L7s, -PI C}ESAR'S COMMENTARIES ON THE GALLIC WAR; AND THE FIRST BOOK OF THE GREEK PARAPHRASE; WITH ENGLISH NOTES, CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY, PLANS OF BATTLES, SIEGES, ETC., AND HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND ARCHELOLOGICAL INDEXES. BY CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D., JAY PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK, AND RECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 329 &. 331 P EARL STREET, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1856. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by C H A RL T. S A N'rT 0 N, In the Clerk's Office of the Southern Districi of New York TO THE REV. HENRY ANT HON, D.D., RECTOR OF ST. MARK'S CHURCH, IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, THIS WORK IS IfT i n-C r f) et, AS A BROTHER'S TRIBUTE TO SINCERE PIETY, DISTINGUISHED ABILITIES, AND SOUND AND UNOSTENTATIOUS LEARNING. P RE FA C E. THE present edition of Cesar is on the sane plan with the Sallust and Cicero, and, it is hoped, will provs equally acceptable. As Casar's Commentaries are generally placed in the hands of students at an early period of their career, the explanatory notes have beer. specially prepared for the use of beginners, and no. thing has been in fact omitted, that may tend to facilitate the perusal of the work. The Greek paraphrase is but little known in this country, and the first book, therefore, has been given partly as a literary novelty and partly as an easy introduction to Greek studies. Considerable use has been made of it, as will be seen by the notes appended to this volume, in elucidating passages of the Latin work that are in any respect obscure, or the meaning of which has been disputed among previous commentators. It has also been found of importance on several occasions in settling the text. From whose pen the paraphrase proceeds is a matter of great uncertainty: it has been assigned by some to Maxinus Planudes, by others to Theodore Gaza, while ^r PREFACE. by a third class the author has been regarded as altogether unknown. Planudes, it is conceived, will be found, on a careful investigation of the matter, to have the best claim. The style of the paraphrase deviates, it is true, in more than one instance; from classical usage, yet still the discrepance is not so marked as to occasion any difficulty to the learner, and may very easily be rectified by any competent instructer. The wood-cuts, giving plans of battles, sieges, &c., cannot but prove useful. They are executed with great ability by that talented artist, Mr. A. J. Mason C. A. Columbia College, Jan. 18, 1838 LIFE OF JULIUS CIESAR, LIFE AND WRITINGS OF CIESAR. DR. BARTON.-HENRY ARLINGTON. Dr. B. WHAT odd-looking volume is that over which you are poring so attentively, Henry Arlington? Something very rare and curious, I suppose, to draw you off from our Oriel College election. H. A very singular book, indeed, Dr. Barton, which I discovered yesterday, by mere accident, among the treasures of the Bodleian. It is Berger's treatise " De naturali pulchritudine Orationis," in which the Commentaries of Julius Caesar are lauded to the skies, as a model of all that is excellent in writing. Dr. B. I know the work well, and admire your patience in cultivating an acquaintance with it. Were I troubled with sleepless nights, I wo.d certainly take to reading Berger, after retiring to my couch, in the full expectation of speedy and lasting relief. H. I think you are too hard upon him, doctor. Amin a mass of heavy reading, I have found several things to arrest my attention and reward me for the labour expended upon his vork. You surely do not regar Caesar's Latinity as of inferior merit. Dr. B. Quite the reverse, Henry. No writer equals Caesar in elegant simplicity, and in that transparent clearness of style which forms the great charm of historical narrative. Lord Bacon, whom Berger not unaptly calls "Britannorum Socrates," has well expressed his wonder, that a mind rendered so " turbid" by ambition as Caesar's was, should express itself in writing with so much calmness and serenity My only objection is, that Berger pushes his theory much farther than either you or I will concede, when he undertakes to find, in the Commentaries ol Caesar, all the excellences of composition that are noted and praised, in a later age, in the treatise of Longinus. H. 1: am entirely of your opinion, my dear doctor; and, having now satisfied min'iriosity respecting Berger's work. will show vou another, X IIFEK AND WRITINGS OF (A,.qSAl. of a different character, which I obtained this morning firm Parkcr's It is the second part of the " Fasti Hellenici," by Clinton of Christ. Church. Are his dates in the case of Roman authors worthy of reli alce 1 Dr. B. Most undoubtedly. No scholar of the present day has conferred a more signal service on the literary chronology of Greece alii Rome than this very able writer, or has contributed more essentially tc raise the classical reputation of his country on the continent of Europe But come, Henry, as Caesar has been thus far the theme of our convcr sation, how would you like that we take up his life and literary charac ter, passing briefly over the former, and dwelling more at large upon th( latter 1 H. There is no one thing that would delight me more, Dr. Barton and I trust you will forgive me, if I occasionally interrupt you by question or two, when any point seems to me to require any additiona illustration on your part. Dr. B. I shall consider all such interruptions, my dear Henry, as the surest proof that my remarks are not uninteresting, and shall be more pleased the oftener they occur. Let us proceed, then, to our task. Of all those whom history has honoured with the title of great, no one, perhaps, deserved it more than the subject of our present remarks. A descendant of the celebrated Julian house, which traced its fabulous origin to zEneas, he was born in the year of Rome 654, and exactly a century before the advent of our Saviour. In his early boyhood he was an eyewitness of the civil wars between Sylla and Marius, the latter his maternal uncle; and when he attained to the beginning of manhood, or the age of seventeen, Sylla, who was then supreme, could not forgive him for being the nephew of Marius and the son-in-law of Cinna. He even issued against him a decree of proscription, which he was only induced to revoke by the solicitations of the vestal virgins and the influence of the Julian family.1 II. Was it not on that occasion, doctor, that Sylla said he saw many Mariuses in Cesar?2 Dr. B. It was; and the remark does credit to his sagacity and know; edge of character, while it shows plainly, that, even at this early perion of life, the young Roman had given some peculiar indications of laten talents and ambition. Having escaped from the proscription ot Sylla he retired from the capital, and sought a retreat in Asia, where lie coml 1. Sueton. Vit. Jul. c. I Plutarch's account differs frmrn this, but is less aeu rate 2 C" Asari mullos Mdarios it,'sse." S umeton. ib LIFE AND WltrrTINGS O01 CAESAIt. Xi aienced his military career in thb suite of Thermus,' the Roman governor, from whom he received the civic crown on the capture of Mitylene.2 The death of Sylla, however, recalled him to Rome, and we find him soon engaged in conducting a prosecution against Cornelius Dolabella, charged by him with extortion in his province, but successfully defended by Hortensius and Cotta.3 H. Was not this a bold step, doctor, for a young man to take against a person who stood so high as Dolabella l for, if I remember correctly, the latter Iqd both held the consulship, and erjoyed the honours of a triumph.4 Dr. B. Not at all bold, Henry, but one, on the contrary, of common occurrence. The young patricians were fond of accusing distinguished individuals, not so much from a patriotic motive, as in order to acquirs for themselves the reputation of eloquence. After the acquittal of Dol abella, Caesar made a voyage to Rhodes, and became a pupil of Apollo nius Molo, a distinguished teacher of the art of oratory. H. Ah! Was not this same Molo the preceptor of Cicero? Dr. B. He was. Cf.-ro heard him at Rome, B. C. 87, and afterwar/ at Rhodes, B. C. 78, so that you perceive these two eminent men were almost fellow-pupils of the same instructer.5 Passing over the stor) about the pirates,6 which you can find in the pages of your Plutarch, and the services which he rendered to the Roman allies in Asia against the encroachments of Mithridates, though possessing himself no actual military command, we come to the period of his second return to Rome, when he found Pompey at the head of the senate and republic. Since Casar's known attachment hitherto to the party of Marius operated at an obstacle to his ambition, he now went over to the dominant factioi, of the day, and united with Cicero in advocating the passage of the Man. ilian law, the object of which was to clothe Pompey with extraordinarO powers for ending the Mithridatlc war. H. I cannot see the policy of this step on Caesar's part. He wa. only strengthening the hands of one, who, he must have known, would one day prove his most formidable rival. 1. " Stipendia prima in Asia fecit, M.L Thermi prstoris contubernio." Suetoa, Tit. Jul. c. 2. Compare Autrel. Vict. c. 82. 2. Sueton. ib.-Liv. Epit. lib. 89. 3. Cic. Brut. 92. —Val. Max. 8, 9, 3.-Pint. Cces. c. 4. 4. " Consularem et triumphalem virum." Sueton. 1. c. a Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, part 2 p. 147. 6. Plutarch places the story of the pirates earlier in point of time, makling Csuesa to have been taken by them during his first visit to Asia. But consult Suetonius 7it.. lo. c. 4. and Crusius ad loc. xI1 LIFE AND WRITINGS' OF CAESAR. Dr. B. Pardon me, Henry; it was a stroke of consummate policy The Manilian law, and the high prerogatives conferred by it upon a sin gle individual, introduced divisions and dissensions among the leading men at Rome, and could not but tend to favour secretly the pretensions of those, who, like Caesar, wished one day to raise themselves above the laws of their country. The same -principle of action governed his conduct, when, not long after this, he exerted his endeavours, along with other equally ambitious men, to have the tribunes of the commons, whose power Sylla had wisely curtailed, restored to all their former privileges, for he well knew that he would find, in'most of them, so many ready tools for the accomplishment of his designs upon tne liberty of his country. H. But how did the people, with whom Marius had ever been a tavourite, relish Caesar's abandonment of the principles of that leader Dr. B. You err, Henry, in common with many others, as to this part of Caesar's history. At his first entrance into the political arena, when the influence of Pompey was paramount, any professed adherence to the principles that governed the party of Marius would have been fatal to Caesar's advancement in the state. When, however, he felt himself more securely established in public favour, the mask was dropped. The memory of Marius, notwithstanding all his enormities, was still cherished by the Roman populace, for he had, in one sense, been their champion against the party of the senate, and Caesar now neglected no opportunity of flattering the multitude, by showing respect to the name of their former leader. When quaestor, he had the boldness, on delivering a funeral eulogium upon his aunt Julia, to produce before the view of the people the images of Marius, which had not been seen since the dictatorship of Sylla.2 And, when elevated to the office of aedile, he caused the slatues and trophies of the conqueror of the Cimbri to be restored to their former places.3 From this period he was suspected of aspiring to absolute power, and was even accused of it in the senate; but his largesses among the populace, and the splendour of his public shows, found him too many friends and devoted partisans for the senate to venture on his condemnation. I 1 Auctores restituendau tribunicia potestatis, cujus vim Sulla deminuerat, ent ixissimejuvit." (Sueton. Vit. Jul. c. 5.) The final restoration was made by Pompe and Crassus, when consuls, A.U. C. 684. Compare Vell. Pat. 2, 30. —Liv. Epit ib 97.-Cic. Verr. i, 15. 2. Plut. Vit. Cces. c. 5. 3. Sueton. Vit. Jul. c. 11. Plularch's account is somewhat different: EdK6Kae rinoolaro Maplov Kpv~,a, Kal vlcKa rponraLtodooau, as bpipwv vvKTrS etl rs Kanttrt4ot. Avitoree,. Compare Veil. Ptt S. 41. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF CIESAR. xiil hi. This reminds me, doctor, of the timidity of the senat, when his defence of the accomplices of Catiline, and his conduct generally, in relation to that affair, caused him to be more than suspected of a participation in the conspiracy. Dr. B. Yes, the senate were afraid of the people without, who, with loud cries, were demanding their favourite. His life, however, was actually in danger from the Roman knights that stood around the senatehouse as a guard, and he was mainly saved by the interference of Cicero. H. You made some allusion, a moment ago, to his lavish expend: tures. Where did he obtain the means for supporting these? Dr. B. By borrowing. He is said, before he enjoyed any publit office, to have owed 1300 talents, over ~300,000.2 And when, after his praetorship, which was not long subsequent to the period just mentioned by me, he set-out for a government in Spain, he himself confessed that he was, what would be in our own currency more than ~2,000,000, worse than nothing! H. These debts, of course, were never paid. Dr. B. His extortions in Spain enriched him to such a degree, that he not only liquidated this almost incredible sum, but even had wealth sufficient remaining to shield himself from a public prosecution, and to purchase the services of a large number of partisans. So much for the tender mercies of Roman magistrates in the management of their prov inces! H. And for the purity of justice at home. But do tell me, doctor, where were Pompey and Crassus at this time 1 Dr. B. Cwesar had reconciled them,3 and thus obtained their united aid for the attainment of the consulship. He attached the former also still more strongly to himself, by giving him his daughter Julia in marriage. We have now reached an important era in the history of the ambitious Roman whose career we are delineating, and this was the government of Gaul, which he obtained not long after the union of his daughter with Pompey. The Vatinian law gave him this province for 1. Suetonius states, that his life was threatened by the equites, even while he was in the senate-house: that the senators sitting near him moved away in alarm, and that only a few remained by him to afford protection: " Vix pauci complexu togaque objecta protexerint." (Suetoit. Vit. Jul.. 14.) Plutarch's account is followed, however, in the text. Consult Crusius, ad Sueton.-l. c. 2. Plut. Vit. Ctas. c. 5.-Appian. B C. 2, 8. Crassus had to become surety for him before he could leave Rome for his government. Plut. Vit. Crass. c. 7. —Id. Vit COas. c. 11. The computation in the text makes the Attic talent of silver 2411. 13s. 4d Compare Knight, Prolegom. ad Horn. ( 56, and Boeckh's Public Econtomy of Athen vol. i., p. 25. a Sueton Vth Jul. c 19.-Plut. Wi. Ca. C. 1c.. —Id Vit. Crass. 14 2 xiv LIFE AND WRITINGS OF C.SAR. five years, and, at the expiration of this period, his command was continued for five years longer. The Gallic war, them il'all its branches, continued for the space of nearly ten years,; and, during that time, Cesar is said to have reduced by force or by the terror of his arms eight hundred cities, to have subjugated three hundred communities or nations, to have defeated in battle at different periods three millions of men, and to have slain one third of this number, and led another third into captivity.2 H. An exaggerated account, most probably. Dr. B. Of course, as such statements always are. Yet still, from the ~nown valour of the Gallic race, and the cold-blooded cruelty with which, according to Caesar's own account, many of his victories were followed up, the carnage of the whole war must have been appalling in the extreme. In the midst of his conquests, as may well be imagined, the Roman commander neglected no opportunity of amassing the most extensive riches, and, with this view, plundered both the temples of Lhe Gallic deities, and the land of allies as well as enemies. Everything, in fact, that might serve to augment his power, appeared to him just and honourable; and Cicero relates, that he had often on his lips the wellknown passage of Euripides, that; if justice is to be violated, it ought'o be for sovereign power. Do you know the lines to which I allude, Henry l H. It occurs in the "Phcenisse," in the speech of Eteocles to his mother: E trep yap aMlctiv Xp#, rvpavvimos irept KdXaXarov JdStKv' —-3 But was no notice taken by the Roman senate of the course of conduct in which he thus openly indulged. Dr. B. His enemies at Rome were by no means inactive, and an effort was made to have commissioners sent by the senate, for the purpose of investigating the charges preferred against him; but the splendour of his numerous victories, the favour of the people, and the large sums which he privately distributed, caused every attempt of the kind to prove ineffectual. H. I have seen it remarked somewhere, Doctor Barton, that the solI. The civil war broke out, according to Suetonius, before the expiration of the second period of five years. So Plutarch, c. 15, rt, yeap ovUS diEa,roXEtcraa repC rFaqrTav, K. T.-. 2. Plut. 1. c.-Id. Vit. Pomp. c. 67.-Appian. B. Celt. fr. p. 73.-Plin. H. N. 7. 25 Compare, however, the remarks of Bayle, Diet. Hist. s. v. Cisar I Eurip. Phoeniss. v. 534, sea. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF C/ESAI. XV diers of the republic became eventually, by reason of his strong personal influence, the soldiers of Cesar. Dr. B. The remark is perfectly correct. His soldiers became strongly attached to him, in consequence of the care that he ever evinced for their comfort and emolument. He seemed, indeed, to be merely'the depositary of the riches which he accumulated from day to day, ane to set a value on these only as they furnished him with prizes for valour, and with recompenses for military merit. His character in this respec-. bears a striking resemblance to that of the celebrated Napoleon. ThougL perhaps, after all, the motive of each will be found to have been a purely selfish one; for he who labours to accomplish a certain end must, in order to succeed, have instruments fitted for his purpose, and under his absolute control. If soldiers be devoted to their leader, he is already more than half victorious. H- Talking of Napoleon, doctor, I have lately seen a French work which purports to contain his military criticisms on the campaigns of Caesar.1 Do you regard it as possessing any claims to authenticity. Dr. B. I am surprised at your question, Henry. The work to which you refer is a miserable affair, which bears the impress of falsehood on its very front. The criticisms which it contains are below contempt, and never could have emanated from the great leader of modern times. They are the puny offspring of some anonymous scribbler. Let me give you, in their stead, the remarks of another writer, that are far more worthy of your notice- I will read them to you from the volume befors me.2 "Though the Commentaries on the Gallic War comprehend bat a small extent of time, and are not the general history of a nation they embrace events of the highest importance, and detail, perhaps, the greatest military operations to be found in ancient story. We see in them all that is great and consummate in the art of war. The ablest commander of the most warlike people on earth records the history of his own campaigns. Placed at the head of the finest army ever formed in the world, and one devoted to his fortunes, but opposed by prowess only second to their own, he and the soldiers he commanded may be praised almost in the words in which Nestor praised the heroes who had gone before him;3 for the Gauls and Germans were among the bravest nd most warlike nations then on earth. In his clear and scientific de"ails of military operations, Csesar is reckoned superior to every one, except, perhaps, Polybius. In general, too, when he speaks of himself, I. Precis des Guerres de Jules Cesar, par l'Empereur Napoleon, Paris, 1836. 2 Dunlop's Roman Literature, vol. ii., p. 171, seq... Dunlop. Rom. Lit. vol. ii p. 177. rVi LIFE AND WRITINGS OF CAESAR. it is without affectation or arrogance. He talks of Caesar -as of an ndifferent person, and always maintains the character which he has thus assumed; indeed, it can hardly be conceived that he had so small a share in the great actions he describes, as would appear from his own representations. With the exception of the false colours with which he disguises his ambitious projects against the liberties of his country, everything seems to be told with fidelity and candour." H. Do you think that he is as accurate in his account of German as of Gallic manners 1 Dr. B. I do not. He had remained so long in Gaul, and had so thoroughly studied the habits and customs of its people, for his own politica. purposes, that whatever is delivered concerning that country may be confidently relied on. But his intercourse with the German tribes was only occasional, and chiefly of a military description. Some of his observations on their manners, as their hospitality, the continence of their youth, and the successive occupation of different lands by the same families, are confirmed by Tacitus; but in other particulars, especially in what relates to their religion, he is contradicted by that great historian. The researches of modern writers have also thrown some doubts on the accuracy of Caesar's German topography.' H. With regard to the eighth book of the Commentaries on the Gallic war, is there not some doubt which of the two be the author, Hirtius or Oppius I Dr. B. There is; but I believe that a careful examination of the point will lead to a conviction that the book in question came from the pen of Hirtius. H. Is this the same Hirtius that fell at Mutiia? Dr. B. The same. Either from affection or gratitude, he was always attached to the party of Caesar; but, after the death of the dictator, he declared against Antony. Being created consul along with Pansa, he set out with his colleague to attack Antony, who was besieging Brutus in the city of Mutina, the modern Modena; and, as you well know, they gained a victory over their opponent, but Hirtius was killed in the Oattle, and Pansa died a few days after of his wound. H. You made some remarks, doctor, in the commencement of this conversation, respecting Caesar's style; allow me to ask what you would regard as its most distinguishing characteristic? Dr. B. Its perfect equality of expression. There was in the mind of (aesar a serene and even dignity. In temper nothing appeared to agiate or move him; in conduct, nothing diverted him from the attainment 1. Dunlop. Rom. Lit. vol. ii, p.'77, LIFE AND WRITINGS OF CAESAR. XVi] of hls end. In like manner, in his style, there is nothing swelled or depressed, and not one word which is not chosen with a view to its ultimate effect, without any view towards embellishment. The opinion of Cicero, who compared the style of Caesar to the unadorned simplicity of an ancient Greek statue, may be considered as the highest praise, since he certainly entertained no favourable feelings towards the author; nd the style was very different from that which he himself employed in his harangues or philosophical works, or even in his correspondence The same writer thinks, that this exquisite purity was not insensibly obtained, from domestic habit and familiar conversation, but fi )m a sidu-:us study and thorough knowledge of the Latin tongue.' H. Still, however, notwithstanding its purity and elegance, do you not think that the style of Caesar is somewhat deficient in both vivacity and vigour. Dr. B. I do, Henry. And you will also occasionally find a term introduced that militates even against the acknowledged purity of his language. But still, if we consider, that these memoirs were hastily drawn up during the tumult and anxiety of campaigns, and were noted down, from day to day, without care or premeditation, we shall be very easily Itnclined to pardon a deficiency of vigour on the one hand, and an occasional deviation from purity on the other. H. The remark which you have just made, doctor, reminds me of a question that occurred to me the other day relative to Caesar's Ephemeris, or Diary. Do you think that this work and the Commentaries are the same or different productions. Dr. B. I am inclined to think with Bayle,2 that they are distinct works, and that the Ephemeris, or Ephemerides, may have been a journal ol CGsar's life. There are, it is true, several objections to this opinion, vmnch are urged with great ability by Fabricius, Vossius, and others But still the opposite side of the question appears by far the more rea sonable one. Servius quotes the Ephemerides, as does also Plutarch, and Frontinus and Polynnus seem to refer to themn, since they relate many of Cesar's stratagems not mentioned in the Commentaries, anld must, in all probability, have read them in the other work. The circull stance quoted by Servius3 from the Ephemerides is a very remarkabione. He states, that Casar, on one occasion, was made prisoner h the Gauls, and, being hurried along, was met by a Gallic chieftain, wnc) claimed in an insulting tone, when he beheld him in this state," (.'.,ar' line of intrenchments. F. F. F. Forces of the Helvetii. G0. New Roman Legion from Gallia Narbonensis. H. The Roman Legion which Cesar had with him originally. 1. The Rhone. K. The river Arno, emptying into the Rhone. L. L. L. Roman Cavalry. M. Cavalry of the Helvetii. To face p. 7 RV~~~~~~"`1~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n a~~~~~~~~~~~ —~~~~~~-,~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~e~~~~~~l ~j-3:~- ~ —~ ~~~-~`'-~: MO ~ ~; "alle (I:'; 11,10 G"-i-"~~ 7'~-a.c*~~~a-d'~liL~~~ A.MontJua.B.Pssbewen ur ndth Ron..Geev.. ak o u"'. a-szr-slie f ntechens.F.F.F Foce o te eleii G Nw omnLeio foi GllaNaboenis H heElma Lgin hchCasa hd ih imorgialy I.TeRhn.K.Te rvrAro mpyn it heRoe.L.L.Rmn aarv.Caar o h Hleii ofaep LIBER I. CAP. XI. T AEduum mittunt,'ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix 2gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum po. terat, et HIelvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgeto. rigis filiam 3in matrimonium duxerat; et, cupiditate regni adductus, 4novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas civitates suo sibi beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque 6reln suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos ire Hel. vetios patiantur; obsidesque uti inter sese dent, perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant; Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et injuria transeant. 10. 7Caesari renunciatur Helvetiis esse in animo, per agrum Sequanorum et AEduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a'rolosatium finibus absunt, Sque civitas est in Provincia. 9Id si fieret, intelligebat magno cum Provinciae periculo futurum, ut homines bellicosos, Populi Romani inimicos, ~locis patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas "ei munitioni, quam fecerat, Titum Labienum legatum praefecit: ipse 2in Italiain magnis itineribus contendit, duasque ibi legiones conscribit, et tres, qua circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit; et,'3qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Cen trones, et Graioceli, et Caturiges, locis superioribus occupa tis, itinere exercitum prohibere conantur.'4Compluributr his prceliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est'citerioris Provincia, extremum, in fines Vocontiorumulterioris Provinciae die sep timo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines: ab Allobrogibu6 in Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra Provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. 11. Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias- transduxerant, et in JEduorum fines pervenerant, eorumque agros populabantur. IEdui, cum se suaque ab ils defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt 6rogatum auxilium: " ita se omni tempore de Populo Romano meritos esse, u* paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri d6 ~ DE BELLO GALLICO. vastari, liberi eorum in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnar; non debuerint." Eodem tempore BEdui Ambarri,'neces sarii et consanguinei Eduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere: item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos poss'essionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem rdcipiunt, et 2demonstrant, sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar, non expectandum sibi statlit, dum, 3omnibus fortunis sociorum consumtis, in 4Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. 12. 5Flumen est Arar, quod per fines XEduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, 6incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat, judicari non possit. 7Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus junctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est, stres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse; 9de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris prfectus, ad eam partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos'~impeditos et inopinantes aggressus, magnam eorum partem concidit: reliqui fugae sese mandarunt atque in proximas sylvas abdiderunt. "Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus: nam omnis civitas Helvetia 2in quatuor pagos divisa est.'3Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria, Lucium Cassium Consuiem interfecerat, et ejus exercitum sub jugumn miserat. Ita, sive casu, sive 4consilio Deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem Populo Romano intulerat, ea'5princeps penas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas injurias ultus est,'6quod ejus soceri Lucii Pisonis avum, Lucium Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem prelio, quo Cassium, interfecerant. 13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas coplas Helvetiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat atque ita exercilum transducit. Helvetii, repentino ejus adventu LIBER I. CAP. XIV.9 comnmoti,'cum id, quod ipsi diebus viginti aegerrime con fecerant, ut flunen transirent. uno illum die fecisse intelligerent, legatos ad eum mittunt: 2cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Heivetioruin fuerat. Is ita 3cum Caesare agit: " Si pacem Populus Romanus cuwl! Helvetiis faceret, in earn partem ituros 4atque ibi futurl)s Helvetios, ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset: sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et 5veteris mcommodi Populi Romani et pristinme virtutis Helvetiorum. 6Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii, qui flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob ear rem aut sum magno opere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret: se ita a patribus majoribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute, 7quam dolo aut insidiis, niterentur. Quare 9ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi constitissent, ex calamitate Populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen caperet, aut memoriam proderet." 14. His Caesar ita respondit: 9" Eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorassent, memoria teneret:'Oatque eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito Populi Romani accidissent; "qui si alicujus injurie sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere; sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum a se intelligeret, quare timeret; neque sine causa timendum putaret.'2Quod si veteris contumelia oblivisci vellet; num etiam recentium injuriarum,'3quod eo invito iter per Provinciam per vim tentassent, quod tEduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse? Quod sua victoria tam insolenter gloriarentur, quodque tam diu se impune tulisse injurias admirarentur, eodem pertinere: consuesse enim Deos immortales, 4quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere.'5Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi aentur, uti ea, quae polliceantur, facturos intelligat, et si 10 DI' BELLO GALLICO. AEduis de injuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cur iis pacem esse facturum." Divico respondit: "Ita Helvetios a majoribhl suis institutos esse, uti obsides accipere, non dare, con suerint:'ejus rei Populum Romanunm esse testem." Hoc responso dato, discessit. 15. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent: idem facit Cesar; equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quatuor millium, quem ex omni Provincia et JEduis a.tque eorum sociis coactum habebat, pr2emittit, qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 3Qui, cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti, 4alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum prrelium colnmlittunt; et pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo prelio 5sublati Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinemr equiturn propulerant, audacius subsistere, nonnunquam ex novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere, cceperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac Osatis habebat in prasentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus, populationibusque, prohibere. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti inter novissimumn hostium agmen et 7nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis millibus passuum interesset. 16. sInterim quotidie Caesar.2Eduos frumentum, quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare: nam 9propter frigora, quod Gallia'sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia "suppetebat:'2eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, propterea uti minus poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat.'3Diem ex die ducere BEdui;'4conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi "'se diutius duci intellexit, et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret; convocatis eorum principibus, quornm magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco, 16qui summo magistratu praeerat (quem'7Vergobretum appellant iEdui, qui creatur annuus, et vite necisque in LIBER I. CAP. XVII:. II suos habet potestatem), graviter eos accusat, quod, culr neque emi, neque ex agris sumi posset,'tarn necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetilu praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bollum susceperit: multo etiam gravius, 2qiod sit destiti. ts, queritur. 17. Turn demum Liscus, oratione Cesaris adducus,,'quod antea tacuerat, proponit: "Esse nonnullos, quooum auctoritas apla plebem 4plurimum valeat; qui privati plus possint, quamn ipsi magistratus.'Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, le frumentum conferant, quod praestare debeant.'Si jam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum, quam Romanorum imperia perferre, satius esse, 8neque dubitare debere, quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia _Eduis libertatem sint erepturi. 9Ab iisdem nostra consilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, hostibus enunciari: hos "a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessario rein coactus Caesari enunciarit, intelligere sese, quanto id cum periculo fecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu potuerit, tacuisse" 18. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fratrem,'designari sentiebat: sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet:'quaerit ex solo ea, qua? in conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem Recreto ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse vera. "Ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum:'3complures annos portoria, reliquaque omnia IEduorum vectigalia, parvo pretio redemta hahere, propterea quod illo'41icente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse, et'5facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse: magnum numerun equitatus suo sumtu semper alere et circum se habere: neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates'lar. giter posse: atque hujus potentiae causa matrem in Bitur; B 12 DE BELLO GALLICO. gibus, homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo,'coliocasse. ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere: sororem ex matre el propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse: 2favere et cupere Helvetiis propter ear affinitatem: o3disse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eotum adventu potentia ejus diminuta, et Divitiacus frater "in antiquum locumn gratie atque honoris sit restitutus. 5Si quid accidat Romanis, summar in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire; 6imperio Populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare." 7Reperiebat etiam inquirendo Caesar, " quod prMlium equestre adversunl paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus" (nam 8equitatu, quem auxilio Caesari _.Edui miserant, Dumnorix praterat), " eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum." 19. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones 9certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios transduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo l~injussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu 2Eduorum accusaretur: satis esse causae arbitrabatur, "quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in Populum Romanum studium, summam in se 2voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat: nam, ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet, verebatur. Itaque priusquam quicquam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet et, quotidianis interpretibus remotis, per'"Caium Valerium Procillum, principem Galliat provinciae, familiarem suum, 4cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur: simul commmonefacii quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et 50stendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud so dixerit: petit atque hortatur, ut'sine ejus offensione animi vel ipso de eo, causa cognita, statuat, vel civitatem statuere jubeat. LIBER I. CAP. XXI 13 20. Diritiacus multis cum lacrymis, Casarem complexus, obsecrare cepit, "'ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret: scire se, illa esse vera, nec quenquam ex eo plus, quam se, doloris capere, 2propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia. ille minimum propter adolescentiam posset, per se crevisset; quibus opibus ac nervis, aon solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed psene ad perniciem suam uteretur: sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. Quod si quid 3ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitia apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum, non sua voluntate factum; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Gallie animi a se averterentur." Hac cum pluribus verbis flens a CGasare peteret, Caesar ejus dextram prendit; consolatus rogat, finem orandi 4faciat: tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et reipublicem injuriam et suum dolorem ejus voluntati ac precibus condonet,. Dumnorigem ad se vocat; fratrem 5adhibet; que in eo reprehendat, ostendit; quae ipse intelligat, quae civitas queratur, proponit; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet; praeterita se Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit.'Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. 21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus, hostes sub monte consedisse millia passuum ab ipsius castris octo; qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, misit. Renunciatum est, 8facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, 9legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus,'et iis ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, summum jugum montis ascendere jubet; quid sui coasilii sit, ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit, equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Publius Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur, et in exercitu Lucii Sulle, et postea "in Marci Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. 22. Prima luce, cum'2summus mons a Tito Labieno 14 DE BELLO GALLIC3. teneretur,'ipse ab hcstium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captivi. comperit, aut ipsius adventus, aut Labieni, cognituis esse Considius, 2equo admisso, ad eum accurrit: dicit, monrters quem a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus tenerl; id (.' ~a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem 4subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne prcelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae 5prope hostiurmcastra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros expectabat prcelioque abstinebat. 6Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit, et montem a suis teneri, et Helvetios castra movisse, et Considium, timore praeterritum, 7quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renunciasse. Eo die, 8quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur, et millia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 23. Postridie ejus diei, 9quod omnino biduum supererat, cum exercitu frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido _Eduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius millibus passuum octodecim aberat,'~rei frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit, iter ab Helvetiis avertit, ac Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos- Lucii'Emilii, "decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nunciatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Romanos'discedere a se existimarent, eo magis, quod pridie, superioribus locis occupatis, proelium non commovissent; sive eo, quod re fru. mentaria intercludi posse confiderent; commutato 3consilio atque itinere converso, nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere cceperunt. 24. Postquam id'4animum advertit, copias suas Casar in proximum collem subducit, equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim 5in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quatuor veteranarum, ita, uti supra se in summo jugo duas legiones, "quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat, et omnia auxilia col LIBER I. CAP. XXVI. 15 locaret; ac totum montem hominibus compleri, et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri, let eum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. Helvetii, cum om. nibus suis carris secuti, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt: ipsi, 2confertissima acie, rejecto nostro equitatu. h:alange facta, 3sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 25. Caesar, primum 4suo, deinde 6omnium ex conspectu samotis equis, ut, 2equato omnium periculo, spem fugs tol. isret, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit. Milites, e loco superiore pilis missis, facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disjecta, gladiis 6destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. 7Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento, quod, pluribus eorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum ferrum se inflexisset, neque evellere, neque, sinistra impedita, satis commode pugnare poterant; multi ut,:diu jactato brachio, praeoptarent scutum manu emittere, et nudo corpore pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi, et 8pedem referre, et, quod mons suberat circiter mille passuum, eo se recipere cceperunt. Capto iionte et succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qIi hlominum millibus circiter quindecim'agmen hostium claudebant, et novissimis praesidio erant,:ex itinere nostros latere aperto aggressi, circumvenetre et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese recepeiant rursus instare et proelium redintegrare cceperunt.'Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt: prima, ac secunda acies, ut victis ac summotis resisteret; tertia, ut venientes exciperet. 26. Ita'ancipiti prelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum nostrorum impetus sustinere non possent,'a1lteri se, ut cceperant, in montem receperunt; alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proElio, cum ab "'hora septima ad vesperum pugnaturl sit,' av:Isum hostem videre nemo potuit.'6Ad multam nocten etianl ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros objecerant, et e loco superiore in nostros veni 16 DE BELLO GALLICO. entes tela conjiciebant, et nonnulli, inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subjiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant Diu cum esset pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi 20rgetorigis filia, atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo prcelio circiter millia hominum centum et trlginta superfuerunt, eaque tota nocte continenter ierun'. 3nullam partem noctis itinere intermisso, in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, cum, et propter vulnera militum, et propter sepulturam occisorum, nostri, triduum morati, eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas literas nunciosque misit, ne eos frumento, neve alia re juvarent: 4qui si juvissent, se eodem loco, quo Helvetios. habiturum. Ipse, triduo intermisso, cum omnibus copiis eos sequi capit. 27. Helvetii, omnium rerum inopia adducti, legatos de deditione ad eum miserunt. 6Qui, cum eum in itinere convenissent, seque ad pedes projecissent, suppliciterque locuti flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo tum essent, suum adventum expectare jussisset, paruerunt. 6Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, poposcit. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermissa, circiter hominum millia sex ejus pagi, qui 7Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti, ne, armis traditis, supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod, in tanta multitudine dedititiorum, suam fugam aut 8occultari, aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent, prima nocte ex castris Helvetiorum egressi, ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt. 28. Quod ubi Caesar 9resciit,'~quorum per fines ierant. his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit: "reductos in hostium numero habuit: reliquos omnes, obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis, in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, ande erant profecti, reverti jussit; et quod, 12omnibus fructibus amissis, domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, AUobrogibus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent:'3ipsoS DISPOSITiON OF C.ESAR'S ARMY TO RECEI. E THE ATTACK OF THE HLLVEThI.:.:.:.:iii::~:'ii$~i e.. INS,-N _~,~ ~._,iii..!'i. 4l~ i.... /."'~;~~~'' ~:~; -U I --- T L' Pi i,,',;...V, A. Army ot Cmsar in order of battle. B. The four old legions drawn up in three lines. C. The. Hastatii or first tine, with their flanks protected by the Vetites. ]1. The Principes or second line. E. The Triarii or third line. F. Cavalry of Cmsar. G. Equites Extraordinarii. H Caevalry of the Allies. I. Infantry of the Allies. K. The two legions recently levied. L. Biggage of the Rtonans. lBt. Disposition of the for.ee~ saf th Hb, io,;~ N Cavalry' of the Helvetii. 0. Bolt and Tulingi. P. Baggage of the I-teveifi. 1110A I N - n~~~~~~e~ ~ ~~~ pl~~~~~~~~~~~~~?-f mz iit4 LLai jE X", Oa-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W S~-~t~ a ION MN~~~~~~~C-~~ — ~-P _g AmyofC'esr n rdrofbatl.. hefor ldl~oon daw u i tr4 0ns.CwTh. t aiioEMEM lne wtNENiriini p, ~cctd b th Veites D.The rinipe or ecod lne. E.TheTririi r tirdline F.6:aalryof~esa. G.Equt1 "'Xrorll 1i. 8~avalr ot'theallies.P. ~Infntry ofthe Alles. M. he two egrlonsrecentl levied L. Bsgage of he I~orans. M.Disposiion uft ill". ~tIa ~pl~;; n C~~LP O h~ cleii.~Iol n TllNi i' fv 4 4tr Hesrri LIBER I. CAP. XXX. oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit. Id ea mnaxime ratione fecit, quod noluit, eum locum. unde IHlvetii discesserant, vacare; ne propter bonitatem agrorum Germani, qui trais Rhenum incolunt, e suis finibus in Helveti. orum fines transirent, et finitimi Galliae provincias Allobrogibusque essent. 2Boios, petentibus iEduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit: quibus illi agros dederunt, quosque postea in parem juris libertatisque conditionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. 29. In castris Helvetiorum 3tabulao repertae sunt, 41itern Graecis confectae et ad Cesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nominatim 5ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent: et item separatim pueri, senes, mulieresque. Quarum ornnium rerum 6summa erat, 7capitum Helvetiorum millia ducenta et sexaginta tria, Tulingorum millia triginta sex, Latobrigorum quatuordecim, Rauracorum viginti tria, Boiorum triginta duo: ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad millia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad millia trecenta et sexaginta octo. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, scensu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus milliurn centum et decem. 30. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere 9Galliae legati. principes civitatum, ad Caesarem. gratulatum convenerunt: O", intelligere sese, tametsi, pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis Populi Romani, ab iis poenas bello repetisset, iamtei ear rem non minus ex usu "terram Gallia,, quam Populi Romani accidisse: propterea quod eo consilio, florentissimis rebus, domos suas Helvetii reliquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent, imperioque potirentur, locumque domicilio 2ex magna copia deligerent, quem ex omni Gallia opportunissimum ac fructuosissimum judicassent, reliquasque civitates'3stipendiarias haberent." Petierunt, "uti sibi concilium totius Galliae'in diem certam indicere, idque Caesaris voluntate facere, liceret: sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent." Ea re permissa. 18 DE BELLO GALLICO. diem concilio constituerunt. et jurejurando,'ne quis enun claret, nisi quibus communi consilio mandatum esset, intes se sanxerunt. 31. 2Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes civitatum, 3qui ante fuerant ad Caesarem, reverterunt, petieruntque, uti sibi'sec:reto de sua omniumque salute cum eo agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Casari ad pedes projecerunt:'" non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea, quae dixissent, enunciarentur, quam uti ea, quae vellent, impetrarent; propterea quod, si enunciatum esset, summum in cruciatum se venturos viderent." Locutus est pro his Divitiacus _Eduus: "Gallias totius ffactiones esse duas harum alterius 7principatum tenere AEduos, alterius Arvernos. Hi curm tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse uti ab Arvernis 8Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. 9Horum primo circiter millia quindecim Rhenum transisse: posteaquam agros, et cultum, et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, transductos plures: nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et viginti millium numerum: cum his ZEduos eorumque'0clientes semel atque iterum armis contendisse; magnam calamitatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus prceliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute, et Populi Romani "hospitio atque amicitia, plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare, nobilissimos civitatis, et jurejurando civitatem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium a Populo Romano imploraturos, neque recusaturos, quo minus perpetuo sub illorum ditione atque imperio essent.'2Unum se esse ex omni civitate XEduorum, qui adduci non potuerit, ut juraret, aut liberos suos obsides daret. Ob earn rem se ex civitate profugisse, et Romam ad senatum venisse, 3auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque jurejurando neque obsidibus teneretur. Sed pejus victoribus Sequanis, quam JEduis victis, accidisse LIBER I1 caP. XXXII. 19 propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset, tertiamque partem agri Sequani,'qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset, et nunc de altera parts tertia Sequanos decedere juberet; propterea quod, paucis mensibus ante, Harudum millia hominum viginti quatuor ae eum venissent, 2quibus locus ac sedes pararentur. Futurur'r esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pellerentuv, atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent: 3neque enin conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, 4neque hanc consuetudinem victus cum illa comparandam. AriG vistum autem, 5Ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit; quod prcelium factum sit 6ad Magetobriam, superbe et crut deliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cujusque liberos poscere, 7et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem ejus facta sit: shomi nem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium: non posse ejus imperia diutius sustineri. 9Nisi si quid in Caesare Populoque.Romano sit auxilii, omnibus Gallis idem esse faciendum, quod Helvetii fecerint,'lut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant, fortvnamque, quaecumque accidat, experiantur. "Haec si enun ciata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum sint, gravissimum supplicium sumat. Caesarem vel auctoritate sua'atque exercitus, vel recenti vic. toria, vel nomine Populi Romani deterrere posse, ne major multitudo Germanorum Rhenum transducatur, Galliamque omnem'3ab Ariovisti injuria posse defendere." 32. Hac oratione ab Divitiaco'4habita, omnes, qui adorant, magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere cceperunt. Animadvertit Cesar, unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earuin rerum facere, quas ceteri facerent; sed tristes, capite demisso, terram intueri. Ejus rei causa quae esset, miratus, ex ipsis quwesiit. Nihil Sequani'5respondere, sed in eadem rristitia taciti permanere. Cum ab iis saepius qlaereret, neque ullam. omnino vocem'6exprimere posset, idem Divit 20 DE BELLO GALLICO. lacus JEduus respondit: "' oc esse miseriorem gravio remque fortunam Sequanorum, prae reliquorun, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri, neque auxilium implorare auderent, 2absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si coran adesset, horrerent: propterea quod reliquis tamen fugee faclltas daretur; Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistuin recepissent, 3quorum oppida omnia in potestate ejus,ssent, 4omnes cruciatus essent perferendi." 33. His rebus cognitis, Caesar 6Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit, pollicitusque est, sibi ear rem curae futuram: magnam se habere spem, et'beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem injuriis facturum. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit; et 7secundum ea smultee res eum hortabantur, quare sibi earn rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret; in primis quod /Eduos, 9fratres consanguineosque soepenumero ab Senatu appellatos, in servitute atque in ditione videbat Germanorum teneri, eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intelligebat: quod in tanto imperio Populi Romani turpissimum sibi et reipublicae esse arbitrabatur.'~Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum transire, et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire, Populo Romano periculosum videbat: neque "sibi homines feros ac barbaros temperaturos existimabat, quin, cum omnem Galliam occupassent, ut ante'2Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in Provinciam exirent, atque inde in Italiam contenderent;'3praesertim cum Sequanos a Provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret. Quibus rebus quam maturrime 4occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumserat, ut ferendus non videretur. 34. Quamobrem placuit'ei, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mit. teret, qui ab eo postularent,'uti aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio diceret: velle sese de republica'6et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere. Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: "7 Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, ses LIBER I. CAP. XXXVI. 21 ad eum venturum fuisse; si quid ille sc velit, ilium ad se venire oportere. Preeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audere, quas Caesar possideret; neque exercitum 2sine magno commeatu a Lqu, emolimento in ununm locum contrahere posse: sibi autom mirum videri, 3quid i' sua Gallia, 4quam bello vicisset, allt Cwesari, aut omnino Populo Romano negotii esset." 35. His responsis ad Cesarem relatis, 5iterum ad eum Caesar legatos cum his mandatis mittit: 6', Quoniam tanto suo Populique Romani beneficio affectus (cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a Senatu lppellatus esset), hanc sibi Populoque Romano gratiam veferret, ut in colloquium venire invitatus gravaretur, neque de communi re dicenium sibi et cognoscendum putaret; halc esse, quae ab eo postularet: primum, ne 7quam hominunl multitudinem anmplius trans Rhenum in Galliam transdu;:eret: deinde obsides, quos haheret ab ZEduis, redderet, Sequanisque permitteret, ut, quos.li haberent, Svoluntate,:jus reddere illis liceret; neve Aduos injuria lacesseret, neve his sociisve Oorum belluln inferret: si id ita fecisset, sibi Populoque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque ami;itiam cum eo futuram: si non impetraret, 9sese (quoniam'~Marco Messala Marco Pisollo Consulibus, Senatus censuisset, uti, quicumque Gallianl provinciam "obtinerct, "qued commodo reipublica facere posset, IEduos ceterosque ainicos Populi Romani defenderet), sese JEduorum injurias non neglecturum." 36. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: "Jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent: "itemn Populum Romanum victis non ad alterius proescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium, imperare consuesse. Si ipse Populo Romano non prescriberet,'4quemadmoduni sno jure uterelur; non oportere sese a Populp Romano in suo jure impediri. iEduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam tentassent et armis congressi ac suporati essent,'stipendiarios esse factos. I~Magnam Casarem injuriam facere, qui svr, C 22 DE BELLO GALLICO. adventu vectigalia sibideteriora faceret. gEduis se obsid, redditurum non esse, neque iis, neque eorum sociis'injuri~ bellum illaturum, si in eo manerent, quod convenisset, stipendiumque quotannis penderent: si id non fecissent, 2longe iis fraternum nomen Populi Romani abfuturum. 3Quod sibi Cassar denunciaret, se Azduorum injurias non neglecturum; neminem secum sine sla pernicie contendisse. Cum vellet. congrederetur; intellJ.turum, quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui 6inter annos quatuordecim tectun non subissent, virtue possent." 37. Hec eodem tempore Casari mandata referebantur, et legati ab _Eduis et a Treviris veniebant: IEdui questum, quod Hlarudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur; sese ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse: 7Treviri autem, 8pagos centum Suevorum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, 9qui Rhenum transire conarentur; iis praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar'vehementer commotus, maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Suevorum cuin veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjunxisset, minus facile resisti posset. ~ Itaque "re frumentaria, quam celerrime potuit, comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. 38. Cumn tridui viam processisset, nunciatum est ei, Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum,'2contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus profecisse. Id ne accideret, magno opere sibi proecavendum'Cesar existimabat: nam. que omnium rerum, qua ad bellum usui erant, "summa erat in eo oppido facultas; idque natura loci sic muniebatur, lit magnam'4ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, proplerea quod flumen'Dubis,'ut circino circumductum, prene totun oppidum cingit: reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum'7sexcentorum,'8qua flumen intermittit, mons 9continet magna altit-dine, ita ut radices ejus montis ex utr'aue LIBER I. CAP. XL. 23 parte ripae fluminis contingant.'Hunc murus circumndatus arcem efficit et cum oppido conjungit. Huc Caesar Inagnis 2nocturnis diurnisque itineribus contendit, occupatoque oppido, ibi praesidium collocat. 39. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem, rei frumeAtaria commeatusque causa, moratur, 3ex percunctatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant, saepenumero sese, cum eis congressos, ne 4vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum ferre potuisse, tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hic primum ortus est a 5Tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui, ex 6urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti, non magnum in re militari usum habebant: 7quorum alius, alia causa illata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse dicerent, petebant, ut ejus voluntate discedere liceret: nonnulli, pudore adducti, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant. Hi neque 8vultum fingere, neque interdum la. crymas tenere poterant: abditi in tabernaculis, aut suum fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. 9Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignabantur. Hotum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ii, qui'~magnum in castris usum habebant, mnilites centurionesque, "quique equitatu praeerant, perturbabantur.'2Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari. volebant, non se hostem vereri. sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum, quae intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumentariam,'3ut satis commode supportari posset, timere dicebant. Nonnulli etiam Cesari renunciabant, cum castra moveri ac'4signa ferri jussisset, non fore dicto audientes militcs,'5ncc propter timorem signa laturos. 40. Haec cum animadvertisset, 16convocato consilio, 17omniumque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit; lS" primnm, quod, aut quam in 24 DE BELLO GALLICO. partem, aut quo consilio ducerentur, sibi quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent. Ariovistum, se consule, cupidissime Populi Romani amicitiam appetisse; cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum judicaret? Sibi quidem persuaderi, cognitis suis'postulatis atque aequitate conditionum perspecta, eum neque suam, neque Populi Romaill gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si, furore atque amentia impulsus, bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur? 2aut cur de sua virtute, aut de ipsius diligentia, desperarent? 3Factum ejus hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum, Cimbris et Teutonis a Caio Mario pulsis, non minorem laudem exercitus, quam ipse imperator, meritus videbatur: 4factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, 6quos tamen aliquid usus ac disciplina, quam a nobis accepissent, sublevarent. Ex quo judicari posset, quantum haberet in se boni 6constantia; propterea quod, quos aliquamdiu inermos sine causa timuissent, hos postea armatos ac victores superassent. Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum spepenumero Helvetii congressi, non solum in 7suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus, plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitu non potuerint. Si quos 8adversum prcelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent, reperire posse, diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis, Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac paludibus tenuisset, 9neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantes jam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum, magis'ratione et consilio, quam virtute, vicisse. Cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac, ne ipsum quidem sperare, nostros exercitus capi posse. "Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itinerum conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare, aut praescribere viderentur. H.ec sibi esse curae; frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingonas subministrare; jamque esse in agris frumenta matura: de itinere ipsos "brevi tempore iudicaturos. Quod non fore dicto audientes nilites neque LIBER I. CAP. XLII. 25 -gna laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri:'scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, ant, male re gesta, fortunam defuisse; aut, aliquo facinore comperto, avaritiam esse conjunctam. Suam innocentiam 2perpetua vita, felicitatem i elvetiorum bello, esse perspectam. 3Itaclue se, quod in longiorem diem collaturus esset, repraesentaturum, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum intelligere posset, utrum apud eos pudor atque officium, an timor valeret. Quod si praeterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola 4decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret; sibique earn praetoriam cohortem futuram." Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat precipue, et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. 41. Hac oratione habita, mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes, summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innata est, 5princepsque decima legio, per tribunos militum, ei gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset; seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. Deinde relique legiones, per tribunos militum et 5primorum ordinum centuriones, egerunt, uti Caesari satisfacerent: se neque unquam dubitasse, neque timuisse, 7neque de summa belli suum judicium, sed imperatoris esse, existimavisse. Eorum 8satisfactione accepta, et itinere exquisito per Divitiacum, quod ex alis ei maximam fidem habebat, ut millium amplius 9quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est, Ariovisti copias a nostris millibus passuum quatuor et viginti abesse. 42. Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit:'~quod antea de colloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licere, quoniam propius accessisset: seque id sine periculo facere posse "existimare. Non respuit conditionem Caesar: jamqwe eum ad'2sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, cum id, quod antea petenti denegasset, ultro polliceretur; magnarmque it C 2 926 DE BELLO GALLICO. spem veniebat, pro suis tantis Populique Romani in eum beneficiis, cognitis suis postulatis, fore, uti pertinacia desisteret. Dies colloquio dictus est, ex eo die quintus. Interim, cum saepe ultro citroque legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret: vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur: uterque cum equitatu veniret:'alia ratione se non esse venturum. Caesar, quod neque colloquium interposita causa tolli volebat, neque salutem suam 2Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, 3commodissimum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo legionarios milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime confidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet. Quod cum fieret, 4non irridicule quidam ex militibus decimas legionis dixit: " plus, quanr pollicitus esset, Caesarem ei facere; pollicitum, se in cohortis praetoriae loco decimam legionem habiturum, 5nunc ad equum rescribere." 43. Planities erat magna, et in ea 6tumulus terrenus satis grandis. Hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris utrisque aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus ducentis ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus, 7ex equis ut colloquerentur et, praeter se, denos ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar, initio orationis, sua Senatusque in eum beneficia 8commemoravit, " quod rex appellatus esset a Senatu, quod amicus, quod munera amplissima missa: quam rem et paucis contigisse, et 9pro magnis hominum officiis consuesse tribui" docebat: "illum, cum neque adi tum, neque causam postulandi justam haberet, benefcio ac liberalitate sua ac Senatus ea praemia consecutum." Docebat etiam, 10" quam veteres, quamque justas causae necessitudinis ipsis cum rEduis intercederent, que Senatus consulta, quoties, quamque honorifica in eos facta essent: "ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Edui tenuissent, ,iABER I. GAP. XLIV. 2. prius etiam quam nostram amicitiam appetissent: Populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo'sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore auctiores velit esse: 2quod vero ad amicitiam Populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi, quis pati posset?" 3Postulavit deinde eadem, que legatis in mandatis dederat, "ne aut JEduis, aut eorum sociis bellum inferret; obsides redderet: si nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum transire pateretur." 44. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit; 4de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: " Transisse Rhenum sese, non sua sponte, sed rogaturn et arcessitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe, magnisque praemiis, domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Gallia, 5ab ipsis concessas; obsides ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium capere jure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuerint; non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse; omnes 6Galliaecivitates ad se oppugnandum venisse, ac contra se castra habuisse; eas omnes copias a se uno prcelio fusas ac superatas esse; si iterum experiri velint, iterum paratum sese decertare; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse, de stipendio recusare quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam Populi Romani sibi ornamento et presidio, non detrimento, esse oportere, 7idque se ea spe petisse. Si per Populum Romanum 8stipendium remittatur, et dedititii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese recusaturum Populi Romani amicitiam, quam appetierit. 9Quod multitudinem Germanorurr in Galliam transducat, id se sui muniendi, non Gallie impugnandae causa facere; ejus rei testimonium esse, quod, nisi rogatus, non venerit, et quod bellum non intulerit,'sed defenderit. "Se prius in Galliam venisse, quam Populum Romanum. Nunquam ante hoc tempus exercitum Populi Romani Galliwe provinciae fines egressum.'2Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessiones veniret? Provinciam suam hane esse Galliam, sicut illmn nostram. Ut ipsi concedi 28 DE BELLO GALLICO. non opoiteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret, sic item nos csse iniquos,'qui in sno jure se interpellaremus'Quol fratres a Senatu IEduos appellatos diceret, non se tam barbarum, neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut nox scihet, neque bello Allobrogum proximo!Eduos Romanis auxilium tulisse, neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas AXdui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, 3auxilio Populi ]tomani usos esse. Debere se suspicari, simulata Ceesarerr amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. 4Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese ilium non pro amico, sed pro hoste habiturumn: 5quod si eum interfecerit, multis sese nobilibus principibusque Populi Romani gratum esse facturum; id se ab ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam atque amicitiam 6ejus morte redimere posset. Quod si decessisset, ac liberam possessionem Galliae sibi yadidisset, magno se illum praemio remuneraturum, et, quae-.umque bella geri vellet, sine ullo ejus labore et periculo confecturum." 45. lMulta ab Ceesare in earn sententiam dicta sunt, quare negotio desistere non posset, et "neque suam, neque Populi Romani consuetudinem pati, uti optime meritos socios desereret: neque se judicare, Galliam potius esse Ariovisti, quam Populi Romani. Bello superatos esse Arvernos e; Rutenos ab Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus Populus Romanus ignovisset, neque in provinciam redegisset; neque stipendium imposuisset. 9Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, Populi Romani justissimum esse in Gallia imperium: si judicium Senatus observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset." 46. Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesari nunciatun est, equites Ariovisti propius tumulum accedere, et'~ad nos tros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros conjicere. Caesai'quendi finem "facit seque ad suos recipit, suisque impe LIBER I. CAP. XLVIII. 29 ravit, ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent. Nam. etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectee cum equitatu prcelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat, ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset, eos ab se'per fidem in colloquio circumventos, 2Posteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est, qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis interdixisset, 3impetumque in nostros ejus equites fe, cisse, eaque res colloquium ut diremisset: multo major alacritas studiumque pugnandi majus exercitu 4injecturn est. 47. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos mittit, velle se de his rebus, quae inter eos agi cceptwe, 5neque perfectwe essent, agere cum eo: uti aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret; aut, si id minus vellet, 6ex suis aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Caesari causa visa non est; et eo magis, quod pridie ejus diei Germani 7retineri non poterant, quin in nostros tela conjicerent. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus feris objecturum, existimabat. Commodissimum visum est, Caium Valerium Procillum, Caii Valerii Caburi filium, summa virtute et humanitate adolescentem (cujus pater a Caio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat), et propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, 9qua multa jam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccant Germanis causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et Marcum Mettium,'~qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat. His mandavit, ut, "qua diceret Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente, conclamavit: "Quid ad se venirent?,n speculandi causa?" Conantes dicere prohibuit et in catenas conjecit. 48. Eodem die castra'2promovit et millibus passuum sex a Casaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie ejus diei orater castra CGesaris suas copias transduxit, et millibus tassuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit, eo consilio, uti fru 30 DE BELLO GALLICO. mento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis et ]Eduis supportaretur, GCesarem intercluderet.'Ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit, et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit; equestri proelio quotidie contendit. 2Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani exercuerant. Equitum millia erant sex: totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi; 3quos ex omni copia singuli singulos, sum salutis causa, delegerant. Cum his in preliis versabantur, ad hos se equites recipiebant: 4hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant: si qui, graviore vulnere acceptor equo deciderat, circumsistebant: si quo erat 5longius prodeundum, aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum 6exercitatione celeritas, ut, jubis equorum sublevati, cursum adequarent. 49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, 7ne dudus commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter passus sexcentos ab eis, castris idoneum locum delegit, Sacieque triplici instructa, ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. Hic locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum est, aberat. Eo 9circiter hominum numero sexdecim millia expedita cum omni equi tatu Ariovistus misit, que copiae nostros perterrerent et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo secius Cesar, ut ante constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis castris, duas ibi legiones reliquit et'partern auxiliorum: quatuor reliquas in castra majora reluxit. 50. Proximo die, "instituto suo, Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit; paulumque 2a majoribus progressus, wciem instruxit, hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne tunm quidem eos'3prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem'kercitum in castra reduxit. Turn demum Ariovistus par BATTLE BETWEEN C /ESAR AND ARIOXvI.STtJ'S _ ~. —. / -......:].. —-1-`i. - ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ __:_-___-.......................iII........:.:............ _~js.-,- -,,_ __,~,?................ = —---- Yri3-'!~.._,,~. i............................'~ ~~~~~~Z —--- -~-= =- J - ~,_.LW,-~:._._~.;...;....._.......;....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.: —-__,-,,,,:-?;:.....~..,,~:?:~.~,&_,__'~-.. ~~/,,~ ~., A. Right wing of C~,sar's armny.!.Left wing.1 C. Iitfantry of C.sar. D. Cavalry.. Auxiliaries. F..Marh or the third line, by its left, under ihie command of c:a-sue (;. ra,, ot Ariovislus. I-[ Chariots and baggage in the rear etlaced there to prevent the ~i/:tt of the ~~er;sans. I. Smaller Caran) of C~sar. K. Lurer Camp oF Caaa~., 83 aE BELLO GALLICO, tern suarum copiarum, quas castra minora oppugnaret, misit'acriter utrinque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus, multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit. Cum ex captivis quaereret Caesar, quam ob rem Ariovistus 2prelio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut 3matres familiae eorum 4sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum prcelium committi ex usu esset, nec ne: eas ita dicere, 5" Non esse fas, Germanos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio contendissent." 51. Postridie ejus diei Caesar preesidio utrisque castris, quod satis esse visum est, reliquit; 6omnes alarios in conspectu hostium 7pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur. Ipse, triplici instructa acie, usque ad castra hostium accessit. Tur demum necessario Germani suas copias castris eduxerunt, Sgeneratimque constituerunt paribusque intervallis Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboccos, Vangines, Nemetes, Sedusies, Suevos, omliemque aciem suam 9rhedis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur.'~Eo mulieres imposuerunt, qvae in prcelium proficiscentes milites passis crinibus flentes imiplorabant, ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent. 52. "GCesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaes torem praefecit, uti'2eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet Ipse a dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime firmam hos tium esse animum adverterat, prcelium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hostes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt,'3itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non daretur.'4Rejectis pills, cominus gladiis pugnatum est: at Germani, celeriter ex consuetu mine sua'phalange facta, inmpetus gladiorum exceperunt.:eperti sunt complures nostri milites, 6qui in phalangas inillirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnera. rent. Cum hostium acies 7a sinistro cornu pulsa atque iv LIBER 1. CAP. LIV. 33 fugare conversa esset, a dextro cornu v hementer multitu dine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adolescens, qui'equitatu praeerat, quod expeditior erat, quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiaml aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. 53, Ita prcelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga rverterunt, 2neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum millia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta pervenerint. Ibi perpauci aut, viribus confisi, transnatare contenderunt, aut, lintribus inventis, sibi salutem 3repererunt. 4In his fuit Ariovistus, qui, naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus, ea profugit: reliquos omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt.'Duse fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueva natione, quam ab domo secum eduxerat; altera Norica, regis Vocionis soror, quam in Gallia'duxerat, a fratre missam: utreque in ea fuga perierunt. Duae filiae harum altera occisa, altera capta est. Caius Valerius Procillus cum a custodibus in fuga'trinis catenis vinctus traheretur in ipsum CGesarem, hostes equitatu persequentem, incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem, quam ipsa victoria, voluptatem attulit; quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum e manibus hostium, sibi restitutum videbat, 9neque ejus calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratulatione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. is, se praesente, de se'0ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur: sortium "beneficio se esse incolumem. Item Marcus Mettius repertus et ad eum reductus est. 54. Hoc prcelio trans Rhenum nunciato, Suevi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt:'2quos Ubii, qui 13proximi Rhenum incolunt, perterritos insecuti, magnum ex his numerum occiderunt, Caesar, una aestate'4duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo, quam tempus anni pstulabat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit: hibernis Labienpm praeposuit: ipse'5in citeriorem Galliam *A conventls agendos profectus est. D C. JULII CIESARIS COMMEN T A R I I DE BELLO GALLICO BOOK II. THE ARGUMENT. CONFEDERACY OF THE BELGJE. CAESAR'S WAR WITH TIEM. Chap. 1. The Belgme enter into a confederacy against the Roman 9owet. 2. Cesar marches against them. 3. The Remi surrender upon his approach. 4. They inform him of the strength and designs of the confederates. 5. March of Csesar, and his encampment on the Ianks of the Axona. 6. Bibrax, a town of the Remi, attacked by the Belga. 7. Relief sent to it by Caesar. Siege raised. 8, 9 The armies drawn up on both sides, but without coming to an engagement. 10. The Belgae, after a collision with the light troops and cavalry of the Romans, in which they are worsted, resolve to returp home. in order to defend their own territories against the Aedui. 11 The Romans attack their rear and make great slaughter. 12. Caesar marches against the Suessiones, and obliges them to submit. 13, 14 Advancing next into the country of the Bellovaci. he pardons them ae the intercession of Divitiacus. 15. Account of the Nervii, who resolve to stand on their defence against the Romans. 16-28. Way with the.mi~ervii. Their overthrow and submission. Great losses sustained by them in this contest..' f - w^ith the Aduatici They submit, but falling treacherously upon the PRmans during the night, are many of them cut to pieces, and the rest sold for slaves EXPEDITION OF P. CRASSUS INTO ARMORICA. Chap. 34. Crassus sent against several maritime states, an4 snbduep trm. LIBEk II. CAP. III. 3 III. TBANSACTIONS SUBSEQUENT TO THE REDUCTION OF THE BELGOE Chap. 35. Highj opinion entertained of Casar's success in this war by the barbarians. Embassies sent to him even from nations beyond the Rhine. CGsar passes into Italy for the pnrpcse of going to Illyricum, after having placed his army in winter quarters among the Carnutes, Andes, and Turones. A thanksgiving of fifteen days de. creed by the senate. 1.'CuM esset Cmsar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita uti supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores afferebantur, literisque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem 2dixeramus, contra Populum Romanum conjurare, obsidesque inter se dare: conjurandi has esse causas: primum, quod vererentur, ne, omni pacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur: deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis solicitarentur, 3partim qui, ut Germanos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita Populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant; 4partim qui mobilitate et levitate animi novis imperiis studebant: 5ab nonnullis etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque his. qui ad conducendos homines facul tates habebant, vulgo regna occupabantur, qui minus facili %eam rem in imperio nostro consequi poterant. 2. Iis nuntiis literisque commotus, Caesar duas legiones;n citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et, inita restate, 7in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret, SQuintum Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit: 9dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi'~constanter omnes nunciaverunt, manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum vero dubitandum non existimavit, quin ad eos "proficisceretur. Re frumentaria provisa, castra movet, diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belga. rum pervenit. 3. Eo cum de improviso'2celeriusque omnium opinione venisset, Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum 36 DE BELLO GALLICO. legatos, Iccium et Antebrogium, primos civitatis, miserult qui dicerent, se suaque omnia in fidem atque in potestatem Populi Romani permittere:'neque se cum Belgis reliquis consensisse, neque contra Populum Romanum omnino con jurasse: paratosque esse et obsides dare, et imperata facere, et oppidis recipere, et frumento ceterisque rebus juvare: reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse: 2Germanosque, qui cis Rhenum incolunt, sese cum his conjunxisse; tantumque esse eorum omnium 3furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem. fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem jure et eisdeni legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint, quin cum his consentirent. 4. Cum ab 4his quaereret, qua civitates, quantaeque in aimis essent, et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis: Rhenumque antiquitus transductos, propter loci. fertilitatem ibi consedisse, Gallosque, qui ealoca incolerent, expulisse; solosque esse, qui, patrum nostrorum memoria, omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint. Qua ex re fieri. uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem, 5magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. De numero eorum 6omnia se habere explorata, Remi dicebant; propterea quod propinquitatibus affinitatibusque conjuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit, cognoverint. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute, et auctoritate, et hominum numero, valere: hos posse conficere armata millia centum: pollicitos ex eo numero electa millia sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos, latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria 8Divitiacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, turn etiam Brittannia, imperium obtinuerit: nune esse regem 9Galbam: ad hunc, propter justitiam prudentiamque,'~totius belli sum LIBER II. CAP. VI. 37 mam omnium voluntate -deferri: oppida habere numero duodecim, polliceri millia armata quinquaginta: totidem, Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur'longissi meque absint: quindecim millia Atrebates: Ambianos de cem millia: Morinos viginti quinque millia: Menapios no vem millia: Caletos decem millia: Velocasses et Vero manduos totidem: Aduatucos viginti novem millia, Con diusos, Eburones, 2Caeraesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad quadraginta millia. 5. Caesar, Remos cohortatus'liberaliterque oratione pro secutus, omnem senatum ad se convenire, principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci jussit..Que omnia ab his di ligenter 4ad diem facta sunt. Ipse, Divitiacum 2Eduurc magno opere cohortatus, docet, 5quanto opere rei publice communisque salutis intersit, manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias ]Edui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint, et eorum agros populari cceperint. His mandatis, eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias, in unum locum coactas, ad se venire vidit, neque jam longe abesse ab his, quos miserat, exploratoribus, et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum transducere maturavit, 0atque ibi castra posuit. 7Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat, et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et, commeatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari posset, efficiebat. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit, et in altera parte fluminis Quintum Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex scohortibus reliquit: castra in altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo,'ossaque 9duodeviginti pedum, 1~munire jubet. 6. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum, nomine Bibrax, aberat millia passuum octo. Id "ex itinere magno impetu Btelga oppugnare coeperunt. IEgre eo die sustentatum est, faflorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec Ubi ) D2 38 DE BELLO GALLICO. clrcumjecta multitudine omninum totis'menibus undique lapides in murum jaci ccepti sunt, murusque defensoribus nudatus est, Itestudine facta 2portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod turn facile fiebat. Nam, cum tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conjicerent, 3in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius, Remus, 4summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos, qui turn oppido praeerat, unus ex his qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuncios ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi'submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. 7. Eo 6de media nocte Caesar, iisdem ducibus usus qui nuncii ab Iccio venerant, 7Numidas et Cretas sagittarios, et funditores Baleares, subsidio oppidanis mittit: 8quorum adventu et Remis, cum spe defensionis, studium propug. nandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi oppidi discessit. Itaque, paulisper apud oppidum morati, agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis oedificiisquej 9quos adire poterant, incensis, ad castra Caesaris l~omnibus copiis contenderunt, "et ab millibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius millibus passuum octo in latitudinern patebant. 8. Caesar primo, et propter multitudinem hostium,'2et propter eximiam opinionem virtutis, prcelio supersedere statuit; quotidie tamen equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtute posset, et quid nostri auderent,'3solicitationibus periclitabatur. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro castris, ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo (quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus, tantum'4adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque'5ex atraque parte lateris dejectus habebat, "et, frontem leniter fastigatus, paulatim ad planitiem redibat), ab utroque latere ejus collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuun quadringentorum; et "ad extremas fossas castella consti CAMP AND POSLTION OF CGSAR AAF'ER THE PASSAGE OF THE RIVER AXONA, AND POSITION OF THE FORCES OF THE BELGLE. A. River Axona. B. Camp of Casar.. Bridge over the Axona, fortified by Casar. D. Intrenchtment and Ditch. E. Army of the Bl3elgte i'. Florts erected at each extremity of the Intrenchments. G. Morass between the txwo Armies. H. Hill on whicll the Camp of Ceesar wts /la(.el i. AriY of -arnsrrim lutlearray K. Battle oftheCavalry 1'o'...1 D ~~~~~~~~-r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C i P. Fortserectedat each xtrerniv oC theIntrencrrienv,. Moras betwee the tvuo Armie. H. Hil on whih the Carip of wsur wa ia(- ]Carry K.Baweoftbe~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~avalrv xe t"ii~ —~-ii I~-: oil 1. AYINY Of Z-,TS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r h! 141 t,~~~~~~~-~~ LIBER II. CAP. X. 39 uit, ibique tormenta collocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes,'quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc-facto, duabus le gionibus, quas proxime conscripserat, in castris relictis, ut 2si qua opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant. 9. 3Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum.. Hanc si nostri transirent, hostes 4expectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut imped itos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interim prcelic equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri tran seundi initium faciunt, 5secundiore equitum prcelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo locc ad flumen Axon'am contenderunt, quod esse post nostra cas tra 6demonstratum est. Ibi vadis repertis, partem suarur copiarum transducere conati sunt, eo consilio, ut, si possent castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus, expugnarent, pontemque interscinderent; 7si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. 10. C2esar, certior factus ab Titurio, omnem equitatum, et Slevis armaturwe Numidas, funditores sagittariosque, pontem transducit, atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes 9impeditos nostri in flumine aggressi, magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. Per eorum corpora reliquos,'Oaudacissime transire conantes, multitudine telorum repulerunt; primos, qui transierant,. equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi et de expugnando "oppido, et de flumine transeundo, spem se fefellisse intellexenint, neque nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere ccepit, concilio convocato constituerunt, optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti, ut,'quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique 40 DE BELLO GALLICO. convenirent, et potius in suis, quam in alienis finibus, decertarent,'et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae uterentur. Ad eam sententiam, cum reliquis causis, haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque 2Eduos finibus Bellova corum appropinquare cognoverant.'His persuaderi, ut diutius morarentur, neque suis auxilium ferrent, non poterat. 11. Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac-tumultu castris egressi,4nullo certo ordine neque imperio, ucum sibi quisque primum itineris locum peteret, et domum pervenire properaret, fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re statim, Caesar, per speculatores cognita'insidias veritus, quod, qua de causa discederent, nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen moraretur, praemisit. His Quintum Pedium et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praefecit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi jussit. Hi, novissimos adorti, et multa millia passuum prosecuti, magnam multitudinem eorum fugientiumi conciderunt, 7cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent, fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent; prioresque (quod abesse a periculo viderentur, neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continerentur), exaudito clamore, 8perturbatis ordinibus, omnes in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, 9quantum fuit diei spatium: sub occasumque solis "destiterunt, seque in castra. ut erat imperatumi receperunt. 12. Postridie ejus diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit, et, magno itinere confecto, ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id "ex itinere oppug nare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem, paucis defendentibus, expugnare non potuit. Castris munitis,'2vineas LIBER II. CAP. XV. 41 agere, quaeque ad ojpugnandum usui erant, comparare cepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in op. pidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppidum actis,'aggere jacto, 2turribusque constitutis, magnitudine 3operum, quae neque viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti, legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt, et, petentibus Remis ut conservaren tur, impetrant. 13. Cesar, obsidibus acceptis, primis civitatis atque ipsius 4Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit, exercitumque in Bellovacos duxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum 5Pratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter millia passuum quinque abesset, omnes 6majores natu, ex oppido egressi, manus ad Caesarem tendere, ct voce significare coeperunt, sese in ejus fidem ac potestatem venire, neque contra Populum Romanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset, castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro 7passis manibus, suo more, pacem ab Romanis petierunt. 14. Pro his Divitiacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis IEduorum copiis, 8ad eum reverterat), facit verba' "Bellovacos omni tempore 9in fide atque amicitia civitatis Eduae fuisse: impulses a suis principibus, qui dicerent, ZEduos, a Cesare in servitutem redactos, omnes indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab ZEduis defecisse et Populo Romano bellum intulisse.'~Qui hujus consilii principes fuissent, quod intelligerent quantam calamitatem civi tati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere "non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his AEduos, ut sua clemen tia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, _Eduo nlm auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum'2quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sus tentare consuerint." 15. Caesar, 13honoris Divitiaci atque IEduorum causa 42 DE BELLO GALLICO. sese eo in fidem recepturum, et conservaturum, dixit; sed, quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate, atque hominum multitudine prestabat, sexcentos obsides poposcit.'His traditis, omnibusque armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque ominia sine mora dediderunt.' Eorum fines Nervii attingebant: quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum queereret, sic reperiebat: " Nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus: 2nihil pati vini, reliquarumque rerum 3ad luxuriam pertinentium, inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos et remitti virtutem existimarent: esse homines feros, magnweque virtutis: 4increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se Populo Romano dedidissent, patriamque virtutem projecissent: 5confirmare, sese neque legatos missuros, neque ullam con ditionem pacis accepturos." 16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis, 6Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius millia passuum decem abesse: trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse, 7adventumque ibi Romanorum expectare, una cum Atrebatibus et Veromanduis, finitimis suis (nahm his utrisque persuaserant, uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur): expectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias, atque esse in itinere: 8mulieres, quique per astatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur, in eum locum conjecisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. 17. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque praenaittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cumque ex detititiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures, Csesarem secuti, mna iter facerent; quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cogniturn est, 3eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exersitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt, atque iis lemonstrarunt, inter singulas legiones impedimentorum nagnum numerum intercedere, ~neque esse quicquam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venisset, reliqunque legic-,ies magnum spatium abessent, "hane sub sarcinis adorii ARRIVAL OF CIESAR AT THE RIVER SAMBRE, AND HIS BATTLE WITH THE BELG/E. b,, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:,........._ ~:'-'ti"~ ~' — "~ _~-~.~,~..... "I.... ~li~!~:~:u!:~.,'_.~:I ILI -.Y__ - 1 >N~~~~~~~~~.-.......... AL All- "::' /1.:::::::.-'- -~- J ~'.,'' —~."~' ".~_:LL'..~,'~.... ~:"' ~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ~~~~fI ~ -~"- ""t''k -" - ~" —--' I!~~ ~ Ei ~-I-~ ~ jili~ A. Hill sloping toward the river Sambre. B. River Sambre. C. Hill on the opposite side of the Sambre, occupied by the Be] ]) D. Baggage of Cesar's Army. E. Two legions bringing up the rear of the Roman Army. F. Cavalry of Coasar. G. Tenth and Ninth legions. ii. The Atrebates repulsed and driven back across the Sambre. 1 The Twelfth legion on the right wing. K. The Seventh legion, stationed short distance from the Twelfth. L. M. The Nervii, under Boduognatus attacking the Seventh and Twelfth legions. N. 0. The Eightl e.nd Eleventh sglons repulse the Veromandul, and compel them to recross the Sambre. P. The Veroinandui pursued by the Romans. q The Nervii penetrating to the camp) of Casar. R. The retainers of the camp ino flight To face page 41 LIBER II. CAP. XIX. 43 qua pulsa, impedimentisque direptis, futurum, ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. 2Adjuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus 3ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venisset, impedirent, teneris arboribus 4incisis atque inflexis, 5crebris in latitudinem ramis et rubis sentibusque interjectis effecerant, ut instar muri hae sepes munimenta praeberent; quo 6non modo intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur,'non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii aestimaverunt. 18. Loci natura erat haec, squem locum nostri castris delegerant. Collis, 9ab summo aequaliter declivis, ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur, advetsus huic et contrarius,'~passus circiter ducentos infima apertus, ab superiore parte "silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant:'2in aperto loco, secundum flumen, pauca stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. 19. Caesar, equitatu praemisso, subsequebatur omnibus copiis: sed'3ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat, ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam, quod ad hostes appropinquabat, consuetudine sua Casar sex legiones 14expeditas ducebat: post eas totius exercitus impedimenta collocarat: inde'5dua legiones, quae proxime conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant, praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equi. tes nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi, cum hostium equitatu prcelium commiserunt. Cum se illi'6identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent, ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius, quam 3;quem ad finem porrecta ac loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes msequi auderent: interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant,'opere dimenso, castra munire cceperunt. Ubi 44 DE BELLO GALLICO.'prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab his, qui in vis abditi latebant, visa sunt (2quod-tempus inter eos colamittendi prelii convenerat), ita, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant, atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac 3proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas, et in flumine, et jam 4in manibus nostris hostes vide rentur. Eadem autem celeritate Sadverso colle ad nostra castra, atque eos, qui in opere occupati erant, contenderunt. 20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: 6vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret: 7signum tuba dandum: ab opere revocandi milites: qui paulo longius 8aggeris petendi causa processerant, arcessendi: acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, 9signum dandum: quarum rarum magnam partem temporis brevitas, et'~successus et incursus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duse res "erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod, superioribus prceliis exercitati, quid fieri oporteret, non minus commode ipsi sibi przescribere, quam ab aliis doceri poterant; et quod ab opere'2singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere, nisi munitis castris, vetuerat. Hi, propter propinquitatem et celeritatem -hostium,'3nihil jam Cesaris imperium spectabant, sed per se, quae videbantur, administrabant. 21. Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos milites,'4quam in partem fors obtulit, decucurrit, et ad legionem decimam devenit. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus, quam uti suae pristinme virtutis memoriam reti. nerent,.neu perturbarentur animo, hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent; quod non longius hostes aberant, I5quam quo telum adjici posset, prelii committendi signum dedit. &tque in alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus,'pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit'7exiguitas, hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut non LIBER II. CAP. XXIV. 45 modo'ad insignia accommodanda, 2sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque 3tegumenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque in partem ab opere casu devenit, quaeque prima signa conspexit, 4ad haec constitit, ne, in quaerendo suos, 5pugnandi tempus dimitteret. 22. Instructo exercitu, magis ut loci natura, 6dejectusque collis, et necessitas temporis, quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversis locis legiones, aliae alia in parte, hostibus resisterent, sepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interjectis 7prospectus impediretur; neque certa subsidia collocari, neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia 8administrari poterant. Itaque, in tanta reruim iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii sequebantur. 23. 9Legionis nonae, et decimae milites,'~ut in sinistra parte acie constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine'exanimatos, vulneribusque confectos Atrebates ('2nam his ea pars obvenerat), celeriter ex loco superiore in flumen compulerunt; et, transire conantes insecut; gladiis, magnam partem eorum'3impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt; et, in locum iniquum progressi, rursus regressos ac resistentes hostes, redintegrato proelio, in fugam dederunt. Item alia in parte'4diversme duae legi-.ones, undecima et octava,,profligatis Veromanduis, quibuscum erant congressi,'5ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis proeliabantur.'6At turn, totis fere'7a fronte, et ab sinistra parte, nudatis castris, "cum in dextro cornu legio (luodecima, et non magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine, duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt: quorum pars'gaperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars %summum castrorum locum petere, coepit. 24. Eodem tempore equites nostri, 2levisque armaturas pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos 22dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis E2 46 DE BELLO GALLICO. hostibus occurrebant, ac rursus'aliam in partem fugsm pe ebant: et 2calones, qui ab 3decumana porta, ac summo jug. collis, nostros victores flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris 4versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. Simi eorum, qui cum impedimentis veniebant, clamor fremitusqie oriebatur, 5aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treviri. 6quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui aux ilii causa ab civitate missi ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra nostra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calQnes, equites, funditores, Numidas, 7diversos dissipatosque, in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus, domum contenderunt: Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos, civitati renunciaverunt. 25. Cesar, 8ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos 9urgeri, signisque in unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento; quartae cohortis'~omnibus centurionibus occisis, signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his "primopilo, Publio Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravibusque vulneribus confecto,'2ut jam se sustinere non posset; reliquos esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissimis: desertos prcelio excedere ac tela vjtar,; hostes neque 3a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere, et ab utroque latere instare; 4et rem esse in angusto vidit, neque ullum esse subsidium, quod submitti posset: scuto'5ab novissimis uni militi detracto (quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat), in primam aciem processit, centuriohibusque nominatim appellatis, reliquos cohortatus milites,'isigna inferre et manipulos laxare jussit, quo facilius gladiis ati possent.'7Cujus adventu spe illata militibus, ac redine rato animo, cum'spro se quisque, in conspectu impera LIBER II. CAP. XXVIII. 41 toris, et jam in extremis suis rebus, operam navare cuperent, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. 26. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum monuit; ut paulatim sese qlegiones conjungerent, et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius alii subsidiuin ferrent, neque timerent 2ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacias resistere ac fortius pugnare coperunt. In terim milites legionum duarum, quas in novissimo agmine praesidi' impedimentis fuerant, proflio nunciato, 3cursu in. citato, in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur. Et Titus Labienus, castris hostium potitus, et ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus, 4decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Qui, cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra, et legiones, et imperator 5versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui fecerunt. 27. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio facta est, ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti 6procubuissent, scutis innixi, proelium redintegrarent; tum calones, perterritos hostes conspicati, 7etiam inermes armatis occurrerent; equites vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, 8omnibus in locis pugne se legionariis militibus praeferrent. At hostes, etiam in extrema spe salutis, tantam virtutem 9prestiterunt, ut, cum primi eorum cecidissent, proximi jacentibus insisterent, atque ex eoru.n corporibus pugnarent; his dejectis, et coacervatis cadavt-ibus, qui superessent,'~uti ex tumulo, tela in nostros conjicerent, et pila intercepta remitterent: "ut non nequicquam tantae virtutis homines judicar, deberet ausos esse transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum: quae facilia ox difficillimis animi magnitude 12redegerat. 28. Hoc prcelio facto, et'3prope ad internecionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, majores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in 14aestuaria ac paludes collectos dix. 48 DE BELLO GALLICO. eramus, hac pugna nunciata, cum victoribus'nihil -impedi turm victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui supererant, consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque ei dediderunt et, in commemoranda civitatis calamitate, ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex hominum millibus sexaginta vix ad quingentos, qui arma ferre possent, sese redactos esse dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus muisericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit, 2suisque finibus atque oppidis uti jussit, et finitimis imperavit, ut ab injuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent. 29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nunciata, ex 3itinere domum reverterunt; cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum 4oppidum, egregie natura munitum, contulerunt.'Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes despectusque haberet, una ex parto leniter acclivis aditus; in latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum, relinquebatur: quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant; tur magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro collocarant. 6Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque prognati; qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, ils impedimentis, quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodia ex suis ac praesidio sex millia 7hominum reliquerunt. Hi, spost eorum obitum, multos annos a finitimis exagitati 9cum alias bellum inferrent, alia- illatum defenderent, con sensu eorum omnium pace fac a, hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. 30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex oppido'excursiones faciebant, parvulisque prceliis cum nostris con tendebant: postea, vallo "pedum duodecim, in circuitu quin decim millium, crebrisque castellis circummuniti, oppide ses3 continebant. Ubi, vineis actis, aggere exstructo,'tur rim procul constitui viderunt, primum irridere ex muro, atoue increpitare vocibus, 3quo tanta machinatio ab tante LIBER It. CAP. XXXIII. 49 spatio institueretur? quibusnanl manibus, aut quibus viribus, praesertim homines tantule staturae (nam plerumque homin. ibus Gallis,'prae magnitudine corporum suorum, brevitas nostra contemtui est), tanti oneris turrim in muros sese col locare confiderent? 31. Ubi vero 2moveri,.et appropinquare mcenibus vide runt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti, legatos ad Cae sarem de pace miserunt, qui, ad hunc modum locuti " Non se existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantee altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere, 4et ex propinquitate pugnare, possent: se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere," dixerunt. 5" Unum petere ac deprecari: si forte, pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset, Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis despoliaret: sibi omnes fere finitimos esse inimicos, ac suae virtuti invidere; a quibus se defendere, traditis armis, non possent. 6Sibi praestare, si in eum casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a Populo Romano pati, quam ab his 7per cruciatum interfici, inter quos dominari consuessent." 32. A.d haec Caesar respondit: "Se 8magis consuetudine sua, quam merito eorum, civitatem conservaturum, si prius, quam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent: sed deditionis nullam esse conditionem, nisi armis traditis: se id, quod 9in Nerviis fecisset, facturum, finitimisque imperaturum, ne quam dedititiis Populi Romani injuriam inferrent." Re nunciata ad sues, "quae imperarentur, 1~facere" dixerunt. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, jacta, sic ut prope summam "mun aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent; et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis, eo die pace sunt usi. 33.'Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire jussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus injuriam acciperent. ili, ante inito, ut intellectun est, con. 50 DE BELLO GALLICO, silio, quod, deditione facta, nostros'presidia deducturos, aut denique indiligentius servaturos, crediderant, partim cum his, qua retinuerant et celaverant, armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito (ut temporis exiguitas postulabat), 2pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat, Signibus significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus 4ita acriter, ut a viris fortibus, in extrema spe salutis, iniquo loco, contra eos, qui ex vallo turribusque tela jacerent, pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret. 5Occisis ad hominum millibus quatuor, reliqui in oppidum rejecti sunt. Postridie ejus diei, 6refractis portis, cum jam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, 7sectionem ejus oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. 8Ab his, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum relatus est millium quinquaginta trium. 34. Eodem tempore a Publio Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Tenetos, Unellos, Osismios, Curiosolitas, Sesuvios, Aulercos, Rhedones, quae sunt maritimse civitates aOceanumque attingunt, certior factus est, omnes eas civitates in ditionem potestatemque Populi Romani esse redactas. 35. His rebus gestis, omni Gallia pacata, tanta hujus belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est, uti ab his nationibus, quas trans Rhenum incolerent, mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qua se obsides daturas, imperata facturas, pollicerentur: quas legationes Cesar, quod in Italiam'~Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti jussit. Ipse in Cqrnutes, Andes, Turonesque, qum civitates propinqua his locis erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis, in Italiam profectus est, ob easque res, ex literis Caesaris, "dies quindecim supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. C. JULII CAESARIS COMMENTARII DE BELLO GALLICO. BOOK III. THE ARGUMENT. I WAR WITH SOME OF THE ALPINE COMMUNITIES. Chap. 1. Galba, Caesar's lieutenant, sent against the Nantuates, Ve. ragri, and Seduni. After some successful battles he brings them to terms, and establishes his winter quarters among them. 2. Secret movement of the Gauls. 3-6. They attack the Roman quarters, but are defeated in a sally. Galba draws off his troops into the province, and winters there. [1. WAR WITH THE VENETI. Chap. 7, 8. The Veneti, and other states bordering upon the ocean, break out into sudden revolt. 9-11. Preparations for the war on the part of Caesar. 12, 13. The maritime power of the Veneti, their advantages of situation, and a description of their vessels. 14-16. Caesar, finding it in vain to attack them by land, comes to a naval engagement with them. The Veneti are defeated, and submit. They ahre treated with great rigour. TR. WAR WITH THE UNELLI. Chap. 17. Q. Titurius Sabinus is sent, during the progress of the war with the Veneti, into the country of the Unelli. Viridovix, leadiof the revolted Gauls, offers battle to Sabinus, who declines an et. gagement. Reasons of the latter for this course. 18, 19. The Gauls, urged on by the apparent cowardice of Sabinus, attack the Roman eamp, but are defeated with great slaughter. 52 LDE BELLO GALLICO. IV. EXPED1TION OF CRASSUS INTO AQUITANIA. Chap. 20-22. The Sotiates defeated by Crassus and coinpeller,e submit. An account of the Soldurii. 23-27. The greater part )1 Aquitania surrenders, after some farther fighting, to Crassus. V. EXPEDITION OF CAESAR AGAINST THE MIORINI AND MENAPII. Chap. 28. Casar marches against the Morini and Menapii. They at tack him as he is encamping, but are repulsed. 29. Caesar is prevented from completely subjugating them by violent storms, where upon he leads his army into winter quarters. 1. CuM in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbarn cur legione duodecima, et parte equitatus, in Nantuates, Veragros, Sedunosque misit, qui ab finibus Allobrogum, et lacu Lemanno, et flumine ][hodano, ad summas Alpes pertinent. Causa mittendi fuit, quod iter per Alpes,'quo, magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis, mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. Huic permisit, si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in eis locis legionem hiemandi causa collocaret. Galba, secundis aliquot prceliis factis, castellisque compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eumn undique legatis, obsidibusque datis, et pace facta, constituit, cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare, et ipse cum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare: qui vicus, positus in valle, non magna adjecta planitie, altissimis montibus undique continetur. Cum 2hic in duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem ejus vici Gallis concessit, alteram, vacuam ab illis relictam, cohortibus ad hiemandum attribuit. 3Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit. 2. Cum dies 4hibernorum complures transissent, frumen tumque eo comportari jussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est, ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis concesserat, omnes noctu discessisse, montesque, qui impenderent, a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri. 5Id aliquot de causis acciderat, ut subito Galli belli renovandi lepionisque opprimendae consilium caperent: primum, quod LIBER II. CAP. I. 53 legionem, Ineque earn plenissimam, detractis cohortibus duabus, et compluribus 2singillatim, qui commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus, propter paucitatem despiciebant: turn etiam, quod, propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem 3decurrerent, et tela conjicerent, ne primum quidem posse impetum sustinere existimabant. 4Ace cedebat, quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebanit: et Romanos non solum itinerum causa, sed etiam perpetuae possessionis, culmina Alpium occupare conari, et ea loca finitimae provinciae adjungere, 5sibi persuasum habebant. 3. His nuntiis acceptis, Galba, 6cum neque opus hibernorum, munitionesque plene essent perfectas, 7neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod, deditione facta, obsidibusque acceptis, nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato, sententias exquirere ccepit. Quo in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem accidisset, ac jam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum completa conspicerentur, 8neque subsidio veniri, neque commeatus supportari interclusis itineribus possent, prope jam desperata salute, nonnullae hujusmodi sententiae dicebantur, ut, impedimentis relictis, eruptione facta, iisdem itineribus, quibus eo pervenissent, 9ad salutem contenderent. Majori tamen parti placuit, "~hoc reservato ad extremum consilio, interim "rei eventum experiri et castra defendere. 4. Brevi spatio interjecto, vix ut his rebus, quas constit uissent,'2collocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus, signo dato, decurrere, lapides 1fgwesaque in vallum conjicere: nostri primo'4integris viri bus fortiter repugnare, neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere: ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur,'eo occurreTe, et auxilium ferre: 6sed hoc superari, 1'quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proflio excedebant, alii integris viribus succedebant: qua' F 54 O.E BELLO GALLICO. rum rexum a nostris propter'paucitatem-fieri nihil poterat; ac non modo defesso ex pugna excedendi, sed ne saucio quidem ejus loci, ubi constiterat, relinquendi, ac sui recipiendi, facultas dabatur. 5. Cum jam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretul, ac non solum vires, sed etiam tela, nostris 2deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent, languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere, et fossas complere, ccepissent, resque esset jam'ad extremum perducta casum, Publius Sextius Baculus, Iprimi pili centurio, ouem Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus 5diximus, et item Caius Volusenus, tri; bunus militum, vir et consilii magni et virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt, atque 6unam esse spem salutis docent, si erupcione facta, extremum auxilium experirentur. Itaque, 7convocatis centurionibus, celeriter milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent prcelium, ac tantummodo tela missa 8exciperent, seque ex labore reficerent; post, dato signo, ex castris erumperent, atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent. 6. Quod jussi sunt, faciunt; ac, subito 9omnibus portis eruptione facta, l~neque cognoscendi, quid fieret, neque sui colligendi, hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ita commutata fortuna, eos, qui "in spem potiundorum castrorum venerant, undique circumventos interficiunt, et, ex hominum millibus amplius triginta, quem numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat,'plus tertia parte interfecta; reliquos perterritos in fugam conjiciunt, ac ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere patiuntur. Sic, omnibus hostium copiis "fusis, armisque exutis, se in castra munitionesque suas recipiunt. Quo prcelio facto, quod saepius fortunam tentare Galba nolebat, atque'4alio sese in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus viderat, maxime frumenti commeatusque inopia permotus, postero die omnibus ejus vici aedificiis incensis in Provinciam reverti contendit; ac, nullb hoste prohibente aut iter demorante, incolumem legi LIBER III. CAP. IX. 55 ~nem in Nantuates, inde in Allobrogas, perduxit, ibique hiemavit. 7. His rebus gestis, cum'omnibus de causis Caesar pa catam Galliam existimaret, superatis Belgis, expulsis Ger. manis, victis in Alpibus Sedunis,:atque ita, inita hieme, in [llyricum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationes adire, ek regiones cognoscere, volebat, subitum bellum in Gallit coortum est. Ejus belli haec fuit causa. Publius Crassus adolescens cum legione septima proximus smare Oceanun. in Andibus hiemarat. Is, quod in his locis inopia frumenti erat, 4praefectos tribunosque militum complures in finitimas civitates, frumenti commeatusque petendi causa, 5dimisit: quo in numero erat Titus Terrasidius, missus in Esubios; Marcus Trebius Gallus in Curiosolitas; Quintus Velanius, cum Tito Silio, in Venetos. 8. Hujus est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis ora maritimae regionum earum; quod et naves habent Veneti. plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et 6scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt, et, in magno impetu maris atque aperto, paucis portubus interjectis, quos tenent 7ipsi, omnes fere, qui eo mari uti consuerant, habent vectigales. Ab iis fit initium retinendi Silii atque Velanii, quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant. Horum auctoritate finitimi adducti (8ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia), eadem de causa Trebium Terrasidiumque retinent, et, celeriter missis legatis, per suos principes inter se conjurant, nihil nisi communi consilio acturos, eundemque 9omnis fortunze exitum esse laturos; reliquasque civitates solicitant, nt in ea libertate, quam a majoribus acceperant, permanere, quam Romanorum servitutem perferre,'~mallent. Omni ora maritima celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta, communen legationem ad Publium Crassum mittunt, "si velit "suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat." 9. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Crasso certior factus, .56 DE BELLO GALL1CO.'quod ipse aberat longius, 2naves interim longas aedificari ill flurnine Ligeri, quod influit in Oceanum, 3remiges ex Provincia institui, nautas gubernatoresque comparari jubet. His rebus celeriter administratis, ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit, ad exercitum contendit. Veneti, reliqudque item civitates, cognito Caesaris adventu, simul quod, 4quantum in se facinus admisissent, intelligebant (legatos. 5quod nomen apud omnes nationes sanctum invioiatumque semper fuisset, retentos ab se et in vincula conjectos), 6pro magnitudine periculi bellum parare, et maxime ea, qus ad usum navium pertinent, providere instituunt; hoc majore spe, quod multum natura loci confidebant. 7Pedestria esse itinera concisa aestuariis, navigationem impeditam propter inscientiam locorum paucitatemque portuum sciebant: sneque nostros exercitus propter frumenti inopiam diutius apud se morari posse, confidebant: ac jam, ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse: Romanos neque ullam facultalem habere navium, neque eorum locorum, ubi bellum gesturi essent, vada, portus, insulas novisse: 9ac longe aliamn esse navigationem in concluso mari, atque in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano, perspiciebant. His initis consiliis, oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant, naves'~in Venetiam, ubi Cesarem primumr bellum gesturum constabat, quam plurimas possunt, cogunt. Socios sibi ad id bellum Osismios, Lexovios, Nannetes, Ambiliatos, Morinos, Diablintes, Menapios adsciscunt: auxilia ex Britannia, quwe contra eas egiones posita est, arcessunt. 10. "Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, quas supra ostendimus; sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incita bant:'2injurime retentorum equitum Romanorum; rebelli facta post deditionem; 3defectio datis obsidibus; tot civitatum conjuratio; in primis, ne, nhac parte neglecta, reliquai nationes idem sibi licere arbitrarentur. Itaque cum inteligeret, omnes fere Gallos "'novis rebus studere, et ad bel LIBER III. CAP. XII. 57 lum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natira libertati studere, et conditionem servitutis odisse; priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit. 11. Itaque Titum Labienum legatum in Treviros, qui proximi Rheno flumini sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mardat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat, atque in officio contineat; Germanosque, qui'auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, prohibeat. Publium Crassum 2cum cohortibus legionariis duodecim, et magno numero equitatus, in Aquitaniam proficisci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in 3Galliam mittantur, ac tantae nationes conjungantur. Quintum Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus in Unellos, Curiosolitas, Lexoviosque mittit, 4qui earn manum. distinendam curet. IDecimum Brutum adolescentem classi, Gallicisque navibus, quas exPictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenire jusserat, p^seficit, et, cum primum possit, in Venetos proficisci jubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copiis contendit. 12. Erant ejusmodi fere Isitus oppidorum, ut, posita in extremis lingulis promontoriisque, neque pedibus aditum haberent, 7cum ex alto se 2actu- incitavisset, quod bis acci-dit semper horarum viginti quawor spatio, neque navibus, Squod, rursus minuente aestu, navss in vadis afflictarentur. Ita 9utraque re oppidorum oppugna*ki. impediebatur; ac, si quando ~0magnitudine operis forte sviperati, "extruso mari aggere ac molibus,'atque his ferme opidi mcenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, mngno numero na vium'3appulso, cujus rei summam facultatemr habebant, sua deportabant omnia, seque in proxima oppida recipiebant Ibi se rursus iisdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant. Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciehktc, quod nostra naves tempestatibus detinebantur; summaqus erat'vasto atque aperto mari,'4magnis westibus, raris ac J.~pa aillis portubus, difficuitas navigardi, Fgi bS^ 58 DE BELLO G&LLI.O. 13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modurm facta ariataeque erant. 2Carina aliquanto planiores, quam nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent: prora admodum erectae, atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatee: naves totae factae ex robore, 3ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam: transtra pedalibus in latitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis, digiti pollicis crassitudine: anchorae, pro funibus, ferreis catenis revinctae: 4pelles pro velis, alutaeque tenuiter confecte, sive propter Slini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis verisimile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri, ac 6tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode, arbitrabantur. 7Cum his navibus nostrae classi ejusmodi congressus erat, ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret, 8reliqua, pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum, illis essent aptiora et accommodatiora: neque enim his nostrae 9rostro nocere poterant; tanta in eis erat firmitudo: neque propter altitudinem'~facile telum adjiciebatur; et eadem de causa "minus commode copulis continebantur. Accedebat, ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset "et se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius, et "in vadis consisterent tutius, et, ab aestu derelictae, nihil saxa et cautes timerent: quarum rerum omnium nostris navibus'4casus erant extimescendi. 14. Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi intellexit, frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugam captis oppidis reprimi, "neque his noceri posse, statuit expectandum classem. Quae ubi convenit, ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ducentie et viginti naves eorum'6paratissimae, atque omni genere armorum ornatissimae, profectae ex portu, nostris adversae constiterunt: neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, vel tribunis militum centurioni busque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae, constabat, quid agerent, aut 7quam rationem pugra insisterent. Ros LIBER III. CAP. XVI. 59 tro enim noceri non posse cognoverant; turribus autem excitatis, tamen has altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat, ut neque ex inferiore loco 2satis commode tela adjici possent, et missa ab Gallis gravius acciderent. Una erat magno usui res praparata a nostris, 3falces praeacute, insertae affixaeque longuriis, non absimili forma 4muralium falcium. His cum funes, qui antennas ad malos destinabant, Scomprehensi adductique erant, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus abscissis, antennae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in velis'armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis, omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur. 7Reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, Sut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset: omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. 15. 9Dejectis, ut diximus, antennis,'cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi "transcendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbari fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt: ac, jam conversis in earn partem navibus,'quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas extitit, ut se ex loco movere non possent. Qua quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna: nam'3singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero, noctis interventu, ad terram pervenerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur 16. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque oraw maritimae confectum est. Nam, cum omnis juventus, omnes etiam 4gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consilii aut dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant; tur, navium quod ubique fuerat, unur in locum coegerant: quibus amissis, reliqui, neque quo se reciperenw neque quemadmodum oppida defenderent, habe 60 DE BELLO GALLICO. bant. Itaque se suaque omnia Cmsari dediderunt.'In quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a-barbaris jus legatorum conservaretur. Itaque, omni senatu necato, reliquos'sub corona vendidit. 17. Dum h~ec in Venetis geruntur, 3Quintus Titurius Sabinus cum iis copiis, quas a Caesare acceperat, in fines Unellorum pervenit. His preerat Viridovix, ac summam imperii tenebat earum omnium civitatum, quse defecerant, ex quibus exercitum magnasque copias coegerat. 4Atque his paucis diebus Aulerci Eburovices, Lexoviique, senatu suo interfecto, quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque cum Viridovice conjunxerunt: magnaque praterea multitudo undique ex Gallia 5perditorum hominum latronumque convenerant, quos spes praedandi, studiumqne bellandi, ab agricultura et quotidiano labore revocabat. Sabinus 6idoneo omnibus rebus loco castris sese tenebat, cum Viridovix contra eum 7duum millium spatio consedisset, quotidieque productis cupiis pugnandi potestatem faceret; ut jam non solum hostibus in conxtemtionem Sabinus veniret, sed etian nostrorum militum vocibus snonnihil carperetur: tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit, ut jam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. Id ea de causa faciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim'eo absente, qui- summam imperii teneret, nisi equo loco, aut opportunitate aliqua data, legato dimicandum non existimabat. 18. 10Hac confirmata opinione timoris, idoneum quendam hominem et callidum delegit, Gallum, ex his, quos auxilii causa secum habebat. Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat; et, quid fieri velit, edocet. Qui, ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum "proponit: "quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a Ve. netis prematur," docet: " neque longius abesse, quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat, et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa proficiscatur." Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes, occasionen negotii beni LIBER III. CAP. XX 6 gerendi amittendam non esse, ad castra iri oportere. IMultw res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur: superiorum dierum Sabini cunctatio, 2perfuga confirmatio, inopia cibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum, %pes Venetici-belli, et quod fere libenter homines id, quol volunt, credunt. His rebus adducti, 4non prius Viridovicenl reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt, quam ab his sit concessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. Qua re concessa, laeti, ut explorata victoria, sarmentis virgultis que collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad cas tra pergunt. 19. Locus erat castrorum editus, et paulatim ab imo acclivis 5circiter passus mille Huc magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, 6exanimatique pervenerunt. Sabinus, sues hortatus, cupientibus signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea, quae ferebant, onera, subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri jubet. Factum est opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defatigatione, virtute militum, superiorum pug narum exercitatione, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent, ac statim terga verterent. Quos impeditos 7in tegris viribus milites nostri consecuti, magnum numerum eorum occiderunt; reliquos equites consectati, paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. Sic, uno tempore, et de navali pugna 8Sabinus, et de Sabini victoria Caesar certior factus; civitatesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt. 9Nam, ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promtus est animus, sic mollis ac'0minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas mens eorum eot. 20. Eodem fere tempore, Publius Crassus, cum in Aquitaniam pervenisset, quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et regionum latitudine, et multitudine hominum, "ex tertia parte Galliae est aestimanda, curn intelligeret in- his locis sibi bellum gerendum, ubi'2paucis ante annis Lucius Valerius Pras coniaus, legatus, exercitu pulso, interfectus esset, atque 62 -DE BELLO GALLICO. unde Lucius Manilius, proconsul, impedimentis amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi diligentiam adhibendam intelligebat. Itaque re frumentaria provisa, auxiliis equitatuque comparato, multis praterea viris fo*ibus Tolosa, Carcosone, et Narbone,'que sunt civitates Galliae Provincie, finitimae his regionibus, nominatim evocatis, in Sotiatum ines exercitum introduxit. Cujus adventu cognito, Sotiates magnis copiis coactis, equitatuque, 2quo plurimum valeban, in itinere agmen nostrum adorti, primum equestre prclium commiserunt: deinde, equitatu suo pulso, atque insequentibus nostris, subito pedestres copias, quas in convalle in insidiisi collocaverant, ostenderunt. Hi, nostros disjectos adorti, prcelium renovarunt. 21. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sotiates, superioribus victoriis freti, in sua virtute totius Aquitanie salutem positam putarent; nostri autem, quid sine imperatore, et sine reliquis legionibus, adolescentulo duce, efficere possent, perspici cuperent. 3Tandem, confecti vulneribus, hostes terga vertere. Quorum magno numero interfecto, Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sotiatum oppugnare coepit. Quibus fortiter resistentibus, vineas turresque egit. lli, alias eruptione tentata, alias 4cuniculis ad aggerem vineasque actis (5cujus rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, propterea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae secturae sunt), ubi diligentia nostrorum 6nihil his rebus profici posse intellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt, seque in deditionem ut recipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata, arma tradere jussi, faciunt. 22. Atque, 7in ea re omnium nostrorum intentis animis, alia ex parte oppidi Adcantuannus, qui summam imperii tenebat, 8cum sexcentis devotis, quos illi soldurios appellant (gquorum haec est conditio, uti omnibus in vita commodis una cum his fruantur, quorum se amicitie dediderint; si quid iis per vim accidat, aut eundem casum una femant,'aut sibi mortem consciscant: neque adhuc hominum memoria repertus est quisquam, qui, eo interfecto, cujus se amicitie LIBER 1TI. CAP. XXIV. 63 devovissent, mortem recusaret),'cum iis Adcantuannus, eruptionem facere conatus, clamore ab ea parte munitionis sublato, cum ad arma milites concurrissent, vehementerque ibi pugnatum esset, repulsus in oppidum, 2tamen uti eadem deditionis conditione uteretur, ab Crasso impetravit. 23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis, Crassus in fines Voca. tium et Tarusatium profectus est. Tum vero 3barbari commoti, quod oppidum, et natura loci et manu munitum, 4paucis diebus, quibus eo ventum erat, expugnatum cognoverant, legatos quoquoversus dimittere, conjurare, obsides inter se dare, copias parare cceperunt. Mittuntur etiam ad eas civitates legati, quae sunt 5citerioris Hispaniae, finitimae Aqultaniae: inde auxilia ducesque arcessuntur. Quorum adventu 6magna cum auctoritate, et magna curl hominum multitudine, bellum gerere conantur. Duces vero ii deliguntur, qui una cum 7Quinto Sertorio omnes annos fuerant, sum mamque scientiam rei militaris habere existimabantur. Hi 8consuetudine Populi Romani loca capere, castra munire, commeatibus nostros intercludere instituunt. Quod ubi Crassus animadvertit, suas copias propter exiguitatem non'facile diduci, l~hostem et vagari et vias obsidere et castris satis presidii relinquere; ob earn causam minus commode frumentum commeatumque sibi supportari; in dies hostium numerum augeri; non cunctandum existimavit, quin pugna decertaret. Hac re ad consilium delata, ubi omnes idem sentire intellexit, posterum diem pugnae constituit. 24. Prima luce, productis omnibus copiis, "duplici acie instituta,'2auxiliis in mediam aciem conjectis, quid hostes consilii caperent expectabat. Illi, etsi propter multitudinem, et veterem belli gloriam, paucitatemque nostrorum, se tuto dimicaturos existimabant, tame-. tutius esse arbitrabantur, obsessis viis, commeatu intercluso, sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri: et, si propter inopiam rei frumentariae Rormani sese recipere ccepissent, impeditos in agmine et'3sub sarcinis, inferiores animo, adoriri cogitabant. Hoc consilio 64 DE BELLO GALLICO. probato ab ducibus, productis Romanorum copiis, sese castris tenebant. Hac re perspecta, Crassus,'cum sua cunctatione atque opinione timoris hostes nostros milites alacriores ad pugnandum effecissent; atque omnium voces audirentur, expectari diutius non oportere, quin ad castra iretur; cohortatus suos, omnibus cupientibus, ad hostium castra contendit. 25. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii, multis telis conjectis, defensores vallo munitionibusque depellerent, auxiliaresque, 2quibus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat, lapidibus telisque subministrandis, et ad aggerem cespitibus comportandis, speciem atque opinionem pugnantium praeberent; cum item ab hostibus 3constanter ac non timide pugnaretur, telaque ex loco superiore missa 4non frustra acciderent; equites, circumitis hostium castris, Crasso renunciaverunt, non eadem esse diligentia ab decumana porta castra munita, facilemque aditum habere. 26. Crassus, equitum prafectos cohortatus, ut magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri velit ostendit. Illi, ut erat imperatum, eductis quatuor cohorti bus, quw, praesidio castris relictae, 5intritae ab labore erant, et longiore itinere circumductis, ne ex hostium castris con spici possent, omnium oculis mentibusque ad pugnam in tentis, celeriter 6ad eas, quas diximus, munitiones pervene runt, atque, 7his prorutis, prius in hostium castris constiterunt, quam 8plane ab iis videri, aut, quid rei gereretur, cognosci posset. Tur vero, clamore ab ea parte audito, nostri redintegratis viribus, quod plerumque in spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius impugnare cceperunt. Hostes undique circumventi, desperatis omnibus rebus, se per munitiones dejicere et fuga salutem petere 9intenderunt. Quos equitatus apertissimis campis consectatus, ex millium quinquagintanumero, quae ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix quarta parte relicta, l~multa nocte se in castra recepit. 27. Hac audita pugna, magna pars Aquitaniae sese LIBER III. CAP. XXIX. 65 Crasso dedidit, obsidesque ultro misit: quo in numero fuerunt Tarbelli, Bigerriones, Preciani, Vocates, Tarusa^,, Elusates, Garites, Ausci, Garumni, Sibuzates, Cocosates. Paucta ultimae nationes, anni tempore confisa3, quod hiems suberat, hoc facere neglexerunt. 28. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta jam asstas erat, tamen, quod, omni Gallia pacata, Morini Menapiique'supererant, qui in armis essent neque ad eum un. quam legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus, id bellum celeriter confici posse, eo exercitum adduxit: 2qui longe alia ratione, ac reliqui 6alli, bellum agere instituerunt. Nam quod intelligebant, maxiinas nationes, quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque esse, 3continentesque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. Ad quarum initiurn silvarum cum Caesar pervenisset, castraque inunire instituisset, neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris, subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt. Nostri celeriter arma ceperunt, eosque in silvas repulerunt, et, compluribus interfectis, 4longius impeditioribus locis secuti, paucos ex suis deperdiderunt. 29. Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere instituit, et, ne quis 6inermibus imprudentibusque militibus ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem ear 6materiam, quae erat caesa, 7conversam ad hostem collocabat, et pro vallo ad utrumque latus exstruebat. Incredibili celeritate Smagno spatio paucis diebus confecto, cum jam pecus atque 9extrema impedimenta ab nostris tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent; ejusmodi sunt tempestates consecuta, uti opus necessario intermitteretur, et, continuatione imbrium diulius'~sub pellibus milites contineri non possent. Itaque ~astatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis Tdificiisque incensis, Ciesar exercitum reduxit, et in Aulercis, Lexoviisque, reli. quis item civitatibus, "quae proxime bellum fecerant, in hiberis collocavit. C. JULII CASARIS COMMENT ARIJ DE BE LLO GALLICO BOOK IV. TIE ARGUMENT. 1. WVAR WITH THE USIPETES AND TENCHTHERI. Chap. 1-3. The Usipetes and Tenchtheri, two German iations, ot ng expelled by the Suevi, pass over into Gaul. A description is given of the manners of the Suevi, and their mode of life. 4. The Usipetes and Tenchtheri drive out the Menapii from their habitations. 5, 6. Cssar resolves to make war upon the Usipetes and Tenchtheri, 7-9. Embassy of the Germans to Caesar, and his reply. 10. Description of the Meuse and Rhine. 11-15. Perfidy of the Germans, their overthrow, and flight. [T. CAESAR'S BRIDGE OVER THE RHINE, AND HIS CROSSING INTO GER. MANY. Chap. 16. Casar's reasons for crossing the Rhine. 17. Builds a bridge over that river. Descr:ption of it. 18. Crosses over into the territory of the Sicambri. 19. Passes into the country of the Ubii. Receives from them information respecting the Suevi. Returns into Gaul. III. CAESAR PASSES INTO BRITAIN. Chap. 20. Casar's reasons for passing over into Britain. 21. De spatches C. Volusenus, in a vessel, to reconnoiter. Ambassadors come from Britain. 22, 23. Caesar's passage across. 24-26. Disembarcation. Battle. Flight of the Britons. 27. The Britons send ambassadors to OCtsar, with offers of surrender. 28, 29 The Roman LIBER IV. CAP. II. 67 fleet suffers by a severe tempest. 30-36. Revolt of the Britons. A description of their mode of fighting from chariots. They are subdued. Caesar returns to Gaul. IV. WAR WITH THE MORINI AND MENAPII. Chap. 37. Revolt of the Morini. 38. Labienus is sent against them Their subjugation. Territory of the Menapii ravaged by Tituriuw and Cotta. Thanksgiving at Rome. 1. EA, quwe secuta est, hieme, qui fuit annus'Cnelo Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibus, Usipetes Germani, el item Tenchtheri, magna cum multitudine hominum, flumer Rhenum transierunt, non longe a mari, 2quo Rhenus influit Causa transeundi fuit, quod, ab Suevis complures annos exagitati, bello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur. Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium. Hi 3centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula millia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserint, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem anno post in armis sunt; illi domi remanent. 4Sic neque agricultura, nec ratio atque usus belli, intermittitur. Sed 5privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est; neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet. Neque multum frumento, sed 6maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt, multumque sunt in venationibus; qum res et cibi genere, et quotidiana exercitatione, et libertate vitae (quod, a pueris 7nullo officio aut disciplina assuefacti, nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciant), et vires alit, et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque in earn se consuetudinem adduxerunt, ut Slocis frigidissimis, neque vestitus, praeter pelles, habeant quicquam (quarum propter exiguitatem magna est corporis pars aperta), et laventur in fluminibus. 2. Mercatoribus est ad eos aditus magis eo, ut, 9quae bello ceperint, quibus vendant, habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari desiderent:'~quinetiam jumentis, quibust maxime. Gallia delectatur, quaeque impenso paran, 68 DE BELLO GALLICO. pretio, Germaii importatitiis non utuntul'sed qua sunt apud eos nata, 2parva atque deformia, haec quotidiana exercitatione, summi ut sint laboris, efficiunt. Eq.uestribus prceliis saepe ex equis desiliunt, ac pedibus prceliantur; equosque eodem remanere vestigio assuefaciunt; ad quos se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt: neque eorum moribus 3turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur, quam ephippiis uti.'Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum, quamvis pauci, adire audent. Vinum ad se omnino 5importari non sinunt, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines, atque effacminari, arbitrantur. 3. 6Publice maximam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus vacare agros: hac re significari, magnum numerum 7civitatium suam vim sustinere non posse. Itaque, una ex parte, a Suevis, circiter millia passuum sexcenta agri vacare dicuntur. 8Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii (9quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Germanorum),'~et paulo quam sunt ejusdem generis ceteri humaniores; propterea quod Rhenum attingunt, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt moribus assuefacti. Hos cum Suevi, multis saepe bellis experti, propter "amplitudinem gravitatemque civitatis, finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt, ac multo'2humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt. 4.'SIn eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tenchtheri, quos supra diximus, qui complures annos Suevorum vim sustinuerunt; ad extremum tamen, agris expulsi, et multis Germanie locis triennium vagati, ad Rhenum pervenerunt:'4quas regiones Menapii incolebant, et ad utramque ripam fluminis agros, aedificia, vicosque habebant; sed tantee multitudinis aditu perterriti, ex his oedificiis, quae trans flumen habuerant,'5demigraverant, et, cis Rhenum dispositis preesidiis, Germanos transire prohibebant. Illi, omnia experti, cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam navium, neque LIBER IV. CAP. VI, (4 clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum, possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt; et, tridui viam progressi,'rursus reverterunt, atque, omni hoc itinere una nocte equitatu confecto, inscios inopinanwcsque Menapios oppresserunt, qui, de Germanorum discessu per exploratores certiores facti, sine metu trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. His interfectis, navibusque eorun occupatis, priusquam ea pars Menapiorum, quee citra Rhenum 2quieta in suis sedibus erat, certior fieret, flumen transierunt, atque, omnibus eorum aedificiis occupatis, 3reliquam partem hiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt. 5. His de rebus Caesar certior factus, et 4infirmitateni Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles, et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existimavit. 5Est autem hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores, etiam invitos, consistere cogant, et, quod quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant; et mercatores in oppidis 6vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant, quasque ibi res cognoverint, pronunciare ogant. 7His rumoribus atque auditionibus permoti, de ummis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos e vestigio pcenitere necesse est, 8cum incertis rumoribus serviant, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. 6. Qua consuetudine cognita, Caesar, 9ne graviori bello occurereet, maturius quam consuerat ad exercitum proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, ea, que fore suspicatus erat,'~facta cognovit; missas legationes a nonnullis civitatibus "ad Germanos, invitatosque eos, uti ab Rheno discederent; omniaque quae postulassent, ab se fore parata. Qua spo adducti Germani latius jam vagabantur, et in fines Eburo. num et Condrusorum, qui sunt Trevirorum clientes, pervenerant. Principibus Galliae evocatis, Caesar ea quae cognoverat'2dissimulanda sibi existimavit, eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis, equitatuque imperato, beilum cum Germanis gerere constituit. G2 70 DE BELLO GALLICO 7. Re frumentaria comparata, equitibusque delectis, iter in ea loca facere copit, quibus in locis esse Germanos audiebat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legati ab his venerunt, quorum haec fuit oratio: "' Germanos neque priores Populo Romano bellum inferre, neque tamen recusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant; quod Germa norum consuetudo hec sit a majoribus tradita, quicumque bellum inferant,'resistere, neque deprecari: haec tamen dicere, venisse invitos, ejectos domo. Si 2suam gratiam Romani velint, posse eis utiles esse amicos: vel sibi agros attribuant, vel patiantur 3eos tenere quos armis possederint. Sese unis Suevis 4concedere, quibus ne Dii quidem immortales pares esse possint: reliquum quidem in terris esse neminem, quem non superare possint." 8. Ad haec Caesar, quae visum est, respondit; sed 5exitus fuit orationis: "Sibi nullam cum his amicitiam esse posse, si in Gallia remanerent: neque verum esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alienos occupare: 6neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros qui dari, tantae praesertim multitudini, sine in-;uria possint. Sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se, et de Suevorum injuriis querantur, et a se auxilium petant: hoc se 7ab iis impetraturum." 9. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt, et, re deliberata, post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros: interea ne propius se castra moveret, petierunt. Ne id quidem Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit: cognoverat enim, magnam partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique causa ad Ambivaretostrans Mosam missam. 8Hos expectari equites, atque ejus rei causa moram interponi, arbitrabatur. 10. Mosa profluit ex monte 9Vosego, qui est in finibus Lingonum,'et, parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, que appellatur Vahalis, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius ab eo millibus passuum octoginta in Oceanum transit. LIBER,. CAP. XI1. 7 Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt, et longo spatio per fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, Mediomatricorum, Tribocorum, Trevirorum Icitatus fertur; et, ubi Oceano appropinquat, 2in plures diffluit partes, multis ingentibusque insulis effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbarisque nationibus incolitur (ex quibus sunt, 3qui piscibus atque- ovis avium vivere existimantur), multisque capitibus in Oceanum influit. 11. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum duodecim millibus abesset, 4ut erat constitutum, ad eum legati revertuntur: qui, in itinere congressi, magnopere, ne longius progrederetur, orabant. Cum id non impetrassent, petebant, uti ad eos equites, qui agmen antecessissent, praemitteret, eosque pugna prohiberet; sibique uti potestatem faceret, in Ubios legatos mittendi: quorum si Principes ac senatus 5sibi jurejurando fidem fecissent, ea conditione, quae a Caesare ferretur, se usuros ostendebant: ad has res conficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret. Haec omnia Caesar 6eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut, tridui mora interposita, equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur: tamen sese non longius millibus passuum quatuor aquationis causa processurfim eo die dixit: hue postero die quam frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognosceret. Interim ad 7praefectos, qui cum omni equitatu antecesserant, mittit, qui nunciarent, ne hostes prcelio lacesserent, et, si ipsi lacesserentur, 8sustinerent, quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset. 12. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt, quorum erat quinque millium numerus, cum ipsi 9non amplius octingentos equites haberent, quod ii, qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam, nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati'~eorum paulo ante a Caesare discesserant, atque is dies induciis erat ab eis petitus, impetu facto, celeriter nostros perturbaverunt. Rursus resistentibus nostris, consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, sub 712 - DE BELLO GALLICC. fossisque equis, compluribusque nostris dejectis, reliquo in fugam conjecerunt, atque'ita perterritos egenmt, lit non prius fuga desisterent, quam in conspectu agminis nostri venissent.; In eo prcelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntux quatuor et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus, Piso, Aquitanus, amplissimo genere natus, cujus avus in civitate sua legnum obtinuerat, amicus ab Senatu nostro appellatus. Hic cum fratri lintercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex periculo eripuit: ipse, equo vulnerato dejectus, quoad potuit, fortissime restitit. Cum circumventus, multis vulb neribus acceptis, cecidisset, atque id frater, qui jam prcelio excesserat, procul 3animum advertisset, incitato equo se hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est. 13. Hoc facto prcelio, Caesar neque jam sibi legatos audiendos, neque conditiones accipiendas arbitrabatur ab his, qui 4per dolum atque insidias, petita pace, ultro bellum intulissent: expectare vero, dum hostium copiae augerentur, equitatusque reverteretur, summme dementiae esse judicabat; et, cognita Gallorum 5infirmitate, quantum jam apud eos hostes uno prcelio auctoritatis essent consecuti, sentiebat: quibus ad consilia capienda nihil spatii dandum existimabat. His constitutis rebus, et consilio cum legatis et questore communicato, 7ne quem diem pugnae praetermitteret, opportunissima res accidit, quod postridie ejus diei mane, eadem et perfidia et simulatione usi Germani, frequentes, oomnibus principibus majoribusque natu adhibitis, ad eum in castra venerunt; simul, ut dicebatur, 9sui purgandi causa, quod contra atque esset dictum, et ipsi petissent, proelium pridie commisissent; simul ut, si quid possent,'~de in duciis fallendo impetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar oblatos "ga visus, illico retineri jussit; ipse omnes copias castris eduxit. equitatumque, quod recenti prcelio perterritum esse existimabat, agnen subsequi jussit. 14. Acie triplici instituta, et celeriter octomilliumitinere cinfecto, prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam, quid age ,CE6AR SURPRISES AND ATTA\CKS TTIH CA.. \TP l-' )F THE GERPMALiZ. ~: -......~................... _.,;;,,.......... I,,-~, l,:..< -' ~ ~-~-i:'~'"-~'' 1'1 ~ til-B -~ - - -:- -___,7-.. _M'."...... _._ A. Camp of the CG'rmans. B. Army of Caesar. C. Cavalry of Caesar, still intimidated by the result of the'previous action D. rie Rhine E The Moselle. F. Tite routed Germans,recivitating themselves into the river To face v. 73 LIBER IV. CAP. XVI. 73 retur, Germani sentire possent. Qui, omnibus rebus subito perterriti, et celeritate adventus nostri, et'discessu suorum, neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato, perturbantur, copiasne adversus hostem educere, an castra defendere, an fuga salutem petere, praestare: Quoruin timor curm freniitu et concursu significaretur, milites nostri,.pristini diei perfidia incitati, in castra irruperunt. Quorum qui celeriter arma capere potuerunt, paulisper nostris restiterunt, atque inter carros impedimentaque prwelium commiserunt: at reliqua multitudo puerorum mulierumque (namr cum omnibus suis domo excesserant Rhenumque transierant), passim fugere ccepit; 3ad quos consectandos Caesar equitatum misit. 15. Germani, 4post tergum clamore audito, cum suos interfici viderent, armis abjectis, signisque militaribus relictis, se ex castris ejecerunt: et, cum 5ad confluentem Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, 6reliqua fuga desperata, magno numero interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt, atque ibi timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis oppressi, perierunt. Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, 7ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum quadringento; rum et triginta millium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. Caesar his, quos in castris retinuerat, discedendi potestatem fecit: illi supplicia cruciatusque Gallorum veriti, quorum agros vexaverant, remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar libertatem concessit. 16. Germanico bello confecto, 8mult.s de causis Caesar statuit, sibi Rhenum esse transeundum: quarum illa fuit justissima, quod, cum videret, Germanos tam facile impelli, ut in Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intelligerent, et posse et audere Populi Romani exercitum Rhenum transire.'~Accessit etiam, quod illa pars equitatus Usipetum et Tenchtherorum, quam supra commemoravi, praedandi frumentandique causa Mosam transisse, nePC!re pr(lio interfuisse, post fugam suorum se trans Rhe 7.4 DE BELLO GALLICO. numr in fines Sigambrorum receperat seque cum iis conjunx. erat.'Ad quos cum Caesar nuncios misisset, qui postularent, eos, qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent, sibi dederent, responderunt: "Populi Romani imperiun Rhenum finire: si, se invito Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum existimaret, 2cur sui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum postularet?" Ubii autem, qui uni ex rransrhenanis ad Csasarem legatos niserant, amicitiam fecerant, obsides dederant, magnopere orabant, "ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Suevis premerentur; vel, si id facere 3occupationibus reipublicae prohiberetur, exer-.citum modo Rhenum transportaret: id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliqui temporis satis futurum: tantum esse 4no. men atque opinionem ejus exercitus, Ariovisto pulso, et hoc novissimo proelio facto, etiam ad ultimas Germanorum nationes, uti opinione et amicitia Populi Romani tuti esse possint. Navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exerciturn pollicebantur." 17. Caesar his de causis, quas commemoravi, Rhenum transire decreverat; sed navibus transire, neque satis tutum esse arbitrabatur, 5neque suae neque Populi Romani dignitatis esse statuebat. Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis 6proponebatur, propter latitudinem, rapiditatem, altitudinemque fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum, aut alitei non transducendum exercitum, existimabat. 7Rationem pontis hanc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipedalia, paululm ab imo praeacuta, sdimensa ad altitudinem fluminis, intervallo pedum duorum inter se jungebat. Haec cum machinationi. bus immissa in flumen defixerat, 9fistucisque adegerat,'non sublicae modo directa ad perpendiculum, sed prona ac fastigata, ut secundum naturam fluminis procumberent; iis item contraria bina, ad eundem moduln juncta, intervallo pedunm quadragenum,'2ab inferiore parte, contra vim atque im petum fluminis conversa statuebat.'Haec utraque insupel bipedalibus trabibus immissis'4quantum eorum tignoruw i LAN OF T'HE BRIDGE MA)DE ACROSS'lI, RHINE B CGESAR IN TEN DAYS. p= -~ —-~- ~ -' \____ _I _ I A. Two piles, each a foot and a half thick, joined together at the distance of abotup wo feet. B. Two opposite piles similarly joined together. C. Large beam extended Detween them. P. Braces. E. Timbers laid across. F. Stakes sunk in the rive: s buttresses. G. Fences against trunks of trees, &c. sent down the river. H Form of the beams a foot and a half thick. I. Form of the beam extended between them K. Figure of the two piles hraced togetther. 1.. Braces. MI. A detached hra^.e N ^lDars a'ta "l ti:lrl a ) r 1llrtliVs 76 DE BELLO GALLICO. junctuia distabat, binis utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte, distinebantur:'quibus disclusis atque in contrariam partelmr revinctis, 2tanta erat operis firmitudo, atque ea rerum naturra, ut, quo major vis aquae se incitavisset, hoc arctius illigata tenerentur. 3Haec directa materie injecta contexebantur, et 4longuriis cratibusque consternebantur: 5ac nihilo secius sublicaw et ad inferiorem partem fluminis oblique agebantui qua, 6pro pariete subjecta, et cum omni opere conjunctae vim fluminis exciperent: 7et. alie item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si arborum trunci, sive naves sdejiciendi operis essent a barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis minueretur, neu ponti nocerent. 18. Diebus decem, 9quibus materia coepta erat comportari, omni opere effecto, exercitus transducitur. Caesar, l~ad utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio relicto, in fineb Sigambrokum contendit. Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus liberaliterrespondit, obsidesque ad se adduci jubet. At Sigambri, ex eo tempore quo pons institui cceptus est, fuga comparata, "hortantibus iis quos ex Tenchtheris atque Usipetibus apud se habebant, finibus suis excesserant, suaque omnia exportaverant, seque'in solitudinem ac silvas abdiderant. 19. Caesar, paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus, omnibus vicis aedificiisque incensis, frumentisque succisis, se in fines Ubiorum recepit; atque iis auxilium suum pollicitus, si ab Suevis premerentur, haec ab iis cognovit: Suevos, posteaquam per exploratores pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito, nuncios in omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis demigrarent, liberos, uxores, suaque omnia lain silvas deponerent, atque-omnes qui arma ferre possent unum in locum convenirent:'4hunc esse delectum medium fere regionum earum quas Suevi obtinerent: hie Romanorum adventumn expectare atque ibi decertare constituisse. Quod ubi Cassar comperit, omnibus his rebus confectis, quarum LIBER IV. CAP. XXI. 77 rerum causa transducere exercitum constituerat, ut Germanis metum injiceret, ut Sigambros'ulcisceretur, ut-Ubios obsidione liberaret, diebus omnino decem et octo trans Rhenim consumtis, 2satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatern profectum arbitratus, se in Galliam recepit, pontemique rescidit 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, 4maturae sunt hiemes, tamen Sin Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod, omnibus fere Gallicis bellis, hostibus nostris'inde subministrata auxilia intelligebat: et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset, genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset: quae omnia fere Gallis erant incgit.. —-. en.tirn'.e-pie prwater mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam,'p't hefl:. maritimam atque eas regiones quse sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque, evocatis ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque Squem usum belli haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat. 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus 9Caium Volusenum, cum navi longa'~praemittit. Huic mandat, uti, exploratis omnibus rebus, ad se quamprimum revertatur: ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam transjectus. Huc naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et, quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellurn fecerat, classem jubet convenire. Interim, consilio ejus cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britannos, a compluri. bus ejus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt; qui polliceantur obsides "dare, atque imperio Populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus, hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit, et cum his una Commium, quem ipse, A trebatibus superatis, regem 78 DE BELLO GALLICO. ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cujusque auctoritas in iis regionibus'magni habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitates, horteturque 2ut Populi Romani fidem sequantur; seque celeriter eo venturum nunciet. Volusenus, perspectis regionibus, 3quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad CEesarem revertitur; quaeque ibi perspexisset renunciat. 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se 4de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod homines barbari, et 5nostrae consuetudinis imperiti, bellum Populo Romano fecisser —..-'q'-im eset.fac tp0ur-.F iteerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque belli gerendi, propter anni tempus, facultatem habebat, neque 6has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas judicabat, magnum his obsidum numerum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. 7Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quicquid praeterea navium longarum habebat, questori, legatis, praefectisque distribuit. Huc accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab. millibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum pervenire possent. Has equitibus distribuit; reliquum exercitun' Quinto Titurio Sabino et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae, legatis, in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab quibus ad eum 8legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. Publium Sulpitium Rufum, legatum, cum eo praesidio quod satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit. 23. His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum' tempestatem, 9tertia fere vigilia'~solvit, equ;tesque in "ulter'iorem portum progredi, et naves consceiedere, et se sequi LIBER IV. CAP. XXV 79 )ussit: a quibus cum i paulo tardius esset admillistlatum ipse'hora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus 2Britar niam attigit, atque ibi in omnibus collibus 3expositas hostiun copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci hec erat natura; 4adeo montibus angustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in littus telum adjici posset. Hunc 5ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum arbitratus locum, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, 6ad horam nonam in anchoris expectavit. Interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognosset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit, 7monuitque (ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent), ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et 8sublatis anchoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano littore naves constituit. 24. At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso equitatu, 9et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves, propter magnitudinem, nisi in alto,'~constitui non poterant; militibus autem, ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravi armorum onere oppressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum, "et in fluctibus consistendum, et cum hostibus erat pugnandum: cum illi aut ex arido, aut paululum in aquam progressi,'2omnibus membris expediti, notissimis locis, audacter tela conjicerent,'3et equos insuefactos;ncitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque hujus omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus uti prceliis consueverant, utebanttur. 25. Quod ubi Cesar animum advertit, naves longas'quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior, et motus ad vsumL- expeditior, paulum removeri ab'onerariis navibus. et H2 80 DE B3ELLO GALLrxi. remis incitari, et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde'fundis, sagittis, tormentis, hostes propelli ac submoveri jussit: 2quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, et navium figura, et remorum motu, et inusitato genere tormentorur permoti, barbari constiterunt, ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atque, nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris,'qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus Deos, ut'ea res legioni feliciter eveniret: " Desilite," inquit, " commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: ego certe meum reipublicae atque imperatori officium 6praestitero." Hoc cum magna voce tlixisset, ex navi se projecit, atque in hostes aquilam ferre ccepit. Tur nostri, cohortati inter se, ne'tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desimerunt: hos item'ex proximis navibus'cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt. 26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter: nostri tamein, qu.od neque ordines servare, 9neque firmiter insistere, neque signa subsequi'poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibus_umque signis occurrerat, se aggregabat, magno opere perturbabantur. Hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex lit. tore aliquos'0singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur: plures paucos.circumsistebant: alii ab latere aperto in universos tela conji. ciebant. 1Quod cum animumr advertisset Casar, 2scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus com. pleri jussit, et, quos laborantes conspexerat, iis subsidia submittebat. Nostri, "simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes impetum fecerunt, atque eos in fugam dedertnt, neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod tequites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Ceesari defuit. 27. Hostes prtelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga rece. perunt, statim ad Caesarem'5legatos de pace miserunt: obsides daturos, quaeque imperasset sese facturos, polliciti LIBER IV. CAP XXIX. 81 sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, q ern'supra demonstraveram a Casare in Britanniam premissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos 2oratoris modo imperatoris mandata perferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula conjecerant: tum, proelio facto, 3remiserunt et in petenda pace ejus rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt; et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur, petiverunt. Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in 4continentein legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere imprudentiae dixit, obsidesque imperavit: quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem, ex longinquioribus locis 6arcessitan, paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros jusserunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. 28. His rebus pace confirmata, 6post diem quartum, quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodecim, de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae, et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum 7cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur; alie ad inferiorem partem insulae, 8quee est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo dejicerentur: quae tamen, anchoris jactis gcum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae, continentem petierunt. 29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena,'qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit; "nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Cassar exercitum transportandum curaverat, quasque-in aridum subduxerat, astus complebat; et onerarias, quae ad anchoras erant deligatae, tempestas'afflictabat; neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi, aut auxiliandi, dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent funibus, anchoris, reliquisque armamentis amissis, ad navi 82 DE B~LLO GALLICO. gandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere'totius exercitus perturbatio facta est: neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent; et omnia deerant, qua ad reficiendas- eas usui sunt, et, 2quod omnibus constaba hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum his in locis in hiemeni provisum non erat. 30. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui pos. prcelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda con venerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves et fru mentum Romanis deesse intelligerent, et paucitatem militumr ex castrorum 3exiguitate cognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum factu esse dulxerunt, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere, et 4rem in-hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis, aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant. Itaque, rursus conjuratione facta, paulatim ex castris discedere, ac suos clam ex agris deducere cceperunt. 31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et 5ex eventu navium suarum, 6et ex eo, quod obsides dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque 7ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat: nam et frumelltum ex agris quotidie in castra conferebat, et, quae Sgra vissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur, et, quae ad eas res erant usul, ex continenti comportari jubebat. Itaque, cum id summo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis greliquis ut navigari commode posset, effecit. 32. Dum ea geruntur, iegione ex consuetudine una fru. mentatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars "hominum in agris remaneret,'tpars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui pro portis castrorum 12in statione erant, Caesari renunciarunt pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo ferret, in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio iter fecisset. Czesar id, quod LIBER IV. CAP. XXXIV. 83 erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris miitum consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci, duas ex reliquis'in stationer succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi, atque egre sustinere, 2et, conferta legione, ex omnibus partibus tela conjici, animum advertit. Nam 3quod, omni ex reliqui? partibus demesso frumento, pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes, huc nostros esse venturos, noctu in silvis deiituerant: tur dispersos, depositis armis, in metendo occupatos, subito adorti, 4paucis interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant: simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. 33. SGenus hoc est ex essedis pugnee: primno per omnes partes perequitant, et tela conjiciunt, atque 6ipso terrore equorum, et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant; et, 7cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverint ex essedis desiliunt, et pedibus prceliantur. SAuriga interim.paulatim ex prcelio excedunt, 9atque ita curru se collocant, ut, si illi a multitudine hostiumr premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant:'0Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum, in prceliis presstant; ac tantum usu quotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti, in declivi ac praecipiti loco, "incitatos equos sustinere, 2et brevi moderari ac flectere, et per temonenl percurrere, et in jugo insistere, et inde se in eurrus citissime recipere consuerint.. 34. "Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris novitate pugnte, tempore opportunissimo Cesar auxilium tulit: namque ejus adventu hostes'4constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt. Quo facto, ad 5lacessendum at ad committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus, suo se loco continuit, et, brevi tempore intermisso, in castra legiones'6reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis,'qui erant in agris, reliqui discesserunt. Secutae sunt'continuos complures dies tempesates, qua et nostros in castris contine 84 DE B3LLO GALLICO. rent, et hostein a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nun cios in omnes partes dimiserunt, paucitalemque nostroruin militum'suis praedicaverunt, et, quanta preede faciendae, atque in perpetuum sui liberandi, facultas daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demonstravt runt His rebus celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt. 35. Caesar; etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat, fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent; tamen 2nactus equites circiter triginta, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo 3ante dictum est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt, ac terga verterunt. 4Quos tanto spatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, com plures ex iis occiderunt; deinde, 6omnibus longe lateque afflictis incensisque, se in castra receperunt. 36. Eodenm die legati, ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace, venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quer antea imperaverat, duplicavit, eosque in continentem adduci jussit, quod, 6propinqua die aequinoctii, infirmis navibus, 7hiemi navigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse, idoneam tempestatem nactus, paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit, quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex his onerarie duae Seosdem, quos reliquae, portus capere non potuerunt, et paulo infra delatae sunt. 37. 9Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter trecenti, atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar, in Britanniam proficiscens, pacatos reliquerat, spe praeda adducti, primo'~non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jusserunt Cum illi, "orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nunciata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sus. LIBER IV..CAP. XXXVIII. 15 tinuerunt, atque amplius'horis quatuor fbrtissime pugnaverdnt, et, paucis vulneribus acceptis, complures ex iis occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspecturm venit, hostes abjectis armis terga verterunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. 38. Caesar postero die Titum Labienum legatum, cun iis legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui, cum 2propter siccitates paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent (3quo perfugio superiore anno fuerant usi), omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius Cotta, legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones 4duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. 5Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt; reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis ex literis Caesaris dierum viginti 6supplicatio a Senatu 1e. cleta eat, C. JULII CJESARIS C'O MME N TA R I DK BELLO GALLICO BOOK V. THE ARGUMENT. I CESAR'S SECOND EXPEDITION INTO BRITAIN. Chap. 1. Caesar, leaving orders with his lieutenants to build and equip a fleet, sets out for Illyricum, where he puts a stop to the incursions of the Piruste. 2-7. Returning thence into Gaul, he marches against the Treviri, and quiets the disturbances in that province. Dumnorix, withdrawing from the Roman camp with the Aeduan cavalry, is pursued and slain. 8. Caesar passes over into Britain. 9. Forces the enemy from the woods in which they had taken shelter. 10, 11. Caesar refits his fleet, which had suffered severely in a storm. 12-14. A description of Britain and its inhabitants. 15-22. Cassivellaunus, the leader of the Britons, is defeated in several encounters. The Romans cross the Tamesis. Surrender of the Trinobantes and several other British tribes. 23. Caesar returns to Gaul. II. WAR WITH AMBIORIX. Chap. 24, 25. The Roman army, in consequence of the scarcity oprovisions, is distributed over a wider extent of country than usual Tasgetius slain among the Carnutes. 26-37. Revolt of Ambioris and Cativolcus. The camp of Titurius Sabinus is attacked. Am biorix, by an artful speech, induces Titurius to quit his camp, and, at tacking him on his march, cuts him off with his whole party. 38-43. The winter quarters of Q. Cicero are attacked by the Eburones and their confbderates. Brave defence of Cicero. 44. The noble emrnl LIBER V. CAP. I. 87 tation of Pulfi0 and Varenus. 45-52. Casar, on being informed of the danger in which Cicero was, marches to his relief. The Gauls raise the siege at his approach, and proceed to give him battle. They are defeated. 53, 54. Indutiomarus, who had resolved to attack the quarters of Labienus, retreats into the country of the Treviri on hearing of Cesar's victory. Caesar resolves to spend the whole winter himself in Gaul. Commotions in different parts of Gaul, and par ticularly among the Senones. Ill. INSURRECTION AMONG THE TREVIRI REPRESSED. Chap. 55, 56. Commotion among the Treviri. The Germans are invited by them to cross the Rhine, but refuse. Cingetorix declared a public enemy by the Treviri. 57. Labienus, being in a strongly fortified camp, sends messengers into the different states and collects a large body of horse. 58. A sally is made from the Roman camp, and Indutiomarus is slain. 1.'Lucio DOMITIO, Appio Claudio, consulibus, discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis imperat, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti, quampluri mas possent, hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curarent. Earum modum formamque 2demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores, quam quibus in 3nostro mari uti consuevimus; atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri caognoverat: ad onera et ad multitudinem jumentorum transportandam paulo latiores quam quibus in reliquis utimur maribus. 4Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, quam ad rem multum humilitas adjuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui 5ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse conventibus Gallise citerioris peractis, in 6Illyricum profi^i.citur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem Provinciae incursionlils vastari audiebat. Eo cum velisset, civitatibus milites imperat, certumque in locum convenire jubet. Qua re nunciata, Pirustae legatos ad eum. mittunt, qui doceant, nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant, 7omnibus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. Accepta oratione eorum T n8 BELLO GAL LICO. Caesar obsides imperat, eosque ad certam diem adducl jubet: nisi ita fecerint, sese bello'civitatem persecuturum de.monstrat. His ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem acstiment poenamque constituant. 2. His confectis rebus 2conventibusque peractis, in citerioroen Galliam revertitur, atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, circuitis omnibus hibernis, singulari militum studio, in summa omnium rerum inopia, circiter 3sexcentas ejus generis, 4cujus supra demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti octo invenit 5instructas, 6neque multurm abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possent. Collaudatis militibus atque iis qui negotio prsfuerant, quid fieri velit, ostendit, atque omnes ad 7portum Itium convenire jubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam transmissum esse cognoverat, circiter millium passuum triginta a continenti. 8Huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum, reliquit: ipse cumn legionibus 9expeditis quatuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Trevirorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant, neque imperio parebant, Germanosque transrhenanos solicitare dicebantur. 3. Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu valet, magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutioniarus et'Cingetorix: ex quibus "alter, simul atque de Ceasaris legionumque adventl cognitum est, ad eum venit; se suosque omnes in officio futuros, neque ab amicitia Populi Romani defecturos confirmavit; quaeque in Treviris gererentur, ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum pedJtatumque cogere, iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esjf,ion poterant, in 2silvam Arduennam abditis, quae inget;ti magnitudine per medios fines Trevirorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorurn pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed postea quam nonnulli principes ex ea civitate, et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti, ad Caesarem venerunt. LIBER V. CAP. VI. 89 et de sais privatim rebus ab eo petere cceperunt,'quoniam civitati consulere non possent: Indutiomarus, veritus ne ab omnibus desereretur, legatos ad Csesarem mittit; sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius -civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiarnm aberetur. Itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, et suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei 3permissurum. 4. Caesar, etsi intelligebat, qua de causa ea dicerentur, 4quaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treviris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britannicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se curn ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. His adductis, in iis filio propinquisque ejus omnibus, quos 5nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum hortatusque est, uti in officio permaneret: nihilo tamen secius, principibus Trevirorum ad se convocatis, 6hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit: quod cum merito ejus ab se fieri intelligebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur, ejus auctoritatem inter suos quamlAurimum valere, cujus tam egregiam in se voluntatem perspexisset.. Id factum graviter tulit Indutiomarus, 7suam gratiam inter suos minui; et, qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. 5. His rebus constitutis, Caesar ad portum Itium cum legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit, quadraginta naves, quce sin Meldis facte erant, tempestate rejectas, cursum tenere non potuisse, atque eodem, unde erant profecte, revertisse: reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. Eodem totius Galliae equitatus convenit, numero millium quatuor, principesque omnibus ex civitatibus: ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexorat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere, decreverat; quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur. 6. Erat una cum ceteris-Dumnorix AEduus, de quo ab 90 DE BELLO GALLICO. nobis'antea dictum est.- Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum 2cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnee inter Gallos auctoritatis, cognoverat. Accedebat huc, quod 3jam in concilio JEduorum Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri: quod dictum XEdui graviter ferebant, neque 4recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. 5Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus 6petere contendit, ut in Gallia relinqueretur; partim, quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret; partim, quod religionibus sese diceret impediri. Posteaquam id 7obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi ademta, principes Galliae solicitare, sevocare singulos hortarique cepit, uti in continenti remanerent; metu territare, 8non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur: id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, 9hos omnes in Britanniam transductos necaret: fidem reliquis interponere, jusjurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem defere bantur. - 7. Qua re cognita, Caesar,'Oquod tantum civitati JEduae dignitatis tribuerat, coercendum atque deterrendum, quibuscumque rebus posset, Dumnorigem statuebat; "quod longius ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prospiciendum, ne quid sibi ac rei publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus, quod'2Corus ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret,'3nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus consilia cognosceret: tandem, idoneam nactus tempestatem, milites equitesque conscendere naves jubet. At,'4omnium impeditis animis, Dumnorix cum equitibus iEduorum a castris, insciente Caesare, domum discedere ccepit. Qua re nunciata, Caesar, intermissa profectione atque omnibus LIBER V. CAP. IX. 91 rebus postpositis, magnar. partem equitatus ad eum inse quendum mittit, retrahique imperat: si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici jubet: nihil'hunc se absente pro sano fac turum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille 2enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare ccepit, saepe clamitans, "liberum se liberaeque civitatis esse." Illi, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt atque hominem interficiunt; at JEdui equites ad Caesarein omnes revertuntur. 8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum millibus duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et 3rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosceret, 4consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et 6pari numero equitum quem in continenti relinquebat, solis occasu naves solvit, et, 61eni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermisso, cursum non tenuit, et, 7longius delatus aestu, orta luce, sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. TVum rursus, estus commutationem ssecutus, remis contendit, ut eam partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum 9virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remigandi labore, longarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore: neque in eo loco hostis est visus, sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis comperit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae (quae'~cum annotinis privatisque, quas "sui quisque commodi fecerat, amplius octingentis uno erant visas tempore), a littore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. 9. Caesar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, 2cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui presidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit,'3eo minus veritus navibus, quod ir.ittore 12 92 DF, BELLO GALLICO, molli atque aperto deligatas ad anchoram relinquebat; et praesidio navibus Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse, noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias conspicatus est. Illi, equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti, egregie et natura et opere munitum, quem domestici belli, ut videbatur, causa jam ante praeparaverant: nam'crebris arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari 2propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae, 3testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adjecto, locam ceperunt eosque ex silvis expuierunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod, magna parte diei consumta, munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. 10. Postridie ejus diei mane tripartito 4milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nunciarent, 5superiore nocte, maxima coorta tempestate, prope omnes naves afflictas atque in littore ejectas esse; quod neque anchorae funesque 6subsisterent, neque naute gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent: itaque 7ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. 11. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque itinere desistere jubet: ipse ad naves revertitur: eadem fere, qua ex nuntiis literisque cognoverat, 8coram perspicit, sic ut, amissis qirciter quadraginta navi- bus, reliquae tarnen refici posse m.agno negotio viderentur Itaque ex legionibus 9fabros delegit, et ex continenti aliOc arcessiri jubet; Labien) scribit,'~ut, quam plurimas posset, iis legionibus quae sint apud eum, naves instituat. Ipse, etqi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum LIBER V. CAP. XIII. 93 esse statuit omnes naves'subduci et cum castris una munilione conjungi. In his rebus circiter dies decemrconsumit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis, easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit: ipse eodern, 2unde redierat, proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, majores jam undique in eum locum copias Britannorum convenerant, 3summa imperii bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa. Cassivellauno,;cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter millia passuum octoginta. Huic 4superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant: sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hune toti bello imperioque praefecerant. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, 5quos natos in insula ipsa memoria proditum dicunt: maritima pars ab iis, qui prsede ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgis transierant; qui omnesfere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, Squibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt, et bello illato ibi remanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. 77Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberrimaque aedificia, fere Gallicis consimilia: pecorum magnus numerus. sUtuntur aut asre, aut taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo. 9Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferruml; sed ejus exigua est copia: ere utuntui importato.'~Materia cujusque generis, ut in Gallia, est, praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare, fas non putant; hiec tamen alunt "anini voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora, quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. 13. Insula natura'2triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est'3ad Cantiumm quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solein; inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc latus tenet clrAiter millia passuum quingenta Alterum vergit'a.d His. 94 DE BELLO GALLICO, paniam atque occidentem solem, qua ex parte est Hibernia,'dimidio minor, ut aestimatur, quam Britannia; 2sed part spatio transmissus, atque ex Gallia, est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula, quee appellatur 3Mona; complures praeterea minores objectae insulae existimantur; do quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt, 4dies continuos triginta sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, 5nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse. quam in continente, nactes videbamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, 6septingentorum millium. Tertium est 7contra septentriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra; sed ejus angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat: huic millia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum. 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt Shumanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, que regio est maritima omnis; neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique fru menta non serunt, sed lacte et came vivunt, pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero 9se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod coeruleum efficit colorem,'~atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu: "capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa, praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se communes, et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque cum liberis; sed, si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi,'2quo primum virgo quweque deducta est. 15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter prcelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt,'3tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint, atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint: sed compluribus interfectis, 4cupidius insecuti, nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum, subito se ex silvis ejecerunt, impe. tuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocat; LIBER V. CAP. XVII. 95 acriter pugnaverunt: duabusque'submissis cohortibus a Caesare, 2atque his primis legionum duarum, 3cum hae, perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se, constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime 4perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus, tribunus militum, interficitur. Illi, pluribus immissis cohortibus, repelluntur. 16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae,'cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros proptel gravitatem armaturae, quod neque insequi 6cedentes possent, neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem; equites autem magno cum periculo 7dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerumque cederent, et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent set pedibus dispari prcelio contenderent. Equestris autem prcelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut, nunquam'conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis prceliarentur, stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. 17. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt, rarique se ostendere et'~lenius, quam pridie, nostros equites prcelio lacessere cceperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omner equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, "sic, uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt,'2qaoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt: magnoque eorum numero interfecto, neque sui colligendi, neque consistendi, aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quwe undique convenerant, auxilia discesserunt: neque post id tempus unquam s'summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt. 96 DE BELLO GALLICO 18. Czesar, cognito consilio eorum,ad flumen Tamesirl in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset,'animum advertit, ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas: 2ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita; ejusdemque generis sub aqua defixa sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque, Caesar, preemisso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, 3cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. 19. Cassivellaunus, 4ut supra demonstravimus, omni deposita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, millibus circiter quatuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra serva-.bat, paululumque 5ex via excedebat, locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat: et, cum eqiitatus noster, liberius praedandi vastandique causa, se in agros effunderet, omni,. s viis notis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat, et 0magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat, atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. 7Relinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris: vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere-legionarii milites efficere poterant. 20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regi onum civitas, ex qua Mandubratius adolescens, Caesaris fidem secutus, ad eum in 8continentemn Galliam venerat ~cujus pater Imanuentius in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat,'nterfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat), legatos ad Casarem mittunt, pollicenturque, sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos: petunt, ut Mandubratium ab injuria Cassivellauni defendat, 9atque in civitatem LIBER V. CAP. XXII. 97 mittat, qui preesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui, Mandubratiumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentaque miserunt. 21. Trinobantibus defensis atque 2ab omni militum injuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit. non longe ex eo loco o3ppidum Cassivellauni abesse, silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. (40ppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque-fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consuerunt.) Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus: 5locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum; tamen hune duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes, paulisper morati, militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt, seseque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. 22. Dum hwec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse 6ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quatuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius Taximagulus, Segonax, nuncios mittit, atque his imperat, uti, coactis omnibus copiis, 7castra navalia de imiproviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. Ii cum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruptione facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etia.m nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc prcelio nunciato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatium, Iegatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Cesar, cum statuisset hiemem in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus agere, neque multum destatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intelligeret, obsides imperat, et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis Populo Romano Britannia penderet, constituit interdicit at 98 DE BELLO GALLICO. que imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubratio, neu Trinoban tibus bellum faciat. 23. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit'refectas. - His deductis, quod et captivorum mag num numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, 2duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero, tot 3navigationibus, neque hoc, neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quwe milites portaret, desideraretur: at ex iis, quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentur, et 4prioris commeatus expositis militibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum caperent; reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Csesal frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod wequinoctium suberat, necessario 5angustius milites collocavit, ac, summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigii, omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. 24. 6Subductis navibus, concilioque Gallorum Samaro brive peracto, quod eo anno 7frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter, ac superioribus annis, exercitum in hibernis collocare, legionesque 8in plures civitates distribuere: ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Caio Fabio legato dedit; alteram in Nervios Quintio Ciceroni; tertiam in Essuos Lucio Roscio; quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Trevirorum hie mare jussit; tres 9in Belgio collocavit: his Marcum Crassum questorem, et Lucium Munatium Plancum et Caium Trebo nium, legatos, preefecit. Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes quinque in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Cativolci erant, misit. His militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium Cottam, legatos, praeesse jussit. Ad hunc modum distributis legionibus, facillime inopioe frumentariae sese'~mederi posse LIBER V. CAP. XXVII. 99 existimavit: atque harum tamen omnium hiberna (praeter earn, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat),'millibus passuum centum con tinebantur. Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocasset muni taque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari constituit. 25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cujus majores in sua civitate. regnum obtinuerant. Hui( Caesar, pro ejus virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari ejus opera fuerat usus, majorum locum restituerat. 2Tertium jam hunc annum regnantem inimici palam, multis etiam ex civitate auctoribus, interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, 3quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci jubet, ibique hiemare; quorumque opera cognoverit Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoribusque, quibus legiones transdiderat, certior factus est, 4in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum. 26. Diebus circiter quindecim, quibus in hiberna venturn est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Cativolco: qui cum Sad fines regni sui Sabino Cotteque praesto fuissent, frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treviri nunciis impulsi, suos concitaverunt, subitoque oppressis lignatoribus, magna manu castra oppugnatum venerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque ascendissent, atque, una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis, equestri praelio superiores fuissent, desperata re, hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad colloquium prodirent; habere sese, quae 6de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent. 27. Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Caius Arpineius, eques Romanus, familiaris Quintii Titurii, et Quintus Junius ex Hispania quidam, qui jam ante 7missu Caesaris ad K 100 DE BELLO GALLLCO. A.mbiorigem ventitare consueverat: apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est:'"Sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis'plurimum ei confiteri debere, quod.ejus opera stipenl dio liberatus esset, quod Aduatucis finitimis suis pendere consuesset: quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci, obsidum numero missos, apud se in servitute et catenis tenuissent: neque id, quod fecerit 2de oppugnatione castrorum, aut judicio.aut voluntate suafecisse, sed coactu civitatis; 3suaque esse ejusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet juris in se multitudo, quam ipse in multitudinem. Civitati porro hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repentinae Gallorum conjurationi resistere non potuerit: id se facile 4ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo sit imperitus rerum, ut suis copiis Populum Romanum se superare posse confidat: 5sed esse Galliae commune consilium; omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset: 6non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium initum videretur. 7Quibus quoniam pro pietate satisfecerit, habere se nunc rationem officii pro beneficiis Cesaris; mnonere, orare Titurium 8pro hospitio, ut suae ac militum saluti consulat: magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum transisse; hanc affore biduo.'Ipsorum esse consilium, velintne prius, quam finitimi sentiant, eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter millia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab his absit. Illkd se polliceri et jurejurando confirmare, tutum iter per fines suos daturum;'0quod cum faciat, et civitati sese consulere, quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro ejus meritis gratiam referre." Hac oratione habita, discedit Ambiorix. 28. Arpineius et Junius, quae audierint, ad legatos deferunt. Illi, repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dicebantur, non tamen negligenda. existimabant: maximeq.ue LIBiR V. CAP. XXIX. 101 hac re l2rmovebantur, quod, civitatem ignobilem atque humilem t. -onum sua sponte Populo Romano bellum facere ausam, v. erat credendum. Itaque'ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque inter eos existit controversia. Lucius Aurunculeius compluresque tribuni militum et primorum ordiiurn centuriones "nihil temere agendum, neque ex hibernis injussu Caesaris discedendum," existimabant.: "quantasvis, magnas etiam copias Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis," docebant: 2" rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostium impetum, multis ultro vulneribus illatis, fortissime sustinuerint: 3re frumentaria non premi: interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Casar.e conventura subsidia:" postremo, "quid esse 4levius aut turpius, quam, auctore hoste, de summis rebus capere consilium?" 29. Contra ea Titurius, " sero facturos," clamitabat,'cum majores hostium manus, adjunctis Germanis, convenisssnt: aut cum 6aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum, brevem consulendi esse occasionem: Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam: neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tasgetii consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta cum contemtione nostri ad castra venturos esse: 7non hostem auctorem, sed rem spectare; subesse Rhenum; magno esse Germanis dolori Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias: Sardere Galliam, tot contumeliis acceptis sub Populi Romani imperium redactam, superiore gloria rei militaris extincta." Postremo, " quis hoc sibi persuaderet, 9sine certa re Ambiorigem ad ejusmodi consilium descendisse? Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam:'Osi nil sit durius, nullo periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiat, "unam esse inceleritate positam salutem. CottT quidem atque eorum, qui dissentirent, consilium quem haberet.exitum? In quo si non'1prtesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset per. timescenda." 102 DE BELLO GALLICO. 30. Hac ill utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta'primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, 2" Vincite," inquit,' si ita vultis," Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret: " neque is sum," inquit, "qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear: 3hi sapient, et si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent: 4qui, si per te liceat, perendino die cum proximis hibernis conjuncti, communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, nec 5rejecti et relegati longe ab ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant." 31. 6Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt utrumque et orant, " ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in summum periculum deducant: facilem esse 7rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere." Res disputatione ad mediam noctein perducitur. Tandem sdat Cotta permotus manus; superat sententia Sabini. 9Pronunciatur, prima luce ituros:'consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. "Omnia excogitantur, quare nec sine periculo maneatur et languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. Prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur, ut quibus esset persuasum, non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo Ambiorige consilium datum, longissimo agmine max imisque impedimentis. 32. At hostes,'2posteaquam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipartito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco, 13a millibus passuum circiter duobus, Romanorum adventum expectabant: et, cum se major pars agminis in magnam'4convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte ejus vallis subito se ostenderunt, novissimosque premere et primes prohibere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostris loco prcelium committere cceperunt 33. Turn demum Titurius, 1ut qui nihil ante providisset, trepidare, concursare, cohortesque disponere; haec tamen TITURIUS SABINUJS AND AlCRUNCULEIUS COTTA, BEING ATTACKED BY AMBIORIX. F~ORiM THEIR TROOPS INTO AN ORB. _Ja t _f-i 1_:_- - ---- ----- j.j K_. -......... Th. au kr'iv f'm~d intoan ( Vorxip-earg on a u nisr-te aet 0 ~, P. f Ro:';fa. Army formed into an orbs. 13.;.- ~:. A.!')iorix apoearing oni a sudden and surrounding the Rom.a forces. T'o face p. 103 LIBER V. CAP. XXXV. 103 ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur: quod plerumque iis accidere consuevit,'qui in ipso negotio consilium capere coguntur. At Gotta, qui cogitasset, haec posse in icinere accidere, atque ob eam causam profectionis 2auctor non fuisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat, et in appellandis cohortandisque militibus, imperatoris; et in pugna, militis officia praestabat. Cumque propter longitudinem agminis 3minus facile per se omnia obire, et, quid quoque loco faciendum esset, providere possent, 4jusserunt pronuntiare, ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbern consisterent. Quod consilium etsi in ejusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen 5incommode accidit: nam et nostris militibus Gspem minuit, et hostes ad pugnam alacriores effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut 7vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab impedimentis petere atque abripereproperaret, clamore ac fletu omnia complerentur 34. At 8barbaris consilium non defuit: nam duces eorun tota acie 9pronuntiare jusserunt, "ne quis ab loco discederet:'~illorum esse praedam, atque illis reservari, quaecum que Romani reliquissent: proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent." "Erant et virtute et numero pugnando pares nostri, tamen etsi ab duce et a fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et, quoties quaeque cohors'2procurreret, ab ea parte magnus hostium numeru? cad.ebat. Qua re animadversa, Ambiorix pronuntiari jubet ut procul tela conjiciant, neu propius accedant, et, quam ixk partem Romani impetum fecerint,'3cedant (levitate ar morum et quotidiana exercitatione nihil iis noceri posse) "rursus se ad signa recipientes insequantur. 35. Quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime observato, curm iuaepiam cohors ex orbe 5excesserat atque impetum feceiat. hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim eam partem nudali necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi. Rursus, cum 104 -DE BELLO GALLICO. in eum locum, unde erant progressi, reverti cceperant, et ab iis, qui cesserant, et ab iis, qui proximi steterant, circumveniebantur; sin autem'locum tenere vellent, nec virtuti locus relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitudine conjecta tela conferti vitare poterant. Tamen 2tot incommodis conflictati, multis vulneribus acceptis, resistebant et, magna parte diei consumta, cum a prima luce 3ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil, quod ipsis esset indignum, committebant. Tur Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno 4primum pilum duxerat, viro forti et magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula transjicitur. Quintus Lucanius, 5ejusdem ordinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur: Lucius Cotta, legatus, omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans, 6in adversum os funda vulneratur. 36. His rebus permotus Quintus Titurius, cum procul Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum, Cneium Pompeium, ad eum mittit, rogatum, ut sibi militibusque parcat. 7Ille appellatus respondit: "si velit secum colloqui, licere; sperare, a multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem pertineat; ipsi vero nihil nocitum iri, inque earnmrem se suam fidem interponere." 81le cum Cotta saucio communicat, "si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una colloquantur: sperare, ab eo de sua ac militum salute impetrare posse." Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat 9atque in eo constitit. 37. Sabinus, quos'~in praesentia tribunos militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones, se sequi jubet, et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, jussus arma abjicere, imperatum facit, suisque, ut idem faciant, imperat. Interim, dum de conditionibus inter se agunt, "longiorque consulto ab Ambiorige instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. Tum vero suo more 12victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt, impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. Ibi Lucius Cotta pugnans interficitur LIBER V. CAP. XXXIX. 105 eum maxima parte militum, reliqui se in castra recipiunt, tnde erant egressi: ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum projecit, ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur.'Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent: noctu ad unum omnes, desperata salute, se ipsi interficiunt. Pauci ex proelio elapsi, incertis itineribus per silvas ad Titum Labienum legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt. 38. Hac victoria 2sublatus Ambiorix, statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant ejus regno finitimi, proficiscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit, peditatumque se subsequi jubet. 3Re demonstrata, Aduatucisque concitatis. postero die in Nervios pervenit, hortaturque, "ne sui in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos, pro iis, quas acceperint, injuriis, occasionem dimittant: interfectos esse legatos duo magnamque partem exercitus interisse" demonstrat; 4 nihil esse negotii, subito oppressam legionem, quaw cum Cicerone hiemet, interfici; se ad ear rem profitetur adjutorem." Facile hac oratione Nerviis per. suadet. 39. Itaque, confestim dimissis nunciis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidunos, qui omnes sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt, cogunt, et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant, nondum ad eum fama de Titurii morte perlata.'fluic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnulli milites, qui 6lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. His circumventis, magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque horum omnium socii et cliente.s, legionem oppugnare incipiunt: nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. AEgre is dies 7sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant, atque, hanc adepti victoriam, in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant 106 DE BELLO GALLICO. 40 Mittuntur ad Cesarem confestim ab Cicerone literie lnagnis propositis praemiis, si pertulissent. Obsessis om nibus viis, missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex ea materia,'quam munitionis causa comportaverant, 2turres admodum centum et viginti excitantur incredibili celeritate: quae deesse operi videbantur, perficiuntur. Hostes postero die, multo majoribus copiis coactis, castra oppugnant, fossam complent Ab nostris eadein ratione, qua pridie, resistitur: hoc idem deinceps reliquis fit diebus. Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur: non aegris, non vulneratis, facultas quietis datur: quwecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt, noctu comparantur: multae 3praeustae sudes, mag nus muralium pilorum numerus instituitur; 4turres contabu lantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Ci cero, 5cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum qui dem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, 6ut ultro milituni concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur. 41. Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum, 7qui aliquero sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant, colloqui sese velle dicunt. Facta potestate, eadem, quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat, commemorant, "'omnern esse in armis Galliam, Gerianos Rhenum transisse, Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari." Addunt etiam de Sabini morte. 8Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faciendae causa: "errare 9eos" dicunt, "si quicquam ab his praesidii sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant; sese tamen'~hoc esse in Cicero nem Populumque Romanum animo, ut nihil nisi hiberns recusent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint: licere "illis incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere, et, quascumque in partes velint, sine metu proficisci."'2Cicero ad heec unum modo respondit. "Non esse consuetudinem Populi Romani, ullam accipere ab hoste armato conditio. nem: si ab armis discedere velint, se'"adjutore utantur, iegatosque ad Caesarem mittant: sperare, 4pro ejus justitia. quae petierint. impetraturos." LIBER V. CAP. XLII!. 107 42. Ab hac,!pe repulsi Nervii,'vallo pedum undecim et fossa pedum quindecin hiberna cingunt. 2Haec et superi orum annorum consuetudine a nostris cognoverant, et, quos. dam de exercitu nacti captivos, ab his docebaintur: 3sed, nulIa ferramentorum copia, quae sunt ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis cespitem circumcidere, manibus 4sagulisque 5terram exhaurire cogebantur. Qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit: nam minus horis tribus 6millium decem in circuitu munitionem perfecerunt: reliquisque diebus turres 7ad altitudinem valli, falces 8testudinesque, quas iidem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere cceperunt. 43. Septimo oppugnationis die, maximo coorto. vento,:ferventes fusili ex argilla glandes fundis et'~fervefacta jacula in casas, qua more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, jacere cceperunt. HIae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem castrorum locum "distulerunt. Hostes, maximo clamore insecuti, quasi parta jam atque explorata victoria, turres testudinesque'2agere et scalis va-c lum ascendere cceperunt. At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit, ut, cum undique flamma torrerentur, maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur, suaque omnia impedimenta atque-omnes fortunas conflagrare intelligerent non modo'3demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sea paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam; ac turn omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. Hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit; sed tamen'4hunc habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus hostium numerus vulneraretur atque interficeretur, 5ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. Paulum quidem intermissa flamma,'6et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant,loco recesserunt suosque omnes removerunt; nutu vocibusque hostes, "si introire vellent," vocare cceperunt, quorum progredi ausus est nemo. Tum ex omni parte lapidibus conjectis 7deturhati, turrisqup. succensa est. 108 DE BELLO GALLICO. 44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri centuriones,'qui jam primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Tito Pulfio et Lucius Varenus. Hi perpetuas controversias inter se habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis 2de loco summis simultatibus contendebant. Ex iis Pulfio, cum acerrime ad iunitiones pugnaretur, " Quid dubitas," inquit, "Varene? aut quem locum probandae virtutis tuae 3spectas? hic, hic dies de nostris controversiis judicabit." Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, 4quaque pars hostium confertis sima visa est, in earn irrumpit. Ne Tarenus quidem turn vallo sese continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. Tum, mediocri spatio relicto, Pulfio pilum in hostes mittit atque unum ex multitudine 5procurrentem transjicit, quo percusso et exanimato, hunc scutis protegunt hostes, in ilium tela universi conjiciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem. Transfigitur scutum Pulfioni et %verutum in balteo defigitur. Avertit hie casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum; impeditum hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit inimicus illi Varenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad 7hunc se confestim a Pulfione omnis multitudo convertit; ilium veruto transfixum arbitrantur. Occursat ocius gladio cominusque rem gerit Varenus atque, uno interfecto, reliquos paulum propellit: dum cupidius instat, sin locum dejectus inferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pulfio, atque ambo incolumes, compluribus interfectis, summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna 9in contentione et certamine'~utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inirnicus auxilio saluique esset, neque dijudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. 425. Quanto erat in dies "gravior atque asperior oppug. natio, et maxime quod, magna parte militum confecta vulneribus,'2res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores literae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur: quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum LIBER V. CAP. XLVIL, 109 cruciatu necabatur. Erat lunus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, ioco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat, 2suamque ei fidem prastiterat. Hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis, ut literas ad Caesarem deferat. Has ille in jaculo illigatas effert, et, Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus, ad CGesarem pervenit, Ab eo de 3periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. 46. Casar, acceptis literis 4hora circiter undecima diei, statim nuncium in Bellovacos ad Marcum Crassum quaestorem mittit; cujus hiberna aberant ab eo millia passuum viginti quinque. Jubet media nocte 5legionem proficisci, zeleriterque ad se venire. Exiit cum nuncio Crassus. Alterum ad Caium Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, 6qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. Scribit Labieno, si reipublicae commodo facere posset, cum [egione ad fines Nerviorum veniat: reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat expectandam; equites circiter quadringentos ex proximis hibernis cogit. 47. 7Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus, eo die millia passuum viginti progreditur. Crassum Samarobrivae praficit, 8legionemque ei attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, 9literas publicas, frumentumque omne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat, relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum moratus, in itinere cum legione occurrit. Labienus, interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Trevirorum copiae venissent, veritus, ne, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem fecisset, hostium impetum sustinere non posset, prasertim quos recenti victoria efferri sciret, literas Cesari remittit, quanto cum periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset:'Orem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit: docet, omnes peditatus equitatusque copias Trevirorum tria millia passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse. L. i1(t DE BELLO GALLICO. 48. Caesar, consilio ejus probato, etsi, opinione trium egionum dejectus, ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxiliunl in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit, qua? apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit.'rum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet, uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. Hanc 2Graecis conscriptam literis rnittit, ne, intercepta epistola, nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. 3Si adire non possit, monet, ut tragulam cum epistola, ad amentum deligata, intra munitiones castrorum abjiciat. In literis scribit, se cum legionibus profectum celeriter affore: hortatur, ut pristinam virtutem retineat. Gallus, periculum veritus, ut-erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Hac 4casu ad turrim adheesit, neque ab nostris biduo animadversa, tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur; demta ad Ciceronem defertur. 5Ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat, maximaque omnes laetitia afficit. Turn fumi incendiorum procul videbantur, quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. 49. Galli, re cognita per exploratores, obsidionem re linquunt, ad Casarem omnibus copiis contendunt; eae erant 7armatorum circiter millia sexaginta. Cicero,'data facultate, Gallum ab eodem Verticone, quem supra demonstravimus, repetit; qui literas ad Caesarem referat; hunc admonet, iter caute diligenterque faciat: perscribit in literis, hostes ab se discessisse, omnemque ad eum multitudinem convertisse. Quibus literis circiter media nocte'Casar allatis suos facit certiores, eosque ad dimicandum animo confirmat: postero die luce prima movet castra, et circiter millia passuum quatuor progressus, 10trans vallem magnam et rivum multitudinem hostium conspicatur. Erat magni periculi res, cum tantis copiis iniquo loco dimicare. "Tum, quoniam liberatum obsidione Ciceronem sciebat; eoque omnino remittendum de celeritate existimabat, consedit, et quam equissimo potest loco, castra communit. Atque heec LIBER V. CAP. LII. 111 etsl erant exigua per se, vix hominum millium septem, prae. sertim nullis cum impedimentis,'tamen angustiis viarum quam maxime potest, contrahit, eo consilio, 2ut in summ-am contemtionem hostibus veniat. Interim, speculatoribus in omnes partes dimissis, explorat, quo commodissimo itinere vallem transire possit. 50. Eo die, parvulis equestribus prceliis ad aquam factis, utrique sese suo loco continent; Galli, quod ampliores copias, quae nondum convenerant, expectabant; Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset,'ut 3citra.vallem, pro castris proelio contefideret; si id efficere non posset, ut, exploratis itineribus, minore cum periculo vallem rivumque transiret. Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit, proeliumque cum nostris equiti bus committit. Caesar consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere jubet; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri, 4portasque obstrui, atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxime concursari et cum simulatione timoris agi jubet. 51. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias transducunt, aciemque iniquo loco constituunt; nostris vero 6etiam de vallo deductis, propius accedunt, et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus partibus conjiciunt; prawconihusque circummissis pronuntiari jubent, "seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante hbram tertiam'ad se transire, sine periculo licere; post id tempus non fore potestatem:" 6ac sic nostros contemserunt, ut obstructis in speciem portis singulis ordinibus cespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum 7manu scindere, alii fossas complere inciperent. Tum Caesar, omnibus portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso, celeriter hostes dat in fugam, sic, uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo; magnumque ex eis numerum occidit, atque omnes armis exuit. 52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercedebant, Sneque etiam parvulo detriniento illorum locum l12 DE BELLO GALLICO. relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copils eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. Institutas turres, testudines, inunitionesque hostium admiratur:'producta legione cognoscit, non decimum quemque esse relictum militem sine vulnere. Ex his omnibus judicat rebus, quanto cum periculo et quanta cum virtute res sint administratae: Ciceronem 2pro ejus merito legionemque collaudat: centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De casu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cognoscit. Postero die concione habita 3rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et confirmat: quod detrimentum culpa et temeritate legati sit acceptum, hoc aequiore animo ferendum docet, 4quod, beneficio Deorum immortalium et virtute eorum 6expiato incommodo, neque hostibus diutina letatio, neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur. 53. Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili celeritate de victoria Caesaris fama perfertur, ut, cum ab hibernis Ciceronis abesset millia passuum circiter sexaginta, 6eoque post horam. nonam diei Caesar pervenisset, ante mediam noctem ad portas castrorum clamor oriletur, quo clamore significatio victoriae gratulatioque ab Remis Labieno fieret. Hac fama ad Treviros perlata, Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labieni oppugnare decreverat, noctu profugit, copiasque omnes in Treviros reducit. Caesar Fabium cum legione in sua remittit hiberna, ipse cum tribus.egionibus circum Samarobrivam 7trinis hibernis hiemare constituit; et, quod tanti motus Galliae extiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. Nam illo incommodo de Sabini morte sperlato, omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabant, nuncios legationesque in omnes partes dimittebant, et, quid reliqui consilii caperent atque unde initium belli fieret, explorabant, nocturnaque in locis desertis concilia habebant. Neque ullum fere totius hiemis temlpus sine solicitudine Caesaris intercessit, 9quin aliquem LIBER V. CAP. LV. 113 de conciliis ac motu Gallorum nuncium acciperet. In his ab Lucio Roscio legato, quem legioni decimae tertia praefe. cerat, certior est factus, magnas Gallorum copias earum civitatum, quae'Armoricae appellantur, oppugnandi sui causa convenisse: neque longius millia passuum octo ab hibernis. suis afuisse, sed nuncio allato de victoria Caesaris, disces sisse, adeo ut fugae similis discessus videretur. 54. At Caesar, principibus cujusque civitatis ad se evocatis, alias territando, cum se scire, quae fierent, denunciaret, alias cohortando, magnam partem Gallias in officio tenuit. Tamen Senones, quag est civitas in primis firma et magna inter Gallos auctoritatis, Cavarinum, quem Caesar apud eos regem constituerat (cujus frater Moritasgus, adventu in Galliam Caesaris, cujusque majores regnum obtinuerant), interficere publico consilio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque ad fines insecuti, regno domoque expule. runt: et, missis ad CGesarem satisfaciendi causa legatis, cum is omnem ad se senatum venire jussisset, dicto audientes non fuerunt. 2Tantum apud homines barbaros valuit, esse repertos aliquos principes belli inferendi, tantamque omnibus voluntatum commutationem attulit, ut prater IEduos et Remos, quos 3praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit, alteros pro vetere ac perpetua erga Populum Romanum fide, alteros pro recentibus Gallici belli oficiis, nulla fere civitas *fuerit non suspecta nobis. 4Idque adeo haud scio mirandumne sit, c c compluribus aliis de causis, tur maxime, 5quod, qui virtute belli omnibus gentibus praferebantur, tanturn so ejus opinionis deperdidisse, ut a Populo Romano iliperia perferrent, gravissime dolebant. 55. Treviri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nullum tempus intermiserunt, quin trans Rhenum legatos mitterent, civitates solicitarent, pecunias pollicerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfecta, multo minorem superesse dicerent partem. Neque tamen ulli civitati Germanorum persuaderi potuit, ut Rhenum transiret, cum " se bis expertos" 1 - 114 DB BELLU GALLICO. dicerent, Ariovisti bello et Tenchtherorum transitu, non esse amplius fortunam tentandam."'Hac spe lapsus Indutiomarus, nihilo minus copias cogere, exercere, a finitimis equos parare, exules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere ccepit. Ac tantam sibi jam iis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque peterent. 56. Ubi intellexit 2ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Nervios Aduatucosque bellum Romanis parare, neque sibi voluntariorum copias defore, si ex finibus suis progredi coepisset: 3armatum concilium indicit (hoc more Gallorum est initium belli), quo lege communi omnes puberes armati convenire consuerunt; qui ex iis novissimus venit, in conspectu multitudinis 4omnibus cruciatibus affectus necatur. In eo concilio Cingetorigem,'alterius principem factionis, generum suum (quem supra demonstravimus, CGesaris secutum fidem, ab eo non discessisse), hostem judicat, bonaque ejus publicat. His rebus confectis, in concilio pronuntiat, arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnutibus aliisque compluribus Galliae civitatibus, 6huc iter facturum per fines Remorum, eorumque agros populaturum, ac prius, quam id faciat, Labieni castra oppugnaturum: quae fieri velit, praecipit. 57. Labienus, cum et loci n:atura et manu munitissimis castris sese teneret, de suo ac legionis periculo nihil timebat; ne quam occasionem rei bene gerendae dimitteret, cogitabat. Itaque a Cingetorige atque ejus propinquis oratione Indutiomari cognita, quam in concilio habuerat, nuncios mittit ad finitimas civitates, equitesque undique evocat: iis certum diem conveniendi dicit. Interim prope quotidie cum omni equitatu Indutiomarus 7sub castris ejus vagabatur alias ut situm castrorum cognosceret, alias colloquendi aut territandi causa: equites plerumque omnes tela intra vallum conjiciebant. Labienus suos intra munitiones continebat LABIENUS, BY A PRETENDED FLIGHT, INDUCES ThE TREVIRI TO CROSS THE RIVER IN THEIf FRONT, AND DEFEATS THEM.!- - A. Camp of Labienus. B. Camp of the Treviri. C. River, difficult to cross, between the two camps. D. Baggage of the Romans, on a rising grt,n E. Roman Army. F. Army of the Treviri. G. Troops detached to guard the Roman Baggage. H. Cavalry of the Romans, stationed 1 the ev ne. I. Cavalrvy of the Trevir. -'To face page 115 LIBER V. CAP. LV lil. 115'timorisque opinionem, quibuscumque poterat rebus, augebat. 58. Cum majore in dies contemtione Indutiomarus ad castra accederet, nocte una, 2intromissis equitibs omnium finitimarum civitatum, quos arcessendos curaverat, tanta diligentia omnes suos custodiis intra cAstra continuit, ut nulla ratione ea res enunciari aut ad Trevilos perferri posset. Interim ex consuetudine quotidiana Indutiomarus ad castra accedit, atque ibi magnam partem diei consumit; equites tela conjiciunt, et 3magna cum contumelia verborum Rostros ad pugnam evocant. Nullo ab nostris dato responso, ubi visum est, sub vesperum 4dispersi ac dissipati discedunt. Subito Labienus duabus portis omnem equitatur emittit; 5praecipit atque interdicit, proterritis hostibus atque in fugam conjectis (quod fore, sicut accidit, videbat), unum omnes petant Indutiomarum; neu quis quem prius vulneret, quam ilium interfectum viderit, quod 6mora reliquorum spatium nactum illum effugere nolebat: magna proponit iis, qui occiderint, praemia: submittit cohortes equitibus subsidio. Comprobat 7hominis consilium fortuna; et, cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso flunminis vado deprehensus Indutiomarus interficitur, Scaputque ejus refertur in castra: redeuntes equites, quos possunt, consectantur atque occidunt. Hac re cognita, omnes Eburonum et Nervior-um quze convenerant, copiae discedunt; pauloque habuit post id factum Casar quietiorem Galliam. C JULII CAESARIS O MMENTAR II DE BELLO GALLICO. BOOK VI. THE ARGUMENT. I COMMOTIONS THROUGHOUT NEARLY ALL GAUL, IN CONSEQUENCE OW THE OVERTHROW AND DEATH OF TITURIUS. Chap. 1. Casar, apprehending commotions in Gaul, augments his forces. 2, 3. Insurrection of the Treviri. The Nervii overcome by a sudden invasion of their territories. A council of the states of Gaul held at Lutetia Parisiorum. 4. The Senones and Carnutes sue for peace, and obtain it from Casar. 5, 6. The Menapii overcome. 7, 8. Labienus, pretending fear, suddenly attacks and routs the Treviri. [I. CIESAR'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE SUEVI. Chap. 9. Casar crosses the Rhine a second time. 10. The Suev retire on the approach of the Romans. 11-20. The manners of the Gauls, their religion, &c. 21-24. The manners of the Germans. 25. The Hercynian forest. 26-28. Different kinds of wild animals found in the Hercynian forest. [IT. PUNISHMENT OF AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES. Chap. 29. Casar, fearing the want of provisions, repasses the Rhine and marches against Ambiorix. 30. The great power of fortune ex emplified in the escape of Ambiorix. 31. Amblorix disbands his troops, and counsels them to provide for their own safety. 32-34 Caesar, having divided his forces, lays waste the territories of the Eburones. 35 A body of Sicambri cross the Rhine, in order to take part in the piundering of the Eblarnes, but tlrn off for the purpose of stir tIBEI VI. CAP. II. 117 prising Atuatica. 36-43. The Roman camp attacked by the Sicam bri. Some cohorts, which had gone out to forage, are in great danger. A part are cut to pieces, the rest make their way, by dint of fighting, back to the camp. The Germans return across the Rhine. The alarm of the Romans dissipated by the arrival of Caesar. 44. The country of the Eburones being completely wasted, Caesar holds a council of Gaul, and inquires into the conspiracy of the Senones and Carnutes. Acco punished. Caesar places his troops in winter quarters, and sets out for Italy to hold the circuits. 1. MULTIS de causis Caesar, majorem Galliae motum expectans,'per Marcum: Silanum, Caium Antistium Reginum, Titum Sextium, legatos, 2dilectum habere instituit: simul ab Cneio Pompeio 3proconsule petit, 4quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio reipublicae causa remaneret, quos ex Cisalpina Gallia consulis 5sacramento rogavisset, ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci juberet 6'magni interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opinioner Galliae existimans, tantas videri Italime facultates, ut, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum, non modo id brevi tempore 7sarciri, sed etiam 8majoribus adaugeri copiis posset. gQuod cum Pompeius et reipublicse et amicitie tribuisset, celeriter confecto'per suos dilectu, tribus ante exactam hiemem et constitutis et adductis legionibus, duplicatoque earum cohortium numero, quas cum Quinto Titurio amiserat, et celeritate et copiis locuit, quid!'Populi; Romani disciplina atque opes possent. 2. Interfecto Indutiomaro, 12ut docuimus, ad ejus propinquos a'Treviris imperium defertur. Illi finitimos Germanos solicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt: cum ab proximis imipetrare non possent, ulteriores tentant. Inventis nonnullis civitatibus,'3jurejurando inter se confirmant, obsidibusque de pecunia cavent: Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adjungunt. Quibus rebus cognitis, Cesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, Aduatucos, Menapios, adjunctis'4Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis, esse in armis, Senones'5ad imperatum non venire, et cum Carnuti 118 DE BELLO GALLICO. bus finitimisque civitatibus consilia communicare, a Trevlris Germanos crebris legationibus solicitari; maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit. 3. Itaque'nondum hieme confecta, proximis quatuor coactis legionibus, de improviso in fines Nerviorum contendit, et prius, quam illi aut convenire ant profugere possent, magno pecoris atque hominum numero capto, atque ea praeda militibus concessa, vastatisque agris, in deditionem venire atque obsides sibi dare co6git. Eo celeriter confecto negotio, rursus in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, 2uti instituerat, indicto, cum reliqui, praetel Senones, Carnutes, Trevirosque, venissent, initium belli ac defectionis hoc esse arbitratus, ut 3omnia postponere videretur, concilium Lutetiam Parisiorum transfert. Confines erant hi Senonibus, civitatemque patrum memoria conjunxerant; 4sed ab hoc consilio afuisse existimabantur. SHac re pro suggestu pronunciata, eodem die cum legionibus in Senones proficiscitur, magnisque itineribus eo pervenit. 4. Cognito ejus adventu, Acco, qui princeps ejus consilli fuerat, jubet in oppida multitudinem convenire; 6conantibus, priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nunciatur; necessario sententia desistunt, legatosque deprecandi causa ad Caesarem mittunt; 7adeunt per IEduos, quorum antiquitus erat in fide civitas. ILibenter Casar petentibus ZEduis sdat veniam, excusationemque accipit; quod astivum tempus instantis belli, non quaestionis, esse arbitrabatur. Obsidibus imperatis centum, hos.Eduis custodiendos tradit. Eodem Carnutes legatos obsidesque mittunt, usi 9deprecatoribus Remis, quorum erant in clientela: eadem ferunt esponsa. Peragit concilium Caesar, equitesque imperat civitatibus. 5. Hac parte Galliae pacata,'~totus et mente et animo in bellum Trevirorum et Ambiorigis insistit. "Cavirinum cum equitatu Senonum secum proficisci jubet, ne quis aut ex hxljus iracundia, aut ex eo, quod meruerat, odio civitatis LIBER VI. CAP VII. 119 motus existat. His rebus constitutit, quod'pro explorato habebat, Ambiorigem prcelio non esse concertaturum, reliqua ejus consilia animo circumspiciebat. Erant Menapii propinqui Eburonum finibus, 2perpetuis paludibus silvisque muniti, qui uni ex Gallia de pace ad Caesaremlegatos nunquam miserant. Cum iis esse 3hospitium Ambiorigi sciebat: item per Treviros venisse Germanis in amicitiam, cognoverat. Haec prius 4illi detrahenda auxilia existimabat, quam ipsum bello lacesseret; ne, desperata salute, aut se'in Menapios abderet, aut cum Transrhenanis 6congredi cogeretur. Hoc inito consilio, totius exercitus impedimenta ad Labienum in Treviros mittit, duasque legiones ad eum proficisci jubet: ipse cum legionibus expeditis quinque in Menapios proficiscitur. Illi, nulla coacta- manu 7loci praesidio freti, in silvas paludesque confugiunt, suaque eodem conferunt. 6. Caesar, partitis copiis cum Caio Fabio legato et Marco Crasso quaestore, celeriterque effectis pontibus, 8adit tripartito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque homlnum numero potitur. Quibus rebus coacti Menapii, legatos ad eum pacis petenda causa mittunt. Ille, obsidibus acceptis hostium se habiturum numero confirmat, si aut Ambiorigem, aut ejus legatos, finibus suis recepissent. His confirmatis rebus, Commium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Menapiis relinquit; ipse in Treviros proficiscitur. 7. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treviri, magnis coactis peditatus equitatusque copiis, Labienum cum una legione quae in eorum finibus 9hiemabat, adoriri parabant: jamquc ab eo non longius bidui via aberant, cum duas venisse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. Positis castris'0a millibus passuum quindecim, auxilia Germanorum expectare constituunt. Labienus, hostium cognito consilio, sperans, temeritate eorum fore aliquam dimicandi facultatem, prasidio cohortium quinque impedimentis relicto, "cum viginti., 120 DE BELLO GALLICO. quinque cohortibus magnoque equitatu contra hostem proficiscitur, et, mille passuum intermisso spatio, castra communit. Erat inter Libienum atque hostem difficili-transitu'flumen ripisque praruptis: hoc neque ipse transire in animo habebat, neque hostes transituros existimabat. 2Augebatur auxiliorum quotidie spes. Loquitur in consilio palam, "quoniam Germani appropinquare dicantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas 3in dubium non devocaturum, et postero die prima luce castra moturum." Celeriter haec ad hostes deferuntur, 4ut ex magno Gallorum equitatus numero nonnullis Gallicis rebus favere natura cogebat. Labienus noctu, tribunis militum 5primisque ordinibus coactis, 6quid sui sit consilii, proponit, et, quo facilius hostibus timoris det suspicionem, majore strepitu et tumultu, quam Populi Romani fert consuetudo, castra moveri-jubet. His rebus 7fugae similem profectionem efficit. Haec quoque per exploratores ante lucem, in tanta propinquitate castrorum, ad hostes de feruntur. 8. Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat, cum Galli, cohortati inter se, "ne 8speratam praedam ex manibus dimitterent; 91ongum esse, perterritis Romanis, Germanorum auxilium expectare, neque suam pati dignitatem, ut tantis copiis tam exiguam manum, praesertim fugientem atque'limpeditam, adoriri non audeant;" flumen transire et iniquo loco proelium committere non dubitant. Quae fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes citra flumen eliceret, "eadem usus simulatione itineris, placide progrediebatur. Turn, premissis paulum impedimentis atque in tumulo quodam collocatis, " Habetis," inquit, "milites, quam petistis,'2facultatem: hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis:'3prestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem, quam saepenumero imperatori praestitistis: adesse eum et haec coram cernere, existimate." Simul signa ad hostem converti aciemque dirigi jubet, et, paucis turmis praesidio'4ad impedimenta dimissis, reliquos equites ad latera dis. LIBER VI. CAP. X. 121 pouit. Celeriter nostri clamore sublato pila in hostes immittunt. Illi, ubi prater spem, quos fugere credebant,'infestis signis ad se ire viderunt, impetum modo ferre non potuerunt, ac, primo concursu in fugam conjecti, proximas silvas petierunt: quos Labienus equitatu consectatus, magno numero interfecto, compluribus captis, paucis post diebus civitatem recepit: nam Germani, qui auxilio veniebant, percepta Trevirorum fuga, sese domum contulerunt. Cum iis 2propinqui Indutiomari, qui defectionis auctores fuerant, comitati eos, ex civitate excessere. Cingetorigi, quem ab initio permansisse in officio demonstravimus, principatus atque imperium est traditum. 9. Caesar, postquam 3ex Menapiis in Treviros venit, duabus de causis Rhenum transire constituit: quarum erat altera, quod auxilia contra se Treviris miserant; altera, ne Ambiorix ad eos receptum haberet. His constitutis rebus, paulum supra eum locum, quo ante exercitum transduxerat, facere pontem instituit. Nota atque instituta ratione, magno militum studio, paucis diebus opus efficitur. Firmo in Treviris praesidio ad pontem relicto, ne quis ab iis subito motus oriretur, reliquas copias equitatumque transducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mittunt, qui doceant, "neque ex sua civitate auxilia in Treviros missa, neque ab se fidem laIsam:" petunt atque orant, "ut sibi parcat, 4ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocentibus penas pendant:" si amplius obsidum velit, dare pollicentur. 6Cognita Caesar causa reperit, ab Suevis auxilha missa esse: Ubiorum satisfactionem accipit; aditus viasque in Suevos perquirit. 10. Interim paucis post diebus fit ab Ubiis certior, Suevos omnes unum in locum copias cogere, atque iis nationibus, que sub eorum sint imperio, denunciare, uti auxilia peditatus equitatusque mittant. His cognitis rebus, rem frumentariam providet, castris idoneum locum deligit, Ubiis 122 DE BELLO GALLICO. imperat, ut pecora deducant suaque omnia ex agris in op. pida conferant, sperans,'barbaros atque imperitos homines, inopia cibariorum afflictos, ad iniquam pugnandi conditionem posse deduci: mandat, ut crebros explorateres in Suevos mittant, quaeque apud eos gerantur, cognoseant. Illi imperata faciunt, et, paucis diebus intermissis, referunt, "Suevos omnes, posteaquam certiores nuncii de exercitu Romanorum venerint, cum omnibus suis sociorumque copiis, quas coegissent, penitus ad extremos fines sese recepisse silvam esse ibi 2infinita magnitudine, quae appellatur Bace nis: hanc longe introrsus pertinere, et, pro nativo muro ob jectam, Cheruscos 3ab Suevis, Suevosque ab Cheruscis, in juriis incursionibusque prohibere: ad ejus initium silva Suevos adventum Romanorum expectare constituisse." 11. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, 4non ali enum, esse videtur, de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus, el quo differant eae nationes inter sese, proponere. In Gallia, non solumn in omnibus civitatibus atque 5in omnibus pagis partibusque, sed paene-etiam in singulis domibus, factiones sunt:'earumque factionum principes sunt, qui summam auctoritatem eorum judicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium judiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat. 7Idque ejus rei causa antiquitus institutum videtur, 8ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii egeret: suos enim 9quisque opprimi et circumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter si faciant, ullam inter suos habent auctoritatem.'~Haiec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae: nam que omnes civitates in partes diviswe sunt duas. 12. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, "alterius factionis principes erant Edui, alterius Sequani. Hi cum per so minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in 2Eduis, magneque eorum erant clientela, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adjunxerant, eosque ad se magnis'2jacturis pollicitationibusque perduxerant. Prceliis vero compluribus factis secundis, atque omni nobilitate ZEduorum interfecta, LIBER VI. CAP XIII. 123 Xtantum potentia antecesserant, ut magnam partern clientium ab 2Eduis ad se transducerent, obsidesque ab iis principum filios acciperent, et publice jurare cogerent, nihil se contra Sequanos consilii inituros; et partem finitimi agri, per vilr occupatam, possiderent; Gallilque totius principatum ob mnerent. Qua necessitate adductus Divitiacus, auxilii pe tendi causa 2Romam ad Senatun profectus, infecta re redi erat. Adventu Caesaris facta 3commutatione rerum, obsidi bus 2Eduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis pe] Caesarem comparatis (quod hi, qui se ad 4eorum amicitiam aggregaverant, meliore conditione atque aquiore imperio se uti videbant), 5reliquis rebus eorum, gratia, dignitate amplii ficata, Sequani principatum 6dimiserant. In eorum locum Remi successerant; 7quos quod adaequare apud Caesarem gratia intelligebatur, ii, qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum _Eduis conjungi poterant, 8se Remis in clientelam dicabant. Hos illi diligenter tuebantur. Ita et novanm et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant. Eo tur statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur zEdui, secundum loc um dignitatis Remi obtinerent. 13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum, 9qui aliquo sunt nu mero atque honore, 10genera sunt duo: nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae per se nihil audet et nullo adhibetur consilio. Plerique, cum aut "'ere alieno, aut "rmag nitudine tributorum, aut injuria potentiorum premuntur, sesf in servitutem dicant nobilibus:'3in hos eadem omnia sun jura, quae dominis in servos. Sed de his duobus generiburf'4alterum est Druidum, alterum equitum. 5Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata'6procurant, religioner interpretantur. Ad hos magnus adolescentium numerut'7disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque'8ii sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque constituunt; et, si quod est admissum facinus, "9si caedes facta, si de haereditate, si de finibus controversia ^st, iidem decernunt; praemia penasque constituunt. si qmi at M2. 124 DE BELLO GALLICO. privatus aut publicus eorum decreto'non stetit, sacrificils interdicunt. Haec pcena apud eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, ii numero impiorum ac sceleratorum ha:entur, iis omnes decedunt, 2aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant: neque iis petentibus 3jus redditur, neque honos ullus communicatur. His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit; at, si sunt plures pares, suffragio Druidum deligitur, nonnunquam etiam armis 4de principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio 5totius Galliae media habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. Huc omnes undique, qui controversias habent, conveniunt, eorumque decretis judiciisque parent. 6Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur: et nunc, qui 7diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt, plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur. 14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; 8militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. Tantis 9excitati praemiis, et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt, et a parentibus propiaquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum'ediscere dicuntur: itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse existimant, "ea literis mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus, Graecis utantur literis.'2Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur; quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri velint, neque eos, qui discant, literis confisos, minus memorie studere: quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio literarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant. "3In primis hoc volunt persuadere,'4non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios: atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu mortis neglecto Multa pretere% de.ideribls atque norum motu. de LIBER VI. CAP. XVII. 125 mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de Deorum immortalium vi ac potestate'disputant et juventuti transdunt. i5. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, 2cum est usus, atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod ante Caesaris adventum fere quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi injurias inferrent, aut illatas propulsarent), 3omnes in bello versantur: atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita 4plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habent. "Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt. 16. Natio est omnium Gallorum 6admodum dedita religionibus, atque ob earn causam, qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis, quique in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut 7pro victimis homines immolant, aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur; quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse aliter Deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur: 8publiceqne ejusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia. Alii im' mani magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum 9contexta vimi nibus membra vivis hominibus complent, quibus succensis, circumventi flamma exanimantur homines.'OSupplicia eorum, qui in furto, aut in latrocinio, aut aliqua noxa sint comprehensi, gratiora Diis immortalibus esse arbitrantur: sed, cum "ejus generis copia deficit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt. 17.'2Deum maxime Mercurium colunt: ujus sunt plu. rima simulacra,'3hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc'4ad questus pe cuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximum arbitrantur Post hunc,'5Apollinem et'6Martem et "'Jovein et Minervam: "de his eandem fere, quam reliqume gentes, habent opinionem; Apollinem morbos depellere,'gMinervam operum atque artificiorum initia transdere; Jovem;mperium cceles. tium tenere; Martem bella regere. Huik, cum prcelio di micare constituerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque de 126 DE BELLO GALLICO. vovent.'Quae superaverint, amimalia capta immolant; relb iquas res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in civita'ibus narum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet: neque saepe accidit, ut, 2neglecta quispiam religione, aut capta apud se occultare, aut posita tollere auderet: gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutur est. 18. Galli se omnes 3ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant, idque ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob ear causam, 4spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium, finiunt; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, 5ut noctem dies subsequatur.'In reliquis vitas institutis, hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverint, ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se-adire non patiuntur; filiumque puerili aetate in publico, in conspectu patris, assistere, turpe ducunt. 19. 7Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suis bonis, aestimatione facta, cum dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis pecuniae sconjunctim ratio habetur, fructusque servantur: uter eorum 9vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicut in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem: et, cum pater familiae, illustriore loco natus, decessit, ejus propinqui conveniunt, et, de morte si res in suspicioner venit, de uxoribus'lin servilem modum quaestionem habent, et, "si compertum est, igni atque omni bus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. Funera sunt "pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumtuosa; omniaque, quas "vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur, in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia:'ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, justis funeribus confee tis, una cremabantur. 20. Quae civitates 5commodius suam rem publicam administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore ac fama acceperi LiBER v i. CAP. XXII. 127 uti ad magistratum deferat, neve cum qu6 alio communicet: quod saepe homines temerarios atque'imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri, et ad facinus impelli, et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistratus, 2qua visa sunt, occultant; quaeque esse ex usu judicaverint, multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi 3per concilium loqui non conceditur. 21. 4Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt: 5nam neque Druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint, 6neque sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt, et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et 7Vulcanum et Lunam: reliquos ne fama quidem 8acceperunt. Vita omnis in venationibus atque 9in studiis rei militaris consistit: ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. Qui diutissime'~impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem: hoc ali staturam, ali hoc vires nervosque confirmari, putant. Intra annum vero vicesimum fceminae notitiam habuisse, in turpissimis habent rebus: "cujus rei nulla est occultatio, quod et promiscue in fluminibus perluuntur, et pellibus 2aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur, magna corporis parte nuda. 22.'3Agriculturae non student; majorque pars victus eorum in lacte, caseo, came consistit: neque quisquam 4agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios; sed magis. tratus ac principes in annos singulos'5gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierint,'6quantum, et quo loco visum est, agri attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt. 17Ejus rei multas afferunt causas; ne, assidua consuetudine capti, studium belli gerendi agricultura commutent; ne 8llatos fines parare studeant, potentioresque'ghumiliores possessionibus expellant; ne 20accuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedificent; ne qua oriatur pecuniam cupiditas, qua.ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut 2'animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis wequari videat. 128 DE BELLO GALLICO. 23. Civitatibus maxima laus est, quam latissimas circu - se'vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc 2proprium vitutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quenquam prope audere consistere: simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantui, repentina incursionis timore sublato. Cum bellum civitas aut illatum 3defendit, aut infert; magistratus, qui ei bello prasint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In pace nullus est communis magistratus, 4sed principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos jus dicunt, controversiasque minuunt. Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quas extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt; atque ea juventutis exercendae ac 5desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque, ubi quis ex principibus in concilio dixit, "se ducem fore; qui sequi velint, 6profiteantur;" consurgunt ii, qui et causam et hominem probant, suumque auxilium pqllicentur, atque ab multitudine collaudantur: qui ex iis secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur, 7omniumque iis rerum postea fides derogatur.'Hospites violare, fas non putant; qui quaque de causa ad eos venerint, ab injuria prohibent, sanctosque habent; iis omnium domus patent, victusque communicatur. 24. Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum multitu. dinem agrique inopiam 9trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea, qua fertilissima sunt, Germaniae loca circum Hercyniam silvam (quam'~Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant), Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt, atque ibi consederunt. Quaw gens ad hoc tempus iis sedibus sese continet, "summamque habet justitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: nunc quoque'in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia, qua Germani, permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur;'3Gallis autem Provinciae propinquitas, et transmarinarum rerun notitia,'4multa ad copiam atque usus largitur. Paulatim assuefacti superari, multisque victi prceliis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant. LIBER VI. CAP. XXVIII. 29 25. Hujus Hercynie silvae, quae supra demonstrata est,'atitudo novem dierum iter'expedito patet: non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. 20ritur ab Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Rauracorum finibus, rectaque fluminis Danubii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium: hinc se flectit 3sinistrorsus, diversis ab flumine regionibus, multarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit: neque quisquam est 4hujus Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium ejus silve dicat, cum dierum iter sexaginta processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur, acceperit. Multa in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint: ex quibus, qua maxime differant ab ceteris et'memoria prodenda videantur, haec sunt. 26. 6Est bos cervi figura, cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu existit, excelsius magisque directum his, qua nobis nota sunt, cornibus. Ab ejus summo, Ssicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur. Eadem est fceminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. 27. Sunt item, quae appellantur 9Alces. Harum est consimilis capreis figura et'0varietas pellium; sed magnitudine paulo antecedunt, "mutileque sunt cornibus, et crura's1ine nodis articulisque habent; neque quietis causa procumbunt, neque, si "quo afflictae casu conciderint, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas'4se applicant, atque ita, paulum modo reclinatae, quietem capiunt: quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut 15a radicibus subruunt, aut accidunt arbores tantum, ut summa species carum stantium relinquatur. Huc cum se consuetudine reclinaverint, 6infirmas arbores pondere affligunt, atque una ipsee concidunt. 28.'Tertium est genus eorum, qui Uri appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine'paulo infra elephantos, specie et colore et figura tauri. Magna vis eorum, et magna velocitas neque homini, neque ferae, quam conspexerint, parcunt. 130 DE BELLO GALLICO. Hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt. Hoc se laboro duraint 2adolescentes, atque hoc genere venationis exercent et, qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, 3quee sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudemo'Sed assuescere ad homines, et mansuefieri, ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt. 5Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum bourn cornibus differt. Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur. 29. 6Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores comperit, Suevos sese in silvas recepisse, 7inopiam frumenti veritus, quod, ut supra demonstravimus, minime omnes Germani agriculturae student, constituit, non progredi longius: sed, ne omnino metum reditus sui barbaris tolleret, atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret, reducto.exercitu, partem ultimam pontis, quse ripas Ubiorum contingebat, in longitudinem pedum ducentorum rescindit; atque in extremo ponte turrim tabulatorum quatuor constituit, praesidiumque cohortium duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit, magnisque eum locum munitionibus firmat. Ei loco preesidioque Caium Volcatium Tullum adolescentem praefecit: ipse, cum maturescere frumenta inciperent, ad 8bellum Ambiorigis profectus (per Arduennam silvam, quee est totius Galliae maxima, atque ab ripis Rheni finibusque Trevirorum ad Nervios pertinet, millibusque amplius quingentis in longitudinem patet), Lucium Minucium Basilum cum omni equitatu premittit, 9si quid celeritate itineris atque opportunitate temporis proficere possit; monet, ut ignes fieri in castris prohibeat, ne qua ejus adventus procul significatio fiat: sese confestim'~subsequi dicit. 30. "Basilus, ut imperatum est, facit; celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, multos in agris inopinantes deprehendit; eorum indicio ad ipsum Ambiorigem contendit, quo in loco cum paucis equitibus esse dicebatur'2Multum cum in omnibus rebus, turn in re militari potest LIBER VI. CAP. XXXII. 131 fortuna. Nam sicut magno accidit casu, ut in ipsum incauturn atque etiam imparatum incideret,'priusque ejusadventus ab hominibus videretur, quam fama ac nuncius adventus afferretur: sic 2magnae fuit fortunae, omni militari instrumento, quod circum se habebat, erepto, rhedis equisque comprehensis, ipsum effugere mortem. Sed 3hoc eo factum est, quod, aedificio circumdato silva (ut sunt fere domicilia Gallorum, qui, vitandi aestus causa, plerumque silvarum ac fluminum petunt propinquitates), comites familiaresque ejus 4angusto in loco paulisper equitum nostrorum vim sustinuerunt His pugnantibus, illum in equum quidam ex suis intulit: fugientem silva texerunt. Sic et ad subeundum periculum, et ad vitandum, multum fortuna valuit. 31. 5Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit, quod prcelio dimicandum non existimarit, an tempore exclusus et repentino equitum adventu prohibitus, cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet, dubium est: 6sed certe, dimissis per agros nunciis, sibi quemque consulere jussit: quorum pars in Arduennam silvam, pars 7in continentes paludes profugit: qui proximi Oceanum fuerunt, hi insulis sese oc. cultaverunt, quas aestus efficere consuerunt: multi, ex suis finibus egressi, se suaque omnia'alienissimis crediderunt. Cativolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige consilium inierat, aetate jam confectus, cum laborem aut belli aut fugae ferre non posset, 9omnibus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui ejus consilii auctor fuisset,'taxo, cujus magna in Gallia Germaniaque copia est, se exanimavit. 32. Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum, qui sunt inter Eburones Trevirosque, legatos ad CTesarem miserunt, oratum, ne se in hostium numero duceret, neve "omnium Germanorum, qui essent citra Rhenum, unam esse causam judicaret: nihil se de bello cogitavisse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse. Caesar, explorata re'quwestione captivorum, si qui ad eos Eburones ex fuga N 13,2 DE BELLO GALLICO. conrenissent, ad se ut reducerentur, imperavit: si ita feci* stb:, fines eorum se violaturum negavit. Trum copiis in tr-s partes distributis, impedimenta omnium legionum'Aduatucam contulit. Id castelli nomen est. Hoc fere est in mediis Eburonum finibus, ubi Titurius atque Aurunculeius hiemandi causa consederant. Hunc cum reliquis rebus locum probabat, tur, quod superioris anni munitiones integrae manebant, ut militum laborem sublevaret. Praesidio impedimentis legioner quatuordecimam reliquit, unam ex iis tribus; quas proxime conscriptas ex Italia transduxerat. Ei legioni castrisque 2Quintum Tullium Ciceronem praficit, dueentosque equites attribuit. 33. Partito exercitu, Titum Labienum cum legionibus tribus ad Oceanum versus, in eas partes, quae Menapios attingunt, proficisci jubet: Caium Trebonium cum pari legionum numero ad eam regionem, qua3 Aduatucis adjacet, depopulandam mittit: ipse cum reliquis tribus ad flumen'Sabim, quod influit in Mosam, extremasque Arduenn2e partes ire constituit, quo cum paucis equitibus profectum Ambiorigem audiebat. Discedens, 4post diem septimum sese reversurum, confirmat; ouam ad diem ei legioni, quae in praesidio relinquebatur, frumentum deberi sciebat. Labienum Treboniumque hortatur, si reiputblica commodo facere possint, ad eam diem revertantur; ut, rursus communicato consilio, exploratisque hostium rationious, aliud belli initiumn capere possent. 34. Erat, Sut supra aemonstravimus, manus certa nulla, non oppidum, non praesidium, quod se armis defenderet; sed omnes in partes dispersa multitudo. Ubi cuique aut vallis abdita, aut locus silvestris, aut palus impedita, spem praesidii aut salutis aliquam offerebat, consederat. Haec toca %vicinitatibus erant nota, 7magnamnque res diligentiam requirebat, non in summa exercitus tuenda (nullur enim poterat universis ab perterritis ac dispersis periculum acci Il^e),- sed in singulis militibus conservandis; qnu tamei LIBER VI. CAP. XXXV. 133 ex parte res ad salutem exercitus pertinebat. Nam et praedae cupiditas multos longius evocabat, et silvae incertis occultisque itineribus'confertos adire prohibebant. Si negotium confici stirpemque hominum sceleratorum interfici vellet, dimittendae plures manus diducendique erant milites: si continere ad signa manipulos 2vellet, ut 3instituta ratio et consuetudo exercitus Romani postulabat, locus ipse erai presidio barbaris, neque ex occulto insidiandi et dispersos circumveniendi singulis deerat audacia. At in ejusmodi difficultatibus, quantum diligentia provideri poterat, providebatur; ut potius 4in nocendo aliquid omitteretur, etsi omnium animi ad ulciscendum ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur. CGesar ad finitimas civitates nuncios dimittit, omnes ad se evocat spe praedae, ad diripiendos Eburones, ut potius in silvis Gallorum vita, quam 6legionarius miles, periclitetur; simul ut, magna muititudine circumfusa, 6pro tali facinore, stirps ac nomen civitatis 7tollatur. Magnus undique numerus celeriter convenit. 35. Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur, diesque'appetebat septimus, quem ad diem Caesar ad impedimenta legionemque reverti constituerat. Hic, quantum in bello fortuna possit 9et quantos afferat casus, cognosci potuit. Dissipatis ac perterritis hostibus, ut demonstravimu-s,'~manus erat nulla, quae parvam modo causam timoris afferret. Trans Rhenum ad Germanos pervenit fama, diripi Eburones, atque "ultro omnes ad praedam evocari. Cogunt equitum duo millia Sigambri, qui sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tenchtheros atque Usipetes 2supra docuimus: transeunt Rhenum navibus ratibusque, triginta millibus passuum infra eum locum, ubi pons 3erat perfectuf praesidiumque ab Caesare relictum: primos Eburonum fine& adeunt,'multos ex fuga dispersos excipiunt, magno pecoria numero, cujus sunt cupidissimi barbari, potiuntur. Invitati preeda, longius procedunt:'5non hos palus, in bello latro ciniisque natos, non silvae morantur: quibus in locis sit 134 DE BELLO GALLICO. (sesar, ex eaptivis queerunt; profectum longius reperiunl, omnemque exercitum discessisse cognoscunt. Atque unus ex captivis, "Quid vos," inquit, "hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet jam esse'fortunatissimis?'rribus horis Aduatucam venire potestis: huc omnes suas fortunas exercitus Romanorum contulit: 2preesidii antum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit, neque quisquam egredi extra munitiones audeat." Oblata spe, Germani, quam nacti erant praedam, in occulto relinquunt, ipsi Aduatucam contendunt, 3usi eodem duce, cujus hec indicio cognoverant. 36. Cicero, qui per omnes superiores dies praeceptis CGesaris summa diligentia milites in castris continuisset, ac ne calonem quidem quemquam extra munitionem egredi passus esset, septimo die, diffidens 4de numero dierun Caesarem fidem servaturum, quod longius eum progressum audiebat, neque ulla de reditu ejus fama afferebatur; simul eorum permotus vocibus, 5qui illius patientiam paene obsessionem appellabant, si quidem ex castris egredi nonliceret; Gnullum ejusmodi casum expectans, quo, novem oppositis legionibus maximoque equitatu, dispersis ac paene deletis hostibus, in millibus passuum tribus offendi posset; quinque cohortes frumentatum in proximas segetes misit, quas inter ct castra unus omnino collis intererat. Complures erant in castris ex legionibus aegri relicti; ex quibus 7qui hoc spatio dierum convaluerant, circiter trecenti sub vexillo una mittunttr': magna praeterea jnultitudo calonum, magna vis jumentorum, quae in castris ssubsederat, facta potestate, sequitur. 37. Hoc ipso tempore, 9casu Germani equites interveniunt, protinusque eodem illo, quo venerant, cursu'~ab decumana porta in castra irrumpere conantur: nec prius sunt visi, objectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris appropinquaren' usque eo, ut, "qui sub vallo tenderent'2mercatores, recipiendi rui facultatem non haberent. Inopinantes nostri re nova prturbantur, ac vix primum impetum cohors in statione sustinet. Circumfunduntur ex reliquis hostes partibus, LLBER VI. CAP. XXXIX. 135 si quem aditum reperire possent..Egro'portas nostn tuentur, reliquos aditus locus ipse per se muiitioque defern dit. Totis trepidatur castris, atque alius ex alio causam tumultus queerit; neque quo signa ferantur, 2neque quam in partem quisque conveniat, provident. Alius capta jam castra pronunciat; alius, deleto exercitu atque imperatore, victores barbaros venisse contendit: 3plerique novas sibi ex loco religiones fingunt, Cottaeque et Titurii calamitatem, qui in eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt. Tali timore omnibus perterritis, confirmatur opinio barbaris, ut ex 4captivo audierant, nullum esse intus presidium. Perrumpere nituntur, seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimittant. 38. Erat aeger in prawsidio relictus Publius Sextius Baculus, 5qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, cujus mentionem 6superioribus proeliis fecimus, ac diem jam quintum cibo caruerat. Hic, diffisus suee atque omnium saluti, inermis ex tabernaculo prodit: videt imminere hostes, atque in summo esse rem discrimine: capit arma a proximis atque in porta consistit. Consequuntur hunc centuriones ejus cohortis que 7in statione erat: paulisper una prcelium sustinent.- Relinquit animus Sextium, gravibus acceptis vulneribus: egre per mranus tractus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito, reliqui sese confirmant tantum, ut in munitionibus consistere audeant, speciemque defensorum praebeant. 39. Interim confecta frumentatione, milites nostri clamorem exaudiunt; prsecurrunt equites, quanto sit res in periculo, cognoscunt. Hic vero nulla munitio est, quse perterritos recipiat: 9modo conscripti, atque usus militaris impe. riti, ad tribunum militum centurionesque ora convertunt: quid ab his praecipiatur, expectant. Nemo est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur. Barbari, signa procul conspi cati, oppugnatione desistunt: redisse primo legiones cre dunt, quas longius discessisse ex captivis cognoverant; postea, despecta paucitate, ex omnibus partibus impetum faciunt 136 DE BELLO GALLICO. 40.'Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt: hinc celeriter dejecti se in signa munipulosque conjiciunt: eo magis timidos perterrent milites. Alii, 2cuneo facto ut celeriter perrumpant, censent, quoniam tam propinqua sint castra; et, 3si pars aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at reliquos servari posse confidunt: alii, ut in jugo consistant, atque eundem omnes ferant casum. Hoc veteres non probant milites, quos sub vexillo una profectos docuimus. Itaque inter se cohortati, duce Caio Trebonio, equite Romano, qui eis erat praepositus, per medios hostes perrumpunt, incolumesque ad unum omnes in castra perveniunt. Hos subsecuti calones equitesque eodem impetu militum virtute servantur. At ii, qui in jugo constiterant, 4nullo etiam nunc usu rei militaris percepto, neque in eo, quod probaverant, consilio permanere, ut se loco superiore defenderent, neque earn, quam profuisse allis vim celeritatemque viderant, imitari potuerunt; sed, se in castra recipere conati, iniquum in locum demiserant. Centuriones, quorum nonnulli,'ex inferioribus ordinibus reliquarum legionum, virtutis causa, in superiores erant ordines hujus legionis transducti, ne ante partam rei militaris laudem amitterent, fortissime pugnantes conciderunt. Militum pars, horum virtute submotis hostibus, praeter spem incolumis in castra pervenit; pars a barbaris circumventa periit. 41. Germani, desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros jam constitisse in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda, quam in silvis deposuerant, trans Rhenum sese receperunt. Ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum hostium terror, ut ea nocte, cum Caius Volusenus missus cum equi. tatu ad castra venisset, 0fidem non faceret, adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu. Sic omnium animos timor praeoccupaverat, ut, 7paene alienata mente, deletis omnibus copiis equitatum tantum se ex fuga recepisse, dicerent, neque, incolumi exercitu, Germanos castra oppugnaturos fuisse contenderent. Quem timorem CaGsaris adventus sustulit. LIBER VI. CAP. XLIV, 137 42 Reversus ille, eventus belli non ignorans,'ununm, quod cohortes 2ex statione et praesidio essent emissae, questus, ne minimo quidem-casu locum relinqui debuisse, multum fortunam in repentino hostium adventu potuisse indicavit; multo etiam amplius, quod paene ab ipso vallo portisque castrorum barbaros avertisset. Quarum omnium rerum "maxime admirandum videbatur, quod Germani, qui eo consilio Rhenum transierant, ut Ambiorigis fines depopularentur, ad castra Romanorum delati, 4optatissimum Ambiorigi beneficium obtulerint. 43. Casar, rursus ad vexandos hostes profectus, magno coacto numero ex finitimis civitatibus, in omnes partes dimittit. 5Omnes vici atque omnia aedificia, quae quisque conspexerat, incendebantur: praeda ex omnibus locis agebatur: frumenta non solum a tanta multitudine jumentorum atque hominum consumebantur, sed etiam anni tempore atque imbribus procubuerant; ut, si qui etiam in praesentia se occultassent, tamen iis, deducto exercitu, rerum omnium inopia pereundum videretur. 6Ac seepe in eum locum ventur est, tanto in omnes partes diviso equitatu, ut modo visum ab se Ambiorigem in fuga captivi, nec plane etiam abisse ex conspectu contenderent, ut, spe consequendi illata atque infinito labore suscepto, qui se summar ab CGesare gratiam inituros putarent, paene naturam studio vincerent, semperque paulum 7ad summam felicitatem defuisse videretur, atque ille latebris aut saltibus se eriperet et noctu occultatus alias regiones partesque peteret, non majore equitum praesidio, quam quatuor, quibus solis vitam suam committere audebat. 44. Tali modo vastatis regionibus, exercitum Caesar'duarum cohortium damno Durocortorum Remorum reducit, concilioque in eum locum Galliae indicto, de conjuratione Senonum et Carnutum quaestionem habere instituit; et 9de Accone, qui princeps ejus consilii fuerat, graviore sententia pronunciata, l'more majorum supplicium sumsit Nonnulli !38 DE BELLO GAL1ICO. judicium veriti profugerunt;'quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Trevirorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum finibus Agendici in hibernis collocavit; frumentoque 2exercitu proviso, it instiberat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos ptofectus est. C. JUL1 CESARIS CO MME NTARII DE BE II O GALLI O. BOOK VII. THE ARGUMENT. TaE -WAR WITH VERCINGETORIX. Chap. 1. The Gauls concert measures for renewing the war. 2, 3. The Carnutes massacre a number of Roman citizens at Genabum. 4. The command of the confederates given to Vercingetorix. 5. The Bituriges apply for aid to the Aedui, and, it being withheld, they join the confederates. 6. Cssar's return to Gaul. 7, 8. The Arverni, who had revolted at the instigation of Vercingetorix, are overcome. 9, 10. Vercingetorix besieges Gergovia. Casar marches against him. 11. Vellaunodunum and Genabum taken by Csesar. 12. Vercingetorix raises the siege of Gergovia, and marches against Csesar, who is attacking Noviodunum. Caesar defeats the cavalry of Vercingetorix, becomes master of Noviodunum, and marches towards Avaricum. 13-15. The Bituriges, by the advice of Vercingetorix, set fire to their towns that they may not furnish subsistence to the Romans. Avaricum alone is spared. 16, 17. The Romans before Avaricum suffer greatly for want of provisions. 18-21. Vercingetorix, being accused of treason, clears himself, and receives great applause. 22. The Gauls at Avaricum defend their walls with great skill and bravery. 23. The Gallic manner of building walls around their towns. 24-27. Avaricum, after a resolute defence, is taken, and the garrison and all themabeitants put to tiie sword. 5'. tvercingetorix consoles his mler by a speech. 29-31. The war continued by Vercingetorix 32, 33 to1 DE BELL. GALLICO. Dissensions among the Aedui. Quieted by Caesar. 34, 35. Caesar marches towards Gergovia. Crosses the Elaver by a feint. Vercingctorix retires before him. 36. Caesar encamps near Gerganpd seizes upon an eminence.:37-39. Revolt RtofteAeduan forces. 40. Quelled by' the prutence and diligence of Caesar. 41, 42. Roman camp attacked during Cesar's absence. Fresh disturbances among the Aedni. 43-51. Caesar carries three of the enemy's camps before Gergovia; but the Romans, pressing the attack too far, are repulsed with loss. 52. Caesar reproves in a speech the rashness of his soldiers. 53-56. War begun by the Aedui. Caesar crosses the Liger. 57-62. Labienus, after a successful expedition against the Parisii, returns to Caesar with all his forces. 63, 64. The revolt of the Aedui followed by that of almost all Gaul. Preparations for war. Vercingetorix reappointed commander-in-chief. 65-67. The Gauls attack Caesar, but are routed with great slaughter. 68. Vercingetorix re treats to Alesia, whither Caesar pursues him. 69. Description of the place. 70. The Gauls again defeated in an engagement between the cavalry. 71. Vercingetorix sends away his cavalry. All Gaul summoned to the war. 72-74. Casar surrounds Alesia with lines of circumvallation and contravallation. 75, 76. The Gallic auxiliaries assemble from all quarters, and strive to compel Caesar to raise the siege. 77, 78. Distress in Alesia. Remarkable speech of Critognatus. The Mandubii compelled to leave their own city. 79-87. The Gauls within and without make several attempts upon the Roman lines, but are always repulsed with loss. 88. At length the Romans, by a movement of the horse, defeat the Gauls with great slaughter. 89. Alesia surrenders, and with it Vercingetorix. 90. The Aedui and Arverni submit. Caesar sends his army into winter quarters. 1. QUIETA Gallia, Casar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos proficiscitur. Ibi'cognoscit de Clodii caede: de 2Senatusque consulto certior factus, 3ut omnes Italiee juniores conjurarent, dilectum tota provincia habere instituit. Eae res in Galliam Transalpinam celeriter perfe runtur. Addunt ipsi et affingunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur, 4retineri urbano motu Caesarem, neque in tantis dissensionibus ad exercitum venire posse. Hac impulsi occasione, qui jam ante se Populi Romani imperio subjectos dolerent, liberius atque audacius de bello consilia LIBER VI1. CAP. III. 141 mire incipiunt. Indictis inter se principes Galliie conciliis, silvestribus ac remotis locis, queruntur'de Acconis morte; hunc casum ad ipsos recidere posse demonstrant; miserantur communem Galliae fortunam; omnibus pollicitationibus ac praemiis 2deposcunt, qui belli initium faciant et sui capitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent. 3Ejus in primis rationem habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu intercludatur. Id esse facile, quod neque legiones, absente imperatore, audeant ex hibernis egredi; neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire possit: postremo 4in acie praestare interfici, quam non veterem belli gloriam libertatemque, quam a majoribus acceperint, recuperare. 2. His rebus agitatis, profitentur Carnutes, "se nullum periculum communis salutis causa recusare, principesque ex omnibus bellum facturos pollicentur; 5et, quoniam in praesentia obsidibus inter se cavere non possint, ne res efferatur, ut jurejurando ac fide sanciatur, petunt, collatis militaribus signis (quo more eorum gravissimae cerimoniae continentur), ne, facto initio belli, ab reliquis deserantur." Trum, collaudatis Carnutibus, dato jurejurando ab omnibus qui aderant, tempore ejus rei constituto, ab concilio disceditur. 3. Ubi ea dies venit, Carnutes, Cotuato et Conetoduno ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Genabum dato signo concurrunt, civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa 6ibi constiterant (in his Caium Fusium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentaria jussu CGesaris preerat), interficiunt, bonaque eorum diripiunt. Celeriter ad omnes Gallixe civitates fama perfertur: nam, ubi major atque 7illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et proximis tradunt; ut tum accidit: nam, quee Genabi oriente sole gesta essent, ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus Arvernorumn audita sunt; quod spatium est millium circiter Scentum et sexagintn. 142 DE BELLO GALLICO. 4.'Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli fiius, Arvernus, summ2e potentiae adolescens (cujus pater principatum 2Galliae totius obtinuerat, et ob earn causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus), convocatis suil clientibus, facile incendit. Cognito ejus consilio, ad arma concurritur: ab Gobanitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui hanc tentandam fortunam non existimabant, expellitur ex oppido Gergovia: non destitit tamen, atque in agris habet dilectum egentium ac perditorum. Hac coacta manu, 3quoscumque adit ex civitate, ad suam sententiam perducit: hortatur, ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant: magnisque coactis copiis, adversarios suos, a quibus paulo ante erat ejectus, expellit 4ex civitate. Rex ab suis appellatur; dimittit quoquoversus legationes; obtestatur, ut in fide maneant. Celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turones, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andes reliquosque omnes, 5qui Oceanum attingunt, adjungit: omnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium. Qua oblata potestate, omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci jubet, armorum quantum quteque civitas domi, quodque ante tempus 6efficiat, constituit: in primis equitatui studet. Summa diligentire 7summam imperii severitatem addit; magnitudine supplicii dubitantes cogit: nam, majore commisso delicto, igni atque omnibus tormentis necat: leviore de causa, auribus desectis, Saut singulis effossis oculis, domum remittit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine poenae perterreant alios. 5. His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu, Lucterium 9Cadurcum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in Rutenos mittit: ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur. Ejus adventu Bituriges ad JEduos, quorum erant in fide, legatos mittunt subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sus. tinere possint. IEdui'de consilio legatorum, quos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, copias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturigibus mittunt. "Qui cum ad flnlenl Ligerim LIBER VII. CAP. VIII. 143 tenissent, quod Bituriges ab _Eduis dividit, paucos dies ibi morati, neque flumen transire ausi, domurn revertuntur, legatisque nostris renunciant, se Biturigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quibus id consilii fuisse cognoverint, ut, si flumen transissent, una ex parte'ipsi, altera Arverni se circumsisterent. 2Id cane de causa, quam legatis pronunciarunt, an perfidia adducti fecerint, 3quod nihil nobis constat, non videtur pro certo esse ponendum. Bituriges eorum discessu statim se cum Arvernis conjungunt. 6. 4His rebus in Italiam Caesari nunciatis, cum jam ille 5urbanas res virtute Cneii Pompeii commodiorem in statum pervenisse intelligeret, in Transalpinam Galliam profectus est. Eo cum venisset, magna difficultate afficiebatur, qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset. Nam, si legiones in Provinciam arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio dimicaturas intelligebat: si ipse ad exercitum contenderet, no iis quidem, 6qui eo tempore pacati viderentur, suam salutem recte committi videbat. 7. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus, in Rutenos missus, earn civitatem Arvernis conciliat. Progressus in Nitiobriges el Gabalos, ab utrisque obsides accipit, et, magna coacta manu, in Provinciam, Narbonern versus, eruptionem facere contendit. Qua re nunciata, 7Cesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Narbonem proficisceretur. Eo cum venisset, timentes confirmat, praesidia in sRutenis provin. cialibus, Volcis Arecomicis, Tolosatibus, circumque Narbonem, quae loca erant hostibus finitima, constituit: partern copiarum ex Provincia supplementumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, 9in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire jubet. 8. His rebus comparatis,'~represso jam Lucterio et remoto, quod intrare intra presidia periculosum putabat, in Helvios proficiscitur: etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit, "durissimo tempore anni, altissima nive iter impediebat: tamen discussa nive sex in altitudinem pedurn 0 144 DE BELLO GALLICO. atque ita xiis patefactis, summo militum labore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. Quibus oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna, ut muro, munitos existimabant, ac ne'sirlgu lari quidem unquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus imperat, ut, quam latissime possint, vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant. Celeriter haze fama ac nunciis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur: quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistunt, atque obsecrant, ut suis fortunis consulat, neu se ab hostibus diripi patiatur; praesertim cum videat, omne ad se bellum translatum. Quorum ille precibus permotus, castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus. 9. At Cesar, biduum in iis locis moratus, 2quod haec de VercingetQrige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, 3per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit; Brutum adolescentem iis copiis praeficit; hunc monet, ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime pervagentur: daturum se operam, ne longius triduo ab castris absit. His constitutis rebus, suis inopinantibus, quam maxinis potest itineribus, Viennam pervenit. Ibi nactus 4recentem equitatum, quem multis ante diebus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso, per fines AEduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant, ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab iEduis iniretur consilii, celeritate praecurreret. Eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit, priusque omnes in unum locum cogit, quam de ejus adventu Arvernis nunciari posset. Hac re cognita, Vercingetorix rursus in Bituriges exercitum reducit, atque inde profectus Gergoviam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi Helvetico prelio victos Caesar collocaverat 6JEduisque attribuerat, 6oppugnare instituit. 10. Magnam hace res Caesari difficultatem 7ad consilium capiendum afferebat: si reliquam partem hiemis uno in loco legiones contineret, ne, 8stipendariis 2Eduorum expugnatis, cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amicis in eo LIBER VII. CAP. XI. 145 praesidium videret positum esse: sin naturius ex hibernis educeret,'ne ab re frumentaria, duris subvectionibus, laboraret. Prsstare visum est tamen, omnes difficultates perpeti, 2quam, tanta contumelia accepta, omnium suorum voluntates alienare. Itaque cohortatus AEduos 3de supportando commeatu, praemittit ad Boios, qui de suo adventu doceant, hortenturque, ut in fide maneant atque hostium impetum magno animo sustineant. Duabus Agendici legio onibus atque impedimentis totius exercitus relictis, ad Boios proficiscitur. 11. 4Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum venisset, ne quem post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare instituit, idque biduo circumvallavit: tertio die missis ex oppido legatis de deditione, 5arma conferri, jumenta produci, sexcentos obsides dari jubet. Ea qui conficeret, Caium Trebonium legatum relinquit: ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret Genabum Carnutum, proficiscitur, qui, turn primum allato nuncio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, 7cum longius ear rem ductum iri existimarent, presidium Genabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. Huc biduo pervenit; castris ante oppidum positis, diei tempore exclusus, in posterurn oppugnationem differt, queeque ad ear rem usui sint, militibus imperat: 8et, quod oppidum Genabum pons fluminis Ligeris continebat, veritus, ne noctu ex oppido profugerent, duas legiones in armis 9excubare jubet. Genabenses, paulo ante mediam noctem silentio ex oppido egressi, flumen transire cceperunt. Qua re per exploratores nunciata, Caesar legiones, quas expeditas esse jusserat, portis incensis, intromittit, atque oppido potitur, perpaucis ex hostium numero desideratis, quin cuncti vivi caperentur, quod pontis atque itinerum angustiae multitudini fugam intercluserant. Oppidum diripit atque incendit, praedam militibus donat, exercitum Ligerim transducit atque in Biturigurn {i1ne' pervenit. l46 DEB BELLO GALLICO. 12. Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit,'op pugnatione destitit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur. 2Ille oppidum Noviodunum oppugnare instituerat. Quo ex opt pido cum legati ad eum venissent, oratum, ut sibi ignosceret suneque vitae consuleret; ut celeritate reliquas res confice ret, qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma 3conferri, equos produci, obsides dari jubet. Parte jam obsidum transdita, 4cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus intromissis, qui arma jumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingftorigis antecesserat. Quem simulatque oppidani conspexerunt, atque in spem auxilii venerunt; clamore sublato arma capere, portas claudere, murum complere cewperunt. Centuriones in oppido cum 5ex significatione Gallorum novi aliquid ab his iniri consilii intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt, suosque omnes incolumes receperunt. 13. Caesar ex castris equitatum educi jubet, prceliumque equestre ~committit: laborantibus jam suis Germanos equites circiter quadringentos submittit, quos ab initio secum habere instituerat. Eorum impetum Galli sustinere non potuerunt, atque in fugam conjecti, multis amissis, se ad agmen receperunt: quibus profligatis, rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum opera plebem concitatam existimabant, ad Cesarem perduxerunt, seseque ei dediderunt. Quibus rebus confectis, Caesar ad oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum munitissimumque in finibus Bitu. rigum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus est; quod, eo oppido recepto, civitatem Biturigum se in potestatem redacturum confidebat. 14. Vercingetorix, tot continuis incommodis Vellauno. duni, Genabi, Novioduni acceptis, suos ad concilium convocat. Docet, "longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum, atque antea sit gestum: omnibus modis huic rei studendum, ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur: id esse facile, quod equitatu ipsi abundent, et, (.uod 7anni tcmpore LIBER VII. CAP. XVI. 141a subleventur: pabulum secari non posse: necessario dis persos hostes ex edificiis petere: hos omnes quotidie ab equitibus deleri posse. Praeterea salutis causa rei familiaris commoda negligenda; vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere'hoc spatio, a Boia quoquo versus, quo pabuland. causa adire posse videantur. Harum ipsis rerum copian, suppetere, quod, quorum in finibus bellum geratur, eoruni opibus subleventur: Romanos aut inopiam non laturos, aul magno cumpericulo longius ab castris progressuros: 2neque interesse, ipsosne interficiant impedimentisne exuant, quibus amissis bellum geri non possit. Praeterea oppida incendi oportere, que non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta; 3neu suis sint ad detractandam militiam receptacula, neu 4Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollendam. Hwec si gravia aut acerba videantur, nulto illa gravius aestimare debere, liberos, conjuges in servitutem abstrahi, ipsos interfici; 5quae sit necesse accidere victis." 15. Omnium consensu hac sententia probata, uno die amplius viginti urbes Biturigum incenduntur. Hoc idem fit in reliquis civitatibus. In omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur; quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi solatii 6proponebant, explorata victoria, celeriter amissa recuperaturos. Deliberatur de Avarico in communi concilio, incendi placeret, an defendi. Procue. bunt omnibus Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, " ne pulcherrimam prope totius Gallie urbem, quae et praesidio et ornamento sit civitati; suis manibus succendere cogerentur; facile se loci natura defensuros" dicunt, " quod, prope ex omnibus partibus 7flumine et paluld circumdata, unum habeat et perangustum aditum." Datur petentibus venia, dissuade nte primo Vercingetorige, post concedente et precibus ipsouin et misericordia vulgi. Defensores oppido idonei deliguntur. 16. Vercingetorix minoribus Casarem itineribus subsequitur, et locum castris deligit, paludibus silvisque nmunitum, 02 t48 DE BELLO GALLICO. ab Avarico longe millia passuum sexdecim. Ibi'per certos exploratores in smigula diei tempora, que ad Avaricum agerentur, cognoscebat, et, quid fieri vellet, imperabat: omnes nostras pabulationes frumentationesque observa. bat, dispersosque, cum longius necessario procederent, adotiebatur, magnoque incommodo afficiebat: etsi, quantum ratione provideri poterat, ab nostris occurrebatur, ut 2incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus iretur. 17. Castris ad ear partem oppidi positis, 3Caesar, quae intermissa a flumnine et palude aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turres duas constituere coepit: nam circumvallare loci natura prohibebat. De re frumentaria Boios atque _Eduos adhortari non destitit: quorum 4alteri, quod nullo studio agebant, non multum adjuvabant; alteri non magnis facultatibus, quod civitas erat exigua et infirma, celeriter, quod habuerunt, consumserunt. Summa difficultate rei frumentarie 5affecto exercitu, tenuitate Boiorum, indiligentia AEduorum, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo, ut complures dies milites frumento caruerint, 6et, pecore e longinquioribus vicis adacto, extremam famem sustentarent, nulla tamen vox est ab iis audita, Populi Romani majestate et superioribus victoriis indigna. Quin etiam 7Caesar cum in opere singulas legiones appellaret, et, si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se dimissurum oppugnationem diceret; 8universi ab eo, " ne id faceret," petebant: "sic se complures annos illo imperante meruisse, ut nullam ignominiam acciperent, nunquam infecta re discederent: 1hoc se ignominie laturos loco, si inceptam oppugnationem reliquissent: praestare, omnes perferre acerbitates, 9quam non civibus Romanis, qui'~Genabi perfidia Gallorum interissent, parentarent." Haec eadem centurionibus tribunisque militum.mandabant, ut per eos ad Caesarem deferrentur. 18. Cum jam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis Caesar cognovit, Vercingetorigem consumto pabulo castra LIBER VII. CAP. X) 149 movisse propius Avaricum, atque ipsum cunm equitatu expe. ditisque, qui inter equites prceliari consuessent, insidiarum causa eo profectum, quo nostros postero die pabulatum ven" turos arbitraretur. Quibus rebus cognitis, media noete silentio profectus, ad hostium castra mane pervenit. I11, celeriter per exploratores adventu Cesaris cognito, carros impedimentaque sua'in arctiores silvas abdiderunt, copias omnes in loco edito atque aperto instruxerunt. Qua re nunciata, Caesar celeriter sarcinas conferri, arma expediri jussit, 19. Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis: hunc ex omnibus fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat, non latior pedibus quinquaginta. Hoc se colle, interrupti% pontibus, Galli fiducia loci continebant, 2generatimque distributi in civitates, Somnia vada ac saltus ejus paludis certis custodiis obtinebant, sic animo parati, ut, si ear paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, 4haesitantes premerent ex loco superiore: 5ut, qui propinquitatem loci videret, paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret; qui iniquitatem conditionis perspiceret, inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret. Indignantes milites Caesar, quod conspectum suum hostes ferre possent, tantulo spatio interjecto, et signum proelii exposcentes, edocet, 6" quanto detrimento et quot virorum fortium morte necesse sit constare victo riam: quos cum sic animo paratos videat, ut nullum pro sua laude periculum recusent, summam se iniquitatis condemnari debere, nisi eorum vitam sua salute habeat cariorem." Sic milites consolatus, eodem die reducit in castra; reliquaque, quae ad oppugnationem oppidi pertinebant, administrare in stituit. 20. Vercingetorix, cum ad suos redisset, proditionis in simulatus, 7quod castra propius Romanos movisset, quod cum omni equitatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reliquisset, quod ejus discessu Romani tanta opporwnitate et celeritate venissent; non haec omnia fortuito au' 150 DE BELLO GALLICO. sine consilio accidere potuisse; regnum illum Gallie nmalle CaEsaris concessu, quam ipsorum habere beneficio: tali modo accusatus ad hsec respondit: " Quod castra movisset, factum inopia pabuli, etiam ipsis hortantibus: quod propius Romanos accessisset, persuasum loci opportunitate, qui se ipsum'munitione defenderet: equitum vero, operam neque in loco palustri desiderari debuisse, et illic fuisse utilem, quo sint profecti: summam imperii se consulto nulli discedentem tradidisse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimicandum impelleretur; %cui rei propter animi mollitiem studere omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non possent. 3Romani si casu intervenerint, fortunae; si alicujus indicio vocati, huic habendam gratiam, quod et paucitatem 4eorum ex loco superiore cognoscere, et virtutem despicere, potuerint, qui, dimicare non ausi, turpiter se in castra receperint. Imperium se ab Caesare per proditionem nullum desiderare, quod habere victoria posset, quae jam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallis explorata: 5quin etiam ipsis remittere, si sibi magis honorem tribuere, quam ab se salutem accipere videantur. Haec ut intelligatis," inquit, " a me sincere pronunciari, audite Romanos milites." Producit 6servos, quos in pabulatione paucis ante diebus exceperat et fame vinculisque excruciaverat. Hi, jam ante edocti, quae interrogati pronunciarent, " milites se esse legionarios" dicunt: " fame et inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti aut pecoris in agris reperire possent: simili omnem exercitum inopia premi, nec jam vires sufficere cuiquam, nec ferre 7operis laborem posse: itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in oppugnatione oppidi profecisset, triduo exercitun deducere. Haec," inquit, "'a me," Vercingetorix, "beneficia habetis, quem proditionis insimulatis, cujus opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exercitum victorem fame paene consumtum videtis; quem, turpiter se ex hac fuga recipienter, ne qua civitas suis finibus recipiat, a me provisum est." 21. Gonclamat omnis multitudo, et suo more 8armis con LIBER VII. CAP. XXII. 151 crepat; quod facere in eo consuerunt, cujus orationem ap probant; summum esse Vercingetorigem ducen, nec de ejus fids dubitandum; nec'majore ratione bellum administrari posse. Statuunt, ut decem millia hominum delecta ex omnibus copiis in oppidum submittantur, nec solis Biturigibus communem salutem committendam censent; 2quod penes eos, si id oppidum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intelligebant. 22. 3Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cujusque modi Gallorum occurrebant, 4ut est summae genus solertiae atque ad omnia imitanda atque efficienda, quae ab quoque tradantur, aptissimum. Nam et 5laqueis falces avertebant, 6quas cum destinaverant, tormentis introrsus reducebant; et 7aggerem cuniculis subtrahebant, eo scientius, quod apud eos 8magnae sunt ferrariae, atque omne genus cuniculorum notum atque usitatum est. 9Totum autem murum ex omni parte turribus contabulaverant, atque has'~coriis intexerant. Tum crebris diurnis nocturnisque eruptionibus aut "aggeri ignem inferebant, aut milites occupatos in opere adoriebantur;'2et nostrarum turrium altitudinem, quantum has 13quotidianus agger expresserat, commissis suarum turrium malis, adeequabant; et 14apertos cuniculos prmeusta et praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maximi ponderis saxis morabantur, moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant. 23. Muris autem omnibus Gallicis htec fere forma est. t'Trabes directse, perpetuae in longitudinem,'6paribus inter" vallis distantes inter se binos pedes, in solo collocantur;'7he revinciuntur introrsus et multo aggere vestiuntur. Ea autem, quae diximus,'sintervalla grandibus in fronte saxis effarciuntur. His collocatis et coagmentatis alius insuper ordo adjicitur, ut Pgidem illud intervallum servetur, neque inter se contingant trabes, 0sed, paribus intermissis spatiis, singulae singulis saxis interjectis, arcte contineantur. Sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum justa muri altitudo expleatur. 21Hoc cumr in specienl va.rietatemque opus deo MURI VEGETIANi. _. _. _URI GAL-._ _I _ _...-. _.., _~s S~~~~~~~~~~~ X ij;"=iS'Is=-ll~i=t —ll-i== E pi~~~oli'tIj-liL~dlFl~-l %,,U',f PIR iGAT Li I^AMI= 1IBER VII. CAP. XXV. 1 3 forme non est, alternis trabibus ac saxis, que rectis lineis suos ordines servant; tum ad utilitatem et defensionem ur. bium summam habet opportunitatem;'quod et ab incendio apis et ab ariete materia defendit, quae, 2perpetuis trabibus pedes quadragenos plerumque introrsus revincta, neque perrumpi, neque distrahi potest. 24. Iis tot rebus impedita oppugnatione, milites, cum toto tempore luto, frigore, et assiduis imbribus tardarentur, tamen continenti labore omnia haec superaverunt, et diebus viginti quinque aggerem, latum pedes trecentos et triginta, altum pedes octoginta, exstruxerunt. Cum is murum hostium paene contingeret, et Caesar ad opus consuetudine excubaret militesque cohortaretur, ne quod omnino tempus ab opere intermitteretur: paulo ante tertiam vigiliam est animadversum, fumare aggerem, quem cuniculo hostes succenderant: eodemque tempore toto muro clamore sublato, duabus portis ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat. Alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus jaciebant; 3picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, funde. bant, 4ut, quo primum occurreretur, aut cui rei ferretur aux ilium, vix ratio iniri posset. Tamen, quod 5instituto Camsaris duae semper legiones pro castris excubabant, pluresque partitis temporibus erant in opere, celeriter factum est, ut alii eruptionibus resisterent, alii 6turres reducerent, aggeremque interscinderent, omnis vero ex castris multitudo ad restinguendum concurreret. 25. Cum in omnibus locis, consumta jam reliqua parte noctis, pugnaretur, semperque hostibus spes victoriae redintegraretur; eo magis, 7quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant, Snec facile adire apertos ad auxiliandum animum advertebant, semperque ipsi recentes defessis succederent, omnemque Galliae salutem in illo vestigio temporis positam arbitrarentur: accidit, inspectantibus nobis, quod, 9dignum memoria visum, praetermittendum non existimavimus. Quidanl ante portam oppidi Gallus, qui'0per manus sevi ac 154 DE BELLO GALLICO. picis transditas glebas in ignem e regione turris projiciebat, scorpione ab latere dextro transjectus exanimatusque concidit. Hunc ex proximis unus jacentem'transgressus, eodem illo munere fungebatur: eadem ratione ictu scorpionis exanimato altero, successit tertius et tertio quartus; nec prius ille est a 2propugnatoribus vacuus relictus locus, quam, 3restincto aggere atque omni parte submotis hostibus, finis est pugnandi factus. 26. Omnia experti Galli, quod res nulla successerat, postero die consilium ceperunt ex oppido 4profugere, hortante et jubente Vercingetorige. Id, silentio noctis conati, non magna jactura suorum sese effecturos sperabant, propterea quod neque longe ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant, et palus perpetua, que intercedebat, Romanos ad insequendum tardabat. Jamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matres familiae repente in publicum procurrerunt flentesque, projectwe ad pedes suorum, omnibus precibus petierunt, ne se et communes liberos hostibus ad supplicium dederent, quod ad capiendam fugam 5naturae et virium infirmitas impediret. Ubi eos in sententia perstare viderunt, quod plerumque in summo periculo timor 6misericordiam non recipit, conclamare et significare de fuga Romanis cceperunt. Quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab equitatu Romanorum viae praeoccuparentur, consilio destiterunt..27. Postero die Cesar, promota turri, 7directisque operibus, quwa facere instituerat, magno coorto imbri, Snon inutilem hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitratus, quod paulo incautius custodias in muro dispositas videbat, suos quoque languidius in opere versari jussit, et, quid fieri rellet, ostendit. Legiones 9intra vineas in occulto.'expe. Jitas cohortatur, ut aliquando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent: his, qui primi murum ascendissent, "pramia proposuit, militibusque signum dedit. Illi subito ex omnibus partibus evolaverunt, murumque celerite; complev'erunt LIBER VII. CAP. XXIX. 155 28. Hostes, re nova perterriti, muro turribusque dejecti, in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, hoc animo, ut, si qua ex parte'obviam veniretur, 2acie instructa depugnarent. Ubi neminem in waquum locum sese demittere, sed toto undique muro circumfundi viderunt, veriti, ne omnino spes fugae tolleretur, abjectis armis, ultimas oppidi partes 3continenti impetu petiverunt: parsque ibi, 4cum angusto portarum exitu se ipsi premerent, a militibus; pars, jam egressa portis, ab equitibus est interfecta: nec fuit quisquam-, qui praede studeret. Sic et 5Genabensi caede et labore operis incitati, non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt. Denique ex omni eo numero, qui fuit circiter quadraginta millium, vix octingenti, qui primo clamore audito se ex oppido ejecerant, incolumes ad Vercingetorigem pervenerunt. Quos ille, multa jam nocte, silentio ex fuga excepit (veritus, ne qua in castris 6ex eorum concursu et misericordia vulgi seditio oriretur), ut, procul in via dispositis familiaribus suis principibusque civitatum, 7disparandos deducendosque ad suos curaret, squae cuique civitati pars castrorum ab initio obvenerat. 29. Postero die concilio convocato consolatus cohortatusque est, " ne se admodum animo demitterent, neve perlurbarentur incommodo: non virtute, neque in acie vicisse Romanos, sed 9artificio quodam et scientia oppugnationis, cujus rei fuerint ipsi imperiti: errare, si qui in bello omnes wecundos rerum proventus expectent: sibi nunquam placuisse, Avaricum defendi, cujus rei testes ipsos haberet; sed factum imprudentia Biturigum, et'~nimia obsequentia reliquorum, uti hoc incommodum acciperetur: id tamen se celeriter majoribus commodis sanaturum. Nam, quae ab reliquis Gallis civitates dissentirent, has sua diligentia adjuncturum, atque unum consilium totius Galliae effecturum, cujus 11consensu ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere: idque se prope jam effectum habere. Interea aequum esse, ab iis communis salutis causa impetrari,'2ut castra munire P 156 DE BELLO GALLICO. instituerent, quo facilius repentinos hostium impetus susth nere possent." 30. Fuit hsec oratio non ingrata Gallis, maxime, quod ipse animo non defecerat, tanto accepto incommodo, neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat'plusque animo providere et praesentire existimabatur, quod, re integra, primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum censuerat. Itaque, ut reliquorum imperatorum res adversae auctoritatem minuunt, sic hujus ex contrario dignitas, incommodo accepto, in dies augebatur: simul in spem veniebant, ejus affirmatione, de reliquis adjungendis civitatibus, primumque eo tempore Galli castra munire instituelunt, et sic sunt animo consternati, homines 2insueti laboris, ut omnia, que imperarentur, sibipatienda et perferenda existimarent. 31. Nec minus; quam est pollicitus, Vercingetorix animo laborabat, ut reliquas civitates adjungeret, atque earum principes donis pollicitationibusque alliciebat. Huic rei idoneos homines deligebat, quorum quisque aut oratione subdola aut amicitia facillime capi posset. 3Qui Avarico expugnato refugerant, armandosvestiendosque curat. Simul ut deminutae copiae redintegrarentur, imperat 4certum nuInerum militum civitatibus, quem, et quam ante diem in castra adduci velit; sagittariosque omnes, quorum erat permagnus in Gallia numerus, conquiri et ad se mitti jubet. His rebus celeriter id, quod Avarici deperierat, expletur. Interim 5Teutomarus, Olloviconis filius, rex Nitiobrigum, cujus pater ab Senatu nostro amicus erat appellatus, cum magno equitum suorun numero, ct quos ex Aquitania con. duxerat, ad eum pervenit. 32. Caesar, 6Avarici complures dies commoratus, summamque ibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nactus, exercitum ex labore atque inopia refecit. Jam prope hieme confecta, cum ipso anni tempore ad get-:ndum bellum vocaretur et ad hostenm proticisci constituisset) sPi'e LIBER VII.. CA. XXXIII 15 eur ex paludibus silvisque elicere, sive obsidione premere posset; legati ad eum principes LEduorum veniunt, oratum, "ut maxime necessario tempore civitati subveniat: summo esse in periculo rem; quod,'cum singuli magistratus antiquitus creari atque regiam potestatem annum obtinere consues.. sent, 2duo magistratum gerant, et se uterque eorum legibus creatum esse dicat. Horum esse alterum Convictolitanem, florentem et illustrem adolescentem; alterum Cotum, antiquissima familia natum, atque ipsum hominem summee potentiae et magnee cognationis; cujus frater Valetiacus proximo anno eundem magistratum gesserit: civitatem omnem esse in armis, divisum senatum, divisum populum; 3suas cujusque eorum clientelas. Quod si diutius alatur controversia, fore, uti pars cum parte civitatis corrfigat; id ne accidat, positum in ejus diligentia atque auctoritate." 33. Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere 4detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans, quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent, ne tanta et tam conjuncta Populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset, omnibusque rebus ornasset, ad vim atque ad arma descenderet, atque Sea pars, que minus sibi confideret, auxilia a Vercingetorige arcesseret, huic rei praevertendum existimavit; et quod legibus JEduorum his, qui summum magistratum obtinerent, excedere ex finibus non liceret, 6ne quid de jure aut de legibus eorum deminuisse videretur, ipse in XEduos proficisci statuit, senatumque omnem, et quos inter controversia esset, ad se Decetiam evocavit. Cum prope omnis civitas eo convenisset, 7docereturque, paucis clam convocatis, alio loco, alio tempore, atque oportuerit, fratrem a fratre srenunciatum, cum leges, duo ex una familia, vivo utroque, non solum magistratus creari vetarent, sed etiam in senatu esse prohiberent: Cotum imperium deponere coegit; Convictolitanem, 9qui per sacerdotes more civitatis, intermissis magistratibus, esset creatus, potestatem obtinere jussit. 1 58 1DE BELLO GALLICO 34. Hoc decreto interposito, cohortatus 3Eduos, ut concontroversiarum ac dissensionum obliviscerentur, atque, omnibus omissis his rebus, huic bello servirent, eaque, quae meruissent, praemia ab se,devicta Gallia, expectarent, equitatumque omnem et peditum millia decem sibi celeriter mitterent,'quse in praesidiis rei frumnentariae causa disponeret, exercitum in duas partes divisit; quatuor legiones in Senones Parisiosque Labieno ducendas dedit; sex ipse in Arvernos, ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum flumen Elaver, duxit: equitatus partem 2illi attribuit, partem sibi reliquit. Qua re cognita, Vercingetorix, omnibus interruptis ejus fluminis pontibus, 3ab altera Elaveris parte iter facere ccepit 35. 4Cum uterque utrique esset exercitus in conspectu, fereque e regione castris castra poneret, dispositis exploratoribus, necubi effecto ponte Romani copias transdleerent erat in magnis Caesari difiicultatibus res, ne majorem aesta tis partem flumine impediretur; 5quod non fere ante autumnum Elaver vado transiri solet. Itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco castris positis, 6e regione unius eorum pontium, quos Vercingetorix rescindendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus in occulto restitit; reliquas copias cum omnibus impedimentis, ut consueverat, misit, 7captis quibusdam cohortibus, uti numerus legionum constare videretur. His, quam longissime possent, progredi jussis, cum jam ex diei tempore conjecturam caperet in castra perventum. 8iisdem sublicis, quarum pars inferior integra remanebat, pontem reficere ccepit. Celeriter effecto opere legionibusque transductis, et loco castris idoneo delecto, reliquas copias revocavit. Vercingetorix, re cognita, ne contra suam voluntatem dimicare cogeretur, magnis itineribus antecessit. 36 Caesar ex eo loco 9quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit, equestrique proelio eo die levi facto,'~perspecto urbis situ, quae, posita in altissimo monte, omnes aditus difficiles habenat, "de expugnatione desperavit; de obsessione non prius LIBER VII. CAP. XXXVII. 159 agendum constituit, quam rem frumentariam expedisset. At Vercingetorix, castris prope oppidum in monte positis. mediocribus circum se intervallis separatim singularum civitatum copias collocaverat; atque omnibus ejus jugi collibus occupatis,'qua despici poterat, 2horribilem speciem praebebat: principesque earum civitatum, quos sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima luce quotidie ad se jubebat convenire, seu quid communicandum, seu quid administrandum videretur: neque ullum fere diem intermittebat, quin equestri-proelio, interjectis sagittariis, 3quid in quoque esset animi ac virtutis:-suorum, periclitaretur. Erat e regione oppidi collis sub ipsis radicibus montis, egregie munitus, atque ex omni parte circumcisus (quem si tenerent nostri, et aquae magna parte et pabulatione libera 4prohibituri hostes videbantur; sed is locus praesidio ab iis non nimis firmo tenebatur): tamen silentio noctis Caesar, ex castris egressus, prius quam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, dejecto praesidio, potitus loco, duas ibi legiones collocavit, fossamque duplicem duodenum pedum a majoribus castris ad minora perduxit, 5uttuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent. 37. Dum haec 6ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitanis 3Eduus, cui magistratum assignatum a Caesare demonstra. dimus, solicitatus ab Arvernis pecunia, cum quibusdam adolescentibus 7colloquitur, quorum erat princeps Litavicus atque ejus fratres, amplissima familia nati adolescentes. Cum iis spraemium communicat, hortaturque, " ut se liberos et imperio natos meminerint: unam esse AEduorum civita tem, quae certissimam Galliae victoriam distineat; 9ejus auctdritate reliquas contineri; qua transducta, locum consistendi Romanis in Gallia non fore: l~esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio affectum, sic tamen, ut justissimam apiud eum causam obtinuerit: sed plus communi libertati tribuere. cur enim potius ZEdui de suo jureet de legibus ad Caesarem'disceptatorem, quam Romani ad BEduos, veniant?" Celer P2 160 DE BELLO GALLICO. iter at'olescentibus et oratione magistratus et prmemio de. ductis, cum se vel principes ejus consilii fore profiterentur ratio perficiendi quaerebatur, quod civitatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum adduci posse non confidebant. Placuit, uti Litavicus'decem illis millibus, quae CGsari ad bellum mitterentur, praeficeretur, atcue ea ducenda curaret, fratresque ejus ad Caesarem precurrerent. - Reliqua, qua ratione agi placeat, constituunt. 38. Litavicus, accepto exercitu, cum millia passuum circiter triginta ab Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito militibus, lacrimans, " Quo proficiscimur," inquit, "milites? Omnis noster equitatus, omnis nobilitas interiit: principes civitatis, Eporedirix et Viridomarus, insimulati proditionis, ab Romanis indicta causa interfecti sunt. Haec ab iis cognoscite, qui ex ipsa caede fugerunt: nam ego, fratribus atqie omnibus meis propinquis interfectis, dolore prohibeor, que gesta sunt, pronunciare." Producuntur ii, quos ille edocuerat, quae dici vellet, atque eadem, quae Litavicus pronunciaverat, multitudini exponunt: " omnes equites ]Eduorum interfectos, quod collocuti cum Arvernis dicerentur; ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse atque ex media cade profugisse." Conclamant _Edui, et Litavicum, ut sibi consulat, obsecrant. "Quasi vero," inquit ille, " consilii sit res, ac non necesse sit nobis Gergoviam contendere et cum Arvernis nosmet conjungere. An dubitamus, 2quin, nefario facinore admisso, Romani jam ad nos interficiendos concurrant? Proinde, si quid est in nobis animi, persequamur eorum mortem, qui indignissime interierunt, atque hos latrones interficiamus." 3Ostendit cives Romanos, qui ejus praesidii fiducia una erant. Continuo magnum numerum frumenti commeatusque diripit, ipsos crudeliter excruciatos interficit: nuncios tota civitate zEduorum dimittit, eodem mendacio, de caede equitum et princl. pum permovet; hortatur, ut simili ratione, atque ipse fecerit, isuas injurias persequantur. LIBER VI(. CAP. XLI.' 161 39. Eporedirix IEduus, summo loco natus adolescens et slmmae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, pari aetate et gratia, sed'genere dispari, quem Caesar, sibi ab Divitiaco transditum, ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem uerduxerat, in equitum numero convenerant, nominatim at eo evocati. His erat inter se de principatu contentio, et in illa magistratuum controversia alter pro Convictolitane, alter pro Coto, summis opibus pugnaverant. Ex iis Eporedirix, cognito Litavici consilio, media fere nocte rem ad Cesarem defert; orat, "ne patiatur, civitatem pravis adolescentium consiliis ab auncitia Populi Romani deficere, quod futurum provideat, si se tot hominum millia cum hostibus conjunxerint, 2quorum salutem neque propinqui negligere, neque civitas levi momento aestimare posset." 40. Magna affectus solicitudine hoc nuncio Caesar, quod semper ZEduorurni civitati praecipue indulserat, 3nulla interposita dubitatione legiones expeditas quatuor equitatumque omnem ex castris educit: nec fuit spatium tali tempore ad contrahenda castra, quod res posita in celeritate videbatur. Caium Fabium legatum cum legionibus duo castris praesidio relinquit. Fratres Litavici cum comprehendi jussisset, paulo ante reperit ad hostes profugisse. Adhortatus milites, " ne necessario tempore itineris labore permoveantur," cupidissimis omnibus, progressus millia passuum viginti quinque, agmen tEduorum conspicatus, 4immisso equitatu, iter eorum moratur atque impedit, interdicitque omnibus, ne quemquam interficiant. Eporedirigem et Viridomarum, quos illi interfectos existimabant, inter equites versari suosque appellare jubet. Iis cognitis et Litavici fraude perspecta, iEdui manus tendere, 6deditionem significare, et projectis armis mortem deprecari incipiunt. Litavicus 6cum suis clientibus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est etiam in extrema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam profugit. 41. Caesar, nunciis ad civitatem JEduorum missis, 7qui suo beneficio conservatos docerent, quos jure belli interfi 162 DE BELLO GALLICO. cere potuisset, tribusque horis noctis exercitui ad quieter datis, castra'ad Gergoviam movit. Medio fere itinere 2equites, ab Fabio missi, quanto res in periculo fuerit, ex" ponut; summis copiis castra oppugnata demonstrant; curm crebro integri defessis succederent nostrosque assiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter magnitudinem castrorunm perpetuo esset 3eisdem in vallo permanendum; multitudine sagittarum atque omni genere telorum multos vulneratos: ad haec sustinenda magno usui fuisse tormenta: Fabium discessu eorum, duabus relictis portis, obstruere ceteras, 4pluteosque vallo addere, et se in posterum diem similem ad casum parare. His rebus cognitis, Caesar summo studio militum ante ortum solis in castra pervenit. 42. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, JEdui, primis nunciis ab Litavico acceptis, nullurn sibi 5ad cognoscendum spatium relinquunt. Impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia et temeritas, quae maxime illi hominum generi est innata, ut levem auditionem habeant pro re comperta. Bona civium Romanorum diripiunt, cedes faciunt, in servitutem abstrahunt. 6Adjuvat rem proclinatam Convictolitanis, plebemque ad furorem impellit, ut, facinore admisso, ad sanitatem pudeat reverti. Marcum Aristium tribunum militum, iter ad legionem facientem, 7data fide ex oppido Cabillono educunt: idem facere cogunt eos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant. Hos continuo in itinere adorti, omnibus impedimentis exuunt; repugnantes diem noctemque obsident; multis utrimque interfectis, majorem multitudinem ad arma concitant. 43. Interim nuncio allato, omnes eorum milites in potestate Caesaris teneri, concurrunt ad Aristium; nihil publico factum consilio demonstrant; 8qumstionem de bonis direptis decernunt; Litavici fratrumque bona publicant; legatos ad Caesarem sui purgandi gratia mittunt. Haec faciunt 9recuperandorum suorum causa: sed, contaminati facinore et capti compendio ex direptis bonis, quod ea res ad multos LIBER VII. CAP. XLV. 163 pertlnebat, et timore poene exterriti, consilia clam de bello inire incipiunt, civitatesque reliquas legationibus solicitant Quae tametsi Caesar intelligebat, tamen, quam mitissime pot. est, legatos appellat: " nihil se propter inscientiam levitatemque vulgi gravius de civitate judicare, neque de sua in JEduos benevolentia deminuere." Ipse, majorem Gallias moium expectans, ne ab omnibus civitatibus circumsisteretur, consilia inibat, quemadmodum ab Gergovia discederet ac rursus 2omnem exercitum contraheret; ne profectio, nata ab timore defectionis, similis fugae videretur. 44. Haec cogitanti 3accidere visa est facultas bene gerendae rei. Nam, cum minora in castra operis perspiciendi causa venisset, animadvertit collem, qui ab hostibus tenebatur, nudatum hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae multitudine cerni poterat. Admiratus querit ex perfugis causam, quorum magnus ad eum quotidie numerus confluebat. Constabat inter omnes, quod jam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, 4dorsum esse ejus jugi prope equum; sed hunc silvestrem et angustum, qua esset aditus ad alteram oppidi partem: huic loco vehementef illos timere, nec jam aliter sentire, 5uno colle ab Romanis occupato, si alterum amisissent, quin pwene circumvallati atque omni exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur: ad hunc muniendum locum omnes a Vercingetorige evocatos. 45. Hac re cognita, Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas eo de media nocte: iis imperat, ut paulo tumultuosius omnibus in locis pervagarentur. 6Prima luce magnum numerum impedimentorum ex castris detrahi 7mulionesque cum cassidibus, equitum specie ac simulatione, collibus circumvehi jubet. His paucos addit equites, qui latius 8ostentationis causa vagarentur. Longo circuitu easdem omnes jubet pteerre regiones. Haec procul ex oppido videbantur ut erat a Gergovia despectus in castra; neque 9tanto spatio, certi quid esset, explorari poterat. Legionem unan'~eodem iugo mittit, et paulo progressamr inferiore constituit loco, 164 DE BELLO GALLICO silvisque occultat. Augetur Gallis suspicion atque omnes'illo ad munitionem copise transducuntur. Vacua castra hostium Caesar conspicatus, tectis 2insignibus suorum occultatisque signis militaribus, 3raros milites, ne ex oppido animadverterentur, ex majoribus castris in minora transducit, legatisque, quos singulis legionibus praefecerat, quid fieri vellet, ostendit: in primis monet, ut contineant milites, ne studio pugnandi aut spe praedae longius progrediantur: quid iniquitas loci habeat incommodi, proponit: hoc una celeritate posse vitari: 4occasionis esse rem, non prcelii His rebus expositis, signum dat, et ab dextera parte alio ascensu eodem tempore ZEduos mittit. 46. Oppidi murus ab planitie atque initio ascensus, 5recta regione, si nullus anfractus intercederet, mille et ducentos passus aberat: 6quicquid huic circuitus ad molliendum cli-,v"m accesserat, id spatium itineris augebat. At medio fere colle in longitudinem, ut natura montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum, qui nostrorum impetum tardaret, 7praeduxerant Galli, atque, inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis usque ad murum oppidi densissimis castris compleverant. Milites, dato signo, celeriter ad munitionem perveniunt, eamque transgressi, 8trinis castris potiuntur. Ac tanta fuit in castris capiendis celeritas, ut Teutomarus, rex Nitiobrigum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie conquieverat, 9superiore corporis parte nudata, vulnerato equo, vix se ex manibus praedantium militum eriperet. 47.'~Consecutus id, quod animo proposuerat, Caesar receptui cani jussit, legionisque decimae, qua tum erat comitatus, signa constitere. At reliquarum milites legionum, non exaudito tubae sono, quod satis magna vallis intercedebat, tamen ab tribunis militum legatisque, ut erat a Cmesare praeceptum, "retinebantur: sed, elati spe celeris victoriae et hostium fuga superiorumque temporum secundis prceliis, nihil adeo arduum sibi existimabant quod non virtute con LIBER VII. CAP. XLIX. 165 sequi possent; neque prius finem sequendi fecernmt, quam muro oppidi portisque appropinquarent. Tum vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore, qui longius aberant, repentino tumultu perterriti, cum hostem intra portas esse existimarent, sese ex oppido ejecerunt. Matres familie de muro'vestem argentumque jactabant, et, 2pectoris fine prominentes, passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut sibi parcerent, neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne mulieribus quidem atque infantibus abstinerent. Nonnullae, de muris per manus demissee, sese militibus transdebant. Lucius Fabius, centurio legionis octavae, quem inter suos eo die dixisse constabat, excitari se 3Avaricensibus praemiis neque commissurum, ut prius quisquam murum ascenderet, 4tres suos nactus manipulares, atque ab iis sublevatus, murum ascendit. Eos ipse rursus singulos exceptans, in murum extulit. 48. Interim ii, qui ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra demonstravimus, 6munitionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito clamore, inde etiam crebris nunciis incitati, oppid-um ab Romanis teneri, praemissis equitibus, magno concursu eo contenderunt. Eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat, suorumque pugnantium numerum augebat. Quorum cum magna multitudo convenisset, matres familiae, quae paulo ante Romanis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari, et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare, liberosque in conspectum proferre coeperunt. Erat Romanis 7nec loco, nec numero, aequa contentio: simul, et cursu et Sspatio pugnae defatigati, non facile recentes atque integros sustinebant. 49. Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque auger copias videret, 9praemetuens suis, ad Titum Sextium legatum, quem minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, mittit, ut cohortes excastris celeriter educeret, et sub infimo colle ab dextro latere hostium constitueret: ut, si nostros loco depulsos vidisset, quo minus libere hostes insequerentur, ter 166 DE BELLO GALLICO. reret. Ipse paulum ex eo loco cum legione progressus, ubi constiterat, eventum pugne expectabat. 50. Cum acerrime cominus pugnaretur, hostes loco et numero, nostri virtute confiderent, subito suntzEdui visi, lab latere nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu, manus distinendoe causa, miserat. Hi'similitudine armorum vehementer nostros perterruerunt: ac, tametsi dextris humeris %exertis animadvertebantur, quod insigne pacatis esse consuerat, tamen id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant. Eodem tempore Lucius Fabius centurio, quique una murum ascenderant, circumventi atque interfecti de muro praecipitantur. Marcus Petreius, ejusdem legionis centurio, cum portas 4excidere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans, multis jam vulneribus acceptis, manipularibus suis, qui ilium secuti erant, " Quoniam," inquit," me una vobiscum servare non possum, vestree quidem certe vita, prospiciam, quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. Vos, data facultate, vobis consulite." Simul in medios hostes, irrupit, duobusque interfectis, reliquos a porta paulum submovit. Conantibus auxiliari suis, "Frustra," inquit, " mee vitae subvenire conamini, quem jam sanguis viresque deficiunt: proinde hinc abite, dum est facultas, vosque ad legionem recipite." Ita pugnans post paululum concidit, 5ac suis saluti fuit. 51. Nostri, cum undique premerentur, quadraginta sex centurionibus amissis, dejecti sunt loco: sed 6intolerantius Gallos insequentes legio decima tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco constiterat. Hanc rursus decimae tertiae legionis cohortes 7exceperunt, quae, ex castris minoribus eductae, cum Tito Sextio legato locum ceperant superiorem. Iegiones, ubi primum planitiem attigerunt, infestis contra I ostes signis constiterunt. Vercingetorix ab radicibus collis suos intra munitiones reduxit. Eo die milites sunt paule minus septin^entis desiderati. LiBER VII. CAP. LIV. 167 b2. Postero die Caesar, concione advocata, " Temerita tern cupiditatemque militum reprehendit, quod sibi ipsi ju dicavissent,'quo procedendum, aut quid agendum videretur, neque signo recipiendi dato constitissent, neque a tribunis militum legatisque retineri potuissent: 2exposito, quid iniquitas loci posset, quid ipse ad Avaricum sensisset curm, sine duce et sine equitatu deprehensis hostibus, eXploratam victoriam 3dimisisset, ne parvum modo detrimentum in contentione propter iniquitatem loci accideret. 4Quanto opere eorum animi magnitudinem admiraretur, quos non castrorum munitiones, non altitudo montis, non murus oppidi tardare potuisset; tanto opere licentiam arrogantiamque reprehendere, quod 5plus se, quam imperatorem, de victoria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent: nec minus se in milite modestiam et continentiam, quam virtutem atque animi magnitudinem desiderare." 53. Hac habita concione, et 6ad extremum oratione confirmatis militibus, "ne ob hanc causam animo permoverentur, neu, quod'iniquitas loci attulisset, id virtuti hostium tribuerent " 7eadem de profectione cogitans, quae ante senserat, legiones ex castris eduxit, aciemque idoneo loco constituit. Cum Vercingetorix nihilo magis in aequum locum descenderet, levi facto equestri proelio atque eo secundo, in castra exercitum 8reduxit. Cum hoc idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentationem minuendam militumn que animos confirmandos factum existimans, in IEduos castra movit. Ne tur quidem insecutis hostibus, tertio die ad flumen Elaver pontem refecit, atque exercitum transduxit. 54. Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedirige iEduis 9appel. latus, discit, cum omni equitatu Litavicum ad solicitandos 2Eduos profectum esse: opus esse, et ipsos antecedere ad confirmandam civitatem. Etsi multis jam rebus perfidianr Eduorum perspectam habebat, atque'~horum discessu ad maturari defectionem civitatis existimabat; tamen eos re tinenios non censuit, ne aut inferre injuriam videretur, aul Q 168 DE BELLO GALLICO. dare timoris aliquam suspicionem.' Discedentibus his brev iter sua in JEduos merita exponit: " quos et quam humiles accepisset, compulsos in oppida,'multatos agris, omnibus ereptis copiis, imposito stipendio, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis; et quam in fortunam, 2quamque in amplid tudinem deduxisset, ut non solum in pristinum statum redissent, sed 3omnium temporum dignitatem et gratiam antecessisse viderentur." His datis mandatis, eos ab se dimisit. 55. Noviodunum erat oppidunm Eduorum, ad ripas Ligeris opportuno loco positum. 4Huc Caesar omnes obsides Galliae, frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus impedimentorum magnam partem contulerat: huc magnum numerum equorum, hujus belli causa in Italia atque Hispania coemtum, miserat. Eo cum Eporedirix Viridomarusque venissent et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litavicum 5Bibracte ab IEduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae auctoritatis, Convictolitanem magistratum magnamque partem senatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de pace et amicitia concilianda publice missos: non praetermittendum 6tantum commodum existimaverunt. Itaque, interfectis Novioduni custodibus, quique eo negotiandi aut itineris causa convenerant, pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt; obsides civitatum Bibracte ad magistratum deducendos curaverunt; oppidum, quod ab se teneri non posse judicabant, ne cui esset usui Romanis, incenderunt; frumenti quod subito potuerunt, navibus avexerunt; reliquum flumine atque incendio corruperunt; ipsi ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidia custodiasque ad ripas Ligeris disponere, equitatumque omnibus locis, injiciendi timoris causa, ostentare cceperunt, 7si ab re frumentaria Romanos excludere possent. Quam ad spem multum eos adjuvabat, quod Liger sex nivibus creverat, ut omnino vado non posse transiri videretur. 56. Quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar maturandum sibi cen Suit, 9si esset in perficiendis pontibus periclitandum, 1u LIBER VII. GAP. LVIS. 169 prius, quam essent majores eo coactae copiae, dimicaret Nam, ut commutato consilio iter in Provinciam converteret,'id nemo tunc quidem necessario faciendum existimabat, cum quod infamia atque indignitas rei et oppositus mons Cevenna viarumque difficultas impediebat, tur maxime, 2quod abjuncto Labieno atque iis legionibus, quas una miserat, vehementer timebat. Itaque, admodum magnis diurnis atque nocturnis itineribus confectis, c.ontra omnium opinionem ad Ligerim pervenit; vadoque per equites invento, 3pro rei necessitate opportuno, ut brachia modo atque humeri ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent, disposito equitatu, qui vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus primo aspectu perturbatis, incolumem exercitumtransduxit: frumentumque in agris et pecoris copiam nactus, repleto iis rebus exercitu, iter in Senonas facere instituit. 57. Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo supplemento, quod nuper ex Italia venerat, relicto Agendici, ut esset impedimentis praesidio, cum quatuor legionibus Lutetiam proficiscitur (id est oppidum Parisiorum, positum in insula fluminis Sequanae), cujus adventu ab hostibus cognito, magnae ex finitimis civitatibus copie convenerunt. Summa imperii transditur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui, prope confectus retate, tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est honorem evocatus. Is cum animum advertisset, 4perpetuam esse paludem, qua influeret in.Sequanam atque illum omnem locum magnopere impediret, hic consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere instituit. 58. Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere paludem explere atque iter munire conabatur. Postquam id 5difficilius confieri animadvertit, silentio e castris tertia vigilia egressus, eodem, quo venerat, itinere Melodunum pervenit. Id est oppidum Senonum, in insula Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante Lutetiam diximus. Deprehensis navibus circiter quinquaginta celeriterque conjunctis, atque eo inilitibus impositi e rei novitate perterritis oppidanis quo 170 DE BELLO GALLICO. rum magna pars ad bellum erat evocata, sine contentione oppido potitur. Refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum transducit et secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere ccepit. Hostes, re cognita ab iis qui a Meloduno profugerant, Lutetiam incendunt pontesque ejus oppidi rescindi jubent: ipsi'profecti a palude, in ripis Sequanae, e regione Lutetiae, contra Labieni castra considunt. 59. Jam Ceesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur; jam de XEduorum defectione et 2secundo Galliae motu rumores afferebantur, Gallique in colloquiis, interclusum itinere et Ligeri Ceasarem, inopia frumenti coactum, in Provinciam contendisse confirmabant. Bellovaci autem, defectione IEduorum cognita, qui ante erant per se 3infideles, manus cogere atque aperte bellum parare cceperunt. Turn Labienus, tanta rerum commutatione, longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium, atque antea senserat, intelligebat: neque jam, ut aliquid acquireret, 4prcelioque hostes lacesseret; sed ut incolumem exercitum Agendicum reduceret, cogitabat. Namque altera ex parte Bellovaci, quae civitas in Gallia 5maximam habet opinionem virtutis, instabant; alteram Camulogenus parato atque instructo exercitu tenebat: tumlegiones, a preesidio atque impedimentis interclusas, maxi mum flumen 6distinebat. Tantis subito difficultatibus ob jectis, ab animi virtute auxilium petendum videbat. 60. Itaque sub vesperum consilio convocato, cohortatus, ut ea, quee imperasset, diligenter industrieque administra rent, naves, quas a Meloduno deduxerat, singulas equitibus Romanis attribuit, et, prima confecta vigilia, quatuor millia passuum secundo flumine silentio progredi ibique se expectari jubet. Quinque cohortes, quas minime firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat, Scastris prasidio relinquit: quinque ejusdem legionis reliquas de media nocte cum om nibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno tumultu profi cisci imperat. 9Conquirit etiam lintres: has, magno sonitu remorum incitatas, in eandem partem mittit. Ipse post ,IBER VII. CAP. LXII. 171 paulo, silentio egressus, cum tribus legionibus'eiin locum petit, quo naves appelli jusserat. 61. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omni fluminis parte erant dispositi, inopinantes, quod magna subito erat coorta tempestas, ab nostris opprimuntur: 2exercitus equitatusque, equitibus Romanis 3administrantibus, quos ei negotio prsefecerat, celeriter transmittitur. Uno fere tempore sub lucem hostibus nunciatur, in castris Romanorum 4praeter consuetudinem tumultuari et magnum ire agmen adverso flumine, sonitumque remorum in eadem parte exaudiri, et paulo infra milites navibus transportari. Quibus rebus auditis, quod existimabant tribus locis transire legiones, atque omnes, perturbatos defectione zEduorum, fugam parare, suas quoque copias in tres partes distribuerunt. Nam, et praesidio e regione castrorum relicto, et parva manu 5Metiosedum versus missa, quze tantum progrederetur, quantum naves processissent, reliquas copias contra Ilabienum duxerunt. 62. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati et hostium acies cernebatur. Labienus, milites cohortatus, "ut sume pristins virtutis et tot secundissimorunm prceliorum memoriam retinerent, atque ipsum Caesarem, cujus ductu saepenumero hostes superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent," dat signum proelii. Primo concursu ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio consisterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam conjiciuntur: ab sinistro, quem locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi ordines hostium transfixi pilis concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui resistebant, Gnec dubat suspicionem fugae quisquam. Ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohortabatur. At, incerto etiam nune exitu victoriae, cum septime legionis tribunis esset nunciatum, quae in sinistro cornu gererentur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intulerunt. Ne eo quidem tempore quisquam loco cessit, sed circumvemi om. nes interfectique sunt. 7Eandem fortunam tulit CamulogeQ.2 172 DB BELLO GALLICO. nus. At ii, qui raesidio'contra castra Iabieni erant relicti cum proelium commissum audissent, subsidio suis ierunt collemque ceperunt, neque nostrorum militum victorum impetum sustinere potuerunt. Sic, cum suis fugientibus per. mixti, quos non silvae montesque texerunt, ab equitatu sunt interfecti. 2Hoc negotio confecto, Labienus revertitur Agendicum, ubi impedimenta totius exercitus relicta erant: inde cum omnibus copiis ad Caesarem pervenit. 63. Defectione Eduorum cognita, bellum augetur. Legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur: quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent, ad solicitandas civitates nituntur Nacti obsides, quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, 3horum supplicio dubitantes territant.: Petunt a Vercingetorige ZEdui, ad se veniat, 4rationesque belligerendi communicet.'Re impetrata, contendunt ut ipsis summa imperii transdatur; et, re in controversiam deducta, totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur. Eodem conveniunt undique frequentes.'Multitudinis suffragiis res permittitur: ad unum omnes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. Ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingones, Treviri afuerunt: 7illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treviri, quod aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur:'que fuit causa, quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent. Magno dolore ZEdui ferunt, se dejectos principatu; queruntur fortunae commutationem, Set Caesaris in se indulgentiam requirunt; neque tamen, suscepto bello,'suum consilium ab reliquis separare audent. Inviti, summae spei adolescentes, Eporedirix et Viridomarus, Vercingetorigi parent. 64. Ille imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides:'Odenique ei rei constituit diem: huc omnes equites, "quindecim millia numero, celeriter convenire jubet: peditatu, quem ante habuerit, se fore contentum dicit, neque fortunam tentaturum, ant in acie dimicaturum; sed, quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse faotu, frumentationibus pabulationibusquo Ro. inanos prohibere: aequo modo animo sua ipsi frument cor LIBER VII. CAP. LXVI. 173 rumpant aedificiaque incendant, qua rei familiaris jactura perpetuum imperium libertatemque se consequi videant. His constitutis rebus, Eduis Segusianisque, qui sunt finitimi'Provinciae, decem millia peditum imperat: huc addit equites octingentos. His praeficit fratrem Eporedirigis, bellumque inferre Allobrogibus jubet. Altera ex parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Arecomicorum depopulandos mittit. Nihilo minus clandestinis nunciis legationibus. que Allobrogas solicitat, 2quorum mentes nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat. Horum principibus pecunias, civitati autem imperium totius povinciae pollicetur. 65. SAd hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohortium duarum et viginti, quae ex ipsa coacta provincia ab Lucic Caesare legato ad omnes partes opponebantur. Helvii, sua sponte cum finitimis prcelio congressi, pelluntur, et, Caic Valerio Donotauro, Caburi filio, principe civitatis compluribusque aliis interfectis, intra oppida murosque compelluntur. Allobroges, crebris ad Rhodanum dispositis praesidiis, magna cum cura et diligentia 4suos fines tuentur. Caesar, quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intelligebat, et, interclusis omnibus itineribus, nulla re ex Provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Rhenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas civitates, quas superioribus annis pacaverat, equitesque ab his arcessit, et levis armaturae pedites, qui inter eos proeliari consueverant. Eorum adventu, quod minus idoneis equis utebantur, a tribunis militum reliquisque, 6sed et equitibus Romanis atque 6evocatis, equos sumit, Germanisque dis. tribuit. 66. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arver. nis, equitesque, qui 7toti Galliae erant imperati, conveniunt, Magno horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in Sequanos per extremos Lingonum fines iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium Provinciae ferri posset, circiter millia passuum decem ab Romanis trinis castris Vercingetorix consedit: convocatis 174 DE BELLO GALLICO. que ad concilium praefectis equitum, "venisse tempus vic torie," demonstrat " fugere in Provinciam Romanos Galliaque excedere: id sibi ad praesentem obtinendam libertatem satis esse; ad reliqui temporis pacem atque otium parum profici: majoribus enim coactis copiis reversuros, neque finem belli facturos. Proinde in agmine impeditos adoriantur. Si pedites suis auxilium ferant'atque in eo morentur, iter confici non posse; si (id quod magis futurum confidat), relictis impedimentis, sume saluti consulant, et usu rerum necessariarum 2et dignitate spoliatum iri. Nam de equitibus hostium, quin nemo eorum progredi modo extra agmen audeat, ne ipsos quidem debere dubitare. Id quo majore faciant animo, 3copias se omnes pro castris habiturum, et terrori hostibus futurum." Conclamant equites, "sanctissimo jurejurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos; ne ad parentes, ne ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitarit." 67. Probata re atque omnibus ad jusjurandum adactis, postero die in tres partes distributo equitatu, 4duae se acies ab duobus lateribus ostendunt: 5una a primo agmine iter impedire caepit. Qua re nunciata, Caesar suum quoquc equitatum, tripartito divisum, contra hostem ire jubet. Pugnatur una tunc omnibus in partibus: consistit agmen: impedimenta inter legiones recipiuntur. -Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, 6eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque converti jubebat: quao res et hostes ad insequendum tardabat et nostros 7spe auxilii. confirmabat. Tandem 8Germani ab dextro latere, summum jugum nacti, hostes loco depellunt; fugientes usque ad 9flumen, ubi Vercingetorix cumpedestribus copiis consederat, persequuntur, compluresque interficiunt. Qua re animadversa, reliqui, ne circumvenirentur, veriti, se fugae mandant. Omnibus locis fit caedes: tres nobilissimi AEdui capti ad Caesarem per-. cuntur: ~0Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controversiam cui. Convictolitane proximis comitiis habuerat; et Cavarillus, LIBER VII. CAP. LXX. i75 qui post defectionem Litavici pedestribus copiis piaefuerat; et Eporedirix, quo duce ante adventum CGasaris XEdui cum Sequanis bello contenderant. 68. Fugato omni equitatu, Vercingetorix copias suas,'ut pro castris collocaverat, reduxit; protinusque 2Alesiam, quod est oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere ccpit; celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsequi jussit. Caesar, impedimentis in proximum collem deductis, duabusque legionibus presidio relictis, secutus, quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter 3tribus millibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis, altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ, perterritisque hostibus, quod equitatu, 4quo maxime confidebant, erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites, Alesiam circumvallare instituit. 69. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summo, admodum edito loco, ut, nisi obsidione, expugnari posse non videretur. Cujus collis radices 5duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. Ante id oppidum planities circiter millia passuum trium in longitudinem patebat: reliquis ex omnibus parti bus Vcolles, mediocri interjecto spatio, pari altitudinis fastigio, oppidum cingebant. Sub muro, quwe pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant, fossamque et 7maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant. 8Ejus munitionis, quae ab Romanis instituebatur, circuitus undecim millium passuum tenebat. Castra opportunis locis erant posita, ibique 9castella viginti tria facta; quibus in castellis interdiu stationes disponebantur, ne qua subito eruptio fieret: heec eadem noctu'~excu bitoribus ac firmis prwesidiis tenebantur. 70. "Opere instituto, fit equestre praelium in ea planitie. quam intermissam collibus tria millia passuum in longitudinem patere, supra demonstravimus. Summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. Laborantibus nostris Caesar Germanos submittit, legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito irruptio ab hostium peditatu fiat. Praesidio legionum addito, 176 DE BELLO GALLICOo nostris animus augetur: hostes, in fugam conjecti, se ipsi multitudine impediunt'atque angustioribus portis relictis coarctantur. Tum Germani acrius usque ad munitiones sequitatur. Fit magna caedes: nonnulli, relictis equis, fossam transire et maceriam transcendere conantur. Paulum legiones Caesar, quas pro vallo constituerat, promoveri jubet. Non minus, qui intra munitiones erant, Galli perturbantur; 2veniri ad se confestim existimantes, ad arma conclamant; nonnulli perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. Vercingetorix portas jubet claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multis interfectis, compluribus equis captis, Germani sese recipiunt. 71. Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis perficiantur, consilium capit, omnem ab se equitatum noctu 3dimittere. Discedentibus mandat, " ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat, omnesque, qui per aetatem arma ferre possint, ad bellum cogant; sua in illos merita proponit, obtestaturque, ut suae salutis rationem habeant, neu se, de communi libertate optime meritum, hostibus in cruciatum dedant: quod si indiligentiores fuerint, millia hominum delecta octoginta una secum interitura demonstrat; 4ratione inita, frumentum se exigue dierum triginta habere, sed paulo etiam longius tolerare posse parcendo." His datis mandatis, qua erat nostrum opus 6intermissum, secunda vigilia silentio equitatum dimittit; frumentum omne ad se referri jubet; capitis poenam iis, qui non paruerint, constituit: pecus, cujus magna erat ab Mandubiis compulsa copia, viritim distribuit; frumentum parce et paulatim metiri instituit: copias omnes, quas pro oppido collocaverat, in oppidum recipit. His rationibus auxilia Galliae expectare et bellum administrare parat. 72. Quibus rebus ex perfugis et captivis cognitis, Casar haec genera munitionis instituit. Fossam 6pedum viginti directis lateribus duxit, ut ejus fossae solum tantundem pateret, quantum summa labra distabant. 7Reliquas omnes munitiones ab ea fossa pedes quadringentos reduxit: id hoc 1. Alesia, situated on a high hill. 2. Ditch made by Casar under the hill. 3. Stimuli. 4. Lilies. 5. Cippi, 6. Pits covered with bushes Two ditches, fifteen feet broad. 8. Rampart and battlements. 9. Stakes in the form of a stag's horns 10. Towers. 178 DE BELLO GALLICO. consilio (quoniam tantum esset necessario spatium comlplexus,'nec facile totum opus corona militum cingeretur), ne de improviso aut noctu ad munitiones hostium multitude ydvolaret; aut interdiu tela in nostros, 2operi destinatos, conjicere possent. 3Hoc intermisso spatio, duas fossas, iuindecim pedes latas, eadem altitudine perduxit: quarum interiorem, campestribus ac demissis locis, aqua ex flumine derivata complevit. 4Post eas aggerem ac vallum duodecim pedum exstruxit; huic loricam pinnasque adjecit,'grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent; et 6turres toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes octoginta inter se distarent. 73. Erat codemn tempore et 7materiari et frumentari et tantas munitiones feri necesse, Sdeminutis nostris copiis quae longius ab castris progrediebantur: ac nonnunquam opera nostra Galli tentare, atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portis summna vi facere ~onabantur. Quare ad haec rursus opera addendum Coesar pltavit, quo minore numrero militunm munitiones defendi posse;t. Itaque truncis arborum ant admodum firmis ramis 9abs:isis,'0atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus, "pzrpetuwe fossae, quinos pedes altze, ducebantur.'2Huc illi stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, ne revelli possent, ab ramis e.ninebant. Quini erant ordines, conjuncti inter se atque implicati;'3quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant. 14Hos cippos appellabant. Ante hos, obliquis ordinibus in'Squincuncem dispositos, 6scrobes trium in altitudinem pedum fodie bantur, paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio. Huc teretes stipites, feminis crassitudine, ab summo prweacuti e* praeusti, demittebantur ita, ut non amplius digitis quatuor ex terra eminerent: 17simul, confirmandi et stabiliendi causa, singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur: reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus ac virgultis integebatur. Hujus generis octoni ordines ducti, ternos inter se pedes distabant. 8Id ex similitudine floris liliun LIBXER VII. CAP. LXXV. appellabant. Ante hac'taleae, pedem longae, ferreis hamis infixis, totae in terram infodiebantur; mediocribusque inter missis spatiis, omnibus locis disserebantur, quos stimulos nominabant. 74. His rebus perfectis, 2regiones secutus quam potuit eequissimas pro loci natura, quatuordecim millia passuum complexls, pares ejusdem generis munitiones, diversas ab his, contra exteriorem hostem perfecit, ut ne magna quideln multitudine, si ita accidat 3ejus discessu, munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent: 4neu cum periculo ex castris egredi cogantur, di-rum triginta pabulum frumentumque habere omnes convectum jubet. 75. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galli, concilio 5principum indicto, non omnes, qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique civitati imperandum; ne, tanta multitudine confusa, nec moderari, nec discernere suos, nec 6frumentandi rationem habere possent. Imperant ZEduis atque eorum clientibus, Segusianis, Ambivaretis, 7Aulercis Brannovicibus, millia triginta quinque; parem numerum Arvernis, adjunctis Eleutetis Cadurcis, Gabalis, Velaunis, qui sub imperio Arvernorum esse consuerunt; Senonibus, Sequanis, Biturigibus, Santonis, Rutenis, Carnutibus duodena millia; Bellovacis decem; totidem Lemovicibus; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helviis; Suessionibus, Ambianis, Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrigibus quina millia, Aulercis Cenomanis totidem; Atrebatibus quatuor; Bellocassis, Lexoviis, Aulercis Eburovicibus terna; Rauracis et Boiis triginta; universis civitatibus, quae Oceanum attingunt, quseque eorum consuetudine Armoricae appellantur (quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, Rhedones, Ambibari, Caletes, Osismii, 8Lemovices, Veneti, Unelli), sex. Ex his Bellov;aci suum numerum non contulerunt, quod se suo homine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum gesturos dicerent, neque cujusquam imperio obtemft 18( DE BELLO GALLICO. peraturos: rogati tamen ab Commio, pro ejus tospitio bina millia miserunt. - 76.'Hujus opera Commii, ita ut antea demonstravimus, fideli atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar: quibus ille pro meritis 2civitatem ejus immunem esse jusserat, ajura legesque reddiderat, atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. Tanta tamen universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandse, et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis, neque amicitiae memoria, moverentur; omnesque et animo et opibus in id bellum incumberent, coactis equitum octo millibus et peditum circiter ducentis et quadraginta. 4Haec in Eduorum finibus recensebantur numerusque inibatur: praefecti constituebantur: Commio Atrebati, Viridomaro et Eporedirigi, ZEduis, Vergasillauno Arverno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperii transditur. His delecti ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum administraretur. Omnes alacres et fiduciee pleni ad Alesiam proficiscuntur: neque erat omnium quisquam, qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur; praesertim 5ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, 6foris tantae copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur. 77. At ii, qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die, qua suorum auxilia expectaverant, consumto omni frumento, inscii, quid in LEduis gereretur, concilio coacto, de exitu fortunarum suarum consultabant. Apud quos variis dictis sententiis, quorum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebant, non praetereunda videtur ora tio Critognati, propter ejus singularem ac nefariam crudelitatem. Hic, summo in Arvernis ortus loco, et magnae habitus auctoritatis, " Nihil," inquit, " de eorum sententia dicturus sum, qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appellant; neque hos habendos civium loco, neque ad concilium adhibendos, censeo. Cum iis mihi res sit, qui eruptionem probant: quorum in consilio, omnium vestrum con LIBER VII. CAP. LXXVU). 181 sensu, pristinae residere virtutis memeoria videtur. Animi est ista mollities, non virtus, inopiam paulisper ferre non posse. Qui ultro morti offerant, facilius reperiuntur, quam qui dolorem patienter ferant. Atque ego hanc sententiam probarem ('nam apud me multum dignitas potest), si nullam, praeterquam vitae nostrwe, jacturam fieri viderem; sed in consilio capiendo omnem Galliam-respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. Quid, hominum 2millibus octoginta uno loco interfectis, propinquis consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus prolio decertare cogentur? Nolite hos vestro auxilio 3exspoliare, qui vestra salutis causa suum periculum neglexermt; 4nec stultitia ac temeritate vestra, aut imbecillitate animi, omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetume servituti addicere. An, quod ad diem non venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis? Quid ergo? Romanos in illis ulterioribus munitionibus 5animine causa quotidie exerceri putatis? Si 6illorum nunciis confirmari non potestis, omni aditu praesepto; iis utimini testibus, appropinquare eorurr adventum; cujus rei timore exterriti diem noctemque ia opere versantur. Quid ergo mei consilii est? Facere, quod nostri majores, nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque, fecerunt; qui in oppida compulsi, ac simili inopia subacti, 7eorum corporibus, qui aetate inutiles ad bellum videbantur, vitam toleraverunt, neque so hostibus transdiderunt. Cujus rei ssi exemplum non haberemus, tamen libertatis causa institui et posteris prodi pulcherrimum judicarem. 9Nam quid illi simile bello fuit?'~Depopulata Gallia, Cimbri, magnaque illata calamitate, finibus quidem nostris aliquando excesserunt, atque alias terras petierunt; jura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt: Romani vero quid petunt aliud, aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nlobiles potentesque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque considere, atque his aeternam injungere servitu tem? Neque enim unquam alia conditione bella gesserunt 1 82 ~DE BELLO GALLICO. Quod si ea, quae in longinquis nationibus geruntur, ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, que in provinciam redacta, jure et legibus commutatis,'securibus subjecta, perpetua premitur servitute." 78. Sententiis dictis, constituunt, ut, qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sint bello, oppido excedant, atque omnia 2prius experiantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant: illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut deditionis aut pacis subeundam conditionem. Mandubii, qui eos oppido receperant, cum liberis atque uxoribus exire coguntur. Hi, cum ad muniti-'ones Romanorum accessissent, flentes omnibus precibus orabant, ut se, in servitutem receptos, cibo juvarent. At Caesar, dispositis in vallo custodiis, 3recipi prohibebat. 79. Interea Commius et reliqui duces, quibus summa imperii permissa erat, cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveniunt, et, colle exteriore occupato, non longius mille passibus ab nostris munitionibus considunt. Postero die equitatu ex castris educto, omnem ear 4planitiem, quam in longitudinem tria millia passuum patere demonstravimus, complent, pedestresque copias paulum ab eo loco 5abductas in locis superioribus constituunt. Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. Concurritur, his auxiliis visis: fit gratulatio inter eos, atque omnium animi ad laetitiam excitantur. Itaque productis copiis ante oppidum considunt, et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent, seque ad eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant. 80. Caesar, omni exercitu'ad utramque partem munitionumn disposito, ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et prcelium committi jubet. Erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique jugum tenebant, despectus; atque omnium militum intenti animi pugnae 7proventum expectabant. Galli inter equites Sraros sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interjecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio succurrerent, et nostrorum cquio LIBER VII CAP. LXXXII. 183 um impetus sustinerent. Ab his complures de improviso Tulnerati prclio excedebant. Cum suos'pugne superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multiludine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii, qui munitionibus continebantur, 2et ii, qui ad auxilium convenerant, clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirmabant. Quod in conspectu omnium res gerebatur, neque recte ac turpiter factum celari poterat; utrosque et laudis cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabant. Cum a meridie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria pugnaretur, Germani una in parte confertis turmis in hostes impetum fecerunt, eosque propulerunt: quibus in fugam conjectis, sagittarii circumventi interfectique sunt. Item ex reliquis partibus nostri, cedentes usque ad castra insecuti, sui colligendi facultatem non dederunt. -At ii, qui ab Alesia processerant, mcesti, prope victoria desperata, se in oppidum receperunt. 81. Uno die intermisso, Galli, atque hoc spatio magno cratium, scalarum, 4harpagonum numero effecto, media nocte silentio ex castris egressi, ad 5campestres munitiones accedtnt. Subito clamore sublato, qua significatione, qui in oppido obsidebantur, de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crates projicere, fundis, sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vallo deturbare, reliquaque, quoe ad oppugnationem pertinent, administrare. Eodem tempore, clamore exaudito, dat tuba signum suis Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. Nostri, ut superioribus diebus suus cuique locus erat definitus, ad munitiones accedunt: fundis, 6libralibus, sudibusque, quas in opere disposuerant, ac 7glandibus Gallos perterrent. Prospectu tenebris ademto, multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur; complura tormentis tela conjiciuntur. At Marcus Antonius et Caius Trebonius, legati, quibus eae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, iis auxilio ex lulterioribus castellis deductos submittebant. 82. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli,'plus mul R2 184 DE BELLO GALLICO. titudine telorum proficiebant: posteaquam propius successes runt, aut se ipsi stimulis inopinantes induebant, aut in scrobes delapsi transfodiebantur, aut ex vallo ac turribus transjecti'pilis muralibus interibant. Multis undique vulneribus acceptis, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux 2appeteret, veriti, ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos receperunt. At 3interiores, dum ea, quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata erant, proferunt, priores fossas explent; diutius in iis rebus administrandis morati, prius suos discessisse cognoverunt, quam munitionibus appropinquarent. Ita, re infecta, in oppidum reverterunt. 83. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli, quid agant, consulunt: locorum peritos adhibent: ab his 4superiorum castrorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt. Erat a septentrionibus collis, quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti non potuerant nostri, necessarioque 5paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi castra fecerant. Haec Caius Antistius Reginus et Caius Caninius Rebilus, legati, cum duabus legionibus obtinebant. Cognitis per exploratores regionibus, duces hostium sexaginta millia ex omni numero deligunt earum civitatum, quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant; quid quoque pacto agi placeat, occulte inter se constituunt; adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur. Iis copiis 6Vergassillaunum Arvernum, unum ex quatuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. Ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus, prope confecto sub lucem itinere, post montem se occultavit, militesque ex nocturno labore sese reficere jussit. Cum jam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra, quae supra demonstravimus, contendit: eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestres munitiones accedere et reliquge copire pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt. 84. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus, ex oppido egTeditur; 7a castris longurios, musculos, falces rel LIBER VII. CAP. LXXXVII. 185 iquaque, quae eruptionis causa paraverat, profert. Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis acriter, atque'omnia &entantur: qua minime visa pars firma est, huc concurritur. Romanorum manus tantis munitionibus distinetur, nec facile pluribus locis occurrit. Multum ad terrendos nostros valuit clamor, qui post tergum pugnanitibus extitit, 2quod suum periculumr in aliena vident virtute constare: omnia enim plerumque, quae absunt, vehementius hominuin mentes perturbant. 85. Caesar idoneum locum nactus, quid quaque in parte geratur, cognoscit, laborantibus auxilium submittit. 3Utrisque ad animum occurrit, unum illud esse tempus, quo maxime contendi conveniat. Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute desperant: Romani, 4si rem obtinuerint, finem laborum omnium expectant. Maxime ad superiores munitiones laboratur, quo Vergasillaunum missum demonstravimus. 6Exiguum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum. Alii tela conjiciunt; alii testudine facta subeunt; defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt. 6Agger, ab universis in munitionem conjectus, et ascensum dat Gallis, et 7ea, que in terram occultaverant Romani, contegit: nec. jam arma nostris, nec vires suppetunt. 86. His rebus cognitis, Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit: imperat, si sustinere noP possit, sdeductis cohortibus eruptione pugnet: id, nisi necessario, ne faciat. Ipse adit reliquos; cohortatur, ne labori succumbant; omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere. Interiores, desperatis campestribus locis propter magnitudinem munitionum, 9loca praerupta ex ascensu tentant: hue ea, quae paraverant, conferunt: multitudine telorum ex turribus propug. nantes deturbant:'~aggere et cratibus fossas explent, aditus expediunt: falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt. 87. Caesar mittit primo Brutum adolescentem cum co. hortibus -ex, post'cum aliis-septem Caium Fabium legatum: ft. Am ipse, cum vehementius pugnarent, integros sub 186 DE BELLO GALLICO. sidio adducit. Restituto prcelio ac repulsis hostibus, eo, quo Labienum miserat, contendit; cohortes quatuor ex proximo castello deducit; equitum se partem sequi, partem'circumire exteriores munitiones, et ab tergo hostes adoirir jubet. Labienus, postquam neque 2aggeres, neque fossa vim hostium sustinere poterant, coactis undequadraginta cohortibus, quas ex proximis prasidiis deductas fors obtulit, Csesarem per nuncios facit certiorem, quid faciendumr existimet. Accelerat Caesar, ut prrelio intersit. 88. Ejus adventu 3ex colore vestitus 4cognito, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis, quas se sequi jusserat, 5ut de ocis superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt. Utrimque clamore sublato, excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor. Nostri, omissis pilis, gladiis rem gerunt. Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur: cohortes aliae appropinquant: hostes terga vertunt: fugientibus equites occurrunt: fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et princeps L,:movicum, occiditur Vergasillaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur: signa militaria septuaginta quatuor ad Cwesarem referuntur: pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugarm suorum, desperata salute, copias a munitionibus reducunt. 6Fit protinus, hac re audita, ex castris Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi 7crebris subsidiis ac totius diei labore milites essent defessi, omnes hostium copisa deleri potuissent. De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur: magnus numerus capitur atque interficitur, reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt. 89. Postero die Vercingetorix, concilio convocato, id st bellurn suscepisse non suarum necessitatum, sed communis libertatis causa, demonstrat; et quoniam sit fortunse cedendum, ad utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Ro manis satisfacere, seu vivum transdere velint. Mittuntu de his rebus ad Caesarem legati. Jubet arma transdi, prin LIBER VII. CAP. X'. 187 cipes produci Ipse in munitione pro castris consedit: eo duces producuntur.'Tercingetorix deditur, arma projiciuntur. Reservatis,Eduis atque Arvernis, si 2per eos civitates recuperare posset, 3ex reliquis captivis toto exercitu capita singula praedae nomine distribuit. 90. His rebus confectis, in rEduos proficiscitur 4civitatem recipit. Eo legati ab Arvernis missi, quae imperaret, se facturos pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones in hiberna mittit: capfivorum circiter viginti millia tEduis Arvernisque reddit: Titum Labienum luabus cum legionibus et equitatu in Sequanos proficisci jubet: huic Marcum Sempronium Rutilum attribuit: Caium Fabium et Lucium Minucium Basilum cum duabus legionibus in Remis collocat, ne quam ab filitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. Caium Antistium Reginum in Ambivaretos, Titum Sextium in Bituriges, Caium Caninium Rebilum in Rutenos cum singulis legionibus mittit. Quintum Tullium Ciceronem et Publium Sulpicium Cabilloni et Matiscone in JEduis ad Ararim, rei frumentariae causa, collocat Ipse Bi-bracte hiemare constituit. 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NOTES TO CiESAR'S COMMENTARIES ON THE WAR IN GAUL. Page i. C. Julii Caesaris, &c. "Caius Julius Cmsar's Commentaries j on the War in Gaul." By commentaries are to be here understood brief narratives of events, composed in a plain, unambitious style, and the principal object of which is to preserve the remembrance of events for the benefit of those who may subsequently wish to comr pose fuller and more elaborate works. Thus Hirtius, in the epistle prefixed to the eighth book of the Gallic War, remarks, " Casaris commentarii editi sunt, ne scientia tantarum rerum scriptoribus deesset." Hence the term appears somewhat analogous to our modern expression "memoirs." The corresponding Greek forms are vroyfpvyara, {iropmvlartapol, and abroplvplovd6[ara. Hence Strabo, if, speaking of Cesar's commentaries, has,'o KaT'ap eio rot. tnropvfipao? (4, p. 117, ed. Casaub.); and hence also the memoirs of Socrates by his pupil Xenophon, are entitled ZwKpadrovs acropyvrloepara Plutarch (Vit. Cas. c. 22) speaks of a work of Casar's calic('Eaft0EpieEg, and it has been made a matter of discussion whethei this was the same with the commentaries that we now have, or,. distinct production. Rualdus (ad. Plut. Vit. Cets. c. 22.-Op. ea Reiske, vol. iv., p. 855, seq.) maintains the latter opinion, on tht ground that the ancient writers everywhere quote, from the Ephemcrides, passages not to be found in the commentaries. This opinion has found many advocates. On the other hand, Fabricius (Bibl. Lat. 1, 10, 2) contends that there are many lacuna in the books of Casar on the Gallic war, as they have come down to our time The subject will be resumed in;te " Life of CGasar." T 2 220 NOTES ON THE FIRtST BOOK. Page 2 1I Gallia est omnis, &c. "All Gaul is divided into three parts." Ciesar here means by "Gaul" that part which had not yet be~,n subdued by the Romans. The latter had already reduced the Allobroges in the south, and had formed in that quarter what was called Gallia Provincia," or " Gallia Narbonensis," or, as is the case in these commentaries, simply'"Provincia." Consult Geographi cal Index. 2. Quarum. Supply partumn. 3. Tertiam, qui, &c. "The third, they who are called in their own language Celte, in ours Galli." The order of construction is, (ii) qui appellantur Celtre ipsorum lingua, Galli nostra (lingua, incolunt) tertiam (partem)..4. Celta. The Celtas mark the parent stem, or genuine Galhc race. From the extent of their territory, the Greeks gave the whole country of Gaul the name of KeXrter (Celtica). Among the earlier Greeks, the whole of western Europe, at some distance from the shores of the Mediterranean, went by the appellation of the " Celtic land," cxpaKeArXK. (Scymn. Ch. v., 166.) Consult Geographical Index. The term Galli is only "Gael" Latinized. 5. Lingua. This is not correct as regards the Belge and Celtw, who merely spoke two different dialects of the same tongue, the former being of the Cymric, the latter of the Gallic stock. The Aquitani, however, would appear to have belonged to the Iberian *ace, and to have spoken a language of Iberian origin. (Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. i., Introd. p. xii., seq.) 6. Institutis. "Incustoms."-Interse. "Fromoneanother.' Literally, "among themselves." 7. Gallos ab Aquitanis, &c. "The river Garumna separates the Galli from the Aquitani, the Matrona and Sequana divide them from the Belgoe." With fumen supply dividit. The student will note, that the singular verb dividit follows after the two nominatives Matrona and Sequana, as referring to one continuous boundary, and to the circumstance also of the Matrona being only a tributary of the Sequana. 8. Fortissimi sunt Belge. The same idea is expressed in Tacitus, Hist. 4, 76.-A cultu atque humanitate Provinciae. "From the civilization and intellectual refinement of the province." Cultus refers here to the mode of life, humanitas to mental improvement and culture; and hence culcus is given by Oberlinus, in his Index Latinitatis, as " vita ratio, ab omni ruditate remota." The civilization and refinement of the Roman province was principally derived from the Greek city of' MAasili. n rw Mar'ei;lle (Justin. 43. 4.' NOTES ON, THE; FIRST BOOK. 221 Page 1. Minime spe commeant. "Least frequently resort,'? i. e., very 3 Aidom penetrate to these distant regions.-Ad effeminandos animo. " To enervate their minds," i. e., break down their warlike spirit. 2. Proximique.sunt Germanis. "And because they are nearest to the Germans," i. e., are in their iinmediate neighbourhood. According to the punctuation which we have adopted, this is the cor-esponding clause to the one beginning with propterea quod. 3. Helvetii quoque. Because they also dwell near the Germans. 4. Cum. " On which occasions."-Eos. Referring to the Germans.-Aut ipsi, &c. " Or else they themselves, carry on war in the territories of the latter." Ipsi refers to the Helyetii. 5. Eorum una pars. "One part of these main divisions of xaul." Eorum refers back to Hi omnes, or, in other words, to the Belga, Celtae, and Aquitani. As, however, the idea of territory is necessarily involved, we may, in order to adapt the phrase to our idiom, translate as if there were an ellipsis of finium, though, in reality, none such is to be supplied. As regards the remote reference which sometimes occurs in the case of hic and is, consult Perizonmus, ad Sanct. Min. 2, 9 (vol. i., p. 276, ed. Bauer), where the present passage comes under review. 6. Obtinere. "Possess." Obtineo is here used in its primitive and genuine sense, "to hold against others," i. e., "to possess" or "enjoy."-Initium capit, &c. "Commences at the river Rhone." Literally, " takes its beginning from the river Rhone." 7. Continetur. " Is bounded." Literally,':is encompassed" or "hemmed in." —Attingit etiam, &c. "It touches also on the Rhine in the quarter of the Sequani and' Helvetii." More literally, "on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii," i. e., where these two communities dwell. 8. Vergit ad septentriones. "It stretches away towards the north." Literally, " it inclines" or " tends towards the north,";. e., from its point of commencement on the Rhodanus. 9. Ab extremis Gallice finibus. " From the farthest confines of Gaul." By Gaul is here meant the middle division of the country, or that occupied by the Celte, who have been mentioned in the preceding sentence under the name of Galli. By fines extremi Cwesar means the boundaries most remote from Rome, or, in other words, the northern. 10 Spectant in septent^iones, &c. "They look towalds the north and the rising sun,"' e., their country, comnmcncing on the 222 NOTES ON THE FIRST BOOK Page. 3 northern borders of Celtica, faces, or stretches away to the north and east. 11. Et earnpartern Oceani, &c. "And that part of the Atlantic Ocean which is next to Spain," i. e., in the immediate vicinity of Spain, and washing its northern coast. The reference is to the lower part of the Bay of Biscay. As regards the force of ad ir. this passage, compare the common form of expression esse ad u' bcn, "to be near the city," and Cicero (Ep. ad Fam. 15, 2), Castra ad Cybistra locavi. "I pitched my camp in the neighbourhood of Cybistra." 12. Spectat inter, &c. "It looks between the setting of the sun and the north," i. e., it looks northwest; it faces towards that point. Morus thinks we ought to read in for inter; but the Greek paraphrase sanctions the common lection: Itaop be Ta yra(v "Apcrov r Kai'AvarosQv. 13. Orgetorix. This name is said by Celtic scholars to mean "chief of a hundred hills," from or, " a hill," ced, " a hundred," and righ, " a chief." (Compare Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. ii., p. 289.) 14. Marco Messala, &c. "Marcus Messala and Marcus Pisc being consuls," i. e., in the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso. Supply existentibus. The date is A. U. C. 693, B. C. 61. 15. Regni cupiditate inductus. " Led on by a desire of enjoying the chief authority." Regni is to be here regarded as equivalent to regnandi.-Nobilitatis. The higher class of chieftains are meant. 16. Civitati. "His state," i. e., the people. By civitas are here meant all the inhabitants of a district or state, under one and the same government. This usage is very frequent in our author. 17. De finibus suis. "From their territories." Fines, in the sense of "territories" or "country," is of very common occur rence in Caesar. 18. Imperio potiri. " To possess themselves of the sovereignty," i. e., to rule as masters over the other Gallic tribes. 19. Id hocfacilius, &c. "He persuaded them to that step the more easily on this account." The order is, persuasit id eis f cilzus hoc.-Undique loci natura continentur. "Are confined on al. sides by the nature of their situation," i. e., are kept in, are pre. vented from vandering far. 20. Monte Jura. The name, in Celtic, is said to mean " the domain of God," from Jou, an appellation for the Deity, and rag, the domain of a chieftain or ruler. The term appears a very appropriate NOITE UN 1' [T FIllST 80OK. 223 Pagp mne to be applied by a barbarous people'o a lofty mountain-range, q consult Geographical Index. 21. Lacu Lemanno. Now the Lake of Geneva. Strabo gives ihe form Aiwvva, the Greek paraphrast Aipdvos. 22. 3Iinus late. "Less widely," i. e., than they could have w shed.-Homines bellandi cupidi. "Men (like themselves) fond 3f warfare." 23. Pro multitudine, &c. "They thought, besides, that they possessed narrow territories, considering the extent of their popula tion, and their high character for war and bravery." More literally,' narrow territories, in proportion to the number of inhabitants," &c. 24. Qui in longitudinem, &c. "Which extended in length," &c Cluverius condemns the inaccuracy of this measurement, both as regards length and breadth. (Germ. 2, 4.) But we must bear in mind that Caesar, when he wrote this, had never been in the land of the Helvetii, and followed, therefore, merely the rude estimate furnished him by some of that nation. Caesar makes the length of Helvetia forty-eight geographical miles; the true distance, however, from Geneva to the Lake of Constance, is only forty. (Mannert, vol. ii., p. 214.) 1. His rebus adductz. "Induced by these considerations." — Ad proficiscendum. "To their departure." 2 Carrorum. "Of wagons." This term has two forms for the nominative, carrus and carrum. Cmesar employs the former. and the author of the commentaries on the Spanish war the latter (c. 6). The word is of Celtic origin, and denotes a kind of fourwheeled wagon. Compare the German Karre. In later Latinity the neuter form prevailed. (Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat. vol. ii., p. 231.) 3. Sementes quam maximas facere. "To make as extensive sowings as possible," i. e., to sow as much land as possible. 4. In tertium annum, &c. " They fix upon their departure for the third year by a law," i. e., they fix upon the third year for their departure. The term lege is here employed as denoting merely the assent of the general assembly of the nation to the proposition of Orgetorix. It is analogous, therefore, in the present instance, to lecreto. 5. Ad eas res conficiendas. The repetition of this phrase here e extremely inelegant, though it may be cited as one proof, among others that might be adduced, of Caesar's having hastily written these commentaries, either at the close of each day, or else very soon after 224 NOTES ON THE FIRST BOOK. Page 4 the occurrences detailed in them. Oberlinus suggests ad ea sn place of ad eas res conficiendas; but the emendation, though neat, rests on no MSS. authority. 6 Regnum obtinuerat. "Had enjoyed the sovereign power." (Compare note 6, p. 3.) The sovereign authority was not generally hereditary among the Gallic tribes, but was conferred by the peolie on the one whom they judged most worthy. 7. A senatu Popdli. Romani. "By the senate of the Roman people," i. e., by the senate of Rome. We have here adopted the reading of the oldest and best MSS. The copyists have been misled by the common form, S. P. Q. R., i. e., senatu populoque Romano, and have introduced it here, where it does not at all apply, for the title of "amicus" was conferred by the senate, not by the people. Compare book 4, c. 12, " amicus ab senatunosiro appellatus," and 7, 31, " cujus pater ib senatu nostro amicus erat appellatus." 8. Occuparet. The student will observe that the leading verb is in the present tense, persuadet, and yet the verb following is in the past tense, occuparet. The rule that operates in such cases is given as follows by Zumpt, L. G. p. 322. "When an historian uses the present for the perfect aorist, to transport his reader back to the time of which he is speaking, he often joins an imperfect with this present, which in sense is past." 9. Principatum obtinebat. "Enjoyed the chief authority." The phrase principatum obtinere applies to one who is the leader of his countrymen, but without the name of king. Thus we have in Lactantius, de fals. rel. 1, 13, "Priius Uranus eminere inter cateros potentia coeperit, et principatum habere, non regnum." 10. Perfacile factu esse, &c. "He proves unto them that it was a very easy matter to accomplish their designs," i. e., that the accomplishment of their intended designs would be a very easy matter. 11. Quin totius GalliE, &c. "But that' the Helvetn could do the most of all Gaul," i. e., were the most powerful state of all Gaul. 12. Illis regnaconciliaturum. "Would gain for them the sov. ereignty in their respective states." 13. Et, regnooccupato, &c. "And they entertain the hope, that, if the sovereign power be seized by each of them, they can make ihemselves masters of all Gaul, by means of'its three most powerful and valiant c6mn-unities." The three communities here re NOTES ON THE FIRST BOOK. -22 Page terred to are the Helvetii, Sequani, and Aedui, and the intended 4 change is to be brought about after Orgetorix, Casticus, and Dumnorix shall have seized upon the sovereign power in their respective states. 14. Firmissimos. Some of the early editions read fortissimos, b t it is a mere gloss, explanatory of firmissimos. 15. Totius Gallia potiri. The verb potiri governs the genitive or'ablative. Cicero, whenever he employs it to express:the acquisi tion of sovereignty or political power, uniformly joins it with a genitive.'Caesar, on the other hand, sometimes employs the genitive, as in the present instance, and sometimes, as in chap. 2, joins the verb to the ablative of imperium. 16. Ea res. "This design."-Per indicium. "Through informers." Literally, "by a disclosure" or "information." 17. Moribus suis. "According to their custom." Referring to the established usage of the nation in such cases.-Ex'vinculis causam dicere. "To plead his cause in chains," i. e., to answer the charge in chains. Ex vinculis, literally, " out of chains," i. e., "from the midst of chains," encompassed all the time by them. 18. Damnatum panam, &c. The order is, oportebat pennam, ut cremaretur igni, sequi (eum) damnatum. "It behooved the punishment, that he should be burnt by fire, to attend him if con demned." More freely, "His punishment, in case he were con demned, was to be burnt to death." Urere is simply "to burn," but cremare, "to burn to ashes." The punishment here mentioned was usual among the Gauls and other barbarous nations incases of high treason. 19. Cause: dictionis. ":For the pleading of his' case." Dictio causce is generally applied to the defendant in a cause, and means a full explanation and defence of his conduct.-Ad judicium. "Tc the trial." 20. Omnem suanm fmamilia. "All his household." The reference is to his domestics, and all the individuals employed'about his private affairs. Familia, in its primitive acceptation, denotes'all thle::slaves belonging to one master. 21. Oboeratos. "Debtors." The term obAeratus properly denotes O:ie who, being in debt to another, is compelled to serve the latter, and in this way discharge the debt by his labour and"services. Compare Varro, L. L. 6, " Liber, qui suas operas mn servitute, pr,, pecuita, q duamndebeat,:dat; dum soleret, nexus vocatur, et ab e'oba'atiis." 226 NOTES ON THE FIRST BOOK. Page 22. Jodem. "To the same place," i. e., the place of trial.Per eos, ne causam diceres; &c. " By thrt; i ca TofvEtv ayaeot. The inhabitants of the Balearic islands (Majorca and Minorca) were excellent slingers. Consult Geographical Index, s. v. Numidia, and Baleares. 8. Quorum adventu, &c. " By the arrival of whom, both courage to ward off the attack, together with the hope of a successful defence, was added to the Remi, and, for the same reason, the expectation of making themselves masters of the town departed from the enemy," i. e., the Remi were inspired with fresh courage, and with the hope of finally beating off the enemy, while the latter, on their part, now despaired of accomplishing their object. 9. Quos. In the masculine as the worthier gender, but referring, m fact, to both vicis and cedificiis. The construction of adire with an accusative is of common occurrence. 10. Omnibus copiis. Without the preposition cum, as in chapters 19 and 33. The preposition, however, is more commonly added. 11. Et ab millibus, &c. "And encamped within less than two miles of him." 12. Et propter eximiam, &c. " And on account of their high reputation for valour."-Prclio supersedere. " To defer a battle." 13. Solicitationiba s periclitabatur. " Strove to ascertain by fre 282 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page 38 -uent trials." Solicitatio?.bus is here equivalent in fact to lenibun praliis. 14. Adversus. "Towards the enemy," i. e., on the side facing the enemy.-Quantum loci, &c. "As far as our army, when drawn up in line of battle, was able to occupy." 15. Ex utraque parte, &c. "Had a steep descent on both sides " Literally, "had descents of side on either part." Dejectus is here used for dejectio. Compare Livy, 9, 2, " Angustias septas dejectu arborum saxorumque ingenhtum objacente mole invenerunt." 16. Et frontem leniter fastigatus, &c. "And in front, gently sloping, sank gradually to the plain." Fastigatus is properly applied to what-has a pyramidical form, and terminates in a slender ox spiral top. It here refers, however, merely to the descent or slope of the hill. With frontem supply quoad. 17. Ad extremas fossas. "At the extremities of the ditch," i e., at each end.-Tormenta. "Military engines," i. e., Catapultee, and Balistae, for throwing large stones, heavy javelins, &c. These would be analogous to our modern batteries. 39 1. Quod tantum, &c. "Since they could do so much by their numbers," i. e., were so powerful in numbers.-Pugnantes. While engaged in the fight." 2. Si qua opus esset. " If there should be need in any quarter." With qua supply parte. Some editions have si quid, others si quo. The Greek paraphrast has itT' - do V e'7. 3. Palus non magna. " A marsh of no large size." 4. Expectabant. "Waited to see."-Utimpeditos, &c. "WeCi ready under arms to attack them in their disorder," i. e., while more or less embarrassed in their movements by the attempt tc cross. Compare the Greek paraphrase: cali TOVro aaXoXovyivog. 5. Secundiore equitum, &c. " The battle of the cavalry proving more favourable to our men," i. e., our men having the advantage in the battle of the horse. The common text has equitum nostrorum, which savours of a gloss. 6 Demonstratum est. Compare chapter 5. 7. Si-minus potuissent. " In case they should no: be able to do this."-Ad bellum gerendum. "For carrying on the war." —Pro. hiberentque. "And might cut off." 8. Levis armaturce Numidas. These were armed merely with javelins, and, instead of a buckler, merely extended a part of their attire with their left hand. Compare the graphic description of T,ivy (35, 11), "Nihil primo aspectu contemptius. Equi wemi NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 283 I age nesque paulluli et graciles: riscinctus et inermis eques, prater- *9 quam quod jacula secum portat: equi sine frenis: deformis ipse cursus, rigida cervice et extento capzte currentium." So also Claudian, Bell. Gild. 15, 435, set "Non contra clypeis tectos, gladiisque micantes Ibitis, in solis longe fiducia telis: Exarmatus erit, quum missile torserit, hostzs. Dextra movet jaculum, prcetentat pallia lava, C(etera nudus eques." 9. Impeditos. "Embarrassed in their movements." Compare iote 6, page 53. 10. Audaczssime. Plutarch's language is at variance with this, since he makes the Gauls to have fought badly. (Vit. Cces. c. 20), altXpiS ayowvtoRalevovs. 11. Oppido. Referring to Bibrax.-Se fefellisse. " Had dis appointed them." 12. Quorum in fines. "Into whosesoever territories "-Suis Referring to the respective territories of each. 1. Et domesticis copiis, &c. "And might avail themselves of,:( the supplies of provisions which they each had at home." Domes. ticzs copiis is here put for domestica copia. 2. HIac quoque ratio. "The following consideration also."Divitiacum atque Aeduos, &c. They had done in conformity with the request of Caesar. Compare chapter 5. 3. His. Referring to the Bellovaci. They were desirous of returning home, and defending their territories against the threatened attack of the Aedui. 4. iNullo certe ordine neque imperio. "In no fixed order and under no regular command," i. e., in no order and under no disci pline. 5. Cum sibi, &c. "Each striving to obtain the foremost place on the route."-Consimilis. " Very like." Consimilis is strongez in meaning than similis, and not merely a more sonorous term (vox sonantior),as Forcellini maintains. 6. Insidias veritus. Caesar feared an ambuscade, because very little acquainted with the country. Compare Dio Cassius, 39, 2, Kaao as, a0oro r v ra ylyv6pevot, oitc rd6Arnlae aaS Ei vObt, ayotlt r-l xwptwv, 7TlSalWt. 7. Cum ab extremo agmine, &c. " While those in the rear, with whom our men first came up, made a stand," &c. 284 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page. 40 8. Perturbatis ordinibus. " Having broken their ranks." — l'ra stdium. "Their safety." 9. Quantum fuit diei spatium. " As the length of the day allowed." More literally, "as much as there was space of day." 10. Destiterunt. Supply interficere. The later editions have destiterunt sequi, an inferior reading. 11. Ex itinere. "On his way," i. e., on the line of march - Paucis defendentibus. "Although only a few defended it," i. c., although the garrison was weak. 12. Vineas agere. "To move forward the vinece." The vinece were mantlets or sheds, under which the besiegers worked the battering ram, or else approached the walls to undermine them. Consult Archaeological Index. 1. Aggere jacto. " A mound being thrown up." The agg-er was a mound or rampart composed of earth, wood, hurdles, and stones, which gradually increased in height towards the town, until it either equalled or overtopped the walls. Towers were erected on it, from which the soldiers threw darts or stones on the besieged by means of engines. Consult Archeological Index. 2. Turribusque constitutis. "And towers being erected on it." The Romans had two kinds of military towers, those that were erected on the mound, and which are here meant, and those that were built at some distance from the besieged place, and were moved up to it on wheels. Consult Archaeological Index. 3. Operum. " Of the works." Referring to the agger, turres, &c.-Celeritate. "The despatch."-Impetrant. "They obtain this," i. e., that their lives should be spared. 4. Galbcb. Consult note 9, page 36.-lhzxit. We have here given the reading of Oudendorp's smaller edition. The Bipont editor gives ducit, on the authority of several MSS., which is also followed by Daehne and others. 5. Bratuspantium. Scaliger and others think that this town was the same with Casaromagus, now Beauvais. But D'Anville is more correct in making it correspond to Bratuspante, an old place that once stood near Breteuil in Picardie. (D'Anville, Geogr. Anc. vol. i., p. 84.) 6. Majores natu. "The aged men," or, those advanced in years. Literally, " those greater (i. e., farther advanced) by birth." 7. Passis manibus. "With outstretched hands." Passis is from pando. Compare the Greek paraphrase: avarraldevals raTs ^~apv. NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 285 Page 8. Ad eurn. Referring to Caesar.-Facit. verba.' Speaks." 41 Literally, "makes words," i. e., a discourse. Verba habere is'to hold a conversation with one;" but verba dare, "to impose upon a person." 9. In fide atque amicitia, &c. "Had always been steady in their attachment and friendship to the state of the Aedui."-Qui dicerent. " Who had assured them."-Omnes indignitates, &c. "All manner of indignities and insults." 10. Qui hujus, &c. The order is, (Eos), qui fuissent principes hujus consilii, profugisse in Britanniamr, quod intelligerenl, &c.Principes. "The authors." The prime movers. 11. Non solum Bellovacos. " That not only the Bellovaci themselves."-Pro his. "In behalf of these."-Ut utatur. " To ex ercise," i. e., to extend. 12. Quorum auxiliis, &c. "By whose aid and resources they (i. e., the Aedui) were accustomed, in case any war broke out, to support them," i. e., to support whatever wars happened to occur. Quorum refers to the Belga. 13. Honoris Divitiaci, &c. " Out of respect for Divitiacus and the Aedui." Literally, " for the sake of the honour of Divitiacus and the Aedui." 1. His traditis. "These hostages having been delivered." 42 Supply obszdibus. 2. Nihil pati vimt, &c. Athenaeus informs us, on the authority of Posidonius, that the wealthier Gauls were accustomed to drink the wines of Italy and Massilia, and these, too, unmixed. (Ath. Deipnos. 4, 36.-Vol. ii., p. 94, ed. Schweigh.) 3. Ad luxuriam pertinentium. These words are wanting in many MSS., but they are rendered by the Greek paraphrast, and are also given by Celsus.' 4. Increpitare et incusare. " That they inveighed against and complained of."-Patriamque virtutem projecissent. "And had abandoned the bravery of their fathers." More literally, "had thrown away." 5. Confirmare. "That they resolutely declared." 6. Sabim flumen. Achaintre and Lemaire charge Caesar with an error in geography here, and maintain, that, instead of Sabim. we ought to read either Samaram, or else Scaldim, more probably the latter. Their argument appears to be a plausible one. 7. Adventulm. "The coming up." 286 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page. 42 8. Mulieres, quique, &c. The order is, " one ecasse mulieres, hominesque qui per cetatem viderentur inutiles ad pugnam," &c. 9. Eorum dierum, &c. " The mode of marching, on the part ol our army, during those days, having been carefully observed by them." More literally, "'the custom of those days, in respect ol the march of our army." As regards the construction of the genitive here, compare note 10, page 17. - Perspecta. Davies has edited prospecta, which is quite inappropriate. 10. Neque esse quzcquam negoti. " And that there would be no difficulty." More literally, " and that it was no labour." 11. Hanc sub sarcinis adoriri. "In attacking this under its baggage," i. e., " in falling "pon the soldiers of this legion while each of them was still bearing his load of baggage." By impedi menta are meant the heavier articles of baggage, such as tents, &c., whereas sarcince denotes the load which each soldier carried. The impedimenta were conveyed along by beasts of burden and wagons, but the sarcince formed part of the burden of each soldier The load which each of them carried is almost incredible; provisions for fifteen days, sometimes more, usually corn, as being lighter. sometimes dressed food; utensils, such as a saw, basket, mattock an axe, a reaping hook and leathern thong, a chain, a pot, &c, stakes, usually three or four, sometimes twelve, &c., the whole amounting to sixty pounds, not including the weight of his arms, for a Roman soldier considered these last, not as a burden, but as a part of himself. Under this load they commonly marched twenty miles a day, sometimes more. Compare Cic. Tusc. Qucest. 2, 37. 43 1. Qua. Supply legione.-Reliquai. Supply legiones. 2. Adjuvabat etiam, &c. "It added weight also to the advice of those who brought this intelligence, that the Nervii'from early times," &c. 3. Ei rei student. " Do they pay much attention to this," i. e., to the raining of cavalry.-Sed quicquid possunt, &c. "But whatever they are able to do they effect by means of their footforces." With valent supply efficere. 4; Incisis atque inflexis. " Being cut in and bent," i. e., being half cut, so that they still continued to grow, the trees were then bent longitudinally, and their branches assumed a lateral direction. 5. Crebris in latitudinem, &c. " Numerous branches, and briers, and thorns intervening in a lateral direction." The branches are those of the young trees mentioned in the previous note. The intervals between these were filled up with briers and thorns, which NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 287 Page. mnt rrmlngled, -as they grew, with the boughs of the trees, and tne 43 whole formed an impervious kind of hedge, which answered all the purposes of a regular fortification. The common text has enatis after ramzs, which Oudendorp and others reject very properly as a mere gloss. It does not appear in the best MSS. 6. Non modo. Put for non modo non. This ellipsis is of fre quent occurrence. Compare B. G. 3, 4, and consult Sanct. Miin. vol. ii., p. 293, ed. Bauer. 7. Non omittendum, &c. " That they ought not to neglect the advice which had been given them." 8. Quem locum. This species of repetition has already been al luded to. Compare note 7, page 4. 9. Ab summo cequaliter declivis. " Sloping with a regular descent from the summit."-Collis nascebatur, &c. "Another hill arose, over against and facing this," i. e., directly opposite. The two epithets adversus and contrarius, being nearly analogous, are used to impart additional force to the expression. 10. Passus circiter ducentos, &c. " Having the lower part cleat and open for the space of about two hundred paces." In order to convey the true meaning of apertus here, we have rendered it by a double epithet. The literal meaning of the clause is, " open as to the lowest parts," infima being put for quod ad infima loca. 11. Silvestris. "So woody." Supply ita. The Greek paraphrast has SEvSpcos pdaXarta. 12. In aperto ioco. Referring to the lower part of the hill, where there were no trees.-Secundum flumen. "Along the river." - Stationes equitum. "Troops of horse on guard." 13. Ratio ordoque, &c. " The plan and order of the march was different from what the Belgm had mentioned to the Nervii." More literally, " had itself otherwise than the Belge had mentioned," &c. 14. Expeditas. "Free from all encumbrance," i. e., who had laid aside the load of baggage which each soldier was accustomed to carry on the march. Compare note 11, page 42. 15. Due legiones. " The two legions."-Tctum agmen claw debant. " Closed the whole line of march," i. e., brought up the rear. 16. Identidem. "From time to time," i. e., every now and then. 17. Quem ad finem. "As far as."-Porrecta ac loca aperta. "' The clear and open ground." Porrecta literally refers to what stretches out in front, and is free from any obstacle or impediment18 Opere dimenso. "The work having been tneasnred out, Cc 288 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page 43 i. e., a space of ground having been marked out for an encampment Opus here refers to all the labour requisite for fortifying. 44 3. Prima impedimenta. " The first part of our baggage-traim." Referring to the wagons which conveyed the heavier baggage, and, on this particular occasion, a part also of the individual burdens of the soldiery. 2. Quod tempus, &c. " Which had been agreed upon between them as the time for joining battle."-~Ita ut intra silvas, &c. "They on a sudden darted forth, with all their forces, in the same older in which they had posted their line of battle and ranks within the woods, and as they themselves had encouraged each other to do.' Confirmaverant refers to previous concert and mutual exhortation. 3. Proturbatis. "Repulsed." The early reading was perturbatis, which, of course, is far inferior. Faernus restored the true lec tion from an old MS. Compare Frontinus (2, 2, 4): "Equitatum pedites proturbantem." The primitive meaning of proturbo is to push off, or from, one. 4. In manibus nostris. "Close at hand." The phrase properly denotes, that the enemy were so near that they could almost b& touched by the hand. Compare Sallust, B. I. 57: " Cupere prcx lium in manibus facere;" and Lipsius, Var. Lect. 2, ]3: " I manibus esse, nisi fallor, dixit prcesentes esse, et ita propinquos ut pEne manibus tangi possent." 5. Adverso colle. "Up the hill," i. e., up the opposite hill, or the one facing that down which they had rushed. 6. Vexillum proponendum. "The standard to be displayed." This was of a crimson colour, and was displayed on the praetorium or general's tent. Plutarch, in his life of Fabius, c. 15, calls it X1rTV K6Ktvos, and in that of Marcellus, c. 26, ~oLVlKoVS Xtr6v, and it appears to, have been, in fact, nothing more than a crimson cloak or chlamys attached to the top of a spear, XtrUv being used here by Plutarch in the sense of XXaprs. Compare Schneider, Lex. s. v. and Lipsius, Mil. Rom. lib. 4, dial. 12, sub init. 7. Signun. "The signal of battle." The signal for the conflict to commence; and hence the Greek paraphrast renders it by ro wolpUKav. —Tuba. Consult Archaeological Index 8. Aggeris petendi eausa. In order to seek materials for the mound."-Milites cohoirtandi. Referring to the harangue, or short address to the troops before the action commenced. 9. Signum. dzndlum. "The word tq be given." This is the NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 289 Page Jattle-word, called otherwise in Latin tessera, and in Greek a.vWOa, 44 as the Greek paraphrast here correctly renders it. The c bject of giving the word was, that the soldiers might be able to distinguish those of their own side from the enemy, in case night should come on before the battle was over, or they should be separated from each other. The word was generally some auspicious term or name, such as Victoria, or Libertas, or Jupiter Servator, &c. 10. Successus et incursus. " The near approach and onset." Caesar is fond of using terms nearly synonymous, one of which serves in some degree to explain the other. Thus we have "patienda et perferenda," B. G. 7, 30, and "extremum et ultimrm," B. C. 1, 5, &c. 11. Erant subsidio. "Proved of advantage."-Scientia et usus. " The knowledge and experience."-Exercitati. "Having been practised." 12. Singulisque legionibus. "And from their respective legions."-Nisi munitis castris. "Unless the camp was previously fortified," i. e., until after the fortifications of the camp were finished. 13. Nihil jam, &c. " No longer now looked for any command from Caesar," i. e., no longer waited for any orders from him. Count Turpin de Criss6 very justly censures Caesar, 1. for leading his archers, slingers, and cavalry across the Sabis, before his camp was at all fortified; 2. for not having reconnoitred the wood, before he attacked the enemy's horse at the bottom of the hill; 3. for tashly joining battle with the enemy on disadvantageous ground, when he ought to have kept his light troops on this side the stream, until the wood was reconnoitred and a suitable ford was found, and should have had one legion at the foot of the hill to support them if attacked. The experience of the Roman soldiers alone saved the army from utter defeat. 14. Quam in partem, &c. " In the direction which chance first presented." The common text has sors, which will not at all an swer here. 15. Quam quo telum,.&c. " Than whither a dart could be made to reach." Adjicere telum is to throw in such a manner that the weapon leaches its destined object. 16. Pugnantibus occurrit. "He found them already fighting." Literally, "he met with them," or "came in contact with them." 17. Exiguitas. " The scantiness," or "shortness." ]. Ad insignia accommodanda. "For fitting the military in. 4 sigia to their helmets.' The insignia here alluded to were the 290 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page. 4. skins of wild animals, such as bears, wolves, &c. Corrpaie Polybt tus, 6, 22. Lipsius is nrong, in thinking that Cesar here refers in particular to crests. (Anal. ad Mil. Rom. dial. 2.) 2. Sed etiam ad galeas induendas. "But even for putting on their very helmets themselves." Ondendorp prefers induccndas, the reading of some MSS. and editions, as the more recondite term. and, therefore, the most likely to be the true reading, and to have been driven from the text by a glossarial interpretation. But the Greek paraphrast settles the point for us by his use of IvteuOal. The Roman soldiers, when on the march, generally had their helmets hanging down on their breass or backs, and replaced them on their heads when about to attack or be attacked. 3. Tegumenta. These covers were made of leather, and were put upon the shields in order to preserve the polish and ornaments of the latter. They are called by Cicero (N. D. 1, 14), Clypeorum involucra." The Roman soldiers were very fond of painting and otherwise adorning their shields, and Suetonius informs us, that Caesar's soldiers in particular used to ornament their armour with silver and gold. (Vit. Caes. c. 67. Compare Polycenus, 8, 28.) 4. Ad hcec constitit. "By these he took his station."-In quetrendo suos. We have here adopted the reading of one of Scaliger's MSS. It is far superior to the common lection in qucerendis suis. 5. Pugnandi tempus dimitteret. "He might throw away the time of fighting." 6. Dejectus. "The declivity," or slope.-Necessitas temporls. "The urgency of the occasion."-Ratio atque ordo. "The principles and systematic arrangement." 7. Prospectus impediretur. "The view in front was obstructed." -Neque certa subsidia collocari. "Neither could any succours be placed anywhere with certainty." 8. Administrari. "Be given."-In tanta rerum iniquitate. " In so adverse a posture of affairs." 9. Legionis nonae et decimer. " Of the ninth and tenth legions." Some MSS. and editions have legionum nones et decimne, of which Oudendorp does not disapprove, though he retains the ordinary leetion. The Greek paraphrast has &EKdrov tE al evvdrov rtayparo;. 10. Ut in sinistra, &c. "When they had taken their stations on the left part of the line." Acie is here the old form of the genitive, foraciei. Oudendorp restored this reading from MSS. Comr NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 291 Page pare the remark of Aulus Gellus: " Cazis Csar, in libro de Ana- 4 5 logia secundo, hujus die et hujus specie dicendum putat." 11. Exanimatos. "Panting," i. e., almost breathless. Causal frequently employs this term to denote those who with difficulty Ira'v their breath through fatigue and exhaustion. 12. Nam his, &c. "For that part of the enemy had fallen to the lot of those," i. e., it was their lot to come in contact'with that part of the foe. By his are meant the soldiers of the ninth and tenth legions. 13. Impeditam. "While impeded in their movements by the stream.".4. Diverse duce legiones. " Two other legions," i. e., two legions different from those just mentioned. Compare the Greek paraphrast, 3vo iXXa rdypara. 65. Ex loco superiore. "Having descended from the higher ground." 16. At turn. "At this stage of the fight, however." Compare the explanation of Oudendorp, "eo tempore, et ea re." Some of the MSS. have attonitis for at tur totis, without any sense whatever, while many of the later editions give merely ac totis. Our present reading at tum totis is due to the ingenuity of Oudendorp. 17. A fronte, &c. The eleventh' and eighth legions had occupied a position in front of the camp, but had been drawn off by their pursuit of the Veromandui, and were now fighting on the banks of the stream. In like manners the ninth and tenth legions, which had served as a guard for the left of the camp, were gone in pursuit ol the Atrebates. 18. Cum in dextro cornu, &c. "The twelfth legion having taken up a position on the right wing, and the seventh also at no great distance from it." This remark is added by Caesar, in order to show where the two remaining legions were, which, together with the four already mentioned, were employed in fortifying the camp when the attack was made. 19. Aperto latere. " On their unprotected flank." The right flark of the twelfth, and the left of the seventh, were exposed, the latter in consequence of the advance of the other legions which had occupied the centre and left of the line. 2,). Summtum castrorumt iocum. "'I'he summit on which stood the camp." Compare the Greek paraphrast, 7rps ra f&Kpa reshet iparo. So also in chap. 24, we have, " ab decumana porta a surnmo ju,'o collis " C c2 292 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page. 4,5 21. Levisque armaturae pedites. The same with the veltcr Consult Archaological Index. 22. Dixeram. Vid. chapter 19.-Adversis hostibus occurrebant. "Met the enemy in front," i. e., face to face. The enemy were now in the Roman camp, and the cavalry and light-armed troops met them as they entered. 6j 1. Aliam in partem, &c. The more usual form of expression is " Aliam partem fuga petebant," and Ciacconius thinks we should read so here. The expression fugam petere, however, as Davies remarks, is one occasionally met with in the best writers. Com pare Virg. -En. 12, 263. Liv. 9, 23. Ov. A. A. 1, 552, &c. 2. Calones. "The soldiers' servants." The calones, in general, merely followed the army as attendants upon the soldiers. Occasionally they were not allowed at all. At other times, again, they formed no bad kind of troops, from their familiarity with the Roman exercise. Compare, as regards this latter point, the remarks of Josephus, B. I. 3, 4. 3. Decumqna porta. "The Decuman gate." This was the name of the gate in the rear of the Roman camp, and was, on this occasion, of course, the farthest from the enemy. It derived its name from the circumstance of the tenth cohorts in the legion having their tents in its immediate vicinity. Compare the words of Lipsius (Mil. Rom., 5. 5.), " Decumana a cohortibus decimis, ibi tendentibus, sic dicta." 4. Versari. "To be busily employed." Versari may otherwise be considered here as equivalent merely to the simple esse.-Pracipites fugce, &c. " Consigned themselves headlong to flight." 5. Aliique aliam inpartem, &c. " And, being greatly alarmed, they were carried some in one direction, others in another," i. e., they betook themselves to flight in different directions. 6. Quorum inter Gallos, &c. "Of whose valour there is a peculiarly high opinion among the Gauls." 7. Diversos dissipatosque. "Each in a different quarter, and scattered here and there." Diversos is here equivalent to olios elio loco. 8. Ab decimar legionis cohortatione. Lipsius (Elect. 2, 7) boldly, but without any authority, conjectures cum decima legionis cohorte. 9. Urgeri. "To be hard pressed." Signis in unum locum col/z*is. "The standards having been brought together into one NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 293 Page. place," i. e, in consequence of their having been brought, &c — 46 Sibi ipsos. M)re elegant than sibi ipsis, the common reading. 10. Omnibus centurionibus. There were six centurions in each cohort.-Signo amisso. To lose the standards was esteemed very disgraceful among the Romans, and the standard-bearer was punished with death, if the loss was occasioned by any misconduct of his. Sometimes a commander, in order to urge on his soldiers, threw the standard into the midst of the foe. Compare Lips. Mil. Rom. 4, 5 11. Primopilo. "The chief centurion of the legion." The first centurion of the first maniple of the Triarii received this name. He was also called primus pilus, was intrusted with the eagle or main standard of the legion, ranked among the equites as regarded pay, and had a place in the council of war with the consul and tribunes. 12. Ut. " So that."-Tardiores. "Less active in their exer tions."-Et nonnullos, &c. "And that some in the rear, being deserted by their leaders," i. e., having no leaders or inferior officers to urge them on to the fight. 13. Afronte. "Infront."-Subeuntes. "Coming up." 14. Et rem esse in angusto. "And that affairs were desperate." Supply loco, and compare the Greek paraphrast: Kai 73 7irpa7y1a tiJ0 e ri &aXdr9 elvan. Appian (de Reb. Gall. 4) makes Caesar to have been for a time completely encompassed on the hill by the forces of the Nervii: eli Xt6ov rtvi pera riov vrraclTarwrv roeevy6ra Trecpiayov cKicKq (oi NfpGlot). 15. Ab novissimis, &c. " Having been snatched by him from a soldier in the rear." Uni militi is by a Hellenism for ab uno milite. According to Florus (3, 10), the soldier was at the time in the act of fleeing from the battle. Celsus, however, makes him to have been contending with but little spirit. 16. Signa inferre, &c. " He ordered the troops to advance and open their files." Literally, " to extend, or widen, their maniples." They had been previously crowded together; he now ordered them to station themselves apart, or at intervals from each other, and in this way to keep the maniples distinct. 17. Cujus. Equivalent to hu.jus, as it begins the clause. The common text has hujus, but it is less elegant.-Redintegrato animo. "Their courage having revived." Literally, "being renewed." 18. Pro se. "To the best of his ability." Equivalent to pro 8ua virili parte.-In extremis sus rebus. " In the last extremity 294 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page. 46 of their affairs," i. e., when their affairs were in the last extremity. CompaPe the Greek paraphrast: lv rots XaXerwraroL'Kpdy^aff~. 47 1. Legiones. The seventh and twelfth.-Et conversa saZna, &c. " And should advance with a double front against the foe." Convertere signa properly means, "to face about," and the literal signification of the clause, therefore, is, " should advance the standards turned about against the foe." It must be borne in mind, however, that, when the legions united, the seventh formed in the rear of the twelfth. When, therefore, the word was given, convertere signa, the seventh faced about against the foe in their rear, and the two legions then stood back to back, the twelfth having continued all the time facing in front. In-this way conversa signa inferre, which, elsewhere, would mean "to face about and advance," gets here the signification, " to advance with a double front." The passage is generally misunderstood by commentators, but the meaning is well expressed by Count Turpin de Crisse: " Cesar ordonne aux officiers de faire joindre peu a pea les deux legions, et, reunies, de s'adosser'une a l'autre, faisant front de tons les cotes." 2. Ne aversi, &c. " Lest, being turned away, they should be surrounded by the enemy," i. e., of being attacked behind and sur rounded. Their rear was defended by the other legion, who now stood with their backs towards them,-and fronting the foe. 3. Cursu incitato. "Advancing at full speed." Literally,' their pace being quickened." 4. Decimam. Plutarch erroneously makes it the twelfth. 5. Versaretur. "Were." Equivalent to esset.-Nihil ad cele rltatem, &c. "Made all the haste they could." Literally, "caused nothing to remain unaccomplished by them as regarded speed." The Greek paraphrast gives this elegant expression rather tamely toiSv avicvav rTs TarItlTro0. 6. Procubuissent. "Had reclined upon the -ground."-Scutia innixi. " Having supported themselves on their shields." 7. Etiam inermes, &c. "Even though unarmed encountered them armed."-Delerent. "They might.wipe away." 8. Omnibus in locis, &c. "Put themselves forward in every quarter for the fight before the legionary soldiers," i. e., strove tL surpass them in valour. The common text has omnibus in locs pugnabant, quo se, &c., which is not a bad reading 9. Prestiterunt. " Displayed."-Jacentibus znsisterent. " Stood on them as they lay." —His. Referring to those just mentioned who had been standing on, and fighting from, the bodies of thei countrymen. NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 295 Page 10. Uti ex tumulo. "As if from an eminence." Compare the 47 Greek paraphrase: &s'x rivas yXA6ouv, "As from a kind of hill." 11. Ut non nequidquam, &c. "So that it ought to be concluded, that men of so great valour had not, without good reason, dared to cross a very broad river, ascend very high banks, enter upon a very disadvantageous position; for their resolute spirit had rendered these things easy from having been most difficult," i. e., their conduct on this occasion was not the mere result of a momentary impulse, but in perfect accordance with the opinion always entertained of their valour. Nequidquam is here equivalent tofrustra, or sine causa. The Greek paraphrast renders it by iprtiv. 12. Redegerat. In the sense of reddiderat. The term, as Davies observes, is one of uncommon occurrence, though used by Caesar B. G. 4, 3, " Vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmi oresque redegerunt." 13. Prope ad internecionem redacto. "Being almost extermmna ted." Literally, " reduced to extermination." So internecivum bel lum, "a war of extermination;" internecivum odium, "a deadly hatred," i. e., which is only to be satisfied by the destruction of one or other of the parties. 14..Estuaria ac paludes. "The low grounds and fens." By rstuaria are here meant low grounds, in which the waters settle after an inundation or heavy rains. The term estuarium, however, is generally applied to an estuary, or arm of the sea, where the tide ebbs and flows.-Dixeramus. Consult chapter 16. 1. Nihil impeditum. "That nothing was a hinderance," i. e., 48 that nothing was too difficult.-Victis nihil tutum. " That nothing was safe for the vanquished." 2. Suisque finibus, &c. "And directed them to continue to occupy their own territories and towns," i. e., allowed them to retain their lands and towns. 3. Itinere. In one of the MSS. itere occurs, which is the old form of declining: viz., iter, iteris, iteri, &c. 4. Oppidum. Thought by D'Anville to have been situate on the hill where stands the modern Falais. 5. Quod cum ex omnibus, &c. " For while it had on every side, round about, very steep rocks, and commanded a view of the country below." Literally, "very high rocks and lookings down."Quem locum. Referring to the approach to the town. 6. Ipsi. The Aduatici.-Ex Cimbris. Appian erroneously makes thks remark concerning the Nervii (de Reb. Gall. 4). D1) 296 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page, 4.8 Cassius, on the other hand, gives the correct account, in accorda.ice with Caesar's (39, 4).'ArovartKol...... Kal vr yvoes t re fp6vrja r' rvLp p'Ki6Wv'XOVrTs. 7. Mominum. After this word almost all the editions have una But it is difficult to conceive what need there is of it in the sen. tence, and it is more than probable that it arose from the careless repetition, on the part of some copyist, of the termination of homiznum. It is found, however, in almost all the MSS. But still, as it does not appear in others, and is omitted by the Greek paraphrast, we have thrown it out from our text. 8. Post eorum obitum. " After the destruction of their countrymen." Referring to the disastrous overthrow of the Cimbri and Teutones by Marius.-Exagitati. " Having been harassed." 9. Cum alias, &c. "When at one time they made wai on them, at another warded it off when made upon themselves," i. e., when at one time they acted on the offensive, at another on the defensive. 10. Excursiones. "Sallies."-Parvulis praliis. "Ill slight skirmishes." I1. Pedum duodecim. "Of twelve feet in height." Supply in altitudinem. 12. Turrim. This was a moveable tower, to be brought forward on wheels. Consult Archaological Index. 13. Quo. "For what purpose." This is the reading of Lipsius, Scaliger, and others. The MSS. and early editions have quod. Oudendorp thinks that perhaps quoi had been used here and elsewhere, for which cui was in later times the prevalent form. 09 1. Prce magnitudine, &c. "Compared with the large size of their own frames." —n muros. "Near the walls." Equivalent o0 juxta muros. 2. Moveri et appropinquare. "Was set in motion, and was approaching."-Ad hunc modum. " After this manner," or " to this effect." 3. Non. To be joined in construction with sine.-Quz pessent, "Since they were able." 4. Et ex propinquitate pugnare. These words are omitted in many MSS. As they are retained, however, by others of good note, and are translated also by the Greek paraphrast, we have deemed It best to retain them. 5.'Unim petere ac deprecari. "That they begged and earnestly etreatd one thing." —Pro sue demntiia, &t.'In acc1tdane NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. 297 Page with his wonted clemency and compassion."-Audirent. Tne sub- 49 iunctive is here used, because it refers to the sentiments of the speakers, not to those of the historian, and hence audirent is equivaleet, in fact, to " had heard, as they said." 6. Sibi praestare. " That it was better for them."-Si in eum casum deducerentur. " If they should be reduced to that state." More literally, " to that unhappy condition." 7. Per cruciatum interfici. "To be tortured to death." 8. Magis consuetudine, &c. "In accordance rather with his usual custom, than from any merit on their part," i. e., than because they were at all deserving of lenity.-Aries. l Consult Archeological Index. The Romans generally spared those who surrendered before the battering-ram struck their walls. 9. In Nerviis. "In the case of the Nervii." The common text has in Nervios, which is an inferior reading. Consult Burmann,'d Quintil. Decl. 15, 6. 10. Facere. The present with the force of the future. Consult Sanct. Min. 1, 14, and Perizonius, ad loc. 11. Muri aggerisque. The wall was that of the town, while the agger or mound was that of the Romans. The arms were cast between the wall and mound. 12. Sub vesperum. "Towards evening." 1. Prasidia deducturos. "Would draw off the guards."-Aut Qb denique, &c. " Or, at least, would keep watch less carefully than usual." Denique is here equivalent to saltem. Compare Seneca, ie Ira, 3, 18, "Quid instabat? quod periculum aut privatum aut ~-ublicum una nox minabatur? quantulum fuit, lucern exspectare? lenique ne senatores Populi Romani soleatus occideret." 2. Pellibus induxerant. "They had covered with hides."-Ter tia vigilia. The third watch began at twelve and ended at three. 3. Ignibus. " By signal-fires." Compare the Greek paraphrase, ru'a'iKas.-Proximis. Nearest that part of the town from which the sally was made. 4 Ita acriter, &c. " As fiercely as it ought to have been fought by brave men," &c., i. e., with that spirit which might have bee; expected from brave men so situated. 5. Occisis ad hominum, &c. "About four thousand having bees slain." The preposition is here to be rendered as an adverb, though, when the ellipsis is supplied, it will be found to govern a case as usual: thus, occisis millibus hominum ad numerum quatuor millium Compirs the remarks of Perizonius,' ad anawt. Min. 1 16. 298 NOTES ON THE SECOND BOOK. Page 5() 6. Refractis portis. "The gates being broken open." Stronger than the simple fractis.-Quum jam defenderet nemo. The earl editions add captum oppidum, probably from a gloss. 7. Sectionem ejus oppidi, &c. " Csar sold all the booty of that town," i. e., sold all the inhabitants as slaves, and their effects a.~ng with them The inhabitants constituted the principal booty of the place. The primitive meaning of sectio is a cutting, or dividing into small portions. It is then applied to the purchasing of the booty of a captured place, or of the goods of a condemned or proscribed person; because the purchaser, in such cases, bought by the quantity, and sold out in small portions to others, or, as we would say, by retail. Sometimes, however, as in the present instance, the term sectio is taken to denote the booty or goods themselves. Oui own expression, " retail," from the French retailler, which is itself compounded of re and tailler, " to cut," illustrates very forcibly the peculiar meaning of sectio. 8. Ab his qui emeraet, &c. " The return made to him by those who had purchased, was fifty-three thousand souls." Literally, "there was returned unto him, by those who had purchased, the number of fifty-three thousand heads." The highest bidders made returns to Caesar of the number which they had respectively bought, and the sum total was 53,000. Compare the Greek paraphrase: OE 3' e&vEadapvoi aiptOpv elvais iaoav Jv pGv c7vrTaKtaPvpfiv Kxa 7rprtaXlwov. 9. Oceanum. The Atlantic. The tribes referred to in the text were situated in the westernmost portion of Gaul, partly along the coast from the Liger (Loire) to the Sequana (Seine), and partly a short distance in the interior. 10. llyricum. Caesar's authority extended over Illyricum, which had been given him with the province of Gaul. 11. Dies quindecim, &c. " A thanksgiving for fifteen days was decreed." A supplicatio, or thanksgiving, was decreed by the senate, for any signal victory, and was solemnly made in all the temples. On such occasions, the senators and people at large, crowned with garlands, attended the sacrifices. A lectisternium also took place, couches being spread for the gods, as if about to feast, and their images being taken from their pedestals, and placed upon these couches, round the altars, which were loaded with the richest dishes. Compare the language of Plutarch in relation to the present occasion (Vit. Ces. c. 21).'H avyrcTroS wevrTraiStKa ^qpat fijtliaaro S3v6iv ro7T; cEOi, cati XoXdEi&v IoprdaovraC. BOOK IIl. Page.. Quo.'By which." Supply itznere.-lMagnisjue cum por- 52.oriis. " And with heavy imposts." It was this circumstance that caused the articles, which were brought into Gaul by the traders, for'the use of Caesar's army, to coimnand so high a price, and COesar, therefore, wished to lower this price, by breaking up the system ef taxation which the inhabitants of the Alps had imposed upon all merchandise conveyed through theircountry. Portorium originally signified the duty levied on goods in a harbour (in portu), whence,he name. The signification was afterward extended, and, as in he present instance, denoted the tax paid for liberty to carry goods through a particular country. 2. Hic. "This village." Supply vicus.-Flumine. Orosius, 6, 8, gives torrente. The Greek paraphrast omits the term. 3. Eum locurn. ~' This latter part," i. e., that part of the village in which the cohorts were to have their winter quarters. 4. Hibernrum. " Of their wintering," i. e., of their being in winter quarters. The term hiberna usually signifies the winter quarters themselves; it is here, however, taken for the time of remaining i.n them. 5. Id aliquot de causis, &c. " It had happened, on several accounts, that the Gauls had suddenly formed the design of renewing the war and crushing the legion." 1. Neque eam plenissinmam. "Which was not, in fact, a complete 53 one." More literally, "nor it completely full." Equivalent to et earn qidem non plenissimam. Compare Cic. Phil. 2, 18, " Certa flagitii merces, nec ea parva;" and Liv. 5, 33, " Prxter sonum linguce, nec eum incorruptum retinent. By legio plenissima is meant one with the full complement of men as fixed.. by the usage or law of the day. This complement varied at different times. Consult Archaeological Index, and compare note 23, page 5. 2. Singillatim. " Individually." Compare the explanation of Morus: Singulorum militum, qui singuli discesserant. 3 Decurrerent, "Should run down." Compare the Greek, D9 301t NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK Page. 3 iavurv Karasopaovpltcwv.l-Ne primum quidem, &c. The common text has suumn after impetum, on the authority of some MSS., and sustincri instead of sustinere. The reading which we have adopted is far more elegant, and harmonizes with the Greek paraphrase: OSl riEv Trprvv - Qv v a bpptiv TOV;'Pawpatovvs HEaOat. With sustinere we must supply legtonem illam. 4. Accedebat. "Another reason was." More literally, "to this was added."-Suos ab se, &c. " That their children were torn from them," &c. 5. Sibi persuasum habebant. "They were firmly persuaded.' More literally, " they had it persuaded unto themselves." 6. Cum neque opus, &c. " As neither the labour of constructing winter quarters, and the requisite fortifications, were completed." More literally," completely gone through with." Davies, Morus, and many other commentators, regard opus hibernorum munitionesque as a hendiadys for opus munitionum hibernarum, " the labour of fortifying winter quarters." This, however, is incorrect. Opus hibernorum refers to the erecting of suitable buildings to accommodate the soldiers, and also of hospitals, armories, workshops, &c., all of which were contained in the winter quarters of the Romans. 7. Neque de frumento, &c. "Nor had a sufficient supply ol grain and other provisions been procured." More literally, "nor had sufficient provision been made with respect to grain and other sustenance." 8. Neque subsidio veniri. The verb veniri is here talen impersonally, posset being understood. "Neither could assistance come to them." Literally, " neither could it be come unto them With aid." 9. Ad salutem contenderent. "They should hasten to some place of safety."-Majori tamen parti placuit. " It pleased, however, the greater part," i e., it was the opinion of the majority oi the council. 10. Hoc constlio. Referring to the design, as recommended, oi leaving their baggage behind, and sallying forth from their winter quarters. 11. Rei eventum'experiri "To await the issue." Literallyv " to try the issue of the affair " 12. Collocandis atque adminmstrandis. " For arranging and executing." -Decurrere. The historical infinitive for dectu'rebant. So conjicere for conjiciebant, 7repugnare for repugnabant, &c. Compare note 8, page 10. NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK 301 Page 13. Gasaque. "And javelins." The gesum was s Gailic Wave- 53 Uin, entirely of iron. Compare Hesychius, yatoes elG6Xov Doaolsetpov, and Pollux, 7, 33. The latter makes it to have been used also by the Africans. Servius is equally explicit, but terms it a Gallic weapon. " Pilum, proprie est hasta Romana, ut Gessa Gallotnlm." Compare S. Augustin, loc. de Josue, lib. 6, "Septuaginta ilterpretes, qui posuerunt Geson (Jos. 8, 18), miror, si et in Greaca lingua hastam vel lanceam Gallicanam intelligi voluerunt, ea quippe dicuntur Gesa." Consult Adelung, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat. vol. iii., p. 785. 14. Integris vzribus. "While their strength was fresh."-Frus" tra. "In vain," i. e., without effect.-Ex loco superiore. "From the higher position which they occupied," i. e., from the rampart on which they stood. 15. Eo occurrere. "Thither they ran." Occurro here denotes, "to run up to and confront." Caesar means, that, wherever dangei presented itself, thither the Roman soldiers ran and met it. 16. Sed hoc superari. "But in this they were overcome," i. e., the enemy had in this the advantage over them. 17. Quod diuturnitate pugnee, &c. " Because the enemy, wearied by the long continuance of their exertions, from time to time kept retiring from the battle, while others kept succeeding to them with fresh strength." Pugna, when opposed, as in the present in stance, to prealium, denotes the closeness of the fight, and the physical exertions of the combatants. Pralium, on the contrary, expresses rather the state of the battle, in whatever manner conducted. Pug'na, too, may be either long or short, with or without preparation; whereas prelium refers to a contest of some length, for which, generally, preparation is made. Crombie, Gymn. vol. i., p. 128. 1. Paucitatem. "Their smallness of number." Literally 5i "their fewness."-Non modo. Put for non modo non. Compare note 6, page 43.-Sui recipiendi. " Of recovering himself," i. e., of having his wound attended to, and of otherwise reinvigorating himself. 2. Deficerent. "Were failing."-Atque. "While."-Languidioribusque nostris, &c. "And, our men growing every moment more and more faint, had begun to hew down the rampart," &c. 3. Ad extremum casum. "To the last extremity." 4. Primi pili centurio. " The chief centurion of the legion," i e., thl first centurion of the first maniple of the triarii. Primopilus has already occurred in'he second book (c. 25), as a military title 302 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 54 applied to the oldest centurion (compare note 11, page 46). Here, however, though the same office is meant, the expression changes, and centurio primi pili is employed. In this latter case, the term pilus, from which pili comes in the genitive, stands for centuria. Thus, Forcellini remarks, "Differunt autem primipilus et primus pilus; nam primus pilus est prima centuria; primipilus vero ejus centuries ductor." Compare B. G. 5, 35, " Superiore anno primum pilum duxerat;" and Sueton. Calig. 44, " Plerisque centurionum, maturis jam, przmos pilos ademit." The term pilus gets this meaning, from the circumstance of the soldiers composing it being armed with the javelin or pilum. 5. Diximus. Compare B. G. 2, 25.-Tribunus militum. Compare note 5, page 23, and consult Archeological Index. 6. Unam esse spem salutis. "That the only hope of safety was," i. e., that their only chance of saving themselves consisted in making a sally.-Extremum auxilium. "A last resource." 7. Convocatis centurionibus. The centurions were called together, in order that the necessar instructions might be passed through them to the soldiers.-Celeriter milites, &c. "He quickly gives orders to the soldiers through them." Literally, "informs the soldiers." 8. Exciperent. "To take up." Compare the Greek, vXdarrelv. As their own missiles had begun to fail them, they were directed to supply themselves, with a sufficient number for the intended sally, from the javelins cast by the enemy. 9. Omnibus portis. A Roman encampment had always four gates, porta preatoria, in front; decemana, in the rear, opposite the former; principalis dextra, on the right; principalis sinistra, on the left. Consult Archaeological Index. 10. Neque cognoscendi, &c. " They allow the enemy no opportunity either of ascertaining what was doing, or of rallying themselves." 11. In spem, &c. " Had entertained the hope of getting possession of the camp." Literally, " had come into the hope." 12. Plus tertia parte. Celsus gives 10,000 as the number of the slain, Orosius 30,000. 13. Fusis. armisque exutis. Being routed and stripped of their arms." 14. Alio consilio. " With one view," i. e., for one purpose.Aliis occurrisse rebus. " That he had encountered things very dif"rent from this," i. e., had been unexpectedly involved in matters NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. 303 Page. very different from the object which had called him thither. He 5. had come to make the route over the Alps safer and less expensive for the traders, but had met with things quite different in their nature, namely, an insurrection on the part of the Gauls, and hard fighting. He prudently resolved, therefore, to try fortune no farther. 1. Omnibus de causis, &c. " Caesar had every reason to sup- 55 pose that Gaul was reduced to a state of peace." More literally, "imagined from all reasons." Compare, as regards the force of pacatam, the Greek paraphrase: rbv raXatrav EpipveLOaL. 2. Atque ita, &c. " And when he had, therefore, set out for IIlyricum, in the beginning of winter." With atque supply cum. Some editions omit the preposition before Illyricum. This latter country, as has already been remarked, formed part of Caesar's government. 3. Mare Oceanum. "The ocean," i. e., the Atlantic. Ocea nunm, added here to mare, shows the sense in which the latter terir is to be taken, as referring, namely, to the Atlantic, and not to the Mediterranean. Compare Catullus, 115, 6, " Usque ad Hyper boreos, et mare ad Oceanum;" Pomp. Mela, 2, 6, " Paulatim se it nostrum et Oceanum mare extendit;" and L. Ampelius, lib. mem c. 1, " Atrue, ex qua mare Oceanum." 4. Prcefectos tribunosque militum. By pr'efecta militum are here meant the officers of the allies, of equal rank with the tribuni militunm, or officers of the Roman troops. Each Roman legion con. tained six tribuni militum, and each legion of the allies six prac ect militum. Consult Archeological Index. 5. Dimisit. They were not sent for the purpose of employing irce, but to procure the corn by asking it from the Gauls. Hence the term legati, or "ambassadors," is applied to some of them ih chapters 9 and 16. 6. Scientia atque usu. " In the knowledge and experience."In magno impetu maris atque aperto. "Amid the strong and outspread ocean surge." Cwsar means, that the heavy swells of the Atlantic compelled the small Gallic vessels to keep close to the shore, and to run into the harbours of the Veneti whenever a storm threatened. This circumstance, of course, rendered them, in a manner, tributary to that nation. The term aperto is applied to the Atlantic in contradistinction to the Mediterranean, where there is land on every side. Forcellini explains impetus maris, in this passage, b) "Spatium et latitudo maris, ubi libere fertur impetu suo atque agi D) Dn 04 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 55 tatur.' o in Lucretius, 5, 201, impetus coeli is explained by Gi. fanius (Collect. p. 359) as meaning celerrimus coeli ambitus. 7. Jpsi. Referring to the Veneti.-Vectigales. " Tributary to them," i. e., the Veneti levied a regular tax or impost upon them. 8. Ut sunt, &c. " Since the resolves of the Gauls are always nasty and sudden." Ut is here employed in an explanatory sense. Consult Tursellinus, de Part. Lat. p. 448, ed. Bailey. 9. Omnis. The accusative plural for omnes. Some, with less propriety, make it the genitive singular, agreeing with fortunce. 10. Mallent. There is no necessity for substituting malint. Caesar, on other occasions, also uses the imperfect subjunctive after the present tense: thus, B. C. 2, 39, " Accelerat ut posset;" B. C. 3, 109, " Ut in potestate haberet, efficit;" B. Afr. 37, " Imperat ut essent praesto," &c. 11. Suos. "His countrymen." Referring to those persons whom they had detained. b6 1. Quod ipse aberat longzus. " Since he himself was at too great a distance," i. e., could not come at once to the scene or action and superintend the preparations in person. 2. Naves longas. " Vessels of war." The naves longer were so called, from their being much longer than vessels of burden (naves oneraric). They were impelled chiefly by oars, the ships of burden by sails. Consult Archaeological Index. 3. Remiges. Freedmen and slaves were employed as marines and rowers.-Institui. " To be raised." 4. Quantum'in se, &c. "How great a crime they had corn mitted against themselves," i. e., how much they had injured themselves by their violation of the rights of the Roman ambassadors. (Compare note 5, page 55.) This conduct would recoil upon themselves. 5. Quod nomen. "A title, which," i. e., a class of persons who. We may very reasonably doubt, whether the persons here alluded to came under the denomination of ambassadors. Caesar, however, was determined to regard them in this light, and, therefore, made their detention a plea for hostilities. 6. Pro nmagnitudine. " In proportion to the greatness."-Hoc najore ope. " With the greater confidence on this account." 7. Pcdestria esse itinera, &c. " They knew that the approaches by land were interrupted by arms of the sea, and that access by sea was difficult through our ignorance of the country and the fewness of harhours." Pedestria itinera, literally, "the foot-roads." So NOl7Es ON THE THIRD BOOK.,305 Page. naavgatwonem zmpeditam, literally, " that navigation was embar- ) 6 gassed." 8. Neque nostros, &c. " And they were confident, that our armies could not remain for any length of time among them," &c.Ac jam, ut omnia, &c. "And, besides, even though all things should turn out contrary to their expectations." Ut is here elegantly used for quamvis. 9. Ac longae aliam, &c. " And that the navigation was far other in a confined sea, than in a very wide and open ocean,"- i. e., was very different in a confined sea from what it was in a very wide, &c. The confined sea is the Mediterranean, to the navigation of which the Romans were accustomed. 10. In Venetiam. The accusative implies, that they were brough; to the country of the Veneti from other quarters. The ablative would have denoted, that the vessels were already at different parts of the coast of that country, and were merely brought together to some general place of assemblage. 11. Erant hae, &c. "Were such as we have already mentioned." 12. lnjurivz retentorum, &c. "The insolent wrong done in detaining Roman knights." -Injurice is here what grammarians term the plural of excellence, and hence, in translating, is entitled to an epithet, in order to express its force more fully. The peculiar force of the genitive will also be noted by the student. Caesar does not mean the wrong suffered by the Roman knights in their private capacity, but the insult offered to the state by detairring its ambassadors. The Greek paraphrase gives the meaning very clearly; Tre Et5 Pwpailovs ltlptl rov rog ir Trtag'Pw(palov;s cararicZv. 13. Defectio datis obsidibus. " A revolt after hostages had been given." The student will mark the difference between defectio and rebellio. The former denotes a mere " revolt," or refusal of obedience to established authority. Rebellio, on the other hand, means' a renewal of hostilities." 14. Hac parte neglect. " If this part were overlooked," i. e. me movements in this part of Gaul. Strabo (4, 4, p. 195, Cas.' assigns a reason, for the commencement of hostilities against the Veneti, far different from any here mentioned by Caesar. He says that this nation were prepared to interfere with that commander's sailing to Britain, since they had this island as an emporium or mart: -srotyo yVap jsav KcwveIv roVY eC rTv BperratlKAcv 7rQXOv, XptcieLVOL 7'P K iropit. 15 Nois rebu.s studere. " Are fond of change." The refer, 806 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 56 ence is in particular to changes of government or authority. —l', ra libertati studere. " Are naturally desirous of freedom" 57 1. Auxilio. The MSS., with only a single exception, give auw ilio. This exception is in the case of one of the earliest of the nunu her, which reads in auxilio,'among the auxiliaries." If severa MSS. confirmed this lection, observes Oudendorp, I should not con denin it. 2. Cum cohortibus legionariis duodecim. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts. Caesar sent, therefore, one complete legion and two cohorts besides. 3. Galliam. Celtic Gaul is meant, or Gaul properlyso called.Conjungantur. " Become united," i. e., form a union against him. 4. Qui earn manum, &c. " To keep that force from effecting a junction with the rest." Literally, "to take care that that body oi men should be kept separated or apart." Compare the Greek, rn irtovwv dva'vLv liepyeiv. 5. D. Brutum. Not to be confounded with M. Brutus, one of the conspirators against Caesar. Consult Histolical Index. 6. Situs. "The situations."-In extremis lingulis, &c. "On the extreme points of tongues of land and promontories." The lin gula are lower than the promontorii. -Compare the remark of Festus: "Lingua est Promontorii quoque genus non excellentis, sed molliter in planum devexi." 7. Cum ex alto, &c. " When the tide had come in from the deep," i. e., when it was full tide.-Quota is accidit, &c. We have adopted the emendation of Bertius, as proposed by him in Sallengre's Thesaurus Ant. Rom. vol. ii., p. 948, namely, vigints quatuor, or XXIV., in place of the common reading, duodecim, or XII. The ordinary lection is a blunder either of Caesar's or some copyist's, most probably the latter, since, where the motion of the water is free, as on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, the period which elapses between two successive tides is never less thai twelve hours and eighteen minutes, nor more than twelve hours and forty-two minutes. Perhaps, after all, the reading of the Ox. ford MS. is the true one, which omits the word bis, but retains XII. 8. Quod rursus, &c. "Because when the tide again ebbed, the ships were thrown upon the shoals." With minuente supply sese. The student will note the expression in vadis. Cesar uses this form and not in vada, to denote that the vessels not only struck upon the shoals, but remained there The expression in vada, om NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. 307 Page,,he other hand, would refer merely to their striking. Morus, in his 57 Index Lat., explains adflictari by veluti harentem teneri, but, as we have just remarked, this idea is rather derived from in vadis than from the verb itself. 9. Utraque re. " By either circumstance," i. e., in either case, whether the tide were high or low. 10. Magnitudine operis. " By the greatness of our works."Superati. Referring to the townsmen, and equivalent to victi, "overcome," or overpowered. Morus erroneously makes it the genitive singular, agreeing with operis in the sense of " completed," or, to use his own words, " absoluti, adfinem perducti." 11. Extruso mari, &c. "The sea being forced out by a mound and large dams." We have here, in reality, a species of hendiadys. The terms agger and moles both refer to the same works, the former denoting their intended military use, as a mound on which to erect towers and-plant machines; the latter referring to their being made to serve also as a species of dike or dam against the waters of the ocean. Lipsius makes extruso equivalent here to excluso. In this he is wrong. It is more properly to be explained by submoto ac veluti repulso. Compare the Greek: fiwoOeins; Xpaoa rTS aAauaduos. 12. Atque his, &c. "And these being almost made equal in height to the walls of the town." His refers to the mound and dams, or, keeping up still the idea of a hendiadys,-to the mound itself. 13. Appulso. "Being brought to the spot." Appellere is, literally, to impel or bring to any place, by either oars or sails, or both. -Cujus rei, &c. "Of which kind of force they had a large supply. Compare the Greek: avTrv (scil. verv) Ebvnopovres. 14. Magnis estibus, &c. "Where the tides ran high, and where there were few and almost no harbours." 1. Factce armatceque erant. "Were built and equipped." 1 Arma, besides its warlike reference, is used by the Latin writers for instruments or implements of every kind, and, when applied to a vessel, denotes the rigging and equipment, either in whole or in part, according to the context. 2. Carinae aliquanto planiores. "Their bottoms considerably flatter."-Excipere. "To withstand." More literally, "to receive" the collision of. Compare the Greek paraphrase: tnroqipev. 3. Ad quamvis, &c. "For the purpose of enduring any force and shock." Contumelia, as here applied to inanimate objects, deuotes any shock, brunt, or violence.-Transtra pedalibus, &C. 308 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 58 6 "The rowers' benches, of beams a foot in breadth, were fastened down with iron spikes, of the thickness of one's thumb." 4. Pelles pro velis, &c. "For sails they had raw hides, and thin dressed skins." Aluta, from alumen, "alum," with which it was dressed, denotes the skin or hide after it has been converted into leather by the process of tanning. Pellis, the raw hide, or a skin of any kind stripped off. 5. Lini. "Of canvass." Literally, "of linen."-Eo. "On this account." —Quod est magis verisimile. "As is more likely." 6. Tanta onera navium. " So heavy vessels."-Satis commode. With sufficient ease," i. e., very readily, or easily. 7. Cum his navibus, &c. " The meeting of our fleet with these vessels was of such a nature, that the former had the advantage in agility only and the working of the oars," i. e., in engaging with them, our ships had no advantage but in agility, &c. Gruter suspects that pulse has been received into the text from a gloss in the margin of some MS., because one MS. has pulsu remorum incitatione. His conjecture is very probably correct, as Casar, on such occasions, is accustomed to employ some part of incitare or incitatio; so that the true reading here would appear to have been incitatione ~emorum, or rather remorum incitatione. In either case, whether we have pulsu or incitatione, the literal reference is to the impulse given to the vessel by the oars, which we have rendered freely by the term "working." 8. Reliqua. "All other things."-Pro. "Considering."llis. Referring to the Gauls. 9. Rostro. "With their beak." Ships of war had their prows armed with a sharp beak, usually covered with brass, with which they endeavoured to run into their antagonists' vessel. 10. Facile telum adjiciebatur. "Was a dart easily thrown so as to reach." Adjiciebatur is equivalent here to jaciebatur ad. 11. Minus commode, &c. "They were less easily held by the grappling irons," i. e., the ships of the Veneti were too high to allow the grappling irons of the Roman vessels to be conveniently applied. We have given copulis (from copula) instead of the common reading scopulis. It is difficult to comprehend what the height of the Gallic vessels had to do with the rocks, but it is very easy to perceive the bearing which it has as regards the application of grap. pling irons. The reading copulis rests on the authority of the Palatine MS., and was first suggested by Hotomannus. It has been approved of by Bentley, Davies, Oudendorp, Morus, and many NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. 309 Page. others Scaliger, in order to save the common lection, conjectured 58 incommode in place of commode, but the original difficulty is not completely obviated by this emendation. Scaliger's reading, however, was- followed by many editors until the time of Clark, who restored commode. 12. Et se vento dedissent. These words labour very justly under the suspicion of being a gloss, and, as such, they are enclosed within brackets by Oudendorp, in his smaller edition. 13. In vadis consisterent tutius. " Could lie with more safety among the shallows." 14. Ca.sus. "The chances," or dangers. - Extimescendi. " Greatly to be feared." 15. Neque his noceri posse. "Nor could any serious injury be done them." Noceri is here used impersonally.-Expectandum. The common text has expectandam, for which we have given expectandum, with Drakenborch, on MS. authority. Consult Drakenb. ad Liv. 40, 38. 16. Paratissimce, &c. "In the best order, and the best prepared with every species of equipment." Arma here refers to the sails, ropes, and other things of the kind, not to arms. The Greeks use ~5raa frequently in the same way: 5'7ra, rU' re vewsg cXotvia. 17. Quamrationempugne insisterent. " What mode of fighting they should adopt." Ciacconius suggests instituerent for insisterent, but there is no necessity for the change. As Oudendorp remarks, the verb insistere involves the idea of ardour, zeal, and the most intense application to what we have in hand. 1. Turribus autem excitatis. "While if towers should be raised." 59 Snips, when about to engage, had towers erected on them, whence stones and missive weapons were discharged from engines. 2. Satis commode. "With sufficient effect."-Gravius acciderent "Fell with greater force." 3. Falces prceacutce. " Hooks with sharp edges towards the points." A description of these is given by Vegetius (4, 46), " Falx dicitur acutissimum ferrum, curvatum ad similitudinem falcis, quod contis longioribus inditum, collatorios funes, quibus antenna suspenditur, repente prcecidit," &c. 4. Muralium falcium. "Mural hooks," i. e., hooks used for pulling down the walls of besieged towns. Strabo calls them Sopvudfrava. 5. Comprehensi adductique erant. "Were grappled and pulled towards us." 310 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 59 6. Armamentisque. "And rigging." The term armamenta here refers to the ropes, sail-yards, &c.-Omnis usus navium All advantage from their ships." 7. Reliquum erat certamen, &c. " The contest afterward d8pended on valour." Literally, " the rest of the contest," &c. 8. U nullum, &c. " So that no action a little braver than crdinary could escape observation." 9. Dejectis. The sail-yards were thrown down (i. e., fell by reason of the ropes being cut), either upon the deck of the vessel, or into the sea. The common reading, disjectis, is erroneous, and does not suit the case. Compare the Greek paraphrase, KaraSAXOivrwev. 10. Cum singulas, &c. " When two and three of our ships, at a time, had surrounded a single one of the enemy's." Some editors erroneously refer bina ac ternce naves to the Gallic vessels, and singulas to the Roman, giving cum the meaning of " although." The Greek paraphrast understands the passage correctly: u5o r) rp7es r.''Pwlzatw v ej; Ilav r7vP roXEO? fwy 7rEptri'aiv. 11. Transcendere in hostzunm naves. "To board the enemies' ships." 12. Quo ventus ferebat. "Whither the wind bore them."1Malacia, ac tranquilZitas. " Calm and stillness." Compare Festus: "Flustra dicuntur cum in mari fluctus non moventur, quam Grcsci paAaKiav vocant. 13. Singulas consectati, &c. " Having pursued, took them one by one."-Ut. "Insomuch that."-Hora quarta. Answering to ten o'clock in the morning, according to our mode of reckoning time. 14. Gravioris cetatis. "Of more advanced years." The literal reference in gravioris is to the increasing burden of years.-Aliquid consilii aut dignitatis. "Aught of wisdom or respectability." -Navium quod ubiquefuerat. "What of ships they had anywhere possessed." ) 1. In quos eo gravius, &c. "Caesar determined to punish them with the greater severity." 2. Sub corona vendidit. "He sold as slaves." Various explanations are given to this phrase, some referring it to the circle or ring (corona) of Roman soldiers, who stood around the captives during the sale; others to the circumstance of the captives being ranged in a circle, the better to be inspected by purchasers; and others again explain it by the persons who were sold wearing gar linds on their heads. This last appears to be the true Yeason NOTES ON THEt THIRD BOOK. 311 Page. htom the language of Celius Sabinus, and Cato, as quoted by Aulus 60 Gellius (7, 4). The former remarks, " Sicuti antiquitus, manczpia, iure bclli capta, coronis induta veniebant, et idcirco dicebantur sub corona venire." So also Cato: " Ut populus sua opera potius ob rem bene gestam coronatus supplicatum eat, quam re male gesta en'onatus veneat." 3. Quintus Titurius, &c. Compare chapter 11. 4. Atque his paucis diebus. " A few days before also." Liteoa."y, " within these few days."-Aulercz Eburovices. There were four nations or tribes of the Aulerci. Consult Geographical Index. 5. Perditorum hominum. "Of men of desperate fortunes." literally, "of ruined men." 6. Idoneo omnibus rebus. "Convenient for all things." Compare the Greek paraphrase, nrpos xdvra r1T7et, and the explanation of Morus: " Idoneo omnibus rebus, ratione omnium rerum." 7. Duum. Old form for duorum. 8. Nonnihil carperetur. " Was in some degree carped at," i. e., censured, found fault with.-Prcebuit. " Gave rise to." 9. Eo absente. " In the absence of that individual." Alluding o Caesar.-Legato. Ciacconius thinks legato superfluous here, but t is required, in fact, by the opposition of " qui summam imperil teneret. " 10. Hac confirmata, &c. " Having confirmed the enemy in their opinion of his cowardice." Literally, "this opinion of his cowardice being confirmed." - Auxilii causa. "Among the auxiliaries." Literally, " for the sake of aid." 11. Proponit. "Makes known to them." Literally, "lays oefore them."-Quibus angustiis. "By what difficulties."-Neque 7ongius abesse, quin, &c. " And that at no more distant period than the very next night, Sabinus intends to lead forth his army secretly from the camp," &c. More literally, " and that it was not farther off, but that on the next night Sabinus intends,"' &c. The comparative form longius alters somewhat the usual force of the phrase. The ordinary phraseology is as follows: " Haud multun abfuit quin interficeretur." "He wanted very little of being slain," i. e., was on the point of being slain.-Non longe abest quin faciat. "He is very near doing it." 1. Multce res. "Many circumstances." Dio Cassius is here 61 directly at variance with Caesar, for he informs us, that the Gauls icted on this occasion without any reflection at all, being sated at'he time with food and drink: 7dvu ydp TroL S&aKopeLs Kai T4S rpos~; tal'.Q 7rotro7 nerav. 1~ 312 PNiOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page 61 2. Perfuge confirmatio. "The positive assertion of the 4e serter."-Inopia cibariorum. Compare note 1. 3. Spes -Venetici belli. "The expectations they had formed Irom the war of the Veneti," i. e., of Caesar's being defeated by them. They were not aware that this war had already been brought to a close. 4. Non prius Viridovicem, &c. " They do not allow Viridovix and the other officers to leave the council, before," &c. 5. Circiter passus mille. "For about a mile." —Magno cursu. "With great speed."-Quam minimum spatii. "As little time as possible." 6. Exanimati. "Out of breath." Exanimatus, in other authors, generally has the meaning of " alarmed," "in consternation." The literal reference, however, is the same in either case, namely, that of excessive palpitation, or a difficulty in drawing the breath, whether the result of fear or exhaustion. 7. Integris viribus. " With their strength still fresh."-Paucos "But few." 8. Sabinus. Supply certior factus est. 9. Nam ut ad bella suscipienda, &c. Compare with this the language of Livy: " Gallos primo impetu feroces esse, quos sustineri satis sit; eorum corpora intolerantissima laboris atque cestus fluere, primaque prelia plus quam virorum, postrema minus quam feminarum esse." 10. Minime resistens. "By no means firm." More literally, "by no means capable of resistance." 11. Ex tertia parte Gallice est cestimanda. "Is to be reckoned as the third part of Gaul." We have an expression here (ex tertia parte) which is far from being either elegant or usual. If the text be correct, about which, however, there is considerable doubt, ex tertia parte must be regarded as equivalent to pro tertia parte. Some MSS. give Gallia instead of Gallice, a reading which is very far from being a bad one. 12. Paucis ante armis. The event here alluded to happened in the war with Sertorius, whose side the Aquitani favoured. The Ssrtorian war had been ended twenty-seven years.-Lucius Mnanil~ ius. One of the MSS. gives Lucius Manlius, and the Greek paras phrase has AoVKIoS MaXX)os. Lemaire reads Lucius Mallius. 6j 1. Que sunt civitates. "Which are cities." Civitas generally has the meaning of " a state," but here that of urbs.-His reg.onibus. Referring to Aquitania, where Crassus was carrying on his NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. 313 Page. operatfons. The common text had Qua sunt civitates, Galliaz pro- 62 einciae finitimce, ex his regionibus; but, as this was geographically false, the cities in question lying, not in Aquitania, but in the province itself, Ciacconius, by omitting ex, and changing the punctuation, gave us what is now the received and true reading. 2. Quo plurimum valebant. "In which they were very power. 3. Tandem. We have adopted here the reading of several MSS. and early editions in place of tamen, the common lection, and have with Giani, placed a period after cuperent, where the other'edi-'ions have a colon. Those who retain tamen give it the force of tandem, instances of which usage are occasionally found. It is better, however, to make the actual change at once, of tandem for tamlen, when we can do so on MSS. authority. Scaliger conjectures tandem tamen. The Greek paraphrast has rTXos, which furnishes an additional argument in favour of tandem. 4. Cuniculis ad aggerem, &c. " Mines having been worked up to our mound and vineae." The object of these mines was to destroy the Roman works, by either drawing away the earth from the mound, or by first propping up the roof of the mine with wooden supports, and then setting fire to these, in order that, when the props were burnt through, the superincumbent mass, and, along with it, the Roman works, might fall in. 5. Cujus rei, &c. "In which all the Aquitani are by far the most expert."-Aerarice secturce. "Copper mines." The commentators make a very great difficulty here about the true reading, and look upon sectura, in the sense of "a mine," as an ira Xeydtpvov. The truth is, however, we may very easily obtain this meaning from sectura, if we only bear in mind its derivation from seco, for it will denote a place where they cut and follow the veins or lodes of copper. (Compare Gesner, Thesaur. L. L. s. v.) Those who are in favour of reading stricturae find it no easy matter to fix its meaning in the present case. Strictura, according to Nonius (1, 77, and 12, 23), properly signifies a spark that flies ofl from a piece of metal struck with the hammer while red hot. It is then applied to a mass of metal in the furnace, and also to a mass,)f unwrought metal, and it is from this last that a signification is still farther sought to be obtained, about the correctness of which we may well entertain doubts, namely, " a mass of earth and stone from whieh ore is obtained by means of the furnace." This is the meaning which the advocates for stricturte wish to give- it in the 314 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 62 present case. Another reading is structure, which -s certainly f superior to stricture, and may, after all, be the true lection, for it IB found in some of the MSS. 6. Nihil his rebus profici posse. "That no advantage could be derived by them from these things." 7. In ea re intentis. " Were wholly engaged in this matter." 8. Cum sexcentis devotis. "With six hundred devoted followers, whom they call Soldurii." There is some doubt whether we ought to read here Soldurios or Saldunas. The term Soldurii is supposed to be of Celtic origin, soldure, and the same with the Welsh sawldwr, with which terms also the French soldat is connected, although some would derive it from the pay received, a solidis, vel a soldo. The other reading, Saldunas, finds some support from the language of Athenaeus (6, 54), who, in quoting from Nicolaus Damascenus, calls thepersonsreferred to in our text itWotSvovs, which Schweighaeuser, however, has changed to SiLXooSpov;, in order to reconcile it with the received text of Caesar. It is worthy of remark, moreover, that in the Basque language Saldi means " a horse," and Salduna "a cavalier." Still, as zlXootopovs is explained in Athenaeus by evXoXpalovs, which is equivalent to the Latin devotos, the reading Soldurios must not be disturbed. Consult Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol ii., p. 14, and 391, in notis, and Adelung, Gloss. vol. vi., p. 277. 9. Quorum hsc est conditio. " The condition of whose association is this." 10. Aut sibi, &c. "Or make away with themselves." The primitive meaning of consciscere is to determine, or resolve, after previous deliberation either with one's self or another. It then gets the additional signification of " to put in execution, to bring about what has been determined upon." Hence the phrase consciscere mortem sibi, " to lay violent hands upon one's self," is well explained by Forcellini, "nempe exsequi id quod deliberaveris et decreveris." 63 1. Cum iis Adcantuannu.. Thes'e words are here added, for the sake of perspicuity, after the long parenthesis which intervenes, and hence the words Adcantuannus cum sexcentis devotis, in the beginning of the chapter, stand, as it were, absolutely. 2. Tamen uti, &c. "Obtained, notwithstanding, permission from Crassus to avail himself of the same terms of surrender with the rest." 3. Barbari. " These barbarous tribes." Referring to the Vo NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. 315 Page eates and Tarusates.-Et natura loci et manu. " By both the na- 63 ture of its situation and the hand of man," i. e., both by nature and art. 4. Paucis diebus quibus, &c. " In a few days after the Romans had come thither." The relative is here employed, agreeing with diebus, in place of the more usual form postquam or ex quo (Zumpt L. G. p. 307). With ventum est supply a Romants, or a nostris. 5. Citerioris Hispanice. Hither Spain, the same with Hispania Tarraconensis, may be said, in general language, to have formed the northern part of the country, comprehending an extent equal to three fourths of modern Spain. The remaining part was called Ulterior, or Farther. The limits of each, however, are given with more accuracy in the Geographical Index. 6. Magna cum auctoritate. "With great confidence," i. e., with a high opinion of their own resources. Compare the explanation of Morus: " Cum opinione majoris dignitatis auctarumque irnum." 7. Quinto Sertorio. The famous commander.-Omnes annos " During all the years of his warfare in Spain."-Summamque scientiam, &c. They were thought to possess great military skill from their having served under so able a commander, and for so great a length of time. 8. Consuetudine Populi Romans. " Following the custom of the Roman people." They had learned this under Sertorius.-Loca capere, &c. " Begin by selecting proper ground, fortifying a camp," &c. By loca is meant ground fit for an encampment. With regard to the use of instituo in the sense of incipio, compare Quintil. 1, 5, 63, and Burmann, ad loc. 9. Facile.' With safety." Equivalent here to tuto. Coinpare the Greek paraphrast: &afoa>Xs ye. 10. Hostem et vagari, &c. "That the enemy both roamed at large over the country, and possessed themselves of the passes, and *et, at the same time, left a sufficient guard for their camp." Obsidgre is here a verb of the third conjugation, from obsido, not obsideo. 11. Duplici acie instituta. The usual arrangement, on the part of the Romans, was three lines. On the present occasion, however, only two were formed, as the Roman army was inferior in numbers to that.of the enemy: and, besides, the mountainous nature of the country enabled Crassus-to dispense with the usual order of battle. 12. aluxiliis The auxiliary forces were usually stationed on E E2 316 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page. 63 the wings; here, however, they occupy the centre, because Crassus did not place much reliance upon them. 13. Sub sarcinis. Compare note 11, page 42.-Inferiores ant. mo. "Depressed in spirit." Compare the Greek paraphrase: aOvulordrols. 64 1. Cum sua cunctatione, &c. " When the enemy had, by their own delay, and the opinion which was now entertained of their cowardice, made our soldiers the more eager for battle." The commonly received reading is timidiores hostes (i. e., hostes timidlores jam facti), the adjective timidiores agreeing with hostes in the nominative. This reading, although it has the sanction of some great names, appears to us a very inferior one, and not much in unison with the context. We have not hesitated, therefore, to substitute timoris, the emendation of Robert Stephens and Vossius, of which Oudendorp thinks highly, although he retains timidiores. By opinione timoris is meant the opinion, which the Roman soldiers' began to entertain of the enemy's cowardice, from seeing them, although superior in numbers, keeping in their camp; and this lection receives support also from the Greek paraphrase: 0 p6a6ov rapetXov 8f, which is equivalent to Tri 966ou v'r apdeXOv 16[. Compare also the language of Julius Celsus: " Romani hostium tarditaten non consilio imputantes, sed pavori," &c. 2. Quibus ad pugnam, &c. Compare note 12, page 63.-Speciem atque opinionem, &c. " Gave rise to the appearance and opinion of their being actually engaged in the fight," i. e., produced the appearance, and gave rise to the opinion on the part of the enemy, of their being actually combatants. 3. Constanter ac non timide. "Steadily and boldly." The Greek paraphrast either follows a different reading, or else very strangely mistakes the meaning of constanter, for he renders it by fpoviwos4. Non frustra acciderent. "Fell not without effect."-Ab Decumana porta. "In the quarter of the Decuman gate." As the Gallic camp, on this occasion, was fortified after the Roman manner, it had the same number of gates, and in the same quarters. Hence the name " Decuman gate" applied to the entrance in the rear. 5. Intrite ab labore. " Not fatigued by any previous labour." The common text has integree, but this savours of a gloss. IntritS is equivalent with non tritce, or non defatigatce. A large number of MSS. have interrit&e, but this appears to have arisen from a cor ruption of intritoR. NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK 317 Page 6. Ad eas munitones. "To that part of the enemy's works." 64 illuding to the fortifications near the Decuman gate. 7. His prorutis. " These being pulled down." The common editions have proruptis and perruptis, especially the latter. Pro rutis was first given by Faernus from one of his MSS., and has since been adopted into the best texts. It is far more graphic and vivid than either of the other two readings, and is, moreover, in accordance with the Greek paraphrase, which has Ka7a6aX6vres. 8. Plane ab iis videri posset. "It could be clearly seen by them," i. e., the movement on the part of the Romans could be clearly discovered by the enemy. 9. Intenderunt. "Strove." This is the reading of nearly all the MSS. and early editions. The common text has contenderunt,'hastened." The Greek paraphrase has e7reXelaav, in accordance with our lection. 10. Multa nocte. "Late at night," i. e., after much of the night had passed. 1. Supererant. "Alone remained." 6) 2. Qui longe alia ratione, &c. " Who resolved to carry on the war in a very different manner from the rest of the Gauls." The expression bellum agere, which rests on MSS. authority, is rarer and more elegant than bellum gerere, the reading of the common text. thus Pomponius Mela, 1, 16, " Ut aliena etiam bella mercede agerent;" and Quintilian, 10, I, " Quis enim caneret bella melius quam qui sic egerit." 3. Continentes. "Extensive." The Greek paraphrast takes continentes here in the sense of" contiguous to their own country." The term is certainly susceptible of this meaning, but the other signification is more natural-in the present instance. 4. Longius, &c. " Having pursued them too far, amid the more intricate parts."-Deperdiderunt. Some MSS. give disperdiderunt One of the Oxford MSS. has desideraverunt, which is rather an interpretation of deperdiderunt. 5. Inermibus imprudentibusque. " While unarmed and off their guard," i. e., while occupied in felling the trees of the forest, and mnprovided, consequently, for any regular resistance. 6. Materiam. " Timber." This term is elsewhere used in the same sense, or in that of "wood," by Cesar. Compare also Cur tius, 6, 6, 28: " Multam materiam ceciderat miles." 7 Conversam ad hostem. " Directly facing the enemy."-Ex 18~3 NOTES ON THE THIRD BOOK. Page 65 s.,uaebat. " Piled it up." The timberwas to supply the placeof a regular rampart. o. Magno spatio confecto. "A large space being cleared." Literally, "being completed," or "finished," i. e., a large number of trees having been felled. 9. Extrema impedimenta. " The rear of their baggage."-Densiores silvas. "Still thicker parts of the woods." 10. Sub pellibus. "In tents." Literally, "under the skins." The tents of the Roman soldiers were covered with skins. In winter quarters huts were erected. Canvass does not appear to have been employed until a comparatively late period. Lipsius, Mil. Rom. lib. 5, dial. 5. 11. Qua proxime bellum fecerant. "Which had made war upon nim last." Bellum facere is here put for bellum inferre; thus, B. G. 7, 2, " Principesque se ex omnibus bellum fucturos pollicentur." BOOK IV. Page I. Cneio Pompeio, &c. B. C. 55, A. U. C. 699. —Gerani. 67 A people of Germany."-Et etiam Tenchtheri. These were also t German tribe. 2. Quo Rhenus influit. "Where the Rhine flows into it," i. e, near the mouth of that river. 3. Centum pagos. "A hundred cantons."-Ex qwibus, &c. From each of which they led forth annually, beyond their confines, a thousand armed men," &c. Efinibus is equivalent here to extra patriam. —Bellandi causa. We have retained causa, though it is omitted by some MSS., and though the omission is approved of by Oudendorp and others. For instances of this ellipsis, compare chap. 17, near its close, and also B. G. 5, 8, and consult Ruddiman, Instit. 2, 2, vol. ii.,-p. 245, and Perizon. ad Sanct. Min. 4, 4. 4. Sic neque agricultura, &c. " In this way neither is agriculture, nor are the art and practice of war, intermitted," i. e., discontinued, or forgotten. 5. Privati ac separati agri, &c. Tacitus makes a similar remark: M. G. 3, 9, " Arva per annos mutant, et superest ager" -Incolendi causa. " For the sake of a residence." 6. Maximam partem. " For the most part." Supply secundum. A Hellenism of frequent recurrence in Cassar.-Multumque sunt in venationibus. "Are much addicted to hunting." Literally, " are much in hunts," i. e., are much engaged in them. 7. Nullo officio, &c. " Accustomed to the control of no rules oi duty or of education."-Alit. " Nourishes," i. e., increases.Et immani corporum, &c. " And makes them men of prodigious size of body." Scaliger rejects homines contrary to the MSS. The Greek paraphrase sanctions its being retained: Kal ecowplov;, X Elrelv, pEyieovs aMvpaS rapiXtt. 8. Locisfrigidissimis. " In the coldest parts of their country," i. e., in the parts farthest to the north, and the most exposed to the rigours of their climate.-Exiguitatem. " Scantiness.".-LAperta "Extnoed," i. e, in a state of nudit. 320 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page. 67 9. QuaC bello ceperint, &c. The order is, ut habeant (illos) qu2 bus vendant (.ea) quce ceperint bello. 10. Quinetiam jumentis, &c. "The Germans, moreover, da not use imported cattle, in which the Gauls take the greatest delight, and which they procure at an extravagant price." All the MSS. give importatis his, but his is wanting in some of the earlier editions. Oudendorp, therefore, very neatly conjectures importatitiis, which he introduces into the text of his smaller edition, and in which he is followed by Oberlin. We have adopted the conjecture without any hesitation. Bentley, however, is in favour of importatis omitting his, and this reading is given by many editors. 68 1. Sed quce sunt, &c. The grammatical construction is as fol lows: Sed (quod attinet ad) parva atque deformia (jumenta) qua nata sunt apud eos, eficiunt quotidiana exercitatione ut hcec sint sunmmi laboris. In rendering, however, into our idiom, it will be neater to translate without reference to the actual ellipsis of quod attinet ad: "But the small and ill-shaped cattle which are bred among them, these they render, by daily exercise, capable of enduring the greatest toil." 2. Parva atque deformia. The common text has prava atque deformia, which savours strongly of a pleonasm. We have, therefore, adopted parva in place of prava, which is the reading of Oudendorp's smaller edition, and is given also by eight MSS. The Greek paraphrast, moreover, has pCIKps, and Tacitus (3M. G. 5), in speaking.of the German cattle, says expressly that they were for the most part of small size: "plerumque improcera." 3. Turpius aut inertius. "More shameful or spiritless."Ephippiis. "Housings." The term ephippium does not denote a saddle, but a cloth laid on the back of a horse ('O' 7rrov). Saddles were not used by the ancients. It is extremely probable, that they were not invented until the middle of the fourth century of our era The earliest proof of their use is an order of the Emperor Theodosins, A. D. 385, by which those who wished to ride post-horses were forbidden to use saddles that weighed more than sixty pounds. Codex Theodos. 8, 5, 47.-Beckmann's History of Inventions, vol ii., p. 251, seqq. 4. Itaque ad quemvis, &c. "And hence they dare, however few they maybe, to advance against any number of cavalry that use housings." 5. Importari non sinunt. At a later period, in the time of Tacitus, the Germans along the Rhine purchased wines from the Rot man traders.'Tal.. GC.; 3 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 321 Page t. Publice. " In a public point of view," i. e., to the state at 68,arge.-Vacare agros. "For the ands t ln o lie desolate," i. e., uninhabited and waste. Literally, "to be empty." —ac rasigniJfi cari. "That by this it is shown." 7. Civitatium. The common form is civitatum, but many examples of genitives plural in ium, where the rules of the grammarians would lead us to expect the termination in um, may be found in Vossius, Anal. 2, 14, and Ruddiman, Instit. 1, 2, 59, in notis, vol. i., p. 93. 8. Ad alteram partem, &c. "On the other side the Ubii are next to them." More literally, "the Ubii come up to the other side," i. e., are in their immediate vicinity. 9. Quorum fuit civitas, &c. " Whose state was at one time extensive and flourishing, considering the condition of the Germans," i. e., who once possessed an extensive and flourishing state for Ger mans. More literally, "as the state of the Germans is." 10. Et paulo, quam sunt, &c. The true reading here is extremely doubtful, owing to the discrepancy of the MSS. and editions. The generally received lection is et paulo, quam sunt ejusdem generis, et ceteris humaniores. Now to this there are two serious objections; one, that by it two different constructions are joined with one and the same comparative, of which but a very few instances can be found elsewhere; and the other, that by (homines) ejusdem generis, and ceteris, the very same persons are meant, namely, the Germans; for it is absurd to say, that by the former of these expressions the Ubii are meant, since Casar would make them, in that event, a little more civilized than themselves! We have adopted, therefore, the emendation of Bentley. By ceteri ejusdem generis are meant the rest of the German nation. 11. Amplitudinem gravitatemque cavitatis. "The extent and populousness of their state," i. e., the state of the Ubii. Gravitater is here equivalent tofrequentianm. 12. Humiliores iufirmioresque. - The former epithet refers to the diminution of their amplitudo, which embraces the ideas of both extent of territory and abundance of resources; the latter alludes to bhe lessening of their numbers. 13. In cadem causa. "In a similar case," i. e, similarly situated, subject to the same treatment from the Suevi as that which the Ubli had endured. Compare the Greek paraphrase ranlra 70rrotg oe OtLvrfercE; ri Kat o' Ttyxyepo ctraOov. 322 NOT1E' ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page 68 14. Quas regiones. Those namely in the vicinity of the Rhine -Aditu. "At the approach." Compare the Greek, Id6a. 15. Demigraverant. We have adopted the pluperfect, as reccmmended by Morus, instead of the perfect, as given in the common text. The former of these tenses harmonzies better with the context. 69 1. Rursus reverterunt. A pleonasm, of which examples often occur in the best writers: thus, Curtius, 3, 11, 14, "1Rursus in prcelium redeunt;" and Petronius, c. 10, " Rursus in menmoriam revocatus." 2. Quieta in suis sedibus. These words are not in the common text. They were first restored by Oudendorp, from MSS. 3. Reliquam partem hiemis, &c. " They lived, for the remainder of the winter, on their provisions," i. e., on the provisions which they, the Menapii, had collected for their own consumption..Aluerunt se, literally, "they maintained," or "supported themselves." As regards the use of copiis, here, in the sense of " provisions," compare Tacitus, Ann. 15, 16: " Contraque prodiderit Corbulo, Parthos inopes copiarum, et, pabulo attrito, relicturos oppugnationem." 4. Infirmitatem. "The fickleness."-Mobiles. "Changeable." Nihil his committendum. " That no trust should be reposed in them," i. e., that none of his plans ought to be made known to them, and that their fidelity and attachment ought not to be taken for granted. 5. Est autemr hoc Gallicce consuetudinis. "For this is one of the Gallic customs." More literally, "this appertains," or "belongs to Gallic custom," i. e., forms a part of it; is one of their customs. 6. Vulgus circumsistat. "The mob gather around." —Pronuntiare. " To declare." 7. His rumoribus, &c. "Influenced by these teports and hearsays, they often concert measures respecting the most important affairs." Literally, "enter into consultations."-E vestigio. "In. stantly." 8. Cum incertis rumoribus serviant. "Since they are mere slaves to uncertain rumours," i. e., have blind faith in them.-Et plerique ad voluntatem, &c. " And since most persons give them false answers adapted to their wishes." More literally, "answer things feigned according to their wish," i. e., feigned designedly to please them. 9. Ne gra'ioi bello occutret, " a That he might not meet with eNOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 323 Pagp. a mtre formidable war (than he had originally expected)," i. e., be 69 involved in a more formidable one.,The phraseology here employed by Caesar is equivalent to "ne in gravius bellum incideret." Caesar feared lest the Gauls, with their known fickleness, should make common cause against him along with the Germans. 10. Facta. " Had been already done," i. e., had already taken face. Compare the Greek: Ouvp6ef^adra iS. 11. Ad Germanos. Referring to the Usipetes and Tenchthern. -Uti ab Rheno discederent. "To leave the vicinity of the Rhine," i. e., to advance into Gaul. Compare the language of Celsus, c. 65 " Seque'inferrent in intima Gallzarum." 12. Dissimulandasibi. "Should be concealed by him." Corn pare the Greek paraphrase: KpvTrrea hyacraro clvac. 1. Resistere. Supply iis.-Neque deprecari.' And not to sup- 70 plicate for peace." Compare the Greek: p4re xaOuKetrcveV.-Venisse. Supply se, and compare the previous chapter, "invitatosque os," &c. 2. Suam gratiam. "Their friendship."-Vel sibi, &c. " Let them either assign lands to them." 3. Eos teeere. "To retain those subject -to them." —Possede. rint. The subjunctive is here employed, as indicating what they, the speakers, asserted of themselves. So again possint expresses their own opinion, not that of Caesar also. 4. Concedere. " Yielded," i. e., acknowledged themselves inferior to.- Ne dii quidem, &c. Compare the Homeric avrTieos, as applied by the poet to his heroes.-In terris. " On the earth." 5. Exitus. " The conc'usion."-Neque verum esse. "That it neither was right. Verum here denotes what is right, just, or proper. Compare Horace, Sat. 2, 3: "An aecunquej facit M~efenas, te quoque verum est?" and again, Epist. 1, 7: "Metiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede verum est." 6. Neque ullos, &c. "Nor were there any lands vacant in Gaul."-Sine injuria. "Without injury," i. e., without positive injustice to the Gauls, or injury of some kind to the Roman sway. -Sint. " Are," i. e., are, as he informs them. 7. Ab iis. " From them," i. e., from the Ubii. The common text has ab Ubiis. We have adopted, however, the conjecture of Brutus, which Oberlin erroneously ascribes to Morus. The Greek paraphrase accords with this: rap' avrov. 8. Hos expectari equates. " That the return of this body of calry was oily waited for." FP 324 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page. 7 0 9. Vosego. This name is variously written: Vosegus, Vogesuv and Vosagus. We have given the preference to Vosegus, as sane tioned by MSS., by the language of an ancient inscription, and th usage of writers in the middle ages. Consult Venant. Fortunat 7. 4, and Greg. Turon, 10, 10, as cited by Cellarius, Geog. Ant. vol. ii., p. 141. Cortius, however, prefers Vogesus (ad Lucan. 1, 397), but consult Benther on the other side. (Animadv. Hist. c. 5, p. 75.) 10. Et parle q:1adam, &c. We have adopted here the Biponv reading with Oberlin, Morus, Lemaire, and Daehne. OudendorI gives a very different lection, and one far inferior, as follows: in. sulamque efficit Batavorum, in Oceanunm influit, _neque longius at Oceano millibus passuum octoginta in Rhenum transit. 1 1. Citatus. "In rapid course."-Oceano appropinquat. Some of the MSS.' give oceanum, but Csesar more frequently employs the dative with this verb. Compare B. G. 5, 44, and 7, 82. 2. In plures diffluit partes. "Divides into several branches." 3. Qui piscibus atque ovis, &c. Compare Pliny, H. N. 16, 1. — Multis capitibus. "By many mouths." Compare the Greek paraphrase:,roXXoit ar o6pra. Vossius denies that any other Latin writer employs caput in the sense of ostium; but compare Lucan, 3, 201, and Cortius, ad loc. Consult also Liv. 33, 41, and Creviec ad loc. 4. Ut erat constitutum. "As had been mentioned by them.' Equivalent to ut erat dictum. It appears to be, in truth, a careless manner of expression in the present instance, since, as appears from chapter 9, Cmsar had not consented to any such arrangement. 5. Sibi jurejurandofidemfecissent. "Should give them security by an oath." Fidern facere is here the same as fidem dare.-Ea conditione, &c. " They assured him, that they would avail themselves of those conditions that might be proposed by Caesar," i. e., of whatever conditions might be proposed. 6. Eodem illo pertinere. " Tended to the same end," i. e., had this one object in view. —Qui abessent. " Who-were said to be absent." 7. Praefectos. The commanders of turmec arehere meant, being analogous to the Greek lXadXai.-Mittit. Supply quosdam. 8. Sustinerent. " Only to stand their ground." Literally, to ustain the attack." 9.. Non amplius quingentos, &c. Supply quam after amplits. o B. C. 3, 99, "Amplius millia viginti quatuor;" Livy, 33, 7, NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 325 Page "Amplius tria millia militum amissa;" and Nepos, 16, 2, 3, 71 " lNon amplius centum adolescentuli." The reason why so small a number of German horse dared to attack so large a body of Roman cavalry, was the contempt which the former entertained for the latter from the circumstance of their using ephippia. Compare:hapter 2. 10. Eorum. Referring to the Germans. 11. Rursus. "Inturn." Equivalent here to vicisstm.-Subfossisque equis. " And haying stabbed our horses in the belly " — Dejectis. "Being dismounted." 1. Ita perterritos. "In such dismay." —In conspectu. The 72 common text has in conspectum, but some of the MSS. exhibit in conspectu, which is undoubtedly the true reading. In conspectum venire refers merely to the action of the moment; but in conspectu venire, as Clarke well explains it, is to come into the sight of another, or of others, and remain there for some length of time. Compare Vechner, Hellenolex. p. 261, and Ramshorn, L. G. Q 150, p. 290. 2. Intercluso. "Intercepted," i. e., cut off by the enemy from the rest of our troops. 3. Animum advertisset. For animadvertisset, which is the reading of the common text.-Incitato equo. " Spurring on his horse." 4. Per dolum atque insidias. "By deceit and treachery," i. e., with a deceitful and treacherous design.-Expectare. " To wait," i. e., to delay coming to an action.-Summa dementia esse. "To be the height of folly." Dementia, want of judgment on particular occasions; amentia, madness, total alienation of reason. 5. Infirmitate. "The fickleness."-Quantum jam, &c. "He was sensible how much reputation the enemy had already gained among them by the issue of a single battle." Eos refers to the Gauls, and hostes to the Germans. 6. Quibus. Referring back to eos, i. e., to the Gauls. 7. Ne quem dzem, &c. " Not to let a day pass without bringing the enemy to an engagement." Quem for aliquem. S. Omnibus principibus, &c. " All their leading men and elders being brought along." Literally, "being taken unto them." 9. Sui purgandi causa. "For the sake of clearing themselves." -Qucd contra atque, &c. "Because, contrary to what had been eaid by them, and to what they themselves had requested, they had actually joined battle the day previous," i. e., had fallen upon o(r men. 326. NOTES ON-THE FOURTH BOOK0 Page 72 10. iDe induciis fallendo impetrarent. "They might obtain a farther truce by deceiving him." It is more than probable, that both this and the previous statement are false, and that Caesar acted with bad faith towards the Germans, not they towards him. It is difficult to conceive, that their leading men would have put themselves so completely into the hands of the Romans, had their object been a treacherous one. On the other hand, Plutarch informs us (Vit. CaEs. c. 12, seq.), that Cato actually charged Caesar with a violation of good faith on this occasion, and was for giving him up to the enemy, (Compare Sueton. Vit. Jul. c. 24.) The breach of good faith with which Cato charged him, seems to have consisted in his attacking the Germans while he had their ambassadors with him; more especially since Dio Cassius informs us (39, 47, seq.), that the battle was owing to the uncontrollable ardour of the youngei warriors among the Germans, which their elders disapproved of to such a degree, as to send an embassy to Caesar for the purpose of explaining what had been done. This embassy, therefore, Caesar detained, and, in the mean time, marched against and conquered those for whom they had come to intercede. 11. Gamsus. Nearly all the MSS. and earlier editions give gravius without any meaning at all, and gavisus, therefore, has been substituted by all the more recent editors. With this latter reading also the Greek paraphrase concurs: Totroro Se rapovatv & Kaeap aOel0ig, IKxevovg pEv KariaXev.-Illico. The common text has illos, and the pronoun is said to be here redundant. (Consult Arntzenius, ad Aurel. Vict. c. 27, 43.) We have preferred, however, illico, the very neat emendation of Daehne, which is in some degree borne out by the language of Celsus: " Quos ubi Ccesar adspexit, nulla penitua de re auditos illico capi jussit." 7 3 1. Discessu suorum. "By the departure of their own countrymen," i. e., by the absence of the leading men and elders, who had been detained by Caesar. —Perturbantur. "Are thrown into great confusion, and are altogether at a loss." 2. Pristini diei. " Of the day before." Pristini is here put for pridiani, examples of which usage also occur in Cic. de Orat. 1, 8. Quint. Curt. 8, 4. Suet. Aug. 94. Compare also the language of Aulus Gellius (10, 24), "Die Pristine, id est priore, quod vulgo pridie dicitur." 3. Ad quos consectandos. The barbarity of this transaction ad mits of no excuse. Hottoman endeavours to save the credit of Caesar, by reading conservandos for consectandos, but this is directly NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 327 Page. contradicted by the language of the next chapter, "suos isnterici," 73 &c. The Greek paraphrase also is express on this point-: Kai& yiv KIcasap rTv LT7ROsv i7r rovrovgS brTfaro. 4. Post tergum clamore audito. This proceeded from the outcries of those who were pursued by the Roman cavalry.-Suos. Referring principally to their children and wives. 5. Ad confluentem, &c. "To the confluence of the Meuse and Rhine." The battle appears to have been fought near the spot where now stands the modern Aix-la-Chapelle. By the confluence of the Meuse and Rhine is meant the junction of the former river with the Vahalis or Waal, a little above the modern Bommel. 6. Reliqua fugga desperata. " The rest of their flight being despaired of," i. e., all hope of farther flight being taken away. 7. Ex tanti belli timore. "After the alarm of so great a war," e, a war of so formidable a nature being ended.-Quadringentorum, &c. Orosius makes the number 440,000; Plutarch 400,000. But both these numbers are very probably exaggerated. S. MIultis de causis. According to Plutarch, Casar's true motive was a wish to be recorded as the first Roman who had ever crossed the Rhine in a hostile manner. (Vit. Ces. c. 22.) Dio Cassius makes a similar statement (39, 48). 9. Suis quoque rebus, &c. " He wished them to be alarmed for their own possessions also." Literally, "to fear for their own things." 10. Accessit etiam. "Another reason likewise was." More literally, " it was added also."-Quam supra commemoravi. Consuit chapter 12. 1. Ad quos. Referring to the Sigambri.-Eos. The Usipetes 7, and Tcnchtheri. 2. Cur sui quicquam esse, &c. "Why should he insist that any right of commanding, or any authority whatsoever, belonged to him across the Rhine V" Sui is the personal, pronoun, governed by esse. 3. Occupationibus reipublica. "By his public engagements." More literally, " by the occupation which the republic (i. e., public affairs) afforded." Some MSS. have populi R. instead of reipublicta, with which reading the Greek paraphrase (ruv'wpaitwv) appears to agree. Celsus, on the other hand, has "reipublicea negotiis occupatus." 4. Nomen atque opinionem. " The name and repueation."-Ad ultimas, &c. The preposition ad is here used in the same sense as apud, which latter is the reading of the common text Compare Sanct. Min. 4, 6 and Perizonius, ad loe. Fvg 328 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page 74 5. Neqwt sues, &c. " Nor consistent with his own character o the dignity of the Roman people." Dignitatis here varies slightly in meaning, according as it refers to Cesar or the Roman people at large. 6. Proponebatur. "Was manifest." Literally, "was placed before the view."-Id sibi contendendum. " That he must strive to effect this." 7. Rationem pontis, &c. "He determined upon the following plan of a bridge."-Tigna bina sesquipedalia, &c. "At the distance of two feet from one another, he joined together two piles, each a foot and a half thick, sharpened a little at the bottom, and proportioned to the depth of the stream." We have preferred rendering tigna by the word "piles," as more intelligible than "beams" in the present instance. The distributive bina refers to the circumstance of their being many pairs of these piles or beams 8. Dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis. The meaning is, that they were of greater or less length, according to the various depths of the stream, being longest in the middle of the river, and diminishing in length according to the proximity to the banks. All, however, projected equally above the level of the water. 9. Haec cum machinationibus, &c. " When he had, by means o. engines, sunk these into the river and held them down there, and had then driven them home by rammers." The participle and verb, immissa defixerat, are to be rendered as two verbs with the connective, immiserat et defixerat. 10. Fistucis. The fistucce here meant are not hand-rammers, but machines worked with ropes and pullies, by which weights are raised to a considerable height, and then allowed to fall upon the pile beneath. Compare Vitruvius, 3, 3, and 10, 3, and also the ex planation of Morus, ad loc. 11. Non sublica modo, &c. " Not quite perpendicular, after the manner of a stake, but bending forward and sloping, so as to incline according to the direction of the stream." The slope of the piles will be perceived from the plan that is given of the bridge. The piles here spoken of were those on the upper part of the river, and which looked downward, or secundum flumen. In other words, they pointed down the stream. 12. Iis item contraria bina, &c. " Opposite these, at the dis*ance of forty feet, lower down the river, he placed other pairs, oined in the same manner, and turned against the force and curtent of the river." The common text has contraria duo, for which NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 329 Page Clarke fira gave contraria bina. Caesar very probably wrote con. 74 traria II., and hence the error arose. The context requires Jina. So the distributive quadragenum refers to the several pairs. The piles here spoken of lay on the lower part of the'river, and pointed up the stream. In either case, therefore, whether in the upper or tower part of the river, they were prona ac fastigata. 13. Ab inferiore parte. Suppy fluminis. 14. Hacc utraque, &c. " Each of these pairs of piles, moreover, were kept from closing by beams let in between them, two feet thick, which was the space from one pile to another, fastened on ooth sides, at either extremity, by two braces." 15. Quantum eorum tignorum, &c. Literally, " as far as the,oining of these piles was apart." The reference is to the space of two feet which was left between the two piles of each pair, when they were first sunk into the river. 1. Quibus disclusis, &c. "These pairs being thus kept apart 7 (by the beams let in), and, at the same time, firmly clasped by the braces in the opposite direction." This sentence is explanatory of the preceding one, haec utraque, &c., and contains, if the expression be allowed, the key to the whole structure. The beams let in between the two piles would have a tendency, of course, to keep them apart, while the braces above and below would have an opposite tendency, and would serve to keep the piles together. The greater the pressure, therefore, one way, the stronger the resistance the other; and the constantly acting power would be the current of the stream itself. 2. Tanta erat, &c. " So great was the firmness of the whole structure,, and such was the nature of the materials employed, that the more powerfully the force of the current drove itself against the different parts, the more closely were they connected together- and kept in their places." Literally, " by how much a greater force of water had urged itself on." 3. Hare directa materie, &c. "These cross-beams were overlaid and connected together, by rafters placed in the length of the bridge, and these again were covered over with poles and hurdles." H ee tefers to the beams running across from one pair of piles to the opposite pair.-Directa materie. The term materie is very erroneously rendered "planks" by some editors. Planks would not be strong enough for the purpose. Directa is well explained by Clarke, from Lipsius: " secundum longitudinem pontis." 4. Longtu iis. The l mgurih were long poles, placed across the 330 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page 76 rafters, very close to one another, and the hurdles were strewed ovt these, in order to produce a more level surface. 5. Ac nihilo secius, &c. "And, besides all this, piles were likewise driven in obliquely, at the lower part of the stream," &c. These piles, as will be perceived from the plan, served as props, os rather' buttresses, against the impulse of the waters. Had they not been placed where they were, the violence of the current might have carried the bridge over to the opposite side of the river. —.Nihilo secius. Literally, "nevertheless," i. e., notwithstanding all that had been done, a still farther precaution was exercised by driving in piles, &c. 6. Pro pariete. Some of the MSS, and editions have pro ariete, which.is not so bad a reading as it may at first appear to be; the piles in question being compared by it to the appearance which a battering-ram presents, when raised for the purpose of inflicting a blow. The Greek paraphrase has also &iKnv KptoV. Still, however, the true lection is pro pariete, the idea intended to be conveyed being that of a buttress, or wall of support. 7. Et alice item, &c. These last, which Csesar immediately after calls defensores, were merely stakes fixed above the bridge to act as fenders. In the ordinary plans of Caesar's bridge they are arranged in a triangular form, with the apex of the triangle pointing up the stream. This is all wrong. They were placed in a row, very probably a double one, directly across, from one bank to the other, for in this way alone could they afford perfect security to the structure. 8. Dejiciendi operis. "For the purpose of demolishing the work." According to the generality of grammarians, we must here supply causa. (Sanct. Minerv. 4, 4.-Vol. ii., p. 49, ed. Bauer.) Zumpt, however, inclines t6 the opinion, that this form of expression arose from the construction of the genitive with esse. (Zumpt, L. G. p. 388.) 9. Quibus materia, &c. " After the materials had been begun io be brought together to the spot." Compare, as regards the force of quibus, note 4, page 63. Plutarch regards the erection of this bridge as a very wonderful act on the part of Caesar. In a late French work, however, on Casar's wars, ascribed to the Emperor Napoleon, that distinguished commander is made to say, that this work of Caesar's has nothing extraordinary in it whatever, and that the bridges constructed over the Danube, in 1809, by General Bertrand, displayed far more skill, the difficulties to overcome being fa3 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 331 Page gleater. (PrEcis des Guerres d3 Jules Cdsar, par l'Empereur 76 Napoleon. Paris, 1836.) 10. Ad utramque partem. "At either end." Compare the Greek, EKarEpwOev TrS yepvpas. 1. Hortantibus iis. "By the advice of those."-Quos ex Tenchtheris, &c. These were the cavalry, who had taken refuge, as already stated, with the Sigambri, and whom the latter had refused to deliver up to the Romans. Consult chap. 16. 12. In solitudinem ac silvas. Better than in solitudine ac silvs, as some read. The former expresses the idea of going into a place, and concealing one's self there; the latter of being already in the place before the attempt at conceahlent is made. 13. In silvas deponerent. " Should convey into the woods and deposite there for safe-keeping." Compare preceding notet 14. sunc esse delectum, &c. " That this was selected, as being nearly in the centre of those regions which the Suevi possessed," i. e., as being almost the centre of their country. 1. Ulcisceretur. "That he might punish." Equivalent to 77 puniret. 2. Satis profectum' That enough had been done by him. PrJfectum (from proficio, not from proficiscor) is here elegantly u.ed for perfectum, which latter is the reading of some -MSS. Compare B. G. 7, 65, "'Ad reliqui temporis pacem parum profici;"' Livy, 3, 14, "Ibi plurimum profectum est;" and Ovid, A. A. 2, 589, " Hoc tibi profectum Vulcane;" with the note of N. Heinsius 3. Se in Galliam recepit. His true motive for retreating was the tear entertained by him of the Suevi. Hence Lucan (2, 570) makes Pompey say, that Caesar fled from the Rhine: "Rhenm gelidis quodfugit ab undis." 4. Iaturx sunt. " Are early," i. e., set in early. Compare the Greek, 7rnpoi6'v'vTro rwv xeLvOwwv. 5. It Britanniam, &c. Dio Cassius (39, 53) remarks, that no benefit whatever resulted either to CGsar himself, or to the state, from this expedition into Britain, and that Caesar's only motive, in going thither, was the honour of having been the first Roman that invaded the island. Plutarch's observations are pretty much to the same effect. (Vit. CDs. c. 23.) Suetonius, on the other hand, informs us, that Caesar was attracted thither by the fame of the Britist pearls. (Vit. Jul. c. 47.) Pliny states, that this commander coosecrated to Venus Genitrix a cuirass adorned with British pearls, " ex Britannicis margoaritis fat lunum (t. H 9, 57 332 NOTES ON THE FOURTI BOOK. Page. 77 6. Inde. "From that quarfnr."l Referring to Britain.-MagnL sibi usui. " A source of great utility to him." Usui is here put for utilitati. Compare B. C. 2, 8, " Inventum est magno esseusui posse, si hkc esset in altitudinem turris elata." 7. Temere. "Commonly." More literally, "upon any slight occasion," " for any slight reason." The Greek paraphrast renders it by ob pSiwos. 8. Quem usum belli haberent. "In what.way they carried on war." Compare the version of De Crisse, " sur la maniere dont ces peuples faisoient la guerre."-Aut quibus institutis uterentur. " Or what customs they followed," i. e., what their customs were. 9. Caium Volusenum. The punctuation adopted in the text, namely, the comma after Volusenum, connecting it with the preceding clause, is the suggestion of Bentley, who also recommends the insertion of eum before cum. This latter emendation, however, is quite unnecessary. 10. Praemittit. Suetonius (Vit. Jul. 58) states, that Caesar reconnoitred the island in person. Of course the remark must be an erroneous one, since Cesar's own assertion is entitled to far more credit. Some editors, however, and among them Ernesti, have endeavoured, by altering the text of Suetonius, to make it harmonize with that of the commentaries. Consult Crusius ad loc. 11. Dare. For se daturos. So obtemperare for se obtempera. turos. Compare B. G. 2, 32, " lli se quce imperarentur facere dixerunt;" and 7, 14, "Necessario disperses hostes ex edificits petere." 3 1. Magni habebatur. "Was regarded as extensive." The genitive of value. More literally, " was estimated highly." 2. Ut Populi Romanifidem sequantur. " To embrace the alliance of the Roman people." 3- Quantum ei facultatis, &c. " As far as opportunity could be afforded him."-Qui non auderet. "Since he did not venture.' The student will note the force of the subjunctive. 4. De superioris temporis consilio. " For their past conduct.; 5. Nostr(e consuetudinis. Alluding to the Roman custom, of exercising humanity towards those who had yielded to their power, and of protecting them from the aggressions of the neighbouring states. 6. Has tantularum, &c. "That these engagements in such trifling affairs ought to be preferred by him to Britain," i. e., to the invasion of Britain NC'TES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 333 Page 7. Navibus onerariis. "Vessels of burden." Consult Archaeo- 78 ogical Index.-Navium longarum. " Of vessels of war." Analogous-to the Greek paKpi,nXoila. Consult Archaeological Index. 9. Legati non venerant. This arose from dissensions among the Morini, some embracing the party of Caesar, others opposing it. 9. Tertia fere vgzlia solvit. "He set sail about the third watch." The third watch began at midnight. The place from which Caesar sailed on this occasion was the portus Itius or Iccius, a little south of Calais, and, according to D'Anville, the same with the modern Witsand. (Strao, 4, 5, p. 199, Cas.-D'Anville, Not de la Gaule, p. 389). 10. Solvit. Supply naves. Literally, " loosens his vessels," i. e., from the shore. The full form of expression is given in chapter 36; B. C. 1, 28, &c. So m Ovid, Her. 7, 9, " Certus es, Aenea. cum foedere solvere naves." 11. Ulteriorem portum. Called superior portus in chapter 28. 1. Hora dies eirciter quarta. "About the fourth hour of the day," i. e., about ten o'clock in the morning. He sailed, it will be remembered, about midnight. 2. Britanniam attzgzt. D'Anville thinks that Caesar landed at the portus Lemanis, now Lymne, a little below Dover. 3. Expositas hostiun copias armalas.' The forces of the enemy drawn up under arms."-Cujus loci. " Of the spot." 4. Adeo montibus, &c. " The sea was confined by mountains so close to it." Many commentators give angustis, in this passage, the sense of prceruptis. But this is erroneous; the adjective carries with it here the idea rather of something that contracts, or makes narrower, any space. Compare Ramshorn, L. G. C 206, p. 69%. 5. Ad egrediendum. " For disembarking." Supply wavibus. 6. Ad horain nonam. "Until the ninth," i. e., three o'clock in the afternoon. 7. Monuitque, &c. " And cautioned them, that all things should bo performed by them at a beck and in a moment, as the principles af military discipline, and especially as naval operations required) since these are characterized by rapid and ever-varying movements." More literally, " have a rapid and unstable motion." There is a good deal of doubt respecting the latinity of some parts of this pas. sage, and it is more than probable that some corruption has crept into the text. R Sub(.hl':;ll./.ior.is T' he anchors being vweighed."-AperUt 334 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page 79 ac piano littore. This was probably the portus Lemanis, al\uded et under note 2, page 79. 9. Et essedariis. "And Essedarii." We have preferred an glicizing the Latin term to paraphrasing it in our idiom. By essedarii are meant those who fought from the esseda, or British chariots of war. Essedum is said by the ancient writers to be a word of Gallic origin, and denotes a species of two-wheeled chariot in use among the Gauls and Britons. It is said to have been invented among the Belgae. Compare the authorities cited by Adeamg, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Lat. vol. iii., p. 359. 10. Quogenere. "Which kind of force."-Prohibebant. "En deavoured to' prevent." 11. Constitui non poterait. "Could not be moored."-Ignotts locis. "On a strange coast."-Impeditis manibus. "With theil hands already engaged." 12. Et in fluctibus consistendum. "And to keep themseives steady amid the waves." Compare the Greek paraphrase, s, T-) f aevTrioV. 13. Omnibus membris expediti. "Having the free use of all their limbs."-Notissimis locis. " In places which they knew perfectly." 14. Et equos insuefactos incitarent. "And spurred on their horses accustomed to such exercise." Insuefactos, equivalent to valde assuetos. 15. Quarum et species, &c. "Both whose figure was more novel to the barbarians, and whose movements were quicker for use," i. e., and which were more easy to be managed. The barbarians, in consequence of the commerce carried on with their shores by the merchants of Gaul, were accustomed to the sight of vessels of burden, but not to the figure of ships of war. 16. Onerariis navibus. The vessels of burden were employed on this occasion, it will be remembered, as transports.-Et remis incztart. "And to be rowed briskly forward." i0 1. Fundis. "By slings."-Tormentis. "Engines." The tormenta were engines for discharging heavy iron javelins, large stones. &c. The term itself is derived from torqueo, as referring to the mode of working the machine. Thus, " tormentum, quasi torquir.entum, machina, qua tela, saxa, aliave missilia, nervo aut funs sontento torquentur et jaciuntur." 2. Quae res magno usui, &c. " Which thing was of great ser vice to orlr nel."-~Navitm. Referring to the vessels of war. NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 335 Page 3. Qui decimal legions, &c.'"He who bore the eagle of the 80 tnth legion." The eagle, or main standard of the legion, was borne by the centurioprimi pili, or primopilus, who was the oldest centurion in the legion. Consut Archeological Index, s. v., centurio and aquila. 4. Ea res. "This thing," i. e., what he intended to do.-Aq2qu ~amr hostibus prodere. It was considered very disgraceful to lose any standard, but particularly so the main one of the legion. Corn manders of ten availed themselves of this circumstance, for the pur*ose of urging on their troops, by casting the standard into the midst Jf the foe. 5. Prastitero. " Will promptly discharge." The future perect (or, as it is more frequently, but very erroneously called, the ifture subjunctive) is here used to express prompt execution, the fu tume being thus represented as already past. Compare Zumpt, L G. y. 320. 6..rcntum dedecus. Alluding to the disgrace consequent on the abandonment of their standards. Compare the language of Lipsius (Mil. Rom. 4, 5), " Suadebat enim repetere (signa) non poena tantum, quae manebat iis amissis, sed etiam pudor et religio, et quasi decs ac sacra sua prodidissent." 7. Ex vroximis navibus. All the MSS. have e proximis prinzue navibus, rut we have rejected primis with Hotomann, Scaliger, and some more recent editors, as savouring strongly of a pleonasm. The Greek paraphrast, moreover, has only eK rTv' E'yys vwtv. Oudendorp, indeed (ad Suet. Cces. 50, p. 82), endeavours to explain ex proximis primis navibus, by making it equivalent to ex iis navibus quec in proximo ordine erant primre; few, however, will agree with him. 8. Cum conspexissent. Supply milites. 9. Nequefirmiter insistere. "Nor to get a firm footing." Literally, " nor to stand firmly."-Atque alius alia ex navi, &c. " And kept joining, one from one vessel, another from another, whatever standard each had chanced to meet," i. e., the men from different ships being compelled to join whatever standard they first came up with. 10. Singulares eg edientes. " Coming forth individually," or one by one. —Impedites. "Embarrassed in their movements."In universes. "At our collected force." 11. Quod crum animtim advertisset. For quod cum animadvertisset. The strict grammatical construction, however, is cum ad,er'hisset aninm.um quod, i. e., vertisset aninlum. ad quod. G oG 336 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page 12. Scaphas longarum navium. "The boats belonging to tie ships of war."-Speculatoria navigia. " The light vessels of observation," i. e., spy-vessels. These were light and fast sailing cutters, generally used to explore coasts, and to watch the movements of an enemy's fleet. According to Vegetius (4, 37), they were painted of a greenish blue colour, in order to escape observation. The sails and cordage were also greenish blue, and even the dress of the mariners and soldiers on board. " Ne tamen exploratorice naves candore prodantur, colore veneto (qui marinis est fluctibus similis) vela tinguntur et funes: cera etiam qua ungere solent naves inficitur. Nautac quoque et milites venetam vestens induunt, ut non solum per noctem, sed etiam per diem facilius lateant explorantes." With regard to the " cera" mentioned in this passage, consult Pliny, H. N. 35,11. 13. Simul. For simul ac. "As soon as." 14. Equites. Alluding to the cavalry which had embarked in the eighteen transports. These had not been able to "hold on their course and reach the island." It will be seen, from chapter 28, that they had encountered a violent storm. Tenere cursum is applied to a vessel passing with a favourable wind to her point of destination, and is well explained in the Greek paraphrase by EcvUspo~iEv. 15. Legatos. Dio Cassius (39, 51) says, that these ambassadors were some of the Morini, who were, on friendly terms with them: rf'iprovoa irpbts rov Kalaapa Tr&v Mopivwv rTna', iXwwv aoi av vrwov. 1. Supra. Consult chapter 21. 2. Oratoris modo. "In character of ambassador." We have recalled these words into the text with some of the best editors. They are found in numerous MSS., and in all the early-editions until the Aldine. The reason urged for their omission is, that they savour of a mere gloss. But it may be stated, on the other hand, that the Greek paraphrase has 5g irpiafvv, and, besides, that Caesar would very naturally employ the words in question, to show that the laws of nations had been violated by the barbarians, in imprisoning a Roman ambassador. 3. Remiserunt. "They sent him back.'"-Contulerunt. " Lain -Propter imprudentiam. "On account of thtir indiscretion," i. e., as it was merely an act of indiscretion. 4. Continentem. Referring to Gaul. 5. Arcessitam. " Sent for,"'. e., since they had to be sent for. — Remigrare in agros. " To retire to their lands," i. e., to go NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 337 Page oack to their usual occupations, the war being at an end.-Conve- 81 nire. Many editions have convenere, which is inferior, and makes the sentence flow less smoothly' 6. Post diem quartumr quam, &c. " On the fourth day after." -Supra demonstratum est. Consult chapter 23. 7. Cursum tenere. " Hold on its course," i. e., make any headway. Compare the Greek evOvop6,eiv.-Referrentur. "Were carried back." 8. Quesest propius, &c. "Which lies more to the west."-. Dejicerentur. Ciacconius, without any necessity, reads rejicerentur. The verb dejicere is very properly employed here, as the vessels " were carried down" to the lower.part of the island. 9. Cum. "When."-Necessario adversa nocte, &c. "Having, through necessity, put to sea during an unfavourable night." 10. Qui dies. " Which period," i. e., which day of the month. All the MSS. have this reading. Some editions, however, omit dies, and have merely quae, which then refers to luna. Compare, however, the following expressions: " Jussu Pompeii, quce mandata" (B. C. 3, 22); and, "Ante comitia, quod tempus." (Sallust, B. I. 36. Compare Cortius, ad loc.) So also Horat. Od. 4, 11, 14, "Idus tibi sunt agenda, Qui dies," &c. 11. Nostrisque id erat incognitum. The Romans were accustomed to the navigation of the Mediterranean, where the tides are comparatively slight, and in some parts of which they hardly deserve the name. 12. Afflictabat. " Broke from their moorings and dashed against each other."-Administrandi. " Of managing them." 1. Totiusexercitus, &c. Count Turpin de Crisse censures Coe- 82 sar very deservedly, for his imprudence in making this descent upon Britain, before he had either obtained an accurate knowledge of the coasts of the island, or had procured a sufficient supply of provisions. Caesar's wonted good fortune, however, once more saved him. 2. Quod omnibus constabat. " Because it was evident to all." Literally, " because it was agreed upon by all."-His in locis. Referring to Britain. 3. Exiguitate. " The small size."-Hoc. " On this account.' 4. Rem producere. " To prolong the war."-Reditu. Hotomannivery unnecessarily conjectures auditu. By reditu is meant, of course, a return to Gaul.-Ex agris deducere. Compare the zonclusion of chapter 27. " Suos remigrare in agros jusserunt." 5 Ex:: e avctu namvum suzarum. "From what had happened to 838 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. Page, 82 his ships." Compare Hirtius, B. G. 8, 21: "Quce Bellovacorum speculabantur eventum;" and Livy, 33, 48: " Ita Africa Hannibca excessit, scepius patrice, quam suorum eventus rniseratus." 6. Et ex eo quod intermiserant. " And from their having inter mitted." Literally, " and from this circumstance, because they had intermitted." 7. Ad omnes casus. "Against every emergency." More lit erally, " against everything that might happen." 8. Gravissime afflicte. "Most seriously injured."-Aere. Th( Romans made use of brass in the construction of their ships more frequently than iron. Thus, they covered the rostrum or beak, anc occasionally the sides, with this metal. The nails or spikes, also. employed in securing the timbers of the vessel, were generally ot this same metal. Compare Vegetius (5, 4): " Utilius configitur Liburna clavis ereis quam ferreis." It must be borne in mind, that what we here call brass was, strictly speaking, a kind of bronze. The term ces is indiscriminately used by the Roman writers to danote copper, brass, or bronze. It was not till a late period that mineralogists, in order to distinguish them, gave the name of cuprum to copper. The oldest writer who uses the word cuprum is Spartianus (Vit. Caracall. c. 9), which appears to have been formed from the cyprium of Pliny (H. N. 33, 5). 9. Reliquis ut navigari, &c. "He brought it to pass, that it could be safely navigated witlPthe rest," i. e., he enabled himself to put to sea safely with the rest. 10. Hominum. Referring to the Britons, not to the Romans. Compare the Greek paraphrase: epovs riv Bperavi5v EIr Ev Trols ypoti pev6vrov. The British chieftains, it will be remembered, had at first disbanded their forces, and then had begun to withdraw them secretly from the fields again, in order to renew hostilities. The persons mentioned in the text are those who still remained in the fields (i. e., at home), and had not yet obeyed the latter call. 11. Pars etiam in castra ventitaret. "A part kept even comn ing frequently into our camp." Compare the Greek, prpov; c cal a V rv' ePepaiT arparonrEq? apt6vrTwV. 12. In statione. "On guard."-Quam consuetudo ferret. "Than was customary." Literally, "than custom used to bring with it." -In ea parte, &c. Compare note 7, page 5. 83 1. In stationem succedere. "To take their post," i. e., to sue ceed them as a guard for the gates. Comparethe Greek, rv h&ttvw r6tfov &a)saXeOatc. NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 339 Page. 2. Et, conferta legione, &c. "And that, the legion being crowd- 83 ed together, darts were hurled upon it from all sides." 3. Quod. "Inasmuch as."-Ex reliquis partibus. "From the other parts of the adjacent country."-Pars una. " One quarter." 4. Paucis interfectis. Dio Cassius (39, 52) makes the loss to have been a more, serious one.-Reliquos incertis ordinibus, &c. "They threw the rest into confusion for want of knowing their tanks." The Romans were out of their ranks, and mowing down the grain when the enemy attacked them. Hence the confusion which ensued from their inability to regain their ranks in so sudden an onset, 5. Genus hoc est, &c. "Their manner of fighting from chariots is as follows."-Per omnes partes. "In every direction." Com pare the Greek: irdvroOev. 6. Ipso terrore equorum, &c. "By the very alarm occasioned to the horses of the foe, and the noise of their wheels," i. e., by the alarm which they excite in the horses of the foe, through their rapid movements up and down, and the rattling of their chariot wheels. 7. Cum se insinuaverint. "When they have insinuated them< selves," i. e., have worked their way into. 8. Aurigce. "The charioteers." Each chariot held two persons, the auriga, or driver, and the essedarius, or one who fought. So, in Homeric Antiquities, the chariot is called itfpos (quasi lqiopos), from its carrying two persons (its and O0pw), namely, the charioteer, or 1vioXos, and the warrior, or'rapag6adrr. (Terpstra, Antiq. Horn. p. 306.) 9. Atque ita cum, &c. "And place themselves in such a situation with their chariot, that if their masters are overpowered by a number of the foe, they may have a ready retreat to their friends." By illi are here meant the essedarii. 10. Ita mobilitatem, &c. "Thus they exhibit in battles the agility of horse, the steadiness of foot," i. e., they answer a double purpose., serving both for cavalry and infantry. 11. Incitatos equos sustinere. "To rein in their horses when at full gallop." Sustinere is here equivalent to retinere. Compare Ovid, Fast. 5, 301: " Sepe Jovem vidi, cum jam sua mittere vellet Fulmina, ture dato sustinuisse manum." 12 Et brevi, &c. "And in one instant to manage and tim them." Many editors supply loco after brevi, but the sense requires an ellipsis of tem'por7e 340 NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOO. Page. P3 13. Quzbus rebus. "In this state of affairs." Quibus rebus may also be the dative, depending on tulit. The former construe. tion, however, is the simpler of the two. 14. Constzterunt. "Stood motionless," i. e., stopped driving to'and fro with their chariots. 15. Lacessendum. Spme of the later editions, contrary to the best MSS., insert hostem after this word. Compare Livy, 33, 7, and Virgil, En. 5, 429. 16. Reduxit. Casar here very artfully glosses over what was in reality a kind of flight on his part. Hence Lucan (2, 572) makes Pompey say of him on this occasion, " Territa quasitis ostendit terga Britannis." 17. Qui erant in agris, &c. " The rest of the Britons, who were in the fields, departed," i. e., left the fields to join the army of their countrymen. Compare chapter 32. 18. Continues complures dies. "For very many days in succession." 84 1. Suis pracdicaverunt. "Published to their countrymen."Sui liberandi. "Of freeing themselves," i. e., from the Roman yoke, with which they were threatened.-His rebus. " By these means." 2. Nactus equites circiter triginta. " Having got about thirty horse." This small number surprise's some of the commentators, who therefore read CCC. (i. e., trecentos, "three hundred") instead of XXX. (triginta). But the MSS. have all the latter number, and the Greek paraphrase, too, gives'rpZlKovra. A parallel instance occurs in the commentaries on the African war (c. 6), where less than thirty Gallic horse put to flight two thousand Mauritanian cavalry. 3. Ante dictum est, &c. Compare chapters 21 and 27. 4. Quos tanto spatwo, &c. " Our men having pursued them as far as their speed and strength enabled them," i. e., as far as their strength enabled them to run. Literally, "having pursued them over as great a space as they were able to traverse by running and strength." 5. Omnibus longe lateque, &c. " All things far and wide being prostrated and burnt." Afflictis is here equivalent to eversis or stratis. The comm-on text has merely in place of alictis incenst,que, the reading cedificiis incensis. 6. Propinqua die aquinoctii. "The equinox being at hand." In the 20th chapter, it was said, "exigua parte cestatis reliqua," &c. Hence the autum-a equinoe is here, of course, meant -"he cna; NOTES ON THE FOURTH BOOK. 341 Page nox (or time when the days and nights are equal, over all the globe) 84 happens twice a year, on the 22d of March and 22d of September, the former being called the vernal, the latter the autumnal equinox. 7. Hiemi navigationern subjiciendam. " That his voyage ought to be exposed to a storm." The weather about the time of ti: equinox is generally very stormy. 8. Eosdem, quos reliqua, &c. "Were all able to make the same port with the rest.?"-Paulo infra " A little lower dewn," i. e., lower down along the Gallic coast. 9. Quibus ex navibus. "From these two ships." Referring to the two naves onerarice, or transports. 10. Non ita magno numero. "With no very large number." ata in such phrases is equivalent to valde. Consult Tursellin. Part. Lat., and Scheller, Precept. Styl. vol. i., p. 208. 11. Orbefacto. The orb, or circular order, was a disposition of which Csesar speaks in his commentaries, as highly advantageous in cases of danger and extremity. It was resorted to on the present occasion as a means of defence. 1. Horis. Somne editors read horas, which requires an ellipsis 8b of quam. The ablative, however, is more customary with Caesar. 2. Propter siccitates paludum. " On account of the dryness of the marshes." The marshes, which had formerly protected them, and had served as a barrier against the Romans, were now dry, it being the end of summer. Hence they were deprived of their usual place of retreat. 3. Quo perfugio, &c. " Of which refuge they had availed themselves the year before." The MSS. and editions vary here in a surprising degree. We have given the reading which harmonizes with the Greek paraphrase: ratrr yap rj r &roXwpcreL ro rpo6a0ev'eru efCEXp^pt]-TO. 4. Duxerant. Compare chapter 22.-Omnibus eorum agris vastatis, &c. Caesar appears to have acted here upon the principle, that severe measures alone could check the natural tendency of the Gauls for insurrection and change. 5. Eo. "Thither," i. e., to his winter quarters among the Belga. —Reliquce neglexerunt. Dio Cassius (40, 1) assigns this circumstance as a pretext on the part of Caesar for making a second descent on Britain. 6. Supplicatio. Compare Suetonius (Vit. Cees. c, 24), "Prospere decentibis rebus, et scepius et plurimum quam quzsquam dierum supplicationes impetravit." Consult also note 11, page 50. BOOK Vo Page. 87 1. Lucio Domitio, &c. A. U. C. 700, B. C. 54.-Italiarn. Hith er, or Cisalpine, Gaul is meant. This was Caesar's province. 2. Demonstrat. " He points out," i. e., gives a plan of.-Sub ductionesque. "And drawing them on shore." Compare chap. 11. Subducere naves is to draw vessels on shore; deducere naves, to draw them down from the land into the water. 3. Nostromari. The Mediterranean. Compare Mela, 1,1: "Id omne, qua venit, quaque dispergitur, uno vocabulo nostrum mare dicitur." 4. Has omnes actuarias, &c. "He ordered them all to be made of a light construction, to which purpose their lowness in the water contributes greatly." By actuaria naves are meant vessels remarkable for lightness and swiftness, and so called from the ease with which they were impelled (quia facile agi poluerunt). They were managed by sails and oars, having but one bank of the latter, or, at farthest, two. Compare Livy (38, 38): " Decem naves actuarias (nulla quarum plusquam triginta remis agatur) habeto." 5. Ad armandas naves. " For equipping the vessels."-Ex Hispania. Among other things requisite for fitting out ships, Spain furnished largequantities of Spartum, or Spanish broom, much used for making ropes. Compare Strabo, 3, p. 160, and Plin. H. N. 19, 2. 6. Illyricum. This country, it will be remembered, was attached to, and formed part of, Caesar's province of Hither Gaul. The whole province was Cisalpine or Hither Gaul, Illyricum, and Transalpine Gaul. Compare Suetonius, Vit. Cces. c. 22. 7. Omnibus rafionibus. By all reasonable means," i. e., to sIake every reasonable compensation for the injury. 88 1. Civitatem. " Their whole state."-Arbitros inter civitates dat, &c. "He appoints arbitrators among the states, to estimate the damage, and fix the compensation." Compare the language of Forellini in explanation of the phrase cestimare litem "Aestimare NO'LTs O' l-THE Flit"rl BOOsK 343 Page. liteim est, decernere quanta pecunia a reo post damnationerm soiven- 88 do sit: atque hac ratione lis ponitur pro re de qua lis est." 2. Conventibusque peractis. Compare note 15, page 33. The idea intended to be conveyed by this phrase is, that the business of the supreme tribunal of the province had been performed in its several circuits. 3. Sexcentas. Lipsius thinks this number incredible, considering the shortness of the time; but the reference is to old vessels that had been repaired, as well as to new ones that had been built. 4. Cujus supra demonstravimus. Referring to the naves actuance mentioned in the previous chapter. Cujus is here put by attraction for quod, in imitation of the Greek. 5. Instructas. "Got ready." The proper term to be employed in such cases. Some editions have constructas, which is far inferior, and does not suit the number of vessels as well as instructas. Compare note 3. 6. Neque multum abesse, &c. " And that there was not much wanting of their being able to be launched in a few days," i. e., and that not many days were required to make them fit for launching. 7. Portum Itium. Consult Geographical Index, and compare note 9, page 78.- Transmissum. "Passage across." -A con tinenti. " From the continent," i. e., from the continent of Gaul to the island of Britain; or, as we would say, from land to land. 8. Huic rei. " For this purpose," i. e., to execute these orders. Compare the Greek paraphrase, 7rps Tb e, Tavra LtrApaTrelv. 9. Expeditis. "Disencumbered of baggage." Supply impede. mnentis, and compare note 11, page 42. 10. Cingetorix. O'Brien, in his Irish and English Dictionary, makes this name equivalent in Celtic to Cin-go-toir, i. e., " caput ad expeditionem," with Ver (" a man") prefixed. The name will then signify, the chief, or leader, of an expedition. Sir W. Beetham, on the other hand (" The Gael and Cymbri," p. 197), makes the name come from cingead, "valiant," and rig, " aking," with a similar prefix of Ver. 11. Alter. Referring to Cingetorix.-Confirmavit. "Assure. him." 12. Silvam Arduennamn. I' he forest Arduenna," i. e., the forest of Ardennes. Compare B G. 6, 29, and consult Geographical Index. The student will mar. he construction in silvarn Arduennam abditis, which implies a gonl: or conveying into the wood, previous to the act of concealment, whereas in silva Ardletnna ab 344 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page. 88 ditis would mean that the persons concealed had been in the wood some period before the concealment took place. 89 1. Quoniam civitati consulere non possent. " Since they could not take any measures for the common welfare." The dissensions between Indutiomarus and Cingetorix prevented them from doing anything for the interests of the state at large, and they therefore came to Caesar to entreat his protection for themselves individually. 2. Laberetur. " Might fall off," i. e., might revolt.-Itaque esse civitatem, &c. " That the state, therefore, was completely under his control." 3. Permissurum. Some read commissurum, but the former is the true lection. The distinction between committere and permittere is drawn by Cicero, Verr. 2, 1, 32, "Incommoda sua nostris committere legibus, quam dolori suo permittere maluerunt." 4. Quceque eum res, &c. "And what cause detained him from his projected purpose."-Omnibus ad Brittanicum, &c. "When everything was prepared for the British war," i. e., now that everything was ready, &c. 5. Nominatim. "Expressly." — Consolatus, &c. "He consoled Indutiomarus, and exhorted him," &c. Caesar consoled Indutiomarus, for the temporary deprivation of his son and relations, whom he intended carrying with him, as hostages, into Britain, and assured him that they should suffer no injury. 6. Hos singillatim, &c. " He reconciled these, man by man, to Cingetorix."-Quod cul merito, &c. "This he both thought was done by him in accordance with the deserts of the latter, and at the same time imagined it was greatly his interest, that the authority of one, whose signal attachment towards himself he had clearly per ceived, should be as great as possible among his own countrymen." 7. Suam gratiam, &c. "That his influence was lessened among his countrymen." His influence was lessened by the reconciliation which had been effected between Cingetorix and the other chieftains.-Multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. "Blazed out with augmented fury, through resentment at this." 8. In Meldis. The Meldi here referred to were situate or the Scaldis, or Scheldt, between what are now Gand and Bruges. Some editors, imagining that there was only one Gallic tribe of this name, that situate on the Mediterranean coast, have changed Mfeldis into Belgis, but the old reading is correct. 90 1. Antea dictum est. Compare book 1, chapter 3. 2. Cupidum novarum rerum " Fond of change," i. e., fond oi NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. 345 Page. tlitical changes, or of revolutions in the state. —Mag'nz ammi. 90 "Of a high spirit." 3. Jam. "Already before this."-Sibi deferri. "Was bestowed apon him." Was vested in him. 4. Recusandi aut deprecandi causa. " For the purpose either ot refusing his appointment, or entreating to have it revoked." 5. Id factum. " This fact."-Ex suis hospitibus. "From his tr:ends." More literally, " from those connected with him by the ties of hospitality." 6. Petere contendit. "Strove to obtain."-Relzgionibus. "By religious scruples." What these were we are not informed. Hotomann thinks, that the allusion is to the performance of some vow, or of funeral rites, while Rhellicanus and Glandorp suppose Dumnorix to have pretended that the omens or auspices were unfavourable. This latter is the more probable opinion. 7. Obstinate. "Peremptorily."-Sevocare singulos. "To call them aside one by one." 8. Non sine causa fieri, &c. " That it was not done without some secret motive, that Gaul was stripped of all her nobility." 9. Itos omnes in Britanniam, &c. Alluding to the hostages which Czesar intended taking with him into Britain, as a means of keeping the Gauls quiet during his absence.-Fidem reliquis intervonere. "He pledged his word to the rest." —Quod esse ex usu, &c. " Whatever they should understand to be for the interest of Gaul." 10. Quod tantum, &c. " Because he had ever paid so much respect to the Aeduan state." 11. Quod longius, &c. "And that, since he saw his mad folly going too far, he ought to take care, lest the other might have it in his power to do any injury to himself and the Roman government.' The construction of the latter part of the clause is, prospiciendum (esse sibi, i. e., Caesari) ne (ille, i. e., Dumnorix) posset nocere quid sibi (Caesari) ac reipublice. 12. Corus ventus. "The northwest wind." Some editions have Caurus ventus, but the form Corus is more common. The wind here meant is the same with the apyeoarn of the Greeks. S:. Nihilo tamen secius, &c. "But still, not the less on that account, to make himself acquainted with all his designs." Supply ut oefore cognosceret, from the previous clause. 14. Omnium impeditis animis. " While the attention of all was engaged," i. e., with the embarcation. 346 NOTES ON'THE FIP'TI BOOK. Page g9 1. Hunc. Referring to Dumnorix.-Pro sano. "As a prudent man," i. e., as might be expected from, or as became, a prudent man. Literally, "as a man in his senses."-Qui neglexisset. "' Since he had slighted." The student will note the force of the relative here with the subjunctive mood. 2. Enim. " However." Enim is here used as an adversative particle, with the force of autem, instances of which are of no unfrequent occurrence in Tacitus, Plautus, and other writers. Compare the words of Gronovius (ad Liv. 34, 32), " Observarunt eruditi ex Plauto, hanc particulam (enim) interdum a fronte oratioms znduere vim adversativeB." 3. Rem frumentariam. The common text has rei frumentarie, but the accusative is far preferable. Consult Sanctius, Min. 3, 3, vol. i., p. 514. 4. Consiliumque pro tempore, &c. " And might take measures according to time and circumstance," i. e., such measures as time and circumstance might require. 5. Pari numero equitum, &c. " A body of cavalry equal to that which he was leaving on the continent." The student will mark the elegance of the construction in the text. It is equivalent to numero equitum pari ei lumero quem relinquebat. The number of horse referred to is two thousand. 6. Leni Africo. "By a gentle southwest wind." The south west wind was called Africus by the Romans, because coming to them in the direction of Africa Propria, the modern district o. Tunis. 7. Longius delatus azstu. " Being carried down a considerable distance by the tide." Longius, literally, " a greater distance than ordinary."-Sub sinistra relictam. " Far away on the left." 8. Secutus. "Having taken advantage of." 9. Virtus. " The patient endurance." Virtus here denotes patient endurance of the fatigue of rowing, or, in other words, bodily labour resolutely endured.-Vectoriis gravibusque navigiis. " Though in transports and heavily laden vessels." 10. Cum annotinis. "With the ships employed the previous year." More literally, "with the ships of the previous year." Annotinus means, " of only one year." Compare the Greek paraphrase: avW rToi rso reo6aOev Erovs. Some, very incorrectly, read annonariis, referring to vessels of burden used in transporting provisions. 11. Sui commrde. Supply causae So in Greek veKca is often underst6odL NOTES ON0 THE FIFTH BOOK. 347 Page. 12. Cohotibus decem. Ten cohorts formed a legion, and the 91 complement of cavalry for each legion was three hundred. Caesar, however, calls the force referred to " ten cohorts," and not " one ogion," most probably because the cohorts in question belonged to ifferent legions. 13. Eo minus vemltus navibus. A somewhat unusual phrase, at occurring also in Cicero, Acad. 4, 45, " Vos mihi veremini." -In littore molli atque aperto. " On a smooth and open shore." ormpare the explanation of Morus: "Molli, nullis scopulis pericuv so; aperto, nullis rupibus aut prominentiis impedito." 1. Crebris arboribus succisis. The trees thus felled were 92 l4aced together in form of an abattis or breastwork.-Praclusi'Blocked up." 2. Propugnabant. " Came forth to fight." 3. Testudine. Consult Archaeological Index.-Aggere ad mus nmtiones adjecto. "A mound having been thrown up against the fortificatiops of the enemy." A mound is properly said to be thrown up, yaci; while a tower is said agz (or excitari. B. G. 5, 40). 4. M'ilites. "The foot." Milites is here opposed to equites, and is to be taken, therefore, in the sense of pedites. So in the 61st chapter of the 7th book, "exercitus equitatusque." 5. Superiore nocte. " On the preceding night."-Afflictas, &c.' Had been dashed against each other, and driven on shore." Some read in littus, but in littore is more graphic, since it implies, that the vessels had not only been driven on shore, but were still lying there. 6. Subsisterent. "Could hold out," i. e., could stand finn against. Compare Livy, 27, 7, " Vix Annibali atque ejus armis subsistentem." 7. Ex co concursu navium. " From this collision of the vessels," i. e., from the ships thus running foul of one another. 8. Coram perspicit. " He sees with his own eyes," i. e., before him, on the spot. Compare the Greek paraphrase, Xupav avroc evravOa icaredev.-Magno negotio. " With great trouble." 9. Fabros. "The artificers." Each legion had its proper complement of artificers. Compare Vegetius, 2, 11, "Habet preterea legio fabros lignarios, instructores, carpentarios, ferrarios," &c., and consult Stewecchius, ad loc. p. 168. Under the term fabri Caesar here includes thefabri lignarii, or carpenterse and the fabri feTrarii, or smiths. 1-1 148 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page. 92 10. Ut quamplurimas," &c. "To build as many vessels as possible with the legions that are with him," i. e., with the legions which he commanded. 93 1. Subduci. "To be drawn on shore." Supply in ariium The full form is given B. G. 4, 29.-Una munitione. "By on, general fortification," i. e., the same rampart and ditch were to encompass the vessels and the tents. 2. Unde. Referring to the place where he was when the news reached him of the disaster of his vessels. 3. Summa imperii, &c. " The supreme command and direction of the war."-Cassivellauno. The derivation which Sir William Beetham gives for this proper name is extremely amusing, and shows the reckless handiwork of a professed etymologist. He deduces it from Cass, a man's name, and bealln i "a little mouth," and makes Cassivellaunus equivalent, therefore, to "Cass with the little mouth!" 4. Superiore tempore. "At a former period."- Continentsa. Put for continua. So continentes silvxe (B. G. 3, 28), and continentes paludes (B. G. 6, 31). 5. Quos natos, &c. " Who they say it has been handed down by tradition were born in the island itself," i. e., of whom they have a tradition that they were sprung from the very soil of the island itself. This is in accordance with the erroneous, but very preva lent, belief among so many of the nations of antiquity, that their first ancestors were produced or born from the earth. The Athe nians in particular were remarkable for this, and hence the name abr6XOoves which they applied to their race. Thus Thucydides remarks (1, 2), Tr71 yosv'ArrtTIKV a0OpUTroL KOVV 0tovv arTOn 0E. Where the scholiast adds, rip yevet tPXsov6Tr, ov yap arav aOdvaTro. The most ancient nations thought themselves indigenous, because, having long dwelt in the same country, they at length forgot their origin. 6. Quibus orti ex civitatibus. "From which being sprung." Civitatibus is here repeated with the relative, according to Caesar's not unfrequent custom. Compare note 7, page 5.-Bello Illao. The war having been waged," i. e., when the war was over. 7. Hominum est infinita multitudo. "The number of inhabi. tants is unbounded," i. e., the population is immense.-Gallicis consimilia. Compare Jornandes 2, 2.: " Virgeas habitant casas communia tecta cum pecore, ssaweque illis scepe sunt domus." 8. Utuntur aut aere, &c. " They employ for money either cop. per )r oblong pieces of iron, ascertained to be of a certain weight.'' NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. 349 Page. Literally, "tried by a ceitain weight." The term taleis, in, this 93 passage, occasions great trouble to the commentators, and they give it, generally speaking, the meaning of " rings," because the Greek paraphrast tenders it by uatcrvXiois. Nothing, however, can be more erroneous than this interpretation. Talea properly denotes a wood. en pin, or small piece of wood shaped like a spike, used in architecture for connecting together the timbers of an edifice. (Vitruv. 1, 5.) It is then applied to agricultural operations, and means a small branch of a tree, sharpened like a spike or stake, and planted in the ground to produce another tree. (Varro, R. R. 1, 40.) Caesar employs the term here in precisely the same sense, as far as regards shape; but as talea properly means something of wood, he appends the adjective ferreus, in order to show that the talea here meant were pieces of iron. 1 he Britons, therefore, according to him, employed for money either copper, or small pieces of iron shaped like spikes. This view of the subject receives a striking confirmation from the custom said to have prevailed among the earlier Greeks. The earlier o6oXbs, according to ancient authorities, denoted originally " a spit," i. e., a piece of iron or copper fashioned like a small spit, and used for money, and six of these made a drachma (JpaXlp), or, " handful," these being as many as the hand can grasp. Consult on this point, Plutarch, Vit. Lys. c. 17. -Julius Pollux, 9, 6, ~ 77, who refers to Aristotle in support of this assertion. Eus tath, ad n. 1, 465. Etymol. Mag. s. v., ctXahKos5. 9. Nascitur ibi plumbum album. " Tin is found there." Literally, "is produced there." By plumbum album is meant the KaoUUiTpos of the Greeks. Compare Plin. H. N. 36, 16. The tin mines of England are situated in Cornwall, which occupies the southwestern extremity of the country.-In mediterraneis regionibus. This statement of Cesar's is incorrect. Tin is not brought from the interior. 10.'Materia. "Wood," i. e., trees.-Fagum. "The beech.' The Oly; of Dioscorides (1, 121), and 3dva of Theophrastus (3, 10) 11. Animi voluptatisqiue causa. "For the sake of amusement id pleasure.-LLca sunt temperatiora, &c. "The climate is more temperate than in Gaul, the cold being less intense." Tne account which Tacitus gives of the climate of Britain (Vit, Agric. 12), agrees very well with what it is at present: " Coelum crebris'mbribus ac nebulis foedum: asperitas frigorum abest." 12. Triquetra. " Triangular." This, taking the general form of the island, is not very far from the truth. Caesar must have obh 350 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page. 93 tained his information, respecting the shape of the island, from the account of others, since Britain was not circumnavigated by the Romans till the time of Agricola. (Tacit. Agric. 10.) In the same way are we to account for Caesar's acquaintance with the manners and customs of the Britons, since he never penetrated into the interior. 13. Ad Cantium. "At Kent."-Ad orientem solem. Supply spectat.-Tenet circiter, &c. "Contains about five hundred miles." Measuring in a straight line from Bolerium Promontoriusa, or Land's End, to Cantium Promontorium, or.North Foreland thie.lstance does not exceed 344 British, or 356 Roman miles. If Caesar included the irregularities of the coast, the measurement would be greatly enlarged. 14. Ad Hispaniam. This statement is very erroneous, as Spain lies to the south, not to the west of Britain. 94 1. Dimidio minor, &c. " Less than Britain, as is supposed, by a half." The superficial extent of Great Britain is computeu at 77,370 square miles, and that of Ireland at 30,370; hence the magnitude of the former is upward of two and a half times that of the latter. 2. Sed pari spatio transmissus, &c. " But the passage across to Britain is the same distance as from Gaul." 3. Mona. The Isle of Man. Consult Geographical Index.Complures prceterea minores, &c. " Besides several other smaller islands are thought to lie facing in the channel." Some read subjectee for objecte, but the Greek paraphrase has arVTlKEOGac. The Orkney and Shetland Islands are meant, but that they are properly speaking objecte is, of course, untrue. 4. Dies continuos triginta, &c. " That there is night for thirty successive days at the winter-solstice," i. e., 22d December. This report was without any foundation in truth. 5. Nisi certis ex aqua, &c. "But we perceived, by accurate water measures, that the nights were shorter than on the continent," i. e., but measuring the time by water-glasses, &c. The allusion here is to the clepsydra, or, as we would call it, water-clock. The clepsydra, as its name imports, was a Grecian invention, and was first adopted at Rome in the third consulship of Pompey. (Auctor dial. de caus. cor. eloq. 38.) In the most common kind of waterclocks, the water issued drop by drop through.a hole in one vessel, and fell into another, in which a light body that floated marked the height of the fluid as it ros'e, by pointing to a scale of hours on the NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. 351 Page side of the vessel, and thus indicated the time. All the clepsy. 94 dray, however, had this defect in common, that the water at first flowed out rapidly, and afterward more slowly, so that they required much care and regulation. Consult Beckman, History of Inventons, vol. i., p. 136. 6. Septingentorum millium. " Seven hundred miles." A cal culation which exceeds the truth 90 Roman miles. The length of the western coast is 590 British, nearly equal to 610 Roman, miles. 7. C'ntya Septentriones. "Opposite the north." This is not correct; the east is much r.earer the truth.-Octingenta. This greatly exceeds the real measurement. The exact length is about.550 British; or 570 Roman, miles. 8. Humanissimz. "The most civilized."-A Gallica consuetudine. " From the customs of Gaul." Compare B. G. 6, 21, Germans multum ab hac consuetudine differunt." 9. Se vitro inficiunt. " Stain themselves with woad," i. e., of a blue colour. The Greek name for this plant is isatis; its other appellation in Latin, besides vitrum, is glastum. This last is supposed to be derived from the old British word glas, which means not only "green," but also "blue." The Romans, it is thought, confounded the glas of the Britons with the old German word glas, applied first to " amber," and afterward to "glass," and hence gave the name of vitrum to'the plant in question. 10. Atque hoc, &c. "And hence they are of a more frightful appearance in battle." The Greek paraphrast very neatly expresses this by, efre Ei rTats tdXals Kara7rXtlKrTcK(raTrot 7r Eada 6d EL. 11. Capilloque sunt promisso, &c. "They have, moreover, long hair, and every part of the body shaved except," &c.-Uxores habent, &c. The order is, deni duodenique (Britanni) habent uxores communes inter se. Render deni duodenique, "parties of ten or twelve." 12. Quo primum, &c. " By whom each female when a virgim was first married." With deducta est supply domum, and compare the phrase ducere domum, -" to marry." 13. Tamen ut. "In such a way, however, that," i. e., with so little su ccess that. Before tamen suppy ita, and consult Palairet, Ellips. Lat. p. 157. 14. Cupidius insecuti. "Our men having pursued them too eagerly."-Illh. Referring to the Britons.- Intermisso spatio. "Some interval having elapsed."-Imprudentibus nostris. I Our men not expecting them." 3512 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page. 95 1. Suomissis. "Being sent to their aid." Put for CGsar's mare usual form of expression, subsidio missis. Oudendorp is in favour of immissis. 2. Atque his primis, &c. "And these the first of two legions." The first cohort of a legion not only exceeded the rest in number, but contained the bravest men. Thus Vegetius remarks (2, 6), " Prima cohors reliquas et numero militum et dignitate prcecedit.' Lipsius, however, insists, that what Vegetius here says about superiority of numbers merely applies to later warfare, and that the first cohort only surpassed the rest in its containing braver men. (Mil. Roen. 1, dial. 4, p. 67, seq.) 3. Cum hce, &c. "When these had taken their ground at a very small distance from each other." The common text incorrectly punctuates after spatw, connecting inter se with constitissent. The Greek paraphrast gives the true meaning, iAtyyv air aXX4)\o, dlrsXsovcav. 4. Perruperunt. Supply hostes.-Immissis. "Being sent out against them." Compare the Greek, \rXei6vSv reX70ovauv UrepIwv. 5. Cum dimicaretur. " As the battle was fought."-Intellectumn est. Supply a nobis. "We perceived." 6. Cedentes. "Those who gave ground." 7. Dimicare. Before this word pralio occurs in some editions But, as it does not appear in many MSS., and is not at all needed, we have thrown it out.-Illi. Referring to the Britons. 8. Etpedibus, &c. "And fought with great advantage on foot." Literally, "fought on foot in unequal combat."-Equestris autem proelii ratio, &c. " The manner of fighting, however, on the part of the British horse, brought with it equal and the same danger to our cavalry, whether the former retreated or pursued." Compare the explanation of Lemaire: " Ratio qua equites Britanni pugnabant idem periculun Romwanis inferebat, seu ii (Barbari scil.) cederent seu insequerentur." 9. Conferti. "In close array."-Rarn. "Scattered here and there." The reference is to the cavalry of the Britons.-Atqus alii alios, &c. " And kept relieving one another in succession, while the vigorous and fresh took the places of those that were wearied." 10. Lenius. " WVith less spirit " 11. Sic, uti ab sig'nis, &c. " With so much fury, as to be close ou with th3 standards and legions." Non absisterent, literally, "not to stand,t a distance from," is here equivalent to prope starein NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. 353 Page. 12. Q'Gaa. "Until." —Subsidio confisi. "Confident of being 9,Q supported." 13. Summzs copiis. " With any very numerous force." Literaily," with numerous forces." Some render summis copiis, "with all their forces," but the Greek paraphrast favours the other interpretation, oVtKit 7roXX, uvdpve rols'Pw()paolst avvrilpav. 1. Animum oadvertit. For.animadvertit, which appears in the e 6 common text, Gravius observes (ad Cic. Off. 2, 19) that the copyists have in many places altered this elegant form of expression, substituting for it the latter. 2. Ripa autenz erat, &c. " The bank, moreover, was defended by sharp stakes fastened in front of it, while other stakes of the same kind, fixed down beneath the -water, were covered by the river." Lipsius (Poliorcet. 5, dial. 3) thinks we ought to read here plumbo instead of flumine, because Bede, who lived in the eighth century, speaks in his history (1, 11) of certain stakes, still seen in his time in this quarter, which had lead attached to them in order to keep them in their places. Caesar, however, says they were sharpened at the end, which would supersede, of course, the necessity of any lead being employed; and besides, Bede may easily have been led into error with regard to the particular spot. Stakes kept in their places by means of lead indicate, moreover, a Higher degree of civilization than that to which the Britons had thus far attained. 3. Cum capite solo, &c. "Though they were above the water with the head only," i. e., though their heads only were above the water. Literally, "though. they were out of the water with-the head alone." 4. Ut supra demonstrammus. Compare chapter 17.-Servabat. Kept watching." Servabat is here put for observabat. Compare the Greek paraphrase, iraper4pel. Servare for observare is of frequent occurrence. Compare Sil. Ital. 6, 384. Terence, Andr. 1, 3, 7. Lucan, 1, 601, &c. 5. Ex via. " From the beaten track." i. e., public road or high. way. —mpeditis. "Intricate." 6. Magno cumpericulo, &c. " With great danger to our horse.' — Hoe metu. " By the fear of this." 7. Relinquebatur. "It remained."-Discedi. Supply ab equi. Aibus. " The cavalry to depart."-Et hostibus noceretur. " And the enemy were injured."-Quantum labore, &c. " As far as the legionary soldiers could effect this amid fatigue and marching," i. e., aamid the fatigue of a long march. 354 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page 96g 8. Contznentem Galliam So Livy, 31, 45, " Continens AtHeca," and Nepos, Themist. 3, " Continens terra." 9. Atque in civitatem mittat, &c. "And to send him into the state, to preside over it and hold the government." Compare the Greek paraphrase: Kca avrov rfl; sr6As erael a5Itv a'povra rinretv. The reference is to Mandubratius. 97 1. Obsides ad numerum, &c. " Hostages, to the number required, and an abundant supply of corn." The student will mark the force of the plural in frumenta. 2Ab omni militum, &c. " And secured from all violence on tha part of the soldiery." —Cenimagni. Most probably the Cenomani, who had come over from Gaul and settled in Britain. The Greek paraphrase has KEVlpavoi. 3. Oppidum Cassivellauni. Bede (Hist. Ang. 1, 2) calls this ~own Cassibellaum. 4. Oppidum autem, &c. "Now the Britons call it a town, when," &c. The native term was Caer. Compare Caesar's description of a British town with that given by Strabo, 4. p. 200a 7rdAels Bfpraviv elariv ol pvsoi, K. r. A. 5. Locum. "The place in question." One MS. has lucum, which Oudendorp pronounces no inelegant reading. 6. Ad mare. " On the seacoast." Compare the Greek paraphrase, 7rapaOaXaaoia.-Supra. Chapter 13. 7. Castra navalia. " The naval camp." This has already been mentioned in the 11th chapter.-Oppugnent. Storm." Used here for expugnent, as adoriantur precedes. 8. In continenti. " On the continent," i. e., in Gaul.-QuiP vectigalis. " How much tribute." literally, "' what of tribute."' 98 1. Refectas. " Repaired."-His de luctis. "These being launch. ed." Supply ad mare. Literally,'"being drawn down to the sea." 2. Duobus commeatibus. "By two embarcations." 3. Navigationibus. "Voyages."-Desideraretur. "Was missing," i. e., was lost. The Greek paraphrast has KararcvrrtORlvat, " was sunk." 4. Prioris commeatus. " Of the previous convoy."-Locum aperent "Made good the harbour," i. e., reached the island. More literally, " reached the (destined) place." 5. Angustius milites collocavit. " Stowed his troops in a narrower compass than usual." 6. Subductis navibus. The ships being drawn on shoren S pply in aridrm. NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOO'K. 355 Page 7. Frumentum angustius provenerat. " Grain had been pro- 98 duced in less quantities than usual," i. e., the crop had partially failed, or there was a scarcity of grain. 8. In plures civitates. "Among a greater number of states," i. e., than had before been customary.-Essuos. Some editors suggest Aeduos as a reading, because no mention is elsewhere made o0 the Essui But Caesar is here speaking of nations near the lower Rhine, whereas the Aedui were at a considerable distance from that river. 9. Belgio. By Belgium is here meant a part of Gallia Belgica, not the whole. It comprehended the territory of the Bellovaci, Atrebates, and Ambiani. Consult Cellarius, Geog. Antiq. vol. ii., p. 307. 10. Mederz. "Remedy." 1. Millibus passuum centum. There is an error in this, for from 99 the confines of the Eburones to the winter quarters of Crassus the distance was nearly 180 miles. The Greek paraphrast, on the other hand, errs by excess, for he has Iv dyoiaKovra arradlv puptdat reptm'iero 2. Tertium jam hunc, &c. The true reading of this passage is very much disputed. The one which we have given rests in part on the editions of Basle, Aldus (1550), Glareanus, &c., and partly on the Greek paraphrase: r7 Ub re flatetiaS abroV Trpir E' TrI, oi vovavEIS avroV, roX\\W T 7r r6Xew iX6vyrwv 7o roVT roU Tpa'yflaros alrlTv yyeyvrpltvov, F t'jlavoV5g arEiKrTSava. tHunc refers to Tasgetius, not to annum. 3. Quod ad plures pertinebat. " Because several persons were concerned." Literally, "because it pertained to more persons than one." 4. In hiberna perventurm, &c. "That they had reached air respective quarters, and that a place for wintering in had bee ortified by each." 5. Ad fines regni sui, &c. "Had met Sabinus and Col on the borders of their kingdom." 6. De re communi. "Relatve to their common interes." Minms posse "Could be adjusted" 7. Mirssu Cesaris. Equivalent to mittente Casare. " ieing despatched for this purpose by Cesar." 1. Plurimum ei, &c. "Acknowledged he was under very great I { nj obligations to him."-Stipcndio liberalus esset. " He had teen liberated from tribute," i. e., freed from the payment of e;. 2. De oppuon.atione cr.strotrn.. " As regardedl tt. attack o-. 1or Calll) 356 NOTES ON THE FIFTH 1BOOK Page. O00 3. Suaque esse imperia, &c. "And that his authority -yas of such a nature, that the people at large had no less power over him than he had over them." 4. Ex humilitate sua. "From his own weakness." Compare the Greek paraphrase, TO70TV Se r{'ipav riIv iv raTrretdrra usyapal 5. Sed esse Gallie commune consilium. "But that it was the common design of Gaul," i. e., that it was a common and preconcerted plan on the part of the whole nation. 6. Non facile Gallos, &c, "That it was no easy matter for Gauls to give a refusal to Gauls," i. e., a refusal to join with them. 7. Quibus quoniam, &c. " That since he had satisfied them, as far as duty to his country was concerned, so now he had respect to the claims of duty, as regarded the favours bestowed upon him by Coesar," i. e., as he had discharged his duty to his country, he would now discharge that which he owed to Caesar in return for his numerous kindnesses.-Pietate. The term pietas among the Roman writers has a very extensive meaning, denoting the duty which we owe to our parents, relations, friends, country, and the Deity. The reference in the present passage is to country merely. 8. Pro hospitio. "In consideration of the ties of hospitality." -Conductam Rhenum transisse. "Having been hired for the purpose, had crossed the Rhine."-Hanc. "That this band." 9. Ipsorum esse consilium. "That it was for themselves to consider." Ipsorum refers to Titurius and Cotta. Compare the explanation of Lemaire: " Deliberent ergo inter se (scil. Sabinus et Cotta), seu videant Romani, au velint," &c. 10. Quod cum faciat, &c. "That in doing this, he was both consulting for the good of his own state, in its being freed from the burden of winter quarters, and was making a proper return to Cassar for his acts of kindness towards him." 01 1. Ad consilium rem deferunt. " They lay the matter befoie a council of war."-Existit. "Arises." 2. Rem esse testimonio. " That the fact spoke for itself."Multis ultro, &c. " Many wounds having been inflicted upon the latter, without any being received in return." Compare the explanation of Lemaire: " nam Romani intulerant hostibus vulnera; ipsi vero non acceperant." 3. Re frumentaria non premi. "That they were not distressed for corn.' Conpare t:e Greek paraphrase, fi'n verlv Wvfs&q obe el'tai NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOO. 357 Page 4. Levius aut turpius1. "Weaker or more cowardly."-Aue- 101 tore hoste, &c. "To deliberate concerning matters of the utmost importance when an enemy was the author of the step." Compare the Greek, Kara riv TV lroXepcL.V yvDnpv reps rTWv iravrOUv flovAe-v saea. The reference is to the information derived from the enemy,.on which their deliberations would be based. 5. Sero. "Too late."-Clamitabat. "Kept crying out loudly and repeatedly." The frequentative is here very emphatic. 6. Aliquid calamitatis. "Some disaster."-Brevem consulendi, &c. "That the time for deliberation was short." -Arbitrari " That he supposed." Supply se. 7. Non hostem auctorem, &c. "That he did not look to the enemy as an authority for the step which he recommended, but to the fact itself."-Subesse. "Was near." Compare the GreekiAiXalov tEv yap 6'Pivos. 8.. Ardere Galliam, &c. " That Gaul burned with resentment, at having been reduced, after so many insults had been received by it. under the sway of the Roman people." 9. Sine certa re.- "Without accurate information," i. e., unless on sure grounds. 10. Si nil sit durius. "If no greater difficulty came in their way," i. e., if no attack were made by the Gauls. 11. Unam salutem. "Their only safety." Compare Virgil,.-'n. 2, 354, " Una salus victis." 12. Prasens. " Immediate."-Longmqua obsidione. " Resulting from a protracted siege." Longinquus is here put for diuturnus. Compare Broukhus. ad Propert. 1, 6, 27. 1. Primisque ordinibus. "Andtheprincipalcenturions," i.e., 1 02 the centurions of the first ranks. Consult Archeological Index, and compare note 11, page 46. 2. Vincite. "Prevail," i. e., carry your point.-Neque is sum qui, &c. "For I am not the man among you to be very greatly alarmed at the danger of death." 3. Hi sapient, &c. " These will discover which of us is right, and, in case any disaster occur, will demand satisfaction, Cotta, from you," i. e., will call you to account for it. Hi refers to the Roman soldiers standing without, but near enough to hear wh.t, was said Compare the Greek paraphrase: osroti E psvoovrcwv arparLtTra,. V..-.. 4. Qui. "Since they."-Perendino die. "On the third day nence." Perendie, from which the adjective perendinus comes, is 358 NOTES ON THE FIFTH BOOK. Page. 1 02 derived, according to the grammarians, from peremptus and dies, and is the same as perempta die, the intervening day being meand by die. 5. Rejecti et relegati, &c. "As if forced away and banished by you to a distance from their countrymen." By cateris are meant the Romans in the other winter quarters, while by rejecti and relegati is figuratively expressed the forced separation, by the command of their officers, of the troops of Cotta from those in the neighbouring provinces. Compare the Greek: dXV' ob r:vXXas, rdX6as, rapovtvas, Marpbva, &c. The diphthong ot, in the Greek form rapooyva; is employed to express the peculiar sound of the Roman u, before the letters mn. Compare Schneider, Lat. Gr. -ol. i., p. 37, and Hermann, de Emendanda ratione, G. G. p. 6, seq. 4.'Hpep6rtros rns &aywy7s;. The Latin order is again changed. For rTis we ought very probably to read Kal. 5.'EX6rtoct. The ancient pronunciation of the 0 approximated to a v, with a hissing through the teeth. Thus we have Eipleos for Servius, BdjAwv for Varro, &c. Consult Matthice, G. G. vol. i., p. 25, ~ 7, and Liskovius, Aussprache des Griech. p. 55. 189 1. XtiXa IvveaxK6a K. r. X. These amounts will agree with those in the Latin text, if we reckon about 124 Roman paces to the stadium. NOTES ON THE GREEK P.&RAPHRASE. 437 Page. 2. HIpbivne. In the MS. rpoVitafe, which-we have altered l 89 with Jungermann.-ol riev ap K. r. X. Casar's speeches are in the third person, the paraphrast's in the first, which gives a more rhetorical air to what is spoken. 1. ldraas F'v r'dS r6)efs K. r. X. We have nothing in the para- ] 9() phrase corresponding to the Vicos ad quadringentos of the Latin text. So a little farther on, for molita cibaria we find merely daJora. 2. TovMyyouv. The Latobrigi are omitted here. They are mentioned, however, in the 28th chapter, but are there called AGaK6plyas. 3. To?'Privov norapov. A slip, on the part of the paraphrast, fox roV'PoSavoV rorapoV. 1. EiKoarT dy7dV. This modern phraseology shows the antiquity 19 1 of the paraphrase not to be very great.- ra6rvtov. We ought to read FaGlviov. The form ragvtov arose probably from a vicious pronunciation of the n. 2.'Pvov. A slip for'Poavov. Compare note 3, page 190. 3.'EKarTv Ka't irvrfiKovra, K.'T.. This number agrees pretty nearly with the Latin text, reckoning about 124 paces to the sta dium. 1. avvararaTol K, r. X. The Latin term bellicosos is here ren- 192 dered by two adjectives. 2.'ESoviwv. The name is written uniformly with the aspirate throughout the paraphrase. The Latin MS., very probably, from which the paraphrast translated, had Hedui, which occurs also in several editions. 1. rioxxs au yias. No mention of lintres is made nere, proba- I 93 bly from the difficulty of finding an exactly analogous expression in Greek. Mov6vuad rola might, however, have answered, which occurs in Polybius, 3, 42, 2. Compare Livy, 21, 6, who, in speaking of the Gallic boats, observes, "cavabant ex singulis arboribus." In the 53d chapter, however, the paraphrast renders lintres by r)oia.pia, which is far from accurate. 2. Buvra. The paraphrast employs.v\A,' a tribe," where the Latin means pars copiarum. I.'OKrT rraJiwv. Eight stadia would only make about one I 9,i 4holusand paces or a little under. We ought therefore, in all probability, to read here, OKTr Kai rerTapaKovra cruraetv. 2. ZSvyKaAraar avrYv K. 7. X. We have nothing in the paraphrase tr the following: " et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibut netiri oporteret." 438 NOTES ON THE GREEK PARAPHRASE. Page, 196 1.'ElrtO,,loVatv. The paraphrase omits an entire sentence here, from neque dubitare debeant down to erepturi inclusive. 2.'H/ov r&3v'Pwpahtov. We must read here bvav for tpov, in con. sequence of the change to the oratio directa, which occurs in this and the other speeches given in the paraphrase. 97 1. Kai UaKro; K.. X. It would be more correct to say cI a UKaarOS. 1 98 1.'YrosapaTry,. The paraphrast takes no notice of pro pretcre in the Latin text. 2. Ateo Kai UKa Trariwv. If the paraphrast read mille et quingents passibus, he ought to have said reaaapwv Kai dKea arciiov. 3. Ei6rcov. This ought to be ouK eidrcov, for Caesar has "neque, &c., cognitus esset." 199 1.'ass l6v,. More accurately, Us ld6vra. 2.'Ev rj'Irahiq. Caesar says "in Gallia citeriore." T'he paraphrast, however, means Northern Italy, whioh amounts to the same thing. 200 1.'Efava~Xaavrrts Trv Topp)Qoeev adXKcv. A strange paraphrase of " ea disjecta." There is probably some error in the Greek. 2. Terrdpwv arai.wv. This number does not suit the Latin. Read Kr3) araaoiv. 3. IlevraKixiXtot. Read 7rCvraKLXt)Xtol Kai ypStot, to agree with the quindecim millia of the Latin text. 4.'E hoOtevov. Coesar has, however, ab hora septima. The seventh hour corresponds to the first hour after noon, according to our computation. 5. taaceinov7cs. Better, perhaps, &dXr6vrrT;. No mention is made, in the paraphrase, of the letters sent to the Lingones, neither is the triduo intermisso of the Latin text noticed. 2^01 1. A;rTOpoXiGavras. Cavar merely calls them servos. 2.;vvraqoijovTo. Under this verb the paraphrast means to inelude both conquiruntur and conferuntur. So, in the beginning of the next,chapter, a1raykuv has the combined force of conquirere and reducere. 3. B'p6ylvr;s. Read Be6tVyfiYs. Another instance of the corrupt pronunciation of q. 4.'Ev ravr7r rp vvTicr. The Latin text has prima nocte. 202 1. ZvvaOpoLtoiOesE. Directly opposite to the meaning of the Latin text, eo concilio dinisso. 204 I. AEaeOat. We have nothing in ti. paraphrase for the following, " Absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatenl, velut si coram adesset, horrerent." NOTES ON THE GREEK PARAPHRASE. 439 Page 2.:eKovataviv. The Latin text has Sequanos. The para- 204 phrast probably read Segusianos. 3. Tiva etanu6uevov. The Latin text, however, has legatos, not legatum. There is nothing, moreover, in the context for de Republica; nor for neque sine exercitu. We ought, perhaps, to insert o/re Xwi;s arparias. —For aaXoAclda read axo'olar. 1.'EKeCiv Read KEIV.) TE Kal ro4E'P(,iatos. 201) 2. AbTrZV. Read'EVoviwv. 1. XvpGaXv pr) obX trr70o. Read voupG6av pro, obtK rri0o). 206 2. Ilivtre rai'wv. Five stadia are here given for the sake of a round number, since they amount, in fact, to about 625 feet. 3 ToO; rdaXovs. Nothing in the Greek for mercatores. 1.'EXtyov. Confirming the lection of the earlier text, and dis- 207 proving the emendation of Scaliger. 1. AzeiKOL. No mention made of the Lingones, nor is there any- 208 thing in the paraphrase for "jamque esse in agris frumenta matura. 2. AopvoptPLKv Tdypa. This, and Sopuv6pov OdXayyos in the 42d chapter, are interpretations rather than close renderings. 1. OvSirore o6eOeiviai r7. Nothing in the Greek for " se neque 209 unquam dubitasse." 2.'Api rta XitXa K. 7. A. This number is altogether too large. We ought to read rpiaK6tca Kac TptdKovra UardSa. 1. ZrdaSa 7rEvTJKovra. This does not agree with Casar's "pas- 210 sibus ducentis." 2. Auo trnres. The Latin text has "denos." Perhaps the paraphrast read binos. 3. iiXov. Nothing in the paraphrase for " quod munera amplissima missa." 1. lpayaidrwv. Nothing in the paraphrase for " neque perfectae 212 essent." 2. IHpbs rotro. The paraphrast has omitted from " et eo magis" down to " conjicerent." 3.'Av3pa pwpaXei&raTov. Not a correct paraphrase for " summa virtute et humanitate adolescentem," but referring to the body wr.at Caesar means to apply to the disposition and character. 1. Atte66aev. Nothing in the paraphrase for "et millibus pas- 213 suum duobus ultra eum castrafecit." 2. T6rov. No Greek for "circiter passus sexcentos." A little tower down, rerrapas aralovs is given for passus sexcentos, where some read qutngentos, which would be too small for the Greek. 1I TTrrapdlovra aradra. Rerd rerrapat6oaa ordi&e 21 a HISTORICAL INDEX. HISTORICAL INDEX. A. Acco, a7bs, a chieftain of the Senones, at the head of the corsede. racy, fonned against the Romans, by his-own nation together with the Carnutes and Treviri. He was condemned in a general assembly of Gaul, which Caesar had caused to convene for that purpose, and was punished with death. B. 6, c. 4, and 44. ADCANTUANNUS, a chieftain of the Sotiates. He endeavoured, together with six hundred devoted partisans, to escape from the town o' the Sotiates, when attacked by Crassus, one of Caesar's lieutenants His attempt, however, proved unsuccessful, and he was driven back into the place and forced to surrender. B. 3, c. 22. AEMILIUS, L., a Roman officer, a decurio of the Gallic horse. B. 1, e. 23. AMBInOIX, agis, king of one half of the Eburones, as Cativolcus was of the other. He received many favours from Caesar, but proved unfaithful to him, and entrapped and defeated two of his officers, Titurius and Cotta. Caesar marched against him and ravaged his country, but Ambiorix, after many very narrow escapes, finally eluded his pursuit.. B. 5, c. 24, 27, 34.-B. 6, c. 2, 5, 29. ANTEBROGIUS, a distinguished individual among the Remi, sent along with Iccius, as ambassador to Cxsar, in the second year of the Gallic war. B. 2, c. 3. ANTISTYUS RHEGINUS, C., a lieutenant of Caesar's in Cisalpino Gaul, appointed by that commander, along with Silanus and Sextiun, to levy troops, in the sixth year of the Gallic war. B. 6,. I. ANTONIUS, M., the famous triumvir. HIe was one of Ctesar'!, lieutenants is Gaul. B. 7, c. 81. AnIOVISTUS, a German monarch, who, having been invited iito Gaul by the Arverni and Sequani, made himself master, eventually, of a large portion of that country, which he governed with great cruelty and oppression. He was totally defeated by Caesar, and escaped with only a few ur his followers into Germany. B. 1, c. 31, seq. ARISTYUS, M., a military tribune under Csesar, during the Galic war. The Aedui, on their first revolt, plundered him of his baggage, but steps were soon after taken to restore to him the value of his property. B.'7 c. 42, 43. ARPINEIUS, C., a tRoman knight, sent by Titufius and Cotta, along with Q. Junius, to hold a parley with Arnbi6rix, after the latter had made an attack on the Roman winter quarters. B. 5, c. 27. ATRIUS, Q., an officer to whom Caesar gave the charge of his fleet Q 444 HISTORICAL INDEX. when riding at anchor on the coast of Britain, while he himself marched into the interior of the island. B. 5, c. 9, 10. AURUNCULEYUS. Vid. Cotta. B. BACULUS, Sextius P., a centurion of the first rank in Ciesar's army, who on various occasions distinguished himself by his valour. B. 2, c. 25.-B. 3, c. 5.-B. 6, c. 38. BALVENTYUS, T.. a centurion of the first rank, slain in the affair of Titurius and Cotta. B. 5, c. 35. BODUOGNATUS, the leader of the Nervii, in the attack made by the latter on the army of Caesar. B. 2, c. 23. BRUTUS, Declmus, a young Roman officer, styled, on some occasions, by Cesar, merely Brutus adolescens. He was intrusted with the command of the Roman fleet in the war with the Veneti, whom he defeated. On a subsequent occasion we find him placed over the troops'sent into the country of the Arverni. In the affair of Alesia he was despatched with six cohorts, from one part of the Roman lines, to lend aid to his countrymen in another part, when hard pressed by Vergasillaunus. B. 3 c. 2.-B. 3, c. 14, 15.-B. 7, c. 9, 87. C. CAsBRUs, Valerius C., a Gallic chieftain, holding the supreme command among the Helvii. B. 7, c. 65. CAESAR, Julius C. Vid. sketch of his life at the commencement of this volume. CHESAR, L., a lieutenant of Casar's, placed by him with twenty-two cohorts in charge of the Roman province. B. 7, c. 65. CAMULOGENUS, a Gallic chieftain, of the Aulercan nation, who, though far advanced in years, was requested by the Parisii, on account of his great military talents, to take the command of their forces against Labienus. He was slain in the battle that ensued, after a brave but ineffectual resistance. B. 7, c. 57, 62. CARVILIUS, one of the four kings of Cantium in Britain, ordered by Cassivellaunus to make an attack, together with the other three molnarchs, on the naval camp of Caesar. The attempt failed, and the Britains were repulsed with great slaughter. CASSIVELLAUNUS, a British king, who ruled over the country lying towards the mouth of the Tamnsis, on the northern bank of that river. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces against Caesar, but was eventually overcome and forced to submit. B. 5, c. 11, 18, 20, 21 22. CAssius, L., a Roman consul defeated and slain uy the Helvetii. His army was compelled to pass under the yoke. B. 1, c. 7, 12. CASTICUs, a chieftain of the Sequani, on whom Orgetorix prevailed to seize the supreme power in his native state, which his father Cataman. talls (-alidis).had enjoyed before him. B. 1, c. 3. CATIVOLCUS, king of one half of the Eburones, as Ambi6rix was of the other. He was the associate of the latter chieftain in the defeat of the Roman force under Titurius and Cotta; but, afterward, when Caesar had completely routed the forces of his nation, he, being unable through ago HISTORICAL INDEX. 445 to bear the fatigues of war, poisoned himself with the juice of the yewtree. B. 5, c. 24.-B. 6, c. 31. CAVAItILLUS, a chieftain of high rank among the Aedui, and commander of the infantry after the revolt of Litavicus. He was taken prisoner in the battle in which Vercingetorix was defeated, a short time before the latter betook himself to Alesia. B. 7, c. 67. CAVARiNUS, appointed by Casar King of the Sen6nes, in opposition to the claims of Moritasgus, the reigning monarch. A plan was formed, among the Senones, for his assassination; but Cavarinus, apprized of the plot, saved his life by flying to the camp of Csesar. B. 5, c. 54,-B. 6, v. 5. CICERO, Q., brother of M. Tullius Cicero, was one of Casar's lieutenants in Gaul, and displayed much courage and ability on many trying occasions, especially in defending his winter quarters among the Nervii. B. 5, c. 39, 40, 43, 48.-B. 6, c. 36. During the civil war he abandoned the side of Caesar, and espoused the party of Pompey; but, after the battle of Pharsalia, he went over again to the former and obtained a pardon. He was proscribed, at a subsequent period, by the triumvirate and put to death together with his son. Cic. Ep. ad Att. 5, 3.-Id. ibid 11, 8.-Id. ibid. 11, 9.-Dio. Cassius, 47, 10. —Appian, B. C. 4, 20. CIMBERIUS, brother of Nasuia, who, together with the latter, command ed a large force of the Suevi that were encamped on the Rhine and endeavouring to cross and effect a junction with Ariovistus. The over th-row of the German monarch by Caesar induced them to retire. B. 1, c. 37. CINGETrRIX, a chieftain of the Treviri, who contended with Indutlomarus for the sovereignty. He favoured the cause of the Romans, was proscribed by Indutiomarus, but restored by Caesar and made prince of his native state. B. 5, c. 3, 4, 56, 57.-B. 6, c. 8. CLODIUs, P., a Roman of noble birth, but infamous for the corruption of his morals. He caused himself to be adopted into a plebeian family, for the purpose of being elected tribune of the commons, and, while holding this office, had a number of laws passed, favourable to the people, but contrary to the principles of the Roman constitution. He cherished also a bitter hatred against Cicero, and procured his banishment from Italy, on the ground that he had violated the law in the punishment inflicted ~tpon the accomplices of Catiline. Clodius was eventually assassinated by the retinue of Milo, in an accidental encounter which took place between him and the latter individual, as Milo was journeying towards Lanuv-:m and Clodius was on his way to Rome. Cic. Or. post red. in Sen.-Id. p'o Dom.-Id. de Harusp.-Id. pro Mlilone. —Id. Ep. ad Ait. 1, 12.-Id. ibid. 1, 18. CoMMIus, a chieftain of the Atrebates, whom Cesar, in return for some important services, made king over that people. He was sent by the Roman general into Britain, to induce the states in that island to acKnowledge the Roman power and form an alliance with Caesar. After neing employed by the latter on several other occasions, he finally joined the side of the confederate Gauls, and fought against the Romans. His efforts and those of his countrymen proved unsuccessful; but he was afterward chosen by the Bellovaci to be one of their leaders, and renewed the contest. On a subsequent occasion, he was, at the instigation ol Labienus, enticed into a conference by C. Volusenus Quadratus, and narrowlv escapeld with hi, lifet, beinu severely wounded oim the head 446 HISTORICAL INDEX. Commius was at last defeated, and obliged to submit to Antonius. B. 4, c. 21, 27, 35.-B. 6, c. 6.-B. 7, c. 76.-B. 8, c. 6, 23, 48. CONETODUNUS, a leader of the Carnutes, and a man of the most resolute and daring spirit, who, together with Cotuatus, seized upon Genabum, and put to death all the Roman traders whom they found there. B. 7, c. 3. CoNsIDius, P., an officer in Caesar's army, of great experience in military affairs, and who had served under Sylla and Grassus. He was sent out by Caesar in the war with the Helvetii, to watch and report the movements of the enemy, but he allowed his fears to get the better of his judgment, and thus prevented Caesar from executing a movement that must nave been crowned with complete success. B. 1, c. 21, 22. CONVICTOLITANIS, a young Aeduan nobleman, the competitor of Cotus for the sovereign power. Caesar, to whom the affair was left by the state, decided in favour of Convictolitanis. The latter, however, not long after, being gained over by Vercingetorix, induced his countrymen to revolt from the Romans. He was appointed commander of the Aeduan cavalry, but was taken prisoner in battle. B. 7, c. 32, 33, 55, 67. COTTA, Aurunculeius L., one of Coesar's lieutenants in Gaul. When Ambiorix was seeking to entice him and his colleague Sabinus from win ter quarters, Cotta was opposed to leaving the encampment, but finally yielded to the wislies of the other. This compliance cost him his life. The Roman army was drawn into an ambuscade, Cotta and Sabinus were both slain, and hut few of the private soldiers escaped. B. 2, c. 11.-B. 4, c. 22, 38.-B. 5, c. 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37. COTUATUS. Vid. Conetodunus. CoTus. - Vid. Convictolitanis. CRASSUS, P., one of Cesar's lieutenants in Gaul. He reduced the Veneti and other maritime states under the Roman sway; and was victorious also over the Aquitani and Sotiates. B. 2, c. 34.B. 3, c. 20, seqq. CRITOGN.TUS, a chieftain of the Arverni, remarkable for the horrid speech made by him in council at Alesia, that the garrison should subsist on the bodies of the weak and those that were useless for the war. B. 7, c. 77. D. DIvico, an influential noble among the Helvetii, who had been at the head of their forces in the war with Crassus. He was the leader of the embassy sent to Caesar by the Helvetii, after the defeat of part of their forces by that commander. B. 1, c. 13, 14. DIVITIACUS, an Aeduan noble, of high rank among his countrymen, and possessing great influence with Cesar, from his strong attachment to the Roman interests. B. 1, c. 3, 16; 18, 20, 31, 41. —B 2, c. 5.B. 6, c. 12. DRUiDES, the ministers of religion among the Gauls and Britons. Britain, according to Casar, was the great school of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called Mora by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The natives of Gaul, who wished to be thoroughly versed in the mysteries of Druidism, resorted to this island in order to complete their studies. Many opinions have been formed respecting the origin ot their name. The common derivation is from oeis, " an oak." either from HISTORICAL INDEX. 447 their inhabiting, and teaching in, forests, or, as Pliny states, L ecause they never sacrificed but under an oak. But it is hard to imagine how the Druids should come to speak Greek. Some deduce the name from the old British word dru, or drew, " an oak." This latter derivation receives considerable support from a passage in Diodorus Siculus (5, 31), who, speaking of the philosophers and priests of Gaul, the same with the Druids, says that they were called:apwvifat, a term which some of the commentators trace to the old Greek form adpwvls (otos), "a hollow oak." Wesseling, however, it must be confessed, condemns this reading, and is in favour of receiving into the text the form ApovtZai, where others again read zapovi'Za. Among the many oriental derivations which have been given, the best is that from the Sanscrit term Druwidh, signifying " poor," "indigent." In historical conformity with this deriyation, it has been urged, that, among the Hindoos, we may observe in'the Sanniassi the professional mendicant, while among the Druids poverty was rather a merit than a disgrace. The arguments in favour of the oriental origin of the Druids are deserving of great attention, though too numerous to mention here. The Druids held the same doctrines in effect with Pythagoras, the worship of one Supreme Being, a future state of rewards and punishmehts, the immortality of the soul, and a metempsychosis. The Druids appear to have possessed considerable acquaintance with natural philosophy, astronomy, arithmetic, and botany. Their influence over the minds of the people was unbounded; and so strongly was this felt by the Romans in Britain, that they were compelled to massacre a large number of this priesthood in order to ensure their conquest of that island. DUMNORIX, a nobleman of the Aedui, and brother to Divitiacus. He was of an ambitious turn, and united with Orgetorix for purposes of selfaggrandizement. He afforded also to the.Helvetii, by interceding for them, a passage through the territory of the Sequani. Dumnorix was accused before Caesar by Liscus, but obtained pardon, through the entreaties of Divitiacus. He refused to accompany Caesar into Britain, and endeavoured to escape from the Roman camp, but was overtaken and put to death on the spot. B. I, c. 3, 9, 18, 20.-B. 5, c. 6, 7. E. EPOREDoRIX, a chieftain of the Aedui, who, before the arrival of Caesa. in Gaul, commanded the forces of his countrymen against the Sequani. He revolted from Cesar and joined Vercingetorix, but was taken prisoner by the Romans in a battle of the cavalry. B. 7, c. 39, 55, 63, 67. EPOREDORIX, another Aeduan noble, chosen one of the commanders of the confederate army that marched to the relief of Verc'ngetorix. B. 7, c. 76. ERATOSTUHNES, a native of Cyrene, and the second who w.s intrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library.- He was famor for his acquaintance with mathematical geography, and was the first tha. introduced nto a map a regular parallel of latitude. B. G. 6, 24. F. FABIUS, Maximus Q., a Roman consul, defeated the Arverni and Ru' teni. B. 1, c. 45. Compare Liv. Epit. lib. 61 QQ ( 448 HISTORICAL INDEX. FABIUS, C., one of Cesar's lieutenants in Gaul. His services are it corded in several parts of the Commentaries. B. 5, c. 24.-B. 7, c. 41 87, 90. FABIUS, L., a centurion of the eighth legion, who signalized his valour in the siege of Gergovia. He was slain by the foe. B. 7, e. 47, 49, 50. G. GALBA, King of the Suessiones, was appointed commander of the forces raised by the Belgae, in the second year of the Gallic war, to withstand the power of Rome. After Caesar's victory, his sons were deliv ered up to the Roman'general as hostages. B. 2, c. 4, 13. GALBA, S., one of Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. He was sent against the Veragri, and subdued them. This same individual was afterward one of the conspirators against Caesar. B. 3, c. I, seqq. GOBANITIO, a chieftain of the Arverni,-and nephew of Vercingetorix. Along with the other leading men of the state, he banished his nephew from Gergovia, when the latter w.s busily employed in exciting his dependants and partisans against the Romans. B. 7, c. 4. lccius, a nobleman of the Remi, sent along with Antebrogius as am bassador to Cassar, during the second year of the Gallic war. B. 2, c. 3. IMANUiNTIuYS, King of the Trinobantes in Britain, and father of Main dubratius. He was slain by Cassivellaunus. B. 5, c. 20. INDUTIOMiRUs, a leading chieftain among the Treviri, and father-in law to Cingetorix, with whom he contended for the sovereignty in his native state. Being disappointed in his ambitious views, he took part against the Romans, and made an attack on the encampment of Labienus, but was repulsed and slain. B. 5, c. 3, 4, 26, 55, 58. JuvNus, Q., a native of Spain, sent as an ambassador by Sabinus to Ambiorix, along with C. Arpineius, when the Gauls were attacking the winter quarters of the Romans. B. 5, c. 27. L. LABILNUS, T., Casar's principal lieutenant in the Gallic war, and the one of whom he makes most frequent mention. In the beginning of the civil contest, he left Csesar for Pompey, escaped from the battle of Pharsalia, and was killed in that of Munda. Labienus appears to have parted with almost all his former success, on abandoning the side of lis old commander. -B. I, c. 21.-B. 5, c. 58.-B. 6, c. 7.-B. 7, c. 58, 59, 86. Liscus, chief magistrate, or Vergobretus, of the Aedui, who gave Caesar information of the conduct and designs of Dumnorix. B. 1, c 16, 17. LITAviCus, a young Aeduan nobleman, of a very distinguished family, who persuaded his countrymen to join the Gallic confederacy against the Romans. His designs, however, were thwarted by the vigour and promptness of Caesar, and he was compelled to flee with some of his retainers to Gergovia. He was afterward received by the Aedii into Bibracte. B. 7, c. 37. 38. 39. 40. 43, 55 HISTORICAL INDIa.. 449 LuCTERIUS, a chieftain'of the Cadurci, hence called Cadurcus, whom Wercingetorix sent among the Ruteni, with a part of his forces. B. i, c. 5. M. MANDUBRATIUS, a chieftain of Britain, one of the nation of the Trino. bantes, whose father Imanuentius had enjoyed the sovereign power, but had been put to death by Cassivellaunus. The son fled from the power of the latter to the protection of Caesar, who interested himselfin his behalf, and restored him to his former rank in the state. B. 5, c. 20, 22. METTUTS, M., an individual connected with Ariovistus by the ties of hospitality, and who was sent as ambassador to him along with C. Valerius Procillus. The German monarch, however, threw them both into chains the moment they entered his camp, and lots were thrice drawn for the purpose of ascertaining whether they should be burned alive at once, or their punishment deferred to some future occasion. Their lives were saved by the lots always proving favourable. The battle with Caesar then took place, and, after the defeat of the Germans, Mettius and Procillus were recovered by the Romans among the mass of fugitives. B. I, c. 47, 53. MINUCIUs, Basilus L., an officer in Caesar's army, and prefect of cavalry. He was sent with a body of horse against the Treviri, conquered them, and compelled Ambiorix to flee to the woods. B. 6, c. 29, 30. MoRIrAsGus, King of the Senones, at Cmsar's arrival in Gaul, and brother of Cavarinus. B. 5, c. 54. MUNATIUS, PLANCUS L., a lieutenant of Csesar's, appointed along with M.{. Crassus and C. Trebonius to the command of three legions sent into winter quarters in Belgium. B. 5, c. 24. N. NAMEUITS, a chieftain of the Helvetii, sent along with Veiudoctius at the head of an embassy to Casar. B. 1, c. 7. N1ASUA, a leader of the Suevi. Vid. Cimberius. 0. ORGETORIX, a nobleman among the Helvetii, ranking first, according to Caesar, in extraction and riches. He was led by his ambitious feelings to form a conspiracy among the nobles, and prevailed upon the people to quit their country and seek settlements elsewhere, more suitable to their national character and numbers. Orgetorix was appointed to superintend the preparations for departure, and two years were allowed for this puroose; but he soon fell under suspicions of treasonable conduct, and was out to his trial. He managed, however, to rescue himself from the hands Df justice, by the aid of his retainers and debtors; but while the state was endeavouring to support its authority by force, he died, as was suspected, by his own hand. B. 1, c. 2, 3, 4. P. PEDIUS, Q., grandson of one of the sisters of Julius Caesar, and a lienu tenant of that commander's in the Gallic war. He served under him 450 HISTORICAL INDEX. also in Spain, and, after the death of Caesar, had a law passed (Lex Pedzia which had for its object the banishment of his assassins. Augustus named him his colleague in the consulship, after the death of Hirtius and Pansa. He died B.. 43, a few days after the proscriptions of the second triumvirate. B. 2, c. 2, 11.-Veil. Pat. 2, 65.-Cic. pro Plane. 14. PETREiUS, M., a centurion in the army of Caesar, who fell fighting bravely at the siege of Gergovia. B. 7, c. 50. PETROSIDIUS, L., a standard-bearer in the troops under Sabinus and Cotta. He was slain while bravely fighting during the affair with Am biorix. B.5, c. 37. Piso, L., consul B. C. 112. Five years after he served as lieutenant under the consul Cassius, but was slain, together with him, by the Tigurini. He was an ancestor of L. Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar. B. 1, c. 12. PLANCUS, L., a lieutenant of Caesar's. Vid. Munatius. PoMPEIus, Cn., a Roman, related probably to Pompey the Great. He was sent by Sabinus, 4vhose interpreter he was, to confer with Ambiarix during the attack made by the latter on the Roman forces, after they had been enticed from their winter quarters among the Eburones. B. 5, c. 36. PULFIO, T., a centurion in the army of Caesar, remarkable for his valh our, who had a long contest and rivalry with L. Varenus, another centurioi, respecting individual prowess. When Cicero's winter quarters were attacked by the Nervii, they both sallied forth from the encampment, and displayed the greatest bravely without the fortifications. B 5. c. 44. R. Roscius, L., a lieutenant of Cesar's, sent with the third legion among the Essui. B. 5, c. 24. SABINUS, Titurius Q., a lieutenant of Caesar's, mentioned in several parts of the Commentaries, and, in general, a successful officer. He was entrapped, however, at last by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones, and lost his life in an ambuscade. His conduct in this latter affair displayed very little judgment or military experience. B. 2, c. 5, 10.-B. 3, c. 11,18, 9.- B. 4, c. 38.-B. 5, c. 24, seq. SEDULIUS, prince and leader of the Lemovices, was slain during the siege of Alesia, in the attack made by the Gauls wuithout on Caesar's lines of contravallation. B. 7, c. 88. SEGONAX, one of the four kings mentioned by Caesar as ruling over Cantium in Britain. B. 5, c. 22. SEXTIUS. Vid. Baculus. Srtius, T., a Roman officer, sent by Crassus among the Veneti, foi he purpose of procuring corn, and detained by them. B. 3, c. 7, 8. SPARTXCUS, a gladiator, who escapedfrom his place of exercise, witl[ en eral of his companions, and, taking up arms against the Romans, soor ound himself at the head of many thousands. After many successes, and saving proved himself an able and formidable opponent, he was defeated md slain in an action with Crassus, B. C. 71. SULPIC1US, P., a lieutenant of Casar's, intrusded by him with the chaige, HISTORICAL INDEX 451 of the harbour of the Morini. We find him afterward stationed at Matis. co, on the Arar, among the Aedui, to superintend the supplies of corn from that quarter. B, 4, c. 22.-]B. 7, c. 90. T. TASGETIUS, a nobleman of the Carnutes, raised to the sovereignty by Caesar, a station which his forefathers had enjoyed before him. He was assassinated in the third year of his reign. B. 5, c. 25. TAXIMAGUiLUS, one of the four kings of Cantium in Britain, at the time of CTesar's arrival. B. 5, c. 22. TERRASIDYUS, T., a lieutenant of Caesar's, sent among the Esubii, for the purpose of procuring corn, and detained by them. B. 3, c. 7, 8. TEUTOMARUS, king of the Nitobriges, joined Vercingetorix with a large body of cavalry. He was surprised by the Romans, while sleeping in his tent at midday, and narrowly escaped being taken. B. 7, c. 31 46. TITURYUS.- Vid. Sabinus. TREBIUS GALLUS,, Man officer sent-among the Cariosh!:tes, to procure corn, and detained by them, B. 3, c. 7, 8. TREBONIUS, C., a lieutenant of Caesar's. He had oeen previously tribune of the commons, and had caused the law to be passed which gave Gaul as a province to Cassar, Syria to Crassus, and Spain and Africa to Pompey, for five years. During the civil war he sided with Caesar, and A. U. C. 708 (B. C. 45) the latter, having abdicated the consulship before the end of the year, named Trebonius in his place for the three months that remained. And yet, though he owed all his preferment to Caesar, he joined in the conspiracy against him. After the death of Coesar, the. senate conferred on Trebonius the goverinment of Asia) but he was slain at Smyrna by Dolabella, B. C. 43. B. 5, c. 17, 24.-B. 7, c. 11. 81.-Cic. Phil. 11, 2.-Liv. Epit. lib. 110.-Suet. Cces. c. 24. TREBONYUS, C., a Roman knight, in the army of Casar during the Gallic war. He distinguished himself by his bravery when the winter quarters of Cicero were unexpectedly assailed by the German horse which had crossed the Rhine. B. 6, c. 40. V. VALERIUS CABURUS. Vid. Caburus.:VALERIUS PROCILLUS, son of C. Valerius Caburus, and an individual of great distinction in the Roman province. Being well acquainted with the Gallic language, and a person besides on whom Caesar could rely with the utmost confidence, he was sent by that commander, along with M. Mettius, to hold a conference with Ariovistus. The German king imprisoned them both, but they were rescued by the Romans during the flight of his army. B. 1, c. 47, 53. VARENUS, L., a centurion, and the rival of Pulfio. Vid. Pulfio. VERCINGETORIx, a young nobleman of'the Arverni, distinguished for r.is abilities and for his enmity to the Romans. He was chosen commander-in-chief of the confederate army raised by the states of Gaul, and used every endeavour to free his country from the Roman yoke. His efforts, however, were unsuccessful; he was besieged in Alesia, com. pelled to surrender, and, after being led in triumph at Rome, was cruelly wit'o death. B. 7, c. 4, seq 452 HIIS:TORICAL INDEX. VERGASILLAUNUS, a chieftain of the Arverni, who commanded a part of the Gallic forces that marched to the relief of Alesia. He made a most desperate attack on the Roman lines of contravallation, and, had r e been properly supported, would in all probability have come off victorious. As it was, he was finally defeated and taken prisoner. B. 7, c. 76, 83, seqq. VERGOBRETUS, the official title of the chief magistrate among the Aedui. Consult note 17, page 10. TVERTTCO, a Nervian noble, who was with Cicero when the winter quarters of the latter were attacked by the Eburones, and prevailed on a slave of his to convey a letter from Cicero to Caesar, asking for aid. B. 5, c. 15, 49. VSJRUDOCTIUS, a chieftain of the Helvetii, sent, along with Nameius, at the head of an embassy to Caesar. Their object was to request permission to march through the Roman province. B. 1, c. 7. VIRIDoMARus, a chieftain of the Aedui, of humble origin but great T;erit, and whom Caesar accordingly had raised to the highest dignity in the state. He afterward sided with the confederate Gauls against Cesar, and was one of the commanders of the army that marched to the relief of Alesia. B. 7, c. 38, 39, 54, 55, 63, 76. VIRIDO6vx, the leading chieftain among the Unelli. He was chosen commander of the forces raised by the Armoric states against Sabinus and made, contrary to his own-better judgment, an attack on the camp of the Roman officer. The attempt ended in total defeat. B. 3, c. 17, 18, 19. VOLCATiUS TULLUS, C., a Roman officer, who was left by C-esar in charge of the bridge over the Rhine, when he was setting out on the expedition against. Ambiorix. B. 6, c. 29. VOLUSENUS, C., a Roman officer sent by. Cesar with a vessel of war to reconnoitre the coasts of Britain, and obtain information respecting its harbours and landing-places. Mention has been already made of him!nader the article Commiu,. B. 3, c. 5.-B. 4, c.,1. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX A. ALDUiSDUBIS. Consult note 15, page 22. ADUATUCA, a fortified place nearly in the middle of the territory occu. pied by the Eburones. It is mentioned B. 6, c. 32, 34, and, accord. ing to Mannertj must not be confounded with Aduatucum, the modern Tongres, since the former place stood nearer the Rhine than Aduatucum. Mannert, Geog'r. vol. ii., p. 200. ADUATUCUM, called by Ptolemy'ArovaKovrov, and in the Itin. Ant. Aduaca Tungrorum; the capital of the Aduatici, now Tongres. B. 2, c. 29. ADUATUCI, a people of Gallia Belgica, whose territory extended from the Scaldis, or Scheldt, eastward as far as Mosm Pons, or Maestricht. They were of German origin, and originally formed part of the great invading army of the Teutones and Cimbri. Being left behind in this quarter to guard a part of the baggage, they finally settled here, Caesar knows them merely by the name of Aduatici, but their later name appears to have been Tungri. (Compare Tacitus, M. G. c. 2.) Hence the modern name Tongres given to Aduatuctri (Mannertj Geogr. vol. ii., p. 198. AEDiI, in some MSS. and early editions Hadui, one of the most pow erful nations in Gaul, dwelling, between the Liger (Loire) and Arar (Saone), and extending downward to near Lugdunum (Lyons). Their territory corresponded, therefore, to the greater part of modern Burgun dy and Nivernais (Mannert, Geogr. vol. ii., p. 177), or, to adopt the more recent phraseology, the departments de la cote d'or, de la Nievre, de Saone et Loire, du Rhone. AGENDICUM, the capital of the Sen6nes, now Sens, situate below the confluence of the Vanne and Icauna or Itumna, now the Yonne. This city is called by Ptolemy'AyirKov, and in the Itin. Ant. Agedincum. ALESIA, a strongly-fortified town of the Mandubii, near the sources of the Sequana or Seine, and situate on the summit of a mountain, now Mount Auxois. It was washed on two sides by the small rivers Lutosa and Osera, now Oze and Ozerain. Alesia is famous for the siege it stood against Caesar. It was taken and destroyed by him, but was afterward rebuilt, and became a place of considerable consequence under the Roman emperors. It was laid in ruins, in the ninth century, by the Normans. At the foot of Mount Auxois is a village still called Aiise. According to tradition (Diod. Sic. 4, 19), Alesia was founded by Hercu. ies, which would imply that the place had been originally a Phoenician stronghold for purposes of inland traffic. The Greek writers, however, say that it took its name from the wanderings of that hero -on his expm ditlon into Spain, airo iTrS Karaa T rparpatav amXls. R, 456 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ALLOBROGES, a people of Gaul, between-the Isara, now lsere, and Rhodanus, now Rhone, in the country answering to Dauphine, Piedmont, and Savoy. Their chief city was Vienna, now Vienne, on the left bank of the Rhodanus, thirteen miles below Lugdunum, or the modern L'yons. They were reduced beneath the Roman power by Q. Fabius Maximus, who hence obtained the surname of Allobrogicus. According to Celtic scholars, the name Allobroges means " Highlanders," being formed from Al, " high," and Broga, " land." (Adelung, M1ithrid. vol. ii., p. 50.) ALPES, a celebrated chain of mountains, separating Italy from Gaul and Germany. The name is derived from their height, Alp being the old Celtic appellation for a lofty mountain. (Adelung, Mithrid. vol. ii., p. 42.) They extend from the Sinus Flanaticus, now Gulf of Quarnero, at the top of the Gulf of Venice, and the sources of the river Colapis, now-Kulpe, to Vada Sabatia, now Savona, on the Gulf of Genoa. The whole extent, which is in a crescent form, is nearly 600 British miles. They have been divided by both ancient and modern geographers into various portions, of which the principal are, 1. Alpes Maritime (Maritime Alps), beginning at the environs of Nicaea (now Nice), and extending to Mons Vesulus (now Monte Viso). 2. Alpes Cottice (Cottian Alps), reaching from the last-mentioned point to Mont Cenis. 3. Alpes Graice (Graian Alps), lying between Mont Iseran and the Little St. Bernard, inclusively. 4. Alpes Pennina (Pennine Alps); extending from the Great St. Bernard- to the sources of the Rhone and Rhine. 5. Alpes Rhcetica3 (Rhaetian Alps); from St. Gothard to Mount Brenner in the Tyrol. 6. Alpes Noricce (Noric Alps), from the latter point to the head of the river Plavis (now la Piave). 7. Alpes Carnicce sive Julice (Carnic or Julian Alps), terminating in the Mons Albius on the confines of I1lyricum. Among the Pennine Alps is Mont Blanc, 14,676 feet high The principal passes at the present day are, that over the Great St. Bernard, the one over Mont Simplon, and the one over Mont St. Gothard AMAGETOBRIA. Vid. Magetobria, and consult note 6, p. 19. AMBARRI, a Gallic tribe, dwelling between the Aedui and Allobroges on either bank of the Arar, or Saone, in what is now la Bresse (depart ment de l'Ain). AMBIALITI, or Ambiliati, a Gallic nation, forming one of the Armorie states, and the same with the Ambibari. AMBIANI, a people of Belgic Gaul, whose capital was Samarobriva, afterward called Ambianum, now Amiens. They occupied that part ot Picardie which is now called department de la Somme. AMBIANUJM. Vid. Samarobriva. AMBIBARI, a nation forming one of the Armoric states. They are supposed to, have dwelt between the Curiosolite, Aulerci Diablintes, Essui, and Unelli, and, to have occupied what is now the diocese d'Avranches, or department de la IManche. No mention is made of them by Ihe ancient geographical writers. AMBILIATI. Vid. Ambialiti. AMBIVARETr, or Ambivareti (for we have in the Greek paraphrase, B. 7, c. 75,'Ap&6iapTirzv, and at c. 90,'Ap66aprcowv), a Gallic tribe ranked among the clients of the Aedui, whence Glareanus and Ciacconius suspect them to be the same with the Ambarri. Almost all the MSS. call them the Arbluareti. The ancient geographical writers are silent respecting them. AMBIVARITI, a Be-gic tribe, a short distance beyond the Mosas, o Meuse B. 4, c. 9. GEOGcAPHICAr L IND.EX. 451 ANARTES, or Anarti, a Dacian tribe, dwelling on the eastern bank ol the Tlbiscus, now Teiss, in what is now part of Transylvania, Ptolemy (3, 8) says of them, KarTxovat dE rv AaKiav, dpTcriKlrTaTOLt liv apXopCvo IrS dvaowov,'Avaprol. ANCALITES, a British nation, neighbours to the Trimobantes. Horsely makes them correspond to the natives of Berkshire, but it is all uncertainty. B. 5, c. 21. ANDES, a Gallic tribe, whose territory corresponded to part of modern Anjou, or what is now termed the department de la Mlayenne. They lived along the northern bank of the Liger or Loire, not far from the mouth of that river. By Tacitus and Pliny they are called Andecavi and Andegavi. Caesar says they were very near the sea, but in this tlare is a slight inaccuracy, as the Namnetes or Nannetes intervened. B. 2, c. 35.-B. 3, c. 7.-B. 7, c. 4. AQUILEIA, a celebrated city of Italy, in the territory of Venetia, between the Alsa and Natiso, and about seven miles from the sea. It was a very important place, and regarded as the bulwark of Italy on its northeastern frontier. Even in Caesar's time it was a military post of great consequence; but its most flourishing period was under the empire. In Strabo's day it had become the great emporium of all the trade of Italy with Pannonia and Illyria. It was sacked and razed to the ground by Attila. Eustathius informs us, that the name of this city was derived from the Latin word Aquila, as denoting the legionary standard, the place having been originally a Roman encampment. B. l, c. 10.-Liv. 39,'22. —d. 40, 54.-Strabo, 5, p. 214, Cas. AQUITANIA, one of the three main divisions of Gaul, lying between the Garumna, now Garonne, and the Pyrenees. As it was less than either of the other two divisions of Gaul, Augustus extended it to the Liger, or Loire. The Aquitani, according to Strabo, resembled the Iberi more than the Gauls, and were, in fact, intermingled with numerous tribes from Spain. B. 1, c. 1.-B. 3, c. 20.-Strab. 4, p. 190, Cas. ARAR (-aris), a very slow and smooth-running river of Gaul. It rises near Mons Vogesus, now Mont Vosge, and, after a southern course, falls into the Rhodanus or Rhone. The modern name is Saone. The city of Lugdunum, now Lyons, stands near the junction of the two rivers. B. 1,-c. 12. ARDUENNA (Silva), a forest of Gaul, the longest in the country, now Ardennes. It reached, according to COesar, from the Rhine and the territories of the Treviri, to those of the Nervii, being upward of fifty miles in length. Others, however, male the extent much longer. If it covered the whole intervening space between the countries of the Treviri and Nervii, it would greatly exceed fifty miles. The original Gallic name would seem to have been Ar Denn, i. e., " the profound" or " deep" (forest). Ar is the article, while Denn in the Kymric, Don in the BasBreton, and Domhainn in Gaelic, denote respectively, "profound," "thick." B. 5, c. 3.-B. 6, c. 29,. —Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol ii., p. 41. AREcoMICi. Vid. VTolc-e. ARMORICA, or Aremorica, a Celtic term, applied in strictness to all parts of Gaul lying along the ocean. In Caesar, however, the appellation is confined merely to the tract of country which corresponds to Normandy and Brittany. The name is derived from the Celtic, Ar Moer, i e., Am AMir, "on the sea." B. 2, c. 34.-B. 3, c. 7, 9, 17, 29.B 7 c. 4.-Thierry, I-ist. des Ganlois, vol. i., p. 39. 458 GEOGRAPHICAL. INDEX. ARVERNI, a powerful people of Gallia Celtica, whose territories lay between the sources of the Elaver, or Allier, and the Duranius, or Dor' dogne. Their district is now Auvergne. The capital city was Augustonometum, now Clermont, at least after the time of Caesar. The Arverni enjoyed a high reputation for valour and national strength when Cesar came into Gaul. One of their cities, Gergovia, resisted all his efforts to make himself master of it, ih the war with Vercingetorix. B. 1, c. 31, 45, &c. ATREBXTES, a people of Gallia Belgica, enjoying a high reputation for valour. Their territory lay in a southeast direction from that of the Morini, and to the southwest of that of the Nervii, answering to the modern Artois, or the department du Pas de Calais. Their chief city was Nemetacum, now Arras, or, as the Flemings call it, Atrecht. B. 2, c. 4.-B. 4, c. 21.-B. 7, c. 75. ATUATIGI. Vid. Aduatici. AULERCI, under this appellation were comprehended four different nations in Gaul. 1. Aulerci Brannovices, clients of the Aedui, whose territory lay between the latter people and the Segusiani, and answered, according to D'Anville, to the modern Briennois. 2. Aulerci Ceno. manzni, lying off to the northwest from the former, above the Andes and Turones, and west of the Carnutes. Their country answered to the modern department de ta Sarthe. Their chief city was Suindinum, afteirwrd Ceiomanni, now Mans. 3. Aulerci Eburovices, sometimes called iticorrectly Eburones, lying to the northwest of the Carnutes, along the west bank of the Sequana or Seine, below Lutetia, the modern Paris. Their chief town was Mediolanum, afterward Eburovices, now Evreux; or, more correctly, le vieilEvreux, a village between Evreux and Passy sur Eure. They occupied that part of Normandy which is now the department de l'Eure. 4. Aulerci Diablintes, lying to the,lorthwest of the Cenomanni. Their capital was Neoduinum, afterward Diablintes, now Jableins. Ausci, a people of Aquitania, to the northwest of the Volcae Tectosages. Their capital city was Climberris, afterward Augusta, at a still later period Ausci, and now Ausch. It stood on the left bank of the Ger, one of the southern branches of the Garonne. B. G. 3, 27. AX6NA, a river of Gaul, in the territory of the Remi, now the Aisne. It runs in a southwest direction, joins the Isara, now Isere, and fali, tot gether with it, into the Sequana, or Seine. B. 2, c. 5, 9. B. BACENIS, a large forest of Germany, corresponding to the western portion of the Thuringian Forest, and forming part of the Helcynia Silva, or Black Forest. It extended between the rivers Fulda and Verra, on the right bank of which last dwelt the Cherusci, as far as the Allera, which flows into the Visurgis, or Weser. According to Eccard, it was called, at a later day, Boconia or Buchonia. B. 6, c. 10. BALEiRES, a name anciently applied to the islands of Majorca and Minorca, off the coast of Spain. The word is derived from the Greek VdX(iv,, "to strike," and referred to the skill of the inhabitants in the use of the sling. The island of Ebusus, now vica, is erorneusly fegarded by many as belonging to thb Baleares; it rather formiid oie the group called Pityussg. B. 2, c. 7. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 459 BATAVOBUM INSULA, SO called from its being bounded on two sides by the northern and southern branches of the Rhine, and on the third by the sea. It corresponds at the present day to a part of the Duchy of Guel dres and a large portion of southern Holland. B. 4, c. 10. BELGAE, a people originally of German extraction, and forming the third great division of Gaul. Their country was bounded, on the east and north by the Rhine, on the south by the Marne and Seine (Matrona and Sequana), and on the west by the English Channel. The Belgae enjoyed a very high reputation for valour, which Caesar attributes to their frequent collisions with the German nations on their northern and east, ern frontiers. Thierry derives their name from the Kymric Belgiaidd, the radical of which is Belg, " warlike." B. 1, c. 1, seq. BELGICA, the country occupied by the Belga in Gaul, the extent of which, in Cxsar's time, is given under the previous article. In the new division of Gallia made by Augustus, whose object was to render the provinces more equal in size, the countries of the Helvetii, Lingones, and Sequani, which, till that time, were included in Gallia Celtica, were added to the nations of Gallia Belgica. BELGIUM, a part of Gallia Belgica, comprehending the territories ol the Bellovaci, Atrebates, and Ambiani. Cellarius, Geogr. Antiq. vol ii., p. 307. BELLOCASS. i. Vi. ellocasses. BELLOVXCi, a powerful nation of the Belgae, to the north of the Pansi. Their capital was Casaromagus, afterward Bellovaci, now Beauvais. B. 2, c. 4, 13.-B. 7, c. 59, 75. BIBRACTE (-is), the capital of the Aedui, afterward called Augustodunum, now Autun. Some writers dissent from this opinion, and make Bibracte to have been near the modern Beauvray, and others again are m favour of Pebrac. Both of these locations, however, are erroneous Consult Lemaire, Index Geogr. ad Cces. Op. p. 208. BIBRAX (-dcis), a town of the Remi, eight Roman miles from the Axona or Aisne. Some make it correspond to the modern Bray, others to Braisne. D'Anville, however, correctly decides in favour of Bievre. 13. 2, c. 6. BIBROCI, a nation of Britain, who inhabited what now forms the northwestern part of Berkshire. Their chief town was Bibracte, now Bray. B. 4, c. 21. BieGBERRiNEs, or Bigerrones, a people of Aquitania, at the foot of the Pyrenees, to the west of the Convenw'. Their country corresponded to the modern Bigorre, in the departmentdes hautes-Pyrdnees. B. 3, c. 27. BITURIGES, the name of two nations in Gaul, the Bituriges Cubi, and Bituriges Vivisci. The former were situate to the west of the Aedui, in Gallia Celtica. Their chief city was Avaricum, afterwaid Bituriges, now Bourges, and their territory corresponded to a part of the modern Berty and Bourbonnais, department da Cher et de l'Indre. The Bituriges Vivisci were situate near the mouth of the Garumna, their capital being Burdigala, now Bordeaux. BOIA, a name given to the territory occupied by the Boii, in Gaul. B 7, c. 14. Consult note 1, p. 47. Bou, a people of Gallia Celtica, to the west and southwest of the Aedui, along the banks of the Liger and Elaver. These, however, were tnot the primitive settlements of the nation, but those which they obtained from the Aedui, after the defeat of the Helvetii (with whom thev had IR. 2 460 GEtG It'PHICAL INDEX. united their forces) by the Romans. (B. 1, c. 5, 25.) The Boii appear to have passed at a very early period into Germany, and to have settled along the Danube. A part of them afterward penetrated into what was called, from them, Bohemia (Boierheim, i. e:, residence of the Boii), and another part moved in a western direction, and united with the Helvetii, as already stated. The Boii who settled in Boierheim or Bohemia were afterward expelled by the Marcomanni, and retired into other seats, called, in like manner, Boiaria, corrupted into Bayaria, and now Bavaria. (Mannert, Geogr. vol. ii., p. 180. Compare vol. iii., p. 178, seq.). BRANNOvICES. Vid. Aulerci. BRATUSPANTIUM, a town of the Bellovaci, the site of which is placed by D'Anville at Gratepenche, a village between Breteuil and Montdidier. B. 2, c. 13. BRITANNIA, the island of Great Britain. Little was known to the Romans of this island until the invasion of Cmesar. This commander endeavoured, although ineffectually, to reduce it. After a long interval. Ostorius, in the reign of Claudius, subjugated the southern part; and Agricola, subsequently, in the reign of Domitian, extended the Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth and Clyde. The whole force of the empire, although exerted to the utmost under Severus, could not, however, reduce to subjection the hardy natives of the highlands Britain continued a Roman province until A.D. 426, when the troops were n a great measure withdrawn, to assist Valentinian III. against the Huns, and never returned. The Britons had become so enervated under the Roman yoke, as to be unable to repel the incursions of the inhabitants of the north. They invoked, therefore, the aid of the Saxons, by whom they were themselves subjugated, and compelled at last to take refuge among the mountains of Wales. C. CABIILLNUM, a town of the Aedui, on the Arar, now Chalons, on the Sa8ne. It appears to have been a place of great trade, and many Roman merchants were settled there. B. 7, c. 42, 90. CADURCI, a people in the lower part of Gaul, to the west of the Ruteni and Arverni. Their capital was Divona, afterward Cadurci, now Cahors. B. 7, c. 4, 64, 75. CEvRmsI, a people of Gallia Belgica, between the Treviri and the river Mesa, or Meuse, who, with the Condrusi, Eburones, and Paemani, went under the general appellation of Germans. D'Anville finds a trace of their name in the little river Chiers, between Mouson and Sedan. B. 2, c. 4. CALETES, a people of Gallica Celtica. They are mentioned by Caesar along with the Osismii, Rhedones, Ambibdri, &c., and are therefore thought to-have occupied part of the modern Brittany (Bretagne). B. 7, c. 75 CANTABRI, a warlike people of Spain, inhabiting the northern part, along the shores of the Sinus Cantabricus, or Bay of Biscay. Their country answered to the modern Biscay and part of Asturias. B. 3, c. 26. CANTIUM, a part of England, now Kent. Compare the German Kante, " acorner.' sGEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 461 CAROAso, now Carcasonnb, a city of the Volcse Tectosages, on the Roman province. It was s.tuate on the river Atax, or Aude, and lNy inland in a western direction from Narbo Martius or Narbonne. B. 3, c. 20. Ptolemy writes the name KaUPcaet, while Pliny and others give Carcasso. CARNUTES, a nation of Gaul, between the $equana and Liger, and to the west of the Parisii, Senones, and Aureliani. Although occupying avery extensive tract of country, they were nevertheless clients of the Remi. Their territory was the principal seat of the Druids, who held here their courts for the administration of justice, on which account it was regarded as a kind of centre for Gaul. B. 2, c. 35. —B. 5, c. 25, 29, 54, &c. CASSI, a people of Britain, whose territory, according to Cambden, answered to the modern hundred of Caishow. B. 5, c. 21. CATURIGES, a Gallic tribe dwelling among the Cottian Alps. Their chief town was Caturigomagus, now Chorges. B. 1, c. 10. Consult Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cavs. Op. p. 228, seq. CEBENNA MONS, a chain of mountains, now called the Cevennes, commencing in the country of the Volca Tectosages, and running on through the territories of the Ruteni, Gabali, and Helvii. It unites finally with the chain of Jura, which comes in from the northeast. B. 7, c. 8, 56. CELTAE, the most powerful and indigenous of the three great nations which occupied Gaul. (Vid. Gallia.) It is commonly supposed, that they called themselves Gail or Gad, out of which appellation the Greeks formed their KfXrat, and the Romans Galli. Some, however, deduce the name from the Gaelic " ceilt," an inhabitant of the forest. (Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, vol. i., p. 29.) CENIMAGNI, a people of Britain, whose chief town was Venta, now Caster, near Norwich They were the same with the Iceni, though on Horsely's map of Britain they are made to occupy merely the southern part of the territory of that people. B. 5, c. 21. CENOMANNI, one of the tribes of the Aulerci. Vid. Aulerci. CENTRONES, a Gallic nation, dwelling among the Graian Alps, to the north of the Caturiges. Their territory answered, according to D'Anville, to the modern Tarentaise. The village of Centron still marks the site of their-chief city. B. 1, c. 10. CEUTR5NES, a people of Gallia Belgica, clients of the Nervii, whose chief city was Ceutro, now Courtray. B. 5, c. 39. CHERurscI, a people of Germany, between the Weser and the Elbe, southeast of the Chauci. Under the conduct of Arminins, they defeated and slew three Roman legions commanded by Varus, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishopric of Paderborn. This event happened in the reign of Augustus, A.D. 10. They were afterward defeated by Gerinanicus. B. 6, c. 9. CIMBRI, a German nation, who, in conjunction with the Teutones, invaded Italy with a numerous army, or horde, and were defeated by Ma.rius and Catulus. Their original seats'are thought to have been the Cimbric Chersonese, or modern Jutland. B. 1, c. 33.-B. 2. c. 29, &c. CISALIINA GALLIA, or Gaul this side of the Alps, so called with reference to Rome, and forming, in fact, the northern part of Italy. It extended from the foot of the Alps to the rivers Rubicon and Macris. Vid. Gallia. CoooSiTEs, a people of Aquitania, lying along the coast f the Sinus 462 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Cantabricus, below the Bituriges Vivisci. Their chief city was Coc6. sa, on the coast, some distance above Aqum Augustae, the modern Acqs orDax. B. 3, c. 27. CoNDRusrI, a people of Gallia Belgica, on the Mosa or Meuse, to the north of the Treviri and Pwemani. B. 2, c. 4. CONFLUENS, i. e., Mosae et Rheni, the- confluence of the Meuse and Rhine, or, in other words, the point where the Meuse joins the Vahalis or Waal, which latter river branches out from the Rhine. B. 4, c. 15. CONFLUENTES, a name applied to the junction of the Moselleand Rhine, at a place where now stands the modern Coblentz. CURIOSOLITES, an Armoric nation in Gaul, north of the Veneti and northwest of the Redones. They occupied part of the modern district of St. Malo, or, in other words, the country between Dinant and Lamballe in Brittany. B. 2, c. 34. D. DACI, the inhabitants of Dacia, a country corresponding to the modern Wallachia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and that part of Hungary which lies to the east of the Tibiscus, or Teiss. B. 6, c. 25. DANUBsus, the largest river in Europe, except the. Rha, or Wolga. It rises in the Black Forest (according to the ancients, in the chain of Mons Abnoba), and flows into the Euxine Sea, after a course of 1620 miles. The Danube receives sixty navigable rivers, and 120 smaller streams. The ancients gave the name of Ister to the eastern part of this river, after its junction with the Savus or Saave. B. 6, c. 24. DECETIA, a city of the Aedui, on the Liger, to the southwest of Augustodunum. It corresponds to the modern Decize, in the department de la Nievre. B. 7, c. 33. DIABiLINTES, a nation of'the Aulerci. Vid. Aulerci. DUBIS, a river of Gaul, now.the Doubs, rising in the chain of Mount Jura, and falling, after a course of sixty leagues, into the Arar or Saine near Cabillonum, the modern Chalons. B. 1, c. 38. DuRocoRToRUM, the capital of the Rhemi, afterward called by the name of that nation, and now Rheims. B. 6, c. 44. E. EBURSNEs, a nation of Gallia Belgica, to the southwest of the Ubii. Caesar mentions them along with some other tribes, as known by the common appellation of Germans. Their territory lay on both sides oi the Mosa or Meuse, in what is now the Pays de Liege. They were celebrated for their success, under Ambiorix, against Sabinus and Cotta. Their chief town was Aduatuca. B. 2, c. 4. ELAVER (-eris), now the Allier, a river of Gaul, rising in part of the chain of Cebenna (Blont Lozere), and, after running a northerly course of about seventy-two leagues, falling into the Liger or Loire. B. 2, c. 34. ELEUTETI CADURCI, a branch of the Cadurci in Aquitania. They are called in many editions Eleutheri Cadurci, but erroneously; since Eleutheri is a term of Greek origin, and, besides, could hardly be applied to a Gallic tribe like the Eleuteti, who, in place of being "free," (IXevuepoi) would seem to have been clients of the Arverni. B. 7, c. 75 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 463 ELUT, TES, a people of Aquitania, to the northwest of the Volca3 Tecosages. Their chief city was Elusa, now Euse. In more modern days, the seat of government was transferred to Ausci, now Auch, the town of Elusa or Euse having been sacked by the Normans. B. 3, e. 27. EssiI, a people of Gaul, supposed to have been the same with the Saii, and lying to the north of. the Diablintes and Cenomani. Their ehief city was Saii, now Seez, on the river Olina or Orne. B. 4, c. 24. ESUBnI, a people in the Alpes Maritimas, north of the Edenates. They are sometimes called Esubiani. The river Ubaye runs through wha' was formerly their territory. B. 3, c. 7. G. GABALI, a people of Aquitania, below the Arverni, whose clients they were, and between the Ruteni and Vellauni. Their chief city was An deritum, afterward Gabali, now Mende. GALLIA, ancient Gaul, bounded on the west by the Atlantic, and on the north by the. Rhenus or Rhine, on the east by the Rhenus and Alps, and on the south by the Pyrenaei Montes and Sinus Gallicus, or GulJ of Lyons. The greatest breadth was 600 English miles, but much diminished towards each extremity, and its length was from 480 to 620 miles. It was, therefore, more extensive than modern France before the revolution. Gaul was divided, in.Cesar's time, between the Celtu, Belgae, and Aquitani, the former occupying the central parts, the Belgae the northern near the Rhenus, and the Aquitani the southern near Spain. Besides these there was what the Romans called their Province (Provincia) in the southern part of the country, on either side of the Rhodanus. Vid. Provincia. Augustus, however, holding a general assembly of the states of Gaul, B.C. 27, made a new division of the.country, in which he showed more attention to equality in the extent of provinces. than to any distinction of the several people that inhabited them. Thus the Aquitani, who were before limited to the Garonne, were made to communicate their name to a province which encroached upon the Celtae, as far as the mouth of the Loire, and that which the Celta had contiguous to the Rhine was taken into the limits of a province called Belgica.- Lugdunum (Lyons), a colony founded after the death of Julius Caesar, and before the triumvirate, gave the name of Lugdunensis to what remained of Celtic Gaul; while the Roman province took that of Narbonensis, from the city of Narbo, now Narbonne, on the lower coast. Out of these four great divisions were formed in a later age seventeen provinces. GARiTES, a people of Aquitania, between the Elusates and Ausci, in part of Gascony, or the more modern department du Gers. B. 3, c. 27. GARUMNA, now the Garonne, a river of Gaul, rising in the valley of Arran, among the Pyrenees, and falling into the Oceanus Cantabricus, or Bay of Biscay. Its length is about two hundred and fifty miles, After its iunction with the Dordogne (Duranius) below Bordeaux (Burdigala), it assumes the name of Gironde. The Garonne is navigable to Tolosa or Toulouse, and communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the canal of Louis the Fourteenth. B. I, c. 1. GARUMNI, a Gallic tribe, near the head waters of the Garumna, and 46i4 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. north of the Convenas, in the modern department dr.a Haute-Garonne B. 3, c. 27. GEIDUNI or, according to D'Anville, Gorduni, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the seacoast, above the Morini. - B. 5, c. 39. GENXBUM, the chief city of the Aureliani, called subsequently after the name of that people, and now Orleans. It was situate on the Liget or Loire, which ran through it. GENEVA, a town at the western extremity of the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva, and on the southern bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone; The modern name is Geneva; or Genff, as the Germans call it. B. 1, c. 6, 7. GERGOVIA, the capital of the Arverni, a place remarkable for its strength, and the only Gallic city the siege of which Caesar was compelled to raise. It was situate in the immediate vicinity of the spot where now stands the modern Clermont, or ancient Augustonometum. It is incorrect, however, to make Gergovia identical with the latter place. Consult Le Maire, Ind. Geogr. ad Ca(s. Op. p. 266, seq. GERGOVIA (Boiorum), a town of the Boii, supposed to be the same with the modern Moulins, in the Bourbonnais. B. 7, c. 9. The MSS. vary as to the form of the name, some giving Gortona, others Gorgobina. GERMANI, a general name among the Romans for the nations dwelling beyond the Rhine. The Tungri first assumed this appellation, on crossing that river. It was afterward applied to the other Germanic tribes, as they successively appeared in Gaul, until, at last, it became a name for all the natives of Germany. The appellation is derived from wer,' war," and man, " a man," denoting brave or warlike men; and the initial G takes the place of T, the latter not occurring in the Romz:. alphabet. GERMANIA, a large country of Europe, bounded on the south by the Danube, on the east by the Vistula, on the north by the Sinus Codanus or Baltic Sea, and on the west by the German Ocean. The inhabitants were called Germani by the Romans, but their true name was Teutones B. 6, c. 21, seq. GORDUNI, more correctly Geiduni, which see. GRAIOCELI, or Garoceli, a Gallic tribe, between the Caturiges and Centrones, and the farthest nation of Hither Gaul, being iust on the frontiers of Transalpine Gaul. Their chief town was Ocelumn, now Usseau, in Piedmont. B. 1, c. 10. GRUDII, a Belgic tribe, clients of the Nervii, whose territory lay between the Scaldis (Scheldt) and Ocean. Traces of their name remain in the modern land van Groede (district of Groede) above l'Ecluse, to the north. B. 5, c. 39. IH. HARUDES, a German tribe, in the vicinity of the Marcomanni, between,he Rhine and the head waters of the Danube. Their territory was in the quarter where are now the cities of Rothweil and Frustenmberg. HELVETII, a Galiic tribe, whose country was bounded on the north by the Rhenus (Rhine) and Lacus Brigantinus (Lake of Constance), which separated it from Vindelicia and Rhaetia; on the south by the Rhodanus (Rhone) and Lacus Lemanus (Lake of Geneva), which divided it from the Roman province; on the east by a branch of the Rhietian GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 465 Alps, and on the west by Mount Jura. Their territory, therefore, was of less extent than modern Switzerland. B..1, c. 2, 3, seq. HERCYNIA (Silva), a very extensive forest of Germany, the breadth of which, according to Coesar, was nine days' journey, while its length exceeded sixty. It extended from the territories of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rlauraci, along the Danube to the country of the Daci and Anartes. Then, turning to the north, it spread over many large tracts of land, and is said to have contained many animals urknown in other countries, of which Cesar describes two or three kinds. But few vestiges of this ancient forest remain in modern times, and these include the Black Forest, which separates Alsace from Suabia; the Steyger t Franconia; the Spissard on the Mayn; the Thuringer in Thuringia Hessewald in the Duchy of Cleves; the Bohemerwald which encom passes Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia Silva; and the Hartz Forest in Lunenberg. The name Hercynia is supposed to come from the German word hartz, "resin," which still remains in the name of the present Harts Forest, B. 6, c. 24. HIBERNiTA, Ireland, a large island in the Mare Atlanticum (Atlantic Ocean). It is washed on the east by Oceanus Virginius (St. George's Channel), which separates it from Britannia; on the north by Mare Hihernicum (Irish Sea), and on all other parts by the Atlantic. Caesar's account of this island is extremely brief, consisting of very little more than the mention of its name and the circumstance of its lying to the west of Britain. The appellation Hibernia appears to have been pronounced by those from whom the Romans received it, as it written'Iovevia, whence Ierne, another ancient name for the island, would seem to have been formed. The modern name Erin is regarded by some as the primitive Erse root. HISPANIA, a country of Europe, in the southwestern part of that continent, and forming a kind of peninsula. The name is supposed to be derived from the Phoenician saphan, "a rabbit," the early Phcenician colonists having found vast numbers of those animals there. Hence, on a medal of Hadrian, Spain is represented by the figure of a female, with a rabbit at her side. The whole peninsula was divided by the Romans into Hither and Farther Spain, or Citerior and Ulterior. The former was also called Tarraconensis, from Tarraco, its capital, the modern Tarragona, and extended from the foot of the Pyrenees to tne mouth of the Durius, now Douero, on the Atlantic shore, comprehending all the north of Spain, together with the south as far as a line drawn below Carthago Nova or Carthagena, and continued in an oblique direction to Salamantica or Salamanca. Farther Spain was divided into two provinces, Baetica and Lusitania. The former was situate between the Anas or Guadiana, and Tarraconensis; while Lusitania corresponded in a great degree, though not entirely, to modern Poitugal, being less in extent from north to south, but stretching farther inland to the east. I. ILLYRICUNM, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. The name of Illyrianrs, however, appears to have been common to the numerous tribes, which were anciently in possession of the countries situate to the west of Macedonia, and which extended along the coast of the 466 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, Adriatic. from the confines of Istria and Italy to the borders of Epirus Still farther north, and more inland, we find them occupying the great valleys of the Sauve and Drave, which were only terminated by the junction of those streams with the Danube. This large tract of country, mnder the Roman emperors, constituted the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. B. 2, c. 35. —B. 3, c. 7.-B. 5, c. 1, &c. INSULA BATAVORUM. Vid. Batavorum Insula. ITALIA, Italy, a large and well-known country of Europe. It was bounded on the south by the Mediterranean; on the southwest by the Mare Inferum or Tyrrhenum, also a part of the Mediterranean; on the north by the Alps; and on the northeast by the Mare Adriaticum, called also Mare Superum, and now Gulf of Venice. The main divisions of this peninsula, in the time of Caesar, were Cisalpine Gaul in the north, extending to the rivers Rubicon and Macris; Magna Gracia in the south, comprising the provinces of Campania, Apulia, Messapia, Lucania, and Bruttiorum Ager; and Italia Propria, between Magna Graecia and Cisalpine Gaul. Augustus extended the name of Italy to the foot of the Alps. ITIUS PORTUS, a harbour in the country of the Morini in Gaul, answering, according to D'Anville, to the modern Vitsand or Vissalt. Caesar set out from this place when he sailed the second time for Britain J. JURA, MONS, a chain of mountains, extending from the Rhodanus (, Rhone, to the Rhenus or Rhine, and separating lelvetia from the country of the Sequani. The name is said to be in Celtic, Jou-rag, and to signify,' the domain of God." The most elevated parts of the chain are the Dole, 5082 feet above the level of the sea; l iont Tendi e, 5170; and the Reculet (the summit of the Thoiry), 5196. B. I, c. 2, 6, 8. LATOBRIGI, a people of whom little certain is known. They apperi to have been neighbours of the Helvetii, Rauraci, and Tulingi, and oc cupied, most probably, what corresponds to the modern Klettgau. LEMX.NIS PORTUS, now Lymne, a harbour of Britain, a little belov\ Dubris or Dover, where Caesar is thought to have landed on his first expedition to that island. B. 4, c. 23. LEMANUS LACUS, now the Lake of Geneva, a beautiful lake between the territories of the Helvetii and Allobroges. It is of a crescent form, the concave side being uppermost, and forty-five miles long. Its greatest breadth is about twelve miles. The Rhone traverses this lake throughont its whole length. B. 1, c. 2, 8.-B. 3, c. 1. LEM5NUM, the chief city of the Pict6nes or Pictavi, now Poitiers. LEMOVICES, a Gallic tribe between the Garumna and Liger, and west of the Arverni. Their capital was Augustoritum, afterward Lemovi. ces, now Limoges, in the department de la Haute Vienne. A natioi likewise called Lemovices, are mentioned by Caesar (7, 75) as forming part of the gentes Armoricer. Either, therefore, there was more thal one tribe of this name in Gaul, or for Lsmovices in the passage jus? auoted we must read Leonices. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 467 LEFoN"",'a Gallic tribe, dwellng near the sources of the Rhone mnn:g the Lepontine Alps. The Lepontine Alps separated Italy from the Helvetii, and the Lepontii inhabited that part of them which lies netween the Great St. Bernard and St. Gothard. B. 4, c. 9. LEUCI, a nation of Belgic Gaul, north of the Lingones and Sequan, and separated fiom the Rhine by the Tribocci and Rauraci. Their country answered to the present departments of La leuse and La 4[eurthe. B. 1, c. 40. LEVACI, a nation of Belgic Gaul, on the river Scaldis, and northwest of the Nervii, lying between them and the Grudii. Their territory no\. forms part of Louvaine. B. 5, c. 39. LEXOVII, a nation of Celtic Gaul, on the coast, below the mouth of the Sequana. Their capital was Noviomagus, afterward called Lexovii, now Lizieux. B. 3, c. 9, 17.-B. 7, c. 75. LIGER (-eri), or Ligeris (-is), now the Loire, the largest river in Gaul. It rises in Mount Cebenna, now Cevennes, and for the one half of its course runs directly north, then turns to the west, and falls into the Atlantic between the territories of the Pictones and Namnctes. The Liger receives numerous tributaries, the most remarkable of which are the Elaver or Allier, Carus or Cher, Andria or ndre, and Vincenna or Vienne. B. 4, c. 9.-B. 7, c. 55, &c. LINGONES, a people of Celtic Gaul, north of the Aedui, and having'he Sequana on the east and Senones on the west. The rivers Mosa, Sequana, and Miatrbna' arose in their territories. Their chief city was Andomadunum, aferward Lingones, now Langres. B. 1, c. 26, 40.3. 4, c. 10, &c. LUTETJA, the capital of the Parisii, on an island in the Sequana, now Paris. The city began to increase in importance under the first French kings, and was extended to the two banks of the river, the island' being connected with them by bridges. B. 6, c. 3.-B. 7, c. 57, 58. M. MA;ETOBRIA, a city of Gaul, near which Ariovistus defeated the comoined forces of the Gauls. It is supposed to correspond to the modern Moigte de Broae, near the village of Pontailler. Consult Explanatory Notes, page 27, note 8. MANDUBII, a tribe of Celtic Gaul, clients of the Aedui, and situate in tie northern part of their territory, on the borders of the Lingones. The.r chief city was Alesia, now Alise. Their territory answers to that nart of the former Duchy of Burgundy once called'Au r.ois, now the doe -artment de la Cote d'or. B. 7, c. 68, 71, 78. MARCOMANNI, a nation of Germany, in the southeastern part of the ccintly. Their territories were bounded on the west by the Rhine, on the so th by the Danube, and on the north by the Maenus, or Meyn. In the tine of Augustus they removed from this quartvr, in order to escape the Roman yoke, and wrested from the Boii the country which had been called from them Boierheim (or Bohemium), now Bohlemia. (Vid. Boil.) The name Marcomanni denotes "border men." B. 1, c. 51. MATISCO, one of the more important cities of the Aedui, and a place of considerable trade. According to the Notitia R. I.It was famed for its manufacture of arrows. It is now eIdwnco, in the department de Saone. Lt-Lmre. B. 7. 90 s 468 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. MATRONA, tie ffarne, a river of Gaul, which formed part of the ancient boundary between Gallia Belgica and Celtica. It rose in the territory of the Lingones, near Andomadunum or Langres, and emptied into the Sequana or Seine, a little above Lutetia or Paris. Its course is about ninety-two leagues. B 1, c. I MeDIOMATRiC, a people of Belgic Gaul, between the Treviri to the north, and the Leuci to the south. Their chief town was Divodurum, afterward Mediomatrices, now letz. They were regarded as one of mne most powerful of the-Belgic tribes. Their territory answers now co what is called le pays Messin. B. 4, c. 10.-B. 7, c. 75. MELDI, a Gallic tribe, northeast of the Parisii. Their chief town answers to the modern Meazux. B. 5, c. 5. MELODfNUM, a town of the Senones, now Aulun, on an island in the Sequana or Seine, in a southeastern direction from Paris. B. 7, c. 58, 60. MENAPII, a nation of Belgic Gaul, in the vicinity of the lower Rhine, and occupying, according to Cesar, possessions on both sides of that river. The Toxandri were their neighbours to the south. Their fortress, called Castellum Menapiorum, answers to the modern Kessel, on the Meuse. B. 2, c. 4. —B. 3, c. 9.-B. 4, c. 4, 22, &c. METIOSEDUM, a town a short distance above Lutetia or Paris, and answering to the modern Josay. Consult note 5, page 171. B. 7, c. 61. MONA. There were two islands of this name. One was between Britain and Hibernia, and is now the Isle of Man. Of this Caesar speaks (B. 5, c. 13). The other is mentioned by Tacitus (Ann. 14, 29.Vit. Agric. 14), and corresponds to the modern Anglesey. This latter island was remarkable as being one of the principal seats of the Druids. MORINI, a tribe of Belgic Gaul, whose country lay along the coast, opposite Cantium or Kent. Their chief city was Teruanna, now Therouenne, and their territory answered to the modern Boulonnais (department du Pas-de- Calais), to part of the county of Artois (department du Nord), and a portion of Flanders along the sea. B. 2, c. 4.-B. 3, c. q, &c. IOSA, the Meuse or Maese, a river of Gaul, rising among the Lingo-.-, a little to the west of Mount Vogesus, and falling into the Vaha!is or Waal. Its course is about 160 leagues. B. 4, c. 10. N. NAMNETES, or Nannetes, a people of Celtic Gaul, on the northern bank of the Liger, near its mouth. Their chief city was Condivicnum, afterward Namnetes, now Nantes, in the department de la Loire Inferiar e. B. 3, c. 9. NANTUXTES, a Gallic tribe, whose territory lay south of the Lacus Lenianus or Lake of Geneva, in that part of the Alps now called Chahlais and le bas de la Valee. B. 3, c. 1, 7.-B. 4, c. 10. NARRO, now Narbonne, the capital of the Roman province, in the territory of the Volcae Tectosages, near the seacoast, and on the river Atax or Aude. It became, by means of this stream, a seaport and place of great trade. Narbo was one of the oldest cities of the land, and had an extensive commerce long before the Romans established themselves in tais quarter. Its favourable situation caused that people to send a cclo GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 469 ny to the place, and, as a Roman colony, it took the name of Narbc Martius, or, in other words, Martius was added to the previous appellation. It subsequently became the capital of the entire province, which took from it the name of Narbonensis. B. 3, c. 20.-B. 7, c. 7.-B. 8, c. 46. NEMETES, a German tribe, along the western bank of the Rhine, be cween the Vangiones to the north and the Tribocci to the south. Th'ei territory corresponds to part of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Their principal city was Noviomagus or Spires. B. 1, c. 51. NERVII, a powerful and warlike people, in Belgic Gaul, whose territory lay to the northeast of that of the Atrebates. The river Scaldis or Scheldt passed through a part of their country. The valour of the Nervii is fully attested by the account which Caesar gives of them. They were of German origin. Their chief city was Bagacum, now Bavay, which appears to have fallen about the end of the fourth century, and to have been supplanted by Cameracum, now Cambray, and Turnacum, now Tournay. B. 2, c. 4, 17, 28, 29.-B. 5, c. 24, &c. NITIOBRIGES, a Gallic tribe, southwest of the Cadurci. Their territory lay on either side of the Garumna or Garonne, corresponding to the modern Agennois, in the department de Lot et de Garonne, and their chief town was Aginnum, now Ag'en. B. 7, c. 7, 31, 46, 75. NoREIA, a city of Noricum, the capital of the Taurisci, near the modern village of Neumarkt, in the province of Stiria. B. 1, c. 5. (Mannert, Geogr. vol. iii., p. 646.) NORIcuM, an extensive country, bounded on the north by the Danube, on the west by the Oenus or Inn, on the south by Italy, and on the east oy Pannonia. It corresponded, therefore, to Salzburg, Carinthia, and parts of Austria and Stiria. It was famous for its mines of iron. Noricum was first conquered by the Romans in the reign of Augustus Tiberius led the expedition. B. 1, c. 5. NoviODUNUM. There were three cities of this name in Gaul. I. Noviodunum Aeduorum, a city of the Aedui, on the banks of the Liger; now Nevers. (B. 7, c. 55.) II. Noviodunum Suessibnum, a city of the Suessiones, now Soisons. (B. 2, c. 12.) III. Noviodunum Biturigum, a city of the Bituriges, now Neuvy-sur-Baranjon. (B. 7, c. 12.) 0. OcaLUM, a city among the Cottian Alps, now Usseau, in Piedmont B. 1, c. 10. OCToDURUS, the chief city of the Veragri, among the Pennine Alps now Martignz, in tne Valais. B. 3, c. 1. ORcYNIA, a name given by the Greek writers to the Hercynian forest OsiSMli, a people of Gallic Celtica, in the westernmost extremity o the country, forming one of the Gentes Armoricm. Their territor) corresponds to a part of modern Brittany, and their chief city was Vorganium, afterward Osismii, now Korbez. In their country was Brivates P:ortus. now Brest. B. 2, c. 34. —B. 3, c. 9, &c. P. PAPus, or Po, the largest river in Italy, anciently called also Eridaaus. It rises in Mons Vesulnis, now Monte Viso, near the sources il 470 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. the Druencia or Durance, runs in an easterly direction for more than 500 miles, and discharges.its waters into the Adriatic, about thirty miles south of Portus Venetus, the modern Venice. B. 5, c. 24. P^EMANI, a people of Belgic Gaul, about whom all other writers except Caesar are silent. Their territory lay on the eastern side of the river Mosa or Meuse, and corresponds to a part of the modern district of Liege. B. 2, c 4. PARISHi, a Gallic tribe, north of the Carnutes and Senones. Their chief city was Lutetia, afterward Parisii, now Paris. B. 6, c. 3.-B. 7, c. 4, &o. PETROCORI[, a Gallic tribe, east of the mouth of the Garumna. Their chief city was Vesuna, afterward Petrocorii, now Perigeux, the capital of Perigord. B. 7, c. 75. PICTSNES, a Gallic tribe, below the mouth and along the southern sank of the Liger or Loire. Their chief city was Limonum, afterward Pictones, now Poitiers, -in the department de la Vienne. B. 2, c. 2. PIRUSTAE, a people of Dalmatia, in Illyricum, on the confines of Pannonia. They appear to be the same with the Pyrcei of Pliny. (H. N 3, 22.) PLEUMroxII, a people of Belgic Gaul, northeast of the Atrebates, anc whose territory lay in the vicinity of Turnacum or Tournay. B. 5, c. 39. PRovINcIA ROMANA, the first Roman province formed in Gaul. It extended from the Pyrenees to the Alps along the coast, and was bounded on the east by the Alps, on the west by the chain of Mount Cebenna, now Cevennes, and on the north, where it narrowed off, by the Ambani, Sequani, and Helvetii. This tract of country was at first called simply Provincia, afterward Gallia Braccata, from the bracca worn by the inhabitants, and finally Gallia Narbonensis. The braccez were a species of striped under garment covering the thigh. Celtic Gaul, for distinction sake from Gallia Braccata, was sometimes called Gallia Comata., from the long hair worn by its inhabitants. The more modern Provence corresponded to only a part of the ancient Provincia. The following departments answer to the latter in its full extent: the departments des Pyrenees orientales, de l'Arriege, de l'Aude, de la Haute Garonne, du Tarn, de l'Herault, du Gard, de Vaucluse, aes Bouches du RhOne, du Var, des Basses Alpes, des Hautes Alpes, de la Dronme, de l'IsEre, de l'Ain. PYRENJEI MONTES, a well-known range of mountains, separating Gallia from Hispania. The whole chain is about 294 miles in length. The name is derived from the Celtic Pyren or Pyrn, " a high moun tain," from which may also be deduced the name of Mount Brenner in the Tyrol. RAURACi, a Gallic tribe, above the Helvetii, and between the Sequan and the Rhine. Their chief town was Rauracum, afterward called Au. gusta Rauracorum, and now Augst, a small village near-Basle. B. 1 c 5, 29.-B. 5, c. 75. —B. 6, c. 25. REMI, a powerful nation of Gallia Belgica, to the southwest of the Y'reviri. Their chief town was Durocortorum, afterward Remi, now Rheims.,: B. 2, c. 3.-B. 5, c. 54, &c. RHF-Nus, a celebrated river of Europe. rising- in the Lepontlne Alps GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 471 a little to the east of Mount St. Gothard, in the country of the Grisons, It passes, in its course, through Lacus Brigantinus or the Lake of Con. stance, and afterward through Lacus Acronius or the Lake of Zell, and continrles to run nearly west until it reaches Basilia or Basle. Here it takes a northern direction, and becomes the boundary between Gallia and Germania, and afterward between the latter and Belgium. At Schenk or Schenken Schans, the Rhenus sends off its left-hand branch, the Vahalis or Waal, which flows west, and joins the Mosa or Meuse. After parting with the Vahalis, the Rhenus flows on a few miles farther to the north, and then divides into two streams, of which the one to the right hand had the name of Flevo, or Flevus, or Flevum, now the Yssal, and the other that of Helium, now the Lech. The latter joins the Mosa above the spot where now stands Rotterdam. The Yssal was originall) unconnected with the Rhine, but was joined to it by the canal of Drusus Before it reached the sea, it traversed a small lake called Flevo, which by the increase of waters it received through the Yssal from the Rhine, became in time expanded, and now forms the Zuyder Zee. The whole course of the Rhine is 900 miles, of which 630 are navigable, from Basle to the sea. B. 4, c. 10, 16, 17.-B. 6, c. 9, &c. RHODXNUS, now the Rhone, a large and rapid river of Europe, rising among the Lepontine Alps, not more than two leagues south of the sources of the Rhine. It passes through the Lake Lemanus, now Lake of Geneva, and, after flowing with a very swift current in a southern direction, empties into the Sinus Gallicus or Gulf of Lyons. Its whole course is about 400 miles. RUTiNI, a people of Gaul, to the northwest of the Volcae Arecomici, and occupying the district now called Le Rouergue. Their capital was Segodunum, afterward denominated Ruteni, and now Rhodez. Part of the Ruteni were in the Roman province, and part without in Celtic Gaul. The capital of the provincial Ruteni was, strictly speaking, Albiga, now Albi. B. 1, c. 45.-B. 7, c. 7, &c. S. SABIS, now the Sambre, a river of Belgic Gaul, rising among tnh Nervii, and joining the Mosa in the territory of the Aduatici. B. 1, c. 45.-B. 7, c. 7, 64, 75. SAMAROBRIVA, a city of Gallica Belgica, in the territory of the Ambiani, and on the southern bank of the river Samara or Somme. It was afterward called Ambianum, and is now Amniens. B. 5, c. 24, 45, 51. SANT6NES, a people of Gallia Celtica, whose territory lay between the Pictones on the north, and the mouth of the Garumna on the south. Their chief town was Mediolanum, afterward called Santones, now Saintes. B. 1, c. 10, 11.-B. 3, c. 11. ScALDIs, now the Scheldt or Escaut, a river of Belgic Gaul, rising about fifteen miles south of Camaracum, now Cambray, and falling into the German sea near the modern island of Walcheren. Its whole course'loes not exceed 120 miles. B. 6, c. 33. SE.DUNI, a nation of Gaul, to the southeast of the Lacus Lemanus, ind occupying the upper part of the Vallis Pennina or Valais. Their chief town was Civitas Sedunorum, now Sion. B. 3, c. 1, 2. SEDUSII, a German tribe, on the western bank of the upper Rhine, oear the Tribocci, Vangiones, and Nemetes. B. 1, c. 51. ~Ss 2 472 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. SEGNI, a people of Gallica Belgica, in the vicinity of the Condrusi The modern Cix:ey or Chiney is thought to indicate the site of their ancient capital. B. 6, c. 32. SEGONTIXCI, a people of Britain, the situation of whose territory is not exactly known. Horsely places them in the northern part of the territory of the Belgae, below the Atrebatii. Some suppose them to have been a colony from Saguntum in Spain; but this is extremely visionary. B, 5, c. 21. SEGUSIANI, a people of Gallia Celtica, to the south of the Aedui, and in whose territory lay the city of Lugdunum, now Lyons. D'Anville makes Lugdunum to have been a pl- e of Roman origin (Geogr. Anc. vol. i., p. 66). Others, however, with more probability, regard it as having been at first one of the towns of the Segusiani. The chief town of this Gallic tribe was Forum Segusianorum, now Feurs. B. 1, c. 10. SENONES, a powerful and warlike nation of Gallia Celtica, to the northwest of the Aedui. In the time of Caesar, however, they had lost a portion of their former strength and influence, and were a kind of lients to the Aedui, though they had still many other tribes in clientship to themselves. Their chief city was Agendicum, afterward called Senones, now Sens. B. 5, c. 54.-B. 6, c. 3. SEQUANA, a river of Gaul, rising in the extreme northern part of the territory of the Aedui, and, after a course of about 250 miles, falling into the Oceanus Britannicus or English Channel. B. 1, c. 1, &c. SEQUINI, a people of Gallia Celtica, not of Belgica as Ptolemy states. Their country was bounded on the east by Mount Jura, which separated it from the Helvetii; on the north by Mount Vosegus; on the west by the country of the Aedui and Lingones; and on the south by the Ambiani and Allobroges. The Sequani are well known in the history of Gaul, as having called in the aid of Ariovistus against their victorious rivals the Aedui. After the defeat of the latter by the German leader, the Sequani themselves felt severely the power of the conqueror. Ceesar's arrival in Gaul, however, put a stop to this state of things, and the Aedui regained, through his means, their former ascendency. The chief town of the Sequani was Vesontio, now Besangon. B. 1, c. 9, &c. SESUVII, one of the Armoric states in Gaul. Their particular situation is unknown. Vid. Armorica. SIBUSATES, a people of Aquitania, the situation of whose territory is not exactly agreed upon. Some make it to have extended along the river Atur or Adour, not far from the borders of Hispania, and think that the town of Sabuzsse, between Dax and Bayonne, marks the site of their ancient capital. Others, however, assign them a position a little below "he Bituriges Vivisci, near what is called at the present day Tete de Bach, in the department de la Gironde. The former of these'opinions is the more probable. B. 3, c. 27. SIGAMBRI, a German nation, in Caesar's time dwelling near the Rhine, out whose earlier settlements would appear to have been farther inland. They crossed the Rhine, when intelligence was brought them that the territory of the Eburones was given up to plunder, and came very near surprising the camp of Q. Cicero. B. 6, c. 25, &c. SOTIXTES, a people of Aquitania, lying b'elow the Nitrobriges, and along the lower banks of the Garumna or Garonne. Their chief town wis Sotiatum, now Sos. B. 3, c. 20. SUESSIONES a neo)le of Gallia TRfricra lving to the southwest of the GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 47T Remi. The.. capital, in Caesar's time, was Noviodunum, afterward called Augusta Suessionum, and also Suessones, now Soissons. We have given the penult of the name as short; it is found, however, in Greek with both quantities;:oveaslves and Eoveroaioes. B. 2, c. 1, &C. SuYvi, a powerful nation of Germany, consisting of many tribes, and inhabiting the eastern section of the country, from the Danube to the Sinus Codanus or Baltic. Traces of the ancient name still remain in that of the modern Swabia. B. 4, c. 1. T. TAMESIS, the Thames. Caesar is supposed to have crossed this river at Coway Stakes, seven or eight miles above Kingston. Horsely, however, thinks that he forded it near that town. B. 5, c. 11. TARBELLI, a people of Aquitania, lying along the Atlantic coast, below the Cocosates, and extending to the Pyrenees. Their chief city was Aquae Augustae, now Acqs or Dax. B. 3, c. 27. TARUSAtTES, a people of Aquitania, east of the Tarbelli, and north of the Aquitani. The modern town of Tursa, or Teursan, retains traces of the ancient name. B. 3, c. 27. TECTOSIGES. Vid. Volca. TENCHTHERI, a German nation, who, in conjunction with the Usipetes, crossed the Rhine and drove out the Menapii from the settlements occupied by the latter. They were defeated by Caesar, and the remainder of their force was compelled to seek protection among the Sigambri B. 4, c. 1, &c. TEUTONES. Vid. Cimbri. ToL5sA, a city of Aquitania, in the territory of the Tolosates, now Toulouse. The situation of the place, on the northern bank of the Garumna, was very favourable for trade, and under the Romans it became the centre of the traffic which was carried on between the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of this part of Gaul. At a later period, Tolosa became the capital of the Visigoths. B. 3, c. 20, &c. TREVIRI, a nation of Gallia Belgica, northeast of the Remi, and between the Mosa and the Rhenus. Their chief city was Augusta Trevirorum, now Treves. B. 1, c. 37, &c. TRIBOcCI, a people of German origin, who crossed the Rhine, and, according to D'Anville, established themselves between this river and Mons Vosegus. Their capital was not Argentoratum (Strasbourg'), though this city was within their territory, but Brocomagus, now Brumt B. 1, c. 51, &c. TRINOBANTES, a nation of Britain, inhabiting what are now the coun ties of Essex and Middlesex. B. 5, c. 20. TULINGI, a German tribe, whose territories lay to the north of the Helvetii, and on the other side of the Rhine. The modern Stuhlingen marks the site of their ancient capital. B. 1, c. 5, &c. TuRONES, a powerful nation of Gallia Celtica, whose territory lay to the northeast of the Pictones, and along, the banks of the Liger or Loire. Their capital was Caesarodunum, afterward called Turones, now Tours B 2, c. 35. 474 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX., UBs, a German nation, dwelling along the eastern banks of the Rhin During the reign of Augustus, they were removed by Agrippa to the opposite or left bank, in Gaul. At a subsequent period, Agrippina, the mother of Nero, established a colony of veterans in their territory, called from her Colonia Agrippina, now Cologne. B. 1, c. 54, &c. UNELLI, a people of Gallia Celtica, forming one of the Armoric states, and lying to the northwest of what is now called Normandy. Their territory was bounded on three sides by the sea, and off the coast lay the islands of Caesarea, now Jersey; Sarnia, now Guernsey; and Reduna, now Alderney. Their chief town was Coriallum, now Gouril. B. 2, c. 34, &c. USIPETES, a German tribe. Vid. Tenchtheri. V. VAHALIS, the left branch of the Rhenus, now the Waal. It joins the Mosa or Meuse, at the island of Voorn, and falls into the German Sea. B. 4, c. 10. VANGIONES, a people of Gallia Belgica, on the western bank of the Rhine, above the Nemetes. They were of German origin. Their chief town was Borbetomagus, now Worms. B. 1, c. 51. VELAUNI, a small tribe of Gallia Celtica, called also Vellavi, whose territory lay to the northwest of that of the Helvii, and at the sources of the Liger or Loire. Their chief city was Revessio, afterward called Vellavi, now Saint-Paulhien; and not ie Puy, as D'Anville maintains. B. 7,;c. 75. VELOCASSES, less correctly called Bellocassi, a nation of Belgic Gaul, whose territories lay to the northwest of the Parisii. Their chief town was Rotomagus, now Rouen. B. 2, c. 4. VENETI, a nation of Gallia Celtica, in the western extremity, above the Namnetes and mouth of the Liger, and bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most powerful among the Armoric states, and were conspicuous for their skill in navigation, and strong naval force. Their chief town was Dariorigum, afterward called Veneti, now Vannes. B. 2, c. 34, &c. VERAURI, a tribe who lived above the Nantuates, in the middle of the Pennine Valley, which they inhabited along with the Seduni. Their chief city was Octodurus, now Martigni, as the French term it, or, as it is called by the Germans, Martenach. B. 3, c. 1. VEROMANDUI, a people of Gallia Belgica, to the northwest of the Remi. Their capital was Augusta Veromanduorum, now St. Quentin, on the Samara or Somme. They were of German origin. B. 2, c. 4. VESONTIO, the chief town of the Sequani, now Besancon. B. 1, c 38, &c. VIENNA, now Vienne, the chief city of, the Allobroges, on the eastern bank of the Rhodanus or Rhone, and about thirteen miles to the south of Lugdunum or Lyons. B 7, c. 9. VOCiTES, a people of Aquitania, whose particular situation is no, clearly known. D'Anville thinks that by Vocates are meant, in fact, the Vasates, whose territory lay along the lower bank of the Garumna. G4EOGRAPHICAL INDEX 47 about ninety miles from the mouth of that river, and whose capital waR Cossio, afterward called Vasates, now Bazas. B. 3, c. 27. VOCONTI, a tribe in the southern part of Gaul, lying to the east of tho Rhone, and separated from it by the Segalauni. They were about 100 miles from the mouth of the river. Their chief town was Dea, now Die. B. 1, c. 10. VOSEGUS, less correctly Vogesus, a branch of Mount Jura, stretching forth in a northern direction as far as the country of the Treviri, and sending out branches through the territories of the Sequani, Lingones, Leuci, and Mediotrici. It contains the sources of the Arar or Saone, the Mosa or Meuse, and the Mosella or Moselle. The modern name of the range is La Vosge or Les Vosges, but, besides this, different parts bear different appellations. B. 4, c. 10. VOLCS, a numerous and powerful nation of southern Gaul, divided into two great branches, the Arecomici and Tectosages. I. The Volca Aracomici occupied the southwestern angle of the Roman province m Gaul, and had for their chief city Nemausus, now Nismes. II. The Volce Tectosages lay without the Roman province, in a southwest direction from the Arecomici. Their capital was Tolosa, now Toulouse. The nation of the Volcae would appear from their name to have been of German origin. Compare the German volk, "people," &e., whence comes the English "folk." The true Roman pronunciation of Volce was Volka. B. 7, c. 74, &c. ARCHIEOLOGICAL INDEX. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX. A. ACTUARIlE (scil. naves), ships contrived for lightness and expedition, and having but one bank of oars on each side, or, at farthest, two. They were of various kinds, and called by various names, such as celoces, lembi, phaseli, &c. The most remarkable, however, were the naves Liburnee, a kind of light galley used by the Liburnians, a people of Dalmatia. To ships of this kind Augustus was in a great measure indebted for his victory at Actium. AESTIVA (scil. castra), a summer encampment, as opposed to Hiberna (scil. castra) or winter-quarters. They were sometimes styled Aestivalia. AETAS MILITARIS, the period during which every Roman citizen was compelled to perform military duty, unless otherwise exempted. It began with the seventeenth year, and terminated at the close of the forty-fifth. (Aul. Gell. 10, 28.) AGGER, the military name for the mound erected in besieging places. It was composed of earth, wood, and hurdles, and stone, and was gradually advanced towards the town, always increasing in height until it equalled or overtopped the walls. On it were erected towers of several stories, from which darts and stones were discharged against the defenders of the place by means of engines. ALA, the wing of an army. Alee, in the plural, is frequently applied to the allied forces, both cavalry and infantry, as distinguished from the cavalry and infantry of the legions. ALARII, a name applied to the allied cavalry and infantry, from their fighting on the wings (in alis). Vid. ALSE. AMENTUM, a leathern strap, or thong, used for hurling a javelin, and fastened to the middle. Occasionally the javelin was drawn back by means of it, after having been hurled against the foe, but this was on.yv in close quarters. ANTESIGNXNI, a name given to the soldiers who fought before the standards, or in the first line, as those who were stationed behind the standards were called Postsignani or Subsignani. AQUILA, the eagle, or main standard of the Roman legion, was a rep. resentation of that bird in silver or gold, more commonly the former, and holding a thunderbolt in its claws, with the figure of a small chapel above the wings, that were extended as if in flight. ARIES, or battering-ram, one of the most formidable of the Roman machines of war. It was a long beam, like the mast of a ship, and armed at one end with iron in the form of a ram's head, whence it had its-name It was suspended by the middle with ropes or chains, fastTv 480 hAR1CtUlI-H.UlOLqGI_.C AL INDE. X, ened to a beam that lay across two posts; and, hanging thus equally balanced, it was oy a hundred men, more or less (who weie frequently changed), violently thrust forward, drawn back, and again pushed forward, until, by repeated blows, it had shaken and battered down the wall with its iron head. AUXILIA, the troops sent by foreign kings and states. They usually received both pay and clothing from the republic, although they sometimes were supported by those who sent them. B. BALISTA, a species of military engine for discharging darts, arrows, and stones. They were of different sizes, and consequently produced more or less effect. Some were used in battles, and might be called field-pieces; others were employed in sieges, which was the use most commonly made of them. There was another kind of engine, used for similar purposes, and called a catapulta. The balista, however, must have been the heavier of the two, and the more difficult to carry, because there was always a greater number of catapultsa in the ancient armies. According to some, the balistae discharged heavy stones and ponderous iavelins, but the catapults lighter missiles. Some of the balistae threw stones of three hundred weight upward of a hundred and twenty-five paces. The stones from the balistae, according to Josephus, beat down battlements, and broke the angles of towers, nor was there any phalanx so deep, but one of these missiles could sweep a whole file of it from one end to the other. Folard, in his commentary on Polybius, says, their force was very nearly equal to that of our artillery. BUCCINA, a wind-instrument, similar to our horn, and commonly used by the Romans when changing the watches. Hence it is sometimes used for the watch itself; as, ad tertiam buccinam, for ad tertiam vigiliam. C. CALENDAS, the name given by the Romans to the first day of the month. It is more commonly written Kalende, which see. CALSNES, the servants or attendants of the soldiers. According to Festus, they derived their name from the circumstance of their carrying wooden sticks or clubs, " Calones militum servi dicti, quod ligneas clavas gerebant, nam Graci ligna KdXa vocant." These " ligneae clavce" would appear, however, from a remark of Servius (ad Virg..En. 6, 1), to have been the same with the valli or stakes, which the Roman soldiers usually bore, as a part of their ordinary load, but which the calones carried when their masters were advancing to battle. The calones were occasionally found to make good fighting men, when matters had come to extremities. (Pitisc. Lex. Ant. s. v. p. 331, vol. i.) CASTRA, a camp. The wood-cut which faces the next page will give a good idea of its shape and divisions. The discipline of the Romans was chiefly conspicuous in their marches and encampments. They never passed a night, even in the longest marches, without pitching a camp, and fortifying it with a rampart and ditch. The form of the Roman camp was square, and was always of the same figure. In later ages, however, they sometimes, in imitation of the Greeks, made it circular, or adapted -XOMAN CONSULA.R CAIMlP ACUt)IlD!NGO TO POLY1BI.US t ~-3(T"'' 30 30~ 7 2 25 25 22 It 23 23 23 23 2 1 5. 12 21 2 28 10'4 2 CI k i l 101 5 }15 l i 95'j U 3,,, ii l VT 15 14 1 I 15 14 12 11 l 9 8L 111 1 4 1 M 15 | 122.11 S S 9 1 32 i1 15 L l'-r ^ 14,3 12 1L 15 14 I 1 14 11 II 15 14 12 II 98 8 3 j 141 t -I15 l1'21" 19S S 111 14 1115' 15 14 1 7 11 S S 11 14 15 I I s I Il 35 14 I2 II 0 89 11 12 14 15 _ _ _ _ _ _ _...01~______ l~1 ARCILEOLOGICAL INDEX. 483 it to the nature of the ground. It was surrounded by a ditch, usually nine feet deep and twelve feet broad, and by a rampart or vallum, composed ol the earth dug from the ditch, and having sharp stakes stuck into it. The camp had four gates, one on each side. They were called porta PRZETORIA, next the enemy; DECUMANA, opposite to the former; porta PRIN CIXPALIS DEXTRA, on the right side of the camp, at one end of the main street called PRINCIPIA; and PRINCIPALIS SINISTRA, on the left side, at the other end. The camp was divided into two parts, called the upper and lower, by the main street just mentioned. In the lower part the troops were disposed in the following order. - The cavalry were in the middle; on both sides of them were the trzarii, principes, and hastati, or the third, second, and first Roman ranks; and next to these, on both sides, were the cavalry and foot of the allies, who were always posted in separate places, lest they should form any plots by being united The velites commonly occupied the empty space between the ramparts and tents, which was 200 feet broad. The tents were covered with — leather ox skins, extended by means of ropes. In each tent were usually ten soldiers, with their decanus or petty officer who commanded them. The different divisions of the troops were separated by intervals called VIME. Of these there were five longwise, i. e., running from the decuman towards the prcetorian side; and three across, one in the lower part of the camp, called quintana, and two in the upper, namely, the principia, and another between the pratorium and the pratorian gate. The following illustration of the accompanying wood-cut will render our meaning clearer. 1. Ground on which stood the Pratorium, or general's tent, with a sufficient space around for the tents of his suite. 2. Ground behind the tents of the Tribunes, for their horses, bag gage, &c. 3. Ground on which the tents of the Tribunes were pitched. 4. Ground behind the tents of the Prefects of the Allies, for their norses, baggage, &c. 5. Ground on which the tents of the Prefects of the Allies were Ditched. 6. A cross street, one hundred feet wide, called Principia. (Vid. PRINCIPIA.) 7. A cross street, fifty feet wide, on both sides of which were the tents of the Roman horse. 8. The Horse of two Roman legions, in ten turmae or troops each. 9. The Triarii of two Roman legions (Vid. TRIARII), in ten maniples each, facing on two different streets. 10. Two streets, each fifty feet wide, between the Triarii and Prlncipes of two legions. 11. The Principes of two Roman legions (Vid. PRINCIPES), in tgn maniples each. 12. The Hastati of two Roman legions (Vid. HASTAT1), in ten maniples each. 13. Two streets, each fifty feet wide, between the Hastati of the two Reman legions and the Horse of the Allies. 14. The Horse of the Allies, wanting the Extraordinarii (Vid. No. 25), and Dlaced in two different parts of the camp. The forces of the allies, both cavalry and infantry, were always separated in this manner to prevent plotting, as we have already remarked. TT2 484 ARCHEOLOGICAL INDEX. 15 The Infantry of the Allies, wanting the Extraordinarii, and lile the horse, placed in two different parts of the camp. 16. The Quintana (scil. via), a street fifty feet wide, running across:he camp, between the fifth and sixth maniples of each line. Hence, as it comes after the fifth maniple, reckoned from the Principia, it rece'ved the name of Quintana. 17. The Quaestorium, or Quastor's tent. 18. The tents of the Legati. The space in front of these and the Quzestorium was called the Forum, where things were sold, &c. 19. Evocati Equites, or Veteran Horse. (Vid. EVOCATI.) 20. Evocati Pedtes, or Veteran Foot. 21. Ablecti Equites (Vid. No. 25), or Horse of the Consular lifeguards 22. Ablecti Pedites, or Foot of the Consular life-guards. 23. A cross street one hundred feet wide. 24. A street fifty feet wide. 25. Extraordinarii Equites. A third part of the allied horse, and a fifth part of the allied foot, were selected, and posted near the consul under the name of Extraordinarii, and one troop of horse, and manplo of foot, called ABLECTI, or Selecti, to serve as his life-guard. 26. Extraordinarii Pedites. 27. Quarters for strangers coming to the camp. 28. A space two hundred feet broad, between the outermost tents and the rampart. 29. Rampart, or Vallum. 30. Ditch, usually nine feet deep and twelve feet broad. 31. Porta Principalis Dextra. 32. Porta Principalis Sinistra. 33. Porta Decumana (i. e., Decimana), so called because all the tens of the maniples end here. 34. Porta Prestoria. 35. A traverse breastwork, with a ditch, opposite to, and protecting, each of the gates. CATAPULTA, a military engine for discharging stones, arrows, and other missiles. Vid. BALISTA. CENTURIO, the commander of a century, or body of troops, which consisted, when full, of 100 men, but was generally under this amount. There were two centurions in each maniple, called by the same name, but distinguished by the title prior, "former," and posterior, " latter," because the one was chosen and ranked before the other. The centurion of the first century of the first maniple of the triarii was called centurio primi pili, or primopilus, or primus pilus. He presided over all the other centurions, and had the charge of the eagle, or chief standard of the legion, whereby he obtained both profit and dignity, being ranked among the equites. He had also a place in the council of war, with the consul and tribunes. There were altogether sixty centurions in a legion, and, consequently, there was a wide field for promotion, from being the lowest centurion of the tenth maniple of the hastati, to the rank of primipilus. CLYPEUS, a round shield of inferior size to the scutum. The latter was of an oblong shape, fbur feet long and two feet and a half broad, made of wood joined together with little plates of iron, and the whole ARCHSEOLOGICAL INDEX. 485 covered with a bull's hide. The scutum had also an iron boss (umbo) jutting out in the middle, which the clypeus wanted. COHORS, a division of the Roman legion, of which it contained ten. When the legion was full, i. e., 6000 men, each cohort contained, of course, 600; but, generally speaking, the number was below this. Each legion then was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three mani pies, and each maniple into two centuries.-Cohors Preotoria, Vid'PRETORIA. CONSUL, the official title of the two chief magistrates of the Romar state. In the latter years of the republic, they were elected at the end of July or beginning of August, and were installed into office on the first day of January. None could be elected to this-office under forty-three years of age, but this regulation was often disregarded. D. DECUR0o, a commander of horse. Each turma, or troop of thirty horse, had three decuriones, or commanders of ten, but he who was first elected commanded the troop, and was called dux turme. Each decurio had an optio or deputy under him. DELECTUS, a levy of soldiers. A day was previously appointed, on which all those who were of the military age (from seventeen to fortysix) were ordered to be present at the capitol. On the day fixed, the consuls, seated in their curule chairs, held a levy, by the assistance of the military or legionary tribunes, unless hindered by the tribunes of the commons. It was determined by lot in what order the tribes should be called. The consuls ordered such as they pleased to be cited out of each tribe, and every one was obliged to answer to his name under a severe penalty. They were careful to choose those first, who had what were thought lucky names, as Valerius, Salvius, Statorius, &c. The names were written down on tables; hence scribere milites, to enlist, to levy or raise soldiers E. EQUITES. There were usually 300 cavalry joined to each legion, called justus equitatus, or ala. They were divided into ten turmea, or troops of thirty each, and each turma into three decurice, or bodies of ten men. Evoc.iT, veteran soldiers, who had served out their time, but were induced again to enlist, or, in other words, were invited so to do. They were exempted from all the drudgery of military service, such as procuring wood, water, forage, standing guard, &c. ExcUBIAE. These were watches either by day or by night. On the other hand, vigilire denoted only watches by night, of which there were four, each three hours long. EXERCITUS. A consular army consisted of two Roman legions with the due number of cavalry, and two legions of the allies together with the allied cavalry; making, in all, 20,000 men; in the time of Polybius, however, 18,600. F. FUNDITORES, slingers obtained from the Balearic Islands, Achaia, Crete, Arabia, &c. The best were the Balearians, or inhabitants of Ma. 486 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX. jorca and Minorco. who were trained up in this exercise from early boy hood. The slings of the funditores discharged their stones with so much force, that neither buckler nor headpiece could sometimes resist their impetuosity. Instead of stones, the slings were sometimes charged with leaden balls like our bullets, which they carried to a much greater distance than stones. G. GALEA, a helmet. This defensive piece of armour was of brass or iron and came down to the shoulders, but left the face uncovered. Hence, the command of Caesar at the battle of Pharsalia, which in a great measure determined the fortune of the day: Faciem feri miles, " Soldier, strike the face." Pompey's cavalry, being chiefly composed of young men of rank, were as much afraid of having their visages disfigured as of death. GLADIUS, a sword. The Roman sword was short, straight, heavy, cut and thrust, and worn on the right side, so as not to interfere, in drawing, with the shield. The long sword of the cavalry, which was also curved, was.worn on the left. GRADUS, the military pace. This the soldiers were trained with great care to observe, and were, therefore, when encamped, led out thrice a month, sometimes ten, sometimes twenty miles, as the general felt inclined. They usually marched at the rate of twenty miles in five hours; sometimes, with a quickened pace, twenty-four miles in that time. H. HASTATI, the name given to the first rank of the Roman legion. Vit LEGIO. HIBERNA, winter-quarters. The winter-quarters of the Roman-s were strongly fortified, and furnished, particularly under the emperors, with every accommodation like a city, as storehouses (armaria), workshops (fabrice), an infirmary (valetudinarium), &c. Hence from them many towns in Europe are supposed to have had thoir origin; in England par ticularly, those whose names end in cester or Chester. IDUS, the Ides of the month, falling in March, May, July, and October on the fifteenth; and in the other months on the thirteenth. Vid. KALE NDAE. IMPEDIMENTA. Baggage. The heavier baggage of the Roman armies, such as the tents, mills, &c., were carried or beasts of burden, for wagons were rarely used, as being more currbersone. Everything else formed part of the load of the Roman soldier himself, which amounted to sixty pounds weight, exclusive of his armour. Under this load they commonly marched twenty miles a day, sometimes more. The articles oorne in this way by the private soldier were as follows: provisions for fifteen days, sometimes more, usually corn, as being lighter, sometimes dressed food, utensils, a saw, a basket, a mattock, an axe, a reaper's hook and leathern thong, a chain, a pot, &c., stakes, usually three or four: sometimes twelve. JUGUM, a yoke. Two pieces of wood were set upright, and anothel ARCHAOLOGICAL INDEX. 487 was placed across them at the top, so that the whole figure resembled that of the Greek capital A. Sometimes spears were employed instead of pieces of wood. Under this species of frame the conquered army were compelled to pass, after having previously laid down their arms. JUMENTA (Sarcinaria), beasts of burden, employed for carrying the heavier baggage. Vid. IMPEDIMENTA. JUSTUs EQUITTATUS, the complement of Roman cavalry attached to a legion, amounting to 300 in number, but not including the allied horse. JUVENES. Men were called Juvenes among the Romans, especially the poets, as long as they were able to assist the state, or, in other words, from seventeen to forty-six, which were the limits of the military age K. KALENDS. The name given —to the first day of the Roman month, and derived from the old Latin verb kalo, -are, " to call" (compare the Greek KaXi), -w), because a priest then called out to the people that it was new moon. The other divisions were the nones and ides. The nones were so termed, because, counting inclusively, there were nine days between them and the ides; and these last derived their name from the circumstance of their nearly dividing the month (from the old verb iduo, -are, " to divide"). In March, May, July, and October, the nones fell on the seventh, and the ides on the fifteenth. In the other months the nones fell on the fifth, and the ides on the thirteenth. The Romans, in marking the days of the month, counted backward. Thus, they called the last day of December pridie kalendas, or pridie kalendarum Januarii; marked briefly prid. kal. Jan.; and the day before that, or the thirtieth of December, tertio kal. Jan.; for it must be borne in mind, that, in reckoning, they always included both the day to which, and the one from which, they counted, and therefore, in the case just cited, did not say secundo, but tertio. The following Calendar will make the whols subject clearer. 488 ARCILoLOGICAL INDEX. A TABLE OF T'IE KALENDS, NONES, AND IDES. C % April, June, January, March, May, ~'September, and August, and July, and February. ^ November. December. October.; _____________ v_________ _ _______~. _______ 1 Kalendae. Kalenda. Kalendae. Kalendse 2 IV. IV. VI. IV. 3 III. III. V. III. 4 Prid. Non. Prid. Non. IV. Prid. Non. 5 Nonas. Nonu-. III. None. 6 VIII. VIII. Prid. Non. VIII. 7 VII. VII. Nonce. VI. 8 VI. VI. VIII. VI. 9 V. V. VII. V. 10 IV. IV. VI. IV. 11 III. III. V. III. 12 Prid. Id. Prid. Id. IV. Prid. Id. 13 Idus. Idus. III. Idus. 14 XVIII. XIX. Prid Id. XVI. 15 XVII. XVIII. Idus. XV. 16 XVI. XVII. XVII. XIV. 17 XV. XVI. XVI. XIII. 18 XIV. XV. XV. XII. 19 XIII. XIV. XIV. XI. 20 XII. XIII. XIII. X. 21 XI. XII. XII. IX. 22. XI. XI. XIVIII 23 IX. X. X. VII. 24 VIII. IX. IX. VI. 25 VII. VIII VIII. V. 26 VI. VII. VII. IV. 27 V. VI. VI. III. 28 IV V. V. Prid. Ka 29 III. IV. IV. Martii. 30 Prid. Kal. III. III. 31 Mens. seq. Prid. Kal. Prid. Kal. Mens. seq. Mens. seq. In leap-year, both the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth days of February vere marked sexto Kalendas iMartii, or Martias, and hence this year is cQalled Bissextihls, because the sixth day before the Kalends of March was reckoned twice. The student will observe that in such express'ons as sexto Kalendas there is an ellipsis of die ante. I. LEoTISTERNIUM. Vid. SurPLIcArIo. LEGATUS, a lieutenant-general. The consul appointed these legati, and their number depended on the importance of the war. They must not be confouned, however, with the legati CcesaI is These last were AItCH^OLOGICAL INL)X. 489 governors appointed by the emperors over those provinces that were placed under the immediate superintendence of the monarch. LEGIO, a legion. The number of men differed at different tnmes The earliest legion, as established by Romulus, is said to have con tained 3000 men, with a complement of 300 horse. In the time of M Valerius Publicola, we find the numbers of the legion increased to 400C men, but the amount of cavalry still the same. During the war with Hannibal, 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry were added, so that the legion then amounted to 5000 infantry and 400 horse. This change, however, was not by any means a fixed one, since, according to Polybius, the number frequently returned to 4000. Not long after, however, the quota rose to 6200, since we find Scipio carrying over into Africa legions con taining 6200 infantry and 300 cavalry. In the time of the emperors, the complement appears to have been 6100 infantry. Caesar's legions, however, during the Gallic war, would appear to have been comparatively small, since we are informed, in one part of the Commentaries (5, 49), that in two legions there were scarcely 7000 men. In the composition of a legion, there were 10 cohorts, 30 maniples, 60 centuries, In other words, 2 centuries made a maniple, 3 manlples a cohort, 10 cohorts a legion. If the century had contained 100 men, as its name indicated, the whole number in a legion would have been 6000 men; but a century often contained less than 100. The different kinds of infantry which made up the legion were three, the kastati, principes, and triarii. The hastati were so called, because they first fought with long spears, which were afterward laid aside as inconvenient. They consisted of young men, in the flower of life, and formed the first line in battle. The praicipes were men of middle age, in the vigour of life, and occupied the second line. Anciently they seem to have been posted first, whence their name. The triarii were old soldiers of approved valour, who formed the third line, whence their name. They were also called Pilani, from the pilum or javelin which they used; and the hastati and principes, who, stood before them, Antepilani. In the descriptions of Caesar's battles, however, there is no mention made of the soldiers being divided into hastati, principes, and triarii, but only of a certain number of legions and cohorts, which Caesar generally drew up in three lines. L1TUUS, a clarion, bent a little at the end, like an augur's staff. It was used for the cavalry. The tuba, on the other hand, was straight, and employed by the infantry. The cornu or horn was bent almost round.- The buccina was commonly used for changing the watches. LoRicA. I. A coat of mail, generally made of leather, covered with plates of iron, in the form of scales, or iron rings twisted within one another like chains. II. A battlement, or defence of towers and walls. eorr'.ructed either of stone or hurdles. M. MANImPu.us. Vid. ColHots and LEGIO. MILITARIS AETAs. Vid. AETAS Militarts. MUSCULUS, a species of moveable penthouse. It was a small machine, on wheels, shaped like an arched sort of wagon, and was sent in advance of the large towers, that also moved on wheels, to level the way for them, fill up the enemy's ditch if necessary, clear away rubbish, remove pali. sades, and makl a solid road to the very foot of the walls. iTe Rlom Ta 19t3 {.ARCILEOLOGICAL INDEX. believed that a close alliance subsisted between the whale (balezna) and a smaller species of the same tribe, called musculus, and that, when the former became blind, from the enormous weight cf its eyelids dropping over and closing up the organ, the latter swam before and guided it from all shallows which might prove injurious to it. Hence this machine was called musculus, as it explored and smoothed the way for the larger engines. N. NAVES LO#NGi, vessels of war, so called because they were of a longer shape than vessels of burden. The ships of war were impelled chiefly by oars, the ships of burden by sails. The vessels of war were variously named from their- rows or banks of oars. Those which had two rows or tiers of oars were called biremes; three, triremes; four, quadriremes; five, quinquicemes. The Romans scarcely had any shipl of more than five banks of oars, and, therefore, those of six or seven banks are called by a Greek name, hexeres, hepteres. Great difficulty has always existed among the moderns as to the mode in which the oars were arranged and the rowers sat. The most plausible opinion is thai of Howell, a recent writer on "the War Galleys of the Ancients." According to him, the arrangement of the oars in a bireme, trireme, and quinquireme were as follows: Bireme. Trireme. Quinquireme oo 000 00000 00 000 00000' 00 000 00000 00 000 00000 oo ooo ooooo The rowers are all thus placed midships, on stages or rows of benches one above the other, and ample room is left for an elevated deck for combat at the poop and prow. NAVES ONERARILE, vessels of burden. These were broader and:ounder than the naves long., or vessels of war. The latter were known by a helmet at the masthead, whereas the ships of burden had a basket suspended there, as their sign, whence they are sometimes called corbit(e. NONa. Vid. KAIiLENDE. O. OCREE, greaves for the legs, to protect the bone il front, sometimes worn only on the right leg, as the left was guarded by the shield. They were commonly made of a species of tin or bronze, for the sake of light ness. ORDINES. Vid. LEGmO. P. PALUDAMENTUM, the military robe or cloak of the Roman commander, of a scarlet colour, bordered with purple, sometimes worn also by the chief officers. The signal for battle was often given by elevating the pialudamentu a upon a spear above the praetorium or general's tent ARCII^OLOGICAL INDEX. 491 PILANL. Vid. LEG0o. PLUTEUS, a species of moveable gallery, on wheels, shaped like an arched sort of wagon, for the protection of archers, who were stationed in it to clear the walls with their arrows, and thus facilitate the approach of storming-parties and the erection of scaling-ladders. The Musculus was a smaller machine of the same description, but employed for a different purpose. Vid. MuscuLUs. PORTA. For an account of the four gates in the Roman camp, vid. CASTRA. PRMEFECTUS, a name given to the officers who commanded the allies, both horse and foot, and who, in the extent of their commands, resembled the legionary tribunes. Vid. TIIBUNI. He who commanded the cavalry of a legion was called Prcefectus Alce. PRnETORIA COHORS, a select band of troops, forming the general's body-guard; not to be confounded, however, with the praetorian cohort that became so conspicuous for evil in the time of the emperors. PR-ETORIUM, the general's tent and quarters in a Roman encampment Vid. CASTRA. PRINcIPES, a name given to the second rank of a legion. Vid. LEGIO PRINCIPIA, a broad avenue or street, separating the Roman camp into two parts, the upper and lower. Here the tribunal of the general was erected, when he either administered justice or harangued the army: here, also, the tribunes held their courts, punishments were inflicted; the principal standards of the army and the altars of the gods stood Vid. CASTRA. Q. QUINQUIREMIS. Vid. NAVES. QUINTANA, one of the streets of the Roman camp. Vid. CASTIA,. R. RsMrus. For the arrangements of the banks of oars on board a Roman galley, rid. NAVES. ROSTRUM, the prow or beak of a ship of war, made of strong timber, armed with brazen plates. These beaks had usually three teeth or points, which were so placed that the blow inflicted by them on the enemy's vessel, would be, to use a modern nautical phrase, nearly between wind and water. From their beaks being shod with brass, these vessels are often called _Erate. S. SACRAMENTUM, the Roman military oath taken by each soldier. Th. form does not seem to have been always the same; the substance of the oath, however, was, that they would obey their commander, not desert their standards, &c. SAGITTARII, archers. The Cretans were esteemed excellent archers We do not find that the Romans used the bow in the earliest times of the republic. They introduced it afterward; but it appears that they had scarcely any archers, except those of the auxiliary troops. SAuM, the military cloak of the officers and soldiers in the Romar'T Tr 4t1)2 ARH ttCt1 OL(0) ICAL INDEX. army. It was an open robe drawn over the other clothes, and fastened with a clasp. When there was a war in Italy all the citizens put on the sagum. SCORPIONES, a species of military engine, which resembled gigantic cross-bows, and threw weighty javelins, large beams of wood headed with iron, and heavy stones. The most powerful of'these machines consisted of two distinct beams, inserted each into an upright coil ol ropes, tightly twisted in such a way that the ends of the arms could sot be drawn towards each other without increasing the tension of he ropes, so as to produce a most violent recoil. SCUTUM. Vad. CLYPEUS. STRIGA, the rows of tents between the different vic. Vid. CASTRA SUPPLICATIO, a thanksgiving. When a general had obtained a signal victory, a thanksgiving was decreed by the senate to be made in all the temples, and what was called a Lectisternium then took place. Couches,vere spread for the gods, as if about to feast, and their images were taken down from their pedestals, and placed upon these couches around the altars, which were loaded with the richest dishes. T. TENTORIA. The Roman tents were covered with leather or skins, extended by means of ropes. Hence, sub pellibus hiemare, " to winte. in tents." TESTUDO. I. A penthouse moving upon wheels, under which the battering-ram was sometimes brought near to the ramparts, and benealh which it was worked. The name arose from the circumstance of the ram's thrusting its head out, and drawing it in again, as a tortoise from its shell. II. A. body of soldiers with their shields locked over their heads, and those of the outer files protecting their sides. Sometimes this form was assumed when troops were attacked on all sides. More commonly, however, it was employed for the purpose of approaching the enemy's ramparts, and scaling them. The name testudo, in this case, is derived from the resemblance which the locked shields bore to the shell or covering of the tortoise TRIARII, the name given to the Roman. veterans, from their occupying the third rank. Vid. LEGTO. TRIBUNI (militum), military tribunes, of whom there were six in each legion, who commanded under the consul, each in his turn, usually month about. In battle a tribune seems to have had charge of ten centuries or about 1000 men. TRIREMES. vessels of war, with three banks of oars. Vid. NAVES TURRE" towers used in the Roman military works. There were two!inds, the..oveable and fixed. The fixed towers were erected on the afger or -.ound, and were raised sufficiently high, by means of several stories, s as to command the enemy's ramparts. From them were dis. charged showers of darts, stones, and other missiles, by means of vari mus engines, such as balistce, catapulte, scorpiones, &c. They were also raised along the Roman lines of circumvallation; and at the siero of Alesia Caesar is supposed to have erected 1561. II. The moveable towers were pushed forward and brought back on wheels, fixed below, on the inside of the planks. To prevent them from being set on fire bI!'e enemy, they were covered with raw hides and pieces of coarse cloth, ARlCIt OLOG fCAL INDEX 498 termed centones. They were of an immense bulk, sometimes forLy or fifty feet square, and higher than the walls or even the towers of the city. Whenever they could be brought up to the walls, a place was seldom able to stand one long.'V. VALLUM, the ramparts of a Roman encampmrent, composed of the earth dug out from the ditch, and having sharp stakes stuck into it to keep it together. Vid. CASTRA. VELITES, light-armed troops. They were equipped with bows, slings, seven javelins or spears with slender points like arrows, so that, when thrown, they bent, and could not easily be returned by the enemy; a Spanish sword, having both edge and point; a round buckler (parmia) about three feet in diameter, made of wood and covered with leather; and a helmet or casque for the head, generally made of the skin of some wild beast. When the army was drawn up in order of battle, the velite; were placed in the spaces or intervals between the nmaniples, or ele ot the wings. VILmmLia. Vid. EXCUBIm. VINEXE, sheds or mantlets, constructed of wood and hurdles, and cvo ered with earth, or raw hides, or any other material that could not easib be set on fire. They were pushed forward by wheels below. lUndei them the besiegers eitler uorked the ram or tried to undermine'he walls 1ru VWO