THE HEAVE N LY'LA N'D FROM THE Be Qontemptu taunbti OF BERNARD DE MORLAIX MONK OF CLUNY (XII. CENTURY) RENDERED INTO. CORRESPONDING ENGLISH VERSE BY SAMUEL W. [)UFFIELD NEW YORK ANSON I). Fi. RANDOLPH 770 BROADWAY 1867 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of New York. IBRAD)STREET PRESS. To HIM WHOSE LOVE ENCOURAGED THIS WORKj WHO HAS BEEN THROUGHOUT BROTHER MORE THAN FATHER; I DEDICATE THIS POOR ILLUSTRATION OF A NOBLE POEM. INTRODUCTION. XN OW and then, down the long years of the world, the heavenly glory seems to have broken in upon mankind. Now. and then its light has pierced even the gloom of the Dark Ages, and has brightened the cell of some poor and lonely monk with more than earthly radiance. And while we remember Enoch, who " walked with God," and Stephen, who looked "steadfastly up into Heaven," and Paul, "caught up" by celestial power, and John on Patmos, "in the spirit on the Lord's Day," we should not forget those other, though later ones, to whom it seemed as though they gazed across the boundary stream, and saw, in very truth, the splendor of the Heavenly Land. v iii INTR OD UCTION. Such a man was Bernard de Morlaix, the Monk of Cluny, whose poem I bring you here. Although he designed the " De Contemptu Mundi" as a censure to the abuses of his time, he could not conceal the longings which were in his soul. And although he was no saint, in title, like his contemporary and namesake, Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaulx, he was still a saint, indeed. We feel the reality of his hope; and while wd stand in wonder at the marvellous versification (unparalleled by any before or since), we are more impressed than ever by its fine simplicity. Those of his words which relate to heaven have lived, because they could not die. Such strains of lofty confidence appeal to every Christian heart, encouraging the strong, and raising to. better efforts the doubting and the faint. Pilgrims ourselves, as we trust, to those holy portals, we have here one of the purest and noblest of all pilgrimsongs. His poem consists of three books, containing, in all, some three thousand lines, and was written about the year II45. Living chiefly in the memory of Protestants, it has yet, until very recently, been entirely unknown through any English translation. INTRODUCTION. ix The original is so rare, indeed, that a full copy is not to be found in the United States. For its discovery and appreciation, we are indebted to Archbishop Trench. He has taken from various parts of the longer poem ninety-six lines, which describe the glories of the Heavenly Land, and has published them in his " Sacred Latin Poetry," in a connected shape. But as Daniel, in his " Thesaurus," has, for some reason, given Bernard of Cluny simply a passing reference, this is, therefore, the only place from which we, on our side of the water, derive a knowledge of his work. In the latest edition of his volume, Trench extends our information a little further. The poem is first found in Flacius Illyricus, Poemm. de Corrupto Ecclesiae Statu, p. 247. It has passed, according to Mohnike, through four editions, " to which," says Trench, "I could add a fifth." It was dedicated to Peter the Venerable, by its author; and this dedication furnishes us the monk's own account of the difficulty of his task. It was first printed at Bre^me, 1597. Shortly after its republication, the grandeur of the composition aroused the interest of the Rev. John Mason Neale, and encouraged him to attempt its x INTR OD UCTION. translation. He did so, and, in its sweet, earnest aspiration, his poem, "The Celestial Country," known also as " Jerusalem the Golden," most amply represents the older hymn. It is even, in the judgment of a recent writer, "better than'De Contemptu Mundi.'" In spirit, the rendering is perfect-yet, in fact, " The Celestial Country" is an original composition with Dr. Neale. It has been most wonderfully popular, in whole or in parts, and nothing but this can be said against its merit. On this ground, then, Dr. Abraham Coles, of Newark, N. J., has endeavored to attain a more literal rendering of the " Laus Patriae Ccelestis," as the cento has been named. His fourteen versions of the " Dies Irae" have placed him in the front rank of translators, and, his ability is beyond dispute. And yet the anapests which he employs fail to carry into our language the sounding dactyls of the Latin. His lengthening of the third portion of the line is a liberty, moreover, which does not enhance the compactness of the version. While he is at times remarkably literal, and while he represents better than any previous translator the exact expressions of the INTRODUCTION. xi original poem, he lacks that soaring fervor which distinguishes Dr. Neale. Place has, therefore, still been left for another effort to bring the Cluniac's verses into a more perfect English dress. From this close imitation in all respects, both Neale and Coles have recoiled. The compiler of the " Seven Great Hymns" speaks of Bernard's verse as " so difficult that the English language is incapable of expressing it." Dr. Neale states that he "deviated from his ordinary rule of adopting the measure of the original; because our language, if it could be tortured into any distant resemblance of its rhythm, would utterly fail to give any idea of the majestic sweetness of the Latin." Bernard himself exclaims, when recounting its difficulties, and alluding to the failure of Hildebert de Lavardin and Wichard of Lyons, two eminent versifiers of his day: "I may then assert, not in ostentation, but with humble confidence, that if I had not received, directly from on high, the gift of inspiration and intelligence, I had not dared to attempt an enterprise so little accorded to the powers of the human mind." In commenting upon this extract, Dr. Coles adds: "'What was difficult for the ,Xii INTR OD UCTION. author would be tenfold more difficult for the translator, because there hang upon him numerous clogs from which the other is free." He says, however, in another place, that " While one would not care to prosecute it through a long poem, we are persuaded the thing could be done, and in a manner to make the verses tolerably readable and effective." It is on the strength of this expression that the present translation is attempted. The design was formed in Chicago, towards the latter part of I866, and occupied intervals of leisure from that date until its completion, in Philadelphia, in April, I867. Its possibility was suggested by an examination of the Latin verses, as given in the " Seven Great Hymns," and a confidence that their structure had been-partially, at least-misunderstood. The following analysis will, it is thought, bear out this statement. The measure is called " leonine and tailed rhyme, with lines in three parts, between which a caesura is not admissible." Each line consists of a first part composed of two dactyls, a second part containing two more dactyls, and a third part made up of a dactyl and a trochee. The last dactyls of the first INTRODUCTION. xiii and second parts rhyme together, and the lines are in couplets-the final trochees also rhyming. This remark upon the dactylic nature of the rhymes in the first two parts is not made by Neale or Coles, or the compiler of the " Seven Great Hymns." They all italicise the last two syllables, whereas it should be the last three, i. e., the foot itself. Take, for example, the sixth of the introductory eight lines, Sobri'a minna't 11 improbA panat 11 utr'aque juste, which is, in all respects, a perfect line-each foot being a word, and the rhyme unimpeachable. So with the line immediately succeeding: 11e pW8ssmrs u ille grAvis8tm6As I ecc'! venit Rx! The poem is a daring effort to combine a dactylic hexameter (in which the last syllable is common) with the monkish rhyming usual in the Middle Ages. This constitutes its extreme difficulty. It seems, therefore, that certain principles and licenses which Bernard employed are lawful in any translation. They are these which I have placed below: 1. The use of similar, though not identical vowel-sounds (our "allowable rhymes"), e. g., novssim'a and pessimA. 72 xiv INTRODUCTION. 2. The rhyming of the two short syllables of the dactyls, even when introduced by a different consonant, and preceded by the same syllable, e. g., homo reiis and hom5 Deius, prblia and pr1miTi, gloria and sobri'a, where in each case the consonant goes with the first short syllable in the spelling. 3, The rhyme must, however, be perfectly dactylic, so far as possible, e. g., tribulhti6 and recreatio, lailre and atirea. 4. When Bernard permits himself a license as to the long syllable (a thing very frequent with him), a translator can surely be allowed a like privilege in respect to the first short syllable. Bernard's looseness in this part of the construction is so great, that it becomes more general tha then usage which is strictly correct. This led to the belief that the only rhyme of the first two parts lay in the fact that thegAtwo syllables of one dactyl were identical with those of the other. A fallacy on the face of it. But, in view of Bernard's own liberty in the matter, the present translation pays more attention to the beginning and end of the dactyl than it does to the middle-that syllable having no accent, either primary or secondary, and being, therefore, easily slurred in reading. But the closing syllable has always been carefully handled, since this aforesaid secondary accent always comes on it when the foot is at all broken. These principles thus laid down have never been violated by the present version, except in two instances, where the discordance is very slight, and where it was necessary to preserve an exact agree INTR OD UCTION. xv ment with the original, even in its faults. And the license then taken is less than Bernard himself has claimed. That the present translation may be found acceptable, is hoped, for several reasons: I1. It is as close an imitation of the measure as can be constructed from the English language. 2. It endeavors, like the version of Dr. Coles, to be a true ahd literal rendering, line for line, and often word for word. 3. It seeks, so far as may be, to catch the spirit of that "heavenly homesickness" so admirably seized by Dr. Neale. 4. Its main purpose, like that of Dean Trench, is to spread wider through Christendom the knowledge of a poem which is the "real and deep utterance" of a fervent soul. May it, even in some small degree, lift us into a purer air-placing us on that "Hill called Clear," from which our longing eyes can discern. the glories of the Heavenly Land. May it comfort us in our waiting until " the former things have- passed away," and we shall go to be forever with the Lord. S:, W. D. Aprit, 1867 THE HEAVENLY LAND LAUS PATRIJE C(ELESTIS. ORA noviflinia, tempora peflima H""" ""IL"""~ tempora funt; vigilemus! Ecce! minaciter imminet Arbiter ille fupremus! Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, equa coronet, Re~da remuneret, anxia liberet, rethera donet; Auferat afpera duraque pondera mentes onufie, Sobria muniat, improba puniat utraque jufte. Ille piiffimus, ille graviffimus, ecce! venit Rex! Surgat homo reus! Inftat Homo Deus a Patre Judex. DE HAC, POEMA. How grand these monkish lines appear,. Kept purely through a bitter time; What noble rhyme And what a grace is here! How sweetly full and calmly strong They sweep our weaker thought on highTo what a sky They urge our hope along! O rare Bernard! I doubt no more At that which seemed support divine, For, line by line, Shines through the Further Shore. Old monk! might I but see the day Which thou beholdest, where is done This feeble sun, Where earth has passed away; I would not reckon heat or cold, Or sadness or deep-graven grief, Since such relief Attends those streets of gold. I "THE HEAVENLY LAND." T? HESE are the latter times, these are not better times, let us stand waiting: Lo, how with awfulness He, first in lawfulness, comes arbitrating! Nearer and nearer yet!-Wrong shall in terror set, right shine refulgent. Sad ones He liberates, righteous remunerates, ever indulgent; Harshness he mitigates, burdened souls animates, freeing them lightly; Holy ones blesseth He, wicked distresseth Heeach alike rightly. He the benignest One, He the divinest One, see! as King reigneth; God-man from God appears-man bursts the sod of years-Judgment remaineth! 4 LLUS PATRIE C(ELESTIS. Hic breve vivitur, hic breve plangitur, hic breve fletur: Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur; O retributio! fiat brevis adio vita perennis; O retributio! ccelica manfio ftat lue plenis; Quid datur et quibus? IEther egentibus et cruce dignis, Sidera vermibus, optima fontibus, aftra malignis. Sunt modo pralia, poftmodo praemia; Qualia? Plena, Plena refedio, nullaque paffio, nullaque pcena. Spe modo vivitur, et Syon angitur a Babylone; Nunc tribulatio; tunc recreatio, fceptra, coronae; Tunc nova gloria petora fobria clarificabit, Solvet enigmata, veraque fabbata continuabit. Liber et hoftibus, et dominantibus ibit Hebraeus; Liber habebitur et celebrabitur hinc jubilaus. THE HEAVENL LAND. 5 Briefly we tarry here, briefly are harried here, here is brief sorrow; But not to brevity comes our longevity due on that morrow. O morn victorious! short fight and glorious-then life unending: O morn victorious! homes meritorious on us attending. "What and to whom given?" Fullness of high heaven to the unworthy; Best things to heedless ones, guerdons to speedless ones, stars to the earthy. Battle's malignities gain for us dignities-" What are they?" say you? Full, full replenishment, freedom from banishment, none there to fray you. Though she is bound and fast, Sion is crowned at last (hope rules our going). Now, tribulation comes; then, new creation comes, kingdoms bestowing. Then shall fresh glory-light make the old story bright, raising each spirit, Ending obscurity; true Sabbath purity then we inherit. Far over many seas, kept from his enemies, singing in gladness, Then shall the Jew go free, holding his jubilee, rescued from sadness. 3 6 LAUS PATRLE CLELESTIS. Patria luminis, infcia turbinis, infcia litis, Cive replebitur, amplificabitur IfraElits: Patria fplendida, terraque florida, libera fpinis, Danda fidelibus eft ibi civibus, hic peregrinis. Tunc erit omnibus infpicientibus ora Tonantis Summa potentia, plena fcientia, pax pia fan&is; Pax fine crimine, pax fine turbine, pax fine rixa, Meta laboribus, atque tumultibus anchora fixa. Pars mea Rex meus, In proprio Deus ipfe decore Vifus amabitur, atque videbitur Audfor in ore. Tunc Jacob Ifral, et Lia tunc Rachel ezicietur; Tunc Syon atria pulchraque patria perficietur O bona Patria! lumina fobria te fpeculantur, Ad tua nomina fobria lumina collacrymantur: THE HEAVENLY LAND. 7 Land of delightfulness, safe from all spitefulness, safe from all trouble, Thou shalt be filled again, Israel built again, joy shall redouble. Land all beneficent, country magnificent, succored from dangers, Given thou art to be and there have part in thee home-born and strangers; While upon men around, glory shall' then abound, vision supernal Of that great dignity, full of benignity, peace, pure eternalPeace without wickedness, peace without wretchedness, peace without quarrel, Goal to all wanderings, rest- to all ponderings, conquest and laurel. Portion shall then be mine in the dear Lord divine; I shall distinguish Him the Sole Beautiful, whom the true dutiful never relinquish. Jacob with Israel and Leah with Rachel' then change condition; Then Sion's palace halls rise where no malice falls, lift to completion. O fairest FHoly Land, our eyes have wholly scanned calmly, thy splendor; At thy mere mention oft, moved' by attention soft, we have grown tender. 8 LAUS PATRILE CcELESTIS. ER tua mentio pedoris undio, cura doloris, Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris. Tu locus unicus, illeque coelicus es paradifus, Non ibi lacryma, fed placidiffima gaudia, rifus. ER ibi confita laurus, et infita cedrus hyfopo; Sunt radiantia jafpide moenia, clara pyropo: Hinc tibi fardius, inde topazius, hinc amethyftus; Ef tua fabrica concio coelica, gemmaque Chriftus. Tu fine littore, tu fine temporefons modo rivus! Dulce bonis fapis, eftque tibi lapis undique vivus. EfR tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponfa decora; Primaque Principis ofcula fufcipis, infpicis ora: Candida lilia, viva monilia funt tibi, Sponfa; Agnus adefR tibi, Sponfus adeft tibi, lux fpeciofa: THE HEAVENL r' LAND. 9 Vision and speech of thee unto us teach of thee whene'er we languish; Breath from thy cherished winds, cheers our nigh perished minds, curing our anguish. Thou art our Paradise, glowing with fairy dyes which we strive after; Not there come tears again, placidest joy shall reign, music and laughter. There, sown in equal guise, cedar and laurel rise hyssop-attended; Bright gold and jasper stone, clear as no Hesper shone, make thy walls splendid. There, upon either hand, sardius and topaz stand, amethysts mingle. There art thou permanent, throne of the firmament, Christ there is single. Thou hast no wave or strand, thou hast no grave or band —rill and yet river! Sweet wines there flow for us, jewels there glow for us, radiant ever. Laurels and golden toys better than olden joys thou there shalt gather: Yet in thy deference Jesus hath preference, His art thou rather. Lilies like driven snow, gems set in even row, wait for thy wearing. That Lamb is still with thee, that Spouse is still with thee, clear light declaring. IO L.US PATRIA CtELESTIS. Tota negotia, cantica dulcia dulce tonare, Tam mala debita, quam bona praebita conjubilare. Urbs Syon aurea, patria ladea, cive decora, Omne cor obruis, omnibus obftruis et cor et ora. Nefcio, nefcio, quae jubilatio, lux tibi qualie, Quam focialia gaudia, gloria quam fpecialis: Laud.e ftudens ea tollere, mens mea vida fatifcit: O bona gloria! vincor; in omnia laus tua vicit. Sunt Syon atria conjubilantia, martyre plena, Cive micantia, Principe fantia, luce ferena: Eft ibi pafcua, mitibus afflua, prieftita fanfis, Regis ibi thronus, agminis et fonus eft epulantis. Gkens duce splendida, concio candida veftibus albis Sunt fine fletibus in Syon aedibus, aedibus almis; THE HEAVENLY LAND. I No occupation there, no aspiration there, save but sweet singing, Telling of life preserved granted for grief deserved, gratitude bringing. City of lustre rare, none but the just are there, thou shalt not crumble; Proud hearts are stupefied and, from the Crucified, learn to be humble. Naught I know, naught I know, what joys then ought to grow, what rays shine o'er thee, How deep thy pleasures are, how rare thy treasures are, in years before thee! When I have tried thy praise, wonder denied my lays, foiled I desisted. O best of any light! in thee does any sight fail unassisted. There is the corridor where martyrs o'er and o'er sing, all together; There is the shining host, Jesus enshrining most in the clear weather; There is the pasture ground where all the meek are found, where saints are resting; There is the royal throne, whither comes joy alone, joined with glad feasting; There is a nation bright in congregation white, clad in pure raiment; No lamentations there! such habitations fair ask forno payment. 12 LAUS PATRIZ CELESTIS. Sunt fine crimine, funt fine turbine, funt fine lite In Syon aedibus editioribus Ifraelitae. Urbs Syon inclyta, gloria debita glorificandis, Tu bona vifibus interioribus intima pandis: Intima lumina, mentis acumina te fpeculantur, Pedora flammea fpe modo, poftea forte lucrantur. Urbs Syon unica, manfio myftica, condita coelo, Nunc tibi gaudeo, nunc mihi lugeotriftor, anhelo: Te quia corpore non queo, pedcore faepe penotro, Sed caro terrea, terraque carnea, mox cado retro. Nemo -retexere, nemoque promere fufiinet ore, Quo tua mcenia, quo capitalia plena decore; Opprimit omne cor ille tuus decor, 0 Syon, 0 paxUrbs fine tempore, nulla poteft fore laus tibi mendax; THE HEAVENLr L4AND. 13 Free from all wickedness, free from all wretchedness, free from contention, Safely in peace at home Israel shall cease to roam, cease from dissension. Sion, thou city blest,, they whom thy pity blessed soon shall possess theeThou who bestowest go'od upon our lowest mood till we confess thee. With my mind's vision I scan thine Elysian sky, study thy story; Hope now my burning thought comforts, but turns me not yet from thy glory. Sion, majestic place, mansion of mystic grace, heavenbuilt o'er me, Now I rejoice in thee, now does my voice in me fail-I long for thee! Thee, though my flesh be weak, strive I afresh to seek by my heart's yearning; But, through my earthiness and earth's unworthiness, faint in my learning: No one discloseth yet, no one exposeth yet, unto us mortals Where are thy walls of light, on which there falls no night, or where thy portals. Thou dost each soul:oppress with thy fair holiness, Sion the peaceful! City where time is not, praise through' my rhyme is not aught but disgraceful. 4 I4 LAUS PATRIE C(ELESTIS. O fine luxibus, 0 fine lufdibus, - fine lite, Splendida curia, florida patria, patria vitae! Urbs Syon inclyta, turris et edita littore tuto, Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volocanto, faluto; Nec meritis peto, nam meritis meto morte perire, Nec reticens tego, quod meritis ego filius irae: Vita quidem mea, vita nimis rea, mortua vita, Quippe reatibus exitialibus obruta, trita. Spe tamen ambulo, praemia poftulo fpeque fideque, Illa perennia poftulo praemia no6de dieque. Me Pater optimus atque piiffimus ille creavit; In lue pertulit, ex lue fuftulit, a lue lavit. Gratia coelica fuftinet unica totius orbis, Parcere fordibus, interioribus undio morbis; THE HEAVENLr LAND. 15 0 thou secure from sin, whom tears endure not inthou without striving; Land of the rarest grace, country of fairest faceever surviving! Sion renowned and vast, thy towers are found at last in safe location; Search for thee, care for thee, love, hope and prayer for thee, is my vocation. Not through my good I crave, for nothing good I have, death is my merit; Nor does my reticence court thy beneficence, wrath I inherit. Living indeed has been living indeed in sin-living yet dying: Guilty already held, pride now already quelled, no more defyingYet do I go in faith; honors I know He saith crown my trust rightly; Yes, I can seek them still, however weak in skill, daily and nightly. Me that divinest One, me that benignest One, God, has created; In my sin bore with me, kept good in store for me, washed, renovated. Grace such as His, alone brings us to bliss unknown: earth's sole provision, Fitted to spare the cursed, salving with care the worst from Death's incision. i6 LAUS PATRIE CIELESTIS. Diluit omnia ccelica gratia, fons David undans Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans: O pia gratia! celfa palatia cernere praefta, Ut videam bona, feftaque confona, caelica fefta. O mea, fpes mea! tu Syon aurea, clarior auro, Agmine fplendida, ftans duce, florida perpete lauro, O bona patria!-num tua gaudia teque videbo? O bona patria!-num tua praemia plena tenebo? Dic mihi, flagito, verbaque reddito, dicque, Videbis. Spem folidam gero; remne tenens ero? dic, Retinebis. O facer, O pius, O ter et amplius ille beatus, Cui fua pars Deus!-O mifer, O reus, hac viduatus! BERNARDUS CLUNIACENSIS. THE HEAVENL LAND. 17 Grace our guilt sweeps away, David's fount keeps alway freshly upspringing; That stream which flows for all, that which arose for all, all pureness bringing. O thou abounding love, be thou redounding love!show me thy dwelling, That I may see the blessed gathered with thee at rest-hear anthems swelling. O thou, my trust of old, Sion, whose dust of gold our gold outshineth, Where saints in long array, praise Christ with song alway-no flower declineth. Father-land best for me, shall I find rest in thee? shall I behold thee? Father-land best for me, shall I be blessed in thee? shall grace enfold me? Speak to me now I pray, answer and show the way, say "Thou shalt gain me." Then shall my trust be strong-but wilt thou tarry long? O say " Attain me." Sacred and free from ill, blessings for thee fulfil, widening ever: God shall thy stay appear-Ah! how shall they appear who from Him sever! EXPLICIT. Dona nobis, Domine, Hecce amplioraque Filii e sanguine.-Amen! "JUST AS I AM," Ille qui fum, et fine fpe Nifi in tuo fanguine Et in vocatu apud Te, O Dei Agne, venio! Ille qui furn, nec commorans Ut purus. fim, at obfecrans; Ad Te qui niunc fias condonans, O Dei Agne, venio! Ille qui fum, in proeliis Jactatus, et in dubiisIntra extraque femper lis, O Dei Agne, venio! Ille, qui fum, miferrimus, Caecus pauperque penitus (In Te procumbat animus), O Dei Agne, venio! "JUST AS AM." 19 Illum qui fum recipies Et purum plane facies Quod Tibi fido indies, O Dei Agne, venio! Ille qui fum!-Amafti me Et clauftra fra~da funt a Te: Nunc Tuus, Tuus unice, O Dei Agne, venio! From the English of CHARLOTTE ELLIOTT.