EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION, ADAPTED TO BULLIONS' LATIN GRAMMAR; WITH VO CABULARIES, LATIN AND ENGLISH,-ENGLISH AND LATIN. BY REV. PETER BULLIONS, D. D. LATE PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IN THE ALBANY ACADEMY; AUTHOR OF THE SERIES OF GRAMMARS, GREEK, LATIN, AND ENGLISH, ON THE SAME PLAN; CLASSICAL SERIES, ETC. NEW YORK: PRATT, OAKLEY AND COMPANY, NO. 21 MURRAY STREET. 1858. ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by PETER BULLIONS, in the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Northern District of New York. JOHN F. TROW, BTaEREOTYPRf. PREFACE. TnIs work completes the series of elementary works in Latin, originally proposed, and is intended to furnish a collection of exercises in illustration of the principles and idioms of the Latin language, as they are exhibited in the Latin Grammar. No pains have been spared to make the work as simple, and, at the same time, as complete as possible. The first part is a mere grammatical exercise on the several parts of speech, with only so much of Syntax as is necessary to form simple sentences and phrases, and may be gone through orally, without any difficulty, when the pupil has gone through the Grammar. The second part contains illustrations of all the Rules of Syntax, and of the leading principles and idioms exhibited in the notes and observations under each rule, in the order in which they occur in the Grammar, to which reference is constantLy made. At the end of each rule, and sometimes at intermediate places, an English exercise, without Latin, is furnished, for which the Latin words will be found in the English and Latin vocabulary at the end. This in general may be found too difficult for the beginner, and may be deferred till he goes through the book a second time. All the examples in the second part, and most of those in the first, are strictly classical; and for the most part reference is made to the work from which they are taken. They have been selected for this work chiefly from Turner's Grammatical Exercises, a work long used in the Albany Academy-from Kenrick's Exercises adapted to his edition of Zumpt's Grammarfrom Ellis's collection of exercises translated from Cicero-Carson's rules for the subjunctive mood,-and not a few have been taken from the classic authors themselves. In using this work, every judicious teacher will of course adopt that plan which he may judge best adapted to the age, capacity, 4 PREFACE. and attainments of his pupils. With those more advanced, the exercises may be gone through orally. In general, however, it may be best to have them written out by the pupils, and then, after the necessary corrections are made, they may be drilled in the principles the examples are intended to illustrate. This process should be continued orally, or by writing, or both, till the learner has become so familiar with the Latin construction and forms of expression, as to be prepared for original composition in Latin, or to retranslate into Latin, English translations from Latin Authors, which may then be compared with the original. Of the latter, a few examples are given as exercises at the end, and these may be increased to any extent by the teacher, as he may judge proper; or other exercises may be devised in the manner suggested at the end of the Latin Reader, p. 325. TRoY, N. Y., August 15, 1854. EXPLANATI ONS. 1. In Part I., the paragraphs are marked by a series of numbers from 1 to 75, roe: the sake of convenient reference. In Part II., this series is not continued. 2. In the English part, worlds in parentheses, (), are intended for explanation, or to give the literal form of the Latin expression. Words in brackets, [, are to be supplied, having no corresponding term usually expressed in Latin. 3. The numbers from 1 to 6, before nouns and pronouns, indicate the cases in their order: those from 1 to 10, before verbs, indicate the tenses in order from the present indicative, to the pluperfect subjunctive. The numbers from 11 to 14, indicate the tenses of the infinitive mood in their order. 4. The numbers from 1 to 75, in parentheses, (), indicate the paragraph marked by that number in Part I. Numbers with Gr. before them, and all numbers above 75, whether in parentheses or not, refer to the paragraph in the Latin Grammar marked by that number. GRAM3MATICAL EXERCISES. PART I. i. —The Exercises in Part I. are intended only as a praxis on the parts of speech, with just so much of syntax as may be necessary to form pthrases and propositions of the simplest character. They may be used either orally, or written out as a stated exercise. The verb sunm, ased occasionally here to form a simple sentence (Gr. 753), is inflected at length in the Grammar (187). ExEuROISE ON THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS AN'D ADJECTIVES. 2.-.In the Exercises on nouns and adjectives, the following things must be carefully attended to: 1. The English articles a or an and the have no corresponding words in Latin: thus, cura means " care," "a care," or, "the care;" hasta,' a spear," or, "the spear;" hasta, "spears," or, "the spears." 2. In the following examples, the oblique cases of the Latin noun, without a preposition before it, are indicated by the English case-signs; viz., of for the genitive; to or for, for the dative; and qwith, from, in, by, for the ablative (Gr. 52). But a preposition before a noun determines its case, and requires the case-sign to be omitted (Gr. 235, 1, 2, 3). The possessive case in English is expressed by the genitive in Latin. 3. A noun or pronoun being the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative (Gr. 304). 6 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 4. An adjective must be in the same gender, number, and case, with the substantive which it qualifies (Gr. 263), or of which it is the predicate (Gr. 322). Also a noun in the predicate, after a finite verb, must be in the nominative case (Gr. 319). N. B. In all the Exercises in this work in which the Latin words are given, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles are put in the nominative case, and verbs in the infinitive; and they are to be made to correspond to the English in the first column. English. Latin to be Changed. In the Forum.-From the love Forum.-Amor patria.of country. —The tree of life. —The Arbor vita.-Sonitus cithasound of the harp,-of many harps. ra,-multus cithara.-Ad -To the end of time. finis tempus. The goddess of the woods.-By Dea silva. - Consilium the counsels of wisdom.-From the sapientia. — CGedis fera.slaughter of wild beasts. —The prows Prora navis.-Omnis navis of the ships. —With all the ships of Carthago. Carthage. The cares of men.-With many Cura homo.-Multus cucares of many men.-To the armies ra multus homo.-Exerciof the Roman people. —By the li- tus Romanus populus. — berality of friends.-Abundance of Liberalitas amicus.-Copia fodder. pabulum. The way of life.-From many Via vita. —Multus peridangers.-On the bank of the river. culum. - -Ripa fluvius. — -From the shore of the sea.-From Littus mare.-Ab initiumn the beginning to the end of time. ad finis tempus. The investigation of truth is ap- Investigatio verum esse propriate to man.-Life is short.- proprius homo.,-Vita esse The fear of death is common to all brevis.-Timor mors esse (men).-A conspiracy of the nobles communis omnis (homo.)was dangerous to the state. Conjuratio nobilis esse periculosus civitas. Caesar's Commentaries. - Milo's C(esar Commentarium.house. —Cicero's letters.-Catiline's Milo domus. —Cicero epiwickedness was great. stola.-Catilina scelus esse magnus. Antony was equal to Catiline Antonius esse par Catiin wickedness.-The wickedness of lina scelus.-Scelus AntoAntony was equal to the wicked- nius esse par scelus Catiness of Catiline.-Death is the end lina. —Mors esse finis vita. of life. EXERCISES ON VERBS.' 3.-VOCABULARY. Always, semper. Liberty, libertas, atis, 3. Are, is, was, sum, esse, fui (Gr. 187). Man, homo, homlnis, 3. Black, niger, gra, grum. Miltiades, Miltiades, is, 3 Crow, corvus, i, 2. Not, non. Dangerous, periculosus, a, um. Reward, proemium, i, 2. Eternal, sempiternus, a, urn, adj. Swan, cycnus, i, 2. Feather, pluma, a, 1. Thing, res, rei, 5. Forest, silva, a, 1. Tree, arbor, 5ris, 3. Friend, amicus, i, 2. Useful, utilis, e. Future, futafrus, a, um. Virtue, virtus, itis, 3. Good, bonus, a, um. White, albus, a, um. Happiness, felicitas, atis, 3. Wild beast, fera, ae, 1. Knowledge, scientia, Te, 1. Translate the following phrases into Latin-the words will be found in the preceding vocabulary. Virtue's reward.-The trees of the forest.-A crow's feathers are black, a swan's feathers are white. —The happiness of good men is eternal.-Men are useful to men.-The knowledge of future things is not always useful.-Miltiades was a friend to the liberty of all [men]. —Happiness is the reward of the good.-The wild beasts in the forest are dangerous to men.-The rewards of virtue.-Trees are in the forest.-Trees are useful. —Happiness is the reward of virtue to good men. Ex:ERISES ON VERBS. 4.-In the Exercises on the Latin verb, the following things should be carefully noticed, viz.: 1. The noun or pronoun, coming before a finite verb, is its subject or nominative, and must be in the nominative case (Gr. 304). 2. The noun or pronoun following a transitive-active or deponent verb, without any case-sign, is its object, and must be put in the accusative (Gr. 486, 437). 3. The same idea is expressed passively, by making the object of the verb in the active voice the subject in the passive, and putting the doer in the ablative governed by a, ab, abs, "by" (Gr. 136-1 and 530). 4. The finite verb must be made to agree with its subjectnominative in number and person (Gr. 303), and, in the com 8 INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. pound tenses of the passive form, the participle must agree with it in gender, number, and case (Gr. 263, 264). The subject of the verb, when a pronoun of the first or second person, is commonly omitted; also ille frequently when the subject of the verb is the third person (Gr. 305). 5. The introductory word there in English (An. & Pr. Gr. 529) has no corresponding word in Latin: thus, est means "is," or, "there is;" sunt, "are," or, "there are." 6. Interrogative Sentences.-A question is made in Latin in four different ways, as follows: 1st. By an interrogative pronoun; as, Quis venit "Who comes? " Quem misit? " Whom did he send?" 2d. By an interrogative adverb; as, Unde venit? "Whence came he?" Cur venit? " Why did he come?" 3d. By the interrogative particles num, an, or the enclitic ne, which, in direct questions, have no corresponding English word in the translation; as, Num venit? or, an lvnit? or, venitne " Has he come?" Negative interrogations are made by annon or nonne; as, Annon (or nonne) venit? "Has he not come? " 4th. By simply placing an interrogation mark at the end of the question; as, Vis me hoe facere? "Do you wish me to do this?" INDIOATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 5.-The present tense expresses what is going on at the present time (Gr. 157). I praise thee; Thou art praised Ego laudare tu; Tu lauby me. dari a ego. Thou desirest wisdom; Wis- Tu expotire sapientia; Sadom is desired by thee. pientia expeti a tu. God governs the world; The Deus gubernare mundus; world is governed by God. Mundus gubernari a Deus. We write letters; Letters are Ego scribere litera; Litera written by us. scribi a ego. INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. 9 You get riches; Riches are got- Tu paraae divitiae; Divi. ten by you. tiae parari a tu. All [men] blame ungrateful Omnis culpare ingratus; In[persons]; The ungrateful are gratus oulpari ab omnis. blamed by all. -Deponent Verbs. I confess. Ego fatiri. Thou deservest praise. Tu mereri laus. The sun rises. Sol oriri. We agree to thee. Ego assentiri tu. You forget injuries. Tu oblivisci injuria. Men die. Homo mori. Interrogations. When a question is asked, the nominative case in English is placed after the verb, or the sign of the verb (An. & Pr. Gr. 502). Dost thou praise me? (4-6). An tu (tune) laudare ego? Am I praised by thee? An ego (egone) laudari a tu Do I not praise thee? Art Annon (nonne) laudare tu? thou not praised by me? Annon (nonne) laudari a ego? Dost thou desire wisdom? An tu (tune) expetre sapienIs wisdom desired by thee? tia? An sapientia expgeti a tu? Dost thou not desire wis- Annon expetere sapientia? dom? Is not wisdom desired Nonne (annon) sapientia expeti by thee? a tu? Does God govern the world? An Dens gubernare munIs the world governed by dus? An mundus gubernari a God? Deus? Does not God govern the Nonne Deus gubernare munworld? Is not the world gov- dus? Annon mundus gubererned by God? By whom is nari a Dens? A quis guberthe world governed? nari mundus? VNote.-In this way may all the other sentences be made interroga. tively, if thought proper. Dep2onent Verbs. Dost thou confess? Dost Num tu fatari? Annon tu thou not confess? fateri? l* 10 INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE., Do! I deserve praise? Do I An ego (egone) mereri laus? not deserve praise? Annon ego mereri laus? Does the sun rise? Does not An sol oriri? Nonne so] the sun rise? &e. oriri? &o. 6.-VoCABULATY. Accuse, accuso, are, avi, atum, v. Many, multus, a, um, adj. tr. 1. Name, nomino, are, avi, atum, v. All, omnis, is, e, adj. tr. 1. Appoint (create), creo, are, avi, No, nullus, a, urn, adj. atum, v. tr. 1. Nobody (no one), nemo, Inis, c. 3. Approve, probo, are, avi, atum, Now, nunc, adv. v. tr. 1. Overcome (to conquer), vinco, ere, Deed, factum, i, n. 2. vici, victum, v. tr. 3. Do, facio, facBre, feci, factum, v. Reason, ratio, onis, f. 3. tr. 3:-pass. fio, fieri, factus. Receive, recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, Find out, comperio, ire, perui, v. tr. 3. pertum, v. tr. 4. Send, mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. Formerly,,antea, adv. tr. 3. From, a, ab, abs, prep. Sulla (pr. n.) Sulla, e, m. 1. Good, bonus, a, um, adj. That, ille, illa, illud, -is, &c. adj. pr.'Greatly, valde, adv. Then, tunc, adv.; tune temporis. Hear, audio, ire, ivi, itum, v. tr. 4. Thing, negotium, i, n. 2 (cornIf, si, conj. monly understood), and res, rei, Letter (an epistle), literre, arum, f. 5. fem. pl. 1, and epistola, m, f. 1. This, hic, haec, hoc, adj. pr. Love, diligo, ere, lexi, lectum, v. To-day, hodie, adv. i. e. hoc die. tr. 3:-pass. loved, beloved. Well, bene, adv. Madness, amentia, ee, f. 1. When, quum, cum, conj. Magistrate, magistratus, us, m. 4. Yearly, annuus, a, um, adj. Man, homo, homnis, m. or f. 3. Translate the following into Latin, observing carefully the diiections, No. 4.-The words will be found in the preceding vocabulary. -The pronouns I; thou, he, she, it; we, you, they, when the subject of a verb, are commonly understood, being sufficiently indicated'by the person and number of the verb itself. See Gr. ~ 28. E:nglish Examrples to be turned into Latin. I name no one-no one is named by me. Madness overcomes reason-reason is overcome by madness. He finds out all these things-all these things are finding out by him (An. & Pr. Gr. 456 and Appendix V.). Nobody accuses Sulla-Sulla is accused by nobody. They appoint magistrates-magistrates are appointed by them. Sulla approves the deed —the deed is approved by INDICATIVE MOOD —IMPERFECT TENSE. 11 Sulla. Do you hear these good men (4-6)? I love the man greatly-the men are greatly beloved by all. Note.-Change such of the preceding sentences as will make sense into the negative form by inserting non:-change into the interrogative form, as directed, 4-6. IMPERFECT TENSE. 7.-The imperfect tense represents an action or event as passing and still unfinished at a certain time past, expressed or implied (Gr. 159). I wrote (did write) letters then; Ego tune scribere litera; Letters were then written by me. Litera tune scribi a ego. At what time thou soughtest. Quis tempus (Gr. 565) tu for * me; I was sought for by qucermre ego; Ego quwri thee. a tu. When Numa held the king- Ubi Nnuma obtinire regdom; When the kingdom was num; Ubi regnum obtineri held by Numa. a Numa. At that age we gave our minds Ego isthuc aetas (Gr. 592) (endeavour) to learning; you al- dare opera liters3; tu semways gave your minds (endeavour) per dare opera lusus. to play. While the fields did flourish. Dum arvum 9forjre. lDeponent ]erbs. I was glad so long as thou didst Ego latari, donec tu secfollow virtue, and so long as he tari virtus, et donee ille revereverenced his parents. reri parens suus. Whilst we hunted hares, you Dum ego venaci lepus, tu followed, they talked in the mean sequi, file fabulari interea. time. In the golden age, men observed In satas aureus homo, sponfidelity and integrity of their own tis suus (rr. 542), sine lex, accord, without law, nor did they fides rectumque colere, nec fear a judge; ditches did not yet timire judex; nondum cinsurround towns; the earth gave geire oppidum fossa; per sui Querere means' to seek," or, "to seek for; so that for here is not the sign of the dative. 12 INDICATIVE MOOD-IMPERFECT TENSE. all [things] of itself, and bore corn dare omnis tellus f. et fru(fruits), not being ploughed (un- gis, inaratus, ferre. - Ov. ploughed). Met. 1. Interrogatively (4-6). Didst thou write letters then? An tu (tune) tune scribire Were letters writing by thee litera? An tune scribi (scrithen? bine) litera a tu? Did I not write letters? Were Annon (nonne) scribbre linot letters writing by me? tera? Annon litera scribi a ego? Didst thou seek for me? Was Tune gqucrere ego? An I sought for by thee? ego (egone) quceri a tu? Did I not seek for thee? Wert Nonne qucerere tu? Annot thou sought for by me? non tu quceri a ego? Did Numa then hold the king- An Numa tune obtindre dom? Was the kingdom heldby regnum? An regnum obtiNuma? By whom was the king- niri a Numa? A quis tune dom held then? &c. obtineri regnum? &c. S.-The present tense may often be rendered into English by the participle in ing, with am, art, is, are, prefixed as auxiliaries, and likewise the imperfect, with was, wert, were, as auxiliaries. This form in many cases has also a passive sense. An. & Pr. Gr. 506, and 456 with reference, and 457. EXAMPLES. PRESENT TENSE. I am writing letters; Letters Ego scritbee litera; Litera are writing. scribi. What art thou doing? What is Quis tu agere? Quis illio doing there? agi? He is building a house; A house Ille cedificare domus; Dois building. mus cedificari. We are getting (are learning by Ego ediscere pralectio. heart) our lesson. You are talking. Tu fabulari. They are making (composing) Ille comrnponre versus. verses. INDICATIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE. 13 IMPERFECT TENSE. I was writing letters then; Scribere litera tune; LiLetters were writing. tera scribi. What wast thou. doing? What Quis agire Quis istic was doing there? agi? He was building a house; A ile cedifecare domus; Dohouse was building. mus sedificari. We were reading. Ego legere. You were playing in the mean Tu ludere interea. time. They were setting trees; Trees Ille serere arbor; Tune ternwere setting at that time. pus (Gr. 592) arbor seri. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The words in the following Examples will be found in Vocabu lary, No. 6, p. 10. They accused us. —Nobody accused them. —We were accused by them.-Did they not accuse us?-We were not accused by the magistrates.-Were we not accused by them?-No one approved those deeds.-That deed was approved by no one then.Were those deeds then approved by many (men)?-Did you receive a letter from me?-We received letters from them.-They did not receive letters from us. —Did not he receive a letter from them? —They named Sulla.-Sulla was named by them.-Were they not named by Sulla?-We loved the men greatly.-The men were loved greatly by all. —Did not they love us? PERFECT TENSE. 9.-The perfect tense is used in two different senses-definite and indefinite. Note. —In the compound tenses of the passive voice, or in deponent verbs, the participle must be made to agree with the subject in gender, number, and case. (Gr. 164. Note, and 263, 264.) 1. The Perfect Definite. 10.-The PERFECT DEFINITE represents an action or event as completed at the present time, or in a period of time of which 14 INDICATIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE. the present forms a part-and is translated by the English pr' sent-perfect (An. & Pr. Gr. 407); as, scripsi, X I have written; scripturn est, "It has been written." (Gr. 162.).EXAMPLES. I have often sought for thee. Svcpe qucmeire tu. Tu saepe Thou hast often been sought for qucestus esse a ego. by me. Thou hast spoken well, and hast Tu locitus esse bene, et medeserved praise. rtus esse lanns. She has found [her] parents. Ille reperzre parens. We have made trial. Trial has _Faetre periculum. Pericubeen made by us. lum1factus esse a ego. You have kept [your] promise. Tu solv&re fides. Fides so[Your] promise has been kept by l.ttus esse a tu. you. All [men] have sinned, and have Omnis peccare, et meritus deserved punishment. esse pcena. Interrogatively. Hast thou often sought for me? Have I often been sought for by thee? Have I not often sought for thee? Hast thou not often been sought for by me? &c. 2. The Perfect Indefinite. 11.-The perfect indefinite represents an action or event simply as past, and is translated by the English past tense (An. & Pr. Gr. 415); as, scripsi, "I wrote;" scriptum est, "' it was written." (Gr. 168.) EXAMPLES. I sought (did seek) for thee yes- Ego qucer'rke tu heri. Tu terday. Thou wast sought for qucessts esse a ego heri. by me yesterday. Thou didst well. It was well Benefacere. Benefactum done by thee. esse a tu. God created the world. The Deus creare mundus. Munworld was created by God out of dus creatus esse a Deuns ex nothing. nihilum. INDICATIVE MOOD- PLUPERFECT TENSE. 15 Pompey got great praise. Pompeius adeptus esse laus magnus. We went away presently. Ego statim abire. You saw it. Tu vidire. They did not believe these Ille non credere hic. HiC things. These things were not non creditus esse ab ille. credited by them. Interrogatively. Didst thou seek for me?.. um quacrerre ego? Didst thou not seek for me? Annon (nonne) qucerire ego? Was: I sought for by thee? Was Num qucesitus esse a tu? I not sought for by thee? &c. Nonne qucesittus esse a tu? &c. And so in the rest. This tense, after antequam, postquam, ubi, or ut for postquam, may be translated as the pluperfect (Gr. 164-3). English Examples to be turned into Latin. (See Vocabulary, No. 6.) I have named no one.-Did they name Sulla?-Has nobody been named — They have found out all these things. —Have these things been found out? —Did they not find out that? —Has Sulla been accused?-They have not accused Sulla.-All men have approved these things. —Have not these things been approved by all?-Did you hear that good man? —Have you all heard him? —They received letters then.-They have received letters to-day.-Were letters received formerly? —Have letters been received to-day?-An epistle was sent to Sulla. —He did these things well.-All the letters were sent by us to the magistrates. PLUPERFECT TENISE. 12.-The pluperfect tense represents an action as completed at or before a certain past time expressed or implied; as, scripseram, " I had written;" scriptum erat, " it had been written." (Gr. 165, 166.) 106 INDICATIVE MOOD —PLUPERFECT TENSE. EXAMPLES. I had sought for thee before. Quarere tu antea. Tu Thou hadst been sought for by qucestus esse a ego antea. me before. Thou hadst promised the day Tu promittere pridie. before. The master had often forbidden Magister smape prohibere that. That had often been forbid- is. Is scpe prohibZtus esse a den by the master. magister. We had dined long (much) be- Prandcre multo ante. fore. You had asked. Tu rogare. [Their] fathers had taken care Pater curare is. Is curaof* that. That had been taken tus esse a pater. care of* by [their] fathers. Interrogatively. Hadst thou sought for me? Hadst thou not sought for me before? Had I been sought for by thee? Had I not been sought for by thee? &c. English Examples to be turned into Latin. (See Vocabulary, No. 6.) I had named no one.-Had nobody been named?-They had found out all these things. —Had these things been found out?Had they not found out that thing?-Had they accused this man?-This man had not been accused by them. —They had appointed a magistrate.-Had magistrates been appointed by them? -All things had been approved.-Had the men heard these things?-Had the magistrates been appointed then?-No one had been named. 13.-In the compound tenses of the passive voice, the participle is sometimes regarded nearly in the sense of an adjective. In that case, the auxiliary sum becomes the verb, and is translated in its own tense; thus, perfect, scripotum est, "it is writ* Curo signifies'" to take care of," and governs the accusative. INDICATIVE MOOD-PLUPERFECT TENSE. 17 ten," instead of "it was written," or "it has been written;" pluperfect, scriptum erat, "it was written," instead of "it has been written." (An. & Pr. Gr. App. V. II. Gr. 182-3.) EXAMPLES. I am reduced to poverty. Redactus esse ad paupertas. The work is finished. Opusfingtus esse. The city is taken. Urbs captus esse. We are conquered. Ego sietus esse. Her parents (the parents of her) Ejus parens repertus esse. are found. The times are changed. Tempus n. mutatus esse. So in the pluperfect, I was reduced to poverty. Redactus esse ad paupertas. The work was finished, &c. Opusfilntus esse, &c. 14.-A few intransitive verbs, both active and deponent, in the perfect and pluperfect, have the English verb to be instead of have as an auxiliary in the translation (An. & Pr. Gr. 374). Thus, seni, "I am come," for, "I have come;" abiit, "he is gone," for, "he has gone." —Pres. moritur, "he dies,"-" is dying." —Perf. mortuus est, "he is dead," for, "he has died."Plup. mortuus erat, "he woas dead," for, "he had died," &c. (An. & Pr. Gr. 3874). EXAMPLES. PERFECT TENSE. Thou art come quickly. Advenire citb. He is gone away. Abire. He is entered into the city. Ingressus esse (in) urbs. The sun is set. Sol occidere. The moon is risen. Luna ortus esse. The time is past. Tempus prcaterire. The labour is lost. Opera perire. We are set together on the soft In mollis considere herba. grass. VIRG. (Gr. 608). The twenty pounds are lost. Viginti minseperire.-TER. PLUPERFECT TENSE. The summer was come then. Tune venire aestas. He was gone away before.' Ille abire antea. 18 INDICATIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. The time was past. Tempus praeterire. The labour was lost. Opera perire. The sun was set. Sol occidere. The morning star was risen. Lucifer ortus esse.-Ov. We were set together on the Considsre in herba. (Gr. grass. 608.) FUTURE TENSE. 1. Expressing will, purpose, or resolution. 1. — Will, as an auxiliary, in English,expresses the will, purpose, or resolution of a person with respect to his own actions or state; shall, his will, purpose, or resolution with respect to the actions or state of another under his control (An. & Pr. Gr. 336). Hence, ordinarily, without a preceding clause, in order to express will, purpose, or resolution-owill is used in the first person, and shall, in the second and third. EXAMPLES. I will write letters. Letters Scribere litera. Litera scrishall be written by me. bi a ego. Thou shalt hear the whole Audire res omnis. matter. He shall suffer punishment. Ille ddre pcnae. Pceren Punishment shall be suffered by dari ab ille. him. We will do our endeavour. Ego dare opera. Opera Endeavour shall be used by us. ddri a ego. You shall know. Tu scire. The boys shall play. Puer ludeire. Imperatively. Thou shalt worship God, rever- VFenerari Dens, reverern ence thy parents, and imitate the parens, et imitari bonus. good. Thou shalt beware of passion- Cave~re iracundia, modeateness, govern thy tongue, and rari (Gr. 405-3d) lingua, et * Of is here part of the English to the verb cavere, which signifies to beware of, and governs an accusative case. INDICATIVE MOOD- -FUTURE TENSE. 19 follow (practise) peace; neither* collre pax; neque: facre inshalt thou do injury to any one. juria quisquam. 16.-Exo. An absolute promise, or purpose, or resolution, so fixed as to divest ourselves in some measure of will, and put ourselves at the disposal of another, is better expressed, in the first person in English, by the sign shall (An. & Pr. Gr. 338). Thus, (Since it is proper) we shall In hic potissimum elabolabor chiefly in these things. rare. — Ic. OFF. 1. 31. (At your command) we shall Adhibere diligentia. use diligence. Interrogatively. 17.-In asking questions, the reference obviously is to the will, purpose, &c., of the person addressed. Hence, in interrogative sentences of this kind, will is used in English in the second person, and shall, in the first and third. EXAMPLES. Wilt thou write letters? Shall he write letters? Shall 1 write letters? Shall letters be written by thee?-by me?-by him? Shall I hear the whole matter? Wilt thou hear, &o. (as in the preceding sentences.) 2. Expressing simTplefuturity. lS.-The use of shall and woill, in English, expressing simple futurity, or, that an event will happen, is directly the reverse of what it is when they express will, purpose, or resolution; that is to say, without a preceding clause, shall is used in the first person, and woill in the second and third (An. & Pr. Gr. 340). EXAMPLES. I shall see. Ego videre. Thou wilt oblige him (wilt do Eace're 3 ille gratus. an agreeable thing to him). * After neither and nor, the nominative case, in English, must be put after the verb, or the sign of the verb (An. & Pr. Gr. 767). 20 INDICATIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. He will give thanks to thee. Agere gratia tu. Gratla Thanks will be given to thee by agi tu ab ille. him. We shall obtain leave. Leave Impetrare venia. Venia will be obtained by us. impetrari a ego. You will get (make) an estate. Tufacere res. They will get (find) friends. Ille invenire amicus. AmYFriends will be gotten (found) by cus inven'ri ab ille. them. Interrogatively. 19.-In interrogative sentences having respect to simple futurity, the second person also is translated by shall (An. & Pr. Gr. 342); thus, Shall I oblige him? Shall I not oblige him? Will he oblige us? Shalt thou see? Shalt thou not see? Will he see, &c. Note.-After adverbs, conjunctions, and the relative who for whosoever, the sign is SHALL in all persons; as, Scribes aliquid, si vacabis, Cic. "You will write something, if you shall be at leisure." In the prophetic style, both the second and the third person have the sign SHALL; as, Et tu spectabere sespens, OVID. MIet. 3. "You also shall be looked upon being a serpent." Puero, quo ferrea primurn desinet, ac toto surgqet gens aurea mundo. " The youth, under whom (in whose reign) the iron age shall first cease, and the golden age shall commence over all the world," VIRG. Ecl. 4. Note.-These distinctions, however, respecting the use of shall and will, are more important in translating from Latin into English, than in translating from English into Latin; because in the latter case, whether shall or will is used, the tense in Latin is the future. Also, the future tense in Latin may sometimes be translated by the present in English, and consequently without either shall or will (An. & Pr. Gr. 406 & 436). The Periphrastie future in Rus. 20,.-The periphrastic future in rus (Gr. 214-8), used to intimate that a thing is about to be done, is sometimes rendered as the future tense in the manner stated above. I shall see. Ego visurus esse. Thou wilt oblige him (wilt do Facturus esso gratus 3 ille. an agreeable thing to him). INDICATIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. 21 He will give thanks to thee. MIle acturus esse gratia tu. We shall obtain leave. Ego impetraturus esse veo nia. You will get (make) an estate. Tufacturus esse res. They will get (find) friends. Ille inventurus esse amicus. Wilt thou (fern.) not tell (me) Non dicturac esse aperte? plainly? — TER. tEun. 5. 1. English Examples to be turned into Latin. (See Vocabulary, No. 6.) [In the following English sentences, state whether the future is used to express will, purpose, resolution; or only simple futurity. This distinction will make no difference as to form in the Latin word, though the difference in sense will be the same as in English.] I will accuse no one.-I shall accuse no one.-He shall be accused. —They will not be accused. —Will he not be accused (46, 3d)? —Shalt thou be accused?-Shall he accuse us — Shall Sulla be accused by them i? —Wilt thou name him? —Shalt thou not name them?-They will appoint magistrates. —They shall appoint magistrates. —Will they appoint magistrates? —Shall they not appoint magistrates?-Shall magistrates be appointed?Will he receive the letter?-Shall I receive the letter?-Will the magistrates approve the deed — Shall the magistrates approve the deed? —They shall approve.-They will approve.-Wilt thou approve these deeds?-He will hear.-These good men shall be heard.-Will they not hear? —They shall hear.-They will hear. FUTURE-PERFECT TENSE. 21.-The future-perfect tense intimates that an action or event will be completed at or before a certain time yet future; as, scripsero, " I shall have written;" viz. at or before some future time. 1. Though this tense is properly rendered by the auxiliaries shall have, or will have; yet frequently, after conjunctions, &c., the have, or the shall or will, and sometimes both the auxiliaries are omitted (Gr. 168-2. An. & Pr. Gr. 412). EXAMPLES. When I (shall) have deter- Quum constitule're, sorimined, I shall write. bere. 22 INDICATIVE MOOD-FUTURE-PERFECT TENSE. When you (shall) have said all. Quum dcicere omnia. After he has spoken with Cae- Postquam convenire Casasar. rem. When we (shall) have written Ubi scribiere litera. Ubi letters. When letters (shall) have litera scriptus esse a ego. been written by us. When you (shall) have per- Quum prcestacre promisformed your promises. When sum. Quum promissum proepromises (shall) have been (are) status esse a tu. performed by you. As soon as (when first) they Quum primum (Simul ac) (shall) have heard. caudire. If I (shall) ask. Si sogare. If thou shalt obtain. Si irmpetrare. If any one (shall) discover. Si quis indicare. If we (shall) do that. Si is facere. If you (shall) make me Consul. Si facere ego Consul. Unless they (shall) come to- Nisi eras venire. morrow. Come, gone, set, &c., have, in this case, the sign SHALL BE, or else only the same as in the perfect tense (14). EXAMPLES. When thou shalt be (art) once Quum semel exre. gone out. When the time shall be (is) Quum tempus prwterire. past. When summer shall be (is) Quum venire restas. come. As soon as (when first) the sun Quum primum sol occishall be (is) set. dere. As soon as he shall be (is) Simul atque adolescere. grown up. As soon as thou shalt be (art) Simul ac perventre illuw. come thither. 2. Without conjunctions, &c. the sign of the first person is commonly SIIALL, of the rest wILL-the have being omitted (Gr. 168-2). EXAMPLES. I shall see. - - Ego vicdre. Thou wilt do kindly, if thou Facere benigne, si venire. wilt come. IMPERATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. 23 A covetous [man] will always Avarus semper egere. \want. We shall obtain. Impnetrare. You will conquer. Vincere. They will get (find) friends. Ille invienire amicus. 22.-Sometimes it is rendered by shall have; as, Quum tu hoee leges, ego illum fortasse convenero, I shall have spoken with him perhaps, when thou shalt read these things. Cic. Att. 9, 15. Tibi Roma subegerit orber., Rome will have subdued the world for you. LucAN, 1. Troja arserit igni? Dardanium toties suddrit sanguine litus? Shall Troy have been burnt? &c. VIRG..Sn. 2, 581. English Examples to be turned into Latin. (See Vocabulary, No. 6.) When he has accused us, we shall hear. —When you (shall) have heard that.-If we (shall) do this.-If the magistrates (shall) have been appointed.-When the deeds (shall) have been approved.-When we (shall) have received the letter.-Thou wilt hear, if the magistrate (shall) be appointed.-If you (shall) have been appointed, we shall hear, &c. IMPERATIVE MOOD. 23.-The imperative mood commands, exhorts, entreats, or permits; as, scribe, " write thou," (Gr. 149). 24. —The imperative mood in English has the subject or nominative placed after the verb. It is, however, generally understood; as, " come (thou) forth.." The imperative of the third person is rendered into English by " let," in the second person, and the infinitive without'"to" prefixed; as, ito, "let (thou) him go" (An. & Pr. Gr. 467, 468). EXAMPLES. PRESENT TENSE. Learn thou good arts. Let good Dise re bonus ars, f, Boarts be learned by thee. nus ars disci a tu. Shun thou sloth. - Fugtr8 segnities.-OAT. 24 IMPERATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. Let the victor have a horse. Victor hiabire equns. Beware thou of passionateness. Tu carvre iracundia. Call ye me. Vocare ego. —PLAUT. Let scholars obey their masters. Discipulus magister parere. (Gr. 405-3d.) Let them suffer themselves to Doc6ri sui pati.-Cca. be taught. 25.-The present subjunctive is often used instead of this mood, especially in forbidding, after ne, nemo, nullus, &c. (Gr. 150). EXAMPLES. Try that which thou canst [do]. Qui posse, is tentare.-CATo. Love a parent, if he is kind; if Amare parens, si Pequus otherwise, bear [him]. esse; si aliter, ferre. —PuBL. Covet not other men's goods. Ne eoncupiscere alienus. Do not thou injury to any Ne faceire injuria quisone. quam. Do not hurt any one. Ne quis nocere. (Gr. 4051st.) Give not up thyself to laziness. Ne tradere tu socordia. Give not yourselves wholly to Ne dedire tu totus voluppleasures; but rather give your- tas; quin potius doctrina tu selves to learning. dedere. 26.-Note.-The conjunction ut, and some former verb, are here understood, and may be supplied; as, fac, vide, cura, moneo, velim, (ut) tentes. Cave, vide, rnoneo, (ut) nefacias injuriam (Gr. 144, 145). 27. —The future-perfect is also used instead of the imperative mood (Gr. 168-3). EXAMPLES. Remember thou. Tu meminisse. See thou to it. Tun idire. Do not say it. Ne diesre. Do not thou do injury. l Nefaceire injuria. Make not haste to speak. Nefestinare loqui. Deride nobody. Nemo irridire. Give not up thyself to idleness. Ne tradeire tu ignavia. Let him look to it. Ille vidsre. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. 25 28.-The future indicative (15) and the perfect subjunctive are sometimes used in a concessive or imperative sense; as, liquTes vina, " filtrate the wine;" parta sit pecunia, " suppose the money were obtained;" hAcc dicta sint patribus, "let these things be told quickly to the fathers," (Gr. 173-4). SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 29.-The indicative and the imperative are the only moods of the verb in Latin used in propositions strictly independent (Gr. 145). The subjunctive mood is used to restrict or modify the thought expressed by other parts of the verb with which it is connected. That connection is usually made by conjunctive particles expressed or understood, or by the relative; and the subjunctive so connected is rendered in a great variety of ways in English, according to the nature of the rela.tion expressed-sometimes by the auxiliaries may, can, might, could, would, &c., as in the paradigms of the verb (Gr. 189); very often by the indicative after such connectives as thlough, that, as, &c.; not unfrequently by the infinitive; sometimes by the participle in ing, preceded by a preposition; and also in other ways to which the connection only can direct. The following Exercises furnish examples of the various ways in which this mood is rendered; but the full consideration of the subject must be referred to its place in syntax, where the leading as well as dependent clauses being inserted, will direct to the proper rendering of this mood in each sentence. PRESENT TENSE (Gr. 171). 30.-1. With some conjunction, adverb, indefinite, or relative, expressed; translated (generally) as the indicative (Gr. 170-3). Seeing I am in health. Quum salire. Have a care (see) what thou Videre quis ag're;-Quis doest; —What is done by thee. agi a tu. There is no (nobody is) covet- Nemo avarus esse, qui non ous man, who does not want. egere. Stay till we return. Expectare dumn redire. You do not know for whom Nescire, quis parare pecuyou get money; —For whom mo- nia;-Quis pecunia paari/ ney is gotten by you. a tu. 2 f26 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE. Seeing covetous men always Quum avarus semper egore, want, though they abound. etiamsi abundare. I wish I may become a scholar Utinam evadire doctus. (learned). - Thou mayest recover. -Tn convaesce're. - The king may live long. - Rex siveire diu. Sometimes it is rendered by the participle in ing, with am, art, is, are, as in the indicative mood; as, Seeing I am writing letters. Quum ego scribire litera. Seeing letters are writing. Quum litera scribi. Seeing he is building a house. Quum ille cediSflccre doSeeing a house is building, &c. mus. Quum domus ceditcari, &c. Note.-This tense, after quasi, tanquam, and the like, is sometimes translated like the imperfect; as, Quasi intelligant qualis sit, &c. As if they understood, &c. —Cc. Tusc. 1. 31.-2. Without any verb and conjunction expressed (Gr. 145), the signs are, may, can, let, should, would (Gr. 171-1-3). By this means (thus) thou may- Ita inveenire laus. Laus in. est get (find) praise. Praise may seniri a tu. be gotten (found) by thee. Thou canst scarcely find a faith- Vix freper'ir~e amicus fideful friend. A faithful friend can lis. Amicus fidelis vix repescarcely be found by thee. riri a tu. Somebody may say. Aliquis dicere. Let us live piously. Vivere pie. I should refuse. Recisare. She would pray for help. Orare opis.-OvIm. Interrogatively. Should I tell it? 2Niarrare? What should I think? Quis putare? Whom should I ask? Quis rogare? What shouldst thou do here? Quis tu hic agere P Who can (could, would) believe Quis hic credere? thi!s? Why should she ask this? Why Cur ille qucritare hic? should this be asked by her? Cur hie qucerit ai ab ille? SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-IMPERFECT TENSE. 27 3. With conjunctions, indefinites, and relatives, the signs are may, can, &c. (Gr. 171). That I may speak the truth. Ut verum dicire. I know not what I should do Nescire quis ego facere.with myself (make myself). Te. Use thy endeavour that thou Dare opera, ut valire. mayest be in good health (well). Love, that thou mayest be Ut amari, amare. loved. I would have thee (I wish that Velle* (ut) scribire. thou wouldst) write. Beware that thou do not be- Cavdre* (ne) credere. lieve it. He begs that thou wouldst come. Orare, ut venire. Take care, that he may know. Curare, ut scire. I am afraid that he may not Timbre ut t credere. —TER. believe it. If any one should ask. Si quis rogare. We have nothing, which we Nihil habBre, quod agere. can (may) do. I advise that you would study. Monere ut studere. Though they should deny. Etsi ille negare. Etsi neThough it should be denied by gari ab ille. them..MnPERFECT TENSE (Gr. 172). 32.-1. With conjunctions, indefinites, &c., translated as the indicative (Gr. 172-4). Seeing I did not hear what Quum non audire, quis dithou saidst;-What was said by cere; —Quis dici a tu. thee. If he knew, what we were now Si scire, quis nunc aggre;doing;-What was doing now by Quis nunc agi a ego. uS. * Ut is often understood after volo, nolo, facio, censeo, jubeo, opto, sino, licet, oportet, &c., and ne after cave (Gr. 632). 1 Verbs signifying to fear, as timeo, metuo, vereor, paveo, are used affirmatively with ne, but negatively with ut, or ne non, and after such verbs, these conjunctions should be rendered that, that not (An. & Pr. Gr. 962); as, timeo ne credat, I am afraid that he may be. lieve it; timeo ut credat, I am afraid that he may not believe it (Gr. 633). 28 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-IMPERFECT TENSE. When you did not know for Quum nescire, quis pcrare whom you got money;-For whom pecunia;-Quis pecunia pamoney was gotten by you. rari a tu. I staid till they returned. 2 Expectare dum qedire. I wish I were in health. Utinam ucalre. - Thou spokest from thy heart. - Tu logui ex animus. - We were wise enough. - Sapere satis. — You used diligence;-Dili- - Tu adhibere diligentia; gence was used by you. -Diligentia adhiberi a tu. Sometimes it is rendered by the participle in ing with was, wert, were; as, While I was writing letters. Dum scribdre litera. Dum While letters were writing. litera scribi. While he was building a house. Dum ille aedificare domus. While a house was building, &c. Dum domus cadificari, &c. 33.-2. With the signs would, could, should, might, either with or without cognjunctions, indefinites, &c. (Gr. 172). I would take care. Curare. He begged that I would come. 3 Orare ut venire. Thou wouldst think thyself Putare tu felix, si esse happy, if thou wert rich. dives. He might say. It might be said Dicere. Dici ab ille. by him. The day would fail me, if I Dies dejicire ego, si enumeshould reckon every one.. Pare omnis. We should not suffer it. Non sinere. You would learn willingly, if )Discere libenter, si sapere. you were wise. Men would follow virtue, if iomo sectari virtus, si they were wise. satpre. Interrogatively. What should I do? Quis facgre P Wouldst thou not think thyself Nonne putare tu felix? happy? Might not (would not) he say? Nonne dicere? What would he say? Quis dicere? Should we not do it? Annon facere? Would you suffer it? Num sineire? Would they believe? An credere? SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE. 29 PERFECT TENSE (Gr. 173). 1. Indefinite. 34.-1. With conjunctions, indefinites, &c., translated as the indicative. Though I sought for thee yes- Licet qucerere tu heri. Literday. Though thou wert sought cet qucesitus esse a ego heri. for by me yesterday. I do not know whither you Nescire qub profectus esse. went. Who can doubt, but God created Quis dubitare, quin Deus the world?-But the world was creare mundus? Quin munc]reated by God? dus creatus esse a Deus? You know, how great praise Scire, quantus laus adeptus we got. esse. Though many did not believe Quanquam multi non crethese things. Though these things dere hic. Quanquam hic non were not believed by many. creditus esse a multus. I wish I satisfied the master. Utinam satisfacere praceptor. (Gr. 397. III.) -Thou spokest truth. - Dicre verum. 35. —2. Without a conjunction, the sign is might. Perhaps I might be in an error Errare fortasse.-PLmN. E(might err). pist. 1, 23. Perhaps I might add more kind Forsitan addere blanditia expressions. plus.-OvID. fet. 7. 816. Perhaps the Sabine [women] Forsitan Sabina nolle.-Omight be unwilling. VID. Amor. 1, 8, 39. Perhaps Ulysses might keep Ulysses agere forsan dies his wife's birth (natal) day. natalis conjux.-OVID. Trist. 5, 5, 3. 2. Definite. 36.-1. With conjunctions, indefinites, &c., translated as the indicative. Though I have made trial.- Etiamsi facere periculum. Though trial has been made by Etiamsi periculumfacts esse me. a ego. 30 -SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE. Tell me, what yon have got. Dicere mihi quis nactus esse. I know a man, who has pro- Nosse homo, qui promitmised. tere. Seeing we all have sinned. Quum omnis peecare. I am glad, that you have es- Gaudere, qubd evadire. caped. I desire to know, what they Avere scire, quis agire;have done; —What has been done Quis actus esse ab ille. by them. Passives with the signs am, art, &c., as in the indicative mood. Though I am (be) reduced to Licet redactus esse ad anstraits. gustira. Seeing the work is finished. Quum opus fintus esse. Since the city is taken. Quum urbs captus esse. Since we are conquered. Quum victus esse. Since her parents (the parents Quum parens ejus repertus ofher) are found. esse. Come, gone, rtun, set, &c., with the signs am, art, is, are. Since thou art come quickly. Quum advenire citb. Since he is gone. Quum abire. Since he is entered into the Quum ingressus esse [in] city. urbs. Since the sun is risen. Quum sol ortus esse. Since the time is past. Quum tempus prcterire. Since the labour is lost. Quum opera perire. Though we are (be) set together Etiamsi considere in herba. on the grass. (Gr. 608. R. LI.) I wish the twenty pounds be Utinam viginti mineu non not lost. periTe. Note. —This tense, after quasi, tanquam, and the like, may sometimes be rendered as the pluperfect; as, Quasi jam satis veneratus miratusque sim, As if I had, &c. PLIN, Paneg. Perinde ac si jam vicerint. Cic. Perinde eris, ac si gratiam retulerim. SENEC. 317.-2. With the signs may have, or as the indicative. That (lest) he may not have NIe non perdrle, non ceslost, the gamester does not cease sare perdere lusor.-OviD. to lose. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE, 31 Then I should have saved the Tune ego nequicquam CaCapitol in vain. pitolium servare. —Liv. Thou fearest that I have not VerMri, ut (Gr. 633) accireceived thy epistle.-That thy pere tuuns epistola;-Ut tuus epistle, has not been received by epistola acceptus esse a ego.me. CIc. Att. I am afraid that he may have Vereri, ne (Gr. 633) ille grataken it ill. visisferre.-TER. Eun. 1, 2. I fear that I may have taken Metuere, ne (Gr. 633) fruspains (undertaken labour) in vain. tra suscipere labor;-Ne exce-That thou mayest have exceeded dere modus;-Ne ille hic cumoderation;-That she may have dire.-PLAUT. CGasin. 3, 3, 12, heard these things. & 7. Passives signifying a thing but just now past, have the English BE instead of HAVE BEEN, or they may be rendered by the indicative mood. EXAMPLES. Perhaps the work may be (is) Fortasse opus n. fintus finished. esse. Perhaps he may be (is) reduced Fortasse redactus esse ad to poverty. paupertas. I fear, that the city may be (is) Vereri, ne urbs captus taken. esse. Also, come, gone, set, &c., have the sign BE or IS instead of nHAv. EXAMPLES. Perhaps the mother may be (is) Forsitan mater, venire. — come. OvID. Ep. 18. I fear that he may be (is) re- Metuere, ne (Gr. 633) returned already. dire jam.-TER. Eun. 3, 5. I fear that I maybe(am)come iMetu.tre, ne (Gr. 633) vetoo late. nire serb.- Vid. CIc. Att. 14, 19. I fear that the time is past;- Metuere ne (Gr. 633) temThat the labour is lost. pus prceterire; Ne opera perire. 3S.-3. This perfect of the subjunctive sometimes inclines very much to a future signification; and is therefore called, by some 32 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD -PERFECT TENSE. grammarians, the proper future of that which is named the potential mood. The signs are should, would, could, may, can. EXAMPLES. I should choose rather to be Optare pauper esse popoor. tius. I would not do it without your Nonfacere injussu tuus. order. Thou wouldst choose rather to Pr2aferre valere, quam dibe in health than to be rich? ves esse. -Hoi. Who would say that the covet- Quis dicere avarus (Gr. 671) ous man is rich? esse dives? You would play more willingly Ludire libentiius quam stuthan study. dire. They will be angry, if they Irasci, si resciscere. ff1 should know it. If I should now hang myself, I Si nunc ego 31 suspenddre, should fool away my pains, and meus opera ludere, et preater besides my pains, I should spend opera,restis frustra sumzptifaa halter in vain, and should create celre, et inimicus meus vopleasure to my enemies. luptas creare.-PLAUT. Casin. 2, 7, 1. The passive form here is amatus sim; which is scarcely used, except in deponents; as, Ubivis faciliuss passus sim, qudm in hac re, mn deludier. TER. And. This tense is resolvable by velim or possim with the infinitive mood, or by the present subjunctive; as, Optdrim, i. e. Velim optare, or optem. Sometimes by the present indicative; as, Deos audisse crediderim; i. e. Credo. It respects either the time present (as in that passage of Plautus above); or indefinitely any time whatever. This tense may sometimes be rendered by the sign SHAIAL; as, Quin etiam corpus libenter obtulerinm, si reprcesentari morte mea libertas civitatis potest. CIa. Phil. 2. " I shall willingly offer my body, if the liberty of the city may be presently established by my death." Sometimes by the sign CAN; as, Quis dubitdrit, quin cegrotationes animi, ex eo, quod magni cestimetur ea res, ex qua animus cegrotat, oriantur? Cia. Tusc. 4. "Who can doubt, that," &c. This tense is also sometimes equivalent to the future-perfect tense; as, Ac non id metuat, ne, bi earn acceperim, sese relinquamn, "When I shall have received her." TERENT. Eun. 1, 2. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PLUPERFECT TENSE. 33 PLUPErFEOT TENSE (Gr. 174). 39.-1. With conjunctions, indefinites, &c., translated as the indicative. Because I had received a kind- Qubd accifipre beneficiume ness. Because a kindness had Qubd beneficium acceptus esse been received by me. a ego. If thou hadst restrained thy Si cohibgre iracundia. Si passion. If passion had been re- iracundia cohibiztus esse a strained by thee. tu. He who had offered injury. Ille qui inferre injuria. By whom injury had been offered. A qui injuria illdtus esse. If they had kept promise. Si servare promissum. I did not know whether he had Nescire an agere gratia ille, thanked (given thanks to) him or neone. not. I wish I had obeyed. Utinam paerre. I wish you had made trial. Utinam fcceire periculum. Come, gone, run, set, &c., with the signs was, wert, were. When he was gone away before. Quum ille abire antea. When the time was past. Quum tempus prceterire. When the labour was lost. Quum opera pe'rire. Seeing the summer was come. Quuln restas ven'ire. After the sun was set. Postquam sol ocodeire. When the morning star was Quando Lucifer ortus esse. risen. After we were set together on Postquam considere in herthe grass. ba. (Gr. 608. R. LI.) As soon as we were got to the Simul ac pervenire ad urbs. city. 40.-2. With the signs, might have, would have, could have, should have, ought to have, and had for would have or should have. If he had (should have) com- Si jubire, parre. — Vid. manded it, I would have obeyed. CIo. Am. c. 11. Thou shouldst (oughtest to) Voccare. -VIRuG. -n. 4, have called me. 678. Cesar would never have done COesar nunquam hicfaeire, this, nor suffered it. neque passus esse.-Cic. Att. 14, 13. We could not have escaped this Non effugkre hic malum. mischief. 2* 34 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PLUPERFECT TENSE. You should have (ought to Imitatus esse ille, et resishave) imitated him, and should tere. have resisted. The good might have conquer- Vincere bonus, et victus ed, and the rogues might have esse improbus.- CIa. pro been- defeated. Sext. I feared that we had taken 3 Ver6ri, ne (Gr. 633) pains (undertaken the labour) frustra susci2ere labor:-Ne in vain: —That pains had been labor frustra susceptus esse taken (labour undertaken) in vain a ego. by us. -That they had heard these - Ne ille audire hic.-N-e things. —That these things had hie auditus esse ab ille. oeen heard by them. -That they had returned. - Ne ille redire. Interrogatively. Wouldst thou have obeyed? An 2arjre? Wouldst thou not have obeyed? Annon (nonne) parire? Would Caesar have done or suf- An Caesar hie facere aut fered this? Would not Cwesar passus esse? Nonne Caesar have suffered this? hic passus esse? Who would have done this? Quis hic facere? Could we have escaped? An effugire? Note.-The verbs come, gone, set, and the like, have the sign BE instead of uAD here also. 41. —3. There is a peculiar use of this pluperfect of the subjunctive, when a thing is signified as future at a certain time past referred to. It is rendered by should, or as the imperfect of the subjunctive or indicative (Gr. 174); as, Tuis denunciavi, si rursus tam multa attulissent, omnia relaturos? "I declared to your servants, that if they brought (should bring) so many things again, they should carry them all back again." PLIN. Ep. 28, 6. Testabatur Cocles, nequicquam eos fugere, si transitum hostibus pontem a tergo reliquissent, " If they left, or should leave the bridge," &Ic. Liv. 1. 2. Imperaret quod vellet quodunque imperavisset ["whatever he commanded or should command"], se esse facturos. CAS. B. Civ. 3.'lb? futuros Helvetios, ubi Ccesar constituisset [" should appoint"], atque eos esse voluisset [."-should be willing to have them to be"]. Id. B. Gall. 1. Oraculum datum est, Athenas victrices fore, si rex interfectus esset ["was slain or should be slain"]. CIc. Tuse. 5. (Gr. 1174.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PLUPERFECT TENSE. 35 EXAMPLES. [The following examples may be omitted till after the pupil has gone over the future of the infinitive.] Thou promisedst that thou Promittere tu scripturus wouldst write, if I desired (should (esse), si rogare.-PLIN. Epist. desire) it. 14, 5. Thou saidst that thou wouldst Dicere tu venturus esse, si come, if thou didst (shouldst) ob- impetrare venia. tain leave. They decreed a reward if any Decernere pramium, si quis one should discover. indicare.-SAL. He declared that we should be Denunciare ego daturus punished (suffer punishment) if esse poena, si isfacere:-Si is we did (should do) that:-If that factus esse. was (should be) done. Unless we came (should come) Nisi posterus dies (R. XL.) the next day. ventre. Marius said he would make an Marius dicere sui brevis end of the war in a short time, if tempus (Gr. 565. R. xLI.) conthey made (should make) him fecturus (esse) bellum, si sui consul. consul facere. Xerxes proposed a reward to Xerxes prmmium propohim who invented (should invent) nere is qui novus voluptas a new pleasure. invenire. —CI. Tus. 5. Xerxes delighted so much (even Xerxes eo usque luxuria to this extent) in luxury, that he gaudore, ut edictum premium proposed a reward by proclama- is (32)proponere, qui novus tion to him, who found (should voluptas genus reperire.find) a new kind of pleasure. VAL. MAX. 9, 1. Plato declared that the world Plato, tum demum terra (the circle of lands) would then, orbis beatus futurus (esse), and not till then (at last), be hap- 3 pr.edicare, quum aut sapy, when either wise men should piens regnare, anut rex sapere begin to reign, or kings to be wise. ceopisse.-Id. 7, 2. Plato thought that states would Plato 3 putare, tum denithen, and not till then (at last), que beatus (Gr. 180-8) esse be happy, when (if) either learned respublica, si anut doctus et saand wise men should begin to piens regbre is ceapisse, ant qui govern them, or those who gov- 32 regire omnis suus studium erned should employ their whole in doctrina et sapientia collostudy in learning and wisdom. care.-CIO. ad Q. Fr.. 1.1. Examples of this kind are very frequent in Cesar, and in Cic. de Divinatione, it being the usual style of recitals of laws, speeches, and 36 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PLUPERFECT TENSE. predictions; the future-perfect tense in the law, speech, or prediction, being, in the recital, expressed by the pluperfect, which bears to the future-perfect the same relation as the imperfect does to the present. Compare the following examples. Fut.-P. If any one shall make Si malus condere in quis (shall have made) bad verses quis carmen, jus esse.-Hop. against any one, there is law. Sat. 1. 2. Pluperf. The twelve tables Duodecim tabula caput made it capital, if any one should sancire, si quis carmen concompose (should have composed) dere qui infamia (32) afferre verses, which brought infamy to alter.-CIc. in Fragm. another. Fut.-P. They promise that they Qui imperare, sui facturus will do what he may command (esse) polliceri. -- Gys. B. (shall have commanded). Civ. 1. Plzuperf. They promised, that Qui imperare, sui facturus they would do what he corn- (esse) 3 polliceri.-O-Gs. B. manded (should have commanded). Gall. 4. Fut.-P. Their fortune was told Sors esse ita redditus: Mathus: He that (who) shall first ter qui damre princeps oscukiss (have given kisses to) his lum, victor esse.-OvID. Fast. mother, shall be conqueror. 2. 713. Pluperf. Apollo answered, that Apollo, penes is summus the highest power of the Roman urbs Romanus potestas futucity should be in him, who should rus (esse), 3 respond6re, qui, give (have given) a kiss to his ante omnis, mater osculum mother, before all [the rest]. dare.-VAL. MAx. 7. 2. Fut.-P. The law says, let him Dicere lex, qui hostis opis be punished with death, who shall ferTe, caput puniri. —QuINc. give (have given) assistance to the Declaen. 318. enemy. Pluperf. The law was written Adversus is conscriptus lex against him who should give (have esse, qui opis ferre hostis.given) assistance to the enemy. Ibid..Fut.-P. Then we must have Tune habendus esse is forthat fortune (that fortune is to be tuna, qui deus darce.-Liv. 1. had) which the gods shall give 30. (have given). Pluperf. They carry word back Frustra verbum factus that they had discoursed (they (esse) renunciare; arma (Gr. report that words had been made) 699 & 671) decernere esse, in vain; that they must dispute habendusque is fortuna, qui it with arms, and must have that Deus dare.-Ibid. fortune (that that fortune is to be had) which the gods should give. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. 37 Note. —When the former verb in such recitals is of the present tense, because it refers to the time past, and is put for the imperfect or perfect, the latter may be either the perfect or pluperfect; as, Pollicentua sese facturos, quce imperdrit: Renunciant habendam esse ean fortunam quam dii dedissent. FUTURE TENSE. 42.-This tense is composed of the participle in rus and sim, and Is used with conjunctions, indefinites, and sometimes with the relative gqui. The sign is SIALL or WILL. (Gr. 170-1.) I am uncertain yet what I shall Incertus esse etiam, quis do. factturus esse. —TER. I am glad that I shall see him. Gaudere, qubd visurus esse is. Since I shall see thee, I shall Quum visur'us esse tu, nihil write nothing more. amplius scribere. I neither know what I should Necquis(33)agere, nee quis do, nor what I shall do. acturus esse, scire.-C-I. Att. 7, 10. I will let (make that) you know Facere ut(32)scire, quis dies on what day I shall come. (Gr. 565) venturus esse.CIa. Att. 16, 8. Neither where, nor when I shall Nec ubi, nec quando tu visee thee, can I guess. surus esse, posse suspicari. — Ibid. 11, 13. I would have thee write (I (33)Velle [ut] (33) scribere, should wish that thou wouldst quis esse acturus.-Ib. 7, 22. write) what thou shalt do. I ask whether or no thou wilt Quaerere, essene facturus. do [it]. — Ca. I doubt not that thou wilt stay Non dubitare, quin ibi manthere. surus esse. —Ci. Att. 9, 10. Take care that I may know the Curare, ut scire dies, quis day on which thou shalt (wilt) go (Gr. 565) Roma exitwurus esse. out from Rome. -lb. 2, 11. There is nothing so great which Nihil esse tantus, qui non I shall (will) not do for thy sake. ego tuus causa (Gr. 542) facturus esse.-C. _Faen. 15, 11. Should I (am I such a man that Egon' ut is (33) despondere I should) promise my daughter to filia, qui daturus non esse?him to whom I shall not marry TER. (give) her? 38 INFINITIVE MOOD. 43.-lThe future in r'us with essem. instead of the pluperfect subjunctive. The sign SHOULD or WOULD. I desired to know what thou Scire velle, quis tu essefacwouldst do, and when thouwouldst turus, et quando esse redireturn. turus.-CIc. Att. 12, 41. I was glad that I should see Gaudare, quod visurus esse him. is. I neither knew what I did, nor Nec quis (32)ageire, nec quis what I should do. acturus esse, scire. Neither where nor when I Nee ubi, nec quando tu vishould see thee, could I guess. surus esse, posse suspicari. I did not doubt, that thou lNon dubitare, quin manwouldst stay. surus esse. I did not know the day on which Nescire dies, qui (Gr. 565) thou wouldst. go out. exiturus esse. Should I (am I such a man that Egon' is ut despondere filia, I should) promise my daughter to qui non daturus esse? ode to whom I should not marry (give) her? INFINITIVE MOOD. ~44.-;The INFINITIVE MOOD expresses the meaning of the verb in a general manner, without any distinction of person or number; as, scribere, "to write," (Gr. 152.) The tenses of the infinitive are three, the present, the perfect, and thefuture —and, in the active voice, the future-perfect. In Latin, the tenses of the infinitive express its action as past, present, or future, not with regard to the present time as in the other moods, but with regard to the time of the leading verb on which it is dependent. (Gr. 176.) The infinitive is used in two different ways; viz., without a subject, or with it. (Gr. 177.) The Infinitive without a subject. 45.-The infinitive without a subject follows a verb or adjective, and is always translated in the same way, whether the preceding verb be present, past, or future (Gr. 178). INFINITIVE MOOD. 39 EXAMPLES. I cease to write. Desmenre scribgre. Dost thou delay to speak to Cessare allSqui (eum)?(him)? TER. I desire to become a scholar Oupere evsdere doctus. (earned). We are forbidden to do injury. Prohib6ri facere injuria. Thou oughtest to perform pro- Deb6re prcestare promismises. sum. Thou seemest to me to desire Vid6ri ego expetere sapiwisdom. entia. He seems to become a scholar Vid6ri evadere doctus. (learned). Desiring to learn. Cupiens discire. Hastening to go home. Properans abire domus.(Gr. 558.) Worthy to be loved. Dignus amari. Skilful in singing. Peritus ca ntare. Prepared to command. Paratus imperare. 46.-The sign TO is omitted when the former verb is may, can, might, would, could, made by licet, volo, nolo, possumn, debeo, &c. (Gr. 147 & 668, Note 1.) I cannot write. Non posse scribere. Money may be taken away. Pecunia posse eripi. It cannot be done. Non posseeiri.. Virtue cannot die. Virtus non posse emori. All would (all wish to) know. Scire velle omnis. You may (it is allowed to you Licet tu (Grr. 223-6 & 409) to) go home. ire domus. (Gr. 558.) I could not write. Non 3 posse scribere. It could not be done. Non posse fieri. Mutius could burn his hand. Mutius posse urere manus. He would not take [it]. 3 Nolle accipre. That could not be prevented. Is non posse caveri. We might not (it was not al- Non licere ego (Gr. 223 6 lowed to us to) come. & 409) venire. To is likewise omitted after the English words must, bid, dare, let, and make (An. & Pr. Gr. 877). EXAMPLES. I must (it behoves me to) write Oportet ego (Gr. 423) seria letter. bere epistola. 40 INFINITIVE MOOD. He bid me come. Jubbre ego venire. We dare not refuse. Non audere recusare. I will not let you go. Non sinere tu abire. The darkness made us wan- Tenebraa facere ego errare. der. 47. —The present infinitive is generally translated as the perfect without to, when it comes after the past tenses of possumn, solo, noo, malo, translated could, would, would not, would rather; and with to after the same tenses of debeo and oportet translated ouzght; as, melius fieri non potuit, "It could not have been done better." Dividi oportuit, "It ought to have been divided." EXAMPLES. Thou never couldst have (hast Nunquam 3 posse magis been able to) come more season- opportunus svenire, quiam nune ably than thou comest now. advenire.-PLAUT. There could have been (able to Sine ars vita omnino nulbe) no living at all without arts. lus esse (40)posse. -Cic. Cities could not have been (able Urbs sine ccetus homo non to be) built without an assembly 40 posse edificari.-Ib. of men. There could have been (able to Neque navigatio, neque be) neither navigation, nor agri- agricultura, sine opera homo culture, without the assistance of esse(40)posse. —Ibid. men. It is evident, that men could Perspicuus esse, home sine not have lived (been able to live) homo opera commo6d viveire conveniently without the assist- non posse, peqyf. infin. ance of men. I would have come if I could. 3 Velle venire, si (40) posse. What would you have had (did Quis 3 velle ego faicre tu? you wish) me do for you? -T E. Phor. 1, 5. They themselves were held with Qui difficultas Romanus the same difficulties with which claudere 4 velle, idem ipse they would have (had'wished to) tenuri. —_Os. B. Gall. 8. shut up the Romans. He had a knife wherewith he Ferrum 3 habere, qui sui would have slain (with which he occqdere 3 velle. wished to slay) himself. You ought not to have been a Non 3 debere adjutor esse helper to your friend sinning. amicus peccans. INFINITIVE MOOD. 41 4S.- Videor, " I seem," followed by the dative of its subject, is usually rendered "think." When thus used, the infinitive after it is rendered like the indicative, or like the infinitive with a subject (49 below); as, Videor mzihi esse, " I think that I am;" lit., " I seem to myself to be." EXAMPLES. I think that I (I seem to myself Vid6ri ego adiipisci sciento) get knowledge. tia. Thou thinkest that thou art Vid6ri tu factus (esse*) arbecome (thou seemest to thyself tifex. (Gr. 326.) to have become) an artist. He thinks that he is become (he Videri sui evdcdre doctus. seems to himself to be) a scholar. (Gr. 326.) IHe thinks that he has (he seems Vid6ri sui adeptus (esse*) to himself to have) gotten favour. gratia. You think that you (you seem Videri tu consecutus (esse*) to yourselves to) have obtained victoria. the victory. They think that they shall (they Vid6ri sui adepturus (esse*) seem to themselves to be about to) divitike. get riches. Miscellaneous Examples to be turned into Latin. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. They began to ask assistance.-They had begun to despair.They endeavour to carry on the war. —Cesar determined to cut down the woods.-These are said to have a hundred cantons.He despises to be taught.-Money cannot (knows not to) change nature.-He endeavours to perform his promise.-I (we) did not begin to philosophize on a sudden.-No art can come up to the skill of nature. —The mind always desires to be employed (to act); nor can it endure perpetual inactivity.-It is always advantageous to be a good man, because it is always honorable. The Incfinitive Mood oith a subject. 49.-The infinitive mood with an accusative before it as its subject, is usually rendered as the indicative-the particle that dEsse is sometimes understood (Gr. 119-6). 42 INFINITIVE MOOD —PRESENT TENSE. being sometimes placed before it, sometimes not (Gr. 179-11, & 180; also 670 & 673). The infinitive with its subject forms a dependent clause, which is sometimes the subject of the verb on which it depends; as, te istud non audivisse mirum est, " that you have not heard that, is surprising" (Gr. 670. 1st.): but most commonly its object; as, miror te non istud audivisse, "I wonder that you have not heard that." (Gr. 670. 2d.) PRESENT TENSE. 50. —. When the preceding verb is of the present or future tense, the present-infinitive is likewise translated as the present. (Gr. 179-1.) EXAMPLES. I say [that} I praise thee; Dicere ego laudare tu.-[That] thou art praised by me. Tu laudacri a ego. I see [that] thou desirest know- Yidere tu expetere scienledge; —[That] knowledge is de- tia.-Scientia expeti a tu. sired by thee. We know [that] God governs Scire Deus gubernare munthe world;-[That] the world is dus.-Mundus gubernari a governed by God. Deus. You see [that] we write (are Videre ego scribere litera. writing) letters;-[That] letters -Litera scribi a ego. are writing by us. I have heard [that] you get Audire tu paare divitiae. riches; —[That] riches are getting -Divitia parari a tu. by you. We know [that] all [men] blame Scire omnis culpare ingra the ungrateful;-[That] the un- tus. — Ingratus culpari ab grateful are blamed by all. omnis. 51.-2. When the preceding verb is of the imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect tense, the present of the infinitive is translated as the imperfect or perfect-indefinite of the indicative. (Gr. 1179-1.) Thou knewest [that] I was Nosse ego serib6ire litera. writing letters. —[That] letters -Litera scribi a ego. were writing by me. - [That] he reverenced his - lle revereri parens suus, parents, and followed virtue. et seotari virtus. INFINITIVE MOOD-PERFECT TENSE. 43 - [That] we gave our minds: —Ego dare opera litera. (endeavour) to learning (letters). - [That] they were talking. - le fabulari. PERFECT TENSE. 52.-1. When the preceding verb is of the present or future tense, the perfect of the infinitive is translated as the perfect of the indicative, indefinite or definite. (Gr. 179-2.) Note.-In the compound forms of the infinitive, i. e. the perfect infinitive passive, and the future, and the future-perfect infinitive active, the participle must always be of the same gender, number, and case as the accusative before it. 1. Indefinite. I say [that] I sought for thee. Dicere ego qucerbe tu. -[That] thou wert sought for by -Tu qucesmitus esse a ego. me. I think [that] thou didst well.- Putare tu bene facre.[That] this was well done by thee. lic benefactus esse a tu. We know [that] God created Scire Deus creare mundus. the world.-[That] the world was -Mundus creatus esse a created by God. Deus. And so in the other examples, 60, 51. 2. Definite. I say [that] I have often sought Dicere ego sape qucerere for thee.-[That] thou hast been tu.-Tu scope qucesitus esse often sought for by me. a ego. - [That] thou hast spoken - Tu lociitus esse bene. well. - [That] she has found her - le reperire parens. parents. And so in the other examples,.50, 51. The following examples are in accordance with the statement above; see No. 13. Thou believest [that] I am re- Credere ego redactus esse duced to want. ad egestas. - [That] the work is finished. - Opus. finitus ease. 4 4 INFINITIVE MO OD-FUTURE TENSE. - [That] the city is taken. - Urbs captus esse. - [That] we are conquered. - Ego rictus esse. - [That] her parents (the pa- - Ejus parens reperets rents of her) are found. esse. He thinks [that] thou art come Putare tu advenire cito. quickly. - [That] they are gone. - Ille abire. - [That] they are entered into - Ille ingressus esse (in) the city. urbs. - [That] the sun is set. - Sol occidere. - [That] the moon is (up) risen. - Luna ortus esse. - [That] the time is past. - Tempus prceterire. [- That] the labour is lost, &c. - Opera perire, &c. 53.-2. When the preceding verb is of the imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect tense, the perfect of the infinitive is translated as the pluperfect of the indicative. (Gr. 179-2.) I told thee [that] I had sought Dicere tibi ego qucerire tu for thee before. - [That] thou antea.-Tu qucasitus esse a hadst been sought for by me be- ego antea. fore.. Thou knewest [that] thou hadst'7 Scire tu promittire pripromised the day before. die. Thou knewest [that] the master 7 Scire prseceptor swepe had often forbidden that.-[That] prohibere is.-Is ssepe prohithat had been often forbidden by bUtus esse a prseceptor, &c. the master, &c. For the following, see No. 13 above. Thou saidst [that] he was gone Dicbre ille abire antea. away before. - [That] the time was past. - Tempus pryaterire. - [That] the labour was lost. - Opera perire. - [That] the summer was come. - Venire sestas. - [That] the sun was set. - Sol occidere. - [That] the moon was risen, - Luna ortus esse, &c. FUTURE TENSE. 54.-1. When the preceding- verb is of the present or future tense, the future of the infinitive with esse is translated as the future of the indicative. (Gr. 179-3.) INFINITIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. 45 Note 1.-The verbs esse and fuisse in the future and future-perfect infinitive are often understood (Gr. 179-4). Note 2.-Deponent verbs have the future of the infinitive like active verbs (Gr. 179-8). The future-infinitive passive consists of the former supine and iri; as, scriptum iri (Gr. 179-7). EXAMPLES. 1. Importing will or purpose. Examples with the sign WILL.* I say [that] I will write letters. Dicere ego scripturus (esse) litera. Thou sayest [that] thou wilt Tu dicere tu scripturus write letters. (esse) litera. He says [that] he [himself] will Diceire sui scripturus (esse) write letters. litera. We promise [that] we will do Ego promittere ego datuour endeavour. rrus (esse) opera. You promise [that] you will Tu promittere tu missurus send. (esse). They promise [that] they will Ille promittere sui adhibigive (use) diligence. turus (esse) diligentia. Examples with the sign SHALL. I say [that] letters shall be Dicere litera scribi a ego. written by me. - [That] thou shalt know. - Tu seiturus (esse). - [That] he shall know. - IMle sciturus (esse). - [That] you and they shall - Tu et ille sciturus (esse). know. Thou sayest [that] letters shall Dicere litera scribi a tu. be written by thee. He says [that] letters shall be Dicbre litera scribi a sui. written by himself. - [That] I shall know the - Ego sciturus (esse) res whole matter. omnis. - [That] thou shalt hear. - Tu auditurus (esse). - [That] the queen shall hear. - Regina audituzrus (esse). * Whether will or shall is the auxiliary in the English future, it makes no difference in the form of the Latin verb.-No. 19, Note. 46 INFINITIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. 2. Signifying bare event. Examples with the sign SHALL. I believe [that] I shall see. Credere ego visurus (esse). Thou believest [that] thou shalt Credere tu potiturus (esse) get the victory. victoria. (Gr. 484.) He believes [that] he shall go. Ille credbre sui itu'rus (esse). We believe [that] we shall ob- Ego credere ego impetratain leave. turus (esse) venia. You believe [that] you shall get Tu credere tufacturus (esse) (make) an estate. res. They believe [that] they shall Ille credere sui inventurus get friends. (esse) amicus. Examples with the sign wrLL. I believe [that] leave will be Credere venia impetraxi a obtained by us. ego. - [That] thou wilt get the vie- - Tu potiturus tesse) victory. toria. (Gr. 484. R. xxvI.) I believe [that] he will go. Credo ille iturus (esse). — [That] you and they will — Tu et ille mansurzs stay. (esse). Thou believest [that] I will Tu credere ego visurus see. (esse). - [That] he will hear. - Ille aulditurus (esse). He hopes [that] I will not Sperare ego non iturus go. (esse). - [That] thou wilt obtain. - Tu impetraturs (esse). - [That] we will do our en- - Ego daturus (esse) opedeavour. [That] endeavour will ra. Opera dari a ego. be used by us. We hope [that] they will get Sperare ille inventurus (esfriends. [That] friends will be se) amicus. Amicus inveniri gotten by them. ab ille. 55 —2. When the preceding verb is of the imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect tense, the future of the infinitive with iSSE is rendered by would or should. (Gr. 179-3.) I said [that] I would write letters. Thou saidst [that] thou wouldst write letters. He said [that] he would write letters. We promised [that] we would do our endeavour INFINITIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. 47 You promised [that] you would send. They promised [that] they would give diligence. I said [that] letters should be written by me. - [That] thou shouldst know. - [That] he should know. - [That] you and they should know. Thou saidst [that] letters should be written by thee. And so on through the rest of the examples at Num. 54, turning the former verb into the perfect tense, and the sign will into would, and shall into should. 56.-3. The future of the infinitive with FUISSE (i. e., the futureperfect), is always rendered by would have, or should have, whatever be the tense of the preceding verb. I shewed [that] I would have Ostendire, ego is (Gr. 397) satisfied him. satisfactu'rus fuisse. —C. Att. 1, 1. He will think, [that] I would Existimare, ego scripturus (should) not have written. non fuisse. —Ib. 11, 29. Dost thou think, I would Censere, ego hie dieturus (should) have said these things? fuisse -C(Ic. Fin. Dost thou think, [that] I would An cens6re, ego tantus la(should) have undertaken so great bor susceqptzrusfuisse?-COo. labours? de Sen. We should not have thought, Non putare, tu ille factlu [that] thou wouldst have done rus fuisse, nisi, &e. —PLtn. that, unless, &c. Paneg. I am assured (it is well known Mihi exploratum est, C(esar to me), [that] Caesar would nei- hic neque facturus, neque ther have done nor suffered that. passrusr fuisse. —IO. Att. 14, 14. I say [that] he would not have: Dicere, ille hie non fuisse sold these things. venditurus.-O-Cio. in Verr. What do we think, they would Quis arbitrari, is fcaturus have done? lfuisse?-Cai. de Am. Nobody shall persuade me, Nemo'mihi persuadere, [that] Paulus and Africanus Paulus et Africanus tantus would have attempted so great fuisse conaturus, nisi, &c.things unless, &c. Cia. de Senec. 28. 57. —When the former verb speaks of men in general, it may very elegantly be varied by the passive voice. 48 INFINITIVE MOOD-FUTURE TENSE. PRESENT TENSE. They think thee tobe wise. Putare tu sare Thou art thought wise. Tu putari They thought him to be Putare ille s He was thought to be wise. Ille putari sapere. PERFECT TENSE. They say [that] Romulus found- Dicere Romulus condure ed Rome. Roma. Romulus is said to have founded Romulus dici condere RoRome. ma. They say [that] Rome was Dicere Roma conditus esse founded by Romulus. a Romulus. Rome is said to have been found- Roma dici conditus esse a ed by Romulus. Romulus. (Gr. 326.) They said [that] Romulus had Dicere Romulus condere founded Rome. Roma. FUTURE TENSE. They believe that the king will Credere rex [esse] ventucome. Mus. The king is believed to be about Credi rex [esse] venturus. to come..Miscellaneous Examzples to be turned into Latin. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. Do you think that such excellent men did such things without reason?-Ancient philosophy thought that a hajppy life twas placed in virtue alone.-I deem it not improper that 11 I should write to you.-I desired that you should understand this now.I desired that you should understand this afterwards.-We think that you can very easily explain that-that you will explain that-that you have explained that.-We thought that you could very easily explain that-that you had explained that-that you would explain that-that you would have explained that.-You know that I think the same thing-that I thought the same thing.-You knew that I thought the same thing.-I suppose that you prefer to experience our silence.-I supposed that you PARTICIPLES. 49 wished lather, &c. —It is evident that man consists of body and nind. —It is innate to all and as it were engraven on the mind that there are gods. PARTICIPLES. 5S.-Participles are parts of the verb which contain no affirmation, but express the meaning of the verb considered as a general quality or condition of an object (Gr. 182). They have the form of adjectives, and, like them, agree with their substantives in gender, number, and case (Gr. 264). The participles in the active voice are the present in ns, and the future in rus; in the passive voice, the perfect in tus, sts, or xus, and the future in dus. For the time, meaning, and use of these, see Gr. 182, ~ 49. Also participles of the active voice, and all the participles of deponent verbs except the future in dus, govern the case of their own verbs. (Gr. 682. See also Gr. 688). Present Pcarticiple. 59. —The participle of the present tense ends in ns-is active in signification, and is commonly rendered by the English participle in ing. I praising thee. Ego laudare tu. Thou desiring wisdom. Tu expetere sapientia. God governing the world. Deus gubernare mundus. And so in the rest of the examples in the indicative mood, present tense.-No. 5, above. Future Participle Active. 60.-The future participle active ends in rus, and is rendered by the circumlocution "' about to;" as, scripturus,'6 about to write." I [being] about to praise thee. Ego laudaturus tu. Thou [being] about to write. Tu scripturus. He [being] about to do his en- Ille datu~rus opera. deavour. 3 50 PARTICIPLES. We [being] about to give thanks. Ego acturus gratia. What are you going (about) to Quis facturus esse.-TErR. do? He was going (was about) to Me miserum! dicturus 2 say, O miserable me! esse.-OvID. I was just going (about) to give Daturus jam 3 fuisse.you it. TER. Yfeaut. 4, 5. 61. —This participle with esse in the present tense, is usually translated as the future of the indicative, and often used instead of it. I shall give (to) him nothing. Nihil ego esse ille daturus. -PLAUT. (Gr. 501). Will not you tell me? Non dicturus esse? —TR. My father will stay for my Pater mansurus patruus uncle. esse.-TER. Phor. See above, No. 20. 62.-This participle with fui, and sometimes with eram, may be translated as the pluperfect subjunctive, and may often be varied by that tense. Those things are done, which Qui Cmsar non facturus COesar would not have done. fuisse, is fiUri.-Cic. Att. 14, 14. Hle would have perished, if he Periturus fuisse, si relinhad been left. qui.-QuINT. DeeI. 5. He would have wept for me Me fleturus ademptus ille being taken away. fuisse.-Ov. Trist. 4, 10. He would not have read the Non lecturusfuisse litera. letters. He would have done it. Facturus fuisse. Thou wouldst have done me a Plus prcestdturus fuisse, si greater kindness (peformed more), citb 10 negare. if thou hadst denied quickly. Thou wouldst have been the Gloria; Pierldes summusfugreatest glory of the Muses. turus esse.-Ov. de Pon. 4, 8, 70. He would have amended [it], if TEmendaturus, si 10 licere, he might (had been allowed). esse.-Ov. Trist. 1, 7. Perfect Participle, Passive. 63. —The perfect participle passive ends in tus, sus, xus, and is rendered by the present, past, or perfect participle passive PARTICIPLES. 51 in English; as, amatus, "being loved," "loved," or "having been loved." 1. Passives with the sign being, or having been. Thou being sought for by.me Tu qucesitus a ego heri. yesterday. Thou having been often sought Tu seape qucesitus a ego for by me in vain. frustra. The world, being (having been) Mundus, creatus ex nihicreated out of nothing, lasts still. lum, durare adhuc. Men, being brought to poverty, Homo, redactus ad pauperare slighted. tas, contemni. The city, being taken, was Urbs, captus, 8 incensus burnt by the enemy. The enemy esse ab hostis. Hostis urbs burnt the city, being taken. captus 3 incendere. Without any Sign. The conquered army. Acies'victus. Ploughed land. Terra acratus. Armed enemies domineer in Hostis arnzatus captus dothe taken city. minari in urbs. Time past. Tempus n. prceteritus. 2. ZDeponent Verbs. Deponents, having an active signification under a passive form, are rendered by the sign having, or who have. I having (who have) tried to Ego expertus loqui.-SEspeak. NEO. Thou having got riches, wilt Tu, nactus divitiae, invenire find friends. amicus. He having spoken thus, held Sic illefatus, tacere. his peace. I congratulate thee, who hast Gratulari tibi potitus' vic(having) got the victory. toria. (Gr. 484.) They having often attempted in Ille siepius conatus frustra, vain, desisted fiom the attempt. conatus 3 desistere.-CGEs. O you who have (having) suf- 0 (vos) passus gravior. — fered more grievous things. VIRG. Believe those who have (hav- Credere expertus. (Gr. 405, ing) tried. 5th.) 52 PARTICIPLES. In such deponents as have the passive signs, instead of have and had (see above, No. 14, &c.), this participle is also translated like those of passive verbs; as, ortus, "risen," or "being risen." So mortitus, profectus, reversus, ingressus, experrectus, &c. The sun being risen was cov- Sol ortus nubes 3 obducered with clouds. tus esse. They being entered into the city. Ille ing~ressus [in] urbs. They being returned home. Ille reversus domus. (R. LX.) We being awaked, slight vain Experrectus, vanus somdreams. nium contemnere. This participle in deponents may be often translated as the participle of the present tense. Give pardon to me confess- Dare venia [ego] fassus.ing. Ov. Their (of them) fathers going Pater [is] profectus domus from home took care of that. (Gr. 556 & 558) 3 curare is. He stood leaning on his spear. Nixus hasta stare. (Gr. 484.) zFuture Passive Participle in Dus. 64.-The future participle in dus has a variety of significations. After a noun it is rendered like the present infinitive passive; as, homo amandus, " a man to be loved." Hence, The English of the infinitive mood passive, coming after a noun, or a substantive verb, must be rendered into Latin by the participle in dus. Injury to be avoided. Injuria fugiendues. Injury is to be avoided. Injuria esse fugiendus. God to be worshipped. Deus colendtus. God is to be worshipped. Dens esse colendus. Our good name (fame) is not to Non negligendus esse fama. be neglected. An office to be discharged. Munus n. fungendus. Pleasure to be enjoyed. Voluptas fruendus.-CGIc. She is not to be obtained. Ille non esse potiundzus. A thing to be boasted of. Res gloriarndus.-Cic. Wine is to be denied to chil- Vinum negandus esse puer. dren. PARTICIPLES. 5 3 There is a kind of (some) Adhibendvs esse reverentia reverence to be used towards quidam adversus homo.-CIc. men. Off. 1. Friends are to be admonished Amicus esse monendus et and chid: and that is to be taken objurgandc s: et is accipienkindly, which is done out of good dus esse amice, qui benevol6 will. fieri.-Cic. Am. His (of him) safety is to be Hic salus desperandus esse, despaired of who cannot hear qui verum audire nequire.truth. Ibid. Though strength should (may) Ut decesse vires, tamen be wanting, yet a good will (will- esse laudandus voluntas.ingness) is to be commended. Ov. Whatsoever thou sufferest de- Leniter, ex meritum quisservedly (from merit), is to be quis 7 pati, ferendus esse.borne meekly. Ov. Virtue is to be preferred to Virtus anteponendus esse gold, and good health to plea- aurum, et bonus valetudo vosure. luptas. Friendship is to be preferred Amicitia anteponendus esse before (to) all worldly things. omnis res humanus. - Cic. Am. Life was given to be used (i. e. Vita 3 datus esse utend&ts. was lent). -PEDO. Neighbours borrow vessels (ask Vicinus rogare vas n. utvnvessels to be used). dus. —CATO. I borrow this (I receive this to Hic accipere utendlus. be used). Life was lent us (we received Vita accipere utendus. life to be used).' That which we have borrowed Is, qui accipere utendus, (received to be used) is to be re- reddendus esse. turned. 65. —The participle in dus as a predicate, in connection with the verb esse, often denotes necessity, propriety, or obligation, and is rendered by must, ought, &c., and the expression is equivalent to that made by the gerund in dum with the verb est. erat, fuit, &c., No. 67. (Gr. 182-6, & 531.) We must beware of pride. Cavendus esse superbia. (Pride is to be avoided.) We must do our endeavour. Dandus esse opera. (Endeavour is to be used.) 54 PARTICIPLES..We must apply ourselves to (en- Danduzs: esse opera virtus, deavour is to be used for) virtue, si velle vel beate vivere, vel if we would (we wish to) either beate mori. live happily or die happily. We ought to keep a promise. Servbandus esse fides. A promise is to be kept.) We ought to keep a promise Servandcus esse fides, etiam (a promise is to be kept) made hostis datus. (given) even to an enemy. Thou oughtest to restrain thy Lingua tu esse continendcus tongue (thy tongue is to be re- diligentissime turn, quum strained by thee) most carefully animus iracundia (Gr. 630) then, when thy mind is moved movari. —CIa. ad Q. Fr. with passion. In all things diligent prepara- In omnis res adhibendus tion ought (is) to be made before esse preaparatio diligens, thou goest about (undertakest) priusquam aggredi. (Gr. 627them.' 4.)-CIm. Off. 1. MXiscellaneous Examples to be rendered into Latin. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. Nfo one, when he looks (looking) at the whole earth, will doubt concerning the providence of God.-The Deity ruling within us forbids usto depart.-MAy mind exalting itself looked forward to the future.-The third line received the enemy as they came (coming) forward.-Following (having pursued). with their swords (those) attempting to pass over, they slew a great: part,of them.. Tarquin surrounded by a. band of armed men rushed into the forum, then:when all were (being) struck with fear, sitting on the royal seat before the curia, he ordered the fathers to be summoned.-Whilst they were (they being) overwhelmed with grief, Brutus holding before him the knife taken from the wound: of Lucretia (and) dripping with gore,- says.Yalerius returned in triumph (triumphing) to Rome.-When these things being commonly spoken of and believed,:vexed the mind of the consul, having called the people (the people being called) into council, he went down to the assembly with the fasces lowered.-All things 2 had to be done by 3 Cmesar at one time; the standard had to be displayed.; the signal, to be given by the trumpet; the soldiers to be recalled from the work; the line of battle to be formed; the soldiers to be harangued; the signal to be given. THE GERUND.'55 THE GERUND. 66. —The gerund is a kind of verbal noun, used only in the singular number. It represents the action or state expressed by the verb as a thing now going on, and at the same time, if in the nominative, or in the accusative before the infinitive, as the subject of discourse; and the oblique cases as the object of some action or relation. They are construed in all respects as nouns, and also govern the case of their verbs. (Gr. 698.) In meaning and use, the gerund resembles the English present participle used as a noun (An. & Pr. Gr. 462), and the Greek infinitive with the article prefixed. (Gr. 714). The Gerund in Dum of the Nominative Case. 67.-The gerund in dum of the nominative case is always joined with the verb est, erat, fuit, &c., and is rendered by must, ought to; or I am, thou art, he is, &c., obliged or forced to. Note.-The nominative case in English must be the dative in Latin. (Gr. 699.) EXAMPLE. I ego. Thou tu. He ille. We >. must die. liMori est ieo. We ego. You tu. All [men] - omnis. This dative case is often understood. We must beware. Cavere esse (ego). We ought to stand to promises. Stare esse promissum. We ought always to consult for Pax semper consulire esse. peace. -CIa. Off. 1.. We must take care that we do CavIre esse, ne ego desidia not give ourselves to laziness. 7 dedere. We must pray. Orare esse (ego). We must resist old age, and we Resistere esse [ego] (Gr. must fight against it as against a 405-3d) senectus, et pugnare disease. esse contra is, tanquam contra morbus. 956 THE GERUND. I must stay here longer, but Mianre esse ego hic diiithou oughtest to go home now. tius, at tu ire domus (Gr. 553 & 558) nune 1 esse. Why dost thou loiter? Thou Quid cessare? Pro eracre oughtest to make haste. 2 esse [tu]. We foolish men are catched [Ego] stultus homo capi with pleasure, whose temptations voluptas; qui illecebra (Gr. we ought to resist; and we ought 405-3d) resistiere 1 esse; et to fight against the love of it as pugnarce 1 esse contra amor against a disease. is, tanquam contra morbus. Thou oughtest to have stood to Stare [tu] 2 esse piomisthy promises. sum. Cato was obliged to die rather. Cato monr potihs 2 esse. — CI,. Off. 1. Next we must speak of the ge- Deinceps de gerundium in rund in di. di dicere esse [ego]. Thee Gerund in Di. 6o —The gerund in di follows a former substantive, or an adjective which governs a genitive case. (Gr. 332 & 349.) Gerunds, supines, and participles, govern the same cases as the verbs to which they belong. (Gr. 682.) The desire of increasing wealth. Libido augere opes. The fear of losing money. Metus camittire pecunia. The way of living. Via isvere. The desire of learning. Cupiditas disce're. Desirous of learning. Cupidus discere. Wrath is a desire of reveng- Iracundia esse' lcisci libiing. do.-Cic. Tuse. 3. Children cannot judge which Puer non posse judicare way of living is the best. quis via vivzre optimus(30) esse.-CIc. Off. The best way of living is to be Optimus viveire via eligenchosen, and custom will make dus esse, isque jucundus con(render) it pleasant. suetudo reddere. —Ad ifer. Covetous men are tormented, Avarus cruciari, non sonot only with a desire of increas- lMm libido augere is qui haing those things which they have, b6re, sed etiam camittere mebut also with the fear of losing tus.-C-c. Par. 1. [them]. The greatness of the advantage Magnitudo utilitas debere ought to drive us to undergo the ego ad (70) suscipere discere labour of learning. labor impellere.-Cic. Or. 1. THE GERUND. 5s Hie who shall finish well and Ille, qui recta et honest8 laudably the course of life (liv- curriculum vivgere a natura ing), given by nature, shall go to datus conficere, ad ccelum heaven. ire.-CIo. Covetousness is very miserable Avaritia cupiditas qucertre in the desire of getting, and not miserrimus esse, nee habdre happy in the enjoyment of hav- fructus felix. -VAL. Max. ing. 9, 4. The mind of man is drawn by Homo mens vidire audirethe delight of seeing and hearing. que delectatio duci.-Cic. Sometimes it may be rendered by the sign to, like the infinitive mood. A desire to revenge. Libido ulcisci. A desire to increase riches. Libido augere divitie. A desire to get. Cupiditas qucerire. A temptation to sin. Illecebra peccare. There is a time to act, and a Esse tempus agere, et temtime to rest. pus quiescere. A cause to repent. Causa pomnitere. Sometimes by in. Moderation in playing is to be Modus ludeire esse retinenkept. dus. —CIO. The Gerund in Do of the Dative Case. 69.-The gerund in do of the dative case follows an adjective denoting usefulness or fitness. (Gr. 382 & 703.) Seed useful for sowing. Semen n. utilis serire.PLIN. 19. 11. Paper not good (useless) for Charta inutilis scribere.writing. Id. 13 12. Legs fit for swimming. Crus n. aptus nata~re.-Ov. 14e is not able to pay (for pay- Non esse (habilis, idoneus) ing). solvire. The Gerund in Dum of the Accusative Case.'70.-The gerund in dum of the accusative case follows a preposition governing the accusative case. (Gr. 704). Ready to write. Paratus ad scribere. Apt to learn. Aptus ad discere. 3* 58 TEIHE: GERUND.:A-reward for teaching. Merces ob docEre. Man is born to labour. Homo natus esse ad laborare. Virtue allures men to loving. Virtus allicere homo ad diligere. Use all diligence to learn. Adhib6re omnis diligentia ad discSre. Children are too inclinable to Puer nimium propensus lying. esse ad mentiri. Things necessary to life (living). Res necessaries ad sivire. He makes haste (hastens) to re- Ad poenitire properare cito pent who judges quickly. qui judicare. —PUBL. Do not come to punishing, when Ne (No. 25) accedere ad thou art (being) angry. punire, iratus. —Cr. Off. 1. We are not only inclined to Non soluim ad discire prolearn, but also to teach. pensus esse, veruim etiam ad docare. A true friend is more inclinable Verus amicus propensior to do kindness (to deserve well) esse ad bene mereri, quam than to ask returns (ask again). ad reposcre.- Cio. While we are (during) going, Inter ire, hab6re satis (Gr. we shall have time enough to talk 592] tempus ad fabulari. (talking). These things are easy to be de- hlic esse facilis ad judicare. termined (to determining). — Iv. The Ger'und in Do of the Ablative Case. 71. —The gerund in do of the ablative case follows a preposition expressed or understood, or is placed without a preposition as the ablative of manner or cause. (Gr. 705.) Pleasure is found in (is derived Voluptas capi ex *discre.from) learning. CIo. To..obtain by begging. Orare: impetrare. Anger: is to be debarred in pu- Ira esse prohibendus in nishing. punire.-Cio. Off. 1. The mind is nourished by learn- Mens discire ali.-Cic. Off. ing. 1. A wife governs by obeying. Uxor _parre imperare. — PUBL. We learn to do ill,: by doing Nihil agiire, male agere nothing. disc6re.-SEN. We increase grief by mention- Augere dolor cornmemoing it. r'ae.-CIc. THE GERUND. 59 They say that Regulus was Alo, Regulus vigilavre nekilled by (with) waking. catus esse. —CI. 0ff. 3. Nothing is so hard, but it may Nil tam difficilis esse, quin be found out by searching. qucerere investigari (Gr. 6273) 7 posse.-TER. A drop makes a stone hollow, Gutta cavare lapis, non vis, not by violence, but by often fall- sed sape cadere.-Ov. ing. He that advises thee to (that Qui monsre ut facere qui thou) do [that] which thou doest jam facere, ille mornre laualready, praises [thee] in advising. dare.-Ov. iiscellaneous exercises on the Gerunds. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. Nominative, No. 67.-Young men ought to acquire, old men ought to enjoy.-The disciples of Pythagoras were obliged to be silent five years (Gr. 565).-We ought to praise the good.-I say that we must admit the truth.-We ought to have resisted the enemy.-Each one must exercise his own judgment. Genitive, No. 68.-Avaricious men are tormented not only with a passion for acquiring, but also with the fear of losing.Frugality is the science of avoiding superfluous expenses, or the art of using property with moderation.-He dreads the difficulty of speaking.'Dative, No. 69.-Coarse paper is not fit for writing. —This water is good for drinking.-Is that horse fit for running?-This seed is uiseful for sowing.-Nature has given to frogs legs fitted for swimming.-This is common to studying and writing. Accusative, No. 70.-We are inclined not only to learn but also to teach. —As the ox was born for ploughing, the dog for tracking, so man was born for understanding and acting.-The Parthians are more disposed to act than to speak.-As we walk we will talk together. Ablative, No. 71.-A man munificent in giving and not severe in exacting.-Anger should be forbidden in punishing.-Plato did not deter Aristotle from writing.-Virtue is given to man by instructing and persuading.-By doing nothing men learn to do ill.-The laws of Lycurgus: train youth by hunting, running, being hungry, being thirsty, being pinched with cold, and by being greatly heated. 60 GERUNDIVES$ GERUNDIVES. 72. —The participle in dus of transitive verbs, and also of medeor, utor, abutor, fruor, Jungor, and potior, is often used in the oblique cases in the sense of the gerund, Thus used, it is called a gerundive participle, and agrees with its substantive in gender and number, and -both take the case which the gerund would have in the same place (182-7 & 707); thus, Gerund...-Cupidus augendi opes. Desirous of increasGerundive. —Cupidus augendarum opum. ing wealth. Gerund... —Aptus ferendo onus. Fit to bear the burGerundive. —Aptus ferendo oneri. ~ den. Gerund...- Ad discendumr artes. To learn ats Gerundive. —Ad discendas artes. Gerund...-Faciendo injuriam. doi Gerundive.-Facienda injuriBa. 1. The gerund in di. The fear of losing money; Metus amitt're pecunia. (of money to be lost.) amittendus pecunia. The covetous man is tor- Avarus cruciari metus amittenmented with the fear of los- dus pecunia. ing [his] money; (of money to be lost.) The way of requiting a (remunerari beneficiumn kindness; (of a kindness to Ratio remunerandus benefibe requited.) cium. The hope of getting the (potiri oppidum. (Gr.484.) town; (of the town to be Spes.potiundus oppidum. - gotten.) ( es. Moderation in enjoying frui voluptas. (Gr. pleasure; (of pleasure to be Modus 484i) enjoyed.) fruendus voluptas. For the sake of exercising exercdre memoria. his memory; (of memory to Gratia e erendus memoria. be exercised.) 2. The gerund in do of the dative. Fit to bear a burden. (Fit Aptus ferre onus. for a burden to be borne.) Aptus ferendus onus. A hand fit to carry a shield Manus aptus ferendus clypeus. (for a shield to be carried). -OVID. Art. 1. GERUNDIVES. 61 That the rich might contrif Ut dives conferre, qui onus febute, who were able to bear rendus [par] 8 esse. —Liv. 2, 9. the burden (for the burden to be borne). Fit to endure the toil (for Idoneus perpetietdus labor.the toil to be endured). CoL. 1, 9. 8. The gerund in dum of the accusative. To love men. (To men to i Ad amare homo. be loved.) Ad amandus homo. We are inclined by nature Natura propensus esse ad dili* to love men (to men to be gendus homo. —CI. Leg. loved). To contemn pleasures. (To Ad contemnere voluptas. pleasures to be contemned). Ad contemnendus voluptas. Human nature is weak to Humanus natura imbecillus esse contemn pleasures (for plea- ad contemnendus voluptas. sures to be contemned). To help men, (To men to Ad juvare homo. be helped.) { Ad juvandus homo. Man was made (born) to Homo natus esse ad juvandus help and preserve men (for et conservandus homo.-Clo. Ein, men to be helped and pre- 8. served). To enjoy pleasures. (For Ad perfrui voluptas. (Gr. 484.) pleasures to be enjoyed.) Adperfruendus voluptas.-CIc. To discharge his office. Ad fungi munus suus. (Gr. (For his office to be dis- 484.) charged.) Ad fungendus munus suus. A disturbed eye is not well Conturbatus oculus non esse disposed to discharge its of- probe affectus ad suus munusfunfice (for its office to be dis- gendus.-Cia. charged.) To consider things. (For Ad considerate res. things to be considered.) Ad consideirandus res. 4. The gerund in do of the ablative. Men use care in getting horses In equus parandeus cura ad(in horses to be gotten), and are h/b6re homo, in amicus eligennegligent in choosing friends (in dus negligens esse. friends to be chosen). But the greatest diligence is Maximus autem diligentia adto be used in getting friends (in hibendus esse in amicus compafriends to be chosen). randus. —Ci. Am. 62 GERUNDIVES. In managing affairs. (In af- { In gerere res. fairs to be managed.) In gerendus res. In managing most affairs (in In plerique res gerendqs, tarmost affairs to be managed), ditas et procrastinatio noxius slowness and procrastination is esse. (Gr. 268.) hurtful. In contemning pleasure. (In In contemnere voluptas. pleasure to be contemned.) In conrtemnendus voluptas. Honesty consists in contemn- Honestas in voluptas contemning pleasure (in pleasure to be nendus consistere.-Cic. contemned). By enjoying pleasures. (By 5Frui voluptas. (Gr. 484.) pleasures to be enjoyed.) TFruendus voluptas. By enjoying pleasures (by Fruendus voluptas crescere pleasures to be enjoyed) the (68) car6redolor.-PLIN. Epist. grief for wanting them in- 8, 5. creases. Than requiting a good turn. Referre gratia. (Than a favour to be requited.) Referendus gratia. There is no duty more neces- Nullus officium referendus sary than requiting a good turn gratia magis necessarius esse.(a favour to be requited). CI f. O. 1. In discharging offices. (In In fungi munus. (Gr. 484.) offices to be discharged.) In fungendus munus. The participle in dus is elegantly put for the infinitive mood active, or the subjunctive with ut, after curo, habeo, mando, conduco, loco, &c. (Gr. 686). He took care to do that. Curare id fa faciendus. puer all. He commanded the boy to puer ali. ~be brought up~~. Mandare ut puer ali. be brought up. 4 puer cbendcss. 4 puer alendus. Miiscellaneous Examples to be rendered both by Gerunds and Gerundives, as above. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. A desire seized Rornulus of building a city. —All judicial proceedings have been devised for the sake either of terminating controversies or of punishing crimes.-Either pleasures are foregone for the sake of obtaining greater pleasures, or pains are undergone for the sake of escaping greater pains.-Dry wood is a proper material for eliciting fire. —The rest of the time is SUPINES. 63 adapted for reaping and gathering the fruits. —Some games are useful for sharpening the wits of boys. Pythagoras went to Babylon to learn the motions of the stars; thence he went to Crete and Lacedremon to become acquainted with the laws of Minos and Lycurgus.-The eyelids are most skilfully formed both for enclosing the pupils and for opening them.-Similarity of character is the firmest bond for forming friendships.-There was no time not only for fitting the insignia but even for putting on their helmets and removing the covering from their shields.-Virtue is seen in despising and rejecting pleasures. -Many (persons) use care in getting money, (but) are negligent in using it rightly.-Ionesty consists in despising pleasure. —No duty is more necessary than requiting a favor. SUPINES. 73.-Supines are defective verbal nouns, of the fourth declension, having only the accusative and the ablative singular. (Gr. 183-2). The former Supine. 174.-The supine in um has an active signification, governs the case of the verb (Gr. 682), and is used after verbs signifying motion to a place. (Gr. 712). I will go to see. Ire spectare. I am come to beg leave. (14) Venire orare venia. He sent to ask help. Mittere rogare auxilium. The latter Supine. 75. —The supine in u has usually a passive significationsometimes also an active, and follows such adjectives as signify easy, hard, good, bad, &c. (Gr. 183-2 & 716.) Easy to i understand. Facilis intelligere. as to be understood. hear. Jucundus audire. Pleasant to be heard. 64 SUPINES. A thing hard to:i be do. Res difficilis facere. A thing hard to be done. A thing worthy to be related. Res dignus referre. These things are unseemly to Hie esse deformis vidire. — behold. OVID. It is hard to say, what is best Difficilis esse die're, quis to be done. 7 esse optimus facere. A true friend is a thing hard to Difficilis res esse invenire find (be found). verus amicus. Let nothing filthy to be spoken Nil dicre fcedus sidereve, or to be seen, touch those doors, hic limen tangere, intra qui within which there is a child. puer esse. —Jv. It is used also after these substantives, fas, nefas, opus; as, Ecce I nefas visu.-Ov. E.nglish Examples to be turned into latin. For the Latin words, see English Vocabulary at the end of the book. Supine in um. —The ambassadors assembled about Casar to congratulate him. (Gr. 207, Obs. 3.)-The commanders of the King of Persia sent ambassadors to Athens to complain.-The Vejentes send negotiators to Rome to implore peace.-They went to see Italy.-H-annibal was recalled to defend his country.Meacenas went to play, I and Virgil went to sleep. Supine in u.-A narrative easy to be understood.-Virtue is difficult to be found.-Incredible to relate! —Thou wilt do what seems best to be done.-This is proper to be said. SYNTAX. PART II. 251.* RULE I. —Substantives denoting the same person or thing, agree in case. In this rule, the word "substantive" includes nouns, pronouns personal and relative, adjectives used substantively, and all words or phrases used as substantives. The substantive added is said to be in apposition with that which precedes, and must take its case. It is added to express some attribute, description, or appellative belonging to it, and must be in the same member of the sentence with it, i. e. subject or predicate. The substantive in apposition, whatever be its case, is without the case-sign in English. (Gr. 52.) The word "for," or "as," which sometimes precedes the noun in apposition in English, is occasionally made by ut or quasi, but has usually no corresponding word in Latin. When the word in apposition has different forms to denote the different genders, it should correspond in gender, and, if the sense permit, in number also, to the word preceding. Beware of pleasure, the mother Cavere voluptas, mater omof all evils. nis malum.-CIc. Plato the philosopher calls plea- Plato philosophus appellare sure the bait to (of) evils.'oluptas esca malum. —Oc. Do not thou (be thou unwilling Nolle repudiare gloriafructo) reject glory, the fruit of true tus verus virtus.-CIc. virtue. Let flattery the promoter of Assentatio vitium adjutrfix vices be far removed from friend- procul (25) amovriL ab amiciship. tia.-CIc. * In Part II, the numbers at the beginning of paragraphs refer to the running numbers in the Latin Grammar; also all numbers in parentheses above 75, and those distinguished by Gr. before them, whether in parentheses or not. But numbers, in parentheses, from 1 to 75, not distinguished by Gr. before them, refer to the running numbers in Part I. Numbers made by Roman letters, refer to the Rules of Syntax in the Latin Grammar.-See also "Explanations," p. 4. 6 6 SYNTAX. How like to us is an ape, the Simia quiam similis turpismost foul beast? simus bestia nos?-ENN. Otho, a brave man, and my in- Otho, vir fortis, et necestimate friend, restored dignity to sarius meus, equester ordo rethe equestrian order. stituere dignitas. Themistocles, the commander in Themistocles, imperator belthe Persian war, fieed Greece, lum Persicus, Grcecia domus8 the home of freedom, from servi- libertatis 6 servitus liberate. tude. Brutus and Cassius, the slayers Brutus et Cassius, interof Cesar, excited a great war. fector Caesar, ingens bellumr mov6re. Titus, the darling of mankind, Titus, humanus genus dewas called a most excellent prince. liicei, bonus princeps vocari. Grecian soldiers, his chief hope, Gracus emiles, prwcipuus came unto Darius. spes, ad Darius pervenire. 1. An infinitive mood may be put in apposition with a substantive; as, There is so great a love of sin- Tantus in quidam peccare ning in some, that this very thing libido esse, ut hoc ipse is (Gr. to sin delights them. 627) delectare, pecceare.-Co. Off. 2. 256. A possessive pronoun, being equivalent to the genitive of its substantive pronoun, has a noun in apposition with it in the genitive. Vatinius despises the law of me Vatinius contemnere meus (his) enemy. lex, homo inimicus. This pursuit has been approved Hic studium, tuus judicium of by thy judgment, a grave and 3 probari, vir gravis et erulearned man. ditus. To this part of Syntax is usually referred the common remark that a noun or pronoun containing the answer to a question must be in the same case with the interrogative word in the question itself; thus, Quis creavit mundum? Ans. Deus. This, however, is evidently not a case of apposition but of ellipsis, and when the ellipsis is supplied, the answer will be, Deus creavit mundum; hence, Deus is in the nominative, not because quis is the nominative, but because, like quis, it. is the subject of a verb, and of course comes under the principle mentioned (Gr. 304.). The pupil may illustrate this by supplying the ellipses in the following examples:' WORDS IN -APPOSITION. 67 Who is poor? Ans. The covet-. Quis esse pauper? Resp. ous man [is poor]. A.. arus [esse pauper]. Of what men is there great Quis vir esse magnus pescarcity? Ans. [There is great nuria? Resp. [Esse magnus scarcity] Of the good. penuria] Bonus. To what is pleasure an enemy? Quis inimicus esse volupAns. [Pleasure is an enemy] To tas? Resp. [Voluptas esse virtue. inimicus] Virtus. Whom ought we to worship? Quis deb6re venerari? Ans. [We ought to worship] God. Resp. [Deb6re venerari] DIeus. With what are fishes catched? Quis capi piscis? Resp. Ans. [Fishes are catched] With a [Piscis capi] Hamus. hook. With what are men catched? Quis capi homo? Resp. Ans. [Men are catched] With plea- [Homo capi] Voluptas. sure. Than what has God given no- Quis (xxiv) Deus homo thing to man more excellent? nihil preestabilior dare? Ans. [God has given nothing to Resp. [Deus homo nihil praaman more excellent] Than under- stabilior dare] Mens et ratio. standing and reason. -Cic. de Sen. The words understood being thus supplied, the reason of the exceptions from the rule will be evident; as, Cujum pecus est? Resp. [Est pecus].Laniorum. Cujus est domus.. Resp. Nostra [est domus]. (Gr. 121. Obs. 1.) To this question, Quid est tibi nomen? What is thy name?-the answer may be either in the nominative or dative case; because it may be indifferently said in Latin, Est mihi nomen Sulpicius, or Est mihi nomen Sulpicio. So PLAUTUS, Mihi nomen Sosia est, Amph. 1, 1. Nomen Arcturio est mihi. (Gr. 262.) For other exceptions, see Gr. 260 & 262. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The Romans waged war with Tigranes, king of the Armenians.-The consul, a very brave man, has been sent with an 6 army. —ow v often hast thou endeavoured to slay me when (consul) elect?-How often, when consul?-Experience, an excellent instructor, has taught this. —I pass by Athens, that inventress of all learning; —To CEsar, as questor, farther Spain fell by lot.-The use of gold and silver, as the material of all crimes, was abolished by 3 Lyourgus. 68 SYNTAX. 263. —RU-E II. An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case. 264.-ExPL. This rule applies to all adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles, and requires them to be put in the same gender, number, and case, with the substantives which they qualify, or of which they are predicated. Past labours are pleasant. Actus labor jueundus esse. Wickedness is always fearful. Semper timidus scelus esse. -STAT. Worldly (human) things are Res humanus esse fragilis frail and fading. et caducus. Nobody was on a sudden very Nemo repente 3 esse turdebauched. pissimus.-Juv. Time past never returns. Prateritus temnus nunquam reverti. —OCc. And a word once let go (ut- Et semel emnissus volare tered) flies not to be recalled. irrebocabilis verbum. —Hom. True honour consists (is placed) Verus decus in virtus posiin virtue. tus esse.-CIO. The way to the stars from the Non esse ad astrum mollis earth is not easy. e terra via. —SEN. For thy interest is concerned, Nam tuus res agi, paries when the next house is on fire quum proximnus ardere.(next wall burns). Hon. We all haste to one mark. Ego omnis meta properare ad Zunus.-PEDO. Every one thinks his own con- Suus quisque conditio midition the most miserable. serrimus putare.-CIc. Live ye innocent, God is at Innoeuus vivere, numen hand (a deity is present). adesse (Sup. vos).-Ov. You live as if you were [about] Tu vivere tanquam semto live always. per sicturus. Pride joined [to them] spoils Inquinare egregius adjuneexcellent virtues. tus superbia 0os. —Ica. Letters (i. e. learning) adorn Litera secundoa,res ornare, prosperity (prosperous things), adversae (res) perfugium et and afford succour and comfort solatium proabere. —Ca. pro to adversity (adverse things). tArc/. There is nothing so easy but it Nullzus esse tam facilis res, is hard, when thou dost it with quin difficiis 7 esse, quumn an ill-will (unwilling). (tu) invituas' 7facere. — TE.He. 4. AN ADJECTIVE WITH A SUBSTANTIVE. 69 265-268.-When an adjective qualifies, or is predicated of two or more substantives taken together, it becomes plural, and, in gender, prefers the masculine to the feminine, and the feminine to the neuter. (Gr. 265. 266.) But if the substantives denote things without life, the adjective may be neuter. (Gr. 267.) Also, whatever be the gender or number of the substantives, the adjective sometimes agrees with the last, and is understood to the rest. (Gr. 268.) Many sons, daughters, grand- Metellus multus filius, fisons, grand-daughters placed Me- lia, nepos, neptis in 4 rogus tellus on the funeral pile. 3 imponere. Men, beasts, fishes, and birds HEomo, bestia, piscis, et were created by God. avis, a Deus 3 creari. Empire, liberty, and life were Regnum, libertas, et vita taken away. 3 adimi. The king and the royal fleet set Rex regisque classis una out together. 3 proficisci. Benefit and injury are contrary Inter sui contrarius esse to each other. beneficium et injuria. The wall and gate were struck Mcurus et porta de ccelum by lightning. tactus esse. 269.-When the noun to which an adjective or adjectivepronoun belongs is obvious, and may be easily supplied, it is often omitted; and the adjective, taking its gender, number, and case, is used as a substantive, and may have another adjective agreeing with it. This is particularly the case with neuter adjectives, when the adjective in English qualifies the word thing or things; or the reference is to something of a general or indefinite nature, without any regard to sex. The good love the good. Bonus diligere bonus. He is only a little better than Esse tantum paulo melior the worst of all. pessimus. Great rewards await the good. Prcemium magnus man6re bonus. The wicked shall suffer punish- Impius apud inferi pcene ment in hell (with those below). luere. —IOc. Neither Pompey could bear an Nec Pompeius 2 ferre par, equal, nor Csasar a superior. nec COesar superior. The slaves who were in the Servus qui in vestibulum vestibule, when they saw armed esse, ut armatus 2 conspicere men, thinking it was all over with ratus actus esse de domina, their mistresses, cried out that men vocifersre missus esse qui had been sent to kill the female 8 occidere captus.,,1q) lt' vets. 70 -SYNTAX. We cannot all of us do all things. Non omnis posse omnis. The gods above regard the af- Aspicere superus mortalis. fairs of mortals (mortal things). Nature is content with few Natura paucus contentus things. esse. —CIc. I see and approve of better Videre melior probareque, things, I follow worse things. deterior sequi.-OvID. Look always at heavenly things, Spectare semper coalestis, contemn and neglect earthly (hu- contemnere et negligere human) things. manus.-CIO. God sees all things. Deus cernsre omnis. Death devours all things. Mors omfnis devorare. There is no desire of a thing Ignotus nullus cupido esse. unknown. -OVID. All do not admire and love the Non omnis idem mirari same things. amareque.-HoR. We always hanker (strive) after Niti in Vetitus semper, cuwhat is [a thing] forbidden and pereque negatus.-OvID. desire things denied. All excellent things are rare. Omnis pracelarus esse ra-:rus.-CIc. Let us contemn these worldly Hic humanus ut exiguus (human) things as small, thinking contemnare (25), cogitans suupon things above and heavenly. perwus et cwelestis.-CIc. Acad. The least of evils are to be Xinimnus de malum eligenchosen. dus esse. -Cc. Off 3. Bad things are near to good. AMalus esse vicinus bonus. Ov. In excellent things those are In prsestans res magnus great, which are next to the best. esse is, qui esse optimus proximus.- CIc. de Orat. 270, 271.-Adjectives qualifying, or predicated of, an infinitive mood or part of a sentence, are put in the neuter gender. To talk of one's self is the De sui ipse dicere esse property of-old age. senilis. To err is human. Humanus esse errdre. How long the life of any one of Incertus esse guam longus us will last is uncertain. ego quisque vita futurus 7 esse. It is a great thing to have the.Magnus esse idem habrs same monuments of ancestors. monumenturn majores. When will that to-morrow Quando eras iste venire? come? AN ADJECTIVE WITH A SUBSTANTIVE. 71 To recede fromi one's''right is Dei suus jus decedere nonsometimes not only liberal but nunquam esse non modo liadvantageous. beratelis sed fructuosus. 273.-The adjectives p2imus, mnedius, ultimus, &c., are placed before their substantives, and often signify the first, the middle, the last, &c., part of a thing. At the entrance of the province. In primus 6 provincia. The middle of the night. Ledius 1 nox. To the farthest part of the pro- In ultimus 4 provincia. vince. On the top of the mountain. In summus 6 mons. Behind these, he places the rest Post is (fen.) ceter exerciof the army. tus locare. 274.-An adjective agreeing with a substantive, generally the subject of a verb, sometimes modifies the meaning of the verb itself, and is translated like an adverb. The Greeks drew near early in Grcecus matutinus 3 approthe morning, and gladly engaged pinquare, lcetusque 4prcelium in battle. 3 inire. We delivered up ourselves to 3 Tu penitus totusque ego thee entirely and altogether. 3 tradere. An augury came to Remus Prior 3 Remus augurium first. 3 venire. The Romans assembled in great Romanus frequens convenumbers. nire. Avarice and luxury entered 4 Roma serus avaritia at. Rome at a late period. que luxuria 3 immigrare, The following exercises correspond to the remaining observations and exceptions under Rule II, to which reference is made by the numbers prefixed. 275.-They gazed on the sta- Signum et ornamentum tues and ornaments, some in one alius alius in locus intueri. — place and some in another. CIo. Living one in one way and an- Alius alius mos vivens.other in another. SALL. The soldiers in their joy (joy- Miles alihus 4 alius ]etus ful) address themselves one to one, appellare. and another to another. 72 SYNTAX. They at one time think one Ille alias alius idem de res thing, at another time another, sentire. concerning the same things. The cavalry slip off, some in Eques alius actia dilabi. this way and some in that. 276.-Those places which were Qui minus tutus 2 esse alius less secure he fortified, some with fossa, alius vallum, alius turditches, others with ramparts, and ris 2 munire. others with towers. It is one thing to rail at, an- Alius esse maledicere, aius other to accuse. accusare. Of whom (which two) the one Qui alter exercitus 3 perlost an army, the other sold one. dere, alter 3 vendYre. He loves the one sister, I the Alter ille amare soror, ego other. alter. 277.-The best men most re- Optimus quisque maxime gard posterity. posteritas servire. Every learned man despises (or Epicureus doctissimus quisall learned men despise) the Epi- que contemnere. cureans. It is the custom to sow all the Mos esse gravissimus quisheaviest grains. que granum serere. 278.-Three thousand two hun- Samnis ccesus esse tres mille dred of the Samnites were slain. ducenti. Lofty Ilium was consumed. Altus (fern.) crematus (fem.) esse Ilion (scil. urbs). Pergamus was destroyed by the Exciisus (fem.) esse Pergasword. mIum ferrum. 279.-A great part of the men Magnus pars homo vulnewere either wounded or killed. ratus aut occisus esse. The slaves conspired to arm Servitium conjurdre ut arx themselves and seize (that being armatus 8 occupare. armed they would seize) upon the citadel. 281. —They are every one in- Uterque insanere. sane. On the same day they each of Idem dies utergque is ex them lead forth the army from castra stativus exercitus eduthe stationary camp. cere. Let them have each one what 3 Sui quisque 7 habere qui is his own. suus esse. They were selected, every tenth Decimnus quisque ad supman to punishment. plicium 3 legi. 282.-I do not want medicine, Non egere 6 medicina ego I console myself. ipse consolari. RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT. 73 He acquired -to himself the Sui ipse parire laus maggreatest glory. nus. He who knows himself, will Qui sui ipse 6 noscere alifeel that he has something in him quis sentire sui habere (Gr. divine. 671) divinus. 283.-VWe sometimes allow our Noster ipse libertas interown liberty to be uuln,etrined. dum subrui pati. By his own power alone Mithri- Suinsmet unus opera Midates reduced Cappadocia. thridates Cappadocia 3 eapere. My prayers when present will 3 Is mneus prcesens preces not avail him to whom my name non profuturus 1 esse 3 qui when absent has been (for) an nomen mnents absens 3 honor honor. 3 esse. I will be satisfied with our own Contentus esse noster' ipss friendship. arnicitia. Niscellaneous English Examples to be turned into Latin. I received many letters from you, all written with care. The best laws, without any exception, will be taken away by this one.-Death is shameful in flight, glorious in victory.-.No forgetfulness will over blot out my remembrance of your favours to me (to us).-The city Rome, I foolishly supposed [to be] like this our [city].-A great part of the men were either wounded or killed (Gr. 279).-Tlle slaves conspired to arm themselves and seize upon the citadel.-In a free state the tongue and mind ought to be free.-Menelaus and Paris being arnmed, fought for Helen and [her] riches. —Gnats seek for acid things, but do not fly to sweet things.-To advance was difficult, to retreat hazardous. It is astonishing how much that availed to the harmony of the state. —No artist can by imitation attain to the skill of nature.-Of all the provinces, Spain was subdued last.-The river Marsyas flows through the midst of the city.-At break of day, the top of the mountain was occupied by Labienus. —To take uncertain things for certain [things] is very foolish. THE RELATIVE AND ANTEOEDENT. 284. —RuLE III. The relative qu, q uce, quod, agrees with its antecedent in number and person. See also Gr. 285, 286. Beware of pleasure, which is a Cavere volbuptas, gqui esso deadly mischief to men. capitalis pestis homo. 4 '74 SYNTAX. Follow virtue, in which true Colere virtus, f. in qui vehonour consists (is placed). rus decus n. positus esse. The covetous man, who always Avarus, qui semper egere, wants, cannot be rich. non posse esse dives. He does valiantly, who is able Fortiter ille facere, qui mito be miserable. ser esse posse.-MArT. Be sparing of time, which [being] Temnpus n. (Gr. 405. 2d) once past never returns. parcere, qui semel proeteritus nunquam reverti. Those things are scarcest which Rarissimus esse is, qui esse are best. optimus. Worldly (human) things are to Despiciendus esse res hube despised, which are frail and manus, gui fragilis et caducus fading. esse. Follow (cultivate) the study of Colere studium literte, qui letters (i. e. learning) which adorn secLndce res ornare, adverse3 prosperity (prosperous things) and [res] perfugium et solatium afford succour and comfort to ad- pra3bere. —ia. pro Arch. versity (adverse things). They seem to take the sun out Videri tollere sol e munof the world, who take friendship dus, qui tolltere amicitia e out of the world. vita.-Cic. Am. He is not blessed who knows, Non beatus' esse qui scire but, he who does good (a good bonus, sed qui fcicre. —SEN. thing). Ep. 75. There is one who has begun Esse (quidam) qui coepisse lately to dispute, that the soul nuper disse6rire, anima intedies at the same time with the rire simul cum corpus. —Cc. body. Am. He is more valiant that (who) Fortior esse Gui sui, quam [conquers] himself, than he that qui fortissimus vincere oppi(who) conquers the strongest dum. towns. Govern thy passion (mind); Animus regere; qui, nisi which, unless it obeys, governs. parere, imperare.-HoR. He is wise to no purpose (in Nequicquam sap6re, qui vain), that (who) is not wise for sui non scpere.-PLAUT. himself. He that (who) has much, de- Qui multum habiere, plus sires more. cupere.-SEN. He confesses the fact, who a- Fateri facinus a. is, qui voids the trial. judicium fJge"re. He is happily wise, that (who) Feliciter is sapere, qui is wise by another's danger (or alienus periculum sapei'e.trial). PLAUT. RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT.:75 He that desires (who shall wish) Qui effugere error vedle, to avoid error, will give (employ) adhibere ad res considerantime and diligence to the consider- dus (Gr. 707) tempus et diliing of things (to things to be con- gentia.-CIc. Off. 1. sidered). What better nature is there in Quis esse melior in homo man than theirs (of those) who natura quam is, qui sui natus think themselves born to help ad homo juvandus (Gr. 707) men? arbitrari? —Cic. Tusc. 1. Take example by (make trial Periculum ex alius facere, from) others, which may be of tu gqui ex usu esse.-TER. use to thee. Those injuries that (which) hap- Levior is esse injuria, qui pen through some sudden pas- repentinus aliquis motus acsion (motion) are less than those cidere, quam is, qui consultb that (which) are done on purpose et cogitatb fieri. —ic. Off. and designedly. 1. The good things of fortune are Bonum fortuna perinde just as his (of him) mind is that esse, ut is animus qui is (who) possesses them: to him, possicivre: qui uti scire, is who knows [how] to use them, bonum; qui non uti recte, [they are] good [things]; [to him] [ei] malum.-TER. that does not use them well, [they are] bad [things]. Hie that (who) gives the great- Is qui, quanm 3 posse dare est things that he could is abun- maximus, gratus abunde esse. dantly grateful. -Ov. Many contemn honours, with Multus honor contemnere, the desire of which some are in- qui cupiditas quidam inflamflamed. mari.-Id. Study for knowledge, than Studere scientia, 6 qui (Gr. which nothing is more pleasant. 467) nihil esse jucundior. A good man does good to Vir bonus prodesse, qui whom he can [do good]; hurts posse [prodesse]; nocere (Gr. nobody. 405-1st) nemo. —CI. Off. 3. Some think nothing right but Quidam nisi qui ipsifaccre what (that which) they do them- nihil rectus putare.-TER. selves. We are most lavish in throwing Profusissimus esse in temnaway of time,. of which alone co- pus jactura, qui unus honesvetousness is laudable. tus avaritia esse.-SEN. God affords (furnishes to) us Deus omnis res, qui natura abundance and plenty of all things desiderare, abundantia et which nature requires. copia ego suppeditare. —CIo. Am. 23. '76 SYNTAX. Death is terrible to those with Mors terribilis esse is, qui whose life all things are extin- cum vita, omnis extingui; guished, not to those whose praise non is, qui laus emori non cannot die. posse.-Cic. 2 Par. Friendship is the only thing in Unus amicitia esse ir res the world (in human affairs), con- humanus, de gui ~utilitas omcerning the usefulness of which nis unus os n. consentire.all agree with one mouth. (rI. Am. They are unjust, both who do Injustus esse, et gui in(who bring) injury, and who do ferre, et, qui ab hic, gui innot keep off injury from them to ferri, non propulsare injuria. whom it is offered (brought). — Cc. Off. 1. There is certainly a God, that Esse profect6 Deus, qui, (who) both hears and sees [those gui ego gerere, audireque et things] which we do. vidire.-PLATrr. 285.-The relative with its clause is sometimes put before the antecedent and its clause. He is not truly rich, who is not Qui non esse preeditus (Gr. endued with virtue. 462) virtus, [ille] non esse ver6 dives. Even they hate (have for ha- Etiam qui facere, [illi] tred to themselves) injustice, who odium (Gr. 427) habere injudo it. ria. —SYn. That which is honest is profit- Qui honestus, is utilis esse. able. — Crc. [That] which is excellent, the Qui prseclarus esse, iden same is difficult. arduts esse.-CIc. Tusc. 3. They who are blessed (endued) Qui (Gr. 462) opes et cowith wealth and plenty, ought to pim esse prmeditus, is debere be liberal and charitable. esse (Gr. 326) liberalis et beneflcus. Thou wilt always have those Egenus qui 6 dEre, solus riches alone, which thou shalt semper hab6re opes.-MART. have given to the poor. Every one thinks that which he Qui ipse pati, is omnis himself suffers, the most grievous gravissimus quisque putare. of all. Let every one exercise himself Qui quisque 9 nosse ars, in this [art], which art he knows. in hie sui exercere.-CIo. All things which are produced Qui in* terra gigni, ad in the earth, are created for the usus homo omnis creari.use of men. CrI. 0. 1, e. 7. RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT. 77 Men judge that to be done well HIomo, qui facere ipse non in another, which they cannot do posse, is recte fieri in alter themselves. judicare. —CIo. Am. Then, and not till then (at last), Tum denique omnis noster we tall understand our blessings intelligere bonum, quum qui (good things), when we have lost in potestas 3 habere, is amitthose things which we had in our tere.-PLAUT. power. The English relative that is rendered into Latin in the same manner as who and which (An. & Pr. Gr. 748). Ie gives twice that (who) gives Bis dare, gui cit' d're. quickly. He that (who) conquers passion, Iracundia qgu vincere, hosconquers the greatest enemy. tis vincere maximus. I-e that (who) gives himself up Qui tradere (Gr. 501) sui to pleasures, is not worthy of the voluptas, non esse dignus (Gr. name of a man. 462) nomen homo. Knowledge, that (which) is re- Scientia, gui remotus esse mote from justice, is to be called a justitia, calliditas potiuls craft rather than wisdom. quam sapientia esse appellandus.-CicO. Off. 1. A burden that (which) is borne Levis fiteri, qui bene ferri well, is made light. onus.-Ov. Am. Examyples under Observations and Exceptions. The following examples illustrate the observations and exceptions under Rule III, indicated by the numbers prefixed. 287.-a. You are not reading Nec meus verbum legere my words (-=- the words of me) gui submoveri ad Ister. who have been banished to the Ister. A few conspired against the Conjurcre paucus contra republic, concerning which (con- respublica, de qui quam verisspiracy) I will speak as truly as sime 5 posse 5 dicere. possible. b. The Lacedaemonians killed Agis rez Lacedcemonius, gui their king Agis, which never be- nunquam antea apud is accifore happened among them. dere, necdkre. The slaves, which had never Servus, gui nunquam ante been done before, were set free fieri, manumitti et miles 8fieand made soldiers. ri. —As. 8s SYNTAX. A thanksgiving of fifteen days Dies quindecim supplieatio was decreed, which before that 3 decerni, qui ante is tempus time happened to no one. 3 accidere 3 nullus.-CxEGs. 288.-The Helvetians are bound- Helvetius contineri unus ed on one side by the river Rhine, ex pars flumem Rhenlus, qui which separates the Helvetian ter- ager Helvetius a Germanus ritory from the Germans. dividere. —C s. C(esar determined to advance COesar ad flumen Scaldis to the Scheldt which flows into qui infiuere in Mosa ire conthe Meuse. stituere. — es. 289.-Pausanias betook himself Pausanias Colonce, qui locus to Colonae, which is a place in the in ager Troas esse, sui conterritory of Troas. ferre. Mago enticed the Suffetes, which Mago ad colloquium Suffeis the chief magistracy among the tes, qui summus 3 Pcenis maCarthaginians, to a conference. gistratus esse, elicere. Men have fenced with walls HIomo domicilium suus their united dwelling-places, which conjunctus, gui urbs dicere, we call cities. mcenia 3 sepire. 290. -Themistocles sent to Xer- Themistocles de servus suus xes the most faithful (one) of his qui habere fidelissimus ad slaves that he had. Xerxes mittere. The Volscians being conquered Tolsci, acies victus, VolscOe in battle, lost Volscae, the best city uabs gui habere optimus perwhich they had. ~ dere. 291.-The ships and captives Navis captivusgue, gui ad which had been taken in the na- Chius navalis prcelium capi, val battle at Chios were restored. restitui. 293.-Whomsoever (=allwhom) Quicunque de tu queri (Gr. I have heard complaining of you, 668, Note 3) audire, quicunI have satisfied in every possible gue posse ratio 3 placare. way (in every way that I could). He joined himself to whatever Quicunque signum occurstandard (i. e. to any standard rare sui aggregare.-C ls. which) he had met with. Whatever things are needful Quicumgue ad proximus for the attack of next day, are got dies oppugnatio opus esse, ready during the night. noctu comparari. —Ib. O The Relative in Latin used as the -Demonstrative in English. 295-296. —In English, the relative and its antecedent must always be in' the same sentence, and as the relative follows the antecedent it cannot begin a sentence. In Latin, however, the RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT. 79 relative often begins a sentence, and refers to some word or idea as its antecedent, in a sentence going before. When thus used, the relative, without a noun following it, is usually rendered by the personal pronoun preceded by a connective; and with a noun following it, by the demonstratives this, that, these, those. By this battle the war of the Qui proaiumn bellum VeVeneti xva ended. neti 3 confici. —OCs. And he sets forth the conster- Qui timoer Romlanus 1 pronation of the Romans. ponere. —CAs. And when he was heard. Qui ubi 3 audiri.-( JEs. And he too could not deny the Qui quidemn adolescens neyoung man. And Dion so ad- gare non posse. Quem Dion mired and loved him. that he gave adeo adminirari atque adamare himself wholly up to him. ut sui totus is tradere. This occurrence indeed was re- Qui quidem res ad negory opportune for putting an end tium conficere (Gr. 707) to the business. maxime 2 esse opportunus.CxGs. When this (viz. the fleet) ar- Qui (classis) ubi 3 converived. nire. And when Ariovistus saw these Qui cum apud sui in cas[men] near him in the camp, he trum Ariovistus 10 conspicried out. cere, 3 conclamare.-COEs. In this thing Oaesar revenged Qui in res sesar non sonot only public but also private lum publicus sed etiam priinjuries. vatus injuriae 3 ulcisci.I-b. For this reason also the Helve- Qui de causa Helvetius tii excel the rest of the Gauls in quoque reliquus Gallus virtus bravery. prsecedere. —Ib. And this place they had forti- Qui locus duplex altissiflied with a very high double mus murus 4 munire. —_b. wall. This state of things has gener- Qui res plerumque magnus ally ruined great states. civitas 3 pessumdare.-SALL. To this belongs the construction of guod mentioned (Gr. 296). In regard to what you write, Qui scribere, 4 tu 11 velle that you wish to know what is (Gr. 671) scire qui 7 esse the state of the republic; there is respublica status; summus very great discord. dissensio esse. 298.-At this age which we Hic qui dicere cetas, Hanhave mentioned, Hannibal went nibal cum pater in Hispania with his' father into Spain. proficisci. 80 SYNTAX. 299.-The people whom you Judex (sing.) qui nosc6re. know being judges. populus (Gr. 695). 300.-No one was ever so Neino unquain tam impushameless, as silently to dare (lit., dens esse qui a deus imInotrwho would silently dare) to wish talis tot et ta'ntus res tacitus from the immortal gods, so many 8 audere (Gr. 613. 2d) optare and so great things as the immor- gquot et qanlzt'us dens immortal gods have bestowed on On. talis ad Cn. Pompeins dePompey. ferre. No ball is, in every thing, such Nullus esse pila ominis 6 res as another ball is. talis qualis 7 esse pila alius. Our men slew as great a num- Tazntus is multitude noster ber of them as the length of the interficere quantgus esse dies day permitted (was). spatium.-C-As. English Ezxamples to be turned into Latin. How can he praise temperance woho 7 places his chief good in pleasure? — Who has been found that' 8 blamed my consulship except Clodius?-What is so much according to nature as for old men to die, which happens to young ones also (287, b).-Consider this animcal which we call man (289).-They infer mcnany (things) wohich will be said in these books.-All (persons) by nature follow those (things) which seem good.-fe woho does not fear death procures for himself a great security to a happy life.-The desires zwhich arise firom nature are easily satisfied.-iMalny (things) harass and trouble me wohich I can bring out in conversation. The consuls came to that army which I had in Apulia.Friendship which has ceased, was never true ff'iendship. —Virtue and learning are riches which no thief can take away.-Posterity will discover many arts which we have not yet discovered.No animal which has blood can be without a heart.-He who easily believes, is easily deceived.-The things which are right, are deservedly commended.-They who seem to be doing nothing, are often doing greater things than others.-It is ridiculous to ask what we cannot attain. I have received two letters from you, dated at Corcyra, in one of which, you congratulated me because you had heard that I preserve my ancient dignity; in the other, you said, that you wished what I had done would turn out well and happily. But if it is dignity to think well of the state, and to coimmend to honest men what you think, I do preserve my dignity: but it dignity consists in this, if that either you are able in fact to accomplish what you think, or, in short, to defend it with a free THE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE. 81 doml of speech, there is not indeed any vestige of dignity remaining with me; and I am well off, if I can master myself, so that I bear patiently those events which partly are at hand, and partly impend; which is difficult in a war of this sort, the event of which exhibits slaughter on the one side, and slavery on the other. TEE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE. 303.-IRULE IV. A verb agrees with its nominative in number and person. I love truth; I would -have (I Ego verum amare; verum wish) the truth (to be) told to me; velle ego dici; mendax odisse. I hate a liar. -PLAUT. Thou hast done thy duty. Tnzfacere officium tuus. The covetous man always Semper avarus egere. - wants. Hoe. Wickedness reigns. Nequitia regnare. Nobody is born without faults. Nemo nasci sine vitium.HoR. Passion soon dies with a good Bonus apud vir citb mori man. iracundia.-PUBL. We old men dote sometimes. Delirare interdum (nos) senex. —PLAUT. Honour nourishes arts; and we Honos alire ars; omnisque are all encouraged to our studies (nos) ineendi ad studium globy glory. ria.-Cia. Years slip away. Loabi annbus.-CIO. 304. —The subject of a verb is sometimes an infinitive mood or part of a sentence. (Gr. 304 & 309.) To die is necessary. Necesse esse mori.-CIo. It is like a man (is human) to Humanus esse errare. mistake. It is a kind of (some) pleasure Esse quidamfl/re voluptas. to weep. -Ov. To talk of one's self is the pro- De sui ipse dicire senilis perty of old age (is senile). esse. —CI. Sen. To subdue ]the mind, to restrain Animus inceire, iracundia passion, is an excellent thing. cohibere preeclarus esse. —Co. To excel in knowledge is thought Inr scientia excellere, pulnoble; but to be ignorant is ac- cher putari; nescire autem, counted disgraceful. turpis duci. 4* 82 SYNTAX. To be serviceable to (deserve De respublice bene mererf, well of) the republic is glorious. praclarus esse.-Cic. It is contrary to duty not to Promissum non sercare keep promises. contra officium esse.-Cic. To take uncertain things for Incertus pro certwts ha6bre, certain (things) is very foolish. stultissimus esse.-Ib. It is a great fault to speak things Gravis esse culpa, tccendus [that ought] to be kept silent. logui.-Ov. In great things it is enough to In magnum velle sat esse. have been willing. — Prop. How hard is it [for one] not to Quam difficilis esse clrimen discover'his crime by his looks non prodere,ultus?-Ov. (countenance)? Not to know what happened Nescire quid accldere (34) before thou wert born, is to be antequam nasci (34), esse semalways a child. per puuer um esse. —CIa. Or. 34 SPECIAL RULES. 312.- RULE I. Two or more substantives singular taken together have a verb in the plural; taken separately the verb is usually singular. Note. —In the compound tenses of the passive voice, the participle must be made to agree with the subject of the verb, as in Gr. 265267. (Taken together.) Justice and bounty procure Justitia et benignitas confriends. ciliare amicus. Rage and anger hurry on the Furor ircqupe mens prcacimind. pitare. —VIRG. Rashness, lust, and idleness, Temeritas, libido, et ignavia always torment the mind, and are semper animus excruciare, et always turbulent. semper turbulentce esse.-Cxc. Eagerness, and covetousness, Cwecus reddire cupiditas, and boldness, make men blind. et avaritia et audacia.-I b. Gold and purple exercise the Aurumn et purpurca cura life of men with cares. exercire homo vita. —Lvcr. The wicked and the covetous Improbus et varzus inops (man) are to be esteemed poor. eistimrnandus esse. Castor and Pollux were seen to In acies Romanus Castor fight on horseback in the Roman et Pollux ex equus pugnare line. videri. THE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE. 83 Fineness, closeness, whiteness, Spectari in charta (pl.) te(and) smoothness are regarded in nuitas, densitas, candor, 16apaper. vor. 313.-Exo. But after several nominatives, the verb sometimes agrees with the one nearest it, and is understood to the rest. This occurs most frequently when the nouns denote things without life, or abstract ideas; or when each of the nominatives is preceded by et, or curn (quumn), or turnm. But if what is asserted is true of them only jointly, the verb must be plural: or if one of the nominatives is plural, the verb is commonly, though not always, plural. Every virtue draws us to itself, Omnis virtus ego ad sui albut justice and liberality effect licere, sed justitia et liberalithat most of all. tas is maxime efficeie.-C-I. The bond of human society is Societas humanus vincureason and speech. lum esse ratio et oratio.-Id. The consciousness of a life well Conscientia bene actus vispent, and the remembrance of ta, et benefactum recordatio good deeds, is very pleasant. jucundissimus esse.-Id. Understanding, reason, and pru- Mens, ratio, et consiliunm, dence, is in old men. in senex esse. —Id. Praise, honour, and dignity, Ad is, qui sapientia adiaccrues to those who have got pisci laus, honos, dignitas, wisdom. conmflure.-Id. Let us consider what excellency Considerare, quis (Gr. 627and dignity there is in the nature 5) esse in natura homo excelof man. lentia et dignitas.-Cic. Off. 1. Our application and carefulness Excitandus esse animadis to be stirred up, that we may versio et diligentia, ut nequid do nothing rashly and inconsider- temere ac inconsiderate (627ately. 1, 2d) ag6re. —Id. About the same time both Mar- Sub idem tempus et Afarcellus came to Rome, and the con- cellus et Q. _Ful:vius consul sul Q. Fulvius. Roma (553) ventre. There was in Miltiades both the In 6 Miltiades esse quum greatest kindness and wonderful summus humnanitas, tum miaffability, great authority with all rus comitas; magnus auctorithe states, an illustrious name, tas apud omnis civitas, nobiand the highest renown in mili- lis nomen, laus 2 res militaris tary affairs. maximus. The forehead, the eyes, the,Erons, oculm, udltus scope countenance, often deceive. mentiri, p1. 84 SYNTAX. 314.-3Bocchus, with his foot Bocc7u8s, cum pedes, postresoldiers, attacks the rear of the mus Romanus acies (273) in Roman army. vcdiere.-SALL. The leader himself, with some Ipse dux, cure aliquot princhief men are taken. ceps capi.-Liv. Romulus, with his brother Re- QuiPrinus cum frater Remus, will give laws. imus jus &dae. 315.-Both thou and all my Et tu et omnis meus amifriends have fallen into one com- cus corruire. mon ruin. Thou and I to-day speak to Ego ac tu simpliciter (sueach other (between us) with the perl.) inter ego hodie logui. greatest frankness. You (sing.) and I were together Ego atque tu omnis ille all that time. 4 tempus uni esse. Both thou and I are in fault. Et ego et tu esse in culpa. (Taken separately.) Either the temple of Jupiter or Pars planitia aut Jupiter the town occupies a part of the temnplum aut oppidumn tenere. plain. -LIv. Whether a slave or a freeman Sive servuws sive liber 9fashall do it, let it be done well. core, probe factumrn esto.-Id. From the Cimmerii, some god, Cimmerius aspectus sol, or nature, or the situation of that deus aliquis, sive naturcc, adiplace which they inhabited, had mere, sive is locus qui incotaken away the sight of the sun. lere situs. —CIa, If a thrush or any other pecu- Turdus sive alius privus liar [delicacy] shall be given thee, dart tu, 7 devolare illuc.let it fly thither. HoR. Exo.-When the nominatives are disjunctively connected by aut, nreque, &c., the verb is sometimes plural; and it is always so when the substantives are of different persons. (Gr. 313 infin.). According as inclination or UTt studium aut gratia quifriendship took possession of them. que 3 occup~de (pl.) If neither thou nor I have done Hic si neque ego neque tu these (things), poverty has not face're, non sinere egestas ego permitted us to do [them]. faceire. 316. —RuLE II. 1. A collective noun expressing many as one whole, has a verb in the singular number. THE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE. s8 At the same time both the army Idem tempus et exercitzs showed itself (was shown) and the ostendi et classis intrire porfleet was entering the harbour. tus.-Liv. So great a multitude threw Tantus multitudo lapis et stones and darts. telumn conjicere. —Css. The greatest part of men labour Maximus pars homo morunder (are tossed to and fro by) bus jactdri idem.-HoR. the same malady. The fickle crowd are divided Scindi incertus studium in into opposite courses. contrarius vulgus. —VRG. RULE II. 2. —When a collective noun expresses many as individuals, the verb must be plural. Part load the tables with food,,Pars epule onerare mensa and replace the full goblets. et plenus reponeire poculum. -VIRG. Part cut the flesh into pieces Pars viscera in frustum and fix it, while yet quivering on secdre veruque tremens fithe spit. geire.-Id. 317. —When the army of the Cum hostis acies a sinister enemy had been put to flight on cornu in fuga 10converti, a the left wing, they pressed our dexter cornu vehementer nosarmy severely on the right wing. ter acies 2premere. Gaul takes great delight in Galica maxime delectari beasts of burden, and procures 6jumentuin, isque impensus them at a great price. parare 6 pretium. 318.-Each of them leads forth Idem dies uterque is ex his army from the stationary camp, castra stativus educere.on the same day. Gmus. Both hasten on the work, and Uterque (fem.) festinczre, move their pliant arms. brachiumque doctus movere. — Ov. The rest of the multitude, every Ceter multitudo sors; deoi tenth man, were selected by lot mus quisque ad supplicium for punishment. lectus (esse). As one brought aid to another, Quum alius alius subsithey began to resist more boldly. diumferre, audacius resistere eapisse. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The liberty of the Roman people is at stake.-The inclinations of the citizens have been different.-Fear 2 made you a good man. 8 6 SYNTAX. -Our reasoning agrees; (our) language differs. —The remembrance of slavery will make liberty more pleasant.-No one interrupts me; all respect me. —We wish to determine truly.We, we the consuls are deficient (in our duty).-To do wrong is never useful (Gr. 270, 271). —To betray (our) country is a sin. Seleucus and Antiochus waged war on account of Asia.Ninus and Semiramis acquired great glory.-To separate the mind from the body is nothing else than to learn to die.-To salute kindly, and to address each one courteously, is never unpleasing.-In the meantime, all Greece being divided into two parties, turned their arms from foreign wars as it were upon their own bowels; wherefore, two bodies are made out of one people, and the soldiers are divided into two hostile armies.After the battle, no woman lamented her lost husband; all lamented their own hap, because they had not fallen for their country. 319. —RULE V. The predicate substantive or adjective after a verb, is put in the same case as the subject before it. Anger is a short madness. Ira furor brevis esse. Anger is the beginning of mad- Ira esse inititur insania. ness. Frugality is a great income. Magnus vectigal parsirnonia esse. Drunkenness is a voluntary mad- Ebrietas esse voluntarius ness. insania. —SEN. Virtue is the perfection of rea- Virtus esse perfectio ratio. son. Virtue is the sole and only Nobilitas solus esse atque nobility. unicus virtus. —Jvv. A good life is the way to hea- Probus vita esse via in cceven. lum. —Cio. Somn. Honour is the reward of virtue. Honor esse prcemium virtus. Envy is its own punishment. Invidia supplicium ease SUUS. Deferring is the greatest reme- Maximus ira remnedium didy of passion. latio esse.-SEN. Justice is the mistress and queen Justitia esse domina et reof virtues. gina virtus. Revenge is the pleasure of a Infirmus esse animus exiweak and little mind. guusque voluptas ultio.-' J.lv. THE PREDICATE SUBSTANTIVE; ETC. 81 A magistrate is a speaking law, Magistratus esse len loand the law is a dumb magis- quens, et lex esse mutus matrate. gistratus. —Oc. Leg. 3. A magistrate may (is able to) Jlagistratus dici posse lex be called a speaking law. loquens. Patience too often offended be-.Furor fiiri lesus sa3pius comes fury. patientia. —PBL. Socrates was judged the wisest Socrates oraculum sapienman by the oracle. tissirnus 3judicari. In every thing the agreement Omnis in res omnis gens of all nations is to be thought the consensio lex natura putandus law of nature. esse.-CIc. Why am I called (saluted) a Cur ego poeta salutari?poet? Hon. Note.-An infinitive mood may be put instead of a nominative after substantive verbs, &c., in the predicate. To live well is to live twice. Bene vivere esse bis vivere. To suppose is to assent to a Opinari esse assentiri res thing unknown.. incognitus.-CIc. To give wine to children is to Vinum puer dare esse ignis increase fire with fire. ignis incitare. To receive a benefit is to sell Beneficium accipere, liber[one's] liberty. tas venders esse. —PB. This is cheating (to deceive). Hoc esse decipere.-CIc. 321.-Not to believe rashly is Non tem&re eredere nervus the sinews of wisdom. esse sapientia. —Id. To be content with what one (4 Hominem) contentus esse has:(with one's own things) is res suus, maximus esse certisthe greatest and most certain simusque divitiae.-CIc. Par. riches. 6. It is great riches to a man to Divitiae grandis homo-esse, live sparingly with a contented vivere pare aequus animus. mind. -Luo. 321, a.-Every mistake is not Non omnis error stultitia to be called folly. esse dicendus. —Co. Inconstancy, which is a fault. Inconstantia, gui esse vitium.-Cic. Leg. 1. Hate thou calumny, which is a 6 Odisse calumnia, gui esse great fault. vitiumz magnus. Just glory, which is the fruit Justus gloria, gui essefr'ucof true virtue, is not to be re- tus verus virtus, non esse rejected. pudiandus.-Oic. 88 SYNTAX. That animal endued with rea- Ille animal prmeditus iatio, son which we call man. gui vocare homo.-CIca. Charity, which is a thing most Caritas, gui aptissimus conducive to the living happily. esse ad quiete vivere. —CIa. 325.-The accusative (Gr. 671) or dative before the infinitive of a copulative verb, requires the same case after it in the predicate. Accusative before the Infinitive. The poet says, that anger is a Poeta dicere, ira esse breshort madness. vis inscnia. Cicero says, that anger is the Cicero dicere, ira esse inibeginning of madness. tizum insania. It may (is able to) be truly said, Ver6 dici posse, magistrathat the magistrate is a speaking tus esse lez loquens, et lZe law, and that the law is a dumb esse mutus magistratus. magistrate. We have heard that Socrates Accipere Socrates oracuwas judged the wisest man by the lum sapientissimus esse judioracle. catus.-CIc. I reckon frugality to be the Optimus vectigal duceire best income. esse parsimonia. —Id. And so in the other examples under R. V. Dative before the Infinitive. It is not given to all to be noble Non dari omnis esse nobilis and wealthy. et opulentus. It is permitted to all to be Licere omnis esse bonus si good if they wish. velle. In an easy cause, any one may In causa facilis, 3 quivis be (it is permitted to any one to licere esse disertus. be) eloquent. Give the following examples according to both the forms mentioned (Gr. 326 & 327). 326.-We all desire and hope Omnis velle et sperare fito become old men. ri senex. —Ci. Sen. Not so many desire to be en- lNon tam mnultus virtus esse dued with virtue as to seem so. praeditus, qu'am videri velle. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY NOUNS. 89 I would choose to live poor ho- Optare (38)honestb pauper nestly, rather than to get riches vivere potiuis, qual inhoneste dishonestly. parare divitisa. I had (I wish) rather (to) be in Malle valEre, quhm dives health than (to) be rich. esse. If thou desirest, in good faith, Si velle, bonus fides, esse to be a good man, suffer a man vir bonus, sinere (ut) 7 conto (that some one) contemn thee. temnere tu aliquis.-SEN. Ep. 327. —It is allowed to no one 3Nemo licere esse neglito be negligent. gens. It is given to the good only, to Bonus (Gr. 272) solus dari be truly happy. esse verb beatus. It is not given to all to be noble Non dari omnis esse nobilis and wealthy; but all may (it is et opulentus; sed licere (Gr. permitted to all to) be good if 409) omnis esse bonus si velle. they wish. English Examples to be turned into Latin. He was afterwards made prator and consul. —He openly desires to be made a tribune of the people.-The countenance is a certain silent expression of the mind. —Experience is the best master.-To the consul, he 2 appeared a good quaestor; and to you all, a most excellent citizen.-Nothing is generous which is not just.-He seems to me most dignified, who arrives by his virtue at a higher station.-The opinion of Bibulus 3 was first given. -You will come, beloved and respected by all.-I love your little daughter, and know for certain her to be lovely.-A worthy man, with great difficulty, suspects others to be wicked. CONSTRUCTION OF THE GENITIVE. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY NOUNS. 332. —RULE VI. One substantive governs anothem in the genitive, when the latter substantive limits the signification of the former. The souls of men are immor- Animus homo esse immortal. talis.-Cic. Sen. There is a great scarcity of good Esse magnus penurica bo men. nus.-Cia. Am. 90 SYNTAX. The unskilfulness of youth (of inscitia iniens aetas senex beginning age) is to be governed prudentia regendus esse.by the wisdom of old men. CIO. Off. 1. The remembrance of past evils Iffemoria prieteritus malum is pleasant. jucundus esse. Many had (wish) rather (to) Multus malle facerejactura suffer the loss of life, than of a vita, quam famnca. good name (of fame). Pain is often the cure of pain. Dolor smepe esse medicina dolor. The manner of our life and of Ita ratio comparatus esse human nature is so ordered, that vita noster et natura humaone (another) age arises out of nus, ut alius oetas (Liv.) oriri another. ex alius.-Crc. Anm. The anger of God is slow. Ira Deus lentus esse. The power of custom is great. Consuetudo magnus vis esse.- CI. The consent of all is the voice Omnis consensus natura of nature. qox esse.-Id. The body is as it were (as if) Corpus quasi vas esse ant the vessel or receptacle of the receptaculuin animus. —Ci. soul. Tuse. 1. Forgetting is the remedy of in- Injuria remedium esse objuries. livio. In my judgment piety (dutiful- Meus judicium pietas erga ness) towards parents is the foun- parens esse fandamentum, dation of all virtues. - virtus omnis. —Cic. Pt. Forgetfulness is the companion Comes ebrietas esse oblivio. of drunkenness. -MAc. The desires of riches, glory, Cupiditas divitice, gloria, pleasures (the desire- of riches, the voluptas, esse mnorbus animus. desire of glory, the desire of plea- CIc. Fin. sures), are diseases of the mind. It is the saying of Demetrius, D)emetrius /vox esse, Nihil Nothing seems to me more un- ego videri infelicior (xxIv.) happy than he to whom nothing is, qui nihit unquam evenire of adversity ever has happened. adversum.-SENEc. The inventor of the brazen bull _/Eneus taurus repertor tebeing first shut into lit], deserved- terrimus ars suus opus, prily handselled the dismal work of mus inclusus, meritb 3 auspihis own art; to whom Phalaris carl; Qui Phalaris, Pcena said, O admirable inventor of pun- mirandus repertor, ipse tuus ishment, do thou thyself first princeps imbunre, 3 dicere, handsel thy own work. opus.-VAL. MAx. 9, 2. & Ov. Trist. 3, 11. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY NOUNS. 91 Thou, 0 money, art the cause Solicitus tu causa, pecunia, of a solicitous life; and thou, 0 vita esse; Tuque homo vimoney, affordest nourishment to tiumn alimentum (pl.), pecuthe vices of men. nia,,,preebsre.-PRoP. 1. Sometimes, instead of of, or the sign of the possessive, the latter substantive has the preposition to, at, for, in, on, between, &c., before it in English; as, The descent to hell is easy. Descensus Avernus esse facilis. Virtue is the only way to praise Virtus esse unus via laus and honour. et honor. God has regard to the pious Deus habere ratio pius et and the impious. impius.-Cic. Leg. 2. The pleasures of the body are Voluptas corpus esse esca the baits and allurements to evils. atque illecebra rmalumn. Riches are enticements to evils. Opes esse irritamentumn malum.- Ov. Certainly the only way to a Semita certs tranquillus happy life is [lies open] by vir- per virtus patere unicus vita. tue. Juv. 2. Sometimes the sign for; as, Ambition and contention for Ambitio et honor contentio honour is very miserable. miserrimus esse.-Cic. Off. 1. Let alone light hopes and striv- Mittere levis spes et certaings for riches. men divitica.-Hoon. Through anger for the virgin Ereptus virgo ira (xxxv.) taken away. -VIR. 3. Sometimes the sign in; as, I am wont to admire thy wis- C~atera res sapientia tuus dom in other things. admirari solere. —Cic. Skill in the civil law. Prudentia jus civilis. —d. Faithfulness is steadfastness and Fides esse dictum conventruth in promises (words) and tumzque constantia et veritas. agreements. — Id. Justice consists (is employed) Justitia versari in tribuenin giving to every one his own, dum suum quisque, et in res and in faithfulness in contracts contractusfides.-Cic. Off. 1. (things contracted). 92 SYNTAX. Temperance keeps a moderation Temperantia servare 2es in all things. omnis modus. Order, and constancy, and mo- Ordo, et constantia, et moderation, in all words and- actions, deratio, dictum omnis atque gain (excite) the approbation of factum, movere (Gr. 313) those with whom a man lives (it approbatio is, qui cum (Gr. is lived). 223-3) vivi.-Cic. Off. 1. Friendship is nothing else, but Amicitia nihil aliud esse, a very great agreement [of opi- nisi omnis res divinus atque nion] in all divine and human humanus summus consensio. things. -CIa. An. The consciousness of a right in- Conscientia rectus voluntention (will) is the greatest com- tas maximus consolatio esse fort in adverse affairs. res incomm6dus.-CIc. Boldness in bad things is called Malus res audacica fortitudo valour by some. vocari a quidam. —SAL. So great carelessness in a thing Res maxim8 necessarius very necessary is to be blamed. tantus incuria vituperandus esse.-Cic. 4. Sometimes the sign between; as, Distinctions are to be made be- Acceptus beneficium deZectween kindnesses received. tus esse habendus. 335.-One substantive may govern two genitives; as, Marius's insatiable greediness Inexplebilis honor dcarius of honour (the insatiable greedi- fames.-FLoR. ness of honour of Marius). God's love of [to] men. Deus amor homo. The infamy of the vices of the InJfmia vitiutm pater scepe father often redounds on the son. redundare ad filius. —Cc.Am. Men sought the securities of ci- Homo spes custodia res suns ties, with the hope of preserving urbs presidium quaerere.(of the preservation of) their ef- Cic. Off. 1. fects. The backwardness of Sabinus Gallus hortari superus dies in preceding days encouraged the Sabinus cunctatio. Gauls. On account of the ancient inju- C(esar, pro vetus Helvetii ries of the Helvetians to the Ro- injuria populus Romanus ab man people, C(esar sought satis- is pcena bellum repetere.faction from them in war. CEas. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY NOUNS. 93 336.-Who is there who can Quis esse, qui 7posse concompare the life of Trebonius with ferre vita Trebonius cum (that of) Dolabella Dolabella? Agesilaus, after he had entered Agesilaus quum 10 venire into the port, which is called [the in 4 portus, qui Ilfenelaus voport] of Menelaus, being attacked cari, in 6 morbus implicitus with disease, died. 3 decedere. 337.-Ariovistus refused nei- Ariovistus neque suus, nether his (Cmsar's) friendship nor que populus Romanus gratia (that) of the Roman people. 3 repudidre. All mine is nevertheless thine. Omnis meus esse, autem tuus. Then the Salii celebrate in song Turnm Salii 6 carmen Herthe deeds of Hercules. culeus factum ferre. Tages seemed to have had (to Tages puerilis 6 species have been of) the appearance of 3 videri sed senilis esse 6 prua boy, but the prudence of an old dentia. (Gr. 339.) man. English Examples to be turned into Latin. Great is the power of conscience.-The proof of eloquence is the approbation of the hearers (of those hearing).-The privation of every pain has been rightly called pleasure.-The whole life of philosophers is a meditation on (of) death.-The body is indeed as it were the receptacle of the soul.-A sudden storm at (of the) sea frightens sailors (those sailing).-The weakness of the body 3 hindered not the vigour of the mind.-Frugality is the virtue of a private man, not of a king.-I assume to myself a father's authority. A love of pleasure and an attachment to (the desire of) virtue cannot easily exist (be) in the same person.-The meditating on future evils softens their approach. —-The foundation of eloquence, as of other things, is wisdom.-The love of the people is greatly excited by the very report and opinion of liberality, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and all those virtues which belong to gentleness of manners, and to good nature. The knowledge and the practice of virtue is the fittest defence of old age, not only because these never forsake us, even at the extremity of life; but also because the consciousness of a well spent life, and the recollections of many kind actions are most pleasant.-Your remembrance of your father's friendship and of his affection, has given me (brought to me) incredible joy.-The gods of the people are many; of nature, one.-This is mine and may brother's native country. 94 SYNTAX. 339. —RLE VII. A substantive added to another, to express a property or quality belonging to it, is put in the genitive or ablative. 1. Genitive. Live mindful of how short a Vivere memor quam (Gr. life thou art. 627-5) esse brevis cvumrn. Pythagoras was a man of no Pythagoras esse vir nullus mirth. h ilcritas.-Cic. The little ant [a creature] of Parvulus magnus formica great labour, draws with its labor os trahbre quicunque mouth, and adds to its heap, posse, atque addere acervus. whatever it can. -HoR. It is evident, that there is some Perspicuus esse, esse nudeity of a most surpassing wisdom men aliquis prcestc&ntissimus (mind), by whom all things are mens, qui omnis (Gr. 635) governed. regi. —Cc. NI;. D. 2. It is so evident that there is a Esse Deus ita perspicuus God, that I can scarcely think esse, ut, qui id (Gr. 635) nehim [to be] in his wits (of a sound gare, vix is [esse] sanus mens mind) who denies it. existimare.-C-o. 2. Ablative. Simonides was a man of a great Simonides esse vir magnus memory. memoria. The mob is of an inconstant Vulgus esse ingenium mmohumour. bilis.-SALL. God cannot be ignorant of what Deus ignorare non posse mind every one is. gquis mens quisque (Gr. 6275) esse.-Cic. Div. 2. I know of what manners this N6sse seculum hic quis mos age is. (Gr. 627-5) esse.-PLAUT. Themistocles was [a man] of so Themistocles esse tantus great a memory, that he knew memoria, ut omnis civis nothe names of all the citizens; men percipire (34): Cato but Cato, of a much better me- verb multb mnelior memoria. mory. -CIc. Sen. They that (who) prefer them- Qui sui omnis (Gr. 399) selves before (to) all, are [persons] anteponere, intolerabilis arof intolerable arrogance. rogantia esse.-Cia. Ad. Her GENITIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 95 Young men are commonly of Adolescens fere animus a careless humour, and account esse omissus, et, suavis in [those things] the best (first) which preasentih qui (Gr. 635)'esse, are delightful at present, nor do primus habere, neque consuthey look a great way before them lere in longitudinem.-TER.. (provide for a long time). Ifeaut. 5, 2.'We may (it is allowed us to) see Hic videre licet, is, qui this, that they who were before antea commodus mores 3 esse, good-humoured (of affable man- prospere res immutari.-CIo. ners) are changed by prosperity Aqm. (prosperous things). Scipio A-fricanus was [a man] Scipio Africanus esse mnoof most courteous behaviour (man- res facillimus, sumemus pieners), of very great dutifulness to tas in mater (L.), liberalitas his mother, liberality to his sisters, in soror, bonitas in suus, jusgoodness to his [servants], justice titia in omnis. —Id. to all. Of how great innocence ought Quantus innocentica deb6re generals to be? Of how great esse imperator? QUcantus moderation? Of how great fide- temp erantiac? Quantus fility? Of how great skill? Of des? Quantus facultas? how great wit? Of how great Quantus ingenium? Qcancourtesy? tus humanitas? —OrC. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The consul himself [a man] of little and mean mind.- They are endowed with (are men of) the best disposition, the greatest wisdom, the most perfect harmony.-Men of the lowest stations are delighted with history. —Oppianicus himself 2 was of a cruel and severe disposition.-Furranius, a man of the highest integrity and innocence, was of the same opinion. —He is of a certain incredible strength of mind. 343.-RULE VIII. An adjective in the neuter gender without a substantive, governs the genitive. There is much good in friend- Multum bonum esse in ship, much mischief in discord. amicitia, multum malum, in discordia.-Ore. We have not [too] little time, Non exiguumn tenpus habut we lose a great deal. bere, sed multum perdere.SEm. 96 SYNTAX. Take so much meat and drink, Adhib6re tantum cibus et that your strength may be re- potio, ut refici vires, non ut paired, not oppressed. opprimi.-Cic. How much good there is in Quantum bonum (Gr. 627friendship, may (is able to) be 5) esse in amicitia, ex dissenperceived from quarrels and dis- sio et discordia percipi posse. cords. -CIc. Anm. One example of luxury or co- Unus exemplar luxuria aut vetousness does a great deal of avaritia multumn malan fa(much) mischief. cere.-SEN. p. 7. How much of blind night have Quantum mortalis pectus mortal minds? n..cecus nox habere?-Ov. What means (wishes to itself) Avaritia senilis quid sibi the covetousness of old age (se- velle? Posse enim quidnile covetousness)? for can any quam esse absurdlior, cum thing be more absurd than to quo minus via restare, eo seek so much the more provision plus viaticum quxrere -- by how much the less of the jour- CIo. Sen. 18. ney remains? We must resist passions with Omnis vires (LXI.) repugall our strength, if we would nare esse (Gr. 403) pertur(we wish to) pass over that (this) batio, si velle hoc, qui 3 dari life which is given [us] quietly vita, tranquillg placiddque and peaceably. traducere.-Cic. Tuse. In what darkness, and in how Qualis in tenebre, quantusgreat dangers, is this life passed que periculumn degi hoc cevum? P over? -LvouR. The belly gives a very great Plurimum negotium hudeal of (very much) trouble to manus genus alvus exhibhre, mankind (the human race), for qui (xxxv,) causa major pars the sake of which the greater part mortalis vivere.-PLIN. 26, 8. of mortals live. If the crow could eat silently Si corvus 8 posse pasci (being silent), he would have more taciturnus, hab6re plus dameat, and much less of quarrel- pis, et Aixa multo minus inling and envy. vidiaque. —Hon. It is a miserable thing to see so Miserabilis esse vid6re tanmany [people] living badly, nay tumn male vivens, imo mal6 rather perishing badly. periens. English Examples to be turned into Latin. After the battle much gold and other riches were found in the camp of the Persians.-As much money as any one has in his chest, so much credit has he; and he that has little money has GENITIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 97 likewise little credit.-Cicero had less courage than Julius COesar, but he had more honesty.-What news is there in the city about Nero? a little before his death he leaned down upon a bed and drank some warm water. 349.-RULE IX. Verbal adjectives, or such as imply an operation of mind, govern the genitive. Live mindful of death. Vivere memor mnors.-Aus. All m.en hate [those that are] Omnis odisse imrernMor beunmindful of a good turn (kind- neficiuqo.-Cic. Off. 2. ness). Most men are desirous of new Plerique homo esse cubpithings. dus res novus. Be not more desirous of con- Ne 7esse cupidior contentention than of truth. tio, quhm veritas.-Cic. If thou art conscious to thyself Si nullus cullpa tu coenscius of no fault, do not fear. esse, ne (25) timire. What nation does not love a Quis natio non gratus animind grateful and mindful of a mus et bnejficiunm nemnor digood turn (kindness)? ligere 2-Cic. L. 1. Be ye even now mindful of old Venturus memnor jam nunc age about to come, so no time esse senecta, sic nullus vobis will pass away idle to you. tempus abire iners.-Ov. A mind solicitous about [that Animus faturum anzius which is] future is miserable. calamnitosus esse. —SN. A good conscience (a mind Conscius mens reckon fama conscious of what is right) laughs mendacium rid6re.-Ov. at the lies of fame. The mind of men is ignorant Nescius mens homo faturn of fate and future fortune. sorsque futurus esse.-VIRG. Our native soil draws us all Nescio quis natalis solum with I do not know what sweet- dulcedo cunctus ducere, et ness, and does not suffer us to be immnmrnor non sinare esse forgetful of itself. sui.-Ov. Time that eats up all (devour- Tempus edax res.-Id. ing of) things. The heat of his countrymen bid- Justus et tenax propositum ding [him do] ill things, does not vir, non Civis ardor pravumn shake a just man, and [one that jubens, mens quatere solidus. is] tenacious of his purpose, from -HOR. his fixed mind (steady resolution). Virtue is a lover of itself. Virtus esse amans sui.Ore. 98 SYNTAX. Every nature is a lover of it- Omnis natura esse deiligens self; neither is any thing more sui; neque quicquam esse desirous of things like itself than cappetentior similis (Gr. 385) nature. sui, quam natura. —CI. Virtue is a reward to itself, not Ipse sui virtus pretium (nothing) wanting praise, not (no- esse, nil indigus (xI.) laus, thing) desiring outward help. nil opis f. externus caipiens. — CLAUD. English Examples to be twrned'into Latin. Posterity of all ages will never be unmindful of this affair.The Greeks are more desirous of disputation than of truth.-Ye have always been desirous of glory, and greedy after praise beyond other nations. —Do I seem to you so forgetful of my own firmness, so unmindful of my own actions?-They were not so mindful of your merit as (they were) enemies of your glory.All men hate him who is unmindful of a favor. 355. —RULE X. Partitives and words placed partitively, comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives, and some numerals govern the genitive plural. No beast (none of beasts) is Nultus bellua prudentior wiser than the elephant. esse elephantus. —Cic. Peace is the best of things. Pax optimuns res esse.SIL. There is none (nobody) of us Nemo ego esse sine culpa. without fault. - SEN. Nothing can be said so absurd, Nihil tam absurdus dici which is not said by some one of posse, quod non (Gr. 635. Lv.) the philosophers. dici ab aliquis philosophus.CIC. There is no man (nobody of Nemo homo tam immanis men is) so savage, whose mind a esse, qui mens non (Gr. 635) belief (opinion) of a God has not imbuere Deus opinio. —Cc. possessed. Tusc. Set before your eyes every one Ponere ante oculus zunusof these kings. quisque hie rex.-CiO. Par. 1. The king did not know (was Rex ignorare tuter is (Gr. ignorant) whether of them was 627-5) esse Orestes.-CIo. Orestes. Am. The least of evils are to be ilifinimus malum eligenchosen. dus esse.-CIa. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 99 Nature covers man alone of all Natura homo untus aniliving creatures (animals) with mans omnis alienus velare the riches of others (another's opes.-PLIN. 7. 1. riches). Note.-The partitive does not always take its gender from the genitive case, but sometimes agrees with the former substantive; as, Albunea, nemorum quce maxima, VIRG. An. 7. 83. Dulcissime rerum, HioR. 2Maxzime rserum, Ov. Oxen only of [all] animals feed Bos animal solus retro amwalking backwards. bulans pasci.-PL. 8, 45. The chameleon only of [a11] ani- Chamealeon m. solus animals neither uses meat nor drink mral nec cibus (xxvI.) nec poalways, nor any other nourish- tus semper uti, nec alius qunm ment than [that] of air. aar alimentum.-Id. 33. All things are not alike fit for Omnia non pariter res esse all. omnis aptus. —PRoP. 358.-The most excellent of the Excellens rex Perszi esse Persian kings were Cyrus and Cyrus et Darius, Hystaspes Darius, the son of Hystaspes: the filius; prior hie apud Massaformer of these fell in battle among gete in prcelinm cadere. the MassagetEe. 359.-Give [me some] proof if Cedere signum, si hie Bacyou are [one] of these priestesses cha esse. of Bacchus. 360.-Thales was the wisest Thales sapiens in septen among the seven. esse. I made myself one of those who Ego unus ex is facere, qui had come to the waters. ad aqua 10 venire. He was made tribune of the Tribunus plebs fieri primu-s people first among noblemen. inter homo nobilis. That was the second of the Is esse de tres secundus. three things. Themistocles sent to the king Themistocles noctu de serby night, [one] of his servants vus suus, qui habere fidelis, whom he accounted the most ad rex mittere. faithful. English Exanmples to be turned into Latin. Who of the Creek rhetoricians ever drew any thing from Thucydides?-None of the beasts is wiser than the elephant.Set before your eyes every one of these kings.-The least of evils are to be chosen.-N-o one (nemo) of mortals is wise at all times. 100 SYNTAX. -The last of all the Roman kings was Tarquin the Proud. — Thales the Iilesian, first of all among the Greeks, ascertained the reason of the eclipse of the sun.-Of these opinions, which is true? —Nothing can be said so absurd which 7 is not said by some of the philosophers. 361.-RULE XI. Adjectives of plenty or want govern the genitive or ablative. 1. Genitive. The fables of the poets are full Fabula pobta plenus esse of vanity. futilitas. —Cic. 1. D. All [places] are full of fraud Fraus, et perSjdia, et insiand perfidiousness and snares. dice, plenus esse omnis.-CIc. All [that are] endued with vir- Omnis virtus compos esse tue are happy. beatus.-Cic. Tusc. 5. Man, who is partaker of reason Homo, qui esse particeps and speech, is more excellent than. ratio et oratio, proestantior beasts, which are void of reason esse fera, qui esse expers ratio and speech. et oratio. But the mind of man is endued Sed animus homo frustra with reason in vain, unless it be- esse compos ratio, nisi 30 evacome also endued with virtue. dere quoque compos virtus. Virtue is made long-lived by Carmen fieri vivax virtus, verse, and free from the grave. expersque sepulcrum.-Ov. We are not wanting, but prodi- Non inops termpus, sed progal, of time. digus esse.-SEN. All things are full of God. Deus plenus esse omnis.CIO. Solitude, and a life without Solitudo, et vita sine amifriends, is'full of snares and cus, insidice, et metus plenus fear. esse. —Id. 2. Ablative. Human life is never free from Vita humanus nunquam troubles. molestia esse vacuus. Rich men have many nights Nox multus timor plenus full of fears. habere dives. When one is loaded with wine, Quum quis svinum gravis he is not master of himself. esse, esse impos sui (gen.). — SEN. EIP. 88. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 101 English Examples to be turned into Latin. What word is there in the letter which is not fiull of hlumanity, duty, benevolence? —Truly we shall be happy when we shall be, 6 our bodies being left, fiee from both passions and contentions.-A mind free from disorders makes men perfectly and absolutely happy.-His countenance 2 wasfull of fury; his eyes, of wickedness; his discourse, of insolence. —The mind during sleep is witAhot (freefrom) sensations and cares. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 364.3-RuLE XII. Sum governs the genitive of a person or thing to which its subject belongs as a possession, property, or duty. It is not [the part] of a wise Non esse sapiens dicere, man to say, I will live well to- eras bene vivere.-MART. morrow. Doting is [the infirmity] of old Deliratio esse senex, sed non men, but not of all old men. omnis senex.-Cio. Rashness is [the property] of Temeritas esseflorens atcas, youth (blooming age), prudence prudentia senectus.-Cir. Sen. of old age. It is [the part] of a vain person Laudare sui vanus, vitupeto commend, of a fool to disparage rare stultus esse.-SEN. himself. It is [the property] of a great Magnus animus esse injuria mind to slight injuries. despicere. —Id. It is [the part] of a generous Generosus et magnificus and magnificent mind to help and animus esse juvare et proto do good. desse.-Id. It is [the part] of an arrogant Arrogans esse, negligere person to neglect what every one quid de sni quisque (Gr. 627thinks of him. 5) sentire.-Cca. Off. 1. It is [the property] of a great Ingenium magnus esse, wit to apprehend beforehand (fore- praacipere cogitatio futurus, see by reflection) things future, nec committere, ut aliquando and not to suffer (cause) that he dicendus (LIv.) esse, non pumay be forced to say (that it may tare.-Id. 1, 23. be to be said) at length, I had not thought it. 102 SYNTAX. There are two sorts of injustice; Injustitia duo genus n. esone [is] theirs that do (who bring) se; unus [esse] is, qui inferre, injury, the other theirs who do alter is, qui ab hic, qui innot keep off injury from those to ferri, non propulsare injuria. whom it is offered (done). -CIa. Off. 1. It may happen to (it is the pro- Quivis homno esse errare; perty of) any man to err; [but] nullus nisi insipiens in error it is [the property] of none but a perseverare.-CIo. fool to persist in error. 867.-If [my] memory perhaps Si memoria forte deficere, shall fail me, it is your [part] to tuus esse ut suggerere. —Cao. (that you may) put me in mind. Fin. It belongs to us (it is ours) to Noster esse intelligere.understand. Id. It is your business, Cato, to look Esse tuus, Cato, videre.to it. COa. English Examples to be turned into Latin. It is the mark of a brave man not to be disturbed in adversity.-It is a wise man's business to determine who 7 is a wise man.-It is not becoming your gravity and wisdom to bear your misfortune too immoderately.-366. The Pythagoreans relate that the Orphean poem was the work of one Cecrops. 369.-RULE XIII. 2lMsereor, miseresco, and satago, govern the genitive. Pity thy poor companions. Xiserjri inops socius. — Juv. Take [ye] pity, I pray you, Arcadius, queaso, miseresupon the Arcadian king. eore rex. —VIG. Clinia is employed enough in Clinia satagare res suus.(is busy with) his own affairs. TER. Those who ought to take com- Qui debere miseriri ego passion on me cease not to envy non desinere invid6re.-CIa. me. At length take compassion on Aliquando misereri socius. the allies. -CIa. 371.-How he is deceived in Ut 3falli animus.-TER. his mind. He is disgusted at me. E.astidire ego. —PLAUT. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 103 I did not hear sufficiently, and Nec satis exaudire nec seryet I am not mistaken as to their mo falli tamen. conversation. 372.-Refrain from anger and Abstinare ira, calidusque fierce contention.'ixa. Cease at length from tender Desinere mollis tandem complaints. querela. It is time to give over the Tempus desistere 2pugna. battle. 373.-RuLm XIV. ]?ecordor, memini, reriis8cor, and obliviscor, govern the genitive or accusative. 1. Genitive. He will remember (reflect upon) Iste cum dolor flagitiumn his own villanies with sorrow. suus recordari.-Cio. A good man easily forgets in- Vir bonus facil1 oblivisci juries. injuria. It is a pleasant thing to remem- Dulcis esse meminisse labor ber labours past. actus. God himself commands thee to Ipse jub6re nors tu memiremember death. nisse Deus. —MART. A man that (who) is pitiful Homo qui in 6homo calatowards a calamitous person, re- mitosus esse misericors, memembers himself. minisse sui.-PUBL. That which any one loves very Qui quisque vehementer much, he cannot forget. amare, is non posse oblivisci. Let young men, when they shall Adolescens, quum dare sui have a mind (shall wish) to give jucunditas velle, (25)cavere themselves to diversion, beware intemperantia, et meminisse of immoderateness, and remember serecundia.-Cia. Off. 1. modesty. 2. Accusative. I remember all the stages of Omnis gradus mtas recorthy life (age). dari tuus.-Cic. Thou art [one] of a happy me- Tu esse (vII.) memoria femory, who usest to forget nothing licissimus, qui oblivisci nihil but injuries. solere, nisi injur-ia.-Cic. Bonus beneficium memiGood men remember benefits. nisse. 104 SYNTAX. HBe ought to remember kind- Officium meminisse deb-re nesses upon whom they are be- is, in qui collitus esse, non stowed, not he to mention, who commemorate is, qui 3 conbestowed them. ferre. —CI. Am. Remember those things, which Reminisci is, qui dignus are worthy of your character. (xxIIi.) tuus persona esse.CIC. 376.-I wish to know whether Velle scire ecquid de ta, you remember yourself. 7 recordar i. Remember the palla. -De p2alla 9 memini. Never mention God but with Ne unquam 6 meminisse caution, fear, and reverence. 1Deus (de Dens) nisi caut6, timide et reverenter. English Examples to be turned into Latin. No one,Dolabella, can now pity either you or your chilcdgen, whom you have left miserable in want and solitude.-It is peculiar to folly (Gr. 385) to discern the faults of others and to forget her own.-ffave you forgotten your own (tuus) accusation? —He himself shall certainly recognize and remember his own crimes with. some pain. —The old man told us not only of all his actions, but even of his sayings.-It is a pleasant thing to reemember labours past.-The leader of the Helvetii exhorted Coesar to (that he should) remnember both the former disaster of the Roman people, and the ancient valour of the Helvetii. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DATIVE. DATIVE GOV:EeNED BY NOUNS. 378.-R —ULE XV. Substantives frequently govern the dative of their object. See also Nos. 379-381. The cause of the poverty of Causa Abdolonymus b _azu Abdolonymus was (his) honesty. pertas~ esse probitas. Are you my servant (a servant Tu ego,b anut tu ego ser to me), or I yours (to you)? vusa esse? They cast themselves weeping Sui fiens ad pedesa Ocesarl at the feet of Cawsar. 3 projicere. DATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 105 The knees of the boldest soldier 6 Signum pugna datus (Gr. have trembled a little when the 690) ferox milesb paululum signal of battle was given, and the genu a 3 tremere, et magnus heart of the greatest commander imperatorb cor a exsilire. has palpitated. The same love is destruction to Idem amor exitium a pecus b the herd and to the herdsman esse; pecusque magister.b (the master of the herd). I know not what eye bewitches Nescire quis tener oculus my tender lambs. ego b fascinare agnus.a THE DATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 382. —RULE XVI. Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, govern the dative. Also 383. Nothing is so like death as Nihil esse tam similis mors, sleep. quam somnus.-Cio. Is there any thing more like An esse quidquam similior madness than anger? insania, quam ira? —CIo. In the grave, the poor needy In sepulchrum par dives man will be equal to [those that pauper egenus esse.-CoRN. are] rich. GALL. It is a hard thing to find words Difficilis esse magnus dolor equal to great grief: par verbum reperire.-,-SEN. Passionateness is an enemy Iracundia esse inimiczus (unfriendly) to prudence. consilium.-Cca. Pleasure is an enemy (unfriend- Voluptas esse inimicus braly) to reason and to virtue. tio et virtus. Nothing is so much an enemy Nihil esse tam inimicus (so unfiiendly) to the mind (un- mens, quam voluptas.-(Cia. derstanding) as pleasure. Sen. Cruelty is a very great enemy Homo natura maxim8 esse (very unfriendly) to the nature iniTmicus crudelitas. - CIO. of men. Off. 3. Nothing is more agreeable to Nihil esseo natura homo acthe nature of man, than benefi- commodatior (xxiv.) beneficence and liberality. centia et liberalitas. —Id. 1. Fortune is sometimes kind to Fortuna nunc ego, nuns me, sometimes to another. alius benignus esse. —oR.. I am nearest to myself. Proximus esse egomet ego. -TER. An. 4. 1. 12. 5* 106 SYNTAX. Let not your ears be easy to Ne esse auris criminanm accusers. facilis. —SEN. That is becoming, which is Decorus is esse, qui esse agreeable to the excellency of consentaneus excellentia homan. mo.-CIc. Off. 1. The good things of fortune are Bonum fortuna communis common to the righteous and esse probus et improbus.wicked. Cic. Some things are common to Quidam esse homo cum man with beasts. bestia communis.-Id. Death is common to every Omnis Watas mors commtuage. nis esse.-Id. We are all easy to be taught ]9ocilis (LXII.) imitancdus (docile) to imitate base and naugh- turpis ac pravus omnis esse. ty things. -Juv. Archytas, when he had been Archytas, quum villicus made [a little] too angry with his (39) factus esse iratior, Quis bailiff, says, How (in what man- tu modus, inquit, accipere, ner) would I have dealt with nisi iratus (32) esse? —Ca. (treated) thee, if I had not been Tusc. 4, 36. angry? I would have punished (taken Sumere a tu supplicium, satisfaction from) thee, says Ar- inquit Archytas villicus, nisi chytas to his bailiff, if I had not tu iratus (32) esse.-VAL. been angry with thee. MAX. 4:, 1. A good conscience (a mind con- Mens sui conscius (Ix.) recscious to itself of right). tum. A plain diet (simple food) is Homo utilissimus esse cibest for man: a heaping together bus simplex: coacervatio saof tastes (of savoury dishes) is por pestifer, et condimentum hurtful, and sauces are more per- perniciosior.-PLIN. nicious. Think yourself born for praise Arbitrari tu natus laus et and glory, not for the belly, not gloria, non abdomen, non for sleep and delight. somnus et delectatio.-Coa. We are born in this condition, Hie conditio natus esse, creatures liable to no fewer dis- animal obnoxius non paucior eases of the mind than of the animus, quam corpus morbus. body. -SEN. de Jr. 2. If thou canst not (shalt have Si 6 nequire esse optimus been unable to) be the best, at saltem dare opera ut opti least (use thy) endeavour that mus (Liv.) esse proxinmus.thou mayest be next to the best. PLAnT. This is indeed common to all Hie quidem communis esso philosophers. omnis philosophus. DATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 107 EXCEPTIONS. 385.-A good man seeks [one] Vir bonus sui similis quallike himself. rere.-Cic. de Am. The bad would have (the bad Malus bonus malus esse wish) the good be bad, that they velle, ut (LIV.) esse sui simimay be like themselves. lis.-PLAUT. There is something like under- Esse quiddam suimilis 9mens standing (reason) in a brute. in bellua.-CIa. Death is very like sleep. Somn7us simillimus mors esse. It is to be wished, that they that Optandus esse, ut is, qui are over the commonwealth may prmaesse (Gr. 393) respublica, be like the laws, which are moved lex similis esse, qui ad (Gr. (drawn) to punish (punishing), not 704) punire non iracundia, by passion, but by equity. sed mequitas duci.-Ci Off.Of. 1. Temperance is the enemy of Temperantia esse inimicus (unfriendly to) lusts; and lusts libido; libido autem esse iniare the enemies of (unfriendly to) mnicus mens et animus. — ic. the understanding and soul. Off. 3, 33. Plain and open persons, who Homo simplex et apertus, think that nothing ought (is) to be qui nihil ex occulto, aut ex done underhand (secretly) or by insidim agendus [esse] putare, stratagem, lovers of truth, enemies veritas cultor,fraus inimnicus, (unfriendly) to tricking, are be- dihlgi.-CIa. Off. 1. loved. It is the common fault of all, Vitium communis omnis that we are too intent upon esse, qubd nimium ad res in wealth in old age. senecta attentus esse. —TER. A certain care of those [crea- Oommunis animans omnis tures] which are procreated [by esse cura quidam is [animans them] is the common [property] of n.], qui procreatus esse.-CIo. all animals. Off. 1, 4. Cato the elder was almost of the Cato major Scipio Africasame time (contemporary) with nus fer6 cequalis esse.-CIc. Scipio Africanus. Off. 3, 1. The search of truth is proper to Homo prop'rius esse verum man. inquisitio.-CIO. Off. 1. It is the property of the guilty Proprius esse nocens trepito tremble. dare.-SEN. 386. —Almost all men are prone Plerique omnis homo ad to pleasures. voluptas propensus esse. - Cc. Off. 1. 108 SYNTAX. The nature of almost all boys Ingenium omnis fer& ~.7ic is inclined to idleness and play. esse proctivis ad otwii,,.,b lussus. Let a prince be slow to punish- Esse piger ad pancie )priument, swift to [give] rewards; ceps, ad prnemium velox; et and let it grieve him as often as dolere quoties cogi esse ferox. he is forced to be severe. -Ov. Some are more liable to some Alius ad alius morbus (Gr. diseases, and others to others 275) proclivior esse.-Coc. (others are more liable to other diseases). We are by nature inclined to Natura propensus esse ad liberality. liberalitas. —CIO. Examcples of the Accusative with ad. 387.-All [people] are not fit Omnis ad amicitia idoneus for friendship. non esse.-Cia. Am, The necks of oxen are naturally Bos cervix natus esse ad fitted for the yoke. jugum.-Cic. Mankind (the race of men) is Genus homo ad justitia et born for justice and honesty (ho- honestas natus esse. —Id. nour). A man good for nothing. Homo ad nullus res utilis. -Id. Old age brings this vice to men; Hic vitium senectus afferre we are more intent upon wealth homo; attentior esse ad qres than is sufficient. quam sat esse.-Tnm. A disturbed mind is not fit to Conturbatus animus non discharge its duty. esse aptus ad (Lxu.) exsequendus munus n. suus. —Cio. Tusc. 8. We all are too apt to learn to Ego ad pravus (LXII.) iMniimitate naughty things. tandus nimis docilis esse omnis. 388. —Jugurtha stations his foot Jugurthia propior mons pesoldiers nearer the mountain. des collocare. The Ubii live nearest to the Ubii proximus Rhenus inRhine. colere. 389. —This was agreeable to (in Is esse consentaneus cum is accordance with) the letters which literce qui ego Roma 4reciI had received at Rome. pere. Often you appeared somewhat Sape, qui a tu alienus esse impudent, which is very unlike subimpudens videri. you (foreign from you). DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 109 390. —Homer has sunk to the Homerus idem aliuus sopiri same repose as others. 6 quies. English Excanples to be turned into Latin. Your discourse against Epicurus was pleasing to our (friend) lBalbus —Antony is equal to Catiline in wickedness.-Nothing is so congenial to our intellectual faculties as metres (numbers) and tones (voices).-Good health is more pleasing to those who have recovered from a dangerous illness, than to those who have never been sick. —Men can be very useful to men.-The same labours are not equally painful to the commander and the soldier, because honour itself 7 renders the commander's labour lighter. —385. Why dost thou always defend men unlike thyself?-Nor indeed do I understand why Epicurus 9rather chose to pronounce the gods like men, than men like the gods, THE DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERRS. GENERAL RULE. 391. —RuLE XVII. All verbs govern the dative of the object or end, to which the action or state expressed by them, is directed. Also No. 392. Praise is due to virtue. Laus debiri virtus. The greatest reverence is due Maximus deberi puer reveto a child. rentia.-Juv. We owe dutifulness to our pa- Parens noster debere pierents. tas.- SEN. We must beware lest we open Oavere esse (Gr. 701) ne our ears to flatterers. (LIV.) patefaCe're auris assentator.-Clc. Off. 1. That which thou dost well, Qui bene facere, factre tu, thou dost for thyself, not for an- non alius.-PLAUT. other. Punishments are prepared for Impius apud inferi pcena the wicked in hell (with the in- prcparats esse. - CIc. de fernal gods). Inv. Nature engages us to our pa- Parens et patria natura rents and country. ego coneiliare.-CIc. The wise man makes a fortune Sapiens ipsef ng're fortuna himself for himself. SUi. —PLAUT. 110 SYNTAX. Has not nature set a bound Nonne cupido statwere na(measure) to desires? tura modus? —IoR. The sun shines even to the Etiam, sceleratus sol luacre. wicked. -SEN. [That] which may happen to Quivis posse accide're, qui one body, may happen to any quisqcuam [accidere] posse.body. PUBL. Let him wish for no (nothing) Qui satis esse, gui continmore, to whom that has happen- gere, hic nihil amplius optare. ed, which is enough. — HoR. Many good things have hap- Multus prseter spes wultus pened to many beyond expecta- evenire bonum.-PLAuT. tion. A return to heaven is open to Optimus quisque animus, every very good soul, when it is qumin e corpus 6exced re regone out of the body. ditus ad ccelum patere. —Ci. Am. 4. We were not born for ourselves Non ego solum nasci.-CIac. only. The covetous man gets riches Avarus alius non sui divifor others, not for himself. tihe parare. So you oxen carry plows not Sic tu non tu ferre arafor yourselves. trum bos. And you sheep bear fleeces Et tu non tu vellus ferre not for yourselves. ovis. And you birds make nests not Et tu non tu nidificare for yourselves. avis. And you bees make honey not Et tu non tu inellifieare for yourselves. apis.-DONAT. vit. Virg. English Excamples to be turned into Latin. It is the part of a wise man to please God, to do good to men, to take care of himself, to provide for his own safety, to be concerned for his friends and study their interest, to do harm to no one, to displease nobody, neither to hurt the miserable nor lay snares for the innocent.-A good man favours the good and rejoiceth with them upon any happy event; he is always disposed to spare the vanquished and forgive what is past; he neither entertains resentment nor flatters any one; he envies nobody but imitates the worthy.-You must be the servant of (It behoves you to serve) philosophy, that true liberty may be your portion (may happen to you).-Why do you yield and give way to fortune? —No man can serve pleasure and virtue at the same time. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 111 SPECIAL RULES. 393.-I. Sum and its compounds govern the dative (except posswm). A word is enough to the wise. Dictum sapiens sat ease. It can be well with no wicked Bene esse posse nemo imman (to nobody wicked). probus.-Cca. That which is enough for na- Qui natur'a satis esse, homo ture, is not [enough] for man. non esse.-Id. A great fortune is a great sla- Fortuna magnus magnus very to its master. dominus esse servitus. The covetous man is rich to his Avarus heres dives, pauheir, but poor to himself. per at ipse sui esse. There is in youth the greatest Adolescentia inesse maxiweakness of judgment. mus imbecillitas judicium.CIc. Off. 1. There is by nature in our minds Natura inesse mnens noster an (a certain) insatiable desire of insatiabilis quidam cupiditas seeing truth. verum visendus (Gr. 707).CIO. Scornfulness is in the fair. Fastus inesse pulcher. —Ov. Nature commands us to do good Homo prodesse natura juto men. bere.-SEN. We ought to do good one to Debere prodesse alius aanother. lius. There are [some] that (who) Esse [quidam] qui neque neither do good to themselves nor sui nec alius prodesse. —Cc. to others. Off. 2. Men may do very much good Homo plurimum prodesse or harm to men (are able to do aut obesse posse homo. —Id. good or to do harm very much to men). It is a greater thing to do good Major esse prodesse multus, to many, than to have great quam magnus opes f. habere. wealth. -CIa. A little is enough to nature, Natura satis esse parum; nothing is enough to covetous- cupiditas nihil satis esse.ness. SEN. As magistrates are above the Ut magistratus ppreesse popeople, so the laws are above ma- pulus, ita lex prceesse magisgistrates. tratus. Pollio was not only concerned Pollio, omnis negotium non in all [your] affairs, but took the interesse soltim, sed prcaesse lead in them. -Cic. 112 SYNTAX. Let us do that strenuouslywhich Agere gnaviter is, qui wis equally profitable (equally does que pauper prodesse, locugood) to poor and (equally to) rich. ples oequ6. —Ho. Ep. 1, 1. The study of honest virtue Virtus honestus pauper equally profits (does good to) the prodesse studium et locuples poor and rich. aeque. 394.-II. The verb est, signifying to be, or to belong to, governs the dative of the possessor. Also No. 395. Note. —In translating from English into Latin under this rule, the objective case in English becomes the nominative in Latin, and the nominative in English becomes the dative in Latin. See examples, Gr. 394. Kings have long hands (long Manus longus esse rex. hands are to kings). Art thou ignorant that kings An nescire longus rex esse have long hands (that long hands manus? (Gr. 671.)-Ov. are to kings)? So long as the sick man has Dum cegrotus anima esse, life (as life is to the sick man) spes esse. there is hope. Many animals have quicker Sensus agilior esse multus senses (quicker senses are to animal qukm Aomo.-SEN. many animals) than man. Man has some resemblance Esse homo similitudo qui (some resemblance is to man) dam cum Deus.-Cia. with God. The soul has a struggle (a strug- Aniimus cum hie caro f. gle is to the soul) with this heavy gravis certamen esse, ne (31) flesh, lest it should be drawn away abstrAhi aut sidere: niti illo or depressed: it tends thither from unde 3 demitti.-SEN. whence it was sent down. The (Gr. 579) less wealth (by Quantum minus (Gr. 343) how much the less of things, by res, tantum minus (Gr. 343) so much) the less covetousness the cupiditas *2 esse JRomanus. Romans had (was to the Romans). Divitiae avaritia 3 invehere. Riches brought in avarice. — Lv. 396. —Even if I have not want- Etiamsi ego ut tu putare ed, as you think, talent for this ad hic opus ingenium non undertaking, I have certainly deesse doctrina certe, et otium wanted learning and leisure. deesse. I have not this (lit. this is want- Hic ego deesse. ing to me). DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 113 Nothing was less wanting to Non quisquam parum DaDarius than multitude of sol- rius quam multitudo miles diers. deesse. Poverty wants many things, co- ]Deesse inopia multus, avavetousness all things (many things ritia omnis.-PUB. SYR. are wanting to poverty, all things to covetousness). A covetous man wants as well Tam deesse avarus qui hathat which he has, as that which bare, qukm qui non habere. he has not (as well, &c. is want- -Id.;ng to a covetous man). 397. —II. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and mnale, govern the dative. He does a kindness to himself, Sui benefacere ipse, qui egethat (who) does a kindness to a nus beneface're. poor man. If thou dost a kindness to the Si benefacere bonus, is begood, that kindness is not lost. neficium hand perire. If thou dost any kindness to a Malus si quid (30) benefabad man, that kindness is lost. cere, is beneficium interire. — PLAnT. That kindness which is done to Qui benefieri bonus, hand the good, is not lost. perire.-Id. We are said to satisfy him Satisfacere dici is qui dewhose desire we fulfil. siderium implere. —aI. DIG. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The safety of his country woas dearer to him than the sight of it.-[My] books now profit me nothing.-Men both profit and hurt men very much.-I have now no business with him.-I had not the opportutnity of consulting with you when we were together.-396. If any one possesses these things (if these things are supplied to any one) they assist him a little in (as to) others. -III. He satisfied both nature and the laws.-If any one reviles me, he seems to me petulant or absolutely mad. —Of what good man did Gellius ever speak well 399.-IV. Many verbs compounded with these ten prepositions, ad, ante, con,-in, inter, ob, —ost, prce, sub, and super, govern the dative. 114 SYNTAX. Ad. Stick to justice and honesty. Adhcerescere justitia et honestas. The good take to themselves Bonus bonus sui (I.) socius the good [for] companions. adcsciscare. Take care that thou dost not O3avre ne temere (30)as(lest thou) rashly assent to things sentiri incognitus. —CI. 0ff. unknown. 1. Fame delights to add false things Fama gaudere falsus adto true. deqre ve'rus.-Ov. Do not lay hands on other men's Ne (25) afferre manus aliegoods. nus bonum.-Cic. Give not thy mind to plea- Ne (25) addic}re animus sure. voluptas.-SEN. Ante. Prefer virtue before (to) riches, Anteponere virtuas divitice, and those things which are honest et is qui esse honestus is qui to those things which seem pro- videri utilis. fitable. Where can you find him that Ubi iste invenire qui com(who) prefers the advantage of a modum amicus (LIV.) antepofriend before (to) his own [ad- nire suus?-Cic. Am. vantage]? Virtue excels all things. Virtus anteire omnis res.PLAUT. The least excellence of the Minimus animus priestanmind excels all the good things of tia omnis corpus bonum antethe body. ire. —Ci. Many have preferred private Multus privatus otium nequiet before (to) public employ- gotiumn publicus anteferre. ments. The unlearned and savage sort Indoctus et agrestis genus of men always prefer profit before n. homo anteferre semper (to) honour; but the civilized and utilitas honestas.; sed urbapolished sort prefer dignity before nus et politus genus res om(to) all things. nis dignitas anteponere.-CIa. Always remember (have in rea- Semper in promptu habere, diness) how much the nature of quantum natura homo bestics man excels beasts. (Gr. 627-5) antecedere.-Cic. Off. 1. One day spent well, and accord- Unus dies bene, et ex praing to the precepts of virtue and ceptum virtus et religio acreligion, is to be preferred to a tus, peccans immortalitas sinning immortality. anteponendus esse. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 115 Con. Themistocles killed himself Themistocles sui mors con(procured death for himself). sciscere. A sword is ill trusted with (to) Male iratus ferrum cornan angry man. mitti. —SEN. de IJr. Socrates durst not trust himself Socrates non 3 aud6re sui with anger: I would beat thee, ira conmittere: (33) CGde're says he to his servant, if I were tu, servus ait, nisi 8esse iranot angry. tus. —Id. ibid. 1. 15. In. Many dangers hang over us Multus ego impendcre pericontinually. culum perpetub. Death hangs over men always, Mors homo, quasi saxum as the stone over Tantalus. Tantalus, semper impendire. -CIO. Fin. A good man envies nobody. Probus invidare nemo.CIc. Nothing is happy to him, over Nihil esse is beatus, qui whom some terror always hangs. semper aliquis terror (Gr. 636) impendare.-Id. To indulge pleasure is the be- Voluptas indulgire initium ginning of all mischiefs. esse malum omnis. —SN. So does the sick man hanker Sic interdictus imminire after waters being forbidden him. anger aqua.-Ov. It is a wretched thing to depend Miser esse alienus incum(lean) upon another man's repu- berefanca.-Juv. tation. Indulge your body so much as Coropus tantum indulgere, is sufficient to good health. quantum bonus valetido satis esse.-SEN. Bitter enemies deserve better Meliuis de ego mersri acerof us than those friends that (who) bus inimicus, quim is amicus indulge sins, and drive us into qui peccaturn indulgere, et mischief (fraud) by obsequious- obsequium ego in fraus imness. pellere.-Cic. Am. Fern [that is] to be burned Neglectus urendus filix ingrows in neglected fields. nasci ager. —HoR. He must (it behoves him to) de- (Gr. 423) Oport6re is qui nounce war against his lusts and (Gr. 636) velle esse bonus, pleasure, who would (who may bellum indicire cupiditas et wish to) be good. voluptas. 116 SYNTAX. Inter. God is amongst us. Interesse ego Deus.-Smx. God is present to our minds, Deus interesse animus nosand intervenes in the midst of our ter, et cogitatio medius interthoughts (to our middle thoughts). venire.-SEN. God, the beholder of all things, Deus speculator omnis teis present in darkness; is present nebrae interesse; interesse et also in our thoughts, [which are] animus noster, quasi alter as it were (as if) another darkness. tenebrea.-Mi-. FELIx. Ob. Youth creeps upon childhood, Adolescentia pueritia, adoold age upon youth. lescentia senectus obrepire.Cic. Sen. 2. Many uneasinesses (displeasing Multus pcenitendus occurthings) are met with by him that re're vivens diu.-PUBL. SYR. lives (occur to him living) long. It is not [the part] of a coura- Non esse (Gr. 364) magnanigeous man to expose himself to mus vir, offerre sui periculum dangers without cause, than which sine causa, (Gr. 467) qui nihil nothing can be more foolish. posse esse stultior. - Cic. 0ff. 1. Post. Children commonly value all Puer fere omnis lusus postthings less than (postpone all ponere. things to) play. Dost thou wonder, seeing thou Mirari, quum tu 77postpovaluest all things less than (post- nere omnis (pl.) nummurs, ponest all things to) money, that quod tu nullus (30) amare?nobody loves thee? HoR. _Proe. Friendship is better than (ex- Amicitia praestare propincels) relationship. quitas.-CIo. Am. 5. A good name is better than Existimatio bonus praestare (excels) riches. divitice. The soul is much better than Animus corpus multum (much excels) the body. prcestare.-Cio. Leg. Man far excels other living Homo longe prcestare caecreatures (other animals), and ter animans, et vir vir, in[one] man [another] man, an un- telligens stultus. derstanding man a fool. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 117 Prefer virtue to riches, friend- Prceferre virtus divitice, ship to money, and profitable amicitiapecunia, et utilisjuthings to pleasant. cundus. Prefer not thyself to others, Ne (25) prferre tu alius, because of abundance of fortune. propter abundantia fortuna. -CIO. Mars presides over arms. Marsprcesidere arma. —Ov. Sub. Nothing flourishes always: age Nihil semper florore; aetas succeeds age. succedere etas.-Cic. One world does not suffice the Unus Pellabus juvenis non Pellean young man. sufice're orbis.-Juv. It is a king-like thing, believe Regius, credere (Gr. 403) me, to help [those that are] ego, res esse succurrire lapfallen. sus.-Ov. Su.per. Mourning often comes in the Luctus seepe lctitia supermidst of mirth. venire. 402.-Some verbs compounded with these prepositions, sometimes, instead of the dative, govern the case of the preposition; such as ante-eo, -cedo, -cello, -venio, -verto; pr&-cedo, -curro, -verto, -sto, -gredior; sub-eo, &c. EXAMPLES. The nature of man exceeds all Natura homo omnis aniliving creatures (all animals). mans anteire.-Cic. They affect us with a kind of Admiratio quidam afficere, (with a certain) admiration, who qui anteire caeter virtus puare thought to go before others in tari.-CIc. Off. 2. virtue. Many have gone before us to Multus ego antecedere ad death, all the rest will follow us. more, omnis reliquus sequi.SEN. We are angry at God, because Deus (Gr. 403) irasci, qubd some one goes beyond us, forget- aliquis ego (30) antecedere, obting how many men are behind litus quantum (viii.) homo reus. Consider how many (by how tro (Gr. 627-5) esse. Consimuch) more thou goest before derare quanto pl2ures (Gr. than thou followest. 627-5) antecedeie quam (Gr. 627-5) sequi.-Id. 118 SYNTAX. English ]Ei'amples to be turned into Latin. We are all partakers of that reason and superiority by which we excel the brutes.-These adjoining gardens bring his memory to mzy?mind.-These things are reputable to those whose ran/a they suit. —Who can prefJr impious [persons] to religious?The spear of Casar brings both hope and confidence to many wicked men.-Antony desired to place a diadem on Ccesar.Many and various kinds of death hang over msankind.-This I cannot commend, that he did not relieve such, men.-The poets make a rock hang over Tantalus in the shades below.-Who first gave names to all things? —He prefers the pleasures of the belly to the gratification of the eyes and ears. 403.-V. Verbs govern the dative which signify to profit or hurt;-to favor or assist, and the contrary;-to command and obey, to serve and resist;-to threaten and to be angry;-to trust. Also Nos. 404, 405. 1. Verbs signifying to profit or hurt. Whosover shall spare the bad, Bonus nodere, quisquis does harm to the good. 6 parcere mnalus.-Id. Flattery can harm nobody, but Assentatio nocere posse him who delights in it (is delight- nemo, nisi is qui is delectari. ed with it). -Cic. de Arm. Many of our good things hurt Multus bonumrn noster ego us. nocre. —SEN. If you do good to any one for Si tuus ob causa quisqucarn your own sake, it is not to be (30) commodare, beneficium reckoned a favour, but usury. ille habendus non esse, sed fteneratio. —Cc. Other men's things please us Alienus ego, noster plus more, our things others. alius placere.-Pun. [That] is kept with great dan- Magnus periculum custoger, which pleases many. diri, qui ~multus placare. —Id. It is a commendation to dis-.falus displicire laus esse. please the bad. Let whatever has pleased God Placdre homo, quicquid please man. JDeus plaere. —SENr. Phrases. —Cons/ilo tibi, I consult for thee [thy good], or, I take care of thee. Tibi consultun solo I wish thy good. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 119 We ought to consult for peace. Pax consulere deb6re. Human affairs are taken care Dens providentia consfiil of (it is consulted for human af- res humanus.-CIa. fairs) by the providence of God. We ought to consult [for the Consulaere homo, et servire good] of men, and to be service- societas humanus, debere. able to human society. Nature teaches this, that [one] Natura hoe pr.escribere, ut man should wish the good of (wish homo horno consultumn (31) to consult for) [another] man. velle. —Cc. Og. 3. It is not so well [acted] with Non tam bene cum res huhuman affairs, that the best (bet- manus agi, ut melior plures ter) things should please the major (LIV.) (31) plactre; turba esse part; a multitude is an argument argumentum pessimus.-SEN. of the worst. 2. Verbs signifying to favour or assist, and their contraries. Pardon thou another often, ne- Ignoscere smcpe alter, nunver thyself. quam tu.-PuB. SYR. Pardon others many things, Ignoscire alius multus, nithyself nothing. hil tu. —Avs. All men love (study for) liberty Omnis libertas natura stuby nature. dare. Every one favours (studies) his Quisque suns studsre comown advantage. mrodum. We are soon satisfied in (please) Cit6 ego placare; optimus ourselves; we easily assent to those ego esse ant sapientissimus that affirm (affirming) that we are affirmans facile assentiri: very good or very wise: We are Adeb indculgere ego, ut lauso fond of (so indulge) ourselves, dari (LIV.) velle.-SEN. that we are willing to be praised. HIe that (who) hath taken this Qui sui (xvII.) hoe sumbre, upon (to) himself, to correct the ut mos (Liv.) (30) corrigere manners of others, and reprove alius, ac peccatum reprehensins, who would pardon him, if he dare, quis hie (31) ignoscere, himself should deviate from his si quis in res ipse ab offiduty in any thing? cium (38) declinare? i — c. Ver. 3. They are easily pardoned (it is Ile facile (impors.) ignosci, easily pardoned to them) who do qui non perseverare, sed ab not endeavour to persist in, but erratum sui revocare moliri. to recall themselves from their C-Oo. error. 120 SYNTAX. ]Many great men have lamented Plorare suns non respondere that favour did not answer their favor multus homo summus merits. rneritu u. — o. 3. Verbs signifying to command, obey, serve, or resist. To govern thy passion and thy Mcloderari animus et oratio tongue, when thou art angry, is quum (Gr. 630) esse iratus, [a piece of] great wisdom. magnus sapientia (xrr.) esse. -CIc. He is not happy, who does not Non esse beatus, esse sui think himself to be so, though he [beatum] qui non putare, licet commands the world. (LIV.) im2perare rnundus.-S. Wise men command their lusts, Sapiens imperctre cupiditas which others serve. suus, gui crater servire.-Cic. Temperance commands plea- Temperantia ol2uptas imsures. perare.-SEN. Rule thy tongue. Lingua temeperare.-PL. How shall he command others, Quomodo alius inzperarge, who cannot command his own qui non posse imTperare cupilusts? ditas suus? —Cc. Par. 5. To obey God, is liberty. -Deus parjre, libertas esse. -SEN. Every thing obeys riches. Omnis res divitice parare. — HOR. Let the appetite obey reason. Appetitus obtemyerare ratio. Honesty at the present offends Fides in prmesentia is qui those whom it opposes; after- resistere, offendere; deinde wards it is commended by those ab ille ipse laudari.-PLIN. very persons. Ep. 3. 9. No power can withstand the Odium multus nullus opes hatred of many. posse obsiste're.-Cic. The mind ought to obey rea- Parere debere animus rason, and to follow whither that tio, et qub illa (LIV.) ducere leads. sequi.-CIa. Tuse. 2. Let arms give place (yield) to Cedere arma toga.-CIa. the gown. Dissembling is repugnant to Simulatio repugnare amiopposes) friendship. citia. Be not a slave to passion, which Ne servire irgacundia, gui you ought to resist. deb6re resist re. He is to be accounted free who Liber is existimandus esse, is a slave to no baseness. qui nullus turpitudo servire. -Ad Her. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 121 He is not to be accounted a Non esse liber habendus, ree, Lman] who obeys his lusts. qui ctupiditas obedire.-CIc. Par. We do not easily withstand the Non facile obsistere hblanallurements of pleasure. ditice voluptas.-C-Ic. Sen. Do not (be unwilling to) com- Nolle obsiqui amicuts posply [with] a friend requiring any tulans a tu aliquis qui non thing of thee which is not right. (Lv.) esse rectus.-C-i. de A4M. All is in this, that thou shouldst Totumn in is esse, ut tn, command thyself. (LIV.) im2perare.-Cic. When it is advised, that we Quhmlm pracipi, ut egonmet should commland ourselves, this is ipse (31) igmperare, hoc prladvised, that reason should re- clpi, ut ratio (31) coerc6re testrain rashness, and should com- meritas, imeperacreque inferior mand the inferior part of the pars animus. —CI. Tusc. 2. soul. He that (who) shall not mode- Qui non mzoderari i ra, inrate his passion (anger), will wish fectus velle esse, dolor qui that to be undone which resent- 6 suad6re.-HoR. merit shall put him upon (shall have advised). He that does not withstand in- Qui non obsiste'e inj'uria jury, if he can, is in fault as well si posse, tam esse in vitium as if he should do injury. qumin si injuria (31)inferre. -CIC. Off. 1. Withstand beginnings: a cure P~rincipiumn obstacre: serb's prepared too late, when mis- medicina parari, qauhm machiefs are grown strong through lurn per longus (14) invaleslong delays. cere mora.-Ov. The body in.ust (is to) be exer- Exercendus esse corpus, et cised, and so disposed, that it may, its afficiendus, ut obedire ra(be able to) obey reason. tio posse.-Cic. Off. 1. 4. Verbs signifying to thQeaten, or to be angry with. He threatens many who does ultuts minari, qui unus injury to one. facere injuiia. -PB. There is a great part of men Magnus pars homo esse, which is not angry with the qui non peccateun, sed pecfaults, but with the offenders. cans irasci.- SN. It is [the part] of a madman Demens (xii.) esse hic irato be angry with those things sci, qui (xxv.) anima car6re, -which are without (want) life, or aut mutus animal.-Id. with dumb animals. 6 122 SYNTAX. How foolish a thing is it to be Quam stultus esse hie { trcsangry with those things which ci, qui ira noster nec mer6re, neither have deserved, nor are nec sentire?-SEN. sensible of our anger? It signifies (it is for) nothing to De nihilo esse ille irasci, be angry with him who does not qui tu non flocci (Gr. 498) value thee a rush. facere. —PL. Anger is nothing better, often Ira nihilo melior (xxiv.) worse, than those faults at which smpe pejor esse, hic delictum it is angry. qui irasCi. —SEN. Thou oughtest not to have been Non (36) deb6re graviter very angry at so small a fault. (Gr. 668. n. 2) irasci tantulus peccaturn. It is recorded (it is transmitted Memoria prodi (xxxII.) Pito memory), that Pisistratus, when sistratus, quum multus in crua certain drunken guest had said delitas is, ebrius quidam conmany things against his cruelty, viva (39) dicere, dicere, non said, that he was no more angry magis sui ille succensere, qluam at him, than if one had run against si quis obligatus oculus in sui him being blindfolded (with his (39) incurrere.-SEx. eyes tied up). A partial esteem of ourselves Iniquus ego estimatio iramakes us passionate, and we are cundus ego facire, et qui fanot willing to suffer those things ctre (33) (LV.) velle, pati nolle. which we would (wish to) do. Quin is locus ego constituire, But let us set ourselves in that qui ille esse qui irasci.-Id. place in which he is with whom we are angry. 5. Verbs signifying to trust. Beware, lest thou trust thyself Cav6re, ne nimium tu (LIV.) too much. confidgre.-Cio. Let nobody trust too much to Nemo confidtire nimium seprosperity (prosperous things). cundle res.-SEN. Believe not any one more than Ne quis de tu plus quam yourself of yourself. tu (25) credere.-HoR. We are wont not to believe a 3iendax homo ne verum lying person even when he speaks quidem dicens credere solere. (speaking) truth. -CIa. D)iv. 2. Men believe their eyes more Homo amplius oculus quam than their ears. auris cTredgre.-SEx. No fortune is more dangerously Nullus fortunca minus bene trusted (it is trusted to no fortune (imp.) credi, quhm optimus. less well) than [to] very good. — SEN. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 123 Guardianship is to be managed Tutela ad is utilitas qui to the advantage of those who are commissus esse (alicui), non committed to trust, not [to the ad is, qui cornmissus esse, geadvantage] of them to whom it is rendus esse.-Cic. Off. 1. committed. It is not safe to believe (it is not Non bene fama (imp.) crewell trusted to) fame; she is often dei; esse mendax is sape, et a liar, and feigns many things. plurimus fingere. We ought not quickly to believe Non debere citb credere those things, which are told us hie, qui narrari de quisquam concerning any one's backbitings. obtrectatio.-SEN. de ir. 406.-So great calamities threat- Tantus in tu impendmre en you. ruina. Though on every side all ter- Licet undique omnis in ego rors threaten me. terror 7 impendire. They wish their days and months Suns dies mensisque conto agree with the course of the gruere velle cum sol lunaque sun and moon. ratio. 408.-The English word to, after a verb of motion, is commonly made by the preposition ad or in followed by an accusative; thus, A part of Gaul inclines to the Pars Gallia vergre acd Sepnorth. tentrio. The desire of dominion incites Cupido imperium duo cogtwo kindred and neighbouring natus vicinusque populus ad nations to arms. arma stimuzlre. It belongs to parents and teach- Attinire ad parens et preeers to exhort children to patience, ceptor hortari puer ad patipeace, and concord, though they entia, pax, et concordia etiambe provoked to fightings. si (30) lacessi ad pugna. Apply thyself to the study of Applicare tu ad studium learning and virtue, which tends doctrina et virtus, qui specto thy praise and happiness. tare ad laus et felicitas tuns. The loadstone draws iron to it- Magnes ferrum ad sui alliself. cese.-CIC. Later or sooner we [all] haste Serius aut citiis sedes proto one place. perare ad unus.-Ov. We are all drawn to the desire Omnis tram7 ad cognitio of knowledge. cupiditas.-(CiO. It is very laudable to apply Honestissimus esse divitiae riches to beneficence and libera- ad beneficentia et liberalitas lity. econferre.-Crc. Off. 1. 124 SYNTAX. We were born for society and Ad societas et communitas the community of mankind (of the genus humanus 8 nacci, itahuman race), and therefore we que semper aliquid ad cornought always to contribute some- munis utilitas deb6re afferrie. thing to the common advantage. -Cic. There are two things that most Duo res esse qui homo of all put men upon (which chief- maximn impellere ad malely impel men to) mischief, luxury ficium, luxuries et avaritia. and covetousness. -Ad Heren. Thou oughtest to apply thy Ad homo utilitas prudenprudence and understanding to tia et intelligentia tuus conthe good of men. ferre debere. English Examvples to be turned into Latin. I desire to assist that ccompany in whatever things 71 can.It is not allowable for the sake of one's own advantage to hurt another.-I favoured the commonwealth which I have always favoured, and your dignity and glory. —I will overcome my disposition and command myself.-He commands those desires which others obey. —He opposed the designs of the daring with authority.-That softer part of his soul submits to reason as a modest soldier [submits] to a severe commander. —He obeys himself and follows his own rules. —He threatens the same punishment to the best citizens. —Marcellinus was angry with you. —I am by no means accustomed to be rashly angry with my friends. —You say indeed many things, but no one believes you.-I recommend myself entirely to your love and affection. 409. —RuLE XVIII. An impersonal verb governs the dative. Also 410. Thou mayest (it is lawful for Licare tu esse (Gr. 827) bothee to) be good and happy. nus et beatus. Thou mayest not (it is not law- Non licare tu commodum ful for thee to) hurt another for tuuns (xxxv.) causa nocere the sake of thy own advantage. (Gr. 403) alter.-CIo. A good man is not at liberty Vir bonus non licre non (it is not lawful for a good man) reddere beneficium, si modo not to return a kindness if only is facere (31) posse.-lld. he can do it. A man may (it is lawful for a Licare homo sine luxuria man to) keep a holiday without agere festus dies. —Sl. luxury. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 125 He that (to whom it) agrees Qui cum paupertas bene well with poverty, is rich. convenire, dives esse.-SEN. That only wbich is honest is Honestum solus bonus esse, good, as the Stoics are of opinion ut Stoicus _placare.-Cic. Off. (honesty only is good as it pleases 3. the Stoics). 410.-An intransitive verb may be changed into the impersonal in tur (Gr. 223-3), when the subject of the verb is a word signifying a multitude (as, multi, omnes, &c.); or any one whoever (as, quivis, ullus, aliquis, quisquamn, &c.); as, fietur, i. e. ab omnibus, for lent omnnes, they all weep. Vivitur exiguo melisis, for Homo vivit exiguo,neli3zs a man (i. e. any one) lives better with a little. (Gr. 410. Expl.) Through virtue men go to hea- Per virtus iri ad astrum; ven (it is gone to the stars). for homines eunt. A man does.not live (it is not Non tutb et sine metus vivi lived) safely, and without fear, sine amicitia; i. e. Non ullus without friendship. vivit. A man does not live (it is not Non jucunde sivi, nisi salived) pleasantly, unless he live pienter, honeste, justaque (unless it be lived) wisely, honest- (30) vivi. ly, and justly. War is to be undertaken, that Suscipiendus esse bellum, we may live (that it may be lived) ut in pax sine injuria (LIV.) in peace without injury. vivi. —Ca. The advantages of others are Invidiri commodum (Gr envied (it is envied to, &c.). 403) alius.-Id. Men sin (it is sinned) every.Peecari ubique. where. They sin (it is sinned) within Iliacus intra murus peccari the Trojan walls and without. et extra. —HoR. No prudent man (nobody pru- Nemo prudens punire, quia dent) punishes, because an offence 3 peccari, sed ne (LIV.) pechas been committed (it has been cari.-SEN. de Ir. sinned), but that offences may not be committed (lest it may be sinned). Men offend (it is sinned) against Peccari in justitia duo justice two ways, both by doing (xxxv.) modus, et inferendus injury and by omitting of defend- (LXII.) injuria, et prsetermiting. tendus (LXII.) defensio.-CcIa. The foundations of justice are, Fundamentum esse justifirst, that nobody be hurt (that it tia, primuim (Gr. 403) nequis be hurt to no one), then that the (31) noceri, deinde ut com 126 SYNTAX. common good be consulted (that munis (Gr. 403) utilitas (31) service be done to the common serviri.-Cic. good). The discourse shows a fault to Sermo vitium inesse mos be in the manners, when people indicare, quum studiose de are forward to speak (it is spoken absens detrahere (xxxv.) cauforwardly) of the absent for the sa dici.-Id. sake of detraction (of detracting). Through the vices of men they Homo (xxxv.) vitium ad come (it is come) to battles. prmelium 3 veniri.-Prop. 2. The pupil may be accustomed to vary these passive imper'sonals by the active voice. 411.-These verbs potest, e03pit, incipit, desinit, debet, and solet before the infinitive of impersonals, become impersonal also; as, non potest credi tibi, " you cannot be believed." Through virtue men may go to Per virtus posse iri ad asheaven (it may be gone to the trum. stars). A man cannot live (it cannot be Non posse vivi tuto sine lived) safely without friendship., amicitia.-CIc. Fin. 2. A man cannot live (it cannot Non posse jucunde vivi, be lived) pleasantly, unless he live nisi sapienter, honestY, juste(unless it be lived) wisely, honest- que (30) vivi. —Ci. Fin. 1. ly, and justly. Men are wont to sin (it is wont Solere peccari ubique. to be sinned) every where. It uses to concern the public. Solre interesse respublica. I begin to be ashamed (it be- Incipre pezudre ego peccagins to ashame me) of my fault. tum meus. I ought to be sorry (it ought to Debbre 2penitore ego peccagrieve me) for my fault. tum meus. Cease to be dissatisfied with D)esinere po3nitfre tu sors (let it cease to repent thee of) thy tuus. condition. Do nothing which thou mayest Nihil (25) facere, qui tu repent of (it may repent thee of). poenzitre (Lv.) posse.-CIO. They ought to be sorry for (it Ineptie suus is pcnait e ought to repent them of) their deb&re. fooleries. The praise and glory of others Alius laus et gloria (Gr. uses to be envied (it uses to be 403) in idfri soldre. —Cc. envied to the praise, &c.). DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 127 Thou oughtest to pity (it ought Debire miserare tu egenus. to pity thee of) the needy. It often uses to happen ill to Soepe soleqre mal8 evenire good men, and very well to the bonus, et optima improbus. bad (Gr. 398.) Faime cannot well be believed Non posse bene credi (Gr. (it cannot be well trusted to fame). 403) fama. It is very great folly to be af- Summus esse stultltla mceflicted with grief, when thou art ror confici, quum (30)intelsensible (understandest) that no ligere nihil posse profi[ci.good can be done (by it). Cic. Tuse. 3. One cannot come (it cannot be Sine liberalis studium ad colne) to wisdom without the libe- sapientia veniri non posse.raI studies. SEN. Long time demolishes every Nihil non longus demoliri thing.: But wisdom cannot be aetas: At sapientia (Gr. 403) harmed (it cannot be hurt to wis- nociri non posse. domll). Men. cannot dispute (it cannot Curm ira ant pertinacia recbe disputed) well with passionate- te disputari non posse.-CIc. iness or obstinacy. 1. Fin. I could never be persuaded (it Ego nunquam persuaderi could never be persuaded to me) posse, animus, quum ex hic that souls died when they were corpus mortalis (39) exire, gone out of these mortal bodies. em6ri.-Coc. de Sen. God uses to consult and provide Non universus solum genot only for all mankind, but also nus homo, sed etiam singuli, obr each particular man (it uses a Dens consdli et providiri to be consulted and provided by solire. —Ci. N2at. D. God not only for the whole race of men, but also for particular persons). 412.-Impersonal verbs have sometimes a nominative case before them. Candid peace becomes men, Candidus pax homo, trux cruel anger wild beasts. decere ira fera.-Ov. If any thing is unbecoming in Si quid dedecere in alius, others, let us tvoid it ourselves. vitare ipse.-CmI. Off. 2. We see more in others than in Magis in alius cernere, ourselves, if any fault is com- quaam in egomet ipse, si quid nmitted. delinqui.-I-d. 128 SYNTAX. ]3eware the day b)efore, lest thou Pridie (25) cav-rel~ nea'1'shouldst (laayest) do thlat which cere qlui tu pigyre postridie, may trouble thee the day after. -PLAUT. That which is allowed is un- Qui licre, ingzratus ee.pleasing. Ov. Half of our time is slept away. Dimidim. T 4,tas noster In the longest life there is very edormziri. In lolgisiSuIs vilittle time that is lived. ta minimum esse qui sivin.SEN. p. 99. Whatever sin is committed by Quicquicd multus eCCear'i, many is unpunished. inultus esse. —Lue In injuring the life of a father, In pater vita (72) vola-ndus many sins are committed. invmtu, peccari.-CIc. Pra,. 2, N. B. Most impersonal verbs have a nominative case expr-essedc or understood, or something in place of it. 2eferr, inteeast, decet, delectat, juvat, o]9portet, libet, licet, &c., have an -nfinitive mood or clause answering to the question wvho or q what that supplies the place of a nominative case to them; as, What is the concern of subjects? Ans. To obey the laws. And so in the other examples at Rule xvIII, Ex. I, II, III. There aile, however- c saome impersonal verbs that have no nominative or subject uinderstoott. such as pluit, gelat, and the like; but especially passive iilapersonals; as cz'ritur, sta-tur, &c., the design of these verbs being nothing else but to express the bare thing or action itself, without the least regard to any person or suppositumn. (Gr. 4.13 Obs. 3.) EXCEPTIONS. 41 5. —Exc. L efert and inere.st gove:n the genitive. It is the concern of (it con-'ivis referve lex (Gr. 399) cerns) subjects to obey the laws. obtemperare. It is the concern of (it concerns) Interesse omnis dare opera all men to endeavour (to use en- virtus. deavour) for virtue. It very much concerns the pub- Vehementer interesse res'lic, that all should consult for publica, ut omnis (31) conpeace and concord. sulere pax et concordia. It much concerns the common Multuml interesse utilitas good, that youth be well edu- communis, juventus prob'U cated. institui. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 209 It is of very great importance Plurimum referre composiin composing (it very much con- tio quis (Gr. 399) quis (Gr. cerns composition), which [words] 627-5) anteponere.-QUINcT. you put before others (which). When king Lysimachus threat- Quum rex Lysimachus ened the cross to Theodorus, It is (xxix.) Theodorus crux all one to (it nothing concerns) (32) minari, Theodorus, inTheodorus, says he, whether he quit, nihil interesse (Gr. 559) rots on the ground or on high. humusne, an sublime (Gr. 627-5) putrescere.-C. Tusc.1. 416.-But instead of the genitives ~mei, tai, sti, &c., the possessives mea, ta, suac, nostra, vestra, are used. It concerns thee not to believe TSus referre non temere rashly. credere. That which thou dost well, Bene qui facere, tu fa'cere; thou dost forthyself; it concerns tuus is referre maxime. — thee most. PLAUT. Who is there that does not love Quis esse, qui pudor in modesty in youth, though it does adolescentia, etiamsi suzs ninothing concern him? hil (30) interesse, non (Lv.) diligire? —Ca. Fin. Cease to ask that which nothing Tuus qui nihil interesse, concerns thee. percontari desinere.-TER. 419. —Exo. II. These five, miseret, pewnitet, pudet, tcedet, and piqet, govern the accusative of the immediate, with the genitive of the remote object. Also No. 420. I am ashamed (it ashames me) Pudere ego peocatum meus. of my fault. He that is sorry for (he whom Quii poenitere peccatum, it repents of) a fault is almost prene esse innocens.-SEN. innocent. I judge him worthy of punish- Qui non pudere peccatum, ment, who is not ashamed (whom hic pcena dignus judicare.it does not ashame) of his fault. CGl. de Or. He doubles the sin, that is not Geminare peccatum, qui ashamed (whom it does not a- delictum non pudre. — io. shame) of his fault. 6* 130 SYNTAX. I am sorry for and ashamed Ego stultitia meus pigeihr (it grieves and ashames me) of etp2udire. —CI. my folly. Is he concerned for (does it Num factiun (eum) pu. ashame him of) the fact? dire?-TER. There are- some men that are Esse homo, qui li6ido inneither weary nor ashamed (whom famiaque suus neque (Lv.) it neither wearies nor ashames) taedere, neque (LV.) pudere.of their lust and infamy. CIo. Pity thou (let it pity thee of) Xiserere tu egenus. the needy. They that have lived otherwise Is, qui, secus qutm 8 dethan became them, are most sorry care, vivere, peccatum suus, for (it most repents those who (LX.) mors appropinquans, have lived, &c. of) their sins maxime pownitere.-CIc. Div. when death approaches (death 1. approaching). I am not very much dissatisfied Ego meus fortuna non niwith (it does not repent me very mis pwenitere.-Cic. much of) my fortune. Every one is dissatisfied with Suus guisque sors pwnitere. (it repents every one of) his own -CIc. lot. If thou art sorry for (if it re- Si tue peccatum tuus panipents thee of) thy fault, thou wilt tEre, cavere ne quid talis posttake care not to (lest thou) com- hac (31) committire. - CIc. mit any such thing hereafter. Off. 1. Note.-An infinitive mood sometimes supplies the place of the genitive. (Gr. 421, Obs. 7.) He is almost innocent, who re- Qui paeniterepeccare, pane. pents (whom it repents) that he esse innocens.-SEN. has sinned. Art thou not ashamed (does it Non pudire: tu reliquiie not ashame thee) to allot the re- vita virtus et bonus mens licts (leavings) of life to virtue destinare — Id. and a good mind? I am not ashamed (it does not Non ego pudire fatri [me] ashame me) to confess that I do not nescire [id] qui (Gr. 656) neknow that which I do not know. scire.-Cic. There is no fear lest thou Non metus/ officium ne tue shouldst repent (lest it should re- certare prior (LIV.) pomitire. pent thee) that thou hast striven — ViG. in kindness first. DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 131 423.-Exc. III. Decet, deleetct, jwvat, and oportet, govern the accusative of a person with the infinitive. It becomes a young man to be Deeire adolescens esse veremodest. cundus.-PLAIJT. There are [some] that delight Esse qui (Gr. 638) delec(whom it delights) to lead an idle tare segnis traducelre vita. life. And there are [some] that de- Et esse qui (Gr. 399) stulight (whom it delights) to ply dium invigilare (Gr. 638) their studies. juvare. We must (it behoves us to) Ex malum minlimus oporchoose the least of evils. tere (nos) eligere.-CIa. He ought (it behoves him) to Impetrare oportet is, qui obtain, who asks a reasonable cequus postulare.-PLAuT. thing. Integrity and innocence ought Integritas atque innocentia (it behoves integrity, &c.) to be in esse oportere in is, qui alter him that (who) accuses another. accusare. —Cic. He that accuses another of dis- Qui alter incusare probrum, honesty ought (it behoves him is ipse sui intueri oportere.who, &c.) to look upon himself. PLAsT. Men ought (it behoves men) to Homo existimare oportere, reckon that God sees all things, Deus omnis cernere, omnis that all things are full of God. Deus plenus esse. Thales said that men ought Thales 3dicere, homo ex(that it behoved men) to reckon istimare oportsre, Deus omthat God sees all things, &c. nis cernere, &c.-CIC. 2 Leg. All people ought (it behoves all Omsnis, quum secundus res people) then most of all to medi- esse maxime, tum maxime tate with themselves how to (by sui cum meditari oportere, what means they may) bear ad- quis pactum (xxxv.) adversus verse calamity when things are merumna (Gr. 627-5) ferre. — most prosperous. TEP. Thou oughtest (it behoves thee) Esse'oportere (te), ut vito eat, that thou mayest live; not vere; non vivere ut esse.to live, that thou mayest eat. Ad Eeren. Oportet elegantly has the subjunctive (ut being understood) with a nominative. (Gr. 425.) Thy mind must (it behoves that Animus tuus oportere sui thy mind) judge itself rich, not (30)judicare dives, non homr the speech of men, not thy pos- sermo, non possessio tuus.sessions. CI. Par. 1 3 2 SYNTAX. Thou must (it behoves that Ego ipse [ut tu] (30)camanre thou) love me myself, not my oportire, non meus, si verus things, if we are (about) to be amicus futurus sum.-CIc. true fiiends. Fin. 1. Every one must -take care (it Sui quisgque (30)consu7'ere behoves that every one consult) oportre. —Cic. tbr himself. Place not the hope of thy af- Nec spes ponere. res tuus fairs in the rewards of men (in in prsemium humanus; suus human rewards); virtue itself tu illecebrse oportre ipse virought to (it behoves that virtue tus (30) trcahre ad verus de itself) draw thee to true honour cus. —Ci. Sorn. Scip. by its own charms. Things to be observed concerning Impe~rsonal Verbs. Note 1.-The word that seems to be the nominative case in English is frequently such case in Latin as the impersonal verb has after it; as, I may, licet mnihi; I am at leisure, vacat mihi; I repent, pcenitet me; I am ashamed, pudet me; I am weary, tcedet me, If you please, si placet tibi. NTote 2.-But if must or ought be rendered by oportet, the nominative case to must or ought in English must in Latin be put to the verb following, and made such case as that requires before it; as, I must go, oportet me ire, or ut ego eam. See examples above in Exe. III. Note 3.-If the verb following be impersonal, the nominative case to must or ought must be such case in Latin as the impersonal requires after it; as, Oportet credi mihi, I ought -to be believed. A witness being an enemy must Inimicus testis eredi non not be believed. (It ought not to oportare.-CIa. be trusted to a witness being an enemy.) When one shall have once for- Ubi semel quis 6 pejerare, sworn himself, he ought not to be is credi postea non oportire. believed afterwards. (it ought not — Ca. to be trusted to him afterwards). English ExaImples to be turned into Latin..t by no means becomes anM orator to be in a passion.-Holiesty is the only excellency as the Stoics are of opinion (as it pleases DATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 133 the Stolcs). —-It is laowfil for no man to sin.-If you are tired of such citizens, show it.-I am quite tired of my life, all things are so very full of the utmost distress.-Neither myself nor others shall repent of my industry. — Indeed I am not ashamed of'you, whose memory I have always admired, but (I am ashamed) of C6hrysippus.-I am grieved for the very walls and buildings.It is of great consequence to Cicero that I should be present (Gr. 671) at his studies.-It is of great consequence to your private affairs that you come (Gr. 671) as soon as possible.-It pleases ame very much that you are of a cheerful mind. —2. You ought long since, Catiline, 11 to have been dragged to death at the command of the consul.- You ought to be well furnished with the precepts of philosophy. 427. —RULE XIX. The verbs sum, do, habeo, and some others, with the dative of the object, govern also the dative of the end or design. Also No. 428. N2ote.-Some other verbs, as, fores, do, duco, verto, tribuo, habeo, relinquo, &c., also govern two datives. Letters are a remedy for forget- Literas bb subsidium b oblifulness, vio a esse. Covetousness is a great mischief Magnus bb malum b homo to men, a esse avaritia. Every one minds his own plea- bb Cura a esse suus b utis sure (his own pleasure is for a care que voluptas. —Ov. to every one). Cruelty is hated by (is for ha- b Omnis a esse bb odium crutred to) all, and piety and cle- delitas, et bbamor pietas et mency beloved by (for love to) all. dementia. There ig nothing that (which) Nihil esse, qui tu major can be a greater advantage, and a bbfructus, et major bbgloria greater glory to thee, than to do a esse (Gr. 639) posse, qutm kindnesses to (to deserve well of) bene merbri de quam plurias many as may be. mus. —CI. Ep. PFam. 10, 5. Go on, young men, as you do, Pergere, ut facere, adoles and pursue (apply to) the study scens, atqlue incumbere in of learning; that you may (be studium doctrina; ut b tu able to) be an honour to your- bb honor, et b amicus bb Utili selves, and a benefit to your tas, et brespublica bbemolufriends, and an advantage to the mentumn esse (Liv.) posse.public. Cic. de Or. 134 SYNTAX. It is not only to be reckoned Qui noctre alius (Gr. 403) (given) not a commendation, but ut prodesse alius, b hie non even a fault, to them that (who) modb non bb laus, verim injure one, that they may do good etiam bb Vitiuln a dandus esse. to another. -GCI. Off. 1. The dative of the person is sometimes understood. (Gr. 432.). EXAMPLES. That which thou spendest in' Qui in res divinus (Gr. 644) religion [divine things] is gain. sumeSre, bblucrum a esse [btibi]. — PLAUT. All men hate injustice (have in- Omnis bbodiumn ahabire injustice for hatred to themselves). juria [b sibi]. English Examples to be turned into Latin. I wish that thing 7nmay be a satisfaction to him.-T Let him have myselffor his example.-Apply then for (seek) that office in which 7 you can be of great service to ne. —He was of great /use both to me and ny brother Quintus.-A large house often becomes a disgrace to the owner.-To go upon the stage and to be a spectacle to the people, twas a disgrace to nobody in these nations. CONSTRUCTION OF THIE ACCUSATIVE. ACCUSATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 436.-RULE XX. A transitive verb in the active voice governs the accusative. SPECIAL RULES. 437.-I. A transitive deponent verb governs the accusative. Beware of'intemperance. Cavare intemperantia. Wealth finds friends. Res amicus invenireo Complaisance begets friends, Obsequium amicus, veritas [plain] truth hatred. odium paretre.-TER. ACCUSATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 13; A life well spent makes old age Vita bene actus jucundus pleasant. efficere senectus. Benefits get friends, and [one] Beneficium par er amicus, good turn begets [another] good et gratia gratia parere. turn. Use makes artists. Ususfacere artifex.-Ov. Anger begets hatred. Ira odium generare. Love overcomes all difficulties. Vincere amor omnis difflCultas. —Cic. Time consumes iron and stone. Consumere ferrumn lapisque vetustas.-Ov. Care follows increasing money. Crescens sequi cura pecunia.-Hop. One night awaits all men. Nox man~re runus omeis.Id. Can riches make a man wise? Divitiene hiomo prudens reddere posse? —ld. Riches change [men's] minds, Divitime mutare animus, breed pride and arrogance, pro- superbia et arrogantia pacure envy. rere, invidia eontrahiere... Men see the advantages of Emolumentun, res turpis base things with fallacious judg- fallax judicium sidcre homo, ments, they do not see the pun- pona non vidcre.-Cic. Off. ishment. 3. Virtue both gives quiet of life, Virtus et vita tranquillitas and takes away the terror of largiri, et terror mors toldeath. lere.-Cic. Do not thou lay down thy eyes Ne priihs in dulcis (25)defor sweet sleep, before (sooner dlinare lumen somnus, omthan) thou hast recounted all the nis quam longus 6 reputare actions of the long day. actum dies.-Aus. Keep thy mind, eyes, hands, Ab alienus'mens, oculus, friom other men's things. manus, abstinare. —Cic. A stomach, seldom fasting, dis- Jejunus rarb stomachus dains ordinary things. vulgaris temneire. —Hort. We ought to beware lest those Cav6re (Gr. 699) esse, ne vices deceive us which seem to (Liv.) fallere ego is vitium, imitate virtue. For knavery imi- qui virtus vid6ri imitari. tates prudence, pride greatness Nam prudentia malitia, magof mind, prodigality liberalness, nitudo animus superbia, iifool-hardiness valour, and super- beralitas effusio, fortitudo stition religiousness. audacia, et religio superstitio imitari. —Cc. Or. Partit. I will leave your dreams; I Relinquire somnium tuus; will proceed to your crimes. venire ad scelus. —(c. 136 SYNTAX. 438.-II. An intransitive verb may govern a noun of kindred signification in the accusative. Also [No. 439. He that will live a happy life, Qui beatus vita vivere 5 vole must (it behoves him who shall le, is virtus prsaditus (831) esse wish to live a happy life, that he) oport6re.-SEN. be endued with virtue. It is but a small part of life Exiguus pars esse vita gui which we live. ego viVefe. —SEN. [That time] which we live is Punctum esse, qui vuiere, but a moment, and less than a et punctum minus.-SEN. moment. He serves a very miserable sla- iMiserrimus servire servitus, very who serves his lusts. qui servire (Gr. 403) cupiditas suus. English Exanmples to be turned into Latin., The voluntary virtues sur'pass the virtues not voluntary.No one avoids pleasure itself, because it 7is pleasure.-All men 3 admired his diligence and acknowledged his genius.-When he says " Know thyself," he says "Know thy own mind." —Drive that rascal from those places. —Observe the sorrow and grief of all these persons.-They lost not only their goods but their honour also.-Your ancestors first conquered all Italy.-Time does not only not lessen this grief, but even increases it. —There is no one so old who 7 does not think he may live a year.-They will live a safer life under my protection.-Why have they not run the same course at this time which they ran before? 440.-Obs. 1. Verbs signifying to name, choose, appoint, constitute, and the like besides the accusative of the object, take also the accusative of the name, office, character, &c., ascribed to it. All such verbs, in the passive, have the same case after, as before them. (Gr. 320.) Antony called his flight victory, Antonius fuga suus quia because he had escaped alive. vivus exire victorqia vocdre. The Julian clan calls Iulus the Iulus gens Julius autor nofounder of their name. men suus nuncupdre. The people made Ancus Mar- Ancus farcius rex popucius king. lus credre. ACCUSATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 137 The recollection of pleasures Voluptas perceptus recorenjoyed renders life happy. datio vita beatusfacere. Wisdom offers herself to us as Sapientia certus sui ego the surest guide to pleasure. duzx prabere ad voluptas. Ancus Ma'rcius was made king Ancus Macrcius rex a popuby the people. lo creari. Thunder on the left is reckoned.Funmen sinister auspicium a very good omen on all occasions optimus haberi ad omnis res except at elections. prsaterquam ad coinitia. Homer, Virgil, and Horace, are Homerus, Virgilius, et Hojustly esteemed most excellent ratius, bonus poeta merito poets. existimari. 441. —Obs. 2. A certain Ely- Elysius quidam graviter sins was bitterly lamenting the filinus mnors mcerere. death of his son. Permit me first to give vent to Hic sinere ego furere ante this fury. faroprem. What fish would taste like the Quis piscis sacpre ipse sea itself. mare. The sweet muses have usually Vinum (pl.) fere dulces smelt of wine in the morning. olres mane Camnee. 442.-EHistory ought not to go Historia non debere egredi beyond the truth. supra veritas. We will go hence,. some to the Ego hinc, alius sitiens ire parched Afi'icans, part to Scythia, Afri; pars Scythia, et rapiand we will come to the rapid dus Cretme Oaxes venire, et Oaxis of Crete, and to the Britons penitus totus divisus orbis *far separated fiom the whole Britannus.-VIRG. Su. ad. world. 443 —The accusative after many verbs depends on a preposition with which they are compounded. 1st. The planet Venus is called Stella Venus Lucifer dici Lucifer when it goes before the quum antegredi sol. sun. The Venetians dwell around a Veneti sinus circumeolgre gulf of the sea. mare. Apollonius laughed at philoso- Apollohius irridire philophy. sophia. The Samnites descend into the Samnis descendere in planiplain which lies between Capua ties qui Capua Tifataquee inand Tifata. terjacdre.'The Euphrates flows through Euphrates Babylonia methe midst of Babylon. dius permneare. 138 -SYNTAX. 2d. Cmsar leads his army across Caesar exercitus Liger trcansthe Loire, and reaches the terri- ducere atque in Bituriges finis tories of the Bituriges. pervenire. Hannibal led ninety thousand Nonaginta millepedes, duoinfantry [and] twelve thousand decim mille eques Hannibal cavalry across the Ebro. Iberus traducere. Caesar conveyed a great part of Equitum magnus pars fluthe cavalry across the river. men Caesar trajicere. 445.-R-ULE., The infinitive mood or part of a sentence is often used as the object of a transitive verb instead of the accusative. Tarquin resolved to send to Tarquinius Delphi mnittere Delphi. statuire. Caesar gave orders to advance Signum inferre et manithe standards, and extend the pulus laxare Caesar 3jubare. maniples. I wish to leave the city before Exire ex urbs priusquam it dawns. lucescere velle. Dic~earchus wishes to make out Dicaearchus velle efficere that souls are mortal. animus esse mortalis. The philosopher will show that Hagnus esse sol philosothe sun is great. phus probare. I desire to know what you Quis de is 7cogitare scire think of these things. velle. I wish to be a judge, not a Judex 4ego esse, non doctor teacher. velle. I wish you would answer me. Velle ut 3 ego 7 respondtre. CONSTRUCTION OF THE VOCATIVE. The vocative is used to designate the person or thing addressed, but forms no part of the proposition with which it stands, and it is used either with or without an interjection. (Gr. 448.) 449. —RULE XXI. The interjections, 0, Aem,, and proh (pro), are construed with the vocative. Then thou, 0 Jupiter, wilt drive Tum tu, Jupiter, hic et hie him and his associates from thy socius, a tuus ara arcre. altars. ABLATIVE AFTER NOUNS. 139 You, Hannibal, know how to Vincere scire fTann1ibal. conquer. What is there, Catiline, which Quis esse, Catilina, qui tu now can delight you in this city. jam in hic urbs delectare 7posse. Wherefore, Romans, celebrate Quamobrem, Quidrites, cethose days with your wives and lebrare ille dies cum conjunx your children. ac liberi vester. Good gods I what is there long 0 deus bonus, quis esse in in the life of man? homo vita din? Some fraud is concealed; trust Aliquis latere error; equus not the horse, O Trojans. ne credere, Teucri. What more important affair, O Qui res unquam, pro sancholy Jupiter! ever occurred not tus Jupiter, non modo in hie in this city only, but in any urbs, sed in omnis terra geri country? major? 451. —O fortunate republic, if 0 fortunatus respublica, si indeed it shall have thrust forth quidem hic sentina hic urbs this refuse of this city. 6 ejicere.-CIc. CONSTRUCTION OF THE ABLATIVE. THE ABLATIVE AFTER NOUNS. 456. —RULE XXII. Opus and usTus, signifying need, require the ablative. Also 457. Let him give pardon easily, Dare ille venia facile, qui who has (to whom there is) need (Gr. 8394) venia esse oPus.of pardon. SEN. There is no need of passionate- Iracundia non opus esse ad ness to punishing. (Gr. 704) punire. —Id. There is no need of an angry Ad correctio errans scelechastiser for the restrainment of ratusque iratus castigator non those that err (of the erring), and esse opus. —Id. of the bad. 459.-First, there is need of Priuis consultumn; et ubi consultation; and when thou hast (21) consulere, mature factum consulted, [there is] need of time- esse opus.-SAL. )y execution. What need is there of more? Quid opus esse plura? 140 SYNTAX. He that (who) always desires Qui semper appetfre am. more, confesses that he has (there plius, confiteri (Gr. 394) sui is to him) need of getting. Now qucesitum opus esse. Qui auwho can ever truly call him rich tem qucsotum opus esse, quis that has (to whom there is) need hic unquam vere (38) dicere of getting? dives?-CIc. Par. 6. ABLATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 462. —RULE XXIII. The adjectives digmnzs, indignu8s, contentus, prceditss, captus, and fretus; also the participles nratus, satus, ortus, editus, and the like, denoting origin, govern the ablative. Also 463. They are men in name only, Esse homo nomen tantum, not in reality, who do [things] non res, qui homo indignus unbecoming a man. facere. Bear a mind worthy of praise. Gerere animus laus dignus. -CIc. Nobody is fit for (is worthy of) Nemo esse dignus amici, friendship, who is not endued tia, qui non esse preeditus with virtue. virtus. Nothing is more becoming a Nihil magnus et prseclarus great and brave man, than cle- vsi dignior esse, dementia et mency and being soon pacified placabilitas.-CIc. Off. 1. (placability). Who would call him a gentle- Quis generosus (38) dicere man, who is unworthy of his hic, qui indignus genus esse? family? — Juv. How comes it to pass, that no- Qui fieri, ut nemo sors suns body lives contented with his contentus (Liv.) viv~re -- condition (lot)? HOR. Nature is content with a little. Natura parvzum contentus esse.-Cic. Fin. I can live contented with a Possum contentus vivere little. parvum.-TIn. Wisdom is always contented Sapientia semper is con with that which is present. tentus esse qui adesse.-Cic iTusc. Let him be both blind and deaf Esse et oculus et auris cap (seized both in his eyes and ears). tus.-CIc. He is descended of illustrious -Illustris majores natus esse. ancestors. ABLATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 141 I rely (am relying) upon his Hie consiliumr fretus esse. conduct (the conduct of him). -TEn. He that shall know himself, Qui sui ipse 6n6sse, senwill be sensible that he has some- tire aliquid sui habere divithing divine, and will always do nus, tantusque munus Deus something worthy of so great a semper dignus aliquid facere. gift of God. -CIac. Leg. I. 22. Nothing is more unworthy of Nihil homno indignior esse, a man than the pleasure of the quam corpus voluptas: ad body: nature has begotten and major quidam natura ego formed us for some (certain) gignure et conformare.-CIc. greater things. Only they who are endued with Qui virtus _prceditus esse, virtue are rich; for they only solus esse dives; solus enin possess things both advantageous possidere res et fructuosus et and everlasting; and they only sempiternus; solusque conare content with what they have tentus esse res suuns, qui esse (with their own things), which is proprium divitie. —CIc. Pathe property of riches. rad. 6. Xerxes would not have been Xerxes novus vzoluptas incontented with a new pleasure ventus non esse contentus; being found out; for lust shall neque enim unquam finis innever (not ever) find a bound. veniie libido. —ic. Tusc. 5. English Examples to be tu'rned into Latin. Philosophy is content with few judges.-Philippus, a man most worthy of his father, grandfather, and ancestors, did the same thing.-Those by whom you were declared consul did not think you worthy of the light.-These things are worthy of thee. — I see nothing in this Sulla deserving hatred, many things worthy of compassion. —I think these things shameful and unworthy of me.-He was a wise man and endued with a certain lofty mind, and affected with compassion. — Relying on your discernment, I say less than the cause requires.-465. Undertake the care and attention most worthy of your virtue. THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE. 467.-RULE XXIV. The comparative degree without a conjunction, governs the ablative. Also 468. Nothing is more lovely than Nihil esse amabilior virvirtue. tus.-Ccio. 142 SYNTAX. What is more desirable than Quid esse optabilior sapiwisdom? what more excellent? entia? Quid prrstantior? There is nothing more pleasant Nihil esse homo jucundior to a man than the sweetness of suavitas scientia. knowledge. What is better than kindness Quid esse prcestantior bo(goodness) and doing good (bene- nitas et beneficentia, ficence)? Nothing is greater than use Nihil assuetudo major.(custom). Ov. Nothing can be more intolera- Nihil intolerabilior fielr ble than a fortunate fool. posse insipiens fortunatus. Nothing is pleasanter to the Mens veritas lux nihil dulmind than the light of truth. cior esse.-CIc. Wisdom is often better than a Sfepe acer potior prudentia sharp right hand. dextrqa esse.-VAL. FLAC. Nothing is sweeter than li- Libertras nihil esse dulcior. berty. -CIo. Deeds are more difficult than Factum seerbum difftcilior words. esse.-CIO. Nothing is swifter than years. Nihil esse velocior annus -Ov. Peace alone is better than in- Pax unus triumphus innu numerable triumphs. merus potior.-SIL. Nothing is more foolish than Risus ineptus res ineptior foolish laughter. nullus esse. —CAT. The anger of God is more pow- Plus valkre humanus vires erful (avails more) than human ira Deus.-Ov. strength. The wise man thinks all things Cunctus putare sapiens less than virtue alone. unus virtus minor.-HoIt. The poor man lives a securer Pauper agere mundus dolife than the lords of the world. minus securior reum. — Luc. 8. Old age is more to be feared Mors mnagis metuendus sethan death. nectus esse. One (another) man is more pas- Alius alius magis iracunsionate than another. dus esse.-CIc. Tuse. 4. Nothing dries up sooner than a Lacryma nihil citi'is arestear. cere. -Cc. Base manners defile fine clothes Pulcher ornatus turpis mos (clothing) worse than dirt. ccwnum pej'is collinere. - PLAUT. 469.-There is no vice worse Nullus vitiumn tetrior esse than covetousness. quam avcaritia. ABLATIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 143 Certainly the ignorance of fu- Certe ignoratio futurus ture evils is better than the know- malum utilior quam scientia. ledge. It is fit that our country Decet carior esse patria should be dearer to us than our- ego quam egomet ipse. selves. 470.-The Roman people saw Nihil libentius populus nothing with more pleasure than Romanus adspicere quam elethe elephants with their towers. phantus cum turris suns. Xerxes was defeated by the Vinci Xerxes Themistocles counsel of Theinistocles more than magis consilium quamn arma by the arms of Greece. Grrecia. The multitude, when they have Multitudo, ubi vanus relibeen seized with a groundless su- gio capi, melius sates quam perstition, are more obedient to dux suus parere. (obey better) their prophets than their leaders. 471.-I am more than thirty Plus triginta annus (Gr. years old. 565) nasci. The camp extended more than Castra a mlius mille (Gr. eight miles in breadth. 373) passus otto in 4 latitude patEre. The soldiers fought very brave- Miles amplius hora (Gr. ly more than four hours. 565) quatuor fortissime pugnare. 473. —Many feel their own Multus injuria suus gravius wrongs more deeply than they cequus hab6re. ought (right). The consuls had turned the Consul plus solitus converthoughts of the citizens more than t6re in sui civitas animus. usual to themselves. Caesar is said to be about to Caesar opinio celerius vecome sooner than was expected. nire dici. Old age is naturally rather lo- Senectus esse natura loquaquiacious. cior. Most of the exploits of Datames Obscurior esse Datames are too little known. gestum plerusque. 474.-The besieged engaged in Obsessus acriter (magis) battle more fiercely than stea- quam constanter prcelium dily. inire. The design of Maraces was not Consilium Maraces non ramore sagacious in its plan, than tio prudens guam eventus fortunate in its issue. felix esse. 475.-One arose braver than Unuspras ceter fortior 3 exthe rest. surgere. 144 SYNTAX. Galba ordered a much higher Galba multus praetenr ccete. cross (a cross higher by much) rus altior statui crux jub6ee. than the rest to be erected. The Suevi labour to obtain corn Suevi firumentum caeterus — and other productions more pa- que fructus patientius guamn tiently than would be expected, pro solitus Germanus inertia according to the usual inactivity labordre. of the Germans, 477.-The Po is inferior to no Padus esse nullus amnis river in clearness, (gen. pl. 355) claritas iqfe1rio~r. Wisdom accounts all human Sapientia humanus omnis [things] inferior to virtue. inferior virtus ducere. 478.-We have sought nothing Nec quisquam alius liberelse than the common liberty. tas communis quarere. 479.-[His] opinion was under- Sententia gravius atque stood [as] more severe than he ipse sentire excipi. had intended. English Examples.to be turned into Latin. Who hath ever been more knowing than this man?c-What is mosre shameful than rashness? —Those things are clearer than the sun itself.-What is more desirable than wisdom?-Nothing is more commendable, nothing more worthy of a great and illustrious 6 man (Gr. 462), than mnildness and clenency.-My country is much dearer to me than mny life.-What is more pleasing than literary ease?-Nothing is more inconstant than the common people, nothing more uncertain than the inclination of mankind. -There is nothing more pleasing to man than the light of truth. -What is better in man than a sagacious and good mind?-Of all things by which any profit (any thing) is acquired, nothing is better than agriculture, nothing more advantageous, nothing more pleasing, nothing more worthy of a free man. ABLATIVE GOVERINED BY VERBS. 480. —RLEr XXV. Verbs of plenty and scarceness for the most part govern the ablative. Also 481. Nature wants few and small Natura paucus res et parthings. vus eygre. Souls are free from (want) M1ors carfre anima; et death; and verses are free from carmen mors carfre.- Ov. (want) death. Am. ABLATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 145 1-e ought to be without (to Carare deb6re vitium, qui want) fault, that (who) is pre- paratus esse in alter dic6re. pared to speak against another. -CIa. Eminent things are never free Nunquam eminens invidic from (never want) envy. oarere. —VYELL. PAT. Dost thou think thou canst find Censdrene tu posse reperire any woman that is without (who ullus mulier, qui (Gr. 638) wants) fault? carere czul2?-TER. The belly has no (wants) ears. Venter carsre auris. To be innocent (to be free fronm Vacare culpa magnus esse fault) is a great comfort. solatium.-CIO. All punishment and chastise- Omnis animadversio et casment ought to be without con- tigatio contumelia vacare (Gr. tumely (reproach). 315) deb6re. —Cic. Off. 1. Nothing can be honourable Nihil honestus esse posse, tha.t is without (which wants) quijustitia vacare. (Gr. 639.) justice. -Ore. Fortune frees many bad men Multus malus fortuna libefrom punishment, none from fear. rare p}'aca, metus nemo.SEN. El3. 98. Men abounding in wealth are Homo divitife a meZns, seeoften puffied up with disdainful- pe efferri i:astidiuin.-Crc. ness. Am. We see some men flowing with Vid6re quidam homo civmoney and wealth, yet to desire ceumfluens pecuzni o2pesque, those things most with which tamen is desiderare maxime they abound. qui abcundare.-Cic. Par. 1. Tantalus, they say, always Tantdlus, aio, semper egewants, always abounds with clear re, liquidus semper abtendare waters. cauca.-Ov. Themistocles was more willing Themist6cles 3 malle vir, to have (rather wished) a man qui pecenica (32) (Gr. 644) that (who) wanted money, than egyee, quam pecunia, qui iqr. money that [wanted] a man. -Crc. fIe enjoys riches most, that Is maxime divitime (xxvI.) (who) wants riches least. frui, qui minimra divitice indigyere.-SEN. 483.-A madman needs a keeper. Insanus custos ecyere. Nature decreed (wished) that Natura velle alter alter inone man should stand in need of digire. —Oc. f eon. 1. (should need) another. We ought to help those rather Is (Gr. 403) potissimhm than others, who most want re- opitulari debare, qui opis lief. maxima indigre..-Crc. Off. 7 146 SYNTAX. It is most certain poverty when Certissimus paupertas esse, you want something. quium aliquid (30) indigre. -CI-. (Econ. We have drawn understanding Sensus a ccelestis demissus sent down from the heavenlytow- trahere arx, qui egere proer, which [creatures] inclining nus, et terra spectans.-Juv. downwards and looking upon the 15. earth want. English Examples to be turned into Latin. While they are free from one kind of injustice, they fall into another. —You will show that death is free from every evil.While we 7are free from guilt 71et us bear all human [events] with patience and moderation. —How long then shall he who has exceeded all enemies in wickedness be without the name of an enemy?-The one, as Isocrates said, wants a bridle, the other, spurs. -His oration abounded with every grace.-We have pursued this quiet and easy life which, as it is without honour, 7' may also be without trouble. —Nature herself daily admonishes us how few, how little, how common things she 7'wants.-483. He expects you, and wants you.-I want your advice. 484.-RuLE XXVI. itlor, abutor, fruor, fangor, potior, vescor, govern the ablative. Also 485. Note.-To the verbs contained in the Rule may be added, nitor, gaudeo, assuesco, muto, verto, dono, numero, comrmunico, victito, beo, co/fido, impertior, dignor, vascor, creor, afficio, consto, prosequor, which are also followed by the ablative. Most [people] use too much Plerique nimius indulgenindulgence towards their children. tia in liberi suus zuti. They that (who) practise libe- Qui liberalitas uti, benerality, procure good-will to them- volentia sui coneciliare.-CIc. selves. We cannot malke use of (use) Mlfens recte uti non posse, our understanding well, being multus cibus et potio (xxv.) filled with much meat and drink. completus. —Id. Tuse. 5. The conveniences which we Commodum gui uti, lux use, the light which we enjoy, gui frui, spiritus qui ducere, the breath which we draw, are a Deus ego (Gr. 315) dari given and bestowed unon us by atque impertiri. —CI. God. ABLATIVE GOVERNED BY VERBS. 147 The good enjoy eternal life in Bonus in ccelum cevumn semheaven. piternus frui.-Cic. Somn. Do not think (beware lest thou (24) Cavere (31) credere ad believe) that thou wert born for hic unus res tu natus esse, this thing only, that thou might- ut frui voluptas. —Cic. Fin. est enjoy pleasures. 2. Use thy ears oftener than thy Auris frequentiuis quam tongue. lingua Uti. —SEN. Men may make use of (may use) Bestia homo ad utilitas beasts for their profit without in- suns uti posse sine injuria.justice. CIa. The young man delights in Juvenis gaudire equus cahorses and dogs. nisque.-HoR. Delight not in vain things. Ne (25) gaudare sanus.SEN. It is a savage cruelty to delight Ferinus rabies esse sanguis in blood and wounds. gaudere et vulnus.-Id. E~quitcas et justitia gauGood men delight in equity and dere (delectari) vir bonus. justice. Qui pcena frui (gaudcre), He that delights in punishing ferus esse.-CLAUD. is savage. Certe nihil homo posse meCertainly nothing can be better lior esse, quam vacare omnis for man than to be free from all dolor et molestia, perfruique pain and trouble, and to enjoy the maximus et animus et corpus greatest pleasures both of mind volu2ptas.-Cic. PFin. 1. and body. There would be no exportation Is res, (xxv.) qui (32) abunof those things wherein (with dare, exportatio, et is, (xxv.) which) we abounded, and no im- qui (32)egere, invectio, nulportation of those things that lus esse, nisi hic munus homo (which) we wanted, unless men (32)fungi. —CI. Off. 2. performed these offices. What is more glorious than to Quid esse gloriosior quam change anger [into] firiendship? ira amicitia mutare? —SEN. It becomes thee to rely on vir- Tu (Gr. 423) virtus dec6re tue rather than on blood. potils quam sanguis niti.CLAUD. Jason got the golden fleece. Jason aureus vellus n. 3 potiri. 486.- Cleanthes thought the Cleanthes sol dominari et sun was chief ruler and (ruled and res potiri putare.-Cic. Acad. was) lord of all things. The Helvetii hoped that they Helvetii totus Gallic 4sui could obtain the command of all potiri posse sperare. —(LCs. Gaul. 148 SYNTAX. Men, who could not be a match Homo, qui caeter animal for other animals, if they were par esse non (Gr. 638) (33) separated, being strengthened by posse, si (32) sedflci, societas society, are lords of all. munitus, res potiri.-SEN. de Benef. 4. The Roman people got [the go- Populus Romanus socius vernment] of all lands by defend- (72) defendendus terra omnis ing their allies. 3 potiri.-CIc. de Rep. 487.-Datames performed the Datames militaris munus part of a soldier. fungi. I will feed upon sacred laurels. Sacer laurus vesci. English Exam ples to be turned into Latin. 7 Let him discharge the proper duty of philosophy.-Your uncle has done his duty.-Why do I make tuse of these witnesses, as if the affair 7 were doubtful or obscure?-That is every one's own (the property of every one) which every one enjoys and uses.-That which makes use of reason is nobler than that which does not nake use of reason.-God has not permitted (willed) us to know these things, but only to enjoy them.-7 Use the good while it 7 is present; 7 seek not for it when it 7 is absent. —No one has lived too short a time (little long) who has discharged the entire duty of perfect virtue. VERBS GOVERNING THE AccusATIVE AND GENITIVE. 489. —RULE XXVII. Verbs of accusing, condevlning, acquitting, and adnorishing, govern the accusative of a person with the genitive of a thing. Also 490. I condemn myself of laziness, Condemnare ego ipse ineri. e. upon the account of, &c. tia.-CIc. Afflictions (adverse things) put Res adversus adcmonre homen in mind (remind men) of mno religio.-LIv. 5. 51. religion (religions). Our time slides away silently, Tacitus labi fetas, nihil tuit makes no noise, it does not put multuari, nihil admonEre [nos] us in mind (remind us) of its swift- velocitas suus.-SEN. ness. ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE AFTER VERBS. 149 Our infirmity often reminds us Imbecillitas noster saepe of mortality. ego admonire rnortalitas.Id. Fannius accused Verres of Faniuzs Verres 2 insimucovetousness. lare avaritia.-CIc. 491.-You cannot accuse me of Ego accusdre de epistolA negligence in writing (of my let- negligentia non posse. ters). I excuse myself to you in that Ego tu excusare in is ipse, very thing in which I accuse you. in qui tu accusare. Persons condemned to die (con- Homo caput damnatus mors demned of a capital crime) are multari.-CIc. T-usc. punished with death. All mankind (the human race) Omnis humanus genus mors is condemned to die (death). damnatus esse.-SEN. Nobody has condemned wisdom Nemo sapientia pavpertas to poverty. dacnnare. —Id. Nature, by a fixed law, has con- Natura fcedus certus degedemned degenerate souls to infer- ner anima tenebrce damnare nal darkness; but to the pious the Avernuts; at pius ccelum porgate of heaven is open. ta patere.-SIL. 15. All the: works of mortals are Omnis mortalis opus n. condemned to mortality. mortalitas damnatus esse.SEN. Ep. 91. He accused him of assassination. Is inter sicarius accusdre. He accuses the idleness of the Inertia adolescens accuyoung men. scre. EYnglish Erxamnples to be turned into Latin. -Thrasybulus proposed a law, that no one should accuse nor fine another for things previously done.-The judges were so provoked with the answer of Socrates, that they capitally condemned amost innocent man.-Ccelius, the judge, acquitted of injury him who had libelled the poet Lucilius by name upon the:stage.The soldiers were in a rage, and began to charge the tribunes with treason and treachery, and to accuse the centurions of avarice.-lHe that accuses another of a crime, ought to look well to himself. 495.-RULE XXVIII. Verbs of valuing, with their own case, and sometimes without a case, govern such genitives as mnagni, parvi, nihili. Also Nos. 496498. 150 SYNTAX. A wise man values pleasure at Sapiens voluptas minimunz a very low rate. facere. Epicurus valued pleasure at a Epicurus voluptas quam very high rate. magnutm estimnare.-Cac. If cunning valuers of things es- Si callidus res restimator teem meadows and closes at a praturn et area magnum cestigreat rate, because that sort of mare, qubd is genus pospossessions can least be damaged sessio minime (imtp.) noceri (because least injury can be done posse; quantutm esse costito that sort of possessions); at mandues virtus, qui nec erlpi how great a rate is virtue to be nec surripi posse?-Cic. Pcaesteemed, which can neither be rad. 6. taken away by force, nor be stolen? 499.-So consulo boni, ziEqui boniguefacio, I take in good part. Whatever happens to good men, Quicquid bonus accidere, they take it in good part, they bonus consulere, in,bonum turn it to good. vert6re. —SEN. My mind is very calm, which Tranquillissimus esse anitakes all that in good part. mus meus, qui totus iste equus bonusque facere.-Cio. 500.-He set a high value on Prata mnultus aestimdre. his meadows. These things he reckons as Is pro falsus ducere. false. English Exavmples to be turned into Latin. Corn was in no place of so much value as that fellow (Gr. 118. 3. 8d) reckoned.-I can willingly die for Pompey; of all men, I esteem no one more.-I am not ignorant of what consequence you 7 esteem (Gr. 62'7-5) his name.-He greatly values money. -He rates his own authority very highly.-The mind ought now to grow callous and esteem every thing (all things) as of little value. —Ido not regard in the least, the Marsian Augur, nor the Soothsayers.-If you esteem me as much as you certainly do. VERBS GOVERNING THE ACOUSATIVE AND DATIVE. 501. —RULE XXIX. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, govern the accusative and dative. Also No. 502. ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE AFTER VERBS. 151 1. Verbs of comparing. lie compares his old age with Equus fortis et victor sethat (to the old age) of a strong nectus comparare suus [sup. and victorious horse. senectutem].-CIc. Sen. If I may (if it is lawful to) com- Grandis si parvus assimnipare great things with small. lare licet. Ov. Trist. Thus I used to compare great Sic parsus componere magthings to small. nuts solkre.-VIRG. I should compare nothing with Nil ego (38) conferre jua, pleasant friend, being in my cundus sanus amicus. —Hor. seses (Sanll). 603, —But these verbs more usually have after them an ablative with cume. Compare the longest age of Conferre longissimus wmtas men with eternity, and it will be homo cumn ceternitas, et brevisfound very short. simus reperiri.-CIc. tlusc. 1. When I compare my action Quum meus factum cumq with yours, I am much more de- tulls compacctre, multo malighted with mine than yours. gis meus delectari quhm tuus. Cia. When Jugurtha had compared Jugurtha ubi Metellus dicthe words of Metellus with his tun cum factum 3 conponere. actions. -SAL. 2. —Verbs of giving, to which may be referred verbs of restoring, promising, paying, sending, and bringing. We all easily give right coun- Facile omnis, quum valere,.sels to the sick, when we are rectus consiliam cegrotus dare. well. — TER. Give not thyself to pleasures Ne ta (25) dedere voluptas, nor to sloth. neque desidia. Intemperate youth transmits a Intemperans adolescentia wasted body to old age. effcetus corpus tradere senectus.-C. Sen. He gives a benefit twice to a Inops benejficium his dare, poor man, who gives soon. qui dare cit6.-PUBL. Life has given nothing to mor- NVil sine magnus vita laboi tals without great labour. dcre mortalis.-HoR. We must. impart [something] Homo indigens de res faof our family estate to indigent miliaris esse (LXI.) imnpertire [persons]. -CIxc. Off. 7* 152 SYNTAX. Justice is employed in giving In tr'ibtti'e sibum rq qtisfque (to) every one his own. justitia versari.-Cic. Nobody can promise (to) him- Nemo posse sui crac-stimts self to-morrow. [ldies] po0liceri.-SN.' If thou lhast promised any thing Si quitid hostis promnittere, to an enelly, thou oughtest (it fides is datus flallre non behoves thee) not to break the oport6re. —ic. Off. 1. promise made to him. Those promises ale not to be Promissum non servandus kept which are hurtful (useless) esse is, qui (Gr. 644) ese is. to those to whom you have qui (Gr. 644-)promnittiee inpromised them. utilis.-CIc, Off. 1. Thou sinnest twice when thou Bis peccare quum peecacns affordest compliance to [one] sin- obsequium cconmodcoae. —-SvY. ning. What? do you, then, when you Quidl? tune quumn esse are angry, yield up the govern- iratus, penrmittere ille iZament of your mind to that pas- cund'ica dom'inceths animus sion? tuus? —Cc, de Rep. Give not the reins to thy mind Ne fcrwentum anim'us (25) [when it is] warmr (i. e. in a pas- pernzittere calens; dare spasion); allow a space, and a short tium, tenuisque mora.delay. STAT. When thou hast (shalt have) Ubi socordcia tte atque given thyself up to carelessness igrttvia 6 tradire, neutiquamn and idleness, do not thou call upon Deus (25) impl6rare. —SALL. the gods. When thou givest a benefit to a Benefi cium di gnms ubi deserving [person], thou obligest dare, omnis obligare.-Pu. all. Antipater says that it is not Esse bonus vir (xii.) sol(denies that it is) the part of a vire quisq-ctave, adulterinus good man to pay any one coun- numrzus (plur.) pro bonus.9 terfeit money for good: and Cicero negare Antipater; isque agrees with him [in it]. (Gr. 399) assentiri Cicero. -CIO. off. 3. GOrctiam referre alieui, to requite any one. Gratifficcai aliquid alicui, to gratify one in any thing. _Dire opercmm rei, to mind or study a thing. Parents often gratify their chil- Parens sope gractificari id dren in (with) that which does libeli, qui ille (Gr. 899) harm to them. obese. ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE AFTER VERBS. 153 They say [that] Tarquinius Tarquinius dicere ferre, said, that he had understood then turn quum exul (33) esse sui when he was in banishment (was intelligere, quis fidus amicus an exile) what faithful friends he (39) habere, quisque infidus, had had, and what unfaithful quum jam neuter referre ones, when he could now requite gratia (33) posse.-CIo. Am. (return a favour to) neither. 3.-Verbs of declaring, to which belong verbs of explaining, showing, denying, &c. I declared my thoughts to you Meus cogitatio 3explicare in my former letter. tu superior literse. —Cc. Att. The boy discovered the whole Puer res omnis domina matter to his mistress. indicare.-Id. If cross Nature hath denied (to) Si ego difficilis formsa Name beauty, I make up (repay) the tura negare, ingenium forma defects of my beauty by [my] damnum rependere meus.wit. OVID. 4.-Verbs of taking away. Time takes away grief from Dies adcimhere eegritudo people. homo.-TER. Take not away from another Ne sus (25) adimere alter. [what is] his own. -PLAUT. Pain takes away from a man Auferre homo fiructus bothe enjoyment of all good things. num omnis dolor. From whom would not solitude Quis non (31) auferrefruetake away the enjoyment of all tus voluptas omnis solitudo? pleasures? -CIo. Am. Should not a wise man, if he Nonne sapiens, si fames be ready to die with (should be (30) conficior, (38) auferre exhausted by) hunger, take away cibus alter homo ad nullus res meat from another man [who is] utilis? Minime verb. —Id. good for nothing? No, by no Off. 3. means. The Nile falling down (pre- Nilus pracipitans sui, fracipitating itself) takes away hear- gor auditus accola aufeirre.ing from those that dwell near it PLIN. (from the dwellers near) with its noise. To take away from another, is' Detrahere alter, et alienus both against (foreign from) justice a justitira et contra natura and against nature. esse. —CIc. 154 SYNTAX. If every one of us should take Si unusquisque ego (31.) away what he could from every detrahire gui quisque (31) one, for the sake of his own ad- posse emolumentum suus vantage, the society of men must (xxxv.) gratia, societas homo needs (it is necessary that the [ut] (LIV.) everti necesse esse. society of men) be overturned. -Id. Off. 3. 6. Every one (not. nobody) can Eriplre vita nemo non hotake away life from a man, but mno posse, at nemo virtus. nobody virtue. SEN. The labour of poets delivers all Vates labor omnis fatusm things from fate, and gives eter- eripere, et populus donare nity to mortal nations (peoples). mortalis sevum. —Luo. 9. Naughty folly is thought to de- Qui res dare Deus, hic depart from him to whom God gives cedlre pravus putari stultitia. an estate. -Hon. Ep. 2, 2. 503.-Verbs of taking away have frequently the ablative with a, ab, e, ex, de; as, Death takes us away from Mors a malumn ego abduevils. cere.-CIo. Tusc. 1. Clodius took away the consular Clodius pecunia consularis money from the senate. auferre a Senatus.-Id. Use your endeavour to (that Dare opera ut ille de prayou may) bring them off from vitas animus deducere. —Id. their lewd temper (depravity of mind. Philosophy has dispelled dark- Philosophia ab animus, tanness from the mind as from the quam ab oculus, caligo dispeleyes. lere.-Cxc. English Examples to be turned into Latin. He compares himself to me.-He compares his old age to the old age of a strong horse.-503. I do not compare him with the greatest men. —What shall I say of Democritus?-Whom can uwe compare with him?-Your Nicanor gives [to] me excellent assistance.-I impart a share of my trouble to no one; of my glory, to all good [men]. —I will most religiously observe and carefully do what I promise to you. —I have sent to thee a copy of Caesar's letter.-I have sent to thee the eulogy of Porcia, in a corrected state.-He has told the whole affair to his master.It is the part of a fool to declare his sentiments to every body.What is Sicily if thou take from it (Gr. 502) the culture of the soil?I-He took away credit from the merit of those. TWO ACCUSATIVES AFTER A VERB. 155 VEBBs GOVERNING TWO ACoUBATIVES. 508. —RULE XXX. Verbs of asking and teaching, govern two accusatives, the one of a person, and the other of a thing. Also Nos. 509, 510. I ask pardon of thee, confessing b Tu bb venia, confessus my crimes. (63-2 in fin.) crimen, poseire. -CLA mD. We all beg peace of thee. bb Pae b tu poscere omnis. -'VIRG. Ask God for life and safety. b Deus bb vita rogare et saIUS.-SEN. Want teaches some persons Egestas b aliquis bb tempetemperance. rantia docire. Friends advertise us of many Amicus b ego bb nultUS adthings. monure. I request this of you, so as (so Hoc tu ita rogare, ut that) I cannot request it with (xxxv.) major studium rogare greater earnestness. non posse.-CIc. ad Q. fr. See that you also conceal this Uixor quoque ipse hic res very thing from my wife. ut (30) cela~re, facere. —TER. 511.-We flee to thee, we de- Ad tu confugere, a tu opis sire help of thee, we give up our- pete're, tu ego totus tradere. selves wholly to thee. -CIc. Tuse. 5. Ask nothing of a friend but Nihil nisi honestus et rec[what is] honest and right. tus ab amicus postulare.Ici. Am. Staberius began to demand hos- Staberius obses ab Apollotages from the inhabitants of nidtes exigre ccepisse. Apollonia. You will see what your past Quis actus tuus vita, quis life, what your studies demand of studium a tu 7flagitcre, tu you. videre. The whole province demanded Hic a ego munus universus of me this service. provincia poscere. I inquired of Massinissa con- Ego Masinissa de suus regcerning his kingdom; he inquired num; illa ego, de noster resof me concerning our republic. publica percontari. 512.-COesar detains Liscus; Caesar Liscus retinere: qumehe inquires of [him] alone [re- 1i're ex solus, is qui in conspecting] those [things] which he ventu dicbre. Idemn secreto had spoken in the assembly. Hle ab alius quamrre. asks the same things privately of others. 1 6 SYNTAX. English Examples to be turned into Latin. I ask this favour of you by my right.-He first asks you your opinion. —-If 61 I shall ask you any thing, will you not answer?Though we may (7posse) conceal the thing (Gr. 687) from all gods and men; yet w'e ought to do nothing (nothing is to be done) unjustly.-He admonished me of that thing.-511. I beg this of you in such a manner that I cannot (7 posse) beg more earnestly. —This I beg and insist on from you.-512. The Athenians entreatecl aid from the Lacedeamonians.-He entreats this of (fi'rom) tho king in many words. VTERBS GOVERNING TiE AccUs~ATIVE AND ABLATIVE. 514. — rLE XXXI. Verbs of loading, bindinq, clothing, depr~iving, and their contraries, govern the accusative and ablative. Also Nos. 515, 516. The poet fills the mind (breast) Poeta pectus falsus terror with imaginary terrors. implere. God has filled the world with Deus bonumn omnis expMlre all good things. mundus. The inhabitants of Crotona de- Crotoniatia temrplum Juno sired to enrich the temple of Juno egregius pictura locupletare with choice paintings. velle. Nature has adorned Germany Natura Germania decorare with armies of very tall men. altissimus homo exereitus. He loads the ships with provi- Commeatus navis onerdre. sions. /olus had resolved, when night LEolus statuere, cum nox should cover the earth with dark- 8 obruiere terra tenebrce, is ness, to bury them under the fluctus opprimiere. waves. But when indisposition deprived Sed cum ego oegritudo somme of sleep, I determined to write nums 8 privare, hic nescire this I know not what. quis scribere instituere. Thou hast stripped and plun- Apollonius omnis argendered Apollonius of all his money tuum spoliare ac depeeulari. (silver). Nature has clothed and pro- Natura oculus menmbrana tected the eyes with the most tenuissimus vestire et sepire. delicate membranes. Here the air is more extended, Largior hic campus sther and clothes the fields with re- et lumen sestire purpureus. splendent light. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY PASSIVE VERBS. 15 7 518.-The earth abounds with Terrafera scature. wild beasts. They had now filled the prison Complere jam mercator with merchants, career. CONSTRnUCTION WITH PASSIVE YERBS. 519. -RULE XXXII. Verbs that govern two cases in the active voice, govern the latter of these in the passive. Also Nos. 520-523.:RULE SUBDIVIDED. I. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and admonishing, in the passive, govern the genitive (Gr. 520). He was accused of a fault, of Culpa argci, qui esse inwhich he was innocent. sons. lie was condemned for [keep- 3 Condemnnaripecunia pubing up] the public money. licus.-Cic. Do not (be unwilling to) take Nolle segr6 ferre tu offi it ill that you are put in mind of ciusm tuus commoniri. your duty. He that is accused of a [wicked] Qui accusari facinus, aut action, or he that is called in qui postulari de res aliquis, question about any thing, is called vocari reus. Sed qui reus reus (an accused person). But he esse culpa, non continub in that is accused of a fault, is not culpa esse. consequently in fault. For many very innocent persons Multus enim homo inno have been brought to trial for life centissimus caput accusatus, (have been accused of a capital et caput damnatus fuisse. crime), and condemned to death (of a capital crime). II. Verbs of valuing, in the passive, govern such genitives as magni, parvi, nihili (Gr. 521, and 498). No possession is to be valued Yiullus possessio plus estiat a higher rate than virtue. mandus esse quam virtus. Money is esteemed of great va- Pecunia avarus magnus lue by the miser. cystimari. The favour of a worthless man Nequam homo parvus penis lightly esteemed. di. 1 5 8 SYNTAX. Pleasure is estimated at a very 3 Sapiens voluptas zen'zlow rate by a wise man. mum cestimzari. III.-Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, in the passive, govern the dative. (Gr. 522.) Death is rightly compared to Mors recte comparari sonmsleep. nus. What virtue is to be compared Quis virtus vcomparandus to charity and liberality? esse beneficenrtia et liberatlitas? Epicurus was too much given Epicurus nimis voluptas to pleasure. 3 dedi.-CIs. The way to true happiness is Via ad verus felicitas ex showed to us from the word of solus Deus verbum ego osGod only. tendi. Virtue can neither be taken Virtus nec er'pi nec surr2pi away nor stolen from any one. quisguam posse.-CIe. IV. —Verbs of asking and teaching, in the passive, govern the accusative. (Gr. 623.) Let God be asked for life and Deus rogari vita et 5csaCs. safety. We are advertised of many Admnoneri mnultus ab amithings by friends. cus.-PLIN. The virgin takes pleasure (de- Virgo maotus docdri gaudere lights) to be taught Ionian dan- Ionicus.-HoR. ces. Cato being asked his opinion, Cato rogatus sententia humade a speech to this effect. juscemodi oratio hab6re. V. —Verbs of loading, binding, clothing, depriving, and their contraries, in the passive, govern the ablative. (Gr. 524.) All the cities are filled with Luctus atque ccedes omnis grief and slaughter. appidum compliri. The neck of the bull is loaded Taurus cervix onerari arawith the plough. trum. The ships are loaded with pro- C(ommecLtus navis onerari. visions. The tree is clothed with vines. Amiciri vitis arbor. 526.-The old man is girded Sehior inutile ferrumn cinr with his useless sword, i. e. girds gi.-VIRGa. himself (Gr. 136-3). DATIVE GOVERNED BY PASSIVE VERBS. 159 Thus having spoken, he is then Sic fatus, deinde comans arrayed in the long-haired helmet Androgeos galea, clypeusque of Androgeos, and in the beautiful insigne decorus indui. - ornament of his shield. VIRG. 527.-In Greece, to go upon the Ire in scena in Gracia, nestage is considered a disgrace to mobb turpitudob duci. nobody. English Erxamples to be turned into Latin. I was not first asked [my] opinion.-All things must (are to) be intrusted to fortune, we struggle without [any] hope.-That province was given to him.-Pardon and impunity were granted to the others.-C-luentius was asked his opinion concerning the decisions.-The duties of justice are to be preferred to the pursuit of knowledge.-The glory of virtue is transmitted by fathers to their children as their best inheritance.-A proper (its own) season has been assigned to every part of life.-The prisoner is accused of a crime so great, that that (viz., the trial) being postponed (Gr. 690), the State could not exist.-Good reputation was preferred by Agesilaus to the most wealthy kingdom.-His cloak of gold was taken off from Olympian Jupiter, and a woollen robe was put upon him. 528. —RULE XXXIII. Passive verbs frequently govern the dative of the doer. See also 529, 530. I had rather (I am more willing Malle probari unus bonus, to) be approved by one good man quhm multus malus. -Avs. than by many bad men. (I had rather (I am more willing) (Malle unus bonus ego prothat one good man should like bare, quam multus malus.) me, than many bad.) By whom has not the wealthi- Dives audiri quis non opuness of rich Crcesus been heard lentia Cresus? —Ov. of? Who has not heard of the Quis non audire opulentia wealthiness of Crcesus? Crcesus? Glory has been gotten by many Ars ingenuus quceri gloria (many have gotten glory), by in- multus (multus qucer're glogenuous arts. ria).-Ov. To [people that are] sailing, NVavigans moveri vidiri is, those things that (which) stand qui stare. —CI. seem to move (to be moved). 160 ~ SYNTAX. [People that are] sailing think N'iavigans pzta'e is moverl, those things to move (to be mov- qui stare. ed) that (which) stand. It is not perceived by [one] Semper in studiumn honestus that always lives (always living) sivens non intellgi (semper in laudable exercises, (one that al- in studium honestus vivens ways lives (always living) in lau- nonintelligere), quando (LIv.) dable exercises does not perceive), obrepere senectus.-CIc. Sen. when old age creeps upon him. 531.-The passive participle in duzs has the agent or doer almost always in the dative (Gr. 182-6); sometimes also, the perfeet participle. The path of death must once Semel omnzis calcandus esse be trod (is to be trod) by all. via letum. —Hon. Consider, that nothing is to Cogitare, nihil in vita te be desired by thee in the world expetendus esse, nisi qui laun(in life), but that which is lauda- dabilis et praeclarus (LIv.) ble and excellent. esse. —CIc. Let us always live so,. as to Semper ita vivere, ut ratio think that an account must be ego reddendus [esse] 31 arbigiven by us. trari.-CIo. Wars detested by mothers. Bellum mater detestatus.HOR. Glory has been gotten by many Ars ingenuus qucesitus esse by ingenuous arts. gloria multus.-Ov. I must read Cato Major more Legendus ego ssape esse frequently. Cato Major. And now the weather is to be Et jam matifrus metuendus feared by the ripe grapes. (esse) Jupiter reva. English Examcoples to be turned into Lcatin. I am here a barbarian, because I am not understood by any one.-By whom has not the nocturnal studies (wakefulness) of Demosthenes been heard of?-The desire of glory is the last to be laid aside (is last put off) even: by wise [men].-None of thy sisters have been heard of, or seen by me.-In governing a republic (Gr. 707), a continual remaining in one opinion has never been commended (praised) by eminent men.-On account of the same prodigy, a nine-day festival was undertaken by the Romans, at the. public cost.-Often has it been fought successfully by a few active [men] against a multitude. —Virtue must (is to) be reverenced by all.-The labours of the body should (are to) be AGENT IN THE ABLATIVE, ETC. 161 diminished by old men.-This orator, if any [other], ought to be read by a young man (by youth). After passive verbs, the principal agent or actor, if voluntary, is usually expressed in the ablative with the preposition a or ab (Gr. 530). Poverty shows by whom thou Paupertas ostendere a quis art loved. (Gr. 627-5) amari.-SEN. Poverty shows who loves thee. Paupertas ostendere quis (Gr. 627-5) amare tu. He is miserable, who neither Miser esse, qui neque dililoves any one, nor is himself be- gere quisquam, nee ipse ab loved of ally one.: lus dil gi.-Cic. Am. He is miserable, who loves Miser esse, qui non diliinot any one, and whom nobody gere quisquam, quique nemo loves. diligere. Nothing can be well done by Nihil recte fieri posse ab an angry person. iratus.-Cic. An angry person can do nothing Iratus nihil recte facere rightly. posse. Not only the mind, but also Non modo animus ab irea the body, is discomposed by pas- perturbari, sed etiam corpus. sion. -CIo. Passion not only discomposes Ira non mod6 animus perthe mind, but also the body. turbare, sed etiam corpus. The affairs of a good man are Bonus vir res nunquam a never neglected by God. Deus neglqgi. —Cc. God never neglects the affairs Deus nunquam negligere of a good man. res vir bonus. Care is taken (it is consulted) A Deus et civitas et singuboth for states, and for particular lus homo consdbli. —Cc. persons by God. God consults both for states -Deus consulire et civitas et and for particular persons. singulus homo. It was excellently written by Prwclard 3scribi a Plato Plato (Plato wrote excellently), (prveclar6 3 scribere Plato), that we were not born for our- ego non ego solum natus esse. selves only. -CIc. Off. 1. The vulgar [sort] think that Vulgus is honestus putare, honest which is commended by qui a plerique laudari, (qui most (which most commend). plerique laudare). - CIO. Tuse. 2. Perdiccas is slain at the river Perdiccas apud flumen NiNile by Seleucus and Antigonus. lus interflci a Seleucus et Antigonus. 162. SYNTAX. We are so formed by nature Ita 38 generari a natura, (nature hath so formed us), that (natura ita ego generare), ut we do not seem to be made for non ad ludus jocusque factus sport and jest. esse (30) videri. —Cic. Off. 1. The pleasures of the body were Voluptas corpus vert a truly called by Plato the allure- Plato 3 dici illecebree et esca ments and baits to evils. (vi.) malum.-Cic. de Phil. Plato truly called the pleasures Plato ver6 8 dicdre volupof the body, &c. tas corpus, &c. Snares are laid for souls by Animus (Gr. 403) tendi inpleasure, (pleasure lays snares for sidine a voluptas, [voluptas souls.) tendire insidie animus.]-C. The covetous man does not pos- Avarus non possidore divisess riches, but is possessed by thin, sed a divitiae possideri, riches, (riches possess him.) [divitice possidSre ille.]-VAL. MAx. Note.-The preposition before the ablative case is sometimes omitted, especially when the ablative expresses the cause, manner, or instrument, as well as the agent, and that agent is not a living being. EXAMPLES. We are forbidden by the law Lex natura prohibiri faof nature to do injury. care injuria.-Cc. Off. 1. The law of nature (or, nature Lex natura (vel, natura lex by its law) forbids us to do in- suus) prohibere ego facere injury. juria. All things are governed by the Omnis regi divinus nmens divine mind and providence. et providentia.-CIc. The divine mind and provi- Divinus mens et providendence govern all things; or, God tia regere omnis; vel, Deus governs all things by his provi- regere omnis providentia deuce. suus. Excellent tempers (wits) are Prasclarus ingenium gloria excited by glory. incitari.-Cac. Glory excites excellent tem- Gloria incitare prweelarus pers. ingenium. Nobody was ever made immor- Nemo unquam ignavia imtal by idleness. mortalis 3firi. —SALL. Idleness never made' any one Ignavia nemo unquam im(ever made nobody) immortal. mortalis 3facere. Prosperity is (prosperous things Literae res secundws ornari, are) adorned, and adversity is adverses adjuvari.-OCo. (adverse things are) helped by learning. AGENT IN THE ABLATIVE. 163 Learning adorns prosperity Literce ornare res secundw, (prosperous things), helps adver- adjuvare adversse. sity (adverse things). Griefs are mitigated by time. Dolor mitigari vetustas. Time mitigates griefs. Vetustas mitigare dolor. Men are deceived by the ap- Homo decpi species bopearance of good. num. An appearance of good deceives Species bonum decipere men. homo. We are all drawn by the desire Trahi omnis laus studium. of praise. -CIc. The desire of praise draws us Laus studiuzm trahere ego all. omnis. Good-will is got by benefits. Benevolentia beneficiuas capi.-Cic. Benefits get good-will. Beneyicirum capere benevolentia. Men are catched with pleasure, Voluptas capi homo, ut as fishes with a hook. hamus piscis.-CIc. Pleasure catches men as a hook Voluoptas capere homo, ut does fishes. hamus piscis. Profit is outweighed by ho- Commodum prceponderari nesty. honestas.-CIc. Honesty outweighs profit. Honestas praponderare commodum. Fortune is formed to every man Fortuna suus quisque fingi by his own manners. mos. —CI. His own manners form fortune Suus quisque mos fingere to every man. fortuna.-CoR. NEP. Every man forms fortune to Quisque sui fortunafingere himself by his own manners. SUuS Mos. The manners of men are changed Mutari mos homo adversce by adversity (adverse things), as res, perinde atque prosperse. well as by prosperity (prosperous — CIc. Am. things). Adversity (adverse things) Adversce res mutare mos changes the manners of men, as homo, perinde atque proswell as prosperity (prosperous perce. things). The good delight in (are de- Bonus bonus familiaritas lighted with) the conversation of delectari.-Cic. Am. the good. The conversation of the good Bonus familia itas delecdelights the good. tare bonus. 164 SYN AX. Every one is most drawn by his Suns quisque stud'iwm own delight. maxima duci. His own delight draws every SuLs studium quisque duone most. cede maxime. Stones are made hollow by wa- Saxum cavacri aqua: conter: A ring is worn away by use. sfemi annulus usus.-Ov. Water makes hollow stones: Aqua cavare saxum: usus Use wears away a ring. consureire annulus. The wicked are always tor- Improbus animus conscienmented by their conscience (the tia semper cruciari. —CI. consciousness of their mind). Conscience (consciousness of Animus conscientia semper mind) always torments the wick- cruciare improbus. ed. God gave reason to man, by Deus ratio homo 3dare, which the appetites of the mind qui (Gr. 641, 642) regi animight be governed, (which might mus appetitus, (qui (Gr. 641, govern the appetites of the mind.) 642) regere animus appetitus). -Cic. N. D. 2. English Exzamples to be turned into Latin. I have indeed been provoked by thee to write (to writing, gerund).-Philosophers wish all things to be their own, and to be possessed by themselves. - Deiotarus, the son, was called king by the Senate.-The traveller is not always killed by the robber; but sometimes the robber [is killed] by the traveller.Friendship was given by nature [to be] the assistant of virtues, not the companion of vices.-A public slave was sent with a sword to kill Marius (Gr. 707), who had been taken by that commander in the Cimbrian war. —(Note.) Alexander was carried off by disease at Babylon.-No tree can be planted, of such long duration, by the culture of a husbandman, as by the verse of a poet.-The King of the Parthians, terrified by the fame of Nero, sent his children as hostages to C.esar. COINSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES. CIRCUMSTANCES OF LIMITATION. 534.-RULE XXXIV. Respect wherein and the part affected, are expressed in the ablative. Also Nos. 535-537. CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES. 165 On the other part, C. Antonius, Ex alter pars C. Antonius, being diseased in his feet, com- pes ceger, legatus exercitus mits the army to his lieutenant. permittere. Ennius was very eminent in Ennius ingenium mctximus, respect of genius, but unskilled in ars rudis esse. art. The thing seems to me to be in Res ego videri esse, faculpractice excellent; in theory, or- tas prceclar'us, ars, mnediocris. dinary. I am indeed grieved in mind. Equidem angi animus. I tremble in my whole mind and Oontremise're totus mens, in every joint (lit. all joints). et omnis artus. [He] who is prior in respect of Qui teqmpus prior, jus potior time is preferable in point of esse. right. He is to me in age, a son; in Hic ego esse, cetas, filius; kindnesses, a father; in affection, beneyfciumn, pater; amnor, fraa brother. ter. 538. —izneas remained, in coun- Restare AEneas, os humetenance and shoulders, like a god. rusque Deus similis. I am covered over as to my Latus humerits subjectusbroad shoulders and stooping neck que collumn fulvus insterni with the skin of a tawny lion. pellis leo. In all things like Mercury, Omnis Mercurius similis, both in voice, and complexion, voxque, colorque, et crinis and golden locks, and the grace- flavus, et membrum decorus ful limbs of youth. juventa. 539.-As to Naucrates, whom _Naucratis, qui convenire I wished to meet, he was not in velle, in navis non esse. the ship. But as to that person whom Sed iste qui quserere, ego you seek, I am he. esse. Except the name, Bocchus, as Bocchus, praeter nomen, to other things, was ignorant of ceterus ignarus populus Rothe Roman people. manus.-SALL. As to other things, keep quiet. Ceterus 7quiescre. As to that, I fear that you sus- Iste, vereor ne tu ille sucpect that he is somewhat angry censere aliquis 7suspicari. with you. 540.-The man of upright life Integer vita scelusque pu(upright in respect of life), and rus, non egere Maurus jacufree fiom wickedness, needs not lum. —loR.:Moorish javelins. I am distracted in mind (as to Discruciari anzmus. my mind). 166 SYNTAX. 541.-A shield of hollow brass -,Es cavtus clypeus postis I fix on the opposite door-posts. adversus figere.-VIRG. A statue of marble. Statua de marmor. English -Examples to be turned into Latin. In eloquence, Caius Gracchus has nobody his equal; he is grand in diction, wise in sentiment, and dignified in his whole style.The wild bees are rough in their appearance, much more passionate, but excellent in labour.-Pamphilus was a Macedonian by nation.-Tullia, the wife of Tarquin, was not dissimilar in her character.-How long shall he who excels all enemies in wickedness, be without the name of an enemy?-The Lacedumonian Agesilaus was kcing in name, not in power.-C. Marius, born of equestrian rank, was pure in his life, excellent in war, [but] most pernicious in peace. THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, MANNER) &O. 542.-RULE XXXV. The cause, manner, means, and instrument, are put in the ablative. Also 543. An incurable limb must be Immedicabilis membrumr (is to be) cut off with iron. ferrum exscindendus esse. All things may be done with Omnis pecunica efflei posse. money. -CIO. Men are catched by pleasure, no Voluptas capi homo, non less. than fishes with a hook. minus quam hamus piscis. Years go on after the manner Ire annus mos fluens aqua. of running water. -Ov. The year runs on full gallop Admissus labi annus egus. (with horses put on). -Id. You will imitate any thing Argilla quidvis imitari with wet clay. udus.-HoR. All agree with one mouth con- De amicitia utilitas omnis cerning the usefulness of friend- unus os n. consentire.-CIu. ship. Am. Injury is done two ways, either Duo modus fieri injuria anut by force or fraud. vis autfracus.-CIc. Off. 1. Bear patiently (with a patient /Equus animus (25) ferre, mind) that which thou canst not qui mutare (Gr. 644) nequire. help (alter). CIRC UMSTANCES MANNER. 167 Let us always worship God Deus semper purus, integer with a pure, sincere, and honest et incorruptus mens venerari. mind. Cic. de N. 2. IHe that sincerely (in good Qui bonus fides Deus cofaith) worships God, loves priests lere, areare et sacerdos.also. STAT. What madness is it to bring Quis furor esse bellumn aron death by wars? It is at hand, cessere mors? Immin6re, et and comes privately with a silent tacitus clam venire ille pes. m. foot. -Tin. Many (much) more men have Multo plus homo homo been destroyed by violence of ivmpetus deleri quam omnis men, than by all other calamities. reliquus calamitas. - CIo. Off. 2. Covetousness of money affects Multus magnus incommomany men with great inconve- dumn afficere pecunia cupidiniences. tas.-Cio. By what steps, I pray, did Quis tandem gradus RoRomulus ascend to heaven? Was mulus 3 ascendere in celum? it not by his actions (by things Nonne res gestus atque virdone) and virtues? tus?-CIc. Par. 1, 3. Who would not extol the friend- Quis amicitia Pylades et ship of Pylades and Orestes with Orestes non maximus laus the greatest praises? (31) efferre?-CIOc. Am. They live like (after the man- Vivere pecudis ritus, qui ner of) brutes, who refer all omnis ad voluptas referre.things to pleasure. CGI. Anm. Money lost is lamented with Plorari lacrykmc amissus true tears. pecunia verus.-Juv. Our religion teaches that we Religio noster praecipere, should love (be affected towards) ut idem modus erga proxiour neighbours as (in the same mus affectus (31)esse, qui manner in which towards) our- erga egomet ipse.-OCI. Am. selves. 16. Among the causes of our evils Inter causa malumn noster one is, that we live according to (una) esse, qubd vivere ad examples, and are carried away exemplum, et consuetudo abby custom. daci.-SEN. That which is done by prece- Qui exemplum fieri, is edent, men think is also done tiam jure fieri putare homo. rightly. -C-Ic. Drunkenness often pays for the Ebrietas unus hora hilaris jolly madness of one hour. with insania (xx.) longus tempus the wearisomeness of a long time. n. tcedium scope pensare.SEN. 168 SYNTAX. The divine anger proceeds to Lentus graclus ad vindicta vengeance with a slow pace, and divinus procedere ira, tardicompensates the slowness of the tasque supplicium gr'avitas punishment with the greatness compensare.-VAL. MAX. 1, (heaviness) of it. 1. Injuries are overcome by good Speciosiuis multo benefiturns much more genteelly than cium vinci injuria, quam they are repaid with the obsti- mutuus odium pe}rtinacia nacy of mutual hatred. pensari. —Icd. 4, 2. We are all worse by liberty. Deterior omnis esse licentia.- TER. There are some [who are] men Esse quidam homo, non res, not in reality, but in name. sed nromen.-Cic. The cause. Men were born for the sake of Homo homo causa 3 genemen. rari.-CIc. Off. 1. Wrong nobody for thy own Nemo violare tuus cominterest's sake. modum grctia.-CIc. Malice (ill-will) is glad at an- Malevolentia letari (gauother's misfortune, and envy is dere) alienus malum, et emutroubled at another's good. latio angi alienus bonum.CIO, The greater part of men is de- VohlTpytas homo pars major stroyed (perishes) by pleasures. perire.-SEN. A whole herd falls in the fields Grex mn. totus in ager unus through the scab and mange of scabies cadere et porrigo porone hog. cus. —Juv. Do thy endeavour that nobody Id (25) agere, ne quis tuus may (do this lest any one should) tu meritum (36) odisse.hate thee through thy own desert. PuB. What is more foolish, than that Quid stultior esse qutm one should value (be pleased with) (LVIII.) aliquis is sui (Gr. 405) himself for that, which he him- placere, qui ipse non 3 facare. self did not do? -SEN. It is inquired, through what Quseri, AEgisthus quis res thing 2Egisthus became an adul- (Gr. 627-5) esse factus adulterer: The cause is evident (is in ter: In promptu causa esse; readiness); he was idle. desidiosus 2 esse.-Ov. The manners of men are Mutari mos homo adverss changed by adversity (adverse res perinde atque prospero. things), as: well as prosperity -CIa. (prosperous things). CIRCUMSTANCES-CAUSE. 16 9 It is folly to die for fear of Stultitia esse timor mors death. moli. —SEN. -Fp. 70. It is no excuse of sin, if you Nullus esse excusatio pecshould sin for the sake of a catum, si amicus cacza (38) fr'iend. peccare.-Cic. Some young men, either by a Nonnullus adolescens sive certain felicity, or through good- felicitas quidam, sive bonitas ness of nature, or the manage- natura, sive parens disciplimnent of their parents, follow a nac, rectus vita via sequi.right course of life. Ci. Off 1. All men love themselves natu- Omnis natacra sui ipse dilirally (by nature). gere.-CIo. Virtue is neither lost by ship- Virtus neque naufragiumn wreck nor by fire, nor is it changed neque incendiuls amitti, nee by the alteration of seasons and temnpestas, nec tempus permutimes. tctio mutari.-Cic, Pacr. 6. Pythagoras thought it to be a 3 Credere esse scelus n. wickedness, that body should be (LvIII.) pinguesedre corlus fattened with body, and [one] ani- corpus, alterque animans 2m. meal live by the death of another animrans vivdre letumn, Pyanimal. thag6ras.-Ov. Minds grow wanton most corn- Luxuriare animus r9es plemonly by prosperity (prosperous rumque secunde; nec facithings); nor is it easy to bear lis esse -equus commnnodun good fortune (advantages) with?nens pati. — Ov. Art Ain. an even mind. lib. 2. 544.-He suffers either from Ant ob avaritia, aut miser avarice or miserable ambition. ambitio laborlrle.-HoR. The grains were not ripe in Propter frigus, firumentum the fields on account of the in ager maturus non esse.colds. CGs. Care should be taken lest some Cavere 701 esse, ne idea should be punished, others not so de causac alius plecti (Gr. 627), much as called in question for the alius ne appellari (Gr. 627) offences (causes). quidem. —Cc. 5415.-I did not hesitate to ask Non dubitare is a tu per that from thee by letter. literse petdre.-Cac. Is it not better to die bravely, Nonne emori per virtus than to lose a miserable life in a prestare, quam vita miser disgraceful manler? per dedecus amittdre.-SALL. Those things that (which) are Qui cumn pertrbcatio fieri, done with passion, can neither is neque ret6 fidri posse, nee be done well, nor approved by ab hic, qui adesse, approbari. those that are by (who are pre- - Cm. 0Cf 1. sent). 8 1Io SYNTAX. Nothing can be well done with C~am ira nihil recte fie6ri anger. posse.-CIC. Off. 1. Who would say, that it is bet- Quis (38) dicere, melius ter to do any thing basely with esse turpiter aliquid facire pleasure, than honestly with pain? cum, voluptas, qualm honeste cum dolor?-Cic. de Fin. 5. English Examples to be turned into Latin. Some are moved by grief, others by passion (cupidity). —It cannot be told how much 9 I was delighted with your yesterday's discourse.-I am not so much pleased with news as with your letters.-Our morals have been corrupted and vitiated by the admiration of wealth. —Every one is attracted most by his own pursuit.-8 I should think envy, procured by viritue, not envy, but glory.-All these things are regulated by nature.-He who fears that which cannot be avoided, can, on no account, live wvith a quiet mind.-Some amusement is allowed to youth by the consent of all.-All Italy has been inflamed with the love of liberty. -He offended no one in zoord, deed, or look.-The Roman people expressed [their] pleasure by a very great shouting.-We are inclined by nature to (Gr. 707) love (loving) mankind (men).(Obs.) I cannot write the rest, by reason of my tears.-The oediles, with the greatest fidelity and acceptableness, divided a large quantity of corn to the people. CIRCUMSTANCES OF PLACE. The place WHERE, or IN wHIcH. 548. —RULE XXXVI. The name of a town denoting the place where, or in which, is put in the genitive. 549.-Exc. But if the name of the town where, or in wlhich, is of the third declension, or plural number, it is expressed in the ablative. Gr. 548-550. Genitive. It is said that Milo walked Olympia per stadium in(Milo is said to have walked) gressus esse Milo (57) dici, through the course at Olympia, quum humerus (32) sustinere carrying (while he carried) an ox bos. —CI. Sen. on his shoulders. CIRCUMSTANCES-PLACE. 171 In that taxation which the Ves- Is census qui Vespasianus pasians [being] censors made, censor 3 agere, centeni viceni three persons at Parma gave in annus PParmca tres 3 edere; 120 years; at Brixellum one 125; Brixellumnunus centum viginti two 130 at Parma; one 131 at quinque; Parma duo centeni Placentia; one woman 132 at triceni; Placentia unus cenFaventia; at Bononia one, but at tuml triginta et unus; FavenAriminum three 137. tia unus mulier centum triginta duo; Bononia unus, Ariminumr vero tres centeni triceni septeni.-PLIN. 7, 50. Hear, O young men, the speech Audire, adolescens, oratio of Archytas the Tarentine, which Archytas Tarentinus, qui 3 was delivered to Cato when he tradi Cato, quum (32) esse was at Tarentum, [being] a young adolescens Tarentum: Nullus man: He said, that there was no capitalior pestis, quhm corpus mischief more pernicious given to voluptas, homo 2 dicere esse men by nature, than the pleasure a natura datus. —Cio. Sen. of the body. Ablative. There was one Arganthonius 3Esse Arganthonius quiat Gades, that (who) reigned dam Gades, qui octoginta eighty years. annus regnare.-CIc. Sen. Such an one as the learned are Qualis eruditus solere apwont to call a wise man, we have pellare sapiens, in reliquus heard of none (nobody) in [all] Graecia nenlo; Athence, unus the rest of Greece; at Athens, but accipere.-CIo. de Am. one. So much [respect] was nowhere Nusquam tantum 2tribui given to age as at Lacedramon; wetas quantum Lacedcemon; old age was nowhere more hon- nusquam 2 esse senectus honooured. ratior. —Ia. de Senec. At Athens an action was allow- Athence adversus ingratus ed by law (was appointed) against actio 3 constitui.-VAL. MAX. ungrateful persons. The place WHITHER, or TO WHIOH. 553.-RULE XXXVII. The name of a town denoting the place wh]ithfer, or to which, is put in the accusative. 1'72 SYNTAX. Let him sail to Anticyra. Navigare Anticyra.-Hon. He went (he betook himself) Syracusce se 3 conferre. to Syracuse. I think we must remove to (LXI.) Migrare (esse) Pihodus Rhodes. If better fortune shall arbitrari. Si melior casus happen, we will return to Rome. (21) esse, reverti Roma.-Id. Anystis the Lacediemonian, and Anystis Laceda3monins, et Philonides, the footman of Alex- Philonides Alexander Magander the Great, ran from Sicyon nus cursor, a Sicyon EiPs, to Elis, 1200 furlongs, in one day. unus dies Moc stadium (xLII.) 3 currdre. —PLxU. 7, 20, 20. 555.-The Albans carry these Hic nunciare domnls Albatidings home. nus. Tl]e place WHENCE, or FROM WHICO. 556.- RULE XXXVIII. The name of a town whence, or/from which, or by or through which, is put in the ablative. I received a packet of letters 3Accipere Romca fascicufrom Rome. lus litersa. —CI. I made my journey by Laodicea. Iter Laodicea 3 facere. An old and constant opinion had Percrebrescere totus Orispread in all the East, that it ens m. vetus et constans opiwas in the decrees of fate (in the nio, esse in fatis, ut is temfates), that some coming from Ju- pus Judcaa profectus (aliqui) dea should obtain the government res potiri. (xxVI.) —SUET. ina of the world at that time. Fesp. 4. DOmIS and wRus. 558. —RULE XXXIX. Domus and rus are construed in the same way as names of towns. There is always enough for one Domnus et foris oegre quod to be uneasy at (that it may be sit, satis semper esse.-PLAUT. uneasy), at home and abroad. I call [the man] living in the Rzts ego vivens, tu dicre country, thou callest [the man in urbs beatus. —Hon. living] in the city, happy. I return home sad. Domus reverti mcestus.Tz.R. CIRCUMSTANCES-PLACE. 173 I will go to the country. Rts ire.-TER. They did not stir (move them- Domus sui non 38 commoselves) from home. vere. —Cic. I see the old man returning Video rus rediens senex.fronm the country. TER. 559. —Tullus Hostilius thought Credere Tullus Hostilius that the bodies of the youths saluber militia quam domus would be more healthy in service juvenis corpus fore. than at home. The saying of Plato is too sub- Plato vox altus esse quam lime for us, lying on the earth, to ut is ego, humus stratus, suslook up to it. picio posse. 662.-We came (it was ap- Accessumn (Gr. 530) esse (a proached by us) to Britain with nobis) ad Britannia omnis all our ships about noon (meri- navis meridianus fer8 (XL.) dian time). tempus. —-As. While Cinna tyrannized (Cinna Dominans (Lx. and 694) in tyrannizing) in Italy, the greater Italia Cinna, major pars nopart of the nobility fled to Sylla bilitas ad Sylla in Achaia, ac into Achaia, and then afterwards deinde post in Asia perfuinto Asia. gore. —vELL. PAT. From Europe thou goest to Ab Europa petere Asia, ea Asia, from Asia thou passest into Asia transire in Euqropa.Europe. Q. CURT. I wait for you [at my country- Ego in Tuseulanum? tu exhouse] in Tusculum. pectare.-Cia. 564.-The Lacediemonians sent Lacedoemonius Pausantas Pausanias with a fleet to Cyprus cum classis Cyprus atque and the Hellespont. Hellespontus mittere. Memmius relates the crimes of Memmius Roma NumidiaJugurtha at Rome, and in Numi- que facinus Jugurtha memodia. rare. RULES XXXVI —XXXIX. English Examples to be turned into Latin. The expectation of letters detains me at Thessalonica..-It had not been doubtful to me, that I should see you at Tarentum or Brundusium.-Dionysius taught children at Gorinth.-When you were at Athens, you were often in the schools of the philosophers.-There is a strong (great) report at Puteoli [that] Ptolemy is in his kingdom.-Alexander died at Babylon. —Esop was sent by Crcesus to Delphi.-The consul Lwevinus led his legions to 17 4 SYNTAX. Agrigentum.-Dion besought Dionysius to send for Plato to Syracuse.-Timoleon sent for colonists from Corinth.-Cimon set out from Athens for Laceduemon.-Manlius spent his youth in the country.-Marius died an old man in his own house (at home).When Tullus shall have returned from the country, I will send him to thee.-He who comes from home, knows not whether he is to (may) return home.-Whose excellence had been known at home and in war.-There is neither (nothing of) gold nor silver in Britain.-What is doing in hither Gaul?-They did not go into Britain. CIROUMSTrANCES OF TIME. 565. —RULE XL. Time when is put in the ablative. Also Nos. 566, 567. Death hangs over us every lors (Gr. 399) ego omnis hour. hora impendere. —Ci. Sen. Plato died writing in his one Plato Unus et octogesimus and eightieth year. annus scribens 3 mori.-Id. Let the ground rest on a holi- Lux sacer requiescere huday, let the ploughman rest. mus, requiescere arator.TIn. Wicked men carry their wit- Homo sceleratus nox diesness in [their] breast night and que suns gestare in pectus day. testis. —Juv. 13. God pours out gifts day and Deus munus sine internight [days and nights] without missio dies et nox fundere.intermission. SEN. If thou shalt lavish away any Festus dies m. si quid (21) thing on a holiday, thou mayest prodigere, profestus eg6re (it may be allowed to you to) (31) lic6re.-PLAUT. Aul. 2, want on a working day. 7. As swallows in summer time, Ut hirundo cestivus tem pus, so false friends are at hand in the sic falsus amicus serenus vita serene time of life; as soon as tempus prestb esse; simul they see (shall have seen) the atque fortuna hyems (36)viwinter of fortune, they all fly d6re, devolare omnis.-Ad away. Reren. 4. 565. —RULE X:LI. Time how long is put in the accusative or ablative. Also 566, 567. CIRCUMSTANCES-TIME. 1 7, 1. Accusative. The covetous man is tormented Avarus dies noxque crucinight and day (days and nights). ari. —Ca. We ought to consider day and -Dies et nox cogitare (LXI.) night (days and nights) that we esse, mori (LXI.) esse.-CIac. must die. Tase. 1. Fatal accidents (fates) surround Dies et nox fatum ego unus on a1 sides day and night dique circumstare. —Id. (days and nights). le)mosthenes was almost 300 Demosthenes annus prope years before Cicero. trecenti ante Cicero esse.-C. There is nobody so old, who Nemo esse tam senex, qui does not think that he may live a sui annus non (Gr. 641) puyear. tare posse vivere.-Cia. Sen. No man is certain (nobody Nemo exploratum habere, has it ascertained) that his riches divitise suus sui permansurus shall remain to him one day. [esse] unus dies. —CIO. Par. Arganthonius came to the gov- Arganthonius ad imperium ernment 40 years old (aged), quadraginta annus natus acreigned 80 years, and lived 120. cedere, octoginta 3 regnare annIv, et centunm et viginti 3 vivere. They that (they who) prayed Qui totus dies 2precari et and sacrificed whole days, that 2 immolare, ut suus liberi their children might outlive them, (xvI.) sui superstes esse, suwere called superstitious persons. perstitiosus 3 appellari. —CI. Nat. D. 2. 2. Abllative. With Pythagoras, scholars were Apud Pythagoras, discipuobliged to be silent five years. lus quinque annus (XLI.) tacere esse. —SEN. All our life we must learn to Totus vita vivere (67) dislive; and all our life we must cere esse; et totus vita (67) learn to die. discSre esse mori.-SEN. It is in a manner (it is almost) Arganthonius octoginta ancertain, that Arganthonius reign- nus (52) regnare prope certus ed 80 years.! esse.-PLIN. 569.-T. Larcius was appointed Dictator institui, decem dictator, about ten years after the fore annus post primus confirst consuls. sul, T. Larcius. 17 6 SYNTAX. Pythagoras first reached Italy, Annus fere centesimus et one hundred and forty years after quadragesimus post mors Nuthe death of lluma. ma, primlus Itaiia Pythagoras; atting(ere. 570. —The first Olympiad was Centuln et octo anrs:,' o established 108 years after Ly- postqcam Lycml'gus lex scricurgus undertook to enact his bere institudre primus pondre laws. Olympias. In a few days after he arrived In paucus dies guamcs Caat Caprea. prese attingdre. 571.-The death of Roscius, Mors Roscius, qtuatrideu-M four days after he was killed, is Tui is occidi, Chrysog6nus announced to Chrysogonus. nuntiari. Four days after these things Quatriduumz gui hie geri. were done. -CIo. 572.-It was done sixteen years Abhine anums fieri sed/ago. cilm. Carthage was destroyed 177 Carthago dirui, qunm stare years ago, when it had stood 667 annus sexcenti sexaginta sepyears. tern, abhin clnnus centurnm septuaginta septera. Rlvnrs XL, XLI. Engqlish Ea2amples to be turned into Latin. The origin of all this wickedness shall be explained in its proper time.-The senate was, at the scene time, in the temple of Concord.-There are three things which, at this time, 7 may stand in the way of Roscins.-I have now been at war (I now carry on war) for tsent!y years with wicked citizens.-Pansetius lived thir'ty years after he had published those books. —The covetous are tormented snight and dcay.-You wrote rue a letter on your birth-day.-Philotimus brought it to me the day, after' he had received it from you. —I call to mind, in the eveuning, whatever 91 have said, heard, or done, every day.-Dzaring all thact tisne, I was employed night and day in the study of all the sciences.-They who have been many years bound with chains, step the slower.-Who would choose to exist in that species of pleasure one whole day? CIROUMSTxNCES OF MEASURE. 573.-RULE XLII. f~easure or distance is put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative. Also Nos. 574, 5T7. CIRCUMSTANCES-MEASURE. 17 7 1. Accusative. We ought (it behoves us) not to A rectus conscientia non depart a nail's breadth from a pportere transversus unguis good conscience. m. discedere. —CIc. Italy is 120 miles from Sardinia Abesse Italia ab Sardinia (Italy is distant from Sardinia centum viginti millia passus; 120,000 paces); Sardinia:is 200 Sardinia abesse ab Africa miles from Africa (Sardinia is dis- ducenti mnillia passus.tant from Africa 200,000 paces). PLIN. The city of Saguntum was sit- Urbs Saguntum situs esse uated nearly a mile from the sea. passus mille ferme a mare. Zama is distant five days' jour- Zama quinque dies iter ab: ney from Carthage. Carthago abesse. 2. Ablative. The island Pharus being once Pharus insula, quondam a day's sail distant from Egypt, is dies navigatio distans ab Enow joined to it by a bridge. gyptus, nunc is pons junctus esse.-PLIN. 5. 31. The nation of the Menismini is Gens Menismini abesse ab distant twenty days' journey from oceanus, dies iter viginti. the ocean. 576.-The Arabs have slender Arabs gladiushabere tenuis, swords, each four cubits long. longus quaterni cubitum. The men were each six feet Viri altus esse seni pes. high. 577.-On the same day he Idem dies, castra promomoved forward his camp, and sat vere, et mille passus sex a down six miles from the camp of COesar castra considere. Caesar. 578.-They pitched their camp A mille passus,do castra two miles off. ponere. 579.-RULLE XLIII. The measure of excess or deociency is put in the ablative. The towers on the walls of Turris in murus Babylon Babylon are higher by ten feet deni pes quam murus altus than the walls. esse. The sun is many times (parts) Sol esse multqus pars major larger than the earth. quam terra. 17 8 SYNTAX. It is a custom of the Sicilians Esse consuetudo Siculus ut sometimes to make the month nonnunquam unus dies lonlonger by a single day, or by two gus mensis Tfacere ant bidudays. um. 580.-Augustus bore the deaths Aliquantus patienter mors of his family a good deal more quam dedecus suus ferre Aupatiently than their disgrace. gustus. How much more widely the Quantus late officium parule of duty extends than that of t6re quam jus regula. law. By so much the happier every 1 Tantus brevior omnis period is, by so much the briefer tempus, ucantus felicior esse. is it. The more difficult any thing is, Qui quis esse preeclarior, the more honourable [is it]. hic difficilior. RULES XLII, XLIII. English Examples to be turned into Latin. He ordered that he should be two hundred miles from the city.-He did not dare to tell a second time how many miles his farm was distant from the city. —It is incumbent on every one not to swerve, in his whole life, a nail's breadth (a nail across) from a good conscience.-Persia extends in length, one thousand six hundred stadia.-The plain of Marathon is ten miles distant from Athens.-Babylon has a citadel including twenty stadia in its circuit; the foundations of the towers are sunk thirty feet into the earth; walls, twenty feet wide, support the hanging gardens.-The temple of the Ephesian Diana is said to have been four hundred feet long, and two hundred broad.-The more men have, the more they desire.-Ireland is less than Britain by half. -The higher the sun, the less is the rainbow.-Thou art in no greater danger than any one of us. CIRCUMSTANCES OF PRICE. 581.-RULE XLIV. Theprice of a thing is put in the ablative. I will not buy hope with a Spes pretium non emere price. -TEn. Virtue is valued at a great Magnus ubique pretium price every where. virtus cestimari. —V. MAx. CIRCUMSTANCES-PRICE. 179 Anger and madness are [occa- Inde homo ira et insania sioned] to men by this (from esse, quod exiguus magnum hence) because they value little cestimare.-SEN. things at a great [rate]. Nothing costs dearer than that Nullus res carius constare which is bought with prayers. quam qui preces emi.-SEN. Despise pleasures: pleasure Spernere voluptas: nodoes harm (hurts) being bought cere emptus dolor voluptas. — with pain. HOR. Bad pleasures cost a man dear Homo (Gr. 399) magnum (a great price). malus gaudium constare. Plato says excellently, that Egregi6 Plato dic6re, ni[those things] are too much, which mius esse qui homo (Gr. 656) men buy with life. emrnie vita.-SEN. Many a place of honour is (very Plurimus auroum veni're many an honour is) sold for gold. honos.-Ov. 582.-Exc. But tanti, q'ati, pluris, inoris, are used in the genitive. Those things please more which Magis illud juvare, qui plus are bought at a dearer rate. emi.-Juv. To act considerately is of more Considerate ageregplus esse, [value] than to think wisely. quam cogitare prudenter.IC. Off. 1. That which is necessary, is well Quantum quantum bene bought, at how much soever. emi, qui necesse est.-CIa. Att. 12, 23. He taught no man for less than Diocere nemo minus talena talent. tum.-PxIN. 35. Nothing shall cost a father less Res nullus minus constare than his son. (Gr. 399) pater, quam filius. -Juv. They never (they do not ever) Non unquam reputare, consider how dear their pleasures quantum (Gr. 399) sui gaucost them. dium (Gr. 627, 5) constare.Jvv. 6. 583. —Chrysogonus bought a Chrysogonus vas aliquis vessel of Corinthian brass for so Corinthius tantus pretium great a price, that those who mercari, ut qui pretium enuheard the price reckoned, thought meratus audire, fundus venire a farm was selling. arbitrari. 584.-It is for the interest of Venditor expedire, res sethe seller that the thing should nire quavm plurimus. sell for as much as possible. 1 80 SYNTAX. English cExamples to be turned into Latin. He purchased the rank of a senator with money.-He sold it to some one for a large sum of money.-I would most willingly have averted the misfortune from the state, at rmy own private loss.-They valued the Tusculan villa, at five hundred thousand sesterces, the Formian [estate] at two hundred and fifty thousand. -As any one possesses what is of most value, so he is to be reckoned richest.-The land is now of much more value than it then was.-Of what consequence do you think this is to the character of men? —I sell my goods for no more than other persons, probably for less. CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. 585. —RULE XLV. Adverbs are joined to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to modify and limit their signification. Also Nos. 586, 587. He immediately both adopted Statimque Jugurtha adopJugurtha, and, by his will, made tcre et testamento pariter him his heir equally with his cuml filius hares instituere.sons. SALL. But why do we speak so long Sed cur tamdiu de unus about one enemy? hostis loqui?-CIa. I have spoken with brevity and Breviter simpliciterque disimplicity. cere. —CIo. That was done justly, mode- Is juste, moderate, sapienrately, wisely. ter, fieri. Therefore wise men never un- Itaque mors sapiens nunwillingly, brave men often even quam invitus, fortis scape willingly, have sought for death. etiam libenter c appetfre. At no previous time did such Non unquam alias ante consternation take possession of tantus terror senatus invathe senate. dere. 586. - Julius Cesar married Julius Caesar, Cornelia, CinCornelia, the daughter of Cinna na quater consul filia ducere (who was) a fourth time consul. uxor. 588.-Vibius is an absurd poet, Vibius esse poeta ineptus; but still he is not wholly ignorant nee tamen scire nihil, et esse nor useless. non inutilis. CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. 181 This thing also occasions some Hic res etiam non nullus deformity. afferre deformitas. The people are wont sometimes Populus solere non nrunto neglect worthy men. guam dignus priaterIre. Every one perceives an open Aperte adulans nemo non flatterer. vid6re. 589.-Epicrates owed no money Epicrates debere nullus to any one. nummus nemo. I never offended Scipio, not Nunquam Scipio, ne parvus even in the smallest particular. quidem res offendiere. 590.-In the consulship of Piso, Piso consul (Gr. 690) senanot only was it not permitted to tus non solum juvare res pubthe senate to aid the state, but licus sed no lugore quidem not even to mourn for it. licet. CASES GOVERNED BY ADVERBS. 592. —RULE XLVI. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive. Also Nos. 593597. He that does well, has abettors Satfautor.habere, qui recenough (enough of favourers). te facere.-PLArrT. Never any man had friends Nunquam quisquam (x.) enough (enough of friends have homo satis amicus 3 esse never been to any one of men). (XXV.)-SALL. Every one has strength enough Nullus non ad nocere satis to do harm (enough of strength vires esse (Gr. 394).-SEN. for hurting is to every one). I must remove to some part of (67) Migrare esse aliquo the world (to somewhere of lands). terra. CIa. Nothing is more amiable than Nihil esse amabilior virtus; virtue; which he who shall have qui qui (21) adipisci, ubicungotten, will be beloved by good quoe gens esse, a bonus vir men in what nation soever (where- dillgi.-Cic. de Nat. D. soever of nations) he shall be. 600. —RULE XLVII. Some derivative adverbs govern the case of their primitives. Also 601. I hear that Caesar speaks Latin Audire C(asar omnis fer the most elegantly almost of all orator Latin8 loqui (x.) ele orators. gantissimen.-CIa. C1. 0. 1 82 SYNTAX. I do not ask what he says, but Non qupre're quid (Gr what he can say agreeably to 627-5) dicere, sed quid conreason and his own opinion. venienter (xvI.) ratio (Gr. 627-5) posse et sententia suus dic6re.- Cc. Fin. Nothing dries sooner than a Lacryma nihil (xxIv.) citear. tis arescere.-Id. Inv. RuLES XLVI, XLVII. English Examples to be turned into Latin. XLVI.-In what part ( Where) of the world are we?-0 ye immortal gods! Of what nation are we?-In what city do we live?-What government have we?-Good men have no one to take the lead (no leader); our avengers of liberty are far off.AEgypta came to me the day before the ides of April. —Philotimus came the day before that day.-I have less strength than either of you.-You have not as yet sufficient strength.-There is protection sufficient in virtue to live (living) well.-XLVII. We sent to Athens to meet him.-Though they went (were) out of the way they went down to meet him.-Coasar fortified a camp as near as possible to the camp of the enemy.-The questors of the pro vince were in attendance upon me.-It can be well with no wicked man.-Which of us two offends in a manner more worothy of torture? —Little gowns were ready for the lictors at the gate. CASES GOVERNED BY PIEPOSITIONS. 602. —RnLE XLVIII. Twenty-eight prepositions, ad, uasd, ante, &e. (235-1), govern the accusative. 603.-IRULE XLIX. Fifteen prepositions, a, ab, abs, &c., govern the ablative. 607. —RULE L. The prepositions in, sub, super, and subter, denoting mnotion to, or tendency towards, govern the accusative. 608. —RULE LI. The prepositions in and sub, denoting situation, govern the ablative; slper and subter, either the accusative or ablative. CASES GOVERNED BY PREPOSITIONS. 183 N. B.-Examples of these four rules are to be found in very many of the preceding exercises. The pupil of course must be so familiar with them already, as to render special examples un necessary. The following are examples in which the preposition is understood. Gr. 611. A master is in the place of a Prweceptor esse parens loparent. cus. One thing is produced in one Alius alius locus nasci.place, and another in another VITRUv. (another thing is produced in another place). Nobody tries to descend into In sui sui tentare descenhimself; but the wallet on the dare nemo: at prcecedens back that goes before them is spectari mantica tergum. — looked on. PERS. 4. Look back upon those things Tuus pendens respicere that hang (things hanging) on thy tergum.- Vide Hon. Sat. 2, own back. 8, 299. Sub. Vice deceives us in the shape Fallere ego vitium species of virtue. virtus.-Juv. Man consists of soul and body. Homo constare corpus et anima.-CIo. Tusc. Time consists of three parts, Tempus tres pars constare, the past, present, and future. prceteritunm, praesens, et futUrum. —SEN. Ab. God does not account it [a Deus non alienus duc6re thing] inconsistent with his majes- majestas suus, mundus et res ty to take care of the world and homo curare. —aC. de Divin. the affairs of men. Leave off to debar philosophers Desin6re (Gr. 399) philosofrom money. phus pecunia interdicere. Fathers that manage their es- Pater male res gerens tate badly use to be debarred (Gr. 899) bonurn interdici from meddling with their goods. (Gr. 411) sol6re.-Cic. Sen. (It uses to be debarred from their goods to fathers managing their estate badly.) Fool, dost thou think any other Stultus, putare alius sahappy besides the wise and good piens bonusque beatus?man? Vide Hop. Ep. 1, 16. 184 SYNTAX. IN is frequently understood before words signifying place; as, terrd, ma~ri, domo, ceelo, campis, libro, &c. 613. —RULE LII. A preposition in composition often governs its own case. Also 614. Abstain from things forbidden. Prohiblbtus A3stinere, SEN. Pythagoras is said to have ab- Pythagoras cunctus animal stained from all animals. ABstinere dici.-Juv. An honest man refrains from Vir probus, etiam impuniinjustice, even when impunity is tas, (Lx.) propositus, Asiti(impunity being) proposed. nare injuria. Friendship is excluded out of Amicitia nullus locus Exno place. cludi.-CIc. Am. Thou canst exclude death (the Nullus fatum locus (31) fates) out of no place. posse Exctudere.-MART. Let him go out of the court, EXire aula qui velle esse who shall desire to be pious. pius.-LucAN. Others' disgraces often deter Tener animus alienus optender minds from vices. probrium seope ABsterrcre vitium.-Hoo. Hercules chose to enter into the Praoptare Hercules via way of virtue, rather than that virtus, quatm voluptas isgrde of pleasure. di. Many inconveniences surround Multus senex circumvenire the old man; the wretch often incommodum: scepe queegets, and abstains from the things r6re et inventus miser absti[he has] gotten, and is afraid to rnre, et timere uti.-Hon. use them. An heir comes upon the heir of H Etres haeres alter, velut another, as wave upon wave. unda supervenire unda. —Id. A house and land, a heap of Non domnus et fundus, non brass (money), and gold, will not as acervus et aurnum, egrotus take off fevers from the sick body, dominus deducere corpus nor cares from the mind of the febris, non animus cura.owner. ld. 615.-The soul exists after it Animus manare e corpus has quitted the body. cum excedere. He will never keep his sacrile- Nunquam a ego sacrilegus gious hands from me. manus abstinere. The Lacedaemonians desisted Lacedsemonius de diutinus from their long contention. contentio desistire. The law orders us to approach Lex jub6re adire ad deuw the gods devoutly. caste. CONNECTION OF TENSES. 185 English, Ecamnples to be turned into Latin. The wisest philosophers have properly looked for the origin of the chief good in (from) nctu~re.-From particular virtues certain kinds of duty arise.-Where then is virtue, if nothing is implanted in ourselves?-We are ready to refute without obstina-Ccy, and to be refuted without anger.-He threw the rest of the body into the sea. —She married into a very distinguishedfamily. -7 Let us quit the tlecatre, let us go (come) into the for'um.The Porcian law has removed the rodsfrom the body of all Roman citizens. —Men can scarcely keep their hands from you. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. CONNECTION OF TENSES. 618. 619. —RULE LIII. Any tense of the subjunctive mood, may follow a tense of the same class in the indicative. Also 620. I. Primary tenses with their sequents of the same class. (Gr.618.) 1. Present.-In the epistles of In Cicero ad Atticus episCicero to Atticus, every thing re- tola sic omnis de mutatio lating to the changes of the respublica perscribi, ut nihil republic is so described, that there in is non apparare. is nothing which does not appear in them. There is not a province, I think, Non esse provincia ut opiwhich Augustus did not visit. nor qui Augustus non adire. So great is the corruption of Tantus esse corruptela mabad habit, that the sparks of vir- lus consuetudo, ut ab is tantue are extinguished by it. quam igniculus virtus extingui. 2. Perfect Defnite.-NTature has Tantus res ubertas natura lavished so great an abundance of largiri ut is qui gigni donari things, that those-which are pro- consulto ego, non fortuito duced appear to have been be- nasci videri. stowed upon us intentionally, not to have originated accidentally. 18 6 SYNTAX. I have attained this by my ex- Ego res meus gestus hic ploits, that I am thought a safe assequi ut bonus nomen exisdebtor. timari. Few have been found who have Paucus reperi qui nullus exposed their lives to the weapons prmmium propositus (Gr. of the enemy with no reward in 690) vita suus hostis telum view. objicere. 3. Future.-I shall find many IReperire multus qui quiswhom I can easily persuade of quis velle, facile persuadere. whatever I wish. They could not destroy all wit- Testis omnis si cupere innesses (even) if they wished, for terficere non posse; nam dum as long as the human race shall homo genus esse qui accuscare exist there will not be wanting is, non deesse. some one to accuse them, I will try to escape hence. Experiri ut hinc avolgre. If the conversation of Curio Si quis Curio sermo ejusshall produce any thing of such a modi afferre, qui ad tu (Gr. kind that it requires to be writ- 687) scribi is litere meus adten to you, I will subjoin it to jungere. my letter. II. —Secondcary tenses, with their sequents of the same class. (Gr. 618.) 1. Inmperfect. —On the other side Trans Rhenus, Tiberius ita of the Rhine, Tiberius observed vita instituire, ut sedere in such a mode of life, that he took cespes nudus cibus sumire, his food sitting on the bare turf, et sepe sine tentorium perand often passed the night with- noctare. out a tent. I did not suppose that when a Non arbitrare, quum consul consul elect was defended by the designatus ab eques Romanus son of a Roman knight, his accu- filius defendi, de genus novisers would speak of the newness tas accusator dicere. of his family. Other dissensions were of such Alius dissensio esse ejusa kind, that they tended, not to modi, qui non ad delore (Gr. the destruction, but to the change 707) sed ad commutare resof the state. publica pertinere. 2. Peifect Indefinite.-Some fa- Nonnullus pater-familias thers of families provided by their testamentum cavere, ut viewill, that victims should be led to tima in Capitolium duci, the Capitol, and vows discharged votumque pro sui solvi, quod for them, because they had left superstes Augustus relinAugustus alive. gqure. CONNECTION OF TENSES. 18' Hannibal promised the Gauls.Pronmittere Hannibal Galthat he would not draw his sword lus, sui non stringere (Gr. 671) till he came into Italy. ante gladius quam in Italia venire. The State was so arranged by Servius Tullius sollertia the skill of Servius Tullius, that ita ordindcre respublica ut call the distinctions of patrimony, omnis patrimonium, dignitas, dignity, age, trades, and offices, nwtas, ars, officiumque, discriwere registered. men in tabula refrrri. 3. Plupeifect.-Ihadheard from Ego ex ipse audire quam a himself how generously he had tu liberaliter tractri. been treated by you. Neither by letter, nor by de- Consul neque senatus concree of the senate, had the consuls sultum neque litersa prcecipere commanded me what I should do. ego quisfJcere. The soldiers of Alexander had -Multus materies cmadere cut down a great deal of wood, Alexander miles, ut aditus that they might mnake a passage per saxum facere. through the rocks. 621.-They celebrate the spec- Spectaculum 1 concelebr3dre tacle with as much splendour as quantus adparatus, 2posse ut they could, that they might make res clarus exspectatusque fathe affair brilliant and expected. ce're. 622.-No one ought to doubt Nemo dubitare I debare that Csesar, if it could be done, quin multus, si fieriposse, Cowould call up many from the sar ab inferi excitare. dead. The shouts were so great, that, Clamor tantus 3esse ut is I think they were heard to that usque exauditus 7putdre. place. 623. —Infinitive. Socrates was Socrates dicere solure omnis accustomed to say that all men in is qui scire satis esse elowere sufficiently eloquent in that quens. which they understood. Tiberius replied to the people Iliensis populus respond6re of Ilium, that he also grieved for Tiberius, sui (Gr. 671) quoque their misfortune, in having lost vicis is dolre quod egregius (because they had lost) their illus- civis Hector amittte'e. trious citizen Hector. They say that Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhus, magnus proecepgreatest master of gymnastic ex- tor certamen gymnicus, solare ercises, used to give as a precept aio hic qui exerc6re prcaito those whom he was training, gere, ne irasci. that they should not be angry. 1 88 SYNTAX. In the meantime I shall delight Interea cum musa ego (pl.) myself with the muses; and it delecttre; nec ego (Gr. 380) will never occur to me (come into unquam venire in mens Crasmy mind) to envy Crassus or to sus inviddre, neque pcenit6re regret that I have not departed qubd a ego ipse non descifrom my own course of conduct. scare. Participles.-Parmenio reached Parmenio Damascus quarDamascus on the fourth day, the tus dies pervenire jam meprefect already fearing that no tuens prsefectus ne sui fides trust had been reposed in him. non halbre. When I doubt what is right for zDubitans ego quis ego fame to do, my affection for Pom- cere par esse, magnus ponpey has great weight. dus afferre benevolentia erga Pompeius. English Examples to be turned into Latin. There are some who have related, that Marius fell engaging with Telesinns. —Silius has done well in having come to terms. — Sisygambis said, " O king, you deserve that we should pray for those things for you which we prayed for formerly for our Darius; and, as I perceive, you are worthy of having surpassed (Gr. 645) so great a king, not in good fortune only, but in equity.' -I think that Cassar will take care to uwithdrawo his troops; for he will gain a victory if he is made consul.-This affair made it very difficult for COsar to determine what plan to adopt (brought great difficulty to Caesar for (ad) taking a plan) lest if he led his troops rather early (Gr. 473, 2d par.) from their winter quarters, he should be in straits (he should labour) for provisions.-Augustus brought up his daughter and grand-daughters in such a way, that he even accustomed [them] to spinning, and forbade [them] to say or do any thing, but what might be inserted in the daily register.-I see you are collecting every thing respecting the republic, which you think can give me any hope of a change of affairs (changing affairs).-I werote back immediately to Pompey, that I owas not seeking where I mnight be most safely. INDICATIVE MOOD. The indicative mood is used in Latin, to express what is actual and certain, in an absolute and independent manner (Gr. 624). 1. Thebes was now standing.- Jam stare Thebe.-R-omaRomulus founded Rome. lus Roma eondere. INDICATIVE MOOD. 189 The liberty of the Roman peo- Libertas agi populus Rople is at stake. manus. Our reasoning agrees; our lan- Ratio noster consentire guage differs. oratio pugnare. What are you doing? Quis agere? Did you dare to speak against Tu apud pater conscriptus me before the conscript fathers? contra ego dicere csdere? Ancus reigned. twenty-four 3 Regnare Ancus annus years. quatuor et viginti. Caesar levied two legions; he Coesar duo legio conscriled forth three from winter quar- bere; tres ex hiberna eduters; he divided his army into cere; exercitus in duo pars two parts. dividere. We will write letters to-mor- Cras literi scribere. row. 2. In requiting a favour we In referre gratia (Gr. 707) ought, if we believe Hesiod, to si modo Hesiodus credire deimitate fertile fields which give bere imitari ager fertilis qui much more than they have re- plus multus affSrre quam acceived. cipere. If you are poor, iEmilianus, Semper esse pauper, si pauyou will always continue poor. per esse, IAmilianus. If these things are not given up, Si non dedi hic, bellum ita he thus declares war. indic6re. If thou art a god, said the Soy- Si deus esse, legatus Scythian ambassadors to Alexander, thicus Alexander dicere, trithou oughtest to bestow benefits buere mortalis beneficium on mortals, not to take away debere, non suus eripere. theirs. 3. I will satisfy you if I can. Ego, si posse, fac6re tu satis. Volumnia ought to have been Volumnia debere in tu offimore attentive to you, and even ciosus esse, et is ipse qui fathat which she did she might core, posse diligens facere. have done more carefully. You ought long since to have Ad mors tu duci, jussus been led to execution by the com- consul, jampridein oportere. mand of the consul. The army might have been de- Deleri posse exercitus si stroyed if any one had dared to quis audere vincere. conquer. 4. If men apply reason to fraud Si homo ratio in fraus maand malice, it would have been litiaque convert6re, non dari better that it had not been given ille quam dari humanus genu3 than given to the human race. bIonus esse. 190: SYNTAX. When it would have become Quum in acies stare ac them to stand in the line of battle pugnare decare, turn in casand fight, then they took refuge tra refugere. in the camp. 5. The Sublician bridge had Pons Sublicius iter pene almost afforded a path to the hostis dare, ni unus vir esse enemy, if there had not been one Horatius Codes eximius virman, Horatius Codes, of distin- tus. guished valour. The populace would have torn Populus effigies Piso 2 dedown the effigies of Piso, had velle're, ni jussus princeps they not been protected by the protegi. order of the prince. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The subjunctive mood is used sometimes in independent, but For the most part in dependent propositions. THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT PROPOSITIONS. The subjunctive mood is used, apparently'at least, in independent propositions (Gr. 625). 1st. I can relate, I think, on Thurslnus cognominatus sufficient evidence, that Augustus esse Augustus satis certus was surnamed Thursinus. probatio tradire. Brother, with thy good leave I Frater, bonus tuus venia would say it, this is a sentiment dicere (perf.) iste sententia most pernicious to the republic. maxime obesse respublica. I am inclined to accede readily Libenter hic qui ita proto those who relate that Romulus dere accedere (perf.) Romufounded Rome. lus Roma condere. Thou canst scarcely [I think] Vix ullus gens, stas, ordo, find a man of any nation, age, or homo invendre (perf.) qui rank, whose felicity thou mayest felicitas fortuna Metellus compare to the fortune of Metellus. comparare. I would not deny that my lan- Non negare (perf.) tristis guage appeared to you harsh and atroxque tu visus oratio meus atrocious. esse. Thou knowest not, [I think,] Nesc;re (pres.) utrum mawhether anger be a more detest- gis detestabilis vitium esse able or unsightly vice. ira, an deformis. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 191 I would wish thee to be per- Velle 8tu persuadere nisnaded (that I may persuade thee) hil ego magnus studium a that I ask nothing from thee with tu petere. more earnestness. I wish [for my part] that you Velle tu cum Pomponius would consider with Pomponius considerate utrum honest6 whether you can honourably re- tu Roma esse posse. main at Rome at present. Assuredly I should not a little NeX ego hand paulum prefer the mind of Socrates to the Socrates animus malle quam fortunes of all those who sat in is omnis fortuna qui de is judgment upon him. judicare. 2d. (Gr. 145) So live with an in- Sic cum inferior vivere, ferior, as thou wouldst wish a su- quemadlmodum tucum superior to live with thee. perior velle vivere. Do not allow it to happen, that Ne 7 comzmittere ut tu deesthou shouldst seem to have been se vid6ri. wanting to thyself. Let every one become acquaint- Suus quisque noscere ingeed with his own disposition, and nium, acerque sui et bonumn show himself a severe judge both et vitium suus judexpr cere. of his own good qualities and faults. If I have defended my own Si meus salus contra frater safety against your brother's most tuus impetus in ego crud6lis cruel attack upon me, be satisfied defendere, satis habere nihil that I do not complain to you too ego etiam tucum de is injuria of his injustice. conqueri. Let the Stoics look to it whe- Esse ne malum dolere ther it be an evil to be in pain. necne, Stoici vidire. You will say, write nothing at Nihil," inquam " omnino all. scrilbre." 3d. What wise man will trust Quis sapiens bonum confito a fragile good? dere fragilis? Who will deny that all wicked Quis negare omnis impro. men are slaves? bus esse servus? Who can doubt that there are Quis dubitare, quin in virriches in virtue? tus divitime esse? Who hereafter will adore the Quis posthac numen Juno divinity of Juno? adordre? What can seem great to him in Quis vidiri is magnus in human affairs, to whom an eter- res humanus, qui eeternitas nity, and the magnitude of the totusque mundus notus esse universe, is known? magnitudo? 192 SYNTAX. Why should I enumerate the Quid enumneware ars muolmultitude of arts, without which titudo, sine qui vita omnino life could not have at all existed? nullus esse posse? 4th. They report that Alexan- Alexander dicere ferre, der said, "' If I were not Alexan- -" Nisi Alexander esse, esse der, I would willingly be Dioge- libenter Diogenes." nes." These things I could not endure, Hie quidem nonfe'rre nisi if I had not my friend Attions as Iabare socius studium meus a partner of my pursuits. Atticus noster. These things seem ridiculous to Hie tu ridiculus videri, you, because you were not pre- quia non adesse, qui si vidire sent, which, if you were to see, lacryma non tensre. you could not help weeping. If any one were to dig around Si quis hic plathlnus cir these plane trees and water them, cumfodere, si irrigare, non their branches would not be nodosus esse ramus et squallknotty, and their trunks unsightly. dus truncus. If the gods were to make philo- Si deus philosophia bonum sophy a vulgar good, if we were vulgaris jtkccre, si prudens born wise, wisdom would lose nasci, sapientia, qui in sui what is the best part of it; it bonus habere perdire; inter would be among accidental things. fortuitus esse. English Examples to be turned into Latin. Grant indeed that these are (Let those be) good things which are so esteemed. —Let these' things be so.-I rather think that wild beasts which have (to which are) their food from prey (things taken), are better the more furious they are; but (I confess) I admire the patience of oxen and horses. —The third mocle of mining outdoes, in my opinion, the works of. the giaiits.Who will not with reason wonder that the plane tree has been brought firom another hemisphere, only for the sake of its shade? -Buy what is necessary.-Let us remember that justice is to be observed even towards the lowest.-Even in causes in which we have to do (all things are to us) only with the judges, and not with the people, yet, if I were deserted by the audience, I should not be able to speak -If wisdom were given me with this limitation, that I should keep it shut up, and not give it utterance, I would reject it. —Finally, I will so conduct myself in the state, as to remember always what I have done, and to provide that they shall appear to have been accomplished by virtue, and not by accident. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 193 S-UBJUTNCTIVE MOOD IN DEPENDENT PROPOSITIOXS. The subjunctive mood is used for the most part in dependent clauses, and is preceded by another verb in the indicative, imperative, or infinitive mood, expressed or understood, with which it is connected by a conjunction, a relative, or an indefinite term, and may generally be rendered by the potential in English (1422d, and 143). Subjunctive ctfter Conjunctions. 627.-RULE LIV. The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinacln, and dclnumz dco, &c., and words used indefinitely in dependent clauses, for the most part require the subjunctive mood. 1. Ut, tuo, 6u that," ne, quominus, " that not," referring to the'eszult, end, or designs, take the subjunctive. It happens to a wise man alone Solus contingere sapiens that he does nothing against his ut nihilftcire ilavitus. own will. We eat that we may live, not Ed6re ut virvre%, non vilive in order that we may eat. v6re ut ed&'e. Your generals triumphed in such Vester imperator ita tria way that he, though driven back umphare, ut file pulsus suand conquered, still reigned. peratusque regyncae. Hannibal so united his troops Hannibal vinculumquidam by a sort of bond, that no mutiny ita copia copulire, u-t nullus [ever] existed either among them- nec inter ipse, nee adversus selves or against their general. dux, seditio extctdre. The harangues of Thucydides Thucydides concio ita mulcontain so many obscure and in- tus habire obscurus abditusvolved sentences,- that they can que sententia, vix ut intelligi. scarcely be understood. It behoves a lTw to be brief. Lex brevis esse oportere in order that it may be the more quo facilius ab imperitus easily retained by the ignorant. tenri. The throng (numerous attend- Tolli celebritas vir ac mnufance) of men and vwolrmen at funer- lier in funus, quo lamentatio als was abolished, that lamentation mninui. imight be diminished. It may happen that a man may Fieri posse gut recte quis think justly, and not be able to sentire, et is qui sentire (30) express tersely what he thinks. polite eloqui non posse. 9 194 SYNTAX. It happens to most men, that Plerique accid6re, ut prmthrough the assistance of the art sidiuml liters, diligentia in of writing (letters), they relax perdiscendum remittire. their diligence in committing to memory. Take care that thou fall not Curare ne denuo in morbus anew into sickness. incidefle. Death will not deter a wise Non deterrere sapiens mors man from (Gr. 172-3) considering quominuts commodum respub the interests of the republic and lica, suusque consule're. his own. Parmenio wished to deter the Parmenio deterr1re rex king from drinking (that he might velle, quomrnnus medicamennot drink) the potion which the tum bibere, qui medicus d'ire physician had determined to give. constitutre. So great is the force of probity Tantus vis probitas esse, that we love it even in an enemy. ut is in hostis etiam diligere, English Examnples to be turned into Latin. We read that we may learn.-It is a custom of mankind that they are unwilling that the same person should excel in many things.-Oratory moves the minds of judges, and impels them, so that they either hate, or love, or envy, or wish (the culprit) safe, or 1pity, or wish to punish.-It happens, somehow or other, that if any fault is committed, we perceive it more readily in others than in ourselves.-It very often happens, that utility is at variance (contends) with virtue.-Trees are covered with a rind or bark, in order that they may be safer from the cold and from the heat.-It was no obstacle to Isocrates (from) being esteemed (Gr. 172-3) an excellent orator, that he was prevented from speaking in public by the feebleness of his voice.-It happened that in one night all the Mercuries which were in the town of Athens were thrown down. 627.-2. Si if," ut si, qua ifi, a si, quase ac i, perinde ut si, aliter ac si, velut si, tanuacn, ceu, "as if," expressing a condition or supposition, commonly take the subjunctive mood. Live so as if God saw thee. Sic vivere, tanquanm Deus vic~dre. —SEN. Ep. 10. As if there was but a little dif- Quasi verb pauluim interference (as if it differed but a esse.-TE.. Eun. 4. 4. little). SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 195 We ought to live so, as if we Sic vivere (XLVI.) esse, tanlived in view; to think so, as if quamz in conspectus vivere; somebody could see into the bot- sic cogitare, (Lxi.) tcanquam tom of our breast (our inmost aliquis in pectus intimus inbreast). And there is one that spicdVre posse. Et posse alican (some one can). quis.-SrN. Ep. 83., As though I had discovered Tanquam prodere quicquid whatever I knew. scire. —Juv. Sat. 9. As if I did not know. - Oeu vero nescire.-PLIN. If thy neighbour have a gar- Si vicinus tuus vestis prement of more value than thou tium major hab6re quam tu, hast, wouldst thou rather have hab6re tuusne an ille malle? thine own, or his? The Stoies give us trifling argu- Concludere ratiuncula Stoiments why pain is not an evil; ci cur dolor non esse malum; as if the difficulty were about the quasi.de verbum, non de res word, and not the thing. laborare. As if their own affair or honour Quasi suus res aut honos were at issue. agi. Fabius mentions the capture of Fabius AM. Atilius captus Mi. Atilius in Afiica, as if Atilius (Gr. 684) in Africa commemiscarried at his first landing in torare, tanguam Mi. Atelius Africa. primus accessus ad Africa offendere. As if I did not know, that even Ceu vero nescire, adversus a woman wrote against Theo- Theophrastus scribere etiam phrastus. femina. Some think that God does not Quidam idcirco Deus esso exist, because he does not appear non putare, quia non appanor is perceived; just as if we r6re nee cerni: proinde quasi could see our own mind itself. noster ipse mens vid6re posse. The Pythagoreans abstained Faba Pythagoreus abstifrom the bean, as if, forsooth, the n6re, quasi vero is cibus mens mind were puffed up by that iniare. food. 3. Ut, licet, etiamsi, quarnvis,' although;" quin for qui non, or ut non or uonminus, take the subjunctive. Though truth should obtain no Veritas licet nullus patropatron or defender, yet she is de- nus aut defensor obtintre, fended by herself. tamen per sui ipse defendi. A dwarf is not great, though Non esse magnus pumilio, he stand on a mountain. licet in mons consistere. 196 SYNTAX. Although ambition be itself a Licet ipse vitium esse amvice, yet it is frequently the cause bitio, frequenter tamen causa of virtues. virtus esse. I deny that there was any jewel Negare ullus gemma aut or pearl which Verres did not margarita esse, quin Verres search for, examine, [and] carry conquirire, inspicre, auoff. ferre. There is no doubt that he who Non esse dubius quin is is called liberal and kind, aims at qui liberalis benignusve dici, the discharge of duty, not at profit. offlicium non fiuctus sequi. There is no one who does not Nemo esse quin ubivis, wish to be any where, rather than quam ubi esse nzcalle. where he is. Caligula was very near (not far Livius ac Virgilius imago from) removing the writings and et scriptum paulum abesse statues of Livy and Virgil from guin Caligula ex omnis biball the libraries. liotheca amovere. Hlortensius did not hesitate to ilortensius non dubitare defend P. Sulla. qiun P. Sulla defendire. There is scarcely a day that Dies fere nullus esse quin this Satrius does not resort to my hic Satrius domus meus venhouse. tittlre. EnglisFh Examples, under Nos. 2, 3, to be turned into Latin. The iRoman prodigies, Horatius, Mucius, Clcelia, if they were not in the annals, would seem at this day fables.-He who sees these things from a distance, even though he do not know what is going on, knows however that Roscius is upon the stage.-If thou wert here thou wouldst think otherwise.-The day would fail if I should enumerate to what good [men] it has happened ill; to what bad [men] it has happened very well. —Here indeed we behold a great battle, as if other battles were nowhere, as if none were dying in all the city [besides].-Life is short, even if it should extend beyond a thousand years.-I would wish you to undertake this business, just as if it were an affair of mine.-The Sequani stood in awe of the cruelty of Ariovistus [when] absent as much (just) as if he were present before them. 4. Antequarn, priusquam, "'before;" dcum, donee, quoad, "until;" modo, dum, duzmmodo, "provided;" and the particles of wishing, Zutinam, 0 Si, ut or uti, for utinam, commonly take the subjunctive. SUBJUNOTIVE MOOD. 197 In all kinds of business, diligent In omnis negotium priuspreparation must be made before quam aggrddi adhibere prayou set about it. paratio diligens. Come hither as soon as possi- Hue quam prilnum venire ble, before all the troops of the antequam omnis copia adverenemy collect. sarius convenire. I will return before the moon Ante reverti quam luna has twice filled her orb. bis imfplire orbis. Fabius sends the cavalry before, Fabius eques premitt6re so prepared, that they might en- sic paratus ut confligere atgage and delay the whole army que omnis agnzen morari, till he himself should come up. dumn consequi ipse. If they have not yet gone, there Si nondum proficisci, nihil is no reason why they should esse quod sui movere, quoad move till we see how affairs stand. perspicire qui locus 7 esse res. The Rhine retains its name and Rhenus servare nomen et the force of its current where it violentia cursus, qua Gerflows by Germany, until it minr mania pr evhi, donee oceagles with the ocean. nus miscire. Thou wilt deliver me from Magnus ego metus liberare, great fear, provided there be a dummwodo inter ego atque tu wall between me and thee. murus interesse. Nor did Catiline have any con- Neque Catilina qui modus cern, provided he could obtain assequi, dum sui regnum for himself supreme power, by parare, quisquam pensum what means he obtained it. habere. I wish he could in some way, Utinam posse aliquis ratio however false, repel this accusa- hic crimen defend6re, quamtion. vis falsus. The language of Varro gives me Varro sermo fac6re expechope of Coesar, and I wish Varro tatio Csesar, atque utinam himself would apply to the cause. ipse Varro incuzmbre in causa. 0 that some portion of ancient 0, si solitus quisquam virvalour would appear. tus adesse. Would that all the gods and UTt tu omnis deuns deaque goddesses would destroy thee. perdere. English Ezxamples to be turned into Latin. He was unwilling to leave the place till he (Milo) came up.HIe was even desirous to be put to torture himself, provided only an investigation took place about his father's death.-I desire while beautiful to become the food of tigers, before unsightly 198 SYNTAX. leanness takes possession of my comely cheeks, and the moisture of the tender prey escapes.-Calpurnius Flamma with a chosen band of three hundred [men] occupied the hill on which the enemy were posted (lit. kept possession of (insessum) by the enemy) and thus delayed them till the whole army escaped.O that Paris had then been overwhelmed in the raging waters, when with his fleet he was directing his course (steering) to Lacedsamon. 5. Interrogative words used indefinitely in dependent clauses, or containing an indirect question, take the subjunctive. (Gr. 62'-5.) The Athenians sent to Delphi Atheniensis mittere Delphi to inquire what they should do. consul(6re quisnam fctcdre. Pyrrhus asked his ambassadors Pyrrhus legatus interrowhat they thought concerning gare, quis de hostissedes sezthe abode of their enemies. tire. The brothers Lydus and Tyr- Lydus et Tyrrhbnus frater, rhenus being compelled by famine, fames compulsus, sortiri dici, are, said to have cast lots which tuter, cum pars multitudo, of the two should quit the coun- patria discedere. try with a part of the population. It is uncertain whether it would In incertum esse utrum have been more beneficial to the Ciesar magis nasci respublica State, that Csesar should be born, prodesse anrnon nasci. or not be born. It is asked why the most learn- Qumri, cur doctus homo de ed men disagree on the most im- magnus res dissentire. portant subjects. Who I am you will find out Quis esse ex is qui ad tu from him whom I have sent to mittSre cognoscere.-SALL. you. See that you think in how great Fac6re 7 cogitare (Gr. 657 a calamity you are. Consider -3) in quantus calamitas esse. what your circumstances demand. 7 Considerare Auis tuus ratio: postuare. Learn what it is to live. Discere quis esse vivere. The mind itself knows not what Qualis esse animus, ipse the mind is. animus nescire. Learn, good [people], what a Quis virtus et quantus, virtue and how great it is to live bonus, esse viv6re parvus, with a little.- discfre.-l-on. Sat. 2, 2. Hear thou now what advan- Accipere nunc tenuis victages a slender diet brings with it. tus quis commodum sui cumr affcrre.-Ib. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 199 Behold what cities, once flour- Aspic6re florehs quondam Ishing, luxury has destroyed. quis vertfe e urbs luxus.SIL. 15. Consider thou, what the laws Respicere, quicd monere warn thee of; what the senate lex, quid curia mandare, (court) commands, how great re- premium quantus bonus mawards await the good. t1're.-JuvEN. Sat. 8. Let us look about us and con- Dispicere et cogitare quid si.der what we are, and what we esse, et quid ab animans ceoter differ from the other animals, and differre, et is sequi ad qui let us pursue those things for (to) 3 nasci.-CIa. l'in. 5. which we were born. If we consider what excellence Si (30) considerare quis esse and dignity there is in human na- in natura homo excellentia ture (the nature of man), we shall et dignitas, intelligere corpus be sensible that the pleasure of voluptas contemni oportere. the body ought to be contenuned. — Id. Off. 1. Avoid inquiring (to inquire) Quid esse futurus cras, fuwhat shall be to-morrow. gere quaerere.-EHop. It is not allowed to (it is un- Scire nefas homo esse, oatas lawful for) man to know what quid crastinus volvfre.-STAT. the morrow (to-morrow's age) Theb. brings. They say that Hercules, as soon Hercules dicere, quum prias he grew up towards manhood, mum (82) pubesc6re, (52) exwent out into a solitary place; ire in solitudo; atque ibi and there sitting, deliberated with sedens, diu sui cum (52) delihimself a long while, seeing (as he berare, quum duo (32) cersaw) two ways, the one [that] of n6re via, unus voluptas, alter pleasure, the other [that] of vir- virtus, uter (LII.) ingrddi metue, whether of them it were best lior esse.-CIc. Off. 1. (better) to enter upon. Youth (beginning age) is the Iniens oatas tempus esse a time given by nature for the natura datus ad deligere, choosing what way of life (of liv- quis quisque via viv6re ining) every one will (is about to) gressurus esse. enter into. Consider how short life is. Vita qudm brevis esse cogitare.-PLAUT. It is uncertain how long the life Incertus esse quclm longus of every one of us will be. ego quisque vita (42) futurus esse.-CIc. Learn ye with how little a man Discere qudmn parvum limay (it is possible to) prolong life, cere produc6re vita, et quanand how much nature requires. turn natura petere. —Luci 4. 200 SYNTAX. Dost thou not see how God has Nonne videre homo tZt eelraised the lofty countenances of sus ad sidus vultus tollire men towlards the stars? Dens?-SIL. 15. Nature teaches us not to neglect Ego natura doc6re non nehow we carry ourselves towards gligere queaocdmodcnm ego men. adversus homo ger'rTe.-CIc. It is hard to say how much Difficilis esse (75)dlicbre, courtesy and affability of speech ~qcantop/re conciliare nilmus engage the minds of men. homo comitas et affabilitas sermo.-Cic. Off 2. Behold how much wickedness Aspicfre quantowm quotiadvances daily, how much sin is die nequitia proifcire, _qucancommitted publicly and privately. turn publice privatitnque (XXXIII.) )eccacri. —SEN. Who knows, whether the gods Quis scire, an adjcjicire hoabove may add tomorrow's times diernus crastinus sulrmma temto this day's sum? pus Deus superus — H. English cExamples to be turned into Latin. It is often not even useful to know what will be on the rnor — row. —Cesar calls Dumnorix to him, brings in his brother, shows him wohat [things] he blamnzes in himn; wlscat he himself kInows, ohat the state com2)lacins of, he sets before him. I-e places g'uards over Dumnorix that he may know whaat he does, qwith/ whom he spea7cs.-It is uncertain wheat each day or night cmay bring forth. -- have told you (lit. you have) what I fear, what I hope, what I design, for the future; write to me in retuyn what you have done, what you are doing, what you mnean to do.-It is hard to tell what the reason is why we are soonest alienated with a kinc of (certain) disgust and satiety fiom those things which most stimulate our senses with pleasure. Exe7rcises snder Observations. INDICATIVE. 628-629.-If a good reputation Si bonus existimatio divis better than riches, and money tie prcestavre, et pecunia tan.is so eagerly desired, how much topbre e qpei, quanto magis more ought glory to be desired? gloria esse expetendus? Catiline in a fury said, " Since Catilina furibundus, "1 QuoI am driven headlong by my ene- niam, inquam, ab inimicus mies, I -will extinguish my own agi, incendiun menus ru ina conflagration in ruin." exstinguere." SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 201 No one dances when sober, un- Nemo saltare sobrius, nisi less perhaps he is out of his senses. forte insanire. I was grieved because I lost an Dolere quod socius et conassociate and partner of my glo- sors gloriosus labor amittere. rious career. It is a great kindness of nature, Magnus beneficium esse that we must die. natura, quod necesse esse mori. Every one is involved in a cer- Ante implicari quisque alitain plan of life (living) before he quis genus vivere quanz posse has been able to judge what is qui bonus esse judicare. best. As long as the state exists, trials Tasndin fieri judicinum will take place. quamdiu esse civitas. The Tarquins fought till Brutus Tarquinius tamndiu dcimikilled, with his own hand, Aruns cdree, donee Aruns, filius rex, the king's son. manus suus, Brutus occidere. The enemy, while they think Hostis, dum sui 2putare that they are conquering, began vincere, fortiter sequi ccepi. to follow more boldly. When he heard these things, he Ut hio andire, exardescre was inflamed with anger. ira. QuuM (GUM), referring to time only. 630.-He lived when Sicily was Vivere quumn Sicilia jiorlre ffourishing in resources. opes. When it is enjoined that we Quum prctiGpi ut egomet should control ourselves, it is en- ipse 7imperare, tum hic prejoined that reason should restrain cipi ut ratio 7 coercere temerashness. ritas. When the consul Carbo was Quum Opimius causa dedefending the cause of Opimius fende'e.apud populus, Carbo before the people, he did not deny consul, nihil de Gracchus nex the death of Gracchus. negare. I will sail when I shall be able Quum secure navigare posto sail in safety. se, navigare. QUUM (C(u), referring to cause. 631.-When the scouts returned, Quunm speculator reverti a great multitude was seen from procul ingens mnultitudo conafar: then fires began to blaze spici: ignis deinlde totus camthroughout the whole plain as the pus conlucere ccepisse, quum disorderly multitude encamped in inconditus multitudo laxius a scattered way. tende're. 9* 202 SYNTAX. When Alcibiades was carrying Itie quum moliri Alcibisa on these projects, Critias and the des, Critias ceterique tyranrest of the tyrants of the Athe- nus Atheniensis, certus homo nians, sent trusty men to Lysan- ad Lysander in Asia mittere. der in Asia. There was a vast number of Ingens numerus esse belprisoners made in the Punic war, lum Punicum. captus, qui whom Hannibal had sold, since Hannibal, quumt a suus non they were not ransomed by their fedtimi, venundAre. friends. Since there is in us design, rea- Quurm esse in ego consison, forethought, it is necessary lium, ratio, prudentia, nethat God himself have these in cesse esse Deus hie ipse hagreater measure. bere magnus. 632. —What do you wish I Quis velle 7facere? should do? I would wish you would love Tun vele, ut consuescere ego and defend me as you have been diligere et defendare. accustomed (to do). I would rather thou hadst given dalle divitive ego dare. me riches. There are letters extant of Ci- Extare epistola M. Cicero cero to his brother Quintus, in ad Quintus frater, qui is horwhich he exhorts and admonishes tari et monere irmitari vicihim to imitate his neighbour Oc- nus suus Octavius. tavins. See that you do (it). Facere facere. 633.-I fear that you have un- Xietgure ne frustra labor dertaken labour in vain. suscipere. I am afraid that while I wish Vereri, ne, dum minuere to lessen the labour, I may in- 7 velle labor, augere. crease [it]. Flatterers, if they laud any one, Adulator, si quis laudare, say they are afraid that they can- vereri sui dic6re, utt ille facnot by their words come up to tum verbum consequi posse. his exploits. It is to be feared that, in a short Vereri ne, brevis tempus, time, there will be a famine in fames in urbs esse. the city. I was fearing that those things Timnre ne evenire is qui would happen which have come accidere. to pass. I fear that Dolabella himself Verfri ut Dolabella ipse may not be able to be of any effec- satis ego prodesse posse. tual service to us. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 203 I add this also which I am Addere etiam illo, qui veafraid I shall not justify [even] to rjri tu ipse ut probare. yourself. I fear that perhaps I may not Vereri ne forte non alius appear to have consulted other utilitas, sed proprius laus men's benefit, but my own glory. servire videri. I fear that thou mayest not be Vereri ne presens fortuna able to meet thy present fortune. tuns sufficere non posse. Englis7 Examples to be turned into Latin. When Gyges had turned the stone of the ring to his palm, he was not seen by any one, but he himself saw all things; and again, he was seen when he had turned the ring into its place.-When the Helvetii understood that he had done, in one day, what they themselves had accomplished with great difficulty in twenty days, they send ambassadors to him. —When lie had observed these things he accused them vehemently.-To me indeed men seem in this respect (thing) especially to surpass the mruntes, in that they are able to speak.-However full thy coffer may be, I shall not think thee rich while I see thee unsatisfied. — Thou wilt deliver me from great fear, provided only there be a wall between me and thee.-I fear that thou wilt not be able to endure all the labours which I see that thou dost undertake. -A bad man fears that his wickedness may get abroad (emanate). 635.-RULE LV. The relative ui, qucea, quod, requires the subjunctive, when it refers to an indefinite, negative, or interroga t've word,-to words implying comparison,-or assigns the reason, cause, or end, of that which precedes, and also in all cases of oblique narration. This general rule is divided into the following SPECIAL RULES. 636.-RULE I. When the relative qui, quce, quod, refers to an indefinite, negative, or interrogative word, it requires the subjunctive mood. (Gr. 637.) Do you ask what it is that has Quis esse, gui ego delectare, given me pleasure? quaerre?-SEN. 204 SYNTAX. Hear what (it is that) is main- Quis esse qui ab hie diet, tained by these [philosophers]. audire. —Sr. Who knows not how few play- Quis ignorare qtuam pauci ers there are, and have been, histrio esse, esseque, gui upon whom we could look with mequus animus spectare _osse? patience? -Cc. Whoever finds fault with the Sapientia studium qui vistudy of philosophy, I cannot truly tuperare, haud sane intelligere comprehend what (that is which) qgisnam esse gui laudandus he thinks worthy of being com- putare.-Cic. mended. It is of no consequence what (it Nihil refert qguis esse g'ti is which) is shewed (presented) speculum ostendi. —SEN. to the mirror. There are some who blame this. Esse, qui hie carpere.V. PAT. There were some who surren- JEsse, gui sui statim dedere. dered immediately. — Tla. That in my opinion is not Is meus opinio, quamquam enough, though there are people 7 esse gui dissentire, non satis that think differently. esse.-QuINT. There were persons who be- Esse, qui credere sonitus lieved that the sound of the trum- tuba collis circum editus aupet was heard on the lofty hills diri.-TAc. around. Every age will find something Omnis atas gui agere inveto do. nire.-SEN. Nor as yet has any one been Neque adhuc repertus esse found who refused to die. gquisuam, qui moni recusare. Many more things are found in Multo plus rejperiri apud the writings of the ancients that vetus zui ego probandus esse merit our approbation, than our quam qui repudiandus.rejection. COL. R. R. In his case (lit. in whom, viz. In qui hic maximus esse Homer) the most singular circum- quod neque ante ille qui ille stance is this, that neither before imitari, neque post ille, gui him has any one been found whom is sequare posse inventus esse. he might imitate, nor after him, -V. PAT. who could equal him. The watery element has where- HUabvre humor qui anmbire with it may encircle the earth, terra (pl.), non qui obruenre. not wherewith it may overwhelm -SEN. it. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 205 It is useful to have persons Utilis esse hatbeave Gui imiwhom you wish first to imitate, tari primum, mox vincere and afterwards to excel. ve5le.-QuUINT. These seem to most people to lie plerique vid6ri nil bohave nothing better (Lat. no good nus negotium habare qui thing) to do. agere.-SEN. Nor are there wanting, to so Nee deesse tam pulcher noblo a contest, leaders who may certamen dux, qui ad similis animate you to similar exertions. tu cohortcari.-SEN. There are none who weep. Qui lacrimancre deesse.-Ov. So long as the race of men shall Dum homo genus esse, qui exist, there will not be wanting accusare is non deesse.-CIc. some one to accuse them. There are persons present who Adesse qui tu hortcari ut a exhort you to abandon us. ego desciscere. —C s. There are some here who do Adesse, guz hic non pro not approve of these things. bare.-CIc. There was one Bebius Massa.Adesse qui noscere Bebius present who knew [him]. Massa.-TAC. A day will come which will Hic unus res usus gui ezidemand [of us] the exercise of gere dies venire.-SEN. this one virtue [thing]. A time will come which will Venire aliguis tempus qgu reunite and blend us together. ego iterum juxngre ac miseare.- SEN. Who is there that does not hate Quis esse gui Tarquinius Tarquinius Superbus? Superbus non odisse? —CI. Is this, soldiers, the fight that Hie esse, miles, pugna, qui you have demanded? What man, poscere? Quis homo, gu/is what god is there whom you can deus esse, gui accusare posse? blame? Who is there that does not Quis esse qui non beneficus wish to appear beneficent videri velle?-SEN. What kind of war can there be Qui8 genus bellum esse in which the fortune of the repub- posse, in gui ille non exercero lic has not found him employ- fbrtuna respublica.-CIa. ment? Does any body listen to our Numguis esse, sermo noster conference? qui caucupacre?-PLAUJT. You ought not to (there is no Non esse, qui cred&re 4quisreason why you should) believe quam fieri alienus infelicitas that any one is made happy by felix.-SEN. another's misfortune. I see nothing else that we can lVihil alius videre qui dlco. ag(ere posse.-Cio. 206 SYNTAX. Have you any occasion for my Nungquis esse, gui opera services? (Lat., Is there any thing meus tu opus ease? —TER. on account of which there is need to you of my services?) There is nobody among us (Ro- Nemo apud ego, gui idem mans) who has attempted the tentacre; nenzo apud Grwecus same thing; no one author among gui unus omnis is tractare.the Greeks who has handled all PLIN. these subjects. There was not one man of Nu- Unus vir Numantinus non mantia that was led in chains. esse gui in catena duci.FLOR. There is nothing that is not _Nihil esse qui non alicubi forced to be somewhere. esse cogi.-CIc. There was scarcely a shield that Vix ullus esse scuturn qui was not pierced by several arrows non plures simul spiculuni at once. perforari.-CuRnT. In all the preceding sentences it will be noticed that the conditions mentioned in the Explanation (Gr. 637) occur, i. e. the antecedent is something indefinite, and the relative clause belongs to the predicate. The examples which follow, though resembling the preceding, yet differ in this, that the antecedent is something definite, and the relative clause belongs to the subject, and of course has the verb in the indicative. This nice but important distinction should be carefully noted by every student. I will by and by show what it Quis 7 esse gtui seguin paulo is which follows (lit. what that post prosequi.-SEF. which follows is). They are bad men who speak Mcalus esse homo, gui (de) ill of the good, i. e. they who bonus dicire male.-PLAUT. speak ill of the good are bad men. Nor ought Cynics to be heard Nee audiendus esse Cyniwho find fault. cus, gui reprehendere. The persons who teach vices, T/ic esse gui vitium traand transfer them from one place dire,: et alio aliunde transto another, are these (belong to ferre.-SEN. this class). Many who went to join Cati- Esse tamen extra conjuraline at first, were not concerned tio cornplures gui ad Catilina in the conspiracy. initiUt 2proficisci.-SxLL. Those things which for so many Tum prirnu repertus esse? years have consumed the state, gui per tot annus respublica were then first discovered. exed&ie. Tao - SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 207 Those who do not bestow but Multus esse gqui non donare squander are many. sed projicere.-SEN. Those [slaves] who took up Deesse ille qui opera tuns (wasted) all your attention, are conterere.-SEN. lost (wanting) to you. Nobody is free, who is a slave Nemo liber esse, qui corpus to his body. servire.-Id. Nothing can please which is Nihil posse placere qui not becoming. non decere.-QUINT. English Examples to be turned into Latin. A C~esar shall be born who will bound his empire with the ocean, his fame with the stars.-There is no other Cicero living who can, in a manner sufficiently worthy of the subject, deplore Cicero's unhappy fate.-There is no individual of any nation, who, if he take (having taken) nature for his guide, may not attain to virtue. —Is there any one of all mortal [men] of whom you entertain a morel favourable opinion (think better)? —Who is there that prefers not a generalto an orator?-He was sad, and saw me sorrowful; for we had heard things which caused solicitude.-There often occur many causes which perplex [men's] minds. —There are some who blame this.-There are very many excellent men who, for their health, resort to these places.Certain philosophers have been found who denied that the deity had care of human things.-These things I had to remark (say) concerning old age.-Nor, on the other hand, were there wanting persons who, from a foolish vanity, bought superb armour, and magnificent horses, as implements of war. 641.- RULE II. The relative is followed by the subjunctive when the relative and antecedent clauses involve a comparison; or when the latter expresses the purpose, object, or design of something expressed by the former. N. B. In explanation and illustration of this rule, see Nos. 642-644. lst. —The Fathers, if you shall Pater, si dignus qui secunhave chosen a person worthy to dus ab Romulus numerdri be the successor of Romulus, will creare, auctor fieri. —Liv. confirm. 208 SYNTAX. You deserve not (are not wor- Non esse ditgnus tu qui hnce thy) to possess things that display bere, qui tam bene factus such exquisite workmanship. esse (Gr. 644). However much I may deserve Si ego dignus (fern.) hic such an affront, yet it was inde- contumelia esse maxime, at corous in you (you were unwor- tu indignus guiface're tamen. thy) to offer it. -TER. Perhaps you had nobody fit to Tu fortasse idoneus esse be imitated (whom you should nemo, qui irnitari.-COc. imitate). Cesar had judged Vibullius Vibullius Rufus Caesar juRufus a proper person to send to dicare idoneus gui ad PomrPompey. peius nmitti'e.-CLEs. 2d.-There is no pestilence so Nullus tam detestabilis pesexecrable as not to be brought tis, qui non homo ab homo upon man by man. nasci.-CIa. Nothing is so mean, nothing so Nihil tam vilis, neque tam common, of which they have left vulgaris esse, gui pars ullus any part. reling;ure.-Id. No acuteness of human under- Nullus acies humanus instanding is (so great as to be) able genium tantus esse, qui peneto penetrate the sky [or] enter trare in ccelum, terra intrare into the earth. posse.-Id. No force is so great, that it Nullus esse tantus vis, gui cannot be weakened and broken non ferrum ac vires debilitari by the sword and strength. frangique posse.-Id. Innocence is such a disposition Esse innocentia affectio taof mind as hurts nobody. lis animus, qui nocSre nemo. -Id. Thou oughtest to (be such as Talis tu esse oportet gui to) separate thyself from the so- tu ab impius civis societas ciety of impious citizens. sejungere.-Id. My zeal was not of such a na- Non esse meus studium ture that it could be passed over ejusmodi qui silentium posse in silence. pr.eteriri. —Id. These dissensions were of such Ille dissensio esse hujusa nature as to have for their ob- mSdi, qui non ad delere seod ject not the overthrow, but a ad commutare respublicaperchange of (Lat., to pertain not to tinire.-Id. destroying, but to changing) the commonwealth. I am not such a one as to say Non is esse qui, quisquis (i. e. one of those who say) that videri, talis diceire esse, qualis whatever is seen is such as it vid6ri.-Id. seems. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 209 You are not such a person as Non tu is (Gr. 123-2, b.) not to know what you are. esse qui quid esse nescire.CIO. Youreperiod of life (age) [is] such Is mtas tuus gui cupiditas that it has now made its escape adolescentiajam efugire; —is from the passions of youth;-your vita in qgui nihil excusandus (past) life [has been such] that in hablre. —Tco. it you have done nothing that needs an apology. 3d.-I am too great for fortune Major esse quan 3 gui to be able to harm me. posse fortuna noc6re.-OvID. I have done more [exploits] Plus fae're quan ui comrnthan it is easy for me to comprise prendbre dictum in promptu in words. ego esse.-OvID. To Philip not accustomed to Insuetus Philippus verum hear the truth, the speech of _iE- audire, ferocior _Emilius oramilius seemed too arrogant to be tio visus esse guamn gui haaddressed to a king. bendus apud rex esse. —LIV. 4th.-I remember that [certain Ad ego adire meminisse persons] came to me to say that gui dicere, nimis magnus too great allowances were decreed sumtus legatus decerni.to the deputies. CIo.. The Laceclrmonians sent am- Lacedemonius legatus Abassadors to Athens to accuse thenae mittere, qui ThemisThemistocles in his absence. tocles absens accuscae. —NEP. Laws have been invented, that Lex esse inventus, gui cum they might at all times discourse omnis semper nuns atque with all men in one and the same idem vox logui.-C-I. language. Anchors were cast to secure Essejactus ancora gui firthe steadiness of the bridge. mitas pons continare.-TAo. At present all have mules to Omnis jam mulus hadbre carry their vessels of crystal, &e. qgui crystallinus &c. (vasa) portare.-SEN. 644i.-It belongs not to a good Non esse bonus vir (Gr. man to love what (such a thing 364) diligdre qgui per sui non as) is not of itself lovely. esse diligendus.-CIa. I have set apart the reign of Principatus Nerva, et imNerva and the imperial rule of perium Trajanus senectus Trajan for my old age, when by seponere; ubi, rarus tempus the rare felicity of the times you felicitas, sentire qui velle, et are permitted to think what (such gui sentire diedre licet.things as) you please, and to speak TAO. what you think. 2o 1 0 SYNTAX. It was a request, but one which Preces esse, sed qui contr'a(such a one as) could not be re- dici non posse.-TAC. fused. EEnglish Examples to be turned into Latin. At present there is not only nobody so unskilful as to say that the things which were done in my consulship were blunders; but there is nobody so inimical to his country as not to own, that his country was preserved by my counsels.-There is nothing so important which I ought not, on your account, to perform. —The nature of war is such as should (ought to) animate and fire your minds to an earnest purpose of prosecuting it.Upon the herald's voice being heard (Gr. 690), the joy was too great (greater than) for the people to contain.-There were persons who thought (Gr. 638) that Letilius had come fiom Verres as an ambassador, to tell him of his favour and friendship.-Are you the man to follow in disputing, not your own judgment, but to yield to the authority of others? —Many miracles happened by which (such that by them) the favour of heaven, and a particular partiality of the gods (divinity) for Vespasian, was manifested. 645.-RULE III. When the relative with its clause assigns the cause or reason of the action or event announced by the antecedent clause, it requires the subjunctive. See also Nos. 646, 647. 646.-You must be a worthless Nequam tu esse oportere, fellow to (inasmuch as you) mock homo peregrinus atque ada foreigner and a stranger. vena qui irridere.-PLAUT. Silius has done well to conclude Bene facere Silius qui (the business). transigere. —Cic. I pity you for making so great Miseret ego tu qui hic tana man'as this your enemy. tus homo facire inimicus tu. -TER. The king, because he had not Rex, qui iste non nosse, knowif that man, gave most will- sine ullus suspicio libentisingly without any suspicion. sime dire.-CIc. Many have been disapproved Multus qui domi setas of because they spent their life at agere propterea esse improhome. batus. —Ci. O miserable man! to think O 4miser, qzui fidelior bar(because he thought) a barbarian barus putcare quam conjux! more faithful than his wife. -CiO. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 211 Is a man called an enemy be-,Num appellari inimicus, cause he has been [armed] with a gui cum telum esse — pui weapon?-because he has killed homo occideie? —qui incena man?-because he has raised a dium faccire — gui templum fire — because he has taken pos- occupare? —CIc. session of a temple? 64:7.-We are constrained there- Itaque cogi dominus noster fore not to know our master, be- ignorare; guippe gui nescire cause we know not whether we Sol, an _.Ether servire. —OIc. are the servants of the Sun or of the ZE1ther. There CGesar complained bit- Ibi multus de meus sententerly of my motion (opinion); tia queri Csesar, guippe qui for he had seen Crassus at Ra- Ravenna Crassus ante videre, venna before, and had by him ab isque in ego esse incensus. been incensed against me. The Britons display more fero- Plus ferocia Britannus prsecity as (inasmuch as) a long peace ferre, ut qui nondum longus has not yet effeminated them. pax emnollre.-Tac. Nor was Antonius far distant, Neque Antonius procul for he was pursuing with a nu- abesse; utpote pui magnus merous army. exercitus sequi. —SALL. At the first onset the moun- Primus impetus caosus distaineers were cut to pieces and jectusque montanus, ut 3 gui dispersed-for to tlhem there was neque in victoria decus, esse, neither honour in victory, nor dis- neque in fuga flagitium.grace in flight. Tac. English Ecvmples to be turned into Latin. Behold the fellow's cruelty who (inasmuch as he) does not disguise that he wished (his having wished) to injure an exile.You blame the idleness of the young men because they do not learn that art thoroughly.-I do not in the least wonder if he hates you, because you call him Tyndarus instead of Philocrates. — I maintain (say) that Crassus is miserable, because by death he has lost his great riches,-that Cn. Pompey is miserable, because he has been bereft of so much glory,-that, in a word, all are miserable, because they enjoy not this light.-To him succeeded Pertinax, already far advanced in life, for he was on the verge of seventy (Lat. had now nearly reached the age of seventy).-The Roman knights, as they had the fates and fortunes of the leading men in their power, robbed the state at their pleasure.-I am a dolt in not having (since I have not) begun to fall in love till to-day. 212 SYNTAX. 648. —R-unLE IV. When quz possesses a power equal to quanquam, or etsi is, or to si, nrodo, or dummodo,' although-if-provided that he, she, it," &c., it requires the subjunctive mood. A thing may be burned though Posse aliquis esse combusit is not kindled. tus, gui non ease accensus.SEN. In fact even Tiberius, though Scilicet etiam Tiberius, gui he disliked public liberty, was libertas publicus nolle tam disgusted with the abject servility projectus serviens, patientia of his creatures. tmdere.-TAc. It is certain that nobody is Certus esse non quisquam struck who has (i. e. if, provided he tangi, gui prior vidlre fulhas) first seen the flash or heard men, aut tonitru audire.the thunder. PLIN. There is nothing disagreeable Nihil molestus, gui non deprovided you do not set your siderare.-CIc. heart upon it. Nothing can be considered as Nihil posse malum videri, an evil, if the necessity of nature qui natura necessitas afferre. occasion it. -Id. Can any thing be vexatious to An ego posse quisquam esse me if (provided) it will be agree- molestus, qUi tu gratus futuable to you. rus esse.-Id. There is nothing so easy but it Nullus esse tam facilis res, becomes difficult if you do it un- quin difficilis esse gui invitus willingly. facdre.-TEin. 649. —RuLE V. The relative qui takes the subjunctive after zunus and soluzs, when they restrict the affirmation to a particular subject. You will be the only person on Tu esse unus in qui niti whom the safety of the state will civitas salus. —Ca. depend. It is wisdom alone that dispels Sapientia esse unus gui gloom from our minds, that does mcestitia }pelle'e ex animus, not suffer us to be greatly shocked gui ego exhorrescere metus with fear. non sinire. -Id. This is the only doctrine of the HEI Academicus esse unus Academics of which no one of the sententia qui reliquus philoother philosophers approves. sophus nemo probare.-Id. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 213 In those ages of which we now In is de qui nunc loqui speak, it is the memory, almost tatas, memoria prope solus alone, that can aid the diligence esse qui juvare cura docens of teachers (those teaching). posse. —QUINT. Pleasure is the only thing that Voluptas esse solus qui ego by its own nature invites and al- vocare ad sui et allicire lures us to itself. suapte natura. —Cc. Thou, COesar, art the only per- Solus esse, Caesar, qui in son in whose victory none has victoria cadire nemo, nisi fallen but he who bore arms. armatus.-Id. English Examnpes under R-ILES IV, V, to be turned in Latin. To you also, among many extraordinary [events], this ought not to appear among the last of your glories, that Hannibal, though the gods had granted him victory over so many Roman generals, has yielded to you. —For though he so much disregarded the gods, he used on the least thunder and lightning to close his eyes, muffle up his head, and hide [himself] under a bed. — What can be natural if (provided) the same thing is capable of being excessive.-The nation of the Gauls is the only one left which seems both to be' able, and not to be unwilling, to make war on the Roman people.-Pompey is the only man who has surpassed by his valour, not only the glory of those men who now exist, but even the memory (i. e. all that is recorded) of antiquity. 650. —RULE VI. In oblique or indirect discourse the relative requires the subjunctive mood. Note.-Under this rule special attention should be paid to the explanation and observations connected with it in the Grammar, 651654. Note also that in the following sentences, in the oblique or indirect part, the Latin words are printed in Italics, and the words under the rule in small capitals. Cingonius Varro had given his Censere Cingonius Farro, opinion that the freedmen also, Tt libertus quoque QUI sub who had been under the same idem tecturn ESSE, Italia deroof, should be banished from portari. —TA. Italy. Plato remarks excellently, that Egregie Plato dic6re, Mithose objects are the least impor-' nitmus esse, QUI horeo EMiERE tant which men purchase at the vita. —SEN. expense of life. 214 SYNTAX. Many have heard you say that Multus ex tu audire, qunm. nobody was rich but the man who dicere, Nemo esse dives nisi could maintain an army with his QUI exercitus alqere POSSE slusU revenues. fructus. —CIc. Socrates used to say that all Socrates dic@re sol6re, Ommen were sufficiently eloquent in nis in is QUI scIRE satis esse subjects which they understood. eloquens.-Id. The Corsicans reflected that it Corsi reputare insulac esse was an island which they inha- QUI INCOLERE; direptus vasbited, that those even whom the tatusque classis etiam qIJI cohorts and squadrons of cavalry cohors alaque PPOTEGERE.defended, had been plundered and Tac, ravaged by [Otho's] fleet. Zeno used to say that that man Zeno dicere solure, Is esse was happy who enjoyed present beatus QuI prcesens voluptas pleasures, no pain interrupting rIui, dolor non interveniens. them. -CIa. He maintains that it is unjust Negare, Jus esse QII miles that a man who is not a soldier non zsse, pugnare cum hosshould fight with the enemy. tis.-Id. Alexander said that they were Alexander dicere, Laus worthy of praise, not who visited dignus esse non QUI Samothe [Eleusinian] mysteries of the thraces initia visERE; sed is Samothracians, but they who by QUI mnagnitudo resfides ANTEthe grandeur of their exploits had CEDERE,.-CIURT. exceeded belief. Antonius laid the blame on Antonius culpa in MuciaMucianus by whose accusations nus conferre (Gr. 655, note), [he observed] his perils had been QuI crirninatio EVILLESCERE undervalued. periculum suus.-TAc. Arcesilaus denied that there Arcesilaus negare, esse Zquiswas any thing whatever that quamC, QUI sczi POSSE, ne ille could be known, not even that quidemn ipse QIi Socrates sui which Socrates had reserved to RELINQUERE: neque esse quishimself: That there was nothing quam QUI cerni ceut intelligi whatever that could be discerned PossE.-CIC. or comprehended. His wife alarmed his fears [by Uxor metus intentare Mulreminding him] that many freed- tus acdstare libertus ace serveus men and slaves had been standling QUI iden VIDERE-et prazby, who saw the same things- rnium penes unus fore, QUY and that the rewards would be indicium PRLEVENmRE (Gr. conferred on him alone who 654). —TA. should be the first to make the discovery. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 215 Thales, who was the wisest of Thales qui sapientissimus the seven, said, that men ought to in septem esse dicere, Homo think that all the things which existizmare oportire, omnis were seen were full of the gods, QUI -CERNI dens esse plenus; for that all would be more reli- fore enim omnizs catstlor eluti gious, just as if they were in the QuI in fanutmr ESSE mancxie,remost sacred temples. ligiosus.-Cic. 655.-The Africans sent ambas- Afer legatus Lacedemon sadors to Laceduaemon to accuse mitt6re qui Lysander accuLysander of having endeavoured sure (Gr. 643, 4th) QUOD tSa(that he endeavoured) to corrupt cerdositznum cozrrmzlere cothe priests of the temple. NARI.-NEP. A plane tree is shown there Ibi ostendi platTnus ox gui from which Marsyas is said to 9pendtre (act.) Marsyas ab have been suspended [when] con- Apollo victus. quered by Apollo. 656.-They say that good men Dicere vir bonus isjustitia cultivate that justice which is segqe QUI ESSE non is QUI [justice] not that which is thought PUTARI. [to be so]. Critias sent. confidential persons Critias certus homo ad Lyinto Asia to Lysander to inform sander in Asia mitt(re qni him that unless he dispatched is certus facere (Gr. 643, 4th) Alcibiades, none of those things nisi Alcibicades sustollee, niwhich he himself had established hil is,yes fore r'catuts QUI ipse at Athens could remain in force. Athince CONSTITBERE. They (the chiefs) said that they Dicere sui non mninuls is strove and laboured not less for contendc're et laborare, ne is, this, that those things which they QUI DICOEE, enzuncsari, quam had said should not be made pub- uti is QUI VELLE impetrare. — lie than that they might obtain CaES. those things which they wished. English ~Eamples to be tuquned into Latin. Then at length Liscus discloses what before he had concealed. -That there are some whose authority is of very great weight (avails very much) with the common people, [and] who can do more [though] in a private station than the magistrates themselves.-Divitiaeus said that he was the only one who could not be induced to (that he should) swear or give his children as hostages.-Aristotle says that certain small animals are produced near the river Hypanis, which live but a single day.-They say that Tarquin remarked that, being in exile, he had ascertained what faithful, and what unfaithful friends he had, since now he 216 SYNTAX. could return a favour to neither. —[He said] That it had happened worse to the victorious Sequani (to the Sequani being victors) than to the conquered 2Edui, because that Ariovistus had settled down in their territories, and had seized upon a third part of the territory of the Sequani, which is supposed to be the best of all Gaul. —Themistocles informed Xerxes that it was contemplated that the bridge which he had made over th Hiellespont should be destroyed. CONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERATIVE. 657. —The imperative mood is used to command, exhort, entreat, or permit. (Gr. 149, &c.) Weep not; and that, whatever Ne laccrymnare; atque iste, it is, let me know, conceal it not, quisquis esse, fcce"re ego ut rear not, trust me. scire, no reticfe, ne leeriri credfre ego. —TEz. But in the mean time lay down At iste raster interea dethose mattocks, do not toil. ponere, ne claborare. —TEm. Hush, hush, I beseech you, we Tacere, tacere, obsecrare (fern.) are safe. salvus esse.-Trln. Take this fan; fan her gently Capere hie fiabellum, ven(Lat. Make a little breeze to her) tulus hic sic Jieede. —Trm. thus. Remove far hence ye profane, Procul, 0, procul esse proand retire from the whole grove. fanus totusque absistere lucus. -VIRG. Let the first victor have a steed Primus equus phalera inadorned with trappings. signis victor habreP.-VlRG. Begin Damcetas. InJeip~re Damcetas. —VIG. Let industry be praised. Laudcari industria. Trust not too much to beauty. Nimium ne creddre color. See that you care for nothing aceire, ne quis alius curare else except to recover your health nisi ut quam commod6 conas perfectly as possible. valescere. Take care of your health. Ciucare ut valere. Do not wish for that which INolle [ut] is 7 velle, qui cannot be done. fieri non posse. There is great efficacy in the Magnus vis esse in virtus; virtues; areouse these, if perchance is excitcare, si forte dormire. they slumber. INFINTITIYE MOOD. 217 English Examples to be turned into Latin. 0 Jupiter, preserve, I beseech thee, these blessings for us.Conscript fathers, by the majesty of the Roman people, aid an nnfortunate [man], oppose injustice.-Let kings be honoured. — Send ye a present to the Pythian Apollo, and keep yourselves from licentious joy (licentious joy from yourselves).-Do no violence to Ceres. —Go, lictor, bind [those] hands which a little ago acquired enipire for the Romlan people; veil the head of the deliverer of this city; hang him on the accursed tree; scourge him, either within the Pooecrium, provided [it be] amidst those javelins and spoils of the enemy; or without the Pomcerium, provided [it be] among the to-mbs of the Curiatii. —LIv. CONSTRUCTION OF THE INFINITIVE. TnE INFINITIIVE WITHEOUT A SUBJEcT. 659. —The infinitive without a subject may be regarded as a verbal noun in the singular number, neuter gender, and, in form, indeclinable, but differing from all other nouns, inasmuch as it involves the idea of time, and has all the power of governing that belongs to the verb.-Construed with other verbs, the infinitive -may be regarded as in the nominative, and the subject of the verb; or in the accusative as its object. After adjectives, the infinitive mLay be regarded as in the case which the adjective governs. (Gr. 667.) The Infinitive as the subject of the Verb. 660.-RULE LVI. One verb being the subject of another, is put in the infinitive. See also Nos. 661, 662. To do wrong is never ulseful, Nunquam esse utilis peccare because it is always disgraceful. quia semper esse turpis.-CIC. Not to show gratitude for fa- Non referre beneficium gravours is both base, and is so esteem- tia et esse turpis, et apud ed among all men: not to love omnis haberi: parens suns one's parents is impiety. non amacs impius esse. 10 218 SYNTAX. To be shipwrecked, to be over- Rarus esse casus, etiamsi turned in a carriage, though se- gravis, naufragiumrfaccire, vevere, are uncommon accidents. hiculum evertire. It is disgraceful to say one Turpis esse alins loqui alius thing and think another; how sentire; quantus turpior alius much more disgraceful to write scrib(3re alius sentire. one thing and think another. To speak beautifully and ora- Nihil esse alius pulchr6 et torically is nothing else than to oratorice dicere, nisi bonus use the best arguments and the sententiam verbumque lectus choicest words. dicire. To write a history seems to me Ego quidem in primis arindeed (a work) especially diffi- duus (esse) Sideri res gestus cult. scribe'e. -SLL. To act well for the state is ho- Pulchrunm esse bene face're nourable, even to speak well is respublica; etiam bene dic're not inglorious; to become re- haud absurdum esse; vel pax nowned either in peace or in war vel bellurn clarus fi7ri licire. is permitted. -SALL. To suffer that which thou may- Qui cavere 7 posse, stultus est prevent is foolish. admitteire esse.-TEn. 659. 8.-The whole of this phi- Tortus hic philosophari losophising displeases. displicare. The very speaking in Latin is Ipse Lactine loqui in magto be regarded as a great source nus laus ponendus esse. of praise. For other examples, see No. 304, p. 81. English Examples to be tuzrned into L2atin. To betray our country is a sin.-To separate the mind from the body is nothing else than to learn to die.-To be entirely unacquainted with our own poets is [a mark] of the most indolent sloth (Gr. 365).-To employ reason and language prudently, to perform what you undertake with deliberation, and, in every circumstance, to discern and to defend what is [of the] true, is becoming; on the other hand, to be mistaken, to blunder, to fail, to be deceived, is as disgraceful as to be delirious.-To think this is [a mark] of prudence (Gr. 365); to do it, of fortitude; [but] both to think and to do it, of perfect and complete virtue. INFINITIVE MOOD. 219 The Infinitive as the object of a Verb. 663.-RULE LVII. One verb governs another as its object, in the infinitive. See also Nos. 664, 665. All desire to know. Scire velle omnis. Nobody makes haste enough Properare vivSre nemo sato live, i. e. to live well. tis. —MART. Money cannot (knows not to) Natura mutare pecunia nechange nature. scire.-Hon. A good man delights to be ad- Admonari bonus gaudjre. monished. -SEiw. de It. Friendship cannot be, but a- Amicitia, nisi inter bonus, mongst the good. For friendship esse non posse. Nam sine vircannot be without virtue. tus amnicitia esse non posse.CIc. Am. He that does not know how to Qui non nosse tacare, nehold his tongue (to be silent), scire loqui. does not know [how] to speak. Physic cannot (knows not to) Tolltre nodosus nescire metake away the knotty gout. dicina podagra.-Ov. A word let go cannot (knows Nescire vox missus reverti. not to) return. — Hon. Nobody can be happy without Nemo posse esse beatus sine virtue. virtus.-CIc. Love, if thou wouldst (if thou Si velle amanri, amare.wishest) to be loved. SEN. Csesar makes haste to depart C~esar maturare ab urbs from the city. proficisci. Demosthenes is said to have Lectitare Plato studiose carefully perused Plato. Demosthenes dici. The bridge over the Iberus was Pons in Iberus prope effici reported to have been nearly fin- nuntiari. ished. 667.-The city was afflicted, Mcestus civitas esse, vinci being unaccustomed to be van- insuetus. quished. Agricola was accustomed to Agricola esse peritus obseobey, and taught to mingle the qui, eruditusque utilis honesuseful with the honourable. tus misci~e. Each prince possessed the high- Uterque princeps bonus est excellence; one was worthy esse; dignusque alter eligi, to be elected, the other to elect. alter eliqgre. 220 SYNTAX. 668. Note 1, 2.-No one can Nemo posse etffgire is qui avoid that which is to come. futurus esse. -Cic. Cities could neither have been Urbs non 10posse nec cedifibuilt nor peopled without the cari nec frefquentari sine concourse of men. ccetus homo.-Cic. How can we have an idea of Qui ego posse intelligSere God except as eternal. Deus nisi sempiternus.-Cic. See more examples, No. 46, p. 39. 668. Note 3. —He sees the moon Surgtere vid're luna.-CIc. rising. Do you not hear the zephyrs Nec zephyrus audire spiblowing? crare. —VIRG. I see the heaven parting asun- Medius videre discedfre der in the middle, and the stars ccelum palansque polus stella. wandering in the firmanent. — VIRG. 669. Historical Infinitive.-A Brevis spatium interjectus short time having intervened, the (Gr. 690) hostis, ex omnis enemy, upon a signal being given, pars, signum datum, (Gr. rushed down from all parts and 690) decurrire, lapis giahurled stones and darts within sumque in vallum conzjicire. the rampart. Our soldiers at Noster primo integer vis first, with unimpaired vigour, fortiter repugnare, neque ulbravely resisted, and from their lus frustra telum ex locus more elevated station dispatched superior mittero.-CGxs. no weapon in vain. Meanwhile COesar was daily Interim quotidie Caesar demanding corn fiom the,~Edui. BEdui frumentum flagitare. -Cs. EngZlish aExamples to be turned into Latin. Let not the wicked presume to appease the gods by gifts.-I have now determined to think nothing upon public affairs. —Ie hesitated not to erect an edifice upon another man's [ground].I (we) did not begin to philosophize on a sudden.-No art, no hand, no workman, can, by imitating, come up to the skill of nature.-The mind always desires to be employed about (to do) something, nor can it endure perpetual inactivity.-I desire t0 know what you think of these things.-The full moon used to produce the greatest tides in the ocean.-Pelopidas did not hesitate to engage as soon as he saw the enemy.-The man hesitated. turned to and fro, blushed. —Her mental powers were of no con INFINITIVE MOOD. 221 temptible character; she could compose verses, tell a pleasant story [move a jest].-The king at first feared nothing, suspected nothing. Tfmi INFINITIVE WITH A SUBJEOT. 670. —The infinitive with a subject possesses the character of the verb, and affirms of its subject, as in the indicative or subjunctive mood, but only in subordinate and dependent propositions. These propositions have a substantive character, and may be regarded sometimes as the subject of a verb; as, Te non istud aucdivisse mrirunm est, " that you have not heard that is wonderful;" but more commonly as the object after a verb, or in some way dependent upon it; as, Afiror te non scribere, " I wonder that you do not write." See also Note, 670. 671. — RULE LTIII. The subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative. See also Nos. 672-674. Nlote I.-iMe, te, se, illum, are often understood, and esse orfuisse is frequently omitted after participles. See Gr. 179, 6, and Note 1. Let the pupil state whether the infinitive clause is the subject or the object of the preceding verb. N. B.-For the various ways of rendering the different tenses of the infinitive mood after different tenses of the indicative or subjunctive, see at length Gr. 180. Do not take it ill that you are Ne (25) ferre moleste, tu advised. mnoneri. Remember that passion is the (27) Meminisse iracundia vice of a weak mind. esse vitium animus infirmus. I confess that I have sinned, Fateri ego peccare, et ego and I know that I have deserved commeriri culpa scire.blame. PLAUT. They say, that men see more Aio, homo plus in alienus in another man's business than negotium cerneire quam in in their own. sus. —SEN. The young man hopes that he Adolescens sui sperare shall live long. But nobody can din victztrus (esse). Sed nemo be sure (it can be ascertained by (xxxIIi.) posse exploratum nobody) that he shall live till the esse sti ad vesper victurus evening. (esse).-Cic. de Sen. Do not think that any virtue Ne (25) existimare ullus is without labour. sine labor esse virtus.-SEN. 222 SYNTAX. Believe thou that every day is Omnis credere dies tu decome (has shined forth) the last lucere supremus.-HoR. to thee. Cato wrote that Scipio Africa- Scipio Afriicanus dicere nus was wont to say that he was sonltus (esse) 3 scrib6re Cato, never less at leisure (idle), than sui nunquanz minus otiosus when he was at leisure (idle); esse, quhm quum otiosus; nee nor less alone, than when alone. minus solus, qu~am quulm solus (32) esse. —CI. Off. 3, 1. It is requisite that you be well Opus esse tu animus calore in mind that you may (be able to) ut corpus valere posse.-Cic. be well in body. Do you think that such excel- Tu censure tam egregius lent men did such things without homo ger're res tantus sine reason? causa? -Cc. I desire that you should under- Velle tu intelligie hic,stand this. CIc. We think that you can very Censere tu facillime posse easily explain that. explanare is.-Cia. You know, Piso, that I think Scire, Piso, ego sentire iste the same thing. idem.-CIc. I suppose that you prefer to ex- Arbitrari tu malle expeperience our silence. riri taciturnitas noster.-CIc. It is evident that man consists Esse perspicuus homeo conof body and soul. stare, e corpus animusque.It is innate to all, and as it Omnis innatus esse, et in were engraven on the mind, that animus quasi insculptus, deus there are gods. esse.-Cic. We all know that there are Omnis scire, deus esse. gods. Alexander ordered the tomb of Seputrlcrun Cyrus acperi~'i Cyrus to be opened. Alexander jubhre. To be (that a man should be) Contentus suus res esse, content with his own possessions magnus esse divitie. is the greatest riches. It is always advantageous to be Semper esse utilis vir bonus, a good man, because it is always quia semper esse honestus. honourable. It is right that a victor should Victor parcere 3 victus uespare the vanquished. quum esse. It is agreed that laws were in- Ad salus civis inventus esse vented for the safety of citizens. ezx constat. 675.-I deem it not improper Non puto esse alienus (ego) that I should write to you. ad tu scribere.-Cic. INFINITIVE MOOD. 223 We all desire and hope to be- ~Omnis velle et sperare come old men. fiejri bsenex.-CIo. Sen. Not so many desire to be en- Non tam amsultus virtus dued with virtue as to seem so. esse bprceditus, quam videri velle. I would choose to live poor (38) Optare honeste bpauhonestly, rather than to get riches per vivere potius, quhm indishonestly. honeste parare divitise. I had (I wish) rather (to) be in Malle valere, qualm bdives health than (to) be rich. esse. If thou desirest in good earnest Si velle bonus fides esse (faith) to be a good man, suffer a bvir bonus, sin6re [ut] (30) man to (that some one) contemn contemn6re tu aliquis.-SEN. thee. Bip. 71. Note 2.-When the former verb has a dative case after it, the word following the infinitive is commonly in the dative likewise. (Gr. 327, 328.) It is not given to all to be no- Non dari aomnis esse bnobible and wealthy; but all may (it lis et bopulentus; sed licere is in the power of all to) be good (xvIII.) aomnis esse bbonuis, si if they will (if they wish). velle. In an easy cause, any one may In causa facilis (xvIII.) (it is in the power of any one to) aquivis licere esse bdisertus. — be eloquent. Ov. Nevertheless it may be also made the accusative case, to agree with the accusative which is understood before the infinitive; as, Hicet omnibu4s esse bonos. Scil. eos esse bonos. Cuivis licet esse disertum. Seil. eum esse disertunz. 676. —Miltiades, having been Xilticades, multum in imlong engaged in commands and perium magistratusque vermagistracies, appeared unable to satus, non videri posse esse be a private (citizen), especially privatus, preasertim quum ad as he seemed to be drawn by imperium cupiditas trahi vihabit to the desire of command. deri. Silius Italicus was lately report- Modo nuntiari Silius Itaed to have put an end to his life, licus in Neapolitanus suus on his Neapolitan (estate) by inedia vita finire. abstinence from food. Englishl Exam les to be turned into Latin. I am very glad that you have got (come) safe to Epirus, and that, as you write, you have had a pleasant voyage.-For it is, in 224 SYNTAX. my opinion (as it see ms to me), highly decorous that the ho -uosc of illustrious men be open to illustrious guests.-See how I havso, persuaded myself that you are another self (le). —I think that these foul qualifications (things) ought to exist in an aceolnplished general: a knowledge of the art of war, courage, authority, and good fortune.-For I not only allow that you know these things better than I, but also readily permit it.-All believe that there is a divine power and nature.-I add this.alSo,e -thlat nature without education has oftener tended to glory and virtue than education without nature.-I 8 could swear by Jupiter, both that I bumn with a desire of finding out the truth, and. that I think what I say. 677.-Instead of the accusative with the infinitive, in a sub-ordinate clause, the subjunctive with ut or quod, " that,'" " in orderl that," preceding it, is used in certain circumstances; viz., 1st. When the dependent clause expresses plurpose or desi yn. or when " thcat' is equivalent to'" in order that," (Gr. 627, 1., 2d.) Scarcely ever can a parent pre- Nunquar feore patrens posse. vail on himself to conquer nature, animus induchre ut natura so as to banish love towards his ipso vinecre, ut a-mr in liberi children fiom his mind. ejice're ex animus. Before old age, I took pains to Ante seneetus curare ut; live well; in old age to die well. bene vive'e; in senectus, Nt bene mnori. We must take care to use that Videre esse (Gr. 699) ut is liberality which may benefit our liberalitas euti qui 7prodesso friends, may harm no one. (Gr. 643, 2d) amicus, obesse:nelno. Every animal loves its own selfl Omnis animal sui ipse diliand, as soon as it has arisen, ghre, ae simul ae oriri, is strives to preserve itself. agre ut sui conserveare. 2d. This is the case especially after verbs signifying to endeasouN,~ to caim at, to accomplish, such as facdrc, effcdre, pcrficd If virtue can produce this effect Si posse virtus ecfflc ie no~ that one be not miserable, it will miser aliquis esse, facile e~.. more easily cause that he be most cede ut beatus esse. happy. INFINITIVE MOOD. 225 The sun causes every thing to Sol efficere ~ut omnisflorare, flourish, and grow to maturity in et in suus quisque genus puits respective kind. bescere. Every virtue attracts us to it- Omnis virtus ego ad sui self, and makes us love those in allicere, fac"reque, ut is diliwbhom it appeals to be found. gere in qui ipse inesse videri. Unwillingly indeed I cast L. Invitus quidem facere ut Flamuinius out of the senate. L. Flaminius e senatus ejicere. By his eloquence he effected Eloquentia perficere ut that the Lacedtammonians should auxilium socius LacedemoDe deprived of the aid of their nius privari. allies. 3d. The infinitive, in English, after verbs signifying to request, demand, adqmonish, advise, commission, encourage, command, and the like, is usually rendered into Latin by the subjunctive with ut; sometimes without ut. I admonish scholars to love Discipulus monire utt pratheir preceptors not less than their ceptor suus non minus quam studies. ipse studium amare. I strongly exhort thee to read Magnopere tu hortari ut carefully, not only my orations, non solum oratio meus, sed but also these treatises on philo- hic etiam liber de philosophia sophy. diligenter legdre. If we are not induced to be ho- Si non ipse honestas monest men by honourable feeling, ieri ut bonus vir esse, sed utibut by some benefit and profit, litas aliquis ac fructus, cailiwe are not honest but cunning. dus esse, non bonus. We have not ceased to admon- Pompeius monire et horish and exhort Pompey to avoid tani non desist6re ut magnus this great infamy. hic infamiafugere. I advise them to be quiet. J/fonire ut conquiescere. Cawsar had given a strong charge Csesar Trebonius magnoto Trebonius'not to suffer the town pere mandare, ne per vis opto be taken by storm. pidum expugnari pati. Piso dared to make proclama- Edicere aud6re Piso ut setion that the senate should resume natus ad vestitus redire. their [ordinary] dress. Ctesar gives it in charge to Ca(sar Labienus mandare Labienus to visit the Remi and Remus reliquusque Belgs3 other Belgx, and keep them in adire, atque in officium contheir allegiance. tinzre. He exhorts and admonishes him Hortari et monere imitari to imitate his neighbour Octavius. vicinus suns Octavius. 10* 226 SYNTAX. 4th. IZt with the subjunctive, and not the infinitive with its subject, usually follows verbs signifying to happen, to occur, &c.; as, fit, incidit, occurrit, contingit; est, restat, superest, &c., (Gr.: 627, 1, 4th.) It happens somehow or other, Fit, nescire quomodo, ut that if any fault is committed we magis in alius cerniere quam, perceive it more readily in others in egomet ipse si quis delinthan in ourselves. queire. It happens to most men that Plerique accidit ut prsesithrough the assistance which let- dium literso diligentia in perters (i. e. the art of writing) give, discendum remittdre. they relax their diligence in committing to memory. It happens to (it is the fortune Solus hic contingit sapiens, of) the wise man alone, to do no- ut nihilfacdre invitus. thing against his will. It often happens, that utility is Persmpe evenit, ut utilitas at variance with virtue. cume honestas certare. It is best to speak every day, Optirnus est ut quotidie many hearing us; for it is rare dicere, audiens plures (Gr. that any man stands in awe suffi- 690); rarus est enim ut satis ciently of himself. sui quisquam verf*i. It is the main thing in an ora- Caput esse 2 orator uct ille tor to seem to those before whom apud qui agere talis qualis sui he pleads, such as he himself ipse optare videri. would wish. 5th. Verbs signifying uwillingness, unwillingness, permission, necessity, &c., sometimes take the subjunctive with Ut or without it; but more commonly they take the accusative with the infinitive. So also, generally, verbs denoting seeing, hearing, feeling, thinking, saying, &c. The following sentences may be made both ways. Those who gave to Greece the Ille qui Grsacia forma resforms of her republic, wished the publica dare, corpus juvenis bodies of the youths to be strength- firmari labor velle. ened by toil. When I shall have praised some Quum aliquis apud t-u lauone of thy friends to thee, I wish dare tuus familiaris, selle ille that he should know that I have scire ego is facere. done it. Caligula wished that the Ro- Optare Caligulaut populus man people had but one neck. BRomanus unus cervix halbre. INrINITIVE MOOD. 227 Nature does not allow that we Natura non pati ut alinus increase our own means by the spolium facultas noster auspoils of others. gere. Phaethon wished to be taken into Phaethon optare ut in curthe chariot of his father. rus pater tolli. 6th. When the dependent clause expresses afact simply, that is made by Fquod followed by the indicative. Besides the dread of a Latin Supra bellum Latinus mewar, this also had been added, tus, is quoque accesserat, quod that it was sufficiently clear that triginta jam conjurasse poputhirty [different] nations had en- lus satis constare.-Liv. tered into a conspiracy [against them]. Of all that was praiseworthy Ex totus laus Regulus, ille [in the conduct] of Regulus, that esse admiratio dignus, quod is worthy of admiration, that he captivus (Pceni) retinendus gave his opinion that the captives 3 censere.-Cic. (of the Carthaginians) should be retained. But (in this) you are mistaken Quod autem ego Agamemthat you think that I rival Aga- non emmulari putare, falli.memnon1. NEP. 7th. After verbs denoting a feeling of pain or pleasure, and the outward expression of those feelings, such as gaudeo, detector, angor, doleo, and the like, that, in the sense of because, is made by quod followed by the indicative or subjunctive, according as the proposition expresses a fact, or only a conception of the mind; or the infinitive with its subject is used. The following sentences may be made both ways. I am sorry (it grieves me) that Dolire ego quod stomyou are displeased. aehari. I rejoice that my conduct is Meus factum probari abs approved by you. tu gaudire. — ic. They are indignant that you Quod spirdre, quod vox breathe, that you speak, that you emittire, quod forma homo have the forms of men. habire, indignari.-Liv. Cato said he wondered that a Cato sui mirar~i aio quod soothsayer did not laugh when he non ridere haruspex, harussaw a soothsayer. pex quum videre.-CIa. 678.-I hope you will be wise. Sperare futurus esse (fore) ut sapere. (22.)8 SYNTAX. I see that you wish to depart Vid6re tu velle in ccelumn into heaven, and I hope that that mnigrare, et sperare fore ut will be our lot (happen to us). continyere is ego. —CIi I was not ignorant (I knew Non esse nescius fore ut well) that this undertaking of hic noster labor in varius remine would lead to various cen- prehensio incurrre. — CIO. sures. Ptolemy the astrologer had per- Ptolema3us mathematicus suaded Otho that he would be Otho persuad6re, fore ut in called to the government. imperium adscisci. —Ta. The king did not know that the Rex ignorarefJiturusfuisse, town would have been surrender- ut oppidum ipse dedi, si unus ed to him, if he had waited one dies expectare. day longer. 679.-That you, my Terentia, TVe nunc, meus Terentia, should now be so harassed, should sic vexacri, sic jacire in lacrilie so in tears and mourning, and ma et sordes! isque fieri mea that this should be through my culpa.-Cio. fault. That there should be any man Adeone esse honzo infelix so unhappy as I am! quidam, ut ego esse.-TER. That I vanquished should desist Eyone inceptum desistire from my undertaking, nor be victus (fern.) leC posse Italia able to turn away the king of the Teucri avertdre rex.-VIRG. Trojans from Italy. CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES. 681.-RUrLE LIX. Participles, like adjectives, agree with their substantives in gender, number, and case. (Gr. 264.) Also 682. The praise due to virtue. Laus debitus virtus. (Gr. 522.) Remember the punishments Meminisse pcenca improbus prepared for the wicked. prceparatus. — b. Our ears are to be shut to bad Claudendus esse auris maspeeches. lus vox. —b. Anger will do me more (is Plus ego (Gr. 403) nocitu.about to hurt me more) harm rus esse ira quam injuria. — than an injury. SEN. We ought to take care that we 39 Curare esse, ut alopetitals make our desire obedient to rea- ratio (Gr. 403) obediens prWe. son. bdre.-Cic. q0 1 PARTICIPLES. 229 Temperance is a moderating of Temperantia esse moderatio the desires governed, by (obedient cupiditas ratio (Gr, 403) obeto) reason. ciens. —Cia, A man that follows (following) Hormo voll2ptas (Gr. 403) pleasure does not much benefit obseqvuens haud multum hsehis heir. res juvare.-TER. I reckon those the most wretch- Miserrimus mortalis judied of mortals, [that are] addicted care, venter ac libido dedcitus to their belly and lust. (XXXII.) —SEN. The shadow of the earth hin- Umbra terra sol (Gr, 403) dering the sun makes night. oficiens nox efficere. —Cic. There are some animals void of Animal (x.) alius ratio reason, others having the use of (xi.) expers esse, alius ratio (using) reason. (xxvI.) wtens. —Cic. Off. 1. All good men will respect (will Magistratus bonus civis prosecute) with great honour and suus (Gr. 403) consulens, et benevolence a good magistrate, utilitas communis (Gr. 403) consulting for his countrymen, serviens, oblitus (xiv.) commoand seeking (serving) the common dcum suus, ler (Gr. 403) pagood, forgetting his own interests rens, virtus (Gr. 403) fcavezs, (advantage), observing the laws, impietas et nequitia (xx.) favouring virtue, restraining im- coercens, magnus honor et piety and debauchery. benevolentia omnis bonus prosecuturus (xx.) esse. Law is right reason, command- Lex esse rectus ratio impeing what is right, and prohibiting rcans honestus, prohibens conthe contrary. trarius. How wretched is the bondage Quam miser esse virtus of virtue in slavery to pleasure. famulatus serviens voluptas (Gr. 403). I saw Cato sitting in the library Cato videre in bibliotheca surrounded with many books of sedens, multus circumvfusus the Stoics. Stoicus liber. Alexander [when] dying had Alexander moriens anulus given his ring to Perdiccas. suus dare Perdiccas. 683,-Hold this as certain, that Ille exploratus habere, ninothing could have come into hil fieri posse sine causa. being without a cause. The Sicilians have recourse to Siculus ad meus fides gui my aid, which they have long habdre spectatus jam et diu proved and known. cognitus, confug6re. The Romans have large sums Romanus in Asia pecunia, of money invested in Asia. magnus collocattus hcabre. I wish you to be relieved from Domestieus cura tu levatus domestic care. velle. 230 SYNTAX. I will find [him] out and bring Inventus tu curare et adhim to you. ductus. The war being ended, it was Legio bellum confectum ordered that the legions should (Gr. 690) missusfieri placet. be discharged. I will do this for you. Hic ego tu effectus reddere. 684.-Nothing was so perni- Lacedeemonius nullus res cious to the Lacedeemonians as tantus esse 3 damnum (Gr. the abolition of the discipline of 427), quam disciplina LycurLycnurgus. gus sublatus. Quinctius Flamininus came as Ad Prusias rex legatus ambassador to king Prusias, whom Quinctius Flamininus venire, both the reception of Hannibal qui suspectus Romanus et and the stirring up of a war a- rseceptus Hacnnibal et bellzus gainst Eumenes had rendered sus- adversus Eumenes motus redpected by the Roman people. dere. Cesar and Pompey were not Non carere suspicio opfree from the supicion of having pressus Cicero COTsar et Pomcrushed Cicero. peius. Ptolemy was the second king Ptolemeus rex alter esse after the founding of Alexandria. post Alexandriac conditus. In the six hundredth year from Annus ab urbs conditus the building of the city. sexcentesimus. 685.-The king sent Hephms- Rex Hfephaestion in regio tion into the region of Bactriana Bactrianus mittere commento provide supplies for the winter. tus in hiems pccarare. He is a fool who, when he is Stultus esse Gui equus emregoing to buy a horse,' does not re non ipse inspicere, sed examine the animal itself, but its stratum is ac frenum (21.). housing and bridle. I-e spoils whatever can be of Quisquis hostis usus esse use to the foe, intending to leave posse corruompbre, sterilis ae the soil barren and naked. nudus soluin relinquere. 686.-I have given my letter Epistola menus multus dare to many persons to copy. describendus. In the Sabine war, Tarquinius z7dis in Capitolium Jupivowed the erection of a temple ter Bonus Magnus bellum in the capitol, to Jupiter greatest Sabinus faciendus vovOre and best. Tarquinius. Murmanius contracted for trans- Mummius tabula ac statua porting pictures and statues into in Italia portandus locare. Italy. The king delivered the infant Rex IHarpagus Cyrus infans Cyrus to Harpagus to put to death occidendus tradere. (to be put to death). PARTICIPLES. 231 687. —Every state must be ruled Omnis respublica consilium by some counsel, and that counsel quidam regendus; is autem must either be allotted to one, or consilium aut unus tribuento certain select persons, or must dus aut delectus quidam aut be undertaken by the multitude suscipiendus multitude atque and by all. omnis. Earth must be (is to be) return- Reddendusn esse terra terra ed to earth. (xxxsI.)-Cic. Life is not to be bought at any Non omnis pretium vita (every) price. (XLIV.) emendus esse.-SEN. Children are not to be filled Puer cibus (xxv.) imyplenwith meat. dus non esse.-SENx. Friendship is to be preferred to Amicitia omnis humanus al1 worldly things. res anteponendus esse (xxvII. 8).-Cic. Am. Death is to be preferred to Mors esse anteponendus baseness. (Gr. 399) turpitudo.-Cic. Off. 1. The exercise and delight of Usus et delectatio doctrina learning is to be preferred before (Gr. 313) esse omnis improboth all the actions and pleasures bus et actumn et voluptas anof wicked men. teponendus.-Cic. PFam. 9, 6. A sword is not to be trusted Ensis m. puer non (Gr. 522) with (entrusted to) children. committendus esse. 688. —He thrust his right hand Dextra 3 ara accensus 3 iminto the altar while it was burning. ponere.-LIv. In a battle which had arisen In pralium ibi exortus, there, they all perished. omnis perire. During a tempest which had Inter tempestas ortus, rearisen, he was suddenly with- pente oculus homo subduci. drawn from the sight (eyes) of men. No one, when he looks at the Nemo, cunctus intuens terwhole earth, will doubt of the ra, de divinus providentia providence of God. dubitare. The limbs of Alexander, when Alexande;r, vix ingressus he had scarcely entered the river, fiumen, subito horrere artus began suddenly to shiver and to et rigere ccepisse. be benumbed. The king commands Philip to Rex epistola Parmenio read the epistle of Parmenio, nor Philippus legere jubere, nec did he remove his eyes from his a vultus legens mov6re ocucountenance as he read it. lus. When we were going to say Plus locuturus abire ego more he ordered us to depart. jub6re. 232 SYNTAX. 690. —RULE LX. A substantive with a participle whose case depends on no other word, is put in the ablative absolute. See also Nos. 691-693. Nothing is better than friend- Nihil amicitia prIestabilioi ship, virtue being excepted. esse, exceptus virtus. - CIc Am. Nothing better than friendship Amicitia nihil melior, ex has been given by God to man, ceptus scpienti4, homo a Deus excepting wisdom. 3 dari.-Id. Shame being lost, all virtue is Pudor amissus, omnis virlost. tus (14) perire. What pleasure of life can there Quis posse esse jucunditas be, friendship being taken awa.y vita, sublatus acmiciticZa Love and friendship being ta- Charitas benevolentiaque ken away, all pleasure is taken se6blatuts, omnis esse e vita away out of the world (life). sublatus jucunditas. —Id. Thou shalt condemn nobody, Damnare nemo, causa non the matter not having been ex- contnitus. amined. A fawning fiiend may easily Blandus amicus a verus (is easily able to) be distinguished facile secerni et internosci and discovered from a true [one], posse, diligentia acdhibitus.diligence being used. Cic. Am. Every good man follows that Qui puleher et preaclarus which is honourable and excel- esse, spretuts et contemptus lent, despising and contemning voluptas, optimus quisque sepleasure (pleasure being despised qui. —Cic. Sen. and contemned). Nature has given us the use of Natura ego (xxix.) dare life, as it were of money, no [pay] usura vita, tanquam pecunia, day being appointed. nulcla prcestitqita dies.-Cio. Tuse. 1. Dost thou grow milder and Lenior et melior fieri, acbetter, old age coming on? cedens senecta?-HoR. 694. —How well did they live, Qutim bene viv6re, SaturSaturn being king (while Saturn nius rex (dum Saturnus esse was king?) rex)?-TIB. The old man is a commender Senex esse laudator temr of the time that was (the time pus actus, szdi puer, (quuna spent) he being a boy (when he ille esse puer), censor casti was a boy), a censurer and cor- gatorque minor.-H-ox. rector of younger [people]. PARTICIPLES. 233 The gate is shut too late and in Serb et nequicquam acceepvain, when the loss is (the loss tus jam janua damnuvm being) already sustained. claudi.-Juv. Sat. 13. Labour is fruitless, Nature striv- Natura relMuctans, (si Naing (if Nature strives) against it. tura reluctari) labor irritus esse.-SEN. After a few years had interve- Pauci annuts inteqjectts, ned, the war was transferred to bellum in Africa transferri. Afrlica. When the Samanites were con- Devictus Samnites, Tarenquered, war was declared against tinus bellum 3 indici. the Tarentines. 695.-The Romans for the first Primum Romanus C. )Duiltime fought on sea, in the consul- lius et Cn. Cornelius Asina ship of C. Duillius and Cun. Cor- consul, in mare dimicare. nelius Asina. When nature and virtue are Nratvurc et virtus dux, erour guides no, error can possibly rdre nullus modus posse. be committed, Under the command of Pausa- Pausanias dux, Mardonius nias, Mardonius was driven from Griecia fugari. Greece. No guilty person (nobody guil- Sui judex, nemo nrocens ty) is acquitted, himself being absolvi.-Jvv. judge. Why does any one want, not Cur egere indignus quisdeservgin it (unworthy), thou quam, tu dives? Quare tembeing rich (while thou art rich)? plum ru6re antiquus?-HoR. tWhy do ancient temples fall (i. e. Dum tu dives es.) down? Thou shalt say or do nothing, Tu nihil invitus dicere faMinerva being unwilling. cereve Minerva.-HoR. Nothing is becoming, Minerva Nihil decere, invitus, ut beingunwilling, as they say, that aio, illinerva, id esse, adveris, nature op)posing and resisting. sans et repugnans natura. For it signifies nothing (for it does Neque enim attinere (Gr. 403) not signify) to resist nature, nor natura repugnare, nec quicto pursue any thing which thou quam sequi, qui ass6qui (Gr. canst not attain. 636) nequire.-Cic. Off. 1. While he is a child, the golden Qui puer (Gr. 295), totus age shall arise in all the world. surg6re gens aureus mundus. -— VIR G. 696.-Hannibal having found Hannibal, cognitus (Gr. out that snares were laid for him, 182-8) insidimc sui parari, sought safety by flight. fuga salus qua3rre. 2 3 4: SYNTAX. Alexander having heard that Alexander, auditous Dari z's Darius was approaching with an cappropinualre cum exercitqts, army, resolved to oppose him. obviam ire constituere.CuRT. Happy as to the other things, Excepttts quod non simul with this exception, that you 8 esse, (Gr. 539) caeter letus. were not present. -Hoi. That they belonged to the ene- Haud quisquam dulbius mies not being doubtful to any one. quin hostis esse.-LIv. 697. —The sky being clear the Serenus per totus dies.whole day. LIv. English cExamples to be turned into Latin. My father Micipsa when dying commanded me.-In the mean time the common people when the conspiracy was laid open, their mind being changed, execrated the designs of Catiline; extolled Cicero to the skies; [and], as if rescued from slavery, gave vent to joy and gladness.-Galba, having mnade some successful encounters, and taken by assau2lt many of their forts, ambassadors having been sent to him. from every side, and hostages given, and peace being vcmade, determined to place two cohorts among the Nantuates. —Cmesar having removed first his own horse, then the horses of all out of sight, that the danger of all being made equal, he might take away the hope of flight, having exhorted his men, commenced battle.-All things had to be done by Cesar at one time; the standard had to be displayed, the signal to be given with a trumpet, the soldiers to be called back, the line to be formed, the soldiers to be encouraged. Casar having sent on his cavalry before, followed closely with all his forces. GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES. Gerunds. 699.-RULE LXI. The verb est, with the gerund for its subject, implies necessity, and governs the dative of the doer. See also Nos.'700, 701. Note 1.-The nominative case in English must be the dative in Latin. Note 2.-The dative case is more commonly understood. I must govern my tongue. Lingua (Gr. 403) moderari esse ego.-PLAUT. GERUNDS. 235 We must spare tender things. Parceere esse (Gr. 403) tener.- Jv. We must resist passion. Resistere esse (Gr. 403) iracundia.-Cic. Meditate daily, that we ought Quotidie meditari, resistere to resist passion. esse (Gr. 403) iracundia.Cic. We ought not to be very angry Non esse graviter irasci with enemies. inimicus (Gr. 403). They are not to be listened to, Non audiendus esse, qui who think that we ought to be graviter irasci esse (Gr. 403) very angry with enemies. inimicus putare.-C-c. Amn. How late is it to begin to live Quam serus esse, tum vithen, when we must leave off? viere incip6re, quum desineire esse?-SEN. We must be upon our guard, Animacdvertere esse, ne callest we should be catched with lidus assentatio (LIV.) capi. crafty flattery. -CIm. Am. We ought to take care, that the Efficere esse, ut appetitus appetite obeys reason. (Gr. 403) ratio (LIv.) obedire. -Id. We ought to be free from all Vaecare esse omnis animus perturbation of mind. (xxv.) perturbatio. —Id. We ought even the more care- Qui parvus videri esse, fully to beware of (we ought to delictum ab hie esse etiam abstain even the more carefully diligentius declinare. —Ca. from) those faults (sins) which Off. 1. seem to be small [ones]. 702.-The gerund in di, of the genitive case, is governed like the genitive of nouns (Gr. 333) by substantives or adjectives. N2ote.-This gerund is frequently translated as the infinitive mood active. There are a thousand arts to Esse ars mille nocere. —Ov. hurt. Pleasure often leaves causes to Voluptas sepe relinquero repent. causa pemitare.-Cic. Nature is a very good guide to Natura esse optimus dux f. live well. recte vivire. —Ci. Amn. We are all inflamed with a de- Beate vivire cupiditas omsire to live happily. nis incendi. The hope of impunity is a very Spes impunitas maximus great temptation to sin. peccare illecebra esse.-CIco. 236 SYNTAX. Nature gives to animals one Natura tribuere animanls time to act, another to rest. alius tempus cagre, alius quiescere.-Cic. Let us remember that we are (27) Meminisse ego (52-2) come into this world (life) as into venire in hic vita tanquam in a lodging, not as into a home. hospitium, non tanquam in For Nature has given us here an domus. Natura enim hie inn to stay in, not a place to commorari diversoriumnt, non dwell in. habitacre locus ego dare.Cic. de Sen. 703.-The gerund in do, of the dative case, like the dative of nouns, is governed by adjectives signifying usefulness or fitness, and sometimes by verbs, to denote a purpose. Iron when red is not fit ffor Rubens ferrum non esse hammering. habilis tundendurn. Coarse papyrus is not fit for Charta emporeticus inutiwriting. lis esse scribendum. This water is good for drink- Hic aqua esse utilis bibening. dum. Who is so fit for running as I? Quis esse tam idoneus cur-'rendum quam ego? No seed is good for sowing af- Nullus semen ultra quadriter four years. matus utilis esse serendum. In the gnat, nature so formed In culex natura. telum ita an instrument, that it was at once formare, ut fodiendums acupointed for boring and hollow for minatus pariter, et sorbensucking. dcumnfistulosus esse. Tiberius promised to rebuild Pompeius theatrum Tibethe theatre of Pompey, since no rius extruBre polliceri quod one of the family was able (suf- nemo e familia restaurandum ficed) to rebuild it. suffcire. 704.-The gerund in dum, of the accusative case, when not the subject of the infinitive, is governed by the prepositions ad or inter, sometimes by ante, circa, or ob (Gr. 602). Note.-In the following sentences, the verbs are given in the infinitive, not in the gerund. We are inclined not only to Non solum ad discere prolearn, but also to teach. pensus esse sed etiam ad docare. GERUNDS. 237 To think well and to act right- Bene sentire, recteque faly, is sufficient for a good and cere, satis esse ad bene beatehappy life (for living, &c.). que vivire. As the ox was born to plough, Ut ad arare bos, ad inda[and] the dog to track, so man gare canis, sic homo ad duo was born for two things, to un- res, ad intelligere et agere derstand and to act. nasci. Praise cannot induce you to Tu laus allicere ad recte act well. faeire non posse. The marsh hindered the Ro- Palus Romanus ad insequi mans in pursuing. tardare. The character of boys mani- Mos puer sui inter ludere fests itself more openly while at simpliciter detegere. play. 705.-The gerund in do, of the ablative case, is governed by the prepositions a, ab, de, e, ex, or in; or without a preposition, as the ablative of manner or cause (Gr. 542). It is right that a man should Convenire quum in dare be both munificent in giving, and munificus esse, turn in exigtre not severe in exacting. non acerbus. Anger should especially be for- Prohibendus maxime esse bidden in punishing. ira in punire. In philosophy the high station Nec Aristoteles in philosoof Plato did not deter Aristotle phia deterr6re a scribere amfrom writing. plitudo Plato. I indeed think that virtue is Equidem putare virtus hogiven to men by instructing and mo instituere et persuadere persuading them. tradi. Socrates, by questioning and in- Socrates percunctari atque terrogating, used to draw forth interrogare, elicere solere is the opinions of those with whom opinio quicum disserire. he discoursed. English Examples to be turned into Latin. An orator must observe what is becoming, not in sentiment only, but also in words.-Young men ought to acquire, old men to enjoy.-The disciples of Pythagoras were obliged to be silent five years.-It must either be denied that a god exists, or those who admit it must confess that he is engaged in something.Avaricious men are tormented not only with the passion for acquiring, but also with the fear of losing.-Frugality is the science of avoiding superfluous expenses, or the art of using pro 238 SYNTAX. perty with moderation.-Habit and practice both sharpen acuteness in (sagacity of) understanding, and quicken the rapidity of expression (of speaking). —Nor was it my design to spend my life (age) intent on cultivating the ground or on hunting.-Nitrous water is useful for drinking.-Caesar was blamed because, during the performance (the looking at the spectacle), he occupied himself in (was at leisure for) reading letters and memorials.-The riper the berry of the olive, the fatter is the juice, and the less pleasant; and the best time for gathering is, when the berry begins to grow black.-The laws of Lycurgus train youth [in labour] by hunting, running, being hungry, being thirsty, being pinched with cold, and being violently heated.-By doing nothing men learn to do ill. Gerundives. 707.-IRULE LXII. Gerunds governing the accusative are elegantly turned into gerundives in dms8, which, with the sense of the gerund, instead of governing, agree with their substantive in gender, nunmber, and case. Also No. 708. The following examples may be made by the gerunds also. A desire seized Romulus and Romulus et Remus cupido Remus of founding a city in that capere in is locus ubi exponi place where they had been ex- atque educari, urbs condire. posed and brought up. Hannibal increased his repu- Hannibal opinio de sUi autation by his bold attempt of gdre conatus tam audax trajicrossing the Alps. oere Aljpes. All judicial proceedings have Omnis judicium aut distrabeen devised for the sake of ter- hire controversia, aut punire minating controversies, or punish- maleficiuzrn causa reperiri. ing crimes. I rejoice that thou art desirous Pca inter civis concilia're of bringing about peace between tu cupidus esse leatari. the citizens. Dry wood is a proper material Lignum aridus materia esfor eliciting fire. se idoneus elie,:re ignis (pl.). Cleanthes drew water, and Cleanthes aqua haurire, et hired out his hands for watering rigare hortulus locare maa garden. nus. GERUNDIVES. 239 There are some games not with- Esse nonnullus acuere puer out their use for sharpening the ingeniuni non inutilis lusus. -wits of boys. Pythagoras went to Crete and Pythagoras CGreta et LaceLacedmemon, to become acquainted daemon, ad cognoscere Minos with the laws of Minos and Ly- et Lycurgus lex, contendere. curgus. No one is more unyielding in Nemno ad dare venia diffigranting pardon than he who has cilis esse quam qui ille petbre often deserved to ask for it. siapius merere. Similarity of character is the Ad connectere amicitiac vel firmest bond for forming friend- tenax vinculum mos similiships. tudo esse. Virtue is seen most of all in In voluptac spernere ac despising and rejecting pleasure. fepudiare virtus vel maxime cerni. The body must be exercised, Exercendus corpus esse, ut that it may obey the reason in obedire ratio posse in conseexecuting business and enduring gui negotium et in labor tolelabour. rare. Many persons use care in get- Multus in equus parare adting horses [but] are negligent,in hibere cura, in amnicus eligire choosing friends. % negligens esse. There is no duty more neces- Nullum officium esse magis sary, than requiting a favour. necessarius, referre gfratia. English Examcples to be turned into Latin. He who knows himself will understand what means he has for acquiring wisdom.-The rest of the time is adapted for reaping and, gathering the fruits. —Wood was brought down from mount Lebanon for constructing rafts and towers.-Either pleasures are foregone for the sake of obtaining greater pleasures, or pains are undergone for the sake of escaping greater pains.Marius perceived that these [things were] merely glorious and did not tend to terminate the war.-Man enjoys great advantages for gaining and acquiring wisdom. —Nature has furnished the mind of man with senses adapted to the perception of things.It [is] a difficult subject, and much and often inquired into, whether in conferring a magistracy, or trying a culprit, or enacting a law, it were better to vote secretly or openly.-We have borne and suffered many [things], which ought not to have been borne in a free state, some of us through the hope of recovering our liberty, others from too great a desire of living. 240 SYNTAX. CONSTRUOTION OF SUPINES. 712. —RULE LXIII. Tile supine in uzm is put after a verb of motion. Certain persons came to salute Aliquis venire dens salhthe gods. tare. Know that young Curio came Scire Curio adolescens veto me to salute [me]. nire ad ego salutacre. He sends to ask for those ves- Mittire rogare vas is qui eels which he had seen. videre. The ambassadors of almost all Totus fere Gallia legatus Gaul assembled about Csesar to ad Coesar grcatlari conventre. congratulate him. The people of Veii send nego- Veiens pax petire orator tiators to Rome to implore peace. Roma mittdere. She came a journey of many Venire is tu tot dies via days to congratulate you. gratulari. 716.- RULE LXIV. The supine in u is put after an adjective noun. It seems difficult to be said Videri disflcilis dicere quis what is the reason. emse causa. That not only to be heard but Ille vero teter audire, non to be seen was most dreadful. modo aspicere. O the many things grievous to 0 multus dicere gravis, perbe mentioned, painful to be borne, peti asper, qui perferre. which I have suffered. O shameful thing, not only to 0 4res non modo vidare be seen, but even to be heard! focdus, sed etiam audire. English Examples under both rules to be turned into English. Philip was slain by Pausanias at fEgme, near the theatre, as (when) he was going to see the games. —Divitiacus came to the senate at Rome, to implore assistance.-Ambassadors came from Rome into the camp of the zEqui, to complain of injuries, and to demand a restitution of property according to the treaty.-Hannibal unconquered, was recalled to defend his country. A narrative easy to be understood.-It is difficult to express how much courtesy and affability of conversation win the minds of men. —Virtue is difficult to be found.-What is so pleasant to know and to hear as a discourse adorned with wise sentiments and weighty words? CONJUNCTIONS. 241 720.-RuL-E EXV. The conjunctions et, ac, atqe, nee, neque; auzt, vel, and some others, couple similar cases and moods. See also Nos. 721, 722. 1. Like cases. Queen Money gives a wife with Uxor cum dos, fidesque, et a portion, and credit, and friends, amicus, et genus, et formsa reand birth, and beauty. gina Pecunia dolnare.-HoR. Nothing is so mischievous as Nihil esse tans pestifer pleasure [is]. quin voluptas Fesse].-CaLc. The pleasure of the mind is Animnus voluptas mqjoi greater than the [pleasure] of the esse qu in [voiuttas] corpus; body; and the diseases of the et morbus animus perniciosior mind are more pernicious than esse.:ln, [morbus] corpus. [the diseases] of the body. Drunkenness is nothing else Ebrietas nihil alind esse but a voluntary madness. quidsat voluntarius insania.SEN. EJ1. 83. Whithersoever thon goest, death Quocunque ingrfdi, sequi follows, as a shadow [follows] a mors, corpus uts umbra.body. CATO. Glory follows virtue as a sha- Gloria virtus, tan quamn umdow. bra, sequi.-CIo. The covetous man is commend- ioznqucem frugi laudari ed as a frugal person. avalr's.-JuJv. 14. Nothing is so convenient either Nihil esse taml conveniens for prospelity or adversity, (for ad res vel secundse el adverthings either prosperous or ad- ssE qstczm amicitia [esse].verse) as fiiendship [is]. CIO. de Am. Credulity is an error, rather Credulitas error esse, mathan a fault. gis pseden culpa. —Ci. F. i.p. Young men fall into diseases Facilius in morbus incidere more easily than old men. adolescens qudm senex.CI1. You may overcome by policy Consiliun melius vincere better than by passion. qudla iracundia. It behoves me to comply with Parens ego obsequi (Gr. my father rather than with my 403) potiuis, gtam amor, love. oportore.-TiR. lrec. 3. 4. There is no vice worse than Nullus vitium tetrior esse covetousness. Tqudm avaritia.-Cio. What is sleep but the image of Quid esse somnus nisi mors death? imago?-CIa. I I 242 SYNTAX. Nobody ought to boast of any Nenmo gloriari debere (quothing but that which is his own. quam) nisi (xxxv.) suus. What will that man do in the Quid facere is honmo in tedark who fears nothing but a wit- nebrm, qui nihil titmere nisi ness and a judge? testis et judex? —Ccr. Leg. We cannot maintain friendship, Amicitia tueri non posse, except we love friends as well nisi mque amicus, ac ego ipse (equally) as ourselves. (30) diligEre.-Cic. Fin. We rejoice for the joy of friends Litari amicus loetitia aqu6 as much as for our own [joy]. atqze noster lEtitia. —ld. Time slides away with a con- Assiduus labi tempus mostant motion, no otherwise than tus, non secus ac flumen.a river. Ov. let. 15. Anger perishes by staying (by Ut fragilis glacies, interire delay), as brittle ice [does]. ira mora.-Ov. 2. Like moods and tenses. Honesty is praised and starves. Probitas laudari et algore. Virtue procures and preserves Virtus conciliare et conserfriendship. vare amicitia. —Cc. The thirst of covetousness is Nunquam. expleri neque never filled nor satisfied. satiari cupiditas sitis.-ILd. Juvenal says, that honesty is Juvenalis dic6re, probitas praised and starves. laudari et algere. I would more willingly receive (38) AccipEre libentiuis, than [I would] do injury. quam (38) fac6re, injuria. It is better to receive than to AccipEre pristare, qumcn do injury. facere, injuria.-CIc. 3. An infinitive mood is often coupled with a noun or pronoun substantive. Learn ye justice, being warned, Discere justitia monltus, and not to contemn heaven. et non temnere ccelum. Nothing is the property of so Nihil esse tam (xII.) angusnarrow a soul as to love riches. tus animus quas&n amare divitice.-CIc. Off. 1. Nothing is so very common as Nihil esse tam valde vulto want wisdom (to be wise in garis, qurim nihil sapdre.nothiing). CIa. 1)iv. 2. 723.-The games were per- Ludzs decem per dies/fieri, formed during ten days, nor was neque res ulla prcetermitti. any thing omitted. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 243 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. [FROM CROMBIE'S GYMNASIUM.] 1. The Athenians were building the walls of their city. This thing the Lacedaemonians took amiss. Themistocles deceived them by this stratagem: he went to Sparta as an ambassador, and denied to the Lacedeemonians that the walls were building. "But," says he, "if you do not believe me, send trusty men to inspect the city (Gr. 6434th), and, in the meantime, detain me [here]." This they did. 2. Themistocles, at the same time, secretly sent a messenger to the Athenians, and advised them (Gr. 677-3d) to detain the Lacedmmonian inspectors at Athens, by whatever means [they could], until they had built the walls, and had recovered him. The Athenians followed (obeyed) his counsel. Themistocles accordingly was recovered: the Lacedaemonian inspectors were restored, and Athens fortified, against the will of the Lacedaemonians (invitus, Gr. 690). 3. The father of a family one day came to Aristippus, and asked him to undertake (Gr. 677-3d) the education of his son (his son to be educated). To the philosopher asking five hundred drachmas as a fee, the father, who wLts a very covetous man, frightened at the price, said, that he could buy a slave for less (money). "Do so," said Aristippus, " and then you will have two." 4. Hasdrubal passed over into Italy with a great army, and the Roman empire would have been ruined (it would have been over with the Roman empire), if he had been able to join himself to his brother Hannibal. But Claudius Nero, having left a part, of his army in the camp (Gr. 692, Rem.), hastened to Hasdrubal with a few chosen troops, and joined (himself to) his colleague Livius, at the river Metaurus, and these two together (lit. both) conquered lasdrubal. 5. After him, Julian obtained the government and made war on the Parthians, in which expedition, I myself was present. He took by assault many towns of the Persians, and received others on surrender. Returning victorious, he was slain by an enemy, on the sixth day before the Calends of July, and in the seventh year of his reign. He was a man remarkable for eloquence, and had a very retentive memory (Gr. 394). He was succeeded by Jovian (Jovian succeeded him), who was elected emperor by the army. 244 SYNTAX. 6. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, descended from a very noble family, would not suffer Scipio Asiaticus, though an enemy, to be carried to prison. The latter (Gr. 123-1) [when] prsetor, subdued Gaul. In his first consulship, he conquered Spain; in his second, Sardinia. When he was accused of a capital crime (capitis) by the people, Sempronius swore that he was not deserving of death, and that, if he should be sent into exile, he would go into exile (Lat., would change his soil) along with him. Upon this (wherefore) he was acquitted. 7. A war having arisen between the Romans and Albans, Hostilius and Fufetius being leaders, before it came (was come) to a battle, it was agreed (it pleased them) to finish the affair by the combat of a few. There happened to be (there were by chance) among the Romans, three brothers born at one birth, by name Horatii, and, in like manner, three born at one birth among the Albans, named Curatii, equal [to them] in age and strength. It was agreed, therefore, that these should fight for the dominion, and the people to whom (to whichever people) the victors belonged, (they) should rule over the other. 8. They engaged, and after many wounds given and received (Gr. 688) on both sides, two Romans fell, and the three Albans were severely wounded. The one Horatius, as yet untouched, but not a match for all the Albans (together), that he might divide their force and attack them singly, pretended flight. They followed him one after another as their strength and the pain of their wounds permitted, and, as they came up, he slew them one by one. The Roman accordingly conquered, and these two states were united (joined into one) under the same name. 9. Curins Dentatus, having subdued the Samnites (Gr. 692, Rem.), said in an assembly, "I have taken so much land that there would have been a desert if I had not taken so many men; and moreover, I have taken so many men that they would have perished by famine, if I had not taken so much land." He divided the fields among (to) the soldiers man by man, giving (them) fourteen acres each, and reserved as many for himself, saying that no man ought to be a general, who would not be content with the share (part) of a com mon soldier. [N. B. The pupil may vary the preceding exercise, by putting the words of Dentatus, in the first part, in the oblique or indirect form (Gr. 650, &c.), and the report of his words at the end in the direct form. Similar variations may be made in others also.] PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 245 10. No man was ever milder than Scipio Africanus, and yet, supposing that somewhat of severity was necessary for establishing military discipline, he was on a certain time cruel to his countrymen (citizens); for after he had conquered Carthage (Gr. 692, Rem.), and reduced under his power all who had gone over to the Carthaginians, he inflicted punishment more severely on the Roman deserters, than on the Latin. The former he crucified as fugitives from (of) their country, the latter he beheaded as perfidious allies. 11. When Porsenna, king of the Etrurians, was endeavouring to restore Tarquinius Superbus to the government, and had taken the Janiculum at the first assault, Horatius Codes, a man of the greatest bravery, posted himself at the extreme part of the Sublician bridge, and alone withstood the whole force of the enemy, till the bridge was broken down behind him (from behind). Then he threw himself into the Tiber, and swam over to his friends unhurt, either by his fall or by the darts of the enemy. 12. The Greeks, after the victory, determined to sail to the Hellespont, and to destroy the bridge, that the king might not escape. Themistocles dissuaded them from this (Lat., this to them), by saying (Gr. 689-2) that the king being intercepted would renew the battle; and that despair sometimes achieves what valour cannot. At the same time, he sent a eunuch to the king, informing him, that unless he made his escape quickly, the bridge would be destroyed. Xerxes, therefore, betook himself to flight, and Themistocles thus preserved the victory to the Athenians. 13. A certain youth had for a long time frequented the school of Zeno [the philosopher]. When le returned home, his father asked (from) him what he had learned. The young man modestly replied, that he would show him that by his conduct (manners). The father was grievously offended and beat him. The son remained perfectly composed and said, " I have learned to bear patiently a father's anger." 14. In the reign of Cmsar Augustus (Gr. 694), a dolphin, as it is said, contrancted an attachment for the son of a poor man, who was accustomed to feed him with bits (fragments) of bread. Every day, the dolphin, when called by the boy, swam to the surface of the water, and being fed from his hand, carried the boy on his back from the shore at Baia, (the Baian shore) to a school at Puteoli, and brought him back in the samle manner. The boy having died, the dolphin, coming oftentimes to the accustomed place, and missing him, is said also to have died of grief. 2246 SYNTAX. 15. P. Scipio, surnamed Africanus, from the conquest of Africa (Gr. 684), is believed to have been the son of Jupiter. For, before he was conceived, a serpent of huge size appeared in his mother's bed; and the snake lhaving twisted around him [when] all infant, did not hurt him (hurt him nothing). He undertook no expedition, until he had sat some time in the chapel of Jupiter, as if he was receiving divine counsel (mind). When he was eighteen years of age (born 18 years), he saved the life of his father at Ticinum; and when he was twentyfour years old (had 24 years), he was sent as praetor (Gr. 689-lst) into Spain, and took Carthage on the very day on which he arrived. 16. A maiden of extraordinary beauty, whom he had taken [captive] in war, he forbade to be brought into his sight, and ordered her to be restored to her father, and her betrothed lover. He conquered, (Gr. 689-1st) and drove out of Italy, Hasdrubal and Mago, brothers of Hannibal, and formed an alliance (friendship) with Syphax, king of the Moors. Having returned home victorious (victor), he was made consul, before the [consular] years (i. e. before the legal age), and being sent into Africa, he conquered Hannibal, who had been compelled to return to Carthage to defend his country (Gr. 707). Being falsely accused of extortion, he went into voluntary exile, where he spent the rest of his life (age). 17. Xerxes, before the naval battle in which he was defeated by Themistocles, had sent four thousand of armed [men] to plunder (Gr. 643-4th) the temple of Apollo, as if he was carrying on war, not only with the Greeks, but also with the immortal gods. This band was entirely destroyed by rain and thunder. Historians say that this was done, that he might understand how insignificant (nothing) was the strength of men against the immortal gods. The wicked do not reflect with themselves, that to war against heaven (the gods), is to court destruction for themselves. 18. Xenophon, the disciple of Socrates, was offering (making) a solemn sacrifice, when he heard that his elder son was slain at Mantinea. He did not however desist, but only laid down his crown, and asked how he had fallen. When he understood that his son had fallen in battle, fighting bravely for his country, he calmly replaced the crown upon his head, calling (Gr. 63-2 in fin.) the gods to witness, that he received (took) greater pleasure from the bravery of his son, than pain from his death. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 247 19. Maxeeus Aurelius, the Roman emperor, applied to the study of -sisdom, and, for that purpose, attended the lectures of (Lat., heard) Sextus the philosopher. When he was going out of the palace (Gr. 88) one day, Lucius the philosopher, who had lately come to Rome, met him, and asked him whither he was going, and on what business. lMaruns replied, " It is becoming even for an old man to learn, and I am going to Sextus to learn (that I may know) those things which I do not yet know." Lucius, raising his hands to heaven (Gr. 692), exclaimed, 0 Jupiter! a Roman emperor, now in his old age, goes to school like (as) a boy. 20. When Plato had come to the Olympic games, [an assembly] the most crowded of all the assemblies in Greece, he lodged with persons uinknown to him; and lhe was unknown to them. Whilst he remained at Olympia, he so attached them to him, by the suavity of his manners and by his conversations firee from all affectation of wisdom, that they rejoiced exceedingly in the society of such a man. He made no mention, however, of the academy, or of Socrates; he told them merely thak;he was called Plato. 21. The games being over, when they had come to Athens, Plato received them very kindly. Being very desirous (desiring greatly) to see- the philosopher, they say [to him], "Show us that namesake of yours, the disciple of Socrates, whose fame is so great every where. Take us to the Academy." He, softly smiling, as he used to do, said to them, "I am he," The visitors were amazed when they found that they had been so long the companions of Plato without knowing him. 22. Dion, being banished from Syracuse by the tyrant Dionysius, went to Megara. There, when he wished to have an interview with Theodornus the chief man of the city, and had come to his house fox that purpose, being detained a long time at the gate, and finally being refused admittance (prohibited to enter) he said to his companion, calmly, "We must bear this patiently; perhaps we also, when we were in authority (the magistracy), sometimes did such things." By this tranquillity of mind, he rendered the condition of his exile much more tolerable. 23. Aristides among the Athenians, and Epaminondas among the Thebans, are said to have been such lovers (so loving, fond) of truth, that they never told a lie even in jest. Atticus, also, with whom Cicero lived in the greatest intimacy, neither told,,nor could bear a 248 S-NTAX, lie. "I hate that [Yman]," said Achilles, " equally as the gat-es 0o Pluto, who says one thing' and thinks another." "Liars," said Ari. — totle, "gain this, that they are not believed wshen they speak (credit is not given to them speakling) the truth." Simplicity and sincerity are most suited (conveniuzt) to the nature of man. 24. Ptolemy havirug conquered (Gr. 692) Demetrius, gaiued greater glory to himself from his moderation, than from his victory; foi' he dismissed the friends of Demetrius, not only with their property, but also with valuable gifts, sayinlg thtt; he had not begun the war folo the sake of plunder. Not long' after, Ptolemy, having engrged wi tlh Demetrius a second time, was himself defeated, and, havinmg loJst his fleet, fled into 1Egypt. Demlietrius, to requite his kinldess (Gr. 621-1), sent back to him his son, his brother, and all his friends, tooether with their goods. 25. Whlen Augustus C sar was supping with Vediris Pollio (at his house), one of the slaves broke a crystal vessel. Vedius immediately ordered himn to be put to death; nor was lie to die by a common death, for lie ordered him to be thrown into a fish-pond full of.a1apreys. The boy terrified fled to the feet of CEsar. The eruper,-o shocked (mo-vedc) at the cruel order of Pollio, ordered the boy to be set friee, all tle crystal vessels to be brokeln, and the fish-pond to be filled up. "Whati!" said he, "because your vessel has beem brokenl, shall, therefore, the bowels of a human being be torn in pieces," 26. When Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, had made war on the lRomans, and he was distant from the Roman army only a few miles (miZill'bss paCssuoMr), the physician of Pyrrhus came into the earap of Fabiriilus by night, promising that he would cut off the king by poison, if a reward should be given him proportioned to the nmagitude of thei service. Fabricius immediately caused him to be caiiied back to Pyrrhus, saying, it was disgraceful to contend with an eiienly by poisonl, and not by arms. On this (wherefore) the king is reported to. have said, "The sun can more easily be turned from his course% than Fabricius from (the path of) honor." 27. Pisib-tratus the tyrant conducted himself with the greatest equityin the government of Athens (Athenian government), which he hal, seized upon unjustly, and, except that he was fond of ruling, no citizen was better than he. If he saw any person walking about idle PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 249 in the market-place, he called them to him (Gr. 689-1st), and asked why they were idle. If they answered that they had neither cattle nor corn, he gave [them some], and ordered them to go and work (to betake themselves to work). When he appeared (went forth) in public, two or three boys accompanied him, who carried money to be given to the poor. 28. Gillias of Agrigentum, a man richer in mind than in wealth, was always employed in spending, rather than in getting money. He erected buildings for public purposes (uses), he exhibited (gave) shows to the people, supplied food to the poor, gave dowries to virgins, received strangers in the kindest manner; and, at one time, fed and clothed five hundred horsemen [who had been] driven ashore near his house (Gr. 611) by a storm. In short, whatever Gillias possessed, he seemed to consider as the common patrimony of all [men]. 29. Antisthenes the philosopher was accustomed to exhort his scholars to attend (Gr. 677-3d) diligently to their studies; but few (of them) complied. At last, being in a passion, he sent them all away. Diogenes, however, one of them, being inflamed with a great desire of hearing the philosopher, came often to his school and resolutely stuck to him. Antisthenes threatened that he would break his head (the head of him) with a staff which he was wont to carry; and when he saw that he was not frightened by his threats, he one day did actually beat him. 30. Diogenes, however, did not go away. " Strike," said he, " if you please, but you will find no staff so hard that it can drive me from youl school. I love you, and I desire to hear you; I have made up (taken it into) my mind to suffer (Gr. 677-3d) any thing for the sake of learning." Antisthenes, seeing that he was very desirous of knowledge, admitted him again, and loved (embraced) him with great affection. "Nature," says Tullius, "has implanted in man an insatiable desire of searching for truth, that he may become wiser and better." 31. Themistocles having conquered the Persians in a naval battle (Gr. 692), said in an assembly at Athens, that he had (Gr. 394) a plan in his mind which would be useful to the state, but that it was necessary it should not be made public. He therefore demanded a person (that some one might be given to him) to whom he might communicate it, and Aristides was appointed (named) for that purpose (thing). 11* 250 SYNTAX. He then told Aristides, that the fleet of the Lacedoemonians, which had been withdrawn to the harbour at Gytheum, might be secretly set on fire, and thus the [naval] power of the Lacedaemonians be destroyed (broken). 32. Aristides having heard this (Gr. 692), returned to the assembly, and told his countrymen that the plan of Themistocles was indeed a very useful [one], but by no means honourable. The Athenians judging that to be unprofitable (not useful) which was not honourable, rejected on the authority of Aristides (Ar. being the author), a plan which they had not even heard. "We are born for (to) justice, nor is right founded on opinion, but on nature. Cicero observes, that justice is the queen of virtues. Let it therefore remain [a principle] with us, that what is dishonourable is never useful." VOCABU LARY. LATIN AND ENGLISIH. AB3S ACO A, ab, prep. from, by. Abstineo, ere, ui, tentum, tr. & Abalieno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to intr. 2. to keep off, abstain from. alienate. Abstraho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Abditus, a, um, pt. hidden, in- draw away, to separate. volved. Absum, esse, fui, irr. to be absent, Abdolonymus, i, m. 2. a man's to be wanting. name. Absurde, adv. absurdly. Abdomen, inis, n. 3. the paunch, Absurdus, a, um, adj. absurd, sensethe belly. less. Abdaco, 6re, xi, ctum, tr 3. to lead Abundans, tis, adj. abounding, away, to remove. rich. Abeo, ire, ii, seldom lvi, itum, irr. Abundantia. me, f. 1. abundance, to go away, to depart, plenty. Abhinc, adv. hence, ago. Abunde, adv. abundantly, richly. Abhorreo, 6re, ui, - intr. 2. to Abundo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to shrink, to be averse to, to be un- overflow, to abound. like. Ac, conj. and. Abigo, 6re, egi, actum, tr. 3. to Academia, se, f. 1. the academy. drive away. Academlcus, i, m. 2. an academic. Abjicio, dre, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Accedo, 6re, ssi, ssum, intr. 3. to throw away. advance, to approach. Absens, tis, adj. absent. Accendo, 6re, di, sum, tr. 3. to Absisto, 6re, stiti, intr. 3. to depart kindle, to burn. from, to desist. Accensus, a, um, pt. kindled, inAbsolutt, adv. absolutely. flamed. Absolvo, ere, vi, fitum, tr. 3. to Accessus, us, m. 4. an approach, absolve, to acquit. landing. Absterreo, 6re, ui, itum, tr. 2. to Accldo, 6re, Mdi, - intr. 3. to fall deter, to hinder. down, to happen. Abstinens, tis, adj. abstinent, tem- Accpilo, 6re, cpi, ceptum, tr. 3. to perate, take, to receive. ADIH 252 ADU Accitus, a, um, pt. being called, Adhibeo, 6re, ui, ltum, tr. 2. to sentt for. adopt, to employ, to use, to Accla, m, c. 1. a near inhabitant, bring. a nleighbour. Adhuc, adv. hitherto, yet, still. Accommbdo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. Adlmo, 6re, emi, empturn, tr. 3. to to put upon, to suit, to lend. take away, to remove. Accusatio, 6nis, f. 3. accusation. Adipiscor, ipisci, eptus, dep. 3. to Accusetor, 6ris, mn. 3. an accuser. get, to obtain. Accuso, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ac- Aditus, us, m. 4. access. passage. culse. Adjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Acer, & acris, e, adj. sharp, sour, throw to, to add. fierce. Adjungo, 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Acerbe, adv. bitterly, cruelly. join to, to unite. Acerbus, a, um, adj. unripe, sour, Adjfitor, oris, m. 3. an assistant. sharp, harsh. Adjutrix, icis, f. 3. an assistant. Acervus, i, m. 2. a heap. Adjtivo, are, javi, jutum, tr. 1. to Achaia, ae, f. 1. Achaia, a country help, to assist. of Greece. Administro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. Achilles, is, m. 3. a Grecian hero. to manage, to conduct. Acldus, a, um, adj. acid, sour. Admiratio, onis, f. 3. swonder, adAcies, ei, f. 5. a lisse of soldiers, an miration. army in battle array. Admiror, Sri, atus, dep. 1. to wonAcquiro, 6re, slvi, situm, tr. 3. to der at, to admnire. acquire. Admitto, 6re, misi, missum, tr. 3. Acriter, us, acerlime, adv. sharply. to admit. Acta, 5rurn, n. 2. actions, deeds. Admrneo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to Actio, onis, f. 3. an action. remrnid, to admonish. Actus, a, um, part. done, past, Adolescens, tis, c. 3. a youth, a spent. young man or woman. Acuminatus, a, um, part. pointed. Adolescentia, se, f. 1. youth. Acuo, ere, ui, titum, tr. 3. to Adolesco, ere, ol6vi, rarely olui, sharpen. ultum, intr. 3. to grow up, to Acatus, a, um, adj. acute, sharp, burn. keen. Adopto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Ad, prep. to, at, about. adopt. Adgmo, are; avi, atum, tr. 1. to Adoro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to love. adore. Addico, 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to ra- Adparatus, see Apparatus. tify, to adjudge. Adscisco, ere, lri, itum, tr. 3. to Addo, ere, Mdi, Itum, tr. 3. to add. take to, to associate. Adduco, ere, xi, ctLum, tr. 3. to Adsto, stare, stiti, stitum, intr. to bring to. stand by. Adeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, intr. irr. Adsum, esse, fui, irr. to be present. to go to, to approach, to visit. Adulans, tis, pt. flattering. Adeo, adv. so, so that, so mulch. Adilians, tis, m. 3. one flattering, a Adhwereo, ere, si, surn, intr. 2. to flatterer. stick to, to adhere. Adulator, 6ris, m. 3. a flatterer. Adhaeresco, ere, - intr. 3. to Adilor, Sri, atus, dep. to flatter stick to, to adhere. Adulter, 6ri, m 2. an adulterer. AEN 253 AFR Adulterinus, a, um, adj. false, coun- Aeolus, i, m. 2. the god of the terfeit. winds. Advdna, re, f. 1. a stranger. Aequalis. e, adj. equal, contemnpoAdvenio, ire, veni, venturl, intr. 4. rary. to come to, to arrive. Aeque, adv. equally. Adventus, us, mn. 4. advent, ap- Aequitas, atis, f. 3. equity, justice. proach, arrival. Aequo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Adversarius, ii, m. 2. adversary, equal. enemy. Aequus, a, um, adj. equal, just, Adversor; ari, atus, dep. 1. to op- kind. pose. Aer, aeris, m. 3. the air, acc. Adversumt, a, um, adj. opposite, ad- aera. verse. Aerumna, ae, f. 1. toil, aqfiction. Adversus, & urn, prep. against, Aes, eris, intr. 3. brass, money. over against. Aesapus, i, m. 2. Aesop. Adv6lo, are, avi, atum, intr. to Aestas, atis, f. 3. summer. fly to. Aestimatio, onis, f. 3. a valuing. Aedificium, ii, n. 2, an edifice. Aestimator, 6ris, m. 3. a valuer. Aedifico, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Aestlmo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to build. value, to esteem. Aedllis, is, m. 3. an cedile. Aestivus, a, uin, adj. relatizng to Aedis, & Wedes, is, f. 3. a building, summer. a temple. Aestuo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to be Aeduus, i, m. 2. one of the Aedui. heated. Aegre, arum, f. 1. Aege, the seame Aestus, us, m. 4. the tide. of a place. Aetas, atis, f. 3. age, time. Aeger, gra, grum, adj. sick, dis- Aeternitas, atis, f. 3. eternity. eased. Aether, 6ris, m. 3. the air. Aegisthus, i, m. 2. Aeyisthus, a Aevum, i, n. 2. a Lage, a life. man's name. Afer, fri, m. 2. an African. Aegre, ius, gerrime, adv. griev- Affabilitas, atis, f. 3. courtesy, kindously, with difflculty. ness. Aegritiido, mnis, f. 3. sickness, sor- Affectatio, 6nis, f. 3. affection. row. Affectio, 0nis, f. 3. disposition. Aegrotus, a, um, adj. sick, dis- Affectus, us, m. 4. an afectiose, a eased. dispositiose. Aegypta, e, f. 1. a woman's name. Affero, afferre, attuili, allatum, irr, Aegyptus, i, f. 2. Egypt, a country to bring to. Of. Africa. Afflcio, ere, eci, ectum, tr. 3. to Aemilianus, i, m. 2. a man's name. affect, to move. Aemilius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Affigo, ere, xi, xum, tr. 3. tofix, Aemulatio, onis, f. 3. emulation, fasten; affigere cruci, to crucify. competition. Affirmo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Aemiilor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to rival, affrm, to assert. to envy, to imitate. Affluens, tis, adj. flowing, aboundAeneas, oe, m. 1. Aeneas, son of ing. Anchises. Africa, ae, f. 1. Africa. Aenius, a, urn, adj. made of brass, Africanus, i, m. 2. Africanus, a brazen, surname. ALT 254 AMI Agamemnon, onis, in. 3. king of Alienus, a, um, adj. belonging to Mlycence. another, another's, foreign, free Ager, agri, m. 2. a field, land. from. Agesilaus, i, m. 2. a Spartan king. Alimentum, i, n. 2. nourishment, Aggridior, di, essus, dep. 3. to go food. up to, to attack. Alio, adv. to another place. Aggitgo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Aliquando, adv. sometimes, once. join. Aliquantus, a, urn, adj. some, conAgillis, e, adj. active, nimble. siderable. Agis, idis, m. 3. a Spartan king. Aliquis, qua, quod or quid, pron. Agito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to exer- some person or thing, some. cise, to speak of. Aliquo, adv. to some place. Agmen, Inis, n. 3. an army (on the Aliquot, adj. indec. some. march). Aliquoties, adv. several times. Agnosco, ere, novi, nituml, tr. 3. to Aliter, adv. otherwise. recognize, to acknowledge. Aliunde, adv. from another place; Agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. aliunde alio, from one place to Ago, ere, egi, actum, tr. 3. to drive, another. to. lead, to do, to treat; actum Alius, a, ud, pron. another. est, it is all over.' Allicio, dre, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to atAgrestis, e, adj. relating to the tract, to allure. country, rude. Alloquor, qui, cltus, or qutius, Agricola, e, m. 1. a husbandmcan. dep. 3. to speak to, to address. Agricdla, m, m. 1. Aygricola, a Ro- Alo, ere, ui, altumn, or aliturn, tr. 3. man general.. to feed, to nourish. Agricultura, m, f. i. agriculture, Alpes, ium, m. pl. 3. the Alps. husbandry. Alter, era, erum, adj. another the Agrigentinus, a, urn, adj. of Agri- other, second. genturm. Altus, a, um, adj. high, deep. Agrigentum, i, intr. 2. a town of Alvus, i, f. 2. the belly. Sicily. Amabilis, e, adj. lovely, amiable. Aio, def. I say. Amans, tis, adj. loving. Sub. a Ala, re, f. 1. a wing, a squadron. lover. Albanus, a, um, adj. of Alba, A4l- Ambio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to surbasn. round, encircle. Alcibiades, is, m. 3. Alcibiades. Ambitio, 6nis, f. 3. ambition. Aleator, 6ris, m. 3. a dice-player, a Ambitus, us, m. 4. a going around, ganester. a circuit. Alexander, dri, m. 2. Alexander Ambo, me, o, adj. pl. both. the Great. Ambuilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Alexandria, ae, f. 1. a city of walk. -Egypt. Amice, adv. friendly. Algeo, ere, si, - intr. 2. to be very Amicio, ire, ui, or xi, ctum, tr. 4. chill, to be cold, to starve. to clothe. Algor, Bris, m. 3. cold. Amicitia, ae, f. 1. friendship. Alias, adv. at another time; alias, Amiciilum, i, n. 2. a cloak. - alias, at one. time, -at an- Amicus, i, m. 2. a friend. other time. Amitto, ire, Isi, issum, tr. 3. te Alicubi, adv. somewohere. send away, to lose. ANT 255 APP Arnnis, is, m, 3. a river. Anteeo, ire, ii, seldom ivi, Itum, Arno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to intr. irr. to go before, to excel. love. Antefero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. Amor, 6ris, m. 3. love. to carry before, to prefer. Am6veo, are, 6vi, otum, tr. 2. to Antegredior, di, gressus, dep. 3. to remove. go before. Amplector, ti, xus, dep. 3. to twist Antepono, ere, sui, situm, tr. 3. to around, to embrace. set before, to prefer. Amplitado, Inis, f. 3. greatness, Ant6quam, adv. before that. high station. Anticyra, ae, f. 1. Anticyra, a city Amplius, adv. more. of Phocis. Amplus, a, um, adj. large, much, Antigonus, i, m. 2. a man's name. great. Antiochus, i, m. 2. a Syrian king. An, adv. & conj. whether? or. Antipater, tri, m. 2. Antipater, one Anc6ra, ae, f. 1. an anchor. of Alexander's generals. Ancus, i (Martius), m. 2. one of the Antiquitas, atis, f. 3. antiquity. Roman kings. Antiquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient. Androgeos, ei, m. 2. a mac's name. Antisth6nes, is, m. 3. a cynic phiAngo, dre, xi, - tr. 3. to strangle, losopher. to vex, to grieve. Antonius, ii, m. 2. Antony. Angor, 6ris, m. 3. pain, anguish. Anystis, is, m. 3. Anystis, a man's Angustia, ae, f, 1. a strait, narrow-'ame. ness. Anxius, a, um, adj. thoughtful, Angustus, a, um, adj. narrow, anxious. strait. Aperio, Ire, ui, tum, tr. 4. to open, Anima, ae, f. 1. breath, life, the to explain. soul. ApertW, adv. openly. Animadversio, 6nis, f. 3. an obser- Apertus, a, um, adj. open, wide. vation, a reproof. Apis, is, f. 3. a bee. Animadverto, 6re, ti, sum, tr. 3. to Apollo, inis, m. 3. Apollo, the god perceive, to consider. of music, &c. Animal, alis, intr. 3. an animal. Apolloniates, is, m. 3. a native of AnImans, tis, f. sometimes m. & Apollonia. n. 3. an animal. Apollonius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Animus, i, m. 2. the mind, the soul, Apparatus, us, m. 4. splendour. courage. Appareo, ere, ui, itum, intr. 2. to Annalis, is, m. 3. the history of a appear. year, pl. annals. Appello, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Annon, adv. whether or not. call to, to name. Annfilus, i, m. 2. a ring. App6tens, tis, adj. desirous, eager Annus, i, m. 2. a year. for. Ante, prep. before. Appetitus, us, m. 4. appetite, deAnte, adv. before, previously. svre. Antea, adv. before, formerly. App6to, ere, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to deAnteactus, a, um, pt. done before. sire, to catch at, strive after. Antecedo, ere, cesi, cessum, tr. 3. Applico, are, avi, atum, or ui, itum, to go before, to excel. tr. 1. to apply. Antecello, ere, -, intr. to ex- Approbatio, 5nis, f. 3. approbaeel, surpass. tion. ARI 256 ASS Approbo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Ariovistus, i, m. 2. a German king. approve. Aristides, is, m. 3. Aristides, an Appropinquo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. Athenian. to draw nigh, to approach. Aristippus, i, m. 2. a Grecian phi Aprilis, is, m. 3. the month of losopher. April. Aristot6les, is, m. 3. a Grecian Aptus, a, um, adj. fit, suitable, philosopher. proper. Arma, orum, n. 2. arms. Apud, prep. at, near. Armenius, ii, m. 2. an Armenian. Apulia, ie, f. 1. Apulia, a province Armo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to arm, of Italy. to equip. Aqua, ae, f. 1. water. Aro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. t Ara, ae, f. 1. an altar. plough. Arabs, abis, m. 3. an Arab. Arrdgans, tis, adj. arrogant, proud. Arator, oris, m. 3. a ploughman. Arrogantia, ie, f. 1. arrogance, Aratrum, i, n. 2. a plough. pride, insolence. Arbitror, avi, atus, dep. 1. to judge, Ars, tis, f. 3. an art, skill. to' think. Artifex,!cis, c. 3. an artist. Arbor, & arbos, oris, f. 3. a tree. Artus, us, m. 4. a joint, a limb. Area, se, f. 1. a chest, a cof'er. Aruns, untis, m. 3. the son of TarArcadius, a, urn, adj. belonging to quin. Arcadia, Arcadian. Arvum, i, n. 2. a ploughed field, Arceo, ere, cui, ctum, tr. 2. to Aeep a field. of; drive away. Arx, cis, f. 3. a fortress, a citadel. Arcesilaus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Ascendo, 6re, di, sum, tr. 3. to asArcesso, dre, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to call, cend, to climb. to summon. Asia. me, f. 1. Asia. Archytas, ae, m. 1. Archytas, a Asiaticus, i, m. 2. a surname of mas's siame. Scipio. Arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, a rainbow. Asina, i, m. 1. a man's name. Ardeo, ere, si, sum, intr. 2. to Aspectus, us, m. 4. aspect, appearburn. ance. Ardor, oris, M. 3. eagerness, ardour. Asper, era, drum, adj. rostgh, cruel. Arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- Aspicio, 6re, exi, ecturn, tr. 3. to ficult. look to, to see. Area, oe, f. 1. a threshing-floor, a Assentatio, anis, f. 3. assent, flatfield. tery. Aresco, dre, intr. 3. to become dry. Assentator, 6ris, m. 3. a fatArganthonius, ii, m. 2. Argantho- terer. nius, a man's name. Assentior, iri, sus, dep. 4. to asArgentum, i, n. 2. silver. sent, to agree. Argilla, ie, f. 1. white clay. Assequor, qui, citus, or quttus, Argumentum, i, n. 2. an argu- dep. 3. to overtake, to obtain. ment. Assiduus, a, urnm, adj. assiduous, Arguo, dre, ui, ultum, tr. 3. to show, constant. to accuse. Assimilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Arldus, a, um, adj. dry. make like, to compare. Arimlnnum, i, n. 2. Ariminusm, a Assuefaecio, dre, f~ci, factum, tr. 3 town in Italy. to accustom. AUT "257 3EN Assuetado, mnis, f. 3. custom, use. Auxilium, ii, n. 2. assistance, Astlurn, i, n. 2. a star. help. At, conj. but. Avaritia, e, f. 1. avarice, covetousAthenn, pturni, f. 1. Athens, the ness. capital of Attica. Avarus, a, urn, adj. covetous, Atlleniensis, is, m.. 3. an Athe- greedy. nian. Avarus, i, m. 2. a covetous man. Atilics, ii, in. 2. a zarn's name. Aveo, ere, - - tr. 2. to desire, to Atq ue, conj. and. covet. Atrox, cis, adj. atrocious. Avernus, i, m. 2. Averstus, a lake Attentus, a, urn, aclj. attentive. in Canmpania, hell. Atticus, i, m. 2. c man's nzame. Avernus, a, urn, adj. belonging to Attinco, ere, ui, - tr. 2. to hold Avernus, infernal. back, to belozg. Averto, ere, ti, sum, tr. 3. to turs Attingo, (re, tigi, tacturn, tr. 3. to away. reach, arrive at. Avis, is, f. 3. a bird, a fowl. Auetor & Autor, 6ois, m. 3, author, Av6lo, ire, avi, atum, intr. 1. tofly ratifier; auctor fieri, to confirm. eaway, escape. Auctoritas, atis, f. 3. authority. Avuncelus, i, m. 2. an unecle. Auctl)po, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Avus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. listein to. Audacia, ae, f. 1. boldness, couzrage. B. Audacter, (cius, cessrme), adv. boldly. Babylon, anis, f. 3. Babylon, the Audax, cis, adj. bold. capital of Chaldcea. Audeo, ere, sus, intr. p. to be bold, Babylonia, a, f 1. Babylonia, the to dare. counstry arouznd Babylon. Audio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to hear. Bacca, oe, f. 1. a berry. Auditus, is,, n. 4. the senlse of Baccha, Ee, f. 1. a priestess of.Bachearing. chsts. Aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatum, tr. Bactrianus, a, um, adj. of Bacirr. to take away. triana. Augeo, ere, xi, ctumn, tr. 2. to isv- Baculum, i, n. 2. a staff. crease. Baianus, a, um, adj. of Baiw. Aungur, iris, m. 3. an augur. Balbus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Auourlium, ii, n. 2. ane augury. Barbarus, a, um, adj. barbarous, Augustus, i, m. 2. a enaz's namze. wild. Aula, m, f. 1. a coutrt, a hall. Beate, adv. happily. Aurelius, ii, im. 2. a Ronman cosn- Beatus, a, urn, adj. happy, blessed. mander. Bebius, ii, in. 2. a man's name. Aurleas, a, urn, adj. made of goll, Belga, arumn, m. 1. the Belgians. golden. Bello, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to AuLis, is, f. 3. the ear. wuar. Auruin, i, n. 2. gold. Bellua, me, f 1. a large beast. Auspicor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to take Bellumn, i, n. 2. war. the auspices, to begin. Bene, eadv. 2. well. Anut, conj. or, either., Benefiacio, 6re, feci, facturn, tr. 3. to Autemn, conj. but, hozoever. do good. Bra. 258 CAM 3Benefactum, i, n. 2. a good deed, Britaania, we, f. 1. Britain. a favour. Britanaus, i, m. 2. a Briton. ]3eneficentia, m, f. 1. beneficence, Brixellum, i, n. 2. Brixellum, a kindness. town in Italy. Beneficium, ii, n. 2. a benefit, a Brrindusiurn, ii, n. 2. a city of' favour. Italy. Beneficus, a, um, adj. beneficent, Brutus, i, m. 2. one of the first kind. Roman consuls. Benefio, fieri, factus, irr. to be well done. Benev1le, adv. kindly. C. Benevolentia,, f. 1. benevolence, good-will. Cado, ere, cecldi, casum, intr. 3. to Benigne, adv. bountifully, liber- fall. ally. Cadacus, a, um, adj. ready tofall, Benignltas, atis, f. 3. kindness, frail. generosity. Cmecus, a, um, adj. blind, dark. Benignus, a, urn, adj. kind, cotur- C-udes, is, f. 3. slaughter, snurder. teous. UCedo, ere, cecidi, ceesumn, tr. 3. to Bestia, me, f. 1. a wild beast. cut, to kill. Besti6la, a, f. 1. a small animal. Caesal;, ris, m. 3. Ucesar, a man's Bibliotheca, m, f. 1. a library. name. Bibo, ere, bibi, bibitum, tr. 3. to (Ceter, seldom used,) era, erum, drink. adj. the other, the rest. Bibtilus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Calamritas, atis, f. 3. a calamity, a Biduum, i, n. 2. the space of two misfortune. days. Calamlitosus, a, um, adj. calamiBini, m, a, adj. two by two, two (at tous, miserable. a time). Calear, aris, n. 3. a spur. Bis, adv. twice. Calco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Biturlges, urn, m. 3. a people of traimple upon, to kick. Gaul. Caleo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to be Blanditia, Pe, f. 1. a complimzent, warm, to be hot. flattery. Calidus, a, um, adj. warm, fiery, Blandus, a, um, adj. gentle, kind. angry, enraged. Bocchus, i, mn. 2. a king of fMauri- Caligo, this, f. 3. darkness. tania. Caligiila, se, m. 1. a Roman emBonitas, atis, f. 3. goodness. peror. Bononia, ae, f. 1. Bononia, a town Calleo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to grow in Italy. callous. Bonum, i, n. 2. a good thing, a Calliditas, atis, f. 3. skilfulness, blessing. cunning. Bonus, a, urn, adj. good. Callidus, a, um, adj. skilful, exBos, bovis, c. 3. an ox or coo. pert. Brachium, ii, n. 2. an arm. Calor, 5ris, m. 3. heat. ]Brevis, e, adj. short. Calpurnius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Brevitas, atis, f. 3. shortness, bre- Calumnia, se, f. 1. calumny, slanvity. der. Breviter, (ius, isslme), adv. briefly. Campus, i, m. 2. a plain, a field. CAT 259 CER Candor, 5ris, m. 3. whiteness. Catilina, ae, m. 1. Catiline, a RoCandldus, a, urnm, adj. white, bright. man. Canis, is, c. 3. a dog or bitch. Cato, Onis, m. 3. Cato, a Roman. Canistius, ii, m. 2. Canistius, a Causa, ae, f. 1. a cause, a reason, a man's name. motive. Capesso, ere, lvi, itum, tr. 3. to Caute, adv. cautiously, prudently. take in hand, to begin. Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, tr. 2. to Capio, dere, cepi, captum, tr. 3. to beware of, to avoid. take, to seize. Cavo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to make Capitalis, e, adj. capital, hurtful. hollow. Capitolium, ii, n. 2. the Capitol. Cecrops, pis, m. 3. thefirst king of Cappadocia, ae, f. 1. Cappadocia. Attica. Caprea, arum, 1. pl. Caprea, an Cedo, lre, cessi, cessum, tr. 3. to island. give place, to yield. Captivus, i, mn. 2. a captive. Celebritas, atis, f. 3. a throng, a Captus, a, un, pt. taken, seized, nsumerous attendance. afected, deprived of; one taken, a Celebro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to captive. celebrate. Capua, ee, f. 1. the city Capua. Celerltas, atis, f. 3. rapidity, quickCaput, itis, n. 3. the head. ness. Carbo, tnis, m. 3. a Roman con- Celeriter, adv. (ius, errime), qeic/k, sul. comp. quicker, sooner. Career, dris, m. 3. a prison. Cella, T, f. 1. a chapel. Care, adv. dearly, at a great price. Celo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to hide, Careo, ere, ui, itum, intr. 2. to to conceal. want, to be free from. Celsus, a, um, adj. erect, high, Caritas, atis, f. 3. dearth, love, affec- lofty. tion. Censeo, ere, ui, um, tr. 2. to think, Carmen, lnis, n. 3. a verse, a to judge. song. Censor, 6ris, m. 3. a censor. Caro, carnis, f. 3. flesh. Census, us, m. 4. a valuation of Carpo, ele, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to one's estate, &c., a census. blanme. Centeni, ae, a, adj. a hundred to,Carthago, inis, f. 3. carthage. each. Carus, a, um, adj. dear, beloved. Centesimus, a, um, adj. hundCastS, adv. chastely, devoutly. redth. Castellum, i, n. 2. a fort. Centurn, adj. ind. a hundred. Castigatio, 5nis, f. 3. chastisement, Centurio, 5nis, m. 3. a centurion. reproof. Ceres, dris, f. 3. Ceres, the goddess Castigator, oris, m. 3. a chastiser, of corn. a corrector. Cereus, a, um, adj. made of wax, Castor, 6ris, m. 3. Castor, one of the waxess. sons of Leda. Cerno, dre, cravi, cratum, tr. 3. to Castra, 6rum, n. pl. 2. a camp. see clearly. Castus, a, urnm, adj. chaste, re- Certamen, lnis, n. 3. a contest, a ligious. dispute. Casus, is, m. 4. a fall, an acci- Certe, adv. certainly, at least..dent. Certo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to conCatena, ae, f. 1. a chain. tend, to fight. CIV 260 COG Certus, a, unm, adj. certazn, sure, Clam, adv. secretly, privately. confidential, truLsty. Clamor, aris, m. 3. clamor,; noise, a Cervix,!cis, f. 3. the hinder part of shout. the neck, the neck. Claritas, atis, f. 3. clearness. Cespes, itis, m. 3. a turf, a sod. Clarus, a, um, adj. clear, illustriCesso, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to ous, distinguished. cease, to loiter. Classis, is, f. 3. a fleet. Ceterus (Coaterus), a, um, adj. other. Claudius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Ceu, adv. as it were, eve?n, as. Claudo, ere, si, sum, tr. 3. to shut, Chamioleon, ontis & onis, m. 3. a to close. chameleon. Cleanthes, is, m. 3. a man's name. Charitas, atis, f. 3. see Caritas. Cleanthus, i, m. 2. Cleanthus, a Charta, se, f.,1. paper. man's name. Chius, ii, f. 2. Chios, an island. Clementia, ae, f. 1. courtesy, mercy. Chrysippus, i, m. 2. a Stoic philoso- Clinia, se, m. 1. a man's name. pher. Clodius, ii, m. 2. a celebrated Ro. Chrysogonus, i, mn. a man's sname. man. Cibus, i, m. 2. food, meat. Clcelia, se, f. 1. a Roman maiden. Cicero, onis, in. 3. M. ]q Cicero, a Cluentius, ii, m1. a man's name. Roman orator. Clypeus, i, m. & um, i, n. 2. a Cimbricus, a, um, adj. Cimrbrian. shield. Cimmerius, ii, m. 2. a Cimnserian. Coacervatio, nuis, f. 3. a heaping Cimnon, onis, m. 3. a man's name. together. Cingo, 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to gird, Cocles, is, m. 3. a man's name. to surround. Ccelestis, e, adj. relating to heaven, Cingonius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. heavenly. Cinna, se, m. 1. Cinna, a Romasn Ccelius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. consul. Ccelum, i, n. P1. i, 6rum, m. 2. Circum, prep. around, about. heaven, the sky. Circumfluo, ere, xi, xum, tr. 3. to Cceno, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to sup. flow about, to abound. Ccenum, i, n. 2. dirt, filth. Cirecumfodio, ere, fodi, fossum, tr. Ccepi, ccepisse, def. to begin. 3. to dig around. Coerceo i, r tum, tr. 2. to reCircumfusus, a, um, pt. sur- strain, to check. rounzded. Ccetus, uAs, m. 4. a crowd, a comCircumsto, stare, stdti, - tr. 1. to cpany. stand around. Cogitatio, 5nis, f. 3. a thinking, a Circumvenio, Ire, veni, ventum, tr. reflection. 4. to surround. Cogitato, adv. designedly. Citerior, us, adj. comp. hither, on Coglto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to this side. think, to reflect. Cithara, s, f. 1. a harp. Cognatus, a, um, adj. kindred, conCito, adv. quickly, soon. genial. Cito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to cite, Cognitio, dnis, f. 3. knowledge, an call, suzmmon. inquiry. Civilis, e, adj. belonging to citizens, Cognominatus, a, urn, pt. surcivil. named. Civis, is, c. 3. a citizen. Cognominis, e, adj. of the same Civitas, atis, f. 3. a state, a city. tame. COM 261 coN Cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, tr. 3. Commentatio, onis, f. 3. meditation. to know, to understand. Commereor, eri, Itus, dep. 2. to Cogo, 6re, coegi, coactum, tr. 3. to deserve. borce. Committo, ere, misi, missum, tr. 3. Cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to hold, to commit, to cause. to restrain. Commdrn e, adv. conveniently. C6horls, tis, f. 3. a cohort. Commldo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Cohortor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to exhort, accommodate, to lend. to encourage. Commodum, i, n. 2. convenience, Collega, me, in. 1. a colleague. advantage. Colligo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Commodus, a, um, adj. convenient, bind. suitable. Collgo, 6re, legi, lecturm, tr. 3. to Commoneo, 6re, ui, itum, tr. 2. to collect. warn, to remind. Collino, 6re, lvi & 6vi, Rtum, tr. 3. Commnror, ari, atus, dep. 1. to to besmear, to daub. abide, to hinder. Collis, is, m. 3. a hill. Commdveo, ere, ovi, otum, tr. 2. to Colloco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to mnove, to disturb. place. Communio, ire, lvi, itum, tr. 4. to Colloquium, ii, n. 2. a conferesnce. fortify. Colluceo, ere, luxi, - intr. 2. to Commfnis, e, adj. common. shine, to blaze. Communitas, atis, f. 3. community, Collum, i, n. 2. the neck. fellowship. Cole, 6re, colui, cultum, tr. 3. to Commato, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to till, to cultivate, to worship. change. ColOnce, arum, f. pl. 1. Colonce. Comparo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Colonus, i, i. 2. a colonist, a prepare, to compare. farmer. Compello, ere, pduli, pulsum, tr. 3. Color, oris, m. 3. color. to compel. Comans, tis, adj. long-haired. Compenso, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Comes, itis, c. 3. a companion. compenssate. Comnitas, atis, f. 3. a cability, cour- Complector, ti, xus, dep. 3. to emtesy. brace. Comlter, adv. agreeably, politely, Compleo, Ore, 5vi, etum, tr. 2. to courteously..fill up, to finish. Comitia, Orum, n. p1. 2. the comi- Complares, a & ia, adj. pl. many. tia, an election. CompOno, ere, Osui, Osltum, tr. 3. Comitor, gri, atus, dep. 1. to accom- to arrange, to compose. painy. Compos, otis, adj. master of. Commeatus, us, m. 4. provisions. Compositio, Onis, f. 3. a composzCommemoratio, onis, f. 3. rememn- tion. brance. Comprendo, Ore, di, sum, tr. 3. to Commemoro, are, avi, atfmi, tr. 1. take hold of, to comnprise. to mnention, to talk of. Conatus, As, m. 4. an endeavour, an Conmmnendo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to attempt. recommend. Concedo, Ore, cessi, cessum, tr. 3. Commercium, ii. n. 2. commerce, to depart, to yield, to grant. intercourse. Concelebro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Commentarium, ii. n. 2. a register. celebrate. CON 262 CON Coneessus, us, m. 4. consent. Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. Concilio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to throw, to hurl. conciliate, to procure. Conjunctisslme, adv. sup. very closeConcio, 5nis, f. 3. an assembly, a ly, in the greatest intimacy. speech, harangue. Conjunctus, a, urn, pt. joined toConcipio, 6re, cepi, ceptum, tr. 3. gether, united. to conceive. Conjungo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Conclamo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. join. to cry out. Conjuratio, 5nis, f. 3. a conspiracy. Concludo, ere, si, sum, tr. 3. to shut Conjwfro, are, avi, aturn, tr. 1. to sep, to conclude, to fornz. conspire, to enter into a conConcordia, ae, f. 1. concord, agree- spiracy. ment. Conjux, Pigis, c. 3. a husband or Concordia, a, f. 1. Concord, the wusfe. name of a deity. Connecto, ere, xui, xum, tr. 3. to Concupisco, &ee, lvi, itum, tr. 3. to tie, to fasten. desire greatly, to covet. Conniveo, ere, nivi or nixi, intr. 2. Conculro, 6re, ri, sum, intr. 3. to to wink, to shut the eyes. rrush together, to esngage (in bat- Conor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to endeatle). s)our. Condemno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Conqudror, queri, questus, dep. 3. accuse, to condemn. to complain. Condimentum, i, n. 2. sauce, sea- Conquiesco, ere, evi, etum, intr. 3. soning. to be quiet. Conditio, onis, f 3. a condition. Conquiro, ere, sivi, situm, tr. 3. to Condo, ere, didi, ditum, tr. 3. to search for. place together, to build, to hide. CQnscientia, We, f. 1. consciousness. Confabiilor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to Conscisco, ere, lvi, itumn, tr. 3. to talk. comnmit, to procure. Confero, ferre, tili, latum, te. irr. to Conscius, a, urnm, adj. conscious. bring together, to compare; con- Conscribo, ree, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to ferre se, to hasten. write, to enrol. Conflcio, ere, eci, ectum, tr. 3. to Conscriptus, a, um, adj. conscript, finish, to waste. chosen; conscripti patres, conConfldo, ere, sus, intr. p. to trust. script fathers, assembledfathers, Confiteor, fiteri, fessus, dep. 2. to the form used in addressing the confess. Roman senate. Coufligo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Consensio, dnis, f. 3. consent, agreefight, engage in battle. nment. C.onfluo, 6re, xi, xum, intr. 3. to Consensus, us, m. 4. consent, an Jfow together. agreement. Conformo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Consentaneus, a, urnm, adj. agreeable. form, to fashion. Consentio, Ire, si, sum, tr. 4. to Conffigio, ere, fagi, fugitum, intr. 3. consent, to agree. toflee to, to take refuge. Consdquor, qui, cftus or qufltus, Congredior, di, gressus, dep. 3. to dep. 3. to follow, to obtain, overengage in battle. take. Congruo, dre, ui, - intr. 3. to Conservo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to agree. preserve. COX 263 CON Consideo, Bre, edi, essurn, intr. 2. Contemno, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to to sit together. despise. Considerate, adv. with considera- Contendo, ere, di, turn, tr. 3. to tion, cautiously. strive for, insist upon, contend. Considdro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Contentio, onis, f. 3. contention. consider. Contentus, a, um, adj. content. Consido, ere, sedi, sessumn, intr. 3. Contero, 5re, trivi, tritum, tr. 3. to to sit together, to settle, escamnp. waste. Consilium, ii, n. 2. counsel, advice. Contineo, ere, tinui, tenturn, tr. 2. Consisto, ere, stiti, stitum, intr..3. to hold, to contain. to stop, to stand, to consist of. Contingo, Ore, tlgi, tactumrn, tr. 3. Consocio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to touch, to happen. unite. Continuo, adv. forthwith, inConsolatio, onis, f. 3. consolation, stantly. cosssfort. Contra, prep. against. Conslo ri, ri, atus, dep. 1. to con- Contradico, ere, xi, ctumrn, tr. 3. to sole. contrsadict, to refu se. Consors, tis, m. 3. a partner. Contr'lho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Conspectus, fs, m. 4. a sight, a view. d'aw together, to contract, to get Conspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, tr. (smoney). 3. to see. Conttafius, a, um, adj. contrary; Conspicuus, a, urn, adj. conspicu- e contrario, on the contrary. ous, superb. Contremisco, ere, intr. 3. to tremble. Constans, tis, adj. steady, constant. Controversia, Eu, f. 1. controversy. Constalter, adv.constantly, steadily. Contubernium, ii, n. 2. a tent, comConstantia, we, f. 1. constanzcy, firmn- panionship. ness, Contuuselia, a, f. 1. an affrost, a Constat, impers. (consto), 1. it is reproach. agreed, it is evident. Conturbo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Constituo, Ore, ui, atum, tr. 3.'to ts'ouble, to disteurb. place, to determzine. Convalesco, ere, ui, - intr. 3. to Consto, are, stiti, stitum, & statum, recover health. intr. 1. to stand together, to cost, Couveniens, tis, adj. suitable, proto consist. per. Consuesco, ere, evi, etumrn intr. 3. Convenienter, adv. conveniently. to be accustomed. Convenio, ire, veni, ventum, intr. Consuetado, lnis, f. 3. a custom, a 4. to assemble, to meet, to agree, habit. to suit. Consuetus, a, urn, pt. accustomed. Convenit, imp. it is meet, or suitConsul, uilis, m. 3. a consul. able. Consuldris, e, adj. belonging to a Conventum, i, n. 2. an agreement, consul, consular. a compact. Consulatus, us, m. 4, consulship. Conventus, is, m. 4. as assembly, Consilo, &re, ui, tum, tr. 3. to con- a mneetisng. sult. Converto, are, ti, sum, tr. 3. to tsurn, Consulto, adv. designedly, on pur- to convert, to apply. pose. Convictus, us, m. 4. society, fellowConsamo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to ship. consume, to spend. Convlva, ue, c. 1. a guest. CRI 264 CUR Copia, f, f. 1. plenty. P1. forces. Criminatio, nis, f. 3. an accusation. Copilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Crimlnor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to accuse. couple, unite. Crinis, is, m. 3. the hair. Cor, cordis, n. 3. the heart. Critias, Ee, m. 1. Critias, one of the Cbram, prep. before, in presence of thirty tyrants. Corcyra, se, f.. 1. orcyra, an island. Crcesus, i, m. 2. Crcesus, king of Corinthius, a, urn, adj. Corinthian. Lydia. Corinthus, i, f. 2. Corinth, a city Crotoniates, so, in. 1. an inhabitant of Greece. of Crotona. Cornelia, o, f. 1. a woman's szame. Cluciatus, us, in. 4. torture. Cornelius, ii, m. 2. Cornelius, onze Crucio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to torof the Cornelian gens. Iment, to vex. Cornu, n. 4. indecl. sing. (pl. cor- Crudelis, e, adj. cruel. nua), a horn, a wing of an army. Crudelitas, atis, f. 3. cruelty. Cor6na, m, f. 1. a crown, a circle, an Cruor, oris, In. 3. blood, gore. audience. Crus, cruris, n. 3. the leg. Corpus, 6ris, u. 3. a body. Crux, crucis, f. 3. a cross, torture. Correctio, 6nis, f. 3. a correction, an Crystallinus, a, urn, adj. of crystal. amendmnent. Cubiturn, i, n. 2. a cubit. Corrigo, 6re, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Cujus, a, um, adj. whose? whereof? correct, to amend. Culex, Icis, m. 3. a gnat. Corrumpo, 6re, rapi, ruptum, tr. 3. Culpa, ae, f. 1. a fault. to corrupt, to spoil, to destroy. Culpo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to blame. Corruo, 6re, rui, rutum, intr. 3. to Cultio, 5nis, f. 3. culture. fall, to fall into, to go to ruin. Cultor, oris, mi. 3. a husbasndmaun, Corruptela, se, f. 1. corruption, a a tiller. bribe. Cultrum, i, n. 2. a knife. Corruptus, a, urn, pt. corrupted; Cultus, us, m. 4. culture. adj. corrupt. Curn, prep. with, along with. Corsi, 5rum, m. pl. 2. the Cor- Cumulatus, a, urn, adj. & pt. comsicans. plete, conmpleted. Cortex, icis, f. 3. bark, rind. Cunctatio, onis, f. 3. delay. Corvus, i, m. 2. a raven, a crowu. Cunctus, a, urn, adj. all, whole. Cras, adv. to-morrow. Cupiditas, atis, f. 3. desire, covetCrassus, i, nm. 2. a man's name. ousness. Crastlnus, a, um, adj. of to-morrow. Cupido, mnis, f. sometimes m. 3. deCrediblsis, e, adj. credible. sire, lust. Credo, 6re, idi, itunm, tr. 3. to be- Cupidus, a, urn, adj. desiross, colieve, to trust. vetouzs. Credulitas, atis, f. 3. credulity. Cupiens, tis, adj. & pt. desirous. Crmn6o, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Cupio, ere, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to deburnp, to consume. sire, to covet. Creo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to create, Cur, adv. why? to beget, to appoist. Cura, s, f. 1. care. Cresco, 6re, crevi, cretum, intr. 3. Curia, m, f. 1. the senate-house. to increase, to grow. Curiatii, 5rum, m. 2. the three AlCreta, se, f. 1. Crete, an island. ban brothers. Crimen, lnis, n. 3. a charge, a Curiatius, ii, rn. 2. a man's name. crime. Curio, anis, L.u 3. a man's name. DEC 265 DEL Calrius, ii, m. 2. a si.ot'.s. namte. Declfaro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Clsro, are, avi, atulji, t!.. 1. to take declare. care, to attend to, to cau.se. Declino, gae, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Currieidlum, i, n. 2. a. rrc-couirse. bend or turn, to leave. Curlo, ere, cucurri, cui'sum, tr. 3. Decdro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to deto rasun. corate, to adorn. Currus, us, m. 4. a chariot. Decbrus, a, urn, adj. comely, beCulrsor, olis, m.l 3. a runnler, a co?- coming, honourable. rier. Decrtuml, i, n. 2. a decree. Cuisus, us, in. 4. a couerse, current. Deciumbo, ire, cubui, cubltum, Custodia, w,,. 1. a gzuarding, a intr. 3. to lie down. chlarge. Decurr o, ere, curri, cursum, intr. Custodio, ire, lvi, ItuLm, tr. 4. to 3. to Zrun dow12,. gyzard, to keep. Decus, ois, n. 3. an orn ameset, Custos, odis, c. 3. a keeper, a gauar- grace, honour. diians. Dedcaet, imp. it is sZlnbecomissg. Cyprus, i, f. 2. the islaznd Cypr'us. D)edcus, oris, n. 3. disgrace, disCyrus, i, m. 2. Cs/rus, kinyg of honour. Persia. Deditio, oliS, f. 3. a surrender. Dedo, e1e, sdi, otumn, tr. 3. to subD. alit, to devote osle's self, to give 2p. Dedaco, 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to brisgy Datnmascus, i, m. 2. -Dai7ascus. doZeLn, to s:ev.ove. Damino, are, avi,'tum, tr. 1. to Defectus, us, n. 4. a failiig, ans condelen. eclepse (of the sius). Damumllro, i, n. 2. loss, damacge. Defendo, ore, di, sumn, tr. 3. to deDalmcet;s, mo, 1m. 1.. Damoe.tas. fend, to protect. (Daps, seldonJIm used), dapis, f. 3. Defensio, oisS, f. 3. a defensce. food, a jecast. Defensor, oris, m. 3. a defender. Dariuls, ii, in. 2. Darius, king of Defbro, feire, tuli, latumll, tr. ilr. to _Persia. bestoew. Dat;lmes, is, m. 3. ]Dataines, a nacn's Deficio, bre, feci, fectum, tr. 3. to szanIe. fail, to stop. Dctus, a, urn, pt. give, cated.:Defluo, 6re, xi, xum, intr. 3. to/low De, prep. of conces'iqe.g. away, escape. Dea, sa, Xt 1. a goddess. Deformis, e, adj. deformecl, ugly. Debeo, ere, a i, ltum, tr. 2. to ozoe. Deformitas, atis, f. 3. deforsmity. DIecedo, elre, cessi, cessumn, intr. 3. Degbeser, lris, adj. degenerate, base. to depart, to die. Dego, ere, egi, - tr. 3. to lead, to Decem, atlj. inlec. ten. spend. Deces, s,, adj. comnelyl, becstidfdsl. Deinceps, adv. successively, henceDecelno, ere, lemvi, cla.er m, tr. 3. forth. to thinzk, to clecree, to conztend., Deinde, adv. tlhene, cafter that. Decerpo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to Deiotarus, i, m. 2. a narn's egsne. gather. Dejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Deeet, imp. it becovess. throw dowse. Decirous, a, unl, adj. the tessth. Delectat, imp. it delights. Decipio, ere, capi, ceptum, tr. 3. to Delectatio, onis, f. 3. delight, pleal cleceive. sure. DEN 266 DET Delecto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to de- Depecuilor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to light, to allure. plunder. Delectus, a, um, pt. chosen, select. Deperdo, 6re, didi, ditum, tr. 3. to Delectus, As, m. 4. as election, a destroy, to lose. choice, a levy. Depl6ro, are, avi, at-um, tr. 1. to Deleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. 2. to blot deplore. out, to destroy. Depano, are, s-i, slturn, tr. 3. to Delibro, fare, avi, atum, tr. 1. to lay doswn. consult, to deliberate. Deporto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Delici;, aium, f. pl. 1. delight, dar- carry away, to banish. ling. Depravatus, a, urn, pt. vitiated, deDelictum, i, n. 2. a fault, a crime, praved. an ot/ence. Derdgo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Delfgo, 6re, egi, ecturm, tr. 3. to take away. pick out, to choose. Descendo, 6re, di, sum, intr. 3. to Delinquo, are, llqui, lictum, intr. descend. 3. to fail in duty, to oqtend. Descensus, is, m. 4. a descent. Deliquesco, 6re, lici, - intr. 3. to Descisco, dre, ivi or ii, itum, tr. 3. melt, to grow soft. to depart from. Deliratio, onis, f. 3. dotage, mad- Describo, 6re, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to ness. write down, to copy. Deliro, are, avi, aitum, intr. 1. to DesBro, 6re, ui, turn, tr. 3. to desert, dote, to rave. to forsake. Delphi, orum, m. pl. 2. a city of Desiderium, ii, n. 2. desire, love. Phocis, famous for its oracle. Desid6ro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Delphinus, i, m. 2. a dolphin. long for, to desire. Demeins, tis, adj. mad. Desidia, n, f. 1. sloth, idleness. Demeto, 6re, messui, messum, tr. 3. Desidiosus, a, urn, adj. slothful, to reap. idle. Demetrius, ii, m. 2. Demetrius, a Designatus, a, urn, pt. appointed man's name. elect. Demigro, anre, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Desino, ere, ivi & ii, itum, intr. 3 depart. to cease, to leave of. Demitto, 6re, isi, issum, tr. 3. to Desisto, ere, stiti, stltum, intr. 3. to send down. leave off, to desist. Democritus, i, m. 2. Demnocritus. Desperatio, anis, f. 3. despair. Demolior, iri, Itus, dep. 4. to de- Despero, are, avi, aturn, tr. 1. to molish, to pull down. despair. Demosth6nes, is, m. 3. Demosthe- Despicio, 6re, exi, ectu m, tr. 3. to nes, a Grecian orator. look down, to despise. Demum, adv. at lesngth, at last. Despondeo, ere, di, sum, tr. 2. to Deani, te, a, adj. pl. ten each. promnise in marriage, to betroth. Denique, adv. at last, finally. Destino, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to tie, Densitas, atis, f. 3. density, close- to deternine, to appoint. ness. Desurn, esse, fui, irr. to be wantDentatus, i, m. 2. a man's name. ing. Denuo, adv..anew, again. Detego, dre, texi, tectum, tr. 3. to Denuncio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to uncover, detect, manifest. denounce, to foretell. Deterior, us, adj. worse, inferior. DIL 267 DIS Deterreo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to Dillgens, tis, adj. diligent, loveV. deter. Diligenter, adv. diligently. Detestabilis, e, adj. detestable. Diligentia, ae, f. 1. diligence. Detestor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to detest, Dilgo, Ore, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to to abhor. love, to esteem. Detineo, 6re, ui, tentum, tr. 2. to Diltceo, ere, xi, - intr. 2. to detain. shine. Detrdho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Dimico, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to draw down, to detract, to take fight. away, remove. Dimidium, ii, n. 2. the half. Deius, i, mll. 2. God. Diminuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. 3. to Devincio, ire, xi, ctum, tr. 4. to at- break, to break in pieces. tach, bind to. Diogenes, is, m. 3. a Cynic philosoDevinco, ere, vici, victum, tr. 3. to pher. conquer. Dion, onis, m. 3. a man's name. Devius, a, urn, adj. devious, out of Dionysius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. the way. Dilipio, ere, ripui, reptum, tr. 3. Devolo, are, avi, itum, intr. 1. to to plunder. fly down, tofly away. Diruo, ere, ui, tturn, tr. 3. to pull Dev6ro, ale, avi, aturn, tr. 1. to de- down, destroy. vour. Discedo, dre, cessi, cessunm, intr. 3. Dexter, tra, trum, adj. right, on the to depart, to go away. right hand. Disciplina, m, f. 1. discipline, inDextrla, n, f. 1. the right hand. struction. Diana, e, f. 1. thegoddess of huntinsg. Discilplus, i, mn. 2. a scholar. Diadema, atis, n. 3. a diadem, a Disco, dre, didici, - tr. 3. to learn. crown. Discordia, we, f. 1. discord. Dicnarchus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Disclimen, mnis, n. 3. distinction, Dico, dre, xi, cturn, tr. 3. to tell, to dileresqce, danger. say. Discrucio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Dictaito; oris, l. 3. dictator. torture, distract. Dictum, i, n. 2. a word, a saying. Disertus, a, um, adj. eloquent. Dies, ei, m. or f. P1. always m. a Disjieio, dre, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to day, time. disperse. Diffdro, fe re, distuli, dilatum, irr. Dispello, ire, puli, pulsum, tr. 3. to put off to diefer. to dispel. Difficilis, e, adj. dificult, hard. Dispertio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to Difficile, adv. with dciculty, ha rdly. divide, distribute. Difficultas, atis, f. X. dficulty. Dispicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Dignt, (ius, issrme,) adv. sworthily, look about, to consider. in a manner worthy (f. Displiceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to Digniltas, atis, f. 3. dignity. displease. Dignus, a, um, adj. worthy. Disputatio, 5nis, f. 3. a discourse. Dilabor, bi, psus, dep. 3. to slip Dispuito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to away. reason, to dispute. Dilacero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Dissensio, 5nis, f. 3. dissension, distear in pieces. cord. I)ilatio, onis, f. 3. a putting off a Dissentio, ire, sensi, sensum, tr. 4. delay. to think differently, disagree. DOM 268 EDA Dissero, 6re, ui, tum, tr. 3. to dis- Domo, are, ui, itum, tr. 1. to subcourse, to debate. due. Dissidium, ii, n. 2. a disagreement. Domus, us & i, f. 4. & 2. a house. Dissimulo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Donec, adv. until, as long as. disguise, conceal. Dono, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to beDissolvo, ere, solvi, soltltum, tr. 3. stow freely, to present. to break down, to destroy. D;6num, i, n. 2. a gift, a present. Dissuadeo, ere, si, sum, tr. 2. to Dormio, Ire, ivi, itum, intr. 4. to dissuade. sleep. Distans, tis, adj. distant, dizjerenl. Dos, dotis, f. 3. a dowry, a portion. Distraho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Drachma, ae, f. 1. a drachm. divide, to end (a controversy). Draco, 6nis, mr. 3. a snake. Ditis, e, (ior, issimus), adj. rich. Dubito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Diu, adv. a long time. doubt, to hesitate. Diurnus, a, umrn, adj. daily. Dubius, a. um, adj. doubtful, unDiutinus, a, um, adj. long, lasting. certain. Diversorium, ii, n. 2. an inn, a Duceni, me, a, adj. two hs7ndred to lodging. each. Diversus, a, urn, adj. diverse, va- Ducenti, se, a, adj. two hundred. rious. Duco, ere, xi, etum, tr. 3. to lead, Dives, itis, adj. rich. to draw, to take or carry. Divido, ere, isi, isum, tr. 3. to di- Dulcedo, lois, f. 3. swoeetness. vide. Dulcis, e, adj. sweet. Divinus, a, urn, adj. divine, hea- Duillius, ii, m. 2. a snan's name. venly. Dum, adv. while, swhilst, until. Divitidcus, i, m. 2. a Gallic general. Dumm6do, adv. providecl. Divitise, arum, f.. 1. iches. Dumnorix, igis, m. 3. one of the Do, dAre, dedi, datum, tr. 1. to give..dui. Doceo, ere, ui, turnm, tr. 2. to teach. Duo, e, o, adj. two. Docilis, e, adj. easily taught, docile. Duodecim, aclj. twelve. Doctor, olis, m. 3. a teacher. Duodeviginti, num. aclj. indec. Doctrina, e, f. 1. learning. eighteen. Doctus, a, um, adj. learned, skilful. Duplex, duplicis, adj. double. Documentum, i, n. 2. an example, Duro, are, avi, atumn, tr. & intr. 1. warninzg, proof. to harden, to endure, to last. Dolabella, e, m. 1. a man's name. Dtlrus, a, um, adj. hard. Doleo, 5re, ui, itum, intr. 2. to be Dux, ducis, c. 3. a leader, a general. in pain, to grieve. Dolor, oris, m. 3. pain, grief. l61us, i, i, m. 2. a stratagyen. E. Domesticus, a, um, adj. domestic. Dormicilium, ii, n. 2. a dwelling E, prep. out of, from. place. Ebrietas, atis, f. 3. dr'unkenness. Domina, re, f. 1. a mistress. Ebrius, a, urnm, adj. drunk. Dominaitus, us, m. 4. authority, Ecquid, adv. interrog. whether? power. Ecquis, -, ecquid, interrog. pr. Dominor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to rule, any one, any thing. to domineer. Edax, acis, adj. eating much, con Dominus, i, m. 2. a lord, a master. suming. ELI 269 EQU Edlco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to de- Ellgo, ere, legi, lectum, tr. 3. to clare, proclaimz. choose, to select. Edictum, i, n. 2. an edict, a decree. Elis, idis & ldos, f. 3. Elis, a town Edisco, 6re, ddici, - tr. 3. to learn in Greece. by heart or thoroughly. Eloquens, tis, adj. eloquent. ERldtus, a, urn, pt. raised; adj. Eloquentia, m, f. 1. eloquence. lofty. Eloquor, qui, cutus, dep. 3. to speak. Edo, ere, edidi, editum, tr. 3. to Elysius. ii, m. 2. a man's name. give out, publish. Emano, are;, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Edo, edere & esse, edi, esum, tr. 3. flow out, to get abroad. to eat. Emax, acis, adj. fond of buying. Edormio, ire, ivi, itum, intr. 4. to Emendo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to sleep soundly. anmenzd. Eddco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to edu- Eminens, tis, adj. eminent, high. cate, bring up. Emitto, ele, isi, issum, tr. 3. to send Edaco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to lead out, to let fall. out from. Emo, ere, 6mi, emptum, tr. 3. to Effectus, us, m. 4. an egrect, result, buy. proof. Emollio, ire, ii, itum, tr. 4. to Effdro, efferre, extl;li, elatum, irr. soften, to effeminate. to carry out, to save. Emolumentum, i. n. 2. profit, adEfficio, Ore, feci, fectum, tr. 3. to vantage. effect, to render. Emrorior, i, tuus, dep. 3. to die. Effodio, ere, fodi, fossum, tr. 3. to Emporetlcus, a, urn, adj. coarse. dig out, to mine. Enim, conj. for, indeed. EffPetus, a, urn, adj. barren, woorn Ennius, ii, m. 2. Ennius, a Roman out. poet. Effigio, ere, fagi, fugitum, tr. 3. to Ensis, is, m. 3. a sword. escape, to elzde. Enum6ro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Effusio, 5nis, f. 3. a pouring out, enumerate, to reckon up. prodigality. Enuncio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Egenus, a, urn, adj. needy, destitute. give utterance, to speak out. Egeo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to need, to Eo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. to go. be in want. Eo, adv. thither, to that extent. Egestas, atis, f 3. want, poverty. Epaminondas, me, m. 1. a Theban Ego, mei, pron. I: general. Egomet, meimet, pron. I myself. Ephesius, a, um, adj. Ephesian. Egredior, di, gressus, dep. 3. to go Epicrates, is, m. 3. a man's name. out, to go beyond. Epicureus, i, m. 2. an Epicurean. Egregie, adv. excellently, nobly. Epicatrus, i, m. 2. Epicurus, a GreEgregius, a, um, adj. excellent, cian philosopher. noble. Epirus, i, f. 2. a province of Greece. Ejicio, 6re, j6ci, jectum, tr. 3. to Epist6la, se, f. 1. a letter, agn epistle. cast out, banish. Epule, arum, f. pl. 1. food, dainties. Ejusmodi, adv. of such a kind. Equester & Equestris, e, adj. equesEleganter, adv. elegantly, nicely.. trias. Elephantus, i, m. 2. an elephant. Equidem, adv. inzdeed. Elicio, dre, elicui or elexi, - tr. 3. Eqlitas, atis, f. 3. equity. to draw out, to entice. Equitatus, us, m. 4. cavalry. .xc 270 ]E xo Eques, ltis, m. 3. a horseman, a Excello, ere, ui, - intr. 3. to excel, knight. to surpass. Equus, i, m. 2. a horse. Exceptio,: nis, f. 3. an exception. Erga, prep. towards. Exc1do, ere, di, sum, tr. 3. to cut ErIgo, ere, rexi, rectum, tr. 3. to Df, to destroy. raise, to exalt. Exclpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. 3. to Erlpio, ere, ui, eptum, tr. 3. to take receive. away by force. Exclto, are, avi, atumn, tr. 1. to Erago, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to spend. rouse, to excite, call sup. Erratum, i, n. 2. an error, a fault. Exclamo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Erro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to wan- exclaim, cry out. der, to mistake. Exclado, ere, si, sum, tr. 3. to shut Error, oris, Im. 3. an error, a — mis- out, to exclude. take. Exerucio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ~Erudio, ire, ivi, Itum, tr. 4. to pol- torment, to vex. ish, train up. Excusatio, 0iis, f. 3. an excuse, a Eruditus, a, um, adj. taught, learned. defence. Esca, ce, f 1. food, a bait. ExcUso, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to exEsurio, ire, -, Itum, intr. 4. to de- cuse. sire to eat, to be hungry. Exedo, ere, edi, esum, tr. 3. to eat Et, conj. and, also. up, to consume. Etiam, conj. also, even. Exemplar, aris, n. 3. a copy, an Etiamsi, conj. even if, although. example. Etrusci, orunm, m. 2. the Etrusci, Exemplum, i, n. 3. an example, a Tuscans. plan, a copy. Etsi, conj. although. Exeo, ire, ii, seldom ivi, itum, intr. Eumenes, is, m. 3. a man's name. irr. to go out. Eunuchus, i, m. 4. a eunuch. Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to exEuphrates, is, m. 3. the river Eu- ercise. phrates. Exercitatio, 6nis, f. 3. practice. Eur pa, ae, f. 1. EEurope. Exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. Evado, ere, si, sum, intr. 3. to go Exhaurio, lie, si, stum, tr. 4. to eaoust, to escape, to become. haust, to bring out. Evenio, ire, veni, ventum, intr. 4. Exhlbeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to hold to come out, to happen. out, to exhibit. Eventus, us, m. 4. event, issue. Exhorresco, are, intr. 3. to be Everto, ere, ti, sum, tr. 3. to over- shocked. turn, to destroy. ExYgo, ere, egi, actum, tr. 3. to exEvilesco, ere, lui, incep. 3. to be act, to demand. undervalued, Exiguus, a, um, adj. small, scanty. Ex, prep. out of, from. Eximius, a, um, adj. excellent, disExardesco, ere, arsi, arsum, intr. 3. tinguished. to inflame. Existimatio, onis, f. 3. a supposiExaudio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to tion, reputation. hear. ExistYimo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Excedo,' re, cessl, cessum, intr. 3. judge, to think. to go out, to depart, to exceed. Exitium, ii, n. 2. destruction. Excellens, tis, adj. excellent. Exitus, us, m. 4. issue, event. Excellentia, me, f. 1. excellence. Exorior, iri, ortus, dep. 4. to aris - Exs 271 FAM fTxbsus, a, umrn, adj. hating. Extemplo, adv. inzmediately.!2xpectatio, anis, f. 3. expectation, Externus, a, um, adj. external, outhope ward..Expecto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Extinguo, ere, xi, etrLm, tr. 3. to took fo}r, to expect. put out, to extinguish. Expedio, ire, rvi, itum, intr. 4. to Exto, are, titi, tituml, intr. 1. to ge free;-expedit, it is expedient, stand out, to exist. it is profitable. Extra, prep. without, out of. Expeditio, hnis, f. 3. an expedition. Extraho, Ore, xi, etum, tr. 3. to Expello, Ore, uili, ulsum, tr. 3. to draw out, to extract. drive out, to expel. Extraemus, a, urn, adj. sup. extreme, Expergiscor, gisci, rectus, dep. 3. last, at the end of. to awlcke Extruo, l re, xi, etum, tr. 3. to erect, Experior, 11i, tus, dep. 4. to try, to to bulCd. ezperience.' Exul & exsu], ulis, c. 3. an exile. Expers, tis, adj. having no part in, Exuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. 3. to put cfreeiorw. off, lay aside. Expeto eOre, ivi, itunm, tr. 3. to desire greatly, to covet. EAxplano, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to explain. Expleo, ere, evi, turnm, tr. 2. to fill Faba, re, f. 1. a bean. up, to complete. Fabius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Explico, are, ui, turnm, & avi, atum, Fabricius, ii, m. 2. a noble Romans. tr. 1. to unfold, to explain. Fabfila, me, f. 1. a fable, a story. Explorattor, 6ris, m. 3. an intspector. Fablior, ari, atus, dep. 1. to speak, Expl1ro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to talk. search diligently, to explore, to Facies, ei, f. 5. the face. insspect. Facile, adv. easily..Exp6no, 6re, sui, situm, tr. 3. to Fncllis, e, adj. easy. expose. Facilitas, atis, f. 3. facility, ease, Exportatio, 6nis, f. 3. an exporta- gentleness. lion. Facinus, b6ris, n. 3. an action, a Expugno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to crime.. take by assault. Facio, are, feci, factum, tr. 3. to do, gxscindo, ere, idi, issuim, tr. 3. to to make. cut off, to destroy. Factum, i, n. 2. an action, a deed. Exseeror, ari, atus, dep. 1. tocurse, Facultas, atis, f. 3. power, ability. to execrate. Fallax, acis, adj. deceitful, treachExsequor, qui, citus or quatus, erous. dep. 3. to follow after, to- per- Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, tr. 3. to form. deceive. Exsilio, ire, ui, - intr. 4. to leap Falso, adv. falsely. uep, bound, to palpitate. Falsus, a, um, adj. false. Exsilium (exilium), ii, n. 2. exile. Fama, ev, f. 1. farne. Exstilo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Fames, is, f. 3. famninLe, hunger. be an exile. Familia, me, f. i. a family. Exsurgo, Ore, rexi, reotum, intr. 3. Familiaris, e, adj. of the same fato arise. maly, familiar. :FER 272 FCED Familiaris, is,. 3. an intimate Ferus, a, um, adj. wild, cruel. friend. Festino, aie, avi, atuam, tr. 1. to Familiaiatas, atis, f. 3. fr~iezdship, mzake haste. faz'iCliarity. Festus, ta, urn, adj.festive, holy Farlmulatus, us, m. 4. bondage, Fidelis, e, a, clj. fdithfd. slavery. Fi(les, ei, f 5. fcaith, a promise. Fainnius, ii, m. 2. Fannius, a man s Fidus, a, unm, aclj. jitlfilu, trusty. name. Figo, 6re, xi xum, tr. 3. to fix. Fauim, i, n. 2. a temple. Filia, m, f. 1. a daughter. Fas, indce. raight. Filiola, a, f. 1. di. a little dac lehFascietlus, i, m. 2. a packet, a par- ter. eel. Filius, ii, in. 2. a son. Fascino, are, SIvi, atum, tr. 1. to Filix,!eis, f. 3.fern. fascinate, bewitch. Fingo, re, finxi, fictumn, tr. 3. to Fascis, is, f. 3. a bundle, pl. the form, to fashion, to feign. fbsces. Finio, ire, ivi, itumn, tr. 4. to fi2ish. Fastidio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, intr. to Finis, is, m. & f. 3. the encl, a limit. be di.sg?usted. Fio, fiUri, factus, irr. to be made, to Fastidium, ii, n. 2. pride, haucghti- become; fit, it happens. ness, dislike. FirmiLtas, ltis, f. 3. firmness, steadiFastus, uis, in. 4. haughtinzess, pride. ness. Fateor, eri, fassus, dep. 2. to confess, Firlmo, are, ivi, aturn, tr. 1. to to acknowledge. strengthen, establish. Fatum, i, I 2. 2fate, destinsy. Filimus, a, urn, aclj. fi', strong. Fautor, 6ris, in. 3. a favouter, a Fistul6sus, a, urnm, adj. hollow. J'ienid. Flalbellum, i, n. 2. a fan. Faventia, f. 1. Faventia, a town Flagitium, ii, n. 2. a base action, in Italy. infamy. Faveo, ere, favi., fautum, tr. 2. to Fllagito, ale, avi, atum, tr. 1. to defacour. e'a nd. Favolr, oris, m. 3. favour, good-will. Flaiiniius, ii, m. 2. a Roman geFebris, is, f. 3. a fever. neral. Felicltas, atis, f. 3. felicity, happi- Fclamma, e, mn. 1. a vman's name. ness. Flavus, a, nm, adj. yellow. Feliceter, adv. happily. Flecto, O.re, xi, xum, tr. 3. to bend, Felix, Icis, acldj. happy. to turn. Feluina, n, f. 1. a woman. Fleo, eie, evi, etum, tr. 2. to qweep. Flea, I. 1. a wild beast. Floccus, i, m. 2. a lock of ivool. Ferax, acis, adj. fruitful, fertile. Floreris, tis, adj. flolrish.ing. Fere, adv. almost, commnonly. Floreo, ele, ui, - intr. 2. to flo-r FeiInus, a, um, adj. of wsild beasts, rish. cruel. Flucetus, us, m. 4. a woave. Ferme, adv. almost. Fluo, ere, xi, xum, intr. 3. to mflma Fero, ferle, tfili, latum, tr. irr. to to ruzn. bear, to carry, to suffer. Flumen, inis, n. 3. a river. Feroeia, o, f. 1. ferocity. Fluvius, ii, m. 2. a river. Ferox, bcis, adj. insoleet, fierce. Fodio, ere, fo.di, fossum, tr. 3. to Ferrum, i. n. 2. iron, a sword. dig, to bore. Fertilis, e, adj. fertile, fruitful. Fcedus, a, um, adj. filthy, base. FRE 2 7 3 FUT Fcedus, Mris, n. 3. a league, a treaty. Frigus, 6ris, n. 3. cold. Fceneratio, onis, f. 3. a lending of Frons, tis, f. 3. forehead. money, usury. Fructtusus, a, um, adj. fruitful, Fons, fontis, f. 3. a fountain. productive. (For, not used), fari, fatus, dep. 1. Fructus, Ois, m, 4. fruit. to speak. Frugalitas, atis, f. 3. frugality. Foreln, fore, def. irr. I should be. Frugi, adj. ind. thrifty, frugal. Gr. 222-5. (Frux, not used,) frugis, f. 3. corn, Foris, adv. without, abroad. grain. Forrma, ae, f. 1. a form, shape, Frumentarius. a, um, adj. of corn; beauty. res frumentaria, provisions. Formianum, i, n. 2. a villa of Cicero. Frumentum, i, n. 2. corn?, grain. Formica, ce, f. 1. an ant. Fruor, i, ctus & itus, dep. 3. to Formo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to enjoy form. Frustra, adv. in vain. Forsan, Frustum, i, n. 2. a piece. Forsitan, adv. perhaps. Fufetius, ii, m. 2. a man's neame. Fortasse, Fuga, we, f. 1. flight. Forte, adv. by chance. Fugio, ere, fagi, itum, tr. 3. to fly, Fortis, e, adj. brave. to escape. Fortiter, adv. bravely. Fugitlvus, i, m. 2. a fugitive. Fortitado, mnis, f. 3. bravery. Fug to, are, avi, atutm, tr. 1. to fly Fortuito, adv. accidentally. eagerly, to shun. FortLutus, a, urnm, adj. accidental. Fugo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to put, Fortlina, re, f. 1. fortune. to flight, to rout. Fortunatus, a, urn, adj. fortunate, Fulgur,; iris, n. 3. lightning. happy. Fulmen, mnis, n. 3. a flash of lightFdrumn, i, n. 2. the forum. ning. Fossa, ue, f. 1. a ditch. Fulvius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Freenum, i, n. 2. a bridle, a bit. P1. Fulvus, a, urn, adj. yellow, tawny. i and a. Fundamentum, i, n. 2. afoundation. Fragilis, e, adj. brittle, frail. Funditus, adv. fronm the very botFragilltas, atis, f. 3. brittleness, tom, entirely. j?'ailty. Fundo, re, f, fadi, fusum, tr. 3. to Fragmenturm, i, n. 2. a fragment. pour out, to rout. Fragor, Oris, nm. 3. a crash, a noise. Fundus, i, m. 2. a farm, an estate. Frango, ere, frogi, fracturn, tr. 3. to Fungor, i, ctus, -dep. 3. to discharge break. an office, to execute. Frater, tris, m. 3. a brother. Fonus, eris, n. 3. a funeral. Fraus, dis, f. 3. fraud, deceit. Furca, re, f 1..a fork. Frrnmo, ere, ui, Rtum, intr. 3. to be Furibundus, a, um, adj. raging. enraged. Furo, ere, - intr. 3. to rage. Frbnum, i. n. 2. a bridle. Furor, Olris, in. 3. f?'ry, madness. Frequens, tis, adj. f;ull, crowded. Furranius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Frequenter, adv. frequently. Futilis, e, adj. foolish, shallow. Frequento, are, Avi, turnm, tr. 1. to Futilltas, Otis, f. 3. foolishness, sillifrequent, to people. ness. Fretus, a, urn, adj. trustisg to, re- Futurus, a, um, adj. about to be, lying on. future. GRA 274 HAS G. Gradus, us, m. 4. a step, a pace. Graecia, Pe, f. 1. Greece. Gades, ium, f 3. Cadiz, an island Grwecus, a, umrn. adj. of Greece, and town of Spain. Grecian. Gsesum, i, n. 2. a dart. Grandsevus, a, um, adj. old, adGalea, m, f. 1. a helmet. vanced in life. Gallia, ae, f. 1. Gaul. Grandis, e, adj. great, large, grand. Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul. Granum, i, n. 2. a grain. Gaudeo, ere, gavisus, intl. p. to Gratia, me, f. 1. grace, a favour. P1. rejoice. thanks; adv. for the sake of. Gaudium, ii, n. 2. joy, gladness. Gratifleor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to graGelu, n. indec. frost. tify, to oblige. Gemino, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Gratilor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to condoutble. gratulate, to rejoice. Gemma, atis, n. 3. a gem, a jewel. Gratus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreeGendro, are. avi, atum, tr. 1. to be- able. get, to produce. Gravis, e, adj. heavy, dillcult, wise. Gener6sus, a, um, adj. noble, gene- Gravitas, atis, f. 3. heaviness, severous. rity. Gens, tis, f. 3. a tribe, a nation. Graviter, adv. heavily, seriously. Genu, n. indec. the knee. Gregarius, a, um, adj. belonging to Genus, 6ris, n. 3. a race, a kind, the herd, common. descent. Grex, gregis, m. seldom f. a flock, a Germania, se, f. 1. Germany. herd. Germanus, a, um, adj. german, of Guberno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to the samne father, genuine, truse. govern. Germanus, i, m. 2. a German. Gutta, so, f. 1. a drop. Gero, ere, ssi, stum, tr. 3. to bear, Gyges, is, m. 3. a king of Lydia. to carry, to conduct. Gymnicus, a, umrn, adj. gymnastic. Gerundium, ii, n. 2. a gerund. Gesto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to bear,; to ccarry. IH. Gestum, i, n. 2. an exploit. Gestus, a, urn, pt. done, carried on; Habeo, are, ui, Ttum, tr. 2. to have. res gestie, a history. Habilis, e, adj. fit, able. Gestus, Us, m. 4. gesture, behaviour. IHabito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Gigas, antis, m. 3. a giant. dwell, to inhabit. Gigno, 5re, genui, genltum, tr. 3. Hmreditas, atis, f. 3. an inheritto beget, to produce. ance. Gillias, se, m. 1. a man's name. Hmreo, ere, heesi, hwesum, intl. 3. to Glacies, ei, f 5. ice. hesitate. Gladius, ii, m. 2. a sword. Hmres, edis, e. 3. an heir or heiress. Gloria, e, f. 1. glory. Hamus, i, m. 2. a hook. Glorior, ari, atus, dep. 1. to glory, Hannibal, is, m. 3. a Carthagfinia to boast. general. Gloriosus, a, urn, adj. glorious, il- Harpagus, i, m. 2. a man's name. lustrious. Haruspex, lcis, m. 3. a soothsayer. Gnaviter, adv. strenuously, actively. Hasdrubal, is, m. 3. Hasdrubal, a Gracchus, i, m. 2. a Roman general. Carthaginians general. HON 275 IGN Hasta, m, f. 1. a spear. Honor, & honos, oris, m. 3. honoW. HI-aud, adv. not. Honoratus, a, um, adj. honourable. Haurio, Ire, hausi, haustum, tr. 4. Honaro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to draw (as water.) honour. Hector, 6ris, m. 3. Hector, son of Hora, e, f. 1. an hour. PPriam. Horatius, ii, m. 2. Horace, a main's Helna, ae, f. 1. Helen, wife of Mi~e- name. nelaus. Horreo, ere, ui, -, intr. 2. to shiver, Hellespontus, i, m. 2. the ielle- to tremble. spont. Horridus, a, um, adj. rough. Helvetius, ii, m. 2. a Helvetian. Hortensius, ii, m. 2. a mena's name. IHeplhstion, onis, m. 3. a man's Hortor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to exhort, name. to encourage. Herba, i, f. 1. an herb, a plant. I-Iortilus, i, m. 2. dim. a little Herceies, is, m. 3. Hercules. garden. Herculeus, a, um. adj. of Hercules, Hospes, pitis, c. 3. a guest, a Herculean. stranger. Heri, adv. yesterday. Hospitium, ii, n. 2. a place of enHIerma, n, f. 1. a statue of Mlercury. tertainment, friendship. Herus, i, m. 2. a master. Hostilius, ii, in. 2. a man's name. HIesi6dus, i, m. 2. Hesiod, a Grecian Hostis, is, c. 3. an enemy. poet. Huc, adv. hither. Hesternus, a, urnm, adj. of yesterday, Hujuscemodi, adv. of this nature, yesterday's. to this efect. Hiberna, 6rum, n. pl. 2. winter- Humanitas, atis, f. 3. hu manity, quarters. kindness. Hibernia, ie, f. 1. Hibernia, Ireland. Humanus, a, urnm, adj. human. Hic, hicn, hoc, pron. this. P1. these. Humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. Hic, adv. here. Hamnor, 6ris, m. 3. a liquid, iwater. H.iems (hyems), is, f. 3. winter. Humus, i, f. 2. the ground, land. Hiliris, e, adj. cheerful, gay. Hyems, is, f. 3. winter. Hiilaritas, atis, f. 3. cheerfulness, Hyp.,nes, is, m. 3. the name of a gaiety. river. Hilum, i, m. 2. the black of a b an, Hystaspes, is, m. 3. the father of nothing. -Darius. Hirundo, lnis, f. 3. a swallow. Hispania, ea, f. 1. Spain. Historia, ae, f. 1. history. Historicus, i, m. 2. a historian. Iberus, i, m. 2. the river Iberus Histrio, onis, m. 3. a player. (Ebro). Hodie, adv. to-day. Ibi, adv. there. Hodiernus, a, um, adj. of to-day. Ictus, as, m. 4. a blow, a stroke. Homerus, i, m. 2. HIomer. Ideirco, adv. therefore, for this reaH-Iomo, inis, c. 3. a man or woman, son, because. a fellow. Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the same. Honestas, Atis, f. 3. honour, honesty. Ideo, adv. accordingly. Honeste, adv. honourably. Idoneus, a, urn, adj. fit, proper. Honestus, a, um, adj. honourable, Idus, us, m. 4. the Ides. honest. Ignavia, we, f. 1.- laziness, inactivity. IMPr 276 INC Ignarus, a, urn, adj. ignoracent. Impello, 6re, ptili, pulsuil, tr. 3. to Ignavus, ta, urn, adj. indolent. urge, to impel. Igniculus, i, in. 2. a spark. Impendeo, ere, - - intr. 2.- to Ignis, is, m. 3. fire. overlhang, to be near. gniiro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to be Impeando, bee, di, sum, tr. 3. to ignorant of. spend money, to bestow. Ignosco, 6re, 6vi, 6tunm, tr. 3. to Imnpensus, a, um, adj. considerable, pardon. great. Ignbtus, a, urn, adj. unknzown. Imperator, oris, m. 3. a commander. IliAcus, a, urn, adj. of Troy, Trojan. Imperatorius, a, um, adj. of a comIliensis, e, adj. bel.onging to Ilium, mander. the people of flius,. Imperito, Bre, avi, atumn, tr. 1. to Ilion, bnis, n. 3. IliZmZ, Troy. rule, to have the supremacy. Illesus, a, uni, pt. u62nhurt. Impelrtus, a, um, adj. sunskilful, Ille, illa, illud, pron. he, she, it; igsnorant. that; pl. they, those. Imperiunm, ii, n. 2. command, power. Illecebra, ae, f. 1. an enticement, an Impbro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to allurement. command, to rzle. Il1ie, adv. there. Impertio, ire, ivi, itumr, tr. 4. to imIllico, adv. straightway. part, to bestow. hllo 1 adv. thzither, to that plnve Impetro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to!T1uc, adv. thither, to that place. accomplish, to obtain. Illustris, e, adj. clear, illustrious. Impetus, fs, m. 4. ans attack, vio~ Imnao, anis, f. 3. an imnage. lesce. Imbecillltas, atis, f. 3. sweakzess. Impietas, atis, f. 3. impiety. Imbecillus, a, urn, adj. wreak, feeble. Impiuls, a, um, acdj. imlpious, wicked. Imber, bris, inm. 3. praiz. Impleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. 2. to fill. Imbuo, 6re, ui, iturn, tr. 3. to Irnplicitus, a, um, pt. beizg atmoisten, to imbue. tacked. Imitor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to imitate. Implico, are, avi, atum, & ui, tumrn Immanis, e, adj. cruel, savage, huge. tr. 1. to implicate, to involve. Immedicabilis, e, adj. incurable. Imploro, Bre, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Immmrnor, 6ris, adj. unmindful, for- beg, to implore. getfidl. ImpOno, ere, sui, situm, tr. 3. to Immigro, are, avi, tunm, intr. 1. to place upon, lay, thrust. enzter. Irnpos, btis, adj. unable, wzithout mmrn neo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to power. overhang. Imprbbo, bre, avi, tumj, tr. 1. to Immoderatb, (ins, isslme,) adv. disapprove, to clislike. without restraint, excessively. Impr6bus, a, um, adj. wicked, disImm6lo, bre, avi, atnm, tr. 1. to honest. sacrifice. Imprudenter, adv. impruedently. Imrmortalis, e, adj. innmmortal. Impunitas, artis, f. 3. impunzity. Immortalitas, atis, f. 3. isnmor- In, prep. in, into. tality. Inanis, e, adj. emnpty, unsatisfied. ImmBto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Inaratus, a, urn, adj. unploughled. change. Incendium, ii, n. 2. a fire, a Impedio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to burning. hinder, prevent. Incenaus, a, urn, pt. incense IND 277 INF neceptum, i, n. 2. an undertalcing. Indigeo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to Incertus, a, urnm, adj. uncertain. want. Incudo, ere, Wdi, asum, intr. 3. to Indignor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to be infall into, to happen. dignant. Incllpio, 6re, cepi, ceFtum, tr. 3. to Indignus, a, um, adj. unworthy. begin. Indigus, a, um, adj. needy. Incito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to in- Indoetus, a, um, adj. untaught, igcite, to impel. norant. Inclamatus, a, um, pt. being called. Induco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to lead, Inclinatio, 6nis, f. 3. inclination, to persuade. partiality. Indulgentia, e, f. 1. indulgence. Inelado, 6re, si, sum, tr. 3. to shuzt Indulgeo, ere, si, tum, tr. 2. to inup, to enclose. dulge, to gratify. Inceogntus, a, urn, adj. unknown. Induo, 6re, ui, titum, tr. 3. to put Incolo, 6re, ui, - tr. 3. to in- on, to array. habit. Industria, ca, f. 1. industry. Incommodum n i, n. 2. an incon- Inedia, me, f. 1. want of food, vesnieLnce, a loss. hunger. Inconmm6dus, a, urn, adj. ncon- lneo, ire, ii, seldom ivi, Itunm, irr venient. to go inzto, to enter, to begin. Inconditus, a, umr, adj. disorderly. Ineptia, ae, f. 1. silliness, foolishInconsiderate, adv. inconsiderately. ness. Inconstantia, se, f. 1. inconstancy. Ineptus, a, um, adj. silly, foolish. Incorruptus, a, urn, adj. uncorrupt- Iners, tis, adj. slothful, lazy. ed, pure. Inertia, se, f. 1. eunzskilfulness, laziIncredibilis, e, adj. incredible. ness. nceredultas, atis, f. 3. incredulity, Jnexplebilis, e, adj. insatiable. unbelief. Infamia, s, f. 1. infamy. Incumbo,- 6re, cubui, cubitum, intr. Infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. S. to apply, to pay attention. Infectus, a, um, adj. not done, unIncuria, ee, f 1. 1negligence, care- done. lessness. Infelicitas, atis, f. 3. misfortusne. Incurro, ere, curri, & cucurri, cur- Infelix, Icis, adj. unhappy, cursed. sum, tr. 3. to run against, to Infdri, 6rum, m. 2. the infernal gods. attack. Inferior, us, adj. comp. of inferus, Inciso, are, avi, atumn, tr. 1. to inferior. blame, to accuse. Infero, ferre, tiuli, latum, irr. to Inctitio, 6re, ssi, ssum, tr. 3. to bring into, to introduce, to carry strike upon. forward. Indago, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Infdrus, a, um, adj, below, low. track or trace (as a dog). Infidus, a, urn, adj. unfaithful. Inde, adv. from thence. Inflmus, a, urn, adj. sup. lowest. Indecore, adv. usehandsomely. Infirmitas, atis, f. 3. weakness, feeIndlcium, ii, n. 2. a discovery. bleness. Indico, are, avi, atumn, tr. 1. to Infirmus, a, um, adj. weak, infirm. show, to declare. Inflammo, are, avi; atum, tr. 1. to Indico, cere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to de- inrflame. nousce, to publish. Inflo, are, avi, atirm, tr. 1. to inlndi ens, tis, adj. poor, indigent. f ate, puff up. INS 278 INT Influo, ere, xi, xum, intr. 3. to fow Insatiabilis, e, adj. insatiable. into. Inscientia, ae, f. 1. want of knowIngenero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ledge, ignorance. implant. Inscitia, a, f. 1. ignorance. Ingenium, ii, n. 2. natural capacity, Insculptus, a, um, pt. engraven. genius, wit. Insequor, qui, catus, dep. 3. to Ingeus, tis, adj. great. pursue. Ingenuus, a, urn, adj. native, in- Insidise, arum, f. 1. an ambush, genuous, liberal. treachery. Ingrtrtus, a, urn, adj. ungrateful. Insideo, 6re, sedi, sessum, tr. 3. to Ingredior, di, ssus, dep. 3. to go settle upon, to take post upon. into, to enter. Insigne, is, n. 3. an orsament. Inhoneste, adv. dishonestly. Insignis, e, adj. adorned, magnifiInimricus, a, urn, adj. unzfriendly, cent. hostile. Insimrilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Inilnicus, i, m. 2. a private enemy, feign, to accuse. an enemy. Insipiens, tis, adj. unwise, foolish. Inlquus, a, urn, adj. unequal, hos- Insons, tis, adj. innocent, harmless. tile. Inspicio, 6re, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Initium, ii, n. 2. a beginning. look upon, to view. Injicio, dre; jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Insterno, are, strLvi, stlatum, tr. cast or put upon. 3. to strow upon, to cover over. Injucundus, a, urn, adj. unpleasing. Instituo, dre, ui, itum, tr. 3. to apInjuria, e, f. 1. an injury, injus- poisnt, to ordain. tice. Instititum, i, n. 2. a custom, a deInjussu, mn. 4. (used only in the abl. cree. sing.) without command. Instrumentum, i, in. 2. an instruInjust6, adv-. unjzstly. wment, ain implement. Injustitia, a, f. 1. injustice. Instruo, ere, xi, etum, tr. 3. to form Injustus, a, urn, adj. unjust. a line, to draw utp (ane army). Innascor, sci, atus, dep. 3. to be Insuetus, a, urn, adj. not accusborn in, to grow in. tomed. Innatus, a, um, pt. & adj. innate. Insila, m, f. 1. an island. Inni cens, tis, adj. innocent. Insurn, esse, fui, irr. to be in. Innocentia, a, f. 1. innocence. Intactus, a, um, adj. untouched, enInnocuus, a, um, adj. harmless. tire. Innumrdus, a, um, adj. inztumera- Integer, gra, gr grum, adj. whole, enble, countless. tire, untouchecl. Inopia, e, f. 1. want.. Integritas, atis, f. 3. integrity. Inops, 6pis, adj. poor, needy. Intelligentia, ae, f. 1. understanding, Inquam, def. I.say. intelligence. Inquino, are, avi, Atum, tr. i. to Intelligo, dre, exi, ecturn, tr. 3. to pollute, to defile. understand. Inquisitio, 6nis, f. 3. anz inquiry. Intempei'ans, tis, tis, adj. intemperate, In-saniu, a, f. 1. mnadness. disorderly. Insanio, Ire, ivi, itum, intr. 4. to be Intemperantia, se, f. 1. intenlpermad, to be insane. ance. Insanus, a, urn, adj. insane, mad, Intentus, a, um, adj. inetent. rcying. Inter, prep. between, among. INV 279 IST Into;eeptus, a, urn, pt. intercepted, Inveho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to oarbeing. ry in. Int;erdico, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Invenio, Ire, veni, venturm, tr. 4. forbid, to interdict. tofind out, to invent. In'terdum, adv. sometimes. Inventio, onis, f. 3. afjnding out, Interea, adv. in the mean time. an invention. Interceo, Ire, ii, seldom ivi, itum, intr. Inventrix, icis, f. 3. an inventress. irr. to perish, to die. Inverto, ere, ti, sum, tr. 3. to turn in. In terest, imp. it concerns. Investigatio, 6nis, f. 3. investigation. Interfector, Oris, m. 3. a slayer. Investlgo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Interficio, rle, feci, fectum, tr. to trace, to investigate. slay, to destroy. Invlcem, adv. in turn, in return. Interfluo, i0e, xi, - intr. 3. to Invictus, a, um, adj. unconquered. jfow th-rough or between. lnvideo, ere, vidi, vlsum, tr. 2. to Interim, adv. nz the mean time. envy, to hate. Interjaceo, ere, intr. to lie betsween. Invidia, ae, f. 1. envy. Inteljectus, a, urnm, pt. thrown be- Invigllo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to tween, having intervened. watch diligently, to attend to. Intermissio, 6onis, f. 3. a ceasing, a Invltus, a, urn, adj. unswilling. respite. Ionicus, a, um, adj. of lonia, Ionian. Intelonosco, ire, 6vi, 6tum, tr. 3. to Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pron. he himself, distinguish. she herself, itself; pl. they themInterpello, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to selves. interrupt. Ira, a, f. 1. anger. Jaterrdgo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Iracundia, ao, f. 1. irascibility, pasask. sion. Intersum, esse, fui, intr. irr. to be Iracundus, a, urn, adj. passionate, present. angry. Intervdnio, Ire, veni, ventum, intr. Irascor, sci, - dep. 3. to be angry. & tr. 4. to come in the meantime, Iratus, a, um, adj. angry. to intervene. irrevocabilis, e, adj. not to be reIntimus, a, um, adj. innermost. called, irrevocable. Intolerabilis, e, adj. intolerable. Irrideo, ere, si, sum, tr. 2. to laugh Intra, prep. within. at, to mock. Intro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to enter. Irrigo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to irriIntroeo, ire, ivi, or ii, iturm, intr. gate, to water. irr. to go in. Irritamentum, i, intr. 2. an inciteIntueor, eri, itus, dep. 2. to look ment. upon, to behold. Irrltus, a, um, adj. of no effect, vain. Intumesco, 6re, ui,- intr. 3. to Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, intr. swell, to be puffed up. 3. to rush in. Inultus, a, urn, adj. unrevenged, Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it, that; unpunished. pl. they, those. Inutilis, e, adj. useless. Isocrdtes, is, m. 3. a Greek orator. Invado, ere, si, sum, tr. 3. to invade. Iste, ists1, istud, pron. he, she, that; Invalesco, 6re, ui, - intr. 3. to grow pl. those. strong, to be inz health. Ister, tri, m. 2. the river Ister. Invectio, onis, f. 3. a bringing in, Isthic, hbec, hoc, or hue, pron. the an importation. self-same, this. JUG 280 LAC Istic, adv. in that place, there, Jugurtha, se, m. 1. Jugurtha, a th/en. man's name. Ita, adv. so, even so, thus. Julianus, i, m. 2. Julian, a ncan's Italia, %e, f 1. Italy.. name. Itallcus, i. m. an Italian. Julius, ii, m. 2. the month of July. ItAque, adv. therefore, and so. Julius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Iter, itiniris, n. 3. a journey, a Jumentum, i, n. 2. a beast of sway. burden, P1. cattle. Iterum, sadv. again, a second time. Jungo, 5re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to join. Itidena, adv. also, in like manner. Juno, onis, f. 3. Juzno, the queen of the gods. Jupiter, Jovis, m. 3. Jupiter, king J. of the gods. Jure, adv. rightly, by right. Jaceo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to lie. Juro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to swear. Jacto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Jus, juris, a. 3. right, law. throw, to toss to aszdfro. Juste, adv. justly. Jactfira, w, f. 1. a loss, damage. Justitia, we, f. 1. justice. Jacilum, i, n. 2. a javelin, a dart. Justus, a, urn, adj. just. Jam, adv. now, immnediately. Juvat, it, are, imp. it delights, it Jampridem, adv. long ago, long pleases. since. Juvenalis, is, m. 3. Juvenal, a RoJanicilum, i, n. 2. one of the seven mCan poet. hills of Rome. Juventlis, e, adj. youtlful. Janua, e, f. 1. a gate. Juvenis, is, c. 3. a young yman or Jason, 6nis, m. 3. Jason, a kizng of wonman. Thessaly. Juventa, am, f. 1. youth, the tinee of Jejfunus, a, um, adj. fasting, heun- youth. gry. Juventus, fitis, f. 3. youth. Jocus, i, rn. 2 a joke, a jest; pl. Juvo, are, jivi, (seldomn jfttum,) tr. i, & a. 1. to help, to assist. Jovianus, i, m. 2, Jovian, a man's Juxta, prep. & adv. qnigh to, even, n.ane. alike. Jubeo, ore, ssi, ssum, tr. 2. to order, to comsmand. K. Jucunde, adv. pleasantly, cheerfully. Kalendoe, arum, f. pl. 1. the KaJucunditas, atis, f. 3. pleasantness, lends. mirth. Jucundus, a, um, adj. pleasant, L. agreeable. Judeea, W, f. 1. Judea, a country in Labienus, i, m. 2. a Romas general. Asia. Labor, 5ris, om. 3. labour. Judex, lcis, c. 3. a judge. Labor, ]abi, ]apsus, dep. 3. to slide, Judicium, ii, n. 2. judgment. to fall. Judico, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Labiro, are, avi, atum, tr. & intr. judge. 1. to labour, to be in distress. Jugdrum, i, n. 2. an acre. Lacedsemon, 6nis, f. 3. Lacedemon7, Jugurn, i, n. 2. a yoke. the capital of Laconia. LAX 281 LIG Lacedernonius, a, um, adj. Lacede- Lecthto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to read monziacn. often, to peruse. Lacesso, ere, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to pro- Lectum, i, n. 2. a bed. yoke, to annzoy. Lectus, a, um (ior, issimus), adj. Lacrimo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to. choice, select. weep. Legatus, i, m. 2. an ambassador, a Lacryma, as, f. 1. a tear. lieutenanzt. Luedo, 6re, si, sum, tr. 3. to strike, Legio, 6nis, f. 3. a legion. to hurt. Lego, ere, legi, lectum, tr. 3. to LrAtitia, m, f. 1 joy, gladness. read, to gather. L etor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to rejoice. Lenio, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, tr. 4. to LUtus, a, un, adj. glad, joyful. soften. Lvlvnus, i, m. 2. a Romtan consul. Lenis, e, adj. smooth, gentle. UL vor, 6lris, mn. 3. smoothness. Leniter, adv. softly, gently. Lamenltatio, 6nis, f. 3. lamenta- Lentus. a, um, adj. pliant, slow. tion. Leo, 6nis, m. 3. a lion. Laneus, a, urn, adj. woollen, of Lepus, 6ris, mn. 3. a hare. wool. Letilius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Lanificiunm, ii, n. 2. spinning wool. Levis, e, adclj. light, swift, trifting. Laodicea, ae, f. 1. Laodicea, a city Levo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to reoyS Asia. lieve. Lapis, idis, m. 3. a stone. Lex, legis, f. 3. a law. Larcitus, ii, in. 2. a mwan's ame. Libanus, i, m. 2. Lebanon. Largior, iri, itus, dep. 4. to give Libellus, i, m. 2. dim. a little book, liberally, to lavish. a memorial, a petition. Larlgus, a, urn, adj. large, plentiful. Libenter, adv. willingly, gladly. Laseivia, ae, f. 1. lascivioussness, Liber, bri, m. 2. bark, a book. wasvton joy. Liber, 6ra, erum, adj. free. Late, ius, issime, adv. widely. Liberalis, e, adj. liberal, free. Lateo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to be con- Liberalitas, atis, f. 3. civility, libecealed, to lie hid. rality. Latine, adv. is Latin. Liberalter, adv. liberally, geneLatinus, a, um, adj. Latin. rously. LatitTado, uis, f. 3. breadth. Liberator, aris, m. 3. a deliverer. Latro, 6nis, m. 3. a robber. Liberi, 6rumn, ul. 2. children. Lttuts. a, urn, adj. broad. Libbro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Laudlablis, e, adj. laudable, praise- free, to release. worthy. Libertas, atis, f. 3. liberty, freeLautdatio, ohais, f. 3. a eulogy. doan. Laudator, olis, m. 3. a praiser, a Libertus, i, m. 2. a freedman. comrnnender. Libido, inis, f. 3. desire, will, lust. Laudo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1.. to Licentia, ae, f. 1. liberty, licentiouspraise. seess. LatLrus, i, f. 2. a laeurel. Licet, ere, uit, & itum est, imp. it Lats, dis, f. 3. praise. is lawful, it is in the power of. Laxe, ius, issirne, adv. widely, loose- Licet, conj. although. ly, carelessly. Lictor, 6ris, m. 3. a lictor. Laxo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to loosen, Liger, dris, m. 3. the Liger (Loire). extend. Lignum, i, n. 2. wood. LUD 282 MAL Limen, Ynis, n. 3. a threshold, a Lugeo, 6re, luxi, luctum, intr. 2. to door. mourn. Lingua, m, f. 1. the tongue. Lumen, inis, n. 3. light. Liquidus, a, um, adj. liquid, clear, Luna, ae, f. 1. the moon. pure. Luo, 6re, i, itum, tr. 3. to pay, to Lis, litis, f. 3. striJe, a lawsuit. expiate. Litera, m, f. 1. a letter. P1. an epis- Lusor, 6ris, m. 3. a.spo'rter, a gametle, learning. ster. Literarius, a, urnm, adj. literary, Lusus, As, mn. 4. a play, a sport. of letters; ludus literarius, a Lux, lucis, f. 3. light. school. Luxuria, e, f. 1. I Literatus, a, urn, adj. lettered, lite- Luxuries, ei, f. 5. rary. Luxurio, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Littus (litus), 5ris, n. 3. the shore. be luxurious, to be wanton. Livius, ii, m. 2. Livy, a man's Luxus, us, rn. 4. riot, excess. sname. Lycurgus, i, m. 2. Lycurgus. L6co, are, dvi, atum, tr. 1. to place, Lydus, i, m. 2. a man's name. to contract for, to hire out. Lysander, dri, m. 2. Lysander. Locuples, etis, adj. rich, wealthy. LysimrAchus, i, m. 2. Lysimach us, a Locupleto, are, avi, atumn, tr. 1. to man's name. enrich. Locus, i, in. 2. a place. P1. i or a. Longe, adv. far, far o0. M. Longinqultas, atis, f. 3. distance, remoteness. Macedo, 6nis, m. 3. a Macedonian. Longitado, mnis, f. 3. length. Macies, 6i, f. 5. leanness. Longus, a, um, adj. long. Mace~nas, atis, in. 3. Aicecenas, a Loquax, acis, adj. loquacious. Roman. Loquor, qui, catus, or quatus, dep. Magis, adv. more..3. to speak. Magister, tri, m. 2. a master. Lubenter, adv. willingly, with plea- Magistratus, ds, m. 4. a magistrate, sure. magistracy. Luceo, ere, xi, - intr. 2. to shine. Magnalrnmus, a, urn, adj. maynaniLucesco, 6re, intr. incep. 3. to mous, brave. dawn. Magnes, etis, m. 3. the loadstone. Lucifer, 6ri, m. 2. the mornizg star. Magnificus, a, um, adj. magnifiLucilius, ii, m. 2. a nlan's namne. cent, splendid. Lucius, ii, m. 2. Lucius, a philoso- Magnitudo, inis, f.. greatness. pher, Magnop6re, adv. greatly. Lucretia, e, f. 1. Lucretia, wife of Magnus, a, urn, adj. great. Collatinus. Mago, onis, m. 3. Mayo, a brother Luerum, i, n. 2. gain. of Hannibal. Luctus, us, m. 4. grief. MaIjestas, atis, f. 3. greatness, maLucus, i, m. 2.- a grove, a wood. jesty, treason. Ludibriur, ii, n. 2. a mockery, a Major, us, adj. comp. greater; masport. jor natu, older. Ludo, e6re, si, sum, tr. 3. to play, to Maj6res, urn, pl. m. 3. ancestors. sport. MaIa, ie, f. 1. the cheek. L udus, i, rn. 2. play, sport. Male, adv. badly, wickedly. MAS 283 MEN BIaledico, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Massa, ie, m. 1. a man's name. rail at, abuse. Massagetme, arum, pl. m. 1. a people MIaleficium, ii, n. 2. a wicked action, of Scythia. nmischief. Mater, tris, f. 3. a mother. Malevolentia, w, f. 1. ill-will, m7 a- Materia, ee, & Materies, ei, f. 1. & lice. 5. material, wood, timber. MIalitia, se, f. 1. malice, wickedness. Mathematlcus, i, m. 2. a mathemaMIalo, le, ui, irr. to be more willing, tician, an astrologer. to prefer. Matrlre, adv. speedily, early. Malum, i, n. 2. an evil, a mischief. Mataro, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Mlalus, a, um, adj. bad, wicked. make haste. Mancipium, ii, n. a slave. Matarus, a, um, adj. mature, ripe. Mando, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to corn- Matutinus, a, um, adj. early in the mit to one's charge, to command. mnorning. MIaneo, ere, si, sum, intr. & tr. 2. Maurus, i, m. 2. a Moor. to stay, to wait for, remain. Maxime, adv. sup. very much. MIanlius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Maximus, a, um, adj. sup. very great, Mano, are, avi, aturn, intr..1. to greatest. flow, drop. Medicamentum, i, n. 2. a potion. Mansuetado, inis, f. 1. good nature, Medicina, ie, f 1. medicine, a cure. clemency. Medicus, i, rn. 2. a physician. Mantlca, e, f. 1. a wallet, a bag. Mediocris, e, adj. ordinary. Mantinea, en, f. 1. a city of Arcadia. Meditatio, 0nis, f. 3. meditation, Mantua, i, f.'1. Mantua, a city in study. Italy. Meditor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to mediManumitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. tate, to practise. 3. to manumit, set free. Medius, a, um, adj. middle. Manus, is, f. 4. the hand, a band. Megara, ie, f. 1. the name of a city. Maraces, is, m. 3. a man's name. Melior, us, adj. comp. better. Marathon, 6nis, m. 3. l arathon. Melius, a.dv. comp. better. Marcellinus, i, m. 2. a mas's name. Mellifico, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Marcellus, i, m. 2. 2Mal cellus. make honey. Malrcius (Ancus), ii, in. 2. a Roomaz Membrana, me, f. 1. a membrane. kisg. Membrum, i, n. 2. a member, a Marcus, i, m. 2. a man's name. limb. Mardonius, ii, m. 2. a Persian ge- Memlni, isse, def. to remember. neral. Memor, 6ris, adj. mindful. Mare, is, n. 3. the sea. Memoria, ie, f. 1. memory, recollec Margarita, i, f. 1. a pearl. tion. IMarius, ii, m. 2. Marius, a Roman Memiro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to general. relate, to tell. Marmor, 6ris,. 3. marble. Mendacium, ii, n. 2. a lie. Jiars, tis, m. 3. 3lars, the god of Mendax, acis, adj. lying, deceitful. war. Sub. a liar. Marsus, a, um, adj. Marsian. Menelaus, i, m. 2. Menelaus, brother larsyas,, e, m. 1. a man's name, a of Agamemnon. river in Phrygia. Menismini, 0rum, m. 2.. the Mlenis)alsinissa,,,. 1. a king of Nu- qmini. midias Mens, tis, f. 3. the mind. MIN 284 MOL Mensa, ae, f 1. a table. Minos, ois, m. 3. M/inos, a celv. Mensis, is, m. 3. a month. brated lawgiver. Mensura, ae, f. 1. a measure. Minuo, Bre, i, uitum, tr. 3. to lessen, Mentio, onis, f. 3. mention. to diminish. MIentior, iri, itus, dep. 4. to lie. Minus, adv. less. Mercator, oris, m. 3. a merchant. Miraclum, i, n. 2. a miracle. Merces, 6dis, f. 3. a reward, hire. Miror, ari, atus, dep. 1. to wonder,. Mlercor, ari, atus, tr. dep. 1. to to admire. buy. Mirus, a, urn, adj. wonderful. Mercurius, ii, m. 2. Mercury. Misceo, Bre, scui, stum, or xtum,. Mereo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to earn, tr. 2. to mix. to deserve. Miser, era, erum, adj. wretched, Mereor, Bri, itus, dep. 2. to deserve. miserable. Meridianus, a, um, adj. of mid-day, Miserabilis, e, adj. miserable. meridian. Misereor, eri, ertus, or eritus, dep.. Merito, adv. deservedly. 2. to pity. Meriturnm, i, n. 2. a reward, merit. Miseresco, ere, - - tr. 3. to pity. Meta, ae, f. 1. a goal, a limit. Miseret, ere, uit, & ertum est, imp.. Metellus, i, m. 2. Metellus, a man's it pities. name. Miseria, ae, f. 1. misery. Metuo, ere, i, - tr. 3. to fear, to Misericordia, am, f. 1. pity. be afraid. Misericors, dis, adj. merciful. Metus, s, inm. 4. fear, Mithridates, is, m. 3. Kfing of PonL Mcleus, a, um, pron. my, or mine. tus. Micipsa, re, m. 1, a king of Nu- MitTgo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to midia. tame, to mitigate. Migro, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to re- Mitto, Bre, misi, missurn, tr. 3. to move, to depart from. send. Miles, itis, m. 3. a soldier. Mobilis, e, adj. moveable, fickle. Milesius, a, um, adj. a Milesian. Moderate, adv. moderately, with Militaris, e, adj. military, of a sol- moderation. dier. Moderatio, onis, f. 3. moderation. Militia, ae, f. 1. warfare, military Modbror, ari, atus, dep. 1. to moservice; militise, abroad. derate, to goversn. Mille, n. ind. a thousand; P1. mil- Modestia, r, f. 1. moderation, molia, ium, &c. desty. Milo, 5nis, m. 3. Milo, a famous Modo, adv. just now, only. athlete of Croton. Modus, i, m. 2. a measure, a manner, Miltiades, is, m. 3. Miltiades. moderation. MIna, as, f. 1. a threat, more com- Mcenia, iurn, n. pl. 3. walls. monly minml atrum, pl. Mcereo, ere and Mcereor, Bri, intr, Mina, ae, f. 1. a pound. 2. to mourn, to lament, to be sad. Minerva, m, f. 1. Minerva, the god- Mceror, bris, rn. 3. grief, sorrow. dess of wisdom, &c. Mcestitia, re, f. 1. sadness, gloom. Minime, adv. least, very little. Mcestus, a, um, adj. sad, sorrowful. MIinirnus, a, urnm, adj. least, very Moleste, adv. grievously, painfully. little. Molestia, ae, f. 1. trouble, uneasiMinor, us, adj. less. ness. Minor, tri, atus, dep. 1. to threaten. Molestus, a, um, adj. disagreeable; MrUT 285 NEC Xolior, Iri, itus, dep. 4. to contrive, I Mutus, a, um, adj. mute, silent. to prepare. Mutuus, a, um, adj. lent, or borIMollio, ire, vi, itumn, tr. 4. to rowed, mutual. soften. iMollis, e, adj. soft. DIoneo, are, Ui, Itum, tr. 2. to ad- N. vise, to admonish..Monitor, oris, mn. 3. an adviser. Nm, adv. assuredly, truly. Monitum, i, n. 2. an advice. Nam, conj. for. lIons, ioontis, m. 3. a mountain. Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus, dep. 3. Mlonstro, are, avi, atuLm, tr. 1. to to get, to obtain. show, point out. Nantuates, um, m. pl. 3. a people Montanus, i, m. 2. a mountaineer. of Gaul. MIonunlentum, i, n. 2. a monument. Narratio, onis, f. 3. a narrative. Mora, a, f. 1. delay. Narro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to tell, Moratus, a, um, adj. of good morals. to relate. IMorb.s, i, m. 2. a disease. Nascor, nasci, natus, dep. 3. to be Morior, i, tuus, dep. 3. to die. born. IM6ros asri, atus, dep. 1. to delay. Natalis, e, adj. relating to one's Mors, tis, f: 3. death. birth, native. IMostlis, e, adj. mortal. Natio, onis, f. 3. a nationz..Mortalitas, atis, f. 3. mortality. Nato, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to swim Mos, moris, m. 3. a mnanner, a Natusra, re, f. 1. nature. custom. Naturalis, e, adj. natural. MIotus, us, m. 4. a motion. Natus, a, um, adj. born, descended. Moveo, are, ovi, 6tum, tr. 2. to Naucrates, is, m. 3. a man's name.?move. Naucum, i, n. 2. a trifle; nauci, of.Mox, adv. by and bye, presenltly. no value. Mucianus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Naufragium, ii, n. 2. a shipwreck. Mulier, 6ris, f. 3. a woman. Navalis, e, adj. naval. Multitudo, Inis, f. 3. a multitude. iNavigatio, onis, f. 3. a sailing, AMulto, are, avi, atum, tr. to fine, navigation. to punish. Navigo, are, avi, tumrn, tr. 1. t( Multo, adv. by mnuch, much. sail. ullltus, a, urn, adj. much. Navis, is, f. 3. a shigp. Mflllus, i, m. 2. a mule. Ne, conj. lest, that not, not. Mummius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Ne, an enclitic particle, used t.:Mundus, i, m. 2. the world. ask a question, and always sub 3Munificus, a, urnm, adj. muniJicent. joined to another word. Munlio, ire, lvi, itum, tr. 4. to for- Neapolitanus, a, urn, adj. Neapotify, to defend. litan..Munus, eris, n. 3. a gift, an office. Nebuilo, onis, m. 3. a rascal, a MIIurina,, f. 1. a lamprey worthless fellow. Slurus, i, im. 2. a wall. Nec, conj. nor, neither. Musa, e, f. 1. a lluse. Necessarius, a, um, adj. necessary. Ilutatio, onis, f. 3. change. Necessarius, ii, m. 2. an intimate Mutius, ii, m. 2. Mlfutius, a Roman. friend. Muto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Necesse, adj. indec. necessary. change. Necessitas, atis, f. 3. necessity. NI.M 286 NUL Necessitfdo, inis, f. 3. friendship. Nimium, adv. too much, excee& Necne, conj. or not. ingly. Neco, are, avi, or ui, atum, tr. 1. to Nimius, a, um, adj. too great, ezkill. cessive. Nefas, n. ind. (used only in the Ninus, i, m. 2. Ninus, the builder nom. ace. and voc.) an unlawful of Nineveh. thing, wickedness. Nisi, conj. if not, unless. Negligens, tis, adj. negligent, care- Nitor, niti, nisus, or nixus, dep. 3. less. to strive, to attempt. Negligentia, ae, f. 1. negligence. Nitrosus, a, um, adj. nitrous. Negligo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Nix, nlvis, f. 3. snow. neglect, to despise. Nobilis, e, adj. well-known, famous, Nego, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to deny, noble. to refuse. NobilItas, atis, f. 3. renown, no: Negotium, ii, n. 2. a business, an bility. employment. Nocens, tis, adj. hurtful. Nemo, inis, c. 3. nobody. Noceo, ere, ui, Itum, tr. 2. to k'urt. Neptis, is, f. 3. a grandcl-daughter. Noctu, adv. in the night. Nequam, adj. ind. worthless, wicked. Nod6sus, a, um, adj. full of knots, Neque, conj. neither, nor. knotty. Nequeo, ire, ivi, & ii, itum, irr. not Nolo, le, ui, irr. to be unwilling. to be able, to be unable. Nomen, inis, n. 3. a name. Nequicquam, adv. in vain. Nominatim, adv. by name. Nequis, qua, quod, or quid, pron. Nomrno, are, avi, atum, 1, to lest any one, no one. name. Nequitia, Pe, f. 1. worthlessness, Non, ad v. not. wickedness. Nonaginta, num. adj. indec. ninety. NBro, onis, m. 3. a Romam em- Nondum, adv. not yet. peror. N onne, adv. not? if-not. Nerva, me, m. 1. a Romanemperor. Nonnullus, a, urnm, adj. some; P1. Nervus, i, m. 2. a nerve, a sinew. some persons. Nescio, ire, ivi, tunm, tr. 4. not to Nonnunquam, adv. sometimes. know, to be ignorant. Nosco, Bre, vi, tum, tr. 3. to lear'n, Nescius, a, um, adj. ignorant. to become acquainted with. Neuter, tra, trum, adj. neither of Noster, tra, trumn, pron. our, ours. the two. Notitia, ae, f. 1. knowledge. Neutiquam, adv. by no means. Novendialis, e, adj. of nine days. Nex, necis, f. 3. death (by violence). I6vi, Iknow; Perf. of nosco. Nicanor, oris, m. 3. a maln's name. Novissimus, a, um, adj. sup. latest, Nidifico, are, avi, aitum, tr. 1. to last. make a nest. Novitas, atis, f. 3. newness. Nigresco, Bre, intr. 3. to grow black. Novus, a, urn, adj. new. Nihil, n, ind. (used only in the nom. Nox, ctis, f. 3. night. ace. & voc.) nothing. Noxius, a, umrn, adj. hurtful, guilty. Nihilum, i, n. 2. nothing. Nubes, is, f: 3. a cloud. Nil, contracted for nihil. NILbo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. to marry, Nilus, i, m. 2. the Nile, a river of (spoken of a woman.) Egypt.! Nudus, a, urn, adj. naked, bare. Nimis, adv. too much, or too little. I Nullus, a, urn? adj. none, no. oBL 287 OCC Num, adv. whether or not? whe- Obnoxius, a, um, adj. liable, ex' ther. posed to. Numa, re, m. 1, N~uma, the second Obnubo, Bre, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to king of Rome. veil. Nu'nmantinuss, a, urn, adj. of Nu- Obr6po, 6re, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to mantica, Numantine. creepl upon. INumen, lnis, n. 3. a nod, the will Obruo, Bre, ui, titum, tr. 3. to cover, of the gods, a deity. to overwhelm. NSum6ro, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to Obscrtrus, a, um, adj. obscure, number, to pay. dark. Nurn6rus, i, in. 2. a nusmber. Obsecro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Numidia, me, f. 1. Numidia. beseech. Nunzmus, i, m. 2. a piece of money, Obsequium, si, n. 2. compliance, money. obsequiousness. Numquis-numquid, interrog. pr. ObsqnLor, qui, ctitus, or qufitus, - num quis. dep. 3. to comply with, to obey. Nunc, adv. now. Observo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Nuncio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to observe. announce, to tell, to carry tidings. Obses, idis, c. 3, a hostage. Nuncius, ii, in. 2. a mnessenger. Obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, tr. 2, Nunctipo, are, avi, attum, tr. 1. to to besiege. call, to name. Obsisto, Bre, stiti, (rarely stitum,) Nunquam, adv. never. tr. 3. to stop, to hinder. Nuper, adv. lately. Obsto, are, stiti, statum, tr. 1. to Nusquanm, adv. nowhere. stand in the way, to oppose. Obstupesco, 6re, ui, -, intr. 3. to be amazed. 0. Obsum, esse, fui, irr. to hurt. Obtemp6ro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. 0, int. 01 to comply with, to obey. Oaxis (Oaxes), is. m. 3. a river of Obtineo, 6re, tinui, tentum, tr. 2. Creete. to hold, to obtain. Ob, prep. for, on account of. Obtrectatio, Onis, f. 3. an envying, Obambiilans, tis, pt. walking about. a detracting. Obduco, Bre, xi, ctum, tr. 3, to Obvenio, ire, v6ni, ventum, intr. 4. lead against, to cover. to meet. Obbdio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to Obviam, adv. in the way, toward, obey. against; ire obviam, to meet. Objicio, 6re, jeci, jectum, tr. 3, to Obvolvo, Bre, vi, iatum, tr. 3. to throw before. muffle zup. Objurgo, ale, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Occido, 6re, di, sum, tr. 3. to kill. chide, to reprove. Occido, 6re, cidi, casum, intr. 3. to Obligo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to tie fall, to die. round, to bind. Occuilo, 6re, ui, tum, tr. 3. to hide, Obliquus, a, um, adj. oblique, to conceal. crooked. Occumbo, Bre, cubui, cubitum, Oblivio, Onis, f. 3. forgetfulness. iutr. 3. to fall, to die. Obliviscor, ivisci, itus, dep. 3. to Occipo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to forget. occupy, to take possession of OPI 288 ORN Occurro, Bre, curri, or cucurri, cur- Opitulor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to hely, sum, tr. 3. to run against, to to assist. meet. Oportet, ere, uit, imp. it behoves, Oceanus, i, m. 2, the ocean. it is fit. Octavius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Oppianicus, i, m. 2. a mcan's name. Octo, adj. num. indec. eight. Oppidum, i, n. 2, a town. Octogesimus, a, urn, adj. the Opportfnus, a, um, adj. suitable, eightieth. convenzient. Octoginta, adj. ind. eighty. Opprimo, 6re, essi, essum, tr. 3. to Ocilus, i, mn. 2. the eye. press against, to oppress, to bury Odi, odisse, clef. to hate. Opprobrium, ii, n. 2. a reproach. Qdium, ii, n. hatred. Oppugnatio, onis, f. 3. an attack. Offendo, 6re, di, sum, tr. 3. to Optabilis, e, adj. desirable. strike against, to offend. Optime, adv. very well. Offensio, oais, f. 3. misfortune, of- Optimus. a, um, adj. very good, fence. best. Offbro, offerre, obtdili, oblatum, irr. Opto, are, avi, aturn, tr. 1. to wish, to bring before, to offer. to desire. Officio, Bre, feci, fectum, tr. 3. to Opildens, tis, adj. rich, wealthy. hinder, to obstruct. Opulentia, ae, f~ 1. riches, wealth. Officiosus, a, urn, adj. dutiful, at- Opulentus, a, um, adj. rich, tentive. wealthy. Officium, ii, n. 2. an office, a duty. Opus, eris, n1. 3. work, laborur. Oleo, ere, ui, itum, intr. 2. to emit Opus, n. ind. need. a smnell. Opus, aclj. ind. needfgd, expediestt. Oliva, a-, f. 1. the olive. Oraciilum, i, n. 2. an oracle. Olympia, so, f. 1. Olympia, a plain Oratio, onis, f. 3. an oration, a of Elis, in Greece. speech. Olympias, idis, f. 3. Olympiad. Orator, 6ris, m. 3. an orator, a neOlympius, a, um, adj. Olympian. gotiator. Omitto, 6re, si, ssum, tr. 3. to ne- Oratorice, adv. oratorically. glect, to omit. Orbis, is, m. 3. a cir-cle, the world. Omniano, adv. wholly, altogether. Orbo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to deOmnis, e, adj. all, every. prive. Onrro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Ordino, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to arload. range, psut iss order. Onus, eris, n. 3. a burden, a load. Ordo, inis, m. 3. order. Op6ra, se, f. 1. work, endeavour, Orestes, is, m. 3. Orestes, a mlan's pains. name. Operosus, a, um, adj. laborious, Oriens, tis, m. 3. the rising sun, active, difficult. the east. Opifex, icis, m. 3. a workman. Orior, iri, tus, dep. 3. to rise, to Opimius, ii, m. 2. a Roman consul. arise. Opinio, 6nis, f. 3. an opinion, a Ornameturl;um, i, n. 2. an ornament, belief. grace. Opinor, ari, Atus, dep. 1. to help, Ornatus, As, mn. 4. an ornament, a to assist. dress. Opis, Gen. opern, ope, f. 3. power, Orno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to help; pl. opes, um, &c., riches. adorn, to dress. PAR 289 PAT Oro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to speak, to Pareo, 6re, ui, itum, tr. 2. to appear, beg. to obey. Orphlcus, a, um, adj. Orphic, of Paries, etis, nm. 3. the wall of a Opheus. house, a house. Os, oris, n. 3. the mouth, face, coun- Pario, ere, peperi, parturn, or parltenavce. turn, tr. 3. to bring forth, to (scdilum, i, n. 2. a kiss. produce, to procure. Ostendo, ere, di, sum, tr. 3. to Paris, idis, m. 3. Paris, the son of show, to declare. Priam. Ostentatio, onis, f. 3. ostentation, Pariter, adv. in llke manner, vanity. equally. O'stento, are, avi, atum, tr. to Parma, se, f. 1. Parma, a czty in show. Italy. Otho, 6nis, m. 3. Otho, a Roman Parmenio, 6nis, m. 3. one of Alexsurname, ander's generals. O6tisus, a, um, adj. idle. Paro, amIe, avi, atum, tr. 1. to pre(Ctiun, ii, n. 2. idleness, leisure. pare, to acquire. Ovidius, ii, m. 2. Ovid, a Latin Pars, tis, f. 3. a part. poet. Parsimonia, se, f. 1. frugality, parOvis, is, f. 3. a sheep. simony. Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. Particeps, ipis, adj. sharing, privy to. Partim, adv. partly. Parurn, adv. little, too little. Pabuilum, i, n. 2. fodder. Parvilus, a, um, adj. very little, Pactum, i n. 2. a bargain, an very s-mall. agreement. Parvus, a, urnm, adj. little, small. Padus, i, m. 2. the river Po. Pasco, Ore, vi, stum, tr. 3. to feed. Psene, adv. almost, nearly. Passus, fis, m. 4. a pace. Pagus, i, m. 2. a canton. Pateficio, Ore, foci, facturn, tr. 3. to Paloa, e, f: 1. a stone (of a ring.) open, to clear. PMlami, adv. openly. Pateo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to be open. Palans, tis, pt. wandering. Pater, tris, m. 3. afather. Palla, s, f. 1. a palla, or robe. Pater-familias, patris-familias, m. Pallium, ii, n. 2. a robe. 3 & 1, thefather of afansily. Palma, oe, f. 1. the palm of the Paternus, a, um, adj. paternal, of hand. a father. Palpebra, se, f. 1. an eyelid. Patiens, tis, adj. capable of endurPalus, iidis, f. 3. a marsh. ing, patient. Pamlphilus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Patienter, adv. patiently. Panaetius, ii, m. 2. a man's nanze. Patientia, ee, f. 1. patience. Panis, is, m. 3. bread. Patior, i, passus, dep. 3. to bear, to Par, paris, adj. equal, like. stZffer. Parce, adv. sparingly. Patria, so, f. 1. one's native country. Parco, dre, peperci, parsum, sel- Patrimronium, ii, n. 2. patrimony. dom parsi, parsitum, tr. 3. to Patro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to bring spare. to an end. Parens, tls, c. 3. ca parent. 1 Patronus, i, m. 2. a patron, 13 PER 290 PER Patruus, i, m. 2. an uncle by the PerAgo, ere, egi, actum, tr. 3. to father's side, an uncle. finish; pass., to be over. Pauci, me, a, seldom us, a, um, adj. Percipio, ere, capi, ceptum, tr. 3. few. to perceive, to learn, to gather Paulo, adv. by a little, a little. (fruit), to enjoy. Paululum, adv. a little, very little. Percontor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to inPaululus, a, um, adj. a very little. quire, to examine. Paulurn, adv. a little. Percrebesco, ere, brui, & bui,-, Paulus, i, m. 2. Paulus, a man's intr. 3. to spread abroad, to benane. come known. Pauper, eris, adj. poor. Perculsus, a, urn, pt. being struck. Paupertas, atis, f. 3. poverty. Percunctor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to Pausanias, -e, m. 1. Pausanias. question. Pavor, oris, m. 3. great fear. Percutio, ere, cussi, cussum, tr. 3. Pax, pacis, f. 3..peace. to strike; percut6re secail, to bePeccatum, i, n. 2. a fault, a sin. head. Pecco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to sin, Perdiccas, re, rn. 1. a general of to offend. to blunder. Alexander. Pectus, 6ris, n. 3. the breast, the Perdisco, 6re, didici, -, to learn mind thoroughly, to commit to memory. Pecudlor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to rob, to Perdo, 6re, didi, ditum, tr. 3. to plunder. destroy, to lose. Pecunia, me, f. 1. money. Perdmrno, are, ui, Ttum, tr. 1. to (Pecus seldom used,) idis, f. 3. a subdue, to conquer. beast, a sheep; P1. cattle. Peregrinus, i, m. 2. a foreigner. Pedes, itis, m. 3. a foot soldier. Pereo, ire, ii, seldom ivi, Ytum, intr. Pejero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to vio- irr. to perish, to be lost, to die. late an oath. Perfecte, adv. perfectly. Pejor, us, adj. worse. Perfectio, 6nis, f. 3. perfection. Pelleus, a, um, adj. belonging to Perfectus, a, um, adj. perfect, entire. Pella, Pellcean. Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. Pellis, is, f 3. a skin. to suffer. Pello, 6re, pepuli, pulsum, tr. 3. to Perficio, 6re, feci, fectum, tr. 3. to drive. finish, to execute. Pendeo, 6re, pependi, pensum, intr. Perfidia, me, f. 1. treachery, pe;fidy. 2. to hang. Perfidus, a, um, adj. perfidious. Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, tr. 3. Perforo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to weigh, to value, to esteem. pierce through. Penes, prep. in the power of. Perfruor, ui, uctus, or ultus, dep. Penetro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to 3. to enjoy very much. penetrate. Perffigio, gere, fugi, fugltum, intr. Penitus, adv. entirely, far. 3. to fly for shelter. Pensilis, e, adj. hanging. Perfugium, ii, n. 2. a refuge. Penso, are, avi, aturn, tr. 1. to Pergamum, i, n. 2. Pergcmus, the sweigh. citadel of Troy. Pensum, i, n. 2. concern, care, re- Pergo, 6re, exi, ecturn, tr. 3. to go gard. forward, to proceed. Penuria, ae, f. 1. want, scarcity. Perhumaniter, adv. very kindly. Per, prep. by, through. Periculosus, a, um. adj. dangerous. PER 291 PIN Periciilum, i, n. 2. danger. Pertinaciter, adv. resolutely. Perinde, adv. just the same, eqnally. Pertinax, acis, m. 3. a man's name. Peritus, a, um, adj. skilled, accus- Pertineo, ere, ui, tentunm, intr. 2. tomed. to pertain, to tend. Permaneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. to re- Perturbatio, onis, f. 3. a confusion, main, to continue. a disturbance. Permansio, bnis, f. 3. a remaining. Perturbo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Permeo, are, avi, aitum, tr. 1. to disturb greatly, to embroil. flow through. Pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. 4. Permnitto, 6re, isi, issum, tr. 3. to to come to, to arrive at. send away, to allow. Pes, jpedis, m. 3. a foot. Permoveo, ere, vi, tum, tr. 2. to PessImus, a, um, adj. very bad, move. worst. Permultus, a, um, adj. very many. Pessundo, are, dedi, datum, tr. 1. Permutatio, onis, f. 3. a changing, to ruin, to destroy. an altering. Pestifer, bra, erum, adj. pestiferous, Perniciosus, a, um, adj. destructiue, ruinous. hurtful. Pestis, is, f. 3. a pest, a plague. Pernix, icis, adj. swift, nimble. Peto, 6re, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to ask, Pernocto, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to to seek, to go to. pass the night. Petfilans, tis, adj. petulant. PerpBram, adv. rashly, amiss. Phiemthon, Ontis, m. 3. Phathon. Perpetior, peti, pessus, dep. 3. to Phaldris, fdis, m. 3. Phalaris, a suffer. tyrant of Agrigentum. Perpetuo, adv. perpetually. Phal1ra, m, f. 1. horse trappings. Perpetuus, a, urn, adj. perpetual, Pharus, i, f. 2. Pharus, an island continual. opposite to the mouth of the Nile. Perquam, adj. very. Philippus, i, m. 2. Philip. Persee, arum, m. pl. 1. Persians. Philocrates, is, m. 3. Philocrates. Persrepe, adv. very often. Philonides, is, m. 3. Philonides, a Perscribo, Ore, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to man's name. describe. Philosophia, me, f. 1. philosophy. Persequor, qui, cutus, or quuitus, Philos6phor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to dep. 3, to follow close, to pursue. philosophize. Persevbro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Philosophus, i, m. 2. a philosopher. persevere. Philotimus, i, m. 2. a man's name. PersIcus, a, um, adj. Persian. Pictira, e, f. 1. a painting, a picPersis, idis, m. 3. Persia. ture. Persona, re, f. 1. a person, a mask. Pie, adv. piously. Perspicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Pierldes, um, f. 3. the Muses. see plainly, to understand. Pietas, atis, f. 3. piety, affection. Perspicuus, a, urn, adj. clear, mani- Piget, ere, uit, or Itum est, imp. it fest. grieves. Persuadeo, ere, si, sum, tr. 2. to Piger, gra, grum, adj. slow, dull. persuade. Pila, se, f. 1. a ball. Pertimesco, ere, timui, - tr. 3. to Pilum, i, n. 2. a javelin, heavy fear, to dread. dart. Pertinacia, re, f. 1. obstinacy, per- Pinguesco, ere, - - n. 3. to grow tinacity. fat. POE 292 POS: Pinguis, e, adj. fat. Pcena, se, f. 1. a compensation, pun Piscina, se, f. 1. a fish pond. ishment. Piscis, is, m. 3. afish. Pcenitet, ere, uit, imp. it repents. Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. Pisistratus, a Pcenus, i, m. 2. a Carthaginian. tyrant of Athens. Poeta, se, im. 1. a poet. Piso, onis, m. 8. a man's name. Polio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to smooth, Pius, a, um, adj. pious, affectionate. to polish. Placabilis, e, adj. easy to be paci- Polite, adv. politely, elegantly. fled, placable, Pollux, icis, m. 3. Pollux. Placabilitas, atis, f. 3. gentleness, Polliceor, eri, itus, dep. 2. to offer, placability. to promise. Placate, adv. peaceable, with pati- Pollio, onis, m. 3. a man's name. ence. P6lus, i, m. 2. the pole, the sky. Placentia, re, f. 1. Placentia, a city Pomierium, ii, n. 2. the pomocof Italy. rium, an open space on both sides Placeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to of the walls of a town. please. Pompeius, i, m. 2. Pompey, a RoPlacet, ere, uit, imp. it pleases. man general. Placide, adv. gentl, mildly. Pomponius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Placidus, a, um, adj. gentle, mild. Pondus, 6ris, n. 3. weight. Placo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ap- Pono, ere, posui, p6situm, tr. 3. to pease. put, to place. Pline, adv. plainly, evidently. Pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. Planitia, ze, f. 1. & planities, ei, 5. Popularis, e, adj. of the people, f. a plain. popular. Platanus, i, f. 2. the plane tree. Popfilus, i, m. 2. a people. Plato, onis, m. 3. Plato, a Grecian Porcia, se, f. 1. a woman's name. philosopher. Porcius, a, um, adj. Porcian, of Plebs, plebis, c. 3. the common Porcius. people. Porcus, i, m. 2. a hog, a sow. Plecto, 6re, xui, & xi, xum, tr. to Porrigo, inis, f. 3. scab, mange. twist, to plait, to punish. Porta, re, f. 1. a gate, a door. Plenus, a, um, adj. full. Porto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Plerique, seque, aque, adj. the most, carry. many. Portus, us, m. 4. a harbor. Plerumque, adv. for the most part, Posco, ere, poposci, - tr. 3. to ask, commonly. to demand. Ploro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to weep, Possessio, onis, f. 3. a possession. to lament. Possideo, ere, edi, essum, tr. 2. to Plurlmum, adv. very much, most. possess. Plurimus, a,. urn, adj. very much, Possum, posse, potui, irr. to be able. most. Post, prep. after, behind. Plus, pluris, adj. more; pl. plures, a. Postea, adv. afterwards. Plito, Onis, m. 3. God of the infer- Posteaquam, adv. after, after that. nal regions. Posteritas, atis, f. 3. posterity. Pocdlum, i, n. 2. a goblet, a cup. Posterus, a, um, adj. coming after, Podagra, ca, f. 1. the gout in the following. feet. Posthac, adv. hereafter. Poema, atis, n. 3. a poem. Postis, is, f. 3. a post. PRA 293 PRA Postpono, Bre, 6sui, situm, tr. 3. Prwemitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. 3. to set behind, to esteem less. to send before. Postquam, adv. after, afterwards. Premium, ii, n. 2. a reward. Postridie, adv. the day after. Prweopto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Postfilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to wish rather. ask, to demand. Prweparatio, onis, f. 3. apreparation. Potentia, me, f. 1. power, force. Prsepgro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Potestas, atis, f. 3. ability, power. prepare. Potio, onis, f. 3. drinking, a draught. Proeponddro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. Potior, Iri, itus, dep. 4. to be master to outweigh, to prefer. of, to obtain. Prnepono, ere, 6sui, ositum, tr. 3. Potior, us (comp. of potis), adj. to set before, prefer. better. Proescribo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to Potissimum, adv. chiefly, especially. write before, to prescribe. Potius, adv. rather, better. Prnesens, tis, adj. present, favourPoto, are, avi, atum, or potum, tr. able. 1. to drink. Proesentia, re, f. 1. presence. Potus, fts, m. 4. drink. Prwesertim, adv. especially. Prem, prep. before, for, on account Pr.esideo, ere, edi, — intr. 2. topreof; after the comparative, than. side, to rule. Prwebeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. 2. to Proesidium, ii, n. 2. a guard, a garafford. rison. Prsecedo, ere, cessi, cessum, tr. 3. Proestabilis, e, adj. excellent. to go before, to excel. Prwestans, tis, adj. excellent. Prfeceptor, 6ris, m. 3. an instruc- Proestantia, Te, f. 1. excellence. tor, a master. Proestituo, ere, ui, fitum, tr. 3. to Prxeceptum, i, n. 2. an order, a determine, to fix. precept. Prsesto, adv. ready, at hand. Prmecpio, ere, capi, ceptum, tr. 3. Prwsto, are, iti, itum or atum, tr. to take before, to order. 1. to stand before, to excel, to perPrecipito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to form; proestat, it is better. throw headlong, to precipitate. Presum, esse, fui, intr. irr. to. be set Prmcipuus, a, urn, adj. chief. over, to rule over. Prneclare, adv. very clearly, nobly. Proeter, prep. beside, except. Preclarus, a, um, adj. very clear, Praetereo, ire, ii, seldom lvi, itum, illustrious. tr. & intr. irr. to pass over, to Prweco, 6nis, m. 3. a herald. omit; praeteritus, past. Praida, ae, f. 1. prey. Praetermitto, ere, Isi, issum, tr. 3. Prdilco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to omit, to pass over. publish, to proclaim. Praeterquam, adv. except. Prweditus, a, um, adj. endued with. Praetor, 6ris, m. 3. prcetor, commanPrwefectus, i, mi. 2. a prefect, a chief der, judge. ofcer. Proeveho, ere, vexi, vectum, tr. 3. Prsefbro, ferre, tiili, latum, tr. irr. to be carried, or to flow by, or in to carry before, to prefer. front of. Praelectio, 6nis, f. 3. a lesson. Proevenio, ire, veni, ventum, tr. Praelium, ii, n. 2. a battle. & intr. 4. to come before (anPreemeditatio, onis, ~ 3. premedi- other), to anticipate, get the start tation. of, to be thefirst to do or make. PRO 294 PLO Prandeo, 6re, di, sum, tr. 2. to Procrastinatio, 6nis, f. 3. a delay. dine. ing, procrastination. Praturn, i, n. 2. a meadow. Procreo, are, avi, attum, tr. 1. to Pravitas, atis, f. 3. crookedness, beget, to produce. wickedness. Procul, adv. far, far off. Pravus, a, um, adj. crooked, wicked, Procurro, 6re, ri, sum, intr. to exmean. tend, reach forth. Preci, em, e, f. 3. a prayer, an Prodeo, ire, ii, itum, intr. irr. to go entreaty; pl. preces, um, &c. forth. Precor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to pray. Prodigium, ii, n. 2. a prodigy. Premo, 6re, pressi, pressum, tr. 3. Prodlgo, ere, egi, - tr. 3. to drive to press. forth, to lavish. Pretiosus, a, urn, adj. precious. Prodigus, a, um, adj. prodigal, Pretium, ii, n. 2. a price, a re- lavish. ward. Proditio, 5nis, f. 3. treachery. Pridie, adv. the day before. Prodo, ere, idi, itum, tr. 3. to disPrimo, adv. atfirst, in the first cover, to hand down, to betray. vlace. Prodaco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Primum, adv. first of all. bring out, to produce. Primus, a, um, adj. first. Prolium, ii, n. 2. See proelium. Princeps, ipis, c. 3. a prince or Profanus, a, um, adj. profane. princess. Profecto, adv. truly. Principatus, us, m. 4. mastery, Profestus, a, um, adj. not holy, reign. common. Principium, ii, n. 2. a beginning. Proficio, 6re, feci, fectum, tr. 3. to Prior, us, adj. former, preferable. profit, to do good. Pristinus, a, um, adj. former, an- Proficiscor, ficisci, fectus, dep. 3. to cient. set out, to proceed. Prius, adv. sooner, before. Profundo, ire, fuidi, ffisum, tr. 3. to Priusquam, adv. before. pour forth. Privatim, adv. privately. Progrediol;, di, gressus, dep. 3. to Privatio, 5nis, f. 3. privation. advance, go forward. Privatus, a, um, adj. private. Prohlbeo, ele, ui, itum, tr. 2. to PrIvo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to de- keep qff, to prohibit. prive. Proinde, adv. in like manner, just. Privus, a, urnm, adj. private, pecu- Projectus, a, um, pt. cast forth, liar. abject. Pro, prep. for, as, instead of. Projicio, 6re, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Probatio, onis, f. 3. proof, evi- cast or throw forth, to squander, dence. to waste. Probe, adv. well. Promissum, i, n. 2. a promise. Probiltas, atis, f. 3. goodness, honesty.. Promitto, ere, isi, issum, tr. 3. to Probo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ap- promise. prove, to prove. Promnoveo, ere, mdvi, mrtum, tr. 2. Probruml, i, n. 2. a disgrace. to move forward. Probus, a, um, adj.. honest, good. Promptu, m. 4. (used only in the Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, tr. 3. ab].) in readiness. to proceed, to advance. Promptus, a, um, adj. ready, Proclivis, e, adj. inclined, prone. I prompt. PRU 295 PYT.Pronus, a, um, adj. prone, head- Prussias, me, m. 1. Prussias, king of long. Bithynia. Prope, adv. near, hard by. Ptolemrneus, i, m. 2. Ptolemy. Propensus, a, um, adj. inclined, Pubesco, ere, incep. 3. to bud, to prone. bloom, to grow to maturity. Prop6ro, are, avi, dturm, tr. & intr. Public, adv. publicly, at the pub1. to hasten. lic expense. Propinqultas, atis, f. 3. nearness, Publicus, a, um, adj. public. kindred. Publius, ii, m. 2. Psublius, a man's Propinquius, a, um, adj. near, ad- name. joining. Pudens, tis, adj. modest. Propior, us, adj. comp. nearer. Pudet, 6re, uit, & itum est, imp. it I'lopono, 6re, 6sui, 6situm, tr. 3. to ashames. propose, to offer, to set forth, to Pudor, 6ris, m. 3. shame, modesty. display. Puer, 6ri, m. 2. a boy. Propositum, i, n. 2. a purpose. Puerllis, e, adj. of a boy, puerile, PropriUs, a, um, adj. proper, pecu- boyish. liar. Pueritia, se, f. 1. boyhood. Propter, prep. for, because of. Pugna, c, f. 1. a battle. Propterea, adv. because; propterea Pugno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to quod, because (that). fight, differ. Propulso, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj. fair, drive away. beautiful. Pr-ra, ae, f. 1. the prow. Pulchre, adv. beautifully. Prorsus, adv. straightway, certain- Pulchritudo, inis, f. 3. beauty. ly, truly. Pulsus, a, urnm, pt. driven. Prosequor, qui, cutus or quutus, Pumilio, 6nis, m. 3. a dwarf. dep. 3. to follow after, to pur- Puncturn, i, n. 2. a point. sue. Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic, CarProspe, & Prosperus, a, um, adj. thaginian. prosperous. Punio, ire, ivi, Itum, tr.4. to punish. Prospicio, yle, pexi, pectum, tr. 3. Pupula, ee, f. 1. the pupil of the to look forward to. eye, the eye. Prosum, ease, fui, intr. irr. to do Purpira, ae, f. 1. purple. good, to avail. Purpureus, a, umrn, adj. purple. Protego, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Purus, a, um, adj. pure. protect. Pute6li, 6runm, m. 2. the city PuProut, adv. as, according as. teoli. Providentia, me, f. 1. providence. Puto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to prune, Provideo. ere, vidi, visum, tr. 2. to think. to foresee, to provide. Putresco, ere, - - intr. 3. to beProvincia, we, f. 1. a province. come rotten or putrid. Proxnime, adv. next, very near. Pylades, is, m. 3. Pylades, a man's Proxi[tus, a, urn, adj. nearest, next, name. last; sub. a neighbour. Pyrrhus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Prudens, tis, adj. wise, prudent. Pythagoras; ee, m. 1. Pythagoras, Prudenter, adv. prudently, wisely. a Grecian philosopher. Prudentia, we, f. 1. prudence, wis- Pythagoreus, a, um, adj. Pythagodoim. rean. QUA 296 QUI Pythagoreus, i, m. 2. a Pythago- Que, conj. (always annexed to rean. another word) and, also. Pythius, a, um, adj. Pythian. Quernadm6dum, adv. in what manner, how. Queo, ire, quivi, def. irr. to be able. Q. QuerEla, me, f. 1. a complaint. Queror, ri, questus, dep. 3. to conQua, adv. where. plain. Quadragesimus, a, urn, adj. fortieth. Questus, fis, m. 4. a complaint. Quaclraginta, adj. ind. forty. Qui, quce, quod, rel. pron. who, Quadrimatus, a, um, adj. four which, that. years old. Qui, adv. how? why? Quadringenti, re, a, adj. four Quia, conj. because. heundred. Quicunque, quecunque, quodcunQuerl'to, are, avi, atuam, tr. 1. to que, pron. swhosoever, whatsoever. search diligently, to inquire. Quidam, qumedam, quoddam, or Qunlsro, 6re, sivi, situil, tr. 3. to quiddam, pron. a certain one, seek for; to ask. some one. Quesit;um, i, n. 2. a question, a de- Quidem, conj. indeed, trely, even. mansd, a thing gotten. Quies, otis, f. 3. rest, ease. Quseso, def. Ipray. Quiesco, Bre, evi, etumn, n. 3. to Questor, 6ris, mn. 3. a qucestor. rest, to repose. Qusalis, e, adj. of what kind, sutch Quiete, adv. quietly, peaceably. as. Quiebtus, a, um, adj. quiet. Quarm, conj. ho.o, thCaL, as. Quin, adv. & conj. why not? but, Quamdiu, adv. how long, as long yet. as; after tamdiol, as. Quinctius, ii. m. 2. a man's name. Quamobrem, adv. wherefore, why. Quindecim, adj. indeec fifteen. Quamprinmum, adv. as soons as pos- Quingenti, se, a, adj. five hundred. sible. Quinquageni, m, a, adj. fifty to Quamvis, adv. however. each. Quando, adv. when. Quinquaginta, adj. indec. fifty. Quanquam, conj. although. Quinque, adj. ind, five. Quant;opere, adv. how greatly. Quintus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Quantum, adv. as mnitch as, hozw Quippe, conj. because, for. mutch. Quirites, ium, m. 3. Quirites, loQuantus, a, uin, adj. howe great, as mans. mntch as. Quis, quae, quod, or quid, pron. Quare, adv. wherefore, why. who, which, what? any. Quartus, a, urn, adj. fourth. Quisnam, qusenam, quodnam, or Quasi, colj. as if, as it were. quidnam, pr. indef, who, what. Quater, adv. fouer times. Quisquam, qumequam, quodquanm, Quaterni, m, a, adj. four each, by or quidquam, pron. any one, fours. Quisque, quseque, quodque, or Quatio, ere, (quassi), quassum, tr. quidque, pron. every one. 3. to shake. Quisquis, - quidquid, or qnicQuatriduum, i, n. 2. the space of quid, pron. whosoever, any one. four days. Quivis, queevis, quodvis, or quidQuatuor, adj. indec. four. vis, pron. any one, whosoever. REC 297 REG Quo, conj. that, in order that. Recordor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to reQuo, adv. whither. member. Quoad, adv. till, until. Recreo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to reQuocunque, adv. whithersoever. create, revive, to recover. Quod, oonj. that, because. Recte, adv. rightly, properly. Quominus, adv. that not, from. Rectum, i, n. 2. rectitude, honesty. Quom6do, adv. how. Rectus, a, um, adj. straight, proQu6nam, adv. whither? to what per. place.? Recupero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Quondam, adv. formerly. recover. Quoniam, adv. since, seeing that. Recurro, ere, ri, sum, n. 3. to run Quoque, conj. also, too, even. back, to recur. Quot, adj. ind. how many. Recuso, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to reQuotidie, adv. daily. fuse. Quoties, adv. how often. Reddo, 6re, idi, itum, tr. 3. to give Quotusquisque, aqunque, umquod- back, to restore. que, pron. what one amongst Redeo, Ire, ii, seldom ivi,; tum, intr. many. irr. to return. Quousque, adv. howilong? Redigo, ere, egi, actum, tr. 3. to Quum, conj. when, whilst, since, bring back, to reduce. although. Redimo, Ore, emi, emptum, tr. 3. to redeem, to ransom. R. Redintegro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to renew. Rabies, Bi, f. 5. madness, fury. Reditus, is, m. 4. a return. Ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, a bough. Redundo, are, avi, atum, n. 1. to Rana, so, f. 1. a frog. overflow, to abound. Rapidus, a, um, adj. rapid. Reduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 1. to Rapio, ere, ui, tum, tr. 3. to take bring back, to restore. (by force), to seize. Refello, rle, felli, -, tr. 3. to reRaptus, a, um, pt. taken, seized. fute. Raro, adv. rarely, seldom. Refero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr. irr. to Rarus, a, urn, adj. thin, rare. brinq back, to relate, to return, to 3Raster & Rastrum, tri, n. 2. a mat- requite. tock, a rake. Refert, imp. it concerns. Rates, is, f. 3. a raft. Reflcio, Ore, eci, ectum, tr. 3. to Ratio, 6nis, f. 3. reason, an account. repair, to recover. Ratiuncila, ae, f. 1. a trifling argu- Refugio, Ore, i, itum, intr. 3. to ment or reason. fly back, to take refuge. Ravenna, se, f. 1. the name of a Regina, se, f. 1. a queen. city. Regio, 5nis, f. 3. a region. Recedo, dre, cessi, cessum, intr. 3. Regius, a, um, adj. kingly, royal. to go away, retire. Regno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Receptaciilum, i, n. 2. a receptacle, reign, to rule. a ref-age. Regnum, i, n. 2. a kingdom. Recipio, ere, cepi, cep!um, tr. 3. to Rego, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to rule. receive, to recover. Regredior, di, gressus, dep. 3. to Recordatio, onis, f. 3. a remem- go -back, return. brance. Regiila, e, f. 1. a rule. 13* REP 298 REV: Regilus, i, m. 2. a prince, a petty Reposco, ere, poposci,.-, tr. 3. to king. ask again, to demnand. Regiilus, i, m. 2. a Roman gen- Reprehendo, 6re, di, sum, tr. 3. to eral. reprove, to blame. Rejicio, 6re, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Reprehensio, onis, f. 3. censure. reject,, Repudio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Religio, 6nis, f. 3. religion. reject, to refuse. Religiosus. a, um, adj. religious, Repugno, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to sacred. resist, to oppose. Relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, tr. 3. Repiito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to to leave, to forsake. think again, to consider. Reliquiwe, arum, f. 1. remains, Requiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. 3. to leavings. rest, to oppose. Rellquus, a, um, adj. the rest. Requiro, ere, sivi, situm, tr. 3. to Reluctor, ari, atus, dep. 1, to strug- seek fiir. gle against, to oppose. Res, rei, f. 5. a thing, an estate. Remedium, ii, n. 2. a remedy, a Rescisco, ere, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to cure. come to know, to understand. Remi, orum, m. 2. the Remi, a tribe Rescribo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to of the Gauls. write back. Reminiscor, isci, - dep. 3. to re- Reservo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to member. keep, to reserve. Remitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. 3. Resisto, ere, stiti, stitum, intr. & tr. to send back, to relax; intr. to 3. to stand still, to resist. abate. Respicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. 3. to Remotus, a, um, adj. remnote, dis- look back, to regard. tant. Respondeo, are, di, sum, tr. 2. to Rem6veo, are, ovi, 6tum, tr. 2. to answer. remove. Responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. Remunero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Respublica, reipublicn, f. 5. & 1. reward. a republic, a commonwealth. iRemus, i, m. 2. Remus, the brother Restauro, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to of Romulus. restore, rebuild. Renuncio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Restis, is, f. 3. a halter, a rope. bring back word, to announce. Restituo, Bre, ui, utum, tr. 3. to Reor, rari, ratus, dep. 2. to think. restore. Rependo, ere, di, sum, tr. 3. to Resto, are, stiti, statum, intr. 1. to repay. stay, to remain. Repente, adv. suddenly. Reticeo, ere, ui, - tr. 2. to conRepentinus,. a. um, adj. sudden. ceal. Reperio, ire, S6ri, ertum, tr. 4. to Retineo, ere, inui, entum, tr. 2. to find, to discover. hold back, to detain. Repertor, 6ris, m. 3. a Jinder, an Retro, adv. backwards. inventor.. Reus, i, m. 2. a person accursed, a Repeto, ere, ivi, itum, tr. 3. to culprit. ask, to demand; repetere rem, to Revara, adv. actually, in truth. demand redress. Reverenter, adv. reverently. Repsno, ere, 6sui, 0situm, tr. 3. to Reverentia, ma, f. 1. respect, revereplace. rence. SAB 299 SAT Revereor, eri, itus, dep. 2. to re- Sacer, cra, crum, adj. sacred. spect, to reverence. Sacerdos, 6tis, c. 3. a priest, or Revertor, ti, sus, dep. 3. to return. priestess. Rev6co, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Sacrilegus, a, um, adj. sacrilirecall. gious. Rex, regis, m. 3. a king. Sacrum, i, n. 2. a sacrifice, a fesRhenus, i, m. 2. the Rhine. tival. IRhtor, 6ris, m. 3. a rhetorician. Swpe, adv. often. Rhodus, i, f. 2. Rhodes, an island Sagax, acis, adj. sagacious. o.f the south-west corner of Asia Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town in Spain. Mfinor. Salii, orum, m. pl. 2. the Salii, Rideo; ere, si, sum, tr. 2. to laugh. priests of M~ars. Ridicilus, a, urnm, adj. ridiculous. Saltem, adv. at least. IRigeo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to be stiff, Salto, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to to be benumbed. da nce. Rigo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to water. Saliber and Salibris, bre, adj. Risus, us, rn. 4. a laughing, a healthy. laugh. Salus, fitis, f. 3. safety, health. Ritus, uis, m. 4. a rite, a fashion. Saluto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to saRixa, e, f. 1. a quarrel. lute. R6bur, 6ris, n. 3. strength. Salvus, a, um, adj. safe. Rogo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to ask. Samnis, itis, m. 3. a Samnite. R6gus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile. Samothrax, acis, m. 3. a SamoRoma, m, f. 1. Rome, the capital of thracian. Italy. Sancio, ire, xi, ctum, or civi, citum, Romani, orum, m. 2. the Romalns. tr. 4. to consecrate, to ratify. Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman. SanctB (ius, issime), adv. sacredly, Romiilus, i, m. 2. Romulus, the religiously. founder of Rome. Sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy. Roscius, ii, m. 2. a celebrated actor. Sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. Rubens, tis, pt. being red; adj. red. Sanus, a, um, adj. sound, sane. Rubeo, ere, - intr. 2. to be red, to Sapiens, tis, adj. wise. blush. Sapiens, tis, m. 3. a wise man. Radis, e, adj. rude, unskilled, unac- Sapienter, adv. wisely. quainted with. Sapientia, se, f. 1. wisdom. Rtifus, i, m. 2. a nman's name. Sapio, ere, ui, - intr. 3. to taste, Ruina,, f.. ruin. to be wise. Rumor, oris, m. 3. rumor, report. Sapor, oris, m. 3. taste, a relish. Ruo, ere, i, itum, tr. & intr. 3. to Sardinia, se, f. 1. Sardinia, an isthrow down, to fall. land in the Mediterranean. Rursus, adv. again. Sat, a Rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. Satis, adv. enough. Satago, ere, egi, - intr. 3. to be busy. S. Satietas, tis, f. 3. satiety. Satio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to sa. Sabinus, a, um, adj. belonging to tiate, to satisfy. the Sabines (a people of Italy), SatisfAcio, vre, ftci, factum, tr. 3, to Sabine; Sabina, a Sabine woman. satisfy. SED 300 SEP Satrius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Sedo, Rre, avi, atuni, tr. 1. to allay, Saturnusi i, m. 2. thle god Saturn. to mitigate. Saxum, i, n. 2. a large stone, a Sedaco, ere, xi, ctum, tr, 3. to lead rock; aside, to seduce. Scabies, ei, f. 5. a scab, a mange, Segnis, e, adj. dull, lazy. Scaldis, is, m. 3. the river Scheldt. Segnitia, ne, f; 1. or Segnities, ei, f. Scateo, ere, ui, - intr. 2. to 5. dulness, sloth. abound. Segrego, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Sceleratus, a, um, adj. wicked. divide. Scelus, 6ris, n. 3. wickedness. Sejungo) 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to seScena, aee f. 1. the stage. parate. SchOla, w, f. 1. a school. Seleucus, i, m. 2. a king of Syria. Sciens, tis, adj. knowing, skilful. Semel) adv. once. Scientia, ve, f. 1. knowledge. Semen, mis, n. 3. seed. Scilicet, adv. in fact, to wit. Semino, are, avi, atumr tr. 1. to Scindo, 6re, scidi, scissum, tr. 3. to plant, to sow. divide. Semiramis3 is, f. 3. the wife of Scio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to know. Ninus. Scipio, onis, m. 3. Scipio, a Roman Semita, w, f. 1. afootpath. general. Semper, adv. always. Scisco, ere, scivi, scitumn, tr. 3. to Sempiternus, a, um, adj. everlastenact. ing. Scribo, ere, psi, Ftum, tr. 3. to Sempronius, ii, m, 2. a man's write. name. Scriptum, i, n. 2. a writing. Senatorius, a, urnm, adj. of a senator, Scuturnm, i, n. 2. a shield. senatorian. Scythia, me, f. 1. Scythia. Senatus, fs, m. 4. a senate. Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythia,. Senatus consultum., i, n. 2. a decree Secerno, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. of the senate. 3. to separate, to distinguish. Senecta, se, f. 1. old age. Seco, Sle, ui, tunm, tr. 1. to cut. Senectus, Otis, f. 3. old age. Secreto, adv. in secret, privately. Senex, senis, adj, old. Sector, ari, atus, dep. 1. to follow, Sani, ae, a, adj. six each. to attend. Senilis, e, adj. belonging to old Sectilum, i, n, 2. an age. age. Secundum, prep. according to. Senior, oris, adj. comp. older. Secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros- Sensus, is, m. 4. sense, judgment, perous. Sententia, Te, f. 1. a*n opinion, a. Secfire, adv. securely, in safety. sentence. Secaris, is, f. 3. an axe. Sentina, e, f. 1. filthy water, dregs, Secfurus, a, um, adj. secure, care- refuse, rabble. less. Sentio, Ire, si, sum, tr. 4. to think, Secus, adv. otherwise. to feel. Sed, conj. but. Sepio, ire, sepsi, septum, tr. 4. to Sedecim, adj. indec. sixteen. inclose, protect. Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, intr. 2. SepOno, Ore, sui, situm, tr. 3. to set to sit. aside. Sedes,. is, f. 3. a seat. Septem, adj. indec. seven. Seditio, Onis, f. S. sedition. Septeni, ae, a, adj. seven each. SID 301 SOC Septentrio, onis, m. 3. the north. Sidusj, ris, n. 3. a constellation, a SeptTmus, a, um, adj. seventh. star. Septuagenarius, a, um, adj. of Significo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to seventy. signify, to express. Septuaginta, adj. indec. seventyi Signum, i, n. 2. a sign, a signal, a Sepulchrum, i, n. 2. a grave, a se- statue. pulchre. Silentium, ii, n. 2. silence. Sequanus, i, m. 2. one of the Se- Silex,' Icis, m. or f. 3. a flint-stone. quani, Silius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Sequor, qui, catus, or quutus, dep. Silvestris, e, adj. of the wood, 3. to follow. wild, Serenus, a, urn, adj. serene, clear. Simia, m, f. 1. an ape; Sermo, onis, m. 3. speech, conversa- Similis, e, adj. like. tion, language. Similitudo, inis, f. 3. likeness. Sero, ius, adv. late, too late. Simonides, is, m. 3. Simonides, a Sero, ere, sevi, sAtum, tr. 3. to sow, Grecian poet. to plant. Simplex, cis, adj. simple. Serpens, tis, m. 3. a serpent. Simplicitas, atis, f. 8. simplicity. Serus, a, umrn, adj. late. Simpliciter, adv. simply, openly, Servio, ire, ivij itum, tr. 4. to serve, with frankness. to obey. Simul, adv. together, at the same Servitium) ii, n. 2. the slaves (of a' time. household). Simulatio, 5nis, f. 3. a pretence, a Servitus, fitis, f. 3. slavery, bond- dissembling. age, Simulo, are, avi, atum, tr. to preServius, ii, m. 2. Servius, a man's tend. name. Sine, prep. swithout. Servo, are, avi, atum, tr, 1. to Singularis, e, adj. singular, represerve, to save, to retain. markable. Servus, i, m. 2. a slave, a servant. Singilus, a, um, (more commonly Seu, conj. or. used. in the plural,) single, one Severitas, atis, f. 3. severity, rigour. by one, each. Severus, a, umrn adj. severe.: Sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. Sex, adj. indec, six. Sino, ere, sivi, situm, tr. 3. to perSexaginta, adj. indec. sixty. mnit, to allow, to place. Sexcentesimus, a, um, adj. six Sinus, us, m. 4. a gulf, a bay. hundredth. Sisygambus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Sexcenti, re, a, adj. six hundred. Sitio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. 4. to be Sextus, a, um, adj. sixth. thirsty, to thirst. Sextus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Sitis, is, f. 3. thirst. Si, conj. if. Situs, a, um, pt. (sino), situated. Sic, adv. so, thus. Situs, us, m. 4. situation. Sicarius, ii, m. 2. an assassin, Sive, conj. or, either, whether; sive Sicilia, se, f. 1. Sicily. -sive, whether-or. Sicuilus, i, m. 2. a Sicilian. Sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. Sicyon, 6nis, f. 3. Sicyon, a city of Soci6tas, atis, f. 3. partnership, a the Morea. society. Sido, wre, sidi, —,intr. 3. to sink Socius, ii, m. 2. a companion, an down. ally. srP 302 STO Socordia, a, f. 1. want of thought, I Specto, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to indolence, behold, to look to, to try, to Socrates, is, m.. 3. Socrates, a Gre- prove. cian philosopher. Speculator, 6ris, m. 3. a beholder, a Sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. spy. Solatium, ii, n. 2. comfort, consola- Speculum. i, n. 2. a mirror. tion. Sperno, ere, sprevi, spretum, tr. 3. Soleo, Pre, ltus, n. p. to be wont. to despise. Solicitudo, inis(and soll.), f. 3. soli- Spero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to citude. hope. Solidus, a, um, adj. solid,firm. Spes, spei, f. 5. hope. Solitudo, inis, f. 3. solitude. Spicillum, i, n. 2. an arrow, a Sollennis, e, adj. solemn. dart. Sollertia (solertia), ae, f. 1. skill, Spiritus, As, m. 4. breath, the soul. acuteness. ~ Spiro, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Sollicito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to blow. solicit, to trouble. Spolio, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to rob, Sollicltus, a, um, adj. solicitous, to plunder. anxious. Spolium, ii, n. 2. spoil. Solum, i, n. 2. the ground, the Sponsus, i, m. 2. a (betrothed) soil. lover. Solum, adv. only, alone. Spontis, sponte, f. 3. (used only Solus, a, um, adj. alone, only. - in the gen. and abl.) of one's own? Solvo, ere, vi, utum, tr. 3. to loose, accord. to pay. Squalidus, a, um, adj. squalid, unSomnium, ii, n. 2. a dream. sightly. Somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. Staberius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Sonitus, ils, m. 4. a sound. Stadium, ii, n. 2. a race-course, a Sopio, ire, lvi or ii, itum, tr. 4, to stadium. lull to sleep. Statim, adv. immediately. Soracte, is, n. 3. Soracte, a moun- Stativus, a, um, adj. stationary, tain in Etruria. standing. Sorbeo, tere, psi, ptum, tr. 2. to Statua, oe, f. 1. a statue. suck. Statuo, ire, ui, uitum, tr. 3. to set Sordes, is, f. 3. squalor, a mourning up, to resolve. garment. St tus, Is,, m. 4. state, condition. Soror, ris, f. 3. a sister. Stella, m, f. 1. a star. Sors, tis, f. 3. lot, chance. Sterilis, e, adj. barren. Sortior, iri, itus, dep. 4. to cast Sterno, ire, stravi, stratum, tr. 3. lots. to strow, to stretch out, extend. Sparta, ae, f. 1. Sparta, a city of Stimuilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Greece. stimulate, to incite. Spatium, ii, u. 2. a race-ground, a Stipatus, a, um, pt. surrounded. space of ground, or of time. Stirps, is, f. 3. a young tree, a shoot. Species, ei, f. 5. a form, afigure. Sto, stare, sttiti, statum, intr. 1. to Speciise, adv. speciously. stand. Speciotsus, a, urn, adj. beautifjd. Stolci, oirum, m. 2. the Stoics, a sect Spectactilum, i, n. 2. a specta- of: Grecian philosophers. cle. Stolidus, a, um, adj. foolish. SUB 303 SUP Stotluchor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to be t Subsequor, qui, cltus, dep. 3. to angry, to be irritated. follow (close). StomACchus, i, m. 2. the stomach, Subsidium, ii, n. 2. help, assistanoe. passion. Subvenio, Ire, i, tum, tr. 4. to asIStraturn, i, n. 2. a horse cloth. sist. Stratus, a, um, part. extended, Succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, tr. 3. stretched. to approach, to succeed. Strenuus, a, urn, adj. strenuous, Succenseo, ere, sui, sum, tr. 2. to active. be angry with. Stringo, ere, nxi, strictum, tr. 3. to Succumbo, 6re, cubui, cubitum, tr. draw (a sword). 3. to yield, to give way. Studeo, ere, ui, - tr. 2. to study, Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, tr. 3. to attend to. to succour, to help. Studiose, adv. diligently, carefully. Succus, i, m. 2. moistzre, juice. Studiosus, a, um, adj. fond. Suevi, 6rum, m. pl. 2. the Suevi. Studiurm, ii, n. 2. study, diligence. Suffes, etis, m. 3. a chief magisStultitia, ae, f. 1. folly, silliness. trate of the Carthaginians. Stultus, a, urn, adj. foolish. Sufficio, ere, eci, ectum, intr. & tr. Stultus, i, m. 2. afool. 3. to substitute, to suffice. Suadeo, ere, si, sum, tr. 2. to ad- Suffragium, ii, n. 2. a vote. vise. Suffundo, ere, fudi, ffisum, tr. 3. to Suapte, Gr. 121, Obs.: 4. pour upon, to spread over. Suavis, e, adj. sweet. Sugg6ro, ere, essi, estum, tr. 3. to Suavitas, atis, f. 3. sweetness. raise up, to suggest. Sub, prep. under, at, about. Sui, gen. pron. of himself, of herSubduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to self, of itself. withdraw. Sulla, me, m. 1. a Roman general. Subigo, 6re, egi, actum, tr. 3. to Sum, esse, fui, irr. to be. bring under, to conquer. Summa, me, f. 1. the sum or aggreSubimpudens, tis, adj. somewhat gate of any thing. impudent. Summissus, a, um, pt. lowered, let Subito, adv. suddenly. down. Subitus, a, umrn, adj. sudden. Summus, a, urn, adj. highest, greatSubjectus, a, urn, pt. subjected, est; summum bonum, the chief stooping. good. Subjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 3. to Sumo, ere, psi, ptum, tr. 3. to subject. take. Sublatus, a, urn, pt. of tollo, taken Sumptifacio, ere, feci, factum, tr. away. 3. to spend. Sublicius, a, um, resting on piles, Sumtus (sumptus), us, m. 4. expense, sublician; Sublicius pons, the allowance. Sublician bridge. Superbia, e, f. 1. pride. Sublime, adv. on high. Superbus, i, m. 2. a surname of Submisse, adv. lowly, humbly. 1'arquin. Submoveo, ere, vi, tumrn, tr. 2. to Superbus, a, urnm adj. proud, remove, to banish;. haughty. Subridens, tis, pt. smiling. Superior, us, adj. higher, superior. Subruo, ere, ui, uitum, tr. 3. to un- Supdro, Bre, avi, atum, tr. 1. to dermnine. surpass, to overcome. sYR 304 TEGI Superstes, itis, adj. surviving, re- I T. maining. Superstitio, 5nis, f. 3. superstition. Tabula, ae, f. 1. a board, a table. Superstitibsus, a, um, adj. super- Taceo, are, ui, itum, intr. 2. to be stitious. silent. Sup6rus, a, um, adj. high, above, Taciturnitas, atis, f. 3. silence. preceding. Taciturnus, a, urn, dj. silent. Supervacuus, a, um, adj. super- Tacitus, a, um, adj. silent. fiuous. Toedet, ere, uit, & itum est, imp. it Supervanio, ire, v6ni, ventum, tr. wearies, it irks. 4. to come upon unexpectedly, to Tedium, ii, n. 2. weariness. surprise. Tages, is, m. 3. Tages, an Etrurian Suppedito, are, avi, atum, tr. & divinity. intr. 1. to supply, to suffice. Talentum, i, n. 2. a talent. Suppeto, 6re, lvi, Itum, intr. 3. to Talis, e, adj. such, such like. suffice, to be sufficient. Tam, adv. so, so much. Supplicatio, onis, f. 3. thanksgiv- Tamdiu, adv. so long. ing. Tarlen, adv. & conj. nevertheless, Supplicium, ii, n. 2. punishment. yet. Supra, prep. above. Tandem, adv. at length, Supr6mus, a, um, adj. highest, last. Tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, tr. 3. to Surgo, 6re, rexi, rectum, tr. 3. to touch; tactus, de ccelo, struck raise gup, to rise. with lightning. Surripio, ere, ipui, eptum, tr. 3. to Tanquam, adv. as well as, as if. take secretly, to steal. Tantalus, i, m. 2. Tantalus. a king Susclpio, ere, epi, eptum, tr. 3. to of Phrygia. undertake. Tanto, adv. by so much, so much. Suspectus, a, um, pt. suspected. Tantop6re, adv. so much. Suspendo, are, di, sum, tr. 3. to TantUlus, a, um, adj. so little, never hang up, to suspend. so little. Suspicio, 6re, spexi, ctum, tr. 3. to Tantum, adv. so much, only. look up to. Tantumm6do, adv. only. Suspicio, onis, f. 3. suspicion. Tantus, a, urnm, adj. so great, so Suspicor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to sus- many. pect. Tard& (ius, issime), adv. slowly. Sustmneo, 6re, tinui, tentum, tr. 2. late; tardius, too late. to hold up, to sustain. Tarditas, atis, f. 3. slowness. Sustollo, ere, —, tr. 3. to dis- Tardo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to depatch, to destroy. lay, hinder. Suus, a, um, pron. his own, her Tarenitinus, a, um, adj. of Tarenown, its own, their own. turn, Tarentine. Sylla, ee, m. 1. Sylla, a Roman Tarentinus, i, m. 2. a Tarentine. general. Tarentum, i, n. 2. Tarentum, a cith Sylva (silva), ca, f... a ood. in the south of Italy. Syphax, acis, m. 3. Syphax, king of Tarquinius, ii, mr. 2. Tarquinius, Numidia. the last king of Rome. Syracfsee, arum, f. 1. Syracuse, a Taurus, i, m. 2. a bull. city of Sicily. Tectum, i, n. 2. a roof, a house. Tegumentum, i, n. 2. a covering. TET 305 TOT Telesinus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Tetrlcus, a, um, adj. rude, rough, Tellus, uris, f. 3. the goddess of the sullen. earth, the earth. Teucri, orum, m. pl. 2. Trojans. Telum, i. n. 2. a dart, a weapon. Thales, is, m. 3. one of the seven Temere, adv. rashly. wise men of Greece. Temeritas, atis, f. 3. rashness. Theatrum, i, n. 2. a theatre. Temno, ere, - - tr. 3. to despise. Thabse, arum, f. pl, 1. Thebes. Temperantia, re, f. 1. moderation, Thebanus, i, m, 2. a Theban. temperance. Themist6eles, is, m. 3. Themistocles, Temparo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to an Athenian statesman. moderate, to govern. Theodsrus, i, m. 2. Theodorus, a Tempestas, atis, f. 3. time, a season, Grecian philosopher. a storm. Theophrastus, i, m. 2. a Greek phi. Tempestivitas, atis, f. 3. a season. losopher. Templum, i, n. 2. a consecrated Thessalonica, re, f. 1. a city of place, a temple. Greece. Tenax, acis, adj. holding fast, tena- Thrasybulus, i, m. 2. the liberator cious. of Athens. Tendo, 6re, tetendi, sum, & tum, Thucydides, is, m. 3. a Greek his. tr. 3. to stretch out, to go to, to torian. encamp. Thursinus, i, m. 2. a surname of Tenabrte, arum, f. 1. darkness. Augustus. Teneo, ere, ui, tumrn, tr. 2. to hold. Tiberis (Tiber), is, m. 3. the Tiber. Tener, 6ra, erum, adj. tender. Tiberius, ii, m. 2. Tiberius, a RBt Tento, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to feel, man emperor. to try. Ticinum, I, n. 2. a city of Gaul. Tentorium, ii, n. 2, a tent. Tifata, 5rum, n. pl. 2. a mountain Tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender. ridge near (apua. Tenuitas, atis, f. 3. fineness. Tigranes, is, m. 3. Tigranes. Tenuo, are, avi, fatum, tr. 1. to make Tigris, is, m. 3. a tiger. thin, to diminish. Timeo, ere, ui, -, tr. 2. to fear, to Tepidus, a, um, adj, warm, tepid. dread. Terentia, re, f. 1. a woman's name. Timide, adv. timorously. Tergum, i, n. 2. the back; a tergo, Timrdus, a, urn, adj. fearful, timorfrjom behind. ouS. Termiino, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Timoleon, ontis, m. 3. a man's limit, to boundc name. Terra, w, f. 1. the earth. Timor, oris, m. 3. fear. Terreo, ere, ui, itumrn, tr. 2. to ter- Titus, i, m, 2. a man's name. rify, to frighten. Toga, ae, f. 1. a gown. Terribilis, e, adj. terrible, dread- Toguila, ce, f. 1. dim. a little gown or ful. toga. Terror, 6ris, m. 3. terror, alarm. Tolerabilis, e, adj. tolerable. Testamenturnum, i, n. 2. a will, a tes- Tollo, ere, sustali, sublatum, tr. tament. 8. to raise, to lift up, to take Testis, is, c. 3. a witness. away, to destroy. Testor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to call to Tonitru, n. 4. indee. in the sinwitness. gular, thunder. Teter, tra, trum, adj. foul, cruel. Totidem, adj. indec as many. TRI 306 UBI Totus, a, um, adj. whole. Troas, adis, f. 3. Troas. Tracto, are, Avi, atum, tr. 1. to Truncus, i, m. 2. a trunk (of a tree). treat. Trux, trucis, adj. Jfierce, cruel. Trado, ere, idi, itum, tr. 3. to give, Tu, tui, pron. thou, you. to deliver up. Tuba, eo, f. 1. a trumpet. Tradfco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Tueor, ueri, uitus, & uitus, dep. 2. bring over, to transport. to see, to defend. Traho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to draw, Tullia, se, f. 1. the wife of Tarquin. to lead. Tullius, ii, m. 2. one of the Roman Trajanus, i, m. 2. Trajan, a Ro- kings. man emperor. Tullus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Trajicio, ere, eci, ectum, tr. 3. to Tum, adv. then, at that time; conj. throw over, to transport. and, so, also. Tranquille, adv. quietly, calmly. Tumultuor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to Tranquillitas, atis, f. 3. stillness, make a tumult or uproar. calmness. Tumuilus, i, m. 2. a hill, a mound. Tranquillus, a, um, adj. calm, still. Tunc, adv. then, at that time. Trans, prep. over, beyond, on the Tundo, ere, tuttidi, tusum or tunother side. sum, tr. 3. to beat, to hammer. Transeo, ire, ii, seldom lvi, itum, Turba, se, f. 1. a crowd. intr. irr. to go or pass over. Turbulentus, a, um, adj. disturbed, Transf6ro, ferre, tull, latum, tr. irr. muddy. to transfer. Turdus, i, m. 2. a thrush. Transfiga, ae, m. 1. a deserter. Turpis, e, adj. base, shameful, unTransigo, Ore, egi, actum, tr. 3. sightly. to transact, to conclude, to come Turpiter, adv. basely. to terms. Turpitudo, inis, f. 3. baseness, disTransnato, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to grace. swim over. Turris, is, f. 3. a tower. Transversus, a, urnm, adj. transverse, Tusculanus, a, um, adj. belonging across. to Tusculum, a city of Italy. Trebonius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Tftb (ius, issime), adv. safely, safe. Trecenti, se, a, adj. three hundred. Tutela, se, f. 1. a defence, protection. Tremo, 6re, ui, -, intr. 3. to trem- Tuto, adv. safely. ble, to shake. Tutus, a, um, adj. safe. Trepido, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to Tuus, a, um, pron. thy, thine. be in a hurry, to tremble. Tyndarus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta. Tres, adj. three. Tyrannus, i, m. 2. a tyrant. Tribrinus, i, m. 2. a tribune. Tyrrhenus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Tribuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. 3. to give, to bestow. Triceni, se, a, adj. thirty to each. U. Trigemlini, 6rum, m. pl. 2. three brothers born at one birth. Uber, eris, adj. fruitful. Triginta, adj. ind. thirty. Ubertas, atis, f. 3. abundance. Tristis, e, adj. sad, gloomy. Ubi, adv. where, when. Triumpho, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. Ubicunque, adv. wheresoever to triumph. Ubinam? adv. where? Triumphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. Ublque, adv. every where. UTO 307 VEL Udus, a, um, adj. wet, moist. Utpote, adv. as, seeing that. Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus, dep. 3. to Utrum, adv. whether? punish, to avenge. Uxor, oris, f. 3. a wife. Ullus, a, um, adj. any. Ulterior, us, adj. comp. further, more distant. Ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. furthest, V. last. Ultio, onis, f. 3. revenge. Vaco, are, avi, atum, intr. & tr. 1. Ultra, prep. beyond; adv. farther. to be free from, to be at leisure. Ulysses, is, m. 3. Ulysses, a king Vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty. of Ithaca. Valde, adv. very much, greatly. Umbra, te, f 1. a shadow, a shade. Valeo, ere, ui, itum, intr. 2. to be in Una, adv. together. health, to be strong, to avail. Unda, w, f. 1. a wave. Valerius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Unde, adv. whence. Valetado, inis, f. 3. health. Undecamus, a, um, adj. the eleventh. Vallum, i, n. 2. a rampart. TJndique, adv. on every side. Vanus, a, um, adj. vain, empty Unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, a claw. Varius, a, um, adj. various. Unguo, 6re, xi, ctum, tr. 3. to Varro, 6nis, m. 3. a man's name. anoint. Vas, vasis, n. 3. a vessel; pl. vasa, Unicus, a, um, adj. one alone, only. orum, n. 2. UJniversus, a, urn, adj. whole, uni- Vasto, are, avi, atum, to ravage, versal. lay waste. Unquam, adv. ever. Vastus, a, um, adj. vast, large, Unus, a, urn, adj. one. waste. Unusquisque, unaquseque, unum- Vates, is, c. 3. a prophet, a poet. quodque or unumquidque, pron. Vatinius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. every one. Ve, or, an enclitic particle always Urbanus, a, urn, adj. belonging to a subjoined to another word. city, polite, civil. Vectigal, alis, n. 3. a tribute, a tax, Urbs, urbis, ~ 3. a city. revenue. Uro, 6re, ussi, ustum, tr. 3. to burn. Vedius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Usque, adv. as far as, even. Vehementer, adv. vehernently, eaUsfra, ea, f. 1. use, usury. gerly. Usus, fis, in 4. use. Vehicuilum, i, n. 2. a carriage. Ut, conj. that; adv. as, when. Veho, 5re, vexi, vectum, tr. 3. to Uter, tra, trum, adj. whether, or carry. which of the two. Veiens, entis, m. 3. a Vejentian, one Utercunque, tracunque, trumcun- of the Vejesntes. que, - pr. whichever of the two. Vel, conj. or, either. Uterque, traque, trumque, pr. Vellus, eris, n. 3. a feece. both, each. Velo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to cover, Utervis, travis, trumvis, pr. either. to veil. Utilis, e, adj. useful,fit. Velocitas, atis, f. 3. velocity, swiftUtilitas, Atis, f. 3. usefulness. ness. Tftinam, conj. 1 wish that. Velox, 6cis, adj. swift, nimble. Utor, uti, usus, dep. 3. to use, to Velut, veluiti, conj. as, as if, like enjoy. as. VES 308 VIN Yenditatio, 6nis, f. 3. a boasting, a Vesper, & us, i, m. 2. the evening, vaunting. and Venditor, 6ris, m. 3. a seller. Vesper, eris, m. 3. the evening, the Vendo, ere, Mdi, itum, tr. 3. to sell. evening star, the west. Venenum, i, n. 2. poison. Vester, tra, trum, pron. your, or Veneo, Ire, ii, - intr. 4. to be sold. yours. Ven6ror, ari, atus, dep. 1. to adore, Vestibiilum, i, n. 2. a vestibule, to worship. porch. Ven6ti, 5rum, m. pl. 2. the Veneti. Vestigium, ii, n. 2. mark, trace, Venia, ce, f. 1. leave, pardon. vestige. Venio, Ire, veni, venturm, tr. 4. to Vestio, ire, lvi, Itum, tr. 4. to clothe. come. Vestis, is, f. 3. a qarment. Venor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to hunt. Vestitus, is, m. 4. clothing, dres. Venter, tris, m. 3. the belly. Veto, are, ui, itum, tr. 3. toforbid. Ventito, are, avn, atum, intr. 1. to Vetus, eris, adj. old, ancient. come often. Vetustas, atis, f. 3. antiquity, age. Ventiilus, i, m. 2. dim. a little wind, Vexillum, i, n. 2. a standard a small breeze. Vexo, are, avi, atnm, tr. 1. to Venundo, are, dddi, datum, tr. 1. to harass, sell. Via, ca, f. 1. a way. Venus, eris, f. 3. Venus. Viaticum, i, n. 2. provisions for a Verbero, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to jo urney. beat, to scourge. Viator, oris, m. 3. a traveller. Verbum, i, n. 2. a word, diction. Vibius, ii, m. 2. a man's name. Vere, adv. truly, verily. Vibullus, i, m. 2. a man's name. Verecundia, re, f. 1. modesty, bash- Viceni, se, a, adj. twenty to each. fulness. Vicinus, a, um, adj. neighbourin, Verecundus, a, um, adj. modest, contiguous. bashful. Vicinus, i, m. 2. a neighbour. Vereor, eri, itus, dep. 2. to respect, Vicis, is, f. 3. change, lot, misforto fear. tune. Vergo, ere, - intr. 3. to incline, Victima, ec, f~ 1. a victim. tend to. Victor, 5ris, m. 3. a conqueror. Veritas, atis, f. 3. truth. Victoria, me, f. 1. a victory. V'ero, adv. truly, indeed; conj. but. Victus, is, m. 4. food, susteniance. Verres, is, m.3. Verres, aman's name. Video, ere, vidi, vlsum, tr. 2. to Versor, ari, atus, dep. 1. to be em- see; pass. to seem. ployed, to stay with one. Vigilia, ce, f. 1. a watch (of the Versus, adv. toward. night), a sentry, wakefulness, Versus, ts, in. 4. a line, a verse. studies. Verto, ere, ti, sum, tr. 3. to turn. Vigilo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to Verum, i, n. 2. the truth. watch, to be vigilant. Verum, conj. but, but yet. Viginti, adi. indec. twenty. Veruntamen, adv. yet, nevertheless. Vilis, e, adj. mean. Verus, a, um, adj. true. Villa, ac, f. 1. a villa. Vescor, vesci, - dep. 3. to eat, to Villicus, i, m. 2. a steward. feed upon. Vincio, Ire, xi, ctum, tr. 4. to bind. Vespasianus, i, m. 2. Trespasian, a Vinco, ere, vlci, victum, tr. 3. to Roman emperor. conquer. VOL 309 ZEP Vinclilum, i, n. 2. a bond, a chain. Volo, velle, volui, irr. to be willing, Vindex, icis, m. 3. an avenger. to wish. Vindicta, ae, f. 1. revenge, ven- VolscO, arum, f. pl.. Volsce, a city geance. of the VYolsci. Vinum, i, n. 2. wine. Volsci, 6rum. m. pl. 2. the Volsci, a Violentia, se, f. 1. violence. people of Italy. Vi6lo, are, avi, atum, tr. 1: to hurt, Volumnia, m, f. 1. a woman's name. to violate. Voluntarius, a, um, adj. voluntary, Vir, viri, m. 2. a man, a husband. willing. Virgilius, ii, m. 2. Virgil, a Latin Voluntas, atis, f. 3. will, inclination, poet. desire. Virgo, mis, f. 3. a virgin. Voluptas, atis, f. 3. pleasure. Viritim, adv. man by man, to each Volvo, ere, vi, utum, tr. 3. to roll, man. to turn round, bring about. Virtus, atis, f. 3. virtue. Votum, i, n. 2. a vow, promise. Vis, vis, f. 3. force, strength, power, Voveo, ere, vi, tum, tr. 2. to vow. quantity; pl. vites, ium, &c. Vox, vocis, f. 3. a voice, a word. Viscus, eris, n. 3. the viscera, bow- Vulgaris, e, adj. vulgar, common. els, entrails, vitals. Vulgus, i, n. sometimes m. 2. the Viso, ere, visi, - tr. 3. to go to see, common people, the mob. to visit. Vulnus, nris, n. 3. a wound. Vita, me, f. 1. life. Vultus, fs, m. 4. the countenance. V-itis, is, f. 3. a vine. Vitium, ii, n. 2, a fault, vice. Vito, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to shun, X. to avoid. Vitiupero, are, avi, atum, to blame, Xenophon, ontis, m. 3. Xenophon, to disparage. a Greek historian. Vivax, acis, adj. longlived, lively. Xerxes, is, m. 3. Xerxes, a king of Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, intr. 3. to Persia. live. Vivus, a, um, adj. alive. Z. Vix, adv. scarcely. Vocifaro, are, avi, atum, intr. to Zama, m, f. 1. the name of a town. cry out. Zeno, 6nis, m. 3. Zeno, a Stoic phiVoco, are, avi, atum, tr. 1. to call. losopher. Volo, are, avi, atum, intr. 1. to fy. Zephyrus, i, m. 2. a zephyr. VOCABULARY. ENGLISH-LATIN. NOTE.-This Vocabulary contains only the English words in the Exercises in which the Latin words are not given; and the Latin words corresponding to them, are those only to be used in these Exercises. These Latin words are given with their declension, conjugation, meaning, &c., in the preceding Latin-English Vocabulary, and for convenient reference, declinable words are put here in the nominative case, and verbs in the first person singular present indicative-the form to be looked for in every dictionary. When more words than one, with different shades of meaning, are given opposite an English word, the student will, of course, exercise his judgment, as to which of them is the proper word to be used in each particular case. This often calls for nice discrimination and close thinking; and it is the scope afforded, in these exercises, for such mental effort, that renders them peculiarly important. N. B.-In this Vocabulary, proper names which are the same in Latin as in English are omitted, as they can be found at once in the preceding Vocabulary. ACO ACT ADV A. Account (on account of), Active, adj. strenwsss. I prep. ab, ob, propter; Actually, adv. re/ver&. Able (to be able), v. pos- adv. cau.sae; on no ac- Adapt, v. accommodo. seem, qeo. count, qnullo mode. Adapted, adj. idoneses. Abolish, v. to!lo, subruo. Accursed, adj. infelia. Add, v. addo, adojunzgo. Abound, v. abundo. Accusation, n. accusatio. Address, v. appelLo. About, prep. (to) ad, (con- Accuse, v. accuso, incuso, Adjoining, adj. propiincerning) de. insimulo, arguo. quuse. Absent (to be), v. absum. Accustom, v. assuefacio; Admiration, n. admiratio. Absent, adj. absens. to be accustomed, soleo. Admire, v. nmiror, admiAbsolutely, adv. absolutM, Accustomed, adj. assuetses. ror;-(praise), lasdo.:plane. Achieve, v. perJicio. Admit, v. admitto, conAbsurdly, adv. absurde. Acid, adj. acidus. cede. Academy, n. Acad6mia. Acknowledge, v. agnosco. Admonish, v. moeneo, adAcceptableness, n. gratia. Acquainted (to become ac- moeneo. Accompany, v. comitor. quainted with, i. e. to Adorn, v. orno. Accomplish, v. conficio, ef- learn), v. cognosco. Advance, v. progredior..ficio, greo. Acquire, v. pario, adipis- Advantage (means), n. ieAccomplished, (highest,) cor, aegeo, acquiro, strumentum; —(benefit), adj. suremans. pare. commodwm. According to, prep. secue- Acquit, v. absolveo. Advantageous, adj. utilts; daum. Across, adj. transversus. -(fruitful), uber. Accordingly, adv. itaque, Act, v. ago, facio. Adversity, n. res aspera. ideo. Action, n.factse?,res gesta. Advice, n. con.i/iem. ANS 312 BEC Advise, v. meoneo. Answer, n. responsum. At length, adv. demum. Edile, n. cedilis. Antiquity, n, antiquitas. Athenians, adj. & n. AthteEsop, n. 0Esopus. Antony, n. Aontonius. niensis. Affability, n. ffabitlitas. Any, adj. ullus; any one, Athens, n. Athence, pl. Affair, n. res; private af- quis, aliquis; any Attach, v. decinecio. fairs, resfamiliaris. thing, aliquid, quid- Attachment, n. amor, (dcAffectation, n. affectatio. dam, quidvis. sire), studium. Affected (seized), pt. cap- Appear, v. appareo, (go Attack, v. aggredior. tus. forth) prodeo, (seem) Attain, v. pervenio, conAffection, n. amor, bene- videor. sequor, (have) habeo. Ivolentia, fides, Appearance, n. aspectus. Attempt, v. conor. After, adv. post, postea- Appease, v. placo. Attend, v. incumbo. qscam; after that, post- Apply, v. incumbo. Attention, n. cogitatio. quam. Approach, n. adventus. Attract, v. duco. Afterwards, adv. postea. Approbation, n. approba- Audience, n. coona. Again, adv. iterum,rusrsus. tio. Augur, n. augur-. Against, prep. adversum, April, n. Aprilis. Authority, n. auctoritas. colstra. Are, v. sum. Avail, v.'valeo, prosum. Age, n. (time of life) cetas; Arise, v. eeorior, nascor, Avarice, n. avlaritia. (period) seculum; old (set out) proficiscor. Avaricious, adj. acrvrus. age, senectus. Aristotle, n. Aristoteles. Avenger, n. vindew. Agree, v. consentio; it Arm, v. armo. Avert, v. (redeem) redino. was agreed, consesnit. Armed, pt. & adj. armatus. Avoid, v. eito,fugio. Agriculture, n. agricul- Armenians, n. Armenii. Awe, v. (to stand in awe) turca. Armour, arms, n. arma, pl. horreo. Aid, v. subsenio. Army, esercitus; (in line) Aid, n. auxilium. acies; (on the march) B. Alienate, v. abalieno. agmen. All, adj. om7nis, totus, uni- Arrive, v. venio, pervenio. Back, n. tergum; on his vseIrsus. Art, n. ars. back, in tergo; behind, Allow, v. (grant) do, (ac- Artist, n. opifex. a tergo. knowledge) fateor; to As, conj. ut; adv. out, uti, Bad, adj. malus, impro.e be allowed, licet, impers. prout, quemadmbdduss, bus..Ally, n. socius. (since) quoniam; as if, Baian, adj. Baidsnus. Alone, adj. solus, uanus. as it were, selut, quasi, Band, n. manus, agmen. Also, adv. item; conjune. ceu, tanq uamn; as-as, Banished, pt. ewepulsus. etiam, quoqsue. tam-quam; so-as, sic Barbarian, n. barbaruus. Always, adv. semper. -ut; as-so, ut-sic; Bark, n. cortex. Am, v. sum. so much-as, tautus- Battle, n. pugnae, pseuAmazed (to be), v. obstu-'quantus; as soon as, liuMn, beltum. pesco. simul ac; as many as, Be, v. stum, fore; (to es Ambassador, n. legatus. totidem; prep. pro; as ist) esetare; (to remain) Amidst, prep. inter. to, ad. restare; to be wanillg, Among, prep. inter, in, a- Ascertain, v. intelligo. deficient, deesse; to be paud, intra. Ash amed (to be),v. pudire. present, at hand, adesse; Amusement, n. ludus. Ask, v. rogo, peto, posco, between, insteresse; abAncestors, n. major6s. qquero, intereogo. sent, distant, abesse; to And, conj. et, ac, atque, Assault, n. impetus. be without, free from, que, enclitic. Assemble, v. convsesio. car-re, saccare; provokAncient, adj. antiquus, Assembly, n. concio, con- ed, emardescire; angry pristizus. ventus. with, in a passion, isaAnger, n. ira, iracundia; Assign, v. do. sci; at stake, in danger, to be angry with, v. ira- Assist, v. jtwo, adjulvo, ac- agi; allowable, licere; seer. commodo. accustomed, solere. Animal, n. asimal; small Assistance, n. opera, auxi- Bear, v. fero, (suffer) paanimal or beast, bestiola. liHm. tier. Animate, v. excito. Assistant, n. adjutor, ad- Beast, n, bellua. Annals, n. annales, pl. jutrix. Beat, v. serbero. Another, adj. alius, alter, Assume, v. suscipio. Beautiful, adj. specious. (Gr. 276.) Astonishing, adj. m.irus. Beauty, n. pulchritudo. Another's, of another, adj. At, prep. ad, apud,-de- Because, adv. qued, quia; alienus. noting place, the sign of because that, proptereaAnswer, v. responsdeo. the ablative. quod. 3OT 313 COL Become, v. (to be seemly), [ and, conj. et-et;'tim- Carefully, adv. diligernter. decre; it becomes,cle- qaLanm. Carry, v. fAro, porto, gescet. Bowels, n. viscera, pl. to, (lead) dusco; carry Become, v. (to be), fio, (viscvus). back, reduce; carry off evado. Boy, n. puer. (consume), coitsu7o; Becoring, adj. deeodrs. Brave, adj. ortis. carry on war, bello, belBed, n. lectIeLm. Bravery, n. niErtzs. Il7m yeto. Bee, n. apis. Bravely, adv. fortiter. Carthage, n. Carthago. Before, adv. coram, antest, Bread, n. panis. Carthaginian, adj. & n. anteqeuane, prisequstam. Break, v. frango, commi- Poemcus. Before, prep. 2pro, p'w, qteco; break down, di- Catiline, n. Catilinca. atnte. o. Cattle, n. juimentumn, pl. a. Beg, v. peto. Break of day, preima luc. Cause, n. cactsa. B:egin, v. icipio, cpi. Bridge, n. npons. Cause, v. (take care), curo, lBehead, v. perczctio securi. Bridle, n. frenaism. (bring on) incutio. Belind, adv. a tergo. Bring, v. ier, effero, red- Cavalry, n. equittzcls. Behold. v. ce'nere, videre. do, adcleceo; bring lup, Cease, v. desino. 3sehoves, v. opovtet. ilstituo; te fetch, peto; Centuriion, n. centurio. Believe (thinlk), albitror; bring in, acdhibeo; bring Certain, adj. certus, (some) (give credit) credo. forth; parco,: to carry, qicdam. Belly, n. abdeonen. veho' to.barig out, ew- Certainly, adv. certd; for Belong, v. petitneoe-also haitrio; bring back, re- certain, certo. sclerc witnh the gen. (Gr. ftro. Chain, ii. Jilcnulum, fe364.) Britain, n. Britcnliac. rum. Beloved, adj. carues. Brother, n. frditer; three Chance, n. cascus; adv. by Beneficence, n. beteefeen- brothers born at one chance, forte. tie.l. birth, trifemini?. Change, v. mnto verto. Benevolence, n. benevo- Brute, n. bellza, bestic. Chapel, n. cella. lenttia. Build, v. condo, cdifeo. Character, n. fcama, noBereave, v. orbo. Building; n. tectcl, cedli- res, pl. Berry, n. batscces f/cimlet7. iba Charge, v. (accuse), argueo. Beseech, v. obsecro. Burn, v. ardeo. Cheek, n. enala. Best, adj. optlimnus, Business, n.?qegoticm. Clleerufil, adj. hilaris. Betake, v. cocefcrio; to be- But. coh. sed, verce, ac- Chest, I. arfa. take one's self, cossfetrre tein,.neei; but also, ted Chief; n. pfrinceps; chief, se: etian, verutmn etiamn. good, seitmnnqam bonceA. Betray, v. prodo. Buy, v. enwo, mereor. Children, libeie p, p. eri, Betrothed lover, n. spon- By, prep. a; ab, per; (of pl. SieS. swearing) per. Choose, v. eligo; ch6o0se Better, adj.eelior; adv. rather, maleo. mnelios. Chosen, pt. lects;, delecBeyond, prep. prcter, su- C. tzs. pta.e. Cimbrian, adj. Cmbicrls;. Bind, v. incieo. Calends, n. ~calendce, pl. Circult, n. ambitts. Birth, adlj. ndctalis; birth- Call, (name), v. appello, Circumstance, n. res. day, ncrtelis dies. Voco; (summon) voco, Citadel, n. arm. Blacken, v. to grow black, citeo. Citizen, n.- cisoil. eigresco Call to mind, v. comme- City, n. urbt, civitas. Blame, v. capo, repre- moro. Clear, adj. clarets. heendo, vitupeto. Call to witness, v. testoe. Clemency, n. clenentia. Blessings, n. bocna, pl. Called (invoked). pt. mclc- Cloak, n. R.amiculue, Blood, n. scanguis. matus; (sent for) acci- Close (the eyes), v. coneiBlot out, v. deleo. tus. veo. Blunder, v. erro; n. pec- Callous, v. to grow callous, Cloth'e, v. vestio. catumn. calleo. Coarse, adj. emnporeticus. Blush, v. ritbeo. Calnlly, adv. pleacide. Coffer, n. area. Bodyi, n. corpus. Camp, n. casttea, pI. Cohort, n. cohors. Bond, n. vsincuzelem. Can, v. (be able), psestsm. Cold, adj; cllgidqts, V. to be Book, n. liber'. Capitally, ofa capital ciine, pinched with cold, alBorn, pt. latas; to be c2apitis. geo. born, ebascor. Care, n. ctra. Ciold, n. frguns. Both, adj. ambo; on both Care, v. ccro; (see to, to Colleague, n. collega. sides, ntrirqice; both- cause) acio. Collect, v. colligo. 14 CON 3-14 DES Colonist, n. colonts.. Consciousness, n. consci- Cruel, adj. immanis, cnuCombat, n. certamne. elta. delis. Come, v. nvenio, per senio Conscript, adj. conscriptu&s Cruelty, n. crudelita's. come to, adeo, adensio; Consent, n. consensusf. Crystal, adj. crystallisnes. come up to, overtake, Consequence-of`vhatcon- Culprit, n. rezss. consequi. sequence? qanti? v. to Cultivate, v. colo. Comely, adj. decens. be of consequence,. to in- Culture, n. cuiltes, cultio. Command, v. impero, ia-m terest, interesse. Cupidity, n. cuspiditas. perito, prcecipio... Consider (view), v. video, Curia, n. (senate house), Command, n. jissas. (to regard) habeo. curia. Commander, n. inzperac- Consist,,v coansto, consis- Custom, n. mos. tor, prrafectes. to, sz6m. Cut, v. (cut down), caedo; Commander's, adj. im.pe- Conspiracy, n. conjeqratio. cut off (destroy), tollo. ratoriuns. Coilnspire, v. coryneLo. Commence (battle), v. co07- Construct, v. co?ijCio. mitto. Consul, h.' consu D. Commend, v. lasido, pro- Consulship, n. consulatis. bo. Consult, v. delibero. Daily, adj. diurnus. Commendable, adj. lauda- Contain, v. (hold), capio. Daily, adv. quotidie. bilis. Contemplate, v. (lhave in Danger, n. ericulumn, disCommit, a fault, delinquo. view), go';'that it is cmrimese. Common, adj. conmnnis, contemplhited, agyi. * Dangerous, adlj. periczelovuelgaris, (cheap) vilis. Contemptible, adj. ab'sur-.sus, gravis. Common people, n. vuzlgus, dus. Dare, v. audeo. plebs. Contend, v. certo, costen- Daring, adj. (bold), asedax. Common soldier, n. grega- do. )art, n. telsuzm. rius miles. Content, adj. contenetus. Dated, pt. dutis. Comi'ionly, adv.'vulgo; Contention, n. cemulatio. Daughter, n. filia; little Commonweatli, n. respub- Continual, adj. perpetetas. datughter,filiolca. lic. Contract, v. (take up), sus- Day, n. dies; day after, Conmpanion, n. comes, so- cipio. adv. postridie; day becise., Controversy, n. controser- fore, ptridie. Company,.n. societas. sian. Dear, adj. (beloved), caris, Compare, v. comparo, con- Conversation, n. sermo. dnlcis. fereo. (:py, n. exemplum. Death,. n. mors. Conmpassion, n. misericor- Corinth, n. Corinthus. Deceive, v. decipio. diet. Corn, n. frtimeintum. Decision, n. judicisam. Compel, v. cogo. Corrected, pt. cormectns. Declare, v. declaro, dice. Cornplain, v. qsaeror. Corrupt, v. corrumpo. Decorous, adj. decoruzs. Comiipletet, adj.'cumulats. Council, n. coscilium. Deed, n. (thing), res. Conmply, v. obtem7pero. Counsel, n. consilisum. Deem, v. puteo. Conmpose (verses)',v..facio. Countenance, n. vultits. Defeat, v. sZieo. Composed, adj, trangqseil- Country, n. rus; native Defence, n. (armour), a)lies. country, patrla. ma, pl. Conceal, v. celo. Countryman (fellow citi- Defend, v. tueosl, deferao. Conceive, v. concipio. zen), n. civis. Deficient (to be), v. deesksw,. Concerned (to be), v. me- Courage, n. qvirtits, forti- Deity, n. deus. to. ttdo. Delay, v. moror. Concerning, prep. de. Course, n. cursus. Deliberately, with deliberConcord, n. concorcdin. Court, v. (seek), peto. ation, adv. coansideratd. Condition, an. conditio. Courteously, adv. comiter. Delirious (to be), v. deliro. Conduct, v. tracto; to con- Courtesy, n. comitas. Deliver, v. libeiro. duct one's self, gerrea se. Cover, v. obdicco. Deliverer, n. liberator. Conduct, n. mores, pl. Covering, n. tegumentum. Demanld, v. posco; to deConfer, v. manzdo; Covetous, adj. aidrnus. mand restitution, a'es reConfess, v. cobfteor. Credit, n, fides. petire. Confidence, n.,asdcica. Crete, n. lreeta. Deny, v. nego. Congenial, ad)j. Cognatis. Crime,'n. criimesn, scelus, Depart, v. demigro. Congratulate, v. vgeatdlor. 7fargitenm, probrzmm,fa- Deplore, v. deploro. Conquer,'v. veic6, devin- cinsus, 9,maleficim. Descended, pt. (born), na. co, SUbago, Sup ero, Crowded, adj. freqsens. tses. Conquered, pt. victus. Crown, n. corona. Desert, v. relinqso, desere. Conscience, n. conscientia. Crucify, v. crnci affigo. Desert, nl. solitudo. DIS 315 ENT Deserter, n. traesfsgpa. Disguise, v. dissinebvlo. Early, adv. matrl,8; too Deserve, v. mereor. Disgust, n. fastidiums. early, maturius. Deservedly, adv. merito. Dishonourable, adj. tesopis. Earnestly, adv. studiosd; Deserving, adj. digrntus; Dismiss, v. dimitto. more earnestly, majore not deservig, indiygpus. Disorder, n. perturbatio, studio. Design, v. (intend) destiseo. Displease, v. displiceo. Earth, n. terra. Design, n. cowsilisem. Disposed, adj. prosnptuzs, Ease, n. (leisure) oti/m. Desire, to be desirous, v. par'atus. Easily, adv. fizcile; more ce6pis, qsaeroe, appeto, Disposition, n. animsos, easily, faecitius; very e010. snatura. easily, Jcacillirme. Desire, n. cspido; earnest Disputation, n. cositentio. Easy, adj. fscilis; (leisuredesire, studiusu. Dispute, v. disputo. ly) otiosass. Desirous, adj. cupidus, ap- Disregard, v. contemuno. Eclipse, n. defectus. petens, stadiosus. Dissimilar, adj. dissimilis; Edifice, n. wdificiuzn. Desist, v. cesso. to be dissimilar, v. ab- Educate, v. erudio. Despair, v. despelo. lsorreo. Education, n. doctrinsa. Despair, n. despee atio. Dissuade, v. dissuardeo. Eighlteen, adj. octodecirr, Despise, v. spersno, con- Distance (from), adv. pro- dseodesiginti. temno. cual; to be distant, v. Either, adj. pr. utervis. Destroy, v. dissolve, di- abesse. Either, coni,. ut, vel; eisro, deleo, tollo. Distinguished, adj. clarus. ther-or, vel —el, au — Destruction, n. excitim. Distress, n. miseria; ut- aut. Detain, v. teneo. detineo. most distress, omssis mi- Elder, older, adj. major Detained, pt. retentues seria. i ata, senior. Deter, v. deterreo. Disturb, v. disturbo. Elect, v. eligo. Determine, v. startuo, con- Divide, v. divido,segrego; Elect, pt. desigsnatus. StitaeO, instituo; (judge) (distribute) dispertio. Elephant, n. elepihas, elejleudico. Divine, adj. divinus. phantus. Devise, v. reperio. Do, v. (act, make), facio, Elicit, v. elicio. Diademn, n. diadena. ago, gerso; (an act of Eloquence, n. eloquentia. Diction, n. serbsm.tn duty) fezngor; do good, Else (other), adj. alius; Die, v. mnosior, emorior, proflcio; do harm, off-. nothing else, oecpquicperseo. cio; do wrong, peaco; quas aliszd. Differ, v. puGrto. do before, anteago. Emanate, v. (get abroad) Ditferent, adj. diversus. Dog, n. antis. emasno. Difticult, adj. dificilis, ar- Dolt, n. neqeuam. Embrace, v. complector. dselts. Dolphin, n. delplin.wts. Emperor, n. imperator. Difficulty, n. dcflrIsltas; Dominion, n. principatus. Empire, n. imperiUMr. with great difficulty, di- I)one before, pt. atnteactas. Employ (use), utor; to be fJcillise, cegerrizme. Doubt, v. dubito. employed, ago, versor, Dignified, adj. gravis, a m- Doubtful, adj. dubius. occupor. plIts. Dowry, n. dos. Enact, v. sciscor. Dignity, n. digpsitas. Drachm, n. drac/ma. Enclose, v. claudo. Diligence, n. diligentia. Drag, w (draw), traho, du- Encounter, n. prcelizum. Diligently, adv. diligenter. co. Endeavour, v. coneor. Diminish, v. minzco. Draw, v. (lead) duco. Endued, pt. prcsditus. Disaster. n. icommnodum. Dread, v. pertimesco. Endure, v. sustineo, paDiscern, v. sideo, cerno. Drink, v. bibo. tier. Discernment, n. irtteligsen- Dripping, pt. mantans. Enemy, n. (in war) hostis; tia. Drive, v. amoveo; (away) (one not friendly) inimiDischarge, v. (perform), abigo; (out) e/pello; cus..f~ngo7r. driven ashore, pt. in lit- Engage, v. cornlio, cosDisciple, n. discipulus. tus compulsts. i gredior; to engage in, Discipline, n. disciplina. Dry, adj. aridus. facio. Disclose, v. propono. During, prep. inter, per. Engaging, pt. (in a conflict) Discourse. n. dispsutatio, Duty, n. musnts, oficiutm. procsrrens. Or(tio, sertmo. Engraven, pt. insculptus. Disease, n. morbus. Enjoy, v. utor, fruor, haDisgrace, n. dedecus, tsur- E. beo; not enjoy, careo. pitzdo. Enter, v. introire. Disgraceful, adj. tssrpis. Each, adj. pr. q usque, Entertain, v. indulgeo, Disgraceful, (to be), v. de- ausquzisque. Entire, adj. (perfect) perdeecre. Ear, n. acuis. fectus. EXE 316 Boo Entirely, adj. (as a whole) Exhibit, v. ostento; (games) Father of a family, ii. patotus. edo. ter-familias. Entreat, v. peto. Exhort, v. hortor, cohortor. Fault, n. vitiumn,. Enumerate, v. enuesnro. Exile, exul, eTsul; to be in Favour, n. beneficium, Envy, v. invideo. exile, es/ulo; to go into raertitum, gratis. Envy, n. invidica. exile, solumo vertere; Favour, v. faveo. Ephesian. adj. Ephesius. (banishment) exilium. Fear, v. mnetuo, timeo, veEqual, adj. paer. Exist, v. sum, fio, existo; reor. Equally, adv. cepud; equal- exist in, insurm. Fear, n. metus, pavor. ly as, ceque ac. Expect, v. expecto. Fee, n. ozerces. Equal, v. equ2o. Expectation, n. eatpectatio. Feebleness, n. inf'rmnitas. Equestrian, adj. equestris. Expedition, n. expeditio. Feed, v. to be the food of, Equity, n. ceq'litas. Expense, n. sumtus, pasco; also to give food Erect, v. extruo. ssumptus. to. Escape, v. (pass away) de- Experience (make trial), v. Fellow, n. (a term of disfisuo; (get away) evado, experior. respect) hono; that feleffgio. Experience, n. usus. low, iste. (Gr. 118, 3, Especially, adv. maxime. Explain, v. exaplano; (open 3d.) Establish, v. firmo. up) aperio. Festival, n. sacruesz. Esteem, v. (value) faScio, Express, v. dico, signifco. Few, adj. pauci, pl. jputo, eestimo; I value Expression, n. sersno. Fidelity, n. fides. much, facio enzagni; Extend, v. procerro; (go Field, n. ager. more, pluris; most, forth) exeo. Fifty, adj. qninqseaginta. maxinii; I value so Extol, v. tollo. Fight, v. pugno, conteindo. much. tanti; little, par- Extortion, n. res repeturs- Fill up, v. compleo. vi habeo. dce, pl. Finally, adv. deniqule. Etrurians, n. tletrsesci. Extraordinary, adj. egre- Find, v. invenuio, reperi o; Eulogy, n. laudatio. gius, eatimisus. (understand) intelligo. Eunuch, II. eumnec/elus. Extreme, adj. (very end) Fine, v. mulcto. Even, adv. quideam, etiamr, extrenous; at the ex- Finish, v. fnio. vero; even if, lieet. tremity of life, ins ewtre- Fire, n. ignis. Evening, n. vesper. meo tempore. Fire, v. (inflame) infiamEvent, n. exiteus, res. Eye, n. oculets. no; set on fire, incerndo. Ever, adv. usnquaaisn. Eyelid, n. palpebra. Firm, adj. tenan. Every, adj. omnsis; every Firmness, n. connstfantia. one (each), qeuisque, u- First, adj. ptrimus, adv. itusquisque; (any one) F. prinmumi; at first, priquivzis; every day, quso- MsO. tidie; every where, sebi- Fable, n. fabula. Fish, n; piscis. que. Fact, n. res; in fact, re. Fish-pond, n. piscina. Evident, adj. perspicuus. Fall, n. casts. Fit, adj. utilis, idoneus, Evil (thing), n. aaslienzs. Fall, v. (in battle) cado, aptus; not fit, inutail. Exact (demand), v. e igo. corruo, occumbo; (by Fit, v. apto, accommodo. Exalt, v. erigo. lot) obvenio; (hasten) Five, adj. qceitnqize. Exceed (surpass), v. sup&- curro. Five hundred, adj. quirnro. Falsely, adv. falso. genti. Exceedingly, adv. pluri- Fail, v. deficio, labor. Flatter, v. adculor. mqune. Faithful, adj.fidezs. Fleet, n. classis. Excel (surpass), v. sueporo, Fame, n. fanaa. Flight, n. fcgsa. evcello, antecello. Family, n. genus,familia. Flow, v.fiuo; flow through, Excellenlce, n. virtuts. Famine, n. fames. intterfluo. Excellency, n. boeteui. Far, adv. losnse, lonne pen- Fly, v. confugio; fly to, Excellent, adj. egregius, tium; far onf, procia. ad~volo. prcestanas, optimus, szum- Farm, n. faundus.' Folly, n. stultitia. mus. Farther, adj. ulterior. Follow, v. (go after) sequorExcept, prep. prceter,prce- Fasces, n. fasces, pl. (follow closely) subseterqseam. Fat, adj. pinguis. quor; (obey) pareo. Exception, n. exceptio. Fate, n. casus; unhappy Fond, adj. studiosus. Excessive, adj. nimius. fate, talis ceases; fates, Food, n. alimentunm. Excite, v. consmoveo. fiata, pl. Fool, n. stultus. Exclaim, v. eaclcmo. Father, n. pater; father's, Foolish, adj. stultus, stoliW Execrate, v. exsecror. of a father, adj. patrius, dues. Exercise, v. actor. paterzsus. - Foot, n. pes. FRO, 317 HAR For, prep. (insteadof)pro; Frugality, n. frugalitas, Golden, of gold, adj. ae(on account of) pr.opter; parsimnonia. reus. (1iom, as a cause) at, ab; Fruit. n. ftcLtus.' Good, adj. bonus, recetus; (concerning) de; (to- Fugitive, n. eflgitivus. (useful) ictilis. wards) erga. Full, adj. pleiu-s. Goods, n. bosna, pl. For, co)j. enaLi, szain. Furious, ad(j. iratus. Good nature, n. fctcilitas. For that purpose, adv. ideo, Furnish, v. orzeo; to be Gore, n. cruor. idciisco; fr tie sake of, well furnished or sup- Govern, v. guberno. cat ass. plied, to abound, abun- Government, n. istpesiForbid, v. psolibeo. do. urn, regnaurn, respctb1orce, n. vis, vi ees, pl. Fury, n. furor. lica. Forces, n.(troops) copice,pl. Future, adj. fiuturus; for Gown, n. toga; a little Forego, v. ormitto. the future, ic f/itumrim; gown, togula. F'oreign, adj. eaxte)-lzts. future generation, pos- Grace, n. (ornament), orForget, v. ob/iviscor. teriitas. namentccin.'o tetful, adj. oblites. GraLnd, adj. grandis. Forgetfulness, n, oblivio. Grand-daughter, n. neptis. Form, v. (to fashion, make) G. Grand-father, n. avus. fiacio; (connect, keep to- Grant, v. do. getlher) colnnecto; (join) Gain, v. obtineo, conse- Gratification, n. delcctatio. co.j tnago t, (a line tof bat- qusor, cosnparo. Gravity, n. gracvitas. tie) itnstruo. Game, n. lutcus, lusus. Great, adj. matgnus, inolrmler, pr. ille, opposed Garden, n. Aor'tus, heor,- gens; (exalted) stpeto hie, latter. 1tas. trics; greatest, supreFolrne, ly, adv. qauondaiz. Gate, n. porta. mus, scunzczttus; so great, Formian, adj. For'miditts. Gather, v. (fruit) decerpo; tantus.'orsak-e, v. de.6c'o. (perceive) percipio. Greatly, adv. ve7esmenter. 1Fort, in. csstellun. Gaul, n. Gacllia. Greece, n. Grtccia. Icriify, v. ntztio, conizzsi- Gaul, a, n. Gallus. Grcely, adj. avidus. itO. General, in. impseratotr, Greek, adj. and n. Gruces. Fortitude, n. fo7'itccdo. d ux. Grief, n. dolor, lucttcs. Fortlune, n. Jsbtuzna good Generous, adj, libtralis. Grievously, adv. graviter. fortune, felicitas. Genius, n. iszgenizsnm. Grieved (to be,) v. miseresTaForum, n..forznm. Gentleness, n. rnausiletu- co. Found (to lay a founda- do. Ground, n. ager. tion), v. eonstitetO. Get, v. paro, cocztrlaho. Guard, n. custos. Foundaltion, n. fictdaieten- Giant, n. gigas. Guest, n. lhospes. titl. Gift, n. dotsns. Guidle, n. du Four, adj. qtlatiuor. Give, v. do, itrpono, tre- Guilt, n. cellpa. Four unlllldred, adj, quad- do, qt{ero, pr'aebeo; (deringeiti. clare) p'o'iucios; give Fragtlent, n.ls fagymeentu?. wav, yield, cedo. II. Free, alj. libel, experes, Given (of wounds), illaacitsCi8, alcielLs; to be tits. Habit, n. conl.suettedo. free from, v. cvacere; Gladness, n. Icetitia, v. to Half, n. dimruidim; by to be without, carer e; be glad, gaudere; to ble half, dimridio. to set free, liberare. very glad, eheleneztter Hand, n. macz Ls. Frequent, v. frequento. ga'utdEre. Hang, v. suscpeLdo. Friend, n. amicus. Glorious, ad(j. gloridsus. Hang over, v. impenzdeo.:rientdsllip, n. amicitia, Glory, n. gloria, laus. Hanging, adj. pensilis anecesWit4edo. Gnat, n. cale. Hap, n. (lot), veicis. Flighten, v. terreo. Go, v. eo, prodeo; go to, Happen, v. eveaio, cotiln. Frightened, pt. ter ittis, peto, adeo, conitendo, go; it happens, fit, accidcete'rtituls. (set out) pio/scfiscor; go di t. Frog, n. ac'ena. down, descetido; go Happily, adv. feciciter, JFrom, plrep. a, ab, abs.de, e, over, transeo; away, re- becte. eax; after verbs of tatking cede; out, egredisr; H Ittappy, adj. beatus. awvay, it is the sign of the go reluctantly, cosucedo HlarallngLe, v. coAortor. dative or ablative, and go on, i. e. do, tgoo; what Harass, v. sollicito. often has lno correspond- is going on, qil'it agittr. Harbour, n. portus. ing Latin word. God, n. detse, csume; of Hard, adj. dclures; (difliFrom every side, adv. ccn- God, diVtiwces. cult), di. iils. dique. Gold, itn. aurum. Hatrmony, n. concordia. HOW 318 ITS Hasten, v. propero. how, nescio queomodo. Incredible, adj. incredibiHate, v. odli. how long, q eam.Wlie,, lis. HIatred, n. odiumn. qqeousqute, how much, Incumbent (to be), v. oporHave, v. habeo; (keep) qtuam, quatntopere; adj. teee. servo. how much, quantus; Indeed, adv. equidenm, He, pr. hic, is, ille, iste; how many, quet. stifle, veeo. (the same) idem. However, adv. quanmzvis, Individual (any one), pt. Head, n. capdt. tCm.en,'ereunta(men. qui81squa(. Health, n. saletudo. Huge, adj. ingens. Indolent, adj. invees. Hear, hear of, v. audio. Human, adj. hmenans. Induce, v. adduceo. Hearer (one hearing), pt. Humanity, n. huumanitas. Industry, n. industria. audienes. Hundred, adj. centunm. Infant, n. i.fans. Heart, n. co'. Hunger, v. to boe hungry, Infer, v. colligo. Heat (to be greatly heated), esurio. Inflamed, pt. accenseus; to cretuo. Hunt, v. svenor. be inflamed, v. ewcardeo. Heat, n. ealor. Hurt, v. noceo, obsum, Ice- Inflict punishment, v. aniI-leaven, n. calzem. do. mad:verto. I-Ielen, n. Ielena. Husband, n. conjux. Inobrm, v. facio certiorem. Hellespont, n. Iellespon- Husbandman, n. agricola. Inheritance, n. hcereditas. t'is. Inimical, adj. inirnicus. Helmet, n. galea. Injure, v. (hurt), R'oceo. -lemisphere, n. orbis. I. njury, n. iju-ic. I-Ier, pr. cjits, seeus. Injustice, n. iyjes.titict, inHerald, n. pececo. I, pr. ego; I myself, ego- juria. HIere, adv. hic. met. Innate, adj. iq2nlat-ts. herself, pr. ipsa (i se). Ides, n. Idqts. Innocence, n. iinnocetida. e(-sitate, v. dulbito, hcereo. Idle, adj. otiosis. Innocent, adj. inszoceeqs, Hide, v. coesdo. Idleness, n. iLertia. innocuus. High, adj. altus; thehigh- If, conj. si; if not, nisi, ni. Inquire, v. quce.ro. er, quo altior. (Gr. 5719.) Ignorant, ignarbts; to be Insatiable, adj. ilnsatiabiHighly, adv. lite; (very) ignorant, ignoro. lis. soalde; after verbs of Ill, adv. mal. Insert, v. (put in), in fero. valuing, maflni. Illness, n. morbus. Insignificant, adj. ezs1ullss. Hill, n. collis, tumulus. Illustrious, adj. prceclacrs. Insist upon, v. coLte&ndo. Hirtiself, ipse; of himself, Imitate., v. imitor, emulor. Insolence, n. arroguetia. siti. Immediately, adv. statirm, Inspect, v. ea'ploro. Hinder, v. retardo. extemplo, illico. Instead of, prep. p?-o. Ilis (her, its), pr. ejds (Gr. Immroderately, adv. isnmo- Instruct, v. instituo. 121, Obs. 8), sues; his deratd. Instructor, n. magister. own, sens. Immortal, adj. imenorta- Integrity, n. ietegnitas. Historian, n. historicus. lis. Intellectual faculty, n. History, n. hAistoria, ses Impart, v. impertio. imeis. yestose. Impel, v. impello. Intent, adj. inteetu&ts. Hither, adv. huce, adj. cite- Impend, v. impendeo. Intercepted, pt. isntercepr'ior. Imlious, adj. impois. tucs. Hold, v. teneo. Implant, v. isgenero, seno. Interest, n. uitilitas. Home, n. domris. Implement, n. inLstrumen- Interrupt, v. intejrpello. Honesty, n. honestas, pro- turn. Interview, n. conventus. bitcas; (an honourable Implore, v. inmploro, pos- Intimacy, on the greatest thing) hoencstutm. tulo, peto. intimacy, adv. conjuqncHonour, n. honlor, honees- Important, adj. so import- tissine. ta&s. ant, ta-uus. Into, prep. in. Honour, v. ho1o'0o. Improper, adj. alieuts. Intrust, v. committo. Itonourable, adj. honestus. Impunity, n. i?7punit7as. Inventress, n. inventria. Hope, n. spes. In, prep. in; sign of abla- Investigate, v. inivestigo, H(pe, v. spero; (wish for) tive; in the mean time, qucero. oplto. iqteraea. Ir eland, n. tiberonia. Horse, n. eqscus. Inactivity, n. (quiet), qcties. Is, v. est (soum). Hlorseman, n. eques. Inclination, n. voluetas. It, pr. is; from it, after a Hostage, n. obses. Inclined, adj. propensnts. verb of tallking away, ei, Hostile. nidj. hostilis. Including, pt. concplewats. dative (Gr. 502). How, adv. quormodo, qWu, Inconstant, adj. incertus. Italy, n. Itllia. quonarm tmodo; some- Increase, v. ougeo. Itself, pr. ipse. LAN 319 MAR J. Large, adj. ingens, gran- Little, adv. pcarun; a litdis, sagnplcs. tie belole, szub; a little Javelin, n. pilum. Last, adj. ntovissini6s, ulti- ago, paulo. Jest. n. jocils. mnis, Io istremus; at last, Live, v. sivo. Join, v. jIlngJO, conu'snfgo, adv. tmnidem. Lodge, v. ineo contuberctoxsocio. Lately. adv. ni per. viamn. Jovian, n. Jovian?,u. Latill, adj. Latti?,is. Lofty, a'dj. altus. Joy, n. gftudiuqd??m, ixtitia. Latter, pr. hic, opposed to Long, aldj. longus; long Judge, n. jacdex, v. jzdli- ille, former. duration, dic6tinsus. CO. Law, n. lex. Long, adv. dis; long since, Judgment, n. (judicial pro- Lawfl (it is), v. licet. jamps idemn; long after, ceedings), j'diciucmi. Lay down, v. depono. insrlto post. Juice, I. n. sccels. Lead, v. duco. Look into (inspect), v. inJulian, n. Jrulianus. Lead forth, v. ecluco. tueor. July, n. Juiliuds. Leader, n. ducv. Look, v. (seek for), peto. Just, aadj. justas. Leading man (chief), n. Lookforward, v.prospicio. Just as if, adv. siceut si, prin7.ceps. Look, n. tultus. rvelet si. Lean,; or lie down, v. de- Lose, v. amitto, dignitto, Justice, n. justitia. CeisMsbo. dlepe'rdo. Leanness, n.?nacies. Loss, n. in, corasnodcui. Learn, v. disco. Lost, pt. a11iSsts. K. Learning. n. doctria. Love, n. amor; (desire Least (of the smallest for) ste.dit,cs, desideriKeep, v. teneo; (abstain) value).adj ini.inmsi, q..lt- wit,i, cjiditiics. abtstineo keep from, ci,' (in the least degree), Lovei, V. t1o5,c dilieo; to hinder, pi o/ibeo. adv. c?,7insie. fall in lose swith, sias7tre. Kill, v. occido, intei:ficio. Leave, v.?e. isinqbo; to be Lovely, alj. mt:nabailxs. Kind, n. qenvs. left, remain, vesto. Loving, fond of, adj. aKind, adj. bemitacus. Lebanon, n. Libaatlos. - o sl8. Kind action, n. bevnefac- Legion, n. legio. Low. adj. i.fer its, iferior, timn. Leisulre (to he at), v. saco. infianzcs, or iactis. Kindly, adv. beniflgne; Length, n. loxegitaido. Lowered, pt. suinmissus. very kindly, per'bihimakl- Less, ad.j. i:'Lnor'; the less, iter; most kindly, be- eo noinors; adv. milseias, nif nmiessi?ne. b7reiz us'. Kindness, n. fratia.. Lessen. v. leso., Kilng, n. rex; kiig's, of a Lest, con;. Le. IlTacedonian, n. l1facedo. king, adj. reyiust. Letter (epistle), in. literse, Mad, ad1j. insanus. Kingdonm, n. regazcain. pl. epiesti..' Magistracy, n. inagistraKnife, n csIlt'i/?c. Liar, n.. nendaO. t2S. Knighlt, n. eqLes. Libel, v. (attack, abuse) Magistrate, n. n. agistraKnnow, v. scio, nlosco, cog- lCedo. tiS. iosco, intelligo; know Libelralitv, n. libesaiitas. Ma'nificent, adj. iasiqa.is. not, iescio. I iberty; mh libertas. Magnitude n.?na2gnitido. Knowsing, pt. sciel,'; not Licentioms joy, n. lascipia. Maiden, i. visgo. knowin, igaztsoas. Lictor, n. lictors. Majesty, n. ilcQcestns. Knowledge, II. scielteti; Lie, n. nevOdacicn. Make, v..faceio, Ifficio; to skill, ars. Lie (to tell a lie), v. sael- be made, fio; Imake war, Known, pt. cognitus. tior. infer'o bellem. Life, n. vit;. time d life, Man, n. svir, homno; man cetas. by man, viritim. L. ]Ligiht, nc. liv.; Manifest, v. osteaedo. Light, adj. leei4s Mankind, in. homo. Labor, n. labor. Lirlitning,. n. fld7uzra; Manner, n. anodus,; in like Labor, v. (to be in difficul- Like, adj. siai ilis. manner, itideise. ty), laborbe. Limitation, n. evceptio. Manners, n. mores, pl. Lacedvmonian, adj. Lace- Line (of battle), n. acies. (snos). dtemonelias. Literary, adj. learned, lite- Many, adj. nmuzltzs, pilc,'iLament, v. fueo. ratuis. nzts, cospZltres; very Lamprey, n. unurcencs. Little, adj. parvcs, piaul(- many, peraizacltits; so Land, n. aqer. lus; of little value, par- many, tot; as many, toLanguage, n. (speech), ora- vi, sminoris, mniuimi; I. tidem. tie. a little, aliquantum. lMarket-place, n. forum. MON 320 OFT Marry, v. spoken of a wo- sum of money, gracsdis Neither, conj. nec, nequef; man, ntbsbo; of a man, peeunciCa. neither —nsa, nec —ec. duco uzooresn. Moon, n. losZa. Never, adv. neu.nqecsm. Marsian, adj. A~-arsus. Morals, n. mores, pl. (meso). sze 1unq1 am21c i, /hased useMaster, n. donzisles, s7sa- More, adj. plsus, p2seses. qtacmZ. pister. More, adv. csayis, pltus; News: n. res nove; what Master, v. (govern), rego. the more, quo plu7'a, eo news? ecqszid novi? Match, n. par; not a amopliorae. Niglit, n. noa; night and maltch, inpctar. Moreover, adv. porro. day, dies noctessqe; by Material, na. seateria, and Morrow, to-morrow, adv. niglt, szocte. msatersies. Czers. Nine-day, adj. slovezdialis. May (be able), possucna. Mortal, adj. snortalis. Nitrous, adj. sits-ose11s. Me, pr. See ego. Most, adv. mnaeime. No, adj. ssllsz1ls. Mean, adj. (depraved), pra- Mother, n. snalter. No one, nobody, no man, veuss; in the mean time, Motion, n. motus. nesno, snellsus; that no interea. Mounllt, mountain, n. mnzons. one, neqzis,; no- (by Meas, v. (wish), volo. Move, v. s7ioeveo, permoveo. nothing), stihilo; by no Means, n. instrmtzeentum, Much, adj. masltus; so measns, mniscziase, 55w0n oinratio. much, tantus; as much qsi20o, nequacquastcr Meditating, n. prscemedita- as, tantus qeuastus. Noble, adj. szobilis. tio. Much, adv. nsmeltcssn; by Nocturnal studies, n. vigiMeditation, n. comsnenta- much, snsllto; so much, lice. tieo. tuentopere; very much, Nominate, v. szonino. Memorial, n. Iibhellus. pts, rsisseums, valde. Nor, colj. nee, sseque, seeve, Memory, 1n. eeworia.e. Muffle, v. o7eolso. szon. Mental powers (mind), n. MIultitude, n. moltitudlo. Not, adv. non,, nze, hazed il geienmicn. Munificent, adj. mnernif- (interrogatively), nonsete; Mention, n. snlentio. GcS. not yet, not as yet, sonMercuries (statues of Mer- My, pr. meuas. d lr,; not indeed, ne cury), n. Ifenmsce, pl. quiclde; not only, znon Merely, adv. saodne noeido, 70nsq soleomn. Merit, n. virtus, seeritstre. N. Nothing, n. nihil, nil. Messenger, n. unlcsiUs. Now, adv. jctcs, quesesL. Middle, adj. ssedists. N ail, n. ungtis. Number, n. numersus. Mild, adj. cecitis. Name, n. nomen; by name, Mildness, n. placabilitas. omsic7 sttin.. 0. Mile, n. seille peassieum. Named, pt. Iopellectis. Milesian, nl. li;lesiuse. Namesake, adj. (of the O, intelrj. O. Military, ad)j. msilitaris. same name), cognomi- 0 that, intelj. cistqasn,. Mind, n. sesezs, aezinslus; enis. Obey, v. seivio, obtlemto my mind (to me), Narrative, n. ena'rratio, 2pero. mih/i. os teio. Obscure, adj. obscrruse. Mindful, adj,. mesor. Nation, n. zntio, gens. Observe, v. observe, aniMine, v. (to dig out metals), Native cosuntry, n. gersna- onadevesto, doceo. egfbodio setalla. nza pat'i a. Obstacle (to be an), v. oniMiracle, n. sniraccilusz,. Nature, n. satc-ra;' of sa- cio. Miserable, adj. nziser. ture, kind, genis. Obstinacy, n. perltiszacia. Misfortune, n. calassitas, Naturral, adj. (of nature), Obtalin, v. adipiscor, poceauss. n: a turllis. tioer. Missing, pt. desiderans. Naval, adj, izavalis. Ocean, n. oceeanms. Mistake, v. fcallo; to* be Near, prep. apud, jucta. Occupy, v. occupo, teneo. mistaken (deceived),fal- Near, adlv. p ope; as near Occur, v. incido. lor. as possible, qzltasen proa Of, prep. (concerning) de, Mode (way), n. ralti. ime potui.t; near (in at- (finom) a, ab; sign of the Moderately, adv. mnode- tendalnce), piresto. genitive without a corrati. Necessary, adj. necesse, ne- responding word, and of Moderation, n. modera- cessasriss,' to be neces- the accusative after a tie. sary, v. oportrer. iverb of asking. Modest, adj. p2sdeses. Neglect, v. seygligo Offeld, v. ofleido, pecco. Modestly, adv. snodestd. Neglected, pt. neglectus. Offer sacrifice, v. Jxcio so Moisture, n. sqcclss. Negligent, adj. zeylig-eens. (rilnW. Money, n. peccsniea, nqm.- Negotiator, n. ore ato. Office, n. nacgistr aws. nmus, pretium; a large Neither, adj. ceut6r. Often, adv. seepe; very PAT 321 PRE often, perscepe; oftener, Palace, n. regia (domus.) Pinch (wtith cold), v. atscepiu; oftentimes, ali- Palm, n. palma. geo. q-zuoties. Paper, n. chartc. Pity, v. misereoe. Old, old man, seinex; old Pardon, n. venria. Place, n. locus,; places, age, senectues; (far ad- Part, n. pars. loca, pl. vanced in life) grandee- Partaker, n. pgarticeps. Place, v. pono, impoeno, vuIs, senior. Parthians, n. Par-thi, pl. colloco. Olive, n. olivza. Partiality, n. inclinlatio. Plain, n. campus. Olympian, adj. Olympius. Particular, adj. singuli, Plan, n. consilium. Olympic, ailj. Olymspicus. qszidam. Plane-tree, n. platanus. On, prep. in, ad; on the Partly, adv. par-tim. Plant, v. semnziso. least, ad minimsom; on Party, n. pars. Play, v. ludo. the other hand, contra, Pass, v. (over) transeo, Pleasant, adj. jucuondus; e contrcario. trasjicio; by (omit), o- en sententia, gratus, One, adj. Unus, al(is, al- mitto. dulcis. ter, quidamn; one-an- Passion, n. libido, c'tspidi- Please, v. delecto, placeo; other, aliss —alius. tas; being in a passion, if you please, si tibi Only, adv, solzns, tantsmn- irataus. placet; it pleases, jutzoldo, tcantasen; not on- Passionate, adj. iracstn- vat. ly, noss solsZsm. dus. Pleasing, adj. dzulcis, )aiOpen, v. apesrio; to be Past, pt. actus, praterri- cundses. open, pateo. tobs. Pleasure, n. (will) voluntOpened, pt. (being laid Patience, n. patientia. tas; (enjoyment) volipopen) patefactus. Patrimony, n. patrimo- tas; at their pleasure, Openly, adv. palam, plase. sBiusm. &2O jsre. Opinion, n. opioioo, sentesn- Peace, n. pax. Plough, v. aro. itia. Peculiar, adj. proprius. Plunder, v. diripio. Opportunity, n. potestas. People, n. popsuls, piebs, Plunder, n. prceda, rapOppose, v. eo obviam, re- moeltitudo; of the peo- ta, pl..si to. ple, popularis. Poem, n. carmen. Or, c0nj, aut, vel, se. Perceive, v. video, cerno, Poet, n. poeta. Oration, oratory, n. oratio. coynosco. Poison, n. venensnum. Orator, n. oasator. Perfect, adj. perfectus; Pomcerium, n. Poncor'iOrder, v. jybeo, edico. (matchless) siulaftris. urn. Ord-ier, n. jLssus. Perfectly, adv. pefecte, Pompey, n. Pompeiu,. Origin, n. (source) feos; o0n2ssis1o. Poor (man), n. pauper; (beginning ) ineitiuar. Perfidious, adj. pesoyldus. adj. egenus. Orphean, adj. Orplicas. Perform, v. ago, praestoo; Popular, adj. popola-ris. Other, adj. aliszs, alter, during the performance Porcian, adj. Porcius. ccete eus, reliquats. (of a play), inter spec- Possess, v. (have) possiOtherwise, adv. aliter. tasendues. deo; (take possession) Ought, v. debeo, opo'rtere. Perhaps, adv. forsitan. occupo, insideo. Our, pr. znoster. Perish, v. pereo. Post, v. (to place) constiOut of, prep. e, ex. Permit, v. sino; (suffer) tuo. Out of the way, adj. devises. platior. Posterity, n. posteritls, Outdo, v. svinco. Pernicious, adj. 9sialss. posteri. Over, prep. sssper, iso. Perpetual, adj. semnpitesr- Power, n. imperiotm, poOver (finished), v. actumm o1us. testas; opes, pl.; in one's est; pt. peractus. Perplex, v. conturbo. own power, is onauoo. Overcome, v. evioco. Persia, n. Persis and Per- Practice, n. exewcitatio. Overwhelm, v. obr-uo, oc- soa. Proetor, tn. Praetor. c'upo. Persians, n. Persce, pl. Praise, n. laus. Own, v. (confess) fateor. Person, n. homo. Praise, v. laudo. Owner, n. (master) domi- Persuade, v. persuades. Pray, v. precor. 12oso. Petulant, adj. petulans. Precept, n. prceceptum. Ox, n. bos. Philip, n. PhilippE s. Prefer, v. antepono, preyPhilosopher, n. philoso- poazo, antqfero, male. phius. Present, n. (gift) donutm. P. Philosophize, v. philoso- Present (to be), adsum, phor. intersosm, intervenio. Pace, n. passzts. Philosophy, m. philoso- Preserve, v. servo, con. Pain, n. dolor. Iphia. se-rvo, obtineo. Painful, adj. gravis. Physician, n. medicus. Presume, v. (dare) andeo. 14* PUP 322 RES Pretend, v. simulo. Purchase, v. mercor. Reckon, v. cestimo, l.abeo, Prevent, v. impedio., Pure, v. sanctus. Recognize, v. agneosco. Prey, n. prceda; (things Purpose (intention), n. st- i Recollection, n. recordataken), rapta. dimn; (use) ustes.' tio. Price, n. pretium. Pursue, v. seqsor, inse- Recommend, v. commenePrison, n. carcer. qsuor. do. Prisoner, n. (one accused) Pursuit (employment), ste- Recover, v. recreo, receuteses. diuem. pero; (receive back) Private, adj. in a private Put, v. posso; put upon recipio. station, privtas. (as a garment), injiczo, Reduce, v. rediio. Privation, n. privautio. indueo; put off, eso*o; Reflect, v. repsuto. Probably, adv.fortasse. put to death, Reco; Refute, v. reyllo. Procure, v. colspyaro. (give) do. Regard, v. (esteem) shabeo. Procured, pt. paratus. Ptolemy, n. Ptolemceses. Register, n. commentaProdigy, n. prodigiumn. Pythagorean, adj. Pytha-' r-iusm. Produce (cause), v. effcio goreus. Regulate, v. rego. to be produced (born), Pythian, adj. Pythius. Reign, v. impero. aseor. Reign, n. imperium. Profit, v. prosum. Reject, v. rejicio, replProhibited, pt. prohibi- Q dio. tles. Rejoice, v. gasedeo; rePromise, v. promitto, pol- Quaestor, n. qse stor. joice with, gratulor. liceor. Quantity, n. vis. Relate, v. prodo, dicoe, Promise, n. promissue. Queen, n. regina. fer'o. Pronounce, v. (declare) Quicken, v. incito. Relieve, v. subvenio. dice. Quiet, adj. qUietus. Religious, adj. religioste. Proof, n. (effect) effectus. Quit (go from), v. exceo. Religiously, adv. sascte. Proper, adj. proprius, idoe- Quite, adv. prorses. Relying on, adj. fretbs. nesus. Remain, v. malceo. Property, n. proprizns, Remaining, n. remansio. res, res familiaris; to R. Remarkable, adcj, insignis. demand restitution of Remember, v. menminzi, reproperty, res repetere. Raft, n. rates. cordor, reminiscor. Proportioned (in propor- Rage, to be in a rage, v. Remembrance, n. memo' tion to), prep. pro..frenmo ria, recordatio, cornPropose (a law), v..fero. Raging, adj. inssawlbse. aemoratio. Prosecute, v. persequor. Rain, n. isen,er. Remove, v. amoueo, reProtection, n. prcesidiuzm. Rainbow, n. arcus. moseo. Provide, v. pr'ospicio, cn- Raised, pt. sublatus. Render (make), v. facio, ro. Rank, n. locsus, ordo. reddo. Provided, conj. dum, mo- Rapidity, n. celeritas. Renew, v. redintegro. do, dummodo. Rascal, n. nebulo. Repent, v. pcenitdre. Providence, n. providen- Rashly, adv. temer&. Report, n. finyma, rumor. tia. Rashness, n. temeritas. Report, v. feeo; it is reProvince, n. provincia. Rate (value), v. cestimo. ported, fertur. Provision, n. res freemen- Reach, v. attingo. Replace, v. repono. taria. Read, v. lego. Reply, v. respondeo. Provoke,.v. lacesso; to be Readily, adv. facild. Republic, n. respublica. provoked, exarsdesco. Ready (in attendance), adv. Reputation, n. existimaPrudence, n. prudeentia. preesto; to be ready, tie. Prudently, adv. pruden- prepared, paror. Require, v. desidero. ter. Reap, v. demeto. Requite, v. refero. Public, adj. psblicus; in Reason, n. ratio; (cause) Resentment, n. ira. public, in pioublicsm; causae; by reason of, Reserve, v. reservo. make public, v. divulgo. prce; with reason, just- Resist, v. resisto, Publicly (at the public ex- ly, jzre. Resolutely, adv. pertinapense), adv. p2bli7ce. Reasoning, n. ratio. citer. Publish, v. edo. Recall, v. revoco. Resort (come to), v. venio. Punish, v. pcnzsio. Receive, v. recipio, acci- Respect, v. diligo. Punishment, n. suppli- pio. P Respected, pt. eieotat.s. cciwr. Received, pt. acceptus. Respecting, prep. de. Pupil (of the eye), n. pu- Receptacle, n. receptacu- Rest (remaining), adj. relpaula. lean. qsUseF. SAV 323 SLA Restore, v. reddo, resti- Say, v. dico, fero, loquor, I Severe, adj. severus, acer tuo. dissero; I say, inquanm; bus. Retentive, adj. tenaan. they say, ferunt; it is Severely, adv. graviter. Retreat, v. regredior. said, fertur, dicittr. Severity, n. severitas. Return, v. redeo, refero, Saying, n. dictum. Shade, n. umbra; in the regredior; in return, Scarcely, adv. vix. shades below, apud inin turn, invicem. Scholar (pupil), n. disci- feros. Reverence, v. colo, revue- pulus. Shameful, adj. turpis, foereor. School, n. schola, ludtus dus. Revile, v. maledico. literarius. I Share (part), n. pars. Reward, n. prceniniu. Science, n. scientia, doc- Sharpen, v. acuzo. Rhetorican, n. shetor,. trina. She, pr. ec, illa (is, ille). Rich, adj dives, ditis, lo- Scourge, v. verbero. Shield, n. scuturm. cuples. Sea, n. mare. Shocked, pt. commotus. Riches, n. divuitie, pl. Search, v. qucero. Shore, n. titus, littus. great riches, fortuna. Season, n. tempestivitas. Short, adj. brevis; in short, Ridiculous, adj. ridiculus. Seat, n. sedes. adv. denique. Rigllt, n., jus. Second, adj. secundus, al- Shout, shouting, n. claRight, acj. r ectus, cequus. ter; adv. a second time, mor. Rightly, alv. r-ects. iterum. Show, v. ostendo; (teach) Rin(l, n. liber. Secretly, adv. clam. doceo; (point out) moesRing, n. canulus (ann.) Security, n. preesidium. stro. Ripe, adj. natturus. See, v. video, cerno. Show, n. spectaculum. River, n. /flvius, ftumen. Seed, n. semen. Shut up, v. includo; pt. Rob, v. peculor. Seek, v. quaero, peto; inclusus. Robber, n. latro. seek for, requiro. Sicily, n. Sicilia. Robe, n. pallium. Seem, v. videor. Sick, adj. cgqer, cegro corRock, n. soaum. Seize, v. capio; seize up- pore. Rod, n'. isrga.. on, occupo. Side (part), n. pars. Rtoman, adj. Rounanus. Self, pr. ipse; I myself, Sight, n. conspectus. Rorne, n. ioina. ego ipse; we ourselves, Signal, n. signzum. Rough, adj. horridus. nosmet ipsi. Silence, n. tacitarnzitas. Royal, adj. regius. Sell, v. vendo. Silent, adj. tacitus; to be Rule, v. dominzo, imnpe- Senate, n. senatus. silent, taceo. rito. Senator, n. senator. Silver, n. argentaum. Rule, n. decreteum. Senatorian (of a senator), Similarity, n. simnilitudo. Run, v. curro. sentolrius. Simplicity, n. simnpliciRush, v. irrumpo. Send, v. snitto; send for, tas. arcesso; send before, Sin, n. peccaturm. prcemnitto; send away, Sin, v. pecco. S. dimitto; send back, re- Since, conj. qzippe. mitto. Sincerity, n. sinceritas. Sacrifice, n. sacrusm. Sensation, n. sensus. Single (one), adj. unzLs. Sacl, adj. t;istis. Sense, n. sesnsus. Singly, one by one, adj. Safe, adj. 8alvtes, tatus. Sentilent, n. sententia. singuli. Safely, adv. tuti. Separate, v. secerno. Sink, v. (let down) deSafety, n. salus. Sequani, n. Seqsuani; of mitto. Sagacious, a(lj. s8fgawa. the Sequani, adj. Sequa- Sister, n. soror. Sagacity, n. piudentia. nuzs. Sit, v. sedeo. Sail, v. nacligo. Serpent, n. serpens. Six, adj. sea; sixth, sesSailor, n. (one sailing) na- Serve, v. servio. tus. vigqans. Service, n. opera, uqtilitas. Six hundred, adj. sexcenti. Sake (for the sake of), gra- Sesterces, n. Sestertii (Gr. Skill, n. sollertia. tid, cause. 907). Skilfully, adv. opte; most Salute, v. salu.to. Set, v. (place) pono o; set skilfully, aptissime. Same, adj. idesn; at the out (depart), proqfciscor; Sky, n. celium; to the same time, adv. simul. set before or forth, pro- skies, ad cctsum. Satiety, n. sotietas. pono. Slaughter, n. ccedis. Satisfction, n.. (pleasure) Settle down, v. consido. Slave, n. servus, mancivoluptas. Seventh, adj. septimrus. piusm; slaves, sertiSatisfy, v. e pleo, satis- Seventy, adj. septuagin- tislm. facio. I a; of seventy, adj. sep- Slavery, n. servttus. Save, v. servo. I tuagenarius. Slay, v. occido, i terjicio. SPO 324 THIA Sleep, n. somnUs. Spur, li. calctur. Suppose, v. arbitros, psto, Sleep, v. dormio. Stadium, n. stadium. ezistimno. Sloth, n. segnitia. Staff, n. baculum. Surface (upper part), sermSlower, adv. tardiss,. Stage, n. scene. mes; surface of the Smiling, pt. subridens. Stand, v. sto; stand in the water, sumna aqita. Snake, n. draco. way, oppose, obsto. Surnamed, pt. cognomninaSo, adv. sic; (in such a Standard, n. vecillusE. tus. manner) ita; (to such a Star, n. astrumrn, sidus. Surpass, v. suipero, vinco, degree) adeo. State, n. cisitas, respub- prcesto. So much, adj. tastius; of so lica Surrender, n. deditio. much value, tanti (pre- Station, n. (place) locus, Surrounded, pt. stipatus. tii); see much; adv. fortuena. Suspect, v. susspicor. tastopere, tamr; so long, Steer, to go towards, peto. Swear, v. juro. tren daist Step (to walk), v. ingre- Sweet, adj. dulcis. So many, adj. tot. dior. Swerve, v. diseedo. So that, ut. Stick, v. adhcereo. Swim, v. nato; swim over, Society, n. convictus. Stimulate, v. impello. tracnsnato. Soft, adj. mollis. Stoics, n. Stoici. Sword, n. gladius, ensis. Soften, v. lenio. Stone, n. (bezel of a ring) Syracuse, n. Syracsusce, pl. Softly, adv. leniter. pala. Soil, n. solum; (ground) Storm, n. tempestas. aqer. Stranger, n. hospes. T. Soldier, h. miles. Stratagem, n. dolies. Solemn, adj. solennis. Strength, n. sis, sires, pl. Take, v. capio; take away, Solicitude, n. solicitudo. robzsr. aufero, tollo; derogate, Solitude, n. solitndo. Strike, v. percutio. derogo; take away forciSome, adj. nonnullus, ali- Strong, adj. fortis. bly, detraho, extraho; ses, aliquot; some- Struck, pt. perceelsies. take anliss, moleste feothers, alii-alii; some Study, n. meditatio; at ro; to take captive, caone, aliquis.; (there are his studies, discens. pie; (to hold) habeo; some who) sunst qui; Study, v. edisco. take by assault, esxpugsome (quantity), ali- Study (consult for), v. con- no; take care, caseos; quzantus. sutlo. take into, induco: take Something, adj. aliqusid. Style (kind of writing), n. (to lead), diuco; taken, Sometime, adv. aliqtuan- genzMes. i. e. having taken, ntactzes. dies. Suavity, n. suavitas. Talk together, v. confabuSometimes, adv. inter- Subdue, v. donmo, perdo- lor. dumn. mo, sisbigo. Tarquin, Tazrquinius. Somewhat. adv. aliqe2id. Subject, n. res. Teach, v. doceo. Son, n. fliu6s. Submit (obey), v. pareo. Teachel; n. doctor, magisSoon, as soon as possible, Succeed, v. seccedo. ter,. qsLameprimqem. Successful, adj. seceundus. Tear, n. lecrime. Soonest, adv. celerrimd. Successfully, adv. bend. Tear in pieces, v. dilacero. Soothsayer, n. hstrusspes. Such, adj. talis, tantus. Tell, v. dico; (relate) IserSorrow, n. mrestitia. Such, adv. (so) tam. ro, (commemorate) meSorrowful, adj. mtestus. Sudden, adj. subiius. minsi. Soul, n. a nimues. Suddenly, adv. subito. Temperance, n. temperanSow, v. sero. Suffer, v. patior, perpe- tia. Spain, n. Hisipaqnia. tior. Temple, n. tedes, templum., Spare. v. parco. Suffice, v. seppeto. Ten, adj. decem. Speak, v. loqsor, eloquor, Sufficient, sufficiently, adv. Tend, v. (avail) valeo. dice; speak well of, be- satis. Tender, adj. tener. nqedico. Suit, v. consenio. Terminate, v. paetro, deSpear, n. hasta. Summon, v. cito. traho. Spectacle, n. spectaculesm. Sun, n. sol. Terrified, pt. territus. Speech, n. oratio; fr'eedom Sup, v. cxeno. Terrify, v. terreo. of speech, libera oratio. Superb, adj. conspicuts. Territory,..fiezis, ager. Spend (time), v. ago, de- Superfluous, adj. super- Than, conj. quarez. go; (give away) erogo. utleueteR. That, sign of the accusativo Spent, pt. act&s. Superiority, n. prtestartia. before the infinitive. Spinning, n. lanigqciem. Support (hold up), v. sus- That, conj. ut, quod, qeein; Spoils, iu. spolia, pl. tineo. that not, nqe; in order Spoken, pt. dictus. Supply, v. suppedito. that, quo. TOP 325 VIR WThat, dem. pr. is, ille, iste. Torment, v. crucio. Unknown, pt. ignotus. That, rel. pr. qi; that Torture, n. crTa, crctcia- Unless, conj. nisi. w hich, id qzod. tus. Unlike, adj. dissimilis. Theatre, n. t/he7trui. Towards, prep. adversus1. Unmindful, adj. imnmemor. Theban, adj. Theboanus. Tower, n. turris. Unpleasiug, adj. injucuet. Their, pr. eorum, illorum; Town, n. oppidcum. dus. (is, ille) onb;uS. Track (as a dog), v. inda- Unsatisfied (empty), adj. Then, conj. igitzcr. go. inanis. Then, adv. tuen, tunc; Train, v. erudio. Unsightly, adj. tscrpis. (after that)icede, deinde. Tranquillity, n. tranquil- Unskilful, adj. imnperitcus. Thence, adv. inde. litas, Until, adv. dum, donec. There, adv. ibi. Transmit, v. trado. Untouched, adj. integer. Therefore, adv. igitsur, Traveller, n. viator. Unwilling, a(j. invitus; itaquce, ideo. Treachery, n. proditio. to be unwilling, v. nolo. They, pr. ii, ili, pl. (is, ille). Treason, n. majestas. 1 Unworthy, adj. indcignus. Thief, n.fest. Tree, n. arbor; (young Upon, prep. ic, super, de. Thing, n. res, zegotitLsn. trees) stips. Us, pr. cos; acc. pl. (ego). Think, v. puto existimno, Tribune, n. tribunus. Use (make use of), v, utor, cogito, sentio, censeo. Triumph, v. triunmpho. adhibeo. Third, a(j. tertios. Troops, n. copice; (garri- Use, n. useis. Thirst, v. (to be thirsty) son) prcesidium. Use (to be wont), v. soleo; sitio. Trouble, v. ango. (to be accustomed) conThirty, adj. triginta. Trouble, n. nmolestia. suesco. This, pr. hic. True, adj. vernes. Useful, adj. utilis; very Thou, pr. tu; you, tu, cos. Truly, adv. vere, jprofecto. useful, perutilis. Though, conj. licet, si, Trumpet, n. tuba. Utility, n. ctilitas. quum (cuem), quamvis. Trusty, adj. certits. Utter (give utterance to), Thousand, adj. minle, pl. Truth, n. veritas, verum. v. enusicio. millia. Try (a cause), v. jcdico. Threats, n. mince, pl. Turn, v. verto, converto; Threaten, v. mincor. turn away, averto; turn V. Three, adj. tres; three to and fio, versor; turn hundred, trecenti. out, eveccio. Valor, n. virtus. Three brothers (born at one Tusculan, adj. Tusceulancus. Valuable, adj. pretiosnzs. birth), trigfemini. Twenty, adj. viginti. Value, v. cestimo; value Throw, v. jacio, conjicio, Twist around, v. complec- greatly, cestimo magni; mitto. tor. more, p/slris; most, Throw away, v. abjicio. Two, adj. duo; two by ma/imi. Thunder, n. tonitr/a, fal- two, bin/i; two together, Vanity, n. ambitio. men. asnbo. Vanquished. pt. victcs. Thus, adv. sic, adeo. Two hundred, adj. cducesti. Various, adj. vari/ns. Thy, pr. tawus. Tyrant, n. tyrancnus. Vehemently, adv. qehe. Tiber, n. Tiberis. menter. Tide, In, cstcts. Veil, v. obnubo. Tiger, n. tigris. U. Vent (give vent), v. agito. Till, adv. donee. Verse, n. versus. Time, n. tempuzs; (season) Unacquainted, adj. rudis. Very (intensive), adv. vehecetae, hora, dies; at Uncertain, adj. incertis; menter, maxcime, perthis time, hoc / teenpore; (not clear) obsceqruzs. quaen, quzam, ipse; very at one time, seno tern- Uncle, n. avunculas. highly, quam magni. pore; there was no time, Unconquered, adj. is1vic- Vespasian, n. Vespasianqcs. tencp)us defcit. teus. Vessel, n. vas. Tired (to be), v. toedere. Under, prep. sub, in. Vestige, n. vestigizm. To, prep. ad; (into) in; Undergo, v. suscipio. Vex, v. ango. (towards) erga. Understand, v. inte/ligo, Vice, n. viti/m. To-day, adv. /Iodie. cognosco. Victor, n. victor. Together with, adv. simul Undertake, v. suscipio, Victorious, adj. victor. ceem. ago. Victory, n. victoria. Tolerable, adj. tolerabilis. Unfaithful, adj. in.iduas. Vigour, n. vires, pl. Tomb, n. sepulcrt-7ss. Unfortunate, adj. miser. Villa, n. villa. Tongue, n. lingisa. Unhurt, pt. illcesus. Violate, v. violo. Top, adj. sumziecss. (Gr. Unite, v. consocio. Virgil, n. Virgilias. 273.) Unjustly, adv. uccju8std. Virgin, n. virgo. WIHE 326 YOU VirLue, n. virtues, honestas. Where, adv. ubi, ubinam; Without, prep. sine, etlra,;. Visitor, n. hospes. of what nation? utbinam to be without, v. careo, Vitiate, v. depravo. gentium P in what part Withstand, v. saestineo. Voice, n. Voa,. of the world? ubi ter- Witness, n. testis. Voluntary, adj. voltntari- ratrum? Woman, n. mulier.'us. Wherefore, adv. igitur, Wonder, v. miror. Vote, v. fero suffragium. quare. Wont (to be), v. soleo. Voyage (to have a voyage), Whether, interrog. num, Wood (forest), n. silsva;. v. nasizgo. an. (timber) lignqum, mate-. Which, interrog. pr. quis. ries,. Which, rel. pr. quod (qui). Wool, n. lana. W. Which of two, pr. uter. Woollen, adj. laneus. Whichever, pr. acterque. Word, n. serbum; in a Wage war, v. gero bellum. While, whilst, adv. dmnz; word, denique. Walkefulness, n. viailia. (when) quum (cum). Work, n. opus, opera. Walk, v. ambulo; walk Whither, adv. quo, quo- Workman, n. opifea. about, obansbulo. nam. World, n. orbis, terrce, pl. Wall, n. snusruss; (of a fort) Who, interrog. pr. qauis. Worse. adj. pejor. mcenia, pl.; (of a house) Who, rel. pr. qui; to whom, Worthily, Worthy, adv. (in paries. quicetm. a manner worthy), digne. Want (need), v. egeo, in- Whole, adj. omnis, totus. Worthy, adj. dignus, bodigeo; to be wanting, Why, adv. cur, quid (for nus. desum. propter quid). Would be, v. forear. (Gr. Want, n. egestas. Wicked, adj. impitus, im- 222, 5.) War, v. bello. probuss. Wound, v. tulnero. War, n. bellum; in war, Wickedness, n. scelus. Wound, n. vulnus. nmilities; of war, adj. Wide, adj. latus. Write, v. scriboe; write militaris; art of war, Wife, n. uor. back, rescribo. s-es militaris. Wild, adj. silvestris; wild Warm, adj. telpidus. beast, fera. Was, imperf. of am (sum). Will, v. volo; will not, Y. Water, n. aqua. nolo. Weakness, n. iitfirezitas. Willingly (freely), adv. Year, n. annzqs. Wealth, n. disitise, pl. libenter; (gladly) lu7bem- Yesterday's, adj. hesternqss. Wealthy, adj. opulentus, tee'. Yet, conj. tamen, verunopuslens. Win, v. concilio. tamen. Weighty, adj. gravis. Winter-quarters, n. hiber- Yield to, v. cedo; (obey) Well, adv. bene, beate; na. pareo. very well, optime. Wisdom, n. sapientia, con- Yield (give up), v. suecrnmWere, v. pl. of was. silium. bo. What? pr. quis, equis, Wise, ad;. sapiens, qravis, You, pr. sing. tu; pl. sos. guisnam. prsudens. Young man, n. adolescens, What, of what consequence Wish, v. volo; wish rather, juvenis. adj. quantues. prefer, malo; I wish, Your (of thee), tui; (of What (- that which), rel. 0 that, coni. utinam. you) vestracm; adj. pr. pr. qazod (qui). Wit, n. ingeniumn. tuuas, vester. Whatever, pr. quid, qaid- With, prep. cumn, iae; sign Youth, n. juventus, adocunqaee, qauicquid. of ablative. lescen tiia; time of youth, When, adv. qusrm (cum), Withdraw, v. dedusco. j)uveta; young man, ubi. Within, prep. intra, in. juVenis. IEND. TEXT BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, INTICUDING THE PRIMARY, ENGLISH, AND CLASSICAL DEPARTMENT, NATURAL SCIENCE, GEOGRAPHY, MATHEMATICS, BOOK-KEEPING, ETC. PUBLISHED BY PRATT, OAKLEY AND COMPANY, NO. 21 MURRAY STREET, NEW YORK. * It will be noticed that most of these works were written by Teachers of tao 3iighest eminence. ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY; with explanatory Notes and elegant Illustrations. By John Brocklesby, A. M., Professor in Trinity College $1 25. From the Connecticut Common School Journal. We take pleasure in calling the attention of teachers and students to this truly ex ellent book. It is not a milk-and-water compilation, without principles and with ut demonstration. It contains the elements of the science in their proper integrity nd proportions. Its author is a learned man and a practical instructor, as the euthor of every school-book should be. The style is a model for a text-book, comlining in a high degree perspicuity, precision, and vivacity. In a word, it is the very )est elementary work on Astronomy with which we are acquainted. This notice is echoed by a large number of academies, who are promptly intro lucing the book. ELEMENTS OF MEiTEOROLOGY; designed for Schools and Ac. ademies. By John Brocklesby, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Trinity College, Hartford, 84 cents. The subject of Meteorology is of the deepest interest to all. Its phenomena every wnere surround us, and ought to be as familiarly known to the scholar as his arithh:etic or philosophy. This work treats of Winds in general, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Wa'er-spouts, Rain, Fogs, Clouds, Dew, Snow, Hail, Thunder-storms, Rainbows, Ilaloes, Meteorites, Northern Lights, &c. it has proved highly satisfactory in the school-room, and is now the established text-book in a very large number of our best high schools and academies, where the natural sciences are taught. It is highly commended by Prof. Olmsted, Prof. Silliman, Dr. J L Cormstock,'?erof Lee, of Pa., Prof. Love, of Mo., and a host of eminent instructor, 2 ~ 1Pratt, Oakley 4' Co's Publications. VIEWS OF THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD; designed for Gentral Reading, and as a Hand-book for Classes in Natural Sciences. By Prof Brockles by $1 12. By the aid of a powerful microscope, the author has given us highly ir structlve accounts of Infusorial Animalcules, Fossil Infusoria, Minute Aquatic Animals, Structure of Wood and Herbs, Crystallization, Parts of Insects, &c., &c. To those who are necessarily deprived of the aid of a microscope, and even to those who have it, this is a most valuable work. It is clearly and pleasantly written. The sections on the Animalcules, Infusoria, and Crystallization, are very beautifully illustrated with large and expensive plates. The descriptions of the different kinds of these wonderful little animals, many of which multiply by billions in a few hours, are really very instructive. There is no better s:hool library book in the world. It should be read by every man, woman and child. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY; designed for Colleges and the Higher Classes in Schools, and for General Reading. By Worthington Hooker, M. D Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in Yale College. Illustrated witb nearly 200 engravings. $1 25. This is an original work, and not a compilation. It presents the subject in a new light, and at the same time embraces all that is valuable for its purpose that could be drawn from the most eminent sources. The highest encomiums are received front all quarters a few are subjoined. From CALEB J. IIALLOWELL, Alexandria High School, Va. Hooker's Physiology was duly received. We propose to adopt it as a text -booX. and shall order in the course of a fortnight. From the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. We can truly say that we believe this volume is of great value, and we hope that the rare merits of the diligent author will be both appreciated and patronized From B. F. TEWKSBURY, Lenoxvwlle, Pa. I am ready to pronounce it unqualifiedly the most admirable book or work on the human system that has fallen under my notice, and they have not been few. If any one desires a complete and thorough elucidation of the great science discussed, thev can nowhere be better satisfied than in the perusal of Dr. Hooker's most excellent work. AN INTRODUCTORY WORK ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, by Prof IIooker, has just been published, designed for all persons commencing the study Dr. Hooker's works seem to have taken their place decidedly at the head of all treatises on the subject of Physiology. They are rapidly going into seminaries and normal schools in all parts of the country, and the best institutions express their "delight at the result." \60 cents. A COMPARATIVE ENGLISH-GERMAN GRAMMAR; based on the affinity of the two languages. By Prof. Elias Peissner, late of the University o0 Munich, now of Union College, Schenectady. $1.00 From the New York Churchman. Of all the German Grammars we have ever examined, this is the most modest and tr.pretending, and yet it contains a system and a principle which is the life of it, as:lcar, as practical, as effective for learning grammar as any thing we have ever seen out forth, with so much more pretense of originality and show of philosophy. II,uill be found, too, we think, that the author has not only presented a new idea of'nuch interest in itself, but has admirably carried it out in the practical lessons and xercises of' his work. From PRoF J. FOSTER, of Schenectady. I have examined Prof. Peissner's German Grammar with some attention, have nlarked with interest the rapid advancement of students here using it as a text-book, and have myself carefully tested it in the instruction of a daughter eleven years o; age. The result is a conviction that it is most admirably adapted to secure easy pleasant, and real progress, and that from no other work which has come under mwt aotice can so satisfactory a knowledge of the language be obtained in a gi een time Pratt, Oakley 4- Co's Publicationss. 3 WHITLOCIc'S GE3METRY AND SURVEYING,, is a work for advanced students, possessing the highest claims upon the attention of Mathematical Teachers. $1 50..n comparison wilh other works of the kind, it presents the following advantages: 1. A better connected and more progressive method of geometrizing, calculated to enable the student to go alone. 2. A fuller, more varied, and available practice, by the introduction of more than four hundred exercises, arithmetical, demonstrative, and algebraical, so chosen as to be serviceable rather than amusing, and so arranged as greatly to aid in the acquisi, tion of the theory 3. The bringing together of such a body of geometrical knowledge, theoretical and practical, as every individual on entering into active life demands. 4. A system of surveying which saves two-thirds of the labor required by the ordi nary process. This work is well spoken of universally, and is already in use in some of the best Institutions of this country. It is recommended by Prof. Pierce, of Cambridge, Prof. Smith, of Middletown, Prof. Dodd, of Lexington, and many other eminent mathematicians. From E. M. MORSE, ESQ. I consider that I have obtained more mathematical knowledge from Whitlock's Geometry than from all other text-books combined. Unlike too many treatises of a similar nature, it is eminently calculated to make mathematicians. PROF. J. B. DODD'S MATHEMATICAL $BRIES COMPRISES AN ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC..............................0 45 HiGH SCHOOL ARITHMETIC................................................ 0 84 ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA...............................0......... 0 84 HIGHER ALGEBRA........................................................... 1 50 KEY TO ALGERA............................ 84 ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY.......................................1............. 00 These books are believed to be unrivaled in the following particulars: 1. The philosophical accurateness with which their topics are arranged, so as to show the mutual dependence and relationship of their subjects. 2. The scientific correctness and practical convenience of their greatly improved nomenclature. 3. The clear and concise manner in which principles are stated and explanations are given. 4. Brevity and completeness of rules. 8. The distinctness with which the true connection between Arithmetic and its cognate branches is developed. 6 The excellent and thorough intellectual discipline superinduced. RECOMMENDATIONS. From R. T. P. ALLEN, Svperintendent of Kentucky Military Institute. Upon a careful examination of a manuscript Treatise on Arithmetic, by Prot. Dodd, I find it greatly superior to all others which have come under my notice, in system, completeness, and nomenclature. The arrangement is natural, the system complete, and the nomenclature greatly improved. These improvements are not slight; they are fundamental-eminently worthy the attention of the mathematical teacher, and give a character of unity to the work which at once distinguishes it from all others on this subject. From C. M. WRIGHT, Associate Principal of Mount Palatine Academy. I have examined Dodd's Arithmetic, and am fully persuaded that it is superio to any other with which I am acquainted. I could speak in detail were it necessary, lht all that is required to establish its reputation and introduction, is to have', nown by teachers. 4 Pratt, Oakley 4- Co's Publications. From M. S LITTLEFIELD, Grand Rapids, Mich I have Dodd's Higher Arithmetic, and unhesitatingly pronounce it the best worS for advanced classes I have ever seen. From E. HINDS, ESQ., of Newtown Academy. I have recently adopted Dodd's High School Arithmetic, and like it much. Having seen that Prof. Dodd is also author of an Algebra, I should like to see that work be ore forming a new class. From H. ELIAS, Esq., Palmyra, Mo. I have fairly tested Dodd's Algebra, and am much pleased with it. If I like his eometry as well as the Algebra, I shall forthwith introduce it into my school. From PROF. W. H. DE PUY. We have introduced Dodd's Algebra into the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary as a permanent text-book. From R. H. MOORE, Ill. Dodd's Algebra possesses excellencies pertaining to no other work From REV. J. A. MCCANLEY, Va. I am much pleased with Dodd's Algebra, and will introduce it. From OSCAR HARRIS, N. J I use Professor Dodd's Algebra, and shall continue it as our regular text-boot From PROF. A. L. HAMILTON, President of Andrew College. I have examined with some care Prof. Dodd's Elements of Geometry, and, so fax as I am capable of judging, I conceive it. to be in many respects decidedly the best work of the kind extant. For simplicity, exactness, and completeness, it call have no superior. Like his Arithmetic and Algebra, in many important particulars, his Geometry stands pre-eminent and alone. A. NEW COMMON-SCHOOL ARITHMETIC, by Prof. Dodd, is ln press. The Department of Public Instruction in Canada has repeatedly ordered Prof Dodd's books, as well as many of F. B. & Co.'s other publications, for use in schools SCHELL'S INTRODUCTORY LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC; designed as an Introduction to the study of any Mental or Written Arithmetic. It contains a large amount of mental questions together with a large number of questions to be performed on the slate, thus combining mental and written exercises for young beginners. This is a very attractive little book, superior to any of its class. It leads the pupil on by the easiest steps possible, and yet insures constant progress. 20 cents. From GEo. PAYNE QUACKENBOS, Rector of Henry street Grammar School, N. i It is unnecessary to do more than to ask the attention of teachers to this work, they cannot examine it impartially without being convinced of its superior merits It will, no doubt, become one of the most popular of school-books. From J. MARKHAM, OhiO. I wish to introduce Schell's little Arithmetic. It is just thething for beginners Fend six dozen From G. C. MERRIFIELD, Ind. I am highly pleased with Schell's little book, and shall use it. From D. F. DEWOLF Ohio. Schell's little book for children is a beau-ideal of my own, and of course it suits From D. G. HEFFRON, Sup't. Schools, Utica. The School Committee have adopted Schell's Arithmetic for our public schools Send us three hundred. Pratt, Oakley 4- Co's Peblications. 5 AN INTELLECTUAL AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC; or, First Lessons in Arithmetical Analysis. By T. L. Enos, Graduate of the New York State Normal Schools. 25 cents. The same clearness and conciseness characterize this admirable book that belong to the works of Prof. Dodd. The natural arrangements of the text, and the logical mJnde of solving the questions, is a peculiar and important feature belonging to this oook alone. From PROF. C. M. WRIGHT. I have examined with care and interest Enos' Mental Arithmetic, and shall intro insce it at once into the Academy. Flrom PROFs. D. I. PINCKNEY, S. M. FELLOWS, S. SEARLE, Rock River Seminary t"e have examined an intellectual Arithmetic, by J. L. Enos, and like it much, WVd shall immediately use it in our school. PROF. PALMER'S BOOK-KEEPING; Key and Blanks. 67 cents. This excellent book is superior to the books generally used, because: 1. It contains a large number of business blanks to be filled by the learner, such as deeds, mortgages, agreements, assignments, &c., &c. 2. Explanations from page to page, from article to article, and to settle principles of law in relation to deeds, mortgages, &c., &c. 3. The exercises are to be written out, after being calculated. In other works, the pupil is expected to copy, merely. Palmer's Book-Keeping is used in the New York Public Schools, and extensively in Academies, It is recommended by Horace Webster, LL. D., G. B. Docharty, LL. D., and a large number of accountants and teachers. REV. P. BULLIONS' ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL SERIES, COMPRISING PRACTICAL LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION............... $0 25 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR......................................... 0 50 PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS AND PARSING................. 0 15 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL GRAMMAR.................................. 0 30 NEW, OR ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR................... 0 63 LATIN LESSONS, WITH EXERCISES IN PARSING. By Geo. Spencer, A. M. Half cloth, enlarged................... 63....................................... 0 63 BULLIONS' PRINCIPLES OF LATIN GRAMMAR........................ 1 00 BIULLtONS' LATIN READER. With an Introduction on the Idioms of the Latin Language. An improved Vocabulary................................. 1 00 BULLIONS' C2ESAR'S COMMENTARIES....................................... 1 00 BULLIONS' CICERO'S ORATIONS. With reference both to Bullions', and Andrew's, and Stoddard's Latin Grammar................................... 1 13 BULLIONS' SALLUST......................................................... 1 00 BULLIONS' GREEK LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS................................. 0 75 BULLIONS' PRINCIPLES OF GREEK GRAMMAR............................... 1 13 BULLIONS' GREEK READER. With Introduction. on the Idioms of the Greek Language, and Improved Lexicon................................ 1 75 BUI.LIONS' LATIN EXERCISES............................................. 1 25 COOPER'S VIRGIL......................................................... 2 00 In this series of books, the three Grammars, English, Latin, and Greek, are all on the same plan. The general arrangement, definitions, rules, &c., are the same, and e:,xpressed in the same language, as nearly as the nature of the case would admit To those who study Latin and Greek, much time and labor, it is believed, will be saved ty this method, both to teacher and pupil. The analogy and peculiarities of the different languages being kept in view, will show what is common to all, er p).eue *6 CPratt, Oakley 4- Co's Publicationss. bar to each; the confusion and difficulty unnecessarily occasioned by the use of ele, mentary works differing widely from each other in language and structure, will be avoided, and the progress of the student rendered much more rapid, easy, and satis factory. No series of Grammars, having this object in view, has heretofore been prepared, and the advantages which they offer cannot be obtained in an equal degree by the study of any other Grammars now in use. They form a complete course of element. ary books, in which the substance of the latest and best Grammars in ea ch langulagi has been compressed into a volume of convenient size, beautifully printed on supe rior paper, neatly and strongly bound, and are put at the lowest prices at which they can be afforded. The elementary works intended to follow the Grammars-namely, the Latin Reader and the Greek Reader-are also on the SAME PLAN; are prepared with special references to these works, and contain a course of elementary instruction so uniqut and simple as to furnish great facilities to the student in these languages. NOTICES. 1From PROF. C. S. PENNEL, Antioch College, Ohzo. Bullions' books, by their superior arrangement and accuracy, their completeness as a series, and the references from one to the other, supply a want more perfectly than any other books have done. They bear the marks of the instructor as well as the scholar. It requires more than learning to make a good school-book. From J. B. THOMPSON, A. M., late Rector of the Somerville Classical Institute, N. J. I use Bullions' works-all of them-and consider them the best of the kind that bave been issued in this or any other language. If they were universally used we would not have so many superficial scholars, and the study of the classics would be more likely to serve the end for which it was designed-the strengthening and adorning of the mind. * From A. C. RICHARDS, Esq., Clay Co., Ga. We think Bullions' Latin Grammar, in the arrangement of its syntax and the ccnciseness of its rules, the manner of treating prosody, and the conjugations of.he verbs, superior to any other. If his Greek Reader is as good as the Latin Reader, we shall introduce it. It is almost superfluous to publish notices of books so extensively used. Within the last few months Dr. Bullions' English Grammar has been introduced into the Public, and many of the Private Schools, the Latin School, the English High School, the City Normal School, of the city of Bost, ~; Normal Schools of Bridgewater and Westfield; Marlborough Academy; cities Salem, Newburyport. &c., Mass.; Portsmouth, Concord, and several academies i New Hampshire; and re-adopted in Albany and Troy, New York. They are used in over seventy acade mies in New York, and in many of the most flourishing institutions in everfyState ot the Union. Also, in the Public Schools of Washington, D. C., and of Canada, in Oregon and Australia. The classical Series has been introduced into several col leges, and it is not too much to say that Bullions' Grammars bid fair to become the Standard Grammars of the country. THE STUDENTS' SERIES BY J. S. DENMAN, A. M. Cents THE STUDENTS' PRIMER..................................... 7 c" " SPELLING-BOOK..............................................13 "' " FIRST READER............................................... 13 "' SECOND "...............................................25 " THIRD "............................................... 4 "( ~ FOURTH "...............................................7 "' " FIFTH............................................. 94 " SPEAKER............................................... Pratt, Oakley 4- Co's Publications, 7 Thu Publishers feel justified in claiming that the Students' Series is decidedly the best for teaching reading, and spelling that has yet appeared. The plan of teaching includes, in the first steps, an ingenious and original mode of repetition which is very pleasing and encouraging to the pupil. The first books of the series are very instructive, and the later portions consist of fine selections, which are not hackneyed. Prof. Page, late Principal of the New York State Normal School, said of this system: "It is the best I ever saw for teaching the first principles of Reading." Such testimony is of the highest value, and nose need be afraid to use the books on such a recommendation. The numerous notices from all parts of the country where these books have beea used, cannot be introduced here. They have just gone into the schools of Seneca County, N. Y., without solicitation; and the same is true of many important schools where they have been examined. From C. B. CRUMB, N. Y. The Students' Series is, in my opinion, the best in use. I believe a class of young students will learn twicb as much, with the same labor, as they would from any other system. The books of this Series excel in the purity and attraction of their style I have introduced them. DR. COMSTOCK'S SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE SCIENCES, viz: INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. For Children.................... $0 4X SYSTEM OF NATURAL PHILUSOPHY, newly revised and enlarged, including late discoveries......................................... 1 00 ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY. Adapted to the present state of the Science...... 1 001 THE YOUNG BOTANIST. New edition...................................... 50 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Including Vegetable Physiology, and a Description of Common Plants. With Cuts................................ 1 25 OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY, both Comparative and Human. To which is added OUTLINES OF ANATOMY, excellent for the general scholar and ladies' schools. 80 NEW ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. Highly Illustrated........................... 1 25 ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY. Illustrated with numerous Cuts............... 75 NATURAI HISTORY OF BIRDS. Showing their Comparative Size. A new and valuable feature........................................................... 50'Sf:1o I HIs'roOP OF BEASTS. Ditto...................50.................. 5 N.iATU~RAI1 JSTOP'Y IF Pv.i AND BEASTS. Do. Cloth....................... I 00 QUESTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PHILOSOPHY....................... 30 All the above works are fully illustrated by elegant cuts. The Philosophy has been republished in Scotland, and translated for the use o schools in Prussia. The many valuable additions to the work by its transatlantic editors, Prof. Lees, of Edinburgh, and Prof. IIoblyn, of Oxford, have been embraced by the author in his last revision. The Chemistry has been entirely revised, and contains all the late discoveries, together with methods of analyzing minerals and naetals. Portions of the series are in course of publication in London. Such testimnony, in addition to the general good testimony of teachers In this country, is suffi cient to warrant us in saying that no works on similar subjects can equal them, or have ever been so extensively used. Continual applications are made to the publishers to replace the Philosophy in schools where, for a time, it has given way to other booke. The style of l)r. Comstock is so clear, and his arrangement is so excellent, that no writer can be found to excel him for school purposes, and he takes constant pains to include new discoveries, and to consult eminently scientific men. HON. J. OLNEYS GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. PPIMARY GEOGRAPHY; with Colored Maps. 25 cents. QUARTO GEOGRAPHY; with elegant Cuts, Physical Geography Tables, Map of the Atlantic Ocean, &c. 75 cents. 8 Pratt, Oakley & Co's Publications. OLNEY'S SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS. Containing An cient Geography, Physical Geography, Tables, an entirely new Chart of ths World, to show its physical conformation, as adapted to purposes of commerce, and also for the purpose of reviewing classes; also a Chronological Table of Disco veries. $1 12. OLNEY'S OUTLINE MAPS. Of the World, United States Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Canada, with Portfolio and Book of Exercises, $6. All the recent improvements are included in Olney's Quarto and School Geogra hies. They are not obsolete or out of date, but fully " up to the times." In ele. ance or completeness they are not surpassed. Mr. Olney commenced the plan of simplifying the first lesson, and teaching a child by what is familiar, to the exclusion of astronomy. He commenced the plan of having only those things represented on the maps which the pupil was required to learn.'He originated the system of classification, and of showing the government, religion, &c., by symbols. He first adopted the system of carrying the pupil over the earth by means of the Atlas. His works first contained cuts, in which the dress architecture, animals, internal improvements, &c., of each country are grouped, so as to be seen at one view. His works irpt contained the world as known to the An. cients, as an aid to Ancient History, at a Synopsis of Physical Geography, with maps. In short, we have seen no valuable feature in any geography which has nol originally appeared in these works; and we think it not too much to claim that, in many respects, most:other works are copies of these. We think that afair and candid examination will show that Olney's Atlas is the largest, most systematic, and complete of any yet published, and that the Quarto and Modern School. Geographies contain more matter, and that better arranged, than any similar Works; and they are desired to test the claims here asserted. It is impossible to give here more than a' fractional part of the recommendations, of the first order, which the publishers have received for the foregoing list! of books Enough has been given to show the claims of the books to examination and use. All these works are made in very neat, durable style, and are sold as low as a moderate remuneration will allow. Copies supplied to teachers for their own use at one-fifth off from the retail price, and postage paid. Large institutions are furnished sample copies without charge. PRATT, OAKLEY & CO. 21'MURRAY STREET' NEW YOREK.