THE TROADES OF EURIPIDES.




8    — mm




Claszscat Secries.
THE
TROADES OF EURIPIDES


WITH REVISED TEXT AND NOT'ES
BY
ROBERT YELVERTON TYRRELL, LITT.D.
FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, AND REGIL'S PROFESSOR OF GREEK, DUBLIN;
TTON. LITT.D. CAMBRIDGE, D.C.L. OXFORD, LL.D. EDINBURGH.
D.LIT. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND


wonbon
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1897
All rights reserved




GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY ROBERT M5ACLEHOSE AND CO.




CONTENTS.


PAGE
vii


INTRODUCTTON,
TEXT,      -       - 
NOTI ES,,
DESCRIPTION OF THE -METRES,
INDEX -  -     -       -


1
51
121
131


NV




I




INTRODUCTION.
THE Trojan Dames is in many respects the best of the
plays of Euripides for school reading. The four plays
edited by Porson are in the hands of every schoolboy,
yet they were chosen for annotation by that great
scholar, not because they were the best instruments
to the hand of the teacher, but because they are preserved in a great number of codices, and came first in
those which he chiefly used. At least three of these
four plays are less fitted than most of the works of
Euripides to be put into the hands of schoolboys, and
none of them, I think, are so suitable for this purpose
as the Troades.
This play does not derive its interest from the
evolution of a plot. Perhaps one might say that in
this particular condition of dramatic excellence the
Troades is the weakest, while the Oedipus Tyrannus
of Sophocles is the strongest, of the extant Greek
plays. The Troades can hardly be said to have a
vii




Viii


EYPIIIAOY TPQIAAEE.


plot.  It may   )e described in the fine phrase of
Tennyson as
"A fiery scroll written over with lamentation and woe."
But it has many conspicuous merits.    Its Choral
Odes are of singular brilliancy and skill. The Ode
beginning at verse 794 is a matchless piece of workmanship. In my note on that passage I have pointed
out the splendid perfection of literary execution
which Euripides has there achieved.   I have also
adverted in the notes to passages in which the poet
shows his characteristic tenderness and subtle power
of psychological analysis. The play abounds in displays of dialectic cunning and rhetorical ingenuity.
It should be remembered that these cL&8E[$ELS had for
the Athenians all the charms which a spectacle had
for the Romans and has still for us.
The date of the play was the eventful year 415 B.C.
It was the last play of its trilogy; hence, perhaps, the
almost disproportionate development of the lyrical
parts of the drama. The musical element seems to
have been, as a rule, most prominent in the lass
play of a trilogy.  The two other plays were the
Alexandrus and the Palamnedes, with the Sisyplus as
the Satyric supplement. We read that the poet did
not gain the prize, which was awarded to Xenocles
with the Oedipius, Lycaon, Bacchae, and the Satyric
At1hamzas.




INTRODUCTION.


ix


In preparing this edition I have consulted throughout the recognized authorities. But very little has
been done for the Troades. The edition of G. Burges,
in which the play is virtually re-written, is of no
practical use. Bothe's edition of 1845 is the most
serviceable. I have taken as the basis of the text
that of Dindorf in his Poetae Scenici Graeci, 1870.
When I depart from the text of Dindorf in favour of
my own views or those of others, I point out the
divergence in the commentary.
The Mss. on which Dindorf has based his text are
V (Nauck's B), the Codex Vaticanus 909, of the 12th century, and P (Nauck's B), the Codex Vaticanus Palatinus
287, of the 14th century. Both these Mss. are now in
Rome, the latter, as its name imports, came originally
from the Palatinate. It is the same is. on which we
have to depend solely for the last half of the Bacchae,
of which the first 754 lines are found also in C. It is
a singular thing that this C, which omits the last half
of the Bacchae, omits also the whole of the Troades,
though it contains all the other plays of Euripides.
It is strange too that Stobaeus, who quotes so copiously from the other plays of Euripides, seems not to
have known the Troades at all. The other MSS. which
contain the Troades are the Codices Havniensis (c), Harleianus (A), and Neapolitanus (the last containing the
Scholia); but these codices are not valuable for critical




x


EYPIIIIAOY TPMIAAEE.


purposes, as they may be traced back to V c P, or
codices closely resembling one or other of these: they
are all of course much later than V and P, and
abound in worthless conjectures.
The Christus Patiens, being a patchwork of phrases
chiefly from  the Bacchae, Troades, Hilppolytus, and
Rhesus, throws some light on the text.  I have again
toiled through this extremely dull drama, but I have
not found it by any means so useful in the criticism
of the Troades as in the criticism of the Bacchae. I
have carefully read the Troades of Seneca, and have
recorded in the notes such parallels as seemed
instructive.
On grammatical points I have referred to Madvig's
Greek Syntax and Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses.
I have contented myself with a reference to Liddell
and Scott, where it seemed that the Lexicon gave
sufficient information.  As it is possible that my
edition of the Bacchae may be in the hands of some
readers of this book, I have referred to it from time
to time, to avoid a repetition of the same note. I
have taken pains to preserve, so far as I could, in
translating, the dignity of the original. A boy should
not be encouraged to think that the Greek poets were
bald and frigid.  Translations of the Greek Tragic
poets like those of Professor Jebb really inspire a
learner with admiration for the works which he is




INTRODUCTION.


xi


studying-an admiration which rapturous eulogies of
the Greek masterpieces often fail to awake. At the
end of the volume will be found an Appendix on the
metres of the lyrical parts of the play.
The notes enclosed within square brackets with the
initials H. C. appended are by Mr. Hastings Crossley,
M.A., of Dublin, and some tine Professor of Greek in
Queen's College, Belfast. Other more or less recent
comments on the Troades have been drawn from the
Classical Reeview, Bursian's Jahresbericht, and occasionally from monographs, as, for instance, that of Dr. J.
Heinsch. It will be seen that I have received some
very judicious and scholarly comments from  Mr.
Stanley, formerly a distinguished student of Trinity
College, Dublin, a Scholar of the House and Senior
Moderator, now Vice-Principal of the Campbell
College near Belfast. I have also, with Mr. Way's
permission, beautified my edition by frequent quotations from his scholarly and artistic Euripides in
English Verse (Vol. II., Macmillan, 1896).




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Tav 7rapat 7rot'Pt OVXcLKa"V Ka7-EXOUcT',
ij wra/8wv Op 'w6ta Tpoia                  I95
(tp~ayoug dxov Tlyca';
XO. at'ai ai'ai.  7rotolg 8' OLKTOlg         o-Trp.8'
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8ivciiovGCr' ectaXX4w.                     200
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j5 XIKpI~   ra~i     E~vv
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Tap KXCI Va'V CtLO EXOO00tyEP
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Tap cX~iotTav Ocpa7rvav T'EXvag,
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Kplp7r78' OV8XtU'A77oV KaXXLOV(TUV,         215
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EYPJITIIAOY TPE21AAEK.         11


11


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(Lv VypcXL Vet K(tAALI(T7VW
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1 2


12       ~EYP1HLIAOY TP721A.XE~.


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EYPIHLIAOY TPSAA2E:~.


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EK.       JeW 70(-) 7rpo'c7roX0o~, CLt 7pL70fCAfJUOV0  XEPt
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CEXK' OvU'EcG-Gc  t &7i7VXOv 7rapeta~v.        280
twa mJot fXOL.
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7rXe/Ix icp K, 77-apavofJ.( &KE1,
0~ 7FCVTCt TQKCOCl' 4i0ad,                     285
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TA. i, CKK0/Jd'~,CLv &ipo Kaoavdpav XpEWV            29
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ti 7TCUK?)9 EV80V ci~UTAtTL OCXLE
7i-ij~rpc-t~v 'j irti 8p&5cn Tpwxae~ ~k~vq     300
w9cyco-Oai -rJcY8E NcXXova-at X~oOVl
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Oavle~v OE'Xovuot;   Kcatpia -rot i-OuXEv'OCPOV
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avoly aVOlye, fLlj 70 7a10-6E 7tpocrpop0V,     305




14


EYPIUJAOY TPMJA-EE~.


EK.  OU'K  (C(TTIP,  0!') 7rtAt~wpagTIV, (AMtX('  7(taL96,
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C MY  'YM Eva ' a`Iva.
EWCI  01U,  LIA~t ep,  CMI  OaKpv(TI       315
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Cuva! cuOI,                                326
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aVaKrOPOV Ou1pro~4w,                       330




EYPIflLAOY      TPP.2IA.,E'.5             15


15


XPeUE, lUaTcp, avayceaoov,
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(Pepovoa O1x-ra7av /3crv.
/3oaz-r 70O1  YJe~vaiov EU                    335
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kWo TrE /1EyaO)LV cX 7(1(0)  0t10, TCKvOV,   345
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7Fog CaMo9 (01 ()( o' yap 'pO' 7rvpqoopci'
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K7EVw yap at/r0P KaV7'7-Cpop7lo-w, 60/1ovg




16


EYPII1IL\OY TP21AAE,:.


'roioa)VCKa'     7raw fpO~   Xa/3oucr  EXoF,  360
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7ONLiv 8E' 6cew$ 7T/Ll8c mcuaptw-r~pav        365
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KaW TUAV  CKOU'Tl]~ KO?] 13W'f  Cj-A'V
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EYPIJIL\OY TEff1AAKE,.


1 7


eV?1i 7raT99)wa 7reptpooa4 J~ov X00
x"po'll/ 7TCpl~o-mxcEVTE~ (WV Cx~vv         390
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Ta 8' `EKTop8~ GTO XV77p UKOVCTOY L     CC
60lw  lokp al'ptcTT0 017(CrTL OaVW'V.    395
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El   tK~lWJTTO~ (V CtLVU       V
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ov Tra/La XCKp     0~yf      XO(TV     /O
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18


EYPIIIIJAOY TPf2TALEE~.


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20


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fLXeI m eXe mt -LO 7(1( c' Opoveig, a~aC
oupatviov cMpavov cErI/3E/3w9
aO fpa T' (3u a9 7r Xcoq (3Xopevag,
(3v -ru   aOoA va Kare xIPTevOpa.              oo
av?    rpcqrt c            opOL,       io~p I'
OV   ALCVX O   (R  7fJE O'T   am al v       T TP
aOa7r-ro~, ap /L~3 oq, C/)UCE (3 7r01Vr7-OV G-Ka95/)O  1085
at-rcrov 7-r7epotcrt 7ropuc-trc
t71-7rofOo-rov/"Apyog, 'i'a -re TretQ
Xfi'va KVKXw7rt' Ov'pa"vta veluovrai.
TECKv1/0v &6 71-X1?oS ' v 7rl'Xatg
(aKp va-I Karaopa awcevei, (30r-t 003o,       l0go
Marcp, ilOpot, A5vav &' m' 'AxaiO't KOmt'~0VOTL
IrOEV a7l-~ mm/(aW
KVatl/aV CM vain'
ctvaXifatai 7rXa',aL~                         I095
Ij aXamiv icpav,




42


E'YPJHIIAOY        TP21AAEl\.

Li Srzopov KOpVo/JUv
"itc1rOmuov, E'vOa 7Fu'Xa9
HgOwoasca roxolvcrmu~p
CeOt ~  7 O   M v                      O&vrLcr-'p.  P3'.
JLcO   7A  ayo~ tot                     I1101
61+7ax-rov acpo~v va,  grr y'ov 71K~a-av 7rco-tl
Al'y/a/fov KcpaUVOoacE9 7up,
JiXwOlev orfe eE -7rOXU8a'KpUTOV
'EXXct~8t X,-rpcvuxa y&aOev eeoplt!ct,       1105
XPu(Tea 61 b"o7rrpa, 7rape`VW0V
XaptTaL9, exu-    Tvyx(a Vet ZAlo9q KG pa
m/cU yata(tv 7ToTr cOot AaIKaWVav ru-rpwov
-re 0a\CLXaov caeu1110
XaXKO7rOXl'V -re OaVv,
c6uoya/Jov aL'o9Xo cXwv
'EXXaft -ra- AEya'Xa                         1115
Aieca 7r aOea Aoawn-v.
Katz/al Katv(0v ALcTa(3UaxXOvC~at
xOov'   I-VYTUX/ifat.  Xeuo-crc-re  Tpdw)OV
TO8 'AcTTua'vaKTr aA'/oXot 1i'ceat           I1120
VC/EpQV  OLV  7r-Up'yWV  dlU7-K1)f.((  7TrLKpOV
A'ClaaOI' KTCIvIaV7cs9 EXOVTLV.
TA. IE/ca$3i;, VcO)4 /ICv 7r/TrVXo9 JI XcXELtkbeCv09
Xa/wvpa (tx7rt/\t7r' 'AtXc'o       0/C
1XEXX L  7WpOS   LKT 'L  Va G O XE IV  4 O W TLO a.  1125




EYPJIILOY TP121A\EY,.


43


avTo9 8 aL1')7KTaW NTCMeo`rrr8XE4x, KUI~at~ TrivwL
o3' OaGocrov OVECK' 1 X(,'Pt" fJ0vJ) ex(#)V  I1129
ppov~oq, mE-T aW70ro & 'Av~poudMaX7 7roXX4 3v &o'
daKplJWV/ '7(t)149, iI'VIK E a)Lf X 09'O
7raTjpav 7 atvuGcrrcovo-a KCai Tov EKTropog
lrttOA/3V 7FPOOG-MeV7r0ova.  Kat a~  iTlJThTTo
Odx'Vlat vcK3O'v TOP8, O~ 7reo-WP C'K TrelxewP
VlXIjuxv ai/nJccv "EK-r-opog -rO 017 7'v~   13
q$              )       owvO3ov -7 'A~ca&~v, X(A'IKOVTP  T7rt8a
r47vW, )?)v 7rarl~p Tov  a6A't 7XEL~up 63aX)Lcro,
W/ 1L VI 70peO-tt7L  HInXc'wg C/' cTP aP
EA76C TOPv (aIJTOP OCtA/LOP, OL) PZ)WIJGC7cCtaL
)UT)/ PE          d'l OJ  'AvpopuczXn,, 7rag opav,
aXX  V7-t KE8pov 71-EpI/3(;XWP TE Xa'Ivw0v  1141
eV -T/JdC OaXX/JUL 7wiaz' o-a9 8' C19 w cgca9
8Ov vai, 71-E7rXot(Ttv w4 7C7I-rcpia-Tl~ VCPE~OP
a-Tc~4pt'o OI ', O(71] (TOt dlj~AtJL, on) E'XCXE TU a-aT,
OIE3)jE K ' 7 (' 03,MOTO   a
E7FCI 3C/%K  KCLI O O~aTOTOU  a\~O~ 1145
xqcl Lc Ac-' auTJ-)P7 7ratda Pm1 dow't Trc'tjb(/
Wf9/ LIU EP 01/1' OT(tP a-U KO0WI1C17fl1 PCKUP,
Y~v Ta86 J7raI7rlTrXOPTC9 apOVJLCP 80/31)
a-i 8' cv TtXtcTta 77-pucrTc- Ta7rca-TaxA6LE(a.
evoSg /1EV 0o/P A'XOov a-' ('171raA(4t~c(SXO llw- I150
7KatLav8pt`OV9 ya'p TCu'a-8C Ji~~()VP(
A'ova-a V6K/3O' P Ka7rCP~ a I paut uPa.
(1)9   6~)T / yk 0C/LTV T( OUP le I   - t' ov
euv(~ ),)IVT(Or      TEO Ka,7r-O a-ou




44


EYPITYIAOY           T'PQIAAE' —.


E ( 9   L '   U V E A O V T O I K U   o p, c r   7 r w - 7. 1 1 5 5
EK. WAcr' cliapi'-opvop a(777/8' 'EK-ropo9 ru)
Xkv7rpo'w 0'a/A4 KO1J (PAov XEvOG-Tcjv Ec40.
(0/1( /0  A7 W   0 0   S O/E  7(p~))
TI TOl'(,  A xaiol, 7rcu(3c  & I'EUaVTC9  /O VO v
KaLP0V  81etpyacrcw-0e;,i   Tpo/a(v  7wo~r'  i  6o
7rceo vcroav  O'pOoxvTcLcv;  oX3cv  q-r  apa,
JO'O`Elc-opo~ MuE CVTVXOUVTO79 ES~ (30pu
&lwxxv,~0o~a /1up/ov Tr axxl79 xco~
7 O E 9 (   a 0 U(YG 179   K al  4cuy 3   5/ ~ p. uO vO
/3p&/bPos   T0r0 v(3' C'dCI/CtaT'.  013K  Ctiv&  'i3ot',  11i65
Oo-'r9 bo73urat,a' &C$eXO~w Voyw,.
o(, /JX7-raf, W` o-ot O~aT0aro iXO6 (3uo —ruyx9
Et A4EV  yap  MtaVE9 7rpO% 7F0A/cw9,  17l 179  TVxw'V
y4~o~v  TE  K al  T)7q  wr0ooeou  TuPUVH(3609,,WtKap(09;crO' (v,  et'  rTI  Tr V(3E  fctauploV.  1170
JVuv  aJ-r  1&OV  AIEl)  7Vvov   TE   a) lfl X IU~  TCKVOV,
01UK 01cY, exp)qGra.) 0' 01)0V Cv 600/101 'EXCol!.
d(oJTiJVE, KflaT0q (0g cT EKELJe V a xIuo9
TEL X'I  77talpipa,  A o  /ov Tup  UI T a,
p                         C)'7r U '   -,IOV -
01)  77 O X C ( WE I   7 TE0J -  PO CTTP UX O V   II75
1/1Ni'u 5 / a I'rv  Tr  C&OKEc v,  VOEL' cKYIEX(
OCTTE(:OXV  Pa7evTL0~V  (/o'vo,  (V  aLCTXfPCL  /1)I  \eyo).
(0) XC PE9, (0 EIKOV9g ACEV )7(3EtIa9 7F-CTP09
KEKT)00-o, CV a"p(poig (3 C'KXVTOL 7F-poKE6(cYOe G
LV  7F0;XXu  KO',17r0V9  O faXVv  ( iP v  LTT(/,  uiso
'( v~~ 9, E /EUTw',     J CT7  f~7T T(0VV X /X
wO  fkIJTCp,?Iu(3a,  7/  7roX tVp  O-oL t o r ~ w
7rXO'Ka/1oV KEpOV~JaCI, 7r-P0~ Tra"P/OV o' (4X17LKWJV




EYPJlrlOY TPM2AAKZ~.


45


K WINOU 67TU$W ew  (t''a 6i 601)~ 7rpOCTOi/50y/Lta-a
cry 6 01, A,c (IA  6y /~       Vw7EPO~v,    1185
ypau9l, 77TOXI9  TCV9,    O/iO  %t77T    JVCKPOV.
f,    I
a'i;rvol T7E KAiVCLt, qpovda l~o1.  Iti Kat TioTre
7pavi-teic av O-c f.Lovc-o0rt0o0 eV -raow
TOll 7rWa t 706 CKTC    VAyto 7OTE          II90
6clITatVTc9   ai' oxpo'v  roli17tiypuA/JfiI  y' EXCV y1 TEufO/acrt XCAK66OVWoY iTeavl.
co, KcuN~t'7fXVV ~'EKTOpO9 f~paX/'ovU
(T74o1()0- (I p10r-TO 1 /JAUK' aTOACT-9 (Te'06Fl. 11%~
(1) 1U9 cV TopTaKt TW KC1Trat T1Jro9,
t1T110 T' CV CVTrOPVO1g-F177-Pl~pO/L019 i~pw9,)
OV' CK /ICTWT77OV 7TOAAEtKI9 77OVOV9 E(O)V
C07-Tu v "'EKT(1p, W-OT-p10TLOC 9 7vCI at.
E/ /JTC, KO/X~t  aOI) t   T  1lVCp          200
eKc TWv 7TapOVT~vv 0il YUp C9 KCaAAOq T1)~Xa
OV117T(0V 6E f19P09 ocY-Tt9 CU Tpacrc-l CV 6OKOJV
00 mxatIPc  T0o19 TrpootI yap at Trv~ai
C/IT)]KO9 09 a~pwT9 (NNO   "XNNOG-C  1205
CTfl6OX)TO, K6C9 COWTrO9 CVTXCTOTE.(
XO. Ka'l /AIIJV 7rpO" XCIPWv alC a-01 (TKUAcv~aLTvv
4+/u7LWJtv PE/JpOVcrt KlcTfUOV e4a7rrtCv VCKp(p).
EK. (   CK'OV"7J,ov,o V' 't7r7rot-OCt VLKTI]aVaTa 0-C
oh6;Nuc~as, Tro'$00-I v, 01)9 4?ph'yC9 VOMIOV9  1210
TI71'10-l(TV, 011K C9 77/-fXJMOW'a 0hqp 0()ALe VO01,




46


E) P~rfIJOY TPf72IALE-`;.


ayrp     j 1po~(o     PTAT         y   a
0(~'7PV7    OT 0T7W, 1)11 de,?), OeC0-r7TyW
XcO  E   "vl,7rpO~ 6 KU' X/fuy37u fO-GOE
EICTCI1PE Kul 7ravT, 01KW) Jec(X7FWAca7E.     1215
NO. iF' OpfcviWv
MdIIYC. M~Oye~, 4 MYa~ CMJOI VrOT (01 CtVttK7Wf
7ro/\0).
EK. aIC cv    aMfOL9 EXPIV (TE 7Tj)OCTOECTOCUxp
ma-ri a/ov ylyJav'-ra -r7 U-7rEpTCaLT1jv1,
'lpyi ~r~w'aafa        C$VTT7W XPOO0- 1220
T1) 7, Ct 7rT7 OVICYC KaIXXLVIKC ALV/31WV.juyrcp crpo7,rcaiCv, `'EKTOPO~ plOA1)-aK9
a-coaEC oiL'  O(XvEt yap 01') OcLvola-aa-U' I7)1VCKfJ)Ct,
C77 CL Icrc 7F0oXXC0t JLCAxol 'I)7(1, o 7 -01(ObOU
KaIKOv) r'  vO-aUcrcrut  L101o) 7IfJJV 071-XaL.  I225,  a'a  7rtKp O')
06vppua yawia cr', d^ 7e'Kvol, 3e~e7rlt.
cr76VU~6, 1AU7ep,  EK.    loi
XO. lICK pIv WtKX0V.   EK. o'Imot.                 1229
XO. ol'/xot 6J17a croWv (tXacTr7CtKa~l)
EK. -rcXaMp,)crw IeXK~c1)( ~k'      crw'(' tacroiuat
7X1,'ALwt l)a-rpo'q O-vof.L EXOucrL, ratpya 01)Ou
Ta ElJ eV CK pOFT (PPOVIMlCE 7aTCL71) (TEOCv.
XO. alpacrcr atpacrcre KpaTaI                      1235
EK. (f'Io/J)01
(00'~-a 71)vaKEg.
XO. - -    cracr' C1)c7-c-rE   Opoe~ aUda'v.
EK. 0o1K I'V(cp   v OcocrTi 7rX)'v C'jot 7ro'voi   1240




EYPIYJJAOY TPf2IAAE~2f.


47


Tpotbc Te 7FOXIEWV CKKp170l) MfX0TMJELI?,
8k-i  E/01)OU-rtOUIev.  El 8 17mag Oco~
I —7rEpI/3aXo'V Ka'-W X~OOV',
molvlTatL, (Xo i &At 8OVl7E9 VTT 'Olg f3POTW~tV.  I245
'OX'TE  CtJI T "U"'N  VCK~o0V)
exeL y/ap oiac WE yE llCPTCPWV arcqPI1.
8OKWV 8' T~ig OUIIOlctL 6La'civpEl fopaX6,
et ltXOVc-ItO) Tig TCUe4TaW KT~ptO7JaXTWV.
KEVOI) 61s yav~pw)II E8a'Tt Tr~w ~tlVTOOV T6.  I250
EI (00 I (JO
e'X7r18Ca9 eV0 UIKTE`KVQVZC o' r
tkEdya 8'OXf3LGOE1g 0() 5c 7ra7-epwvV
8E1vI~ OWava9T 8io'Xw&aqL                    1255
EK. ea e'a
T VagIN IXWtLV Traia-d' eV KOPVE/atsg
XEUOc-a-w 0/Aoy7lZg 8aXo?-TI xcpaq
6l~p~CTcTro)Taq. /IeXXeL Tpoi'a
Kaiv0l IN KaLKOV 7rp0oTEGYco!Jai.
TA. a'do8J XoXayo7g, o'l TrCcXO' ef'L7rtJL7rpavlat  1260
H~ptljou 708' aawt, fA)jKcT apyovarav q5X6ya
~' X'~P~ ct V~l, a'XX a 77Tp mel)val,
(Al Ka  acrK z )al)TE  'IX/ouv 7r0X')Lt
aITTeXXW/XcO' o'IKad (X8ar7mevo Tpoi'aq alfro.
U,u cEFq 8', IV aVT-rO' X Oy-,o gCX QQ   Lp lia'J 86 o,  1265
X~pETE,  pow  7raL8E, olpOi,  o 07(U)
craX  ly70     w  &     ap~?)yot c-rpa-rov,




EYPJIHIAOY TP~21AAEI:,


7r-po vafk 'A~ai(-f, (4 C'xroo-rerXX\IgrOc 
TV T, w Yepwao ouucTrvxGTacuz-lu 7111,
C77-01.  /L0171/KOVCTL'V ~T 'JOUL(TTEW'w 7rapu  1270
0), cTE 60 X171V KX~1p0  'K7rEJL7rEL XOOvJ.
EK. ot o'y) rca Vata  Trobo di' -r5 Xo/crTOiov
KO  ep/a 7ravI'TWv TWov eALo) ll JJ KaKwiV
Ce$?fXL wa-rpuSoq, wroXt~ u'/5a'Tr~crat 7rVptL.
(Ixxl( /PIIVV~ 7lC~CTV/OX9                  1275
ws9 aO-7raw-wfxat my~ 7-rtatw7r(0po1 7ro,,,\w.
( ALEya/Xa &hror' JyrvCovcr' Cv /3apf3a'potq
Tpoi'a, i-ro KXELVO'V O'VOY' a1PIaCpI crct TXa.
7r1/x7rpacT Ga, j/LCt9 (3 ce~-a  G- Z16  Xe0OV()
(o ay OCOL.  Ka'aX0); 1280
KWt 7rptv ylap 011K IJKOvc-av (WvalcaxovfJcvol.
(EP 6 7flUpaV (3PaALwfEv, (V9 KaXXcTra` ffo1
eV Ty(e 7ra-rpL/& KaTOacLIEv 7ulpo0UItE6 1?)
TA. cv0oucraq, 63LKTThVE), T019 (T~UTJ/ KaKO(S'
aXX, a7"eTre, A~l) (/$E(3E(O0 03Vcr(TC(0 C Xp'q I285
69XCTP(L (3ojVa 71/11(3E Kat' 7We/LJArEIV 7EPaW.
EK.    rorToT-orOroT oi.                       a-r-p. a.'.
Kp~"VIC, 71p-ptra'vL 4~pu'yt, yEcVeTa 7ia-arep,
av(4a   Ua.                                  I290
AaCp8atvou yovas' ma( oia
7Far~tXOiue1 (3(0PKag:
XO. 6C'60pKCV, a( M     aX   r0X1
51-0X19 O'XwXcv o(38e'fl-' ~o-r~i Tpo/'a.
EK. d —o'ro-o7or0'0o.                       C&VTruTip. CL'
X CX\UM~7FEv ITXiog,                        I1295




EYPIITILOY TMr1AAE~.


49


7rEPYUA(W)V TC 71Vpt KaTCUOErtw 7epajA~a Kai1
aKpa Te TIr~X6WV.
)uaXcpa' AcfXaOpa 7i-vp' Ka~a~po/l~a
XO. 7IrTE'PVYI (3E Ka7T-VO9 (0W79 011)Opa'tU 7rT   ~craft( 80p'1 ca-rac/JOL vei ya.  1301


EK. to) yct- Trpo'qkc r~e TWYW /LV TEK PO)       O-Tp. 
xG. C');. 
EK. (0jt TJK Va, KXVET-E, j~a`OcTE ya-rpo' ai38a'v.
XO. I'aXcE/w 70ou9 Ouvo'v-ag W7TuE19.EK. yecp a ia' ye9q 7reC8ov TiOEW —a JACX  CIA a     130
Kai X'epa- y1aaV KTUlrvOUOa dt0-craig.
XO. S1a'8oya, cot yo'lu T/O017LL  yalta
70V9 EfJ.0U~ KaXoOGra V~pOEV
a'OXt/ov9 aKOt'ru9.
EK. a'yo'txe~a, (kepo/fEO'   XO. C'Xy/og aiXyog' ~o-q
EK. 63ozXctov U"ro' fLe'XaOpov e'K 7rc-a-pag cyaq.


I


5


H~p/a pkc Hptiafc. -vA kc~vo oX4cv09 "-rw/o9 aq~o9xs
a-rag leAa aic~9c
XO. pleXa9 /a~p Oc"0a-e KaT6KaXxffk
Oav-og 0to v a'voc-laig o-95ayam       11
EK. lw 0dwv ue&XaOpa Katl 7ro'Xi9 pt'Xa.  CLVTLOrTp. p3.


xo.
EK.
KO.
EK.


TaY (pT/3OV1V C'~r    q$'Xo'ya 60op   -e Xo'y~av.
Ira   esOXav ylav?~-re-ci-O' a'vWV)vvLOL.
KOV(9 8' 'Ta-a KCa7rV(p 7r-T'pVYL 7rp09 aL) epa 12
Wa'-TroY o'LICO)Y JIO-v    On'-el.
ID




50           EYPIHIAOY TPQ1AA~E:.
XO. O'voya 8e, ya-~ acavc e' ETtvr UaX-/a &'
a(XXO fpocidov, ovi&,Fr, ' Cr~tv
a TcXaiVa ipoia
EKl. xac'Oe7-', C'KxUCTE-;  XO. He1pyacAtwv ye KTv,7rov.
EKl. E'Voo-Lg a"7rac-ap cvoa-t~ 6E7riKLKG'tNE 7rO'XI. 1326
Trpomlefa TrpofEpat /jkXea q56'Epcr' E/kO'V IXV09'
6outXciov a/Le'pav /3(ov.                 1330
XO. L' ~raXatwa 7ro'XLg O/XW9gdc
76po~ep O'Jda co'v 'r 7MrX'aq 'A~wav.




NOTES.
3. cEItirrovuorv. This word properly means to unroll, as in
Hipp. 864; so also et. X6yov, 'unfold a tale,' in Ion 397.
But eieXiaa-ev often has the same meaning as e\Xiaelv, 'to
cause to revolve, roll, whirl'; the prep. merely indicating a
more complicated evolution, as in H. F. 977, ie'eXiao-wv 7raia
KiovoS K6KX@, where the child is described as being chased
round and round the Tr\Xos ro 78jprj, or pillar which supported
the roof of the house. Xenophon uses ieeXioraew ivv V  diXa7ya
in the sense 'to deploy'; cp. Lat. explicare. Hesychius has
eEXia-oovoat, KIVOVLt, probably referring to this passage. We
might translate 'weave of their beauteous paces mazy
circles'; cp. Tennyson, Vivien, "a charm Of woven paces and
of waving hands."
4. cLpi... irepLt, a common pleonasm, so K6iKXc rrtplt, dacl
7repi.
6. Kavd'crLv = rcdOirU, as often used by Homer in the phrase
i7ri TrOLutvJv ivvev. Though KavcL) and a7-aftj7 are both enumerated in a list of carpenters' stock in trade in Plat. Phil. 56 B,
yet they cannot be said to be expressly distinguished, as ~-acidO7,
'chalked line,'and Kavwv, 'rule' (as L. and S. say, s.v. crTdciOr]).
On the contrary, the Kavcbv, as well as the rTa-dOiuX was 'a red
chalked line' (rubrica rather than amussis), as we see from
H. F. 945, foivitKt KavO'L. iptoouigeva. So the schol. on iwr
a'0OTy7v v Wve has crCi'V, KCvVdav, K ravva, UEroeXrTW/lovov axoLvio:
and Lucian, Icaromenipp. 14 has eired Kai rovS T7KTOVaCS 7roXXdKci
EWpaKevaLt JOL aOKw OUaTfp7 TUPV 6'C0 OXta\wv &laetvoV rpos TOVS K7avOVas
a7r1evOvovTras dl& 6Xa, with which cp. Pers. i. 66, "oculo rubricam dirigat uno." From   this usage of getting a straight
direction by dropping a ruddled line comes the proverb found
in Plat. Charm. 154 B, drexvaDs X\evK7j cTacOur eiGtil rpos TobS
KaXovs, 'I have absolutely no power of measuring,' i.e. ' I am
51




52


EYPIIIIAOY ''PQIAAESE.


as useless as woldl )be a orTcd(,U? witlout,IiXTOS on it.' So
Soph. Frag. 306:
TOtS /leV X\yotS Tos (TOcTtl oil reK/laipofat,
oV f\XXoV i  XeVKK X\i6O XeVK7 UTa dOl77.
7. etvoLa. Constr. evfvoLa cpvyCjv 7rwoXe, ' good-will to Troy.'
d7reTrr7 cannot be taken with Tw6et, as it would require to be
followed by a genitive: ervota, else the final a could not be
elided; yet we have acvoi in Andr. 520.
9. IIapvaro-os = /wKevS.
12. o6XEpLov P&cpos:
"Fashioned the horse whose womb was fraught with arms,
And sent within your town its ruin-load." —W.
14. SoipElos. This word is here used in a different sense
from i'7rros DovprTeos in the Odyssey, and "durateus ecus,"
Lucr. i. 477; the latter words mean 'wooden,' but here, as is
plain from the context, aovpetos is not 'wooden,' but = iyKuuwv
Tevxuwv, fetus armis.  Cp. Val. Flac. ii. 573, "duria nox."
16. 40ovw KaTappEd, 'with blood are dripping.' This is
perhaps a more probable rendering than 'are ruining 'mid the
slaughter,' though the latter would be a better expression
and would involve the far more normal use of Karappe6: but
the slaughter was over, and the ruin was consummated.
Kpwri8(ov.  KpT7ris, Lat. crepldo, is the basis or pedestal of
a building, especially of a temple or altar, as here. Hence,
below 215, the plains of Thessaly are called 'the lovely
pedestal (Kpltr7na) of Olympus.'
23. VLKijLaL.  Verbs which imply the idea of a comparison
take the genitive; hence e.g. vWKdo-aats, XeiLreorOa, 7rept'yiyveEaaL,
6taq(/petv TLvo: cp. eKOaXX\\TO7-ErVo wTCao-wV yvvatKw, Hipp. 1009,
' was most beautiful (as compared with) all women'; voTrepr70e
TrS /CdXVs, Xen. An. i. 7. 12, 'was after as regards the battle,'
i.e. 'was late for the battle.'
26. ipiLa. This word often means 'depopulation,' ' desolation,' sometimes 'unprotectedness'; both are included in
Milton's 'ruin bare'; see below, 97, 565, and Frag. 825:
al yhp 7rr6Xet eto' avpeS, OoLK epjprlua.
27. voore, 'ill fare  the gods    without  their  wonted
honours.'   Eur. nearly always uses voo-eZv in a metaphorical
sense.  For BAiXe = 0bXec = solet, cp. Thuc. ii. 89, ^o-?ofJue'vwov '
aY6pWjv OUK eOiXovowL al yvwjla... olodato elve.  This verb is
also often used to express a future event, like our 6i/l or
shall as the sign of the future, as raVtrb  rirvat-riat 7roLetv 
rao-xetv. OVK ieX7oae, Plat. Rep. 436 n. The gods of a de



NOTES.


53


serted city were supposed to leave it, as no longer receiving
sacrifices; Aesch. Sept. 207, Oeovs I TOrS T 7  aoXovo'7)s roXeos
eKXel7retv X6yos.
29. POO, 're-echoes,' as in   P. 265, il'oveis 3o6wo-.  So
pooaeOat in Hel. 1434.
31. OQELt8ac.  Acamas and Demophon.
32. &KX9POL. Not ' unallotted' (as L. and S.), for we see inf.
249, that they were already allotted; but 'unballoted for,' as
having been set aside each as the yspas eSaiperov of some leading Greek chieftain.  Matthiae quotes from a grammarian in
Becker's Anecdota, dtKX-poiL 9w -rou KeKX\7po-6aLt, EUvpLri7&rs, a
gloss which probably refers to this passage.     The usual
meaning is 'without lot,' 'destitute,' or (with gen.) 'without
share of,' ' destitute of.'
33. Tip-lpevaL, 'reserved as a yepas Scaiperov.'
37. wTrdpcrTLv. For the unnatural position of this word, cp.
note on Bacch. 860, where I have quoted instances of the
figure called hyperbaton in Eur.
40. X&dpa.  Hec. did not yet know     of the sacrifice of
Polyxena; see 260 if.  Many edd. prefer oiKrpa of P to Xcapa
of V. The latter is the much less likely word to have been
introduced by conjecture, and is probably right. The use of
the word absolutely in the sense of ' without her knowledge'
is very unusual. The change of. to js in the foregoing verse
would obviate this objection, but is not absolutely necessary.
42. pJE0iK', 'permitted to remain a virgin,' 'spared her
maidenhood.'   So inf. 253, a ye'paas 9awK' X&eKTrpov 6av.  Cp.
eXEvU0paiv uieOvres, Hec. 550; and /Lei7U' 'Epyt6vr7v d7rob ~pa'yjs,
Or. sub fin.
Spofi&Sa, 'frantic,' 'frenzied'; the Eumenides are called
3pocLiLdbe in Or. 837, (cp. oLTras V6oos), and Xiaua is called iXauppa
in Bacch. 851.
44. rKOTLOV, 'as a concubine'; cp. 252, and Z. 24; the
word is applied to concubinage, acid6qsoVX7-TO yca/o, as a schol.
on Homer calls them.   Though 'yagie might for its form be
future, yet it is probably present, as the present is used
throughout, and Poseidon would not foretell this fact, and
this only.  For the present used for the future, to express
likelihood, intention, see Goodwin, ~ 10, note 7.
45. EvrvXovaca. The present participle, like the present
infinitive, is also used as an imperfect.   (See Goodwin,
~ 16, 2.)




54


EYP IIAOY TPf2IAAE~.


50. Xio-<raCov.  Xvirdar would also be good Greek, but it is
much more usual to use the construction of the accusative
before the infinitive, efeosTL (i/oi), Xvoaao'av (iE/e) Trv 7rdpos
eXOpav, 7rpoaevv7retv 7'v yi-yeveL iev dyXtrov rarTpoS, /yyav re
adilov' ev Oeos Tre 7riUov.  The difference between the two
constructions might be thus indicated by translation:  eECTri,OL X\vcar'j7 K.T.X. might be literally rendered, 'Is it permitted
to me, having put aside our feud, to address,' etc.    ee-rTL
IoI XVaaerav would be literally, ' Is it permitted for me, having
put aside our feud, to address,' etc. It is to be observed that
the construction of the accusative before the infinitive is preferred, not only when the dative after ~ees-rt is suppressed, as
here, but even when the dative after feoarT is expressed:
eerriT /ioL Xuiaaaav wrpooevve7retv, would be more regular than
e    ots'ri /0ot Xvadio-7 rpoaevveiresv, yet the exact reverse of this
construction is found, Soph. O. R. 350, evvre'rw    'e... da'
iyJLpas I TjS vPO 7rpoeavuav /.kTjre Tot'Oe g'7T' eie, IS OVTLn YS
rTjO-' dvo'iOiY  Latd'opL, where the construction is as if he had
first said Eivvrn  o-ot, ' I command thee,' not ivve'rw oe, 'I
command that thou.'
53. iwrrvecr'.  The aorist is sometimes used, especially by
the dramatists, when a momentary action which is just taking
place is to be expressed as if it had already happened, Goodwin, ~ 19. note 5; Madv. Syn. ~ 111 b. yve'a, erYveo'a, froOrlv,
caref'rTrvoa are the most common examples of this usage, but
we also find e6p6ovrSoa, below 1046; -  w~Sa, Mled. 791; Karedacipvca, Hel. 673; 'aar KTrepa, I ph. A. 469; eSdeCJLv, Soph.
El. 668; eXdprv, Ar. Ac. 743; eylXaaa, Ar. Eq. 686.    Thus
here the aorist gives the sense of prompt and hearty acquiescence, as in Or. 1670, Kai Xe'Krp' eir've7 'r' i'vKc aV &6t8  Tra7rjp, 'I
at once accept her as my wife'; and Med. 707, ov6e raur'
irrjves'a, 'I at once declare my disapproval';   ro-6Se 6' OVK
fp6opvrs'a, Tro. 1046, 'I at once declare my indifference to
her.' We also find in this idiom the periphrasis of the aorist
part. with 9Xw, e.g. alcveas 9X&o. The aorists 7veca, rywvesoa,
closely following present aivw, are found in Ale. 1093 ff., Ion
1609. Sometimes this idiom expresses, with a slightly altered
shade of meaning, impatience rather than promptitude, as in
Iph. A. 440, e'rr'vesr' XXa  aTree soUCirWv lo (, ' 'Tis well:
enough: go in.' To this idiom also may be referred a kindred
usage of the strong aorist in etirov, Med. 273, and the reply,
ej/aOov, or O lK 'uaOov, in Plato.
56. TLVOS, 'any of'the gods,' for 'any other one of the
gods,' by a common idiom; conversely, we find phrases like
yi-yas 65' ad\Xos, which does not mean ' here is another ytyas'




NOTES.                         55
(like the former), but 'here is another, who (unlike the
former) is a yiyas.' The conjunction Kal when placed between
etre and the second alternative in disjunctive hypotheses has
a special force noticed by Dissen. It always implies that
the speaker himself decidedly prefers the first alternative.
De Cor. 244. 57, etre cXvrjO7 7repi e/foO ^,lypacrrat etre Kal ju).
So here, 'from Zeus or (which is less probable) from one of
the other gods'; saiu/oves is here, as often, equivalent to 0eoi.
It is not likely that Athene should be regarded by Poseidon
as the possible bearer of a message from one of the 'lower
deities' especially distinguished from the 0eol as &aijyoves. It
is to be noticed that inf. 942 seems not to bear out Dissen's
rule, which is perhaps a reason for accepting Nauck's view of
the reading there; see note on 941.
58. KOLViV, 'that I may unite it with mine.'
59. vLv. When a phrase or periphrase contains absolutely
only one idea, so that it is really equivalent to a single verb,
as here eis OKTrovY X\0e is quite equivalent to i'KrLpas, then the
phrase, just as if it were a single verb, can govern an accusative, which is sometimes called the accusative remotioris
objecti. Thus vtv is here the accusative remotioris objecti,
governed by eis OlKTOV X\6es = YKcepas: SO in Soph. El. 123,
rcTKeLs ol^wyav 'A'ya/ge.vova, the phrase TrdKeL ol/1Cwyav = oltjw'ets,
and governs 'Aya/ue'vova in the accusative; and in Aesch.
Suppl. 528, yivos veoaov... alvov=y-vos eK veas atvet, 'recall
the legend of our race.' We meet the same idiom in Eur.
below, 152, 335, and in &Xea... 3oa rbv 7rpoborav, lMed. 205;
3oi7v go-77o-as diyyeXov, Heracl. 656; oar vc ae /aAos, Or. 1383;
eirev)qyAi)oaT'e rratcva "Ap're/Ltv, Iph. A. 1468; T6ve... 5iK?7V
uiLre/tLL, Batch. 345. See other instances of this usage quoted
on Bacch. 1289; and see note on 239.
The phrase, 7roL ' v'readyeLts 7r6a, Hec. 812, which is usually
classed with the above, really rests on a different principle;
the Greek poets add to the object-accusative of a person the
accusative of the part of the body (including (pevas 4vXi7v
and such words) to which the action refers; cp. jfieOs ye, 7rp6s
OeLv, xeipa, Soph. Phil. 1301.  Madv. Greek Syntax, ~ 31,
Rem. 2. See inf. 408.
60. KaTlOqak)wLvqLs.  Supply Tpolas from verse 57.  This
use of the genitive absolute is common enough, especially in
Aeschylus; see Aesch. Suppl. 115, 437, Prom. 880, Theb.
236, 263, A. 937, Eum. 742. A very strong case of this
genitive is usually recognized in Med. 910, where (as in
Aesch. Suppl. 437, if sound) the participle comes between
the verb and the dependent case; but Med. 910 is a rather




56


EYPIIIIAOY TPfIAAE1.


suspicious passage (see Verrall's note), and Aesch. Suppl. 437
may be construed differently, as he suggests. Cp. 76.
61. CKEiorE, illuc primum praevertere, 'first go back to my
request for aid.'
68. Sv &v Tv'Xn, 'at random.'
70. ElXKE, a vox propria for offering violence to a woman;
cp. A-NTL 7&yp \XK'reT~ (from the collat. form eiXKEo), X. 580.
71. KOS&v y'. The ellipse of KaKWS is unusual with 7rdaxELv,
still more so with dKouELv.  Nauck conjectures KOV &eiv' for
KoUdSv' y', as y' is omitted in the best MSS.
72. wrepo-rav y'. errparavr', Mss. This certain correction is
due to Victorius. There is a frequent confusion between r
and T.
75. SV8,voCrov vOr-Tov. Eur. seems to affect this sort of
expression; cp. ycd/jovs vaoydcaovs, Phoen. 1062;  vaBp-qv-,roL
Op7voIs, Iph. T. 143; av)-rp/ovous pOas, Hec. 193. We have in
Eur. very many adjectives of this form, e.g. va-ppws, 6vorpd7reos, 6voaiwv, 6vCOad'varTo, 8vUK\Xa5os, ao'vv/95pos, &Vr'Xopros, so
also  v-X6b)ws, below 303.  We find a rare subst. so formed in
3va-uXatia, Hec. 240, and a very strange formation in vuaeXva,
'ill-starred Helen,' Or. 1388; cp. va-7rapts, P. 39, also aiv6 -7raptg, Hec. 944. For uIevsvrwv in v. 76, see note on 60.
82. tr or-v, sc. 1dpos, 'for your part,' accus. in apposition
to the sentence; see on 386.
84. ILuXov, the part of the coast between Caphareus and
Geraestus, as Blakesley shows on Hdt. viii. 14, Ta KoiXa rOTs
E i3oilas.
85. Evireptv.  This verb is found with accusative again in
Aesch. Ag. 338, Eum. 260, 973, Phoen. 1320, etc., but in all
these places Porson would write eb af-3ev, " videntur tragici
dixisse e ag/3cev Oeovs et vre/Oqeiv eis Oeo6s."  Against this distinction it is urged (1) that we find evo-eelo-OSaLt passive in
Antipho 123. 42, and Plat. Axioch. 364; (2) that dae/3eiv is
found with accusative (which is very doubtful); and (3) that
it would be awkward here to read eI5 afee on account of the
recurrence of aefELv in next line; this consideration, however,
is not of much weight, for in Hec. 526 ff. XepoL,, Xepovs, XeLpL
occur in three consecutive lines, in El. 411 yalas and 7y5s are
found in the same line, 7ro6a is twice in Bacch. 647, rr6vov and
7r6vos are the final words of lines 127, 128, of Aesch. Eum.
For Ua followed by as with conjunctive in final clauses, cp.
1263 below; see Goodwin, ~ 44, note 2.




NOTES.


57


87. i X&pcs, ' the favour you ask of me requires but few
words' (to express my assent to it), viz. go-ra Ta3'.
94. Echj KXoWs. Used metaphorically in Med. 278, tLiaordcvra 5i7 KacXW, ' are letting out every inch of rope,' i.e. 'are
straining every nerve,' so eovtov eiUc KcaXw, H. F. 837, a very
fine expression.  Blakesley on Hdt. ii. 36, holds that this
phrase means 'to shake out the reefs' in fine settled weather.
Cp. Med. 770.
95-98. Mr. Way well preserves the thought:
"Fool, that in sack of towns lays temples waste,
And tombs the sanctuaries of the dead!
He sowing desolation reaps destruction."
98-152. I agree with Mr. Way, who imagines Hecuba to be
lying asleep on the stage during the dialogue between
Poseidon and Athene. Some such supposition seems to be
absolutely required. She could hardly come on after their
departure, lie down, and forthwith call upon herself to get
up.   The words OVKETL... Tpoias suggest the dazed condition
of one who, waking under unaccustomed circumstances, finds
a difficulty in realizing at first where she is.  Assuming that
she is there, it follows that she is asleep, or apparently so,
since the proprieties of the Greek stage would forbid alny
movement on her part distracting the attention of the spectators from the dialogue between the gods. In no case,
however, would her presence create any difficulty, gods
being neither visible nor audible to mortals except at their
own pleasure. This wail of Hecuba is given in the old
editions without any division into strophe and antistrophe.
Nauck regards the ode as beginning to be antistrophic at 153 
Dind. recognizes its antistrophic character from 122; but I
think there can be little doubt that it is antistrophic
throughout. By writing ala? for ala? alai in 105, and by
omitting T'i e Oprio'aLc, as very probably a gloss on rl 6& /7
cryLyd in 110, we have an antistrophic correspondence throughout. If we regard the ode up to 122 as non-antistrophic, it
must be allowed that we meet a very strange phenomenon in
so close an approach to antistrophic correspondence in a monostrophic piece. The metre is all anapaestic, chiefly consisting
of two measures or four feet (anapaests being scanned by
dipodies), each strophe and antistrophe of course ending with
a paroemiac; but presenting in the second strophe and antistrophe some instances of anap. monom. hypermeter, as
'EXXados eo6ptovs, as well as spondaic paroemiacs, as is TavS'
w4K\KeX' draV, which are not allowed in more elaborate anapaestic systems. Other liberties are the neglect of caesura




58


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAE`.


after the first two feet, and the admission of dactyls followed
by anapaests. In 122 the first verse of strophe A', a license
has been overlooked by the edd. which would violate that
synapheia (or mutual connection of all the verses in a system,
so that the whole system is one verse) which is the leading
feature of anapaestic systems. By the very slight change of
Keta;L to wKeiats I have remedied this defect; WKeiaCsc would
naturally have been assimilated to the case of 7rpCpac, with
which, at first sight, it would seem to agree; but it really
agrees with Ku7raCs in the next verse.
98. vva = aCvdarT7-l, as frequently.  There is no warrant for
making ava = avdelpe. In 544 dva is separated by tmesis from,g/eX7rov. The verb cvauiXA7rw is found in Theocr. xvii. 113;
Ova, of course, could not stand for dvao-ca, as has been suggested.  The T' after 5prqv was rightly added by Musgr.
100. Tr&SE, 'no Troy have we here any more, no more are
we lords of Troy.' This is a common idiom, best illustrated
by OuIX"EK7rWp rdae, Andr. 108; see L. and S. d6e III.
101-104. Metaphors from ships prevail in this ode (see
especially 117, 118): Kara propO/ibv is secundo fiumine, rpobs
K/,ua, adrerso flumine; hence Kara 6aiteova is 'as fate ordains.'
104. TvXaLS, 'tis disaster that impels thy bark.' 5rtxai
sometimes means 'chance,' as in Thuc. i. 78. But in the
plural this word generally= 'mishaps,' as inf: 349, Or. 4.
Andr. 973, and perhaps in 1204 below; 7rXelv TViXat is an
expression like 7rXe&v /oply dmy/zw, 7rXedv aampa K.T.X. Mr. Way
well renders:
"Breast not with thy prow the surges of life, who on waves
of disaster, alas! art tost."
108. gv'rTEXXO6evos, another nautical expression.
113. KXLcO-LS, ' bed,' resting-place'; for the genitives in this
passage, see Madv. Greek Syntax, ~ 61, Rems. 1 and 2; also
Bacch. 263 note, 693 note.
116-119. <os... AXyovs.  'How I crave to roll round my
back, yea my spine, and to toss it to this side and that (as a
rocking ship sways her keel now to larboard now to starboard) as I ever take up the burden of my piteous wailing.'
The aged queen, swaying her body in time to her keening,
figures herself as an old bark rocking on the heaving sea.
The metaphor is so powerful as to strike modern ears at first
as grotesque; but the passage rightly considered is pathetic
and artistic in the highest degree.  Seidler first detected the
nautical metaphor in dcApQorepoe TroiXO, a phrase often applied
to the sides of a ship, e.gy in Theocr. xxii, 12, dveppp7-av 8' dpa




NOTES.


59


Troxovs Ia dfore'povs.  So also the schol. on Ar. Ran. 536,
quotes from the 'AkfXK/v7  of Eur. these verses:
ov yap rorT' etwv ZOeveeXov e'rl r v elrvXT
XwpoOvTa Toxov -rs TrvXrlS o' d7roo-ETpevP,
adding this explanation, et'prTact 5  eK 7ieT'raopas iwv eTtrLaTSv
rTs vew's, ol, Oa-repov poU  s aClTOS7 KaraKXvuo/ui'eov, rpbs r6
i'repov /jeDiOoTavrat. For &taoorvat, cp. Or. 1267, where Dind.
rightly reads Kopas Ctdiore, 'roll round your eyes'; and so
&1aTp'xelv, 'to run hither and thither.' I take pLesOuv as an
adj., and punctuate after rotxovs. Mr. Way's version is very
spirited:
"I yearn to rock me and sway-as a bark whose bulwarks
roll in the trough of the seaTo my keening, the while I wail my chant of sorrow and
weeping unceasingly,
The ruin-song never link'd with the dance, the jangled
music of misery."
119. Trrwor-'. This is the admirable conjecture of Musgrave
for erni TroS, which would really give no meaning, for it could
not mean, as Hermann renders, ad indulgendum       perpetuo
fletui, but rather, as Paley points out, 'whatever songs of
woe happen to present themselves,' like 6 aci dpxowa, ' the
archon for the time being.' But Musgrave's conjecture has
in it all the elements of a certain emendation, for (1) it is a
thoroughly appropriate word in itself; cp. rovs dva7raiao-ovu
e7rtwJLev, Ar. Ach. 626; riva Louo-a i7r rEXOw, /lel. 165; (2) the
construction would have puzzled the copyist, and made him
write eirl roUs for eTrLoUa-': for the construction is 7rpbs 7TO oracu —
v6/jevov, the participle eirior'a agreeing with wroOC implied in goi
7r0os (feri) according to a very frequent Attic usage; cp.
&acSKO7rwsv oYv TorovT... 6o6ie eot, Plat. Apol. vi.; rvTrdpXe avTr... tLayovo-a, Phced. xix.; alwis A' IXet (aloL;cgat)... rTvyXaCvo'a,
Hec. 970. For further examples see Madv. Greek Syntax,
~ 216.  This construction occurs several times in this play,
and will be noticed on each occurrence; see 531, 735, 852,
1090, 1209, 1223.
120. uoiGcra. Cp. 605; the wretched are denied that enjoyment of song which in Med. 192 ff. Eur. places so high among
the pleasures and solaces of life: their only strain must be the
recital of their woes; yet even this is some solace. Xa6Trl = Kax
avr7): Kirch. and Nauck give KaUrl- = Kal atrUl.
122. cLKKEaiLS. See note on 98 sub fin. The ships of the
Greeks are apostrophized.




60


EYPIHIAOY TPIMIAAEi,


124. XCpvas is Hartung's conjecture accepted by Dind. for
XtuEvas, which was explained by a reference to the fact that
the ancients rarely trusted themselves into the open sea,
always coasting except in very favourable weather. It seems
nearly certain that Eur. wrote XiAvas, a word which he often
uses for 'the sea,' as in Hec. 446, Hipp. 147. Of course, if
Xt \uvar were read, there should be a further remodelling of
the passage, for Xt\cvas is a tribrach, and not admissible into
anap. verse.
126. avtoXv. The avX6s, generally rendered 'a flute,' was
more like the oboe or clarionet; ar7vyv'o does not here mean
' ill-omened.' raTvyvs 7raLav avX\zv is the 'horrid call of the
clarionets,' for 7ratav was the 'war-song' which announced
the beginning of the war, and it is called arrvyvos from its
sinister consequences. To perceive what the ai\Xs really was,
we must consider fouaoa fapfipoeuos aCwXcv, Ar. NAub. 313;
1l5aro 5' els Xpas /apuppolov abX\v TeppOetr' ciaXayaiyU, Hel.
1351; so barbaraque horribili stridebat tibia cante, Catull.
xliv. 264.
127. Ei>0/odyyw, 'the loud scream  of the fifes,' not to be
rendered 'auspicious.' From a fancied incompatibility between these two epithets (ei0Ooyyos and a-rv-y'6), edd. have
conjectured d60ddyy  for egO6y-yyp, and have even supposed
ev066yyy to be ironical.
128. paCovou-aL. This word Hermann, followed by Paley,
omits as a gloss. But it is vindicated by the strophic correspondence which these editors ignore, and it is absolutely
required by the construction.  The only reason for doubting
the soundness of 3aaivovtrat here is the rarity of the construction, f3aivova'ac"Itov, 'wending to Ilios.' But this is actually
a characteristic construction of Eur., which even attracted
the notice of Aristophanes, and was parodied by him in the
line, dtrap ri Xpeios f3a /ke aLEth r- IHacaidv; as we are told by
the schol. on Arist. on that passage (Ar. Nub. 30): the same
construction is found again in Hipp. 1371, Bacch. 527, etc.
Compare the Miltonic construction, 'arrive the isle,' and
translate the Aristophanic passage, 'But stay, what debt
arrived me after Pasias?'
trrXKTarv...  T1'pT)o-a<'aCE.  Edd. commonly read Wraieliav
with the Mss., and render 'fastened (rather 'hung out from
your sterns') the twisted handiwork of Egypt (your byblus
cables) in the bay of Troy.' But who will commit himself to
the doctrine that 7rXe-KTar AiyvTrrov lraL6eiav could mean 'the
twisted handiwork (or 'growth') of Egypt,' i.e. cables made
of byblus.  Surely in this sense 7raloev/a would be absolutely




NOTES.


61


required.  Such a use of 7ratieia is not to be paralleled
in Eur. or elsewhere. Without doubt 7rXeTKrv means 'a
cable' (a frequent use in Eur.). For 7ra1teiav we must read
7aibevyua, which probably owed its corruption into 7raleieav to
the fact that some very ancient copyist did not know the
substantive TrXKTaCV, and changed 7irai[evua to 7ralteiav to
make it agree with the supposed adjective 7rXeKrdv. The
word 7rcaievga excellently expresses the idea. An Egyptian
product or manufacture, as that of cables out of byblus, may
well be called in poetry 'a nurseling of Egypt,' just as sheep
are called in Anzdr. 1100, )uvXXc\ os HIapvjooaias 7rcaLe5ELaTa.
But wraceiav could only mean something abstract, a process,
and it would be stretching its meaning to an impossible
degree to take it (as I have done in my former edition)
as 'a lesson learnt from Egypt.' But even if it could bear
that mleaning, Eur. would hardly describe the simple manceuvre of riding at anchor instead of beaching the ship
as a lesson learnt from Egypt, since riding at anchor was
familiar to the Greeks from the time of Homer, who often
mentions it (e.g. 8. 782, K. 92-96). Besides, Hecuba would be
far more likely to refer to the fact that byblus cables came
from Egypt than to the theory that a well-known nautical
practice had its origin there.  We cannot, therefore, by any
means explain rai6eiav.  But I have already suggested a
theory to account for its having superseded the true reading,
7rai&evua.  Moreover, in reading 7rai&evt' (and e~aLa'w.,ev in
198, the corresponding verse) we make room for alai in this
verse, which the edd. usually omit.  For instances of sing.
7r\XKTr7v, 'ye hung out (each) your cable,' see on Bacch. 724. I
add Mr. Way's ingenious and vigorous version of the strophe:
"0 ship-prows rushing
To Ilium, brushing
The purple-flushing sea with swift oars,
Till flutes loud-ringing,
Till fifes dread-singing,
Proclaimed you swinging off Phrygian shores
On hawsers plaited
By Nile —ships fated
To hunt the hated, the Spartan wife,
Castor's defaming,
Eurotas' shaming,
A Fury claiming King Priam's life!
Though sons he cherished
Fifty, he perished,
His murderess she: and, the misery-rife,
Even me hath she wrecked on the rocks of strife."
*  *  * o* ';
* * 




62


EYPIIIIOY TPE2IAAEE.


133. Svo-KXctav. Cp. evKXeiav, Aesch. Theh. 682: but 6vaKX\eia iln Med. 218.
135. o-a~tEL, ' is the murderess of,' i.e. 'caused the death
of'; for the use of the present, cp. ioe TiK7re ae, ' she is thy
mother,' Ion 1560, and see Goodwin, ~ 10, note 4. It is
coordinated with aor. ieCKeLXE.  /ev is here balanced by re,
so below 642. It is balanced by drdp, below 343, 415; by Kac,
Hipp. 288; by aiXXd, Or. 553, etc., frequently in the phrase
Iedv, \XX' oJAUw, e.g. in 366 below.
137. EtSKELX'. The nautical metaphor is again taken up.
146. tacLL6&ctEV. By reading ediatdcwgLev (cp. 198) for ailiwFev and inserting iv in the corresponding verse 130, we get
rid of the only monometers occurring in the whole of this
anapaestic system, and thus make it more symmetrical and
more expressive of the state of feeling which it represents.
148. opvLs. ipvLo.tv 0oiws is the reading of the Miss., which,
however, Dindorf on metrical grounds rejects. It would, if
sound, be quite parallel to Hec. 398, 6oroia KLao-s 3pvbs  rcoWS
rTo-R' e`ouat, 'I, like the ivy, will cling to her as an oak';
so here 'I, as the mother bird, for you as the fledgelings, will
raise the strain.' The metre would be equally well preserved
by reading 6pvltLv O'TWS opcw o\TXrrav.
151. *rXayats. The loud stamp (pedis supplosio, Cic.) by
which the aged queen gave the signal for the dances in honour
of the gods to begin.
152.  qpxov 0eovs= ' =raised-in-honour-of the gods '; eipXov
Oeovs governs oi'av: see on 59 above; similarly in Soph. El.
557, el 6e /' JL' del Xo'yovs e~^pXes, the phrase X6yovs jeipxes=
rrpoeo-cpvets, and governs u' in the accusative.
154. rroi Xoyos iKEL, ' quo spectat oratio'; 'what mean the
words which have reached us?'
156. &ator-cl.  The first syllable is generally short in Eur.,
hence Seidler would read rapf3os for   6[opos, but there are
undoubted instances of iat'rr  in Eur. with a, e.g. inf. 1086.
163. iraTpoas.  Many edd. change the reading to 7ra-rpas,
doubting whether the c in 7rarp'as can be short, and whether
the MSS. have not given the word in mistake for 7rarplas in
the half-dozen places in which it appears with co short in Eur.
We have, however, Tpcdsos in 521; and the diphthong is
short in 7raXatld, El. 497; BotLWros, Iph. A. 245; yepatos, Here.
Fur. 446; TpoLa, Soph. Aj. 424; olwos, Soph. El. 1058;
eptXaarvatos, Ar. Vesp. 282. So it seems rash to change this




NOTES.


63


word to 7raTpias whenever the y is to be short, merely because
in the case of this word an alternative resembling it in form
and meaning is ready to our hand.
165. LdX0oOv, 'to hear the words of doom, Out, dames of
Troy, from your homesteads; the Argives betake them home,'
cp. ju6X0ov KX\vLV, Hel. 665.  b%6X0wv is of course lit. 'your
woe,' 'your disastrous fate,' which is presented to them in the
summons of the conquerors, and might depend on       XeAcat,
' wretched for your woes.'
171. aLor)(xvav, 'scortum Graecorum futuram, licet vates sit,'
Brodaeus; cp. 1114, and H^aycaLov iarX'vav, Hel. 687.
172. &XyuvUO, sc. U)D, 'let me not by the sight of her redouble my pain.' The force of /u71 is carried on; so in 100
above Kai = oe`re, so also in 633 below ov6ev negatives the whole
sentence. See on 1171.
175. 8.aevTrs, 'the dead,' cp. TrO Ve6OOTov veKp6v, Rhes.
887; 61JaO=dvras yap aviar-r, Alc. 127. Mr. Stanley would take
8uaa0evras as 'conquered,' the whole phrase referring, I suppose,
to the Trojans who have 'survived their defeat'; but such
a sentiment would have been expressed differently.
178. 'iu, 'whether,' with the indicative marks that the
speaker believes that the thing about which he is asking (or
expressing anxiety) is true, as 7rpoSepevvr7asw... /I) Tts... e
rpitfy pav7rd'erat, Phoen. 93.
181. Uo-rkXOVvaL, 'are preparing to ply their oars' (Kara
7rp6/lvas, 'by unloosing the cables at the stern ').
186. KX\pov. KXfpOs is not only 'the lots,' but 'the drawing
of lots' = both sortes and sortitio.
188. T's... Xwpav. The construction is Tis 'Ap-yeiwv  B0tLwrav
(delt /.e),? (Tis) els vofalaov Xwcparv d&et ae 5m6oravov Tropow Tpoias.
191. K'q4Yv. Hec. compares herself to a 'drone,' as being
about to live supported by others as a slave: Pliny speaks of
the drones as slaves to the bees; so also Tzetzes, Kai rats
jeXiriaats brovp-yeZ, Trai7aps vprqopovrra (Brodaeus).  There is
no authority for making Kvi4V ever mean an 'aged bird' (as
Paley translates it both here and at Bacch. 1364), or for
making it mean anything else but a 'drone.' See Bacch.
1364, where the MS. reading 6pvis is rejected for opvtv by some
edd., who apparently believe in this signification of Kl7q5)va.
194. TrCv 'napa rWpo9upoLs. She fears that she will be forced
to serve as portress or as children's attendant, she who once
held royal state in Troy.




64


EYPIIIIAOY TPQIAAEE.


200. itaXX&a'c, ' no more shall I ply (shift) the nimble shuttle
in Trojan looms'; so in Hec. 1060, 6obv eaXXcia-etv is 'to
shift one's course,' taking now this way, now that.
201. v&aTov, used as an adverb, 'for the last time'; this is
the elegant conjecture of Seidler, for vIa rot of the MSS.
204. SaCliov, ' cursed be that night and that lot'; a4lcowv
is 'fate,' 'lot,' as in Soph. 0. C. 76, 7r7Yv -roo ai/~ovos.
205.... lroolaL, 'or I shall be kept as a servant to draw
of the holy water of Pirene'; vcaTrov is partitive genitive, see
Madv. Greek Syntax, ~ 51 d. Drawing water was the typical
employment of slaves; see the passage from Tzetzes quoted
on 192, and Z. 457, Kal KeV vMowp popeotS K.r.X. Readers will at
once think of 'hewers of wood and drawers of water' in the
Bible.
207-213. This is a characteristic passage; the chorus pays
a compliment to Athens and Theseus (the ideal hero of Eur.),
and deprecates a banishment to the hated land of the Eurotas,
and the meeting, as a slave, with Menelaus, who brought
Troy to nought.   Corinth, Athens, Sparta, Thessaly, and
Sicily are in turn referred to.
211. OEp6.rvav, 'abode.' I cannot understand in what way
of construing the passage Paley makes Oepdwrvav 'handmaid'
here. It is highly doubtful that Oepdacva ever means 'handmaid' in Eur. or any Attic poet. The only place in Eur.
where it could possibly mean 'handmaid' is Hec. 482, and
there it is not so taken by Paley (though it is by L. and S.).
Oepdr7rvr is a contracted form of Oepacratva in Hymn to Apollo,
157, and Ap. Rhod. i. 786, but in those places it is a distinct
epicism, and does not afford any ground for belief in the
existence of such a meaning in an Attic poet. There is no
place in Attic poetry where it may not bear the meaning of
'station,' 'abode,' and Hesych. explains Oepdcrvas by auXwvas,
TraOuoves. Paley in his latest ed. gave up the interpretation
of Oepdarvav as 'handmaid,' and of K?0,jV as 'an aged bird.'
212. MEvXkc, from  MevEXas, so 863, 1100.  So we have
AaepTros beside AdprTto, 'I 6vyov v and 'Ii'fyeveta, SOeveXas and
SOeveXaos, 'EreoKcXerS and 'EreoKXs, and, in Homer, HcdpocXos,
IIaTpoKcXS, HIarp6K\Xes, MeXcvu'oS, MeX\dCeOs.
215. KprltS'. See on 16 supr.
217. evOiXEi. Dor. for eD0,IXe7: we also find ev6aX\s (fr. e6,
0acXXw).




NOTES.


65


218. T&S8E 8svepa. The construction is rdSe goL oer6Tepa (e-T),
X\Oewv 'a0eav XoWpav (Tav TIr7vetou), Tevrepa fTLEa Tav lep&v ePoCwS,
'next to (going to) the sacred land of Theseus, my next best
lot were to go to the country of the Peneis.' The poet says
'next to the land of Theseus,' meaning 'next to (going to)
the land of Theseus,' just as Ar. Nub. 30 says, ti Xplos f3a
lie fera rv Tael-av, 'after Pasias,' meaning 'after (my debt to)
Pasias.' For the use of seVTepa cp. Frag. 252, rvpavviS' i Oew$v
&euvTpa vogieTrat, i.e. 'next to the gods'; so 7roXI 3eTrepov,
Soph. O. C. 1226; and r.oXv 6evrTpa, 'easily second,' Thuc. ii. 97.
221. &vrilpi, 'over against Phoenice' (i.e. the Phoenician
settlement of Carthage), a vague geographical description of
Sicily. I have removed the comma from Xopav to XtKcXVY.
The whole periphrasis is: 'the Aetnaean land of the Sicilians,
sacred to Hephaestus (in reference to its volcanoes), over
against Phoenice, and mother of mountains' (a poetical expression for opetLvlv).
223. KapvOcr-EO-aeL. In reference to Sicilian successes (especially those of Hiero) in the public games, for which see
Pindar passim.
224. Tav T' a-XLtrTErivo-uav /yav.  Probably Thurii, between
the rivers Crathis and Sybaris.
225. vaCoLv is the conjecture of Dind. for vav'Tac, vavra of
the MSS. It is perhaps the best attempt which has been made
to restore the corrupted word, but is by no means certain.
As to the form valolv for valotyx, cp. Frag. 895, 6frpwv av E''1V
el rpl4oCv rT rTV 7reXaC, where TrpepoLv is explained by the
grammarian as darb roO rpeboli-q KaTa ovy/Ko7rrnv ToO 71. This
appears to recognize owv as a termination of the optative, but
it is strange that it does not oftener occur.
227. tavO&v rrvpraiLvowv.  Proleptic, like eicavspov o\X/3i'v,
see Bacch. 1055 note. That the waters of the Crathis dyed
the hair auburn, we have the evidence of several scholiasts
and grammarians cited by Brodaeus and Barnes, and that of
Ovid, Met. xv. 315, Crathis et hinc Sybaris nostris conterminus
arvis I electro similes faciunt auroque capillos.
232. (cavoixv, 'to bring to an end,' 'finish,' often applied to
words like 6po6bov, wrbpov, and so to 'xvos, here 'to bring his
quick step to its journey's end.' More daring is 7rXo\v ieav6vaas,
Or. 1685, where ie = 'to arrive at a place,' with accus. loci;
so also Suppl. 1142, and ^vya 6' jvuvuev, below 595.
239. This verse consists of three dochmii -  -       - - -- 
--- I — _ I — ( -- -- -__      I-. A word has dropped out,
perhaps 7rdpeo0', as Dind. suggests.  In 6 6b3os T vh, the phrase
E




66


EYPIIIIAOY TPIAAE'.


06f3o? xv is treated as = ieoo3ovxrYv, and governs 6 in the accus.
This rests on the same principle as the cases quoted on 59
above, but I treat it separately, because in the case of pronouns the true construction is often mistaken; for instance,
here many editors would explain o as nom. in apposition to
6df3os: but in that case it should be 6s, attracted into the
gender of p63os: moreover, such an explanation would prove
inapplicable to many analogous passages, e.g. Ion 572, roOro
K&6' iXet 7rb60o, where Krat' e~L Troios =o Kai yj wt oO&D and
governs ro-ro: so /divrts ol Oa = LOavcTro, governs ra6e, Heraecl.
65;  6a3os (eo'ri) = ooovoCuat governs roVro, Heracl. 739; and
o4Luoiv 9Xw = /yc uooacu governs ev, Or. 1068. For the attraction which 6 would suffer if it were in apposition to 03ios, cp.
Hel. 282, 6 a' dc'/yXc'ya wcsdrarwv eoOS r' iqv OuvydraTp dvav6pos
roMXa 7rapOeveiercu. The last words of the verses just quoted
offer a good example of the adverbial use of the neut. plur.
of an adj.; TroXid, of course, could not be nom. fem. for an
obvious reason; the last syllable of nroX&a would then be long,
and thus we should have a spondee in the fourth place.  See
also on 348 below.
242. Kas8Peas. This word, which ought to mean Theban,
must be used to mean Boeotian here, because the legend tells
that of all the Boeotians the Thebans only (lid not go to Troy,
being hard pressed by the Argives. So the Thebans could
not claim any of the captives; cp. 993, where Argos is used
for the whole Peloponnesus.
250. AaKE8a.LLqovCa, 'Clytaemnestra.' This form is rare in
tragedy: i7 AdKatva is the name given usually to Helen, but
here to her sister Clytaemnestra.  The metre too shows a
probable corruption. The verse, which probably consisted of
three dochmiacs, may have run, as Dind. suggests, thus:
ri >t0S; '  AaKCaia vLfaq 3oe\av; lw, i5 joLi uOL.
251. OKrLa. See 44 supr.
257. KX&Sas, 'suppliant boughs,' a heteroclite accusative
plural of KX\6os found in a fragment of Nicander, quoted in
Athenaeus 684 B. Other heteroclite forms from the same
subst. are KXa/l in the celebrated scholion in honour of Harmodius and Aristogiton, ev 'piprTo KXa86 rTO ip5os (bop7'ow: also
KX\a6a in Poet. ap. Drac. 103. 13, and KcXda6eC in Ar. A v
239.  The word is restored here with great probability
by Mr. Stanley, who justly objects, as against KX6deas
of the ieSS. and Vulg. (C. R. x. 1. 35), "If KX\6Es means
keys, what keys are meant?  Were they those of an 0rso-6 -6ouos of a temple of Apollo? If so, is it probable that the
captive Cassandra had been allowed to retain them   until




NOTES.


67


now?" It was a sense of this difficulty which induced some
edd. (among them myself) to catch at a gloss from Hesych.,
KXne~s' 7rapa 'EetoloLs T-JS Oeon r7 a-re/x/aTa, and to ascribe to
the word the meaning of 'chaplets,' though no other example
of such a meaning is found, and it does not in itself seem
capable of such.  Besides, is it not quite possible that the
lemma in Hesych. is corrupt, and that Mr. Stanley's medela
should be applied there too?   We should expect here the
Doric form KXatas, as we have TrXd/Lova in 247, rT vltq 68ov6Xav
250, ereK6o/Ua  265.  No doubt KXct5as was first changed to
KNiaSa?, then to KX\q'as.  "It is to be noticed," adds Mr.
Stanley, " that Cassandra is represented o'vV KXid6Los eyXetLptLiot
and wearing a wreath on her head in Pitture d'Ercolano, ii.
18." The short anacrusis is quite regular; cp. 266, 271.
ere4E(ov, 'the holy livery of chaplets that deck thee.'
From Ag. 1236 it would appear that these oardJ were worn
on the neck as well as the head; ieS. refers to ornamental, not
necessary apparel.
264. wrpo-rroXEtv, 'to minister to.' This is a euphemistic
and ambiguous term, and is misunderstood by Hec.; hence
her question, ' What is this ordinance of the Hellenes?' We
learn from verse 40 that Hec. had not heard of the sacrifice
of Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles.
271. XCXKEoiJo'Topos, 'well versed in arms,' as it is usually
understood.  The MS. reading is XaXKEeo/,ropos (which cannot
be right, as the word must form two dactyls, but the 1 as
coming from   /uTros, 'a thread,' is short), or XaXKfeo/j7ropo,
which latter has been corrected to XaXaKeo/,uoropos from a gloss
of Hesych., xaXKeofuat'wcp lrXvp6Ofopos, for which we should
doubtless read xaXK/eo/xcrTopo~ iaXrvp60qpoVOS. It will be seen
then that Hesych. understood the word to mean 'with heart
of steel,' but the analogy of Ooptlro-rwp, And. 1016, is in favour
of ' well versed in arms.'
275. TPLTopcPLovos, ' I who need in my hand a staff, as the
fellow of my feet,' (lit. 'the third walker with my two feet '),
because I am stricken in years,' lit. 'for (the support of) my
aged head.'
285. 8s wravTa &TOKEtOev.  The construction is 6s 7raCva
TaCKeOev ievcdCe rtOtAevos, (rdvOdSie) a00ts  Keif'eC davriraXa,
wS7rTvL 'X yXroWaaq, Erd 7rp6repa 0iXa 7rcivrv ialtXa (retAejevos),
'who putting that which was there here, and again (that
which was here) there in its turn (i.e. to balance the former
bouleversement) by his subtilty of tongue, and (putting) ever
enmity where love was-wail for me, dames of Troy.'




68


EYPIITIAOY TPQIAAEE.


The sentence must be supposed to end in an aposiopesis;
there is no principal verb; and aposiopesis would be suitable
to the excited and impassioned utterance of Hecuba, who in
almost incoherent language wails forth her dread and hatred
of her futuie master. Accepting Bothe's needless conjecture
of e'eace for eKeiGe, we should gain a principal verb, thus
avoiding the aposiopesis, and we might explain very much
as above, 'who dashed (violently put) all that was there here,
and again conversely,' (i.e. put what was here there). Bothe's
own interpretation of the passage is plainly unsatisfactory.
'Avri7raXa is used as in Bacch. 275 ff., when Ceres is said to
have provided food, while Dionysus devoted himself to the
corresponlding, correlative necessity of man, that is, drink;
so here 'putting what is here there' is the converse, correlative
process to 'putting what is there here.' Of course {iptXa is
the predicate, and the article goes with the subject, ria 7rpo-repa
tiXa 7rTCiv-rv, lit. ' the former friendly feelings of all.'
"Alas and alas! now smite on thy close-shorn head;
Now with thy rending nails be thy cheeks furrowed red 
Woe's me, whom the doom of the lots hath led
To be thrall to a foul wretch treacherous-hearted,
To the lawless monster, the foe of the right,
Whose double-tongued juggling, whose cursed sleight
Putteth light for darkness, and darkness for light,
By whose whisperings veriest friends are parted!Wail for me, daughters of Troy! I am ended
In utter calamity.
O wretch, who by doom of the lot have descended
To abysses of misery!" —W.
294. gxec, 'holds in his hand,' not 'knows.' There is sometimes held to be a double interrogation in passages like this,
&pa being pleonastic after eri, as in rivos 7Tor' ap' erpate XLepi
Ua/'oLopoS, Soph. Aj. 905; the double interrogation, it is said,
makes the question a little less definite and direct; e.g. in Aj.
905, the question asked is, 'Did he seek the hand of some
one to do the deed, and then, whose?' So in the present
passage, 'Are we allotted, and, if so, to whom?' For other
examples, see L. and S. under apa 4. It is, however, far
more probable that lpa may be written &pa when the metre
requires the first syllable to be long, just as LJvTV, 7JAv in Soph.
for metrical purposes became 4iVr, iYrEV, and as the enclitic
vvw is long or short as the metre requires in tragedy. There
are many places where nothing but violent alteration of the
text can dispense with &pa used in the same sense as apa,
and if this once be granted, it is unscientific to put forward




NOTES.


69


the theory of a double interrogation; we should rather hold
apa in passages like this to be simply dpa, a particle of inference or transition. A good instance of a passage where
&pa = apa is Ar. Nub. 1301, /,ueXov o-' &pa KLvc7arev, where the
sense would require ap' ou, nonne, instead of apa, an, if the
passage were treated as interrogative.
297. EtX\lyEpvas, from XayXavw.
300. IrLJn'rpo'LLv, cp. cIreipovatv 7 r  WCrtL ASttp7rpoS ardXVV,
Cycl. 121. For examples of hyperbaton, see on Bacch. 860.
305. To Ttras$E rrp0o'oopov, sc. Oavetv: the word w7p6oo0opop
conveys not only that it would be 'expedient,' but also that
it would be 'decorous' for the Trojan dames to die rather
than go into captivity, but thlis would be most 'untoward
for the Achaeans.'
308. The frenzied maiden fancies she is in Apollo's temple,
which she lights up by wildly waving her nuptial torch, while
Apollo himself leads the choir. Subjoined is the spirited and
most felicitous translation of this ode, which appeared in
Kottabos, vol. I., p. 54, by Judge Webb, formerly Fellow
of Trinity College, Dublin, afterwards Regius Professor of
Laws, translator of Faust, etc.:
"Lift ye and lend ye-bring ye light!
'Tis a holy rite! Behold, behold!
Through the fane with a thousand torches bright
How the eddies of fire are roll'd!
Hail Hymen! Hail, King Hymenaean!
Full blest is the bridegroom, and I too am blest,
That am soon on the couch of a monarch to rest,
0 Hymen, 0 King Hymenaean!
While thou, O my Mother, with wail and with tear,
Dost lament o'er my Father and Fatherland's bier,
For my bridal, behold, I am raising
The torch that so fiercely is blazing!
It glanceth, it gleameth, ah! see,
Hymen, O Hymenaeus, for thee!
Lend, lend me thy torches, O Hekat,
For the couch of the virgin, to deck it!
Airily poise ye the twinkling feet!
On with the dance! Ho! Euoe! ho!
On with the dance, as 'twere to greet
The happiest lot that my sire could know
The dance it is sacred to Hymen!
The dance, be its leader, 0 Phoebus, thou 
In whose fane, 'mid the laurels, I worship now,
Hymen! Hymenaeus! 0 Hymen!




70


EYPIIIIAOY TPQ2IAAES.


Come trip it, my Mother, come trip it with me,
And share in the dancing, and share in the glee!
As it were for the battle a Paean,
Shout, shout ye the great Hymenaean!
Pour forth with your voices a tide
Of melodious song for the bride,
Sing, ye maids, for the maid that is fated
With the king of the foe to be mated! "
309. &VEXE, wr&dpEx.  These words are addressed to the
fancied acolytes officiating in the temple.
315. ETreC.  It was the duty of the mother eSvas aryXat
Xal7rd aa T' &vao-XeOev.
wrC, 'with tears,' a rare use of iT7r with dative; cp. e7ri
ovvvoit, Or. 632, though that may be explained 'for the purpose of (to gain time for) reflection.' We have eT7ri tKpv'tL
again, Hel. 176, Phoen. 1500; cp. also Phoen. 786, irli KaXXtX6pots oarectpvoto. In Med. 928, we have erli 6aKp6ots in a
different sense, 'made for tears,' with which compare epCss
yap dpyov Ka7rl roi cdpyos g'v, 'made for the idle,' Frag. 324.
Mr. Stanley well observes that the harshness of erti SUKpvrot is
mitigated by the fact that it seems to be opposed to eirl
' yadots in 319.
317. KaTCL-cTE'vour-' XELS, 'keepest wailing for'; cp. X-peis
gXov, 'keepest prating.'  This connection of eXw with the
part. is common with the aorist, more rare with the perfect
(Soph. 0. R. 701, Phil. 600), and very rare with the present
as here. See on 1122.
324. & vodpos 9XEL, ' as the ritual ordains.' a, ace. plur., is
in apposition to the preceding sentences. She calls for all the
observances due to the solemnization of a regular union.
325. 7r&XXE, 'airily poise the foot'; cp. t've 6' 6fpa'&v oupaviav,
Aesch. Suppl. 788, and pi7rr7ev -KrXOS oVpadVov, Ar. Vesp. 1492.
We find eppe aiO'ptov... qpdpos in And. 830, and o',pdvia /3piefovra
below 520.
332. &vayeXaa-ov. This is the reading of VT, which quite
corresponds to the antistrophic verse 315, if we there omit
KaL after 5dKpvJtL, a conjunction which would far more probably
have been inserted than omitted erroneously between two
substantives.  P has ava-ye 7rw6a O6v, which looks as if it had
been vamped up from v. 325. The reading of P is defended
by Mr. A. C. Pearson, in C. R. iv. 9, p. 425, on the theory that
V dropped the syllable ero-, and then confounded A with the
closely-resembling A. V drops a syllable -KO- in giving ieavmt'w




NOTES.


71


or eavoil'o in v. 444, where the trochaic metre demands EtaKov335. po&atE 7rv 'YIL.  This phrase is treated as a single
transitive verb, and governs vu/6av on the principle explained
and illustrated above on 59.
339. yaci&v... ~Evv  Cp.Phoen.58,craat XeKTpac ju7rTpcVJwv yauwv.
345. tco, 'far from  what my high hopes pictured'; cp.
Cw,yvj'1qs, Ion 926; lew TOV (vruTev6avros, Soph. Phil. 904,
'alien to your father's strain'; 9cw vo/i-,ews, Thuc. v. 105.
348. 6p0a. For adjs. in neut. plur. used as adverbs, cp.
Hel. 283 (see note on 239), and lXkeKTpa yrlpda6Kov-av avutelvawa
re, Soph. El. 962, and see Madv. Greek Syntax, ~ 88.
351. i(erqpE~TE, usually explained 'take away' (into the
tent); but ao-EpepLv always means to 'bring in,' not to 'take
in'; in other words Hec. could properly say eiorpere 7revKas,
'bring in the torches,' only if she were herself in the tent.
I think we should read eKqhlpere, 'take away'; iK- would be
easily changed to eal-: it is well known that the ancient
copyists often confounded IC with K, see crit. note on
Bacch. 1156.
353. vLKqod0pov, used proleptically; see above on 227.
355. 'rap& =r-a ieci, 'my part,' a common periphrase for
eayc. So 7TO a-b and rTa Ca for a~ or a-.
356. lTrTL. Observe the accent, 'as sure as Loxias lives.'
357. yaE^t >E... ycdpov.  For the cognate accus. see Madv.
Greek Syntax, ~ 26 a; and for the cognate accus. standing, as
here, beside a proper object-accus. see ibid. ~ 26 b; and note,
as an exact parallel, P1. Apol. 39, Trtiwpia... XaX\ewwTr pa i) oi'av,JLCe a7TeKr6aTre.
361. rriXEKVv. There is here probably a covert criticism on
the bl)oody details of Aeschylus in his Oresteia. In his later
plays we find in Eur. a tendency to introduce in some slight
measure that literary criticism which formed a feature in the
middle comedy.   This characteristic is especially observable
in his Electra, insomuch that M. Patin describes the play as
a feuilleton spirituel. In 254 ff. he adverts to many points in
the handling of the story of Electra, in which he believes his
illustrious predecessors, Aesch. and Soph., to have erred.
So also in Suppl. 846, Phoen. 751, there are pointed allusions
to supposed artistic defects in Aesch. Theb.
370. X(Oor-Twv, sc. 'EXdVsr.
371. iosovas, 'resigning for his brother the home joys that
his children might have given him'; qb8ovas is sometimes used
very objectively, as in Soph. El. 873, Ar. Nub. 1072.




72


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAEzE.


373. XEX,\Or''VTis. This is distinctly passive, and therefore
implies X?^w, but X'joxUat is the much more usual form, as in
iX-o-aro, 866 below. In Hel. 475 we have XeXkcr/Je0a... Xeos,
'I have had my wife carried off.' Obs. epic form ijXvOov in
374.
375. 90VtrlKov, 'fell' (day after day); the imperfect represents the continuance (or repetition) of the same action or state,
while the aorist denotes a momentary occurrence; veni, Hidi,
vici is in Greek iX\ov, el6ov, eiviEKoa, because, though the action
was of course a continued action, yet the point of the despatch
was that it viewed the victory as a momentary event in past
time. See Goodwin, ~ 19, notes 1 and 2.
376. AXoL. Opt. because the relative refers to an indefinite
antecedent, 'whomsoever the battle chanced to slay'; o0l
Aprs eTXe would be used if the antecedents were definite; so
in Lat. quoscunque occidisset and quoscunque occiderat.
377. iv XEpotv, 'by the hands'; so ev Xuracs, 'by prayers '; e
o6Xy, 'by deceit'; v X6-yots, 'by words.'
378. tuvvcrio'Xlqo-av, ' were shrouded in their cerements.'
380. ol 8', 'others,' that is, the fathers, who were too old
to join the expedition, but who were obliged to send their
sons.  'Wife without mate, sire without seed, they (lied
away; vain was their rearing of children, and none shall seek
their tombs with a propitiatory blood-offering.' See El. 90 ff.
at fv must be supplied before X7pat, being implied in the
subsequent ol 86. The verse would be thus written accurately
Kat aL lev XjpaOt Ov1C-KovY, 0oi ' a7rat6eE: from this it appears that
i  Xpat is not the subject, but a predicate, not 'widows died,'
but 'they died widows.'
382. 8Sopiore-aL, 'shall give to the earth,' i.e. 'shall pour
out upon the earth'; the 'blood-offering' was an offering to
propitiate the departed heroes; we cannot interpret 'shall
offer blood-offerings to mother earth,' for we find from the
enumeration in Aesch. Pers. 612 ff. that blood was not a part
of the offering to earth; and again, Cho. 120 ff. tells us
that the offerings to earth consisted only of her own produce
restored to her again. For the blood-offerings to dead heroes,
see the eleventh book of the Odyssey.
384. r&icrXpa. The murder of Agamemnon and adultery of
Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus.     There should be no iota
subscript in To-Xpca, the rule being that the iota is subscribed
only when both words fused by the crasis contain an; thus
Kai etra becomes Kara, but Kal ern becomes Kalri, rTa aoiXrpa
becomes Tdorxpd.




NOTES.


73


385. &ao8ds, adjective, cp. Hel. 1109, 6pvys aoLiordra: so
KepKi6oS aoL8oV Xzeiras, Frag. 527, an expression ridiculed by
Ar. Ran. 1315.
386. Tr KaXXLo-Tov KXCOS. This is probably the accusative,
for the accusative in apposition to the sentence is the more
idiomatic construction; it may, however, of course be the
nominative, like OpLyK6s, 489.
389. IrcpLpoXas, 'in their fatherland came unto the vesture
of clay,' cp. X0ovbS rpi/-otpov XXa'vav, Agam. 872; yav erteoo6 -tjevos, Pind. Nem. xi. 21.
390. xv ~Xpqv Piro, 'hands which owed this office to the
dead'=b7r6 ro6rwv rb ' &v Xpjxv. The words eXpjv, oVK eXpjv,
are much used in Greek when we should employ a far stronger
expression; for instance, 'having committed a most unnatural murder,' would be ov OVK ixpijv  ovovev-as.
392. sd&uppTL. For sing. instead of plur. see on Bacch. 724.
393. 5v... ilSovcu, 'the sweets of whom were lost to the
Greeks,' see on 372, literally, 'the joys from whom for the
Achaeans (i.e. which might have been felt by the Achaeans)
were wanting.' It is safer not to take 'AXalmo? as directly
governed by drwiaav, which ought to take the gen., and indeed
does always take it, for the places in which it appears to take
the dat. may be otherwise construed; e.g. in Med. 179, 7jqrot
r6 y)' eibv 7rp6ov/iov  flbXoLwtv adrr-co, we may take OitXooiv
with rrp60vuov, 'my zeal for my friends,' and in Thuc. ii. 61,
TrS 56 W~eXlas 6rre-TIrv  d 7 8 \XwcLrts araot, the dat. is a dat.
commodi, as in the foregoing clause, rT6 uE' Xv7rouv 9Xet if87 r4iv
a1O'-qo-v eKaco-TL, 'an individual sense of the bitterness of war
possesses each one, while the general sense of its advisability
has yet to come.'
394. T& "EKTopos Xvwrp6, 'Hector's sad fate' (as it is
generally regarded); she then proceeds to show that it is
not a sad fate.   ra 5' 'EKrop5s oot Xv7rpa is, as it were,
in inverted commas. Such seems to be occasionally the force
of the article; in other words, it marks a citation or quotation from the language of others, and this explains why
(contrary to the usual rule) we sometimes find the article with
the predicate, e.g. Her. Fur. 581, 0K adp' 'HpaKX? Is KaX\ivtKos... \Xtouiae: cp. Heracl. 978, Or. 1140, Iph. Aul. 1354.
396. tiLs= tLs, 'the coming of the Greeks.' The form in
the text has the authority of Hesych.
397. P and Christus Patiens have Xatv0avev, and in 399 edxev.
But the imperf. without Av in apodosi cannot be defended




74


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAE1.


here, and is not parallel to the cases cited in Goodwin, ~49,
2, note 2, or in Madv. Greek Syntax, ~ 118, a, b.  Elmsley's
observation, that the Attic writers avoided eliding e of the
3rd pers., really only applies to cases where confusion between
1st and 3rd pers. might arise, as in irpat' dv. See the
excellent note of Prof. Jebb, who reads eXdvOav' av in Soph.
El. 914. In Ion 354 the MSS. give etX' dv, and no change
there is at all plausible.
399. Kq8os, 'he would have entered into some obscure
alliance,' 'the marriage made by him would never have been
talked about.' It is to be observed that there is far more
MSS. authority for Kuo6s, which the schol. understood in a
neutral sense like K\XiS, 'his name would never have been in
men's mouths.' But Kv0os is a positive word in all Greek, and
ev 6/otLs seems distinctly to point to K6ooS. aLrywevov is the
predicate of the sentence.
408. ESEPCKXEVO-EV governs ae, and then Opevas as part of
the person addressed; see on 59.
410. eiwq'nE7rres v, 'should'st have been attending their departure with such ill-boding words.'
412. TCOV TO 1riwsv, sc. Ovr7wv. There are three forms of this
phrase, o6 yo6eis, o6 /j6ev (w;), and o r6 /Lrov (&v): cp. ovelv 7r'
dpa, 1161.  /irdev and ovSbv are in this usage indeclinable.
There is a pretty phrase in Eur. Frag. 536, which illustrates
well the distinction between R/uers as subjective and olelsh
as objective; the phrase is r6TO iiev eis ovbv6 peiret, which I
would render 'naughtiness (or 'that which is naught') cometh
to nought.'
415. U'rrCT1, 'is saddled with a passion for,' cp. iltooTrvat
r6svov, Suppl. 189; the verb means 'to undergo unwillingly.'
416. &v o0K. For the displacement of av in obedience to
the metre, cp. O LK ot)' &ia el relo-acu/, Med. 941. See Goodwin.
~ 42, 2, note.
418. 'Apyeta, 'invectives against the Greeks '; cp. eUvola rT
a-, 'friendliness for you,' P1. Gory. 486; 06pf3 rT UjLerTp,
'fear of you,' Thuc. i. 33. For adjectives used, as here, to
represent not a subjective, but an objective, genitive, cp.
"EXX-v... dovog, Iph. T. 72; dXKi7v... MvKqvi6a, Phoen. 862.
422. wE~o-aLL, for imper.; see Goodwin, ~ 101,
o(r<povos, i.e. Penelope.
424. TrovopJa, 'the name which they bear,' 'Why do they
bear this name when they are really but menials?'




NOTES.


75


428. irovi 8E: cp. ri 8' bort, 1050; the more usual phrase
would have been Kaci row, for Kal is especially employed in introducing an objection. It is frequently strengthened with
erTa, Bretra, e.g. below 1010.
430. T&dXXa, 'the rest of her woes,' especially referring to
the transformation of Hecuba; or possibly the meaning is,
'the rest of my words shall not be 'ApyeT' oveilbr, but prophecies
of the sufferings of Odysseus, the future master of Hecuba.'
432. Xpvro-s, 'one day my woes and Troy's will be to him
more to be desired than gold,' ('will be as gold').    See
L. and S. under Xpvaos 2.
435. aKLo-TcL, ' has made herself a habitation in the strait'
(between  Italy  and  Sicily).  Charybdis was the fabled
daughter of Poseidon and Gaea. Cic. Phil. ii. 27 says,
" Charybdin dico quae si fuit, fuit animal unum." Cp. rripyov
oLKiovuceOa, Heracl. 46. Some verses are supposed to have
fallen out here, on account of the extreme abruptness of 435.
Paley remarks that this is the earliest summary of the story
of Odysseus; Ar. Vesp. 180 ff. refers to the episode of i0-rS.
The whole passage, 435-443, has the appearance of an interpolation, and I have marked it as such; 440 looks like an
Alexandrine attempt at vigour, and the following verse is
strangely frigid.  Mr. A. C. Pearson, in C. R. iv. 9. 425,
points out additional reasons for regarding this passage as
spurious: (1) the feebleness of the whole passage, and especially of oWs 6ie vv-rCw in 441; (2) of has no meaning unless we
mark a lacuna; (3) 6lavXos does not mean 'a strait'; (4) i7rrpas
is without construction; (5) ieTrorarvs, which Dind. reads for
opetci-r7s on the faith of Stephens' codices, does not mean 'a
shepherd '; (6)/ opc)urpla -wcov is a very eccentric expression;
(7) (Trapca Owv. rff. is impossible; (8) KaKca /uvpla is miserably
weak.   Cp. a similar interpolation in Or. 588-590.
436. lJo13pPs Tr' 6pELp'nrlS. I have retained the reading of
P  and the Aldine (which give Wbo4iopoaTopeLStdrT7S), with
Scaliger's obvious correction.  Dind. gives oApiepwv T7' eirtTcT-r77s (' shepherd '), which rests on the questionable authority
of Stephens' codices.  The words in the text are a much
better description of the Cyclops; wuof3pws is found in H. F.
887.
440. OrcdpKa Rov. itarovcrv.  The legend was that when
the sacred kine of the sun were roasted by the followers of
Odysseus, 'the meat lowed on the spits,' /A. 395. But the
expression in the text is, I think, not by Eur., and savours
far more of Lycophron: iLvao adpKxa pwovueaaav could not mean




76


EYPIIAOY TPE2IAAEE.


UivaLt Wwvlv cK capK6s. The words are probably not corrupt.
Alexandrine boldness generally degenerates into unintelligibility. I cannot believe in the possibility of such an
expression as clpKa /wv. ijov-Otv, especially as it occurs in a
passage highly suspicious for other reasons.  [I am inclined
to defend this expression, remarkable though it is. Consider
the boldness of what Jelf calls the interchange of attributive
forms, e.g. 564, Kapcro7os epiylia veaviwv, which Kiihner, p. 225,
renders, 'die vom Haupte abgeschnittene Oede der Jiinglinge,
das ist, Todesode.' Cp. Soph. Oed. R. 1376, Aj. 8, Phil. 952,
1123, 1131, E1. 158. Here either of two analyses will reduce the
expression to tolerable exactitude: (a) o-ovo-w should strictly
have   wvojvv as its object, which then might be qualified by
r Yv &K CapKos or the like.  But we have the adjective and
substantive reversed, so that what ought strictly to be the
logical object of the verb is to be looked for in the adjective.
Usually, however, in the cases cited by the grammars, it is
the transference of an attributive from one noun to another
which forms the peculiarity, like Barry Cornwall's " Hear the
waters their white music weave" for 'Hear the white waters
weave their music.' Sometimes again, instead of two nouns
of distinct reference, we have an adjective and a noun, which
is the account of Carlyle's expression (Rein. E. Irving) "the
hot noises of middle life " = 'the heat and noises.' Neither of
these groups of cases offers an exact parallel to o-cpKa Owv.
i)aovitv, but they may throw some light on the process by
which such expressions arise.   (b) the other 'reduction'
would be to substitute (mentally) some such word as 6auovTaL
for iSoFovrtv, 'shall clothe themselves with vocal flesh.' It
might be said that o-aovozv is written by a sort of attraction
of the expression to the neighbouring    word, 0wvS7eocav.
Wolff, on Ajax 738 (Teubner's Schulausgabe), recognizes this
principle, saying there, " ppa6e'av ist wegen des folgenden
fipaobs gewahlt, um bei Gleichheit der Sache die Personen
entgegen zu stellen," and again, on Aj. 758, he says ac-wara is
the word chosen, on account of the following 7rirTecv. This
principle helps, to my mind, to explain gTros in Or. 1; a prosateur might have said, ove'v iCToL 6ewVv, &S' eiTreiV, Xp/Xua, but to
the poet eiwrev suggested grog.-H. C.]
445. -<retie... y/ IoLEOa, 'go (to Talthybius), that straightway I may marry me into the house of Death'; the expression is the same as is rvpavv'?ey/uCiLLrv, 474, 'I married into a
royal line'; though it is slightly complicated by the addition
of vvU/0l.  For such pregnant constructions, cp. Or. 474,
7rp6s &eLtav T-rds, and ib. 1330; Aj. 80, is 56'oovs I'velv: Phoaei.
380, 1150, and especially 588 d below. Observe that o7rws is in




NOTES.                        77
relation with -y-q/xteOa, not with raXtrTa, with which it would
naturally be taken in the sense of quam primuzm.
450. Saoraac-ah, fr. arTeo/iaC. cp. p wcreLv KvUrv Lwa  daao-O^at,
1I. 21.
453. cwrapayp.os, 'as I tear you off'; she tears off her sacred
symbols, as in Agam. 1235 ff. The words gr' oa' a&yvh mean
virum nondum experta.
455. wrov OcrK6os, Cic. Epp. ad Att. vii. 35, quotes these
words in the form 7ro o-Kchaos r 7 ri 'ArpeIG&v. lroi= Is rorepav
VaL'V.
457. 'EpL.viv='Eptvuwv, gen. plur. 'Eptviv, which is sometimes read, would be accus. sing.
460. ov.aicKp.v, 'brevi'; cp. Or. 858, 4OLKE '9 o  uKCaKpaYV o6'
yiyyeXos X\etV Tar KeOeY, more usually OVK es giaKpdv.
466. The whole of this very fine passage may be rendered
somehow thus:
'0 damsels, let me lie where I have fallen;
Service unwelcome but disservice seems;
To lie so low doth well beseem my lot,
Present, and past, and that which is to come.
Ye gods-ye will not minister to me.
Yet it is seemly to invoke your names
If any one fall on calamity.
First let my dying swan-note be of joy,
Thus shall I put more pity in my woes.
I was a queen, into a kingly house
Wed, and the mother of a princely line,
No ciphers, men of leading in the land.
No Trojan, Argive, or outlandish dame
Could boast herself of such a progeny,
All these I saw fall by the Argive spear,
To grace their sepulchres these locks I shore.
And with these eyes I saw their kingly sire,
I heard it not from others' lips, but saw him
Weltering in his life-blood at the altar,
And the town sacked. And all the girls I bore,
Fit to be jewels in the crown of wifehood,
I bore for foemen's usance: I am reft
Of all my damsels: never more, I wis,
Shall I behold them or be seen of them.'
Ta L jh +CX', 'the undesired service' of helping her to rise
from  the ground.  For the sentiment, cp. "Invitum    qui
servat idem facit occidenti," Hor. A. P. 467.




78


EYPIIIIAOY TPM1IAAEE.


472. g4acw. The word is used by Plat. Phaed. 35 of the
'last song' of the dying swan; and Polybius xxxi. 20. 1 has
the phrase, eiaaoa rT KL'KVELOV: so it seems nearly certain that
here there is an allusion to the last note of the dying swan.
474.?iEv Tv'pavvoL.  Most edd. read ' Ujv rtvpavvos or rMUq7V
Trupavvos, a form which is also introduced in Hel. 931; this is
held by Cobet to be a Macedonian form of the imperfect of
eltA.  The form 4/vuv is found in Chr. Pat. 537.   There is,
however, no reason to change the Ms. reading.  It is the habit
of the Attic writers, when they use plur. for sing., to recur to
the sing. as soon as possible, and to use sing. and plur. in close
juxtaposition, as in Xv OdvY Oavo/u'eOa, 904 below.  rUpavvoL is
masc.   A woman speaking of herself uses the masc. (1) when
she uses the plural, as here; (2) when she speaks generally of
her own sex, as El. 775, oVei yap KaKWS 7rraCxovTrL Alros Cv reKe7
7rporyiryveTaL: (3) when a chorus of women speaks of itself
in the sing., the masc. is sometimes used, e.g. Hipp. 1103,
Xeiro/caL,v re rTVXatL OaVCLTw Kal ev py eClp.ao Xe6oarwv.
is rvpacvva.  See on 445.
476. &apLO.v, similarly used in Ar. Nub. 1203, Soph. O. C.
381, and of one man in Ieracl. 997.  [To what is the adverb
attached? Does it qualify the noun? If so, cp. Dem. Cor.
245. 62, ev rotavrT1 KaTrao'rd'e Kac riT atdyvola Too... KaKOV:
Thuc. vii. 34, Trv OVKi'L... eravaC'yWY7v.  In that case, however, the article is present, and they are both time-adverbs;
but see Thuc. ii. 4. 3, Pv drtTKpuV 8&ioos: Kruger quotes Dem.
19. 141, 'yieyov rWve rW 0pwv Opv dpr  XeOpos.-H. C.].
477, 478. These verses are most probably spurious; as they
stand they have no meaning; Stephens conjectured oi)s for o5
before Tppcs, and I have translated that reading; the sentence would then be like Ar. Av. 659, -yi 6' ov8' daip ovS'
oupavls v: Dind. says oi'ovs, not ots, would be required. See,
however, 499, where bv seems to be quite synonymous with
oi'wv.
485. eLs... gatCperov, lit. 'for the choice dignity of husbands,' for espousals however distinguished.
486. &dX\oLcrL. In 381 the Mss. give us aXXots, but there
&XXots must be changed to dXXws.
489. TOr XoCi(rov, used as adverb.  OpLy'Kis is nom. in apposition to the sentence.
495. sK, 'after,'cp. KdiXXcrov /uap EilctSev ir Xei/uaros, Aesch.
Agam. 873; e oXf3oLwY dt Xoy eopovraa Biov, Soph. Trach. 284.




NOTES.


79


497. aO8dKLp' oXpioLs 'XELV, 'unseemly for the prosperous to
wear.' Her garments would betray how completely her
former 6dXio had fled; 6Xfos is here used in its Homeric sense
of ' material prosperity.'
498. iL&as yuvaLKoS, sc. Helen; -yac/wv (yciiov P) juas Eva is
the MS. reading.  Dind. reads sia ydci/w fits ago, but /ulas Eva
is surely right; this pleonasm is much sought after by the
tragics; cp. Or. 613, Soph. El. 617, Aj. 20, Ant. 443, 492.
See also 776 below.
499. ol'v... iv: the rel. &v is here used as synonymous
with oi'ow, as in 477, if Stephens' conjecture there is right.
See Jebb on Soph. Aj. 125, who quotes Eur. Alc. 640, t'SeLas
Els lXey-Xov SeXO\uv 8s el. Of course &v TE~OoJaC could not
possibly by itself mean, 'what I shall have to meet!; the
relative could not be exclamatory; but here it attracts to itself
the interjectional quality of o'wv, which immediately precedes.
506. 8irror', 'that once went delicately in Troy.'
507. orTrLPSc... a&o4Octapo, 'take me away to some lowly
lair, to some precipice's crest, so that I may weep my heart
away, and then cast me down and perish.' She longs for a
lonely place where to weep and then slay herself. The commentators, puzzled by an apparent inconsistency in the
aspirations of the 'mobled queen,' have made various conjectures, e.g. Xagatpcitj (a word found in Chr. Pat. 1430)
for xayazatrerO (Nauck); and for   acKpVots, dKpaCL  or 7rgTpois
(Musgrave), iOKPLtC (Hartung); but the text is quite sound:
it is a fine touch of psychological analysis to make the queen
long to weep her fill before she slays herself. There is, no
doubt, an allusion to the death of Niobe.
511. &apL  POL, 'lift, Muse, for me the lay of Troy.' This
is the traditional epic exordium  of a hymn, e.g. adcvit uLOL
'EpsdLezao AiXov yovov evvere, Movaa, is the first verse of the
Homeric hymn to Pan; so daiptq Inooretc8cova, daiil Atrivvaov,
ad/0l Atds KoVpovS: so also apli luoa at, oe, 4eo43/' dvas, Ar. 2Nub.
595; hence dioptavaKTi'ecv is 'to write dithyrambic hymns,'
like that of Terpander, which began dciyi /ot aiCre ldvaxO'
eKarTafS3ov dietrTw  9 5ppv: hence, too, dithyrambic poets were
called daLtcaivaKreS.
512. IJI.vwv  $Slav. Cp. Opvswv... i6ds, Soph. El. 88; baKpvwv... iXos, Eur. Hipp. 1178; MAoos... rSXVs, Iph. Aiu. 1280.
513. ev. See L. and S., ev, II. 1, 2.
516. TErpaCaL&ovos a'wivas, 'the horse that conveyed him,'
that is, the ecus fturateus, 'wooden horse'; &drw7vr is simply
a 'vehicle,' as in Med. 1123, vatav dain7 r v: the adj. Terpa



80


EYPIIITAOY TPi IAAES.


facitovos tells the nature of the vehicle, i.e. that it was a horse;
reTp. is 'a horse,' like quadrupes in Latin, and qualifies XqXai,
/acXta in Phoen. 792, 808. The horse was moved on wheels;
cp. Virg. Aen. ii. 235, "pedibusque rotarum I subiciunt lapsus";
and Q. Smyrn. xii. 424, ie-Obs 'Eret[s TroCltv br6 t3paporitv
EIrpoxa S opar' Or7KCev.
520. PpepLovTa, 'rattling loudly,' 'ringing with the clash of
arms within it.' fpuLeftv is applied to the sound of the XoTroi
in Bacch. 161, and to the clash of arms in Heracl. 832.  For
ovpacvta, see on 325, 1301.  Cp. Virg. Aen. ii. 243, "atque
utero sonitum quater arma dedere."
521. 9vowrXov, ' equumz fetum armis'; so gvOeos is 'inspired,'
'vOT7pos is 'infested with wild beasts,' and e'KapTro is 'fruity.'
522. &iro, 'standing on the rock and crying out from it,'
cp. Phoen. 1223, Soph. El. 137, where rtv 7-' i 'ASIa dcivrdaiELS
= r v ev  ov Ae o  8oU  vaCrT'rc'es: so Soph. KaO.0jUeO' EipKv eK
rdaiywv, Ant. 411; and rcTv rapa /actXics, Xen. An. i. 1; rovs
EKeL0ev e7rL/3oroeV, Thuc. i. 62; Eur. Hel. 1591, Phoen. 1223,
Thuc. iii. 21, W. 153, 0. 420.
526. 'IXLtSL, K6pa, sc. Pallas.
530. See note on 550.
531. yivva, this word is followed by    -cowv, which agrees
with Xaos implied in yevva, a construction irpob rb 7r6y/atvO6evov.
534. Eo-rTbv Xo'ov, 'the Argives ambushed in the cunningly wrought mountain pine, Troy's doom.'    eForbv refers
in grammar to Xo6ov, but in sense to 7reuKa: for though XoXos
might, and often does, indicate the 'place of ambush,' yet
the words 7reuKq eiv ovpelq here force us to take X6Xov as
referring to the 'men that form the ambush,' and so, of
course,  ecTr&, cannot be literally predicated of it.  This
application of an adj. to a subst., to which in sense it only
mediately refers, is a frequent device whereby the Greek
poets achieve dignity of language, and avoid a commonplace
style. It is a marked feature in the style of Pindar. It is
called by Jelf "the interchange of attributive forms." But
'the smooth-planed ambush' for 'men ambushed in a horse
of smooth-planed wood' is certainly a too daring use of this
figure.  Hdt. iii. 8 has fVXt\ov X6Xov.   I have   slightly
changed the form of both the strophic and antistrophic verse
in the interests of the metre. The MS. reading is deLov ev
6acKpuOLS and re6Kq. ev ovpeta.  The metrical form  is now
- - - -- --.     A spondee may correspond to a trochee in
this form of verse. For the prodelision cp. aeOvet 't7rscl,
Soph. 0. C. 1086. Dr. Heinsch would read 7revKva ovpeia'v,




NOTES.


81


comparing Q. Smyrn. xii. 124, ol 8' ieX-rowtv iertppiaavres dv'
ivX7v l rTd/vov ovSpea /uaKpd.
535. For Oea B and C give 6iq, and the schol. has Kati 
Ipipaos ietXoe Ti'v P\Xdci7v Oeeafo6iyevos.  But OGq. &wauv = Oearo —
puevos is impossible, and is not defended by the usage of 6tq
&SU6vres in Andr. 1087; of wr6vots &8ovoa, Or. 1663; or of
btXrjLaotv 5GwKe, inf. 1176.  Weil (Revue de Philologie, Nouv.
Ser. i., Paris 1877, p. 195) infers from the schol. that Priam
must have been mentioned, and suggests
&v AapkaviSas aTlav Oea S&rwv.
He urges that ldrovTes would have been used, not &o-wv, if
the part. agreed, according to the constr. 7rpos bT o-'qatv6ievov,
with lyvva. He thinks that the schol. thought Aapaavidas
meant ' Priam,' but he himself refers it to 'the people of Troy,'
comparing 'EpexOeiqs, KeKpo7TrWirs, AlTyeirls for 'the Athenians'
in Aristophanes, Knights.
536. XapLV, 'as an acceptable oblation to the virgin with
coursers of immortal strain,' i.e. HaXXa\s'I7riria: others take
aJLz3popro6rwos as meaning simply 'virgin goddess,' 7riXos being
virgo, and the word being formed on the analogy of 6p06 -jiavLTt = O6p0s.cavTTLS: so daptaT6/JavT7v, alvoXeovra, alvo'ytavTrwv,
aiv6rapls, aivo7racTrp, alvor6pavvos. Cp. "Pars stupet innuptae
donum   exitiale Minervae," Virg. Aen. ii. 31.    But Herm.
interprets quite differently.   Instead  of taking Xaptv in
apposition to the sentence, he takes it in apposition to
5eTarv X6Xov, and renders 'the gift of a divine steed that
never felt the yoke.' This seems at first sight to give a more
natural meaning to Xdptv with gen.; but in defence of the
other interpretation we have, e.g. Aesch. Agam. 182, atuLovwv
Xapts = 'homage due to the gods.'
537. KXOcTro, 'with encircling hawsers of spun flax'; KXWorToO is from KXO-rT7's = KXWsTr'p, 'yarn.' Kirch. reads KXwOTroU...
Xivoto, which reading he draws from the note of the schol.,
KaOdcrep vabs Kd(q5os KXW\TOU X\iov d0Li/36XootS, O ei7t uXOtvLOLS,
oihTs erl TOrbV 'rrov erefOaXov.  The schol. seems, therefore, to
take dujtoq36Xots as a subst.; from  the same note Matthiae
drew wahe for &s els of the MSS.  The allusion might be to the
Greek custom of conveying ships over an isthmus by means
of ropes and rollers. But Q. Smyrn. xii. 428, compares the
drawing in of the wooden horse to the launching of a ship:
EF\KOV ErW(tpicYavTrs doXXees, 7iure vija
9\XKOffIV ioyeoyres S w00 AX& 7a'X-r)o-7s
a     o7i.




82


EYPIIIIAOY TPQIA.AE~.


As his description and that of Eur. may have been (and
probably were) founded on the same now lost cyclic epic, the
passage quoted from him affords good reason for our understanding the passage before us as referring to the launching
of a ship, not to its conveyance over an isthmus.
539. 4dvLa, 'they put it in the shrine of the goddess Pallas,
on the floor fateful to fatherland.'
541. ErwL... irapfv: the verb and preposition are separated
by tmesis. [There is probably a reminiscence of the Homeric
ETri KvC~auS lXe. Cp. 7roXV'T\Xas avrp, Aj. 958, as an echo of
7roXUrXasS 'Los'Ovauevs, so ib. 175, fpous daeeXaias: and perhaps
Phoen. 210, aKapTrio-rwv treSiwv 2tKE\ias (sc. aX6s), is an echo of
&Xos CdTpvyeToto in Homer, as well as Kv3to'Trpes, ib. 1131, of
6s pelca Kv/irTar, 1H. 745.-H. C.]
544. &va. aiv is sometimes explained as = avdetpov: but
this explanation can by no means be accepted in the absence
of examples to justify such a usage; neither can dva mean
comitante pedum strepitu, an employment of this preposition
which cannot be defended. I believe that ava is separated by
tmesis from IueXTrov: we have cvaXae\7rU with acc. of cogn. sign.
dotaiCv, in Theocr. xvii. 113. I have retained the r' of the
MSS. after i3oav, which Dind. strikes out; adveeeX7rov governs
both /3oav and (by a slight zeugma) Kp6Tro, 'plied featly the
rhythmic footfall, featly the jocund lay.' It must be remembered that /oXwri7 refers, not to singing only, but to 'song
and dance,' or any 'rhythmic measured movement,' being
applied even to Nausicaa's game at ball (v. 100).
550. SOwKev {irrvy. The metre shows this to be faulty, the
antistrophic verse being 86Xto  o-Xov av aav. Herm. suggests
cdareSwKev ~7rvco: Reiske, trap' '7mrv', 'apud camiinum.' Perhaps
we should read
7rvpos /JXacLvav a~TyXav
7rvp6s E8WCKEv jlrvm',
'the lamps alight shed a gloomy glare on the sleepers.
Euripides' proneness to iteration of words, especially in choral
odes, is a familiar feature in his style, and is often parodied
by Aristophanes.  Dr. Maguire would read, Grope TOis ev b'wrv,.
The schol. is bTO o-Xas TOi Trvpbs rT'v /uXatvav a'-y\av 8WcKe Tr
pirvy, o ear -T r7v IXavav KaTida'TaoLv. He takes yeXacivav a'TyXav
to mean 'darkness,' and the sense of the passage to be &e1taaro il vm TbO irp, aofeoOaevros yap avrToV eKoiu7tjco'av, ' and in
the houses the bright light [extinguished] gave to the sleepers
but a darksome glimmer,' such as would prevail all night
without any artificial light in the countries with which Eur.
was familiar. The note of the schol. suggests that we might




NOTES.


83


read dvrsuwKcev Vnrvp, which would sufficiently correspond with
the antistrophic verse. Perhaps the poet wrote advTiLwKev (the
schol. writes e8oWKeV). We could then read in the antistrophe,
dou'Xov gCXov dray, 'in their joyance they gat for themselves
chains and slavery.' For EaXov, 'gat them,' cp. Pind. N. x.
24, OtXia 7rats v'6a vtKcoaOC 6vis S TXev... elvj6pwv Xd6aav 'r6owv,
and the commentary thereon. I own I do not understand
86Xtov r'xov &rav, which cannot mean 'they grasped the steed
that betrayed them,' and is very feebly expressed if it merely
signifies 'they were betrayed.' However we take the passage,
ivrvco means 'to sleep,' in the sense of 'to such as slept,'
for, as the context shows, many watched.
551. 6pE-ripav, Ar. Lys. 1262 calls her dcypoTepa..."Apracut
ao'poKr6ve... rapTreve scid... KvUra-e.
554. Kopatv, sc. "ApreuLv, which word indeed the MSs. supply,
but the metre shows it to be a gloss.
557. 3pp'q, 'the sweet infants clung with scared hands
to their mothers' skirts.' Cp. 745, 1090. For the sing. /tarpi,
cp. o-cvua 5' es 7J-3,v Oj\ev rE'KWV, Med. 1008; eKitvoVv 01'prOV,
Bacch. 724, where see note.
560. kX6ov.  Here XoXov is 'the place of ambush,' the
horse; prya is in apposition to the foregoing clause, "quae
quidem omnia Minervae consilio facta sunt."
564. KapcalToLos.  This extremely bold expression can by
no means be rendered literally in English. The meaning is
'the young men butchered, alone and defenceless, added
laurels to the crown of Hellas, nursing mother of brave boys.'
The adj. Kapdro/Jos refers in sense rather to veavti2v than to
epTLLcia. Cp. 533. The MSS. give veaviswv, but this must be
wrong. The young women would be carried away as captives;
the young men who were butchered would be such as were
surprised alone, and so could not offer any successful resistance.
570. dipoer(aL ao-'r'ov. This again is a very bold expression.
It has been explained absurdly in many ways. Musgrave
holds that as Andr. is said 7ropOyievee8at, which is an allusion
to a ship, so Ast. is said to follow behind like a boat towed
after a ship, impelled mammarum desiderio. Others, supposing
Ast. to be in the carriage with Andr., render, 'close to his
mother's breasts, shaken with the motion of the carriage.'
It need hardly be said that Eur. would not have written anything so absurd as this; and against Musgrave's explanation,
among other considerations, it may be urged that Ast. was




84


EYPIITIIOY TPQIAAE.


certainly not a suckling at this period.  I fancy that in this
bold expression there must be a reminiscence of the use of
gpetoeiv in the sense of the ' measured rhythmical planctus or
beating of the breast,' by which Greek women expressed their
grief; cp. y6wv... epeaoaere... xepoev riTrvXov, Aesch. Theb. 855;
epeo'o 'peo'oe xKaL arevae, Pers. 1046.  So here rrapa elpecrfi
/CLarTwv must (by a very bold use of language) mean trapa
xLrTpi /aCToos eipeaC'ouo'o, ' beside his mother, who is beating
her breasts' as the car advances. Trapa eipeai.a uao-rz - = *rapa
/iYTrpli nACTov'7s ipeaoo-oS~ is not more bold than Kapadro/os epyq/La
veaviCv  ve=aviat KapdroLotL ev ieprLa.  Matth. understands
elpeaia Laa-Trjv to mean 'her heaving breasts'; but this is as
daring an expression as is implied in my explanation, and is
not in accordance with the almost technical usage of tpe'o-aev =
plangere. Cp. &Cp epa'retv of wild impassioned waving of torches,
1258.  We might, however, take 7rapa as an adverb, and
understand elpeo'iq /JcaOJr-v to mean 'borne on the breast.'
The Greek poets are fond of figures taken from rowing, as in
7rrepvywv PperToooTiv, All. 52; and (a still closer parallel) a poet
quoted  by Athenaeus, xv. 699 A, has elpeo-ig yXwj/o-o7s d7ro7r/LEpou/ev eis /y'yav advov: so here elpeoia JaarrvTw  might mean
literally, 'by the oarage, conveyance, of her breast,' i.e. ' borne
on his mother's breast.' But the chief objection to this view
seems to be that Ast. is not described as a child of such
very tender age throughout the play.    Verse 1171 clearly
shows that Ast. was not an infant; for how could he observe
and perceive the royal attributes of his father's state? (This
difficulty, however, would be avoided by accepting Prof.
Crossley's view of 1171, that the oiK is drawn back, and
qualifies y-vous and iliv as well as olrOa: see note on 171.)
But igrerat seems a strange word to describe an infant borne
on his mother's breast. The version of L. and S., 'clasped
close to her throbbing breasts,' is hardly to be found in the
Greek words. Mr. E. G. Butler of Ennis College takes e7reTat
as meaning 'keeps time with,' 'follows the motions of,' a sense
somewhat supported by ieo-I-r vos 5ovpi, M. 395. Ast. might
be borne on her throbbing breasts, though not a suckling,
and with them he would rise and fall. Mr. Stanley would
read trapa 5' eipeociatcs ac-rv.  He conceives that Andr. is
brought on the stage in an eKKKXr//xa, like Euripides in The
Acharnians. The men pushing it along are compared to rowers.
The young Ast. walks beside them.   For the plur. of elpeoqa
he compares Orph. Arg. 374, 1039; and for the concrete
meaning and defining genitive, Soph. Phil. 936, Aesch. Pers.
914. He notices that there is no allusion to horses or mules
yoked to the car, as there is in the Electra when Clytae



NOTES.


85


mnestra comes on the stage.  Dr. Joseph Heinsch (Comment.
Eurip. Specimen, Glatz. 1886) conjectures trapa'Tretpeota KXaiwv
7reTaT, comparing Soph. Aj. 927, adretpeo-'iv 7ruvcov, and Q.
Smyrn. aTretpi'erov KeXapovro. He also suggests 7rapa 6' 7r7TO-,uevos LaaTrov, comparing &w 3i -yovaTrwv, Hec. 245; &/aCSL tITrpOs,
439; 7rob5wv E'Pr-TOdLV, dtao-Oaa, Chr. Pat. 2104, 2453; XpwrTbs
atkao-Oa, ibid. 464; 7rowv e'i7rrozar, ibid. 773, all of which
references have their weight, as the Troades is one of the
plays of which the cento is composed. If I ventured to
ascribe to Eur. epic diction at all, I would borrow from it
more largely, and read trap 6' dTrepeiaL' aXaao-rCv  rerat, 'beside
her follows sore distraught,' thus avoiding the asyndeton and
adhering closely to the Mss. For aXao-Tv, cp. Leaf on M. 163,
not L. and S., who give a meaning incompatible with the
usage of the word and with its presumed etymology.
572. VWTOL-L. So VJWTOV is applied to any flat surface, the
sea, the land, a rock, an altar, and (with a metaphorical allusion to a horse) it is used of a tree in Bacch. 1074.
576. Ciro, sc. XeX\'TYvot5s 7wro Tpoias.
577-601. This beautiful antiphony may be compared with
the solemn litanies of the Persae.
578. SLO.v, 'Why keenest thou this coronach; 'tis mine.'
Andr. says that her case is so piteous that &/JOL belongs to her
as of right; TWCO' a\Xyewv is the gen. after an interjection, as in
ot '7Jb avadrov rTOV (roO JLeXa, Iph. A. 1287; Ot'LOt TWV i/ELWV iySe
KaKwv, Phoen. 384; (fpe  roO av6Sp6s, 'ah, what a man,' Xen.
Cyr. iii. 1. 39. I have preserved iE'bv and cTVB' of the Mss.
against Hermann's epicv and 6v8', which Dind. accepts.
583. iRcov T' ivy. rraiSov = e/oti r' eyevees ra&es, the abstract
noun being used for the concrete.
584. ECas agrees with 7roXeos in next verse but one.
585. Xa.ivrpa, 'too evident is the ruin.'
588 a. Xvj.', 'thou that wert mutilated by the Achaeans,'
i.e. Hector. Such would be the natural meaning of X/,ua.
But it is perhaps better to take the word in the sense of
XVi/u7, 'scourge of the Achaeans.' Cp. pernicies in "pernicies
et tempestas barathrumque macelli," Hor. Ep. i. 15. 31.
588b. KOCLLOLraL, 'take me to Hades to sleep,' constructio
praegnans. See on 445.
589. rdOoL, 'deep are these yearnings of us who have to
dree this weird.'




86


EYPIIIIAOY TPI2iAAEN.


"Sore are our yearnings, sharp anguish is come on us,
0 sorrow-stricken:
Ruined our city is; cloud over cloud do our miseries
thicken,
Sent by the hate of the Gods, since thy son was from
Hades delivered,
He for whose bridal accurst were the bulwarks of Ilium
shivered.
Pallas the Goddess is left amid corpses blood-boultered
that crowd her,
Spoil for the vultures, and Troy 'neath the yoke-band of
thraldom hath bowed her."-W.
592. o SE ar-s yovos. Andr. has not heard of the death of
Paris by the arrow of Philoctetes (Soph. Phil. 1425). Paris
had already been slain; see v. 952.
595. Jvvc-r. See on 232.
597. EkoxEiv0V, 'where I was in travail,' lit. 'was delivered';
cp. Bacch. 3.
598. pilp.d'wroX\s.  This is Seidler's emendation for epvy/oi
rboXts: exactly similar is Porson's ierwrroac-pb6vwv for /Uewrw7rU
awpopbov (which violates the pause) in Aesch. Suppl. 194.
603. aSiKprT', used as an adv., 'without tears,' 'yea, even
the dead remembereth with wet eyes'; cp. Byron, "And
thou who tell'st me to forget, Thy looks are wan, thine eyes
are wet."
604. i-B5v, 'what a sweet thing tears are,' a very common
idiom.
605. poO'ra. See 120, "the chant with sorrow fraught. " —W.
609. TO i(,!S$v. See on 412; for the aor. expressing what is
wont to happen, see Madv. Syn. ~ iii., Rem. a; Goodwin,
~30, 1.
612. SLvodv, 'strange,' 'mighty,' not 'terrible,' so 6eLvlo TO
ziTKTELV, 'strange is the power of motherhood.'
614. \XXos TLS, Ajax alter; see 70.  'Sucn a one as Ajax,'
i.e. 'a ravisher.' The plural is more usual when a proper
name is used to denote the type or class to which the individual belonged: cp. Xpvaor'i'wv eAiXlyia, Ag. 1439;  aAaldxwv
dTzra\Xayeis, Ar. Ach. 270; but for the sing. cp. Aesch. Prom.
86, aitr6v -yap ae 6e? IpolJ7Oiews.
615. XdTEpa, 'you are hapless even in your other daughter,'
Polyxena, lit. 'on the other side,' two only being contemplated, Polyxena and Cassandra. Hec. replies, 'Ay, hapless
beyond measure and beyond count.'     The construction is,




NOTES.


87


voW 'ye 76TaVa W&v eiri /0o oVre /A. O0Tre dp.  Observe lrepos
sometimes = aXXos: of this a good example is in Hec. 361, rbv
'EKrop6S re Xadrepwv roXX\\i KaCYV. See also 362.
621. erascs, 'here is plainly told the riddle which Tal. but
now obscurely shadowed forth'; 7rdXaL often refers to the
quite recent past in the Attic. writers, just as procul in Latin
comedy means 'hard by.'
622. VLV aCTrri  Kirch. reads vtv avrXjv, a common pleonasm
in the tragics.
623. CarwKo0o&IlJ v, 'I smote my breast for the dead.'
624. irpocr a~1yp4LTov, 'how heinous was the sacrifice of thee.'
For gen., see on 578.
627. [tf(rs, 'she was more blessed in her death than I who
live '; /3X\7ret is, as often, quite synonymous with  Pv.
629. o TrEKoiorac, 'O mother' (of the sacrificed Polyxena).
Musgr. reads o r ecoOca, ' O mother, that barest me not,' i.e.
mother-in-law; so Ion 1324, Xacp' i <>iLr)7 eLoL A/rep ov reKovoad
7rep, but there the final words only explain that ^r-ep is used
as a term of respect, as in 1182, 1228, below, and so I would
understand ov reKKoca if read here; I do not think Eur. would
have expressed in those terms the relation of a mother in-law.
Musgr. might have quoted in support of his conjecture,
riKTovraav o0 TiKTov0av, Chr. Pat. 62. But the whole conception
of a mother-in-law as a mother is foreign to Greek thought.
633. akyEt, the dead man 'has not the pain of feeling his
woes.' There is no need to supply a second ovl&v. See on
172 above, 1171 below.    Mr. A. C. Pearson, finding an
objection in the tense of 7'ja7,1O-vos, proposed to read rwv
KaCLKV 8' &a0r cfivos. But -0sr]ce'vos does not necessarily imply
any more than alrO8av6uyvos, and if it did we could understand, 'having known what the ills of life are.'
635. &aXrau, 'wanders away from,' i.e. 'loses,' 'is bereft
of,' cp. e(fqpoo-ivas dXarcu, Pind. O. i. 94; but the addition of
vuXiv' makes the phrase a little difficult, 'in thought he loses
his happiness,' i.e. 'he reflects on his lost happiness,' 'he
misses his former happiness,' so Dante's well-known "nessun
maggior dolore Che ricordarsi del tempo felice Nella miseria,"
and Tennyson's " This is truth the poet sings, That a sorrow's
crown of sorrow is remembering happier things."
636. wio-rrp OiK t8oviora - sCL.  It was probably this passage
which suggested to Seneca the reflections on a future life
which he puts into the mouth of his chorus in his Troades,
" Quaeris quo iaceas post obitum loco I quo non nata iacent,"
Tro. 410 ff.




88


EYPIIIIAOY TPMIAAEE.


638. 'yo 8i, 'I aimed at high repute, and having gained
much of it, yet I was balked of success,' that is, all my plans
were frustrated by this great calamity, which has made me a
slave instead of living a pattern to wives. rT7 ev6. depends
on Troevsa-aa.  Paley shows that TruX means ' the hitting the
mark,' aptly comparing fui 'K rvXrqs 5ptYue/vous, 'anchored
not out of bow-shot,' H. F. 203.
641. eS~o0Xeouv, see 873, 'whatsoever things have been
devised that are of good repute for women, all these I attained
unto in the house of Hector.' So below, 873, etui6XrO-av =
'achieved (the recapture of) Helen.'
642. rwpCrov iev, Dind. has bracketed 642-651 and 656-657.
I formerly followed him, bracketing even 652-655.   I now
believe that Eur. wrote the whole passage, if he ever wrote a
line. It is exactly in his vein, and the difficulties are just
such as his style presents, but which an imitator would be
afraid to introduce.  The sentence is very confused.  As vpOa
in 642 cannot mean 'whereas' (though edd. have carelessly
assumed that it could), but must mean 'where,' we must
suppose that the writer of these lines was going to say, 'In
the first place I used to remain in the house, where a woman
ought to remain, for not to stay at home ever carries in its
train ill-repute, whether a woman's fame be otherwise besmirched or not'; but he subsequently modified the form of
the sentence in such a way as to leave 'vOa without any antecedent; avrTb ro TOT in 643 is TO6 mir vov jeivev, and 7ro0rou in
645 is TOOV Em vY8ov LV irev: so too iTjrL OV'K tvov gevez, 644 = TO
~1j &vov tUvetv, according to a familiar idiom whereby the
Attic writers, instead of saying adyao0 ieo'rv dvapbs T  A CieLKEV,
often write &ayaeov eo'Trv CvYpos 0'o7TS O:K CdiKel. The passage
may be analyzed, 6oLoes being antecedent to vO0a, thus: Trp&rov
ua'v irapeoca 7roBov roVrov [i.e. r70U0  J AX  vov /deveU'],ULtivov ei
I 6 oots, fvOa jrts OeVK gvo0OV ALm'eL, [racTr] aVtb rTo rT' cf)\KeTat KaK-U
dKOvetL, 'First, I used to stay in the house, where whoso stays
not [to her] this very thing [her gadding abroad] bringeth
disrepute.' The sentence in prose would have run thus, lrpwrov
uiv irapeao'a 7r68ov -TOV /i7 'vSov eL'Cvetv gtfuI'vov ev  6LOtLS 'v0a
dXpiv, erel au7To ro    f i  9vOv x tuvetv  eXAKEeaaL KaKWS atKOvELV
yvvaitl, K&PV rpoao- V70yS Ks&V #SX. Cp. r. 294, avirs yap 0(/XKerat
&v6pa aoiotpos. The whole passage, 642-651, is found in Chr.
Pat.; the difficulty of construction is there avoided by reading
oyv ye for 9v0a. The omission of the article before KaOKs
dKoetiv is irregular (Goodwin, ~ 92-93, Madv. ~ 154).  Cp.
1056 below.
646. KOfgJLL, 'the tinsel-talk of women.' —W.




NOTES.


647. EiLc~pov'fplv. See L. and S. under eoia5pe'w.
648. olKo90V, 'having by nature a sound reason to guide me';
o0KOOev, like domi, means,' having about me,' 'having a store of';
we find domi est in Cic.; and Cat. has (xxxi. 14) "gaudete
quidquid est domi cachinnorum," 'laugh all the laughs ye
have' (lit. 'have about you,' 'keep stock of'). See 963.
650. &pl = & ('in what matters') eXpijv Ae vLKaV 7r6iv: SO VlKav
Kai &8KaLa Ki&SKaC = 'in both good cases and bad,' Ar. Nub. 99;
y-0 is the Attic form of Mesv, plup. of olSa.
655. aCi0EVTov.  This word always means 'murderer' in
Eur. We have only the authority of Suidas and grammarians
for auOevrri  = eco-roTrs, which sense is more natural here. In
Suppl. 442, where 6iAos avSev7-rs XOovbs would also require the
sense of becTrorits, Dind. accepts Markland's conjecture, eSOvvvTs.
It would be easy to read evovvrjwv here, but the word may be
explained as meaning" 'murderess of my kin.'   Hector's
murderers were her murderers. Orestes calls Clytaemnestra
his murderess because she slew his father. See 920, 921.
659. uLo-rl!rofaL, fut. mid. in semi-passive sense, 'I shall
get myself hated'; so in Ion 597, 611.
663. KaLvoEorL, 'by means of a new marriage.'
664. Cp. Virg. 0. iii. 517, " maerentem abiungens fraterna
morte iuvencum."
666. KacLTO, 'yet the brute-kind is dumb, unreasoning,
lower than man.' Observe the subject has the article, the
predicates have not.
677. KXeTirofaL, 'and I am not beguiled by the phantasy
that it will e'er be well with me-sweet were even such a
phantasy.' Cp. KpeZarov 78 rb 6OKeP K&aV cX-q\7eias atr^, Or. 230;
cp. also Sen. Tro. 432, " prosperis rebus locus I ereptus omnis,
dira qua veniant habent; | miserrimum est timere cum speres
nihil."
681-700. I give Mr. Way's rendering of this fine passage:
"Though never yet I stepped aboard a ship,
From pictures seen and hearsay know I this,
That, if there lie a storm not passing great
On mariners, for deliverance all bestir them:
This standeth by the helm, that by the sail;
That baleth ship: but if the sea's full flood
In turmoil overwhelm them, cowed by fate
To the waves' driving they commit themselves.
So I withal, though many a woe is mine,
Am dumb, and I refrain my lips from speech,




90


EYPITTIAOY TPM2IAAET.


For the gods' misery-surge o'ermastereth me.
But, dear my daughter, let be Hector's fate,
Seeing no tears of thine shall ransom him;
But honour him that is to-day thy lord,
Tendering the sweet lure of thy winsomeness.
If this thou do, thy friends shall share thy joy,
And this my son's son shalt thou rear to man,
To Troy a mighty aid, that children born
Of him hereafter may in days to come
Build her, and yet again our city rise."
686. &VT\ov, 'keeping out the sea water'; this word in the
tragic poets always means the iinmicum imbrem, the sea
water which makes its way into the ship through leaks and
chinks; cp. avuXov OVK iSe'a-ro in Aesch. Theb. 796, and the
well-known passage, aXiLev6v Lts - s eis &vrXov T reoa'v, Hec. 1025,
where dvvrXov does not mean the vessel's hold, but the inimicum
imbrem of the sea.   For ei'pywv, cp. KX-OpoP eip-y7rw CTryJ7s,
Frag. 364. 20.
687. *Vi1X. Nauck reads q5opy, with Chr. Pat. 628.
695. 8eXap, 'allurement'; rp6or-wv is the descriptive gen.,
see Madv. Syntax, ~ 54 b, Rems. 1 and 2.
697. 7raiSa TOvSE TracSo's. Astyanax, son of Hector.
700. KcrOLKLoeiLv. I have given Nauck's correction of iv'
e'Irore I  oK a-oi of the Mss.; Aid. reads i'v' oi' 7rore T  K cou. A. C.
Pearson conjectures,LEyioT77rv wCq/XqaLv, ei'7rore IeEK -oV. The opt.
is attracted into the mood of IKOPOeeCa d&v. For this attraction
of the opt., see on Bacch. 1255.
709. ijcv o~, sc. 9ioTe, 'is it that he is to have a different
master from me?' oi goes with Trb avio6v.
713. ~irwvecr', 'I commend your reserve, unless your tidings
are fair'; ablc is the 'respect for her feelings,' which seems
to make his tale so hard to tell; but if his tidings be good,
she does not commend his withholding them so long.
716. Xywv: observe the change of tense in Xe'as, 718; cp.
e6X0ovv and KaTecivdJ7?  755; yacmeZand edolAeiu', 962; faFve and
drrd6os, 1039.
719. VLKiy(rLE, 'may such a vote be carried about his flesh
and blood,' an impers. use of the verb which is common
enough, see L. and S., vmKcOw 3.
722. EVyEv(3s, 'let your grief be a noble grief, nor deem you
are strong when you are helpless.'
725. Kpareit, 2nd pers. sing. pass.




NOTES.


91


726. /iELts, 'we are strong enough to contend with one
woman.' There is certainly an ironical bitterness about these
words which does not harmonize with the tone of the rest of
the speech. Hence Nauck proposes 7i'v re 7TE T  yvvaKa dcipvacOraL Jiav I otov TE.
729. 'AxeLots, Nauck and Kirch. read 'AXatwv with V,
comparing 638 above, and Bacch. 1100, i'e-av... IlvOCews.
735. TLji.qEL's. For the construction 7rpois To ar77uatv6evov,
cp. 531, 852, and Bacch. 1307, gpvos... KaTravovTa.
737. EvyivELa &arrWXEo-rv, cp. Sen. Tro. 500, "grave pondus
illun magna nobilitas premit."
737-755. I append Mr. Way's version:
" Thy father's heroism ruineth thee,
Which unto others was deliverance.
Ill-timed thy father's prowess was for thee!
0 bridal mine and union evil-starred,
Whereby I came, time was, to Hector's hall,
Not as to bear a babe for Greeks to slay,
Nay, but a king for Asia's fruitful land!
Child, dost thou weep?-dost comprehend thy doom?
Why with thine hands clutch, clinging to my robe,
Like fledgling fleeing to nestle 'neath my wings?
No Hector, glorious spear in grip, shall rise
From earth, and bringing thee deliverance come,
No kinsman of thy sire, no might of Phrygians;
But, falling from on high with horrible plunge,
Unpitied shalt thou dash away thy breath.
O tender nursling, sweet to mother, sweet!
O balmy breath!-in vain and all in vain
This breast in swaddling-bands hath nurtured thee.
Vainly I travailed and was spent with toils! "
742. crOa(y~tov is 'a vessel for holding blood,' not 'a victim,'
which is codLytov. Hence Nauck, o5 acriyLov vi6: Kirch., ov
oa-fcytov Ivw: but the verse labours under another defect, for
rdo/jcat, not Tero, is the Attic future of riKTw: moreover
'ArdcLos with an adj. is strange in next verse; we have rraoaa
'AatdSa in Ion 1355, but that is not so strong a case as here,
for yOvr would easily be understood with 7ra-av 'Aatcisa, just
as in 'Ao-tdcito KpoLuara, Frag. 371, KtcOdpas must be supplied.
These defects in diction, as well as the weakness of the
two lines, seem to betray the hand of the interpolator.
745. dvTeXEL, cp. Sen. Tro. 802, "quid meos retines sinus 
manusque matris? cassa praesidia occupas."   See note on
1090.




92


EYPIIIIAOY TPI2IAAEE.


749. r-Vyy4vELa, 'kin,' used here collectively, but of a single
kinsman in Or. 1233.
753. SLO KEVqS, ' in vain,' see L. and S., KEmOS 2.
755. This verse occurs in M~ed. 1026.
756. obiwOT' aWLIs, 'for you will never embrace me more.'
Observe, it should be  5'wTOr' aits, if the meaning were 'now
for the last time embrace me.'
759. pdppapa, 'un-Greek,' as Mr. Way renders it. The
word could not, of course, mean 'barbarous' in the modern
sense of 'cruel,' though it sometimes comes near it, as in
Hel. 501, avelp yap o6Seis aSe /3dp/3apos Operas.
779. crTeiavas, 'the highest parapet,' 'battlement of the
ramparts.' In a different sense is a-reo. used in Hec. 910,
airb oTe~favav,  KeKapoa-t 7rrvpywv, ' thou art shorn of thy coronal
of towers,' where 7rnpywv is the descriptive gen., or gen.
describing the material of which the coronal was composed.
782. KqpVKEViELV, 'such tragical announcements ought to
be left to him who is pitiless, and more prone than is my
spirit to heartlessness.' rzjs -iU. yvVWsLS = eJov, as "sententia
Catonis " stands for 'Cato' in Hor.
786. orvXWjEOa, 'we are reft of thee,' lit. 'of thy life';
Eur. uses VvXhv 'Opfo-rov as a periphrasis for 'Opefro'v.
790. &pXopEv, 'this is all I am mistress of'; Hec. says
that she has nothing now in her power to give Ast., but
r\X7'yarc-T  Kparbs a'repvwv re K67rovs, she can but smite her head
and beat her breast in mourning for him. For the former
gesture of grief, cp. Cic. Brut. 278, "nulla perturbatio
animi, nulla corporis, frons non percussa, non femur, pedis,
quod minimum est, nulla supplosio."
791. rt ycip O$vK yxoELv, 'what evil are we spared, what
woe do we want, to fulfil the sum of our utter ruin?' xwpeLV
8&L 6o'Opov = 5XXv-aLt, and must be distinguished from Xwpedv
eis 6IXepov.
794. This very exquisite ode is quite Pindaric in the skill
with which the mythical glories of Ilium are interwoven and
connected with its fall.  It is this extraordinary literary
skill on the part of Pindar to which Mr. Matthew Arnold
has paid a just tribute when he says, "Pindar is literally
saturated with the spirit of style." I do not know of any
ode in the tragic poets which illustrates better than this the
matchless mastery of execution, which is the glory of Greek
poetry, and the wonder and despair of all subsequent art.
It will be needful to give a sketch of the mythological story.
omitting all details unnecessary for the present purpose:



NOTES.


93


Laomedonhad a daughter Hesione, and sons Priam, Tithonus,
and Ganymede,~ which latter were beloved of the gods.
Tithonus became the consort of Aurora, and was at last (in
that his old age was immortal) carried up in a celestial car to
the presence of the gods. Ganymede was the cup-bearer of
Zeus. Apollo and Poseidon, being under the wrath of Zeus,
were made to be in bondage to Laomedon, in the which they
built the walls of Troy; but Laomedon cozened them of the
covenanted reward, and Poseidon sent a sea monster to ravage
the land, to appease the which Laomedon was constrained to
sacrifice even his daughter Hesione, to be devoured by him.
But Hercules, returning from the Amazons, and seeing Hesione
exposed for death, covenanted to slay the monster and save
the maiden, for the magic mares which Zeus had given to
Laomedon in restitution for Ganymede.  Yet Laomedon
again forswore his oath, and would not give the mares, albeit
Hercules slew the monster and rescued the maid. So Hercules
invaded Troy and utterly destroyed it, and Telamon, king of
Salamis, was with him, and helped him; to whom he gave
Hesione as the meed of victory.
The key-note of the ode is, that Ganymede and Tithonus
availed not to avert ruin from Troy, notwithstanding their
influence with the gods. Subjoined is a prose version of the
ode, which needs a poetical garb to do it justice:" King Telamon of bee-haunted Salamis, thou that madest
thee a habitation in the sea-girt land, over against the sacred
hill [the Athenian Acropolis] where Athen6 showed the first
sprout of the dark-green olive-a crown and glory heavenhigh to Athens fat with oil-of old to the sack of Troy, Troy
our town, thou marchedst, fellow-captain with the son of
Alcmena, lord of the bow, when first he led forth the flower
of Hellas, being wroth for the mares, and at Simois' stream
stopped his good ship, and made fast the cables from the
poops, and took from his barks that which was the cunning
of his hand, even death to Laomedon: and the walls chiselled
according to the plumb-line of Phoebus with the red breath
of fire he brought to nought, and laid waste the land; yea,
twice with two succeeding blows the spear of the foeman laid
low the bulwarks round about )ardania. All for nought
then, thou son of Laomedon, thou that walkest delicately
with the golden goblets. thou bearest the wine that filleth
the cup of Zeus-a high ministry-and thy mother-land
is burning with fire. On the shores of the deep there is a


* Ganynlede is sometimes made the son of Tros, Ilus, or Assaracus.




94


EYPIIIIAOY TPQIAAEE.


voice and lamentation, women shrieking, as the bird for her
brood, shrieking for their mates and their children and their
mothers; foredone are the pools where thou wast wont to
bathe, and the courses wherein thou didst exercise thee; yet
is thy young face beautiful in the calm of its loveliness beside
the throne of Zeus; and the land of Priam hath the Grecian
spear brought to ruin.
"Love, Love, that didst come into the abodes of Dardanus,
touching the hearts of the heavenly ones, how mightily didst
thou exalt Troy, when thou didst ally her with the gods-no
blame shall I speak of Zeus, but the light of white-winged
Aurora balefully, balefully looked on the downfall of the land,
and its high places, albeit she had in her bowers from this
land a lord the father of her brood, whom the celestial car of
gold rapt on high, to be a great hope to his fatherland-but
brought to nought are all the ties that bound the gods to
Troy."
796. E7rLKEKX[Ievas, cp. XL/Uvri KEeK\XLiVO Kluto-i&, E. 709.
800. XL1rapalirL, not 'fertile,' for Thuc. expressly tells us
that Athens was Xe7rroTycws, but 'rich in olive oil'; hence
Aristophanes says that those who give Athens this traditional
epithet praise her in terms more fitting for sardines e l'/huile,
dciowv Tri7uV repLitas, Ach. 639.
810. 4orxaco-.  See L. and S., aXcg-w, II. 3.
811. Evo-iroxCav = 'his well-aimed shafts,' abstract for concrete, as eSiyveta, 583. Nauck escapes the difficulty, or rather
mitigates the boldness of the expression, by reading ieeXev 6Iv.
812. Kavodvov, see 6 above.
814. rriruXos, any regular, recurring sounds, as (1) of oars
(hence vews TTri7TXoS, 'a bark with its plashing oars,' 1123);
(2) the plash of falling tears, or of wine into the cup; (3) of
rhythmically recurring blows, 'thuds,' whether (a) of mourners
beating the breast (1236) or (b) of pugilists boxing, whence
the metaphor here; (4) of recurring attacks, as of madness,
terror, etc.
815. AapSavLCs, gen. governed by 7repi.
816. ev olvoxoaLs, small vessels for ladling the wine from
the Kpar-ip into the cups; ev = 'with'; cp. ei KXd\ots, Bacch.
110 and note.
824. wrXkpwp.a, not = ir\7-pwo-, 'task of filling,' a usage
which it would be hard to defend, and which certainly is not
paralleled in Soph. Trach. 1213; 7rX7pwCoa KVX. is naturally
'that which fills the cups,' and so the word is used in Ion




NOTES.


95


1051, 1412, Cycl. 209.  KaXI\orav Xa-rpciav is accus. in apposition to the sentence.
825. &: the ellipse of Sya might be urged in confirmation
of the soundness of my conjecture on Bacch. 406, IIdoov 0'
av O' eKaTrb6Tokrot for &v eKar6aTroJLo which defies explanation.
The weak point of my reading was, of course, the ellipse of
yav, which I could defend by adducing this parallel passage.
However, I now adopt Dr. Verrall's view, which does not
entail the ellipse of 7y, but of vao-o, which occurs among
the preceding words.
829. virwEp: observe the hyperbaton of the preposition; (3oow-r
must be supplied in the principal sentence from foai in the
dependent.
831. iSvaropas. This is the reading of the MSS., but it can
be reconciled with the antistrophe only by iterating 6Xo6v, a
course which I have adopted, following the suggestion of
Bothe.  The usual reading is efvas, but that makes - - in
strophe = --     in antistrophe, and, moreover, ervas applied
to persons= 'husbands,' would be hard to defend.    Herm.
suggested dopas, which exactly suits the antistrophe, without
even postulating the resolution of long syllables which is
required by the reading in the text. Hermann's reading is
accepted by Dind., but the word, tempting as it is, has no
authority.  We have in Suidas, dopes- ati yvvaIes, on which
the note of Kust. is "imo 6apes- vid. Schol. Horn. ad. II. 1.
327."  Hesych. has dopes' yvvaiKes XlyosTrat Kal TpiTroses, and in
Etyn. Magn. we find dopot al yvvatKes' yiKverat 6apot- Kara
/aLETaW7rXac/Tbv 6apes, Kal KaTL' vbrep0etaiv Kai eKTaotLv twpes.
Hesych. also has oapas' -yciovs' otl e yvvaTiKas.  But how
could such a word he corrupted into evriropas?   The word
used in 1309 below, is dKoilras. Besides, the word here must
mean 'husbands' not 'wives,' and for this there is no
authority.
836. XaPLwL, this might also mean 'through delight in your
office'; cp. bvorTpa, rrap0evwv Xciptras, 1109 below; in favour
of my rendering is Bacch. 236, Ba-OLs XadpiTas 'Appo8irqs gXwv.
842. i.Xxov, lit. 'being a cure to'; Way renders 'Thrilling
the hearts of abiders in heavens.' But see Hel. 197, Andr.
850, where aXetv means little more than 'to be familiar with'
or ' known to.'
844. Errupyaocras. This word is metaphorical, as in 508;
there is no allusion to the building of the walls of Troy.
846. 6VELios.  The meaning is: I will not dwell on the
fact that Ganymede failed to procure the interposition of




96


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAE'.


Zeus, for this might seem to be an aspersion on Zeus; but I
will tell how Tithonus could not influence Aurora to help the
city.
850. 6oo6v. It is more poetical, and more in accordance
with the usage of the word, to connect 6Xobv with 0dy7yo rather
than with AXeOpov. I fancy, moreover, that Sen. had this
passage in his mind when he wrote, "Memnon cuius ob
luctum parens I pallente maestum protulit voltu diem."
Tro. 248.
852. 'xovra, construction 7rpos ro afLatav6buevov, inasmuch as
'HHpas q0'yyos is merely a paraphrase for'Hudpa. See on 735.
856. a&oriepv, 'a starry car'; this is perhaps the gen. of
material, like 6a-rpwv eoppbO77, Soph. El. 19, 'a starry night';
Xt6vos 7rrTpvyt, 'a snowy wing,' Ant. 114; oawcLa a7roSov, El.
758; rpavJuaTa ai'laros, Phoen. 1616.  Or should we rather
take daripwv as gen. of source, origin, 'a car sent from the
starry skies'?
859. IXXTpa='influences towards producing affection.' I
think the correlative word 4laO-6pov, 'an influence for producing
hatred,' should be introduced in Frag. 495, the whole point
of the passage being that the female sex are a great instrument for disseminating hatred against themselves, the false
bringing censure on the true, until men have no faith in
their wives; utrL-qv  is the reading of the MSS. The Frag.
runs as follows:
&\XyLToTv eaTL 07iXv icr7]O0pov 7yro'
al yfLp cra/XEeo'at rTaZCrt OVK eogCaX/gvaLs
aZacros yaitvttt KaC KeKoVWvrait 6o6yov
ral ov KaKatroLv at KaKait Ta 6' els y7aiovs
o08Vv 6oKOUOLtv vyLts dcLvpdrtLv povewv.
863. Kal ou-pac. 'AX., sc. b5v ieJol eJu6X0'ae, 'I am he who
underwent so much, and with me (toiled) the Achaean host.'
Cp. 868, which is just the same, the participle agreeing with
the nearest subst.
864. 8crov SoKovorC ILe, 'not so much as men deem by reason
of my wife, but rather to meet the man who, false to his host,
filched away my spouse.' Perhaps another covert criticism
on Aesch. Ag. 400 ff. lo'o is accusative of measure.
869. Ai.KaLvav. He cannot bear to utter the name Helen,
a very Euripidean touch of nature; 891 ff. are also very characteristic.
873.   qPSEoX06qav. See 641.




NOTES.


97


874. Kravetv.  When the infin. expresses a purpose it is
generally active or middle, even when the passive would seem
more natural, as here. (Goodwin, ~ 97.)
876. &oaaL du pov, ' to give up (the design of) slaying her in
Troy.'
879. WroLvas, accus. in apposition to foregoing clause, 'as a
retribution for those whose friends fell in Troy.'
884. 6Xqpla. This is the nom.; Zeus is called, 'thou stay
of the earth, and thou that restest on it.' The doctrine that
the supreme godhead was the Air (which supports the earth
and rests on it) is distinctly recognized in Frag. 869, 935
(Nauck), the latter passage being referred to by Cic. N. D.
ii. 65. In N. D. i. 29, Cic. ascribes this doctrine to Diogenes
of Apollonia; the following words of his (Frag. 6, Mullach) at
all events imply this view, Kai /Lot oKieeLt Ti rT v vb P6rv EXov elvaL
6 da7p, Kalc vir ToUTroV ravraL Kal Kv3epvPadaeraL, Kal T7rtVTW KpaTELtv,
Kai OUK -TTLv ovS byv fI T Al /fX eTEfXOL rTOtrOV. So Democritus
(Frag. 5, Mullach) says, OUK daretK6or  rWv\o XOYIWv dvap'Wrwv
6\i'yovs 6v vvv r)epa KaXco/Iev Ala yxvOeaOat Kal wrcavra ovros ol6e
Kai &60i KaL adratpeerat. This hypothesis, that the earth is
supported by the air, is ascribed by Plut. (Mor. 896 E)
to Anaximenes, and by Aristotle (De Caelo, 2. 13) to
Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Democritus; the very phrase
TrS yijs x'6IXa is applied by Hippocrates to the air. After
apparently identifying Zeus with Air, Eur. puts aside the
question whether the law of his action is to be found in
Necessity or in the Anaxagorean Novs, but ends by finally
expressing his adoration for a mysterious Principle of good
which carries on the moral government of the world. Eur.
appears to make an opportunity here for himself to give
utterance to his religious views, for it is hard to see how
this sudden and subtle apostrophe befits dramatically the
circumstances of the Trojan queen. Indeed the subject is at
once dismissed after a passing exclamation from Menelaus.
But it is quite in the manner of Eur., who aimed at elevating
the popular views on religious dogma, and purging the latter
of its frivolities and deformities.  The fine phrase, Lt' ai6qov
Paivwv KEXEOvov, reminds one of Cowper's hymn, " God mo-es
in a mysterious way, His wonders to perform." For vros as
a god, cp. Cic. N. D. i. 11, " Ergo animus, ut ego dico, divinus
est, ut Eur. audet dicere, Deus."
889. Tr 8' ia-v; 'What?  How strange are these adjurations!' So must we render with the above punctuation,
which is usually adopted.    Perhaps, however, a better
punctuation is, ri ' OTLV T   evXS Cas W  KaUIPvas LOev; ' what mean
G




98


EYPIIIIAOY TPf2IAAEZ.


these new-fangled adjurations?' lit. 'what is the reason that
(j: = quod) you have so revolutionized the (the customary)
appeals to the gods?'
892. aLpit, an allusion to the name'EXiev, as Aesch. Aq.
761, iXlvavs eXavpo eXei7roXtL, and the (prob. spurious) passage, Hec. 442, 'EXiev7v 'iol/at, &al KaXwv 'yap o6pucarwv I alt'crrra
Tpoiav ElXe.
899. TiVES: the ellipse of the 3rd pers. plur. of the subst.
verb is rare, especially in a dependent question.
901. iX9Es, 'you (that is, your case) did not come to any
formal discussion; the host unanimously gave your life to me
whom you wronged.' Most edd. give X\0eV, the reading of
the schol., but X8\es of the MuSS. is really more idiomatic:
cp. 218, and note there. A somewhat similar usage is illustrated in note on 930.
904. Oavoa~eOa. For the plur. immediately following the
sing. applied to the same person, see above 474.
906. ro8', sc. TOo X6yov TrvUXEZ, 'lest she diewithout a hearing.'
910. KTCVEt, not interficiet but inter iciendam probabit, ' will
justify her death and ensure it.' wr-re u. 0. ' so as not to leave
a loop-hole for her escape.'
911. crXo\Xqs, 'this concession will require time,' lit. 'this
concession, it is the part of leisure (to make),' i.e. should he
made only by one who is not pressed for time.
916. 4y/ 8'. ' Yet (taking up) those charges which I deem
you would bring against me if you did begin an argument
with me, I will reply to your pleas, setting against each other
your charges against me and mine against you' (i.e. against
Hecuba, Priam, and Aphrodite to whom you will appeal);
ia ' olCatn Ka7T. is 'as regards the charges which I think you
will make'; & is not relative to rots aorat as an antecedent.
We must supply rots euoos after Ta ad. For a similar and
equally natural ellipse, cp. note on 285.
919. dpX&s, plur. though referring to Paris only; cp. dprats,
the sword of Perseus, Ion 192; fiteoa, sword of Ajax, Soph.
Aj. 231. So also 'Irr7rXvros... HILTrOeS   ratSeLC ara, JHipp. 11;
'EX\vlv... rdci(c  rpoacpd'yLara, IHec. 265; anld yydaio passim.
922. SaXoD. Hec., when pregnant with Paris, dreamed
that she brought forth a lighted torch which burned the
city; hence she was warned to expose the child she bore,
and Priam gave him to a servant to expose on Mount Ida;
but the child escaped, and lived to fulfil the weird and
bring about the burning of the town.




NOTES.


99


925. 8oro-s, 'what she offered,' 'promised to him'; so eaitot
= ' offered.'
926. (tavLro'TLvam. = vdorTarov 7roteZv, 'to destroy.'
928. KpiVELEV = 7rpoKpive1ev, 'prefer,' see L. and S. Kpivw, II. 7.
929. EKrayXovlsivm,.  Here EK7ra-yXo/yua means 'to express
admiration,' generally ' to feel admiration.'
930. wrcepSpp&oL, 'should (be pronounced to) surpass,' so oa
8' ArOa... &va~, 'you (he used to say) are to be king,' H. F. 467;
TrXovrets ev of, 7rXotTroOo-, 'you talk of your riches and his
poverty,' And. 212. So Cic. Att. ix. 2 B, "Eripiebat Hispanias:
tenebat Asiam... persequebatur," 'he tall'ed of wresting the
Spains from Pompeius, occupying Asia, pursuing him into
Greece.'
931. TO'v veEv, ' the rest of the argument.' I have corrected
the reading of all the edd., rbv e mv6v', which would introduce a very unpleasant asyndeton; Ov6ev is here, as often, a
demonstrative adverb of time.
932. yc.LOL, plural in same sense as singular; see 919; y6iuot
is here used of her illicit union with Paris; so in Haves
dva3oa -ycduovu, Hel. 190, the word is applied to 'rape,'
' violence.'
934. oisT' iS Sdpv. The meaning is, 'neither have you on
the one hand, being brave enough to fight, been worsted in
battle; nor on the other hand have you tamely submitted,
and acquiesced in subjugation without a struggle; no, you
faced the barbarians and conquered them.' Literally, 'you
are not subjected to the barbarians, either through facing
them in battle (and failing therein) or by (accepting) their
rule (without a struggle).' Cp. Andr. 680, Iph. Aul. 1400.
935. & 8' i|Tr., ' what was goodhap to Hellas was ruin to me,
and I am taunted when I deserve only to be praised.' For
the accusative, see Madv. Syn. ~ 27 a.
936. rrpoaetora, 'betrayed,' 'undone,' lit. 'sold,' see L. and
S. 7rt7rpa'-Ko, II.
937. it Wv = eK Tro06v;e &v, 'by those at whose hands I
ought to have received a crown for my head.'
938. ar& T&v rroorv, ' you will say I am evading the very
point at issue,' my clandestine flight from your house.
941. cdaXo'ap. Paris is called 'the evil genius' of Hecuba.
Nauck reads o6 Tio-e X-ro-T-p, and in 942, eAT' dXaCoropa for eire
Ka ITciptv.
944. Kpll-Cav.  Paris took advantage of the absence of
Men. in Crete.




100


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAEE.


946. *povil<rac' iK 8o0'ov, Nauck; ppovovra (or 9povolcad y'),
MSS.; cpovovor' CK 6wydrawv, Dind.
948. Trv 9E6v. Aphrodite.   Paley would omit rTv, but see
H. F. 1129, ri-v Oecv ioaas, where the metre demands the
article.
951. gveev 8'. evOev is here a relative adverb of place = o9ev,
unde; 'but (to advert to a point) from wthece you might
draw a specious argument against me.' The point is that
when Paris died she should have returned to the Greeks, for
then she could plead no union brought about by divine
agency (Oeorn6v-ra), as was her union with Paris brought
about by Aphrodite; her subsequent union with Deiphobus
was not eo7r6vnTros. She pleads in her defence violence and
constraint on the part of Deiphobus.
958. acro-L KXE'wrovo-av, 'trying to escape by stealth.' The
pres. part. is also used as an imperf. part.; she would have
said, ao-i' KXe7rT7ov, 'I tried to escape,' and the part. means
the same thing; see Goodwin, ~ 16. 2, oioa 6e KaKEiVW crcppovoUvre, erEe oavv7jor7lv, 'I know that these were,' etc., Xen.
Hem. i. 2. 18.
961. Ev8$iKcs.  This passage can hardly be sound.   Eur.
would not have written evSiwKm... &tKaiWa.   It has been
attempted to explain evsiKws as referring to the abstract
justice of Helen's death, while &KKatws refers especially to the
question whether Men. was the fit agent to inflict it; but no
such distinction can be made out.     The best conjecture
hitherto put forward is that of Seidler and Hermann, &IKaLos
for &KaiLws, 'how then, justified as I am, could I justly be
slain by thee, my husband?' IKaLos, fer., is common enough
in Eur.  But none of the conjectures are even probable.  I
have obelized the passage. But I am strongly disposed to
believe that Eur. wrote as follows:
7rTW OUV 7T aiV OG7jOKOLUl' aV CvlKWCS, lTO'l,
Irpos Cov; &Kalot Ov 6 /J.v 3 lia yaJel.
& KacoLs is the ind. pres. 2nd pers. of &tKao6w, and the meaning
is, 'dost thou punish her whom,' etc., or 'thou punishest her
whom,' etc.; for this use of oato6w, cp. eI' rTa 7rvv6oivoTro
iv3pt'ovra TOUTOV... Kar' dTi7v e KaC-Tov atLKc7/xaTros  iSLKaCeV, Hdt.
i. 100.  It may be added that Chr. Pat. 2594 has the word
&KKacova'. Mr. A. C. Pearson would read, Ovrj-KOLf/' evatio-IW,
wr6o, I Trpbs cOl &KalUs 0', comparing for evatyaixos Ale. 1077.
963. T& 6' ol'Ko0EV KEv'.  These words are usually explained
as meaning 'that natural gift,' viz. 'beauty,' o'tKoOev in 648
above being compared; but this makes it very hard to give a




NOTES.                        101
good sense to eaoVevau', of which ra o'LKoOev is supposed to be
the subject. It seems to me much better to take Ceo6Xevr'
for eSoevo\vaa, and explain, 'and as regards my domestic life
in his (Deiphobus') house, I was in bitter servitude instead of
being the prize of victory.' We are told by a schol. on
Homer, that on the death of Paris, lpia/Los 7bv 'EXTvls ycid/ov
eTraOXov l0r7Ke T7 dapt-TreVo-avT  KCaT T7]V fCaX"-v' A7-t'iqOPOS 
yevvaiwc dywayvvLaievoS Ty/jjgev aUT7rv: Helen therefore was
actually 'the prize of victory' (vIKrTr7pma), but instead of
being treated as such she was forced to live a life of constraint and slavery. It would seem impossible that Eur.
would make Helen say, 'My natural gifts (i.e. beauty) lived
in slavery instead of (gaining) the prize of victory'; what
prize of victory? Moreover, a passage of Seneca, Tro. 920,
written apparently with reminiscence of the passage now
under consideration, seems to me to show that ieovtXevo is
1st pers.  Helen, in comparing her sufferings with those of
the Greeks, says: " Durum et invisum et grave est I Servitia
ferre; patior hoc olim iugum I Annis decem captive."  Busche
conjectures Kalv' for Kerv', 'I suffered a new slavery.'
965. To XpTYtELV.  Xp?'etl would have been more natural;
but we find the article with the infin. even in much stronger
cases than this, e.g. pkaKpoS To KplvaL... Xpovos, Soph. El. 1030;
TO... 6pav... dgujXavos, Ant. 79; Kaplias 8' e^iraTa/Cga  TO apa,
1105; so Trach. 1115, Thuc. ii. 53, Eur. Frag. 901. 6.
967. irELOJ9, 'showing the rottenness of her specious plea.
973. cirnrrodXa, 'was ready to barter away' (as a bribe to
Paris to adjudge her the victory). The imperfect, as Mr.
Stanley remarks, refers to what the agent was ready to do)
as edisov, 'he offered to give,' Aesch. 3. 83. See Madv. Greek
Syntax, ~ 113, Rem. 1; and Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 11, note 2.
A very good example is Ar. Nub. 63, rpooeriLet, 'she wanted
to add.' The meaning is, ' Heri and Pallas would never have
sacrificed Greece, and with it their favourite cities, for
victory in a trial which was merely a freak and a whim
(7OrmaLLaio Kai XXtai).'
980.  rTi'io-aTro, ' asked as a boon from her sire,' not gained
as a boon; iearelo-fOat can mean 'to gain as a boon' when
followed by accus. with infin., as in Hec. 49; but with accus.
rei it means either (1) 'to crave a boon,' as here, Heracl. 476
etc., or (2) ' to avert by begging,' deprecari, as in ra 7rpbaOev
abdha/ar' eX., And. 54.
981. [a&I~aOEts WroieL =  a dg.uaOes roiet, ' do not assume them
to be irrational'; see L. and So, 7rote&, A. vi.  Cp. faciamus,




102


EYPIIIIAOY TPi2IAAE`.


'assume,' 'make out,' in Cic.     gaO&ia sometimes means
'brutishness,' as in And. 170, but does not mean 'lewdness,'
like nJwpla, dippooa'v7.
982. iTj o ireCo-,rns, take care 'lest you fail to convince the
judicious'; or was inserted by Seidler, and is to be taken
closely with reic7s: some word like opa is to be understood;
cp. dSpet, Ujl TOVTO  To r doyaOov, Plat. Gorg. 495 B; /i7 o0 OetUrbv., Plat. Phaed. 67 B, where the antecedent verb is omitted,
as here.
984. MEv\XEo, gen.
98.. dv, often found twice in a verse; three times below,
1244.
986. auTciAs 'Ap., 'Amyclae and all'; Amyclae, a city of
Laconia, was the kingdom of Tyndarus, the father of Helen,
and therefore the dwelling-place of Helen in her maidenhood.
The idea of the power of the goddess to transport Helen with
the whole town in which she dwelt to Ilium, was probably
suggested by the boast of Zeus, 0. 20 ff., as Paley suggests.
988. EwroLt0i, 'transformed itself into,' 'constituted itself
a goddess of desire.'  Helen had pleaded that Aphrodite
had come with Paris to Sparta, and that it was in vain to try
to resist the goddess who inspired her with passion; Hec.
replies, 'she never came or inspired you; it was your own
passions which you allowed to exercise on you the influence of
Aphrodite: all lewd desires do in us the work of Aphrodite.'
The verb eiroL0O77 might also be explained, 'was assumed to
be,' as roter, 981. Matth. renders "fecit id quod tu Veneri
tribuis, locum Veneris apud te tenuit," thus halting between
the two explanations which I have offered.
990. &pPXEL, ' and rightly the name of the goddess A phrodite
has in it the beginning of the word c(ppo-oiruv.' The fact that
the first two syllables of dcipo-rv,7, ' lewdness,' are found in
'A0po-&imTr is made the theme of an etymologizing passage
which reminds us of Bacch. 286 ff. It will be seen at once
that 6&ppo- (c4p6s, ' foam ') in 'Adppo6iTr has no affinity whatever
with dfpo- (aipwco, 'lewd') in 4a'poV'rvq. On the etymologizing
vein in Eur. see Bacch. p. xxxviii. To this verse is prefixed
in Cod. Havn. the word Wpalov. This is the word which the
scholiasts used to express their admiration of a line; so also
yv. =?yvw/1 or ysWfitK6v, and K. = Ka6v.  These marginal expressions of admiration often lead to corruption.  With the
present passage cp. Aesch. Theb. 578, 6i r' iv TEXeevTN TroAlvo'
'evSarol;uevos, where the prophet must be supposed to have
said some such words as I lIO\XvetKes JVeiKOS  tsv, as in Phoen.




NOTES.


103


1495, & IIoXVVELKeS el>vs ap' irwvv/LUos: thus the meaning of the
Aeschylean passage would be that the seer divided the name
into IIoX1 - and -veLKes, and repeated the latter half.  So here
Aphrodite is said to have the first half of ac(poav'rv in her
name; the words could not mean, 'begins with dqpoaSvvr,' nor
indeed would this be a true statement.
991. ov, rel. to vtv 988.
993. "Apye = Peloponnesus; see 242. ' In Argos didst thou
sojourn with scant means, and thoughtest that, escaped from
Sparta, thou couldst deluge with thy extravagances the city
of the Trojans, though overflowing with gold.' But perhaps
KaTaKX\Vlet petovoav is proleptic, 'to deluge it till it flowed
with gold' (squandered by thee).  The sentiment would be
more natural if Wro6Xv could be taken as subject of KaTaKKX60eLI,
'that it would deluge you with gold'; but with the nom.
partic. preceding, and the ellipse of ae, this would be out of
the question.
997. 'yKaOvppCtELv, epexegetic, 'large enough for thy luxury
to revel in.'
1001. KCIT' &Crpa, 'not yet translated to the skies.'
1003. ayovCio.  " &ywvia, 7raXatio-pa' 'EvpLt7rirls 6  TpC'aol,
ro~Xeqov. "-Hesych.
1004. TOVSE, 'if the cause of Men was reported to you to
be triumphing.'
1009. T&pETr 8' OVK 06EXES. Sc. a/u' E7reEOaL.
1010. KXT',ELV, illperf. infin.; see on 958, and Goodwin,
~ 15, 3, 'You say you used to try to flee by stealth, letting
yourself down with ropes from the ramparts.'
1012. EV40|rls. The meaning is, 'why did you not destroy
yourself?'
1017. yaCLovo'L, future.
1020. yaip, for ya1p standing fourth word in sentence, see
on Bacch. 451.
1022. ew' Toter-e, 'after all this,' "sic re se habente, his
a te commissis sceleribus," as the old Comm. explain;
cp. 1028.
1024 TOv aCLVTrv arrdoG-, 'lookedst on the same heaven as thy
husband'; 6 auros often takes a dat. to denote agreement,
like O'/,oos, wrapaurXr)aLos; cp. 1049 below and rbv avrbv Xwpov
eKXL7rUv euoi, Aesch. Cho. 54:3. So 'iden facit occidenti," 'as if
he killed,' Hor. -I. P. 467; "eadem facit omnia turpi," 'same
as an ugly woman,' Lucr. iv. 1168.




104


EYPIIAIOY TP2IAAEE.


1025. pELr(CoLs, 'in tattered weeds,' usually of 'wrecks' or
'ruins,' used of 'carcases' of slaughtered sheep in Soph. Aj.
308, and as here in Niobe of Soph., \e7rToo7ra0rTWv XXavtwIWv
epeti7rois (Frag. 400, Dind.).
1026. C&E-,K.  Properly 'scalped'; here, as in El. 241,
toKvotauPevov, 'shorn bare.' Hdt. iv. 64, describes how the
Scythians scalped their slain.
1032. eVCo-KELV, ' that she shall die,' the pres. infin. is found
instead of the fut. when it follows verbs of commanding, such
as 0es v6fov here; as eiwtrv u' feva raptevat els T7Vr aKpo6roXLv,
'having given orders that no one should pass into the citadel,'
Xen. Hell. v. 2. 29; Goodwin, ~ 15, 2, note 3.
1034. irpbs 'EX. o'yov, 'save yourself from a charge of unmanliness on the part of Hellas'; ip6yov 7rpos'EXX. is 'blame
from Greece,' and TOi OjXv is added to specify the nature of
the charge to be brought against Men.       Cp. lMed. 218,
6a60KX\e~av eKTr7-joavro Kal ipa0vxuiav, where the meaning is L5v'KXEjav
pqtvugias, as here the meaning is 6y7ov O )X6TrJTOS.
1036. 4tot, 'you have come to the same judgment as I, that
she, of free will, left my house for a stranger's bed, and the
Cyprian goddess has been brought into her plea but for the
sake of speciousness.'  eveiTat, perf. pass. of evi/Lt.  The
point in the whole case regarded as most cardinal by Helen,
Hecuba, and Menelaus, is the question whether agency of
Aphrodite can be proved in extenuation-a strong contrast to
the modern point of view. Helen has recourse to it again
in 1042.
1040. &orSos, 'atone for,' as in I. 387, Trpiv y' caTr Traaav ei/ol
6i06,evat 6vuLaXye'a Xcjw3rv. The word really means only redder e.
1044. ATi 7rpoSWs.  For A'b with aor. subj. in prohibitions,
see Goodwin, ~ 86.
1046. 8', 'for I at once declare my indifference to her.:
See on 53 above. 5e sometimes connects two clauses which
stand to each other in the relation of cause and effect, and to
some extent = ip: cp. Z. 160, y    e -yvvj1 IIpoirov eTreA/zvaro.
'for the wife of P.'
1049. -ol Trairov, see on 1024. This passage is extremely
skilful. Hec. still fears the influence of Helen's fascinations,
and says, 'let her not embark on the same ship with thee.'
Men. replies with scornful confidence in his resolution,
' What, is she then heavier than of yore! will she sink the
vessel?' Hec. 'He is no lover who loves not for ever.' Men.
' That is as the heart of the loved one may have proved.' Cp.
for the sentiment Andromeda (Frag. 140), ooot yap els epw7a




NOTES.


105


WrTrTOVtLrv  3pOTWv | a0X\wTv 6rav TVXW0L TWYV epU.W4yWV  O1K o'o'
O7roias XeilreraT 7r60' 7ovjs. Very like 105 in expression is
Moore's "The heart that once truly loved never forgets, But
fondly loves on to the close "; but the meaning of the Greek
verse is rather that when a man is once strongly enamoured,
the feeling can always he aroused again. It is more like
"They sin who tell us love can die," Southey, Curse of
Kehama, a. 10.
1057. 0ia-iEL. TtOvat, with dat. without prep. is a poetical
usage, e.g. epo-y... OeZvaL, Hel. 1064; gi9qKE... ^Vy7darpC 68wpov,
Soph. Trach. 691; 'she will put in all women continence,'
e.g. 'she will inspire them  with a regard for continence.'
He adds, 'This is no easy task; yet her downfall will alarm
their incontinence, even though they be yet more hateful than
she is.' But certainly oawpovev 7rdaciaoaL  OareL is a very harsh
expression, especially as there is no article before oawcpovev.
To read 7raLo ai? evrLe would be an improvement; but a word
is needed which would mean 'to warn,' 'to enjoin on'; perhaps we might read 0r<ae- for 0raet, 'she will (by her fate)
tell all women to be chaste.'
1060. Mr. Way's spirited version is as follows:
"So then thy temple in Troy fair-gleaming,
And thine altar of incense heavenward steaming,
Hast thou rendered up to our foes Achaean,
O Zeus, and the flame of our sacrificing,
And the holy burg with its myrrh-smoke rising,
And the ivy-mantled glens Idaean
Overstreamed with the wan snow riverward-rushing,
And the haunted bowers of the World's Wall, flushing
With the first shafts flashed through the empyrean!
"Thine altars are cold; and the blithesome calling
Of the dancers is hushed; nor at twilight's falling
To the night-long vigils of gods cometh waking.
They are vanished, thy carven images golden,
And the twelve moon-feasts of the Phrygians holden.
Dost thou care, O King, I muse, heart-aching,Thou who sittest on high in the far blue heaven
Enthroned, —that my city to ruin is given,
That the bands of her strength is the fire-blast breaking?
"O my beloved, 0 husband mine,
Thou art dead, and unburied thou wanderest yonder,
Unwashen!-but me shall the keel thro' the brine.
Waft, onward sped by its pinions of pine,




106


EYPIIIAOY TP2IAAEZ.


To the horse-land Argos, where that stone wonder
The Cyclop walls cleave the clouds asunder.
And our babes at the gates, in a long, long line,
Cling to their mothers with wail and with weeping that
cannot avail'0 mother,' they moan, 'alone, alone, woe's me! the
Achaeans hale
Me from thy sight-from thineTo the dark ship, soon o'er the surge to be riding,
To Salamis gliding,
To the hallowed strand,
Or the Isthmian hill 'twixt the two seas swelling,
Where the gates of the dwelling
Of Pelops stand!'
"Oh that, when, far o'er the mid-sea sped,
Menelaus' galley is onward sailing,
On the midst of her oars might the thunderbolt dread
Crash down, the Aegean's wildfire red,
Since from Ilium me with weeping and wailing
Unto thraldom in Hellas hence is he haling:
And lo, Zeus' daughter, like maid unwed,
Hath joy of her mirrors of gold, and her state as of right
doth she hold!
Nevermore may he come to Laconia, home of his sires:
be his hearth aye cold!
Never Pitanu's streets may he tread,
Nor the Goddess's temple brazen-gated,
With the evil-fated
For his prize, who for shame
Unto all wide Hellas's sons and daughters,
And for woe to the waters
Of Simois, came!
"Woe's me, woe's me!
Afflictions new, ere the old be past,
On our land are falling! Behold and see,
Ye wives of the Trojans, horror-aghast,
Dead Astyanax, by the Danaans cast
From the towers, slain pitilessly."
1064. alOepCas, 'the smoke of the myrrh as it (wlien burnt)
mounts high into air,' cp. 325, and aiOepia 8' ave7rra, Med. 440.
1069. irpwTopoXov, ' and that limit of the land, the holy
abode that brightens under the first shafts of the rising sun.'
There was an ancient opinion that Mount Ida received the
first rays of sun, which it collected and formed into an orb;




NOTES.


107


and hence it was supposed to be the boundary of the world
on the east; Lucr. v. 662, says, 'Thus they tell that from the
high mountains of Ida scattered fires are seen at day-break,
that these then unite as it were into a single ball, and make
up an orb' (Munro's trans.). So Pomponius Mela, whom Musgrave quotes: " Pene a media nocte spargi ignes passimque
micare, et, ut lux appropinquat, ita coire ac se coniungere
videntur," ii. 18. Hence Musgrave suggested vYXa Xa7rroe&avav,
and certainly KaTaXatLzro/.-vav is weak, unless taken, as in the
above rendering, close with 7rpwrbf6oXov aXiy.
1073. rravvuXC8Es, 'night festivals,' pervigilia.
1074. toa&vwv TuirO, periphrasis for 56ava=' statues,' 'images '
of the gods.
1075. o-eXCvaL, the recurring festivals, twelve in all, held
on the vovusrvla, or first of each month, which was sacred to
Apollo.  o-eX7vr) often means 'month' in Eur.; here 'monthly
festivals' at the full moon, according to some, but more probably on the ovfourvia. In the Erechtheus (Frag. 352) oEeXivaL are
round (full-moon-shaped) cakes, 6/uoiws  ei Kai ai ~eXivac
7rei/LaTra lrXarea KvKXorep$, Suid., and again ie 'EpeXOeZ T7s
TeX7vas 7reXacvovs Ei'prKev Eip'., i.e. the 7rLXavoL, or 'sacrificial
cakes,' mentioned in 1063.
1077. JeXEL, 'on my soul weighs the thought, whether thou
mindest thee of these things mounted on thy heavenly throne,
even the air.' /tEXE\ is also followed by &-rws, &s, tu: e7rpiejws
with accus. usually means 'lighting upon' or 'going to,' or
'attacking,' but we find the phrase vaCO' t'rrrwv ireTrrLdres, and
there is here a hinted metaphor from mounting a steed. Eur.
affects this metaphor, cp. dvaXarTraete and VWTrlS of a tree,
Bacch. 1070. 2.
1078. oVpavlov, perhaps for the metre we should      read
opaivov, the Aeolic form, as Dind. does in Soph. O. C. 1466.
1084. &XcaiveLs, 'wanderest forlorn.' "Secus inferorum ripas
animae vagantur, quorum corpora sepultura carebant," Barnes.
1085. dvuSpos, ' without the lustral water,' which formed
part of the rite of sepulture. See 1152.
1088. vELovTr.L, '(men) inhabit,' TEiXq being accus.; but it
is quite possible that TreiX- is nom., and the subject of the verb
veuovrat, though reiX77 is neut. and veilovTra plur.; for TreiXq
implies and really means rr6Xets. We have already had many
instances of this constr. rpbs rT o r-7iculv6tevov il this play.  See
on 119, 531, 735, 852,!090, 1209, 1223. Neut. plur. with
plur. verb is a common epic usage, as in Kai &ij 6oipa o'orl7re
vewv Kai arcdpra \XUVTrat, B. 135.




108


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAEE.


1090. KaCTqopa agrees with TEKVa implied in TrKVWV 7r\XjoS.
Ka7r iopa (deipw) is 'hanging from their mothers' clothes,' cp.
\Xoxov... vroetpcaiovs... EXKovo'av, H. F. 445; eKKpr7/lvac'0e
rraprpowv  7rErXwv, HI. F. 520;  6Oeay0' eLyv wre'rXwv, H. F. 627.
The rest of the strophe is the cry of the children.
1094. va.v: after this word some words like w&rc e e 7rCtre/iv
must be understood; 'they are bearing me to the dark hulk
to take me to Salamis or Corinth.'
1097. Siropov Kop. "Iro-. =the peak of Acrocorinthus on the
isthmus, commanding two straits; &iropov = bimarem.
1098. wriXas, 'where the holds of Pelops have their gate';
the isthmus is the gate of Peloponnesus.
1100-1105. MEvlAa, gen.; the nom. has three forms, MeveXaos, iMeve'XeA, MevlXas.  dKdaTOv iovoaa is the gen. absolute;
'would that, while the bark of Men. was walking the midmost main, an awful levin bolt of the Aegaean, hurled with
both hands (by Zeus) would fall in the midst of the oars.'
lIEaL, with accus. = ' to traverse,' is common in Attic; Homer
uses the gen., not accus. 7rXarav (gen. plur.) is Seidler's
correction of 7rXcidav of the MSS.; but the passage still labours
under difficulties, some reference to Zeus as the hurler of the
lightning seems required; hence Reiske thought that &L7raXrov
might mean    d'-TraXTro, but there is no analogy for such a
word.   Musgrave again conjectured 'Ilaiov (sc. Ar6s) for
Aiyaiov, which last word indeed is far from satisfactory; if
sound, Aiyaiov wrip must be 'a bolt such as often descends on
the Aegaean,' which is noted for its thunder-storms. In favour
of Musgrave's conjecture it may be urged that Zeus is described
in the Iliad as "Ire0ev LE&wcov, and we have Oi Aobs ipevs I 'Iualov
errVKTro, II. 606.  We have in Hel. 130, Ioe'ov 7repato rrXa-/os
Aiyaiov wropov, but the order of the words here quite precludes
the possibility of connecting 7reXa/yos Aiyalov (iropov being
understood).
1104. STE, 'now that,' with a semi-causal sense, as in Ar.
Vub. 34, Ach. 647, Soph. Aj. 1095, etc.  See 1162 below.
1105. &yaEv, 'from my country Ilium'; cp. " Thebis indidem,"
'from the same Thebes,' Nep. Epam. v. 2.
1107. XapLTas, see on 836, 'the delight of girls'; cp. Or.
1112. ALi6 K6pa is, of course, Helen, who is supposed by the
chorus to be in the enjoyment of her wonted luxuries. They
have no faith in Menelaus' intention of putting her to death.
XpLoea... Kopc is parenthetical.  The subject of '\Oot in next
verse is 3MeveXeows.
1111. IIrTavas, one of the divisions of the city of Sparta.




NOTES.


109


1112. Xa\K6'rrukov Tre eEav, Athene Chalcioecus, who had a
temple in the acropolis of Lacedaemon.
1114. cX&v, 'having captured her who by her adultery
brought scathe and scorn on mighty Hellas, and bitter woe
on the waters of Simois.' Again, eXwv is used with a play on
the name'EXe'v.
1118. KCaLvWV, gen. after /erTa/3XXovwat, ' here are new mishaps coming in exchange for (i.e. in succession to) others still
new'; )erT. is intrans.
1122. \XovwrLv, see on 317; the connection of the aor. part.
with CXw, to denote at once the preceding action and the
present state, is almost a periphrasis of the perfect; the
usage is mostly confined to the poets, but is found not unfrequently in Xenophon, where however it is the perf. part.
not the aor. that is joined with txw.  The aor. in this phrase
has that present signification which is commented on in note
on 53 above.
1123. wrvuXos, 'the steady sweep of one ship's oarage that
was left behind is to take the rest of the spoils of Neoptolemus
to Phthia'; see 816. XeX. refers in grammar to TriTtAos and in
sense to vews: see 533, 564.
1126. &vfiKTaL, 'has set sail'; vd, 'yet vavv and avadyetv absol.
are used in the sense of 'to put a ship to sea,' lit. 'to lead up';
the ship at sea, appearing to be raised toward the horizon line.
is said to be ymerewpos. The anapaest in the fourth foot is
quite justifiable in the case of a proper name, the first two
syllables of NeoTrr6oXeuos are pronounced as one.
1129. o  O9acroov OJVEK', lit. 'being influenced by which
consideration more than (by) having any pleasure in staying,
he is gone,' (i.e. 'more than any convenience he might have
found in waiting to see all his prizes put on board'). The
phrase is somewhat contorted, and many conjectures have
been made, especially ov for X (Seidler), gXetv for egXw (Hermann), i.e. 'too quickly to feel any pleasure in staying.'
But there is no occasion for change. Cp. Soph. O. C. 890, oi
xcipv I| ep' ca OFaCov X, KcaO' 7j8ovrv ro86s.
1131. &yco'ys, 'drawing from me many a tear'; we have
tyetv 6taKpv in this sense in Alc. 1081.
1134. 0a&aL, sc. rtvci, 'she asked of Neopt. that Ast. might
be buried,' cp. 7ra6ams U5 ILeLvatL Tobs Eif obS alrrTcofJLat, Med. 780,
'I will pray that they may remain.' Barnes proposed oa' for
to-', and Nauck K&t'.rmo-aro, but without reason.




110


EYPIIAIIOY TPMIAAEZ.


1138. vLv is added because the verb 7ropevOra stands at some
distance from its object, 'the shield of brass, the terror of
the Greek.'
1140. Xvrras opav, in apposition to the foregoing clause,
j) VLI 7Tropecat-, 'that he should not bring to the chamber,
where Andromache is to meet her new lord, the shield of
Hector to be a pain to her eyes.'
1141. KESpou... Xa'Cvov. The words refer to the modes of
burial customary at Athens.   "Recent investigations of
numerous graves in the Attic plain seem to prove that the
burial of unburnt bodies in earthen or wooden coffins or in
grave-chambers cut from the living rock, was at least as
prevalent (as cremation); according to Cic. (Legg. ii. 22),
the burying in grave-chambers cut from the rock was even
the older of the two. The rocky soil of Attica, bare of trees,
made this sort of burial, rather than cremation, convenient
for the majority of the inhabitants."-Guhl and Koner, p. 292.
1142. OIafL, sc. TLvd, as above 1134, and Trvo is again
understood with Sovvat in next verse. In all these cases in
translation the passive voice might be used, the construction
having been explained in a note, 'she prayed that he might
be buried in this, and might be given into your arms,' etc.
1144. o-TrE+voLS. ' An obolus, being the ferriage for Charon,
was put into the mouth of the corpse; the body was then
washed and anointed by the women and placed in a white
shroud (7&rXodorwv, 143). It was crowned with flowers and
wreaths, and thus prepared for the lying in state (npobOeots)."
-Guhl and Koner, p. 289.
1145. ' Since she has now left the country, and the hurried
departure of her lord Neopt. has prevented her from consigning the child to the tomb.'  For adeti'ero jur, see Madv.
Synz., ~ 210.
1148. &poivLEv, so Elmsley for aipoOvev of the Mss., see Hreracl.
322. This word must come from aeipw (fut. dpC [a] contracted
from cep6, which never occurs), for the fut. of ai'pw is dpJ3 [a].
Now detpetv 86pv certainly does not mean 'to set sail.' We
might possibly follow the ingenious explanation of Seidler
(reading, however, e7ra/,7rtrX6vTre, 2nd aor. part., not eira/uriaXovres, pres.) and understand 'having buried him we shall
raise the spear over his tomb.' This Seidler shows to have
been a custom in the case of those who met a violent death,
the spear being a sign that the relatives of the (lead bound
themselves to take vengeance on the murderers.  This ingenious view, which quite removes all difficulties in the lan



NOTES.


111


guage of the passage, he defends by these quotations from
Harpocration: ' 7reveyKelv 86pv nwi rj EKKopy Kal Trpoayope7eLv
erri 7T!yLvLaT7'! A7/qloaOdeV r KaT' EVipyov Kat Mv7aLcpoX\ov raTrd
)c(YITLv e7ri TroV ptaiws daro0av6vros, i.e. Dem. in the case of a
violent death uses the words 'to set up a spear at the burial
and (thus) give warning at the tomb'; again (to translate in
an abridged form, without giving the Greek, except where
requisite), 'Istrius tells us, that in the case of Procris and
Cephalus there is a tradition that Erechtheus stuck a spear
in the ground at the grave, 7ri TOo rdbov aopv KaraTrerrrTa,
5Lca Tr voAtouIov etvat rol T 7rpoaroKOvoat roTro rov rTp6iov iep~eTXpyeoat
Tros 0ovas,.' If a6pv could mean 'a mast,' there would be no
difficulty, for ancient Greek mariners are described frequently
in Homer as lowering the mast into the la~ro56K- on coming
into port, and raising it again by the 7rporovoc when about to
sail. But there is no warrant for d6pv='a mast.'     However, as atpeLv rTa vads, aCpev aTrbXov, are good expressions for
'setting sail,' and as &6pv certainly can mean ' a ship,' perhaps
we may assume that aipeiv 36pv might mean 'to set sail.' In
that case we ought to read here a'ipw/Lev 6pv, as Mr. Stanley
suggests. It must be owned that the Greeks would hardly
erect, or allow to be erected, a monument of vengeance against
themselves.
1153. cvapp^igov, probably means 'to dig in the ground,'
not 'to hew out of the rock,' for though the word would
rather convey the latter sense, the phrase -yiv ro6' iera~/rta-X6vrTe is in favour of the former.
1154. cos tvTroR': the meaning is 'that your efforts and
mine concurring and therefore abridged for us (in their duration) may start our oar on its homeward voyage.',rTr' 4Toi. The regular construction would have been ra aTro
eLov Kaal Tr daroi aoO, because /eou and aoo denote separate and
contrasted sources of action; -rdr' ie/oV re KCaro a-ov ought in
strictness to mean the one indivisible act which you and I
together perform. Eur. could here have written -dbr' eeJ O  KC1L
rcaLrb ol; without any violation of the metre.  But the poets
allow themselves some latitude in cases like this; cp. rwv
dvw re Kal KdTrw, Aesch. Cho. 116; rTi  a\X6vr 'al Kal Kpar-r-o'dcvrv,
Agam. 315.
1156. OE'crO, addressed to the attendants of Tal., who had
brought the body laid out on a shield.
1158. liyKov.  We find 6yKov rXx-S, 'dignity of estate' in
Frag. 81; 6yKov absol. = 'repute,' Phoen. 717; 6yKrov v6Laros,
'high-sounding name,' Soph. Trach. 817; but none of these




112


EYPIIIIIOY TPMIAAE2.


is quite parallel to the present use, 'more renown for war
than for wisdom.' Yet we can hardly understand 6yKov in a
sense which would be at least semi-physical, 'O ye whose
reasons are not so weighty as your spears.' 6yKos is 'highblown pride' above 108.
1160. p.i TpoCav TroTE, cp. Sen. Tro. 750, " hae manus Troiam
erigent?"
1161. oZSv AT' &pa, 'so you prove to have been after all
but cowards,' cp. 65' lv apa  6 O vX\\aaIv ue, ' this is then the
one that seized me,' Soph. Phil. 978; OVK io-av, 'they turn out
not to be,' 'they are not after all,' v. 209. For this use of
the imperf. see Goodwin, ~ 11, note 6.
1162. /TE has the same sense as in 1105, 'so ye are after all
but cowards, since we used to fall beneath your arms, when
Hector was victorious in the fray, and many a doughty hand
besides; yet, now ye are so greatly afraid of a child, though
the town is sacked and the Phrygians put to the sword.' The
passage might be taken thus: 'so ye were but cowards when
we used to fall before you, though Hector and many another
were victorious in the fray; and now when the city is taken
ye are so afraid of a child.' But this would rather require
7ro6Xes ' aXov'a-s. Moreover, the usage of 6re implied in the
first reading is quite common, see L. and S.; the words
&owXX\ erf0a ge'v ieiaoar-e & = &ooXX\\vfvwv p11}JUv eSeiare, and ore
goes with ieicare as well as with &LwXXA/Lea-ca. Cp. " Occidis
parvus quidem | sed iam timendus," Sen. Tro. 800.
1166. 8-rrts, i.e. OVK aitvk 6fo63ov ro6rov orts booe/3 t u fl) &eF.
Xo6yy, 'I commend not the fear of him who fears without
probing its grounds by reason.' Cp. Med. 220.
1171. vvv 8' aiT'. This is an extremely obscure passage,
and there is no reason why we should suppose it to be corrupt.
a6r'= caVr seems to refer to -6 rupavpveetv implied in rvpavviba
(or perhaps rather it=aura and refers to all the foregoing
substantives), but we can hardly explain with Paley and
others that 'Ast. had seen with his eyes and known in his
mind only (i.e. not in practice and reality) what it was to be
a king, but had not had the opportunity to enjoy the honours
which he possessed by right in his own house.' We can
hardly explain thus, for bvXr does not mean the 'reason,' thus
sharply contrasted with experience, in Eur., and even if it
did, yvois ao- tv;vxi is incompatible with oVK olta-a. Now Pvx'i
in Eur. means ' the life' or 'the feelings,' or it is a periphrasis
for a person, e.g. t'XcV 'Opa —ou= 'Opv= o-0ar  (cp. 786). It might
perhaps be taken here in the last sense: ' You have seen and




NOTES.


113


known what it is to be a king, but you do not know it in your
own person, and you never at all (oboev) experienced that rule
which was your heritage' (tv o'itots exwv); oar uvXii being supposed to be the same as v coi, ' in your own case.' Cp. 1252.
Herm.explains: "Vidisti quidem ista,sed nescis tevidisse,neque
iis usus es, quum tamen domi haberes." But this version slurs
the difficulty in oa L^vX-^: does he take these words with yvows
or with oldoOa? in either case they are otiose, and (more
broadly) what would be the point in such a reflection as
'sovereignty, etc., thou sawest and didst understand though
thou now knowlest not that thou didst'? The late Dr. Kennedy on
the appearance of this ed. in 1882 favoured me with the following communication: "I would place i6wc phv yv yvos re between commas, construing orj uvX~- with oloaa, and taking it
to mean the soul, or departed spirit, of the child, which will
go down to Hades with no more than a child's knowledge, and
so abide there. Cp. bvxas "Al'Lt 7rpo'aCtev I -7pwcwv. This explains
the present tense, olOta, otherwise, I think, inexplicable. The
sentiment /cuKdpios ASn' av is virtually the same as that ascribed
to Hector by Schiller in his Hektor's A bschied. But Christianity felicitates the child who dies free from human stains.
Paganism condoled with the child who died without human
glories and memories of human joys. Of course the /uv... e
(in 1171, 1172) stand as they do, because the 'non-using' is
antithetic to the 'seeing and recognizing.' I send a translation of the context from 1167, which will show clearly my
interpretation of the lines; ovoev is, of course, adverbial:
'0 dearest one, how sad thy fate in death!
For, in the city's front if thou hadst died
It's champion, having gained thy manhood's prime
And wedlock, and a monarch's godlike state,
Blest thou hadst been, if aught of these is blest.
But now-though thou didst see and recognize
These things, my child, thy spirit knows them not;
None didst thou use, when thou wast housed with all.'
The maintenance of the life-state in Hades is well known as
the Greek creed. See the NeKvca of Homer and of Virgil, and
the motives assigned by Oedipus for blinding himself." [We
might make the OuK before ol-Oa negative the whole sentence,
as oviev does in 633. The difficulty here would be that the
participles luWv and -yvows precede the o5 which, according to
this theory, should negative them, but displacement of ou by
hyperbaton is not uncommon, e.g. Soph. El. 1062, papbv ov for
o0 6ap6v: Phoen. 877, ri 3pwv o: Hipp. 587, Xpiv cvs oi a'
aiLcapraveiv. -H. C.]




114


EYPIIITAOY TP1IAAEZ.


1173. KpL'r6s: pf6orpvxov KpaTos is the accus. of closer specification, a' being directly governed by gKeLpev, 'ah, sad it is
that the walls of your country, the ramparts of Loxias, have
shorn you of the curling tresses that your mother tended so
oft.' The construction is cs cdOAXsl  Teit-X 7rarpLa, Aotiov lrvpyW/maara, 9KEtlpe e KparoS P6oTrpvXov v 7 r\XX' eKljTevce K.T.X.
1176.  iLMAFaaor v T ' 8~WOKEV, 'gave up to kisses'; cp. Xovrpots
Xpca ewKce, Hel. 1383.
1177. lv' aco-rXp&a uh XEyw. This passage is generally explained by edd. as if Eur. had used the words EvPev e;KyeXi
ocretwv pcayevTv fr6vos to avoid employing eKKEXVTcrat ieyKeiaXos,
and they have inferred that eyKef'aXos was regarded as a
coarse and disgusting word by the Greeks. This is quite
wrong.   Homer often uses eiyKeiaXos, and so does Eur. himself, and no reflecting person could deny that the expression
in the text is absolutely shocking, if eKKe'xvraL ieyKpaXos is
coarse. The fact is, neither expression is shocking, but the
phrase in the text is so vigorous that Eur. adds, 'not to say
anything  shocking.'   This phrase always introduces an
apology for something said or about to be said, and does not
refer to a phrase suppressed lest it should prove offensive; it
does not explain the reason why the phrase used is employed
and another avoided, but asks the indulgence of the hearers
for the phrase used: the words i'va o/iev eiraXO0s e'lrw in Dem.
always introduce some phrase which he fears may possibly for
some reason offend some of his audience.  Ev'ev refers to 36 -orpvxov, 'from which spirts out the gore through the shattered
skull.' Cp. " caput I ruptum cerebro penitus expresso," Sen.
Tro. 1125. The metaphor of the 'exploding wave' in Plat.
Rep. 473 c, is a sufficient comment on the use of the word
eKyeXa. Cp. Frag. 388, Ka'pa Te yyap cov vuyXwc K6OatLS 6OLo |
Pavb 8 76re56' e'iyKeaXov, also Cyr-. 402, and a very similar
passage in Soph. Trach. 781.
1178. ELKOUS, 'resemblances,' 'how sweetly you remind me
of your father'; eiKlob is ace. plur. of eiKcb, a poetical form of
itKCbv implied in gen. ELKous (which is the MS. reading here),
ace. sing. etKcI, ace. plur. eiKOvs, but not found in norn.  This
is a most beautiful and natural sentiment, as also are the
reflections which follow; the conception of making Hecuba
see in the hands of her grandson something to remind her of
Hector, is very touching.   The thought is expanded and
spoiled by Sen. Tro. 470 ff. and 655; but delicately used by
Virg. Aen. iii. 490, "Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat";
Cp. also 6. 149.




NOTES.


115


1182. }tLqEp, used here simply as a term of respect to an old
woman; so in 629, 1228.
1184. Kiovus, properly of a 'revelling band,' but also of
any company, e.g. of hunters, and even of a flock of doves in
the Ion 1197; hence Nauck's Ko/fiOt'L is needless.
1188.  iiwrvo i E KXLvcLL, I have here introduced a conjecture
of my own for v7rvoL r' eKeTvOL of the rlss., which is explained,
'those broken or anxious sleeps,' but where are we to get
'broken' or 'anxious.' and this is the whole point of the
phrase? The change is very slight; auvrvoL at the beginning
of a verse would be very easily changed to VTrvot, and then
TEKAINAI having been changed to TEKEINAI by an error in
one letter, iKedvaL would, of course, have been assimilated in
gender to virvoL. Cp. rpocpai re =iarpos afluirdv r' 6X/uAdrTw rTaXr,
Suppl. 1138; fiu'vo and r6TOV  have been conjectured for irovot,
but how could such a corruption be accounted for? Here the
sense is most natural, 'all my kisses, all my fostering care,
all my sleepless nights for thee, all have come to nought.'
For K\Tvat, cp. K\t-ias, 113 above.  The late Prof. H. A. J.
Munro suggested ibrvot Te KOtvoi, comparing 54, 58, 706.
1189. yp6LiELEV, observe the two accusatives, like Xyetv
TIC TL.
1193. iTriav, properly 'a targe made of willow wicker-work';
cp. Virgil's "salignas umbonum crates."
1195. cr'tovo-', imperf. part.
1196. TiTros, the mark made by Hector's arm.
1197. repLSpiopooLS, subst.
1199. rrpoo-TL0'Ls yevELaSL, putting the arm with the shield
on it to his chin.
1201. is KLXXos, 'God gives us not such fortunes as to aim
at adornment'; cp. is aciXXos dcaKe?, El. 1073; es rapacKevrjv,
Bacch. 457; eis iepv Ov/uolp/evos, Soph. Aj. 1018, and below
1211.
1204. rots TporroLs, 'life' (or perhaps 'mischance,' see on
verse 104 above), 'like an idiot in its haviour, leaps now this
way. now that.' T/urX-qrTO7S bS avOpcpwros reminds one of Macbeth's terrible description of life, "It is a tale Told by an
idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing"; or Tennyson's "Time a Maniac scattering dust And Life a Fury
slinging flame."  avrbs evr. ='is uniformly happy'; the Mss.
give auvr6s, which may be explained 'of himself,' 'independent
of the chances and changes of this mortal life.' With the
whole passage cp. the opening lines of Seneca's Troades, and
ib. 270 if.




116


EYPIIIIAOY TPQIAAEE.


1207. 7rpb XELp(v, ' in front of them.' Rhes. 374, Soph. Ant.
1279.
1209. vLKilcoavTr6 erE. Another example of the construction
wrpbs rTO r7aLv6/eivevov, see on 119. The accus. is governed by
some such word as oTrefavoi implied in 0oi rrpoo'iOl'0't adAyd\Jara,
1212.
1211. es rX. 0ilpolE~voL, 'not pursuing these public competitions to excess'; for es, see 1201; the poet hints that the
competition for success in the public games was pushed too
far by the Greeks of his time, who in this respect contrasted
unfavourably with eastern nations.
1213. TrV (v Brov OVT' v, partitive gen.
1217. iO-yes. This is addressed to the dead Hector; 'your
death went to my heart.
1221. KaCXXVLKE.  This ought regularly to be the nom., but
it is attracted into the case of gi/rep as in oX\ite KWUpe ye'voo,
Theocr. xvii. 66; cp. Pers. iii. 28, "stemmate quod Tusco
ramum millesime ducis."  Conversely nom. sometimes stands
for vocative, as 6Va'TrVOs, vTr TOrV; Soph. O. T. 1155. oora
is the imperf. participle.
1223. or Oeavocr'a, 'thou must go to the grave with the
dead, though thou diedst not.' Oav oua, is fem. because it refers
to I/rTep, of which dOcKOS is merely explanatory; erel gives the
reason why she has said aTrecbavo, 'receive this garland' to
the shield.
1227. 6Svpla, elsewhere 'a wailing,' is found only in plur.,
here 'an object of lamentation.' Chr. Pat. 1518 has 65vp/La
in the same sense as here.
1228. Ip-arp. See on 1182.
1231. TIXaxroi-v, 'bandages,' probably strips of the 7re'rXol
mentioned above: it was the custom of the ancients to wash
and bind the wounds of the dead, and even to apply fomentations to them.
1232. d&pya 8' ol  Though acting like a physician, 'having the name of one,' yet she cannot bring about Tra prya, the
results of the healing art on her dead grandson.
1236. rLw'iXovs. See on 814.
1239. Herm. would fill the lacuna by Oapa-c0rao', Musgr. by
'EKca3r, ocd'.
1240. oK... Trovo.  The reading of the MSS. is irXhv oviol
7rbvot Tpoia Te... atovuievyr7, which Seidler has endeavoured to
explain as follows, "nihil igitur actum est in concilio deorum




NOTES.


117


nisi ut me infelicem redderent et Troiam ante alias urbes
odissent," 'so it turns out (see on 1161) that the gods have
had but one concern, my woes, and Troy eminently abhorred
by them; that their only business was (the inflicting of) woes
on me, and the (sating of) their hatred against Troy.' Before
7r6vOL some word meaning 'vindictively inflicted' would be
taken out of tLaov/eLv7j. However, by very slight changes,
uoil and Tpola and tLo-ovYieve, Bothe explains, 'so then the
gods have nothing but woe in store for me, and the eminently
hated Troy.' In Bothe's arrangement of the verse, Ge/ol would
be in a slightly unnatural position, but not more unnatural
than the exigencies of metre could well excuse. I feel sure
that Bothe's emendation should be accepted, and that the
verse cannot be satisfactorily explained in the way suggested
by Seidler. Mr. Stanley suggests oelK v aipeaT-rv Beooi or oVK
ipapev Oeo-it, but ipa is quite requisite, and Bothe's correction
of the passage is simpler.
OVK iv EV 0EOO-L =' the gods have nothing in store for me,'
is not a very normal expression, but is helped out by the wellknown epic tag, OeCu v Yev yoUVaL KelraL.
1243.               The words of Eur. are here hopelessly
lost. V gives as the first words of next verse, iqaveTs av
ovreE, and an obvious interpolator in P gives grpeqke r' avw,
meaning, of course, gcTpefe Trl&V. Many phrases could be
supplied here which would satisfy the metre and give sense,
but this would be merely an idle exercise of ingenuity in the
absence of all evidence. Still more idle is it to endeavour to
elicit some meaning from the guess of the interpolator of P,
and foist on Eur. some such grotesque reflection as 'had the
god swallowed us up by turning the surface of the earth
downwards, we should have vanished quite, and not been a
theme for poetry.' Equally absurd is the sentiment which
emerges if we accept the reading of Stephens, el 8R )uo for ei 5'
7tluas in 1242, 'only for the utter destruction which the god
has inflicted on us we should never have been heard of.'
1244.  wvEditPev = VrfLV?70elj7eYv, 1st aor. pass. opt. Observe
tv thrice.
1252. &v croi KaCLTKvac+E, 'wretched mother who in your
person (i.e. by your death) has torn to tatters all the hopes of
her life.' (v for Iirl and KaTKva4Cae for Kcareyvaqle (which violates
the metre) are the conjectures of Porson. For Kare'KVa/e is
usually read KaCTdKaa e, the obvious conjecture of Burges,
'has brought to its goal' (metaphor from the &iavXos). But
this is unnecessary.  Recent edd. now invariably restore
KdcirTCo for ydcarrtw when the metre requires it, e.g. aXl KvaTrr6 -



118


EYPIIIIAOY TP2IAAEZE


/Levot, Aesch. Pers. 576. Kva'7rrw is properly to 'card' wool,
then generally to 'mangle' or ' tear'; KaTre^Vaie is i7rat
elp-leiov, but that is no reason for rejecting it. There are
several dwra~ elpip/deva in the Bacchae alone.
1253. Ws depends on o3to-Oels, ' thou that wert deemed so
blest for being the son of such a noble line, by a dread fate
hast thou fallen.'
1256. KopuVacs, the 'heights' on which stood the acropolis.
1258. 8SEpo-orovTas, 8LcarEiovTas, Hesych., 'wildly tossing
their arms with their torches'; cp. use of epeao-ov noted on 570.
1261. &pyoo-rav, not to keep the fire 'idle,' to let it do its
work.
1265. poppcas, 'two phases'; it is impossible to decide
whether these two phases of the one command refer to (a) the
directions to the XoXayot, (b) those to Hec. and the other
Trojan dames, or to (a') the rest of the captives who are to
depart at the sound of the trump, (b') Hec. who is to go at
once. In Iph. Aul. 196 Eur. speaks of the 7re0-wdv /opali
TroX\7rXoKot, and in Frag. 210 Aopqal is used of the various
phases of human sorrow. Seidler reads Aoipas, Herm. ~uo/dcs.
1272-1283.
"Ah wretched I!-the uttermost is this,
The deepest depth of all my miseries;
I leave my land; my city is aflame!
O aged foot, sore-striving press thou on
That I may bid mine hapless town farewell.
O Troy, midst burgs barbaric erst so proud,
Soon of thy glorious name shalt thou be spoiled.
They fire thee, and they hale us forth the land,
Thralls! 0 ye Gods!-why call I on the Gods?
For called on heretofore they hearkened not.
Come, rush we on her pyre, for gloriously
So with my blazing country should I die."-W.
1277. E(i'jrveovo-', imperf. part.  Sr7roT', 'once.'
1278. &aiatpioEL, future middle of &4alpEo with passive
meaning. Dind. gives a 3rd future form, dqp4jPeit.
1287-1302.
HEC.     " Woe is me! ah for the woes that be mine!
Kronion, O Phrygian Lord, our begetter, our father,
Dost thou see how calamity's tempests around us gather,
Unmerited doom of Dardanus' line?
CHo.    He hath seen: yet is Troy, the stately city,
A city no more, destroyed without pity.




NOTES.


119


HEC.      Woe is me, woe, and a threefold woe!
Ilios is blazing, the ramparts of Pergamus crashing
Down, with the homes of our city, 'mid flames farflashing
Over their ruins a furnace-glow!
With its wide-winged blackness the heaven's face
covering,
O'er our spear-stricken land is the smoke-cloud
hovering.
In madness of ruin-rush earthward they reel,
Our halls, 'neath the fire and the foemen's steel."
-W.
1290. cdv&La. Zeus as the ancestor of Troy, being the
father of Dardanus by Electra, daughter of Atlas, is called on
to witness the sufferings of his people. The words av'data rai
Aapdcivotv yovas probably mean 'things unworthy of (casting a
slur on) the divine origin of Dardanus,' 'sufferings unworthy
of our boast that we have Zeus to our father'; but the words
may also mean 'undeserved by the race (descendants) of
Dardanus.'
1292. a 8e ey., 'fallen, city no more, is the strong city;
Troy is down.'
1297. &Kpa. It can hardly be doubted that these verses,
1287-1293, 1294-1301, were antistrophic as written by Eur.,
but it is impossible to restore the antistrophic correspondence
without resorting largely to conjecture.  This verse, for
instance, obviously does not correspond with the strophic
verse 1289; hence we cannot pronounce whether aiKpa is iKpa,
nom. fem. sing., or aKpa, nom. neut. plur. from  iKpov: in
either case it refers to the 'peaks,' 'summits,' cidmlina, of the
ramparts.
1300. WrTEpvyL. This is usually taken to mean a 'fan'; cp.
Or. 1426 ff., where feather-fans (pi7rlies) are spoken of as a
Phrygian institution, and such a fan is described in the words
evTriyT KVKX\ lrTrepiv[t: such an allusion then would be fitting
in the mouth of the chorus here, 'the land is come to nought
even as smoke before a fan ' 7rTripvyL might, however, refer
to the wing of the wind.     See 1320, and Jebb on Soph.
O. C. 381.
1301. opa&vLa, 'having suffered a terrible fall'; cp. 519,
ovpcavta ppeuovTa.
1303.  TiKvaL. Hec. calls on her children; the chorus cry,
'it is on the dead that thou callest in thy wailing.' Hec.
'Yes, I call on them, laying my old limbs on the ground, and




120


EYPIIIIAOY TPMIAAEE.


beating the earth with my hands.' Cho. 'And we too in turn
kneel on the ground and call on our lords in the under world.'
M&d6oxa is neut. plur. used adverbially.  The chorus speaks
of itself in the sing., though the words roos eituoVs dKoiras imply
its plurality.
1313. &'CTTos, 'unconscious' here, as in 1321; the word
often means 'unseen.' Unburied and friendless as he is, dead
Priam is spared the consciousness of the present woe. This
is a reflection to which Eur. is prone, e.g. KlpBOS 5' ev KaKO?'
dyvwoila, Frag. 204; cp. Gray's " No more! where ignorance
is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise."
1318. I~XETE. See above on tpX\rj/aCiv r' 9&wKe, 1176; so here
it would have been more natural to say, ' the deadly fire and
the battle spear have you in their power,' than 'ye have in
you the deadly fire,' etc.
1320. '-ra, nom. fer. sing., as the antistrophic verse 1305
shows; 'and (soon) the dust (of the falling towers) like smoke
shall rob me of the sight of my home, with its wings spread
out on the air.' Some word like Treirao-Oei- must be supplied
with rTTdpvU-t. The dust of the falling towers is expressly
compared to smoke, and covertly to a huge wing which shut
out the view of the town.  Cp. Sen. Tro. 20, "Nec coelum
patet I undante fumo; nube ceu densa obsitus ater favilla
squalet Iliaca dies."
1322. Eto-Lv, 'will vanish,' lit. 'will go away so as not to be
seen.' acaves is proleptic.
1326. EvoOkLS, 'soon shall ruin engulf the whole town.' The
falling towers are heard within.
1330. SovAXEov.  This word, like ~6vtos above 1318, is
oftener an adjective of three terminations, than of two, as
here.




DESCRIPTION OF THE METRES.
I HAVE in the following pages given a description of all the
metres in the play, omitting iambic trimeters, except when
they are so mingled with choral metres as to be possibly not
recognized. I may observe here, that the choral senarius is
broadly distinguished from the common type of senarius by
its purity.  The choral senarius properly consists of pure
iambi; we sometimes, however, find in choral odes a not pure
senarius, but in these cases the long syllable is resolved, and
thus is avoided that weightiness which characterizes the
senarius of dialogue and narration.
This play is unusually abundant in lyrical passages. Where
these passages are not antistrophical, I refer to each line by
its number among the verses of the whole play, adding the
first and last words of the verse to prevent any possible confusion.  In the antistrophic parts, I refer to each verse
according to its place in the strophe, and I wish the reader to
number each line of the strophe and antistrophe, 1, 2, 3, etc.,
in his copy. When the strophic and antistrophic verse correspond exactly, I set down one scheme for the two, but if there
is any divergence, however small or however legitimate, even
the resolution of a long syllable, I then give the scheme both
of the strophic and antistrophic verse.
I have avoided technical terms as much as possible. Dactyls
and trochees form the staple of every choral ode, and for this
reason I should prefer to call a cretic a trochaic dipodia catalectic, but that cretic is a more familiar term to schoolboys.
The choral odes are formidable to junior students, because
they have been so overlaid with technical language. But let
the teacher, instead of lecturing about paeons and epitrites,
at once tell his class that most choruses are written in dactyls
and trochees, and that there are a few other normal types
with which he can become quite familiar after a few days'
practice, and soon the task of detecting the rhythm in a
121




122


EYPIIIIAOY TPQIAAE'.


lyrical passage will become a pleasant exercise of the ear and
the intelligence, instead of a despairing effort of overloaded
memory. I think it will be useful here to quote some most
instructive words of Prof. B. H. Kennedy.    The passage
occurs in his Studia Sophoclea, and he is condemning the
vagueness of Prof. Campbell's views about the scansion of the
choral odes.
" With respect to the metres of this chorus (Soph. Oed. R.
150-175), Campbell says of strophe a', 'the stately dactylic
measures are only once interrupted by the more meditative
iambic rhythm (152-160), and by a trimeter with anacrusis,
giving a sort of anapaestic turn.' Again, he speaks of 'iambic
and trochaic rhythms,' and of 'interchange of anapaestic with
dactylic' in strophe i'. Again, in strophe 7', of 'one dactylic
or anapaestic line,' while 'the other rhythms are iambic and
trochaic.' But, in regard to strophe 5', he also alludes to
'the union of dactyls and trochees in logaoedic lines.' Had
he taken a comprehensive view of the metrical character of
the whole ode, he would have given more decided prominence
to this last feature, which he only mentions incidentally: he
would have seen that the whole character is dactylo-trochaic
or logaoedic, with frequent anacruses, giving not only to
dactylic lines an anapaestic semblance, but also to trochaic
an iambic air.
"The same reason which exists for scanning, as Campbell
does,
lf LE ActXLE Hatav
also exists for scanning, as he does not,
HvOIiwvos d7yXa&as  as
and again,
[b I rrot avdiptL0Oa yap te~pw,
while the line which follows contains (whether so printed or
not), two verses:
7r7jul ara vooa ee / LOt rpoirac
oro6os ou6i' e'v (ppovriSos yxos.
"It is of course admitted that a trochaic verse with anacrusis of one time becomes iambic, ('Mary, I believ'd thee
true,' becoming 'O Mary, I believ'd thee true'), as a dactylic
verse with anacrusis of two times becomes anapaestic, 'over
the water to Charlie,' becoming 'let us over the water to
Charlie').  What I mean is, that whether the scansion shall
recognize anacrusis or not muZst depend on a general view of the
metrical character of the whole. Thus, in the third line of an
Alcaic stanza, anacrusis must be recognized on account of the
dactylo-trochaic rhythm of the other lines."




DESCRIPTION OF THE METRES.  123


The point to which I particularly wish to direct the attention of the student, is the principle so well expressed here by
Prof. Kennedy, in the words which I have printed in italics.
It was the neglect of this principle which so long obscured the
character of the Alcaic and Sapphic stanzas. As an illustration of the unscientific method, let me give the metrical
description of the Sapphic stanza as I was taught it at school.
Here it is:
-_ —I ----I ---
2nd epitrite, choriamb., bacchius; the Adonic being of
course recognized as dactylic - — I- -.   To remember
such a mode of scansion was a misdirected effort of memory.
Now a general view of the metrical character of the whole
teaches us that we have nothing but dactyls and trochees, and
that the metre is:
--  ~ -_- VI -I -  -_ ~| -  -1 - --  (ter)
a dactyl standing between two trochaic dipodies, and the
Adonic being dactyl and trochee. Horace injured the effect
of the metre by strengthening the first trochaic dipody (i.e.
substituting a spondee for the second trochee), and precisely
similar was his modification of the Alcaic stanza, of which I
shall write down the Horatian type as an excellent illustration
of the value of the doctrine of the anacrusis in giving solidarity
to a stanza, which was once supposed to begin with iambi and
end with dactyls and trochees. It will be seen that there is
nothing in the stanza but dactyls and trochees:
-I_, — 1    _||I-_-  - I —   (bis)
Here also, as in the Sapphic measure, Horace departed from
the type of his Greek originals by strengthening the first
dipody, in the first pair of verses and in the third verse.
METRES.
98-234. Anapaestic systems, for metrical anomalies in which
see note on 98.
239-292.
239. r66e... 7rXat. --   -I-  I — 11- - I-  -  I-II
- -    - I ---   dochmiac trimeter, two or three syllables
having dropped out, perhaps radpeo-' or o6 6pos, which might
be iterated after the manner of Eur.




124


EYPIIIIOY TPQ2IAAEN.


241. aac. - -   -- -  iambic dimeter.
242. OeooaXias... XOov6s. - --- I- - |I --- | -       |-  
— II- — I — - - -   dochm. trim.
245. Trva... lL.  ---.  I -- | -  ~ — I| -  --    -- I
- II - -   -    - - -[-  dochm. trim.
247. TOV/iOV... KaCLaivpav.  -----   -  -   1 - - v - 
-_-   -- 1   -  -- -I- -I- dochm. trim.
250. ~... /ot, see note, where the proper form of the verse
is suggested; it probably ran somehow thus: -- -- - -- 11
- - --  — |-  | --  - -\-  - ---- cdochm. trim.
252. ~ rdv...vypas 6. ---  -— |- | --- - | - - 
dochm. dim.
253. Xpva.... 6av. - - -      I-   --— |-dochm.
dim.
256. ZrrTE. --    - --   v - - dactyl.
257. KXciaas...o'ToXLJuoV. -.-  ---  I — --- I- --- - -I
-  -  -   --  - -   -  dactyl. and troch. syzygies with short
anacrusis.
260. rl 8'... TKOS.  ___\-^     _            | _ _ _ |
'^-  dochm. dim.
262. -r. - '- -- - - - - dochm.
265. l/LOL... TeKo6fLav.  -- -| —|I-|I -*    |^ —
dochm. dim.
266. arap...'E\Xcavwv.  -- v    | - - - - - ---  ---- 
-    - I - - I - dactyl. and troch. syzyg. with short anacr.
269. Ti ro6'...Xe\'~cL. This verse is incomplete as it stands.
It was probably a dochm. trim.; or possibly, \XaKes being
repeated, it was a dochm. dim. with dactyl interposed between the dochmii, thus:
271. ri 8'.. op. aap. v 1-    -----          ----   v 
-- dactyl. and troch. syzyg. with short anacr.
272. 'App..... TXav.  -- -l —  1-l-     --—! — I —
dochm. dim.
275..yw....  -.xep  - (-! -— |  l — i |-vl-v     v
dactyl. and troch. syzyg. with short anacr.: the first trochaic
dipody is catalectic-a very common feature in Pindar and
the Choral Odes. In fact the cretic foot is really a troch.
dip. cat.
276. 3evoI.... KaCp,.  -  -  -- — I  II -  --    -idochm. dim.




DESCRIPTION OF THE METRES.   125


279. dparao.   - I -  I -   I - - I  troch. with anacr.,
the last catalectic (this feature I shall not notice again.)
280. iAK'.  -     -I-     I —dactyl. and
troch. syzyg.
281. i uoi ol    -    - - antispast.
282. wo-apct...AOvX'etw.  6.   -.      --  I      I
-     - dact. and troch. syzyg. with long anacr. resolved.
284. ii-oXeuWp.  -.-.I ----    -.- -I — -I-dochm.
dim.
285. 6s. v. -                I-    troch. with anacr.
286. 'vr7iraXc.  -. -      '-I ----      ----- dact.
and troch. syzyg.
287. 0Au... 7ra7CV.  v     vwu.
-- dochm. dim.
289. yo~aoe' t'.  -( —  -. j    -— I -      troch. with
anacr.
290. 66o-7~7Urog.  - - - I —  1- dochm.
291. raXatv'.                    I - troch. with anacr.
292. rpoo-er.         -   j- dochm.
308-324 = 325-341.
1. - -- -I- -- -I — IV  VI-V  -dochm.l dim.
2. - -   - -  iamb. dip. - ---- (a license often taken
in exclamations).
3. -~ ---              dochm.
4.                     -I    troch. dip. =      -- 
5. lost = 329 -              troch. dip.
6. - -    (    --   I-v — - I - dochm. dim.
7. -                     i( -— I-  amb. dim.
8. - -                   glycon.
9. - -I- ---     - — 1 — --    amb. dini.
10.   -I     --    -                       lm    trim.=
11.                           iamb. dim.
12. -
13. -            I  ~ troch.




126


EYPTIIIAOY TP2IAAEE.


14. -       -— bacchii.
15-16. -------       --- — glycon.
17. --— |-     V ---|-    — _ V-         dact. and troch.
syzyg.
444-461. troch. tetram. catal.
511-530 = 531-550.
1. --— I —        -   dact.
2. - -      - -  --  strong troch. dipod.
3. -   - --     — troch. and dact. syzyg.
4. - [ --     - --     dact. and strong troch. dip. with
long anacr.
5. - [- -   -I   --- --  -    - — dact. and strong troch.
dip. with long anacr.
6. -    --- - ----       - -   dact. and troch. with resolved anacr.
7. -- |- -   -- - -- [ --- -  l- - -  - -- dact. and troch.
8.   -       [ - -- -         iamb. dim.
9.   _ --                             -- - --     iamlb.
tetram. cat. =- - -   -  -- _      -I    - -   -   |- - -
- -|-   (Ocas is a monosyllable.)
10. -- -      -- - -      two cretics with anacr.
11. --— ' --- —-1 — -J-[      troch. dim. cat. (Tpydaos, w
short as in raTrpLos and other similar words.)
12. - - -   - --  -- -    iamb.  dim.
13.                   --         =.. _.  V     I V -I
--     iamb. dim.
14.   --   |    -   - -    v- -  iamb. dim.
15.}    -     _- — I- ' - iamb. dim.
16.
17. -     -- ---      -  troch. syzyg. with anacr.
18. -- ---- --     — troch. syzyg.
551-567.
551-559. iamb. dim.
560-564.    — |  -'    - - - - troch. with iamb. base.
565.  -       l -- ---   -— v iamb. dim.
566. -- ----      - | - dact.
567. -- -- -    - --   - - - iamb. dim. cat.




DESCRIPTION OF THE METRES. 127


568-576. Anapaestic system.
arp. a' 577-581 = 582-585.
1. - — 1 - -     I - -       bacchius + troch. tripody.
2. - — I — -    -    I — - 1 — -  iamb. dip. + troch. trip.
(this verse by its violent antispastic movement is admirably
adapted to express emotion).
3. - — I —  - -1-    strong troch. dip. cat. + weak troch.
dip. cat.
4.   _ ---- — I- -      troch. trip. (ithyphallic).
orp. t' 586-587 b = 588 a-588 d.
1-2.  ---    - - - bacchii.
3. --      | --  -  - dact. penthemimer.
4. ----        - -  troch. trip. (ithyphallic).
arp. y' 590-595=596-601.
Dact. hexam.
794-859.
-Tp. a' 794-806.
1. -I —    - --- -  l — — I -- - - I-   -   -  dact. with
troch. clausula and short anacr.
2. ----- -I ---       jI — -- -   - dact. and troch. with
long anacr.
3. Dact. hexam.
4. -     - [ — - ---- — I- -          dact. strong troch.
clausula.
5. Dact. hexam.
6. ---     -       I —  -  -  - - — I — — I —      - baochius and dact. troch. claus.
7. _     - |_       _ _|_l _ _           dact. troch.
8. --      [-g-   -_  YI_|_ | —J
vop. 6' 820-838.
1. - ) —    -1-I —   ]- 1- -      — I — ---  -  1- -  dact.
troch. with anacr., the first troch. dip. being catal.
2-3. - -    -   v --- - dact. penthem.
4.  -- -     -- -     -  --  -anacr. strong and weak troch.
dip.




128


EYPTIIILOY TP2IAAEE.


5. --  -   -    --   -       - j- - - dact. tetr.
6. - --     - [ —     dact. penthem.
7. -^"- - -- -- -I    troch. with anacr.
S. - -- [ ----I — dact. troch.
9. - v _-   I V --   v  - I - -   I - - dact. troch. with resolution twice (of the cretic and dactyl) in antistrophe.
10. - --- --     --    -  troch. dim.
11. -       - -v [- -|- -   dact. troch. with anacr.
12.  1-   - ---    [ -- dact. penthem.
13. --                     ----  l _-l-v _ - _  I ___   _  _ l _ _
- iamb. tetram. (obs. Xpvaeos in antistrophe).
14. - -   -        -    [-  - [ --  - | v —  - - dact.
15. - - -    -- -   -troch. trip. (ithyphallic).
1060-1122.
arp. a' 1060-1070.
1-2-4-5.  — | —  v          I [ — -|-1 glycon.
3-6. -- -        -j —    pherecrat.
7.  — [ —| - - --         I-    ---   iamb. dip. + troch.
dim. cat. (antispastic movement characteristic of the Aeolian
measures of Pindar as contrasted with the Dorian).
8. ---      I - L. —[ — -   -i - - iamb. dim. (perhaps we
should read 6pcdvov in antistr.).
9. - -_-        11 |~  - - [ _ _ _  _ _  i-amb. dim. + dochm.
10.  j ----        ---- — ' -- --       dact. with troch.
claus.
aTp. 3' 1081-1099.
1. -- - --- v — dact. penth.
2. -— I ---- -I- ---      iamb. dim. cat.
3. V --         [ -  - |             -- -[|-  -[  - iamb. trim.
4. ------- - -    -V-       dact. troch.
6. — _   _ —  _ -— [_  _  | ---   _ _ ---  troch.with anacr.
7. -- I   ] —( —I —       iamb. dim.
7. v — | — v- 1 ---  -— ] — -l  iamb. d   im.
9. - - — _ _-I_ -  _-_ - _- _ -  -- _ __- amb. tr im.
9. _.__|_-[-[_                   -_[_|1-.I ---| —_
- cretico-troch. (i.e. a succession of troch. dipodies, the first
four dipodies being catal.)




DESCRIPTION OF THE METRES.  129


10-14. --    -  -.- - - dact. penthem.
15. - - -         v - - --    iamb. dim. catal.
1216-1217.
1216.    --      iamb. dip.
1217. l0tyes... r6Xew.. - - - -  -  -  - |  - - - | — 
- ] - -I- -    - dochm. trim.
1226-1229.
1226. - --      iamb. dip.
1227. 66svpja.  — I — I --- —I —          -]anacr. troch.
dip. cretics.
1228-1229.    --  -- ---        iamb. dim. catal.
1230. ol'uot. - -  - -1 - | - -       - I — dochm. dim.
1235-1239.
1235, 6, 8. -',  -| —| -- -  -    iamb. dim. cat.
1237. - -
1239. imperfect; prob. was a dochm. dim.; may have run
as Herm. suggests Oapo-roao-' e'vewe r-iva OpoeTs aviMiv -   --  — I
^ 11 --- —-1-I
1250-1260.
Anapaestic.
1287-1293= 1294-1301.
1. ------ I --- [-dochm.
2.  - --- --- iamb.
3. imperf., the antistr. verse is - - --       -- -- 
- - I- -v — - I - troch. tetr. cat.
4. This verse does not correspond with its antistr. &Kpa Te
TretXeco, and as this verse may be either -  -I — -     or
- - - I - -   -- it does not lend itself to any correction of
the strophic line.
5. v      I - | [  -_ | I  "_ [  v -  troch. dim.
6. ---   -- --      troch. trip.
7. _- ~   |. --- I- ' '  [ -  -  iamb. dim.
8.         - _-      ' -I- -  | - --   iamb. trim. catal.
I




130            EYPIHIAOY       TPENIAAEl.
1301-1315 =1316-1332.
1. — I —        --— I- -       bacchius + troch. dim. cat.
2. - - iamb.
3.                                       i -  --  amb. trim. cat.
4. - — I —    II-  - -' —I —         iamb. dip. +troch.
movement (cp. 578, 1067, 1307, 1310).
0.                                       i -  v  amb. trim.
6. — L --- —I-II ---        — I-two iamib. dip. cat.
7. - -- - I - - 11 -" - - I - - I -- - iamb. dip. and troch.
movement.
8.                        } troch.
9.
10.
clausula.
11. ~-L --- —K — i-''~I — -V- -iamb.
trim~.
12.
i'amb. trim, with all the long syllables resolved.
13. — j..-..j. ---- - iamb. dim.
14. V — K ---K   -.  I.-     — I ---iamb. dim. hyperm.
15. -ac-yata-ectic ( a    atroch. trim.
br1acbycatalectic, (i.e. wanting a foot).




INDEX TO NOTES.
I. ENGLISH.


A.
Abstract for concrete, 583, 749,
811.
Accusative remotioris objecti,
59, 152, 239, 335., of part of body, 59.,, after 3aivw, 128., after ie'vat, 1104.,, heteroclite, 257.,, cognate, 357.., in apposition, 128, 386, 536,
824, 879, 1140.,, of measure, 864.
Adjective in neut. plur. as adv..
239, 348, 603, 1301, 1303.,, neut. sing., 201, 489.,, = objective genitive, 418.
Aeschylus criticised, 361, 864.
Anapaest in 4th foot, 1123.
Anaxagoras, 884.
Anaximenes, 884.
Antecedent, def. and indef.,
376.


Aorist of prompt acquiescence
or impatience, 53.,, expressing usage, 609.
Aphrodite, 948, 990, 1036.
Argos = Peloponnesus, 993.
Aristotle, 884.
Article = inverted commas, 394.,, with infin., 965.
Attraction, 239, 499, 700, 1221.
B.
Barry Cornwall, 440.
Blood offerings, 382.
Bold expressions, 440, 534, 564.
811.
Brachylogy, 218, 285, 642, 876,
901, 930, 934, 1129.
Burial, 1141, 1144, 1148.
Butler, Mr. E. G., 570.
C.
Carthage, 221.
Charybdis, 435,
)2                     131




132


EYPIIIAOY TPIAAEZ.


Cicero, 790, 884.                         H.
Construction vrpos TO -7uaLt6u- Heinsch, Dr. J.. 534, 570.,ievov, 119, 531, 735, 852, Hippocrates 8S4
1088, 1090, 1209, 1223.     Hp    ora, 8.
Horace, 588, 782.,, pregnant, 445, 474, 522, Hyperato     37, 416, 829.
588 dHyperbton, 3, 416, 829.
Cowper, 884. 


Crasis, 384.
Crathis, 227.
Chri.sts Patiens, 397, 477, 629,
961.
Crossley, Mr. H., 440, 476, 541,
1171.
D.
Dative without prep., 1057.,, after 6 auros, 1024.
Democritus, 884.
Diogenes, 884.
E.
Ellipse, 285, 825, 899, 916.
Etymologizing, 892, 990, 1114.
F.


1.


Imperfect infin., 1010.,, part., 45, 958, 1195, 1277,, of continuance; 375.,, of offering, 973.
Impersonal use of viKav, 719.
Infinitive of purpose, 874.,, for imper., 422.,, pres. for fut., 1031.
Interchange   of   attributive
forms, 534, 564.
J.
Jebb, Prof., 397, 1300.
Jelf, 534.
K.
Kennedy, Prof., 1171.
M.
Metaphor, 27, 101-104, 844.
Milton, 26.
Moore, 1049.
Munro, Prof., 1188.
N.
Nautical metaphors, 101-104,
108, 116, 137.
Negative force carried on, 10t0,
172, 633, 1171.
i Nom. in apposition, 489.


Future of intention, 44.,, middle  semi-passive,
1278.


659,


G.
Genitive absolute, 60, 1100.,, partitive, 205.,, descriptive, 695, 779.,, of material, 779, 856.,, after comparison, 23.
Gray, 1313.




ENGLISH INDEX TO NOTES.


133


0.
Objective use of words, 372.
Optative in -OLt, 225.
P.
Patin, Mons., 361.
Pearson, Mr. A. C., 332, 435,
633, 700, 961.
Periphrase, 355, 786, 1074.
Phoenicia, 227.
Play on name, 892, 990, 1114.
Pleonasm, 5, 340, 498, 512, 622.
Plural for sing., 474, 614, 904,
919, 932.,, immediately following sing.
and of the same person, 904.
Predicate, 380.,, distinguished from subject,
666.
Present for past tense, 135.
Proleptic usage, 227, 353, 1322.
Q.
Quintus Smyrnaeus, 516, 534,
537.
S.
Seneca, 636, 677, 737, 745, 850,
963, 1177, 1204, 1320.


Shakspeare, 1204.
Singular for plural, 128, 392.
Southey, 1049.
Spurious verses, 435-443, 477.
478, 1243.
Stanley, Mr. J., 175, 257, 570,
973, 1240.
Swan, 472.
Synapheia, 122.
T.
Tennyson, 3, 635, 1204.
Thurii, 224.
Tmesis, 541, 544.
V.
Verrall, Dr., 825.
Virgil, 516, 536, 1178.
Vocative for nom., 1221.
1T.
Way, Mr. A. S.,11, 95, 98, 116,
126, 285, 646, 681, 737, 759.
842, 1060, 1265, 1278.
Webb, Judge, 308.
Weil, Prof., 535.




II. GREEK.


A.
6yEIV &LKpU, 1131.
&-yw~yos, 1131.
at-yXca', 550.
atpetv 606pu, 1148.
dooc,156.
dKX-qpoT, 82.
&lKpa or a"Kpa, 1297J.
daco-TWvv, 570.
c'd7ciowp, 941.
\a7-aL, 635.
ci,u~po~r6irwos, 536.
av repeated, 985, 1244.
6.v& in tmesis, 544.
va= dva(TTr7Ot, 98.
ava-yetv vac~v, 1126.
ava-ye'Xao-ov, 332.
aivrxos, 686.
civu6EU, 595.
dou36's, adj., 385.
eiopags, 831.
d~retps'o-ta, 570.
cbreAv~oXav, 973.
ci7r?5v-q 516.


&w~rwi-, not with gen., 393.
dw6', pregnant, 522.
ciw66og, 'atone for,' 1040.
U7rOOKUVi~Eu, 10243.
&wo~k6ap~o, 507.
6pa', 1161, 1240.
'apoeLLes)('49yeUxv, 1148.
aPXELv, 790, 990.
Su'OEV7TWP 655.
au'X63, 126.
11.
flivEtv with accus., 128.
~3dipflapa, 'un-Grreek,' 1759.
f3oa, 're-echoes,' 29.
fVpUetc, of clash of arms, 0520.
F.
-yaoes, 1105.
8ai1,uwv. 'lot,' 204.
dcicr Oat, fr. 6aaTf'outc, 45,
6C UXeaL/, 695'.
&A KCV?75, 7503.
6LEpSToceLL, 1 2_58.
134




GREEK INDEX TO NOTES.


135


5ibropol = binaremi, 1097.
6aOlvrtes, 'the dead,' 175.
oVOXELos, two terruin., 1330.
3ozpetow i'rwog, 14.
Iav-, 75.
E.
&yKe'C/JXor, 1177.
CKyeXa, 1177.
EO5,1178.
eiXAy, 'vag, fr. XayXpVw, 297
ETXKE, 70.
EipeoLa, 570.
'K)Cafter,'" 495.
iv, 377, 513, 816.
in composition, 521.
EPiLKWs, 961.
fv0a, 642.
ivOey, 931, 951.
evorXop, 521.
gvoOra, 1326.
EacLL~aoO at, 980.
c,-apto-rapat, 4'to destroy,' 926.
E~avv5ELv, 232, 595.
6'6,ya, 472.
c~rXt'aoew, 3.
i'ca, 345.
ONr, 315.
67rLKEKXt/IEVOr, 796.
wto-rta7-im   not 'shepherd,' 435.
~prt~rtOtr, 1025.
~pl7~ta, 26, 56411.
Ep-qeuoroXts, 598.
'Eptvvv, gen. plur., 457.
ie, 1201, 1211.
&-rt, I lives,' 356.


E-4CpEpT, 351.
io-Xoev, 'gat,' 550.
rOOJX75t, 217.
evci7ropas, 831.
ejleeerw)(eV O' 3etw, 85.
ev pOoyyyo, 127.
96t1, 'holds,' not 'knows,' 294.
with part., 317, 1122.,,followed by dat., 1176, 1318
~xp~p', 390.
II.
r'Iovcti used objectively, 372.
~)ucV or 0   geIV or "juojv, 474.
yvUOE, 595.
1,7o-0e-EVos = CaiorOatV'pos, 633.
0.
i O4 for Oci, 535.
I Oepdrva, 211.
Oa'oat, with simple dat., 1057.
'IWatov for Aiyaiou, 1 100.
LEvaM with acc., 11014.
'IXMAt K6pca 526.
iLtt, 396.
CT&c, 1193.
K.
Kai/Lelag, 'IBoeotian,' 242.
Kati in objections, 428.
KaLLVt'iLP, 889.
KciX&  E'4'EVCpt, 94.
KCiPOP, 6, S12.
KapciaroIor, 564.




136


EYPIHLAOY TPSIAAEIS,


KaT 'Opc, 1090.
Ka7appeF, 16.
KaTe~KZ'c/E, 1252.
K-q95 P, 192.
KXdicla, 25 7.
KcX~po3, 186.
KVL'ct duwvot, 1188.
KXLTI'a S,  112.2
KXwOT155g, 537.
KpLVELV = 7rpQKpLYELv, 928.
KOi3~o, 399.
K4AOV9, 1184.
A.
Xd'Opca, 40.
XEXflo/XuSS-q3, 373.
X?4,va3, 124.
Xtrapo's not 'fertile,' 800.
\XO'os, 534, 560.
Vpea, 588 a.
/.(C'ycLX~ roXL,  1292.
AdXet, 1077.
/.4Xwn, 842.
MeZ4Xmt, 212, 1100.
o,'whether,' 178.
ftojvi (To'), 412, 609.
ju ov, 982.,.L'TCp, as termn of respect, 1182,
1228.
Adto-pov, 859.
/.o\W?5, 544.
uoai, phases,' 1265.


V(~rov, 572.
~O'ava, 1074.
0.
0-yXosg, 1158.
oi'KoOOE, 648, 963.
0rc, 'now that,' 1104, 1162.
6X?1/.a, 884.
7ratLiavc, 128.
rd6Aat, of recent past, 621.
7razvvUXt'IE, 107:3.
Hlapvduotows, 9.
vm-pyacs, 163.
7WfACKLVP, 361.
WLT-rAog, 814, 1123, 12:36.
WXIEK-rdiv, 128.
7r —'=pedis supplosio, 151,
wrX 'pwu.a, 824.
7roteiv, 981, 988.
7rpaOc~aa, 936.
'irPWT64OXOlJ, 1069.
wr7pv-yt, ' fan,' 1300.
P.
jvo-os, 495.
oeXcwcau, 1075.
oK67riov, 44, 251.
airupa-y~ioZ, 45,3.




GREEK I'NTDEX TO NOTES.  13


137


o-radO/a-q, 6.
UTL/30.5, 507.
~yctv)(oaiyiv,    42.
o-xaL~cw, 81 0.
T.
Trai E, 100.
TEIKoVo-a, 629.
TrE~apkwovcs, 1231.
Trcpa~a'/uoosQ cr',vas, 516.
rtL6eVaU with simple dat., 1057.
T-oZXoL, of a ship, 116.
7-pro-oda'Aw, 275.,rpbwot, 'haviour,' 1204.
7ru~at, 1U0.


T.
uy(V?JOE(/..v = 'A 6E7qLE'-qu;, 1244.
vlrfo-n7, 415.
xD.
XaNKCo/A '04'Wp, 1271.
Xaf'pt, 536, 836, 1107,
Xpvo-63, 432.
'1'.
1/.Ixn', 1171.
Q2.
WV= OIWv, 499.


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