TWO COURSES OF LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY.
THE ENGLISH  GOVERNMENT,
AND
THE RISE OF PRUSSIA.
OUTLINES
PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THrE SENIOR CLASS
IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIIGAN.
BY CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS,
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY.
ANN ARBOR:
SHEEHAN & CO.




T1'lE rlE(JIST'r BI OOK  PI'lNTING HOUSE.




TO
PROFESSOR JAMES R. BOISE, PH. D.. LL. D.,
IN GRATITUDE FOR INSTRUCTION AND FRIENDSHIP,
THESE LECTURES
ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED.








PREFACE.
The Lectures of which the outlines are here presented form
a part of the course of instruction offered to students electing
history during the first semester of the Senior year.  During the
second semester a similar course is given on the Political History
of the United States.
The lectures are given on Wednesdays and Fridays at 4
o'clock.  On the other days of the week students who have elected
history assemble at the same hour for the reading of historical
theses and the discussion of historical questions.  At the first
meeting in each semester, the class is divided into sections of
twelve or fourteen students each, and a series of historical questions
are assigned with numerous references to historical authorities.
Each of these questions occupies the attention of each section of
the class for one week.  Every student is required to read before
the class in the course of the semester one thesis and one critique,
the thesis being on one of the historical questions, and the
critique being on a thesis presented by one of the other members
of the class.  Every student is further required to investigate
each week the question for that week, and to come to the class
prepared to communicate the results of his investigations. The
questions considered  during the first semesrer pertain to the
constitutional history of England; those  during  the second
semester to the constitutional history of the United States.  The
method pursued is substantially the same as that adopted in the
Zistorische GesellscA/afen of the German Universities,




Vi                         PREFACE.
In the preparation of this course of study it has been my
constant aim  to do what I cculd to inspire the student under my
instruction with a love of historical study.  It is my conviction
that of all students those of America need most at the present
time to know what the world teaches concerning the best methods
of solving great political and social problems.  While, therefore,
this course of study  has not been arranged with  exclusive
reference to any single class of students, it is thought to be
especially adapted to the wants of those who are likely to be
more or less engaged in the study and discussion of constitutional
and political questions.
C. K. A.




SYLLABUS OF LECTURES
ON THE
ENGGLISH GOVER-NMENT
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
I. Purpose of the course.
2. General utility of the study of government.
3. Special utility of such a study in our own country and in
our own time. Remark of Huxley.
4. Important influence in this direction of travel and historical study.
5. Influence in  the same direction of our Centennial
Exhibition.
6. Special reasons for a careful study of the English govern m ent.
7. Certain paradoxes and compensations.
S. Some tests by which the merits of any government may
be ascertained.
9. How the English government responds to these tests.
io. English methods contrasted with French methods.
II. The political record of England during this century.
12. General testimony of those who study English institutions
with care.
I3. General spirit of the English people.
t4. The British Empire as seen at the Centennial Exhibition,




S               Tihe EEgZlis/  Gove;rziJzenZ.
II.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
TI-IE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT A GROWTH AND NOT A CREATION.
SAYINGS OF DE TOCQUEVILLE AND MACAULAY.
I. PERIOD OF THE SAXONS.
I. Administration of local governmlent.
2. Care for personal security.
3. Efolrts towards federal government.
II. PERIOD OF THE NORMANS.
I. What was needed seen by subsequent history of other
nations.
2. WVhat was secured.
3. Modifications of feudalism.
4. Immediate consequences of the Norman conquest: —(a)
Unity of the State;  (6) Overthrow of baronial power;  (c)
Dominance of law; (d) Judicial system, including trial by jury.
5. Remote consequences of the Norman Conquest:-(a) The
Great Charter, (its apparent and its real services to English Liberty); (b) The establishment of a true representation.
III. PERIOD OF THE PLANTAGENETS AND TUDORS.
I. Responsibility of judges.
2. Responsibility of Ministers and Administrators.
3. Aids must originate with the Commons.
4. Laws must bear the form of bills and receive Parliamentary sanction.
5. Evidence of Sir John Fortescue.
IV. PERIOD OF THE STUARTS.
I. Nature of the antagonism.
2. The kings, the real revolutionists; and why.
3. The struggle results in a confirmation of the constitution
essentially as it was.                        -
4. Powers of the English Parliament.
5. Parliamentary Government as distinguished from Republican Government.




7Yze English Government.                9
III.
THE CROVWN.
FIR7S T L E C TURE.
I. REVERENCE FOR THE CROWN AS A FACT.
I. This reverence shown by the habitual bearing of Chatham
and others.
2. By popular demonstrations towards William IV. and
Victoria.
3. By national thanksgiving on the reco'i'ery of the Prince
of Wales.
4. By popular interest in the Prince of WVales' visit to India.
5. By universal interest in the'" Court Calendar."
II. REVERENCE FOR THE CROWN AS A THEORY.
I. Social power as distinguished from political power.
2. Bagehot's remark concerning a'' deferential" spirit and
the want of it. Illustrations of its presence and its absence.
3. Impressions of Dickens:in America.
4. The influence on society of a splendid Court.
5. The real power of what is theoretical in distinction fromn
what is essential.
6. Bagehot's distinction between the eflicient parts and the
dignified parts of a government.
7. Power of the popular inmagination as illustrated in our
own political campaigns.
S. The Crown in theory turns this power to political account.
III. THE CONDITIONS OF ACCESSION.
i. Notion of Hereditary Right:-Established not by Divine
Right, but by Common Law.
2. Statute of Queen Anne touching the Rights of Succession.
3. Opinions of Aylmer in answer to Knox concerning the
powers of the Crown.
4. Opinions of Blackstone concerning the Law of Descent.
5. Coronation oath required.
6. Opinion of Sir Matthew Hale as to allegiance due to a de
facto King.
7. Right of Parliament to declare the throne vacant.
8. Constructive right of Parliament concerning the Crown.,
B




to                YThie EliglAs,  Gover;nmntS.
IV.
THE CROWN.'SE COND LECTURE.
I. ROYAL PREROGATIVES.
I. Exemliption firom suits at law'  Inethliods of redress.
2. Not rlesponsible fo1 its acts:-lesponsiblity of advisers andl';agelnts.
3. The sovelreign is not a minol: —law\s concerning a reIgency.
4.' Thle sovereign  never dies."
5. Is the oxwner of:ill landed propelrty.
6. _Alone rcpresellts thle nationll abro:ld: —the part of Parliamelnt.
7. Is the chlief of all m!lagistratcs.
S. Scil(ls atld receives ambassadorls.
9. Conlcludes treaties and alliances:-(lependence oll Parilianillclt.
to. Caln expel all foreigners fiomn the kitingdom.
T. Grallts safe conducts to subljeects of a hostile powelr.
I2. Alone cal initiate Inea.suLre  of generlal pardonl: — legal
limitation of tllis prerogativc.
I3. Is gcelleralissimo of the arnliy.
I4. Can ~forbid thle wearing of arlns.
I5. Can forbid any of his subjects to leave the realm.
i6. Is the hig'hest judge in the realmll.
I7. Alone 1proseclltes criminals in colurt.
IS. zlone can pardon or release:-limitations by law.
20. Caln coin money: —but callnot debase it.
2I. Is t the hea   of   e churlclh:-appoints tlle  clergy of
Ellgland and Scotland.
22. Has the right to veto Parliamentary measures.
23. Canl dissolve, prorogue, and sumnimon Parliament.
24. Can order the election of a new IlHouse of Colmmons.
25. Canln create new peers.
II. THE COURT.
i. Classes into which the Court is divided.
2. Changes in the Court on a change of Ministry.3. Court Ladies; "Honorable."
4. Parliamentary appropriations for royal household.
5. The "Civil List."
6. Special appropriations and special sources of income.




The Engliskh GovelnZmenzt.              I 
V.
THE PRIVY COUNCIL: THE CABINET:
AND THE MINISTRY.
I. THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
I. Methods under various governments of securing the
co-operation of men of talent: in Germany, in France, and( elsewhere.
2. Privy Council in England under the Normans.
3. Solicitude of Parliament concerning the King's advisers.
4. Complaint under Lancastrian Kings.
5. The Star-Chamber, and its early services in behalf of
liberty.
6. Privy Council under the Tudors.
7. Numlnber in the Privy Council at different periods.
S. Frequency of meeting;-duration of membership.
9. Legal importance of the acts of the Privy Council.
Io. Committees: (a):BoardI of Trade; (b) Judicial Coimmnittee; (c). Committee on Education.
I. Moral importance of the Privy Council.
II. THE CABINET.
I. Anomalous position of ~Cabinet Ministers.
2. Membership under different Sovereigns.
3. The manner of appointment:-illustrations.
4. Cabinet officcrs as members of Privy Council.
5. Growing power and importance of the Cabinet.
III. THE MINISTRY.
I. How it is constructed.
2. Limitations in the choice of a Ministry.
3. Functions of the Ministry as described by Macaulay and
To(ld.
4. T'he advantages and disadvantages of this form of administration.
5. The Cabinet and Ministry in England compared with
similar bodies in France, and in the United States.
6. Popular Government considered in relation to popular
opinion.




-12              7The Eznglishl Government.
VI.
THE ENGLISH CIVIL SERVICE.
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
I. Importance of the subject argued: (a) From the number
of officars; (h) The difficulty of conistant supervision; (c) The
-analogy of i nilitary aflairs;  (d)' The experience of various
nations.
2. Conditions of highest efficiency in any important service:
(a) Ability; (b) Honesty; (c) Experience.
3. Metlhods by which these conditions are secured in private
affairs. Examples.
II. EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES.
I. Constituttional oversight.
2. Metliods under Washington, Jefferson, and others.
3. Radical change of methods uinder President Jackson.
4. Subsequent growth and power of the system.
5. Its influence in degrading public service.
6. Its effects seen: (a) In our low standards of civil service;
(b) In a gencral call for reform.
III. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM IN ENGLAND.
I. The old method.
2. The result as seen in the testimony of Windham, of
Montelembert and of Gneist.
3. Difficulties in the way of reform.
4. Ffiforts of Northcote, Trevelyan, Romily, Jowett.
5. Labors of Parliamentary Commissions.
6. Reports of the "Committee of Inquiry into Public
Affairs."  (IS54.)
7. Report of "Select Committee on Civil Service Appointments."  (i86o.) 
8. Arguments urged in opposition to reform.
9. Compromise adopted.
IO. Division of civil officers into poliztical aud non-ioliti'cal.
I i. Methods of appointment in each.
I2. Results.




Tze English  Governmenzt.                 I3
VII.
THE HOUSE OF LORDS.
-FIRSrT LECTURE.
MEMBERSHIP.
i. Those holding seats by hereditary right;-Dukes, Marquises, Earls, Viscounts, Barons.
2. Those holding seats by summons of the Crown: (a)
Circumstances under which peers are created;  (b) Influence
upon the character of the House.
3. Those holding seats by virtne of their office:-Archbishops, and Bishops.
4. Those holding seats by election for life:-Irish Peers;conditions of choice.
5. Those holding seats by election for duration of Parliament:-Scotch Peers;-conditions of choice.
6. Two methods of losing membership.
7. Attempt to create life peerages unsuccessful.
S. Decline of the power of the Spiritual Peers.
9. Increase of the power of the Temporal Peers.
I o. Special privileges of the Peers.
II. Privileges of the sons of Peers.
I2. The Presidency of the House of Lords.
I3. Number of membership as at present constituted.
14. Number of members constituting a quorum, and number
usually in attendance.
15. Habits of the House.




14              Thze English Government.
VIII.
THE HOUSE OF LORDS.
5E C ONVD LE C TURE.
I. ITS POLITICAL FUNCTIONS.
I. Political duties of the Lords conmpared w\ith those of the
Commonls. The President's power.  That of the old  Corps
LZeg islaIf.
2. The place of conservatism and radicalism in legislation.
Dangers firomn each.
3. Why England calls for much conservatism.
4. Why the Commons cannot furnish it.
5. Why the Lords, if not the best, still fulrnish a good coInservative element; (a) They have leisure; (b) They are incorruptible; (c) They are independent; (d) They have ability.
6. Testimony of Montesquieu, DeLolme, De Tocqueville,
and Von Raumer as to the character of the House.
7. The first and the last judgment of foreigners.
II. ITS MORAL FUNCTIONS.
I. Guizot's remark on the importance of influence compared with that of power.
2. The Lords furnish a tangible hope; of reward for great
services.
3. English system of rewards compared with our own and
others.
4. Influence of this system.
5. The Lords do much to break the worship of wealth and
the tendency of wealth to monopolize talent.
6. Two way-s in which this is accomplished.
7. The Lords furnish the nation a school of manners.
S. Unappreciated importance of manners a1S a power among
men. Examples: Fox, Metternich, Clay, Holland, and- thers.
9. Tendency to imitate nobility.  Examples: Louis XIV,
Bedford, Isabella, Charles VII, Henry IV, Louis VII.
Io. The Lords " have made England that strong box and
museuml that it is."




T/te RngZlis/  Governsmen/.               15
Ix.
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
FIRST LE C 7'URE.
I. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TI-IE IOUSE.
T. The first representation.
2. T1e term Parliamient filrst applied.
3. First representation of cities and boroughs.
4. T'le Parliament of I295.
_5. Division into separate houses.
6. Want of ulniformity in Parliamnentary practice.
7. Position of the Com;,mons on the accession of the ho)use of
Lancaster.  (1399).
II. DEVELOPMENT OF RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES.
i. General habit of the Commons in the middle ages.
2. The Commons in England previous to 1399.
3. Privilege of originating "Money Bills."
4. Additional privileges under Richard II.
5. First examples of impeachment.
6. Frequency  of meeting and  methods of securing  attendance.
7, Changes under the Tudors for the wcorse.
6. Four causes of these changes.
9. Relations of the Crown to Parliament tinder the Tudors.
Io. Importance of these relations in aiding our judgment
in regard to ensuing events.
I. The Commons under Cromwell and the Stuarts.
I2. The work of the Restoration.
I3. The Bill of Rights as the firuit of the Revolution.
14. Six most important provisions of the Bill of Rights.
15. Subsequent development of the Commons previous to
I832.




I6              7z2e EngZisA  Covdi'c~nen/.
X.
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
SE COND LE CTURIE.
THE REFORM  OF IS32.
I. REPRESENTATION BEFORE THE REFORM.
i. Changes between 1773 and IS832.
2. Nature of " Rotten" and "Nomination" boroughs.
3. Examples: Old Sarum, Winchelsea, Bute, Gatton, Ludger's Hall, Edinburgh, Scotland.
4. Power of smaller bulroughs compared with the cities:
London and Cornwall. Saying of Paley.
5. Prevalence of bribery:-Letterof LadyiMontagu; Nabobs,
Earl Spencer; Chesterfield.
6. General Result of this system.
II. WHY THE REFORM WAS SO LONG DELAYED.
r. The charactcr of the House.
2. General indiflerence to logical results.
3. Influence of the French Revolution.
4. Attitude of Chatham, Paley, Junius, Burke, and others.
5. English methods as seen in the light of French methods.
6. Cause of ultimate triumph.  Macaulay's description of
the "Division."
II. CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE REFORM.
I. Rotton boroughs destroyed.
2. Seats re-distributed.
3. Basis of franchise changed.
4. Present conditions of membership.
5. Conditions of voting since I867.
6. Nature of the Ballot Act.
7. Proportion of voters to the whole population.
S. Present composition of the House.




T/ze Engish  Government.               7
XI.
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
THIRD LE CTURE.
I. APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE.
I. Historical associations clustering about it.
2. Its most interesting approaches.
3. Its surroundings.
4. Old Westminster Hall.
5. The courts and corridors.
6. The peculiarity of the chamber itself.
II. ITS METHODS OF WORK.
I. The manners which prevail in the House; and elsewhere.
2. Intolerance of certain kinds of oratory.
3. Oratorical methods compared with those prevailing ill
legislative assemblies in other nations: France; Germany; the
United States; and elsewhere.
4. Peculiar habits of the Commoners as auditors.
5. Influence of this habit illustrated by the early career of
Disraeli; and that of others.
6. Habit of the Commoners as speakers.
7. Influence of the habit illustrated in Palnmerstonii, Packington and Roebuck.
8. General impressions made by the House on a stranger.
9. The House of Commons as a place of business.
c




S  7ze RngiisA  tovernsneni,
XII.
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
FOUR TH LECTURE.
I. RELATIONS OF THE CABINET TO THE HOUSE.
i. Peculiarities of Parliamentary government;    two results.
2. Relations of the Cabinet to the Commons.
3. Connection between the abandonment of the veto and
the representation of the government in Parliament.
4. Theory on which the Cabinet is constructed.
5. Theories in France and in Germany.
6. Reports of Select Committees oif 1848 and I86I.
II. ORDER AND HABITS IN THE COMMONS.
I. The standing order of business.
2. Powers and privileges of the " Speaker."
3. Duties of the "\Whips," and the "Junior Lords of the
Treasury."
4. Parliamentary duties of the "Leader."
5. Glimpses of the official life of Disraeli.
6. Constitutional protection of the miinority; and of the
majority.
7. The " Count-out:" Its uses and abuscs.
S. Time and continuance of the daily session.
III. MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF GREATNESS.
I. Methods of choosing members: (a) Method of nominating members; (b) Method of voting; (c) Method of securing
the opinions of the most intelligent men.
2. Methods of keeping good members in the House: (a)
State of public opinion as to "Rotation;" (b) Great liberties
of constituents in the absence of geographical limitations.
3. Methods of bringing best members into most prominence:
(a) By great publicity of debate-:ibsence of committees; (b)
By tenure of position; (c) By great inducements in the way of
promotion; (d) By great imnportanee of questions considered.
Bagehot's estimates of the functions of a good House.




The Elgl~ish Governmezut/.                19
XIII.
THE ENGLISH JUDICIARY.
I. The conceded excellence of the English Judiciary as a
whole.
z. Conditions on which its excellence depends.
I. THE EDUCATION AND POSITION OF THE JURIST.
t. The four Inns of Court; (a) Their situation and history;
(6) The Benchers; (c) The privileges of Benchers and students;
(d) Power of the Inns over the profession; (e) Right of appeal
fromn the Benchers; (6) Final examination.
2. The Inns of Chancery: (a) Their number and character; (6) Their peculiarities.
3. Classes;  (a) Attorneys and Solicitors' (b) Baristers;
(c) Sergeants; (d) Judges.
II. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTS.
I. The Court of Queen's Bench.
2. The Court of Commnon Pleas.
3. The Coutrt of Exchequer.
4. The Circuits.
5. The new County Courts. Minor Courts.
6. Excellencies and defects of the system.
7. The Judicature Act of I873.
III. SALARIES AND TENURE OF JUDGES.
I. Popular theory as to the position of Judge.
2. Conditions necessary to secure the best Judges: (a) Salaries; (b) Security of Tenures; (c) Honor of the position.
3. How the English Government fulfills these conditions.
4. General result as shown in the character of the Courts;
and in the ordinary administration of Justice.




2o               The English Government.
XIV.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND.
I. GENERAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
IN ENGLAND AND IN THE UNITED STATES.
I. Parliamentary legislation in local affairs.
2. Absence of local Parliaments.
3. Greater power given to local officers.
4. Influence of the two systems upon liberty.
II. COUNTY OFFICES AND OFFICERS.
I. The County in former times and now.
2. The Sheriff and other officers of police.
3. Justices of the Peace and their functions.
III. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS.
i. Meaning of the words, City, Town, and Village.
2. MulliCipal Corporations.
3. Under the Saxons: Burgesses; Freedmen; Serfs; Slaves.
4. Transformation by the institution of Guilds.
5. Changes on the accession of the House of York.
6. "Corporate Rights" in England and in America.
6. Abuses under the old system.
7. The'i Municipal Corporation Act" of I835, as touching:
(a) Burgesses; (6) Trading;  (c) Municipal Councils; (d)
Aldermen.
S. Reform of I857, touching election of Councilmen.
IV. THE PARISH.
i. The Parish geographically considered.
2. Its Temporal as distinguished from its Spiritual functions.
3. Who are Parishioners and what are their rights?
4. The duties of WaVrdens and the manner of their choice.
5. Select Vestrymen and their duties; " Hobhouse Act."
6. Power of the Vestry. Certain erronious impressions.
7. Rights of Roman Catholics, Jews, Quakers, etc.
S. Gneist's declaration as to the rejection of Church rates.
9. Attitude of the general government towards the Parish.
IQ. Is the method consistent with " Self-government?"




The Eznglish Government.               21
XV.
THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF
GREAT BRITAIN.
i. Vast extent of the British Empire.
2. Variety of Races, Laws and Constitutions.
3. Schemes for Colonial representation.
4. Classification of tile Colonies:  (a) That of Heeren;
(6) That of Creasy; (c) That of the Government.
I THE NORTH AMERICAN DOMINIONS.
I. Canada tunder the "' Old Regime."
2. Discontents under early British rule. Lord Durham.
3. Re-union of the Canadas. Extent of territory.
4. Constitution of the Dominion of Canada.
5. Government of British Columbia.
II. ASIATIC DOMINIONS.
I. Principles of government for India.
2. Powers of the Crown and of the Governors-General.
3. Government in Council. Mill's estimate.
4. Indian Civil Service. Attitude towards natives.
5. Other Asiatic Colonies.
III. AUTRALASIAN DOMINIONS.
I.Australasia:-Austlalia; Tasmania; New Zeala nd.
2. Characteristics of the difterent Colonies.
3. Prevalence of Representative and Responsible Government.
4. Progress of European and decline of native population.
5. Islands in the Pacific; and their probable future.
IV. AFRICAN DOMINIONS.
I. Capture of Cape of Good Hope by the B3ritish.
2. Annexation of British Kaffraria, and other Colonies.
3. Constitution and Government.
V. THE WEST INDIAN DOMINIONS.
I. Jamaica and its government.
2. The Bahamas and their government.
3. The Bermudas and their government.
4. Other British possessions.
5. The Colonies and the Imperial Government.




22               The English Governmnent.
XVI.
THE ENGLAND OF TO-DAY.
I. FIRST IMPRESSIONS.
i. Sayings of Alfieri, Tennyson, Robertson, and Einerson.
2. WVealth of England past and present.
3. Tendencies of wealth: Bredalbane, Sutherland, Devonshire, Richmond, Westminster.
4. Number and Poverty of the poor; Personal observation.
Testimony of Bradlaugh, Hamerton, and Taine.
5. Is poverty becoming more general?  Testimony of Hallam, Carlyle, Taine, Miss Aiken, and others.
6. Acres under tillage. Declaration of Mr. Bradlaugh in
the light of the "Report of the Board of Trade," of IS72, and of
the " Blue Book" of 1876.
II. THE RELATIONS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR.
I. As affected by the law of Supply and Demand. Mr.
Brassey's illustration; illustration firom America.
2. As affected by the prevalence of freedom. Mr. Bradlaugh's error.
3. As aflected by fiundaimental rights; Blackstone's enumeration: (a) Personal Liberty; (b) Personal Security; (c) Security of Property.
4. As affected by the relations of Liberty and Equality.
5. As affected by the laws of Primogeniture and Entail.
Certain erroneous impressions.
6. As affected by an excess of Population;  comparisons
between England and other countries.
7. As affected by fundamental laws controlling wages: (a)
Two general means by which wages may be raised; (b) Two
methods by which the call for labor may be increased.
III. PRESENT TENDENCIES.
I. As shown in a fidelity to English institutions; 
2. In the conditions of political success:-America:-France.
3. In what England has done during the present century.
4. As shown in the moral and social vigor of England
when compared with the nations of the past.




LECTURES
ON
TH E RISE OF PRUSSIA.
I.
INTRODUCTION.
At the beginning of the iSth century Europe controlled by
four great powers. Purpose in this course of lectures.
I. POLITICAL ISOLATION IN GERMANY.
I. Causes of this isolation: (a) Changes in the relation of
the Estales and the Terrilorial Princes to the Emperor; (b)
Alliances of Princes; (c) Anarchy resulting from this alliance.
2. Effects of this isolation: (a) A nationality made impossible. (Comparison of Germany and Rome); (b) Personal liberty developed, (remarks of De Stael); (c) Reformation encouraged; (d) Great intellectual activity awakened; (e) Establishment of petty individual governments.
II. POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR.
i. Alliance of Austria and the Bishoprics.
2. Discussion concerning the Cleves suceession.
3. Policy of Austria, and that of Brandenburg.
4. The real political question at issue.
5. The statesmanship of Richelieu, of Gustavus Adolphus,
and others.
6. What was prevented.
7. What was established: (a) Emperors had to abandon
all hopes of controlling the religion of the people; (b) Political
power of the Emperors was broken; (c) Territorial Princes
were aggrandized.




24                 7Ye Rise of Prussia.
IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS'
WAR.
I. GEOGRAPHICALLY.
i. Losses and gains by the Treaty of Westphalia.
2. Aggregate extent of territory and population.
3. The number of individual governments independent and
quasi independent.
II. POLITICALLY.
I. Division into circuits, (Kr6eise.)
2. Imperial Villages (ZReichzsd1'ifer); and Imperial Estates.
(Reichsztnmi1llttbare Haerrsckcflajez.)
3. Imperial   Knights' Estates  (Reich/sroittersc/zaftlic/te
4. Qulestion of ultimate sovereignty.
5. Sources of revenue.
6. Oaths administered to the Emperor.
7. Embarrassments diplomatic and legislative.
S. Organization of the Imperial army.
9. Organization of the Imperial Diet: (a) Electors; (b)
Princes; (c) Free cities.
Io. Cor/uZCs Catholicortm and CorZ us EvangelicoruZmz and
their privileges.
I. Imperial Courts of Judicature.
I2. Examples showing the impotence of the courts, and
the imbecility of the government.




Th2e Rise of Prussia.                25
III.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN GERMANY
IN THE 18TH CENTURY.
I. CLASSES OF SOCIETY.
r Die Fiirstenz, (The Princes.)
2. Die Stinde, (The Nobility.)
3. Der Ardel, (The Gentry.)
4. Das Volk, (The People.)
II. RELATIONS OF THE CLASSES TO ONE ANOTHER.
I. Pernicious theory concerning these relations.
2. Testimony of Seckendorf, Sugenheim, and Kreitsmeyer.
3. Alliances of Princes with: (a) The Nobility; (6) The
Gentry; (c) The People.
4. Number and character of local officers.
III. REPRESENTATIVE DIETS.
I. In Austria, (I794,.)
2. In Bohemia and Moravia. (IS4S.)
3. In Prussia.  (Influence of Frederick  William  I, and
Frederick II.
4. In Bavaria. (179o).
5. In Saxony. (Prince Xaver).
6. In Wtirtemberg. (Contest with Carl Sugen).
7. General characteristics.
S. Universal decline and fall of the Diets.
IV. CONDITIOY OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR RELATION TO
THE GOVERNMENT.
I Teachings of Protestants and Catholics concerning their
political duties.
2. Results shown by sayings of Moser, Sturtz, and Saltzmann.
3. Relations of births and deaths shown by Beidermann,
4' Deplorable condition depicted: (a) By extracts fiom
Sugenheim, Mad. Reidesel and Frederick the Great; (6) By examples of Moser, Schubart, and Bettschart; (c) Schiller's
Robbers.
D




26                    The ]Rise of Pruzssia.
IV.
RHELIGIOUS AND MOiRiAL CONDITION
OF GERMANY DURING THE 1STH.
CENTURY.
I. RELIGIOUS CONDITION.
I. Reaction throughout EurIope fl-om1 thle religiouts fervor of
tile sixteenth adcl seventeenth centuries.
2. The Catholics; the Lutherans;  the Calvinists.
3. Early views of the Church conceruiilom  witchcraft. " 7~he
Wi/tc/es' HIczmne;r."
4. Belief in witchlcraft encouragled by the Refoirmation.
5. Extent to which belief in witchcraft lprevailed.
6. Extent to which witchcraft was punished.
7. " T-e last of the Witches."
II. MORAL CONDITION.. Pervasive force of French  Manners  in the time  of
Louis XIV.
2. Court life as depicted by P6llnitz, and by the Margravine
of BayrLeuth.
3. The Court of AugIustus II of Saxonvy.
4. The Court of Charles William  of Baden.
5. General Characteristics of other larger CouLrts.
6. The minor Courts.
7. U!liverlsal p-revalence of French ideas and. tastes.
S. Moral condition of the peasantry shown by statistics.




The R/se of Prussiv,;                     27
V.
BEGINNINGS OF PRUSSIAN HISTORY.
I. PERIOD OF CHAOSI. Early condition of Braildenburg and Prussia.
z. The Hohenzollerns twenty-five centuriesbacik.
3. " Brandellburg in the hands of Pawnbroklers."
4. Battle of Tannenburg land its resullts.
5. Qulitclaim to Bur-grave Frederick.
6. Investiture at Constance.  (April I7. I417.)
II. PERIOD OF THE ELECTORS.
I. General character of Electors illustrated by their titles.
2. Acquisition of Neurmarck and Pomerania.
2. Co-infeftment (1Vi,1be/lezznztng) of Prussia.
4.. The Cleves-Julich afahir alnd its influence.
5. Depression  of Brandenburg  tiunder George  WVilliam,
(16I9-I640).
6. The Great Elector, Frederick WVilliam; (I64-I68S8): (a)
His victories over foreign enemies; (b) His victories over doniestic enelmies, Von Kalkstein and  others; (c) His victories in
peace; (d) His claim to his title shown by the condition of the
country when he began and when he ended.  "e Jssicers, celui
ci a fait de giranzd chose."
7. Louisa of Nassau Orange.
8. Frederick I., twelfth Elector and first King.




Zs8              iThe Rise of Prussi'a.
VI.
ESTABLISHMENT OF MONARCHY.
I. FREDERICK I.
I. Frederick helped to the Crown: (a) By his own qualities;
(b) By the conditObn of his country; (c) By the general condition 6f Europe; (d) By "i his ancestors."
2. Glimpse of the times given in the Apotheosis of Etiquette.
(December I7, I700.) 
3. Services of Frederic in the advancement of learning: (a)
By the elevation  of scholars;-Lenfant, Beausobre, Spener,
Thomasius, Leibnitz; (b) By founding of institutions;-University of Halle;-Academy of Sciences.
4. His military successes;- Bonn, Blenhiem, Malplaquet.
5. His financial and economical errors.
II. FREDERICK WILLIAM I.
I. Erroneous estimation in which he is usually held.
2. His.ambition as the'' Nation's Husband."
3. How he teaches economy: (a) By reforming the Court;
(b) By management of royal domains; (c) By.the use of his
ratan; (d) By3 his personal example.
4. How he makes the nation military: (a) By method of
chosing officers; (b) By making himself a drill-sergeant; (c) By
instituting the spirit of obedience; (d) By training his son as his
successor; (c> By exciting the popular imagination.
5. Gencrial spirit of the times at the king's death in I740..




The Rise of Prussia.                   29
VII.
EDUCATION AND APPRENTICESHIP
OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.
i. Educational paradoxes.
2. Anxiety shown in letters of father and grandfather.
3. Parental ideas concerning education shown in orders to
instru ctors.
4. Studies pursued openly: his regular work.
5. Studies pursued clandestinely: his irregular work.
6. Method of spending his vacations.
7. Results counted: (a) In habits of work; (b) In habits of
economy; (c) In knowledge of Greek and Latin; (d) In theological doctrines and beliefs; (e) In alienating his falther; (f)
In methods of spending his leisure; (g) In fondness for the
French language and French literature.
8. Attempted flight of the Prince.
9. Imprisonment at Ciistrin.
io. Intercession for the life of the Prince.
I I. Punishment commuted on condition of new oath of allegiance.
I2. New studies and labors.
I3. Thinks of marriage, and at length is married.
14. Final reconciliation with his father.
15. Scenes at the time of the succession.
I6. The apparent and the real character of the new monarch.




30                   The Rise of Przlssia.
VIII.
REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.
FIR ST LEC T'UURE.
I. DURING PEACE.
i. His mainagement of doimestic affailrs shown: —(a) By
e-s-t~ —bli-sl-lment of corn magazines; (b) By abolition of leg'al torttrles; (cj By founding Academny of Sciences; (d) By granting
religious toleration; (e) By esttablishing viltual freedom  of the
Press.
2. His methods of diplomacy shown:-(a) By the ClevesJulich aflair  (1b) By the Herestal aftair.
3. Life at Reinsberg suddenly interrupted.
II. FIRST SILESIAN WAR.
i. Nature of the claim to Silesia.  [Erbverlbriiderzluzg.]
2. Macaulay's great error.
3. Frederick determines to secure the Province.
4. His designs and his success.
5. Maria Theresa; and Pragmatic Sanction.
6. Rumbling political portents.
7. Battles  of Molwitz  and  Chotustz;  aind  what tley
revealed.
S. Peace of Breslau.  [June I, I74-.]
9. Frederico jlAagnzo.
To. Settlement of affairs in Silesia.
I. Permanent attitude of Silesia towards Prussia.




T'e -Rise of Przussia.                  31
IX.
REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.
SE COND LE CTURE.
SECOND AND THIRD SILESIAN WVARS AND THE  PARTITION  OF
POLAND.
I. SECOND SILESIAN WAR.
I. Frederick is at peacs; but he silently gets ready, and why.
z. Belleisle's mischief.
3. " L'Jzfavne Ccain d'Z XNoird."
4. Maria Theresa's character and devotion.
5. Erederick single-handed strikes at his enemies.
6. Character of the war.
7. Peace of Dresden.  [December 25, I745.]
II. SEVEN YEARS' WAR.
i. After ten years of peace, a secret is out, and Frederick
again strikes the first blow.
2. Strength and weakness of Frederick as compared with his
enemies.
3. Extraordinary character of the war shown by a glimpse
at some of its campaigns and battles.
4. Treaties of Hubertsburg and Paris.
5. Frederick with eight Saxon  scnoolmasters returns to
Berlin.
6. Closing of the Temple of Janus.
III. THE PARTITION OF POLAND.
i. The Polish question of old.
2. Internal condition of Poland; Henry III, AugLustus II.
3. Its relations with its neighbors.
4. Real causes of the partition.
E. ffect of the partition on Poland; on Prussia.




32                 7'he Rise of Prussia.
X.
REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.
THIRD LECTURE.
REPAIRING OF THE NATION.
I. The apparent and the real condition of the kingdom  at
the close of the wars:-Frederick's own picture.
2. Services of the king in improving agriculture and industry: —Landrath Ntissler; evidence firom Btisching's Fragment.
3. His services in instituting legal reforms;-(a) Reforms
undertaken in I846; (b) Appoints Minister of Justice Cocceji;
(c) Plan of reform;  (d) Conflict between departments and legal
authorities; (e) General resullt.
4. His system  of revenues:  (a) New  excise system; (b)
Work of Helvetius; (c) Work of De Launy; (d) The king at
the coffee mill.
5. His methods of general adminisiration:  (a) Instructions
for guidance of ministers; (b) Separation of the estates; (c)
New colonies and new manufactures.
6. The organization of the army: (a) Strictness of discipline; (b) Spirit of the army.
7. His theories of the relations of the governing and the
governed.
S. Pernicious influence of this theory on individual development.
9. Glimpse of Prussian Government given by Arnold's case,
and others.
Io. The Eiir-slenbund.
I I. Concluding estimate of Fredericlk and his work:-Letter
of D'Alemzberl to llmadcame duz Defazud.
I 2. "Hitherto the last of the kings."




The Rise of Prussia.                  33
XI.
PRUSSIA FROM THE DEATH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT TO THE BATTLE
OF JENA. (4786-4806.)
I. FREDERIC WILLIAM II. (I686-I797.)
I. The king overlooks the best and imitates the worst
features of his predecessor's policy.
2. Results illustrated by the declarations of Mirabeau and
Bilow.
3. Illustrations of this result drawn: (a) From  domestic
policy; (b) From foreign policy.
4. Complications  with  France:  (a)  Territorial;  (b)
Political.
5. Coalition with Austria, and Declaration of War.
6. Revival of old feuds and withdrawal of Prussia.
II. FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1784-8Io6.)
i. Changes in the Policy of Prussia.
2. The new Coalition and its consequences.
3. The military condition of Prussia and of other States of
the coalition.
4. Napoleon's policy and his ultimatum.
5. The political consequences of Ulm and Austerlitz.
6. Prussia sees her error and tries in vain to amend it.
7. Deplorable condition of the army.
S. Jena and Auerstidt.
9. Moral and military humiliation of Germany: —especially
that of Prussia.
Io. "Es geibi Rein Deutschland mekr."
E




34                   Tz e Rise of Pruwyssia.
XII.
THE RECOVERY OF PRUSSIA AFTER
JENA.
FIRST LE CTURE.
I. INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL AWAKENING.
I. General service of the new German Philosophy.
2. Special service of Fichte:-Rcedenz auz  (/ic  Dzcu.sc/ce
VNa tion.
3. Special service of Arndt; and( othlers.
4. The letters of Von Stein.
5. The work of the Universities.
6. General results seen in the formation of the Tzgenelzb1zzld,
the Tizunscihulen and the  uz rsczenzsch/aftez.
II. POLITITAL AND MILITARY AWAKENING.
I. Call of Frederic William III.  " Az Ameioz T/olk."
2. The spirit and influence of Queen Louisa.
3. The political reforms inaugurated by Von Stein: (a) In
extending the rights of the peasantry; (3) In giving greater freedom to mluniclpalities;  (b) In relieving the embarrassment of
debtors.
4. The political measures of Hardenburg: (a) In domestic
afhairs; (b) In foreign affairs.
5. The services of Scharnhorst in remodelling the army.
6. The far-reaching effects of these reforms.
7. Fall of " y'unkertihzum," "' Paeryasseolie,"  and " Ces
PerruqLes."




The ]Rise of AP~rssia.               35
XIII.
THE RECOVERY OF PRUSSIA AFTER
JENA.
SECOND LECTURE.
TH-IE PRUSSIAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION.
I. GROWTH OF THE SYSTEM.
I. Importance of the subject as viewed by Europeans and by
Americanis.
2. Preliminary sketch of education in Germany previous to
the last century.
3. General educational awakeiling after Jena.
4. Work of Pestalozzi, Fr6bel, Von Humboldt and others.
5. Relations of the State to the work of education shown:(a) In its sweeping away old institutions and erecting new ones;
(b, In its requirements of professional men and others.
6. The establishment of new Universities:-Berlin, Breslau,
Bonn, Strasburg.
II. THE SYSTEM AS DE X'ELOPED.
I. Conditions on which the success of anzy/ system depends.
2. These conditions admirably supplied in Prussia: (a) By
public opinion; (b) By the Government.
3. Provision for excellent teachers:- Normal schools.
4. Educational requirements of professional men.
5. Primary schools:-methods of instruction.
6. Gymnasia and real schulen:-methods of instruction.
7. The Universities:-methods of instruction.
S. Technical schools:- methods of instruction.
9. Prevalence of classical schools, and opinion of German
scholars concerning them.
Io. Results as seen in the attainment of professors and
students. [Hart's description of a " first rate" and of a " second
rate" German student.
II. The Staff system of instruction of officers in the army.
I2. General results of the system as a whole on the growth
of the nation.




36                 The Rise of Prussia.
XIV.
POLITICAL CONDITION FROM THE
CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO THE CONVULSIONS OF 4 848.
I. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA.
I. The character and work of the Congress.
2. The new German Confederation and the place of Prussia
in it.
3. Injustice to the claims of Prussia.
4. The Zollverein.
II. POLICY OF REPRESSION.
I. Influence of the French Revolution on the people and on
the Government.
2. Popular discontents growing out of the attitude of the
Government.
3. Rising revolutionary spirit:-Assassination of Kotzebue,
and its evil effects.
4. Circutlars of Bernstorff and Metternich.
5. The Act of Confederation of May I7, I820.
6. The Provincial Estates as constituted by the edict of June
5, IS23.
7. Influence of the Belgian and Polish Revolutions.
8. Stringent measures of the Government.
9. Outbreaks in Cologne, Frankfurt and elsewhere.
IO. Demands of the Diet on the accession of William IV.
I I. Equlivocating policy of the king.
I2. Convocation of the General Diet in I847.
I4. The conservatives triumph, and the seeds of revolution
are left to germinate.
14. The convulsions of I848 in Berlin and elsewhere.
15. The new Prussian Constitution as a result.




Tlie Rise of Prussia.                37
XV.
THE STATESMANSHIP OF BISMARCK.
I. PERIOD OF POLITICAL EDUCATION.
I. Bismark's early life and prepossessions.
2. His methods and character as revealed in his letters.
3. His political apprenticeship: (a) In cafes; (b) In the Federal Diet; (c) In foreign Courts.
4. Three convictions early established: (a) Concerning the
Federal Diet; ([) Concerning the relative positions of Prussia and
Austria; (c) Concerning the Government of Prussia.
5. Becomes Minister-President. (1862.)
II. PERIOD OF POLITICAL TRIUMPH.
i. Political creed, and political hopes of the conservative
party: —Renarks of Professor Droysen.
2. "Iron and Blood."
3. Negotiations begun with Austria.
4. The Frankfurt Reforlm Act.
5. The demands of Prussia.
6. The Schleswig-Holstein Question.
7. Schleswig-Holstein ceded to Germany.
8. The demands respectively of Austria and Prussia.
9. The Enigma of Gastein.
Io. Austria under Von Beust.
Ii. Reconciliation is found impossible.
I2. Alliance of Prussia and Italy.
I3. The six weeks' campaign, and its far-reaching results.




38                  Thze Rise of Przsssia.
XVI.
THE FRUITS OF BISMARCK'S POLICY.
I. IMMEDIATE REWARDS OF VICTORY.
I. Austria excluded from Germany.
2. Large accessions to Prussian territory: Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Hessen-Cassel, Nassau and Frankfurt.
3. Formation of the North-German Confederation.
4. Alliance with the South-German States.
5. Obstacles in the way of a complete union.
6. Political significance to Germany of the Franco-German
7. Union of Germany unlder William I as Emperor.
II. RECONSURUCTED GERMANY.
I. The constitutional peculiarities of the Union.
2. The Government of Prussia: (a) The power of the king;
(b) The organization of Parliament; (c) Local administration.
3. The Prussia of to-day.
4. Realized ambitions,
RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES.
I. Great men.
2. Eminent men in positions of power.
3. Law-abiding spirit.
4. Fondness for what is genuine.
5. The power of a thorough and universal system of training.
6. Of Aristotle's two conditions of good government, Prussia
has fulfilled one: What nation has fulfilled them both?