lex. —l:n, 1st Part. Peal from o:T ~ 32. 7 98 CHRESTOMATHY. P ART II. KrI^ r-: z a- lt:-7 1::b 18 6 T T --; T;** T*; - *:: -.: - N':^b t*: ~:: r:..'... AT T-:-: rT.1 ~ Tr --: I T:- TT T - -: 1:6. T T - r -, s. '; * - ( i n-: * - r to the efec which Eve e the ea ti n p ot frtut to 9 ropn: T eye; To; a cle v i sn T: T oT: ai* vr * ~ ~~ I~ T~ " Y T-:~T T *a wi^^-b-nth; t ni " 1h i 5 1 i t i 1in rnei c1 pl asn to nete, aoring ow to tn^ i s be n hep-rsi b^clu es:ira ie to at r bh o. tu a rins pweona tic. 13r2. I o se o^ in he1 r T ' T: ' T: T;n r - T; t * t T r ret * T *~: IT T - r: -:th ees-,lr 2 d Part. Pael.: T. T -' T 7:!^^ 1:.. --: 14 -voe.ab.- r., ~ 7. d. 1. of after ',z comp. Stuart's Hebrew Chrestomathy, p. 83. Noteon Gen. 1:6. 6. Tn, 3d sin 13. fe rt. Peal from stf.-qins (a medicine) appears to refer to the efect which Eve expected the eating of the fruit to have, in opening her eyes to a clearer vision. But all the other ancient versions agree with the English translation in rendering Ms"M. n sn, pleasant to the eyes.- 5yvm, 2d Part. Pael. rTr 4h7:-iwxs an1a expresses the idea conveyed, according to the other translators, in the previous clause; desirable to behold. tM9 is pleonastic.-Mrn, ~ 12. II. 1.-:Ma^.x, see '".4 in the vocab.-hnr h,. ~ 7. d. 1. 7. rnnwns, 3d pers. plur. fern. Praet. Ithpaal, from rnn.- t'h1ln, ~ 42. 1. a. note.- r^9-rn, ~ 12. I. 1. b.-p?:,& see WS3.4 in the vocab.- lnt, a Hebrew form. But Buxtorf points it "p8l. See his lexicon. 8. "I t, collective. For the pointing see ~ 31. b. note 1. 10. n 1tmw, i 13. 2. For the insertion of 9 quiescent in the last syllable of this word, and of nst9v, see ~ 12. I. 1. a. 11. qin ~ 12. I. 1. b. But Buxtorf points it here '.-b:~ro, ~ 21. a. Inf. from:.t 14. ri, 2d. Part. from?=. —5.rin, Fut. from ie, ~ 21. a. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 99 - - T: *: - T; - * Tt * *:; - -, T:: r.' * - r: r *; -. T "* *' ' ' -:r > b b;l F5 r1;. F >a y: i7:- T T:;: T: T T -: -: -: ' Ti T T " T r n P ~ '; ' -: - T *:: * T T: *: T r:. * w. T -. T r T ' *'' T ' 8 t - -' * ':. T; ' -: ~ T' - ~: *- ~ 15. 'n, 1st Part. Peal, from '1 ~ 12. 1. 1. c. Hie will remember against thee what thou hast done to him. —p. ~p_, i. q.?p. 7 3. fromn the beginning-anciently. from 'b. —p2, prep.; with suff. 2d sing. fern. See the table. 17. ~Mmn, Fut. 2d sing. masc. from I.s with fem. suff. 3d sing. and: epenthetic. 19. bl.t defectively written. See g:. —.,from which. 21. ]t.qtb, etc. garments of honor for the skin of their flesh. 22.:7b, Inf. Peal from?E, ~ 20. 4. —,I of himself independently. "Adam has become the only [being] in the world [able] of himself to distinguish good and evil." Onkelos seems to have considered the Hebrew -:. singular, as indeed it is capable of being; and this probably led him to render 'INn, (as one,) by.n. only. The other Targumists agree with, or perhaps rather follow, Onkelos. Nearly alt the ancient versions, * *...... *. ILI:~~~~~~~~~~ 0pl~ h~l~ W~l.*Ie u I1~23 3 ~3 100 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. r - r:: ^ z~: - Tt rtg-tv.t.n t T - n^b.jT 24 II. The same. Gen. 3.-Pseudo-Jonathan. r r T * ' ~ r T: rT r; TI - -: r -: T * * *: -r;: r*-.-.. N 711N1 II. _he sa:e. Gen. 3.-Pseudo-Jonathan. T.* r:: * T - T - TT r-f5~wr ~....~. ":: ~N nT~3n ~ r 4 T * T: -: r: *: - r however, give the sense expressed in the English translation.-z.l Fut. of:::. 23. _....., whence, ~ 48. 1. 24.:, Praeter Panl, merely a full orthography for.- 1.... T. 3.. Part. Ithpe. fern. sing. agreeing with Ksn. — in, Inf. from 'ni. 1. 7^*_, for the pointing see below, No. III. (7) and (9). It will be unnecessary to notice such cases in future. —'n iX^pi", is it true that, etc.?,I interrogative with Daghesh forte euphonic. So in Hebrew sometimes. Stuart's Heb. Gram. ~ 152. a. 2. nrn,, ~ 15. note 2. The Qamets is probably the result of a pause in pronunciation, though no accents have been appended to this Targum. )P, contraction for X:3. 3. NXl ~ 2. 6. c. —wl, see 'n in vocab. —srTn, Hhireq is short. the E being a mere mater lectionis, ~ 2. 1. 4. tl3, etc., the serpent spake, calumniating his Maker, and said. — sni'.:x I., (comp. the Heb. l.n... Ii, a fruitful hill, etc.) the thing made, the result of labor. Every workman hates the work of his oun hands... ~Y: t: -: EXTRACTS FROMCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC THE TA'RUIums.S 101 T r: '~T~~~~~~T ~~ irj T T r i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~im T T Tr T T T-r T: ~ 7 TT~~~T 1.3 "11 =knN.01 tial=n v n-.1 11-:1N N 1, 11.1 hii) i i ~T T 102 CHRES'OMATHY. PART H. T: * T: * - - T: -T T - T; ':': T 3* en-s::r35:sn 1 r:^rm7':~ +;3SYU r^T/WSII 3rn ^i 14 1 r5 N7 3C 1N; 5nS S1 8 '1 7-5 1nr' x nrtrfD h' '-S * T T;-T:- T: *: - T: T *:. * r *..: - _)., - T *T ~;: *: -; T:- - T: ' - * - -': - * - '- T: 1,;^b,,^n n.^s?, rst iT; n_2^^T 1' h s 1t i;- -- T; ' —:;- - T; —: - - T * IJ^'iu:! l 3 tO ^rllV nrT - in7 'l ~iLs- itina -1nm T I9, MnTO b 1 rn r " -; T: ';, -T *: -- *: * ': T ': r ^ nbi ri= ^^^ ui ^b?2i rbir 1F 13^ 7 7" r 7 n 13. r^^s, probably an incorrect reading for 7:..'4. —.:.~ -, seduced me, Aphel firom,t with suffix;, 26. 2. a. 14. t'^^,, Aph. from tc. For the pointing see ~ 4. a. and ~ 2. 5. b. — i. aST ~ 53. 1.- x., adverbially, once. —nit aL'1 deadly poison, ~ 61. 1. 15. T '', 1 sing. Fut. Pa. from T. The form is perfectly anomalous. Compare oa a instead of t.-re?, plur. const. firom s7.-?, 1 Part. from MI:.. See above No. II. (7). — q, 1 Part. plur. from TnT. This also appears to be a masculine form like ]}:, ~ 35. Schaat; (Opus Aramaeum p. 308,) points it e.. [i. q. pinti.; so Schaaf ibid.] is understood, making it future, ~ 53. 1. " Operam dabunt ut percutiant.d They shall make efforts and shall bruise thy head, i. e. they shall do it intently, and with all their power:-or, they shall be established, etc. taking the act. Part. in an intransitive sense. Comp. ]p]n3 1,t, below, and above No. II. (15). — 7, ~ 32. note 2. —.,r~' ~ttt, thou shalt be established, or, perhaps, thou shalt be intent upon injuring them.-rnta should probably be pointed r. si. See No. III. v. 15.-tW_, this use of Hhateph Pattahh after Seghol, which is not unfrequent in this Targum, is probably the result of mere negligence in transcription.-xp..:. i. q.?. 16.:':1., for and,.; and:T.V, for 1.-.. For the pointing of EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 103 T..T Trr TT TrT T- Tr r 'r - T T~ T T - T:~:* TT: ":r -rK. "t t:7 1-1 ___ _ 10: 20 - T-:-:T T T: T: r theseand smila form, se ~.a. (2)-n, contratefrom R as undrstad te Trguit hte ede righT or wong 19TW~fr TT'~.a oe 21.se an whmichr hems (the7a serpent)put off, acte fromhmef 22sag. Lit fosal ulvr thee, to h hdo jutie tn-to 1o sin Pr. Pe. with suff. 3 my. s. ~ 16. 2. a1-.7~.,2~ 12. I. for behold.-'11, Praeter a a future sense, or rather both this and the participle ~''? are to * 0.0..~~~~ W: ~0.0 ~. 104 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. *T- 'T *.... --; *;: - T-el?w -II.:: - - *-.. * ~iT T Jr - - * ** - T; T T * T - T I*: * T_. r- % i:_ _ s T: T n^... 23 -T -: -..:; * T -..; *: * be taken as xve use the Presen t tense in English, expressing a general 24.2f m, 2dc iPs a 1ike. Tseri is inserted, like' amets in etc. o n account of the prefix with heva, ~ 7. d. note.-, i. q. t: ~ 60. 1. b. —t't, an unusual pointing of t~ or r: (. 7. c.) e- ph. te from:. 1 ) 7. d. note.:| In;l - 7..-1tz, with them,, by mean-s ofthm-nb I4 Part P Te t. r law is better t * T h T T 1. *-; T h: T or should r t may be considered as a different form of the adjetive. "The law is better to him who observes it, than the fruits of T: -; T:- TT;: r-:T - 1.. * T: -::>g I Ft+ 5J n^^ ' i"LaI b?^s3 t p g; 7 be taken as we use the Present tense in English, expressing a general truth:-or, still differenthly, both may be regarded as Subjunctiveseps (I use tlaw] that he mayterm in te sense whicd it has i Latin grammar) f he showayld eatf tc., h e would live etc. 23. bTX and -In' (~ 12. II. 1.) are both Praeters. 24. Nlnr-, 2d Part. from ^ which is like. Tseri i nserted like Qaamets in mr'xi, etc. on account of the prefix with Sheva, ~ 7. d. note.tunes, i. q. nini ~ 60. 1. b. — zn, an unusual pointing of N;rt2. or t;n-, - i'na, with them by means of them.-,nrmn, I Part. Pe. The law is better to him who observes it.-ya, than, ~ 64. 1. a.-tvp, either this word should be pointed a~p; or it may be considered as a different form of the adjective. " The law is better, to him who observes it, than the fruits of the tree of life, which Jehovah hath prepared for him, who keeps it [the law], that he may be established, and may walk in the paths of the way of life, in the future world." EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 105 III. The same. Gen. 3.-Jerusalem Tarrgum.: ^T"I ^~pinb Nr::a b~ts 2 (g) <' "i.te^ *nbl 176yi 7 T: T':: T;' t: "-: (& T;) -. T; i ' T; T: - - t T: ~ ':::r - r fr- t: 2 ^S?b ^a 'S ~s6 Cffl' i' ^^ ^ 9 ~ ': -T T: - -: -T TT *; ~ r: T -: -r " *: ST^ > ni #; 7"^ S t ^ ^ ^i3nS i Nq3~ -^ ti;5 ~: * ': —: T: T: - '- ': T T -: T: * --: T: *: *: ~ *:: --: T T;: r T: T: *:; "*.*:*.*. *- T; -: —; - T *: -: - r; - T; T T - * * T T T -:; - ** 7..~'; instead of the regular form '^W:-. The almost entire confusion of Pattahh and QOamets an d even Hhateph Pattahh, which prevails in this Targum and that of the Pseudo-Jonathan, appears here. It will not be necessary to notice it in every instance. See ~ 2. 2. The reader will also observe the singular character of this, so called, Targurn. It is evidently rather a collection of Rabbinical and traditionary remarks on the text, than a translation of it.-They made, etc. This perhaps implies the author's opinion that Adam and Eve made them by divine direction. Hebrew, The Lord God made, etc. 8. In the strength of the day-probably incorrect, although the Hebrew n.t has sometimes a signification analogous to this. See Josh. 2:11. 9. r =11, which I have created. Regularly n"?:. So, especially in the Targum of the Pseudo-Jonathan, ' a, with the prefix I, becomes 'WN. The punctuators probably had in mind the analogous Hebrew form, ~ 7. d. note. —"};, Pass. Part. Pe., ~ 23. 1. note, is manifest bffore me.-'-_, 1st Part. Peal. 15. n.l, And it shall come to pass. The Vav conversive does not appear in Chaldee. —p9not, Part. Ithpa. from:, full orthography, ~ 12. II. 4.- -n'7, masc. pl. Act. Part. from atM, ~ 35. But Schaaf (Op. Aram. p. 333,) points it regularly, ]n. —Mn::, ~ 12. I. 1. c.-Y-Mn., 1st Part. Aph. 1.06 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II.," " ~: 'r ~:,roll8 18 * r * ex;; *;T ': T T: * --;: - T T T * s one tnot br^,, Prt ^y ^t-p s&trR Lx t. n-l r: 22 ~T ' * TT T: * T T..; _ T' mea"ning is ^ still d oubtful. to r e nder i t a tramplb^g under fo cLct Wlto give oit, ( ng i fr in. e r::r IRab1 n^ical se s t o b ri, at a; h i t'r cn sees to) IIfrom r. suffix pleonastic, ~ 47. 2. —i' b nd i, these to those, i. e. one to another.-w-'m, " Prave ut puto," says Buxtorf. Lex. art. onmw'-. But whether the reading thS'' (or h) be admitted or not, the meaning is still doubtful. Buxtorf renders it a trampling underfoot, conculcatio. Walton gives incolumnitas, (probably deriving it from XtZ5 in the Rabbinical sense, to be quiet, at peace;) which the connection seems to favor.-om tn;-,, suff. pleon. ~ 47. 2.-' And it shall come to pass, when the descendants of the woman shall diligently study the law and do the commandments, they shall be established, bruising thy head and killing thee; but when the posterity of the woman shall desert the precepts of the law and not obey the commandments, thou shalt be established, biting them in their heels and afflicting them with sickness. Nevertheless, there shall be a remedy for the sons of the woman; but for thee, 0 serpent, there shall be no remedy. Moreover they shall apply remedies (?) to the heels of one another in the end of the last days, in the days of king Messiah." 18. m Ian n, i. e. alIs. the earth shall bringforth abundantly.- l'n ',;i which is upon the surface of the field, i. e. the grass. —p, Part. used for the Praeter. Adam answered, ~ 53. 1. note. —'",. see the notes on vs. 7 and 9 of this chapter. Wann t, Let us not be regarded as though we were of the cattle, i. e. cattle. Comp. the French des betes, etc. —'b1., for Nbt. ~ 23. 1. note. 22. nm adds nothing to the sense. — e t, see t4e in Lex.-st'al, evidently an Infinitive form. Perhaps it should be pointed &Irv_, ~ 12. I 4. —b ' op.n, before he shall, etc., or while he does not, etc. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. o10t ~5,_: " ~':.: ' 'r -_ —: 'r-: 9 24 24 T: * T - T T: T -:.. * - * * *.-" T;: -: Tr-; ' T * r- ' -:- ~ r"-: T- -: "r; - towards the sun-risin. T; t T he prent instae thn to consider.. as relating to time; although it is evident, from othe r places, T a an* the Pseudo-Jonafi-bsb * * * Y,-* t K " *i s2 s T * 'n N >17 1 *'io1"?i" T~8, Pseuo- Jn -; r T; T two th d y s b e he w d T; -; _ A r T:- *t T- -:; T ' -*' T created, hem te law, etc. See above (22).-, because they li kept. —x'=, 1s t Part. Pa. fern. sing. from. ~ 1 2. 1. 3-. plur al~, TT: T;~"; T- -: T T *; ' ''T T -; (Part. hfrom e glory f his presence i. e. his glorious pwe moresence.-o mmonly t^iy, the wse two expressions a redoubtless synonymous, the secopd being explanatory of the frst which sometimes has a di2. note,) herent se. On the east, towards the sun-rising. This I think is better in the present instance than to consider tense, or as relating to tine; although it is evio.ent, from other places, that both the author of this Targum and the Pseudo-Jonathan suppos riginaed with an upog f Ede t been plandted beore the creation of the world. See the next clause. Also Gen. 2: 15, Jeru. T. Gen. 2: 8) Pseudo-Jon.-_i'l i t 3 5, two thousand years bVfore the world was creataed hen the pois reatc xe. See above (22).-~r:i s, because they kepys it. Pa. fem. sing. from m. ~ 12.1. contracted for fi^lnc&;?n 1-1r1n mi=p t lit. a sword, destroying from both sides, i, e. a two-edged sword.-I'l slo, 1st Part. Pa. from IV2.-r.,,n7 (Part. from rl.) the world which is coming, or as we more commonly say, the world to come.-^", ~ 47. 1. the tree of life is, i. e. represents the law.-r., a form of the Praeteor (~ 23. 2. note,) here used in the sense of a present tense, or as expressing a general affirmation.-o'1, ~ 4. a. This double " originated with an unpointetendtext, and should not have been retained when the points were affixed. Mt MMb for nS see above (7) to him wh) obeys it. 108 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. IV. Story of a dispute between Cain and Abel. Gen. 4: 8.-Jerusalem Targum. 1psa 117* lf 2^ hS1 pNr1i frR 3n^ Rn I, l: T-:- -- --; 'r r ' pr T' r T.. * -. T --: T -: -.: T": =V. _: H _ -i |- - 4-:. T: '. r.. T:geance taken of th e wicked. The world was not created in mercy, neither in mercy is it governed. Why was your offering accepted from you with favor, but [mine] was not accepted from me with avor? Abel answered d said to Cain; T here is a judment and there is a Judge, and there is a f ture world, and a reward shall be bestowed upo n the righteous [lit. -;-;: - -; T; - *;: * \ -:-; T there is the giving of a good reward t o t he righteous.] and vengeance 'ac d wh fvo, but y s wa s no t accepted with favor. A nd te ad it o C; There i a judgmentl and thr is ap J. te is Tr TT r; a u; Inf. for Fut. ' no reward shall be given to the righteous nor venseance taken of the wicked. The world was not created in mercy, neither in mercy iS it governed. Why was your offering accepted from you with favor. but [mine] was not accepted from me with favor? Abel answered and said to Cain; There is a judgrment! and there is a Judae, and there is a future world, and a reward shall be bestowed upon the righteous [lit. there is the givinc, of a good reward to the righteous.] and vengeance shall be taken upon'the wicked; and the world waS created in mercy, and in mercy it is governed. But it is governed according to Ihe fruit of good works. Because my works were more upright than yours, my offering was accepted with f;3vor, but yours was not accepted with favor. And they were both contending in the open field; and Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and killed him." EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS.10 109 V. Marriage of Samson. Judg. 14.-Jonathan. T T r T~~~ TT T: -V *...~~~~~~tr i.N;. T T: 1. T- serrinex 3.'n nx 3 in.= fr.fo Nzt- ~~ 15.. noe2 5. i' 3 m.p.P. T fro T.-?z: ]uTof gieT h pitn 6. T T Pa T frm wihu Dahs, 25I.3 8. ~ In. from with refix and suffx. 1N111 110 ciImrESOMATHY. PART IT. tn~~~~~fl ~~~~~~ ~12 1* ~trr itro i: rrr:~~ r r:: -: *rT~r - 7 * ~ 7 7.: Tr 7 7 T _ Wu i w ll-7 *1-: 77: 7 71T 7:~ ~~ ~~.7 T T T: r,:h - mi 1 -: 11'': ':- 1 19 r Trm~ 13. ~ Fut. pl. with suff.ir,.r i1 16 Kb2~ whle etc. N1- x Wi 4 17 T 3. sig fr.Pat, wth sufxfo 18. K~~~p, see ~~~ in Lex i.-t In.fo 19. yIrr,cnrr to = the analog of halee bu1corigtota of Hbrew EXTRACTS FROM THE TA.RGUMS.11 ill VI. Prediction of MAessiah's kingdom. Ps. 2. r; r~~r: Ti —i-: ___ *: r:Jr- T — r T T:- T-1 **: T _:'r T TT I ~ ~: T -~ _ _ ii 1 ii. 7 T: Tp T r 1 20. ~ the perso who was111 hi opain 4. Tr by elipi oftees prn T:eh sitTh 9. ~~~~~~, see p~~~~~~~~~~~'~~~ in the vocabulary~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 7. 12. ~?7~ ~ W"tnaitai vriam, Walon.Bu the ordar unerth wonrd- to~) cthes several examples iopn wihona.eienl the inransitiv senseto pluris.~r u. from Vp e h a.IlI Inf suffi II=eonastie, 4. 2.o Com. Hoeb 13 112 CHRESTOMATHY. PART II. VII. The praises of Jehovah. Ps. 8.:,izi &NnaM=ntn r=7 xnw 5i. t tn>r ~ T T - - * ' '.: -: T * -.T- 2 T: - T: - --: T T T T: T n:r1; 'Pr rin: l -: -': - 2: ] / 1 tTD; —;r 3; T-; *; - r -: T T T -: ' t1^ T^1 -b - -p=T '";I..:tt 4-: Y T: T T: -: T T T T: T - T T " *: -: *; T T - T TT - - wit whih s inT te latr ritings is in Chale: T * - T T *' T 2.; 9, for the ord inary form 2.. c. T -:1 * * T T: - tT *T T T. T: T T T T T: T- 3. Y' Part. Aph. fro m., enemies.1 T:- T: r —: * T VIII. Parable (f the;ineyard. Isa. 5: 1-7.-Jonathan. b^^^ t*'r" ^ ril-5 -- vJi: a Q t Title. tconse auctoris, as in Hebrew. The mode of writing this name with, which belongs in Hebrew to the later writings, is in Chaldee the usual orthography. 2. Tl, for the ordinary form -p^, ~ 2. 6. c. 3. l"lij', Part. Aph. from p-s9, enemies. 4. - 5an, probably this rendering originated in the false supposition that the Hebrew s' is necessarily a causal conjunction. It should evidently be considered here as an adverb of time, when. 8. %'imn, const. for emph. ~ 60. 1. note 3. Instead of the fine poetical allegory of Isaiah, we are here presented with an interpretation. The Targumist has not simply translated the' words of the prophet into Chaldee, as he has generally done, but has trans EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 113 l^8t>1'x70:;^,^:^sz:: "^m 2S1,; ^ _ 2 *; -; T: -: T; T T -: -; T -:-..; -T: * --.. T T - lated the allegory into plain language Still,the extrac t is curous, and worthy of a perusal. As it differs so considerably from the original, I subjo in the Latin translation of the London Polyglott. T ': IT T T; T: - * -; *-r: *- T; Dixit propheta Cantabo nune Israeli, qui comparatus est vineae, semini Abrahae dilecti mei, canticum dilecti mei, vineae suae. Populus meus, dilectus meus Israel. dedi eis haereditatem in monte excelso, in terra pingui. 2. Et sanctificavi eos, et honorificavi eos, et sustentavi eos, sicut plantationem vitis electae; et aedificavi sanctuarium meum in medio eorum. Altare quoque meum dedi ad propitiandum super peccata eorum: et prcepi eis ut facerent opera bona in conspectu meo, et ipsi iniqu* egerunt in operibus suis. 3. Propheta, die eis: Ecce domus Israel recesserunt A lege et nolunt converti. Nune habitatores Hierusalem et viri Juda, judicate nune judiciurn inter me et populum meum. 4. Quod bonum dixi utfacerem populo meo quod non fecerim eis? et cum praeciperem eis ut facerent ope ra bona, quare ipsi fecerunt opera mala? 5. Nune autem annunciabo vobis quod ego facturus sum populo meo. Tollam majestatem meam ab eis, et erunt in direptionem: conteram domum sanctuarii eorum, et erunt in con-, culcationem. 6. Et ponam eos derelictos: non hrit eis sustentaculum nec fulcimentum; et erunt transmigrantes et derelicti. Prophetis quoque mandabo, ne prophetizent super eos prophetiam. 7. Qpuia populus Domini exercituum Israel est, et viri Juda plantatio laetitiae ejus. Et dixi ut facerent judicium et ecce facti sunt calumniatores; dixi ut facerent juetitiam, et ecce ipsi multiplicant peccata." 1. u rde,o achd:ruts, pleonastic suffixes, ~ 47. 2. — ', m y beloved, l1st Part. from rm'. 3. =, contracted form of the act. part. m. pi. from pu., ~ 35. —i l Inf from:tm. 8 1ll CHRESTOMATHTY. PART II.;p izb:b ~iy '7 n 3!' -J th a n. i 5 ~;-:,-...*.- _ - _ *-; ' T T;? T: T;; * "' T ~T:^ I ' 1 rn^ i:^i nti r^ 5eR X, rs^^ r * T;- * T: T IX. Extract from Isaiah's prediction of the Messiah. Isa. 52: 13.5. ti. Jnf fronm n. See the Par. I is treated as a noun, plunder and the corresponding word in the parallel passage is a noun. 7. Aph. 1st Part. plur. from Ot ~ 35. IT r v;T 13. W IqMb see Wi ig in the vocabulary. I * - -; - I -;:? 71 - r I - instance, had beefron told, ~ 56. e2. b. —. I hat had not been told them nthey have seen etc. The Latin Vulgate and Syria c versions ag ree with 7. l^tz? Aph. 1st Part. plur. from sC&, ~ 35. our Targumist in rendering these verbs in past time, they have seen, they have considered; the LXX and the Arabic version give the Future tense, as does our common English translation. The Hebrew verbs are both in the Praeter tense. 1. ]z'qn, see:. —l tpr., lit. and the strength of the arm of Jehovah's power. Comp. ~ 61. 1. and note 1. EXTRACTS FROM THE TARGUMS. 115 1i',3 )1pr-; 1b, 1XN S! ~ ^,:'..- rbrr ' 2 -; T r * - T; T.^ - n^ * T1C. m T. 5 * *. *...; * T: - * T ' " T' T *: T: — 'i;* *- < - T;*- T; * ' "; ** ': T * (2) ^73 'W": er 2'?l ^- '? r-^s" 5 passage is quite obscure, and the more so as there is nothing in the original, - that every one who sees him shall 2.In the remaindo ter. — thi r, so3: beautiful in the original, we was in nee1. of hi, i.nste. ofthe. mentioned aove, the Messiah.. But the passage is quite obscure2 and the more so as there is nothing in the ori.inal corresponding to this phrase.-T-b so that every one who sees him shall attentively consider him. Inorm ofof e remainder of this chapter so beautiful in te original we are presented by the Targumist rather with his own views than with a translation of Isaiah, and those too, expressed, for the most part, in a dull and sometimes quite obscure manner. TitlPa e. sing., pleonastic suffix ~ 47. 2. 1. -tr:, instead of t,'Ir Fut. Aph. from Wi.. ~ 12. I. 3. — 5=t for 6X,I210, ~ 32. note 2. 3..rn:s, Fut. Pe. 3d p. sing. ~ 12. I. 3. 4. s:=r Part. Pa. without Daghesh forte, ~ 2. 7. c. 5. nb. Part. with full orthography, ~ 12. I. He who cultivates. viz. the earth. 116 ~~CIIRESTOMATHY. PART IL. ~~i?1t 7t~~~-9 ~rr':-~ tCr A -it6 T: T: T.: ~rr7-fl~8 Th in hi;:znn:i l; 6. V!, ~ 23. note.-tl'lttl, ~ 60. 1. note 3. S. t~rz l~ rl ~ 63. 5-r t2,plur. from 1it,~ 39. note 1. 9. bfor Fut. of ~14,. PART III. NOTES ON THE CHALDEE PORTIONS OF JEREMIAH DANIEL AND EZRA. No. I. JER. 10: 11.:i:3, an adv. of manner. compounded of 3 and 61q (dem. pron., this,) after this (manner.)-A-R1, emph. of p^.. This commutation of Y and p resulted probably from a pronunciation of: in this word like the Arabic or nearly like our g hard. —1na, for is-, ~ 12. 3. Pattahh is restored by Darga, a conjunctive accent. This is not usual, although, I believe, similar cases are not wholly wanting in Hebrew.-I-r., probably in apposition with W:sr^I and giving emphasis to the declaration, "they shall perish." So Venema, C. B. Michaelis, Rosenmiller, etc. In respect to the authenticity of this verse, three things may be observed. 1. It would be remarkable that any author should, in the midst of a discourse, insert a single sentence in a language different from that which he generally employed. 2. All agree that this part o'f Jeremiah's prophecy was composed several years before the captivity, and consequently before the Chaldee language came into use among the Jews. 3. This verse interrupts the connection of the preceding and following verses. Verse 12 commences with a participle, t!n, which must be read in close connection with the noun with which it agrees in verse 10. bt.. also, in v. 11, has no antecedent expressed. " Thus shall ye say to them, etc." To whom? The text does not inform us. " Non sine ratione, aut temere, statueretur, additamentum esse ab aliA manu, tempore morae in exilio, profectum," says Venema; and this Rosenmuller quotes with approbation. I will merely subjoin two extracts from writers of different opinions on this point. " This verse is omitted in one * MS.... It seems probable to me that * 626 Kennicott. 118 CHRESTOMATHIY. PART In. some public teacher during the captivity. had it inserted in the margirt and perhaps usually read together with this section of the prophecy in the assemblies of the people, in order that the common people might have their answer always ready whenever they were molested on the point of religion, or importuned to join in the idolatrous worship of the Chaldeans." -Dr. Blayney on Jeremiah. ' This verse is writ in the Chaldean tongue, and not in the Hebrew, that when they came among those that did worship their idols, they might openly and plainly profess the true God in that language which the enemies understood better than they did the Hebrew, and that in such kind of language as this; Let all those gods perish from off the earth, and under the heavens, that were not able to make either. It is an imprecation upon their idols."-Matthew Poole, Annotations. No. II. DAN. 2: 4- 7:28. Ch. II. v. 4. ads, Imp. from an. See the Par. — n, Imp. Pattahh. ~ 15. 4. 5. inn and uxt, participles used instead of the Praeter, ~ 53. 1. note. So 'MX and its plural im.s frequently. —' iw_, the pointing is intended for the marginal reading, ".^', the regular form of Dec. VI. The Kethib is generally pointed by Lexicographers tTZ'. Perhaps it should rather be acl_3 in analogy with the other declensions.-IaTr, a peculiar form. It is probably fern. from 'tiS., 2d part. Peal from '7x, ~ 12. I. 1. d. The - would regularly be impure and immutable. It is here treated as if pure and mutable, and the Part. is varied according to Dec. III. a.-:^t.nT-nn, Fut. Aph. from:ed, ~ 12. II. 5. For the suffix see ~16. 2. b. and Par. II. —Pim.n-, P1. of nrT with suff. 2d pers. pl. —].rn., 3. pl. m. Fut. Ithpe. from t3i, see Par. VII. 6. Irnnrt, 2. pl. Fut. Aph. from irn, ~ 12. II. 5. 7.,r!i, Emph. fn instead of bt. a substitution very common in the Biblical Chaldee, Intr. 3. note; unless this word should have been pointed 9..r:3sjn, the pointing is that of the Keri s.tnmbt, 2. pl. m. Pr. Ithpa. from 5pt. The Kethib should be read in Aphel, ~n.~art, or like the Heb. Hiph. prnn. — t, 1 sing. Fut. from:3., ~ 20. 4. and ~ 2. 7. a. 10. fatirs, see above on verse 5. NOTES ON THE BIBLICAL CHALDEE. 119 12. Wp. E_:, synonymous terms, used to heighten the idea. Perhaps however ~xp. may be understood as expressing more violent anger than t2. —n, uif^,, Inf. Aph. from 'n:.perhaps derived from an obsolete verb Pe Yodh. 14. *s'jrb, Accusative, ~ 60. 3. 16. ij, Fut. of z with the force of a Subjunctive in consequence of the '.! that he would gire. For the form see ~ 18. note 2. and ~ 12. I. 1. 19. 'b, Praeter Passive,. 13. 2. —i.t, Pael, ~ 12. I. 1. b. —,..: Accusative, ~ 60. 3. 20.,tbS for S,,, Fut. with 5 and an optative sense, ~ 50. 2. 22. ~,~3.fern. pl. emph. from Pp", deep, inscrutable things; ~ 41. note. —a r t',r Pass. Part. Pa. fem. pl. emph. from arm. 23. '.n.sin, 2. m. sing. Praet. Aph. from.*' with suff. 1 p. sing. see Par. II. 25. b53., Aph. from 5_, ~ 12. II. 5, and ~ 2. 7. a. —1.?, this Accusative with } is of frequent occurrence. It will perhaps be unnecessary to notice it again. —' in the beginning of a speech superfluous like the Greek OTt. —rn t,. ~ 15. 4. 26. T-r~?^, art thou? compounded of the interrogative I, '"r. and the suffix ~d'. —?' 2. t, Inf. Aph. from Yn_ with suffix, ~ 16. 2.f. 27. nnn.b, Inf. Aph. from sun, ~ 23. Notes on the Par. 4. 28. S3,. must take place, ~ 50. 2. 29..po, comp. the English expression " thoughts come up, arise in the mind." 31. In, indef. art. ~ 29. 1. note. - 32. i'tn, a plur. form. see r'~n in the vocabulary. 33. W ).M, part of them. So the French distributive article du, de la, etc. The punctuators seem to have considered.5. as necessarilyfeminine. The writer doubtless understood it to be common. 34. rp, Aph. from pP, 3. s. f. Pr. segholate form. 35. trit~, Ithpe. from nr _. —r,, ~ 23, Notes on the Par. 1. 38.;... or (Keri) e'rt, 1st Part. from '.11. 39. MAN., here, as in all such cases, the pointing is that of the Keri. RIRA may have been used in the same sense. See?x. in the vocabulary. 40. rmi, 3. s. f. Fut. Pe. from:z, Hhireq of the regular form being lengthened to Tseri, on account of the Resh. Ch. III. 2. The best critics are uncertain as to the precise meaning of several of these words. Neither etymology nor usage sheds much 120 CHRESTOMATHY. PART III. light on them. Those meanings which are considered most probable are given in the vocabulary. 4. I'V1., it is spoken, lit. they speak, ~ 56. 2. d. 6. ~tr fem. Part. from bi2, burning. 8. t-rs.p t3s., lit. ate or devoured the pieces of them, of the Jews. The sense unquestionably is, calumniated, or accused the Jews. The Syriac usage is the same. The Arabians also employ the phrase to eat th, flesh of a person, in the same sense. 12. t:. this word is connected with;~, and the phrase signifies, as explained in the vocabulary, (see under as!,) to show regard. 13. nr-.i, Inf. Aph. frot sm.-mrie, a kind of irregular Hophal or passive of Aphel. See rn: in the vocabulary. 14. nar3_., the regular pointing would be nap. Comp. ~ 12. I. 1. where Tseri and Hhireq seem to be employed almost indifferently. But the changes of vowels in Chaldee seem hardly capable of being reduced to rule. 16. ~i Xb, the shade of meaning seems to be, "We do not think it necessary to return afavorable answer, to comply with thy wish." 18. ln., Optative, ~ 50. 2. 19. r~., 2 Part. Pe. from StnIt literally seven times more than it had been seen, or known, etc. 21..rec, Praet. pass. ~ 13. 2. 24.?:, Plur. Part. from s3:. See Par. IX. Dec. V. a. Ch. IV. 3. nSnt:., InJ: Aph. from ~_1, ~ 2. 7. a. 4. ibi!, so the Kethib should evidently be pointed. The Keri, r'iS is a contracted form of the same. Comp. rbs, Keri rny, Dan. 5: 10. 9..r >, Ittaphal Fut. 3. sing. m. from 't. Here, as frequently in the poetical style ofthe orientals, the Future is employed as an Aorist, ~ 50. 1 10. n:, ] Part. Pc. ~ 12. I. 1. c. 11..ns?, Aph. from i'~. 12.?n.ZZ:. Fut. Ithpa. from Y:t. 13. rin -, 12. I. 1. 14. 9=~14, Hebraism, Intr. 3. note 1. —Th., in the construct state, the base of men, i. e. the basest. 16. ^l., from rIn, Keri n"i from An. 19. r';, the Keri is anomalous. The Kethib, pointed n^, would be the regular 2d p. sing. m. Praet. from fr:. 28. p1.t,, see above on 3: 4. NOTES ON TE-I BIBLICAL CHALDEE. 121 30. rt), Praet. 3. s. f. from irb. Ch. V. 6..'{1, 3 pl. Pr. from Ani with pleonastic suffix in the Da.. tive, compare rib. v. 9. —pWn.' Part. pl. Ithpa. from W'n No. II. S. n t.., the pointing is that of nl*!?. 15..r~, Hophal, a Hebraism not of frequent occurrence, Introd. 3. note 1. See b5. The marginal reading, without Daghesh. seems to be required by the analogy of Aphel, though Peal receives Daghesh. 16. b'n, point the Kethib b=..n. This and the Keri 'sn are both in use as Futures of t, q. v. 20. tn, Praet. pass. ~ 13. 2. —'.l, 3. m. pi. Pr. Aph. from sY^. 25. 1 N=, These are passive participles Peal, the third and fourth in a contracted form. ~ 12. I. 1. d. 27. amrpn, Praet. Pass. 2. sing. m. ~13. 2. 28. nM.:b and r~_U, Praeters Passive 3. sing. f. 30. ~~:, according to the pointing, and to the marginal reading, this word is an adjective in the emph. sing. agreeing with sb. Ch. VI. 1...nm, fern. of #'m, see Par. XI. 2. it.. en, who were to be, should be, ~ 50. 2. 3. p3, 1 Part. Pe. ~ 12. I. 1. c. 14. il bg^q., as "" occurs so frequently, its several uses should be carefully distinguished. It occurs four times in this verse. In the first in stance it is a conjunction, equivalent to the Greek O'T, and, like that particle, in the beginning of a speech, need not be translated into English; in the third it is the preposition of or a sign of the Genitive case; and in the second and fourth, it is a relative pronoun, in the former case Nominative, in the latter, Objective. 15. ';q.b, the suffix is reflexive, ~ 49. 1. b.-Lit. the king was displeasing to himself, better in English, was displeased with himself. 18. nlr;, an irregular Hophal 3. sing. fem. Pr. from ar. —nta Pr. pass. 3. sing. fern. from:tj, ~ 22. 1. note, and ~ 13. 2. 19. t'ms?, so in Latin, verbs of taking away are construed with a Dative of the person. 24.:.b, Accusative, ~ 60. 3. It is governed by mtrnb. Ch. VII. 3. 3l:, 1 Part. pi. fer. from wSa. 4..:", Praet. pass. from _m. 5. 'Trin., v ''i. the Keri, is doubtless the true reading. The Targums employ 'rl. 122 CHRESTOMATHY. PART III. 15. >>rs., ~ 12. II. 2. 20. 5ba., ~ 12. I. 1. —::n, comparative, as in Heb. ~ 64. 1. a. No. III. EZRA 4: 8-6-: 18. Chap. IV. v. 10. nr..", according to Gesenius, equivalent to the common expression and so forth. His different etymologies do not however appear entirely satisfactory. 12. st.;~. N;rn!n, these forms are both feminines in the emphatic state from 1'n and 2.h3z. ~ 41. note. 14. trn..l, prob. lit. " we eat our salt from the palace," i. e. we derive our sustenance from the royal bounty. If the sense proposed by Buxtorf and some others be admissible, 2<'3l must be taken as referring to the temple. See mn. 18..p", Praet. pass. The composite Sheva is occasioned by the. Ch. V. 1. ritN::, in this and similar forms of the same word, x, with the pointing of the text, must be considered otiant. It might be treated as a consonant, and receive the pointing MnTah, W.s,, etc. See sX?,, in the vocabulary. 3. nna const. st. from hn. —5 b;i, Shaph. from bb_ No. I. 8. t:'.l, Part. Ithpe. from t.i'. —tmnr, Part. Ithpe. fern. sing. of the same form with the absol. masc. Dec. III.f. 11. tl, ~ 26.2. a. 13.:3b., ~ 50. 2. The pointing of the Keri, (without Daghesh,) is doubtless the correct one. 15. ', Imp. of 2t:.., ~ 18. 2. Ch. VI. 5. w7nr, Fut. of ^.Mn. 15. W^:T,, Pass. Part. Shaph. or Praet. Passive from at'. No. IV. EZRA 7: 12-26. 12. '.;, perfect (peace), according to the common Eng. version. Gesenius explains it as a term of respect applied to the person addressed, and renders it learned. 14. ^nbrt, for 'nbV;, pi. Part. from _r. The frequent substitution of Pattahh for Qamets has been mentioned before. 24.:'.rn?, strictly 2d Part. pi. from ijr:, consecrated persons, hence, those devoted to the service of the sanctuary, Nethinim. VOCABULARY. - 4__ — as, Z m. a father, irreg. emph. x', with suff. it takes the form ~.; e. g..T= thy father, ~r.. '.sx his father, ^.:s her father, s:.n our father, ]fnl= your (masc.) father,:..s your (fem.) father, etc. Instead of )X~ my father. which occurs only Dan. 5: 13, the emph. Xs is elsewhere universally employed. Plur. qr,\ const. rnm=, emph. xn with suff: #r;n or '.!Us< my fjthers, etc. with the suff. o'f either sing. or plur. nouns..X emph. NXsX, NsV and =:?i m. Dec. IV. b. fruit. 'i; to perish.-Aph. 1"i and 7'ni to destroy; also intrans. to perish. -Hoph..luin to be destroyed. ]t and ]^ c. g. Dec. III. a. a stone. ';s m. Dec. III. a. a reward. N',x f. Dec. VIII. a. and nm.a Dec. III. a. an epistle, a letter. ^]S adv. then. With: prefixed,. M, idem. tW m. pr. n. Adam. t: m. Dec. III. a. also W.x and 1=x Dec. II. a. also lt:t and ot:.' Dec. I. b. i. q. W: blood. &ws f. Dec. VII. a. the ground, the earth. IN mn. Dec. I. a. the month Adar, part of February and March. 'tt m. Dec. II. a. a threshing-floor. r ^.'1^x nm. (found only in the plural), chief judges, senators. Xsn18s adv. (i. q. a8paoTa) carefully, exactly. ~x c. g. Dec. II. a. (i. q. Heb.:i'n with R prosthetic.) an arm. ]is adj. Dec. I. a. other, another. ~innx m. Dec. I. b. doctrine. instruction. i.s m. Dec. I. b. an artificer, workman; a maker.:n.x and.:iX f: Dec. VII. c. the making or doing any thing; the thing made or done. in.s m. Dec. I. b. treasure;place of deposit. nmixn m. Dec. III. d. a way, access. Sxw^I< f. Dec. VII. a. law. TX and ntT, 2d Part. ST.g, to light, kindle. 'I!t i. q. 5. b! Put. b.'^, Imp. b, b.!X and ^.5, ~to go; to depart. ni m. a brother, irreg. emph..tns with suff. 'ns or nt.: my brother;.in. thy brother,.1n ('s.n. Gen. 4: 8, Jer. T.) his brother, etc. Plur. rrix. with suff. n.m my brothers, x-1. and rlnx thy brothers,;n'inx his brothers. This form is distinguished from the sing. by Hholem while the latter has Shureq. -9In.n, etc. 'nx to lay hold ofl take, take possession of. Ithpe. pass. 124 Wt.rin and C'frns f. Dec. VII. a taking possession, possession. nnrx f: Dec. VII. a. (verbal from tn to announce, to explain), explanation.,^~nr f: Dec. VII. a. an enigma. 4cros f. Dec. VII. a. possession; inheritance. 'Inr prep. after. 'nnx Dec. VIII. c. and pnns Dec. I. *T: S T T: 1 b. adj. other, another. 'si f: Dec. VIII. c. that which is last; extremity, end. ]it:s adv. jtfnx sY at last. ]%-'',~r'_ mn. pl. Dec. II. (from the Persian ^. r a satrap, perhaps with the prefix eujL excellence,) principal governors. b1= m. (in the sing. like Dec. I. pl. r'Tm) brier; especially the hawthorn. rsq adv. how? t:. ' idem. ]b~K m. Dec. I. b. a tree. 'S. f. Dec. VII. a. terror; fear. "'IN conj.==Heb. o:t if. '7 and 'r, i. q. 'p, q. v. rs or ~nr adv. of affirmation ( Heb. t,;) there is, there are; there exists.. ~n" I have. It takes the suffixes of plural nouns. Dan. 2: 11, 3:14. q*pos i. q. "x. q. v. 5:X to eat; to consume. bq adv. not, especially befdre the future tense, expressing a prohibition, etc. Sb (Keri Ez. 5: 15,) and 1nis dem. pron. these.,i.. m. Dec. I. a. God. PI. excel. sometimes as in Hebrew bsn's. 16N interj. i. q..si, behold! *.b conj. if; interj. oh that, utinam! tiSf as if. '.*.. and lim'.b.- or jiB.-A. unless, comp. of.a, tb, and the enclitic syllable li; i. q..t, J: 7~& and ]i. or fully written pIand 'pi. dem. pron. plur. masc. these; those. C)_ and.. m. Dec. III. a. a thousand. MN f. irreg. emph: S<r; with suff. o7i, etc.; plur. ~ W'; with suff. ]h;rn n;, (and with masc. form i'n-~.,.) a mother. t. conj. if Sr. f. irreg. (in the sing. like Dec. VIII. a. but in pause In r-4; in the plur. 'inr., ret. etc.) a nurse; a maid. xmt and rns fern. Dec. VII. a. in sing.; plur. ' eM Dec. IV. a. a cubit.:tS f. plur. *pr, a people, nation. (2 Aph. ]~:,~ to believe; with 3 to confide in, trust in. Pass. part. Mq~.U certain, true; failtfld. 'm to speak, say; to command. 'tmx m. Dec. II. a. a lamb. ':.s. adj. Dec. VII. b. strong. tT adv. where? whither? iS; whence? tq:, less frequently n:s and a, pers. pron. corn. gen..-PI. ton:; we. )s1- pers. pron. 3d pl. m. they; them. o1iN6 and -'=. adj. and sub. Dec. I. a. violent; a violent person; a robber. M:t to constrain, compel; to oppress the mind, occasion anxiety. 9: m. Dec. III. a. i. q. q5, face, countenance. Dual and Plural idem. t!g, (Tj:5, and by Aphaeresis t:) m. irreg. emph. t':4, nt: Gen. 3: 20, Pseudo-Jon.; plur. 1]~;: and 19l:; const. 1m; man.VntJ wi idem. r:&, (in Bibl. Chal..nn:e, pointed like the other form which is employed in the Targums, with rt in otio. The writers doubtless pronounced it, in analogy with the 125 Hebrew,:3: q,) pers. pron. corn. gen. thou. J.n:m, i. q. ].m., ye. ITx and.:nx f. Dec. VII. c. a medicine, something salutary. b. m. Dec. I. a. band) fetter. 0in m. irreg. emph. sQSt; pl. '., Nn' M,. etc.; a physician. -W3. m. pl. n. Asnapper, perhaps the same with Esarhaddon. or an officer under him. He collected the Samaritans from different nations and settled them in the land of the ten tribes. Ez. 4: 10. Comp. v. 2. T::'.aS (milel) adv. speedily. 'tin m. Dec. I. a. prohibition; obligation. R]bs. f. Dec. VII. a. chain, band. lilrn)o_. m. pl. n. Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib and king of Assyria. *WIV m. Dec. I. b. (from the Latin strata,) street, way, path.:b (by a double commutation i. q. Heb. Y.,) m. Dec. I. a. wood. I. Ct conj. also. II. i (contr. from rn) m. Dec. IV. a. face, countenance. —: 'N. surface of the field, i. e. simply the field. VtVrIx m. pl. pr. n. of a people settled in Samaria and subject to the Assyrians, perhaps the Parrhasii. ~:waosn' m. pl. and f=?nbr~~ m. pi. proper names of nations, now unknown, settled in Samaria and subject to the Assyrians. Ez. 4: 9. tris (only Ez. 4;13,) according to Buxtorf; treasury. So modern critics generally. Aben Ezra explains it by rixsi4n, expenses; R. Sol. Jarchi by q, tribute.?aea f. Dec. I1. a. (P1. -:and ]-) finger with bn~, toe. 1ibSX f. Dec. VIII. c. (Greek arroXj,) pl. i. ^, robe, garment. 3?-t, f. nTza m. num. adj. Dec. II. a. four. 1^, adj. Dec. I. b. purple. Heb. 't.s, Syriac f ja f, Arabic, -o -n' interj. lo! behold! csn' conj. because; that; i. q.. nn f. Dec. III. d. (pl. generally ni t,) journey; way, path.,t and ns' m. irreg. emph. 5'n; plur. em, emph. rn;,'X" a lion. 4: conj. because; that. 7i.g: adj. Dec. I. a.fit, suitable, pro, per, verbal from ^7. to be prolonged, to be long; in Talm. to prepare, adapt.,3_ f. Dec. VII. a. prolongation, continuation. n3s.' f. Dec. VII. a. knee. sVt' and akYh f. Dec. VII. a. poison. sI3 c. g. Dec. III. a. the earth, i. q. Heb. Y G., Gr. Introd. 4. note 2. 3N. adv. below; with 3n, inferior, Dan. 2: 39. Hence, t f. Dec. VII. b. what is lowest, bottom.. c. g. Dec. III. a. (i. q..t.,) earth. In the biblical Chaldee only Jer. 10: 11, but frequent in the Targums. t, XtV m. Dec. IV. b. and xsv. f. Dec. VII. a.fire. xS m. Dec. IV. c.foundation. )2 m. Dec. I. a. and?tW m. Dec. II. a. astrologer. Hebrew and Syriac idem. nW.T m. Dec. III. a. a wall. M "twJ with prosthetic M, i. q. Rtq to drink..~.Jit mn. Dec. I. a. rebellion. nr m. Dec. I. a. a sign. rt pers. pron. 2d p. sing. m. thou. tnx Fut. r 5n, In, etc. to come. Aph. nS. and in the bibl. Chaldee "n1. to cause to come, bring. 126 Pass. of a peculiar form, (a kind of Hophal,) I.n. to be brought, Dan. 3:13, 6: 18. hrUS- ft (In sing. Dec. VII. a. but in pause.ts; P1. rir' Dec. II. a.) a woman; a wife. I. 1.mnX pers. pron. 2 pl. m. ye; you. II. ).rn c. g. Dec. I. a.furnace, oven. r.n m. Dec. III. a. a place. — 'nX where. - prep. in; by; with..x. adj. Dec. I. a. fern. 5At.Za Dec. VII. a. evil. wuicked..tx= to be bad. by mtYp to displease. Aph. to do in a bad or disagreeable manner. 'rx prep. i. q. 'i)n after. -;. prep. on account of. ' 1',. conj. because. Y~. idem.. 5b 'M because; so that. t: _,g $ z wAhy? bqr3 idem. 1 b.nm so that; that, lt. r-'- to inquire, invesitigate. Z. Pa. to scatter, disperse..5',:f. Dec. VII. c. haste, quickness..ib^4q quickly. I. t;-_ P-a. to terrify. Ithpa. pass. II. brU Pa. to hasten. Ithpe. Inf.,bmrn z, as a noun, haste. n-t3 f. Dec. VIII. a. and &"rn_ f. Dec. VII. a. shame; modesty. nr. to lodge, pass a night. ti" to spoil, plunder; to depopulate. 'Tnmi adj. Dec.. a. choice, excellent. bTz to cease. Pa. to cause to cease. 2 sep. prep. i. q. n in, etc. See also under rnz. ] and (I prep. between, among. It takes the suffixes of both singular and plural nouns. nl"z f: Dec. VII. a. understanding, intelligence. rKit f. Dec. VII. a. palace. WtI adj. Dec. I. a. bad, evil. rn. in. irreg. Emph. Xs?3, ani (Ct Ex. 7: 21, Pseudo-Jon.); const. rnM; plur. prn etc. like Dec. IV. a house; the place in which any thing is contained or kept; e., g. fT.n nr. treasury,:sqn nr. ar chives. S=3 to weep. b m. Dec. 1. a. heart.,?s to wear out; met. to afflict, oppress. Pa. idem. 9b$ verbal from s=, excise, tax on articles consumed. ] (In the Targurns found only in the plural), see '3. ri to build; to rebuild, restore. Ithpe. pass. n(.. m. Dec. I. a. building, structure, verbal from;,f:n. e_1 to be angry. win-. f' Dec. VlI. a. message, annunciation..Yt to seek; to ask, request. T. f. Dec. VII. c. request, petition. t:3" is taken as an adv. or interj. I entreat, quaeso; often followed by;; as 7^ t.:, I beseech thee. zs'z m. Dec. I. a. a brute; cattle; beasts of burden. bs or ib.m. Dec. III. a. lord, master; husband. '~3? and Pa. -a to burn; to consume..n B=. f. Dec. VII. a. valley. i=33 Pa. to seek, search. Ithpa. idem. t' or '1 m. a son, irreg. emph. 5l, with suff. TQZ..ST; plur. '13 (from 'i), emnph. z3, (with prosthetic t,: -^3,) const. z.; with suff. ':, I' or:In, '.. In various combinations it has the force of the IHeb. 'n q. v. in Lex. Heb. 13, amn without, (foras, = Heb. yn.); ]P 13 prep. besides, except, as a subst. that which is without the field. WtI to create. Ithpe. pass. 127?'n to kneel. Pa. A7f to bless, praise. 7-i' and bs: f: Dec. 1II. b. knee.,1. and -.:.n f Dec. VII. a. bless'inl benediction. I c adv. cerlainly; indeed; also. Lmoreover; conj. yet, but. i_ m. Dec. III. b.Jfesh. In m. Dec. IV. a. bath, a liquid measure, equal to seven and a half gallons. i"; ft a daughter, irreg. Emph. inPn (comp. Syr. ziS), const. nn_, with suff..^_; pi.:-:, (from i.;) const. n.; emph. xnt...rm. pi. m. Dec. I. a. virginity. 'rm prep. after. With suff. it takes a plur. form; as Ins-.; m. Dec. IV. a. back; surface. Er.n~ and Ae b~ upon. 'a and ~a, (with suff. m3,:D>) prep. with; subject to, penes. 2a m. Dec. IV. c. pit, den; pit for water, cistern. '':i f. Dec. VII. a. courage; strength; power. 1 n m. Dec. III. a. (PI. i.t.n and i..: as if from 'i.) a man; a male. ]~38^ (with the flat pronunciation), i. q. ~,a!. I'" to cut off; to cut down a tree.. c. g. Dec. III. a. PI. ]a. and en, a kid. ~ or ID m. irreg. const. '.a; with suff..lm, 5?, midst. -"i among; in..i;. idem. f; f. Dec. VII. a. pride. n.s and Aph. rmns. to go forth; to burst or break forth. sKt;t (not found in abs. sing.) m. Dec. II. a. a coal. 'n; m. Dec. I. b. treasurer. PI. plnm; and I'pi T=. t.' m. Dec. I. a. threatener; avenger. '* to cut off; to decree. Ithpe. to be cut off, detached. mT. m. Dec. II. a. astrologer, diviner, lit. Part. from 'TI, one who utters a decree. Comp. also tI4,fate. 5t.: f: Dec. VII. a. decree; thing ae. creed; in Rab. fate, destiny. ~7.j to laugh; to deride. '. or ' m. irreg. (pl. hnt?) a val. ley. oN;' or Ct3n, (compounded of ~. a valley, and t: prop. n.) the valley of Hinnom, where children were passed through the fire to Moloch; hence, met., hell, the place of future and eternal punishment. '.- m. Dec. I. a. a stranger, a foreigner. rn' m. Dec. I. a. chalk, lime; plastering of a wall. bta, i~ and 5. to emigrate. go into captivity; to reveal, make manifest. Praet. Pass. a- and HI. Dan. 2: 19, 30. Aph. el.n Ito carry captive. b ibn m. Dec. II. a. wheel. Ib5 f. Dec. VII. c. captivity. bb~ m. found only in the phrase t b'a, prob. lapis devolutionis, a stone which cannot be carried, but must be rolled. on account of its great size. LXX, choice stones. '^^ adj. Dec. I. a. perfect. in m. Dec. IV. a. and,> f. irreg. (emph. ar r and ~r, frequently in Targ. Pseudo-Jon. Hn:.a. or ns.:'^, const. ta.; pl. I3) a garden. T:n m. Dec. III. b. treasure. Z 5 m. Dec. IV. a. wing. ][ c. g. Dec. III. a. a vine; a vineyard. VA and Pa. 1] to excite, stir up. m2 Pa. to rouse, excite. Ithpe. and Ithpa. pass. and refl. na] m. Dec. III. a. bone. b I 128 18Is ta m. Dec. III. b. and c. body. ri f. pr. n. of a principal city among the Philistines, Gath. h rel. pron. =Heb. I^X, who, etc.; conj. that, so that; because, etc.; sign of the Possessive or Genitive case. Kd f. demonst. pron. this; that.:Z m. Dec. IV. c. a bear. nn. m. Dec. I. b. enmity. '.; it. an enemy. ~:r f. Dec. VII. c. enmity. rw: (comp. Gram. Intr. 4. note 2.) to offer sacrifices. rii m. Dec. III. b. sacrifice. pa to adhere, cleave to. ', and Pa. ^.- to lead, conduct; to govern; to take, receive. ett- f. Dec. VII. a. cause. rrt:n bY V. so that. rn-. and 't"i. f. Dec. VII. a. a bee. nrn m. Dec. III. a. gold.,. to deride. =1. m. Dec. II. a. and t:tr Dec. III. b. honey..n m. pr. n. David. V.-T m. Dec. I. b. memory; a memorial. p, and fll to judge; to adjudge; to contend. pn. to be broken in pieces. liT. to dwell. il'.. Dura, a plain in Babylonia, Dan. 3: 1. tj.i to tread underfoot, trample upon; to crush. T11.n f. Dec. VIII. a. found only Dan. 6: 19, according to Buxtorf and the Hebrew interpreters generally, an instrument of music, from,nn to strike. Gesenius renders it a concubine, comparing the Ar. L.O subegitfeminam, and the old versions food, conjecturally. in-* tofear. It refers both to reverence toward God, and to dread, as of an enemy, etc. Pa. n.m to ter rify. rjn' f: Dec. VIII. a.fear; terror. pn. to press, urge. n. — = which see; also as a disjunctive, but; it is sometimes redundant like the Greek orT in the beginning of an address, as Dan. 2:25. 1.1 and b5l signs of the Genitive case, contracted from. t;- and $ e. -., i. q. 'a..,q.v. 'T m. Dec. I. a. judgment; justice, righteousness; judicial trial; the reckoning or account, given by men of their actions in the day of judgment, Gen. 3: 18, Pseudo-Jon.; punishment. ", m. Dec. I. a. ajudge. s:^l m. pi. Dinaites, one of the nations which settled Samaria. Ez. 4:9. 'it m. Dec. I. an inhabitant; a sojourner, stranger. 'j.' m. Dec. III. c. treading under foot. ~. m. F f. and '-e c. g. demon. pron. this. 'in. (Heb. 'I't, Intr. 4. note 2.) to remember. Tn. m. Dec. III. b. a ram. nmtin= f: Dec. VII. a. and T: ' it1. m. Dec. I. b. record, memorial, history. u.:b. or traL ' m. Dec. I. a. (Lat. delator,) calumniator; accuser.:'m adv. that not, lest. comp. SQb. pb~ to burn, intrans.:t m. Dec. II. a. blood. tozn to resemble. Pa. id.; to think..)l, to sleep. in, r. dem. pron. m. this; that. as^ and nf: dem. pr. c. g. this; that. bx. m. pr. n. Daniel. sI'i to go out, be extinguished. 129 7tT p'J to be broken in pieces. Aph. p.and in the biblical Chaldee pan to break in pieces. ^ m. Dec. I. a. age, generation. 't in m. Dec. 1. b. a thistie. rt.-;1 m. pr. n. Darius.:Y, i. q. Heb.:tin m. Dec. III. a. and.rt Dec. 1. a. an ar-rm. ri f: Dec. I. law; decree; purpose; ft: at r e religion, Dan. 6: 6.,^. m. Dec. III. b. young tender herb. 1-^rn m. pl. ia?'. jurisconsu. ltus, a person skilled in laiw, judge, a Persian word.. interrogative prefix, as in Hebrew. xn and sn interj. behold! p-_.i m. pl. minister of state, a Persian word. zii'n (Gr. iSLtcT7s,) m. Dec. I. a. a low person, plebeian.-As an adj. low, vulgar. =?J Pa. to tear in pieces; to divide. inl mn. Dec. I. a. piece, fragment. "im i. q. I7; adv. then. imrt Pa. -t.s to honor.;?.n, trM. and m'1t, to be. Fut.:Tr, apoc. '?, rnr, n s.;, etc. Fut. with i prefixed drops its preformative, and is employed in an optative or subjunctive sense; e. g. i^.5., that they might be, Dan. 6:2, 3. See Gramn. ~ 23, note, and ~ 50. 2. StIn pron. pers. and demonst. m. he; this; that. Tun fut.: to go. K!n pron. pers. and demonst. f. she; it; this; that.;tv,.n dem. pron. i. q. ].; adv. then. -^ adv. and conj. as; as if. ta?',' and a::^N' id. b:rn m. Dec. II. a. temple; palace. wJ, see il. T.- to walk. Pabl and Ithpaal, id. 9 ~t: m. Dec. I. a. toll paid by passengers, verbal from _t_. Sb5,n and nt=ml adv. h iher. anm and iurn m. pl. pers. pron. 3d pers. they. t.:~n or r^'n-_ m. Dec. I. a. chain for the neck or arm. Syr. idenm. 5"J adv. i. q. i;S where? i conj. and adv. if; sign of a question (-=.) an, num; "~.... * whether.... or. o'n. to turn. Ithpe. refA. 'm.n. m. Dec. I. a. thought musing cogitation. n^:.'n,7, see:'. T':.] -1 conj. and; but; &c. as in Hebrew. But Vav conversive does not appear in Chaldee. i)5 to buy; to gain; Pa. 'l, to sell; Ithpa. '11; to be sold; to be bought. 'nt1 adj. Dec. I. a. prudent, cautious. Lit. enlightened, 2d part. Peal from b'e, to shine. IT to feed, to nourish. Ittaph. pass. sT. to tremble, be afraid. 7i Aph. ST. to be proud, to act proudly.:T m. Dec. I. a. splendor, brightness.,i"!t Dan. 5:6, 9, lit. his splendors, i. e. the bright and cheerful appearance of his countenance. n:I to be clean, pure; to be just, innocent. ~ W f. Dec. VII. c. and I:n Dec. VIII. c. purity; justice; righteousness. i_), ash! adj. Dec. VI. pure, innocent. s4Yl f: Dec. VII. a. sweat. nt m. Dec. III. b. time, period of time. r. r, I 130 Th.7 Pa. to appoint, prepare. Ithpa. I Srn and 'I to tell, declare; to make '.^ 1~to concert, agree together. Aph. in?'c idem, Dan. 2: 9, Kethib. ',it m. Dec. 1. a. music. trT m. Dec. I. a. singer, musician. in m. Dec. II. a. species, sort. '5!. adj. Dec. I. a. and adv. little, a little. p:'T to cry out. ip.T m. Dec. I. a. a spark.;)" to elevate; to suspend, as a rnalefactor on a gallows or cross. it m. Dec. III. a. a girdle; a girded apron. Z'T mn. Dec, III. a. and '^. f. Dec. VII. b. seed; posterity; family; plur.families. nbzn. f: Dec. VII. a. injury, hurt. =:n= and ',r.n adj. Dec. I. beloved. -n Pa. to injure; to destroy, waste, overthrow. Ithpa. to be destroyed. bin m. pr. n. Abel. bn m. Dec. 1. a. and bnU m. Dec. III. a. hurt, injury. in anld t=:n m. Dec. III. a. a companion. 7'n to associate, unite; to put together, compose. Ithpa. to associate themselves: join together. fnlTf f. Dec. VII. a. fer. of 'Mn female companion. tn. in pause in, fer. dn, num. adj. one; first; before numerals, time, times; e. g. 5V,n: 1 Mn, seven times more than, lit. seven times above, Dan. 3:19. I. 'M, adv. once. sin; together. Wnrb_ very much, exceedingly. II. aWnM to rejoice, be joyful. Aph. to cause to rejoice, to please. gratify. n7in f. Dec. VII. a. joy, gladness. pnn mn. plur. Dec. II. b. breast. nrn adj. Dec. III. a. (i. q. Heb. itrn) new. I manifest. Aph. idem. zin nm. Dec. I. a. and Clinr f Dec. VII. a. guilt, crime; debt. min to speak in enigmas; to propose (a riddle). sntri f. Dec. VII. a. and,itn f. Dec. VII. b. a riddle. an enigma. nMr f. pr. n. Eve.;:-n to sew. Aph. to repair; e. g. a wall, Ez. 4: 12. I-rin m. Dec. III. d. a staff, a rod. Wiln and sn i m. irreg. P1. ]'n; a serpent. bin and b.n adj. Dec. I. a. profane; CO ll011. commont. L'b.~n m. emph. (tound only in this form and with suff:.tn);sweetness. 'rf adj. Dec. I. a. white. rT.zn m. Dec. I. b. and znr..n m. Dec. II. a. act of thinking; reckoning; account. fSn to see. tnI m. Dec. III. c. vision; aspect, appearance. ~ rn f. Dec. VII. c. and ItM Dec. VIII. c. (with suff:. tinln Dan. 4: 8.) idem. xvn m. (pl. jsiXn, const. '^trn, with suff. 7i n, ' "N::r a sin. Xtn to err, to sin. n-t f. Dec. IX. a sin-offering. r;:n m. Dec. I. a. violence; plunder, rapine. r.n to sew. Pa. idem. rn adj. Dec. IV. a. living. xin and MnIn to live. Aph. part. nKr preserving alive. fsln f. Dec. VII. a. beast, animal. In pl. m. Dec. I. a. (But =:,n and 'n_ occur instead of the regular absolute form,) life. bn m. Dec. III. d. strength; a host. 131 an: adj. Dec. 1. a. wise; as a noun, wise 'man, lMagian. t=n and Pael ctn and o~.n to be wise; to understand. X:='n or sxn:. (pron. hhukhma,) f Dec. VII. a. wisdom. 5n and `bn adj. Dec. IIt. sweet. tSn m. Dec. III. c. a dream. t'n to change; to be changed; to pass through; to pass, spoken of time. qrt, $,, (in the Jerusalem dialect tpbnr and.hin) prep. instead of. raon n. Dec. I. a. part, lot. =n m. a father-in-law, irreg. with suff. rtrn, Tsfn. s'rn to contemplate; to see. 'ni and an. f. Dec. VIII. a. heat; anger. yn to vex; to grieve. r-n m. Dec. III. a. wine. l'n m. p. wheat. n.:n f: Dec. VII. a. dedication, consecration. _n. to compassionate. show favor to. Ithpa. to pray, make supplication. ''r.n adj. Dec.'I. a. defective. ]}. and Aph. 'nrs to possess, to have in possession. Onrl m. Dec. III. b. power, might. tn. rm. Dec. III. a. clay; potter's work. 'nr to be deficient or lacking. Pa. to diminish; to depress. Ytn m; Dec. III. a. harvest. Din. and Aph. to urge, hasten. Part. Aph. rny_ urgent, hasty. in_ m. Dec. III. a. afield. ~mn to devastate. Hoph. pass.:1nn f. Dec. III. a. a sword. rutnmn m. pl. Dec. IV. c. diviners, Magians, from the Persian FL~OX), a wise man; or from Heb. vmn, persons skilled in hieroglyphics. )p_ to singe, burn. Ithpa. Pass. M. Dec. 111. a. loin thigh. n'n- r-i to burn; to be hot. Pi.171 M. Dec. 1. a. darkness. 711,=j-, and Tltrl adi. Dec. 1. a. poor, indigent. mu*,-jt to think necessary, with and Inf.; to be necessary. 1. tlj to be thin; to 7nake thin or sinall; to crush. Pa. iden?, 11. Brain to think; to reckon to the acCount of any one. to impute. Pa. to re-ard. Ithpa. pass. r-rr! to seal. =11AM to be glad.joyful. ad'. Dec. 1. a. fern. Dec. VIL a. good; beautiful. M= m. Dec. 1. a. executioner arined attendant. -Iu m. Dec, 1. a. goodness, excellence; h appiness. '11:: in. Dec. 1. a. a mountain; a rock. Heb. ni%. nit: adj. fasting. Ar. tofast..",:- S ZPa. to go out; to*',walk abroad. Palpel Uu to cast out to remove. -1U in. Dec. 1. a. clay. i ' U in. Dec. IV. a. dem m. irreg. enipb. plur. ernph. with suff. Gen. 22: 3 PseudoJon.; a boy, a servant. z to hide.' Aph. to recline for rest under the shade. pt; to throw away. 'Imt; and Pa. n= to hide. Ithpe. 11=-13 and'Itu'lx and Ithpa. "-=ox to hide one's sef M!= to err, towander. Aph. to cause to err to seduce. C= to taste; to eat. Pa. to give to eat, to feed. WO and C-TU m. Dec. 111. a. taste particularly pleasant taste; wisdom Dan. 2: 14; command edict -J tro m. Dec. III. a. loin, thigh. '_ ri to burn; to be hot. s.tnD m. Dec. I. a. darkness. iknJ and Ti'r: adj. Dec. I. a. poor, indigent. nrun to think necessary, with 5 and Inf.; to be necessary. I. bfln to be thin; to nmake thin or small; to crush. Pa. idenm. II. brmi to think; to reckon t to the account of any one. to impute. Pa. to regard. Ithpa. pass. Q.rr. to seal. "s.: to be glad joyfil. = adj. Dec. I. a. fern. au Dec. VII. a. good; beautiful. mt m. Dec. I. a. executioner, armed attendant. "-ut m. Dec. I. a. goodness, excellence; happiness. m'u- m. Dec. I. a. a mountain; a rock. Heb. 'iz. rnuadj. fasting. Ar. ~yj~ tofast. t. Pa. to go out; to walk abroad. Palpel b5r.. to cast out; to remove. ' n m. Dec. I. a. clay. bo m. Dec. IV. a. dew. o m. irreg. emph. 2tn; plur. "5B, -?15'.; emph. at, t b:Z; with suff. m1id Gen. 22: 3, PseudoJon.; a boy, a servant. bz_ to hide. Aph. to recline for rest under the shade. pi: to throw away. t'; and Pa. usq to hide. Ithpe. ~ t;1 and't;u', and Ithpa. ";arx to hide one's self. Mtf to err, to wander. Aph. to cause to err, to seduce. 3= to taste; to eat. Pa. to give to eat, to feed. W0 and STo m. Dec. III. a. taste, particularly pleasant taste; wisdom, Dan. 2:14; command, edict; 132 cause for trial, Ez. 5:5; reckoning, account, Dan. 6:3; regard, respect; _r ~. u W.;, to regard, Dan. 3: 12. t:- bs., chancellor lit. master of decrees. I. r-. m. Dec. III. b. nail, of a hunian finger or toe; claw. II. mm'- m. Dec. III. emph.:r.It, the blatta, a shell-fish of a purple color. T'. to expel, drive out. ^z m. Dec. 111. a. a leaf. qbme^ m. plur. emph. proper name of a nation settled in Samaria, origin unknown, Ez. 4: 9. LXX. TaptfaXaot. b^ Aph. zNr to bring. rnv. f. Dec. III. c. the dry land. cf. a hand, irreg. Emph. Wa and with a prosthetic slte, with suff. 77s, 1:79 ('17-t Prov. 21:1.) in9, 1311; (dual it?;) plur. n.. xTm Aph. Part. axirn and:iim praying, praising. An to know; to understand. Aph. min to show, declare, make known. 'tr, to give; hence to set, place. Ithpe. pass.; to be given up. '7rVs m. Dec. I. a. the Jewish people, the Jews. 1.VTni m. proper name, Judah..rrm m. Dec. VI. a Jew. P1. emph. tq1 m. Dec. I. a. a day. PI. const. fern. rn'' and masc. n7'. pair m. Dec. II. a. a sucking child, suckling. tO'r m. proper name, Joseph. "'rn Dec. I. or xtanr adj. Dec. VI. only, alone. an Fut. "q~ to be good; to seem good, i, to any one, to be pleasing.. an abbreviation. See Chrestomathy, p. 92. lb; and b:;. Fut. b5.. (and like the Heb.:t'n Jud. 14: 13.) to be able; to prevail. 1_ to bear, bring forth; sometimes to beget. Ds m. Dec. IV. a. a sea, the sea.,t a to add. Hoph. Heb. form; itin to be added. -r to advise, counsel. Part. a counsellor. lthipa. to consult together. i j.a m. proper name, Jacob. rnv m. Dec. III. a. proper name, Japheth. any Shaphel s't; and.2t. tofinish. 1'i to be certain, true. Pa. to tell the truth.:oy4 adj. Dec. I. a. true, certain; confirmed, valid.:'x h. certainly, of a truth. a'j to burn (neut.), be consumed. Aph. to burn (act.). consume. n^r f. Dec. VII. a. burning. 'pe adj. Dec. I. a. hard, dfficult; honored, honorable, noble. a'j to be or be esteemed honorable or valuable; i. q. Pa. to honor. Aph. idem. Aa m. Dec. I. b. honor; splendor; glory. Sometimes it has X prosthetic. U:D V.n- and:cM5w'l Jerusalem. nr' m. Dec. III. a. month. r. f. Dec. III. a. pl. 3:, thigh. -Tt:? m. proper name, Israel; the people of Israel. Ui in Peal not used. Aph.::tix to stretch forth, reach out. nr, Heb. r., sign of the Objective or Accusative case. -na or:n" to sit; to reside, stay. Aph..mrti to place, cause to dwell. 'o.t adj. Dec. 1. a. abundant, great, eminent; adv. mer. and K'crw very, exceedingly. 133 rMc to remain be left. Pa. 'nM to make to abound, to cause abundance.. prep. and conj.; like; as, as thougnh.:=3,.3; ='rZ and t^ m. Dec. I. a. grief sorrow.:= adj. Dec. III. b. (i. q. Heb. t,).false.? t. 'm3 and 'n3 adv. (=Heb. si) now. (?. now therefore. I3i adv. so. thus. t id. =F. l now therefore.,: adv. 2yow. Inw y hitherto. b,. to be able. Const. with b and Inf. In f. Dec. IV. a. window. i.. (only in. pl.) m. Dec. I. a. thorns. =:iz, (sometimes written -5iV) m. Dec. II. a. a star. J13 Pa. to confirm, establish; to make vigorous efforts. Ithpa. pass.; also, as Pa. to endeavor earnestly. '-3 m. Dec. I. a. cor, a measure for things liquid or dry, equal to the homer or to ten ephahs, supposed to contain about eight bushels. St2., see ~so. rn3 m. Dec. II. a. a talent. n3_ Kethib Ez. 7: 22, idem. 73, 53' 7 's-, s a, t3., adj.=Heb all, l the whole, every. I. b- Shaph. 3b=t to complete, fin. ish. Ishtaph. _tn~s pass. II. Lb_ and Aph. b:S= to crown, met. to adorn. It r7-~l and '*=- conj. and adv how! quam! as; i Smmz like. 1 t, f'.adv. rightly; thus.. then; therefore; thus. 513 m. pi. with fer. form, Dec. VII a. colleagues. LXX. o-8Vovhot. 'I.3 and 'i n m. Dec. I. a harp. Gr Kwvvpa, Lat. cinyra. x.2. adv. i. q. T- thus. ir: m. proper name, Canaan. ti3 to collect, act. Itlipe. to assemble, to meet. nSi m. Dec. VI. i. q..'im a Chaldean. |ts, fnlt and "'eD to lie hid, to be concealed. Pa. to hide, conceal; i. q. Peal. r.3 m. Dec. I. a. afeeling of shame; ignominy. Z i m. Dec. III. a. silver. |53 adv. now. id t: until now. 3 c. g. Dec. IV. a. a hollowu; the palm of the hand; the sole of the foot. ]3 to hunger. Aph. to cause or suffer another to be hungry. '5M Pa. to wash; to purify ceremonially; to atone, make expiation. r3: to bind. Pa. idem.:3q to be grieved. Ithpe. and Ithpa. idem.,bat=. f Dec. VIII. a. mantle, cloak. S..- m. Dec. I. a. a cherub. ltS m. Dec. I. a. herald. t to proclaim, make procliamation. Aph. idem. a m m. Dec. III. a. a vineyard. usin m. Dec. V. a. a throne. Pi, 'i m. Dec. VI. pl. rbtr;, a Chaldean; as astrology flourished principally in Chaldea, an astrologer. 't5 to be right; to be fit; to be agreeable, to please. 'W; and 't adj. Dec. I. a. and I.; a. right; just, upright; fit; legitimate. r. r.3 to write. i= m. Dec. I. a. writing; prescription, limitation, Ez. 7: 22. bnM and iZt mn. Dec. III. e. a wall., b. prep. as in Hebrew, to; for; of; i... p; between-and. 134 &~ adv. not; nothing, Dan. 4:32. ir. and r'$n. nonne? also, ecce! lo! Gram. ~ 68. 3. Nb and x. see sY.b and. see b. =~ or z:- m. the heart, irreg. Emph..3b; with suff. 5,.j.. ~-z, js t1; W i t t Li..T etc.; plur. emph.: i.S with suff.:b.. m. Dec. I. a. clothing; a garwent. j.3^_ f: plur. plants; flowers. ''. to clothe one's self. Aph. to cloth e. nt,onj. therefore, with prosthetic 6, "']T; comp. of' K and i, except (comp. Lat. 2nisi;) but, sed. t2r, to culrse, ti m. Dec. VI. a Levite. Plur. sb.. n1^ im. a sea-monster, leviathan. rn prep. to; toward; with. -3 and xS'3 m. irreg. enlph. i.i@bt; plur. p?"~,; night. n" a contraction for r xb b,there is not; there are not. tn5 adv. and prep. alone; only; also, It is strictly a noun, loneliness; hence with i, "t'i'nin, in his loneliness, i e. he alone. rT in m. Dec. III. a. bread. c ti m. a feast. Dan. 5:1. n.rb f. Dec. VII. a. a concubine. r 'and tT (as a noun, nothing,) adv. nzot; lest.:x1? that not; lest. bi. or rxb to labor, toil; to be fatiguecl with labor. ~.:) or tNsb f. Dec. VII. c. labor;fatigue. t, b adv.forever. 5 n m. Dec. I. b. tongue... and before gutturals, prefix, i. q. the sep. prep. pr. NM, n or -n-m (with Daghesh forte euphonic in the first letter of the next word,) interrog. pron. what? It is sometimes used adverbially, how? also in exclamations how! qudLb! XM as; how! Xb and 3Nc whither? why? NM N that which. nxr fern. nurn. a hundred. Dual.TXdri mn. dual, scales, balance. '-),IN more common orthography, t'%'", q. v. 7'W and pi m. Dec. I. a. a vessel; an instrument; a garment, (=Heb.,~3.) irM,-n adj. Dec. I. b. shamneful; asha ed.:'.._ m. Dec. I. a. afountain.,tn; f. Dec. VII. a. roll, book.;:i- Pa. to throw down, destroy. nl';Z m. Dec. II. a. an altar.,-T: f. Dec. VII. a. tax, tribute. By a resolution of Daghesh forte into Nun. it is sometimes written,".:, Ez. 4:13. ''ti m. Dec. I. a. residence. i'tn m. pr. n. Dec. VI. Media; a Mlede. 7"7c f. Dec. VII. a. province; land, country. MrTn or nr7' m. Dec. II. a. the east, (lit. the rising, viz. of the sun.) Ct~_7 (found only in this form) indef. pron. any thing-. y'n m. Dec. I. a. dwelling, residence, i. q. VP. Mn see e 2. nr.i f: pr. n. Moriah, a hill in Jerusalem. nir m. Dec. I. a. death; a deadly pestilence. r.Ir or rn, to die. liTr, emph. oiTrnfood; sustenance. tn and fina to strike; to wound. Pa. sn.. idem; also to restrain. Ithpe. to be fastened or nailed Ez. 6:11. 135 1 5 '^1 t:unr: f. Dec. VIII. a. course or class of the priests or Levites. an and n:z to come, arrive; to reach; with b. to coine upon, befall; happen to a person. b5:- prep. on account of;..m | because. since. b?- m. Dec. II. a.food. "Z or i'xu m. Dec. II. a. word. speech; commlandI. With suff. it sometimes signifies self, like the Heb. s3. So also e"n x'lm-, the Lowd. Jehorah. rr. pl. m. irreg., emph. tS', const. I and sometimes "ns, water, waters. i^: m. Dec. II. a verbal fiom '251, a plain, a valley. *_? to depress, humble; to crush. Pa. idem. s to fill. Ithpe. pass. Itio m. Dec. I. b. an angel. h~. f. Dec. VII. a. P1. wi', word, speech; thing. in m. Dec. III. b. salt. nkq denorn. from the preceding, in the Targums, to salt, to season with salt, in bibl. Chaldee only Ez. 4:14, prob. to eat salt, to derive support. According to the Hebrew commentators to devastate, destroy, derived from the fact that salt land is generally waste, barren; or fr'om the custom of sowing the site of a devastated city with salt. r-?: or > in. Dec. III. a. a king. ib. m. Dec. I1I. b. advice, counsel. rE>3i f. Dec. VII. a. a queen. t~; f. Dec. VII. c. a kingdom; dominion, reign. bq Pa. to speak.,4' and ]' interrog. pron. who? what? 'i 5n whoever. mr prep. from; of. out of; some of. (comp. the French du); because of; rather than, in preference to; after an adjective, than. — frequently takes after it the characteristic prefix of the Gen. or Dat. case, which is then pleonastic; as rnn., Gen. 49: 10, i. q. rn:3;?'f5; iy, Gen. 3: 24. Jer. Targ. i. q. ]'' ].- n. because, since.-:"~_-2] trlty. - 'p..] idemn. With suffixes p3 takes Daghesh forte; as ^r. 3n to nustber, reckon. Pa. ^, ^, and. '; to conl.stitute. appoint. t.^: i. q. rl,. q. v.?.:r m. Dec. II. a. verbal from t"^. (i. q. Heb..rZ, the Daghesh forte being resolved into Nun...-r_ also occurs in the Targums, e. g. Jer. 3:15.) knowledge, intelligence; the understanding; the mind. m;'3- i. q. wN. n:f m. Dec. I. b. rest; quietness, silence. nri:t f. Dec. VII. a. gift, offering; tribute.:.. m. Dec. I. b. number. ~:trn f. Dec. VIII. c. poverty, want. 'm c. g. irreg. (with suff. 7i5, pl. /Z or:,) the belly, venter. PI. idem. n m. Dec. I. b. (verbal from b oy to enter,) setting of the sun. P1. idem.;t~Sqr m. Dec. II.. a. disinction; division.:i mn. Dec. II. a. a planting. Naix f. Dec. VII. a. a command, in. junction. trr.z. f. Dec. VII. c. middle, midst. M.22. pr. n. Egypt. tnj_ m. Dec. II. a. sanctuary, holy place. 't m. Dec. I. a. and win m. Dec. II. b. oIrd. Syr. and Arab. idem. "ti to rebel, to be rebellious. 'nv adj. Dec. I. a. rebellious. r.m f. Dec. VII. c. correction; instruction. 136 ti'n m. Dec. I. a height, elevation. t'm to pluck off. nrn' m. Dec. II. b. oil. r.i' m. Dec. I. a. (strictly 2d Part. from 1i% to anoint,) anointed; lessiah. ^ri' m. Dec. III. a. and b. skin. '~'t m. Dec. II. a. a bed. _:?n m. Dec. II. a. a dwelling; a tent. '- m. Dec. V. a. (strictly Inf. from 7X.) a resting. Ipnh' fi Dec. VII. b. a fute, musical reed. rtn. in the biblical Chaldee, i. q. 'nt ' m1. Dec. II. a. a feast; a banquet.,trn f. Dec. V. a. desire, appetite. br: to compare; to use similitudes. Heb. bU. br- m. Dec. III. a. a parable, similitude; a sententious remark, a proverb. Inm m. Dec. I. b. and 5"f Dec. II. a. a gift; a reward. t5n r'7_ a gift of a reward, i. e. the giving of a reward. fInt f: Dec. VIII. a. (fem. of the preceding,) a present, gift. an: Ithpa. 3,-x to prophesy; to utter (a prophecy).,t,ls f: Dec. VII. a. prophecy; prediction. nT5:? f Dec. VII. a. a present, gift; coll. gifts; plur.,Ir-.: i-. and xn.n m. irreg. emph. t3-.; plur. t3" -.; emph. b*s3"? and K?^^3; with suff. I^t:;, h -?; a prophet. t..n. f. Dec. VIII. a. candlestick. ~: to flow. mt prep. over against; toward. 1t.: (found only in the plur. abs.) streams, rivers.!3 m. Dec. III. d. brightness, light, of the morning. "T, '"i?3 and 1'i3 m. Dec. I. a. leader, chief, prince. S?3 Ithpa. '''r_ to be willing; to clo willingly; to give voluntarily. Inf: r.7-ralr. as a noun, that which is given voluntarily, a free-will-ffering. r3. m. Dec. I. b. row of stones; structure; wall. t-: to flee.;i~ m. Dec. I. a. and with n paragogic, s., sheath; met. body, q. d. sheath of the soul. 'tns m. Dec. I. a. light. ~~'n 1. Dec. VII. c. illumination, wisdom. =t.3 to roar; to bellow; to groan. 'n,' to slhine brightly. Pa. 'It to en. lighten. Ithpa. pass. 'l: m. Dec. II. a. a stream. ':l toflee. mn: to rest; Aphel n.1^ to cause to rest, to give rest. ti1 f: Dec. VII. c. and '.; f. Dec. VII. b. a dunghill. ].3 m. De.. a. a fish. ': m. Dec. I..fire. pT: to szffr injury. Aph. p?'S or FI.,n to injure. njm: m. Dec. I. a. brass. rn: to descend, go down. Aph. rn, Fut. rnr, Imp. In, to bring down, carry dozwn; to deposit. Hoph. nt_:i to be brought down, deposed. tiu3 m. Dec. I. a. an observer, one who keeps (e. g. a law.) bS to lift up, elevate. l.: to keep, preserve; to observe, regard. rinr m. Dec. I. a. a sweet odor, hence an acceptable sacrifice. Ozs, 0o in. Dec. III. b. wealth 3 I Ir 137 ptnoer, strength, of body or mind. P1. riches.. n:: to bite. n.: in. Dec. III. b. a leopard. o:. to take; to receive. rn_ to take away, remove; to pull asunder. Ithpe. pass. q;3 and Pa. to pour out; to offer. ic. m. Dec. III. b. libation. drink-offering. p to ascend. Aph. ip to take up, cause to ascend. Hoph. p~;n pass. of Aph. 5. FPut. bv to fal; to fall down; to be thrown down; tofall out, hap- i pen. p~ to go out, to depart; to come fJrth. S.:; f. Dec. VII. a. expense, cost. t22 or ':3 c. g. Dec. III. a. and Sf: f. Dec. VII. a. ife; soul; self; a living being. 3: m. Dec. III. b. a planting; a plant.:qS: f. Dec. VII. a. strength solidity, firmness. ra to quarrel, contend. Pa. id. nx. to conquer, surpass, prevail over, be superior to. Ithpe. Pa. and Ithpa. idem. i:. to liberate, deliver. Aph. idem. ty: and '?~ adj. Dec. IV. b. pure. l'j to smite, strike. &? to take; to take away. Ithpa. to rise up against, with i. rt; to forget; Ithpe. toforget; to be Jorgotten. j.:. irreg. P1. of Kt. tcu5. f. Dec. VII. a. breath, life. u: m.H, Dec. III. b. an eagle..n'. m. Dec. I. a. letter, public letter. Persian,;: to give. Gram. ~ 18. note 2. 'r.n to fall off as leaves or fruit. Aph. to shake or strip off. x: - sanzbuca, a f. Gr. CrajkflV'K1j, three-cornered stri n cred. instrumerit, similar to the harp. to erect. Poal. to be erected. to bear. stistain; to expect, Dan. 25 to consider; to suppose; with lo hope in. r) to be numerous; to be increased. A ph - to cause to increase S to mulI ip 1g. 'Z to fall prostrate, to worship, coas4rued witt, m. Dec,. 1. a. uffliction. DO ad Dee. 1. a. 9nuch; many.,Z? m. Dee. 111. b. deputy, governor..1= to shut up. f. i. q. GrCek o-'vjiOwvL'a. a T '. 1. bag-pipe. m. Dee. 1. a. an end. Z11t) to come to an end, to be fufllled, spoken of a prediction. Aph. to put an end to any thing. 'I-It) to recede; to go aside.,Mnlt) m. Dee. 1. b. perverseness; a crvine. J-rjq to drive out, expel.,la m. Deo. 111. b. side; extreinny.,net) m. Dee. 11. b. the 7noon. and J-'lp m. Dee. 1. a. i. q. '!iO end, extremity. to understand. Ithpa. .'rr-itM to look at; to reflect; to consider; const. with =I rl, etc. pt? to try, pr ve. Ithpa. and Aph. 11dem. adj. Dee. 11. a.foolish, unwise. jn:zt) or adj. Dee. 1. b. intelligent; prudent. pq or to ascend, go up. Pa. to cause to ascend; to take away; to destroy. '9M adj. Dee. 1. a. perverse., m. pr. n. Sammael, an evil angel, sometimes called the angel xN: f. Gr. aatxfivKy, sanzbuca, a three-cornered stringed instrument, similar to the harp..Zo to erect. Poal. to be erected.:?b to bear. sustain; to expect, Dan. 7 25; to consider; to suppose; with l, to hope iz. CO to be numerous; to be increased. Aph. to cause to increase; to multiply. 'b to fall prostrate, to worship, construed with b. 1I. m. Dec. I. a. affliction. |DO? adj. Dec. I. a. much; many. ](r m. Dec. 1II. b. deputy, governor. 'a_ to shut up. ntibats f. i. q. Greek o-rvj^ova, a bag-pipe. t1o m. Dec. I. a. an end. 1O. to come to an end, to be fulfilled, spoken of a prediction. Aph. to put an end to any thing. t). to recede; to go aside. ]ynl. m. e. De.. b. perverseness; a crime. Jnf. to drive out, expel. qo m. Dec. III. b. side; extremnny. -nt& m. Dec. II. b. the moon. ^; and 'lp m. Dec. I. a. i. q. 9:t, end, extremity. $t to understand. Ithpa. r.mnt to look at; to reflect; to consider; const. with z, rnl, etc. ]:t to try, prove. Ithpa. and Aph. idem. b50 adj. Dec. II. a.foolish, unwise. j5z3t or irin.t adj. Dec. I. b. intelligent; prudent. pb_ or pr to ascend, go up. Pa. to cause to ascend; to take away; to destroy. tt?: adj. Dec. I. a. perverse. bgaq m. pr. n. Sammael, an evil angel, sometimes called the angel 138 of death, and sometimes, prince of the air. "rt) to sustain. Ithpe. passive. t:C to hate. x',:n 1: Dec. VII. a. hatred. IY. construed with., to aid, assist. Pa. ideot. i.'=r m. Dec. III. a. and "tos or x.: f. Dec. VIII. a. supIport; aid; strength. =0. (= Heb. 'p~) to visit; to inspect. 'Ir and 'no m. )ec. II. a scribe; a learned man. The emph. form is sometimes written W~oS. t:r m. Dec. III. b. a book. bs'' m. Dec. I. a. Plur. wide oriental breeches. ~i1pn f Dec. VII. c. vanity; vacuity. Ti mn. Dec. II. b. prefect, president. 'ir Pa. "I' to hide, to conceal; to destroy. Compare the Greek db/av'io, which has both these senses. s3 and i^ mr. Dec. 1. a. collective noun, (i. q. Heb. i,t); sheep,Jlocks. '"_ to make; to do, perform; to exercise (authority, etc.); to till (the ground); Ithpe. to be made; to take place, happen. Ithpa. idem. ':3 m. Dec. III. a. a servant. n',", f. Dec. VII. a. work, labor; business. 7'i to go over; to transgress. Aph. to send over, transmit; to transgress. 'I- Dec. III. b. that which is beyond. 'ln: ^-,, the other side of the Euphi ates. 1I prep. and conj. to; until. With suffixes it takes a plural form. q-~"i3 while... not, before, antequam. WT. )r,rf to pass away; with a to go to, come upon; to pass awavy be abolished, destroyed. Aph. to take away; to depose..n. m. Dec. I. a. conception. ]1s mt. pr. n. Eden, (pleasure). iY. g. Dec. I. b. time; a year. tt'? m. Dec. I. b. labor, work. Yi: adverb, yet, further, moreover Sometimes it is a mere expletive. S17Y and l 1Y f: pl. P,rI, iniquity, perverseness, sin..-. m. Dec. I. a. a boy; a young p". to be straitened, to be in dificulty. Aph. - 'x to molest, be hostile; to constrain. 'Y- only Dan. 2: 35, chaff. In Syr. and Ar. idem. t.-S m. Dec. II. a.firmness, strength. Sr.. f: Dec. VII. a. ring, seal-ring. ITYr mn. pr. n. Ezra. Nu" f. Dec. VII. a. counsel, wisdom, i. q. Heb.,:S. b3, xb5Y.. b5., antd b.r adv. and prep. above. L. bL idem. I.1T c.. Dec. III. d. can eye; a fountain. In the latter sense the plural is ]~'2. i. Pa. denom. to look at; to examine with ca7re conmp. Eng. to eye. 'VY mi. Dec. I. a. watcher. a name of angels, or of an order of angels, Dan. 4: 10, 14, 20. 5Y prep. upon; above; concerning; besides; before; against; sometires fbr bx, to, toward, etc.~t q because. X4Y adv. over, above, followed by zq. nf f. Dec. VIII. a. burnt-offering. Plur. 'rb,. nmy f. Dec. VII. a. occasion; pretext. %*i5 and o'rtb: or ^., forms of bY. rY adj. Dec. VI. upper; highest; emph. tnis the Most IHigh. ]i"bY m. Dec. I. a. the Most High. Plur. excel.?.1'3 idem. I f. Dec. VII. b. an upper chamber, a lodging chamber. 139 nba LIL to go in, enter; (of the sun) to set. Aph. $," and..'n. to bring in. Hoph. 5bn pass. tr5. m. Dec. II. a. and c:i. Dec. I1. a. an age; eternity; the world. Nbtx-'s or s o -r1- v for ever. s ni. Dec. VI. P1. S,,. an Ela mite. S'_n. m. Dec. III. b. i. q. Heb..'-, a rib. t c. g. a people, irreg. sing. like Dec. IV. a. plur. ~,3 -, emph. t: prep. 'with; in. Before suff. the o takes Daghesh tbrte; as '53r. b ~M and p": adj. Dec. I. a. deep, unsearchable. ~i: m. Dec. I. a. and b? Dec. III. a. labor, toil. 'nI_ m. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb. nr,. wool. M,: to answer; to speak in conversation. to begin to speak. M3, rn. Dec. I. a. a cloud. s: m. Dec. III. a. a bough, branch. r2 rn. Dec. I. a. mulct,fine. r n;: m. Dec. III. b. time. ^-Y see '3?. po.. m. Dec. II. a. or pt Dec 1II. b. affair; business. " m. Dec. III. with suff. ^r:'.; branches, oliage. ':n m. Dec. III. a. dust.,r= part. adj. Dec. I. a. troubled. sad. =rn m. Dec. III. a. and b. the heel, Heb. =2p; an end; a reward, Heb. t:^, to be crooked; to be perverse. Pa. to make crooked; to pervert. tp. to root out, pluck up. Ithpe. pass. '?n m. Dec. I. b. stock, root. i' m. Dec. I. a. enemy. n? and Pa. `ZD to mix. Ithpa. pass. T n m. Dec. I. b. wild ass. onager.,f f.Dec. VII. a. nakedness; hence dishonor. '.Z-,_, Ithpa. V=r" to be stripped, -rendered naz ked. s:'-? adj. Dec. VI. naked. The forms b3-. 7'a-,g and '~5-~:: are less frequent.:^? or 'n:? adj. Dec. I. cunniing. b9:) and.: Dec. 1. a. and:b.; Dec. VI. adj. 2unicircucised. =.2r.. 'z. y or:Z:Z rn. Dec. III. b. an herb; coll. herbs. '^ IT sX.-i.. ni. nurn. adj. ten. Plur. )^ti: twenty. rit and rny' to think. pzrpose. nV m:. Dec. IV. b. i. q. r:, time. "pr)s adj. Dec. I. a. prepared, ready; about to.fidurus. 'Prefixed to the Inf. it forms a kind of Future tense. p-:. adj. Dec. I. a. ancient, old.,n5 to be rich. Pa. to enrich. ~35,.in m. Dec. III. b. a corpse. inM m. Dec..I b. verbal from nr, service. CIm mn. Dec. IV. c. the mouth. i'rn m. Dec. I. b. a conmmand, precept. nm.n m. irregr. const. rhrt, pi. Ipn, governor of a province. itU m. Dec. II1. a. ('nnt Dan. 2: 41.) a potter. ijng m. Dec. III. a. an under-garment, perhaps breeches. Kethib Dan:2. 3:21. i, idem. jn. ('st Gen. 3: 24, Jer. T.) c. g. fruit, irreg. Plur. tB, triB, with suff. ''i Prov. 8: 19. 5^3 to divide.:B m. Dec. III. a. half Nb.i f. Dec. VII. a. division or class of the priests. }in. m. Dec. I. b. linen; a piece of linen. nit to serve; to worship; to cultivate (the ground); to observe or "Tr 140 t7p keep (a law.) Compare in Latin colo, which has all these significations. in_ m. Dec. I. b. service, worship of God. rpi~bs m. Dec. VI. a Philistine. pi.: and Pa..i to afford delight. Ithpa. to eijoy; to feast upon. 0t mn. Dec. IV. a. and b. a part; in relation to the hand, the palm. wv0n3 and ':rt. m. Dec.. a. aaXTrp, the psaltery, a strirlcged instrument. Hengstenberg considers it a kettleshaped instrument; see his Authenticity of Daniel, article Greek words. W't. and Pa. a-2 to deliver; to make free.;IMD Pa. to command. inlp m. Dec. I. a. statute, commandmrent. b.V_ m. Dec. II. (Gr. ~ 32, note 3.) iron. r;lS. to flourish; to blossom. b D to divide. it pr. n. Persia; the Persians. ^b_ m. Dec. VI. emph. NsVf1 Kethib. Dan. 6: 29, a Persian. 5_t. to render (good or evil to any one); to reward. Ithpe. idem; to take vengeance. p7t to redeem, liberate; hence Dan. 4: 24; to expiate, or perhaps rather to dismiss. t3. to divide; to distinguish. Pa. Part. pass. wr_ Ez. 4:18, distinctly. ]~~.., m. Dec. III. a. copy. rt:' to extend, reach out. 'n1 to interpret, explain. Pa. idem. Itn m. Dec. III. b. interpretation, explanation.;nn m. Dec. I. b. delicacies. richfood. tna m. Dec. I. a. word; edict; letter; thing, matter, like the Heb. '3. mrr to enlarge, extend. nrn to open. Ithpeel and Ithpaal, pass. Ir m. Dec. I. a. breadth, width. i:=S to be willing; to acquiesce. nis=: (Hebrew) armies. retained in Chaldee after ' and n'bs. ~::i f. Dec. VIII. c. desire; affair.:ZY towet, moisteLn. Ithpa.o 4S: ' pass. Is mI. Dec. IV. b. side.-t-'7 on the part of. —s"5' against. 'nS9 only Dan. 3:14. artI; 1is it your purpose? or was it your design? p"i' adj. or sub. masc. Dec. I. a. righteous; a righteous man. g. f. Dec. VII. a. justice; righteousness; alms-giving. a% _ rn. Dec. II. a. (S in otio.) the neck. tiX. t_ Pa. to pray, supplicate, invoke. n,5b to prosper. Aph. inxt to make prosperous, promote (a person); to execute prosperously; also intrans. to prosper, be successful; to be promoted. t5: and Ct m. Dec. III. a. an image, idol; form, appearance. nr1Y to sprout, germinate. Aph. to cause to sprout, to bring forth. ' in m. Dec. III. a. grief. ' iS m. Dec. I. a. a he-goat. 3 x c. Dec. II. a. a bird; a sparrow. ~n7.x or -'^n. adj. Dec. I. a. needy, construed with, in need of P i~p and Pa. to receive, accept; like - =y, to listen to, comply with. Ithpa. pass. b:4 and b4i prep. befoare; over against, opposite; because of. With suff., -;?, 7T =, etc. — bi; idenz. -S..b53 because of; conj. because, therefore; as. J.E adj. Dec. I. a. holy; as a noun, saint; holy being, applied to angels. W:mn m. Dec. III. a. that which is be 141 fore; former time, beginning; the east. —0.. n, (see 1J) formerly; in froznt; toward the east, on the east side. tni and ~? prep. before, in relation to place, coramr; in relation to time. ante. It takes suffixes like plural nouns; e. g. ~q~:, 7'. r. -?.:p: antequam.-0l:. often i. q. i3; sometimes i. q. Q:P " simply. nvp f~ Dec. VII. a. origin, antiquity. rW,., P. prep. before. ~r'i f. Dec. VII. c. antiquity; meeting, comling together, occursus. '"Vp adj. Dec. VI.first. &'.np Pa. to sanctify, consecrate, set apart. n.7p m. Dec. II. a. holiness, sacredness.:.p Fut. M.p? to rise up, to stand. Pa. D: to establish; to confirm by an oath; to swear; to sustain. Aph. tcp^ and pt, Fut. v:ip and::r~, Part. -~rnp, to set up, e. g. a statue, an image; to appoint, e. g. a governor. Hoph. >n'j., Dp:', or with the form of Aphel, tp.U. Dan. 7: 4, to stand. ]~.p m. Dec. I. b. offering, oblation; sacrifice, victim. ip to kill. Pa. idem, in reference to the destruction of many. So in Syriac. Ithpe. and Ithpa. pass. n=-p) m. Dec. III. b. knot; joint, difficult problem. ta. (i. q. Heb. y7.) m. Dec. III. d. summer. t:p m. Dec. I. a. a covenant; an edict, decree. t:3p adj. Dec. I. a. established,firm. M1 m. pr. n. Cain. t:nlE Kethib Dan. 3: 5, 7, etc., i. q. Gr. KlcapLs, a harp. The pointing is that of 'inn., q. v. i m. Dec. I. a. voice. P1. pip' thunders; bp' voices. bSp adj. Dec. I. a. light; quick, adv. a little. l.jz and mi'a- m. Dec. I. a. a girdle, a belt. ] m. Dec. IV. b. a nest, a hive. s:i to buy, purchase. n? m. Dec. I. b. acquisition; possession. substance. 1pp to be angry. to be in a rage. )]p; m. Dec. III. anger, wrath. Y'p to cut off, amputate; to kill. Ithpe. pass. rspi f: Dec. I. b. a part; an end. stp to call; to read.:P:! 5? and Pa.:r to approach; to touch, construed with I, etc. to bring, to offer. Ithpe. to cleave to. Aph. to bring near; to offer. np m. Dec. I. a. war, contest. j.p a city, irreg. Emph. sp, a>t, r'~n, I np and 2nn7ip; plur. ".', *' "]8p and.pp, emph. TT; ' ]2 and (IP f. Dec. III. a. a horn. Plur.?P, "inj and, with Dual form, 1.d:p. Y'D m. Dec. III. a. a piece, fragment. it m. irreg. emph. -t.p truth. -Nut.p5r indeed; interrog. indeed?-'-Si ^. truly, certainly. ntrp emph.:q Dec. III. a. a bow; the rain-bow. 1DirKp (Keri for tn' p, Dan. 3: 5, etc. The analogy of the Greek KiJapts would lead us to point the latter ^.pp?. The Targums have tinr' which appears to be the less ancient form.) m. Dec. I. a. a harp. tXt and ttt m.Dec. I. a. head; sum amount. Plur. ],~, lt.'], and once 9t&. Ez. 5: 10, chiefs, principal men.:3 m. Dec. IV. a. plur. a'jT' Dec. I. a. a prince; as an adj. great; 142 plur. proud, arrogant (speeches, or actions.) "tsr to be great or numerous. Pa. 9n. and Aph. 'l^3 to exalt. set in an eminent station; to increase; to bring forth abundantly. Ithpe. and Ithpa. to be exalted, to be elevated. ~m: f: Dec. VIII. c. greatness. irn and in'zi nurn. adj. ten thousand. a myriad. Plur. i.=r and il?. f1 m. Dec. I. a. lord, master. ere:' num. adj. Dec. VI. fern. sr"' n fourth. -.." m. Dec. I. a. a nobleman, prince. f'n to desire, lone for. Pa. idem. 7;n to be moved, excited; to be angry. Aph. to excite to anger. at m. Dec. III. b. anger. j and nn c. g. Dec. III. a. afoot. Dual and plural r1.5_. tern to be tumultuous. Ithpe. and Ithpa. idem; to rage; to roar. Aph. to rage; to collect together in a rage or with tumult. A m. Dec. I. a. aspect, appearance. Ti? m. Dec. III. e. anger. t.>n c. g. Dec. I. a. wind; spirit. tn' to be high; to be exalted. Palp. e'rh to exalt, praise. Aph. to lft up. Ithpal. to lift up one's self. tni m. Dec. I. a. height. In m. Dec. I. a. a secret. prn' adj. Dec. I. a. distant, remote. r= and Pael anM to pity, compassionate; to love..nr. i: Dec. VIII. c. love; affection, friendship. p.nt (found only in the plural) m. Dec. III. a. mercy, compassion. nmi to trust in. Ithpe. construed with bs, idem. tirn adj. Dec. I. a. sent away; deserted. n." mn. Dec. I. a. scent, smell. O'1, see V,. cn adj. Dec. I. a. high. sum and rnli to throw, cast; to set, place; to impose (a tax). Ithpe. to be cast. tIn to wink significantly; to beckon. `m adj. Dec. V. b. and Dec. VI. deceitful.,)3 and Pa. to sing for joy; to speak joyfully. t:' f. Dec. VIII. c. and?!tP fC Dec. VIII. a. pleasure, will; benevolence; delight. in.s m. Dec. I. a. a thought. i3t adj. only Dan. 4: 1, [4: 4] fourishing.:'. and Pa. h'.d to break in pieces..ar to trample upon, tread in pieces. 1' f. Dec. VIII. c. permission; liberty; pooer. a.d adj. Dec. I. a. wicked. GcUT to note, write down; to write. 3''n m. Dec. III. b. and.sA' f. Dec. VII. c. wickedness. xrr^n f. Dec. VII. a. verbal from rin, trembling.:i m. Dec. I. a. an elder, a man of grey hairs. x.3t, i. q. Xt., q. v. iry, i. q. tc, to be or become great. q'ti adj. Dec. I. a. great; much, many; adv. very, exceedingly. at:. to set, place; to appoint; to issue (a decree); CE cat:. to show respect; at:.;d to give a name to name. *1n: m. Dec. III. b. i. q. n:uo, side. Only Dan. 7:5, Keri. bSij Aph. i53 x to understand; to be wise. Ithpa. const. with, to consider. ~nmi=F f. Dec. VII. c. intelligence, understanding. Kt i. q. t:O to hate. (In Chaldee it is generally written with a.) Part. N]:i' an enemy. ':i' m. Dec. III. a. hair. tri f. Dec. VIII. a. (PI. ib. Dec. VIII. c.) a lip. '-n5 I ItC 143 1i: j lb~:, b~W or 51' to ask. seek, request, with - of the thing asked, or with two accusatives; to inquire, with b of the person. Mr. f.: Dec.. VII. a. request; affdair, concern, matter. 'Ist Ithpe. nxtr4 and Ithpa. r"^s-.. to be left. to remain. nSr, m. Dec. I. b. the rest, remainder. I. i m. Dec. IV. a. the sabbath. II. '^ (contracted from:rn') num. adj. seven. 'n^-. m. Dec. I. a. glory, honor. Mt: Pa. to praise; to sing praises, simply to sing. i;::w' m. Dec. III. b. a tribe. ^= n. rc.. Dec.. a. aflae. i': m. Dec. I. a. way, path. "~'=: ord. adj. Dec. VI. seventh.;'Y n num. adj. seven. See Par. XI. in the Gram. p. to forsake; simply to leave. Ithpe. pass..tra Pa. to terrify. Ithpa. pass.,'It to err. Aph. to entice to sin. ^yiW f pI. pi. and wi i u;wfe of a king; hence queen, Ps. 45: 10. 5"4 Pa. to persuade; to entice. 'n'I Ithpa. to exert one's self. 'I.' P-ael, to. set place. Ithpa. to be made, to become. b.jnm. Dec. I. b. authority, dominion. =a. i. q. 0^. i.t n m. Dec. II. a. beauty. Plur. id. '.t m. Dec. I. a. a wall. '5"'Tw m. Dec. I. a. a friend; a companion. ^tttwi m. pl. inhabitants of Susa, the winter residence of the Persian kings. 1tt' and 3'Or. to free, deliver. See Gram. ~ 14. 2. note. rv'r. adj. Dec. I. a. corrupt, wicked; as a noun wickedness, crime. tr. to discover; to attain, acquire. A ph. idemz. Ithpe. to befound. w to dwell. rest. Pa. j'1 to cause to dwell. Hence ~s?=2 f. Dec. VII. a. dwelling, presence; the divine presence and glory as it appeared in the tabernacle.,k, to be secure, safe. YT f. Dec. VII. a. and it f. Dec. VII. c. somehing amiss, an error, fault; a facilre. n^!. f: Dec. VII. a. rest. tranquillity. n'b to send away; to put of; to stretch out (the hand). Pa. and Aph. idem. Ithpe. to be deprived. I.:_. and:b' to rule. to have power, construed with. or 2. Aph. to cause to rzdle to giv;e dominion. II. zi. const. with M. to fall upon, attack. in:b. m. Dec. I. a. ruler, governor. ~~w m. Dec. I. b. might, power; dominion. sf.. adj. Dec. I. a. powrful, having powuer, const. with z over any thing; const. with b and an Inf. permitted, lawful; as a noun, a powerful ma.n ruler, oficer.:b_ to complete. Aph. to finish, bring to an end; to restore, gice back. int m. Dec. I. a. peace. prosperity. tit m. pr. n. Solomon. nrjtb f irrec. plur. T5-, 1t.5z, "l;1?t and a:; a chain.:', c.w and m~ m. irreg. emph. ant; witl suff. Our, jipn iW; plur. jntW, const. rt"r, etc. a name. t= m. pr. n. Shenm. ntz Aph. to destroy. ]6'~ names, pi. of' = q. v. art Plur. emph. heaven, the heavens. The sing. and the absol. plur. are wanting; const. 7t3. _wt Ithpolel t:na tn to be astonished, amazed. O 9, xv^7f (see Gr. ~ 31. note 2.) adj.fat, rich. 144.rm to hear; to obey. Ithpe. to be heard; to show one's self obedient: to be obedient or submissive. I In i. q. Heb. ]In'w, Sanmaria. wI c. g. Dec. III. b. the sun. taty to serve; to minister, as a priest, etc. '"-.. m. pr. n. Samson. e1 c. g. Dec. IV. b. a tooth. The dual form?3: is used for the plural. So in Hebrew cz.'5. a:t Fut. Tseri; to be changed, altered; to be different. Pa. to change; to violate, transgress; pass. Part. diverse, different. Ithpa. to change; intrans. to be altered. Aph. i. q. Pael. I. X:': f. Dec. VIII. a. sleep. II. x"4 and nr:' f: irreg. const. rnl; emph.:iW; plur. fi'V; a year; collectively in the singular, years. }:w adj. Dec. I. a. fern. t:' Dec. VII. a. sharp. r' n m. Dec. I. b. edge; point. ~i f~ irreg. emph. xrqt: and tb.; plur. Ip; an hour; a moment, any short period of time. rn-t Ithpa. %!:4m to narrate, tell; to enumerate; to speak. rls m. Dec. II. a. ajudge. ~ ~ or.smw f1 Dec. VII. c. bruising, trampling under foot; perhaps Gen. 3:15, Pseudo-Jon. and Jer. Targ. safety, deliverance; or remedy. Wt Aph. to bring down, humble; to oppress, subdue..Mrj adj. Dec. III. low. 'Itu to befair; to be agreeable. 'pt adj. Dec. I. a. leg. 1'tli~ m. Dec. I. a. dawn of the morning. I. 'cT4, xNy and,n't, to dwell; to slop, rest. Aph. to cause to dwell or remain. II. WitJ and nr5 to loosen; Part..': loose, at liberty; to solve, ex plain. Pa. idem; also to begin. Ithpa. to be loosed, spoken of the joints, to become powerless. 5'i m. Dec. III. e. a root. ~tS.: Dec. VII. c. and t tw. f: Dec. VII, b. eradication; met. banishment. rn and rti num. adj. Dec. IV. b. six. PI. ';wI sixty. xanS and Itrri to drink. Construed with - denoting the vessel out of which any one drinks.,t'l to found: establish, colfirm. Aphel idem. pnri t'bbe silent, keep silence..?ti., defectively written; see s:Sn f: Dec. VII. a. (PI. le.g c.. Dec. 1.) afig-tree; a fig.:,r part. adj. Dec. I. a. fragile, weak, easy to be broken. 'sn to break, to break in pieces.. Pa. idenm. ithpe. and Ithpa. pass. 'mn m. Dec. III. b. and a-tn f. Dec. VII. a. contention, strife. Km-,'n fern. Dec. VII. a. revolving in a circle; hence, continuance.^^7n' constantly, continually.:r. to return; to turn away, to avert. Aph. to return (act.), to restore.,nt to be astonished; to be terrified, to tremble for fear. si'nm f Dec. VIII. a. a generation; a nation, tribe. KSijt. f. emph. t:(pqI.n, cause, occasion. t.itrn m. Dec. II. a. strength, might. min i. q. Heb. tIu, m. Dec. I. a. an ox. xt..tarn f. Dec. VIII. a. praise; a song of praise; any song. nrnn prep. under. It takes the suffixes of plural nouns. rnn idem. rlzrn 145 s^rSn ff. Dec. VII. a. desire, appetite.;'n Aph. mrn to prepare. rn M. Dec. III. a. i. q. Heb.:b, snZow..t: adj. Dec. I. a. elevated; fortified.,tn f: (masc. trbh, const. m. nnrr c 1M"), numn. adj. three. Plur. r..7.,. thirty. t-r.n adj. Dec. VI. third. Once written 'r'nn i)an. 5:7. tn (i q. q. Heb. ct), Mn, and I*tn adv. there; thither. are, iv'( 1 thence. ':nr m. Dec. III. b. a wonder, a miracle. r-' n f: Dec. VII. c. perfection; integrity. r~: or r,:r. f: pr. n. of a city of the Philistines, Timnath. s:n plur. i'~n i. q. im..n, etc. q. v..^n num. adj. Dec. I. b. second. r.?:!n adv. a second time, again. 2m. rn m. pl. Dan. 3:2, 3, prob. judges or lawyers, jurisconsulti. (Ar. 5i.l to give counsel, to pass sentence; hence mufti.) rppt m. Dec. I. a. strength; vehemence. a'n adj. Dec. I. a. right; fit, conve-!nient; firm. a (. adj. Dec. I. a. strong, mighty. rbn (i: q. Heb. b() to weigh. Pass, Praet. to be weighed. "pn Pa. to adapt, arrange; to prepare; to establish. Aph. idem. Hoph. to be reestablished, restored. lt~ adj. Dec. II. a. i. q. 'ir'..r~r to grow, as a tree; to beco.me strong, powerful. Pa. to cojfirm, establish. ipn and t o m. Dec. I. a. power, authority. cmn to explain, interpret. Part. pass. cmn m interpreted. "-m. num. adj. two; both. See Gram. Par. XI. and ~ 42. 1. a. note. 1-~m anum. adj. twelve. _^n and Pa...t? to expel, drive out..rn and Pa..n' to break asunder, to destroy. -'n m. Dec. III. a. and b. door; — 35 nnm the king's palace. trn m. Dec. I. a. porter, watchman at a gate. 10 APPENDIX. A. TIHE RABBINIC DIALECT. ~ 1. This dialect is so called from the principal writers who have em ployed it, viz. the Jewish Rabbins. Their most important writings have generally had respect, either to the Hebrew language, the Scriptures of the Old Testament, or to the traditions which constitute the Oral Law, and which the Jews regard as of equal authority with the Scriptures. These writings have been composed in various ages, chiefly since the eleventh century of the Christian era. Amonc the most valuable of them are the commentaries of Solomon Jarchi, Aben Ezra and David Kimchi, which are published, with others, in the Hebrew Rabbinic Bibles of Bornberg and Buxtorf. That of Solomon Jarchi is extant also in a Latin translation published by J. FrBreithaupt, (Gotha 1713, 3 vols. small 4to.) For a general account of Rabbinic writers, see Bartolocci's Bibliotheca Rabbinica, Wolf's Bibliotheca Hebraea, Vols. I. and III., and the " Vitae Celebrium Rabbinorum " in Reland's Analecta Rabbinica. ~ 2. The'Rabbinic resembles the ancient Hebrew more nearly than it does the Chaldee, although Chaldee forms are by no means rare. The following are the principal points, in respect to which it varies from both Hebrew and Chaldee. 1. Form of the letters. These may be characterized as a sort of liebrew running hand. They are the following: at bbinic. Hebrew. r abbinic. leb rew. 3 1 Ob Po t3 #1 7 ' 0 b t t8 ) S' 1 1 1 D m m,t s T t r pn P P THE RABBINIC DIALECT. 2. Vowels. The Rabbinic is entirely destitute of vowel-marks, with the exception of a few books which have been pointed for the convenience of learners. (Cellarius Inst. Rab. I. 1.) What vowels are to be supplied in reading, must be determined by a knowledge of forms, and by the sense in each particular case. Where however ambiguity would otherwise ex"st, the letters 1, t and ' are frequently inserted; f in such cases indicating the a sound (Qamets or Pattahh), 1 the o or u sound (Hholem, Shureq, Qibbuts or Qamets Hhatuph), and, the e or i sound (Tseri. Steghlol or Hhireq.) 3. The construct state of nouns often appears instead of the absolute. 4. The prefixes 7 (Chaldee) and 1 (Hebrew, for 'tf:) are employed almost indiscriminately. 5. The conjugation Piel is distinguished, by the insertion of Yodh between the first and second radicals; e. g. f'7 (='=.); Iiophal, by the insertion of Vav after the preformative He; e. g. o, (= r-. or tr n). Compare No. 2. above. 6. From Niphal and Hithpael a new conjugation is formed in Rabbinic, called Nilhpael, sometimes reflexive, but generally passive in signification. It is distinguished, in the Praeter. by the formative prefix p3; elsewhere, it does not differ inform from Hithpael. 7. Many words occur in Rabbinic, which are not found in Hebrew or Chaldee. They are, for the most part, theological or philosophical terms, and are not unfrequently borrowed from foreign languages, especially the Greek; e. g. jpsp, i. q. orr1jcfov. 8. Abbreviations abound. These are fully explained by Buxtorf in his treatise, De Abbreviaturis Hebraicis. Compare also Wolf's Bibliotheca Hebraea Vol. IV. p. 251. For the means of obtaining a complete acquaintance with the Rabbinic, the reader is referred to Reland's Analecta Rabbinica, particularly the first two works in that collection, viz. Genebrard's Isagoge Rabbinica and Cellarius' Institutio Rabbinismi. Danzius' Rabbinismus Enucleatus. Opitius' Chaldaismus. Otho's Institutiones Linguarum Orientalium. Tychsen's Elementa Dialecti Rabbinicae. Buxtorf's Lexicon Chaldaico-Talmudico-Rabbinicum. ~ 3. The commentary of R. David Kimchi on Joel 3: 1, 2, (Eng. Ver. 148 148 ~~~~~APPENDIX. 2,: 28, 29), may serve as a specimen of this dialect. The words of the, prophet are COMMENTARY. Pr~'5p ~Pt ['3 vtrc]I t'rt- r'irPf 3 t,~ it p ' i,rP i if rm i,,rp. 7irv ':tir.1rr VY'7' f'~ W7lp rrPZ rI rf -, ) ~ ':trr 7'1 tri lyr itrrr. P~i ~rml t.7 riP w irc jr; P:' r'r' rf-P; 'I:t S =P' ~Vb7 tP I)"r 4: 5: vi75 WP tp7 *nrIS Pr: Str' trrIn: ri: p [i~~ t~'r:'] i 5: Pr 'RK'r r t'r] io 5:yr,~r~ 1)7r P' T) 'C1.['S'P' ~ 717 ti) tV trIrS 'fi1 n S ' r:i' ~~rr: 7r7r: WI~r m'r-] t::r~ p7n' ':r t xhirain r, rw 'SP ntir, 'vi c~r'i rivi:t[ 'n r,] i rtr iLttv r tavp:p nr,~: tt':~ 'vri': vv iarvirirvi,'''piiixPI1 Ti1r, rIn'Ip I-Vi 'r':n1v Iar 1)I')P m_ i 4tvivl ir r vi~r::vi, vir' 'Sit Stli:' rtI =,nir'i S -ir' pPp nra:'5tiP eif::rii::'tP: tar ': t::P5.I Zf t':3fi: ri 1p pr Sm'- Dti'ri 717 I' r ':i n irIS- pM -7 Wfr I.11 ~T rI~.- VI'V.-1. 11 as ifChehad sai t r fl~ f (Ia.:.)fj) And it shal com to pas i P: rn the las days. He empoysi10- iP. )P r: the xpesio I afte this becaus he. had said "And71 ye shall kno vitha Ir am inthe mids of1-~: israel." His: meanin was,2 Yerr shl know.i cnow, but not withf a1 per1fec knowledge;1~ 11 tfo, as ye.-t, yer coninu to -)s,-int'v befo re e Btnv afterti knowtledgery the, timer~ wi t come whe ye~.~ shal know me wi.: th a perfect knowledgerand shall o longer sinrviz, i the dyso the) Messniah when it i wrtten thtrthesearthoo shale fulofmteknowedeafrheLod (Isa. 11:9s.)li a si vt4in11 i I,(s.:2. n THE RABBINIC DIALECT. 149 I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh." The meaning is, upon Israel; as it is writtenl in other places: all flesh, when the expression does not relate to all beings that possess life. but to man alone. So it is written,5 "Let all flesh bless, etc." (Ps. 145: 21) and, All flesh shall come, etc." (Is. 66: 23.) So, in a restricted sense, here, ' all flesh " relates to Israelites fit to receive the Holy Spirit. " All," that isj6 great and small; as it is written.'; For they shall all know me, from the least of them. unto the greatest of them," (Jer. 31: 34.) 'My Spirit," that is, the spirit of knowledge and wisdom; as it is written.5 (isa. 11: 2) " The Spirit of the Lo:(17 shall rest upon him." and the prophet goes on to explain,8 `; the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Lord." After their understanding shall have been purified, the power of speech in some of them shall be increased until they shall prophesy. For he says, not, They shall all prophesy'," but; " Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy." In respect to the effusion of the Spirit, he says, "upon all flesh; " but in regard to prophecy, he says, not all, but " And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy."' So he says, " your old men and your young men," not all of them. And this accords with the manner in which that wise and great man, R. Moses Ben-Maimon, of blessed memory,> wrote. ' The gift of prophecy (he says) is not conferred upon a man, even 1 with instruction, unless nature prepared it for him at the time of his birth." The sons and the daughters shall prophesy in their youth, like Samuel the prophet. And the prophetic revelations shall be given to them in seeing dreams; as he says, " dreams, visions." And such was the prophesying of most of the prophets; as it is written,5 (Num. 12: 6.) "If there be a prophet among you, I, the Lord, will make myself known to him in a vision: and will speak unto him in a dream." So also there shall be degrees among them, one more exalted than another, as there were among the prophets who have passed; until perhaps there will be among them one equal to Moses our master, (peace be upon him.)' And observe, he mentions three degiees which [correspond] to the ages of man, childhood, youth, and old age. "Also upon the servants;" as it is written,5 (Isa. 61: 5,) "And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of the alien shall be your ploughmen and your vine-dressers." And even upon them, because they dwell in the land of Israel and serve Israel, shall be the spirit of Knowledge and understanding. APPENDIX. The expression pouring out of the Spirit, is equivalent to saying, " The Spirit shall be upon them abundantly," [so as to be] like a literal pouring out. Thus it is written,5 (Zech. 12: 10), " And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications." NOTES. 1 Verse 27. 2 Lit. he said. rPf is used with very great latitude. See below, note 4. 3 Lit. ye return and sin. 4 rpft, lit. concerning which it is said. t is instead of Sft. 5 Compare the preceding note. 6 ',:, an abbreviation for tWr t hr, Ihat is to say. 7 ',: abbreviation of e;V,5 the name, i. e. Jehovah. Abbreviations. Fully written they would read t;-').' pf I. p is a Rabbinic particle, equivalent to the Hebrew ';. ce is Piel (==ri). comp. ~ 2. 5. 9 ', abbreviation of:3.5 1:$i-r. 10 1,sfl, abbreviation for 1isft, which is contracted of the two particles,p qf e, even if. " ':, i. e. tilr 1rh. So the Mohammedans say whenever they repeat the name of their prophet. To the above outline, which was prepared for the first edition of this work, it gives me pleasure to add here that the student may obtain a good idea of the Rabbinical writers and their works from a volume by the Rev. Prof. Samuel II. Turner, D. D., entitled '" Biographical Notices of scme of the most distinguished Jewish Rabbies, and Translations of portions of their Commentaries, &c." New York, 1847; 12mo, pp. 245. THE SAMARITAN DIALECT. 151 B. THE SAMARITAN DIALECT. ~ 1. The Samaritan, like the Rabbinic, holds a place between Hebrew and Chaldee. See above. Intr. 2. note 2. A brief view of it will therefore be appropriate in this Appendix. ~ 2. Its characters are those which, among all the oriental alphabets, most nearly resemble the letters fbund on ancient Hebrew coins; and hence we may infer were essentially the same with the Hebrew letters before the Babylonish captivity. See above, Gram. ~ 1. They are as follows: A P r ' () Q n 1: 1 C^ 3 A ' ^ T 14 n V V The Samaritan has no peculiar forms for final letters, nor does it exhibit any vowel points. ~ 3. The following are the principal grammatical peculiarities of this dialect. 1. Nouns have, as in Chaldee and Syriac, an Emphatic State, but employ t instead of A in forming its termination. 2. Masculine nouns usually form the plural, as in Hebrew, by the termination am(, although plurals ending in i are also found. Feminines form their plurals, like the Chaldee, in an, but written JA with A as a mater lectionis. 3. The personal pronouns, both separate and suffixed, nearly all agree with the Hebrew; the demonstrative and relative with the Chaldee. 4. The conjugations of verbs are the same as in Chaldee. and the inflection almost the same throughout. 5. Vav conversive is not found. 6. Their punctuation is peculiar. A single dot (*) is placed after * This form of the letter Nun, which appears in some alphabets, seems to have been invented by the type-founders to get rid of the close resemblance between Nun and Pe. It is not sustained by MSS. or old editions. See Walton, Castell, Cellarius, &c. passim. The forms of Pe and Nun are confounded in the Samaritan alphabets given in several of our Hebrew grammars. 152 APPENDIX. every word; two dots placed horizontally (*) are sometimes employed fbr a colon; and two placed perpendicularly (:) or three (<) with or without additional lines, ( —.) or (=:) or (-<+) for a period. ~ 4. The first five verses of Genesis. taken from the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, may serve as a specimen of this dialect. As it is without points I will place the pronunciation in Chaldee letters at the right. Samaritan ~ext~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e Samaritan Text. * tte 'T tfiA^ Wi (1) t m^t +aA -m *.Z'A XV92ft (2): VSA4kAmt^ GUQA 'ZV ' ftS'Mt 4^1^fZA!7ttRl< +fA f^tA 4TMAV (3): ~Tj<:9ft '~flp^ t4fl 'ffl A+ 'HZA 'tflwfl (4) >utq t 9tmg 'jt arqx pVw^ (5):^%A"4 '~IJ9v Pronunciation. '-: - T T - d tri r nn ' r: rT nn^15'1r nlyi rriai - - -: -,... T T ~-: T n -: T -: - ': T; - T ': T: - -: - T ~. TnT n: T TT * T: T T T T - T ' T. NOTE. The first word is m.n2i r contracted from mmr.n~' beginning. The second is a quadriliteral tb,- he created, not found in the cognate dialects. The rest of these five verses may be said to be almost entirely Chaldee. ~ 5. For full information respecting the Samaritan dialect and version 3f the Pentateuch, consult Io. Morinus, Opuscula Hebreo-Samaritana. Walton, Prolegomena to the Polyglott Bible, ch. 11. Castell, Heptaglott Lexicon, and Grammar prefixed. Chr. Cellarius, Horae Samaritanae, and Uhlemann, Institutiones Linguae Samaritanae. THE END. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE,',... AiSt 4, 1t3 JUtL2i' /i.-i-'" t'" UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 00226 6685 I I. r". ~JiF: \ 1: -i rv! -: A: t; i t _ d no~ ~~~~ | 1:"sl0~::: P DO NOT REMIOVE OR MUTILATE CARD VA i i I I q 411