QUESTIONS
ON
KUHNER'S ELEMENTARY GREEK GRAMfAl]h,
BY
CHARLES W. BATEMAN, LL. D.
WITH MODIFICATIONS AND NOTES:
BY S. H. TAYLOR, LL.D.,
PRINCIPAL OF PHILLIPS ACADEMY.
BOSTON:
DRAPER AND HALLIDAY.
PHILADELPHIA: SMiITH, ENGLISH, AND CO.
CINCINNATI: GEO. S. BLANCHARD AND CO.
1867.




Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the 3ear 1866, by
WARREN F. DRAPER.,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
ANDOVE1:
8TEREOTYPED BY WAIIEL.' P. 1!:!-.'.i';L-..




PREFACE.
ABOUT two years since, an edition of Dr. Kiihner's Elementary Greek
Grammar was published in London, edited by Dr. Bateman. of Dublin.
The London edition was based on the translation of the same work published in this country. The editor, in his Preface, says:'In preparing
the present work I had intended to translate it directly from the German, but finding the version of Dr. Taylor to be, in general, very faithful, I thought it more advisable to take it as a basis. I have, however,
compared it throughout with the original most carefully, and wherever
I considered an improvement could be effected, whether by alteration,
addition, or omission, I have not hesitated to depart from Dr. Taylor's text." 
The work as published by Dr. Bateman is edited with distinguished
ability. The chief " addition" which he has made to the American edition is the following series of " Questions," which are reprinted with
only occasional modifications and additions.  The "Questions," it is.
thought, will be a valuable aid to the pupil in making his knowledge of
the principles of the Grammar more definite, and in fixing them more
permanently in his mind.
Of the Grammar itself, Dr. Bateman says: " The plan of instruction
adopted by the Author is one which is eminently fitted for imparting a
thorough knowledge of Greek, and at the same time for arriving at the
desired end in a way more expeditious and less disagreeable to the learner
Preface p. vi.




4                         PREFACE.
than the methods formerly in use. Under the old system, the pupil
was forced to commit to memory a number of Rules and Forms which
were comparatively useless to him; for, even granting that he did recollect them in their entirety, when he came to apply them he had to do
with such a cumbrous and chaotic mass that he was hopelessly bewildered. He thus became disheartened, when he did not see the practical
application of what he had committed to memory, and his progress was
-proportionately slow and insecure. The present work is, therefore, so
arranged that the pupil may at once proceed to translate from Greek
into English, and vice versa, after becoming familiar with the contents of
the introductory Sections."
" By the judicious plan of repetition, the strain on the memory is
diminished, and the pupil is thoroughly grounded in what he has bleen
taught."
" The high estimate in which the original is held in Germany is evidenced by the fact that it has already reached the twenty-first edition."1
The number of editions of the American Translation is even greater.
S. H. TAYLOR.
ANDOVER, JANUARY 81, 1866.
1 Preface p. vi.




QUESTIONS ON THE ETYMOLOGY.
~ 1 THE ALPHABET.
How many letters has the Greek language?
I-ow are they divided? 1
3Wiite the second form of a-. When is it used?
G ve the meanings of the terms  iLdvo', uILXp6r, Ae'ya appended to the names
of the letters e, v, o, co respectively.2
~ 2. PRONUNCIATION.
When has a the sound of a infan? -of a in fate? - of a in father?
What sound has My before y, c, X, and? — before Vowels?
When has e the sound of e in met? -of e in me?
When has I the sound of i in mine? - of i in pin?
When has o the sound of o in not?-of o in go?
The sound of 4 in the middle of a word?-at the beginning?
When has ~ the sound of 5? - its sound elsewhere?
Has T- the sound which the corresponding letters have in the word nation f
~ 3. DIVISION  OF THE VOWELS. - DIPHTHONGS.
Which are the short vowels? - the long ones? - the doubtful ones?
Are the doubtful Vowels so called because their quantity is undetermined?
Write the marks of the short, the long, and the doubtful Vowels respectively.
Repeat the Di.phthongs. Give their Elnglish equivalents.
What do you mean by the Iota subscript? With what letters is it used?
What are such letters then called?  How are they pronounced? What is the
position of the Iota subscript in the case of capital letters?
What is the diceresis, and what does it indicate?  When two Vowels occur
together, over which of them is it placed?
Give examples showing the way in which the Romans pronounced the Greek
Diphthongs.
Into seven vowels and seventeen consonants.
2 LXJdv is appended to e and v to denote that they are smooth or unaspirated,
as the character E, besides -being a vowel, was originally one of the marks to
denote the rough breathing; and the character v, one of the modes of wriing
the Digarmma (~ 193).  sCkpo'v and ze'ya are joined to o and w to denote short
o and long o.




6                             ETYMOLOGY.
~ 4. DIVISION OF THE CONSONANTS.
What are the two general divisions of the Consonants?
Name the Palatals. - Linguals. - Labials. - Meaning of these terms.
Name the Semi-vowels. - Mutes. - How are the mutes subdivided? Name
the Smooth. - Medial. - Rough. The Kappa, - Pi,- and Tau-Mutes.
What name is given to a?
Mention the double Consonants. Origin of the name? To what two letters
is ~ equivalent.
~ 5. BREATiriNGS.
How many Breathings are there? - name them. Write the marks of them.
To what Enylish letter does the rough Breathing correspond?
Where are the Breathings placed?  What is their position in the case of
Diphthongs commencing with a capital? What initial letters always have the
Spiritus asper? 1 Supply the breathings in Ei)ppoos (the'initial letter having the
smooth).
~ 6. CRASIS AND ELISION.
Meaning of Crasis? - Elision?  When do they take place?
What name is given to the mark of Crasis? Is it different from that of
Elision?
Quantity of the syllable formed by Crasis? Position of the mark of Crasis
in the case of a Vowel and a Diphthong respectively? Is this mark ever
omitted?
In Crasis what is the only case wherein the Iotaisubscript is written?
What is the mark of Elision called? It is sometimes omitted. - when?
~ 7. MOVEABLE CONSONANTS AT THE END OF A WORD.
Mention the moveable Consonants appended to words in Greek.2
What is the use of the v (eACVorrTrKC? Enumerate the cases in which it is
employed. Is iratoe lpa oarovdsCos' correct?
To what words is a appended? How is EcN written when it precedes a
Vowel?
What does ob become before'a Vowel with a rough Breathing?   before one
with a smooth Breathing? - before P?  Correct obic ebpaK'cE.
~ 8. CHANGE OF CONSONANTS IN INFLECTION AND DERIVATION.
What do you mean by' the laws of Euphony?' 3
State the general Rule relative to the order of a Pi or a Kappa-mute coming
before a Tau-mute. Is there any exception?' v at the beginning of a,word has the rough breathing in Attic Greek.. v, a', and r~. a to Oulco and EK, and ic to on.
3'i he laws of EIuphony are the principles by which such changes are made
in thec forms of words as to render the pronunciation easy and pleasant to the
ear.




ETYMOLOGY.                             7
When only are the Medial Mutes changed before a rough Breathing?
When two smooth Mutes precede an Aspirate, must both, or only one, be
changed 
What change takes place in a Tan-mute before another Tau-mute? Exception to this?
What does v before a Liquid become'? Exception to this?
State the effect of a Y on a preceding Pi, Kappa, or Tau-mnute.
What changes take place in v before a Pi, a Kappa, and a Tau-mute respectively? Exception?
When o comes after a Pi, a Kappa, or a Tau-mute, what takes place?  Is
there any exception to the Rule?
Give some Latin words exemplifying the preceding Rules.
What takes place when a is preceded by,, or v with a Tau-mute?
Correct, where requisite:- o'vo-os, 7recpavsal, oavvo'Tirpw, Evo'reAAw, CoUvEtV'yvv/Lt, o-v(TE'XXW, 7raXLoTpe7rTos (7rcdiv, oTpearT's).
What is the ending of the Dat. Masc. Plur. of the Adjective Xappers?
In what instances is p doubled? Is e" pjv/Aos (eV pvaluos) correct?
Account for the Genitive of Apit being'rpX&os, while the Dat. Plur. is Apitl.
Repeat the Rule in accordance with which aifyzL becomes rlt&qu.
Write the correct forms of uavalaozat: and &e$3nv.
Why do we write 4aqr,  not Zaq&p   2 
Correct the following words: -Tao)rao/, Aatppe, rva,SovXetol7t,'read4irat,.rpirl9Tr,  l'pesrI, v.
~ 9. QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.
When is a Syllable short by nature? - when long by nature?
What is meant by a Syllable being' long by position'?
When a short Vowel is followed by a Mute and a Liquid, is the quantity of it
altered? 2 Give the exceptions to this Rule, if there are any.
What is the quantity of contracted Syllables?
~ 10. ACCENTUATION.
What is meant by'Accentuation'? 3
How many Accents are there in Greek? - write the marks of them.
What is denoted by the acute, the grave, the circumflex respectively.
How may the indefinite Pronoun TsS (any) be distinguished from the interrogative Pronoun  iss (who?)?
What is the position of the Accent in the case of a proper Diphthong? - in
the case of an improper Diphthong commencing with a capital? - in the case
of diceresis?
When the same Aspirate would regularly be doubled, the first is clanged
into its corresponding smooth. As BdxXos,'Artas, not BaXXos,'Abi-s.
2 A short vowel before a mute and a liquid is not usually made long.  But
such a short vowel is lengthened in compound words, as sKVE'cw, and also
when a medial mute stands before one of the liquids A, /js, v, as Bri3Aos.
- The accentuation of a word of two or more syllables consists in pronouncing one syllblte with a stronger or clearer tone than the other.




8                             ETYMOLOGY.
Repeat the general Rules relative to the position of the Accent in a word.
How is a Syllable long by position regarded with reference to Accentuation?
Give the meanings of the terms Oxytone, Paroxytone, Proparoxytone,
Perisponmenon, Properispomenon, Barytone.
~ 11. CHANGE AND REMOVAL OF THE ACCENT BY INFLECTION AND
CONTRACTION.
By lengthening the final Syllable, what effect is produced in a Proparoxytone?
- in a Properispomenon? - in an Oxytone?
Mention the only class of words in which a change would result on shortening the final Syllable.
With reference to the Accent, what is the general effect of increasing the
iumber of Syllables, (1) at the beginning, (2) at the end of a word?
State the general Rules as to the Accentuation of contracted Syllables.
What Accent is to be set over thefinal (contracted) Syllable when the first
of the uncontracted Syllables has the Acute?
~ 12. CIIANGE AND REiMOVAL OF THE ACCENT IN CONNECTED DISCOURSE.
I-ow are Oxytones marked in the body of a sentence? Exceptions?
How is an Oxytone marked when it comes before a punctuation-mark?
How are words formed by Crasis to be accented?
Give the Rule for Accentuation in the case:of Elision. Under what circumstances is this Rule not applicable?
~ 13. ATONICS.
-What is meant by' Atonics'?
What other name is given to Atonics, and why?
Give a list of the Atonics.
When is ob accented, and what Accent has it?
~ 14. ENCLITICS.
O.rioin of the term' Enclitic?'
What sort of -words are called po'Sovozoieva? l
Give a list of the Enclitics.
Is EioLn anl Enclitic?
Accdnt the interrogative Adverb ircs (how?) and the Adverb vvv (now).
~ 15. ACCENTUATION OF WORDS JOINED WITH ENCLITICS.
Describe the effect of an Enclitic on a preceding Oxytone, Paroxytone,
Propa:voxytone, Perispomenon, and lroprciispomeinon respectively.
How are long Syllables in Eaclitics regarded, with reference to Accentuation?
1 Enclitics ari so called in respect to their tone, because they lean or depend
upon the foreoiMg word[; while words which do not thus lean upon others
aroe alled orthotone (6o'rovo6teva); that is, with upright tone, not inclined.




ETYMOLOGY.                              9
What is the effect of an Enclitic on a preceding Atonic? i
What is the result in the case of a succession of Enclitics?
Accentuate  properly (where requisite): tvapoTros ea-rl, a&v-p TLs, Kai  ol,
el 7rtS, OWcLa [LOv,  (PLX ('E. yvvaLKCV TWVWVY, iKOva'C TLVWp, vwspa re, Es tlS.TIa 4)7o1'
UOt 7'rapevt/al, Ei/aT/3os afalITv.
~ 16. ENCLITICS ACCENTED.
Mention the different cases in which ea-rl (v) is paroxytone.
When do the enclitic forms retain their Accent?
Under what circumstances do the enclitic personal Pronouns retain their
Accent.
What forms of the personal Pronouns are to be used after unaccented Prepositions?
How is the phrase iroXXol b' el-av, to be accented, if the e of e' be elided I?
~ 17. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.
What is meant by the term accent or accented in these rules?
A consonant between the vowels of the penult and ultimate is joined to
which? Exception?
Are 4 and i joined to the vowels before or after them?  How S? Always 2
Rule for dividing &y-aSos, 7rao-apes, ri-oa0,ev, etc. Exception to this rule?
A single consonant after a long vowel, diphthong, or v is joined to which
vowel?  Exception?
Two single consonants in thie middle of a word? Exception?
Three consonants in the middle of a word?
-Iow are compound words divided?
~ 18. PUNCTUATION MASKS.
Give the names of the punctuation marks.  Write them.
Which of them are written as the corresponding ones are in English.
How is the note of interrogation written in Greek?
What is meant by the Diastole, and what is its use? 2
~ 19. GENERAL VIEWS OF THE VERB.
What does the Verb express?
How many classes of Greek Verbs are there?
What peculiar signification has the Middle?
Are any of the Tenses of the Middle and Passive identical?
Repeat the Pies. Ind. Act. and the Pres. Ild. Pass. or slid. of BovuAev.
What is the Greek of'they were'?
Mention the fleneral Rule for the Accentuation of Velrbs.
A1  n Atonic takes the accent of the enclitic which follows it, as EtY rs.
2 rTlhe Diastolc, the same in forni as the comma, serves to distinguish words
which would otherwise he thlc same in form; as the pronoun 8,-rI (generally
written oi Ti without the comma between) and the conjunction  Trt.
3 The accent of the verb is generally placed as far from the end as the general rule permits (see Gram. ~ 84, 1).




~O~10                        E 1' k~OETYMOLOGY.
~~ 20, 21. NATURE AND GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.
Define a Substantive or Noun.
Ilow many classes of Substantives are there?
How many Genders have Substantives in Greek?
What are the two modes of determining the Gender of Substantives?
There are four general Rules for- determining the Gender of Substantives by
their meaning; repeat them.
~ 22. NUMBER, CASE, AND DECLENSION.
How many iunzmbers have Substantives, Adjectives, and Verbs in Greek?
What is meant by the'Dual?'
Give the names of the five Cases, and what they respectively denote.
Which alre the direct Cases?- which the oblique?'How many Case-forms has the' Dual'?
In a Neuter Substantive or Adjective what Cases have the same form?
What is meant by' Declension'?  How  many Declensions are there in
Greek?
~ 23. NATURE AND GENDER OF THE ADJECTIVE.
Define an Adjective.
In what respects does an Adjective agree with its Substantive?
How many Genders have Adjectives?. Have all Adjectives distinct terminations for the different Genders?
What other class of words do Adjectives resemble in their Declension?
~ 24. GENERAL VIEW OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
Mention some Prepositions which govern the Gen. only - the Dat. onlythe Acc. only - the Gen. and Acc. - the Gen. Dat. and Acc.
To what class of words does spa properly belong? l
~ 25. FIRST DECLENSION.
There are no Substantives of one of the Genders belonging to the first Declension; which Gender is it?
Give the No0r. Sing. endings of Substantives of thefirst Declension, specifying to which Gender they belong.
Repeat the Case-endings in the first Declension.
~ 26. PARADIGMS OF FEMININE NOUNS
In which of the Nulnbers are the Case-endings the sanle for all words of the
first D)cclension?
When is a Vowel said to bee pure?- when impure? 2
1 aua is an Adverb used as an improper preposition.
2 A vowel is pure when preceded by another vowel; impure when preceded
by a consonant.




ETYMOLOGY.                               11
Repeat the Rules for forming the Sing. Case-endings of Substantives in -1
and -a respectively.
Under what circumstances does contraction take place? How are contracted
words accented?
Decline'&pefT, pqt(ia, Sohelaa,   pa, X ep oaa, 8o0Ca, A2Ba,'Al7pva,?yj, and
What is tlhe quantity of the ending -a, Gen. -ns - of -a, Gen.- as (generally)? 
What is the Nom. Fern. Sing. ending of Adjectives of three terminations in
-or preceded by - or p?
How do Adjective& in -oos form their Fem. $
What is the quantity of the ending in the Adj. xAatjrpd?
How are the Plur. endings -as and -ol regardced with reference to Accentuation?
Give the general Rule for the Accentuation of words of the first: Declension.
How is the Gern. Plur. accented: Exceptions?
How is the position of the Accent regulated in the Gen. Plur. of Adjectives
in -or, -O, (.), -or?
Correct the Accentuation of IroAtTa, Or'paTic6'ai, Xpelow, IAE'yaA7s,?y~77'rp,
1`6ovals (from.  ovS,), Xp7q?&rv, &yplaL (fromn the Adj. aypfa).
What Case do transitive Verbs generally govern?
What Case generally goes with Verbs and Adjectives expressing the relation
of'to' or'for'?
Give the Accentuation- of the Article A,'i, o throughout.2
~ 27. PARADIGMS OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
What is the ending of the Gen. Sing. of Masc. Nouns of the first Declension.? If there are any exceptions to this, state them.
In what Cases do Nouns in -as retain the -a?
What is the general ending for the Voc. of Masc. Nouns in this Declension?
Mention the classes of Nouns which make the Voc. in -a.
What name- is given to the Gen. in -C6?
What kind of Adjectives are declined like Masc. Nouns of this Declension?
Decline?paoT4hs, 1-rTpaXotas,. rTa1asr, &a~p7r6'A,, Kempoirx[7?s, BZcmaTs,:AAas
anid'Ep/tixs.
What is the quantity of the ending -as in the Acc. Plur., and of -a in the
Nonm., Acc., and Voc. Dual?
~ 28. SECOND DECLENSION.
How many endings has the second Declension, and to what Genders do they
respectively belong?
Solne Nouns in -or are Femrn; which are they?
Give the Case-endings throughout.
1 The ending a, Gen. ns is short; a, Gen. as is generally long.
2 6, f/, of, an, are atonic; the Genitives and Datives are all perispomena; all
t. Qtler: eaes. oxytone.




12                           ETYMOLOGY,
What is the ending of the Voc. of words in -os 3 Exceptions P
General rule for Accentuation in this Declension 3 Exception?
How is the Accent regulated in the Gen. Plur.?
What kind of Adjectives are declined like Nouns of this Declension I
Adjectives of two endings (-os, or) are generally of what nature?
If a Verb has a Nom. in the Neut. Plur., of what Number must the Verb
(generally) be?
Describe the usual positions of a governed Gen., when it occurs with a Noun
and its Article.1
Decline the Nouns &ux7reXos, beds, E'pyov, itdTITLov; and the Adjectives cax4s,
(-v,0, -)AeEPoS (-a,-ov), KiKaos (-a, -ov),,dciqopos (-o,).
~ 29. CONTRACTION OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.
What sort of Nouns are contracted in the second Declension?
Mention also the different classes of Adjectives which suffer contraction.
In what respect does the Declension of contracted Adj. in -oos differ from
that of similar Nouns?
In an Adj., when a Vowel or p precedes the Fem. ending -ea, how is it contracted-?
In the Accentuation of contract words of this Declension there are some exceptions to the general Rule; give them.
What is meant by' Apposition'?
Decline the contractedform of the Nouns pjos, Kieov; and of the Adjectives
KaKcooos (-oov), &Trdos (a, -ov), cOLKficeOS (-a, -on), a&ptypeos (-a, -or) and?pCeos
(-a, -on).
~ 30. ATTIC SECOND DECLENSION.
Describe the Attic second Declension.  Give its Case-endings throughout.
What letter is substituted for ov of the regular second Declension? — what
for or?
What ending has the Voc.
Peculiar ending of the Neut. Plur. of Adj. of this Declension?
Mention some words of this class which reject v in the Acc. Sing.
Why is this Declension termed' Attic'?
Explain how it is that some words in this Declension can be proparoxytone,
though the final Syllable is long throughout.
How do some Oxytones of this Declension differ from those of the regular
second Declension?
Decline the Nouns 7rdTpcos,'Ces, &ad5Vyeov; and the Adjectives E-yeos, &y4hpopws.
~ 31. THIRD DECLENSION.
How is the third Declension distinguished from the others?:
Repeat the Case-endings throughout.
To what part of the word are these Case-endings added?
The governed Gen. usually stands between the Article and its Noun, as
roLS TOV MtaaKc&Axou X-yOLtS.
2 The Third Declension is distinguished from the others by the Case-endings.




ETYrMIOLOGY.                             13
~ 32. REMARKS ON THE CASE-ENDINGS.
In what Case is the Simple Stem generally found altered?
How may the Simple Stem be recovered?
What class of words generally have the Simple Stem in the Nom. Sing.?
In this latter class, if the Simple Stem ends in %, what change takes place?
What words form the Acc. Sing. in -a? - what words form it in -v? Exception to the latter?
What is the usual form of the Voc.?
What letter is sometimes added to the Dat. Plur., and when?1
~ 33. GENDER, QUANTITY, AND ACCENTUATION OF WORDS OF THE
THIRD DECLENSION.
How may the Gender of words of this Declension be best learned?
Repeat the Rules which are given for discovering the Gender by the termination.
How is the Quantity of the penult of the oblique Cases determined in Nouns
in -at, Li, -v{, -aj, -4, -vt, -Ls, and -us?
General Rule for the Accentuation of words of this Declension?
How are Monosyllables accented in the Gen. and Dat. of all Numbers? What
Accents do the short final syllables then take? - the long final syllables?
What Monosyllables do not follow the Rule?
WORDS WHICH IN THE GEN. SING. HAVE A CONSONANT
BEFORE -os.
~ 34. SIMPLE STEM IN THE NOM. SING.
In this class, to what form of the word are the Case-endings added?
How is the Nom. Sing. got from Stems ending in -VT, or pO?
How do'A7ro'AAov, noreL&sUv, and aAcwv form their Acc. Sing.?
What peculiar Accentuation have'ArdoAAwv, Hnoaoei6v, and 6co9hp in the Voc.
Sing.? 2
Termination of. all Neuters of this class?
Quantity of the Stem of rup?
Decline,cpdTrp (-ijpos), AeUiv  (-avos), 7r'p (7rvpos), i*j (tpliV6s), nlooeiJv
(-irvos), *qcp (dapcs), a4edap (-apTos), {Top (-opOS), (evopfij,  (CiVros), wCatLd (aVos),
pdoUvv (byos), "EAX71v (-rvos), 4,cp (qwpd's), Pelp (aEpptds).
~ 35. FINAL VOWEL OF THE STEM LENGTHENED IN THE NOM. SING. *
In forming the Nom. Sing. from the Stem of words of this class, what do ~
and o become respectively?
What change takes place in Stems ending in -PT?
] v is added to the Dat. Plur. (see ~ 7, 1. (a).
2 These words shorten the Vowel in the Voc., and, contrary to the rule, throw
the accent back (comp. ~ 33. III. (a).
2




14                             ETYMOLOGY.
In the Dat. Plur. what do -ev~t, -ovoL and -ovTorL become respectively?
What words of this class retain the long Vowel in the Voc.?
Some words of this class have an irregular Accentuation in the Voc.; mention them.
Give the Dat. Plur. and Dual of yelp.
Some Nouns in -cow, Gen. -ovos, drop v in some of the Cases and suffer contraction; which are they?
What Adjectives belong to this class?
In what cases are Comparatives in-wv contracted? Have they any irregularity
of Accentuation?  How does their Voc. end?
Decline the Nouns ye'pco (-oVTos), eJ7E6UY (-Dos), Xl.zy  (-4eos), a&&, V (-6,os),
XElp (Xezp4s), PrTWp (-opoS), &Ip (-e'os);, the Adjectives o~tppwv   (Neut. -ov),
pipv (-ev), a/r1TWop (-op); and the Comp. Adjectives alaoXiov, a&Jueivo.
~ 36. SYNCOPATED NOUNS IN -m7p.
What is meant by' Syncope'? 1
Repeat the words which belong to this class.
Describe how they differ from those of the preceding class.
Why does &,ap insert a 8 in the oblique Cases after dropping e?
Which Cases in these words are oxytone, and which paroxytone?
How is the Accent regulated in the Voc. Sing.?
What word of this class is syncopated in the Dat. Plur. only?
Write all the Sing. forms of A-41?T1-p and accent them.
D-ecline. ya..Tip and &vpp.
The Nonz. appends s to the Stem.
~ 37. (a).  STEMS ENDING IN A PI OR A KAPPA MUTE.
How is o blended with the final letters of the Roots ending in a Pi or a
Kappa mute? 2
What Adjectives belong to this class?
Decline Kic1Xaa (-aKos), /txp/!n (-1Kcos), /AdL(OtL (-Pyos),  Jp,,L'?yt (-Ly'yos), 6ipT'v
(-iyos ), o  (oodrs), -ypu'* (-5ros), (pAX (-si4s ), AET, (Awvyyo),,813h (,B61Xs), no4va
(-VXos), tcKpVu (-5icOS), rapan (-dKcos), cKarA4i/ (-pos), pSi (MSrs), zc5r\L (-Aoos),
t,^AzAx, (-aros), pxA  (-oy4s), XePviL,  (-ios), iap.ra4 (-ayos),?i (crds)'.
~ 38. (b).  STEMS ENDING IN A TAIJ-MUTE.
What becomes of the Tau-mute before a? 3
How does the Acc. Sing. end?
What do -cTal- and -9~Qo become in the Dat. Plur.?  (~ 8. 1 and 8.)
What is the ending of the Dat. Sing. in all the Declensions, and how is it
disguised in the first two Declensions?
Write the Voc. of 7rais.
What Adjectives belong to this class?
1 Syncope is the omission of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word.
2 See ~ 8. 7.               2A Tan-mute is dropped before a (~ 8. 7).




ETYMOLOGY.                                 15,eclieu the Nouns VAXrts (-t6os), P04 (UKCT6s), 7ras (ratsas), Xpus (-ios),'rovs (7rohds), &yXts (-raos), o&hs (oq.ahs), KrXis (-tbos), Tipvvs (-vyaos), pcis (pcords), XxaIu.s (4-os), Vreo'rjs (-rIros), Irdpv71s (-71aos), 7reIpL's (-Laros), adyds
(-o60s), KccUvs (-iiaos), p~ s (qpqdUs); and the Adjectives &XapLs, -L (-Lros), brls
(-7so0S), oposdas (-80os), e'XAvs (i~os).
~ 39. NEUTERS.
I-low do the Stems of Neuters of this class end? 
What euphonic changes take place in these endings in forming the Nom.
Sing.?
Give the Gen. Sing. of 7yvv and Ucpv.
How are Neuters in -as usually declined? What word has both the syncopated and the unsyncopated forms?  What forms of re'pas admit of contraction?
What do -a~rea and -aIcTroL become in the Dat. Plur.?
The letters which can terminate a genuine Greek word 2 1  Exceptions?
Decline PpuIa (-aTos), Uopu (-a0os),'ydAa (-a'Teos), oOs (coTds), T'rpas (-aTos),
Kepas (-aros! and -wcs), yi~pas (-cos).
~ 40. (c.)  STEMS ENDING IN V OR PT.
What becomes of the -v or -VT before r?  (See ~ 8, 8.)
What Adjectives belong to this class?
What peculiar Accentuation have some of the Cases of iras?
How do Adjectives in -Eis form their Dat. Plur. Masc. and Neut.?
Explain how xapiers is derived from the Root xaplev'r-, and 3o3oes from  the
Root oOrS-.
Decline the Nouns eAepas (-avros), a&'I's (-zos), &aY8plds (-dV-os), Ktets (-EsvdS);
the Adjectives 1IZdooovs (-ov), Trdas (-atla, -av), &bras (-aoa, -ay), 1'Ep27S (-eCva,
-EV), &KWV (-ovaa, -ov);'AVes (-eara, -ev).
WORDS WHICH IN THE GEN. SING. HAVE A VOWEL
BEFORE -os
~ 41. WORDS ENDING IN -e6s, -avs, -oVS.
What is the ending of the Stem in words of this class?
When does this ending remain, and when is it omitted?
How  do Nouns in -se6s form  their Gen. Sing., Acc. Sing., and Acc. Plur.?
In what Cases are they contracted?
What occurs when a Vowel comes before -evs?
What is the only Case of Nouns in -ais or -oOs which suffers contraction?
In the older Attic, what ending has the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of Nouns in
-eVs?
Give the Accenltuation of the Nom. and Voc. Sing. of Nouns in -eus.
Decline yoSevds, HelpaLevs, povs,.ypais.' Every genuine Greek word ends in a vowel, or S, p, oa.  6c and ovc are
exceptions.  Words. which end in 4 and. are considered as ending in r.




16                           ETYMOLOGY.
4 42. (1). WORDS ENDING IN -?7S AND -ES.
What is the ending of the Stem in words of this class?
When does this ending remain, and when is it omitted?
What becomes of this Stem-ending in the Dat. Plur.?
What sort of words end in -rs and -Es?
In what form of them is the simple Stem found.
In what cases are words of this class contracted?
What peculiarity has the Dat. Sing. of proper names in -icxhs (in Attic) I
How is the Dual-ending -ee contracted?
In Adjectives in -qs, -Es preceded by a Vowel, how is the ending -ea contracted?
Proper names of this class sometimes form their Acc. Sing. in a peculiar
way; describe it.
What is meant by' Heteroclites'  
How are most Adjectives of this class accented in the Nom. Sing.? 2
-Some words of this class have an anomalous Accent in the Gen. Dual and
Plur.; which are they, and what is the anomaly?
Decline the Nouns'AvTrae'vr)s,  V ocpocArS,'Apns; and the Adjectives &T'vXIS,
evKinXeS, UyrLS.
~ 43. (2). WORDS IN -wS (GEN- cos), AND IN -WS AND -c (GEN. -oos
-OUvS) 
How does the Stem of words of this class end?3
What is the Gender of Nouns in -ws or -w (Gen. -oos)?  How do they form
their Dual and Plural?  Mention the only one of them which in the common
language retains the ending -wos.
Decline rdrTPWS (-Woos), alUiSS (-4os),'IretC, KhecL&.
~ 44. (3).  WORDS IN -aS (GEN. -aos), and -os (GEN. -EOS = -OVS).
How does the Stem of words of this class end? 8
To what Gender do they all belong?
What is the simple Stem of 7ye'os?
In what Cases do Nouns in -os (Gen. -cos) suffer contraction?
How are the Dual-ending -EE and the Plural-ending -ea (when preceded by
a Vowel) contracted?
Decline edOS, XpeOS, ocEr&as.
~ 45. (1). WORDS IN -s, -Is.
Of what Gender does no example occur in this class? 4
Give the characteristic Vowvels of the Nom., Acc., and Voc. Sing., and their
Quantity? 5
I Words declined according to different Declensions are called Heteroclites.
2 Most Adjectives of this class are oxytone.
3 In a. (See ~ 42, 1).               4 There are no neuters in this class.
6 In the Nom., Ace., and Voc. singular & and v are long.




ETYMOLOGY.                                17
WVhat form of Nouns in -Cs suffers contraction?
Decline vrekvs, As, s,  s.
~ 46. (2).  WORDS IN -is,- 4   -S,-t.
Of what Gender are words in -L and -v? 1
In what Cases does the Stem-Vowel remain?  What becomes of it in the
other Cases        -
Give the ending of the Gent. Sing.
Show how the Gen. Sing. and Plur. may be proparoxytone, though the final
Syllable is long.2 (Compare ~ 30 Rem. 2.)
Which Cases of Nouns of this class admit of contraction? 3
Mention the Adjectives which belong to this class.
In what respects does the Declension of Nouns in -rs differ from that of
Adjectives of three endings in -4s?
Write the uncontracted forms of Tyxvtcs.
Wherein does the Declension of Adjectives of two endings in -Os differ from
that of Adjectives of three endings.in -Ps?
Give examples of Nouns and Adjectives in -is which have the regular inflection (-Los).
What Noun in -rs has the regular inflecton (-vos)?  Has it the regular
inflection throuyqhout?
Decline the Nouns..3pLs (-ees),,re'Aecvs  (-ews), 7r&0 (-sos), adKpu (-Vos), KULVvd,BapL (-cos), AdTpIS (-Los), ols (ol's), -YXeAVS (-vos); and the Adjectives eipns
(-,ea, -v), TpSr77Xvs (-v), Trp&,Ls (-I).
~ 47. IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Decline -yvv,, KAels, 9o&p, Zeds, vais, Apt,, C6as, dEp, Tprs.
What form of vaiis is not in use?
What peculiarity of Accentuation have some of the forms of iKe0v and ymp  4
~ 48. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
Decline 7rp-os.  Indicate the forms which are derived from  the Theme
7rpaiis.5
Decline 7rohxzs and,u4yas. Mention the only cases that are formed regularly
fi-om 7roAs and peyas.'From what Themes are the other forms derived 3 6
Neuter.
2 The two- final syllables -cus and -ewv are considered but one in respect to
accentuation, and therefore the acute can stand on the antepenult.
3 In the Dat. Sing. and the Nom. and Ace. Plur., as 7rJAei, 7rdAe,,rdAees,
rro'Aes, etc.
4 The Gen. and Dat. Sing. and Plur. of these words follow the analogy of
monosyllabic words of the third Declension (See 33,.III. b).
~ The soaced forms as sr p a e  a, etc., are from rpars.
0 Only the Nom., Ace., and Voc. Sing. masculine and neuter are regularly
from 7ro'Xs and tEIyas, all the other forms are as if from the themes 7roAds and
442aAos..
2*




1 8                            ETYMOLOGY.
Decline the Participles a&oeas, Bxa4reis, iM~v (Aor. II.), cpavwv (Fut. of a
liquid Verb).
How is the Voc. of Participles formed? 1
~ 49. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
What two modes are there of forming the Comparative and Superlative?
Which of them is the more common?
What Adverbs are sometimes prefixed to the Adj. to indicate the degrees of
comparison?
~ 50. A. FIRST FORM OF COMPARISON.
Describe how most Adj. in -os (-71, -ov) form their degrees of comparison.
When is o in such words changed into o?
Explain the formation of the Comp. and Sup. of contract Adj. in -cos (=
-ous) and -oos (= -ovs).
How are yepato's, lraxaLJs, 7repatos and oxoXaZos compared?
What Adjectives in -os insert at before -Tepos and TaTos?
Give the four different modes of comparing pAxos.2
What two Adjectives in -os insert es before -repos and -aros?
Repeat the Adjectives in -os which insert La before the Comp, and Sup. endings.
By what Conjunction is the object with which the comparison is miade subjoined
to the Comp.?
When this Conj. is not used, what Case does the Comp. govern?
Give the Comp. and Sup. of atpe'Tds,  KtcaLos, Kpa0S, orTWs, XXOs, oaoS,
4'evas,, KaapJ6S, Ep/PCqfEvoS, i tcadc/ouv, r'lTTrS, K  r'r7r,, P rop/vspoos, o10s,?yepaids, Ac.Xos, 7rapa~rX.frsos.
How do Adj. in -,s (Gen. -ov) form the Comp. and Sup.?
What Adj. in -7s of the III. Decl. is compared the same way? 3
What Adjectives of the III. Decl. are compared by adding -r'epos and -Tra-os
directly to the simple Stem? How is this simple Stem got?
How are the compounds of XdpLs compared?
What connecting syllable is inserted before -Tepos and'a-'os in Adjectives in
-wV, -o0 (Gen. -ovos)?
How are Adjectives in -5 compared?
Explain how the Comp. and Sup. of XapIeLi are formed.4
Compare ebpt6s, &ppwo, etxapts, #dicap, Ebo'aeBs, aprra,'rdhas, aiyaTrdes,
~ 51. B.  SECOND FORM OF COMPARISON.'Mention the Adjectives which are compared in this way.
1 The Voc. of Participles is the same as the Nom.
2 Its most common forms are Comp. aaAAov (p4lAos, Sup. cP[ATa'os.
4'lThe stem of XapLgEs is xapev'I-; annexing the Comp. ending the form is
XapLvT-e-oos; but a Tau-mute before another Tau-mute is changed into a
( ~ 8. 3), making X2aplfv7rrepos; but v is dropped before a (~ 8. 8), hence Xapscorepos.




ETYMOLOGY.
Account for the form  do(rawv.' To what dialect does tdrrowv belong?
What is the Quantity of the L in the Comp. ending -rwv?
Compare?X&pd4s,iKTp;I-,'j6s, spabs, Taxias, Cda'Xpos.
~ 52. ANOMALOUS FORMS OF COMPARISON.
Give all the forms of comparison of caxos, i eayas, lScLos, &Yaysds, J'byos,
7rtw,, a&kyevds, Icaicds, 7r'7roW, lpafcp4s, 7roxs, LKIpdJS.
Several of these forms of comparison do not belong etymologically to the
above words; why, then, are they placed with them? 2
To what dialect do the forms in -T'rTw belong?
What word is sometimes joined with the Sup.,to strengthen it?
Decline CBehArCwo, 7rXeLw,, pawvP.
~ 53. NATURE AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS.
Define an Adverb.
What relations do Adverbs generally denote?
Can Adverbs be declined?
From what class of words are most Adverbs formed?  Give the Rule for
their formation.
How are Adverbs accented?
To what classes of words are the endings -hre,,-t and (-ae -oe) appended,
and what relations do they severally denote?
To what Case of Nouns is -aE appended?  When is the ending -ire used instead of -BE.
What does -aoe become with the Acc. Plur. in -as?
Give examples of Adverbs which bear traces of a case-inflection.
What Adjective-forms are often used adverbially?
Form Adverbs from the Adjectives tptos, alaxpds, aTpeK6s, Ssvovs, Baprs,
Tpi7rAovs, a'rs, av'TdpIC71s, ebia7s, icamds, ev'yrvu/ wP, yee'yas, xapfeLs. Accentuate
them.
~ 54. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
dow are Adverbs derivedfrom Adjectives generally compared?
W hat kind of Adverbs have their Comp. ending in ca l   What is their Sup.
ending usually?
How do most primitive Adverbs form their Comp. and Sup.?
Compare aoiows, evbalaotrvws, oaodps,,raXEC'w, KaAhos ao-Xpcr, Kaitas, Xapce-'TOS, KdTW, card, le'yys, 7repa, a&XOa, &Eds, TqXAho, E`'bov.
1 adaaowv is for rax-trwo, but ~ after a Kappa-mute forms with it oar (Attic
-rT); hence eTdac-wv (Att. -Tar-T-W); then, according to 8. 10, by the change of
~'..ilrate X, tie smooth 7 is chanced into the aspirate a; hence S-a-wcv-..nlusc, their owvn positives having become obsolete, they correspond in, l:; with t, e positives with which they -are here joined.  Comp. English
goGod,-b:taer, best, etc.




20                          ETYMOLOGY.
~ 55. NATURE,AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRONOUNS;
Define a Pronoun.
What do the Pronouns of the I., II., and III. h'ers. respectively indicate?
Into how many classes may Pronouns be divided? - name them.
A. SUBSTANTIVE-PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
~ 56 (a). THE SIMPLE PRONOUNS.
Repeat the simple personal Pronouns. Give their Latin equivalents.
Mention the enclitic forms of them.
What is the Quantity of the v in veYs and its Cases?
What Cases of the III. personal Pronouns are wantingq?
When only is the Nom. of personal Pronouns expressed?
Write the Case-forms of the simple personal Pronouns, accenting them
throughout.
~ 57 (,B). THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
Repeat the reflexive Pronouns.
Wherein does the Plur. of reflexive Pronouns of the I. and II. Pers. differ
fiom that of the III. Pers.?
What Case is wanting in these Pronouns, and why? 1
What is the other form of avurdv?
Write and accentuate all the Case-forms of the Pronouns of this class.
5 58 ('y). THE RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.
Mention the reciprocal Pronoun.
What does it express?
What Number and Case are wanting? Why? 2
Decline and accentuate it.
~ 59. B. ADJECTIVE-PERSONAL OR POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
Show how the possessive Pronouns are formed.
Repeat them. Give their Lat. equivalents.
What Pronouns are used in Attic instead of Ss and its cases? 
Translate into Greek' he strikes h i s son,' and' he strikes h is o w it son.'
How are these Prononns declined?
When only are these Pronouns expressed?
When they are omitted, how is their place supplied?
What Pronouns are often used instead of 4Lo's, ods, etc. 
1 The Nom. is wanting, as a reflexive Pronoun denotes only the object of the
Verb, referring it to a preceding subject.
2 The singular number, as a reciprocal pronoun necessarily excludes the
idea of the singular; and the Nomr. for the same reason as in the reflexives.




ETYMOLOGY.                              21
~ 60. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
Whlly are deionstrative Pronouns so called? 1
Repeat them, and give their Eng. and Lat. equivalents.2
What words are declined like oi'osr?  What two forms have they in the
VNeut. Sing.? Is the declension of these words strictly like that of oros?
What words are declined like avTcs?
How is the Article (6) declined? Write all the Case-forms of it, and accentuate them.
What different meanings has aTdJs?
Give the meaning of 6 acrdJs,- and its Lat. equivalent.
How is TaVrd formed? Is it written another way?
Give the respective meanings of aur?, av'vr and adv'r.
What is the distinction between ac'STW, acdr', and Ta'rTp? -between a-rca
and al'Tcd?
Decline and accentuate roLov10os, Ahhos, S6e, T hAco~VTos, 6 aTJds, 1KXeWos,
acunvds.
~ 61. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
Why is the relative Pronoun so called? s
Mention the Greek relative Pronoun, and its Lat. equivalent.'Decline and accentuate it.
Enumerate the points of distinction between jT, ~, ), Q and I;  r, & and &;
dai and al.
~ 62. INDEFINITE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
How are the indefinite distinguished from the interrogative Pronouns?
Give examples of both classes.
How are the interrogative Pronouns modified when they occur in a dependent
question?
Mention the only word in which the modifying syllable is declined.
How are the negative Compounds of i's declined?
Distinguish between Tls and Tits.
What form of Tls is not enclitic? 4
How is irs accented throughout? 6
With what other word might the Interrogative Ti  be confounded?
What are -the respective meanings of a&Ta and &Tra, S n-o and gc-?
What Cases of ssrTri have second forms?
Decline and accentuate srolos, 6Trrepos,; 6ros,?Is, T ils, T Us T eVs,  5srLs.
1 Demonstrative Pronouns are so called because they point out a particular
person or thing.
b a6e and outros = hic; abcTd = ipse; and 4iceizos = ille.
8 The relative Pronoun is so called because it relates to some person or thing
preceding, called the antecedent.
4 Ar'a.                                     b On the * throughout.




22                           ETYMOLOGY.
~ 63. CORRELATIVE PRONOUN*S.
What is meant by' correlative Pronouns'?
Into what two classes may Correlatives be divided?
Repeat the Correlatives of the Interrogatives irdoos, iroos, Vrr'Acos. Which
of these wants the Indef. Correlative.
Give the Lat. equivalents for T40ao,'o0os, ro'OgoS, xoads, 6roZos, 7roos, 6rkdos.
Repeat the Correlatives of the Interrogatives rowdSe, r ro ev r&e, oT, rf,    a,
Tros, 7rf. Which of these want the Demonst. Correlatives?
Give the Lat. equivalents for the adverbial Correlatives.
How do the regular dependent Correlatives begin?
How are the Indef. forms distinguished from' the Interrogatives?
How are the forms corresponding to hic, ibi, hinc, inde supplied?
~ 64. LENGTHENING OF THE PRONOUNS.
With what words is ye united, so as to form part of the, word?  What
change in the Accentuation results?
To what words are 68 and obv appended? Lat. equivalent?
Explain how they mloddiy the meaning.  How do they affect the Accent? 1
What affix is sometimes used instead of ~8?
To what sort of words is 7rep joined? How does it affect their meaning?
What is the Acce.ntuation of irep?
Mention the class of words to. which the syllable t is appended. How does
it modify their meaning? What is the Quantity and Accentuation of it?  How
does it affect the preceding letter?
Append L to E'va6EOV'TWS,'TOUTOJvd  a,  T0ooTs, Ta6Ta,7,' o fo2O,'araVTa, o10oT,o
ia-e, nvV, 7E'r'TuEEV, d5ae, aeipo.
When'ye is appended' to a Demonstrative, what is the position of this I? 2 
Append ~ to o'alds?ye.
~ 65. NATURE AND DIVISION OF THE NUMERALS.
Give the names of thie different classes of Numerals, and what questions
they answer respectively.
Which of the Cardinals are declined?
How are the thousands expressed?
Show how the Ordinals are declined?
How are the  dfultiplicatives formed and declined?
What do Numeral Adverbs in -acids indicate T
Explain theformation of the Proportionals.
What is expressed by the substantive Numerals?
~ 66. NUMERAL' CHARACTERS.
What are the Greek numeral Characters?
Write the obsolete letters which -are used for the same purpose, and mention
what numbers they denote.
1 The pronouns chdanw their accent to the 8M and ov.
2 It follows yE' as TOUT6 -ye, Trovoyl.




ETYMOLOGY.                               23
By what Chartacters are the digits, the tens, the hundreds, denoted 
How are the numeral Characters after 1,000 distinguished from those preceding it?
When several numeral Characters. stand together, how are they marked?
Write the characters which express- 3, 6, 18, 57, 95, 920, 3462, 70965,
358100.
~ 67. TABLE OF THE CARDINALS AND ORDINALS.
Give the names of the Cardinals and Ordinals from 1 to 10. From 10 to
20. From 30 to 40. The tens. The hundreds. The thousands. The tens
of thousands.
What is the arrangement in the case of compound Cardinals? Does the same
Rule apply to compound Ordinals?
~ 68. DECLENSION OF THE FIRST FOUR CARDINALS.
What Case-forms of Js have an irregular Accentuation?
Which of the first four Cardinals is sometimes used indeclinably?
How is &pupw declined i
Write and accentuate all the Case-forms of TrpeZs, Ers,'e/'Tapes, zA718eSS, &0o.
~69. NUMERAL ADVERBS.
Which of the numeral Adverbs do not end in -amks?
Are they declined?
Repeat the numeral Adverbs from  1 tp 10  From  10 to 20. The tens.
The hundreds.
What is the Greek of' thirty-one times'?
~ ~ 70, 71. NATURE AND CLASSES OF VERBS.
Define a Verb.
What is mean't by Active, Middle, and Passive Verbs respectively? Give an
example of each class.
~ 72. THE TENSES.
Enumerate the Tenses of the Greek Verb, giving an example of each.
Into what two classes may all the Tenses be divided?'
Mention the Tenses for which there are twoforms in Greek.
Have all Verbs both these forms?
Has any Verb all the Tense-forms?
What is meant by' pure:' Verbs? -' liquid' Verbs?-' mute' Verbs-? 1
What are the only Tenses which a pure Verb can have?
What is meant by the' primary tense'?  By the' secondary'?
~ 73. THE MODES.
How many Modes have Greek Verbs?
What is denoted by the: Indicative, the Subjunctive, the Imperative, respect.
ively?
1 For the.meaning of pure, liquid, and mnute Verbs, see ~ 92.




-24                           ETYMOLOGY.
What other name is sometimes given to the Subj.? 1
What is the Subj. of the historical Tenses called?
~ 74. THE PARTICIPIALS.
What are the two Participials, and why are they so called 
Which is the substantive Participial? -which the adjective Participial? Give
an example of each.
Explain the terms' Verbumnfinitum"' and' Verbum infinitum.'
~ 75. NUMBERS AND PERSONS.
What do the Personal-endinlgs of the Verb show?
What part of the Greek Verb has no distinctiveform?
How, then, is it expressed?
~ 76. CONJUGATION.
How manyforins of Conjugation are found in Greek Verbs I
Explain and give examples of each.
Which is the older form?
CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -.
~ 77. ROOT, AUGMENT, AND REDUPLICATION. - VERB-CHARACTERISTIC.
State the different portions into which every verbal-form may be resolved?
Show how the Root is got in mnost Verbs in -w.
Formation-syllables are of two kinds; what are they?
What is meant by the' Augment'? - what is its position?
Explain the two kinds of Augment.
What Tenses take the Aug.?
Do all the ]Iodes retain it?
What Aug. do Verbs which begin with a Vowel take 
Explain what is meant by' Reduplication.'
Mention the only Tenses which take it.
Under what circumstances is it identical with the Aug. 
Define the' Characteristic.' Why is it so called?
Mention the divisions of Verbs according to their Characteristic.
~ 78. INFLECTION-ENDINGS.
What relations are indicated by the Inflection-endings?
State the different elenlents contained in them.
What classification of Inflection-endings may be made?
~ 79. TENSE-CHARACTERISTICS AND TENSE-ENDINGS. -PERSONAL-ENDINGS AND MODE-VOWELS.
Define the' Tense-characteristic.' Origin of the name?
Mention the only Tenses which have a Tense-characteristic.
1 Conjunctive.




ETYMOLOGY.                              25
In pure Verbs, what is the Tense-characteristic of the Fut. and Aor. L (Act.
and Mid.) and of the Fut. Perf.? - of the Aor. L Pass.? - of the Fut. 1.
Pass..? - of the Perf. 1. and Plpf. 1. Act.?
What is meant by the' Tense-ending'?
What constitutes the' Tense-stem'?
How do the Personal-endings vary?
Why are Mode-vowels so called? Give examples.
In the form 4fovXevd-,ee&a point out the Stem, the Tense-stem, the Tensecharacteristic, the Tense-ending and the lMode-vowel.
~ 80. REMARKS ON THE PERSONAL-ENDINGS AND MODE-VOWELS.
To what portion of the Verbal-form is the Personal-ending appended?
How is the- Mode-vowel often disguised?
In the form Bovxedv-p, distinguish the Personal-ending and the Mode-vowel.
How do the principal and'the historical Tenses differ in the 11. and 111.
Pers. Dual?
How do they differ in the' ll. Pers. Plur. Act. and in the II. Pers. Plur.
Mid.?
How do they differ in the Sing. Personal-endings of the Mid.?
Show the difference between the Personal-endings of the Subj. and those of
the Opt.
State the changes which take place in the Mode-vowels of the Ind. on their
conversion into Subj. Mode-vowels.
How is the Mlode-vowel of the Opt. generally obtained?
Give examples illustrating the answers to the six last questions.
To-what parts of the Verb may the rv  eCo-vat-rLcdJ be added?
~ 81. PARADIGMS OF THE CONJUGATION OF PURE VERBS IN -w.
Repeat all the Ind., Subj., and Imper. forms of the historical Tenses in the
Act. Voice of Kcxei6ew.
Repeat the same forms of the principal Tenses in the Act. Voice of PvTEeieW.
Give all the Participials of both principal and historical Tenses in the Act.
Voice of KIe-reteWv.
What Tenses do the Perf. 11. and the Plpf. II. resemble in their inflections?'
Why are the Perf. 11., Plpf. Il., and Aor. II. supplied by other Verbs in the
Paradigms of fjovAedev,?
Give the answers to the first three questions of this section with reference
to the Slid. Voice of 7racLEceEv.
Mention the only Tenses in the Pass., which differ inform from the corresponding Tenses of the Mid.1 See note at bottom of p. 80 of the Gram.
2 Futures and Aorists. The Pres., Imperf., Perf., and Plpf. have the same
forms for the Pass. and Mid.
3




26                            ETYMOLOGY.
Repeat all the Ind., Subj., and Imper. forms of the Tenses of Poveetwv, which
have distinctive forms in the Pass.
Give the infitives and Participles of each of these Tenses.
What is meant by' Verbal-adjectives'?
To what Voice do they belong.
What are their usual endings?
Mention the Verbal-adjectives of,BovXezeW, and their meanings.
~ 82. REMARKS ON THE PARADIGMS.
What ending besides -ewv has the I. Pers. Sing. Plpf. Act. sometimes in
Attic?
Give the usual endiln  of the 111. Pers. Pl. Plpf. Act.
In what parts of the Verb do Attic writers sometimes use the ending -es,
instead of -?
Mention the Verbs in which -et is the exclusive ending.
What Pers. of the limper. is sometimes contracted?
With what other form is this contracted linper. apt to be confounded?
Mention the Imperatives in which this confusion is likely to arise,
~ 83. THE ATTIC FUTURE.
Explain the Attic Future.  Origin of the name?
Is it confined to the Act. Voice?
Under what circumstances can it be formed?
Repeat the Personal endings of it in the Ind.
fEixplain how it is formed when t would precede a in the ordinary Put.
In what S~ode does it never occur?
Enumerate the Verbs in which this form of the Fut. is of common occurrence.
Form Att. Futures from o.ropE-vvuzA, 7reTd-yvvjzt, BaS'Cw (Fut. Mid.),?yaefw,
KCa35Co (Fut. Act.), exAdw, L3BdCSw.
~ 84. ACCENTUATION OF THE VERB
State the General Rule for the Accentuation of Verbs.
R, strictions to the Rule in the case of Compounds?
With reference to the Accent, what is the Quantity of the Verbal-ending-=a?
Exception?
Qaltntity of the Opt ending -or under the same circumstances?
Accentuate the Verbs EXObLEV, aXovo-s, 7rlTevaraW,  i'br~ea,  &a'roqevyoL,
7rtorevUaL (()pt.), KEUV.Se, KIeva3e, repLaES  (Tepi, e's), emote (e'K, 8d6re), o'vvertaie (aVh', urn, U8s), &peaov, (&rd and Aor. CoAov), r'apnv (irapd and Impf. Jv),
oausees (ratv and Aor. JEEs), I7rEaXE  (i'rT and Aor. &X'ev), &rt.ye (aid, and
Impf. ilye).
Mention the Verbal forms which are perislpomenon.
Mention also the Verbal forms which are oxytone.
What parts of the Verb are properisponmernon contrary to the general Ruleo 




;ETYMOLOGY.                               27
What parts of the Verb are paroxytone contrary to the general Rule?
One Participle entling in -s is always paroxytone; which is it?
The II. Sing. Imaper. Aor. II. Act. of some Verbs is oxytone; repeat them.
Are they also oxytone in composition 
Repeat the Rules for the Accentuation of the Imper. of the Aor. IL. Act.
and of the Aor. II. Mid. in Compounds.  Give examples illustrating each
case.
Accentuate 2rauevo-at (1) as II Sing. Aor. I. Inmper. Mid., (2) as Aor. L. Ivf.
Act., (3) as 111II. Sing. Aor. I. Opt. Act.
Under what circumstances is the III. Sing. Aor. I. Opt. Act. identical in
form with the Aor. lo Inf. Act.? 
When are all the three forms of the Aor. I. mentioned in the second question above, liable to be confounded with each other?
Illustrate this by the word r-rTCOw.
Accentuate AEAviKcoS (Perf. Part. Act.), ebrewy (Inf. Aor. IL  Act.), 7re7ratsauemvos (Perf. Part. Pass.), cpovevezs (Aor. I. Part. Pass.), 1ocov (Aor. II. Part.
Act.), &lcovras (Aor. I. Part. Act.),?ryLri (~Aor. II. Part. Pass.),'yevov (Aor.
iI. Imper. Mid.), tevyvvs (Pres. Part.), iropeva3ns (Aor. I. Subj. Pass.), &covcat (III. Sing. Aor. I. Opt. Act.), 7rapaXa&3e (Aor. II. Imper. Act.), ICeICe(eva~aL (Perf. Inf. Pass.), &aoo'ras (Aor. II. Part.), 7rprJloat (Pres; Inf.), ramy
(Aor. II. Subj. Pass.), dEr'rar;o'fat (Perf. Inf. Pass.), Ka-raArAEvAevat (Perf;
Inf. Act.), haaeoaat (Aor. II. Inf. Mid.), icwv3uevot (Impf. Opt. Act. ),7rapaAa,8o-ea, (II. PI. Aor. II. Imper. Mid.).
~ 85. SYLLABIC AUGMENT.
Origin of the term' Augment.'
Explain the' Syllabic Augment'
What sort of Verbs take the ~Syllabic Augment?
To what Mode is the Aug. confined?
What is the position of the Aug. in the Plpf.?
What change takes place on prefixing the Augment to Verbs beginning
wlth p 
Mention some Verbs beginning with a Consonant which take 71 as an Aug.
Form Imperfects from?ypdqco, Uvvaaat, dWcTor, ieIAAWo, KcOvtmW, BogtAoCual.
~ 86. TEMPORAL AUGMENT.
Why is the' Temporal Augment' so called?
Explain the Temporal Augment.
What sort of Verbs take it?
In what Verbs does the Aug. effect no change?
Mention a Verb whose Stem begins with et which takes the Aug.
Are Verbs whose Stemn begins with ez ever aunmentedl
*Form  Impeifects from aoaXtvv/w,'Sotep(w, pdrTr0C,   &~~cW, %'67a[vw,  obpiopo,
oidSw,'iSa,.vx4d,:adC',   Eire, E-cpo,  ee, /             o, V ipew,
091A67,,




28                           ETYMOLOGY.
~ 87. REMARKS ON THE AUGMENT.
What Aug. do Verbs take which begin with a followed by a Vowel?
How do Verbs beginning with d, av, or ot followed by a Vowel form their
Impf.? Exception in the case of or?
Give the Aor. I. and Perf. I. Act. of a eiartoww.
Give an exarnple of a Verb beginning with orfollowed by a Consonant in
which the Aug. effects no change.
Repeat the eleven Verbs which take et as an Aug., instead of'O.
Mention some Verbs beginning with a Vowel which take the Syllabic Aug.
Give examples of Verbal-forms which have the Aug. in the second syllable.
There are some Verbs which take the Syllabic and the Temporal Aug. toyether; which are they?
Form Imnpeifects from e7royai, -ciEw, o'ojuat, opfdw, c s Xw, Ed@  yo/ar,
ifacToo, aibalvw, EpydoiSat,, oiaKci~w, eorTtdco, EopTdciw,'oq3L. opxai, avolywo.
Give the Aor. of &voiyw, ape'w, obovppE,'i, iAco, e&a{W copat, & &yofTLvv.
~ 88. REDUPLICATION.
To what Tenses is the Reduplication prefixed.
How is the Plpf. formed when the Perf. takes a Reduplication?
How is the Plpf. formed when the Perf. takes an Aug.? 1
Are the Redup. and Aug. of the Perf. and Plpf. confined to the Ind.?
What sort of Verbs admit the Redup. 3
What Verbs beginning with a Mute and Liquid do not take the Redup.?
How do Verbs beginning with p form their Perf. and Plpf.?2
How is the Redup. formed in the case of a Verb beginning with an aspirated
Consonant?
Mention some Verbs beginning with fiX which are reduplicated.
What sort of Verbs beginning with a Consonant are not reduplicated 3
There are two Verbs beginning with two Consonants (not a Mute and Liquid)
which are reduplicated; name them.
Repeat the Verbs beginning with a Liquid which take the Aug. Et.
Form  Perfects and Plupeifects from  KIcee6w, a!pa'TEtw, xAa'yxvw, apaVc.,
rAXouTrec, aIcoriow,  hXdOrtVe.,    vaXceiro,  avX"oywo,  vj.Svdw,  cpoloo, cppovco,
4a'xlw, auodcivw, X'qpdow, 1Pn3A'r7w, tvpefw, KTtdolLaL,'yAdcpw, $AAaaTld'w, (oTE4W,,
8O7pE6Wt, tlL/vWSjKw, yvwaulaX/Ew.
~. 89. ATTIC REDUPLICATION.
Describe the' Attic Reduplication.'
To what Tenses is this Redup. prefixed?
1 When the Verb begins with a vowel, the Perf. takes the Augment instead
of the Reduplication. Then the Augment of the Plpf. is the same as that of
the Perf.
2 Verbs beginning with p double the p after the Augment (~ 8. 12). Those
beginning with an aspirated consonant take the corresponding smooth for the
reduplication (~ 8. 9).




ETYMOLOGY.                                29
Does the Plf. usually take an Aug. when it has this Redup.?  Exception? I
When a Verb which takes this Redup. has a long Vowel in the second syllable of its Stem, what change occurs? Exception,?
Mention some Verbs which take this Redup. in the Aor. With what diference, however?
~ 90. AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION IN COMPOUND VERBS.
What is the position of the Aug. and Redup. in Verbs compounded with
Prepositions.?
What effect have the Aug. and Redup., then, on Prepositions which end in a
Vowel? Exceptions?
State the effect in the case of &v and oa6g.
What does ic become before the Sqyllabic Aug. (~ 7. 3.) 
Explain the form 7rpotp)pEeTro.
When do Verbs compounded with 8us take the Aug. at the beginning, and
when in the middle of the word?
What is the Rule in the case of Verbs compounded with sE?'Mention the position of the Aug. and Redup. in the case of all other Compound Verbs.
Form Imperfects from 7rept-rpe'rw, fic-lr'7rw, Svs-xepaIw, e'-5otcdw, Ey-tiaAAe'w,
w'po-epXoatL, Eb-epe'reoW, ovA-Aad.&.,cow, a'ro-)pev-Yw, o'U-o'tdW, 0ovz-fiaiz'w, iltBrLTO, epyoXa3ed'w (from  ep-yov and AAB, the Stem  of Aauadvw), vus-eX7rtiw,
avs-?lepcpW.      -
~ 91.t ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE AUG. AND REDUP. IN COMPOUND
VERBS.
Mention some Verbs compounded with Prepositions which take the Aug. both
before the Stem and before the Prep.
There are a few Verbs not compounded with Prep. which follow the analogy
of those just mentioned; which are they?
Give some examples of Verbs compounded with Prep. which take the Aug.
before the Prep.  Show why they do so.
Account for the position of the Aug. in heure'Aoov, firom iE,'re&dw.
Form Imperfects from  er'orraTa, atoXAE,, rpocp7lTE&o (fiom  7rpOq5Tr1S), 8l6KOvew, KaaOag.rOAL, icKafEtvw, aopadw, ivavl'do/al, alaLTdw, 7rapolvwe, &cpyvlvoe'W,
ave'XoIiAU, Kcdr)/sal, Kcal'W.
~ 92. DIVISION OF VERBS IN -W.
What is meant by C'ontract and Uncontracted Verbs respectively?
What Verbs only are contracted?
When are Verbs said to be' mpure'?
Explain the terms' Bar? tone Verbs,'' Perispomenon Verbs.'
With what other class of Verbs are Perispomenon Verbs identical? 2
1 — nrKdeJF, in addition to the Att. Redup., takes the Aug. in the Plpf.
2With the Fut. of liquid Verbs, as -r6fAAw, Fut. oreXw.




30                            ETYMOLOGY.
~ 93. FonMrTION OF THE TENSES OF PURE VERBS.
To what part of pure Verbs are the Tense-endings usually added
What Tenses do pure Verbs not form 2
Give the Tense-characteristic of the Petf. and Plpf. Act.- of the Fut. and
Aor. Act.- of the Aor. L. Pass. - of the Fut. I. Pass.l
Is the short Characteristic-vozwel of the Pres. and Impf. of pure Verbs retained
in the other Tenses?
Repeat all the Act., Mid., and Pass. forms of 7rtw and Ernvvco.
~ 9-1. VERBS WHICH RETAJN THE SHORT CHARACTERISTIC-VOWEL IN
FORMING THE TENSES.
Mention some Verbs which retain the short Characteristic-vowel in all or
some of the Tenses.
What other peculiarity have such Verbs usually?
In what respects are &wo, Aiico, and  tioe peculiar?
~ 95. FORMATION OF THE AOR. PASS., ETC., WITH a.
What sort of Verbs usually insert a between the Personal-endings and the
Tense-stem in the Pass.?
In what Tense-forms does this occur?
Mention some Verbs which have a long Characteristic-vowel or lengthen it
in forming the Tenses, and yet have this formation.
Go through the Perf., Plpf., Aor., and Fut. Pass. of T-eAhW.
Give examples of Verbs which do not take ao, though they retain the short
4Vowel.
~ 96. CONTRACT PURE VERBS.
With what other Vowel is the Characteristic-vowel blended in Contract
Verbs?
In what Tenses alone can contraction take place? Why?
Repeat the list of the regular contractions.
In the concurrence of A and E sounds, which remains predominant? 2
When an O sound occurs, what effect has it on the contraction? 
Illustrate the two last questions by the table of contractions.
How are the Tenses of Contract Verbs formed?
When is a lengthened into a? Exceptions?.Go through ( 1 ) all the open or uncontracted forms, (2) all the contracted forms,
of the Pres. and Impf. Act. and Pass. of &yaTrdw, &atcIco, and 8ouvdo.
~ 97. REMARKS ON TIIE CONJUGATION OF CONTRACT VERBS.
What Verbs in -eco are uncontracted, except in changing -cc or -eEl into -et 
Exceptions?
1 For the characteristic of the Aor. I. Pass. and Fut. I. Pass. see g 79. 1.
2 The a sound.                         8 The o sound is predominant.




ETYMOLOGY.                             81
Repeat all the forms of the Pres. and Impf. Act. and Mid. of ve', I spin.
Mention the Verbs- in -ace which have an irregular contraction.
Specify the irregularities.
What parts of /Lydw are irregularly contracted?
Give the parts of xolsw which are derived from the Stem AO-.
Explain the Attic Optative.
What does the L. Pers. Sing. of the Att. Opt. become by contraction in Verbs
in -ace, -EW, and -ow respectively?
In which Pers. is the Att. form identical with the common form?
What kind of Verbs have the Att. Opt. almost exclusively in the Sing.?
Which form is the more common in the Dual and Plur.?
~ 98. CONTRACT VERBS WHICH RETAIN THE SHORT CHARACTERISTICVOWEL IN'FORMING THE TENSES.
Repeat the Verbs in -ace which retain the short Vowel in forming the Tenses
-those in -sc - those in -oo.
Give the Fut. Act. in each case.
What other peculiarity have most of these Verbs?
Mention the Verbs which have the long Vowel in some Tenses and the short
in others.
Illustrate this by giving the principal parts of each Verb.
~ 99. PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS IN ~ 97.
Repeat all the fnd. Tenses (Act., Mid., Pass.), and the Verb. Adj. of'Adw,
or?AaYvw, aXe'w, and apdw.
-Iention some contract Verbs which assume a- in the Pass., though they
lengthen the CUharacteristic-vowel.
Mention also some which do not assume a in the Pass., though they retain
he short Vowel.
~ 100. FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF IMPURE VERBS.
How are lImpure Verbs divided?
In what respects do they differ from Pure Verbs?
What is meant by the' variable vowel'?
A. MUTE VERBS.
~ 101. CHARACTERISTIC.- STEM-.- THEME.
Of what nature is the Characteristic in Mute Verbs?
The Stem of the Xterb may be strengthened in two ways; explain them.
What is meant by the pure Characteristic'? - the impure Characteristic?
Explain the three modes of strengthening by Consonants.
To what Tenses is the strengthened Stem confined? Give examples.
How is the Stem-vowel strengthened?
In what parts of the Verb does the simple Stem appear? Give examples
illustrating this.




32                          ETYMOLOGY.
Show what is meant by the' Theme.'
What are the Themes of Tv'7rTw and (peyc?.
~ 102. VARIATION IN THE STEM.
What change may the Stem undergo when not strengthened?
To what Tenses is this change confined?
What kind of Verbs take the variable-vowel a in the Aor. 1H. Act. and
Pass. and in the Fut. IJ. Pass.?
Why does the Stem-vowel (e) in the Aor. IL. Pass. of some Verbs undergo
no change? 1
Mention some Verbs which have the variable-vowel o or or in the Perf. II.
and P/pf. 11. What sort of Verbs are they?
Some first Perfects have the variable-vowel o; repeat them.
What Verbs have the variable-vowel a in the Perf. and Plpf. Mid. or Pass.,
but not in the Aor. I. Pass.?
~ 103. REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF THE SECONDARY TENSES.
In what respects do the Secondary differ from the Primary Tenses?
Mention some second Perfects in which the short Stem-vowel is lengthened.
Describe how this lengthening is effected.
Some second Petfects also retain the long Vowel or Diphthong of the Pres.;
give examples.
Under what circumstances has a Verb no Aor. IL Act. or Mid.?
~ 104. CLASSIFICATION OF MUTE VERBS.
Give the classification of Mute Verbs according to their Characteristic, distinguishing those with a pure from those with an impure Characteristic.
What are- the pure Stems of aco'Tw, ppdCw, WaTW, 1p31oov,'r7rTwT,  P1ptT5, f0,
To which class do most of the ~- Stems belong?
To which class do most of the TT- (ao —) Stems belong?
~ 105. REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERISTIC.
Give examples of Verbs in -Tr'  (-crow) which have a Tau-mute for their
Characteristic.
Are there any Verbs of this class which vary between a Kappa and a Taumute; that is, have both modes of formation?
Give examples of Verbs in -wo which have a Kappa-mute for their Characteristic?
Mention some Verbs in -ow which vary between a Kappa and a Tau-mute.
There are three Verbs in -wo which have y-y as their sinmple Characteristic;
lwhich are they?'Because the Aor. II. Pass. is sufficiently distinguished from the Impf. Act.
by the ending.




ETYMOLOGY.                                33
~ 106. FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF MUTE VERBS.
Wilhat is the Tense-Characteristic in the Fut. and Aor. I. Act. and Mid. of
Mute Verbs?
When have the Perf. and Plpf. Act. the endings -a, -4l, respectively?
When do they end in -Ka, -KceL, 
What becomes of the Tau-mute before K?
When a Tau-mute occurs before y or X in the Perf. Mid. or Pass. what
change takes place?
Explain the effect of the Personal-endings beginning with oa on a preceding
Tau-mute.
What is the Quantity of a, a, v, in Tau Verbs before a. and K?
Explain fully the respective effects of a, a, Ae,', and the aspirated endings
(&-, -Ev), on a preceding Mute.
What do -evwo'wa, -Evao, in the Fut. become?
What effect have the Perf. Mid. endings beginning with UA on a /z followed
by a Pi-mute in tl'e Stern m
What takes place when yy precedes the endings beginning with / 2
In what sort of Verbs does the Aor. 11. not usually occur?
Describe the euphonic changes which occur when an ending beginning with
o-& comes after a Mute.
Give the respective endings of the III. Pl. Peaf. and Plpf. Pass. in Pure
Verbs.
How is this Pers. usually formed in Imptre Verbs?  Why?
How is the place of the v, in the proper endings of this Pers. sometimes supplied?
What effect has this supplied letter on a preceding Pi, Kappa, and Taumute respectively?
~~ 107-110. PARADIGMS OF MUTE VERBS.
Repeat all the Act. forms of xrpErw, P7Irw, 7pc W, Aipd lW, ON T'7W,'ThKw, 
OTeXcow, KtpVTTW (Fut. -bw), EpETTw (Fut.    ),  re,  7rar ~ow, r avuPdCO
(Fut. -;o), oUpLtC  (Fut. -to).
Repeat all the Mid. forms of TpE&rw, Kp6r'WCO, a&E1,c (~ 89 b), &IAEIwO, Cae'.y7,
8c,,Kw, 8*xoela, -rxdr —W, (Fut. -a.w), &AAd —rW (Fut. -oW.), o'Ire-,w (Fut. oTredow),
7reo, aoxd$c  (Fut. -aw), rriptoCW (Put. -~w).
Give the Aorists and Futures Pass. of oTrp4pw, Bx3A7rTw (Char. 8), -TpErw,
/ope'xw (Aor. I.), pAE'yw  (Aor. II.), ax1,8  (Aor. II.), o-d-CO~ (Char. y), &,otydc(~ (Aor. I.), t*c3ow (Aor. I.).
Inflect all the Modes of the Perf. and Plpf. Pass. of'e"yyow, vo/t4'o (Fut.
-aw), uCITrW0 (Pu!t. -sW), rE4Srw, (rcdXw (TEV(yuatl), EpEtao (~ 89, b.).
Forrm  Verbal Adjectives from ypcd(pw, xeywo, KpdrTw, oretV8w, eico (Fut. -ao),'rdTT-w  (Fut. -row), UVAdC'r, (Fut. -5w).




84                         -ETYMOLOGY.
B. LIQUID VERBS.
~ 111. FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
Define a'Liquid Verb.'
How do Liquid Verbs differ from other Verbs in the formation of the Futures and Aorists (Act. and Mid.)?
What is the Tense-characteristic in the Perf. and Plpf.. Act.?
Give the Personal-endings of the Fut. (Act. and Mid.).
Explain how these endings are obtained.'
What other Verbs do they follow in the inflection of the Fut.?
What Tense is wanting in Liquid Verbs?
How is the Pres. Stem usually got from the simple Stem?
Explain the four ways by which this is effected.
Mention some Verbs which retain the pure Sterm in the Pres.
In what Tenses does the strengthened Stem appear?
How are the other Tenses formed?
In what Tenses is the Vowel in the last syllable of the Stem lengthened?
Mention the Tenses in which the pure Stem occurs.
What Tenses are rarely formed by Liquid Verbs?
Is the simple Stem taken from the same Tense as in Multe Verbs?
Liquid Verlbs with a monosyllabic Stem and e as a Stemn-vowel have the vari-.
able vowel a in some of the Tenses; which are they? Give examples.
In what Tenses have they the variable vowel o? Give examples.
What is the basis of the classification of Liquid Verbs?
Give a Verb of each class, with its Fut. and Aor. L.
Mention some Verbs in -alrco which take d in the Aor. I. What would the
Vowel regularly be?
Show how the Perf. I. Act. of Verbs with the Char. v must regularly end.
Give the Perf. and Plpf. I. Act. of je6oW and vyeo.  Show whence they are
derived.
Do all Liquid Verbs form a Perf. I.?
Explain the peculiarity in the formation of some of the Tenses of pivwo,
KAtWco, and 7rX.ow.
When oa0 follows a, Liquid what euphonic change occurs?
In- verbs in -amvos and -vvco what becomes of the v before at?
Show how the Perf. IL. is usually formed.
Hlow is the Perf. II. formed in the case of Verbs with e in the Fut.?
Is the Perf. II. of common occurrence in Verbs of this class?
~~ 112-115. PARADIGMS OF LIQUID VERBS.
Repeat all the Act. forms of KrEpsaLvow, dNXvw, oaavo, vYrtzw, T  eAVWe, 7r,'poo
(Aor. I. and II),',uB6,Cov, adhcX  (Pcrf. II. and Aor. II.), $/ceAAXo, oaipo
(Perf. II.), c&Os;i.
1 The Futures in -& and -oD/uaL are formed from -e&ow and -eo/zsao by syncopating the a and then contracting the vowels.




ETYMOLOGY.                              35X;
Repeat all the Pass. forms of rptvwo, aorefpoW (Aor. II. and Perf. II.), E'rt-'AAco, aiaXv'yw, a'Ypc, pcpw, iytalvw (Perf. Pass -oauat).
Form  Verbal-adjectives from ailXi'yw, qcpepow, relvo, icaaw,  Kpw,  cppw,
vrdAAwo, v6calvw.
~ 116. SPECIAL PECULIARITIES IN THE FORMATION OF CERTAIN VERBS
BOTH PURE AND IMPURE.
Give examples of Act. Verbs which have the Fut. of the Middle form.
Describe the' Doric Future.'
Mention some Verbs which have the Doric Fut.
Enumerate the peculiarities in the Conjugation of eow, 7rAe'w, ew,  exw, Kalo,
Xci, Kafcw, iri'w, 7['rTro, qpe-.yw, and Crayco.
Repeat the Peif. Subj. and the Plpf. Opt. Mid. or Pass. of iUp'/ieoaw, K~TojatL, and KahE.l1 What is to be remarked relative to their formation?
ANOMALOUS VERBS.
~ 117. SYNCOPE AND METATHESIS.
Explain what' Syncope' means.
Mention some examples of syncopated Verbs.
What is understood by' Metathesis'?
Repeat the Tenses of Tc0w, iaXe'w, d      chAA, cdAo, and 8aqduwc in which
Mletathesis occurs. Show clearly how it is effected.
~ 118. VERBS' IN -W, WITH THE STEM OF THE PRES. STRENGTHENED.
To what Tenses is the strengthened Stem confined?
What kind of Verbs are called'Deponents Middle' and' Deponents Passive'
respectively?
og1  The Pupil should become quite familiar with the lists of Anomalous
Verbs (~~ 119-126), taking particular note of what parts of them are irregular, and wherein the irregularity consist. The simple Stems in each case should
be attended to. It would be a good exercise for the Pupil if the Tutor were
to take a verb at random, and require of him to refer it to the class to which
it properly belongs.
VERBS IN -pu.
~ 127. PECULIARITIES IN THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -lI.
Wherein do Verbs in -uAt chiefly differ from those in -c?
Describe' the Reduplication which some verbs in -ut take in the Pres. and
lmp)n.
Under wLat circumstances is the initial Consonant not repeated?
Give examples of Verbs with this Redup.
1-For the forms of.utycr#oK see ~ 122. 11.




36                           ETYMOLOGY.
~ 128. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN -/AC.
What are the two principal classes of Verbs in -,u?
Repeat the Stem-endings of Verbs of the first class.
When is -yvv added to the Stem? - when is -vu added?
What is the only Verb in -vbu which forms an Aor. II.?
~ 129. MODE-VOWELS.
In what Tenses have Verbs in -y.u distinctive forms from those in -W?
Mention the parts of Verbs in -Au which have no MIode-vowel.
~When the Mode-vowel is wanting, to what portion of the Verb is the Personal-ending added?
Give the Mode-Vowels of the Subj.
With what are these Mode-vowels blended?
State in what respects the contraction of the Subj. of Verbs in -pu differs
from that of Verbs in -w. Give examples illustrating this.
What Subjunctive-form of all Verbs resembles the Pres. and Aor. II. Subj.
of I'o-TrjLA and Ti'ir7L?
How do Verbs in vlzL form their Subj.?
What is the Mode-Vowel of the Impf. and Aor. II. Opt.?
With what is this Mode-vowel combined i
What Optative-form of all Verbs resembles the Impf. and Aor. I. Opt. of
On what analogy is the Opt. of Verbs in -v/uC formed?
~ 130. PERSONAL-ENDINGS.
Repeat the Personal-endings of the Pres Ind. Act.
Explain the formation of the ending of the III. Pers. Plur.
What further change does this ending undergo when the Stem ends in a?
Give the Personal-endings of the Pres. and Aor. II. Subj. Act
Repeat the Personal-endings of the Inrpf. and Aor. II. Ind. Act.
What Ind.form of all Verbs is inflected like the Aor. II. Eo71rv 
How do the Personal-endings of the i~npf. and Aor. II. Opt. of Verbs in -/u
differ from those of the corresponding forms of Verbs in -co? Exception?
What portions of the -Impf: Opt. are usually contracted? Explain the
nature of this contraction.
What Optativeforins of all Verbs suffer a similar contraction?
Mention the Verbs in which the contracted forms are very rare in the Opt.
Aor. I. Act.
Give the Personal-endings of the Pres. and Aor. II. Inrper. Act.
When tile IL. Pers. Sing. Pres. linper. Act. drops its regular ending, how is
its rejection compensated?
Do many Verbs retain the regular ending in the II. Pers. Sing. Pres. Inrper.
Act.?
Enumerate the Verbs in -/ut which have the II. Pers. Sing. Aor. IL. Imper.
Act. ending in -s.




ETYMOLOGY.                                87
What Imperativeforms of all Verbs resemble T7'1,r?
What change takes place in the Compounds of O-a' t?
What is the ending of the Pres. and Aor. II. Inf: Act.?
How is this ending appended in the Pres. and the Aor. II. respectively?
What is the Accentuation of these Infinitives i
What JI2Tfinitiveforms of all Verbs resemble OrTivL?
Give the proper endings of the Pres. and Aor. 1I. Part. Act.
Explain the euphonic changes which occur in the Pres.: and Aor. II. Participles (Act.) of &isbwui, EdcIv/L,'lOarOnJ, and  tiari/c.
What Participles of all Verbs are like the Pres. Part. Act. of Trivl[?'
Show how the Personal endings of the Middle are formed.
In what parts of the Mid. Voice do the Personal endings retain their.full
form?
Show how the Sing. Impf. Act. of Mntiaut and 8i.oiLL are usually formed.
What Pers. of rilh/zAt is not so formed? 1
What parts of Verbs in -uva are usually formed like Verbs in -vw I
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
~ 131. FIRST CLASS OF VERBS IN -/xl.
In what Tenses is the short Characteristic-vowel lengthened?
What Verbs form their Perf. and Plpf. (Act., Mid., and Pass.) by changing
the short Characteristic-vowel into et?
What is the Tense-characteristic in the Aor. L. (Act. and Mid.) of Tarbs5l,
f'VItl, and i&8ytL?
W"hat parts of the Aor. of these Verbs are supplied by the Aor. Ilforms?
What parts of the Aor. II. Act. of these Verbs are not in use?
Explain the formation of the Aor. I. (Act. and Mid.) of T'rnTlt.
What Aorist form of T'rT77A is not in use?
What Tenses are wanting in Verbs in -x1t 2,To what part of i'o'rlxju would you refer Eo'rWco?
What parts of the Act. Voice of i'oTTllu  are transitive, and what parts are
intransitive?  The English equivalent of each Tense?
Give the different meanings of the Mid. of a'm7l/et.
~ 132. SECOND CLASS OF VERBS IN -,4o.
In Verbs of this Class, from what part of the word are all the Tenses.
formed I
What modification occurs in the case of Verbs with simple stems ending
inl o?
Ill what peculiar way do Verbs with Liquid Stems form some of the Tenses?
What Tenses are formed in but afew Verbs of this class I
erllI first Pcrs. Sing. e&'lov,, though given in the paradigm, is not in use,
ritlv, suplplying its place.




38                            ETYMOLOGY.
~ 133. PARADIGMS OP VERBS IN -BU,
What Tense is wanting in aeEKvvpL throughout?
Repeat all the Tense-forms (Act., Mid., and Pass.) of'0rTl-L, Trt/ pU,, 88oC/zIL,
and aEI'vvul, in convenient portions at a time.
Give the second forms of the Pres., Imper., and Pres. Part. Act. of 8elc4vv1A.
Is &icTovv or Tritpa7 to be preferred?
How are the Compounds to be accented in the Aor. lI. Subj. (Act. and
Mid.)? 2
Form the Aor. II. Inmper. Act. of &apt-T71rj, and accent it throughout the
Persons.                 -
Accentuate the forms &7roaou, 7reptErEe, 7rpoaov, Icos, 7repLroo'ae, elsaov,
irpoBore, rpooore, e'VCere.
Explain how the forms  4'e'*77V, Te4rooLat arise.8
~ 134. REMARKS ON THE PARADIGMS.
In what Tenses have 66vatlaL, irr1o-ratazp, KpquauaL, 7rplagaL, and,ivtz'aga a
different Accentuation from i'o'rajal?  Explain wherein this difference consists.
In the Opt. Impf. and Aor. II. Mid. of Verbs in -/Ll with Stems ending in E,
are the forms with -EL or those with -or to be preferred i
Accentuate the forms Toraol0-roO Kata&oio, a&ro3Lo, &oto-,r, La0o1l'TO.:
Show how the Dual and Plur. of the Perf. and Plpf. Act. of'i/zIu& are
formed.
Repeat all the Personal-forms of the Perf. and Plpf. Act. of T'OTI4/L throughout the Modes.
Give the shortened form of the lnf. and Part. of the Perf. Act. of TYaln-.
Decline this Participle.
Are the forms eiTras, -', EiSo'v, -ws, -w in use? 4
SUMMARY OF VERBS IN -uz.
I. Verbs in -1uL which affix the Personal-endings directly to the Stem-vowel.
~ 135. VERBS WITH STEMS ENDING IN a.
Repeat the Verbs in -/a with Stems ending in a, giving the principal parts
of each.
What Verb supplies some of*the Tenses of,vilv7jz' 
What Verbs supply the Pres. and Impf. of TAHMI?
Go through the Perf. [nd. of TAHMI.
When is the /t in the Redup. of 7urilrpfl/t and rrirulrAXul omitted?
Write all the forms of g-pr,u[ which are in use, accentuating them  throughout.
See note at bottom of p. 152, Gram., as BeuLtcvw, etc.
2 See note 2, at bottom of p. 154 of Gram.
3 e',Tv and re.4ao-oua are for r&Ev77  and ae&rIoulaw (see ~ 8. 9).
4 On the use of 4rtW44v for:TrtouWY  see note on the last question but one in
~ 130.




ETYMOLOGY.                              89
In what respects is the II. Pers. Sing. Ind. Act. of prlul irregular?
Give the parts of vp-L which are enclitic.
What two different meanings has this Verb?
What is to be remarked about the meaning of its Fut.?
What parts of 0n7du (not Aor.) are used in an Aoristic sense?
Mention the, Deponents belonging to this class, and the Tenses which present any peculiarity.
~ 136. VERBS WITH STEMS ENDING IN e.
What is the Stem of'1ueL?
Does;'rno present a complete Conjugation?
Write all the Tense-forms (Act., Mid., and Pass.) of 1'1sjt which are in use,
and accentuate them throughout.
Where does a&;vlrLi take the Aug. (sometimes) in the Impf. Ind. Act.?
What is the only part of the Aor. 1. Mid. that is in use?
~ 137. EIL'i, I AM, AND E?/uA, I WILL GO.
Give the respective Stems of eJLo and el/.Ad
Write out all the Tense-forms of eiuL and e/ll/ that are in use, comparing
the corresponding Tenses of both Verbs, and accentuating them throughout.
What parts of eAzl' are enclitic?
Repeat the Rules for the Accentuation of the Compounds of edlt.
Mention some parts of the Compounds of eltg which are identical in form
with the corresponding compounds of edt.
What meaning has the Pres. of ed/l usually? By what Verb, therefore,
is the Pres. mleaning supplied?
II. Verbs in -du which affix -vvu or -yv to the Stem-vowel, and append to
this the Personal-endings.
~ 138. FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
Repeat the Paradigms (Act., Mid., and Pass.) of Kcepdvvze&L, J3pevvyu1L PcvrvuLL, aVOi7YVp, ir27yvU/U,.AAvut, and pv$.LL.
Show how the form,xAv,.z is derived.
~ ~ 139, 140. SUMMARY OF VERBS IN -vE/I.
Repeat the Verbs in -vkr, with Stems ending in a - those with Stems ending in e — those with Stems ending in o. Give the Tenses of each Verb
which present any peculiarity.
In Verbs of this class with Stems ending in o, what change takes place in
the o on the addition of -YvvvIr?
Repeat the Verbs in -v/uz, with Stems ending in a Consonant. Give the
leading Tenses of each Verb.
~ 141. INFLECTION OF KEZ,.aL AND'H/Aat.
To what Tense do ice/zai and Jptai strictly belong?  Show how their respective meanings accord with this.




40                          ETYMOLOGY.
What is the Stern of ltai? What Lat. Verb is from the same Stem?
Write al! the forms of these two Verbs which occur, and accent them.
What form usually occurs in Prose instead of Sltat?  How does the inflection of this form differ from that of -I/aL itself 
Accent the forms Kca.-af'o, 6cKa&lTo, iKaclc. aL, Kta'raTaL, KCaaoL, CaTa'KCeltr at.
How are the forms of Aquaa which are wanting supplied?
~ 142. VERBS IN -w WHICH IN THE AOR. II. ACT. AND MID. FOLLOW THE
ANALOGY OF VERBS IN -/Ut.
What kind of Verbs form their Aor. II. Act. and Mid. like Verbs in -ut?
Describe how they resemble Verbs in -AU.
How are the remaining forms of these Verbs inflected?
How is the (Jh2aracteristic-vowel affected (generally) in the Aor. II. Act. of
Verbs of this class?
Mention the ending of the 11. Pers. Sing. Aor. I, lrmper. in the Compounds
of Oalfvw.
Give some examples of Verbs with an Aor. I. like Verbs in -ju.
Repeat all the forms of the Aor. 1I. Act. of a&rostspdcKcwa, &AfcolaL, cpbo,
and XaLpwo.
Is the Aor. Ii. Mid. of common occurence in Verbs of this kind?
~ 143. INFLECTION OF Oi7a.
What is the Stem of o78a? What Lat. Verb is from the same Stem  1
To what Tense does oa strictly belong? 2 What meaning has it?
Give all the parts of o78a which are in use.
To what Dialect are the forms Xi'rn and`'1n3aa considered to belong?
~ 144. DEPONENTS AND ACTIVE VERBS WHOSE FUT. HAS A MID. FORM.
What is meant by Deponents Middle? 3 By Deponents Passive.
Study carefully the lists of the Deponents Mid., Deponents Pass., and Act.
Nerbs with a Mid. Fut., which most commonly occur.
I Video, the v coming from the Digamma (see ~ 193. 3).
2 Perf. with the sense of a Pres. " I have seen," and now " know."
3 See Gram. ~ 118, Rem.




QUESTIONS ON THE SYNTAX.
THE CHIEF ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE.
~ 145. NATURE OF A SENTENCE. - SUBJECT. - PREDICATE.
Of what does Syntax treat?
Give the definition of a' Sentence.'
Explain the two necessary elements in a sentence. How are they named?
Show how the Greek language expresses the relation of ideas.
What different parts of speech may constitute the Subject of a sentence?
In what Case is the Subject?
Under what circumstances is the Subject in the Acc.?
How may the Subject be expressed in indefinite and distributive expressions
of number? Give examples.
Mention the different cases in which the Subject is not expressed by a distinct
word.
In what different ways may the indefinite Pronouns'one,''they,' be expressed in Greek?
What different parts of speech may constitute the Predicate of a sentence?
What nanme is given to eraL when it occurs in the Predicate? Why?
HoW may you distinguish when dePaL is a principal Verb?
~ 146. AGREEMENT.
In whatrespects does a finite Verb agree with its Subject?
Mention also in what respects predicative Adjectives, Participles, Pronouns,
Numerals, and predicative Nouns agree with the Subject.
State the difference between a predicative and an attributive Adjective.
What kind'of Verbs take two Nominatiues?  Give examples of them.
Howlis the place of the second Nom. supplied with some of these Verbs?
~ 147. EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENETRAL RULES OF AGREEMENT.
Explain the' Constructio KaTr& ov6eaov or ad intellectum.'
When is the predicative Adj. put in the Neut. Sing. without any reference
to the Gender and Number of the Subject?
How are the Gender, Number, and Case of a demonstrative, relative, or interrogative Pronoun regulated, when it is connected with a Noun by evraL? In
what Gender and Number may the Pronoun sometimes stand, irrespective of
the Gender and Number of the Noun?
When may Verbal Adjectives stand in the Neut. Plur.?
What is the Number of the Verb (generally) when its Subject is in the Neut.
Plur.?  Give the exceptional cases.




42                             SYNTAX
Is the Predicate always in the Dual when the Subject is so 
Show generally when the Subject of a sentence ought to be in the Dual.
Enumerate the Dual forms which are of the common Gender.'
How is the Gender of the Predicate regulated when it is a Superlative and
in connection with a Gen.?
~ 147b. AGREEMENT WHEN THERE ARE SEVERAL SUBJECTS.
In what Number is the Verb when it has two or more Subjects?
What is the Gender of the Adj. when the Subjects are of like Gender?
How is the Gender of the Adj. regulated when the Subjects are of different
Genlders, (1) in the case of persons, (2) in the case of things?
Are the Verb and Adj. always in the Plur. when there are several Subjects?
How is the Pers. of the Verb regulated when it has several Subjects of different Persons?
Explain the o-Xru.a KaC' 6Aov Kal gzdpos, and illustrate the explanation by an
example.
~ 148. THE ARTICLE.
When does a Noun take the Article?
How does the Noun without the Art. represent the idea?
When is the Art. used to denote the whole compass of the idea?
Give the Greek usage where the English has the indefinite Art. a or an.
When is the Art. used instead of a possessive-Pronoun?
Explain the distributive use of the Art.
What was the Art. originally?'Where is it often used in consequence?
State the general Rule relative to the use of the Art. with proper names.
WVhen do proper names take the Art.?
Do proper names take the Art. when they are connected with an Adj.
Does a proper name take the Art. when a Noun in apposition with it has the
Art.?
Describe the usual position of the names of rivers.
~When do Adjectives and Participles take the Art., and when is it omitted?
How is the Part. with the Art. usually translated into English 2
Under what circumstances does the Inf. take the Art.?
When does C'repos take the Art.?
Give the different meanings of  Xacos and ol AAoli, -  rEpoi and ol iTrepot, -
roxAof and ol iroAXoi, -  rA'eovs2 and ol 7rAeiovs, -  rXeiZa'roL and ol 7rA-x'-ro.
Describe how Adverbs of place and time (sometimes of quality), and Prepositions with their Cases may be turned into Adjectives or Nouns.
When a Noun with the Art. has attributive words connected with it, there
are two cases [(a) and (b)] to be distinguished with reference to the position of
the Art..; explain these two cases clearly.
When a Noun with the Art. has a Gen. connected with it, explain the posi1 The Dual forms  To6, T7Yo, TOE, To07e e, TO6TW, T6'oTOW, abraT, abTroiv, g, and
on' are of common Gender, and may be used either as masculine or feminine.
2 IrXedovs = plures, several; 7rAe'7or  = plurimi, very many.




SYNTAX.                               43
tion of the Art., (1) when the emphasis is on the Gen., (2) when the emphasis
is on the governing NToun.
Describe the respective positions of the Art. when eavToV, abToa, ov00, 7Ijv,
occur with the Noun.
Explain the use of the Art. in the two positions before mentioned, when
tbipos, ueuOs, e' oXaTOS, or udvos occur in the sentence. Give examples of the
two cases anad sliow how they are usually translated into English.
When is the Art. used with a Noun which has an adjective Pronoun joined
with it 2 Position of the Art. in this case. Explain the difference between
elubs piXos, and ipIbs Xpixos.
When is the Art. used with a Noun in connection with TroovrTos, etc,? Position of the Art. in this case  VVWhen is the Art. omitted?
When 7ras, ardvres occur with a Noun there are three cases to be distinguished; explain them fully, mention which is of most fiequent occurrence, and
show how they are to be translated in each case.
When Eicacros occurs with a Noun, show when the Art. is used, and when
it is omitted.
Describe the use and position of the Art. with a Noun in connection with
eKdaTepOS,- &pto, and &upq)&epos.
In the case of a Noun joined with a Cardinal number show when the Art. is
omitted, and when it is used. Distinguish the two different positions which
the Art. may have in the latter case.
Explain the position of the Art. when 0e6, e'Ks'Ros, O'TOS, or aVTJs is employed
with the Noun. When is the Art. omitted?
~ 149. CLASSES OF VERBS.
Whence arise the different classes of Verbs?
Define Active, Middle, and Passive Verbs.
What twofold signification has the Act. form?
What is meant by a reciprocal Verb?
What are the only peculiar Tenses which the Pass. has?  How are the
other Tenses supplied? Why?
~ 150. REMARKS ON THE CLASSES OF VERBS.
Mention some Act. Verbs which have an intrans. as well as a trans. signification. Give soine Eng. and Lat. parallels.
Give examples of Act. Verbs whose Aor. I. has a trans., but whose Aor. UI.
has an intrans. meaning.
Give examples also of Act. Verbs whose Perf. I. has a trans., but whose
Perf. I. has an intrans. meaning.
There are some trans. Verbs which have no Perf. I. but whose Perf. II. is
intrans.; mention a few examples.
Explain precisely the different significations of the Middle-form.
In what way besides the Middle-form may the reflexive relation be expressed?
Under these circumstances what meaning has the Middle-form?  How does it
form its Put. and Aor.?




'4I4                           SYNTAX.
Repeat the Rlule relative to the form of the Fut. and Aor. of Middle Verbs
whiclh denote an action necessarily referring to the Subject. Of what nature
are several of the Verbs of this class? Mention some of these Verbs which
~have their Aor. of the Mid. form.
What use of the Middle is much the most fjequent?
Explain the difference in the use of the Act. and Mid. when they each denote that the Subject causes the action to be done by another.
Describe how the Pass. meaning is derived from that of the Mid., exemplifying your remarks by examples.
What Tenses of the 3Mid. are used to denote the Pass. also?
What Tense peculiar to the Pass. Voice is used instead of the Mid. form
in the case of many reflexive and intransitive Verbs?
Has the Fut. 1Mid. ever a Pass. meaning?
In the case of a Pass. Verb, how is the cause or author usually expressed?
When are 7rpds and irapd used with the word denoting the author?
What kind of Act. Verbs may assume the personal Pass. form in Greek?
Does the Lat. coincide with the Greek in this respect?
Explain what is meant by a' Deponent Verb.'
~ 151. TENSES AND MODES.
What is indicated by the Tenses?
What do the Modes denote?
Name the different Modes, and show what they severally express.
~ 152. A. MORE PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE TENSES.
How may the Tenses be divided?'Mention the principal Tenses and also the historical Tenses, giving examples of each.
How does the Pres. (Ind.) represent the action?
Explain what is meant by the Historical Present.
In what Modes has Cil;u a Fut. meaning? What time may be indicated by
its li.f. and Pres. Part.? How is the meaning of the Pres. expressed? 1
How are the Present forms oYixoAaL and  wKoW often translated into English?
Show how these significations are derived.?
In what manner does the Perf. (Ind.) represent the action?
What kind of Greek Perfects are translated into English by the Pres.?
How is the Plf. of such Verbs translated? Give examples.
What does the Fut. (Ind.) denote?
Is the Fut. Ind. ever used in a subordinate clause after a historical Tense in
Greek? What Mode would be used in this case in Lat.?
What is denoted by the Fut. Perf. (Ind.)?
In tlie case of Present Perfects how is their Fut. Perf. to be translated?
How does the Fut. Perf. differ from the Lat. Fut. Pe1f.? 2 What part of
1 By epXotxai (comp. 126, 2).
2 The Fut. Perf. Ind. represents an action in. a permanent state of comple.
tion in the future; as ) 7roArsl-a'reowos Kc e c o lru / s, e T' a t, the-state uwill havw




SYNTAX.                               4.5
the Verb is usually employed in Greek in subordinate clauses to indicate the
completion of an action in thefuture?  What words in this case introduce. the
subordinate clause?
Wherein does the Aor. (Ind.) differ from the other Tenses which express
past time?
How does the Imperf: (Ind.) usually represent the action?
Mention some other uses of the inmperf Ind.
Contrast the use of the Aor. (Ind.) and the Imperf. (Ind.) in historical narration.
In what sort of propositions may the Aor. (Ind.) be translated by the Eng.
Pres.?
In what manner is the action represented by the Plpf. (Ind.)? 1
Enumerate the essential points of difference between the Greek and the
Lat. Plpf.2
What Tense is used in subordinate clauses in which an action is to be represented as completed before another past action?
Under what circumstances may the Aor. be used instead of the Perf?
Contrast the use of the Aor. with that of the other Tenses in the Modes
and the Participials, illustrating your remarks by examples.
~ 153. B. MORE PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE MODES.
What is expressed by the Ind., Subj., and Imper. respectively?
What is the Subj. of the historical Tenses called 3
How does the Subj. of the principal Tenses and of the Aor. represent the
action?
Mehtion the circumstances under which the Subj. of the principal Tenses
may be employed in principal clauses. To what Person is it usually restricted
then 3
What Tense of the Subj. is used to express prohibitions? What negative
Particle is then employed?
Ilow does the Subj. of the historical Tenses represent the action?
What Tense of the Opt. is not used in principal clauses? 8 
When &v is used with the Opt. in principal clauses, what is denoted by it? 2
been regulated perfectly (and remain so); whereas the Lat. Fut. Perf. represents the bare completion of the action in the future, without the idea of the
continuance of that completion. In subordinate clauses where the mere completion of the action in the future is to be indicated, the Greek uses the Aor. Subj.
in connection with a conjunction compounded of &v, etc. (see ~ 152, remark 3).
1 The Plpf. not only represents an action as completed before another past
action, but as remaining completed; as ol iroXALo a r e Xr e   v  e        a v, had fled
(and were still fleeing).
2 The Lat. Plpf. represents an action as completed before another past action,
but does not involve, as in the Greek, the abiding effect of the action. In subordinate clauses where an action is to be represented as completed before another past action, the Greek uses the Aor.
a The Opt. Fut.
4 Future contingency (comp. ~ 153, No. 2, c.).




;46                           SYNTAX:.
What kind of clauses are Optatives with el'e or el yddp, strictly speaking?
Why?'
What part of the Verb is used to express a wish which the speaker knows
cannot be realized? What is the Lat. usage?
Describe the difference between the Pres. and the Aor. Imper., and give
examples.
When is the Perf. Imper. used? Is it of frequent occurrence?
What parts of the Verb are used in negative or prohibitive expressions with
REMARKS ON THE MODAL ADVERB &Y.
For what purpose is At, used?
With the Ind. of the historical Tenses what does it show (a), (,3).
With what parts of the Verb is Ai never used?
Explain the use of by with the Subj. To what kind of clauses is it confined in the common language? How are such clauses then usually introduced?
What is indicated by Av with the Opt.?
In a conditional proposition, is the Opt. with Lp a principal or a subordinate
clause?
Is the Opt. with AY ever used without a Protasis or conditioning clause? 2
How is a strong affirmation sometimes expressed in a modest way?
When may iv be joined with the [nf or Part.? Exemplify this by some
Greek sentences.
Why should Lv be regularly connected with the Predicate?
What member of the sentence, however, does it usually follow?
To what sort of words, therefore, is ht usually joined?
How is it that liv is sometimes repeated in the same sentence.
~ 154. ATTRIBUTIVES.
What is the office of Attributives?'
State the different kind of words which may stand as Attributives.
When is the Noun (wlich is modified by the Attributive) omitted?  Give a
few common examples of such omission.
Explain what is meant by'Apposition.' Can a word stand in apposition
with any other word than a Noun?
When a word is in apposition with jAE'Tepos, vLze'Tepos, or aperepos, in what
Case is it put? Why?
~ 155. THE OBJECTIVE RELATION OR CONSTRUCTION.
Describe the Objective relation. What part of the sentence does it define?
What may the attributive and the objective notions be called? s
I Subordinate, because the principal clause is understood.
2 Often. (see examples under c).
8 The attributive notion may be called the complement of the subject; the
objective notion, the complement of the predicate.




SYNTAtX.                             47
What different words or combinations of words may stand as the Object of
the sentence?
THE CASES.
~ 156. I. THE GENITIVE.
What is denoted primarily by the Gen.?
What is expressed by the Gen., (a) in a local relation, (b) in a casual relation q
~ 157. A. LOCAL RELATION.
What may the Gen. be called when used to express local relation?
With what expressions is the Gen. denoting this relation used?
Give some examples of Verbs, Adj., and Adv. of this class.
~ 158. B. CAUSAL RELATION.
What does the Gen. in the causal relation signify? Contrast it with the
Gen. in the local relation.
What is the first division of the causal Gen.?
With what Verbs is the Gen. of author connected?
Explain the Gen. of owner or possessor. With what words is it usually
found?
What is meant by the Partitive Gen.? With what expressions does it usually occur?  Give some examples of words of this class.
Mention the different cases in which the partitive Gen. has the force of an
Attritutive.
What is the Syntax of Verbs signifying' to take hold of'?
When the action of the Verb refers only to a part of an object, what C(ase
doe- it commonly govern?
How is it that words expressing time and place are put in the Gen.? Is the
Gen. of place of common occurrence?
By what Case may the time within which anything is done be expressed?
What is meant by the Gen. of material? Mention the different sorts of
expressions with which this Gen. may stand. Give examples of words of each
class.
When do Verbs of eating and drinking govern the Gen., and when the Acc.?
Explain the government of 8ae7 and XPh.
Do Verbs signifying admiration, praise, or blame govern any other Case
than the Gen.?
What is the second division of the causal Gen? Repeat the different kinds
of Velbs with which the causal Gen. may occur. Give some examples of
each of these classes of Verbs.
What Case do &7yacr.v, q5Azei7, and aTre'pye govern?
What is the Syntax of /xeA 2?
Mention the different constructions of cav4udCeSv and 4?yaorat.
In what Case is the penalty fbr a crime put?




48                               SYNTAX.
IUxtplain.lie Gen, denoting mutual relations.  With what expressions is this
Gec:. us;ed?  Give some examples of each class of such expressions.
In whlat case is the word denoting price put?
~ 159. II. THE ACCUSATIVE.
What is primarily denoted by the Acc.?
What does it express, (a) in a local relation, (b) in a causal relation 2
Describe the Ace. of effect.
What is meant by the Acc. of cognate signification?  What generally occurs
with this Acc.? Give-examples.
Mention some Verbs which in Greek take the Acc., but. in Lat. take some
other case than the Acc., or are constructed with Prepositions.
WiLh Verbs of swearing, in what Case is the object sworn by?
What Case follows vs,,ud, o-' ud, and val  td?
What questions does the Acc. of time answer?
In what case are words signifying space, way, measure, or weight put?
Whlat is meant by the Acec. qf more definite limitation? Give some examples
illustrating its use. How is this Acc. turned into English?
What Adverbial expressions may be explained on the principle of this Ace. 
~ 160. DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
Enumerate in detail the instances in which the double Acc. is used in Greek.
With Verbs of doing or saying good or evil to, of what nature are the two
Accusatives?
With what kind of Verbs may one of the Accusatives be an Adj. 1 1,When Verbs of naming, appointing, etc., are changed into the Pass., what
becomes of both Accusatives?
State the different constructions of a&rooTEpev and a&alpe7o'raL.
When Verbs of asking, teaching, etc., are turned into the Pass. Voice, what
does the Ace. of the olject acted upon become?
What is the construction with the Pass. of E7rTLdTTr61v, ertTp&erLv, and Ers~ 161. III. THE DATIVE.
What is primarily denoted by the Dat.?
Mention in detail the relations expressed by the Dat. in the first place.
What idea is denoted by the Dat. in connection with the Dat. of abiTds 
Mention also the relations expressed by the Dat. in the second place. Give
examples of words used with this Dat.
Explain the Dative of association and union.
What is meant by the Dative of advantaqe or disadvantage?
What Case is used with Verbal Adjectives and with Perfects Pass. instead
of v7r4 with the Gen.?
To what Case in Lat. does the instrumental Dat. correspond?
W hat Case usually denotes the relation expressed in English by to orfor?
With Vqrbs signifying to make, choose, appoint, etc.




~ 162. PRET ON
U 162. PREPOSI'T0IONS.
Mention some of the relations denoted by Prepositions.
IIow may it be known what relation the Prep. is intended to express?
Repeat the Prepositions which govern the'Gen. only - the Dat. only  the
Ace. only- the Gen. and Ac. - the Gen-, Dat., and Acc.
To what other relations is'the local relation expressed by Prepositions transferred?
A. PREPOSITIONS WITH  ONE CASE.
~ 163. 1. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE GEN. ALONE.
Give the -different meanings of &tvwi. What is its Lat. equivalent?
What are the different meanings of 7rpJ? Lat. equivalent? With what
other Prep. does it nearly agree?
What is the primary meaning of &7rdJ? Lat. equivalent? Mention the
different relations denoted by &aro.
Primary meaning of K? -Lat. equivalent?  Different relations denoted
by it?
Meanings of'veKa? Different positions of it?
What sort of words are called improper Prepositions?:  Mention a few of
them.
What construction does Xdprv take instead of the Gen. of the personalPronouns? 
~ 164. 2. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE DAT. ALONE.
To what Prep. is vit opposed? Lat. equivalent of it? 1 Enumerate the
relations expressed by it.
With what kind of Verbs is &v with the Dat. sometimes used instead of
ets with the Ace.?
To what Dialect'does 6vS belong?  Primary meaning of viv? Give examples illustrating the use of it.
What improper Prep. governs the Dat.?
~ 165. 3. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACT. ALONE.
To what Prep. does &vd stand in contrast? Primary meaning of it? Different relations denoted by it?
With what Lat. and Eng. Prepositions does els correspond? Old Attic
form of it? Different relations denoted by it I
How is the use of cos restricted? Lat. equivalent?
B. PREPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES.
~ 166. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE GEN. AND Ace.
Primary meaning of 8id? Different relations denoted by Bcd with the Gen.?
- with the Ace.?
Lat. equivalent of KaTd? -Primary meaning of it? Different relations de1 in with Abl.




-50                           SYNTAX.
noted by it with the Gee.? - with the Acc.?  With what Prep. does Sard
with the Acc. form a strong contrast?
Lat. equivalent of Lire'p? Primary meaning of it? Different relations denoted by it with the Gen.? - with the Ace.?
C. PREPOSITIONS WITH THREE CASES.
~ 167. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE GEN., DAT., AND ACc.
General meaning of &typt  Different relations denoted by it with the Gen.?
- with the Dat.? - with the Acc.? In what relation is it rarely used with
the Gen.?
Distinguish accurately the meanings of 7rept and /&p1+. Different relations
denoted by 7rept with the Gen.? - with the Dat.? - with the Acc.? In what
relation is it not used with the Gen. in prose?
Primary meaning of Ei7r? Different relations denoted by it with the Gen.?
- with the Dat.? - with the Acc.? Explain the difference between dAr1 with
the Gen. and with the Acc. expressing local relation.
Derivation of eETCd? What does it denote in general? Different relations
denoted by it with the Gen.? - with the Dat.? - with the Acc.? With what
Case is it not found except in poetry?
What is indicated in general by 7rapd? Different relations denoted by it
with the Gen.? - with the Dat.? - with the Ace.?
Derivation of 7rpos? General meaning of it? Different relations denoted
by it with the Gen.? - with the Dat.? - with the Ace.?
Lat. equivalent of bnrd? Primary meaning of it? Different relations denoted by it with the Gen.? - with the Dat.? - with the Acc.?
"A7r4 or E.i is sometimes used instead of vy; under what circumstances does
this take place?
~ 168. REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF VERBAL-ADJECTIVES
AND OF THE COMPARATIVE.
What is the construction of Verbal-adjectives derived from transitive Verbs?
- of those derived flrom intransitive Verbs?
When a Verbal-adjective is used impersonally in what Case is its Object
put? In what Case is the agent?
Describe the construction of the Comparative.
Express in Greek'he is more hasty than prudent.' Give the Rule for this
construction. Is this Rule confined to Adjectives?
~ 169. REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS.
When may the Subject, Predicate, Attribute, or Object be expressed by
Pronouns?
When only are the substantive personal-Pronouns (in the Nom.) and the
possessive-Pronouns (as Attributives) expressed?
When they are omitted how are their places severally supplied?
How is a'ros in the Nom. most frequently used? Generally speaking, when
nas it an intensive force (self, very) 




SYNTAX.                               51
Show clearly the distinction between o4Tos and  cezvos, giving their Lat.
equivalents.
Wherein consists the difference between the accented and the enclitic personal-Pronouns? When are the accented forms naturally employed?
To what do the reflexive-Pronouns always refer'  In what relations may
the reflexive-Pronouns stand?
What portions of the sentence may the object be to which the reflexivePronouns refer?
Give examples of reflexive-Pronouns employed in connection with'an Inf
or a Part. Are they ever used thus in a subordinate clause? How are these
Pronouns then commonly rendered into English?
What Pronouns are employed when an object is opposed to another object,
not to itself?
What meaning has oi, oT, etc., usually in Attic? To what portion of the
sentence must it then refer 2
When are the forms of abvro's always used instead of the corresponding reflexive-Pronouns?
Are the compound reflexive-Pronouns always emphatic?
State accurately the Rules relative to the use of the reflexive possessive-Pronouns. What Pronouns are sometimes used instead of them, and when? Is
aTo's, when used in connection with the reflexive possessive-Pronouns, always
emphatic?
~ 170. THE INFINITIVE.
How does the Inf. represent the idea of the Verb?
State the essential points of difference between it and the Noun.
~ 171. A. INFINITIVE WITHOUT THE ARTICLE.
What two functions may the Inf. without the Art. perform in a sentence?
When the Inf. stands as the Object what Case does it represent?
Mention the different classes of Verbs and Adjectives with which the Inf.
performs the office of a complement.'Of what nature is the Inf. generally employed with such Adjectives? How
may this Inf. be translated into English?
~ 172. NOM., GEN., DAT., AND ACc. WITH THE INFINITIVE.
In addition to the Inf. most Verbs take a personal Object; in what Case is it
put?
Under what circumstances is the Acc. of a personal Pronoun omitted before
an Inf., though not so inREng. or in Lat.?
When Adj. or 1Aouns are joined with the Inf. as explanations of the Predicate in what Case are they put? Are there any exceptions?
When the subject of a Verbum sentiendi or declarandi is also its Object, in
what CaSse does it stand?
Mention some classes of Verbs with which the Acc. cum. Inf. is used as in
Lat.l
1 The Ace. with the Inf. is used as in Lat. after Verbs of believing, saying,
wishing, as also after impersonal expressions, as ef7, VpGr~, KeXdv &,r, etc.




5.2                             Y-TTAX.
When the Subject is an Inf. which has. a Subject of its own, in what Case is
this latter Subject put?
~ 173. B. INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE.
What is the Inf~ with the Art. virtually I Why?.
Show that it retains the nature of the Verb.
When the Inf. has a Subject; and, predicativ explanations belonging to it,
in what Case are they put?
What takes place. when the Subject, of the Inf. is the same as that of the
principal Verb?
~ 174. THE PARTICIPLE.
How does the Part. represent the idea of the Verb?
In what, respects does it resemble the Adj.?
Show that it also retains the nature of the Verb,
Mention the different uses. of -the Part.
Why can the Part. never be used independently?  On what kind of a word
does it always depend 2 In. what respects does it agree with it'
~ 175. THE PARTICIPLE AS THE COMPLEMENT OF A VERBAL IDEA.
Generally speaking what kind of Verbs alone can have a Part. as their
complement? Why 2
Repeat in detail the different classes of Verbs which can have a Part. as
their complement.
To what sort of a clause is the Part. used with these Verbs equivalent?
How may this construction be translated into English?
-With what does the, Part. in such sentences agree in case? Explain the
construction when the Subject of the principal Verb is at the same time its
Olject.
Describe the different constructions of the Part. with ovolia or ovyyvyYc&aKo.
Some of. the classes of Verbs previously mentioned (~ 175, 1.), take also,he lif., but with a difference of meaning; mention them in detail, showing
also this difference of meaning in the two cases.
When instead of the impersonal phrases 8xdv ko'OTr, etc., the personal' construction is used, with what is the Part. made to. agree?
When the Part. is used as the complement of TvyX7w, xavArdvwc, BMaCer,
rLta7yvog/at, 8Ld'yw, padsw, or oYXo/uat, how are the Verb and the Part. usually
rendered into English.
When is uYXdPcOv used, and how may it be translated (sometimes)?
~ 176. B. THE PARTITIPILE USED TO EXPRESS ADVERBIAL;I, A —
TIONS, ETC.
State the different adverbial relations which the Part. serves to denote.
Mention the two sorts of Participial construction in Greek, and show when
each is employed.
How is the place of the explanatory Part. generally supplied in English?




SYNTAX.                               53
When is thhe Act. dbsolzte eued'. When;the Aubject is expressed, of what
nature is it?
Contrast the meaning of &s and are in connection with the two modes of
Participial construction.
How may the force of this &s with the Part. be expressed in English?
Explain the peculiar use of &s and the Gen. Abs. in connection with de'eaLt,
dirla'ra-rtaL,,voEV, ipOp!TfCEwV, etc. How is the result of the action implied in
the Gen. commonly denoted l
i 177. THE ADVERB.
What relations are generally expressed by Adverbs?
What is meant by'modal Adverbs,' and what do they denote 2
Explain the difference in the use of ob and jah (and their compounds).
With what Modes may ob be used? In what sort of sentences may ob
occur'?
Describe the sentences in which /ui may be employed. With what Modes
may it be used i
Is ob or yX of more:frequent occurence with the Jnf.?
W.hen a negative sentence contains indefinite Pronouns or Adverbs, of
what nature must all the negatives be i
After what expressions is the Inf. with ~-,um used, instead of the Inf. without
When expressions of fear, anxiety, doubt, etc., are followed by /zi with the
Ind. or Sulbj. (Opt.), what is /uz in reality, and how is it to be translated?
With similar expressions when should /uz ob be used, and how is it to be
trarxlatedWhen: is IuA eb with the Inf. used after expressions of hindering, denying,
ceasing, etc.?
Explain the construction of ob,lJ with the Subj. or Put. Ind,, denoting a
strong assertion.
SYNTAX OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.
~ 178. A. CO-ORDINATION.
Whait is meant by' Co-ordination' and' Subordination'?
What are the two sorts of Co-ordination?
Enumerate the different ways in which a simple succession of words is
effected.
What meaning has ica besides'both,''and'?  What negative then corresponds to it Q
State she ways in which the strengthening of the idea is effected.
Explain adversative Co-ordination.
How is restriction of the idea most frequenltly expressed?
What Particle usually corresponds to Reyv I What is the primary meaning
of e'v'? Can it be always translated?
How may 64 be generally translated'What is the chief use of,uy' -8.




54                             SYNTAX.
Describe the meaning and ise of aJ, KalTroL, gttvTot, Aws, and &Axd.
How is the succession of negative sentences made i
Mention the two uses of obin.
When a negative sentence follows a positive one, how is the connection regularly formed in prose?
In what does disjunctive Co-ordination consist? How is it expressed?
In the case of co-ordinate sentences, of which one denotes the cause and the
other the conclusion, how are these sentences severally introduced?
Mention some words which can never stand as thefirst word in a sentence.1
B. SUBORDINATION.
~ 179. PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
Define (1) a principal clause, (2) a subordinate or accessory clause, (3) a
compound sentence.
How are subordinate clauses divided? Explain the origin of the name of
each class.
~ 180. I. SUBSTANTIVE-SENTENCES.
What is a substantive-sentence?  What office may it perform in a sentence?
A. SUBSTANTIVE-SENTENCES INTRODUCED BY iTL OR CS.
What is denoted by substantive-sentences introduced by igT or &s?
Enumerate the different ways in which the Predicate of such substantivesentences may be expressed.
In sentences of this nature, when is the Ind. used? -when the Opt.?wh,en the Opt. with &t? - when the Ind. of the historical Tenses with &dv 
When is the Ind. employed more especially. Is the use of the Ind. confined to any particular Tenses?
Give some examples of forms of expression which are personal in Greek,
but imnpersonal in Eng. and Lat.
~ 181. B. FINAL SUBSTANTIVE-SENTENCES.
What are final substantive-sentences? How are such sentences introduced?
What Mode is usually employed in these sentences i How is the Mode
in the final sentence regulated, (1) when the Verb in the principal sentence is
a principal Tense, (2) when it is a historical Tense?
What sequence in Greek corresponds to the sequence of Tenses in Lat.?
Explain the full construction when Av occurs with &s,'i7rws, or'la.
What Conjunction usually follows Verbs of care, anxiety, considering, striving, admonishing, etc.?  What Modes generally follow this Conj.?
When are'va, &s, and 7rcos followed by the Ind. of the historical Tenses.
~ 182. II. ADJECTIVE-SENTENCES.
What are adjective-sentences?  How are they introduced?
1 ycp, off, ipa, pe'V, e', Tro(vvV, TOE, at.




SYNTAX.                               5q5
How are the Gender, Number, and Case of the Relative-Pronoun determined?
When a predicative Substantive stands in an adjective-sentence, how is the
Gender and Number of the Relative very often regulated?
Describe the peculiarities in the use of the phrases I-T'lr oz, co &, etc.
How is the Person of the Verb in an adjective-sentence determined?
What Pers. is regularly used after a Voc.?
When the Relative refers to two or more objects, in wfat Number is it put?
How is its Gender regulated, (1) when the objects are of the same Gender,
(2) when they are of different Genders,1 (3) when they are inanimate objects?
Describe the construction which is called' Attraction of the Relative.' What
position does the Noun, in that case, often occupy?
Explain clearly the syntax of such a sentence as e'raLv& o'ovs paFs &v8paT,
and show the steps by which this construction may be derived from the ordinary one.
Exemplify the attraction which takes place, when otos or os're is used
instead of sTre with the Inf.
Explain what is meant by' inverted Attraction.' Mention a phrase in which
it is of very common occurrence.
In adjective-sentences, when do we employ (1) the Ind., (2) the Ind. Fut.,
(3) the Opt. without 6v [two cases], (4) the Opt. with fy, (5) the Ind. of the
historical Tenses with t&?
~ 183. III. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
What are adverbial sentences? What do they denote?
A. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF PLACE AND TIME.
How are adverbial sentences of place introduced? What three relations
do they express?
How is the use of the Modes regulated in such sentences?
How are adverbial sentences of time introduced, denoting (1) contemporaneity, (2) priority, (3) succession?
In such sentences, when do we use (1) the Ind., (2) the Subj., (3) the Opt.
[iwo cases]?  What Adverb is then used with the Subj., but not with the
Opt.?
When does irpt, take the Inf.? In what case is the Subject of the Inf. put?
B. CAUSAL ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
~ 184. A. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES DENOTING CAUSE.
Mention the two classes of adverbial sentences denoting cause or reason, and
the Conjunctions by which they are severally introduced.
What Mode is generally employed in both these classes of adverbial sentences?
~ 185. B. CONDITIONAL ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
By what Conjunctions are adverbial sentences expressing a condition introduced?
1 rhe gender is masculine rather than feminine.




A56 
What is:ex-pressed by the principal clause I- what by the subordinate
clause? What names'are given to them?
Repeat, in detail, the four different ways of expressing conditionality in
Greek, giving a sentence to exemplify'each case.
There are also two constructions to -express conditionality of rarer occurrence; g:ve them.,
When'ld with the Opt. is used — instead of a Conjunction of time, what does
it denote, and how is the el translated?'What part of the Verb is then found,
usually, in the principal clause?
With what sort of'expressions is v, usually omitted in the Apodosis with
the Ind. of the historical Tenses?
Give examples of-sentences in which the Protasis is omitted.  What verbalform is then employed? How may the Protasis be supplied?
Is the Apodosis ever wanting?
~ 186. C. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES DENOTING COMPARISON.
By what Conjunction'are adverbial sentences of consequence or effect introduced? What is the Correlative to it?
In such sentences when do we employ (1) the Ind., (2) the TIf, (3) the
Opt. with &v, (4) the Ind. of the historical Tenses witlT &y, (;5) the Inf. with I?.
What negative Particle is to be used with the Lnf:? 
If the Ind. after Us',e has.a special Subject of its own, in what Case is it
put i  What takes place when the Subjects of both sentences are the same?
Give the meaning of?i>' Z-Te. What parts of the Verb are found with it?
Mention some independent or parenthetic phrases in which'&s with the Inf.
occurs.
~ 187. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES DENOTING CONSEQUENCE OR EFFECT.
How are comparative adverbial sentences of manner and way introduced?
How is the use of the Modes in such sentences regulated?
By what Relative are comparative adverbial sentences of quantity or degree
introduced? Mention the Correlative to it.
~ 188. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
Define (1) direct and (2) indirect or dependent questions.
Of how many members may each sort of question consist?
What is meant by (1) nominal and (2) predicative questions?  Give an example of each.
How are.(1) nominal and (2):predicative questions introduced?
In what way are predicative questions often indicated when not:so introducedl 
Give some explanation as to the meaning and use of the Interrogatives, X.rovy,,] 7,  at,,, il oa, &pa pt, Iv, 1tv oev, Copv 1A, cp  ov, ob, oo'v,
iJTa, and VreIa..'' The correlative to isre here is orw0s in the principal clause; but ot$WS is
often omitted.;  jL.




SYNTAX.                               57
Enumerate the different ways in which (1) direct double questions, (2) indirect single questions, and (3) indirect double questions are introduced.
In single indirect questions what Interrogatives are often used instead of
iSTrs, 67ros, b7rws, etc.?
In such questions, after what kind of Verbs is el properly used? How may
el be then translated? When is eds' with the Subj. employed 2
Show the difference (1) between ed —  and 7r-Epov —1, (2) between e. —i
and eYre-e-lre, in indirect double questions.
In interrogative-sentences when should we employ (1) the Ind., (2) the
Subj., (3) the Opt., (4) the Ind. of the historical Tenses with &r, (5) the Opt.
with &on
Enumerate the different ways in which the Answer may be expressed.
~ 189. OBLIQUE OR INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
Describe what is meant by (1) Oratio recta, (2) Oratio obliqua, and give examples of each.
How are sentences which are principal sentences in direct narration expressed in oblique narration, (1) when they contain a simple affirmation, (2)
when they express a command, wish, or desire?
What is the only change undergone in oblique narration by clauses which
are subordinate in direct narration? Under what circumstances does this take
place?
In Greek, oblique narration often takes the form of direct narration; show
wherein this resemblance consists, and its effect on the narrative. In this species of oblique narration when is the Ind. regularly used?
Give an example of the Acc. with the Inf. used instead of the finite Verb in
a subordinate sentence.