READ, AND LEND TO YOUR NEIGHBOR. "British Free Trade," a Delusion. TO THE FARMERS, MECHANICS, LABORERS, AND ALL VOTERS OF THE WESTERN & NORTH-WESTERN STATES. We have just passed through the terrible strife sition of duties for revenue on articles not proof a great rebellion. Vast sums of money have duced at home, or that do not compete with home been expended; great loss of precious lives has products, and the free admission of such articles been our lot. The blind rage and insane folly of as are specially needed. Qualified Protection traitors, rising up against the rights and inter- to such branches of industry as need it; the ests of free labor and self-government, have adjustment of duties to protect home' industry brought this upon us. But in the trial of battle, as well as for revenue. the right has triumphed. The interest of ot r Such is the present policy of the most prosperbroad land is one:-the dignity, prosperity, ous nations. With wars banished, and free trade unity and lasting success of FREE LABOR. We reciprocal all the world over, the question might have shown, in our great contest, the inherent assume a different aspect. strength of a free government. If we can wisely A large revenue is now a necessity to us. order affairs, so that agriculture, inventive skill, Home taxes and tariff are in operation. manufactures and commerce shall thrive, we Is it not plain that duties should be so fixed as shall crown our triumph with the signal blessing to protect home industry q of peaceful prosperity, provide the means where- This loose talk about free trade, delusive and by a finer culture can be gained, and show the dangerous as used, has its origin, as we shall see, world the glory of za true Republic. from foreign self-interest. We must adapt ourselves to the great changes It is largely a cry raised by British capitalin our national condition and necessities, put ists and manufacturers, to:unsettle our policy, aside the prejudices of the past, and work earn- and that of the world, that they may reap the estly for a better future. benefit, by making England the workshop for Wise care of the industry of a nation is a the world, and her ships and traders the carriers manifest and important duty of Government. of raw material and finished products to and Centuries ago, when Governments were all, and from her workshops-a cry of those who would popular industry and manufacturing skill nothing, monopolize, but not reciprocate. save as servants to aristocratic or kingly wants, During our civil war just closed, all will monarchs held monopolies of trade in wool, salt, remember how the majority of the Itrading and &c., &c., and granted them to favorites who would manufacturing classes in England, and the tory pay well therefor. Now such monopolies and aristocracy, sympathized with rebellion here. prohibitions are passing away, and among civil- The falsehoods of the London Times, the sneers ized nations the protecting and fostering of of lesser journals, the fitting out of Alabamas, industry and skill, not only as a means of escaping from their docks through the feeble revenue, but to increase wealth and civilization, meshes of "British neutrality," to prey upon is the prevalent policy. our commerce, are all fresh in every mind. We hear much said about " free trade." To.Without casting any reflection on the conduct those who look slightly or partially at this sub- or feeling of the English people, the conduct of ject, there is magic in the words; they are these classes is palpable enough. associated with ideas of reform and popular good. And now efforts are being made by these men Looseness in the use of terms on this matter to induce us to adopt what they call the "free makes great mischief. Absolute free trade, the trade system." removal of all custom duties, as the world is, The following extract from a letter from our would pauperize the richest nation in half a American Consul in Liverpool, Epgland, received generation. Too much leaning that way is in Washington May 18th, is a timely and needed disastrous. Qualified Free Trade, the impo- warning: 2 "Great efforts will now be made by English Simply a reducing to order of a chaos oL capitalists and manufacturers to induce us to centuries of patchwork acts, a reduction of some reduce our tariff, and permit them to do all our duties in view of the well known fact, that, with manufacturing; they are beginning to stir this such reduction, their well established manufacmatter already. Our warm personal friends will turers would still undersell the world and yet be put forward to move the matlter, such men as seem magnanimous, and low duties on raw John Bright, Goldwin Smith, and others, who materials, and articles partly manufactured, have stood by us through this war. I have seen which, of course, would help home manufactures. decisive evidence of this purpose here. Person- But Peel himself said, in his speech closing the ally we owe them very much, but we may fright- debate on the bill: "I do not abolish all protectfully abominate their free trade principles."'' ive duties; on the contrary, the amended tariff "IThey will struggle hard to break down our maintains many duties that are purely protective, iari.." as distinguished from revenue duties." "There will be a terrible pressure put on the The tariffs of 1845 and 1846 were similar in Government." their general tenor, but of less consequence; While urging free trade upon the world, Eng- carefully protective, where necessary, reduced land has always jealously protected her manu- where no home interest was hurt thereby, refactires and does to this day. duced indeed sometimes to benefit home interests, In p h the of Lordy, Lrd by giving raw material cheaper to the manuIn a s.pe ch in the, House of Lords, L ford e Goderich said: "Other nations knew, as well 1tuer. as the noble lord opposite, and those who acted In 1849 came, after ong and warm debate, with him, that what we (the English) meant by the virtual repeal of the corn laws, placing the free trade, was nothing more nor less than, by duty on grain at a shilling a quarter, or three means of the great advantages we enjoyed, to cents a bushel, where it still remains. get the monopoly of all their markets for our The opposition to corn law repeal came from manufactures, and to prevent them, one and all the land owners; but the manufacturers gained from ever becoming manufacturing nations.'? the day, for it was an imperative necessity to " The policy that France acted on was that of them. England cannot feed her own people; encouraging its native manufactures, and, it was the factory workers must have bread, or the a wise policy; because, if it were freely to admnit mills must close; stop those mills, and down goes our manufactures, it would speedily be reduced the vast fabric of British power. to an agricultural nation, and therefore a poor So the people had breadstuffs cheaper-a blessnation, as all must be that depend exclusively on ing to them, yet a protection to the manufacagriculture." turer, called free trade. FSo we. learn from this precious revelation, that No tariff changes of moment have since been "British free trade" REALLY MEANS THE made, and these are a slight foundation on which MONOPOLY OF ALL MARKETS, AND THE BREAKING to base the boasted free trade claim. Taking DOWN OF ALL MANUFACTURES, EXCEPT THEIR twenty-two years, from 1838 to 1859, and the total ow;N. This English nobleman has at least the annual custom receipts on sixteen leading articles, merit of frankness; some ninety-four per cent. of all the duties, varied Within a few years, having made some modi- less than seven million dollars. This takes in fications of her terif, she proclaims herself the five years before any changerand six years after triumphant examplar and disinterested champion Gladstone's tariff. Indeed, the duties on these of free trade. articles yearly, from 1838: to 1841, before any Only in 1840 commenced any change of note in change of tariffs was made, were $1,152,000 less British policy on this question.'A Committee than from 1854 to 1859. was then chosen, with Joseph Hume as chairman, When the British corn laws were repealed, the " to inquire into the several duties levied on inducement was held out by the English, and the imports." How likely he would be to inaugurate hope entertained by our grain growers, that a free trade, may be judged from his wish, ex- large market would open there for our products. pressed in Parliament years before, that "the But, in twelve years after the repeal of the manufactures of the Continent might be strangled corn laws, from 1848 to 1860, our exports of in their cradle." This committee's report said, breadstuffs to England had decreased, in prothat. "the tariff presents neither congruity nor portion to our population, almost thirty per cent., unity of purpose; no general principles seem to even by English estimate 27~ per cent. have been applied." During the same years the British imports of In 1842 the famed tariff of Sir Robert Peel grain from this country were only one-fifth their was enacted. Was it free trade? Let Mr. importsfrom other countries. Gladstone, Chancellor of the English Exchequer,. Take our exports of provisions and breadstuffs answer: "It was an attempt to make a general to Great Britain, and to all the Western Hemisapproach to the following rules: First, the phere, from 1846 to 1860, and we find our removal of prohibitions; secondly, the reduction yearly exports to Great Britain the least, and the of, duties on manufactured articles and protective demand this side the Atlantic much larger the duties generally, to an average of twenty per last part of the time. cent. ad'valorem; thirdly, on partially manu- The average of three years' exports of profactured articles to rates not exceeding ten per visions, closing with 1860, was, to Great Britain cent; fourthly, on raw. materialsUto rates notover $5,792,268, and on this side the ocean $9,917,838. five per cent." Our exports of breadstuffs to Great Britain, 3 for each of these same three years, averaged and the foreign operative a very large contribu7,542,991 bushels; but to ports of our Western tion in wages; and shame to the nations long HIemisphere 16,034,586 bushels. hours of childhood's labor, bringing ignorance Chicago alone often sends off' in ten days more and degradation, misery and want into hundreds grain and four than England has taken from of thousands of what ougLt to be cheerful and us each year, on the average, for twenty years happy homes. It is claimed in England that her past, and the grain export from that city in a cheaper labor will always make it for our interest single day, often exceeds what England has to employ her people to do our manufacturing. bought of usfor a whole year. Without questioning the unselfishness of this In 1860, the total products of our soil were advice, its soundness may well be doubted. A $1,860,000,000 in value; our total exports of hundred thousand educated, thinking operatives those products $272,282,873, or but one- will invent, in a short time, more simplifying seventh. Taking out the cotton exports, and processes to cheapen the product, than will equal our home market and consumption was twenty the difference in wages, and though cheap labor times as great as our exports to all foreign will avail of these inventions, the great result, lands. cheaper product, is due to the educated, higher Would it not be well to think more of this paid labor. Among all the favors of which great home market? nations boast, may we be delivered from that of At a late meeting in Boston of guests of the cheap labor; it Would be fatal to the institutions Board of Trade, J. W. Brooks, President of the f a self-governin people. It is the province of Michigan Central Railroad, in a speech, said: Boards of Trade-those most useful organiza-,,; A., ^.. ~~... — ~tions-to aid in securing to our land the means "And now I may mention a subject which has tons-to aid in securing o our land the eas And now I may mention a subjeto most-fully developing its resources. It is the often given me, as a Western railroad manager, of o evey deli its resores. is topce duty of every well-wisher of his kind to place cause for anxiety. It is the want of a more the ungry where they can got food to educate steady and reliable market for the produce of the the ignorant and to restore men of all colors great food producing region. Its power of pro- from slavery to freedom duction has hardly begun to be developed, but "Whenever the statesmen of the West shall even now it is often without a market for itse National Conci to products. The natural buyers of surplus food pomote home manufactures, they will know are the manufacturers, and the great body of the manufcturers, nd the gret bodyf where to find New England, and when we are these live too far away from us. England does al convinced, and act upon the principle, that not import food from this country until she has agriculture, manufactures, and commerce are exhausted those nearer home, which usually atural allies this people who have had of supply nearly all she requires. Sometimes a te, so much of common sorrow and of ommon short crop will bring her here for a considerable JoY, will not need to tell the story of our common amount, and run up prices so high as to stimulat for t tell the nations glory, for that will tell its own to the nations an over production and render the surplus there- of the hole earth. after more unwieldy than ever. Estimating the growers' portion of the price received, at an We may safely estimate, to-day, the New average of 25 cents per bushel for corn, and 60 England market as worth, to the western gran cents for wheat, the exports of breadstuffs for grower, more than that of England. the last 18 years, have yielded to the growers an We import goods from Europe, the making of average of about thirteen millions of dollars per which keeps busy a million workers. Could we annum, rising as high as $34,800,000 and falling build up our home manufactures, we might draw as low as $860,000 per annum, some years more a large portion of them to this country, and feed than forty times as great as others, yielding to them here, greatly to mutual benefit. the nation a maximum of but a little over a Great Britain is poor in resources of soil; her dollar per head, and sometimes falling below territory is narrow, her population crowded. three cents. This outlet is too insignificant at Even taking into account the products of her best, and too unreliable at all times, for so im- mines, and manufactures of raw material proportant an interest in our national economy. It duced on her soil, and the yearly balance against has not prevented the price of corn to the her is over $300,000,000. This vast sum she farmer of Illinois from falling to eight cents per must make up in some way. After making bushel, when it is sometimes over eighty cents. allowance for her profit from shipping and exIt is not a wise arrangement of the world's changes, she must, to maintain her position and economy for those who raise a surplus of food power, find yearly market for her manufactures and those who have a deficiency to be separated to the amount of $650,000,000 in foreign lands. by a thousand miles of land carriage and three To do this she is compelled to gather, so far as thousand miles of ocean. Thus situated, it is no possible, the raw materials of the world, and wonder that the agriculturist and' the manufac- send them out again manufactured, from her turei, who should be natural allies, meet so workshops, using her vast capital and great skill seldom and to such small purpose. Who pays To BREAK DOWN FOREIGN COMPETITION, AND for this anomalous condition of things, for the KEEP THESE DISTANT MARKETS, WITHOUT transportation of raw material and food from this WHICH HER aRUIN COMES, SWIFT AND SURE. country to the European manufacturer and a A Parliament commission, in 1854, in a report portion of the product back again 2 The west- on the mining population, spoke of "immense ern producer makes a large contribution in the losses which employers incur in bad times, in lower price and reduced amount of his produce, order to destroy foreign competition, and to 4 gain and keep possession offoreign markets," and and starvation in her Irish and Indian posessions, of works being carried on for this purpose, "at an and has well nigh ruined whatever nation has aggregate loss of three or four hundred thou- been induced to follow it. sand pounds sterling," and of the ability of a In her colonies, England has full sway. Is the few wealthy capitalists "to overwhelm all philanthropic free trade policy, so kindly cornforeign competition " and thus " STEP IN FOR mended to other nations, carried out there? No. THE WHOLE TRADE WHEN PRICES REVIVE." The conliant aim has been to discourage and preAs an illustration of this process-very costly vent manufacturing among them; to bring their to us and equally profitable to these British raw materials to England to be wrought into finer capitalists-let us look at the trade in railroad forms there, and sent back again. Fearful, in. iron from 1840 to 1854. First these men had deed, has been the ruin wrought in this way. spent money here largely to break down our In Bengal, sixty years ago, looms for making tariff of 1842, and get instead the lower tariff of cottons were in well-nigh every household. The 1846 with its ad valorem (or invoice value) fine muslins of India had a world-wide celebrity. duties, under which system frauds in the import- Calicoes and coarser stuffs were made, not only er's invoice could push his duties down to a low for home use, but a hundred million pounds of rate. Then in 1849 and 1850 more than 200,000 cloth were exported yearly. tons of rail road iron was pushed into the country Macaulay, who would not overstate the case at $40 per ton, and our mills at home closed up against his own countrymen, said: and their business ruined. This was the plot to "The misgovernment of the English was car" gain and keep the market," and the harvest ried to a point such as seemed hardly compatible was at hand. From 1850 to 1854 the British, with the existence of society. They forced the controling the market, and running up the price, natives to buy dear and sell cheap. They insulted sold us 1,000,000 tons of rail road iron at $80 with impunity, the tribunals, the police, and the per ton. fiscal authorities of the country. With an adequate protection, our own mills " Enormous fortunes were rapidly made in Calcould have furnished the iron at $50 per ton, but cutta, while 30,000,000 of human beings were for want of it they were stopped, and thus reduced to the extremity of wretchedness. They $30,000,000 went into the hands of British had been accustomed to be under tyranny, but capitalists, and soon came, inevitably, the terrible never under such as this. * * * * distress of the crisis of 1857. " Under their old masters they had, at least,one Why did English capitalists spend $1,250,000 resource; when the evil grew insupportable, the in Washington to break down our tariff of 18427 people rose and pulled down the government. IT WAS THE INEVITABLE RESULT OF THEIR Bat the British government was not to be shaken PITIFUL POSITION, COMPELLING THEM, IF off. Oppressive as the most oppressive form of POSSIBLE, TO RULE OR RUIN THE WORLD S barbarian despotism, it was strong with all the MANUFACTURES. A much larger sum they will strength of civilization." spend again, if necessary, to make us tributary The importation of machinery into Hindostan to them, holding out the promise of larger mar- was forbidden, and down went the vast manufackets in their ports for our grain and provisions, tures of cotton, for hand labor could not compete a promise, as we have seen, never redeemed in with power-looms, and wide tracts of the best the past, nor like to be, as the cuaients of trade cotton lands in India ran to waste and wild junset, in the future. All the while is the free trade gles. cry kept up by these needy monopolists, the England gained thereby, for a time, but naBritish manufacturers, because it helps greatly tions make no lasting gains by injustice, and Hinto unsettle the minds of our and other countries dostan, made poor by British monopoly, is a far and prevents the adoption of a stable policy of less valuable customer than she might have been fair protection to home industry, with fair treatment. With our broad extent of fertile soil, and our These horrid evils are partially remedied, but vast wealth of mines, we are under no necessity too late to save death, and haggard want, and of seeking to crush industry the world over, to pitiful suffering of millions of poor Hindoos. save ourselves. We wish no such wrong to other The Sepoy rebellion, but a few years ago, in nations, but simply desire to protect our home which babies were tossed down the mountain interests, and leave them fair scope to do the gorges of Hindostan from the bayonets of British same. soldiers, was one of the latest tragedies in that All the world's experience and the present unhappy country. condition of nations show the protective policy It may be thought, too, that the late "opium to be the only safe and wise means for national war" with the Chinese —fought to push that balegrowth and the highest culture; that is, where it ful drug down the throats of the natives at the is carried to the extent of simply fostering home bayonet's point, for the sake of the trader's gain industry, and stops short of efforts to monopolize — is not the best illustration either of philanthroand crush down all industry elsewhere. This py or free trade..latter course, as we have seen, is that to which Look at England's course toward Ireland. FREE TRADE ENGLAND is driven by the narrow- Irish wool manufactures, once flourishing, disness of her territory, and the poverty of her couraged and broken down; Irish shipping cut resources, aside from capital and skill in manu- off from equal privileges, Ireland must send her factures and trade. Her policy has made mil- raw materials to England in English ships, and lions of her people paupers, has wrought ruin take back fabrics wrought in English shops. Her 5 soil grew poor, her famished people were kept at were 25,000,000 pounds, adding some 50,000,000 the rudest labor, and, while want ruled there, one- to the quantity made into cloth at home. third of the surface, including the richest So in other departments, and we see proof of lands in the Kingdom, were lying waste. Ire- German wealth in the fact that some $200,000,000 land's suffering is largely owing to this grasping or more of our National Bonds are held there. policy of England. In 1825, Russia, before almost wholly agriculFree trade indeed! The colonial policy of tural, encouraged manufactures by a more proEngland is prohibition of that association of man tective policy, and has gained largely in wealth. with his fellows, in varied labors, which leads to The abolition of serfdom has come, too, helped individual growth and culture and wealth. Her largely by the moral effect of that growth of per course toward the West Indies has been marked sonal power and character, which comes with by the same features, mitigated somewhat of late varied industry. to save utter ruin. Canada has been better Other features and conditions of national life treated. have their effect to help or hinder growth, but we Let us look at the condition of other countries can see plainly enough the good results in wealth thAt have come under this so-called " free trade" of purse and character, of wise protection, fospolicy. tering varied industry Portugal, in 1703, signed the "Methuen The policy of France has been to combine a Treaty" with England, by which, in return for small amount of foreign raw material, with a favors given her wines, she cut off almost all larger quantity produced at home, and thus enaprotection from her wool, food, &c. Her manu- ble her farmers to keep up commerce with distant factures were ruined; British goods poured into lands. Her skill and taste make most of the her ports; she became a purely agricultural value of her exports. With vast military excountry, poor, with population decreasing, bad penses, she yet gains in wealth, for her industry roads, and mails carried on horseback. Such is thrives and is cared for. the condition of a country, naturally rich, but Much noise has been made about the so-called made poor by her miserable policy. " free trade treaty " between France and England Turkey has produced wool, silk, corn, and cot- in 1860, concluded mainly under the care of Richton, in large quantities; coal, iron and copper ard Cobden, but that title is a strange misnomer. abound. Two hundred years ago her trade with The present French tariff, then decided on, Europe was large, and her merchants rich. though modified in many particulars, and reBut, in an evil hour, the government made a duced to a clearer system, more adapted to modtreaty with England and France, agreeing to ern wants and customs, is yet carefully protectcharge no more than three per cent. duty on their ire, and averages quite as high as our own. imports, and to exempt their vessels from port Earl Gray said of it, in the House of Lords, and charges. Great Britain forbade the exportation none refuted his words, "The advance France has of her machinery to Turkey, as well as of her made on the road to commercial freedom, is most mechanics who might have gone there to make it. inconsiderable. She retained her whole syst m Of course, Turkish manufactures were ruined. of navigation laws, and bound herself to no duties In Scutari, there were six hundred looms in on her manufactured goods, lower than thirty per 1812; but forty remained in 1821; and of two cent. and twenty-five per cent. afterward." thousand weaving shops in Tournova in 1812, but Mr. Horsman, in the House of Commons, detwo hundred were left in 1830. As in most purely dared the duty of thirty per cent. "prohibitory, agricultural countries, the cultivators are in debt. as toward England." The Leeds Chamber of Recently the total exports of Turkey were but Commerce had the same opinion, and the Journal $33,000,000, while those of England to that coun- des Debats-the Emperor's organ-deemed it protry were but $11,000.000 yearly. hibitory, and held the English outwitted. Thus grasping selfishness defeats itself, and So far as the influence of race and religion go, Turkey, unjustly treated, is too poor to be a good France, Portugal and Ireland are of Celtic origin, customer. and of Catholic faith. The first protects its inLet us look at the condition of countries that dustry and grows in wealth, the two last are in have protected their industry, deaf to the siren the clutches of " British free trade," groaning voice of "British free trade." At the close of under the yoke. Napoleon's wars, great quantities of British goods solicitude of Ennd touching our man were sent into Germany, to the injury of their fctures, was manifest in our colonial daysan factures, was manifest in our colonial days, and domestic industry. In 1818, Prussia enacted a still continue tariff in self defense, on which occasion Lord Commons declared that Lord..In 1710, the House of Commons declared, that Brougham, in the House of Commons, at London, rougham, in the ouse of Commons, at London, the erecting of manufactures in the colonies tendmade the benevolent statement that England ed to decrease their dependence on Great Britain. could afford to bear some loss on the export of t later period the exportation from England her goods,for the purpose of destroying foreign of artisans or tools for making wool silk cotton manufactures in their cradle." or iron, was prohibited. The German States soon united to form their Lord Chatham said he would not let the colZoll-Verein, a Custom-Union, for duties abroad onists make even a hobnail for themselves. and free intercourse among themselves, and since We have no wish to create or increase any unthen have gained in wealth and independence. just prejudice against the English people. SureIn 1835, Germany exported to England ly we would not depreciate the noble words 28,000,000 pounds of wool; in 1851 the imports in our behalf, of the little band of our faithful 6 friends there, through our years of trial just past. fulfill its high destiny-free and independent Any fair measures for mutual good, between indeed. And Jefferson, made President by a our governments, will be met, let us hope, in the rival party, was too broad in his views to differ future as in the past, in a friendly spirit. But from Washington on this great question. In his there seems a strange blindness, even among second message, he said: " To cultivate peace, Englishmen who have been our intelligent friends and maintain commerce and navigation in all in other respects, as to our right and duty to pro- their lawful enterprises, to foster our fisheries, as tect our home industry from the deadly grasp of nurseries of navigation and for the nurture of their great monopolists. man, AND TO PROTECT THE MANUFACTURES ADAPTThe gross amount of revenue from ET TO OUR CIRCUMSTANCES-these are the landcustoms yearly, from 1856 to 1859, in marks by which we are to guide ourselves." Great Britain was.-. —------------ $120,486,165 The sagacious Dr. Franklin, writing from Lonand in the United States —-------- 57, 082,014 don to Humphrey Marshall, in 1771, said: "EvDuring the same time the average rate of duty, on dutiable imports in ery manufacturer encouraged in our country Great Britain was..................32.41per ct. makes part of a market for provisions within and in the United States -.......- 22.54 " " ourselves, and saves so much money to the counWith a revenue from customs more than double try as must otherwise be exported to pay for ours, and duties on such articles as she chooses manufactures and supplies. Here in England, it to protect, ten per cent. higher, it is quite mani- is well known and understood, that whenever a fest the golden age of real free trade will not manufacture is established, employing a number dawn on England this generation. of hands, it raises the value of lands all about; Of course it is not fair to charge all fluctuations partly by the greater demand near at hand, and in trade to varying tariffs; yet the fact is signifi- partly from the plenty of money drawn there by cant, that every great panic and commercial the business. revulsion we have had in this country was when "IT SEEMS, THEREFORE, THE INTEREST OF ALL tariffs were reduced, under the influence of the OUR FARMERS, AND OWNERS OF LAND, TO ENCOURfree trade cry, while our periods of prosperity in AGE OUR MANUFACTURES, IN PREFERENCE TO all our industrial interests have been under a FOREtaN ONES." Wise words, and true now as more protective system. then. It may be asked,' why are so many of our im- In a letter to J. C. Caball in 1818, James porting merchants, especially in New York, in Madison said, "The theory of let us alone,' supfavor of free trade? " poses that all nations concur in a perfect freedom The cost of foreign goods being less accurately of commercial intercourse. * * * No nation known than that of domestics, gives more chance can safely do so until at least a reciprocity be for profits. insured to it. A nation leaving its foreign trade Nearly sixty-five per cent. of all imports, and to regulate itself in all cases, MIGHT SOON FIND IT more than eighty per cent. of our imported dry REGULATED BY OTHER NATIONS INTO A SUBSERgoods, are brought into Now York. VIENCY TO FOREIGN INTERESTS." The dry goods importing is largely in the Andrew Jackson, in his Presidential Message hands of foreigners or of those connected with of 1830, said, in favor of the constitutional right foreigners. Swayed by interest as men are, the to so adjust tariffs as to encourage domestic inpartiality of many, not all, importers for low duties dustry is no marvel. "In this conclusion I am confirmed, as well by Our forefathers felt that they must have com- the opinion of Washington, Jefferson, Madison mercial independence, always denied them by and Monroe, who have repeatedly recommended England, or their political independence would the exercise of the right under the Constitution, be but an empty name. The necessity of a'PRO- as by the uniform practice of Congress, the conTECTIVE SYSTEM FOR THE STATES, was a main tinual acquiescence of the States, and the general subject of deliberation at the first Convention, in understanding of the people." 1786, of delegates at Annapolis, met to consider In a private letter, in 1824, he said, "Take the formation of a Constitution, and also at the from our agriculture 600,000 men, women and Convention of 1787, in which the Constitution was children, to be employed in manufactures, and framed. you will, at once, give a home market for more Washington, as President, met the first Con- breadstuffs than all Europe now gives us. WE gress, clad in a suit of domestic manufacture, and HAVE BEEN TOO LONG SUBJECT TO THE POLICY OF the second Act passed by that Congress, had the BRITISH MERCHANTS. It is time we should befollowing preamble: come a little more AMERICANIEID." " WHEREAS, it is necessary for the support of Men of America, choose between the words of Government, for the.,ischarge of the debts of the these great Americans, and the British cry of free United States, AND FOR THE ENCOURAGMENT AND trade. PROTECTION OF MANUFACTURES, that duties be Farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, there is laid on goods, wares and merchandise IMPORTED. no conflict of interest between you. " Each for Be it enacted," etc., etc. This bill being passed, all, all for each," is the divine law, in political was signed by Washington, July 4,1789, marking economy, as well as in ethics or religion. thus, the great truth no doubt deeply felt by him, The permanent success of one branch of indusand by that august body, that the birth of politi- try is only secured by the prosperity of all. cal freedom should be followed by that of indus- No country in the world, is so well adapted to trial independence, that a great nation might that association and diversity of labor, which 7 grow with, and help increase civilization and equivalent. A distinguished agriculturalist said, freedom, as ours P.ich in abundant and varied iA 1856: "It would be improper to estimate the products, rivers and lakes, natural highways far annual waste to the country at less than an inland, water power in every State, steam and amount equal to the mineral constituents of the skill to use it, everywhere,-all combine to 1,50000,000 bushels of corn." Put the factory bring producer and consumer side by side. beside the farm, and this drain is stopped. All this would come naturally with a true policy WE CANNOT HAVE THE BEST FARMING, UNTIL of government, to put obstacles aside. That pol- WE HAVE THE BEST MANUFACTURING, IN VARIED icy can help or hinder greatly bringing thereby FORMS AND MATERIALS, EACH AN INDISprosperity or ruin. PENSABLE HELP TO THE GROWTH AND PERFECTA farmer, in Michigan or Wisconsin, for in- NESS OF THE OTHER. stance, raises wool. A waterfall is heard from Give us both, and the blending of these varied his door, or the puff of a steam engine, cutting experiences and vocations, the meeting and lumber from the adjacent forest; but his wool is mingling of these many lif-currents, tinged aken to the seaboard, and the cloth he wears, and and shaped by such wide mastery of man over the tools he uses, brought from some workshop Nature's forces and materials, is full of benefit. in a foreign land, thousands of miles away. His clition, cuure, wealth of soul as well wheat, corn and cattle, go to New England or to as of purse. To the farmer it is increase of the Europe to be sold, ALWAYS AT A PRICE GOVERNED of his acres, economy of echange, work BY IGN MARKET, and he gets that price, of hand or brain, for whatever gift of power or BY A FOREIGN MARKET, and he gets that price o ES THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION AND COM- character his children may possess, instant and MISSION, AND THE RISK OF SHIPWRECK. Spend constant call for a variety of labor, and all the half these costs in putting the water-wheel in ile, the tri of inventive genius pulsing place, whereby the stream might be his servant; thugh th serene quiet of his life in the fields or in makingthe waste power of the steam engine saving it from all narrowness or stagnation, that turn lathes and wield trip-hammers, and his wool he may the more enjoy Nture's beuty, and the is woven and his tools made. Naturally, the better make her fores serve him. Northwest, with its great extent of rich soil, will ur country has a gret national debt. Tariffs have. a surplus to send away, while New England and taxes we mst have. IT IS IMPORTNT SO TO with its water-power, capital, skill, and dense SHAPE THE POLICY OF GOVERNMENT, AS.TOPRO population, will manufacture largely. There is TECT OME INDUSTRY, WHILE RAISING THE REVample room for both, and no jealousy between ENUE. them. The Northwest, with raw materials here, There has been a grave. mistake in the action with food cheap and abundant, can really manu- Congress in this matter. Important domestic fLcture with less expense. than the. East. manufactures are less protected than formerly. On Lake Superior, in Illinois, Wisconsin and Take for instance, railroad bar iron, and pig iron, Missouri, in Ohio and Kentucky, we have vast woolens, etc., all can be shown to suffer more or mineral wealth-copper, lead and iron. We want less in the same way. The tariff on foreign railsuch conditions as shall help the lasting success of road bars is $14 00 per ton, and there is no other our mining and the manufactures that grow there- special addition to the cost of its manufacture. from. The revenue tax upon the domestic article is Why should not the West make its own iron $T per ton; BUT THIS IS BUT A SMALL PART OF and steel, and send abroad fine qualities for special E ADDE CT TO THE MKER. uses? But now English iron comes to Chica- Pig iron is taxed $2 40 per ton, and coal, go and Cincinnati, sent by those "great capital- machinery, freight, salaries, etc., etc., all pay ists," who, as they themselves admit, suffer losses taxes, WHICH GO TO INCREASE THE COST OF THE. for a while, "to break down competition," and FINISHED ARTICLE. Thus a ton of American "' step in for the whole trade, when prices re- railroad bars really pays a tax of at least $10 00. vive,"-making us, in the end of course, pay both The tariff is paid in gold, the tax in currency; their losses and profits. What folly in us! this AT PRESENT RATES, makes the tariff equal in The Northwest should manufacture, too, the currency to $19 60 per ton. But, before any revwool it now exports so largely. enue tax was imposed, the tariff on foreign bars No COUNTRY, EXCLUSIVELY AGRICULTURAL, was fixed at $12 00 per ton, so that with the EVER GREW PERMANENTLY RICH. To take from GOLD PREMIUM, the real PROTECTION IS BUT $9 h0. the earth and not wear it out, the farmer must Reduce gold to par and it ould be but $4 00, or give back. Lot this be done, and crops increase EIGHT DOLLARS PER TON iS THAN IN 1861. with the growth of population; neglect this, and So long as a great war-demand for manufacWHEN decay shall come to the best land is but tures existed, this was not felt, but, as that ceases a question of time, COME IT WILL, INEVITABLY. it is beginning to tell with great severity. UnIn New England, with a poor soil, crops increase; less this mistake be soon corrected, manufactures in the West, with a rich soil, they decrease in the are crippled, inventive skill discouraged, the average. In New England, factory and farm are Northwest made tributary to England, and all near each other, making a home market for the fluctuations of foreign trade severely felt. faimer's produce, and enabling him to get manure There is a danger, too, rapid in its approach, to enrich his soil. swift and terrible. Continue our present large In the West, our produce being carried off, the importations, and we increase our great foreign soil loses thousands of tons of its most precious debt, our specie and bonds flow to Europe, (some constituents for crops every year, and receives no $400,000,000 of National Bonds, and $500,000,000 8 of State and railroad securities are there now, in come worked up into cloth, tools, etc. Protection all $900,000,000,) and, in two years or is no selfish measure, for the benefit of the rich less, we shall have to pay $80,000,000 in specie, mill-owner, but simply the preservation and inyearly, for our foreign interest money, and for crease of certain branches of industry for the bengoods we. can far better make at home. This will efit of all. be paralysis of business, failure of capitalists, Let us remember that our fathers, in "the times want to the poor, such as we have never had in that tried men's souls," FAVORED PROTECTION TO the " panics " of the past. HOME INDUSTRY as the means of REAL independJust at this critical juncture, as we are warned ence; that Washington and Jefferson saw that by our Consul at Liverpool, the trading classes the people's industry and skill must be self-susand aristocracy of England are plotting to re- tained above the reach of foreign craft or power. duce even our present inadequate tariff. Remember that one great grievance of our Should they succeed in doing so, or even in days of colonial dependence on England, was her holding it where it is, and preventing protection, persistent resolve to crush our manufactures, and just and indispensable in our present emergency, thus keep us dependent and poor, and that, in they would rejoice at our calamity, knowing that, the present hour of trial, the same spirit of selfish by crafty management, they had dealt a blow at monopoly would break down our industry, make us, and at the sacred cause of free government, us again dependent and poor, and craftily lead us more terrible than the clash of iron-clad ships, to pour our gold into British coffers, already filled or the smiting of heaviest cannon shot. could in- with the ill-gotten gains of "neutral " piracy, and flict. rebel blockade running. All this is needless. "Forewarned, forearmed," We must avoid foreign debt, decrease importais a good motto. The manufacturers do not com- tions, protect home industry by a tariff which plain of their taxes, but can pay even more, read- shall thoroughly guard its interests; and we ily, only let home-skill and labor have a fair shall have nopanic or bankruptcy, but health in chance for our great home market. business, work and fair wages.for all, REAL Let it be borne in mind -ow large a part of NATIONAL INDEPEND E, AD R our national income is from this internal revenue, ONL INDEPENDENCE, ND RE E WITHand that this income must be had to preserve OUT RUIN. our national honor.. B. STEBBINS. In 1864, while the income from internal reve- Detroit, Mich., July 1st, 1865. nue was $3000,0,0, that from tariff on foreign goods was but 0 AO. Large as our importations were, the next NOTE.-In so brief a pamphlet only a general year will show a GREAT DECREASE in manufactures acknowledgment can be made. From a late at home, and in the tax they pay, of course. Thus and able work of E. B. Bigelow, of Boston, on it is plain that adequate protection to home indus- "The Tariff Question, considered in regard to try is the ready means of paying our national ex- the policy of England, and the interests of the penses, as well as helpink that common and last- United States," from the well-known and able ing prosperity we so much need. writings of Henry Carey, and from various other The cattle and corn of Europe, in their raw sources, facts and arguments of great value have shape, cannot come to Wisconsin, but they do been gathered for this work. I commend this valuable pamphlet to the careful and thoughtful reading of the people. E. B. WARD. Detroit, July 1st, 1865. VALUABLE BOOKS.-" Manual of Social Science," condensed from H. C. Carey's Works, by Kate McKean, 1 vol., $2.50; H. C. Baird, Philadelphia, publisher. "The Tariff Question, considered in regard to the policy of England, and the interests of the United States," late and excellent, by E. B. Bigelow. Price $5. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, publishers.