AlutuR m of tanparatvbe    Eooqgn, (Cazmbzibge, Bsats
Wilh the complimen/s of
ALEXANDER A GASSIZ.








L'meotors of tljc f tscum of omnpara.titc EoiIog!2
AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
VOL. V.  NTO. 1.
NORTH AMERICANq STARFISHES,
BY
ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ.
WITH TWENTY PLATES.
CAMBRIDGE:
WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY,
1877.








PREFACE.
THE Plates which accompany this volume* have now  been drawn on
stone for more than twelve years. It was the intention of the late Pro.
fessor Agassiz to add to them the anatomy of several of our more conmmon species, but the duties connected with the care of the Museum  prevented himn fromn accomplishing this task. Although during the last twelve
years several important papers have been published on the anatomy of
Echinoderms which would necessitate a complete re-examination of the
anatomy of Starfishes, it has been thought best, since there was no probability of being able to finish within a reasonable time the necessary anatomical investigations to complete this volume as originally planned, to
publish the Plates as they were left by Professor Agassiz; all that has
been added to them  is the lettering necessary for their proper explanation.  However incompletely the subject of Starfishes is thus presented,
these Plates cannot fail to be of value not only as illustrations of a
number of our American Starfishes, and as showing the systematic value
of characters thus far almost completely neglected, but also as determining
the homology of several genera not previously figured, the solid parts
of which are given in detail.  As several European naturalists are at the
present moment engaged upon the study of the Starfishes, it appeared
judicious to issue these Plates before they became antiquated.
* They were intended to accompany the text of the fifth volume of the "Contributions to the Natural
History of the United States," by L. Agassiz.




iV                             PREFACE.
The Memoir on the Embryology of the Starfish, Part I., has been republished substantially as it originally appeared in 1864, in advance of the
remainder of the volume. I have added notes in brackets on tile points
where additions have been made by subsequent investigations for the sake
of calling attention to the present condition of the subject, and I beg the
reader to remember that it was written thirteen years ago.
ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 
CAMBRIDGE, April, 1877.




CONTENTS.
PREFACE.
PART I. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
CHAPTER FIRST. ARTIFICIAL FECUNDATION, AND HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
LARVA, p. 3.
CHAPTER SECOND.  HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH PROPER, p. 30;
RECAPITULATION, p. 36.
CHAPTER THIRD. EMBRYOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF STARFISHES, P. 59.
CHAPTER FOURTH. EXAMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATIONS OF FORMER OBSERVERS, p. 66.
CHAPTER FIFTH. ON THE PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODERMS, p. 75.
PART II.  ON THE SOLID PARTS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.
HOMOLOGIES OF ECHINODERMS, p. 87; DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME NORTH
AMERICAN STARFISHES, p. 94; ASTERIAS, p. 94; ECHINASTER SENTUS, p. 97; CROSSASTER,
p. 98; PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES, p. 100; BRISINGA, p. 102; LUIDIA GUILDINGII, P. 105;
ASTERINA FOLIUM, P. 106; ASTEROPSIS IMBRICATA, p. 106; PENTACEROS RETICULATUS, P. 108;
SOLASTER ENDECA, P. 112; CRIBRELLA SANGUINOLENTA, 1. 113; ASTROPECTEN ARTICULATUS,
p. 114; LUIDIA CLATHRATA, p. 117; FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES, P. 119.
NOTE, p. 121.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, p. 122.








PA R T I,
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
BY ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.
[Part I., together with Plates I. - VII., was published in December, 1864; the text included in
brackets has been added with the subsequent part.]








EMBRYOLOGY OF TIlE STARFISH.
CHAPTER FIRST.
ARTIFICIAL FECUNDATION, AND HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LARVA.
D/l7erenees of Ize Sexes. —-Since the existence of different sexual organs
in separate individuals was first pointed out among the lower animals,
the tendency of every additional advance in our knowledge of their structure has been to bring out more fully the differences of sex between them.
But recently, we did not even know that among the Medusse there were
male and female individuals; and yet, at the present day, it is a comparatively easy task to distinguish, among the larger Jelly-fishes, the
nales froin the females. The difference of coloring is very striking.  The
spermaries of the males are often brilliantly tinged, while the ovaries of
the females are of duller hues. We thus find among Jelly-fishes the first
indication of an almost universal law in the animal kingdom, and which is
nowhere carried out to so great a degree as among Birds. A casual observer could not fail to distinguish a male from a female Aurelia, -though
the great difference in the coloring of the males and females had not been
perceived by naturalists till it was first pointed out by Professor Agassiz,
in Aurelia fiavidula Per. el Les. In Melicertum, in Turris, in Staurophora,
in Circe, a glance will suffice to determine the sex of the individual;
while a single look through a magnifying-glass will reveal to us the sex
of the smaller species, such as Eucope, Pennaria, Euphysa, and the like.
The difference of the sexes of some Echinoderms is easily perceived by
their difference of coloring at the time of spawning; among them  are
our common Starfishes and our Sea-urchins.
The males and fenmales of our common species of Starfishes, Asteracanthion pallidus Ayass. (A. vulgaris Stinp.?), and Asteracanthion berylinus
Agass., can readily be distinguished by their difference in coloring: all
2




4                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
those having a bluish tint being invariably females; a reddish or reddishbrown color indicating a male. Among the many specimens I have had
occasion to open, I have thus far never found a single exception. When
cut open, so as to expose the genital organs, the difference between the
males and females is still more striking.  The lon'g grape-like clusters of
reproductive organs extending from the angle of the arms, on both sides
of the ambulacral system, to the extremity of the rays, present very
marked differences in the two sexes.  The ovaries are bright orange,
while the spermaries are of a dull cream-color. At the time of spawning,
which is very different in the two species mentioned above, the genital
organs are distended to the utmost, filling completely the whole of the
cavity of the ray; the abactinal system itself being greatly expanded by
the extraordinary development of these organs.
Artificial Fecntdation. —If we take a male and female Starfish in this
state, and cut a portion of the genital organs into small pieces, we shall
find that the eggs and spermaries escape in such quantities as to render
turbid the water in which they are placed. Throwing these small pieces
of the genital organs into shallow dishes containing fresh sea-water, and
stirring the mixture thoroughly to insure the contact between the spermaries and the eggs, will be sufficient to fecundate the latter. In order
to make the operation perfectly successful, some precautions are necessary: all the pieces of the genital organs, which are left after repeated
stirring, must be carefully removed; there must not be too many eggs
in one dish, so that the water can have free access to them  in every
direction. The removal of the remnants of the ovaries and spermaries
is very necessary, as the pieces which remain clotted together decompose very rapidly, and endanger the safety of the eggs, even when the
water can be changed with the greatest facility. As soon as the fecundation is fulfilled, the water in the dishes must be repeatedly changed
until it becomes perfectly clear, for the presence of too many spermaries,
rendering the water milky, prevents a favorable result. It is best only
to use one male and one female for the mixture in each vessel, as eggs
taken from many individuals lessen the chances of success. The eggs
sink to the bottom, so that the water can be poured off and changed
without much danger of throwing them away. Immediately after the
mixture is made, the water should be changed three or four times in
succession; after that, every half-hour, until the fourth hour, when an




CHANGES IN THE EGG.                         5
interval of two to four hours may elapse before renewing the water. As
it is extremely difficult to change the water after the embryos have
hatched and are swimming freely about in the jar, without losing many
of them, it is advisable, before they hatch, which is about ten hours after
the fecundation, to reduce the water to a minimum  volume, and then
simply to add a little firesh sea-water and remove the contents of the
vessel to larger and larger jars. In this way the water can be maintained sufficiently pure, until the young embryos have taken the habit
of swimming near the surface, when it may all be drawn off by means
of a siphon. A great deal of time and trouble will be saved by this
mode of procedure, and fewer specimens lost,  The jars containing the
eggs should be kept in a cool place; the most convenient method of
securing a low and even temperature is to place the small jars in large
tubs filled with cold water.
Chla/ges in the Egg.. —At the time of spawning, the eggs in the ovaries
are so closely packed that they are pressed into all sorts of shapes, triangular, polygonal, elliptical; but when placed in water, and allowed to
remain a short time, they soon become perfectly spherical (P1.. Fig. 1)o
The following numbers are the ratios of the diameters of the yolk, the
germinative vesicle, and the germinative dot, the outer envelope being 1:
the yolk is 0.75, the germinative vesicle 0.22, and the germinative dot
0.08. The formation of the egg in the ovary, and its changes up to the
time of spawning, I have had neither time nor opportunity, thus far, to
examine.
The sperinatic particles, which swim about with great rapidity on
escaping from the spermaries, soon find their way to the outer envelope
of the egg to which they attach themselves, beating about very violently
the whole time. The particles remain imbedded in the thickness of the
outer envelope, and are sometimes so crowded as to form a halo round
the egg (P1. I. Figs. 1- 4). I have not, in a single case, seen any of
the particles penetrate through the outer envelope and reach the yolk
itself.
Probably a great deal of the difference of opinion prevailing among
Physiologists, as to whether the spermatic particles penetrate through
the successive envelopes of the egg to the yolk itself, is due to the want
of precision still existing in our knowledge concerning the envelopes
of the yolk in the different branches of the animal kingdom. We do not




6                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
know whether what we call the outer envelope of the egg of an Echinoderm is homologous to the outer envelope of the egg of an Acaleph, of a
Polyp, or of Worms, Insects, or Crustacea, or how far these envelopes are
found in the ovarian eggs of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes. And
before we can come to a satisfactory result as to the place in the egg
which the spermatic particles reach before changes can be observed to
take place in the yolk, the eggs of the different classes of Animals must
be carefully compared with reference to this point. The first phenomenon which precedes any change in the egg is a rotary motion given to
the whole egg by the constant beating of the spermatic particles; the
germinative vesicle disappears (P1. I. Fig. 2) soon after this, and next the
germinative dot (P1. I. Fig. 3). The yolk has then all the appearance of
an egg which has undergone segmentation, and the yolk of which should
consist of innumerable small spheres. The yolk has the same granular
structure previous to segmentation which has usually been considered to
belong to it only after the segmentation is complete. [The phenomena
preceding segmentation, the structure of the yolk, the mode of formation of the Richtung's-Blaschen, the manner in which the germinative
vesicle disappears, are subjects which since the preceding investigations
were made have all received considerable attention. The explanations
given of these points are therefore all subject to revision and to correction. See more particularly the papers by LUDWIG, C. SEMPER, LANKESTER, HARTWIG, FOL, AUERBACII, BALFOUR; sundry Embryological Memoirs by E. VAN BENEDEN, Composition de l'oeuf, 1870; KOWALEWSKY
A. Mem. Akad. St. Peters, XVI., 1871; BLUTSCIILI, Die Eizelle; IIAECKEL
E., Die Gastroea Theorie; STRASSBURGER, Die Zelle.]  The resemblance
between these two stages is still more marked in the eggs of Ctenophorae, where the ratio between the diameter of the yolk and that of
the outer envelope is large, and in which the segmentation is carried
on until the whole yolk consists of such minute spheres that it is impossible at first sight to distinguish an egg of a Ctenophorous Medusa, which
has undergone complete segmentation, from one in which the segmentation has not even begun, after the germinative vesicle and dot have disappeared. The disappearance of the germinative dot is accompanied by
a separation of the yolk from the inner wall of the outer envelope of
the egg (P1. I. igq. 3); this is the first step towards segmentation, and
the presence of such a marked interval would greatly facilitate the detec



CHANGES IN THE EGG                           7
tion of spermatic particles upon the surface of the yolk, if any of them
had penetrated through the outer membrane.  The first trace of segmentation consists in a depression of the yolk, visible on one side of the
sphere (P1I. I.g'fj. 4), and is soon followed by a similar change on the
opposite pole.
The  segmentation takes place very rapidly, passing in about eight
hours from the stage represented by P1. I. Fiq. 3 to that of P1. 1. Ftq. 21,
immediately before the escape of the embryo from the egg. The spheres
in the earlier stages of segmentation are well separated (P1. I. _Figs. 7, 9,
11, 13). They have a centrifugal tendency, and, as they increase in
number, arrange themselves in a shell-like envelope, which eventually
becomes the wall of the embryo.  This tendency is already apparent
when there are not more than eight spheres (P1. I. _Figs. 13, 14); and
as early as the stage represented on P1. I. Fqg. 16, where there are only
thirty-two spheres, the envelope is.quite prominent. The rotation of the
spheres of segmentation commences before this (P1. I. _Fig. 6), and is
entirely independent of the motion given to the whole egg by the spermatic particles; this stops soon after the rotation of the spheres of segmentation has commenced.
As the egg of the Starfish presents nothing peculiar in its process of
segmentation beyond what has been just remarked, I refer the reader to
the explanation of the plates for the details concerning every successive
step of this process, as observed in Asteracanthion berylinus.
The Richtung's-Bldschen of Schultze, which he first noticed in the segmentation of Mollusks, and which were afterwards seen by Lacaze-Duthiers
and by Robin, who traced their mode of development, were also observed
in the segmentation of the yolk of our Starfish. They are noticed, before
the yolk has been divided into halves (P1. I. PFq. 5), as three or four
small granules, situated at the extremity of the axis which is to divide
the yolk into two portions (P1. I. Fig. 6). They are developed from the
yolk itself as a slight swelling, which afterwards becomes entirely distinct
from  the mass of the yolk (P1. I. Fig. 7), retaining always throughout
the whole process of segmentation the same relative position to the axis
of segmentation (P1. I. _Fzgs. 9-17). What part they play in the subsequent history of the embryoI have not been able to ascertain. Without
doubt they always hold the same relation to the first axis of segmentation, and are, as far as I have observed them in the segmentation of




8                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Asteracanthion and of Toxopneustes, invariably at one pole of the first
axis of segmentation.
T/he Embryo after Hatlcing. -.At about the end of the tenth hour after
fecundation, the segmentation has been carried so far that the walls of the
future embryo have become quite conspicuous, and it is now ready to hatch
(P1. I. Fig. 21). When the outer envelope is torn, the young rotate slowly
about, around a shifting axis, by means of very minute cilia placed over
the whole surface; the walls are everywhere of the same thickness, and
the embryo is perfectly spherical. A difference soon becomes evident; the
walls thicken at one pole of the sphere (P1. I.  igq. 22, a), and the thickening is accompanied by a flattening of the same side (P1. I. Fig. 23, a);
the embryo has lost its regular spherical shape and its homogeneous walls
(P1. I. Fig. 23, a). The next change consists in a slight depression at this
flattened pole (P1. I. Fig. 24, a); the wall bends inward, forming a very
shallow  depression, growing deeper and deeper, until it forms a pouch
extending half the length of the embryo (P1. I. Figs. 25, 26, d, 27, d).
[This stage has become well known as the gastrmaa stage of Haeckel; for
a fuller discussion of the gastrina theory see my Memoir on the Embryology of the Ctenophorve, Menm. Amer. Acad., 1874, p. 379.] While a
cavity (d) is thus formed by the simple folding in of the outer wall, the
embryo is constantly lengthening and becomes more -cylindrical; the walls
of the extremity opposite the pouch becoming attenuated, while, immediately round the opening of the cavity, the walls have not lost their
original thickness (Pl. I. Figs. 26, 27, a). Water flows freely into and
out of this cavity; currents are established, running in different directions
along opposite walls of the pouch, showing this opening to be for the
present a mouth; the pouch, or digestive cavity, sustains the same relation
to the whole body as in the most regular and circular radiated animals,
such as young Actinie, or young Porites. The motion of the embryo,
which immediately after escaping from  the egg is an extremely slow
rotation, increases in rapidity as it lengthens, and by the time the cavity
equals half the length of the embryo (P1. 1. Fig. 27, d), the motion is
much accelerated. Instead of a simple slow rotation, with scarcely any
motion of translation, the latter is now quite rapid, and is accompanied
by a slow rotation round a vertical axis, through the centre of the longer
diameter of the animal; the opening leading into the coecum is foremost
during their motion.




THE EMBRYO AFTER HATCHING.                                             9
At the  end  of about twenty  hours  after  fecundation  the  embryo  has
reached the condition just described; it is now somewhat pear-shaped,
with  rounded  extremities  (P1. I. Fiq. 27), having  at one  end  an  opening
(a), leading  into  a pouch  (cl), which  extends half the  length  of the  cylinder.*  We have now  the embryo in a condition which can best be compared to the embryos of other Radiates; for there is as yet nothing of
the  complication  hereafter introduced  in  the  subject by  the  development
of bilateral parts, obscuring the plan upon which the embryo is built.
It is an embryo closely resembling those of the other Radiates, in which,
however,  the  class-characters, distinguishing   it from   the  embryos  of the
other classes of the type, are already developed beyond question. In
the  young  Polyps  the  earliest  appearance  of the  class-characters  is  denoted by the presence of a few radiating partitions, dividing the cavity
of the  embryo  into  distinct  chambers.    In  the  Acalephs, in  the  most
rudimentary  stages, we already  find  the  chymiferous  tubes  pushing  their
way through the spherosome; while in our larvae the echinodermoid
class-character, that of having  distinct walls, forming  the  different organs,
is  already  plainly  visible  from   the  mode  of formation  of  this  digestive
cavity. What unites all these embryos in one great type is, that we
have in them   all an axis around which are  arranged  the  different elements
* So far, the changes which have been observed do not differ materially from what we know of
the earlier stages of Echinodermin larvae, from the observations of Derbes, Miiller, and Krohn.  As I
have shown, in the Memoirs of the American Academy for 1864, the earlier stages of the Echinus larvm,
as they have been figured by Derbes, agree in the main points with what has been observed of the
earlier stages of our American Echinus larva  (Toxopneustes dribachiensis).  With the exception,
however, that Derbbs, not having followed all the intermediate stages between his figures 15 and 16
in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1847, did not see the transformations the digestive cavity
undergoes, and committed, therefore, the very natural mistake of supposing that the first-formed opening,
which we have described as a mouth, retained the same function afterwards.  He, however, correctly
notice(l the separation of the three cavities, the cesophagus, the stomach, and the alimentary canal,
into which this primary cavity is gradually differentiated, and has given a correct description of their
relation to each other. M6iller has taken up this same subject rather where Krohn and Derbes have left
it, and although he has traced the development from the egg of several Echinoclerm larva, yet he has
not given us as detailed descriptions and figures of the earlier stages, as of those which were more
advanced, and says simply, that in the main points his observations coincided with those of Krohn
and Derbes. Krohn, who has artificially fecunclated Echinus livid(us, gives us in his figures some of
the missing links in the chain of the observations of Derbes, and shows distinctly for E. lividus,
that the first-formed opening becomes the anus eventually, and in what way this is brought about by
the bendingr of the bottom of the digestive cavity towards one side of the larva, as is the case in our
Starfish, and the formation at that point of a second opening, which becomes the true mouth, while
the first-formed opening henceforth assumes the function of an anus.




10                 EMIBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
of which they are composed. Our young Echinoderm  in this condition
(PFL I. _Figs. 23-28) can be strictly homologized with the earlier stages
of a Polyp at the time when the digestive cavity is first formed, before
the appearance of the partitions; and with an acalephian- embryo, where
the digestive cavity alone is developed, previous to the pushing of the
chymiferous tubes through the gelatinous mass.  The stages subsequent
to the condition of the embryo here described, represented in P1. I. Fig.
24, not having been traced very carefully by previous observers, we have
not had before us the means of forming a true conception of the mode
of development of the Echinoderms; for to obtain a clear and precise
idea of the functions of those problematic bodies which have puzzled
Miiller during the whole of his investigations, it is necessary to follow,
step by step, the changes taking place in the pouch of the embryo, which
is in this early stage its digestive cavity (d); for it is as much a digestfive cavity as that of a young Actinia or a Scyphistoma, where the
same opening serves as mouth and anus.  The mode of formation of the
digestive cavity is entirely different in the two classes; in the Polyp
it is hollowed out of the interior of the emlbryo, while in the Echinodernm the bending in of the wall forms the stomach.  Hence the two
cavities are not homologous, and the openings which lead into them,
though performing similar fitnctions-those of mouth and anus -are
likewise in no way homologous, though they are in all built upon the
plan of radiation.  This opening always retains its double function in
the Polyps and some of the Acalephs, while in the Eclhinoderms it becomes
the anus after the true mouth has been formed, and the currents have
ceased to circulate in the extremity of the pouch and to pass out through
the same opening which admitted them.
If there is any doubt that Echinoderms, Acalephs, and Polyps belong
to the same great type of the animal kingdom, a comparison of the
young Echinoderm, Acaleph, or Polyp in their earlier stages of growth,
at a time when the spherosome has not yet been divided into its component spheromeres, will show how great is their identity of development,
and how little there is in nature to justify the separation of this most
natural great division of the animal kingdom, the Radiates, into Echinoderms and Coelenterata. I sha11 return to this point when speaking of the
hormlologies of the larva of Echinoderms.
Forzmatonz of thle Jozti/d.h  The perfect sym-metry of the larva (P1. lo




FORMATION OF THE MOUTH.                        11
Fig. 27) is soon modified, and in the next stages of development (P1.
II. Fzgs. 2, 4), the digestive cavity (d) no longer runs in the centre of
the larva, but is bent slightly to one side. If we examine one of the
embryos about forty hours old (P1. II. Figs. 5, 6), we find that great
changes have taken place in the thickness of its walls. The outer wall
has everywhere become much thinner, except near the opening thus
far called mouth, where the decrease is not so marked. The walls of
the digestive cavity, which were of an equal thickness for the whole
length, have become exceedingly attenuated at the bottom  of the sac,
and have dilated to a considerable extent, forming a sort of reservoir
with very thin walls at the extremity of the pouch (Plo II. Gigs. 4, 6, d,
niagnified and isolated, Fig. 1, d). These changes in the thickness of
the walls, and in the form  of the internal cavity, are also accompanied
by corresponding changes of form in the embryo as a whole. The extremity opposite the so-called mouth has increased in bulk, anid greatly
exceeds in size the perforated extremity (P1. II. Figs. 4, 6) of the body.
When seen in profile (P1. II. Figs. 2, 4, 5), still greater changes are
visible; there is a decided difference between the two sides of the embryo, forming what is to become above and below; calling that part
below, where the mouth is situated in the adult larvae, and which is carried downward in its natural attitude while moving. The dorsal portion
of the larva projects beyond the so-called mouth, so that the perforated
extremity has become bevelled; the narrowing of the central portion
of the larva has increased, and the digestive cavity which, in younger
embryos, occupies the centre of the cylinder (P1. I. Figs. 27, 28), is bent
towards the lower side (P1. II. Figs. 2, 4, 5, d). The outer wall has become thickened at a point opposite the bent extremity of the digestive
cavity, and the thickening of the wall, together with the bending of the
digestive cavity, goes on till the closed end touches the lower side at mn.
The changes which have taken place during the time elapsed since the
twentieth hour have been very gradual. The embryo now enters into a
state where the changes are exceedingly rapid and important; so much
so that at the end of the third day the embryo has, in a rudimentary
state, all the parts characteristic of older, fully developed larva.
At the end of the second day the reservoir at the extremity of the
digestive cavity has changed its outline from a circular to a lobed one
(P1. II. Faq. 8, o); the lobes widen towards the sides, alnlost forming
3




12                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
diverticula (U, w'), from  the digestive cavity.  During this time the main
digestive cavity has entirely lost its cylindrical form; it has become narrowed at the extremities and bulging in the centre (P1. II. Fig. 8, and
isolated, Fi'. 9).  When seen in profile, and comparing it with earlier
stages (P1.o II. Fzs. 2, 4, 5, 7, isolated, Fig. 10, a), it is at once noticed
that the opening at one end, the present mouth of the larva, has little
by little changed from a position at one extremity of the embryo (P1. I.
Figs. 27, 28, a) to a slightly eccentric one (P1. II. Fzqs. 4, 5, 7).  While
the present mouth is changing its position from  a terminal to an eccentric
one, and while the digestive cavity has been expanding at the bottom
into a large reservoir, its closed end is bending more and more towards
one side (P1. II. Piqgso 2, 4), until it finally touches the outer wall of the
embryo at mn (P1. II. Fzig. 5). At this point of junction an opening is
formed, leading into the bottom  of the digestive cavity (P1. II. Figy  7);
this second opening (in) is now the true mouth, and performs hereafter
all the functions of a mouth, while the first-formled opening of the young
embryo (a, PI. II. ]Es. 2, 4, 5, 7) is restricted in its functions, and performs hereafter only those of an anus;  although in the early stages
(P1. I.  iqgs. 25, 26, 27, 28; P1. II. Pigs. 2, 4, 5, 6) it had performed the
functions of a mouth.  We have thus an apparent anomaly in the fact
that the first opening becomes the anus, while the true mouth is only
formed afterwards; but this difficulty is readily explained if we compare
the functions of this first-formed opening, the so-called mouth, with what
we find among Polyps, where one and the same opening performs the
double functions of mouth and anus throughout life.
The diverticula (wC, iv', PI. II. Figs. 7, 10) do not extend, as would seem
when seen from  above (P1. II. Fig. 8), at right angles from  the main
cavity, but trend  obliquely upwards, as seen in profile (P1. II. Piq. 7),
towards the other extremity of the embryo, as in Figs. 7, 10, PI. II.  The
outer wall, which had formed a connection with the closed extremity of
the digestive cavity, on the lower side, has been drawn out in the shape
of a slender cone (o, PI. IIo. igs. 7, 10, 11, 14, 17), and becomes the
oesophagus, which leads to an opening (%n, the mouth), connecting the
ventral side with the digestive cavity.
Aone;Mzclcdutre. - It will materially assist in the explanation of the subsequent changes of form, and obviate a great deal of circumlocution, if we
at once call the different organs by their true names. The original open



FORMATION OF THE WATEP-TUBES.                          13
ing (a), which performed at first the functions of the mouth, is hereafter
the anus (a); the second opening, the true mouth (im), is not formed until
the embryo has arrived near the end of the second day; it is placed in
the middle of the lower surface, and from  this time forward the former
mouth assumes the function of an anus.  That portion of the digestive
~cavity which leads from  the mouth to its bulging  portion is the oesophagus (o), the bulging portion is the true digestive cavity, or stomach proper
(d), the short tube leading from  the stomach to the anus is the intestine
(c), while the diverticula (w, w') are the two branches of the future watersystem.   The reasons for calling  these parts mouth, anus, oesophagus,
stomach, intestine, and water-system  will become apparent as we' trace
the development of the embryo in its more advanced stages, in the following pages.*
The currents, which before had entered through the mouth (a), passed
to the extremity of the cavity (a), and been expelled again through the
same opening (a), now change their course completely; there is a current
which enters the mouth (am), flows through the oesophagus (o) into the
diverticula (,w, w'), then into the true stomach (d), and is finally rejected
through the anus (a).  From  this time forward it is quite an easy thing
to observe the course of the food; it is taken into the mouth by means
of the currents produced around its opening, passes rapidly through the
oesophagus, rotates for some time in the spherical stomach (d), and then
passes out slowly through  the opening (a) of the alimentary canal (c).
As these currents are more and more distinct as the larvae grow older,
there can be no doubt that the function of the first-formed opening is
eventually confined to that of an anus, after having performed the function of mouth during the first stage of growth of the larva.
Fornmalioiz of Mte Water-Tu6bes. — By water-tubes I mean the bodies which
have received from Miller the name of problematic bodies, in their earlier
stages of growth, and which he has called Schlauchsystem, when they
appear, in the older larvme, as broad tubes running on each side of the
oesophagus and stomach.  These parts he considered as independent systems, but as they are only different stages of the same thing, as will
appear below, they have received here the name which denotes most
Other terms are also frequently used, to denote the different parts of radiated animals, which are
not usually adopted; they will be found fully explained in the third volume of the Contributions to
the Natural History of the United States, by Prof. Ag;tssiz, p. 73, and seq.




14                  ZEMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
appropriately the function they assume of circulating water through the
body of the larva.
The water-tubes (w, w'), at first (P1. II. PDs. 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14) only
diverticula from the main digestive cavity (d), become less and less connected with it; and by the end of the second day the constriction at the
point of attachment has almost entirely separated them  from  the digestive cavity (P1. II. Jsso. 15, 16, w, w').  A marked difference is noticed
in the rapidity of growth of these two bodies; the right-hand one (w'),
when the anus is placed in advance, and the mouth downwards, increases
more rapidly, extending towards the dorsal side, which it eventually reaches,
opening into the surrounding medium by a small aperture (P1. II. Fig. 17, b),
the water-pore, or, as Muiller has called it, the dorsal pore.  A comparison
of Figs. 8 and 18 of P1. II. will perhaps render more evident the transformation of the diverticula (w, w') from  the digestive cavity into two
separate bodies.  All we have to do is to swell out the lobed pouches
(w, w') of Fig. 8, P1. II., then cut them  off, removing them  a short distance
from the digestive cavity, and we shall have the two independent bodies
(z, w') of P1. Io PFig. 18, which have little by little been changing their
relation to the digestive cavity, as described above.  This transformation
I have actually observed in every stage of its progress, as it is represented here isolated (P1. II. Figs. 9-16).
The walls of the oesophagus (o), of the digestive cavity (d), and of the
intestine (c), which up to this time are of nearly the same thickness, quite
rigid, capable of very limited expansion and contraction (P1. II. Piqs. 2, 4,
5, 7, isolated, Figs. 10, 11), lose their uniform  character with the gradual
circumscription of these three regions. The walls now become quite different in their appearance, and the more marked the separation between
these three organs, the greater the difference in the character of the walls
which circumscribe them  (P1. II. Frjes. 17, 19, 21, 23).  In proportion as
the stomach (d) grows more spherical, the angle between it and the intestine (c) is more acute, and the intestine (c) becomes a longer and narrower
tube, with walls much less thick than those of the stomach (d). The walls
of the oesophagus (o) are even more flexible; the conical tube, leading
from  the mouth to the stomach, widening and taking a pistol-shaped form,
the walls have become so movable, that the opening leading into the
stomach can be closed and opened by the greater power of expansion and
contraction of this part of the walls (P1. li. F~is. 23, 25).  The mouth (in),




FORMATION OF THE WATER-TUBES.                        15
as it increases in size, grows triangular,  with rounded corners; the depression in which it is placed divides the larva into two very distinct
regions (P1. II. Figs. 19, 23, 25). Since the formation of the mouth, and
the change of position of the first-formed opening to an eccentric one, we
find the mouth and anus placed on one side of the larva.  These openings present, at this stage (P1. II. qig. 17), the same relations as the mouth
and anus of Clypeaster and Scutella-like Echinoids, while at a much earlier
period they are more like Pygorhynchus.
If we now return to the water-system, we find that the two diverticula
(w, t'), mentioned above (P1. II. Fiqs. 15, 16), have entirely separated
from  the digestive cavity (P1. II. Fiq. 18), and are now distinct cavities,
having no connection whatever either with the cavity from which they
originated or with one another; one of these cavities is entirely closed
(w), the other (W') connects with the surrounding medium  by means of
a very small opening, the dorsal pore (b, P1. II. Fi. 23, and isolated,
Fiq. 17).  Such is the appearance of an embryo at the close of the second
day after fecundation.
Miiller never knew the origin of the water-tubes; in his last paper
only he becomes aware that they are independent at first, but subsequently unite.  It must be remembered, in reading his earlier'papers, that
he sets at rest, in his last memoir, the doubts he expressed concerning
the independence of the two branches of the water-tubes; in fact, to
obtain a clear conception of Miiller's views, it is advisable to read his last
memoirs first, to be able to adopt at once the corrections he himself
makes during the laborious course of his investigations. The problematic bodies, however, still remained a puzzle to him, even at the time of
his last memoirs, as he was never aware that they were simple diverticula of the digestive cavity, and were finally transformed into the two
independent branches of the water-tubes, uniting, in subsequent stages
of growth, to form the Y-shaped water-system.  Van Beneden saw, in the
young Bipinnaria (Brachina Van Ben.), that the water-tubes are at first
separate, but he did not trace their mode of formation, and no other
observer has since returned to this subject.
[Metschnikoff states that in some cases there is but a single water-tube,
and that I have mistaken an accunlulation of cells for a second watertube. I can only state that I have frequently repeated my observations
on the Pluteus of Starfishes, Ophiurans, and Echini, and have invariably found




16                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
two water-tubes present, but I have also seen in Starfishes and Ophiurans,
as he has well shown in Ophiurans alone, that tile whole rosette of the future
amibulacral system is developed only upon the surface of one of these, the
one communicating with the exterior through the dorsal pore, the future
madreporic body.]
Appearance of the Ciordcls of vibrc'lile Cilia.- The cilia, spreading over the
whole surface, which moved the embryo so rapidly at first, have almost
entirely disappeared, and are no longer capable of propelling such a large
mass; consequently, at this last-mentioned stage (PI. II. Fig. 20), the larva
is very sluggish, advancing but little, and rotating slowly about a longitudinal axis at the same time.  During the third day, the movements
become still more sluggish; it is then that we find the first appearance
of the organs which are to propel the larva in future.  The general outline does not change during the third daoy; the principal transformations
are the greater bending and extending of the oesophagus and alimentary
canal, the increase in size of the mouth, of the water-tubes, and the
appearance of slight projections, small clusters of vibratile cilia, near the.
anterior and posterior sides of the mouth, which are the beginning of
rows, extending in older larvae in continuous lines all round the body, and
their only means of locomotion (P1. II. v, v', Figs. 20-28).  These rows
are at first two very short arcs (v, v', P1. II. F4q. 22), with their convexities placed opposite one another on each side of the depression in which
the mouth is placed (v, v', P1. II. ]iq. 21).
The general outline of the larva has, up to this stage (P1. II. hie. 20),.
undergone but slight modifications, the changes taking place principally in
the digestive organs. The phases through which the larva passes in the
next three days are of a very different character; the alimentary canal,
the  stomach, and  the oesophagus become more circumscribed  by the
increasing difference noticeable in the walls of these regions. The stomach (d) is always marked by the greater thickness of its walls; while,
with increasing age, the walls of the oesophagus (o) become more attenuated, and capable of greater expansion and contraction (P1. II. _igs. 25,
o, 27). We observe, also, a rapid increase in the growth of the water-tubes
(w, aw'), which by the end of the sixth day (P1. II.:Ps. 27, 28) extend
as far as the corners of the mouth and along the edge of the walls of
the stomach, towards the anal extremity (P1. II. Fi/s. 24, 26, tw, w').
When viewed in profile (P1. II. Pigqs. 25, 27), it will be seen that tIhe




APPEARANCE OF CILIARY CHORDS.                     17
plane in which these water-tubes run is not parallel to the longitudinal
axis, but inclined to it in such a manner, that the cesophagus passes
between these two tubes. It is in these stages, represented in P1. II.
IFzs. 20-28, that the passage from  the initial, truly radiate form  to a
bilateral one is the most obvious, and it may be well to dwell for a moment on the changes which are going on here, and compare them  to what
we find in other Radiates.  Muller has always maintained that, the Echinoderm larvae being bilateral, we had a passage from a bilateral symmetry
to a radiate type, while in reality this seeming bilaterality is subordinate
to a truly radiate plan of structure. The first question to settle with
regard to this is, whether we have a strictly bilateral form  among the
larvas or not, and whether we do not find here a repetition of what is so
constantly met with in the animal kingdom,-the undue preponderance
of some parts, hiding effectually the plan upon which the whole animal
is built; in fact, the engrafting of a subordinate type upon the type which
remains predominant.  With the gradual development of the plastrons
alluded to, as formed from the chord of vibratile cilia, the embryo assumes
more and more a shape which renders it quite difficult to perceive the
original plan of radiation, concealed, as it gradually becomes, by the symmetrical arrangement of the edges of these plastrons, which leads one
involuntarily to mistake their mode of execution for the plan upon which
the animal is built. This apparent passage from a strictly radiating form
to a seeming bilateral one is nothing more than what we find constantly
among the adults of this same class, and yet no one has attempted, for
that reason, to make bilateral animals of the Echinoderms. The Spatangoids might as well be called bilateral, and not radiating animals, on
account of the perfectly regular symmetrical arrangement of the fascioles,
extending over all the spheromeres composing the body of such Spatangoids, and in which even the ambulacral system  presents marked features of bilateral symmetry.  The case is exactly a parallel one; this
chord of vibratile cilia, and the chord of fascioles, arranged so regularly,
simply conceals in both cases the plan upon which the animal is built,
but does not, in either case, change the plan of radiation into that of
bilaterality. As little should we be justified in removing some of the
Holothurians, such as Cuviera and the like, from  the Radiates, simply
because the greater preponderance of some of the ambulacra has brought
out, in these animals conspicuously, a dorsal and a ventral side, and an




118                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
anterior and posterior one.  In the embryo of our Starfish, which told
so plainly, in its early stages, of the plan upon which it is built, that
plan is now lost sight of in the extraordinary bilateral development of
some of the parts.  But, until Spatangoids and flat-soled Holothurians are
proved to be truly bilateral animals, and not genuine Radiates, with subordinate bilateral features, these seeming bilateral Echinodermn larvae must
be considered as truly radiate, with bilateral features engrafted upon
them.
Developinenz of the Plastrons. - The cylindrical shape, characterizing the
earlier stages of the larva, disappears soon after the appearance of the
first trace of the appendages which give to these larva such a peculiar
appearance, and they now assume the features of the adult. The depression (P1. II. Figs. 25, 27, in), in which the mouth is placed, becomes more
rnmarked; we have a greater separation of the oral (v') and anal (v) swellings of the vibratile chord, little by little changed into two independent
breastplates, the edges bound with chords of powerful vibratile cilia, becoming the locomotive organs of the larva (PI. II. Figs. 20, 22, 24, 26,
28).  These plastrons, at first mere crescent-shaped shields (P1. II. Figs.
20, 22, 24), extend gradually towards either extremity, become elliptical,
and then somewhat triangular.  The outline of the anal shield becomes
sinuous, slight indentations point out the position of the future arms (P1.
II. _Fig. 26,   e' e', Fig. 28, e' e', e"' e"'); the rows of cilia creep gradually
round the edge of this anal shield, turn towards the mouth again, and
extend, on the dorsal side, along the whole length of the larva (PI. II..Fig. 25); this chord of cilia makes a complete circuit, while the cilia,
extending along the edge of the oral plastron, do not meet.
The formation of these plastrons is attended with great changes in the
general outline of the larva; the anal extremity becomes pointed, triangular, with rounded edges; the body, on each side of the oral opening,
bulges out beyond the general outline, and the oral plastron is more and
more pointed, as it separates from the rest of the larva. This change of
shape can perhaps be better appreciated when seen in profile, and by
comparing the drawings of larvae three days and six days old; compare
P1. II. Fig. 19 with P1. II. Figs. 25 and 27 seen from opposite sides. The
great elongation of the oral extremity and the marked separation made
by the opening of the mouth between the anal and oral plastrons cannot
fail to be noticed.




COMPARISON OF LAREVAE OF ASTERACANTHION.                19
C~m-nparison of Lctrvc of Asteracanltzion pallidls and A. 6erylinzs. - Up to
this time all the larva described were raised by artificial fecundation
from  eggs taken  out of the ovaries of Asteracanthion berylinus Aq.
When I first discovered  the  larvae of our Starfishes, I immediately
examined the ovaries of our two most common species, the A. berylinus Ag. and A. pallidus Ag.  I found that the eggs of the former
were not sufficiently advanced to be fecundated, while those of the second
species (A. pallidus) had all escaped.  I am, therefore, positively certain
that all the larva I amn about to describe belong to the second species,
as they were all found swimming about previous to the time of spawning of the A. berylinus. As the interval between the time of spawning
of these two species is not less than three weeks, I had been able, during
this- period, to make a general sketch of the whole development, from the
youngest larva found (P1. III. Fig. 1), to the time when the Starfish is
formed, before beginning the artificial fecundation of the species just
described, the A. berylinus Ag.
I thus obtained a general knowledge of the changes these larva undergo, and was enabled, when making the artificial fecundation, to pay
special attention to the development of those parts, the origin of which
was not easily traced in older larvae.  I was able in this way to carry
on, at the same time, the comparative study of the development of two
closely allied species, belonging, undoubtedly, to one and the same genus,
and to see how far differences could already be noticed in their early
stages of growth; a glance at the figures of the young of one species (A.
pallidus Ag.) on Plate III., compared with the figures of Plate II. of the
second species (A. berylinus Ag.), will show bow far the development of
allied species diverges. What is particularly characteristic is the fact that
specific differences make their appearance so early. Soon after it became
evident that the embryos we were studying belonged to Echinoderms, it
was apparent that they were different species.  The order of appearance
of the characters of the classes, the orders, the families, and genera, is one
of the greatest importance in a zoological point of view; and we owe to
Professor Agassiz to have pointed out, that the characters which make
their appearance first are by no means those which have been usually
supposed to take precedence; in the present case we do not find it
possible to discern the class, the ordinal, the family, the generic and the
specific characters, in the order in which they are here mentioned. On
4




20                     EMBRYOLOGY  OF THE STARFISH.
thle contrary, the specific characters are early stamped upon the embryo,
and did we but know  how  to recognize individual differences among the
lower animals as well as we can already in some of the Fishes, we might
find that with Echinoderms, as has been shown for Fishes by Professor
Agassiz, the stamp of individuality is very early impressed upon the
embryo.   Long  before we can tell that a young Perch  belongs to the
genus Ctenolabrus, we can already say with certainty whether it will be
colored red or gray or brown or green.
The time of spawning of Starfishes is very short, as, three or four days
after the A. berylinus began to spawn, it was quite difficult to find females
with eggs; and a week after the beginning of the spawning, I never succeeded in finding a single one.   Owing to this great difference in  the
time of spawning and its short duration, there can be no doubt, from the
date at which I first caught the Starfish larva floating about, to which of
our two species they belong. A careful comparison of the youngest specimens also shows very striking differences, and will always enable an
observer to distinguish readily the larvae of the two species, even in their
earliest stages.  Compare P1. III. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with Figs. 22-28 of
Plate II. These differences become more marked as they grow older, as
will be seen when we describe adult larvae. In fact, the larva of A. berylinus is pear-shaped, with the thick  end at the oral extremity, while in
the  larva of A. pallidus  the thick  end of the equally  pear-shaped, but
relatively shorter body is at the anal extremity.*
The principal points of difference in the young larvm  of this second
species (the A. pallidus), from those previously described, are differences
of proportions.  The larvae of the A. berylinus are elongated cylindrical;
the oral extremity is somewhat broader and more prominent than the
anal.   The larva of A. pallidus can at once be recognized by its shortness; the small size of the oral extremity, when compared to the anal,
the latter being by far the most prominent.
Water-System. -  Before going on with the description of more advanced
e Though we now consider the further progress of development of our larvae in a different species
from the first, we proceed without interruption, as the phenomena of growth are identical in both;
and we link them here together only because our most complete observations for the younger stages
relate to A. berylinus, and to A. pallidus for the older stages. l-ad we presented these changes for
a single species only, the one would have been defective in the beginning, the other in the end. As
it is, our history is tolerably complete, the course and nature of the changes being identical in both
species.




CHANGES OF FORM OF THIE LARVA.                      21
stages, I will take up the development of the water-tubes at the point to
which we had traced them  (P1. II. Fig. 28) in the larvma of A. berylinus.
After the ends of the water-tubes have extended beyond the oral opening
(P1. III. Fig. 4), the tubes increase rapidly in diameter (P1. III. figs. 6, 8,
we, W'), bending at the same time towards the longitudinal axis (P1. III.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, w, W'), the other extremity of the tubes creeping round
the stomach until they touch, but without uniting (P1. III. Figs. 6, 8, 10,
w, e'). The tubes at the oral extremity bend towards each other (P1. III.
Ggq. 4), come in contact (P1. III. Fig. 6), and, soon after, a communication
is made, the water-system assuming the shape of an elliptical ring (P1. III.
PFig. 6, ovw'); and the water which enters into the right tube through the
dorsal pore (PI. III. F'is. 2, 5, 7, b) passes into the other branch on the
opposite side of the stomach, through the fork at the oral extremity, and
not round the stomach, where the water-tubes simply touch, but do not
communicate.  The small tube leading from the dorsal pore to the main
branch of the water-system widens and becomes funnel-shaped as it approaches the main tube. The dorsal pore is cut obliquely across the end
of this small tube, giving it an elliptical shape.  By the time the two
branches of the water-system have joined (P1. III. Fig. 6) at the oral extremity of the larva, it has assumed an entirely different outline from
any we have met with in the former species.  The anal extremity is
very much flattened, the corners of the anal plastron project slightly beyond the general outline, the indentations have become very distinct,
the oral plastron has grown rectangular with rounded angles and concave
sides, the oral triangular opening leads into a deep pouch.  The sides of
the body are marked by three strong indentations (P1. III. Fig. 8). The
oral extremity of the water-system  changes rapidly from a rounded to a
pointed outline (P.o III. Fig. 8, vww'); it advances more and more towards
the oral extremity.  In proportion as the dorsal region projects beyond
the oral plastron, the water-system extends into this projection, sending
off at the same time, two branches leading into small appendages (P1.
III. _Figs. 10, 11, f, f), (only developed in more advanced larvae), which
have, in the adult larvae, a peculiar structure (P1. IV. Piqs. 4, 5, 6).
Changes of tFormn of the Larva. - The prominent changes now going on
are only changes of degree.  The larva has completely lost its cylindrical
shape, and even the pear-shaped form it assumed afterwards; it has become rectangular, with deep indentations, gradually assurning the char



22                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
acter of short arms. The transformation from the pear-shaped (P1. III.
Fig. 1) to the rectangular flattened larva, with undulating outline (P1. III.
Fig. 6), can readily be traced by comparing the successive stages here
represented.  After the digestive cavity of the younger embryo (P1. II.
Fzi. 7) is bent at the extremities, bringing the mouth and the anus on
the same side of the larva, the anal and oral extremities increase rapidly
in bulk, and the larva, when seen from  above (P1. II. Fig. 18) or in profile
(P1. II. Fig.  19), becomes somewhat dumb-bell shaped.  The depression
thus formed grows deeper, especially on the lower side, at the time when
the chords of vibratile cilia make their appearance (P1. IT. PFq. 21), and
the mouth (P1. II. Fig. 21, mz) is placed in the convexity of a deep curve.
As the oral and anal vibratile chords extend towards the oral extremity,
slight grooves arise (P1. II. Fig. 23), starting from the depression in which
the mouth is placed, and extending towards the oral extremity.  These
grooves are gouged out from the oral extremity; they extend but little
way towards the stomach, forming a very well-marked channel separating
the anal from the oral vibratile chord (P1. II. PFigs. 25, 27).  The oral is
less broad than the anal plastron; the former retains its shield-like shape,
while the sides of the latter become somewhat undulating from  the bending of the ciliary chord (P1. II. Figs. 26, 28). These slight undulations,
as the larva grows older and more elongated, increase in size, giving it
more and more a rectangular outline (P1. II. Figs. 27, 28; P1. III. Figs. 3,
4). With its quadrangular shape, the larva assumes also a more flattened
character, and loses its cylindrical form, as will be readily seen on comparing Figs. 21 and 27, of P1. II. These slight undulations of the ciliary
chord are formed at points where accumulations of pigment cells have
taken place. The ciliary chord, at first simply a wavy line (P1. III. _Fig.
4), soon becomes quite deeply indented by the formation of loops at these
indentations (P1. III. Fig. 6). The loops, at first, scarcely project beyond
the general outline of the larva (P1. III. Figs. 6, 7). Little by little they
increase in length (P1. III. Fits. 8, 9), extending slightly beyond the edge
of the outline, like short arms; until, passing through somewhat older
stages (P1. III. Fig. 10), these loops are gradually transformed into larger
and larger arms (P1. III. Figqs. 11, 12), and finally attain the shape of the
long, slender arms of the adult Brachiolaria (P1. IV. Ftis. 1, 2, 4; P1.
VII. Fiq. 8). During the process of the formation of the arms, the cut
in which the mouth is placed becomes deeper (P1. II. /Fags. 25, 27; P1.




DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMS.                           23
III. Fics. 2, 5,- 7, 9, 12; P1. IV. Fig. 4), as well as the groove extending
along the sides of the larva, which runs from  the median anal arms (e')
to the oral extremity, and separates the anal from  the oral plastron.  In
all these larvxe the ventral part of the anal and the oral plastron are
much narrower than the dorsal portion of the anal plastron.  This difference is at first slight (P1. II. Figs. 26, 28; P1. III. Figs. 3, 4); it becomes
more marked with advancing age, passing through the different stages
represented in P1. III. Figs. 6, 8, 10, 11); P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2; P1. VII. Fig.
8; and in proportion as all the ridges and edges are more prominent,
the surfaces circumscribed by them  become flattened and more spreading.
XNolmenclcdwre of tle Arins. — For the sake of brevity, I shall call the rudimentary appendages by the names proposed for them  in the adult larvm,
and shall adopt the names given by Miiller, with slight modifications, viz.
ventral side, that on which the mouth is situated; dorsal, the side on
which the water-pore is placed; anal plastron, what Miiller has called
"anales Bauchfeld,"  or "hinteres Bauchfeld";  oral plastron, what he
calls "antorales Feld," or I"vorderes Bauchlfeld";  the oral region (in) is
situated between these two plastrons.  The arms are designated according  to their position by the following names:  the median anal pair
(e' e');  the dorsal anal pair (e" e");  the ventral anal pair (e"' e"');  the
dorsal oral pair (e"" e""); the ventral oral pair (e5 e5); the odd anterior
arm (e6), from which projects, at the base, a single arm of a different character from  the others; the odd brachiolar arm  (f"); and another pair
of smaller brachiolar arms (f f), connected with the oral ventral pair
(e5 e5) of arms (P1. III. Fiq. 11).  The brachiolar arms are provided at
their extremity with wart-like appendages (P1. IV. Figs. 4, 5, 6; P1. VII.
jig. 8); the other arms have nothing of the sort, but are surrounded by
chords of vibratile cilia, making a complete circuit from  the anal extremity round the dorsal side, while on the oral side it is not closed.
Development of the Armzs. —In adult larva the arms have, at their extremity, clusters of orange pigment cells.  These colored cells make their
appearance early in the younger stages, and it is easy to trace the first
appearance of the arms by the presence of these pigment cells. Before
the appearance of the arms, the course of the chord of vibratile cilia is
very sharply defined; it is like a narrow binding extending round the
outline of the larva, seen either from  above or from  below (Pi. III. Figs.
3, 4, 6, and P1. II. Fiqs. 26, 28).  When seen in profile (P1. III. v, v',




24                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Pigs. 2, 5, 7, and P1. II. v, v', F~gs. 25, 27), it follows the two edges of
the deep groove which separates the dorsal from  the ventral side.  The
median anal arms (e' e') are the first to make their appearance (P1. IIIT.
Fcys. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7); these arms take the greatest development in the
adult larvve; the other arms appear also at the same time, but as simple
bulgings of the ciliary chord.  The anal ventral pair (e"' e"') and the
odd dorsal arm  (e6) are both developed about the same time (P1. III.
Figs. 8, 9, e6); the odd anterior arm  increasing in size, and changing its
shape more rapidly at first than the median anal pair.  The next set of
arms formed is the dorsal pair (e" e"); then follows the oral dorsal pair
(e"' e"'), and next the ventral oral pair (e5 eS).  These develop very rapidly, and soon attain as large a size as the dorsal oral pair, which had
preceded them  (P1. III. Fliy. 10).  In this same figure we see the first
trace of a small thick arm (f"), cut off square at the extremity, placed
at the base of the odd anterior arm  (e6), and also a similar arm  (ff) at
the base of each of the ventral oral pair (e5 e5); the water-system branches
into this small pair of arms which are not surrounded with vibratile cilia
(P1. III. Figs. 9, 10, 11).  Of the brachiolar arms, the one which is odd
precedes the two that form a pair.
The chord of vibratile cilia keeps pace with the growth of the arms,
and extends to their very extremity; the most important change which
takes place, from the time when the median arms first appear, is the
extraordinary increase of one of the diameters of the water-tubes.  The
portions (w, w') extending along the stomach become much flattened;
when viewed from above (P1. III. Figs. 8, 10, 11), their great increase in
size is not seen, and it is only when examined in profile that the changes
the water-system has undergone in the vertical diameter, compared to the
transverse, can best be appreciated (P1. III. Iz~ys. 9, 12, w).
It is in this condition that MWiller has seen the greatest number of his
larvae; struck by their symmetry, he has, throughout his memoirs, insisted upon the bilateral symmetry of the Echinoderm  larva, as contrasting directly with the radiate structure of the adult animals.  It appears
to me that this interpretation of the form of the larvae of Echinoderms is
incorrect; they are radiate animals, and are no more bilateral than a large
number of Radiates exhibiting, as will be shown hereafter bilateral characters, such as Arachnactis,  the Ctenophor%, the Spatangoids,  and the
Ilolotlhurians.




DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMS.                        25
The larvae figured on this plate (P1. III.) correspond to the larva
observed by Van Beneden, and called by him Brachina; the latter resemble more our larva than any figured by Miller. I am strongly inclined
to believe that Van Beneden's Brachina will eventually prove to be the
larvas of the Asteracanthion rubens i1. T., or of a closely allied species.
The more advanced specimens of his Brachina began to show signs of
the brachiolar appendages, though Van Beneden did not notice them.
See Fig. 8 of the Plate accompanying his notice in the Bulletin de
l'Academie des Sciences de Belgique for 1850. These larvas are easily
distinguished from ours by the shortness and thickness of the arms, as
well as the less elongated shape of the larva. The time of breeding is
also different; the iEuropeanl species spawning during the end of March
and beginning of April. The A. berylinus spawns in the last part of
July; by the 26th no eggs could be found in any of the females, and
the other species (the A. pallidus) spawns during the third week in
August. These facts are additional proofs of the specific difference between our species of Asteracanthion and the Asteracanthion rubens of
Europe.
[I have retained in this memoir the specific names adopted in 1863.
At that time no description had been published of Stimpson's A. vulgaris;
his name has subsequently been adopted by writers on American Starfishes,
although the figure given on P1. VIII., had it been baptized and described
as a new genus and species, and subsequently proved to be the young
of A. vulgaris, would have obtained precedence; but failing to give it
the mythical diagnosis, this memoir was not entitled to recognition by
the strict rules of systematic zoilogy!
It is only comparatively recently that A. berylinus and A. arenicola
of Stimpson have both proved to be probably identical with A. Forbesii
of Desor, so that the name of pallidus would at any rate have to give
way to that of Desor.]
When seen in profile (P1. III. Pigs. 9, 12, zw, wzO'; P1. IV. Fig. 4, ZV, wwb'),
the water-system runs in an arch, from the alimentary canal to the opening
of the mouth; here the diameter increases, forming a reservoir (zzv'),
from which are sent off small pouches (f'f'), leading into the brachiolar
arms (ff); the whole of the oral opening is placed below the watersystem. When seen from  above or below  (Pl. III. _Fzs. 6, 8, 10, 11;
Pl. IV. Fiqs. 1, 2; Pl. VII. PFiz. 8) the water-svstem is an elliptical ring




2 6                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
tapering to a point in the odd brachiolar arm, enclosing the stomach and
oesophagus, which form, as it were, a solid axis to this elliptical envelope.
On one side of the stomach appears a large hole (P1. V. Fig. 7, 17, anal
part only; P1. VII. PFi. 8), the opening of a cul de sac of one branch of
the water-system. passing between the stomach and the intestine.  The
portions of the water-systemn extending along the stomach appear to be
made up of distinct chambers (P1. V. Fiys. 6, 7, 8, u, W'): these chambers are merely the result of an optical delusion, arising from the greater
or less flattening of certain parts of the tube; this gives it the appearance of having been divided off into segments.
T7/e Adcil Larva.-The anal part of the larva, in its adult condition
(P1. IV. Fiqs. 1, 2), has become pointed; the general shape is still somewhat rectangular; the ventral and dorsal side are separated by a deep
groove (P1. IV. Fig. 4), extending from  the stomach, from  the base of
the median anal pair of arms, to the base of the ventral oral arms, thus
separating the larva into very distinct dorsal and ventral regions (P1. IV.
Ig'q. 4), from  the earliest stages of its growth.  The body of the larva
itself is capable of great motion; nothing is more common than to see
the larvae almost broken in two, by the strange habit they have of bending the oral extremity upon the opening of the mouth as a pivot, to such
an extent as to make quite an angle with the anal part (P1. III. Fig. 5).
The larvae generally assume this position when disturbed, and usually
remain stationary in the same attitude, simply striking violently up and
down with their extremities (compare Fig. 5 and Fig. 2, where the larval
is at rest).  The whole substance of the body is tinged with yellow, and
is made up of large transparent cells with irregular nuclei, giving the
mass about the consistency of a Salpa; very minute granular epithelial
cells cover the whole surfaice.  The powerful contraction of portions of
the body is simply that of the cells themselves, and what has frequently
been mistaken by Miiller, when describing these larvma, for muscular strie,
are strings of such contracted cells.  The extremities of the arms are
tipped with orange, the stomach and the alimentary canal are of a slight
yellowish-brown color, the chords of vibratile cilia are somewhat darker.
The oesophagus is perfectly transparent, capable of violent movements;
it expands and contracts by sudden jerks, forcing open violently the
passage leading into the stomaclh,  when the contents of the oesophagus
rush in, and are set slowly rotating in the stomach.  The interior surface




3MOTION AND HABITS OF THE LARVYA.                                     27
of the  osophagus  is covered  with  vibratile  cilia, so  closely  crowded  that
the walls appear striated  from  the regularity of these  l'OWS (P1. IV. Fly. 1;
P1. VII. Fig. 8); they  are particularly  powerful round  the  opening  of the
mouth.
Tilhe rejection of the digested food takes place quietly, and there are
none  of  those  violent jerks  attending  its  admission  into  the  digestive
cavity.   The  anal opening  simply  expands, and  the fecal matter is forced
out slowly, in a constant stream, until the whole of the contents of the
alimentary canal, which had become very much distended before the
operation, has been cleaned out.
Motioen  anld  Halbits of the  Larvwce.-The  adult larva  move  about rapidlyv
by means of the cilia; their natural position is more constant than when
young. The oral extremity is kept in advance while in motion, and
the larva still rotates about a longitudinal axis, though not frequently;
it generally  moves with  either the  dorsal or ventral side  uppermost, and
quite  frequently  in  such  a way  as to  show  the  lateral groove.*   When
at rest, the  larvm   invariably  assume  one  and  the  same  position;  the
anal extremity is the lowest, and the oral extremity inclined to the vertical; in  this attitude  they  often  remain  a long  time, drifting  about with
the currents; their only movements being the expansion and contraction
of the  oesophagus  and  the  play  of the  arms.   The  movements  of the
arms  are  exceedingly  graceful;  comparatively  longer and  more  slender
than  the  tentacles of the  Tubularians, they  have  none  of the  stiffness of
their movements, the  constant curving  and  thrusting  in  every  direction
* The position in which the larva figured in this memoir have been placed requires a short explanation.  To be able to compare readily the different stages, it is necessary to have them all in
the same position, and this should, if possible, be the natural attitude.  But in the younger stages
of the larva the body of the embryo is not loaded down at one extremity by the young Starfish,
thus compelling the larva to assume always one and the same general attitude when in motion. It is
more common, in the younger stages, to see the embryo moving with the anal extremity uppermost;
it would be as unnatural to turn these younger stages upside down, as it would be to represent aln
adult larva in anything but its natural attitude (P1. VII. Fig. 8) with the anal extremity downward.
I have therefore compromised, by representing all the stages in the same position in which they are
generally represented by Miller, to facilitate the comparison with his figures, and have given one
figure of an adult Brachiolaria, in its natural attitude (PI. VII. Fig. 8), with which the others can be
readily compared in their theoretical position.  The figures here given are drawn from the larvm as
they appear swimnling throulgh the water; and I have endeavored, as much as possible, in representingf them, to give an accurate idea of the mobility of the arms; avoiding, in this way, the unnatural stiffness which characterizes drawings made under compression, like the majority of those of
Muller.
5




28                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
reminding us rather of the motions of the tentacles of Phyllodoce and
similar Annelids.  They are never at rest, being always kept in motion
to produce currents round the mouth of the larvae; and, in addition to
the action of the powerful vibratile cilia placed round the mouth, are
continually bringing fresh water into the oesophagus.
The large triangular mouth (P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2, 4, m; P1. VII. _Fig. 8)
opens into a rectangular pouch (P1. IV. Eig. 4, en', mn"), extending back
from  its posterior edge; from  this pouch the oesophagus tapers rapidly,
and attains, near the apex of the mouth, the size (o) which it retains till
it joins the stomach. The surface of tile oesoph;agus (o) presents a more
or less corrugated appearance near its junction with the digestive cavity,
owing to the somewhat greater thickness of the walls (P1. IV. Fig. 1).
Bracliiolar Arms. -The brachiolar arms (ff, f") are appendages belonging only to adult larva.  Our larva has three of them  (P1. IV. Figs. 1, 4,
5, 6), one pair (ff), and a somewhat larger odd arm (f"), placed at the
base of the odd anterior arm  (e6); the branches of the water-system  terminating in these arms proceed from a large pouch (wztu') in the oral extremity (PI. IV. Pig. 4). The brachiolar arms are, like the others, tipped
with orange, but have, in addition, wart-like terminal appendages, each
having six to eight nipples, according to the age of the larva (P1. IV.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 8; P1. VII. Fig. 8).  These knobs give to the short arms
the appearance of the hind feet of Sphinx larva. In the hollow between
the base of the brachiolar arms there is a small elliptical disk (f"', P1.
IV. Figs. 4, 5, 6; P1. VII. Fig. 8), reminding us of the madreporic body
of a Starfish, and a row of similar disks, two or three on each side of the
odd brachiolar arm, the pair of small brachiolar arms having no such appendages. It has been found convenient to retain for these peculiar arms
the name of brachiolar, used by Muiller to distinguish one of his genera,
(Brachiolaria) of Echinoderm  larva.  I have not succeeded in ascertaining the functions of the disks; the terminal buttons undoubtedly are used
in the last stages of growth of the larva as supports, by means of which
they can attach themselves, while the young Starfish is resorbing the
larva; for during that process the larva never float about, but invariably sink to the bottom of the jar in which they are kept, and remain
attached, apparently by means of the brachiolar arms, during the resorption of the larval appendages.
These larve  are found floating in large numbers at night near the




I3RACHIOLAR ARMS.                         29
surface, among cast-off skins of barnacles, which furnish them with food
during the time when they swim  freely about, in company with multitudes of small Crustacea, Annelids, and Hydroids. They seem to be nocturnal, as I have only found here and there single specimens when fishing
for them under exactly the same circumstances of tide and wind during
the daytime.




CHAPTER SECOND.
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH PROPER.
WE have thus far described the changes the embryo undergoes from
the time it leaves the egg, and have traced its gradual transformation
into the complicated being called Brachiolariao  All the phases through
which the embryo passes thus far have not the least resemblance to a
Starfish, nor have we yet alluded to any of the changes which must take
place to produce the Echinoderm proper. However wonderful the process
by which an animal seems to pass from a radiate form  to an apparently
bilateral one be, the changes we shall now  see taking place, by which
this seeming bilateral animal is again reduced to a strictly radiate structure, are perhaps still more remarkable.
For the development of the Starfish itself, we must turn back and examine the larva in some of its younger stages, in order to trace the first
changes in its anal extremity.  There alone transformations take place
affecting the development of the Echinoderm proper, until the whole of
the complicated framework upon which the Starfish is fastened has disappeared, being resorbed by the very Echinoderm  it has helped to
raise. The Brachiolaria is completely drawn into the body of the young
Starfish, before it leads an independent existence. This is contrary
to the observations of Miiller and of Koren and Danielssen respecting
Bipinnaria asterigera; where it is said that the Starfish and the Bipinnaria separate, both becoming free. [Metschnikoff's and my own observations on this point seem to throw doubt on the separation of the Pluteus
and of the Echinoderm, so that renewed observations are necessary regarding the Bipinnaria of Koren and Danielssen to establish the fact which thus
far is contrary to all the observations of Miller, Metschnikoff, and myself
on the Starfish Pluteus, and on the other  orders of Echinoderms.]  The
process by which the young Starfish eventually resorbs the Brachiolaria
(P1. IV. _Figs. 7, 8, 9) is similar to that observed by Sars in the develop



FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE STARFISH.                    31
ment of Echinaster, where the whole larva and all its appendages are
gradually drawn into the body, and appropriated during the growth of
the young Starfish.
It has already been shown that the anal portions of the water-system,
as they increase in size, spread little by little over the surface of the
stomach; the edges creeping towards each other and surrounding the
stomach on both sides, like a cap, yet without uniting. The funnel leading
from  the dorsal pore shortens as the water-system  extends towards the
dorsal region, and the anal extremities of the water-tubes come so near
together (P1. V. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, w, w') that we might almost be tempted
to believe they join, like the oral portions, and thus form a complete
circuit (P1. III. Fig. 10); this, however, is not the case, as an examination in profile of the above figures readily shows.
First Appearasce of the Stlafis/. -In the drawings here given to illustrate the development of the Starfish, only a small portion of the Brachiolaria is figured, that which has direct reference to the Starfish itself; as
this part is limited to the anal extremity of the larva immediately surrounding the stomach, the anal extremity alone of the Brachiolaria is
drawn, with the arms cut off, somewhat beyond the opening of the anus.
To make the references to the figures of Plate V. more satisfactory, a
reference has also been made to a drawing of a whole Brachiolaria, in
a stage of growth nearly identical, in order to show  more readily the
relation  of the  Starfish to'the whole framework of the  Brachiolaria.
These stages are so similar that, with this explanation, it will always be
possible to refer the anal extremities, upon which we are tracing the
development of the Starfish in its different phases of growth, to some
figure of Brachiolaria, very nearly representing its actual condition.  The
stages of development figured in Plate V. have been selected simply
for the sake of the young Starfish, without, reference to the Brachiolaria,
and  would, if drawn on the same scale as the other figures of the
Brachiolaria here given, show no differences, which would make the mode
of growth of the young Echinoderm more intelligible.  For instance, the
earlier stages of the development, such as Figs. 1-7, correspond to the
stage of P1. III. Fig. 10; while the more advanced Fig. 8 corresponds to
that of P1. III. Fig. 11, and the others to the adult stages of the Brachiolaria on Plate IV., when the Starfish undergoes extensive changes, while
none take place in the general appearance of the Brachiolaria.




32                   EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Up to the stage of the larva represented on P1. III. Figs. 6, 7, the outline of the left wauter-Iibe (left when seen from  above in its nwatural altiftltie),
in a profile view, is that of a flattened cylinder (P1. V. Fig. 1, t'v), with
the end slightly bent towards the anal opening. Near the point where
the upper line of the water-tube bends downwards, a marked  indentation is formed, having in the centre a slight projection.  There appear,
soon after starting from the anal edge of this depression, five very
faintly defined folds, the first trace of the future ambulacral system, extending obliquely across the water-tube (w') (P1. V. Fig. 2, t; P1. III.
Fig. 8).  If we examine the other side of the anal extremity, we find
deposited opposite the angles of these folds (P1. V. lFig2. 2, r'), five rods
of limestone; the anal part of the larva having at the same time lost
its former transparency, and assumed a dull yellow color.  These two parts
are the first traces of the future Starfish.  The limestone rods, and the
whole of the granular surface covering the rEight ivater-tulbe, with the dorsal
pore, forms eventually the abactinal area of the adult Starfish; while the
folds, running  obliquely across the left wcaer-htube, are the first rudiments
of the future rows of suckers extending along the lower side of the future rays; the rods are placed exactly opposite what will hereafter be
the extremity of the rays.
It is apparent, from  the above description, that the abactinal area (the
rods), and the suckers (the folds across the water-tube), are not situated
in one plane, or even in parallel planes. The are containing the rods
and the arc passing through  the folds make an acute, nearly a right
angle, as is better understood by referring to older stages. It will also
be seen, by a glance at the drawings (P1. V. Fzqs. 1, 2, 3, 5; P1. III.
Figs. 7-10, t), that the folds denoting the place where the suckers will
make their appearance, and the rods (r', r") marking the position of the
future rays, are neither of theim closed curves, bit are always open, forming a
sort of twisted crescent-shaped are.  When describing the young Starfish
immediately after it has resorbed the larva, and is ready to crawl about
by means of its suckers, I shall show how these curves become closed;
and also point out the changes these parts undergo to form diverging
rays, as well as the manner in which the warped surfaces developing the
actinal and abactinal regions are brought into parallel planes.
Relative Position of the Actinal and Abactincl Areas. - The folds of the watertube (w'), which forms the actinal area, are not contained in one plane,




RELATIVE POSITION OF THE AREAS.                       33
but are placed upon a spiral; the same is the case with the five limestone rods situated on the surface of the other water-tube (v), which
forms the abactinal region.  When we look at the Brachiolaria fronm the
side, that is, when facing the groove which separates the ventral from
the dorsal side, as in P1. IV. Fig. 4, or in the corresponding profiles, from
the side of the right and left water-tubes of P1. V. Ftis. 1, 2, 3, 5, 10,
11, 12, we see either the actinal or abactinal side of the Starfish.  We
look in one case at the water-tube  (iv) upon which is developed the
abactinual system; while in the other profile, drawn from the opposite
side, we see the water-tube (zv') which develops the actinal system; the
two water-tubes are placed on different sides of the stomach, and have
no connection whatever at this extremity, but are separated by the whole
diameter of the stomach, over parts of which these tubes have spread
like a cap. It will at once be noticed that, in any of these figures, each
side of the future Starfish makes an independent open curve; these curves
form  what appears to us, when seen from the profile view, part of a circular arc.  On looking, however, at the same sides from the ventral or
dorsal view of the larvae, as in P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2, or the corresponding views
of P1. V. Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, we do not see the are formed by these
sides projected as a simple straight line, as it would be were it all contained in one plane.  The extremities of the arc, both of the actinal and
abactinal area, -that is, the two ends of it which are nearest, one to the
water-pore, and the other to the anus, —are seen, as in P1. V. Figs. 1,
2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, one on one side of an axis passing through the centre
of symmetry of the Brachiolaria, and the other on the other side. The
only curve which fulfils the conditions of such a projection is that of a
warped spiral, so that, in reality, when passing (in P1. V. Fig. 10) from?Ifto                                 I f, III   fit  if/
rll, along the edge of the disk, to r'l', 1, r, r' r'5', we do not move in a
plane, but are constantly winding, somewhat as when ascending a spiral
staircase; this is seen in P1. V. Figc. 9, when passing from r"5, the arm
placed nearest the anus, along the edge of the abactinal area, to r1', the
arm  next to the water-pore (b).  It is the same for the actinal arc,
which forms a spiral identical to that of the abactinal area, only bent in
the opposite direction.
The actinal and abactinal regions are, in reality, two warped spiral
surfaces, making an angle with one another, separated by the whole
width of the stomach.  This is best seen in a view  from  the dorsal or




34                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
oral side (PI. VII. Fig. 8), when the folds are distinctly visible one above
the other, but so arranged as to be all seen at the same tilne (P1. V.
Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8; P1. III. Figs. 8, 10, 11).  Three of the folds are near the
edge, while the other two are placed close to the digestive cavity on the
ventral side. This spiral, seen from the dorsal or from the ventral side,
has all the appearance of the foot of a bivalve (t, P1. V. Figs. 4, 6, 8).
The spiral position of the' five rods indicating the position of the future
rays of the Starfish (r'"' -r';') is also apparent from  the same point of
view.  Two of the rods are placed on the dorsal side of the larvae, running somewhat obliquely (4r, r2'), the three others (r, r'4' 45) turning
away still more from  the median line; the last (4r'') placed very near
the edge, on the ventral side, close to the base of the median arms
(PI. V. Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 4- r5"); the nearest distance between these
two spiral surfaces being fully as great as the width of the water-tube:
in fact, it seems as if the rudimentary tentacles and the dorsal system
had as yet no connection whatever with one another (P1. V. Figs. 6, 8).
It is very important that this oblique position of the actinal and abactinal areas, as well as their great distance apart, should be distinctly
kept in mind; as it will explain many of the errors committed by previous writers on this subject, and greatly assist us in correctly understanding many points in the anatomy of Echinoderms hitherto unexplained.
From what has been shown thus far, it is self-evident that the watertubes, the problematic bodies, as Miller has called them  in their early
condition, are the surfaces from  which the future Starfishes are developed,
and not the surface of the stomach.  The spiral of tentacles is developed
by folds placed on one side of the stomach (P1. III. Figs. 6, 8, 10, 11), on
one of the water-tubes (w'), that with the water-pore (b); while round
the other water-tube (w), placed on the other side of the. stomach, is
formed the spiral surface of the abactinal system. The stomach has remained as it was before, and has in no way contributed to the formation
of the young Starfish.  A glance at any figure of the larve, either in profile or from  above or from  below, will show  that no change has taken
place in the shape of the stomach, or any part of the alimentary canal,
as Miiller believed (P1. V. Figs. 1, 8; P1. III. Figs. 1-11), but that a
kind of cap has been formed round it by the water-tubes. Owing, however, to the accumulation of very fine granules of limestone, the anal
extremity has by this time lost its transparency; this would be easily




FORMATION OF THE AMBULACRAL SYSTEM.                       35
mistaken for an encroachment on the stomach itself. In proportion as
the abactinal region becomes solidified (P1.o III. Fig. 11; P1. IV. Figs. 1,
2; P1. VII. Fig. 8), the stomach loses its globular shape, and becomes
from  this time forward flattened and pear-shaped.  Previously to the forniation of the Starfish on the surface of the two water-tubes, placed on
opposite sides of the stomach, we could trace no change of form  in the
stomach itself.  From  the time, however, when the Starfish encroaches
little by little upon the anal extremity of the larve, it pushes the stomach and the intestine slightly to one side, owing to the great increase in
bulk of its actinal and abactinal areas. The anal portion of the watertubes now swells and contracts in such a way as apparently to divide that
portion of the water-tubes into chambers; but, on watching the circular
tion of the fluid in the water-tubes for any length of time, the currents
can be followed flowing from  one of these elliptic chambers to the other,
plainly showing the different planes in which the ventral and dorsal part
of the tubes are placed to be the only cause of this delusion.
Mfiller has distinctly stated, over and over again, during the course of
his investigations, that the young Echinoderm  was formed by encroaching
upon the stomach itself; I am satisfied, from repeated observations of this
point, in Starfish, Sea-urchin, and Ophiuran larvae, that this is not the
case.  The mistake arises from  the fact that the water-tubes, by their
extension and increase, cover and conceal part of the stomach, forming a
sort of hood over it; while the two  sides of the young Echinoderin,
separated by the whole width of the stomach and the thickness of the
two water-tubes, form upon the outer surface of the latter, and do not in
any way encroach upon the stomach, which is simply enclosed by the
actinal and abactinal areas of the Echinoderm.  Had I not traced this
with the greatest care, I should scarcely venture to doubt the statements
of Mfiller, but I am  satisfied that he was mistaken in this explanation of
the mode of the formation of the Echinoderim.*
Fornmalion of the Amnbulacral  System. —We have already seen that the
very first changes which take place in the water-system  (w, w') consist
of the five folds (t, P1. V. Fig. 2) extending obliquely across the exterior
surface of one of the water-tubes (w').  From  the fact that these folds
* It may not be out of place to say, that Professor Agassiz, during this investigation, satisfied himself of the accuracy of every point which seemed in the least contradictory to the statements of
Mluiiller.
6




36                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
develop across the surface of an elliptical tube, the five folds naturally
form a twisted spiral, with a pentagonal outline, each-side of this spiral
forming the first nucleus of the five ambulacral tubes.  I speak constantly of pentagonal spirals, pentagonal ambulacral system, and pentagonal abactinal system.  In using these terms, I do not mean a pentagon
with five equal sides, the adjacent sides making equal angles with one
another and surrounding a closed surface, but simply that we have five
sides limiting an open space, the two extremities of this five-sided figure
being separated by the whole vertical diameter of the water-tubes.  One
extremity of the ambulacral five-sided open figure is placed at the waterpore (b, P1. V. Fig. 2), the other at the opposite side of the water-tube
on the surface of which the ambulacral system is developed.  The two extremities of the abactinal open five-sided figure are placed, one above the
water-pore (b, P1. V. Figs. 8, 9, 13, K"~'), the other on the opposite side of the
water-tube, which develops the abactinal surface on one side of the anus
(a, P1. V. liyg. 14, r'f'). A glance at the figures of the Brachiolaria from the
dorsal or ventral side (P1. IV. Pigs. 1, 2; P1. VII. Fig. 8; P1. V. 7lTys. 8,
9, 13, 14) shows that the two surfaces, upon which the actinal and -abactinal areas are developed, do not correspond to one another, or fit into
each other as in the full-grown Starfish. That is, if the ambulacral system
were projected upon the abactinal system, in order to bring these two
surfaces into the same relation which they hold in the adult Asteracanthion, we should find the ambulacral system  projecting beyond the outline of the abactinal system, and placed nearer the mouth of the Brachiolaria, while a portion of the abactinal system - that which is placed at
the anal extremity of the larva -would, in the same way, project beyond the outline of the ambulacral system.
The sides of this twisted pentagonal spiral are somewhat concave, and
the apex of the angles of adjacent sides are rounded.  It is in consequence of the changes taking place at the apex of the sides of this irregular amnbulacral pentagon that we have the simple apex transformed, by
its gradual extension beyond the general outline of the open pentagon,
into the five-folded loops (P1. V. Figs. 10, 1.2), each of which corresponds
to an ambulacral tube and its accompanying suckers in an adult Starfish.
The ambulacral pentagon with concave sides and rounded angles, seen
in profile (Pl. V. Figs. 2, 5; P1. III. Figs.  7, 9, t), changes its shape




FORMATION OF THE ABACTINAL SYSTEMI.                   37
rapidly; the convex cavity becomes greater, the apex of each angle of
the pentagon more prominent and less pointed, a double line is formed
by the rufflin(r of their folds (P1. III. Fig. 11), and each apex of the pentagon has the appearance of a small loop projecting beyond the curved
sides; the loops grow la-ger and larger, until they have reached a size
somewhat less than one third of the diameter of the water-tube, when
they stand out freely from the pentagon, and seem  to form  no part of
the water-tube (PI. V. Figs. 10, 11, 12, 1; Pl. IV. Pig. 4).  When seen
either from  above or from below, the folds appear as small flaps on the
broad side of' the foot-like appendage projecting from the surface of the
stomach, formed by the folding of the water-tulbe (P1. V. ligs. 4, 6, 8, 9,
13, 14, t; P1. III. Figs. 10, 11; P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2; P1. VII. Fig. 8). These
small folds are, in reality, nothing but open bags communicating   with
the main water-tube (wu'); small pouches leading from it. The outer and
inner fold of each loop do not remain concentric, and we can soon trace,
in the inner fold, changes sinilar to the first folding of the water-tube.
The rounded end of the inner fold becomes triangular; this is the first
indication of the formation of the separate suckers (P1. V. Figs. 10, 11,
12, t / 1 t t).  The ambulacral pentagon remains in this state until the
Starfish has resorbed the many appendages of the larva.
FomnzaCtioz of {ie AbacCtincl System. -Let us now follow the corresponding
changes of the abactinal system, accompanying the niodifications, just described, of the ambulacral pentagon.  On examining the anal extremity,
at the time when the larva has reached the state represented on P1.
III. Fig. 10, we are at once struck with the fact that the outline of the
abactinal system has undergone analogous changes to those of the actinal
pentagon.  Instead of remaining a uniform  spiral, the two ends of which
are separated by the whole height of the water-tube, while the two areas
are divided by the combined width of the stomach and the two watertubes, it has a slightly lobed pentagonal outline, the convexities corresponding to the apex of the pentagon of suckers (P1. V. Fig. 5, r';'-r4'; P1.
III. Fig. 10). The rods, simple at first (r', P1. V. Fig. 2), have increased
in size; small Y-shaped appendages have developed at their extremities.
We also see that in the intermediate spaces, corresponding to the concavities of the lobes of the actinal system, a second set of small rods (r",
P1. V. Fiz. 5), of a similar character to the large ones, have developed.
The whole of the  abactinal system  has become coated  with a very fine




38                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
granulalr deposit of limestone; and the edge of the surface, connecting
the two extremities of the abactinal pentagon, can readily be seen in
profile (P1. V. Fig. 5).  The five large rods placed in the middle of the
sides of the spiral abactinal pentagon, and the five small ones placed in
the angles of this same pentagon, are the first trace of the plates composing the abactinal surface of the young Starfish.
The water-pore (b, P1. III. Fig. 10; b, P1. V. Figs. 7, 8) remains open,
the only change being an accumulation of limestone matter round the
opening, forming a sort of solid tube to protect it.  This water-pore, as
we shall see hereafter, eventually becomes the madreporic body; and
the canal formed by the deposition of limestone is the stone canal of the
full-grown Starfishes.
Abactlinacl Syslem. - The double line on the edge of the abactinal pentagon (P1. V..Fig. 2) is formed by the thickness of the surface of the
abactinal system.  This double line, at first only slightly undulating, becomes gradually mnore indented (P1. V. Figs. 3, 5); at the same time,
additional rods arise round the primary ones with such rapidity that we
soon find a complicated network of limestone rods, forming ten clusters
(P1. V. Figs. 8, 9, 13, r', r"), five large (r') and five smaller ones (r") round
the original rods.  This network is produced by the addition of a Yshaped rod, at each extrenmity of a simple primary rod; presently, eight
Y-rods arise upon the shanks of the first set of Y-rods, followed by a
third  set upon the shanks of the  second set, and  so on; in this manner
are formed the closed polygons composing the clusters of the patches of
limestone deposit (P1. V. IJ/g. 9, r', r"). The small granular cells, filling
the larger meshes  of  the  network, increase in  number, rendering the
whole abactinal system somewhat opaque; when the larva is seen in
profile from  the abactinal side, the outline  of  the  stomach (P1. V. Fig.
5) can be traced exactly as it was before the Starfish had begun to form;
and  outside of it, the edge of the future back is distinctly visible (P1. V.
Fig. 5).
As the two water-tubes are placed on opposite sides of the larva, it follows that when seen in profile (P1. V. Figs. 11, 12), from the left or from
the right, it presents, in the one case, a full view of the tentacular pentagon (t), and only the lower oral edge of the abactinal system, the network  of limestone mesess being quite  indistinct, as seen through the
thickness of the ablactinal surface (P1. III. Fg. I7; P1. IV. Fig. 4; P1. V.




FORMATION OF THE SPINES.                         39
Figs. 10, 12); while, in the other case, a full view of the abactinal pentagon (P1. III. _Fij. 10; PI. IV. iFq. 4; PI. V. Figs. 5, 11) is obtained, and
the arrangement of the different rods forming the plates of the limestone
network is distinctly seen.  A view  of the larva from  the dorsal side
(P1. III. Fq. 11II; P1. VII. Fig. 8; P1. V. Fzigs. 8, 9, 13) shows the abactinal system  extending in such a way as to surround the stomach entirely on one side, while the tentacular pentagon covers it on the opposite side.  This attitude gives us the position of the lobes (r''-r'), the
future rays of the Starfish, next to the water-pore (r7', r'2'), while a view
from  the oral si(le (P1. V. Fiqs. 4, 14) indicates the trend of the lobes
on the opposite extremity of the spiral of the abactinal system  (rf'i, r'I').
[Metschnikoff was able to trace most satisfactorily the development of
an Ophiuran in which the formation of the abactinal system  was shown
to be identical in every respect with that here given of the Starfish. In
the Ophiuran of which I had previously   traced the growth the formation of the plates of the disk could not be seen.  These I only traced
at that time in one of the viviparous species.]
IFormation of the Rays of t/e fltzure iSatrfsla. - The plates of the abactinal
system early reach a condition when the changes they undergo are merely
quantitative, and the only modifications affecting the appearance of the
Starfish take place on the edge of the disk.  A depression is formed in
the middle of the convexity of the lobes of the abactinal area; this is
soon followed by two other depressions in the middle of the small arcs
thus formed, dividing each lobe of the pentagon into four smaller lobes;
at the same time the indentations between the original sides of the pentagon have grown much deeper, separating these five lobes in a very
marked manner.  We can now no longer mistake the true character of
the lobes; they are the five rays of the Starfish, but as the actinal and
abactinal regions are not yet fitted together, as in the adult (P.lo V. Figs.
10, 11, r' -"'; P1. IV. Fig. 4), they represent only the dorsal sides of the
rays. A glance at Fig. 9 of the same Plate (P1. V.), seen from the dorsal
side, will show how far the sucliers  (t) are removed from  the abactinal
portion of the arm which is to protect them. The position of the waterpore (b) is immediately on the edge of the disk, at the extremity of the
dorsal end of the pentagon (P1. V. Figs. 10, 13, b).
* Miem. Am. Acad. 1864.




40                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Porlncdioz of t/ze Spinhes. - Such is the state of the abactintal system
when the pentagon of tentacles is composed of simple loops; let us now
examine this system in more advanced larvae, at the time when the inner
fold of the loops has become triangullar at the extremity. When seen
from  the ventral side (P1. VII. _Fig. 8), we find that the small lobes have
become wart-like projections, surrounding the whole edge of the abactinal
system  (P1. V. Fig. 9).  These projections are composed of accumulations
of Y-shaped rods, connected with the system  of network in the larger
plates. The surface of the abactinal system has also become covered
with these wart-like projections, rendering the outline irregular.  In an
abactinal profile, smaller tubercles are seen on each arm, identical, in everything except size, with those of the edge; the tubercles are young spines,
arranged in regular lines (P1. VI. lFigs. 2, 4, 6); one row of four alternating on the edge of the abactinal system  with one row of three, this again
with one of two, followed by single tubercles, forming a pentagon, placed
in the apex of adjoinin(r rows, in the angle between two arms; the older
tubercles are those nearest the edge.
When the young Starfish has reached this state, it has the rudiments
of nearly all the external parts of the adult. I shall, therefore, apply
to these rudimentary organs the names usually given to them.  The spines
are warts, not rising much above the general level of the abactinal region,
and they are arranged in regular rows. The position of the network
of limestone meshes has become well circumscribedl, the plates formed by
them occupying the position of the original rods. The five smaller plates
in the angles of the arms are arranged round a central plate, the larger
plates alternate with them  and occupy nearly the whole of the surface
of the arm; this arrangement is identical with that of the plates of the
abactinal surface, as shown in P1. VI.'ig. 10, 1, 11, 12. The indentations
of the rays are now so well marked (P1. V. sF7is. 12, 13) that there is
quite a large open space between the outer spines on the edge of any
two adjoining arms.  On examining the plates formed by the network
of limestone meshes, we see that the cells are polygonal; they are usually
hexagonal, and are more or less quadrangular near the exterior of the
plate. The original rod. can be recognized by the larger cell it has developed (P1. V. _Fqgs. 9, 13, r'); and it is from this central cell that the
others diverge, growing smaller and smaller as they approach the edge.
In the present stage of the young Starfish the anal extremity of the




RESORPTION OF THE BRACHIOLAPRIA.                     41
Brachiolaria (P1. VII. Fiq. 8) has almost entirely disappeared, and the
embryo Starfish has taken its place (PI. V. Figys. 9-14).  This embryo
is so heavy that, when floating about, it loads down the anal part, which
is always the lowest, and the larva is compelled to move always more
or less obliquely, having to drag this great weight after it.  The waterpore remains in the position in which it wvas at first, in the angle of tihe
arm (r'"), which opens the pentagon, and is encased in a stronger deposit
of limestone.
R]esorption of the Breac iolaria. — While the Starfish is growing upon the
outer surfaces of the two opposite water-tubes, and is gradually becoming
a part of the Brachiolaria, no changes take place in the external appearance of the larvae (P1. IV. F[qs. 1, 2; P1. VII. Fig. 8). But when the
Starfish has become so far advanced as to occupy a very prominent position at the anal extremity of the larva (P1. IV. Fiq. 4; P1. VII. PF. 8),
the complicated appendages designated as arms, which have served for the
development and for the locomotion of the Starfish, are resorbed by the
little Echinoderm.
We now come to a most interesting period in the history of our Starfish.  The larvae, very active up to this time, grow  sluggish; the body,
which, with the exception of the anal portion, is, in the early stages,
perfectly transparent and clear, becomes cloudy and opaque.  Changes
are first visible in the side arms (P1. IV. lFgs. 7, 8, 9); they contract,
and apparently divide into many large cells. Next in turn the anal ventral arms, and, lastly, the dorsal arms, contract in the same manner.  This
contraction of the arms is accompanied by a corresponding shrinking of
the anal part of the larva, beyond the mouth (P1. IV. Fig. 9), so rapid
that in a few hours the anal arms have shrunk to quite a small compass
(P1. IV. PFq. 9); the oral dorsal arms and the oral ventral arms contract
in their turn, until there remains nothing but the brachiolar arms, brought
close to the Starfish by the shrinking of the mass of the body (P1. IV.
_Fi. 8). They soon follow the rest, and we can actually see the gradual
disappearance of this complicated fabric.  It has served its purpose of
developing and feeding the young Starfish, which has now reached a state
when, in a few hours, it will move about independently, having resorbed,
for what purpose is not known, the whole of the framework.  Not a single
part is dropped of, the whole of tlhe larvac passes into the StayfishI, and, before
twelve hours have elapsed from  the commencement of the first sign of




42                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
contraction of the anal tentacles, nothing is to be seen of the larval appendares, except a few indistinct swellings on the actinal side of the little
Starfish (P1. VI. Fig. 1).
The StcyfislA after tlze Resorption of the Bipinaiaz. - The process of resorption, which I have frequently had the opportunity to examine and trace
in all its stacres, leaves no doubt, at least in this case, that the young
Starfish does not separate from  the Brachiolaria.  We cannot, therefore,
consider the Starfish and the framework (the Brachiolaria) as two individuals, leading a separate existence at different stages of growth, but
must regard them both as one and the same thing. This is in direct
contradiction to the statements of Miiller, and of Koren and Danielssen,
with regard to the Echinoderm, the development of which they have had
occasion to watch. I must add that my own observations concerning the
development of Echinoids and of Ophiurans have led me to an entirely
different opinion from the one they have expressed; see my remarks on
the Embryolorgy of Echinodermns, in the Memoirs of the American Academy
for 1864.
Closing of the Actialctl ancd Abactinal Areas.- Although the youngc Starfish
has now  resorbed all the appendages of the Brachiolaria (P1. VI. Fizs.
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7), it is very different from the adult; the rays do not yet
make a complete circuit, nor are they similar to each other; the pentagon of tentacles is still open, and the first step, preceding any other great
change, is the closing of the actinal and abactinal areas, by which the
two regions are brought into their proper relations. While the arms of
the larva are shrinking away, the tentacular and abactinal pentagons are
drawn closer together by the contraction of the water-tube.  The extremities of the two open pentagons approach each other simultaneously
by the flattening, in opposite directions, of the two pentagonal spirals,
until the surfaces are brought into parallel planes, and the space, still
separating the two ends of the pentagon (P1. VI. Fig. 4) gradually diminishes, when they finally join; the Starfish is then in its normal condition, and the circuit is completed, though the embryo is by no means
symmetrical.
[Metschnikoff has since also shown the same thing in his development
of an Ophiuran.  See 1. c. P1. IV.].Dezelopsment of the Amnbaltacrall Tenlacles of tlhe Starfsh. - While the closing
of the spiral goes on, the pentagon of the tentacular side is undergoing




AMBULACRAL TENTACLES.                          43
great changes.  We will follow these until the tentacles have acquired
their normal shape, and then return to the changes of the abactinal surface.  The points of the inner folds of the tentacular pentagon, as seen
in P1. V. Figs. 11, 12, t, become rounded, forming a rosette, dividing
each loop inito five lobes.  The terminal lobe in its turn goes through
the same process; two smaller lobes are developed on each side of it
(P1. VI. Figs. 3, 5), thus dividing the original simple loop into seven lobes,
a terminal one (t'), and three pairs (I t t) arranged symmetrically on the
sides. The first-formed lobes retain their greater size until the tentacles
(are well developed, which at first is always in proportion to their proximity to the base of the loop.  The odd lobe, from which the last pair
of tentacles was formed, does not participate in the rapid growth of the
others, and is soon outstripped by all the lobes formed along the side of
the original loop (PI. VI. P(qys& 3, 5).  The point at which additional
tentacles are formed is plainly seen in this early stage of growth; a pair
is always added at the outer extremity of the arm, immediately at the
base and on the side of the odd tentacle (the eye-bearing tentacle), which
remains at the termination of the ray during the whole life of the Starfish.  It is quite the reverse with the additional spines of the abactinal
surface of the disk; they are always formed upon the disk, and are
pushed out upon the arms by younger spines growing up nearer the
centre of the disk.  This will be plainly seen when describing more advanced conditions of the young Starfish.  As the loops increase, they expand, lose their character of simple folds, and soon become quite extensive
sacs ( t t1, P1. VI. _iy. 8), opening into the main tube (t"), from which
they were formed, until, finally, they attain the shape represented upon
Ph. VI. Fiq. 9. They soon grow long enough to be quite movable; they
contract at the base, the walls thicken towards their extremity, and they
become club-shaped.  The result of this contraction is a change of the
tentacular cavity into a rudimentary radiating tube (t"), with the tentacles attached to it; it also draws together the first pair of tentacles,
which are usually seen in such a way as to appear like knobs (P1. VI.
Fiq. 5). This basal pair does not lengthen so rapidly as the second pair,
which in a couple of days becomes the longest (P1. VI. Fig. 9). Before
the base of the radiating tube (t") has contracted, thIe adjacent basal tentacles of adjoining loops are placed nearer together than those of the
same basal pair, tihe basal tentacles thus forming five pairs of tentacles
7




44                  EIMBRIYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
(P1. VI. igy. 8, t t), separated by the radiating tube (1"). In proportion
as the tentacles elongate, the separation between them  and the radiating
tube is more distinct, and very soon the tentacles appear like club-shaped
branches projecting from  it (P1. VI. Fig. 9); the first pair of tentacles
are somewhat shorter and stouter than the second, which is the longest,
while the three terminal tentacles hlave nearly the same size, the odd
tentacle (1') not showing as yet the slightest tendency to become clubshaped, though developed so much earlier than the larger basal pairs at
its base.
Forwmation of the Sitcker of thze Tentacles of thke StalZysh. -When the tentacles have reached the state of P1. VI. Fig. 9 they develop rapidly; the
walls at the extremity of each tentacle thicken so much, that the cavity
becomes a pointed tube set into a somewhat conical head, which grows
more club-shaped, and projects beyond the walls of the tentacles as they
increase in length, so that, when the basal pair of tentacles equals again
in length the second pair (P1. VI. Fig. 12), the clubs at the extremities
are supported upon comparatively narrow bases.  This club-shaped termination is the future disk of the tentacle, the sucker, by means of' which
the Starfish adheres so firmly to rocks.  From  an early period, even
when there is only one large pair of tentacles at the base of the ray,
and when the others exist only in the most rudimentary condition (P1. VI.
7Fig. 5), these tentacles are used by the embryo in adhering to the surfaces upon which it is placed; and, though they are not provided with a
regular sucking disk, they fasten themselves so firmly, by means of these
loops, that it requires considerable force to make them loose their hold.
Forma7tion of tIle Eye.-We have seen that, unlike the others, the odd
terminal tentacle does not become club-shaped, but increases slowly in
length alone, the walls retaining a uniform  thickness.  It is not till all
the pairs of tentacles are well developed that we begin to perceive slight
changes (P1. VIII. Pig. 5). The opening leading into the radiating canal
contracts, the basal portion of the tentacle swells, and it assumes a somewhat pear-shaped form, the swelling at the base increases, principally on
the oral side, and we soon trace in it an accumulation of pigment cells
(P1. VII. Fig. 6, e), which, by the time the other tentacles have developed
knobs, and  equal in length the diameter of the arms, has become a brilliant carmine spot (P1. VI. Pig. 12, e; Pl. VII. Fig. 6, e, and PI1. VIII.
Pig. 5, e). This odd tentacle, placed at the extremity of the radiating




MOUTH OF THE STARFISH.                        45
tube, is the ocular tentacle.  Ehrenberg discovered the presence of eyes
in Starfishes, but their true relations to this odd terminal tentacle was
first pointed out by Professor Agassiz, in his Homologies of' Radiata.
[The nature of this terminal tentacle in the young Starfish and all
young Echinoderms seems to have been entirely overlooked by all writers
who have described the eye of the Starfishes, which they have usually
represented  as an  organ  totally unlike  any other Echinodermal appendage.
The Eimbryology of Echinoderms certainly shows most distinctly that
the eye of the Starfish is only a modified tentacle, an organ of sense, such
as we find at the base of the marginal tentacles of Acalephs.]
Pormzalionz of tle Moztlt of the Starfisl.- From the manner in which the
tentacles are formed by folds of the water-tube, it is plain that, in the
younger stages of the Echinoderm, the two ends of the circular tube must
remain disconnected; the rapid accumulation of limestone particles on
the lower surface prevents us, however, from  ascertaining this point.
Soon after the larva has disappeared, the whole actinal surface between
the pentagon of tentacles is covered by a membrane; this membrane, in
the centre of which is placed the mouth, is the remnant of that part of
the larva situated in the groove between the anal and oral plastrons
(in, P1. VI. Fig. 12; P1. VII. Pig. 1).  The mouth of the Starfish, however, is not in reality the mouth of the larva. During the shrinking of
the larva the long oesophagus has become shortened and contracted,
bringing the opening of the mouth of the larva to the level of the opening of the oesophagus, which becomes eventually the true mouth of the
Starfish.
Before the limestone particles have accumulated sufficiently to cover
the base of the radiating tubes, the mouth is movable, shifting its position from one side to another indifferently (P1. VI. Figs. 3, 7, 8, 12, nm;
P1. VII. Fig. 1), though by the time the deposit of limestone has formed
a small pentagon inside of the base of the radiating tubes, it has lost its
mobility. The water-pore (P1. VI. Pig. 12, b), or the madreporic body,
connects with the circular tube  through a long, narrow  tube, and is
placed on the actinal side in the angle between two rays; it is, as yet,
only a simple opening, protected by a thick funnel-shaped limestone projection (P1. VI. Fig. 12, 6). The young Starfish has no other anus than
that of the larva, which is placed on the very edge of the disk; but,




4 6                 EIMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
with the rapidly increasing deposit of limestone cells, it is soon hidden
from  view, and I have not been fortunate enough to find it again in
more advanced young. I am therefore unable to say where the anus opens
outside, though it undoubtedly discharges, at this time, through one of the
many limestone cells. Owing to the difficulty of tracing its opening in
the daedalus of round cells, I am  not able to state this positively, never
having seen, from any point, discharges of fecal matters. Like the madreporic body, it is not yet upon the abactinal area, but on the actinal
side, near the  edge of the disk. The madreporic body itself would
have been lost in a similar manner, had it not been possible to track it
by means of its connection with the circular tube (P1. VI. Fig. 12); and,
even then, it was only by the closest attention, and at moments when
the position of the young Starfish was especially favorable for the inspection, that the opening of the madreporic body could be distinguished
from that of the surrounding limestone cells.
[Mithl regard to the functions of' the mouth of the Pluteus and its subsequent fate in the young Starfish and Ophiuran, my observations as well as
those of Metschnikoff would show  that it becomes the mouth in botll.
This does not seem  to be the case in Auricularia, and the fate of the
openings (both the anal and oral) of the Pluteus of Echinoderms is not
yet definitely known for all the orders. Additional observations are needed
on this point. Embryological studies on Mollusca would seem  to favor
the formation of a new mouth distinct from that of the early stages of
the embryo, but the direct observations on Echinoderms all tend to prove
that there is no new opening formed, and that the mouth of the Pluteus
passes directly into that of the young Echinoderm.
Selenka shows for Holothuria also that the original opening of the Pluteus becomes the permanent anus.]
FornCtalion of the Actizal lizestome Sitwface.- The actinal side of the disk
is at first a narrow flat band (P1. VI. Fig. 3), following the general outline of the rays. This band increases in breadth, loses its convex outline,
and soon reaches the terminal tentacle, when the actinal band has assumed
a pentagonal shape.  Inside of this small pentagon is situated the ambulacral system, entirely independent, as yet, from the limestone deposit on
the actinal surface, the whole rosette of tentacles expanding and contracting, with perfect liberty, in every direction. This freedom  soon ceases;
the points of the limestone pentagon develop rapidly towards the centre




SPINES OF THE YOUNG STARFISH.                       47
of the disk, and soon reach the base of the radiating canal (P1. VI. PFi. 7).
There they unite by bridging the intervening spaces, and form five triangular openings, enclosing the tentacles, which are still at liberty, with
the exception of this band across the base of the radiating tubes (PI. VI.
Fig. 9). The additions made to this deposit of limestone take place more
rapidly near the bridge, where additional limestone cells are sent out,
enclosing at first the basal pair of tentacles, but leaving the remaining
five still unconfined.  The next pair is then imprisoned by a similar process, without, however, interfering with the terminal tentacles.  Finally,
the last pair of tentacles is surrounded in a like manner, and all the tentacles are now confined somewhat as we find them  in the adult (P1. VI.
Pig. 12; P1. VII. Fig. 1). A  row  of limestone cells, extending along
the median line, separates the base of the suckers, while transverse bands
join the larger cells of adjoining spaces. It is plain that the transverse
bands correspond to the ambulacral plates of the adult, and that, in the
earlier stages, the embryo Starfish has no trace whatever of any interambulacral system.  This mode of formation of the arnbulacral system may
explain the absence of interambulacral plates in the Crinoids and Ophiurans.  The deposit of limestone is not sufficiently transparent to allow a
good view  of the radiating canal, or of the formation of the vesicles of
the tentacles.
Forimation of t1Ie ]Spites of the youzng Sltcarfsl..-We have seen that, at the
time of the closing of the young Starfish, the abactinal region is already
covered with regular rows of spines (P1. VI. Fig. 4).  These spines are,
however, simple warts, slight protuberances, in which limestone cells are
formed, connecting with the general network.  The cells of these spines
are arranged in regular tiers one above the other; the younger cells,
formed at the base, being always more nunierous, and pushing up the
older ones. All the cells send  off Y-shaped appendages, which unite,
forning stories (P1. VII. PFis. 3, 4, 5) of circular cells; the cells of the
spine near the edge do not close, but project beyond the margin, giving
the spines the appearance of small Gothic spires. 
The spines of the first row —viz. those immediately  on the edge
of the rays —increase rapidly, curving sideways, expanding at the tip,
and assuming as fantastic shapes as those of lRhabdocidaris OrbygnianRa
(P1. VI. Piq's. 10, 11, 12, p p).  The other rows of spines, diminishing in
size as they approach the centre, are exactly similar to the former (pI,




48                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
p2), but not so broad at the extremity, and somewhat more slender.
New spines are always added between those originally at the extremity
of the rays and the centre of the disk; the latter always remain the
most advanced and most prominent of the spines, even when the young
Starfish has assumed many more of the features of the adult than it has
at present, and has reached a stage when it would not be mistaken for
anything but a Starfish, closely allied to our common species.
Vetvork of Lizestfoe Cells.-As we have seen in the earliest stages of
the Starfish, there are, on the abactinal area, rods from  which, by the
addition of Y-shaped processes, clusters of polygonal cells are gradually
formed (P1. VII. Fig:. 7); one cluster in the middle of each ray (P1. VI.
Figy. 10, /1), one around the smaller rod placed in the angle of the rays
(14), and a still smaller one round the rod placed in the very centre of
the abactinal area (I).  The large clusters extend and unite along the
edge of the rays, forming a continuous network; it is from the cells of
the edge that the limestone deposit is formed, which extends over the
abactinal surface. The clusters of cells placed in the angle of the rays do
not unite laterally, though they become indirectly connected in the more
advanced stages of our Starfish, joining with the plates of the rays by a
few cells (P1. VI. Fig. 10). The central plate remains unconnected with
the others in the most advanced of the young which I have raised from
the Brachiolaria.  The whole of the network is quite movable, and the
plates, before they become united, are capable of independent motion by
the contraction of different portions of the abactinal area.
[Loven has given excellent figures of the young of Asterias glacialis,
corresponding to some of the stages here figured.  They differ, however,
in having the plates more distinctly separated even in the young stages
(P1. VI. F/ig. 10). The reticulation is compact, so that it is only in certain stages of expansion that the original composition of the abactinal
surface can still be traced.
It is from the careful comparison of these young stages (Pls. VI. VII.
VIII.) with the corresponding stages of the young Ophiurans, given by
Metschnikoff, P.lo IV. of his memoirs, and in my memoir on the Embryology of Echinoderms, Figs. 29, 32 (Mem. Ami. Acad.), and of young
Echini with the young of Comatula  figured by Allman, Carpenter, and
Thomson, tllhat we can make out a satisfactory lhomology of the test of
Echinoderms as has been so successfully done by Loven in his superb




OUTLINE OF THE YOUNG STARFISH.                         49
Memoir on Sea-Urchins,* where he heas most thoroughly proved the homology of the basal and radial plates of Crinoids with their corresponding
plates, still readily to be traced in the young Starfish, and with their
homologies in the apical system of Echini.
An admirable paper by Selenka in the Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool. (June, 1876)
gives us a complete history of the development of Holothuria, showing
an entire agreement in its general features with the Embryology of other
Echinoderms in the mode of formation of the water-system  as diverticulum
for the alimentary canal, forming eventually (as in the Starfish) the circular canal with the anmbulacral system.]
Change of Otline of the yoiung Stcufish. — With advancing age, the outline
of the young Starfish is greatly modified; at first, when the actinal and
abactinal areas are not yet closed, while the larval appendages are still
visible on the lower side of the young  Starfish (P1. VI. Figs. 1, 2), immediately after the larval appendages have disappeared, and the surfaces
of the actinal and abactinal areas are brought nearer together (P1. VI.
Figs. 3, 4), it is hardly more than an irregular pentagon, with slightly
convex sides, and small rounded notches cut in at the angles (P1. VI.
Figs. 3, 4).  These notches become deeper, the arms of the Starfish assume more the appearance of a Greek cross (P1. VI. Figs. 6, 7); the sides
of the rays are strongly concave, and the concavity is increased with the
development of the spines to such a degree that the extremity of the
ray is almost twice as broad as its base (P1. VI. Figs. 10, 11, 12).  The
outline of the inner wall of the disk can be easily seen through the limestone network.   The  pentagonal form, so different from  that of the
adult, is still less like it when seen in profile (PI. VII. Fig. 2).  The abactfinal area rises like a high, rounded cone, supported upon the spines (p)
of the edge of the disk; the tentacles project far beyond the edge on
every side (P1. VII. i'g. 2).  In flact, the regular rows of spines, their great
size, the convexity of the disk, are features so unlike our usual conception of a Starfish that, without closer examination, one would readily mistake this Echinoderm, at first sight, for a young Sea-urchin, like the flat,
conical Eclhinocidaris.
The tentacles are longer than the rays, extending far beyond the edge
in  front  and on the sides.  The pairs of tentacles move in every direc* Kongl. Svenska Vets. Akad. Handl. XI. No. 7. Etudes sur les Echinoiddes par S. Lovdn.
Stockholm, 1874.




50                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
tion; but the odd tentacle is always curved upward, and carried between
the two middle spines of the extremity of the rays. When we see the
Starfish in profile (PI. VII. Fiy. 2), the red eye-speck appears prominent
near the edge of the disk, surmounted by the upturned tentacle (1' t'),
of a slight rosy hue. This manner of carrying the terminal tentacle reminds us strongly of the way in which  ERginopsis, as well as the young
of so many of our Hydroid Medusm,  carry their nmarginal tentacles: Nemopsis, Staurophora, Turritopsis, Willia.
This is the imost advanced stage of the young Starfishes (P1. VI. Fig.
11) which I have succeeded in raising in confinement.  When we coinpare this with an adult, having long: slender-pointed rays, four rows of
suckers, its surfatce covered with pedicellarix  and water-tubes, surrounding individual spines, like so many wreaths, we cannot fail to be struck
with the astonishing changes of form which must still take place to bring
this pentagonal star to any shape resembling a slender five-rayed Starfish. In fact, when we reimember how rarely embryologists continue the
study of the egg beyond the moment of hatching of the embryo, it is
not to be wondered at that this same young Starfish should be introduced to us again and again, in its different stages of growth, under half
a dozen new names, both generic and specific. It is only by a thorough
kinowledge of all the changes of form  through which these younog embryos pass, fromn the first moment of their existence till they are fullgrown, that we can hope to remedy this evil.
The next state of our young Starfish is, when magnified  (P1. VIII.
yig. 1), even more different from  the adult than the pentagonal state
of PI. VI. Fig. 11.  The young Starflshes figured on this Plate (P1.
VIII.) were all found attached to roots of Laminiaria, thrown  up on
the beaches, in the neighborhood, after a storm; and from  their different stages of growth, as compared with the oldest Starfish raised from
a Brachiolaria (PI. VI. Faq. 11), specimens of which were also  found
upon these roots, it is probable that tt the sizes here figured are one (Fig.
1), two (Fi&. 8), and three (FMq. 10) years old. A considerable number
of specimens were picked up in this way, and they could all be arranged
into very distinct groups, representing the Starfishes of the present and
of two previous seasonls.   There seemned to be no gradation from  one
group to another, such as we have among the young Sea-urchins, which,
in consequence of their manner of breeding during the whole year, form




OUTLINE OF THE YOUNG STARFISH.                       51
series, the relations of which it is impossible to determine. In this connection I would say, that by arranging the Starfishes found upon our
rocks into series according to their size, we are able to obtain a rough
estimate of the number of years required by them  to attain their full development; this I presume to be somewhere about fourteen years.*
They begin to spawn before that time, as specimens have been successfully fecundatedl which evidently were not more than six or seven years
old.  It is during the fourth year that the rate of growth seems to be
most rapid.  A young Starfish, measuring one and a half inches across
the arms, was kept, during five months, alive in Mr. Glen's tank at the
Museum, and during that space of time it grew to three inches.
In the youngest specimens (P1. VIII. Fiqo. 1) it is easy to see how the
young Starfish has changed its outline from a pentagonal cross (P1. VI.
1Fi'. 11) to the one here represented. The original plates are sufficiently
distinct to enable us to trace the process.  The arm-plates at the extremity have been pushed away from the body by the addition of new
spines formed at the base of the ray, and on each side of the interradial
plates (11) (the ovarian plates?). The terminal plate (12) is perfectly well
defined at the extremity of each ray, and, by cutting out the remainder
of the arm, and bringing the extremity of the ray close upon the disk,
we should have our former pentagonal Starfish almost identically the
same; the only change being the greater stiffness of the suckers, the
more rounded character of the spines, as well as their greater number
upon the original radial plates.  The spines have almost entirely lost
their fan-shaped embryonic type, and are gradually assuming the aspect
of the ftill-grown rounded spines of the adult Starfish.  Here and there,
however, a spine still occurs which  has retained  its fan1-shaped  outline.
Owing to the elongation of the ray, the single median line of spines
stands out very prominently, and this, together with the rows of large
spines extending from the interradial plates on each side of the rays,
gives to the young Starfish the appearance of a small Oreaster.  The
median line of spines is supported by a long, narrow limestone plate, extending distinctly from  the basal plate almost to the terminal radial,
plates totally independent, also, of the prolongation of the ovarian plates
* For an account of the method adopted by Professor Agassiz for ascertaining the age of many
of our marine animals, see Proceed. Essex Inst., 1863, p. 252.
8




52                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
(1c), which make a broad binding on each side of the ray, uniting with
the terminal plate so as to form a continuous limestone cord round the
edge of the Starfish.  The interradial plate projects from the angle of the
rays towards the basal plate, spreading somewhat, to fill up the space betwveen the median arm-plates.  We find, in this stage (P1. VIII. Fig. 1),
the first dorsal water-tubes (d'); there are five pairs, one tube on each
side of the ovarian plate (pc). But, as yet, no pedicellarioe have appeared.
From the lower side, no trace of the plates of the interambulacral system  can be seen, beyond the spines which have formed at the extremity
of the arlbulacra.  The ambulacral pores are arranged in a single row
on each side of the median line, and the slender last-fortled tentacles
are placed:at the extremity of the ray, nearest to the odd ocular tentacle; while the tentacles nearest the mouth are quite short and stout,
having a large sucking disk, and resembling, in all respects, those of the
adults. The separation of the different ambulacral plates is very faint, and
does not become well marked till a later stage. The odd ocular tentacle
has retained its function; the eye-speck has increased greatly in size, as
well as the bulb to which it is attached, while the walls of the tentacle
are nearly as thin as in the younger stages (P1. VIII. Fig. 5), exhibiting
no trace of the formation of any sucking disk. Nearest to this are found
the la.st-formed tentacles, easily recognized by their length, and the somewhat less developed sucker.  These and subsequent stages of the young
Starfish show undoubtedly that new tentacles are formed at the extremity
of the rays, while new portions of the upper part of the arm  are formuled
at the base; that is, the actinal system  is developed at its periphery,
while the abactinal system is developed at the centre.
In young Starfishes of two years (P1. VIII. Fig. 8) the median plate
is longer, more closely crowded with spines; the terminal plate being
less prominent, though still distinct, while the processes from the median
and lateral plates are quite large.  No additional dorsal water-tubes have
been formed since the last stage (PI. VIII. Fig. 1).  When examined from
the oral side, the median line' is becoming more strongly marked, and
the lateral and ambulacral spines more prominent. These features give
to the young Starfish a more pointed appearance, and the resemblance to
the adult now becomes more apparent.
In somewhat older specimens (three years old) (P1. VIII. Fig. 10)7 we
finally trace the first appearance of pedicellarie (P1. VIII. Figs. 2, 3, 4,




OUTLINE OF THE YOUNG STARFISH.                       53
p', f"), the dorsal tubes (P1. VIII. Fig. 10, d" d") are found arranged
in greater number along certain portions of the ranys; while the median
and lateral plates have increased so much in size that the terminal plate
has lost entirely the preponderance which it had in younger stages, and
the extremity of the arm  actually assumes a rounded outline.  The dorsal
tubes (d"') are found numerous on both sides of the median arnm-plate,
and along the edge of the oral lateral plates (d"), diminishing   somewhat
in size as they approach the extremity of the ray; they are not open
at the tip.  The central basal abactinal plate is still distinct fronm the
others.
The development of the pedicellarike around the base of the spines
gives us no clew as to the function which they perform in Starfishes
(P1. VIII. Figs. 2, 3, 4). At first a simple projection, they early assume
the character of the head of pedicellarik  without stems, the rounded
swelling becoming conical, after which the fork of the head begins to be
distinguished.  In Plate VIII. Iigs. 2, 3, 4, we have the different stages
of the spines (p), and the pedicellarix (p', p"), found at their base. It
was impossible in these young Starfishes to discover the place of the
nmadreporic body.
[Professor E. Perrier has published a very elaborate and beautifully
illustrated memoir on the Pedicellarix of Echinoderms in the Annales des
Sciences Naturelles. For the discussion of the nature of Pedicellarixe see
an account in the Revision of the Echini, Part IV., by A. Agassiz, and an
article in the American Naturalist, Vol. VII.]
From  the oral side these Starfishes (P1. VIII. Fiq. 9) exhibit scarcely
any difference from those of the stage last described, with the exception
of the somewhat more crowded ambulacra. There is a row  of median
amrbulacral spines (n'), quite small, defining the plates distinctly, as well
as the presence of a very distinct row  of spines (iu), the ambulacral
spines, along the edge of the ambulacral plates.  In the most advanced
of these Starfishes we must specially call attention to the absence of a
well-defined  interambulacral system.  The  young Starfish is still eminently ophiuroid in its most important embryonic features.
Professor Sars, in his Norge's Echinodermer, has described a new
genus, which he has named  Pedicellaster.  I thinkl there can be but
little doubt, on comparing the figure he has given of his Starfish and the
different stages of our Asteracanthion, that his Pedicellaster will turn out




54                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
to be the young of one of the species of Asteracanthion of the northern
coast of Europe.  The single row  of ambulacral pores, the ocular tentacle, the arrangement of the pedicellarie  the size, all confirm  the idea
of its being only the young.
Suecessive PAlases of Development of M1e Larvc oe  Stlarfses. — Before applying the information thus far obtained to the solution of more general
problems, it may be well to consider what are the normal stages of growth,
at different periods, in the history of our Starfish larva.  During the
earlier stages of its existence, the young developed from  the egg (P1. I.
Figs. 22-28) laid by one of our Asteracanthion has no resemblance whatever to the future Starfish.  This first condition we might call the pyriforrn, or Scyphistoma stage; when it is simply a symmetrical radiate
animal, reminding us of earlier stages of Polyps and Acalephs.  It then
assumes the shape of a dumb-bell, becomes slightly one-sided (P1. 1I.
Figs. 2-19), and has, in its most advanced state, no other appendages
but the simple crescent-shaped, slightly undulating, vibratile chord (P1. II..F~qs. 20-24).  The simple, straight digestive cavity is now differentiated
into three distinct regions.  This second stage we might call the Tornaria
stage, from  its resemblance to the Echinoderm  larva, cailled Tornaria by
Miller, in which all the parts of the adult larva are simply hinted at in
the most rudimentary form, and during which it is eminently cylindrical.
[This Tornaria has been proved by Metschnikoff and myself to be a
young Balanoglossus.]  Another well-marked epoch is that during which
the larva passes from the cylindrical, or, as we have called it, the Tornaria
stage into a quadrangculalr somewhat compressed form; and the coinplicated system of locomotive appendages, so greatly developed in the Brachiolaria, is gradually laid out, thus preparing the larva for the last stages
of its existence, characterized by thle development of the young Echinodernim. This third stage, corresponding to that observed by Van Beneden,
may appropriately be called the Brachina stage.  Durincg this period the
former independent water-tubes (zv,') of the Tornaria stage (the problematic bodies of Miiller) become united, and are gradually transformed
into the Y-shaped, elliptical water-systemn (the Schlauch-System  of Miiller); this present stage (the Brachina stage) is therefore marked by the
great mnodifications of the water-systern  (P1. II. Figs. 25 - 28; P1. III.
F5qgs. 2-10).  In  the last stage, \whlich  we shall call, with Miiller, the
Brachiolaria  stage  (P1, III. f~q. 11;  P1. VI. FAls. 1, 2, 4; P1.  VII.




CHARACTER OF THE DEVELOPMENT.                        55
Piq. 8), the rudimentary locomotive organs, laid out during the Brachina
stage, attain their greatest development, as long, slender arms. The great
changes which take place on the anal extremity of the water-tubes on
both sides of the stomach, characterize the present stage (the Brachiolaria stage).  These changes upon the surface of the two branches of the
water-tube lead to the formation of the future Starfish.  But the incipient Starfish is, as it were, a part of the Brachiolaria, or rather the Brachiolaria is undergoing local transformations whicht lead to the formation
of a Starfish.  They present thus, for a timne, the appearance of a double
existence, as if a new  being were forming in one which had completed
its growth.  This third period, during which the twofold nature is preserved, is the one which constitutes the Brachiolaria stage.  In the Brachiolaria stage there are several marked periods: the parts which appear
at first on the surfalces of the water-tubes have no connection, and stand
in -such indefinite relation to each other, that they do not seem to tend
towards a common result. But in proportion as the young Echinoderm
progresses in its development, the relations of the two areas, formed on
the surfaces of the two water-tubes, are more apparent; and we finally
reach the last of the strictly larval stages, when the Brachiolaria, with
its complicated system  of locomotive appendages, becomes secondary to
the young Echinoderm  and is completely resorbed by it, when the embryo enters into its truly echinodermoidal condition (P1. VI. Flaiq. 1), the
different stages of which we have already described.
~xam/nziation of tze Characler of Ite Development. - The mode of development of Starfishes, thus divided into phases as observed in our Asteracanthion, cannot be called a case of alternate generation, nor is it a
metamorphosis in  the ordinary sense of the word.  It is a mode of
development peculiar to Echinoderms, entirely different from  that of
any other class of Radiates.  It is not an alternate generation, for the
Brachiolaria can in no way be called a nurse, as each Brachiolaria produces but one Starfish, and the whole of the larva is resorbed by the
Starfish, not an appendage being left out. Nor is it strictly a metamorphosis, as the changes which take place are so gradual that at no timne
can the line of dernarcation be drawn between two stages with any
degree of precision, as in Crustacea or Insects, where the casting of an
envelope marks distinctly different epochs. There is, however, something
in these successive phases of development which reminds us of the meta



56                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
morphoses of Insects.  There is a sort of general similarity between this
process of resorption and the growth and changes in the:chrysalis of
Lepidoptera, ending in a butterfly.  In  the  latter case, the chrysalis,
though retaining its character throughout the whole growth and development of the Insect, has an earlier stage when it seems to be purely chrysalis, and a later one immediately before the hatching of the perfect Insect,
when the butterfly seems to be gaining the ascendency, and the whole
outline of its form may be seen through the chrysalis, which now seems
to be only its envelope.  And yet the character of the development of the
Starfish during its Brachiolaria stage recalls also vividly the phenomena
of alternate generations.  It is, nevertheless, strictly echinodermoid, and
whether we observe it in the Ophiurans, the Sea-urchins, or the Holothurians and Crinoids, there seems no doubt, firom  the observations of
Miller, Busch, Thomson, Krohn. and Agassiz, that it is carried on according
to one and the same plan in all the orders of the class, where we have
corresponding differences in their various modes of development.  With
reference to the separate existence of the larva and of the Echinodernm,
urged by other observers, I can only say that nothing of the kind has occurred in those Echinoderims the changes of which I have traced, whether
it be an Ophiuran, an Echinus, a true Starfish, or a JHolothurian.
RECA PIT U LA TI ON.
I shall, in a few  words, recapitulate the development of these Starfishes, in order to be able more fully to compare my observations with
those of previous writers, and to explain the differences, when they exist.
Chan~,ges of tI1e Yolk. —The yolk, after fecundation, separates slightly
from the outer envelope.  The segmentation takes place rapidly; as soon
as the yolk has divided into eight portions, they arrange themselves in
such a manner as to enclose the remaining space, which is more and
more separated as the spheres increase in number, until, finally, there is
a complete envelope formed of spheres of segmentation.
XScyphistoma, or y&r iformz  Stage. - At the time the young escapes from
the egg, it is spherical, and the walls of the envelope are of the same
thickness. One side becomes thicker, the embryo flattening at this extremity, which is bent in so as to form  a slight cavity, in which fluids
circulate.  Tllis cavity extends half-way the length of the larva, then




RECAPITULATION.                          57
swells at the extremity, the walls become thinner, the pouch formed at
the end of this cavity develops laterally, forming two smaller pouches,
which afterwards become hollow bodies, entirely separated from the main
cavity, whence they originated (the problematic bodies of Miller).
Tornaria Stage.-The main cavity bends slightly towards one side, and
eventually unites with a depression formed there. This depression becomes the mouth; the other opening, which was the first to be developed, and served the purpose of a mouth, is changed to an anus. This
agrees with the observations of Krohn, who shows that in an Echinus
larva the mouth is formed after the anus. The bent tube, or cavity,
divides into three distinct regions, forming the oesophagus, the stomach,
and the alimentary canal.
Braclhica Stage. —The  small disconnected  hollow  bodies (the watertubes, the problematic bodies of Mfiller) are not alike; the left one (left,
when seen from above) connects with the surrounding medium by means
of an opening, the water-pore. This opening in the Starfish is the madreporic body. The water-tubes elongate so as to reach beyond the
mouth, when they approach each other and unite, forming a Y-shaped
tube.
Brachiolaria Stage.- Arms are developed from  the sides of the larva,
edged with rows of vibratile cilia. Some of these arms are of a different
character, having peculiar appendages, the so-called brachiolar arms. It
is on the outer surface of the water-tubes that the Starfish is developed
(not from the stomach, as stated by Miller); one of the tubes, the left,
when seen from  above, developing the actinal or ambulacral side, the
other developing the abactinal area. These two areas are open, pentagonal, warped, spiral surfaces, making almost a right angle with each other.
The open pentagons do not close till after the Starfish has resorbed the
whole of the larva.
Elchinodermoidal Stage. —The complicated system of arms and the whole
of the Brachiolaria are resorbed by the Starfish, which does not separate
from the larval stock, as seems to be the case of Bipinnaria, from the
statements of Miuller and of Koren and Danielssen. The arms of the
Starfish are broad and short in the young, and not symmetrical; the
suckers are pointed, have no terminal disk, and are arranged in two rows,
the sucking disk being developed later. The embryo, if compared to Acalephs, might thlen appropriately be said to be in its Ephyra stage. The




58                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFIStI.
odd terminal tentacle has an eye at its base, and no disk is ever formed
at the extremity of this tentacle.  The abactinal surface is very arched,
the spines are arranged in regular rows, and the arrangement of the plates
reminds us of the plates of Crinoids; the plates first formed retaining
their embryonic or crinoidal character. The anus opens near the edge of
the disk, on the lower side; the madreporic body is situated on the
edge, but moves to the abactinal area, in more advanced stages.  About
a fortnight is required for the egg to pass through its different stages,
or the embryo to be hatched, and the larva to have reached the condition  when the young Starfish is ready to resorb the Brachiolaria; and
another week must elapse before it reaches the stage represented in P1.
VI. -ft. 11.  Those which I raised from  eggs artificially fecundated retained this shape four months.




CHAPTER THIRD.
EMBRYOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF STARFISHES.
THE study of the young forms, or mnorphological embryology, if I may
so call it, is destined to play an important part in Systematic Zoology;
though investigations of this kind can only be carried on under peculiar
advantages not easily obtained.  The fact that many marine animals live,
in their early stages, under stones, or firmly attached to roots of Laminarians, in deep water, and are only occasionally thrown upon the beaches
after storms, when their small size prevents us from  obtaining them  in
any great number, increases the difficulty of this kind of observations.
We must, therefore, limit ourselves to those animals which pass the greater
part of their lives near the surface of the water, or within the limits of
tide-marks.  A commencement has already been made in this direction, in
the study of Fishes, the young of which live among the eel-grass, and in
that of the young of the several species of Ctenophorea, so abundant
during the summer months along our coasts.  For an account of' these
investigations, I would refer the reader to the Illustrated Catalogue of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.*
Compcarison of Young and Adtlt Staryfshes. -The difference in appearance
between the young and the adult of our Starfishes is so great, that they
would not be placed in the same family by one unacquainted with their
transformations. The young has characters which, if taken singly, recall
a variety of families; in fact, the combination of characters belonging to
different families is almost always a sign that these features will disappear, or become modified with age.
Here I must again insist on the importance of the constant comparison
of the younger stages of growth with the adult. We are but little accustomed to consider these younger stages in our description of animals,
* [See also my papers on Young Stages of Annelids, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.; Young Echini, No.
VII. Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. ZoOl.; Embryology of Ctenophore, Mem. Am. Acad. 1874.]
9




60                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
and we necessarily lose many elements of the greatest importance, whenever we attempt to associate the adults of any class in natural groups,
without taking into account the characters of their young.  Naturalists, who have not yet entered upon this method of study, cannot conceive what extraordinary facilities this kind of investigation affords for
tracing the more complete affinities among animals.  One of the principal
reasons why embryologists have overlooked these investigations may be
found illn the fact that they rarely examine more than one species of each
type at a time.  Who would place the young Echinus, with its Cidarislike spines and straight simple ambulacra, among the true Echinide, or
take a young Spatangoid for anything but an Echinus?  What has the
pear-shaped outline and long tentacles of a young Bolina-which is, indeed, a diminutive picture  of a Pleurobrachia- in common with the
adult, with its long, twisting rows of ambulacra, and wing-like projections
of the spheromeres beyond the actinostome? Yet these embryonic characters remind us of familiar forms, and cannot fitil to give us an insight
into the relative standing of the forrms through which they pass.
Let us commence with our embryo Starfish at the time when it is just
forming, and when the first outlines of the abactinal region can be traced.
Suppose its development were to stop there (P1. V. F'ig. 5), and that
the slight lobes should close soon after the formation of the coating of
limestone granules over the abactinal area, we should then have a condition
strongly reminding us of a Culcita, with its arched back, its almost circular outline, and the total absence of any very prominent spines. In the
next stage (P1. V. Pzig. 12), the cuts between the rays have become somewhat more marked, the plates of limestone cells are well developed, and
there are tubercles in place of future spines. The resemblance of this
stage  to  such forms as Anthenea, Pentagonaster, and the pentagonal
Starfishes, in which we find a great development in the abactinal plates,
is at once apparent. In a somewhat more advanced stage, the rays are
slightly more marked, the spines quite well developed; this type is represented among living Starfishes by such forms as Pteraster, Paulia, Pentaceros, Artocreas, Oreaster: unless it were known beforehand that P1.
VII. Fig. 1 represents a highly magnified young Starfish, the figure
would readily pass for a new  species of Oreaster.  The corresponding
changes of the actinal surface are not the less important. In the early
stages the tentacles are pointed, they have no disk (P1. VI. Figs. 3, 9);




EMBRYOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.'6 1
it is only afterwards that they are developed (P1. VII.'igl. 1; and P1.
VI. Figs. 10, 11, 12). In fact, the tentacles of our young Starfish, in its
earlier stages, resemble those  of Astropecten, Luidia, and Ctenodiscus.
We are, therefore, at once provided with a set of characters taken from
the young, enabling us to decide the comparative value of the various
features, and the order in which they are to be taken. From  the tentacles alone we are fully justified, upon embryological data, in  placing
Starfishes with pointed tentacles lower than those which have disks, like
Asteracanthion.  Another embryological feature is the fact that the embryo has only two rows of tentacles, while in the adult Asteracarnthion
-we find the tentacles arranged in four rows.  [The arrangement of the
ambulacral tentacles into furrows seems due simply to the crowding together of adjoining plates in consequence of increasing age, and has not
the systematic value formerly assigned to it.]  Combining these characters, as we find them in the adults, we have at once good and conclusive reasons for placing all those Starfishes which have, like Ctenodiscus, a pentagonal outline, and at the same time pointed tentacles, lowest in the scale; next in order would come the Starfishes with pointed
rays and pointed tentacles, without suckers, like Luidia and Astropecten;
above them  pentagonal Starfishes, with plates like Anthenea and Hippasteria, and two rows of tentacles, provided with suckers; then those with
more prominent rays, and tentacles also ending in suckers, like Pentaceros and Artocreas; higher still, the Starfishes, with long slender arms,
and only two rows of tentacles with suckers, such as Cribrella, Ophidiaster, and the like; while highest in the order we should place the genuine Asteracanthion, with four rows of tentacles, with suckers, and highly
developed spines -on the abactinal area.
The same principles applied to the different families would place Starfishes having plates without spines lower than those in which the network of limestone is covered with spines on the abactinal surface.  This
classification is not very different, as far as regards the order from that of
the three families proposed by Miiller and Troschel. It differs materially,
however, from the standing given to pentagonal Starfishes in a short paper
by Professor Agassiz, in the Proceedings of the Natural History Society
of Boston.  From this it is plain, that the mere study of the adult is not
a sound foundation for a-natural classification. The echlinoid characters
of the young Starfishes were not known at that timne, which would natu



62                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
rally give the pentagonal Starfishes an entirely different position. Nor
is it always sufficient to have traced the development of any one species;
unless it happen to stand highest in its group, its different pleases would
not tell us anything of the relative standing of the other members of the
group with which the adult is associated. Embryologists should, therefore, whenever it is possible, select those species for investigation which,
upon anatomical evidence, stand highest in their group.
There are other embryonic features, recalling not simply families of the
same suborder, but characters of other lower orders.  The situation of
the anus on the actinal side, the presence of the madreporic body on
the same area, are features of the Crinoids and Ophiurans.  These peculiarities are soon lost, and the madreporic body gradually finds its way
to the abactinal area. The opening of the anus next to the mouth is
eminently crinoidal, and it is accompanied by other structural details
reminding us still more of that order. Were there a stem on the
central plate of its abactinal area, the young Starfish, when seen fromn
the abactinal side, would have all the appearance of a Crinoid.  The
central plate corresponds to the basal plate (P1. VI. Fig. 10), the set of
five plates in the angles of the arms to the interradial plates, and the
arm-plates themselves to the radial plates of a Crinoid; and, to make
the resemblance still stronger, the anus opens near the mouth, on the
same  side with  it, as in Comatula.  This analogy had  already been
pointed out by Professor Agassiz, in his Lectures on Embryology; and
it shows conclusively that Starfishes are built upon the same plan with
other Echinoderms,  contrary to the views long entertained by Johannes
Miller. This comparison to the plates of a Comatula can be carried out
to its fullest extent, and is exceedingly instructive if made with the
young Comatula, of which an admirable figure has been given by Professor Allman, in his valuable memoir on the prebrachial stage of Comatula, in the Memoirs of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1863. The
arrangement strikes one, at once, as identical, though the plates are by
no means homologous.  The central plate occurs in both, but the most
prominent plates, occupying indeed the greater part of the abactinal region of the young Starfish, are the same plates which eventually develop
with others at the base of the arms, those at the angle of tie arms
being but little developed. It is quite the reverse withl Comatula, in
which the arm-plates are but small at this stage; though, according to




POSITION OF THE MADREPORIC BODY.                  63
Professor Allman, who quotes Carpenter, these small radial plates eventually encroach upon the others, at the time of the appearance of the
arms, the rest of the calyx being formed by the five large interradial
plates. I cannot agree with Professor Allman in considering the central
plate otherwise than as a solidified homologtle of the basalia of the other
Crinoids figured by him; the only difference being that in some cases
the plates composing this piece are soldered together, as in Comatula,
while in others they are kept distinct, as in Coccocrinus, and the like.
From the peculiar way in which young tentacles are formed in Starfishes
may not the strange toothed plates noticed by Professor Allman, at the
base of the tentacula (or cirri, as he calls them), be young tentacles?
Their position seems to me to make this very probable.
Position of the MJadreporic Body.- There has lately been a great deal
of discussion among writers on Echinoderms, as to whether the madreporic body was, or was not, a proper point to start from in determining
the axes of the body; Agassiz, on one side, maintaining that the madreporic body was constantly in the same relation to the different parts of
the Echinoderms, while Miiller, Cotteau, and Desor have warmly opposed
this view. The mode of formation of the madreporic body seems to me
to decide this question in favor of the former view. The madreporic
body is invariably formed on the left water-tube of the Brachiolaria, and
is placed, during the development of the Starfish, at the angle of the
upper arm. The future position of the madreporic body opposite the
third arm of the open pentagon is therefore, after it has closed, the natural consequence of its position. The opening of the anus, on the contrary, has no such clear and precise relation to the middle arm. At any
rate, however this may be, one thing is perfectly apparent, viz. that
the madreporic body is always placed in the suture of the terminal arms
of the pentagon, which brings it opposite the third arm. Thus the madreporic body gives us the means of dividing the Starfish into symmetrical
halves, and of determining the position of the odd arm. The case of the
Echinometrade and Salenidva is constantly quoted to show that the madreporic body is not connected with any definite axis. But might it not
be that a stage which is embryonic in the young Starfish-viz. that
preceding the closing of the actinal and abactinl   areas -is probably retained in those Echinoid families in which the process of closing is not
completed?  And may not the unsymmetrical position of the madreporic




64                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
body in such cases be owing to the continuance of'this embryonic character? - the natural result of which would be, to throw the madreporic
body slightly on one side of the middle line, so that, though still retaining its position opposite the third arm, an axis passing through. them
both would not divide  the  spher~osome into symmetrical portions.  If
there -were in nature such forms as asymmetrical Starfishes, analogous to
the Echinometrado, they would be represented by the embryonic Starfishes of P1. VI. Figs. 1-6, in which a line drawn through the madreporic body and the middle of the odd arm  would not divide the Starfish
into symmetrical halves. Suppose  the  flattening of the young to be
completed without the loss of this want of symmetry, and we have a
form  representing  Echinometra-Starfishes, if any such exist in nature.
The fact that in some of these Echinometradam the axis, passing through
the madreporic body and this long arm, crosses the median line from
opposite  sides, could be easily explained on the supposition that the
former is placed on the ventral instead of the dorsal side of the larva,,an assumption which is not unfounded, as this occurs in Ophiurans and
in young Starfishes. In this way the change of position in the direction
of the axis which is found in Acroclacldia and Podophora on one side,
and in Echinometra on the other, could be easily explained.  [For fuller
discussion of the bearing of the positions of tlh  madreporic body determining the anterior axis of the Echinoderms, see my Revision of the
Echini, Part IV., and the description of Salenia.  Consult also the Memoir of
Loven (Etudes sur les Echinoidees).]  In Echinoids the actinal and abactinal areas are formed upon the exterior surfaces of the water-tubes, as
in Starfish larvve. This I have shown in the paper referred to above,
published  in  the Memoirs of the American Acad:emy for 1864.  The
earlier appearance of the tentacular pentagon in Echinoids and in Ophiurans is that of a spiral on the surface of the water-tubes, similar in plan
to that observed in our Starfish larva; it is evident that the additional
plates formed in a young Sea-urchin  arise: spirally, and from  what is
known of the mode of formation of the young Echinus and young Ophiuran, it follows, necessarily, that the ambulacral system  in both must
have been open pentagons, becoming connected only by the closing of
the surfaces upon which the young Sea-urchin or Ophiuran were developed.
An examination of the figures of our young Starfish, just after the re




POSITION OF THE MADIREPORIC BODY.                   65
sorption of the larva (Plo VI. Figs. 2, 3, 4), in which a line, drawn from
the madreporic body through the middle of the odd arm, would by no
means divide the Starfish symmetrically, confirms the above explanation
of the eccentricity in Echinometra.  Supposing the spiral to have been
formed from the other side, the obliquity would be in the opposite direction.  Of course this is simply a supposition on my part, which future
examination alone can verify; but it seems to me such a natural explanation of -the whole difficulty, that I give it here for what it is worth.
The multiplication of madreporic bodies in many Starfishes need not invalidate the view I have, taken of its value, as we need only ascertain
which is the original one, the others being supplementary. I have found
larvu with two water-pores (madreporic bodies), but have never succeeded
in raising them.




CHAPTER FOURTH.
EXAMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATIONS OF FORMER OBSERVERS.
Rev'iew  of Miiller's Obserations. -It is with the greatest diffidence that
I enter upon this part of my subject.  It seems the height of presumption, for one who has scarcely any claim  to recognition, to begin by
criticising so many statements of one of the great masters of our science.
Yet I hope to show, from  Miiller's own figures, that the observations I
have made upon the development of our Starfish, though they do not
agree with his earlier memoirs, yet coincide entirely with a few figures
which he has given on the last plate of his great memoirs on the embryology of Starfishes; and that it is only because Miller neglected the
earlier stages of development, that he failed to arrive at the conclusions to
which I have been led by the above investigations.  I trust that I have
succeeded in describing the successive stages in this development with clearness enough to enable me now to draw a comparison, which the reader may
easily follow, with the last drawings made by Miller, and to show that,
had he had the good fortune to see so complete a series as that which
I have traced, he would undoubtedly have entirely remodelled his former
views, with the same frankness which has characterized all his memoirs.
No preconceived theories, no observations, however careful, have ever
been allowed by him to interfere in the least with his subsequent observations.  Hence the great difficulty of following Muller in his intricate
discoveries; each memoir modifying, correcting, and sometimes entirely
contradicting, the previous ones, so that we must, as it were, begin his
book at the end, in order rightly to understand his meaning.  Any one
who has tried to follow the development of a single animal, so that nothing should be wanting in the evidence of the successive stages, will easily
understand hlow later observations continually modify and explain what
had previously been considered as well understood.
Although Sars was the first who followed the development of an Echi



BIPINNARIA AND BRACHIOLARIA.                     67
noderm, which, at first sight, did not seem to differ very materially from
what was known of the development of other Radiates, yet Miiller was
the first to trace the wonderful changes of the young Echinoderms; his
memoirs have been the basis of all subsequent investigations, which are
insignificant when compared to the immense amount of labor involved in
his researches. Not alone the history of a single animal, but the history
of a whole class, is gradually unfolded in his successive memoirs.  The
very fact that so little has been done in the embryology of Echinoderms
since the days of Miiller - for, in fact, with the exception of Krohn
and Thomson, no one has followed these transformations - is a sufficient
proof of the great difficulty attending investigations of this kind. It
must also be remembered that these animals are so small that it requires the most practised eye to detect their presence; their habits also
are such that we may spend days in watching for them, without obtaining a single specimen, and again be overwhelmed with such an amount
of material as to be at a loss where to begin. This can but heighten
our admiration of the untiring zeal and perseverance of Miiller in following out the development of so large a number of species, in a field
where everything was unknown, and where his powers as an observer
must have been taxed to the utmost.
Bipiznaria and Brachliolariac.    A glance at the figures of Bipinnaria and
of Brachiolaria of PI. IX. of Miiller's seventh Memoir will show how different they are, with few exceptions, from the figures of the same larva
in his former memoirs; compare P1. VII. of his third Memoir and P1.
II. of his second Memoir.  From  the figures and explanations given by
the author, it is evident that he had observed, in the last larvae of Starfishes found by him, the very characters which have enabled me to
correct his observations.  He has seen the two Y-shaped water-tubes extending the whole length of the Bipinnaria.  He has seen, also, that
the pentagon of the future back of the Starfish was open in its younger
stages, though he did not succeed in tracing the position of the tentacular pentagon, nor does he perceive the connection of these two pen —
tagons with the water-tubes. And, finally, if he had kept his Bipinnaria
alive but a short time longer, he would have seen brachiolar appendages
develop, and have satisfied himself that Brachiolaria is only an adult
state of what he calls Bipinnaria. It must be remembered, however,
that the original Bipinnaria of Sars, the Bipinnaria asterigera, has en10




6 8                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
tirely different characters from  the Bipinnaria of Miiller.  Judging from
the development of our Starfish, it seems to me that Miiller's Bipinnaria
von Helsing6r, second Memoir (PI. I. PFiqs. 1-7), is probably nothing
but a younger stage of his Brachiolaria von Helsingir (P1. II. Pqs. 4,
5; and PI. III.).  Van Beneden's Brachina, in its turn, is a still younger
stage of the same thing, or of an allied species.  A  comparison of the
above figures of Miiller, and of the figures of P1. III. of this Memoir,
will leave no doubt on this subject. For the same reasons the Brachiolaria of Marseilles is probably only the adult of a Bipinnaria, closely
resembling that of Marseilles (second Memoir, Plo I. Figs. 8, 9), if it is
not the same species.  In the Brachiolaria figured on Plates II. and III.
of the second Memoir of Miiller, the young Starfishes are evidently on
the point of resorbing the arms.  The larvae present all the appearance of contraction and distortion usually accompanying this process, and
Miiller's figures agree entirely with the various attitudes which they assume during this resorption.
If we now turn to his fourth Memoir, which contains the filllest descriptions, we shall see that although in many of the figures of Miiller
the Starfish, or at least one side of it, has been drawn correctly, yet his
statements and some of the figures which he gives cannot be reconciled
with one another.  On Plate II. _Fqjs. 5, 6, of his fourth Memoir, we
have the evidence, friom  his own drawings, that his Bipinnaria had two
water-tubes; yet, in the subsequent stages, Milller says positively that
it has only one water-tube, the one with the water-pore,- a statement
entirely contrary to the earlier stages of his Bipinnaria.  From  what I
have  shown  of the  mode  of development of these  water-tubes, of
their increase in size in proportion to the age of the larva, it is quite
improbable, notwithstanding   the statement of Mlfiller, that one of them
should disappear; he also says that they are not to be confounded with
what he calls "wimpernder Schlauch," while our observations of Asteracanthion go to show that these two systems are but one.
The discovery of the water-pore in Milller's Bipinnaria was a great
step towards solving the question of the origin of the madreporic body,
which he rightly conjectures to be nothing but the water-pore.  He also
notices the rosette of tentacles, or, more properly speaking, the five radiating tubes from  which the tentacles eventually branch.  IHe fails, however, to notice that this rosette, like the cap of the Starfish, as he calls




BIPINNARIA ASTERIGERA.                         69
the back, is open, and although he has occasionally represented it as
such, he has not perceived the true relation between the positions of
these two areas.  He says distinctly that the cloak-like envelope, or the
abactinal area, originates upon the surface of the stomach, whereas it lies,
in reality, upon the surface of the second water-tube, which he says does
not exist in his Bipinnaria; while the water-systenm, or the amnbulacral
system, originates on the water-tube in such a way that the two open
warped pentagonal surfaces, the actinal and the abactinal areas, make a
xvery large angle with one another; Miiller, however, did not notice that
they were open and warped surfaces.
Van Beneden's observations, in which he says that the two branches
of the Y-shaped water-tubes are separate in the young, atnd become united
in the adult, are fully confirmed by my observations.  MWiller has called
these small bodies while they are still separate, problematic bodies; he
says they disappear in older larvwe, and have nothing to do with the'Schlauch-System."  It is evident, from my observations, that the SchlauchSystem is only the advanced condition of the problematic bodies, which
are isolated on each side of the body in the young larve (see Pls. II.,
III. of this Memoir, and Van Beneden's Brachina), and become united
in a Y-shaped water-system  (Schlauch-System), when they reach the condition of Bipinnaria of Miiller.  It would seem, from  his figures, as if
the abactinal pentagon closed, while the Bipinnaria is still visible.  I am
rather inclined to think that more advanced larva will be found to be
Brachiolaria-like, as is the case with our Starfish and the Brachiolaria
from  Messina; and that this apparent closing up is due to the fact that
the larva is not in its normal state, or that the drawings are made somewhat foreshortened. In the second Memoir of Miiller, on Plate I., we
see that the Y-shaped water-system  (Schlauch-System) has been noticed
in two of the larva (Figs. 4, 7), while in the intermediate stages, and
in younger larva, it has escaped his notice. It is undoubtedly to Miiller's
want of acquaintance with the earlier and later stages of his Bipinnaria
that we must ascribe the discrepancies in his observations.  Many of the
more important points in the structure of the young larvae naturally escaped Derbes and Krohn, who were not famiiliar with the adult larvae;
neither of these observers tells us anything  of the presence of the watertubes, or of the first appearance of the young Echinoderm.
BipinhHzria asieriegera. —Midller's views concerning the different organs of




70                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Bipinnaria asterigera of Koren and Danielssen are undoubtedly correct.
What they took for a respiratory opening, leading into the cavity, is the
mouth; they had correctly seen the anus, as well as its connection with
the intestine of the Starfish.  Judging from  the figures of Miiller, and
of Koren and Danielssen, there are evidently striking differences in the
termination of the intestinal canal, from that of our Starfish.  In Bipinnaria asterigera the anal opening is on the abactinal side of the Starfish,
while in our young Starfish it is still on the actinal side.  The position
of the young Starfish, with reference to the stomach of the larva, seems
still to require further investigation, as it is not possible to say, from
the figures of Milller, or from  those of Koren and Danielssen, what is
its true relation, and whether it has the same oblique position which it
occupies in our young Starfish.  The investigations of younger specimens
than those examined by Miiller, or Koren and Danielssen, will at once
settle this point, as well as determine the mode of formation of the mouth
of the young Starfish, and the question of its separation from the Bipinnaria. From  the figure given by Miller, in his third Memoir (P1. VII.
F2gs. 5, 6, 7), I am led to think that the position is also an oblique one;
and tflat, though the Starfish may separate from the Bipinnaria, yet it is
undoubtedly the opening of the oesophagus into the stomach, which becomes the future mouth of the Starfish, as in our Asteracanthion.  In
his third Memoir Muiller shows conclusively that the madreporic body is
not the scar left by the junction of the young Starfish with the Bipinnaria,
but corresponds to an opening leading into a short tube between two
of the arms; and also points out the probability of its correspondence witlh
the opening leading into one of the water-tubes which he had noticed in
Auricularia. This supposition is fully confirmed by the observations we
have made of the coincidence of the water-pore and of the madreporic body.
The slit in the Starfish, noticed by Miiller and by Koren and Danielssen,
was probably owing to the fact that in their young specimens the spiral
was not yet closed and flattened, as is the case in older Starfishes.
From the drawings of Sars, and of Koren and Danielssen, it would seem
as if a large tube extended into the long appendage opposite the arnms.
If this is truly so, it leaves no doubt that the long, tail-liie appendage
of the Bipinnaria is homologous to the brachiolar appendages of our lariva,
only developed to a much greater extent, and twith all the arms placed
nearer together, immediately round the mouth.  A comparison, after care



DIFFERENT TYPES OF LARVAL.                        71
ful examination of the position of the Starfish in the Bipinnaria asterigerl
with the mode of development as noticed in Echinaster (Cribrella) A. flaccida, and A. Mulleri, will give the mneans of settling the true affinities of the
singular ventral appendage of these larvse, and of deciding whether they
are, as I have suggested, the homologues of the brachiolar appendages,a result which seems probable from  the observations made by Professor
Agassiz, of a circulation in this peduncle, in a species of Asterias (A. flaccida, Agy.) closely allied to Asteracanthion Miilleri, the mode of development of which is identical with that observed by Sars in Echinaster.
Professor Thomson, who has had occasion to study the sedentary mode
of development of several Echinoderms, has given us the most accurate
description of the structure of this peduncle, in a species which lie calls
Asterias violaceus.  A  glance at his figures and descriptions will suffice
to show us the complete identity between the brachiolar appendages and
this peduncle, in which there is a circulation arising from  a branch of the
water-tube, and at the base of which, at the point of junction of the three
arms, we find a peculiar disk, having the same structure as the elliptical
disk, noticed at the base of the brachiolar arms in our Starfish larva.  But
we cannot agree with Professor Thomson, that this peduncle is the first
sign of an ambulacral tentacle, the ambulacral tentacles being developed
at a totally different part of the water-tube.*
Difere^e1 TWypes of Lai'vC.-  MTiller did not suspect that his Bipinnaria
and Brachiolaria were the larva  of different species of Asteracanthion.
The observations of Sars, who had traced the embryology of Asteracanthion Miilleri, in which the eggs attain their full development without
leaving the mouth of the parent, seemed to preclude the possibility of
these nomadic larvoe belonging to the same genus. He even went so far
as to say that his Bipinnarise belonged to the same genus as the Starfish
of the Bipinnaria asterigera.  This is undoubtedly an error, for the Starfish of the Bipinnaria asterigera, as figured by Miller, and by Koren and
Danielssen, has already the characters of a Pteraster; and it is evident
that the Bipinnaria of Miller, being a young Brachiolaria, which I have
shown  to  be the larva of an  Asteracanthion,  cannot belong  to  that
gen us.
The larva which I raised by artificial fecundation from  Asteracanthion
* [See also a most interesting paper by Thomson in the Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. XIII.
p. 57, 1876.]




7 2                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
berylinus and Asteracanthion pallidus - species which have their representatives in Europe, and which have, up to the present time, been included in
the same genus with Asteracanthion Miilleri - are free-swimming larvo,
resembling the Bipinnaria of Miiller. These facts can, therefore, leave but
little doubt that Miuller and Van Beneden have observed the larva of
Asteracanthion rubens Al. T., and of allied species, the larva of which
have been called by thenm Bipinnaria, Brachiolaria, and Brachina, and are
only different stages of one and the same generic type.  The difference of
the two modes of development of A. Miilleri and A. pallidus is so great,
that these two groups of species have been separated into two genera by
Professor Agassiz.  [Verrill has subsequently placed A. Miilleri in a separate
genus (Leptasterias), to which have been added Asterias tenera and A,
compta.  The former is probably what I have seen called A. flaccida.  See
also Memoirs Am. Acad. _ig. 34, 1864, for an account of its mode of development.  Compare also the development of Pteraster militaris, M. Sars,
Norges Echinodermer, 1861.  (P1. VI. Figs. 3-13).]  The Brachiolaria from
Trieste and Messina present very striking differences from  the northern
Brachiolaria.  These larva3  are probably the young of Asterias tenuispinus, so common in the Mediterranean. In his revision of the Starfishes,
Profess'or Agassiz has also separated this species front the true Asteracanthion, under another generic name.  We have next the Bipinnaria asterigera, still another type of larva, belonging in all probability to another
family, differing from both the other larval forms.  As Bipinnaria asterigera can only be the larva of a Pteraster, a Ctenodiscus, an Astropecten,
or of an Hippasteria, either of which belong to families distinct from the
Brachiolaria type of larve, we find differences in form, modified by structural features, characterizing the larval conditions, as well as the adult
stages of families of the same order; while structural peculiarities in the
larva characterize the different generic divisions more plainly than in the
more advanced conditions.  It is evident, from  the observations of Professor Agassiz and of Sars, that the Asterias violaceus of Thomson, the
embryology of which he has traced in the Microscopical Journal, must
be placed in the samle genus with A. Milfleri, and may, perhaps, be identical with it, unless the true A. violaceus L. has also a similar mode of
development.  [This would most certainly prove that A. violaceus, at least
what the Englislh call A. violaceus, cannot be the male of the European
of A. rubens, as has been suggestedl by several Europenn writers on Star



DIFFERENT TYPES OF LARVAE.                        73
fishes.]  There is still another type of Echinoderm  larva, which in all
probability are the larvam  of Starfishes, viz. the Tornaria type.  [For
the history of Tornaria, which has been proved to be the embryo of Balanoglossus, see my paper in the Memoir of the American Academy, Jan. 1873,
where the relations of Balanoglossus and Tornaria to Echinoderms and their
mode of development are fully discussed.]  In this type there is not the
excessive development of the ciliary chord into long, slender arms, characteristic of the Brachiolaria; there are only slight, wavy indentations, corresponding to the position of the arms of the Brachiolaria, as we find
them  in the younger stages of the larvme (P1. III. Fig. 4; P1. II. 7ig. 26).
In fact, this type of larva, in its adult condition, seems to be a permanent
embryonic type of the younger stages of the Brachiolaria. I would infer
from this that the Tornaria will probably prove to be the larva of Ctenodiscus, Astropecten, or Luidia, or of some Starfish with pointed anmbulacral
suckers.  Having had the opportunity to examine several of the Tornaria
type of larvse at Naushon, in different stages of development, I hope to
return to this subject at a future time.
[The only important embryology relating to Eclhinodermns in general published since the distribution of copies of this Memoir in 1864, is that of
Metschnikoff.*  He has confirmed the explanation I had given of the mode
of development of the Echinoderm upon the surface of the water-tubes,
the spiral nature of the young embryo, the mode of development of the
water-tubes as diverticula of the original irnaginated cavity, and the resorption of the pluteus by the young Echinoderrm  in Starfishes; he has
also been able to follow very carefully the mode of development of the
water-system of an Ophiuran, and showed its entire agreement with the
changes I have traced in the development of the Starfish as far as relates
to the formation of the abactinai system  and the ambulacral system.
Although Metschnikoff has added some new points to the development of
Echinoids, still the mode of formation of the original plates composing
the test of the young sea-urchin is not yet clearly shown, beyond the
very earliest stages. As far as relates to the development of Auricularia,
we can form a better idea than formerly of the nature of the change from
the Auricularia to the young Synapta; and certainly in a general way this
development is different from  the normal growth of some of the other
* Studien iiber die Eltwickelung der Echinocdermen und Nemertinen, Mere. Acad. St. Petersb.
XIV. No. 8, 1869,




74                 EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
-Echinoderm.s (Starfish, Echini, or Ophiurans). The changes in the relative position of the organs remind us strongly of tile mode in which the
Tornaria gradually passes into a Balanoglossus by a mere difference in
the topography of the organs of the Pluteus and of the enclosed Synapta
The mode of development of Holothurians seems to be intermediate between the pelasgic pluteus, with its gigantic arms (Starfish, Ophiuran,
Echinus) and the sedentary or viviparous development of certain Ophiulrans, Starfishes, and Echini.  See also the excellent paper by Selenkan on
Holotlluria in Zcitscrif. Wiss. Zool., Vol. XXVI1.]




FIFTH CHAPTER.
ON THE PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODERMS.
WE have constantly insisted, during the whole of this Memoir, upon
the radiate plan of our Starfish larve in their different stages of growth.
We have, however, seen that this radiate plan of structure, at certain
periods of their existence, is so far hidden by the apparent bilateral
arrangement of the locomotive appendages as readily to escape notice.
We have also had occasion, in discussing the development of these apparently bilateral appendages, to show that Miiller's views of the bilateral
nature of these larva were founded upon mistaken analogies.  It now
remains for us to examine, somewhat in detail, the theory put forth by
Huxley, in his review of Miiller's observations, concerning the articulate
nature of the Echinoderm  larvae. The facts already stated respecting
the development of these larvoe show that they have only a very remote
analogy to some of the larval forms, quoted by Huxley in order to strengthen his interpretation of the investigations of M6iller. Misled, perhaps, by
the names which Miiller has given to some of these larva (" WurmfOrmige
Larven "), he has allowed this analogy to influence him so far that he revives
the old opinion of Oken, and refers the Echinoderms to the type of Articulates. [See my Memoir on Balanoglossus, for a later review of the views
of Huxley, Haeckel, and others, who have urged the affinities of Echinoderms with worms.]  Huxley has given us nlo observations of his own,
bearing upon the subject, but endeavors to justify his assertion by reducing all these forms to one hypothetical type, having -an elongated form,
a straight intestine, with the mouth at one extremity, the anus at the
other, and girded by a circular ciliated fringe, just like the larvx of some
Annelids.  The region in front of the ciliated fringe lie calls prcetrochal,
and the region behind the fringe posiroclial; and then, by an ingenious
process, he shows how all these different forms might be produced by
the greater or less development of one or other of these region. lie
11




76                EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
then attempts to prove, further, that there is an intimate connection between the point where the young Echinoderm  is developed, and the position of the rows of vibratile fringes; Starfishes being, according to him,
developed in the postroclhal and the Echini in the prxtrochal region. Any
one who has observed these larvm alive cannot fail to see that whatever may
be the position of these vibratile fringes, the young Echinoderm, whether it
be an Echinus, a Starfish, or an Ophiuran [also a Holothurian Selenka], is
developed in exactly the same spot on the sides of the stomach, upon the
outer surface of opposite water-tubes, one of them forming the actinal, the
other the abactinal surface of the future Eclhinoderm. The hypothetical
form of Huxley is indeed one which has never been observed, as in all
larvm of Echinodermins the mouth and anus are always on the same side,
viz. on the lower surface of the larva. It is only during the first few days,
after hatching from the egg, that the so-called mouth is placed at one
end; this, however, is not observed beyond the time when this opening performs the double function of mouth and anus, and leads into a
very short digestive cavity.  By the time the true mouth begins to be
formed, the future anus, which has served the purpose of mouth thus far,
has already changed its position to the lower side. The mouth is, in fact,
never formed at one extremity, but always in the centre of the lower
surface, and only some time after the anus, which performs the functions
of a temporary mouth.  This has been demonstrated by Krohn and myself, with reference to the Echinus larva-, and I trust that the preceding
pages have shown it to be also the case with our common Starfish.  [See
also Selenka for Holothuria.]  The division into rings, of what Miller calls
the Wurmfi6rmige Asteridenlarve, is only an optical delusion, due to the
lines formed upon the abactinal surface during the closing of the pentagon.
The radical difference in the mode of formation of the oesophagus,
stomach, and intestine, in the Echinodermn larvm, as compared with the
larvma of Annelids, a number of which, including those most resembling
Echinoderm larve, I have examined myself, will, perhaps, be the strongest proof that they do not belong to one and the same type. The digestive cavity of Annelid larva is formed by the liquefaction of the interior
of the larva, while in the Echinoderm larva the digestive cavity is formed
by the bending in of the outer wall of the larva itself. The superficial
resemblance of Annelid larva to those of Echinoderms is due to the appendages surrounding the mouth, while the principal appendages of the Echini




PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODEIMttS.                   77
and Starfish larvm are developed from the vibratile chord developed round
the anus.  Nothing is more characteristic of the Echinoderms among Radiates than the isolation of the digestive cavity by means of distinct walls.
This feature is so strongly mnarked that a larva can be recognized as an
Echinoderm  larva before its radiate characters are developed. It is only
later that the circular tube, the water-system, is formed, while the ciliary
appendages, which have nothing to do with the formation of the Echinoderm, make their appearance later still long after the first rudiments of
the Echinoderm  (the water-tubes) are present.
It seems to me that the different modes of development in Holothurians, Echini, true Starfishes, Ophiurans, and Crinoids, different as they are
apparently, may easily be reduced to a single type.  [See the Memoirs
of Metschnikoff on the affinities of Echinodernms in Siebold's Zeitschrift for
1874.  Since this paper was written Haeckel has put forth his views of
the relationship of the Sponges and Coelenterates, and of the Echinoderms and Wormls. As the whole subject is intimately connected with the
history of Tornaria and Balanoglossus. I would refer to my Memoirs for
an analysis of the modifications which these views are likely to bring
about regarding the classification of Echinoderms and of Coelenterates;
also to my Memoir on the Embryology of Ctenophore, Merm. Am. Acad.
1874.]  We have in Ophiturains two different modes of development, - one
by means of the Pluteus, the other by mneans of the viviparous mode of dev'elopment observed by Krohn and Schultze. We have two similar modes of
development in the Starfishes, - the one as observed by Sars and Agassiz
in Echinaster, the other in which the embryo assumes the shape of a Bipinnaria or Brachiolaria; and, finally, -in the Holothurians we have these
two modes represented by the Auricularia type and the type of the
"Wurmffrmige Holothurienlarve."  [See also for Echini Thomson's paper
in Journal Lin. Soc. and A. Agassiz, Viviparous Echini from Kerguelen,
Proc. Am. Acad. 1876.]  The difference between these two modes seems
to be one of time; in one case, the eggs are retained by the parent
until they have passed through many of their changes, and are fireed
in a stage  corresponding to that of our young Echinoderm  after it
has resorbed  its Pluteus, its Brachiolaria, or its Auricularia.  In  the
other case the egg goes through all these changes after it has left the
parent, developing this complicated  system  of arms, which seems to be
* A. Agassiz Balanoglossus and Tornaria in Mlemoirs American Academy, 1873.




EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
simply a means of locomotion for the young Starfish till it shall have
acquired a sufficient size to be able to take care of itself, and use its
suckers as organs of locomnotion.
Have we not here, in Echinoderms, something analogous to what we
have in Discophorous Meduse?  In Cyanea and Pelagia, for instance,
whllere, in one case, the young Acaleph passes through a Scyphistoma
stage before it reaches the Ephyra condition, while in Pelagia, on the
contrary, the Ephyra is at once produced from  the egg, without passing
through the Scyphistoma stage.
I think it can be easily shown that there is, in reality, no difference between these two modes of development; it is merely a question of quantity.
In Cribrella, in Pluteus, in Brfachiolaria, or in Auricularia., the young Echinoderm  is developed on the outer surflace of the water-system.  The
water-tubes obtain a great prominence  in Auricularia, in Brachiolaria,
and in the Pluteus-like form of the Ophiurans and Echini, while in types
of development like those of Echinaster they remain more rudimentary;
the only appendages developed in this last type being those which correspond to later periods of growth in the Starfish larva, viz. the
brachiolar appendages.  The pedauncle and its appendages, by means of
which the young Echinaster fastens to the rocks, are strictly homologous
to the brachiolar appendages of our Starfish larvae.  In fact, when the
young Starfish has resorbed all the arms, and there is nothing left of
them, except a few swellings on the actinal side, to mark their former
position, the brachiolar appendages are in exactly  the same position
as that occupied by the peduncle of the Echinaster larva.  Had we known
nothing of the previous modes of development, and found those young
Starfishes in the open sea in this stage, nothing would have been more
natural than to have assumed that they had reached this condition by the
same mode of development.  The cavity noticed in the peduncle of the
Echinaster larvae is part of the water-system, corresponding to the branch
of the water-systemr leading into tile brachiolar arms of our Asteracanthion larva.
The same is the case with the two modes of development of Ophiurans
and of Holothurians; they are shorter ways of arriving at the same point,
whether they pass through what we shall call hereafter the Pluteus type
of development or thle Echinaster type; in either of the orders it is one
and the same thing differently carried out. The larvse of our Cribrella,




PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODERMaS.                     79
which I have had frequent occasion to examine, have satisfied me that
the process of development is the same, with the exception that it is
shlorter.  The  larvae of Ophiurans  examined  by Professor Agassiz  at
Charleston would  lead to  the  same conclusion with  reference  to  the
Ophiuralns; while, fromu the drawings  of Mfiller, it is easy to satisfy one's
self, with the above data, that the two types of development of Holothturians examlined by him  are only modifications of each other.  As the
only larv   of Holothulllrians which I have seen belong to the "W-urmfermiger" type, I am unable to state this from  actual  observation.  It is
evident that we have also in Comatula these two types of development.
Professor Agassiz frequently observed that in a species of Comatula found
in Charleston, S. C., the young embryos remai n attached  to the parelts; while Thomson and Busch have found the larvx  swimming freely
about.
[An important paper on the development of Cornatula by Goette, in
the Archiv fiir Microscopisehe Anatomie for April, 1876, gives us the
early stages of its e mbryo.  Goette shows conclusively that the type of
the  crinoidal development is echinodermoid.  We have, as in Echini,
Starfishes, Ophiurans, and Holothurians, an original digestive cavity, from
which  arises the  water-system, as diverticula.  This observation  is in
direct contradiction to that of Metschnikoff, who distinguishes the Crinoids from  the other Echinoderms by the absence  of these processes.
Goette's observations of the early stages are, however, in complete agreement with the usual mode of development among Eclhinoderms,   Unfortunately the subsequent stages are all figured from  embryos preserved in
osmic or chromic acid, and while I have the greatest respect for Goette's
technical skill, the very fact that in so many general points he differs,
both from  Metschiiikoff and myself, throws considerable uncertainty on
the whole of his memoir.  He begins by stating' that the larval mouth
(the subsequent anus of the other Echinoderms) is entirely obliterated. As
he has not followed this from  living  embryos, we must be pardoned if,
knowing9 as we do, the  difficulty of tracing  the gradual changes in
living embryos of the most transparent kind, we doubt many of his
conclusions obtained from thle study of opaqlue embryos acted upon by reagenrts.  Although Goette has derived his knowledge of the present paper
from  the excellent,abstract in Leuckaelirt's Jahresbericht, he has not only
credited  ine with a very indifferent treatment of the  embryology of




80                  EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
Echinoderms, but also with several errors contained neither in the abstract nor in the original.  He does not appear to know  my paper on
the Embryology of Ctenophorve, nor on Balanoglossus, published in the
Memoirs of the American Academy in 1873 and 1874, and distributed
at the time; consequently, in what he now writes, the older views regarding the affinities of Echinoderms with Coelenterata and Annelids, which
had been discussed from  a different standpoint, do not receive the least
recognition.
The mode of development of these two types having been shown to be
on one and the same pattern, modified in such a way that a like result is reached either by fewer stages or by a greater or less rapidity
in the process, it remains for me to show that the larvu we have had
before us, in the complicated form of a Brachiolaria or a Pluteus, is really
built upon the radiate plan.  We find a good startincr-point in the watertubes, which,  as I have shown, become the circular tube of the young
Starfish, from which the ambulacral system is afterwards developed.  This
water-tube, it is true, is not circular; it is not continuous, and yet it is
the homologue of the circular tube of Acalephs, the radiating tubes being
developed only afterwards, when the pentagon of tentacles is formed.
The mouth is placed within this circular tube; and the fact that the
mouth of the larva is brought, by the contraction of the oesophagus, close
upon the stonmach, does not change its position with reference to this
circular tube.  The water-system  contracts with it, changes its position,
and surrounds eventually the new opening, by the flattening and closing
of the Starfish.
The Brachiolarian and Plutean stages are the Acalephian stages of the
Echinoderms, corresponding to the Hydrarium  forms of the Acalephs, in
their Polyp stage; while the arms of the Pluteus stage, with their cords
of locomotive cilia, recall strongly the strange filiformn appendages of portions of the spherornere, covered with locomotive flappers as in Euramphalva,
and other Ctenophorve.  The resemblance of the larvue of Echinoderins to
Ctenophorve had already been pointed out by Baer, and more recently by
Professor Agassiz, who was not then acquainted with the observations of
Baer.  This comparison seems to have found but little favor with more
recent investigators.  Leuckart, in his Bericht for 1862, simply says that
no further proof has been adduced by Professor Agassiz to show that the
homnology holds good. A writer in the Natural History Review for 1861




PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODERMS.                   81
seems to consider the whole comparison so puerile as not to be worth
even a moment's consideration; and the off-hand way in which he dismisses the whole subject shows his total want of appreciation of the arguments by which this view is supported. If the writer of the said article
had ever seen the young of Brachiolaria, of Pluteus, or, still better, the
young of Tornaria, swimming about amongst crowds of young Ctenophorse,
such as Idyia, Pleurobrachia, Mertensia, or Bolina, he would not have
passed such a sweeping judgment on this comparison.  The motions of
a Tornaria are so similar to those of young Ctenophors, that I venture
to say that many a skilful naturalist would be deceived as to their true
nature, on first seeing them  moving about together in the water.  The
Tornaria llhas no appendages developed into long arms as in the adult
Braclliolaria or Pluteus.  The appendages remain always abortive, the
larvas in their adult condition resembling young Ctenophorse.  From  an
examination of drawings given by Miuller, Professor Agassiz was induced
to make the same comparison already hinted at by Baer, and we have
seen that it is sustained in every particular.  Gegenbaur has also noticed
the resemblance between young Trachynempe and Echinodermn larvse.
From  what has been said, it is evident that the plan of radiation underlies this apparent bilaterality of the Brachiolaria and of the Pluteus.
The throwing of the whole of the stomach and the alimentary canal on
one side, the complicated system of arms arranged with perfect symmetry
on each side of the axis, passing through the mouth and the anus, does
not change, though it partially conceals, the radiate plan. We have Holothurians which always creep upon three of their ambulacra, where a dorsal
and a ventral side, an anterior and a posterior region, are subordinate to
the plan of radiation; and the same takes place to a less extent in Spatangoids.  Among Polyps even, which are, as it were, the simplest type
of radiate animals, an anterior and a posterior region are strikingly shown
in the case of Arachnactis.  The additional spheromeres are all added at
one extremity of the mouth-slit, and yet the Actinia is made up of radiating spheromeres.  The earliest stages of the larvae of Echinoderms, before the appearance of the water-tubes, reminds us forcibly of the young
Actinia soon after it has escaped from the egg, or of the first stages of
growth of a Scyphistoma, after it has attached itself to the ground, previous to the formation of tentacles. Let us now consider what constitutes
the difference in the structure of these animals in their primary stages




82                  ]EMBRYOLOGY OF THE STARFISH.
of growth, as far as the different classes of the type are concerned. They
are all built according to one and, the same plan, yet this plan is so carried out as to be eminently echinoderinoid in one instance, acalephian in
another, and polypoidal in a third.  In young Echinoderms, as in young
Ctenophorm,  we find nothing of the remarkable preponderance of certain
parts which gives these young their bilateral appearance in more advanced
conditions.  Their radiate character is extremely prominent at first, but
becomes gradually obscured and hidden under the guise of this bilaterality, which is, after all, due only to the excessive development of certain
spheromneres as compared with the others.
The case of these larvse is only an additional example of what we find
so often in nature, that a plan of structure which seems to prevail is
in reality only an external analogy produced by great predominance in
certain parts, but subservient to the primary plan, even though the latter
be perceived only on closer examination.  This view  solves a question
which has hitherto  perplexed  all investigators of this subject, viz. how
it was possible that a larva, which has always been considered as bilateral,
should produce a radiate animal by a process of internal gemmation. It
is, indeed, a bilateral larva, but built upon a radiate plan; a larva recallinu  a lower class of this branch of the animal kingdom, an acalephian
larva giving rise to an Echinoderm, which, from  its very beginning, is a
radiate animal, having all its spheromeres developed at the sanme timne,
and equally.*
These transformations are, however, peculiar to the class of Echinoderms; they constitute neither a metamorphosis nor a case of alternate
generation.  The egg becomes the embryo larva, nothing essential is lost
during the process, no intermediate individual comes into the cycle.  It
is the yollk which becomes the larva, the latter being, in its turn, transformed into the young Echinoderm.  This larva is, in short, an Acalephian
larva, reminding us somewhat of the twin individuals of free Hydroids,
the Diphyes, though adapted to the mode of development of the Echinoderms.  But in the latter we have no intermediate condition corresponding
to the Polyp-like Hydroid in Acalephs from which the Medust or reproductive individuals arise, and in their turn, bring forth the Hydroid again,
which completes the cycle by developing another set of Medusa.
* For a closer comparison of young Ctenophorae and Echinoderm Larvae, see the Chapter on Ctenophorae, Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. II.




PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINODERMS.                  83
If the views here taken of the plan of development of Echinoderms be
correct, they introduce a new set of filacts respecting their affinities with
the Polyps and Acalephs, which cannot fail to have an important bearing
on the question of the separation of the Echinoderms as a distinct type
from the two latter groups. The Echinoderm plutean form, with its mouth,
stomach, intestine, and with its water-system originally forming a part of
the digestive cavity, bears, as it seems to me, the same relation to the
Ctenophorve which the Hydroid Polyps hold to the true Polyps. The Ctenophorse may be considered, as it were, the prototype of the Echinoderms,
as the Polyps are the prototype of Acalephs.  We have in the Ctenophorm
a digestive cavity, from which branches the water-system, and that peculiar
funnel opening outwards, through which the fecal matters of the Ctenophorm are discharged, remlinding us at once of the alhnost identical arrangement of an Echinoderm Pluteus, in the relations of the intestine to the
stomach. The plutean forms certainly show that the plan upon which the
Echinodermls are built does not differ from that upon which the Acalephs
are built, and that we have between the Echinoderms and Acalephs the
same connection, based upon identity of plan, as exists between the Acalephs
and Polyps. We cannot, therefore, admit that the views so frequently
urged and so universally admitted, in support of the separation of the
Acalephs and Polyps as a distinct type (Coelenterata), from the Echinoderms, have any real foundation in nature; and still less can we concur
in themr  when we remember that the main argument in their favor rests
upon the assumed total want of connection between the ambulacral system
and the digestive system. This connection has been shown by Professor Agassiz to exist in the adult of many Echinoderms, while the facts
above stated prove that it also exists in the early stages of the embryonic
development, where, in fact, the water-system is formed firom the digestive
system. With this evidence falls the strongest argument for the validity
of a classification by which the type of Radiates would be broken up, and
the Polyps and Acalephs separated from  the Echinoderms, as a distinct type, under the name of Coelenterata.  We are, therefore, justified
in affirming that the type of Radiates constitutes an independent type
of the animal kingdom, containing three equivalent classes,- Echinoderms,
Acalephs, and Polyps.
12








PART II 
ON THE SOLID PARTS OF SOM31E NORTH AMERICAN
STARFISItES.








11OM3OLOGIES OF ECHINODERMS.
COMIPATATIVELY little use has been made thus far, in the study of
Starfishes, of the structure of their hard parts.  With the exception of
the short paper by Gaudry, the occasional references to them in sundry
memoirs of Miiller, Duvernoy, Agassiz, Perrier and others, only show
that we know but little of the solid frame concealed under the mass
of appendages covering a starfish.  The study of these solid parts is
instructive, as it throws new light on their homologies with other Echinoderms, and enables us to form  a better idea of the relationship between Ophiurans, Echini, and Starfishes.  The homology between these
orders, as usually understood, can be stated in a general way as follows;
the great development in Starfishes of what has been called the tergal
system, covering the centre and arms, forming a system where no special
regular arrangement could be traced, joined to the presence of distinct
ambulacral and interamnbulacral plates, limited to the furrows occupying
the lower face of' the arm; also the absence of specialized genital plates,
or anal plates, and the presence (in some genera) of a special ocular
plate. The essential character in a general way of the Ophiurans as
distinguished from Starfishes is the presence of genital plates, and the
limitation of the tergal plates to a comparatively simple casing, consisting of few plates enclosing an ambulacral system, no interambulacral
system  having been traced; while in Echini the tergal system  is reduced to a minimum, ocular and genital plates being present, and the
ambulacral and especially the interambulacral plates greatly developed.
From  the more careful examination of Echini a hypothetical Echinoderm was formerly established, which has served as the type to which
the other Echinoderms were to be reduced, and with which they should
homologize. In the absence of embryonic data, however, the fundamental
facts derived from the study of young Echinoderms already point to




Es8 8               HOMOLOGIES OF ECHIINODERMS.
a different interpretation of the Echinodermnoidal homologies.  Taken
in connection with  our knowledge of the hard parts of Starfishes as
compared with those of Ophiurans and Echini, they throw  much light
upon many imperfectly known structural features of Crinoids.  The living Crinoids, on account of their small number, have till recently seemed
to promise but little help in explaining the fossil forms.  The collections of the Challenger include, however, a variety of stalked Crinoids,
and until the information to be derived from  them  is on hand it does
not seem advisable to extend the comparison of the hard parts beyond
the more common orders.
All young Echinoderms, while still in the Pluteus stage, or soon after
its resorption, are strikingly alike.  They all have an actinal and an
abactinal area.  The actinal area is occupied  almost entirely by the
ambulacral canals radiating from  the central ring enclosing the actinostome, with their lateral ambulacral tubes existing as mere loops, the
different tubes not being as yet encased in any limestone plates.  Thle
abactinal surface consists of the outer integument, in which rudimentary plates begin to appear, made up in the early stages merely of Yshaped  rods, more or less closely connected  together, so as to form
patches of reticulated network to become in the future the solid plates
of the Echinoderm.
Thus far all Echinoderms are alike, and show lno structural difference
between the different orders.  We shall greatly facilitate our examination of them by beginning our comparison at this early and uniform
stage, so that we may see how far we can, by merely tracing the development, explain the mode of differentiation by which the orders gradually assume the structural features of the adults.
Before proceeding any further in this comparison, I must state that
I have given already in detail* my reasons for considering the Echinoderms as more closely related to the Polyps and Acalephs in opposition to the view  lately revived of their affinity to Worms.  I have
stated the objections mainly on embryological grounds, by comparing
the development of the most Echinodermoid larva among Annulata, that'
of Balanoglossus, with other vermiform  Echinoderm Plutei.  Haeckel has
recently strongly urged, on theoretical grounds chiefly, their annulate
* See A. Agassiz, Embryology of Ctenophore; Revision of the Echini; The History of Bananoglossus
a  I Tornaria.




HOMOLOGIES OF ECHINODERAMS.                    89
affinity, and has assumed the composite nature of Echinoderms, which he
considers as a colony of five persons united at the buccal extremity in a
somewhat similar way to that of a colony of compound Ascidians having a common cloacal opening.
He considers each arm of a Starfish, for instance, - and it will apply
equally well to any Sea-urchin, -as made up of a series of distinct articulations, just as well marked as the articulation of any Annelid.  To
a certain extent this analogy is correct; we find a repetition of very
similar parts, a remarkable vegetative capacity in all Echinoderms, which
at first glance might seem to be of great importance as confirming their
articulate affinities. Yet the earliest stages ~of the young Echinoderms
in the Pluteus show beyond doubt that they have nothing in common
with a community.
As well might we compare the simple chyiniferous tube of an Acaleph with a single individual, and make a many-rayed Zygodactyla a
community of individuals with a single central digestive cavity.  The
very fact that we can trace the passage between an Acaleph with a
polymeral chymiferous system lilke Zygodactyla and a Siphonophore zoid
in which we can trace but a single chymiferous tube, shows, at any
rate, that the number of ambulacral tubes should not be taken as any
proof whatever of a composite structure.  When we come to the articulation of the arms, can we consider that as anything beyond the
adaptation of the ambulacral system to the deposition of limestone plates,
allowing certain limited movements?  In the whole order of Echinoderms
traces of this adaptation can be seen, as in some genera of Echini,
which, like Astropyga and the Armored Echini, retain at more or less
movable test, while in Holothurians the limestone deposition is reduced
to a minimum, the latter showing the range of a dermal and closed
ambulacral system, while the Ophiurans show  the limits within which
the articulation can be developed in the Starfishes proper (Crinoids not
being in question at present). In consequence of this articulation and
their presumed Annulose affinities, Haeckle does not hesitate to derive
Echinoderms from worms, but as far as the orders of Echinoderms now
known are concerned, it seems impossible to imagine, even with the
light paleontology has thrown upon their appearance, how  they have
succeeded one another, much less whence they have been derived. We
can readily see from  the presence of several of the orders of Echino



90                        HOMIOLOGIES  OF ECHINODERMS.
derms  in  the  older  geological  deposits, that, if any  development from
one  order to  another  has taken  place, it must have  been  during  mnuch
earlier geological periods.  As far as we  now  know, palmontology  throws
no light whatever upon  such  a  transition,   however possible it may  seem
from   emnbryological data.  Starfishes, Ophiurans, Echini, and  Crinoids existed  in  the  oldest-known  Echinodermoid  faunan   having  all tile  typical
features of Echinodernis  of our day, or only  so  far modified  as  to  be
readily  homologized  with  them.  If' there  has  been  such  a  thing  as  a
single  ancestral  Echinoderm,  his  primordial  descendants  early  assumed
different lines of development diverging  to  a great degree, and  retaining  their characteristics from  the earliest-known  geological period.  This
at least appears to  be the  case with  Starfishes' and  Ophiurans; while
the  different groups of Crinoids which  have  appeared  and  vanished  are
numerous as compared  to  those  of the other orders.
The Echini again  continued  to develop  until the secondary period  with
very little modification, and  only after the Jurassic period  did the marked
changes beg in  through which they subsequently pass; changes fully  equalling those of the Crinoids in their earlier geological history.t   And yet, great
as these changes have undoubtedly  been, were we to measure  theIm  simply by palxontological evidence, we  must  reiember that they  are  not
greater in  degree  than  the  changes  known  to  take  place  amrong  the
Echini of the present day  during  their embryological development.    But
while the successive  appearance of the  great types of Echini in geological time — in  other words, their palseontological development-is in  the
strictest  harmony  with  what we  know  of their  ermbryological developmrrent,$ we as certainly know  nothing  whatever of the causes which  have
brought  about  their sequence  in  time, in  such  striking  agreement with.- The attempt ma(le by G. 0. Sars to prove Brisinga to be the living representative of the palheo
zoic Starfishes seems to be very far-fetched, and I must acknowledge I have been unable to see
any such radical difference between Brisinga and ordinary Starfishes (Solaster, Crossaster, and Pycnopodia, for irstance) as Sars insists upon in his Memoir on Brisinga. The type of Starfishes, as I have
already shown, has been remarkably persistent from  the earliest geological periods to the prtsent
day, and there is no indication that the Starfishes now living have undergone such changes as to
make the agreement of Brisinga or other aenera with the older forms a matter worthy of especial
notice as survivals or repiresentatives of the earlier types.
See also the view taken by Liitken in regardcl to the affinities of Plotaster in his Ophiur. Add. IIT.
h1e dloes not agree with the viewv taken by Sars.' See A. Agassiz's Revision of the Eehini, Part IV..I See Part IV., Revision of the Echini, by A. Agassiz.




HOMOLOGIES OF ECHINODERMS.                       91
the sequence in their phases of growth. All we can say at present is
that the course of the embryological development of the Spatangoids is
such that we can, as it were, read off upon it the sequence of echinoidal
development since the Jurassic time in the developmental history  of
some genera of that group. In the one case, however, this development
is accomplished in the course of a few years, in the other it stretches
over a comparatively infinite period.  We have no data for any such
comparisons in the other orders of Echinoderms.
The case of successive modifications of the ancestral horse, which has
so often been brought forward as conclusive regarding the genealogy of
the group, although mnore familiar, is far less complete and much more
limited in time than the succession to be traced from the palaeontological
evidence of Echini. But while natural selection gives a plausible explana,
tion of like problems among Vertebrates, it fails utterly when applied
to the majority of the Invertebrates, and we have  completely  failed
thus far to find any causes for their palhontological development differing from those acting upon their successive embryological stages at
the present day, of which we know absolutely nothing.
Let us return now to the comparison of the changes undergone by
the embryo Echinodermn from  its earliest post-Pluteus stages, until the
structural features characteristic of the several orders are clearly differentiated.  The actinal and abactinal surfaces of the embryo Echinoderms
in the different orders are, as has been stated, identical; and it would
be impossible to characterize them from  early stages irimmediately following the resorption of the Pluteus, in the same way as from  the adult.
The abactinal surface consists, in all cases, of a central plate, round which
are arranged radial and interradial plates, while the actinal surface is entirely occupied by the pentagonal rosette of the water-system, held by the
abactinal system  as it were in a cup,s-a combination which is strictly
crinoidal.  It is only later that ordinal distinctions appear, but in such
succession as to show that the homologies of the several orders as usually
understood are not correct.
In the case of the young Starfish the radial plates of the abactinal system,
which form the dorsal part of the arms, gradually extend towards the edge
of and down on to the actinal side, enclosing the water-system little by
little, and finally, as has been described, covering the ambulacral tube, leaving only openings for the passage of the tentacles. This is a stage which
13




92                  HOMOLOGIES OF ECHINODERMS.
is passed through by Ophiurans and Echini as well as Starfishes, the only
difference in the subsequent development being that the Ophiurans always
remain in an embryonic condition, closely resembling the one just described.
In the Starfishes the actinal plates formed by the bridges separating successive pairs of tentacles become resorbed along the central line, the edges
forming inwardly by spurs the true amnbulacral plates, and the plates which
little by little develop so as to form the edge of the arms are likewise
formed from the plates originally a part of the abactinal system.  Those
which are on the outside of the tentacles become the interambulacral
plates, but differ in no way from the plates forming the sides of the arms.
In the case of the Starfishes these side arm-plates are often very numerous;
in the case of the Ophiurans they are reduced to a minimum, the upper
arm-plate being, as in young Starfishes, very prominent and distinct, while
the lower arm-plate is formed by the junction of opposing spurs of the
interambulacral plates, as can readily be imagined from a comparison with
Brisinga, where we find a spur from the interambulacral plates extending
nearly one third across the arms. We must only remember that in Ophiurans the lower arm-plates represent the original plates derived from the
abactinal side extending across the tentacles, while in Brisinga and Starfishes the median part of the plate has become resorbed, so that the
tentacles passing between the ambulacral plates are inside of the interambulacral plates, while in Ophiurans they pierce the connected interambulacral plates (or the lower arm-plate).
Something analogous to what takes place in Ophiurans occurs in Echinio
The plates which cover the water-system never become resorbed (as in
Starfishes); there is no internal ambulacral system  of plates developed,
from  the fact that new plates in the Echini are always developed near
the basal plate (the apical system), while new plates in Ophiurans and
Starfishes are invariably formed at the extremity of the arms. In Echini,
therefore, the extremity of the water-system (the ocular tentacle) remaining
connected with the original apical system, the water-system  thus forms a
loop, one end of which is attached to the so-called ocular plate, while the
other connects with the circular canal at the mouth, and hence, both ends
being fixed, the new plates must necessarily cover the water-system, while
in Ophiurans and Starfishes, one end alone being fixed, it is possible, as in
the case of Starfishes, for the water-system, owing to the resorption of the
central part, to appear in a peculiar position. But in spite of this similarity




HOMOLOGIES OF ECHINODERMS.                         93
in the position of tile water-tube in Echini and Ophiurans, the latter are
really more closely allied structurally to Starfishes than to Echini. This
will readily account for the position of the water-system inside of the test
in Ophiurans and Echini, contrasted to  the Starfishes.  We  can  also
homologize Holothurians with Echini by supposing that in that group
the limestone plates never form ambulacral and interambulacral plates,
but that the abactinal system of the embryo, as it elongates, covers
irregularly the water-system, the suckers of which pierce the plates as
they do in the embryonic stages of other Echinoderms.  In fact, the
external limestone plates forming the test of a Sea-urchin, the reticulated
network of the actinal and abactinal surface of a Starfish together with
the ambulacral and interambulacral plates and the plates forming the disk
of an Ophiuran, the upper, lower, and side arm-plates, as well as internal
skeleton, are all directly derived from  the simple system  of limestone
plates of the abactinal surface of the Echinoderml embryo. This system
consists, in all cases, of a basal plate, five radial and five interradial
plates.  In Ophiurans the genital plates are formed from  the  angles
of the five interradial plates; similar plates can still be traced in the
young Starfishes, while in the full-grown Starfishes their presence is
shown by the interbrachial partition, on each side of which the ovaries
discharge. Thus there exists a complete homology between the genital
plates of Ophiurans and the interbrachial partitions of Starfishes, a homology fully carried out in its details when we examine the relations
held by the genital plates to the ovaries in Ophiurans and by the interbrachial partitions to the ovarian openings in Starfishes.
From the primitive number of plates existing in the disks of all embryo Echinoderms, it is evident that paleontologists have laid altogether
too much stress upon the arrangement of the plates of the arms in
Crinoids. The study of the solid parts of Starfishes, while valuable as
accessories, would certainly furnish no very satisfactory data for a classification, at least if this were based entirely upon an examination of the
hard parts of the abactinal system  alone, as is so frequently the case in
Crinoids.




HARPD PARTS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.
ASTERIAS.
In the genus Asteracanthion (Asterias) the true character of the plates
of the abactinal and actinal surfaces is far more difficult to trace than in
other genera where the plates retain more or less homogeneous features.
In Asteracanthion, although in the younger stages (as shown in Plate
VIII.) the reticulation consists entirely of plates readily distinguished
one from the other, yet in the adult the plates have become changed
to a mere irregular network anastomosing in all possible directions (P1.
IX. Fig. 3), and thus rendering it quite difficult; if not frequently impossible, to trace the connection of the actinal and abactinal reticulation with
the interambulacral plates.
In the majority of species of this genus the plates adjoining the interambulacral plates are cross-shaped (P1. IX. Fig. 6), connecting with adjoining plates at three ends, in front, behind, and towards the abactinal
surface; the other end connects with the interambulacral plates.  These
plates lose their regularity as they ascend towards the abactinal side on
the edge of the arms, the prongs becoming gradually short processes,
and finally simply rods or irregularly  shaped plates all more  or less
imbricating (P1. IX. Fz/. 4).  The spines are generally attached  to the
rods by a very shallow socket fitting into a rudimentary tubercle and ring.
The spines of the interambulacral plates are movable, those of the actinal
and abactinal less so, and frequently soldered to the reticulation.
Asteracanthion berylinus.
Asteracanthion berylinus - AG., A. AG. 1863. Proc. Amer. Acad. Boston.
Asterias Forbesii DES. 1848. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., III. p. 67.
P1. IX.
The base of each of the interambulacral plates at its junction  with
the ambulacral plates is marked by a pore for the passage of a water-* For the typography used to explain the synonymy, see A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, p. 26.




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                        95
tube (P1. IX. ]Figs. 5, 6) between this plate and the following reticulations, forming a part of the sides of the arms; similar pores are found
arranged like the first row of pores in a line parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the arms.  The other water-pores are irregularly placed over the
surface of the arms.
Near the mouth the interambulacral plates come together in the angle
of the arms and form  the mouth-papillh  so called. They are readily
seen in a Starfish examined from  the lower side (P1. IX. Fig. 5) when
denuded of spines.  Seen from  above (P1. IX. Flg. 6, an interior view),
the connecting plate between adjoining  ambulacral systems is formed
by the rising of the outer edge of the plate (the outer pore not being
present) towards the limestone network formed by the junction of the
interambulacral imbricating pieces which constitute the framework of the
abactinal system.
This structure is best seen in large specimens of A. vulgaris, in which
the alternate arrangement of the ambulacral plates commences at once at the
base of the arms, and where the interbrachial fold at the angle of the arms
is high and well set off from the pores left for the passage of water-tubes.
The spines placed on the junction of the interambulacral plates (a", P1.
IX. Fiq. 5) form  the papillk  (P1. IX. Fig. 6), near the actinal opening;
they differ in no respect from the other spines.
The arrangement of the pores in double rows (P1. IX. Fzis. 5, 6) for
the passage of the ambulacral suckers is, as is well known, only due to
age, owing to the crowding of adjoining plates; in large specimens there
is no trace of the original linear arrangement of the ambulacral pores
beyond  the  plates nearest the actinostome  or at the extremity  of
the arms.  But while the ambulacral pores thus alternate, the plates
themselves extend entirely across from the median line to the interambulacral plates; they  are wedge-shaped, the broad  and  pointed  ends
of adjoining plates alternately extending to the median line of the arm
or to the edge of the interambulacral plates (P1. IX. Figs. 5, 6). See
a note on the fecundation of A. berylinus and A. vulgaris in Archives de
Zool. Exper., which suggests a plausible cause for the great number of
varieties of the genus Asterias. Ao. Forbesii (berylinus) extends from Halifax, N. S., to Florida, while A. vulgaris (pallidus) has a more limited
southern range, and extends farther north, from Labrador to Long Island Sound.  In Massachusetts Bay the two  species are about equally
coinmon.




96            DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
Asterias ochracea.
Asterias ochracea BR. 1835. Plrodromn.
P1. XI.
The striking differences which apparently exist on a cursory examination of the species allied to A. ochracea are not found to be of sufficient importance, when analyzed, to warrant us in considering the genus
Pisaster, as recognized by Professor Agassiz, anything more than a convenient systematic generic subdivision; the special points of difference are
the great width of the ambulacral system, its elongated plates, the breadth
of the furrow  forming  the  median  ambulacral ridge (seen from  the
interior) (P1. IX. FiE. 5), the proximity of the openings for the passage
of the ambulacral tubes on each side of the median ridge, with the corresponding slender interambulacral plates carrying only one row of long
spines at the outer extremity. When denuded of spines the reticulation
of the actinal surface of the arms adjoining the interambulacral plates
forms' a close pavement with small interstices (P1. XI. Fig. 4); the tubercles
carrying the spines are arranged in three or four rows at right angles to
the longitudinal axis of the arm; they have a deep slit at the top of
the boss; these tubercles are connected laterally by a comparatively low
ridge.  In  the reticulation of the abactinal surface  of the  arms the
primary spaces are quite large, but these are greatly subdivided by a
secondary system (P1. XI. _Fiqs. 1, 2) (more or less prominent), consisting
of smaller plates, most irregular in shape, which encroach upon the
primary areas and subdivide them  again, or materially reduce the area
through  which the water-tubes can be protruded.  The reticulation of
the actinal surface carries large club-shaped spines of moderate length,
while the spines of the upper surface are shorter but similarly shaped,
presenting the appearance of having been ground down so as to form
nearly continuous walls on the separating ridge of the reticulations (P1.
XI. Fig. 1). The interambulacral papilla are generally cylindrical, sometimes pointed or somewhat club-shaped at the tip, contrasting with the
generally flattened and slightly spatulate interamrlbulacral spines of
Asteracanthion proper.  The interbrachial partition (P1. XI. Fig. 5) is
naturally very well developed, owing to the great number of narrow
interambulacral plates from  which the brachial reticulations arise.  The
whole reticulation of the arms is far more solid than in any other
group of species of Asteracanthion (Asterias); compare P1. IX. FiZ. 6, the




NORTHI AMERICAN STARFISHES.                        97
corresponding interbrachial partition of A. berylinus, and also P1. XI. P'q. 4,
the prolongation of the plates separating adjoining ambulacral systems
in A. ochracea and in A. berylinus (P1. IX. Fig. 5). To show the difference in the thickness of the limestone reticulation of the abactinal and
actinal systems compare P1. XI. Fig. 3, and P1. IX. Fig. 4, which are similar views of the interior of the abactinal systems of A. berylinus and A.
ochracea. or compare the horizontal sections shown in P1. XI. Fig. 5, and
P1. IX. PFq. 6.  The range of Asterias ochracea is from  Sitka to San
Diego, California; it is the most common species of Starfish on the coast
of California.
Echinaster sentus.
Asterias sentus SAY, 1825. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila,, V. 143.
Echinaster sentus VERR. 1867. Notes on Radiata.
Pl. X.
The meshes of the  abactinal limestone network  are larger than in
Asteracanthion, especially near the centre of the disk, where the irregular polygonal spaces covered by the abactinal membrane are quite large
(P1. X. Fiq. 3).  The same loose structure extends a short distance along
the abactinal surface (P1. X. _Fig. 4) and the sides of the arms; but
towards the extremity the meshes become smaller, and on the actinal
side, immediately adjoining the interambulacral plates, the limestone work
is quite compact (PI. X. Figs. 5, 6), and leaves only a few small openings
for the passage of the water-tubes.
In  addition to the water-tubes in the  actinal surface of the arms,
there is a row of very large tubes (P1. X. FEi. 1') passing between the
interambulacral plates.  The madreporic body differs considerably from
that of Asteracanthion, and is not as well separated or as distinct from
the general abactinal surface as is the case in that genus.
The interambulacral plates, forming the so-called teeth, are larger-than
the others; they form  the extremity of the single lateral rows (P1. X. Fiq.
5), and do not make a partition or division-wall between adjoining ambulacra, as in Asteracanthion proper, the actinal part of the limestone network extending nearer the  actinostome.   The solid  character of the
actinal part of the limestone network covering the arms is well shown
in an interior view (P1. X. Fiq. 6). This figure also shows how far the
arnbulacral and interambulacral plates become soldered together with the




98           DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
actinal limestone network.  The small size of the first set of ambulacral
plates is characteristic of the genus as well as of other Starfishes with
two rows of suckers; the plates of the actinal are scarcely more prominent than the other ambulacral and interambulacral plates, forming a striking contrast to the immense development they take in Asteracanthion
and allied genera.  The interambulacral plates, as is well shown on Plo X.
FLy. 5, are remarkably uniform  in size; the secondary ambulacral plates
forming  the brachial limestone network adjoining them  are compactly
soldered together.  In this genus the spines of the limestone network
are completely sheathed by the outer membrane covering the whole abactinal and actinal system (P1. X. Figs. 1, 2); they are large, sharply pointed,
generally placed only at the angles of the limestone polygons, and form
irregular longitudinal rows, from the central part of the abactinal part
of the disk, gradually diminishing in size towards the extremity of the
arms.  This species is particularly abundant in the West Indies and Florida,
and extends northward to New Jersey.
CR OSSASTER.
Crossaster M. T. 1840, Monatsb. d. Akad. Berlin, (emend.) A. AG.
The genus Crossaster, as originally established by Miiller and Troschel
in the Monatsbericht d. Akad. d. Wiss. of Berlin, was identical with Solaster of Forbes, which had the priority of a year.  In the System d. Asteriden, Muller and Troschlel adopted Forbes's genus.  From  an examination
of the hard parts, it is evident that Solaster papposus and Solaster endeca
should not be included in the same genus, having really nothing in common beyond the great number of arms.  The accompanying descriptions
will fully show my reasons for placing these two species in different genera. In order not to multiply names, I have retained the genus Crossaster, which is quite closely related to Pycnopodia, only limiting it to S.
papposus, and have kept Solaster for S. endeca and its allies, which are
more nearly related to Cribrella.




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                          99
Crossaster papposus.
Crossaster pcaj)posus I M. T. 1840. Monatsb. d. Akad. Berlin.
P1. XIIL
In Crossaster the membrane covering the abactinal system, like that
of Pycnopodia, forms a mere film, but it is strengthened by a regular
reticulation,  with open meshes, carrying, at the points of junction of the
horizontal limestone plates, prominent club-shaped processes, upon the tip
of which are attached minute slender spines, formincg more or less prominent tufts (P1. XII. Figs. 3, 4).  The interbrachial partition consists of a
membrane, without limestone plates, extending towards the base of the
arms, connecting the few limestone plates reaching from  the actinal plate
to the abactinal surface with the triangle formed by tile rising of the
actinal floor at the point of junction of adjoining arms (P1. XII. Figy. 3).
The actinal floor, with the exception of the plates of the interambulacral
area, is entirely composed of a compact pavement formed of small irregularly shaped imbricating plates, gradually passing into the open reticulations of the abactinal surface, along the sides of the arms (P1. XII. Fzq. 2).
The ambulacral plates of this genus are broad and well separated; the
amnbulacral groove is broad and prominent (P1. XII. TAh. 2); at the junction of the ambulacral and interambulacral plates the former are well
separated; they are pointed, bulging in the central portion, leaving a
wide opening for the passage of the sucker.  The basal plates take an
unusual development, forming a prominent ring round the actinostomne;
they are well separated by the interbrachial basal plates, forming the
base of attachment to the limestone plates, which constitute the basal
part of the interbrachial arch (P1. XII. Figs. 2, 3).  The actinal side of
the interambulacral plates forms a series of slightly curved  plates, at
right angles to the  ambulacral groove, carrying  tubercles diminishing
in size as they recede from  the edge of the arms; these plates form  a
prominent row  along the edge of the arms on the actinal surface (P1.
XII. Fig. 2); the tubercles of the interambulacral plates, arranged in
narrow belts, carry slender spines, similar to those of the tufts of
minute spines found on the albactinal surface.  The basal interambulacral
plates, like their corresponding ambulacral plates, are immensely developed,
projecting far into the large actinal ring, and carrying, like all the
interambulacral plates, long, slender spines; these form  powerful papillie,
14




100               DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
Fig. 1.*            surrounding  the  mouth;  though  their use, as in,', r all Starfishes, is evidently  very  limited, the  prinalP   I,,'X. cipal  work   of  digestion   being   done  by   the
to  be introduced, and  thus gradually  dissolves it.
The   accompanying  woodcut  (Fig.  1)  shows
somewhat more plainly  than  Fil. 3  on  P1. XII.
the  plates  composing  the  parts  round  the  acti/. r,~ -~,o'    nostome  and  base  of the  arms.
dts' "' r                     This  species is common  to  both  sides  of the
Atlantic; it is found in Norway, Denmark, Great
Britain, on  the west coast of France, in  Ireland, Greenland, and  extends
on  the east coast of America as far south  as Massachusetts Bay.
Pycnopodia helianthoides.
Pyonopodia helianthoides STIMPS. 1861. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII.
Alsterias helianthoides BBn. 1835. P1rodrom.
Pl. XIII.
In  Pycnopodia  the  opening  at the  end  of the  large  ambulacral plate
near the actinostome is best seen in profile (F;it. 2); it differs in no
way  from   the  structure  of the  corresponding  plates  in  Asteracanthion,
though  apparently, on  first  examination, the  actinal plates  forming  the
actinal  ring  seem   quite  peculiar, owing  to  the  disappearance  near  the
mouth  of the  interbrachial membrane, and  the  isolation  of the  interbrachial partition; this connects the  actinal and  abactinal reticulated  surfaces
by  a mere  film   only.   The  large  plate  at the  actinal ring, forming  the
base of the interbrachial partition  (PI. XII..  i6   p), is entirely  disconnected  from   the  interambulacral  system, as  can  easily  be  seen  by  an
examination of the actinal extremity of the arm from the inside of
* FIG. 1. Crossaster l)cpposus. - Internal view, seen from above, the abactinal surface of the plates at
the base of one of the arms, round the actinostome, removed. c' c', attachment of muscular bands connecting adjoining ambulacral plates; a o, a o, openings for passage of ambulacral suckers; a'b, a'b, ainbulacral plates with projecting spur; i Am, termination of film forming the interbrachial partition; c'l, spur
from interambulacral plates forming connecting floor of actinal surface; c'b, large muscular plate at base
of the arm; ip, interbrachial plate to which the film forllling interbrachial partition is attached (when
it extends to that point) at the base of the arms; sp, spur of interambulacral basal plates forming
the base of attachment of the interbrachial partitions; m p, interambulacral plates forming the so-called
mouth-papille; p', spines of mlp.




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                                      101
the   actinal ring, showing  the  plate  rising  up  on  the  side  of the  two
large  ambulacral  plates  of  the   actinal  ring.   The                        Fig. 2.
interambulacral  plates  (P1. XIII.  Fiq. 7) form   small                     Ct,/'e
scale-like plates near the base of the arm, carrying slender  pointed  spines;  they  increase  somewhat  in  size                       -.
at  a  distance  from   the  base.   They  are  followed  on
the  edge  of the  arm   by  two   lozenge-shaped   plates,
with   extended   points,  carrying   large   club-shaped
spines forming a thin low wall for the support of the line of attachment of the  abactinal  membrane  covering  the  abactinal  surface  of
the  arms.   This  membrane  extends  also  over  the  central part of the
disk;  over  the  abactinal surface  it is strengthened  here  and  there  by
a few small limestone plates or rods, placed at the base of the large
spines irregularly  scattered  on  the  surface  of the  abactinal region; these
plates  sometimes  form   in  the  disk  a  very  irregular disconnected  reticulation, the  lines  of  which  are  composed  of  small  irregularly  shaped
rounded  plates.   Within  the  space  where the  arms  are  united  the  ambulacral  plates  rise  nearly  vertically, but  towards  the  extremity  they
gradually  slope more  and  more, inclining  towards the actinostome, so  that
the  ambulacral plates  form  a hard  flat area, occupying  nearly  the whole
of the  actinal surface  of the  arms.
The  genera  Pycnopodia  and   Crossaster  are  specially  interesting   on
account  of  the   close   relationship   they   have   to   Brisinga.    In   fact,
compared with Brisinga, they prove conclusively that the latter genus,
* Fig. 2. - Profile view of actinal extremity of arm of Pycnopodia (the dermal covering of arm removed).
c'r, small plates forming the ridge, covering the ambulacral groove,
repeated along the whole length of the arm. a'c, the correspond- 4aJ(i. 
ing plate of the second interambulacral plate. The upper projecting             /
part of this plate is the support of the basal plate of the interbrachial   e. \
partition, and below it is seen the plate which strictly corresponds to    C. A)
it.  This plate a'c also covers in part the plate a's of the basal ambulacral plate a', at the base of which is situated the interambulacral
plate a ip carrying the short spines forming the mouth-papille.  th  -   
The relative position of the plates a's to the basal plate of the 
interbrachial partition is well shown in Fig. 3, which represents an
inside view, seen fron above, of a part of the actinal ring. a's, a'c,  X
the same as in Fig. 2, ip, the interbrachial partition, reduced in this
genus to a few scale-like plates, supported on spurs of the interam-  
bulacral plates. c', longitudinal groove, line of junction of ambulacral plates. c'r, ridge of connecting
plates forming groove c'. a o, opening, for passage of ambulacral suckers.




102          DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
far from  being  so exceptional in its structure as has been generally
supposed, is structurally very intimately connected with Pycnopodia and
Crossaster.  We might readily transform  a Pycnopodia or a Crossaster
into a Brisinga by reducing the actinal and abactinal interbrachial spaces
into a minimum, which would give us a Starfish with a small disk, in
which the ambulacral plates adjoining  the actinostome assume a great
development, and thus the numerous arms would appear quite disconnected (as in Brisinga).  The connection of the arms in Starfishes does
not depend so much on the greater or less development of the ambulacral and interambulacral systems, as upon the greater or less increase of
the limestone network forming tile interbrachial spaces, which, although a
feature greatly affecting the physiognomy of the Starfish, yet influences
but slightly its internal structure.
The range of this species is from Sitka to Mendocino City, California.  In
the Gulf of Georgia and at Mendocino it is a very common species in shallow
water and at low-water mark.
BRISINGA.
The genus Brisinga, with its long slender arms, the whole actinal side
of which, with the exception of the large interambulacral plates formning
the edge of the arm, is occupied by the ambulacral plates, shows us very
distinctly how we can pass from  the Starfish to the Ophiuran by the
joining of the large interambulacral plates on the lower surface, and their
becoming soldered together into one plate to form a lower arm-plate, so
that the absence of interambulacral plates, which has always been cited
as the great difference by which Starfishes and Ophiurans could always
be distinguished, is readily'explained; the lower arm-plates of Ophiurans
being only modified interambulacral plates.  We further find, on examining, in Brisinga, the secondary imbricating plates forming the arches
which support the abactinal membrane covering the arms, each of which
carries only a single spine, and is arranged  in  more or less regular
curves, that we have some approach  already  to  the  side  arm-plates
so characteristic of Ophiurans, the separation of the so-called disk from
the arms, -which, although so striking a feature of the genus, is less important than it seems at first sight, - being merely brought about by the
reduction to a minimum  of the lateral spreading of the actinal part of
the secondary and interambulacral plates. In  the case of Brisinga this




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                     103
forms at once an arch over the arms without expanding, as in other
Starfishes, into a flat actinal floor of greater or less extent on the side of
the interambulacral plate, from  the extent and shape of which the various families are determined.  This obtains its maximum  of development
in the extreme forms like Culcita and Palmipes; in one case the actinal
and abactinal floors are well separated, in the other closely united by
vertical shafts and walls. The analysis of the structure of Brisinga gives
a most satisfactory explanation of the general homologies existing between Starfishes and Ophiurans, and reduces the gap hitherto unfilled
between Starfishes and Ophiurans to a comparatively unimportant method
of development.
As the madreporic body of Starfishes is placed in one of the interbrachial
arches, and this arch reduced as it often is to a minimum (Solaster), or limited sometimes to the mesenteric support of the stone canal, we have a ready
explanation of its position in the Ophiurans on the homologous plates in
the interbrachial spaces, namely, the single plate in the continuation of
the line of the interambulacral plates; at the same time the homology
between the genital plates and the single interbrachial plate found in
some Starfishes at the angle of the arms is fully carried out, as it is
well known that it is on each side of the interbrachial arch that the
ovarian openings are found.  An examination of the base of the arms of
Brisinga near its junction with the disk shows already quite a constriction, and of course a corresponding reduction in the length of the interbrachial arch. The great extension of the interambulacral plates across
the space covering the ambulacral canal reduces it to its minimum  at
that point.  The mode of articulation of the ambulacral plates of joints
in the arms of Brisinga has been compared rather with Ophiurans than
with Starfishes, but the articulation of the internal skeleton in Ophiurans
is not specially different, although somewhat more perfect, from the articulation of the joints of arms in the Starfishes proper, and the homology
between the internal skeleton of Ophiurans and the ambulacral system
of Starfishes can be clearly established. If we imagine for each primary
interambul~acral plate but a single row of secondary interambulacral plates
composed of a small number of plates, we shall of course have a side armplate and an upper anlm-plate; the lower arm-plate being formed of
the opposed interbrachial plates, which have become soldered together,
and through which the tentacles have pierced their way.




104            DESCRIPTION  OF THE HARD  PARTS OF SOME
The abactinal membrane of the disk of Brisinga is eminently Asterian;
it is only slightly strengthened  by a few minute limestone  plates, as is
the case in Crossaster and Pycnopodia, and in  spite  of the general resemblance, at first glance, of this well-defined disk to an Ophiuran disk,
we have nothing whatever corresponding to the arrangement of the central plates so characteristic of the disk of Ophiurans.   But we have in
a great many genera of Starfishes the central part of the disk, showing in the young stages only, as regular an arrangement of the plates
of the  abactinal system  as in  any  Ophiuran, though  it is lost in the
adult.  Such a young stage is figured in P1. VIII., a corresponding stage
has also been recently figured by Loven in his Memoir on the Echini
(1875), and a similar structure of the disk will undoubtedly be found to
exist in the very youngest stages of each genus, as it seems to be a
general structure  of the young of all Starfishes, as far as observed.
While Brisinga is a most important form, as showing the relationship
between Starfishes and Ophiurans, there certainly is nothing in its structure or in its affinity to Protaster to warrant the palmontological importance
ascribed to it by the younger Sars; and it cannot be considered, any more
than several other genera of Starfishes now living,* as the representative
at the present day of the oldest-known Echinoderm.  I think we can
show from  the study of the hard parts of Starfishes that they have been
a remarkably  persistent type, and that the apparent changes of form
-due to the  excessive increase or diminution  of the interbrachial limestone deposit is a very secondary feature, which, though greatly mnodifying the external appearance of the Starfishes, yet does not affect the
main structure, which, as has been stated, is remarkably uniform throughout the order.  While fully admitting  the many  important points (so
well brought out by Sars in his Memoir on Brisinga) wherein the genus
differs from  the other Starfishes, yet I must call his attention  to  the
fact that many of the structural details which he strongly insists upon
as specially characteristic of Brisingat are common to the other Starfishes,
and  do not constitute  features by which this family can be contrasted
with the remaining Starfishes.
* Pycnopodia, Crossaster.
t For an opportunity of examining both dry and alcoholic specimens of Brisinga, I must thank Sir
C. WVyville Thomson, and Dr. G. O. Sars. Brisinga endecacnemos is found in deep water off the Lofoten
Islands, Nolrway. It has been collected by the'" Challenger" in eighty fathoms, on the La Have Bank off
Novi Scotia.




NORTH A]MERICAN STARFISHES.                      105
Linckia Guildingii.
Linckfia Guildingii GRAY, 1840. Ann. Mag., VI.
Pl. XI V. VFigs. 1-6.
A longitudinal section of one of the arms (P1. XIV. F~i. 6) shows the
great thickness of the irregularly shaped polygonal plates composing the
limestone network of the abactinal surface. The plates (as seen in Pigy. 4,
P1. XIV., when they are denuded of the finer granulation covering them,
P1. XIV. F~. 1, and the intervening spaces) are very closely packed; the
processes connecting plates laterally often do not exist in the median space
of the arm, and appear only as short rods along the sides of the arms and
on the outer edge of the lower surface (P1. XIV. Sag. 3), where they are
closely packed, forming  in  older specimens a compact pavement, and
losing on this surface the imbricating  arrangement to be traced only
along the sides of the arms or to be seen in a transverse section.  The
fine granulation mentioned above extends over the whole actinal surface
of the arms, concealing almost completely the three to four longitudinal
rows of small plates immediately succeeding the interambulacral plates
(compare I[qs. 2 and 3, P1. XIV.; see also Fi'. 2').
The top of the large papillhe (P1. XIV. Fiz. 6) attached to the interambulacral plates forms a close pavement when seen from  the actinal side;
these large papillo papss very rapidly into the minute granules covering the
lower side of the arms (P1. XIV. Fag. 2).  Toward the actinostome the papillva flare inwardly, forming several rows placed one behind the other, and
appear, when seen in section, as if there were a series of secondary interambulacral plates forming the mouth-papillke, but on examination we find
that the structure of the actinal interambulacral plates is that of other
Starfishes.  Seen from  the interior on the actinal floor, the interbrachlial
plate is sunk far below  the level of the ambulacral groove; the interbrachial arches are reduced to the thickening produced by the junction
of the arms, which extend in wedge shape a short distance toward the
actinal ring; the space in which the limestone canal is situated alone
connecting by a low ridge with the actinal ring.
This is specially a West-Indian and Florida species.




106           DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
Asterina folium.
Asterina folium LUTIK. 1859. Vidensk. Meddelo
P1. XIV. Figs. 7-9.
In Asterina, as in the bulk of the pentagonal Starfishes, the great
lateral development of the  secondary interambulacral plates introduces
some modifications in the structure and position of the hard parts in this
genus.  The plates forming the actinal and abactinal floors are irregularly
lozenge-shaped, imbricating  at the extremities  of the adjoining points,
leaving thus a greater or less free space for the passage of the watertubes; the plates of the two floors at the ridges of the disk become soldered together, thus forming, as it were, a new system  of plates, which in
some genera are regularly arranged and often furnish characteristic specific distinctions.  At the actinal ring the interbrachial arches exist only
as columns rising directly from the actinal to the abactinal floors in the
interambulacral spaces.  As in all the species of the genus, the lozengeshaped plates of the  actinal and abactinal surface carry short slender
spines, with a more or less regular fan-shaped arrangement on the abactinal side; the spines are  less  numerous  on  the  actinal side, somewhat longer on the interambulacral plates, especially near the actinostome, forming mouth-papillke of considerable prominence (PI. XIV. ]FifZs. 7
and 7').
The simple structure of the short, pointed terminal tentacle at the extremnity of the arm is well seen in this genus (P1. XIV. Figs.  8', 8); adjoining tentacles are, as in Asterias, long, slender, without a prominent sucking-disk.  The water-tubes are specially large in this genus (P1. XIV.
Fig. 9).
This species has the same range as Linckia Guildingii.
Asteropsis imbricata.
Asteropsis imbricata GRUBE, 1857. W'Viegm. Archiv., XXIII.
PI. X V.
The abactinal limestone reticulation of this species consists of flat, irregularly star-shaped plates, -from  which diverge longer flat pieces, connecting the adjoining centres of radiating plates (P1.o XV. Fig. 2); the plates
and their connecting links are all imbricating. Towards the central part
of the disk the larger spaces between the rods are partially closed by
shorter spurs, and are further separated by disconnected plates into ellip



NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                      107
tical areas, through which the water-fubes are protruded (P1. XV. FShs. 1, 2);
the network becomes closer towards the tip of the arms, and there are a
great number of small areas for the passage of the water-tubes (P1. XV.
Ftlq. 3). In the living state the limestone skeleton is deeply imbedded in
a thick epidermis, completely covering the upper and lower surface of
the disk. CompaLre PI. XV..F9qs. 1, 1', with the figures PI. XV. Fiqs. 2, 3,
showing preparations of the plates of abactinal surface from the exterior
and interior. The interbrachial arches are reduced in this genus to a
mere vertical column, consisting in portions of not more than a single
plate placed close to the actinal ring, and leaving a large open space between it and the edge of the arm (P1. XV. Fig. 6).
The plates of the actinal floor form a regular pavement, diverging from
the interbrachial angle parallel to the axis of the arms; the actinal and
abactinal systems of plates form, at their junction on the edge of the arms,
a double row of large plates forming a binding at the periphery (P1. XV.
Fig. 4), one row placed on the actinal side, the other on the abactinal
side (see P1. XV. Figs. 4 and 2). There is a well-marked abactinal orifice near the centre of the disk (P1. XV. 1Fig. 1).
In Gymnasteria, otherwise  closely related to Asteropsis, there is no
special difference between the plates of the actinal and abactinal systems;
they are more distinct, and not arranged quite so regularly as to form a
pavement.
In the greater number of the pentagonal Starfishes we find the same
general distinction between the pavemnent-like plates of the actinal
side, extending to the junction of the actinal with the abactinal system, although we do not always find so regular a peripheric series of
plates. This is the case in Culcita (see Figs. 4, 5). Where the actinal
plates acquire a great thickness, forming a lower floor through which
the passages between the plates and beams make an intricate system of
openings placed at different levels (Fig. 4), while the abactinal system is
reduced to a comparatively simple series of rods having the general arrangement of triangular network with the longer or shorter rods separating them  set on edge and imbricated (Fig. 5).  The whole limestone system  is, as in Asteropsis, entirely imbedded in the thick epidermal layer
in which the plates have been deposited, so that but a trace of the limestone network appears when seen either in a natural condition or merely
in dried specimens.  The interbrachial arch of Culcita is reduced to a few
15




DSCRI T-1ION    OY l~Hn    bT  PS~
108                       actinal'i"Od   fro~~~~m the 111terbiachia ln
late riingclose to h,vertical  paes, PB                                       i~.
ter-rambulaacrrl - late.
S. 
~~~iy~~~~ I                                     Vlv~~~0 Vncouver's
U   a.O~  ~~~rs01 the,  NV St Coast,'o
Of ~stro-sis oce'l  O
This Spec-es        isco.                                 f  he -E LIroPen   Y
-Franc                                       fi~~~~~~~~_,  ~~ured.
Isand to San                      thLcsC~ mnto   ie Illuestone pla'e-s 0   - ehere 
I SI          al.r a   a r r a n g e m e t  o, 
T h e,   9 0-n o r  013S   n ot  c ~l~  e d g e  of   th e   " a g n
tc Pp8    Iuhillus CA                es dion the                  archro   te oe a~     is mol  e
ter OPSIS       cies carries spill     adte  -trrstha
1,1e -European   Ca                         nde  p jatcsc~J  eteismor
T.11 as o f the inte-famb)ul acrar l    i'io.arm    Mre conllotlY
ul    dev~elovA    Se p't citing adjV"o'
pelceros  r~~:~l;eticulbatus L' s   1733.Y  stlellis Mai'iS
ipentacero                     P      VI                           th   1"me
to which  telre
on      I.                      ce se xtn   is hriddenrb   t~
Fis~1  2,,ondr%                               a      te ~,    nfaces.
neiY-o~l~ Of the actinal  and   abactill`-l  Sur'   th   tVVOS-sr
stone lletvo-r                    th e PI                               XCIIcts O   scnl~ ylt
S ines  and  gran-                  the neworkto ether by
n  frokuo      the, till cr  an g             an. open  t  tO
see           -v      l- 7-val, vith  P'Oec   so a s to form  1   )e   tor less he,., ea   bya. t -rttices
ao,,te O                             the platesanu  and ill theIir IRtlLI
sh             C~~~overed  oy  millnute  gr  vt —ue
tma~lr  etol ~,       l-Vtrc                                                aterll~t
a~ng-Ljar ne     the thicksly  C111            rods as  Vvedl  as the g~rete
-1, to  -4,   plate$ a~~~~~~~~~~~ecdLn of
13,,Issage   no~ ~~~~~~ofpssge yin etve




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                       109
part of the spines scattered over the abactinal area, leaving but a short
piece of the end of the spines bare. The meshwork of course becomes
closer towards the extremity of the arms; the plates and rods are of
considerable thickness, as is seen in their section along the edge of the
arm (see Fj. 5, P1. XVI.).
The junction of the actinal and abactinal systemns forms a double row
of large contiguous plates carrying a heavy spine (see Figs. 4, 5, P1. XVI.).
The pavement-like plates of the actinal surface are arranged in rows
parallel in a general way to the longitudinal axis of the arms (P1. XVI.
Piq. 4), and also in indistinct rows at right angles to this (P1. XVI.
Fqy. 2).  They are well covered by a coarser granulation than that of
the abactinal surface, tile central part of the plate carrying a cluster of
three to five larger granules, becoming in some cases nearly fixed spines;
these granules, on the actinal surface of the interambulacral plates, become
a large flat pointed movable spine, with smaller flat lateral spines, rounded
at their extremity. Round the edge of the interambulacral pieces forming
the jaws they increase materially in size, becoming very prominent mouthpapillae (P1. XVI. Fis. 2, 3).
In all the pentagonal Starfishes the fact that the jaw pieces are simply
the modified interambulacral plates of the last joint is very apparent, as
well as that the interbrachial plates forming the base of the interbrachial
arch are also only a modified part of the interamnbulacral plates formed
by the soldering together of the inner lateral spaces of the opposite
interamlbulacral plates of the joint of the jaw.
The interbrachial arches are composed of comparatively few large solid
plates; their breadth varies materially in different specimens, either nearly
filling the whole space between the actinal ring and the angle of the
arms, or limited to a shorter wall next to the mouth.  The ambulacral
system is composed of tall plates rising well above the actinal floor,
forming a broad median groove, seen from  the abactinal side (P1. XVI.
Fig. 5); when seen in profile (P1. XVI. Fig. 7), large elliptical spaces are
left for the passage of the powerful ambulacral suckers (PI. XVI. Jig. 2).
The interambulacral plates are large, distinct, and of great thickness, with
their actinal face well developed (see Figs. 4, 7, P1. XVI.); the last joints
of the plates of the actinal ring are prominent, raised high above the
interbrachial plates. The jaws are large, projecting far into the central
actinal space (P1. XVI. _hjas. 4, 5, 7); the papille  when extended meet,




110          DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
nearly closing the actinostome, only leaving (P1. XVI. Figs. 2, 3) a small
pentagonal opening.
The interambulacral spines, when the suckers are drawn in close, conmpletely cover the ambulacral furrow  (see F#z,. 2, PI. XVI., where they
are closed over a portion of the ambulacra at the base of one of the
arms).
Pentaceros reticulatus is found on both sides of the Atlantic, at Cape
Verde Islands, and in the West Indies, extending north to South Carolina.
Several other West India species of Echinoderms are also found at Cape
Verde Islands and on the main coast opposite.
In the pentagonal Starfishes the plates forming the so-called jaws are
Ihuge interarmbulacral plates extending far towards the centre of the
mouth, where they nearly meet, to form, with the papilla, the so-called
jaws and teeth of Starfishes. So far we have not been able in any way
to homologize the teeth of Echini with any of' the solid parts of Starfishes or Ophiurans; the auricles of the regular Echini and the peculiar
spur of the interior of the test near the mouth of some Spatangi being
the only processes which appear to have analogous position. For a comparison of the Starfish mouth parts with those of Ophiurans compare the
figures here given with those of Lyman in the Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo5jl.,
Vol. III., from which it is evident that in Starfishes and Ophiurans the
mouth parts are strictly homologous, and are formed by the terminal
oral interambulacral plates.  Comparing profile figures of the oral extremity of one side of an arm  in Culcita (Fig. 7), Acanthaster (Fig. 6),
and Solaster (Fig. 8), we cannot fail to be struck with the great size
of the terminal oral interambulacral plate a i p, carrying the mouthpapilla mnp.
In the views of the arms, seen from  the interior (the abactinal system being removed), the great development of the oral terminal plate
(a'c) is well shown.  In _Fig. 6', Acanthaster, Fig. 8', Solaster, and FKq. 9,
Anthenea, the lettering corresponds to the profile figures.  The only additional notation introduced is ip for the interbrachial partition, and ip b
for the spur forming the basal plate of the interbrachial partition. The
mobility of the arms of Starfishes depends entirely upon the comparative
width of the ambulacral  and interamnbulacral plates compared in their
length, upon the solidity and extent of the interbrachial partition, and
the extent to which the abactinal system corresponds in its articulation




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                                          11
Fig. 7.
~~~Fig. 6,,*Fig. 6'.
OL  a
Fig. 8.
to the  number of plates  of              the   ambu lacr alp syste m.  Gen     e      ra where there
are  larg      e marginal plates, as in  Astropectenf   and  the   pentag onal StarFig. 6i.
Fig. 9.
~~I~~~~~~~                    a,,
* In Figs. 6, 7, 8, c, r are the small plates or spurs forming the ridge covering the ambulacral groove;
a' c, the corresponding plates of the ambulacral platoes a/; a o, the opening for passage of ambulacral tentacle; a i, the interambulacral plates carrying papillke p. The large terminal plate a c at the actinostome
encroaches upon the corresponding ambulacral plate, so as to cover it by a spur at s, so much so that,
when seen from above, this plate appears to be directly connected with the terminal interambulacral
different proportions, do not differ in their arrangement from those forming the body of the arm.
edge of the arms; in Figs. 7, s a', and 5, a's, this plate is quite prominent, while in Fig. 6 it is less




112           DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
fishes, or Starfishes in which the abactinal system  is stiffened by heavy
interbrachial partitions extending from the oral ring to the angle of the
arms, or Starfishes where the abactinal reticulation is extremely solid, as
in Ophidiaster, are all capable of but slight movements.  On the contrary,
Fig. 10.    Starfishes in which, as in most of the Asteracanthidx, the
reticulation is loose, the interbrachial partitions reduced often
-   to a film, or to a mere arch of limestone plates, and in which
the ambulacral plates are high, are much more flexible.
The extremes are found in such forms as Anthenea and;'I —c~   Brisinga.  In some genera the arms are rendered more stiff
by long flat spurs extending on the inner side of the actinal surface from
the sides of the ambulacral plates towards the edge of
Fig, 11,
the arms (see a' b, faq. 1, and a' b, Fig. 8').  These spurs..   e
are also highly developed in Cribrella (Pig. 10), where,,6a,ff
as in the preceding figures, they conceal the interam-.
bulacral plates, which  are small compared  with  the "                 th
ambulacral plates of Culcita, Anthenea, Acanthaster, and
the like.  The interambulacral plates retain their preponderance even towards the  extremity  of the  arms
quite near the tip, where the ambulacral and interambulacral plates become separated from  the abactinal system  proper (see
FIg. 11, the tip of an arm  of Culcita).
Solaster endeca.
Solaster endeca FORBEs, 1839. Mem. Wern. Soc.
Asterias endeca LIN.
Pl. XVII
In Solaster endeca the arrangement and general structure of the ambulacral and interambulacral plates are identical with those of Crossaster;
the plates are, however, more closely articulated, and the basal ambulacral plates attain a still greater prominence even than in Crossaster.
The mouth-papilloa are also more powerful.  The fundamental difference
between these genera, Crossaster and Solaster, lies in the structure of the
abactinal floor (compare P1. XVII. _ig. 1, and P1. XII. Fzqg. 4).  The actinal floor between the arms is composed of small, somewhat elongated
plates, arranged in more or less regularly diverging rows, quite similar
to those of Crossaster.   The interbrachial partitions can hardly be in



NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                         113
tended for the support of the abactinal floor, either in this genus or in
Crossaster.  In Solaster it forms a broad band when it connects with the
abactinal surface, and is gradually changed into a mere chord at the point
of attachment to the interbrachial basal plates.  These partitions are
all exactly similar to the one supporting the stone canal.  At the base
of the arms the sides of adjoining arms come together, forming rounded
angles, and do not, in the specimen examined, form  an interbrachial partition for the support of the abactinal floor (see P1. XVII. Fig. 3). The
reticulation of the sides of the arms and of the abactinal region is compact, composed of small meshes forming diagonal lines across the arms,
and more or less irregularly radiating lines from  the centre of the disk.
All the plates of the actinal floor carry tufts of small spines (P1.o XVII.
Fzg. 2), arranged usually in parallel rows, corresponding to the long axis
of the plates; so that on the actinal side the spines of the interambulacral plates are at right angles to the arms; on the plates forming the
triangular interbrachial space, the spines diverge from the actinostome,
while those of the plates at the angles of the arms, of the arms themselves,
and of the abactinal surface, form more or less circular tufts arranged
on the lines of the plates of these surfaces.
Solaster endeca and Cribrella sanguinolenta are both found on the two
sides of the Atlantic, occurring in Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, the northwest coast of France, Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, and as far south as Massachusetts Bay; C. sanguinolenta extending as far south as Long Island Sound.
Cribrella sanguinolenta.
Cribrella sanguinolenta LUTK. 1857. Vidensk. Meddel.
Asterias sanguinolenta 0. F. MULL. 1776. Zool. Dan. Prod.
P1. X VIII.
The genus Cribrella is most closely allied to Solaster.  It has, like Solaster proper, a compact system  of limestone network, forming, when denuded of spines, small meshes on the abactinal surface (P1. XVIII. i'g. 1),
while the actinal surface and a part of the edge of the arms are covered
with larger plates, forming longitudinal rows parallel to the longer axis
of the arms, with more or less irregular shorter rows at right angles to
the axis (P1. XVIII. Fig. 4).  The arrangement of the spines on this network is very similar in the two genera, consisting of short sharp spines
placed on the abactinal surface, either in clusters or in semicircular fLn



114           DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
shaped rows as they approach the edge and' lower surface of the arms;
the sharp spines often become quite blunt in larger specimens.  On the
actinal surface the spines are longer and sharper, usually arranged in lines
parallel with the longitudinal axis of the plates upon which they are
carried (P1. XVIII. Flgq. 2).  They gradually increase in size towards the
ambulacral furrow; the spines of the interambulacral plates are still longer,
and those which form the actinal papille attain' the greatest development (P1. XVIII. FZg. 3). The above features this genus has in common
with Solaster, differing from it, however, in not having in the interbrachial
angles the sharp line of demarcation between the arrangement of the
plates and rods forming the actinal and abactinal surfaces.  The genera
differ also greatly in the structure of the interbrachial arch.  In Cribrella the arch is well developed (P1. XVIII. Fig. 7), starting from
the angle of the arms and extending the whole way, between the
two floors, towards the actinal ring, while in Solaster the arch is limited to a free loop, swinging between the abactinal surface and its
basal interbrachial plates at the actinal ring in the interambulacral space.
The last actinal joint of the ambulacral system  is large, the ambulacral
plates distant, and  the interambulacral plates prominent, with  a wide
actinal face, upon which are placed numerous spines of different sizes,
arranged in rows at right angles to the ambulacral furrow (P1. XVIII.
Fig. 2).
On the actinal surface two to four water-tubes pass through the free
space enclosed by the limestone rods; the water-tubes on the actinal surface are less numerous, but longer.
Astropecten articulatus.
Astropecten articulatus M3. T. 1842. Syst. d. Ast.
Asterias articulatus SAY, 1825. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila.
Pl. XIX.
On account of the great prominence of the marginal plates of the
actinal and abactinal surfaces in this genus, the  limestone network is
reduced to a smnall surface. This is particularly the case on the actinal
surface, where the reticulation corresponding to the actinal surface of
the arms is reduced to a few minute plates between the interambulacral
and marginal plates placed at the angle of the arms near the base of the
jaws (see 5iqs. 4, 7, Pi. XIX.). The remainder of the lower side of the




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES                       115
arm is occupied by the marginal plates; these project beyond the marginal plate of the abactinal surface; forming, when seen from above, what
appears like a second row of marginal plates (see Fig. 3, P1. XIX.). The
abactinal limestone network extends over the disk and over the narrow
elongate space left on the upper side of the arms between the marginal
plates (P1. XIX. Fijs. 1, 3, 6). The marginal plates are firmly soldered
together, leaving no space between the floors where they are placed,
with the exception of a single large opening for the passage of watertubes along the line of junction of two plates, across the arms; the whole
space in the arms between the2 plates being thus reduced to a narrow
flattened space, of which the larger part is occupied by the ambulacral
plates (PI. XIX. PFi. 5).
The interbrachial arches are reduced to a thin partition at the angle
of the arms, where the abactinal marginal plates attain their greatest
height. The abactinal limestone network is, when seen from above, found
to be closely covered by short club-like spines, often with a broad base
and constriction in the middle below the head, attaining their greatest
diameter a short distance from  the base of the arms, passing gradually
into mere granules towards the extremity of the arms and the centre of
the disk; these spines are attached to the abactinal limestone network
(P1. XIX. Fig. 3) by a very shallow sucker, shaped like a saucer, with
edges slightly turned up. On the tip of these spines are arranged concentrically a number of minute spines more or less cylindrical, with rounded
ends, often completely filling the interval between adjoining spines, so
that they appear to form at first glance a smooth surface (P1. XIX. ]Fi. 1)
over the whole space lying between the marginal plates. The grooves
between the adjoining marginal plates are lined by similar, but even
more delicate spines, which appear to perform the same functions as the
delicate spines on the fascioles of Echini, namely, to sift the foreign matter
contained in the water admitted to the water-tubes.
Seen from the actinal side, the abactinal floor consists of small circular
plates (P1. XIX. Fig. 6) corresponding to the flat saucer-like plates of
the centre of the disk; seen from the opposite side, these gradually pass
into the flattened plates closely soldered together, which extend into the
arms, leaving only, however, on each side of the solid central band, a
number of passages for the water-tubes (see P1. XIX. Fig. 6). The general surface bf the marginal plates of the abactinal side is covered by
16




116          DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF SOME
short rounded spines passing mainly into granules similar to those covering the abactinal surface of the arms; they are in addition provided with
one or two long flat triangular movable spines similar to those covering
the outer edge of the actinal side of the marginal plates, which are
arranged in irregular diagonal lines across the plates, varying in size,
generally flattened and triangular; but we find with them, along the
edge of the furrows separating the plates, slender spines similar to those
of the grooves of the abactinal side.
The interambulacral plates carry flat spatula-shaped spines placed at
right angles to the longitudinal axis of the arms; these plates, when
denuded, are seen to be in contact with the marginal plates, except near
the actinal ring (P1. XIX. Fig. 5).  Spines similar to those carried by the
interambulacral plates, only shorter, cover the actinal side of the jaws
(P. XIX. Fi. 2).
The ambulacral plates seen from the interior of the arm occupy, with
the base of the interambulacral plates, the whole space between the marginal plates; the median furrow formed by the junction of adjoining
plates is deep; the ambulacral plates themselves are narrow, elongate,
spreading somewhat at their junction with the  interambulacral plates,
leaving a wide space for the passage of the ambulacral feet.
It is not uncommon in this genus to find the ambulacral and interambulacral plates soldered together, either wholly or in part, so that it becomes difficult to trace the line of contact.
In Astropecten and Luidia the interambulacral plates of the last basal
joint of the adjoining arms are connected together, forming a prominent
point at the angle of the arms; but those plates which carry the mouthpapillko are not, as in other families of Starfishes, at a lower level than the
adjoining interambulacral plates. The jaws are on the same level, in direct
continuation of the other interambulacral plates, only somewhat more
prominent (see P1. XIX. FIgys. 7, 8).
Astropecten articulatus and Luidia clathrata extend from  New Jersey
to the West Indies. Luidia clathrata is one of the most common Starfishes of the sandy coasts of North and South Carolina.




NORTH AMERICAN STARFISHES.                       117
Luidia clathrata.
Luidia clathlrata LUTI. 1859. Vidensk. Meddel.
Asterias clathrata SAY, 1825. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila.
Pli. xX.
The genera Astropecten and Lulidia are most closely allied, not only
by their possessing but two rows of pointed ambulacral suckers (P1. XX.
Fiq. 2), but also by the structure of the limestone network of the two
surfaces of the spines and other appendages covering them. As in Astropecten, the actinal limestone network is limited to a small triangular
area close to the mouth in the angle between two arms; this area reminds
us of the interbrachial space on the actinal side covered by small plates in
such genera as Solaster and Crossaster; with the latter they are closely
connected.  The rest of the actinal surface of the arms is covered by
the narrow elongated marginal plates which correspond in number to the
amnbulacral and interambulacral plates (P1. XX. Figy. 4).
The actinal marginal plates are, as in Astropecten, separated at the
surface by deep grooves edged by minute spines less numerous along
the main lines of the grooves than in the grooves of Astropecten, but
much more crowded at the openings near the interambulacral plates, forming a regular sieve from plate to plate. The spines when removed leave
upon the face of the plates markings exactly similar to those found as
bands upon Echini, and known as fascioles. The spines carried upon
these minute granules are similar in every respect to the spines of the
fascioles of Echini.  Their function is evidently identical, namely, that of
filtering and clearing the water before it reaches the water-tubes. Their
use is much more apparent than in the Spatangoids, where the bands
of fascioles are really of use only when lining the edges of the sunken
ambulacra of such genera as Hemiaster, while their extension from the
tip of one ambulacrai rosette to the other seems to be a remnant of a
structure hlaving at the present day in Echini but little if any use, while
in Spatangoids it still performs its function of accumulating minute
muddy particles floating in thile water, which would to a certain extent
impede the access of clean water to their lobed ambulacral tentacles.
I have not observed these fascioles in other genera besides Astropecten
and Luidia. The presence, however, in some genera of minute spines
arranged in tufts on a solid basis projecting above the general surface
shows us a regular transition from  the closed area formed by them  on




118       DESCRIPTION OF THE HARD PARTS OF STARFISHES.
the abactinal surface between the marginal plates in such genera as
Astropecten  and Luidia, to a somewhat lopser arrangement in Solaster
endeca and  Cribrella.  This arrangement is still further modified  in
Crossaster papposa and Pycnopodia, and leads to  such spines as are
found in Asterina and Palmipes, where the tufts consist of a smaller
number of minute spines more uniformly scattered over the surface, thus
forming an approach to the usual distribution of spines in Asteracanthion.  Finally we pass to genera where the spines are long and few in
number, and do not, as in the genera of the Asteriadss proper, perform
the part of sieves.
In place of the single row of large marginal plates along the abactinal
edge of the arms, we find in Luidia a series of much smaller plates, corresponding in number, as on the actinal side, to the number of ambulacral plates. There are sometimes four or five rows of such plates, forming regular longitudinal and transverse rows (P1. XX. Fig. 3), followed
towards the median band of the arm by more irregularly arranged plates.
These plates form the base of prominent pillars, somewhat constricted in
the centre, flaring at the extremity, surmounted at the tip by short spines
or merely granules articulating in a shallow  socket.  These spines are
so closely packed as to leave but very narrow passages between adjoining rows (see P1. XX. Fig. 1), generally mere slits edged by
minute spines, so that longitudinal and  transverse  passages run  the
whole length of the arms for the passage of water, which must be all
carefully sifted before it enters either through the passages protected by
the fascioles or through those screened by the minute spines of the abactinal surface.
The plates of the abactinal limestone networks are completely soldered (P1. XX. Fig. 6), leaving but few irregular rows of holes for the
passage of the water-tubes to the abactinal side, where they are cornpletely sheltered under the floor formed by the minute spines of the
abactinal surface of the arms.
In no other genera of Starfishes do we find so great a simplicity in
the structure of the plates of the actinal ring as in  Astropecten and
Luidia.  Usually the ambulacral and interambulacral plates of the arms
differ in no essential way except at the actinal ring formed in most Starfishes by such a modification of the last joint as to make it somewhat
difficult to trace the homology of all the parts. This last joint is extremely




FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES.                    1 19
simple in Astropecten, being but slightly modified and differing from the
others mainly in length. Thus the homology. I have attempted to trace
between the jaws can there be seen in its simplest form  (P1. XX. Fiys.
4, 5, 8). The plates of the extremity of the arms are soldered together
when seen from above (P1. XX. Figs. 9 -11), forming a prominent knob
with a deep groove on the actinal side for the passage of the ambulacral
tentacles.
The spines of the actinal side increase slightly in length towards the
outer edge of the arms, where there is found a prominent row of larger
flattened spines fringing the edge of the arms.
The actinal face of the jaw-plates is prominent and thickly studded
with irregularly arranged minute spines, forming a marked feature at
the actinal angle of the arms, between adjoining ambulacral rows (P1. XX.
]ig. 7).
The madreporic body is often irregular in outline (P1. XX. Fig. 12),
and is frequently completely hidden by the surrounding spines of the
abactinal surface.
FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES.
The description of the accompanying figures of Luidia and of Astropecten will explain the disposition of the minute spines of those genera
which I have homologized with the fascioles of Echini. Figf. 12 represents a transverse section of an arm of Astropecten,
Fig. 12.
a' being the ambulacral, a i the interambulacral, plate,  tp   i9
with its spines p. ly is the plate on the edge of:.         _
the lower side of the arm, and ip' the correspond-,,.:
ing plate of the upper edge of the arm, tp being
the small columnar plates surmounted by tufts of           b'
minute spines forming the close covering of the central part of the
abactinal side of the arm. The surfaces s of the upper and lower plates
on the edge of the arm are the articulating surfaces which rise somewhat
above the surrounding edge of the plate, leaving a flat space g" on the
lower arm-plate, g"' on the upper arm-plate, and from g to g' between these
two plates, through which water from outside can circulate as in a groove
all round the articulation, and thus find its way between the columnar
plates of the abactinal surface of the arm. The small papillae which




120                   FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES.
cover these marginal plates, but more especially the minute spines
crowded upon the surfaces of the grooves g, g', g", and g"' form an effective
sieve, and in thus freeing the water from  its impurities before it circulates through the channels between the abactinal plates, act exactly
like the fascioles of Echini. Only in  Starfishes we can  much  more
readily see their great use in the economy of the animal, while their
action in the Echini is much less efficient. In a profile view of a part of
the edge of the arm of Astropecten (Fiz. 13), the openings, left for the
passage of the water, which are lined by these so-called fascioles are very
plainly defined. 1ip and ip' are the lower and upper marginal plates, with
the deep grooves j" between the lower plates and the furrows y"' between the upper plates, these furrows being completely arched over by
the minute spines acting as meshes of a sieve.  At the angle of the
Fig. 13.     junction between the shallower horizontal grooves
E "'  and the deeper vertical grooves a prominent open/.-  ing g is formed for the passage of the bulk of
the water, which is thus admitted to be sifted.
I. Uj  usV l/~ +The lettering of Fig. 13 is the same as in Figy. 12.
In Luidia the only difference in the mechanism
of the fascioles is the greater number of openings through which the
water is admitted to circulate between the columnar plates covering the
abactinal surface and a part of the arms.  In Fig. 14 we have a section
of the arm  of a Luidia, corresponding to Fzg.          Fig. 14.
12 of an Astropecten. The lettering is the same,,    zm,,,...~
only, there being a larger number of upper              --
marginal plates, the passages between them (g,       _-:
g7, g', g"', " ) are more numerous.  The lower,, -
marginal plate alone is as prominent as in  
Fig. 15.     Astropecten.  The articulation forms a continuous ring." —z9' round the arm, broken by the columnar plates surmounted with their tufts of minute spines. These tufts
~        are so thick as to form  a uniform  shield almost solid
P-:     ~,-     and unbroken on the abactinal surface of the arms.'  Seen from  below  (Fig. 15), the  deep groove g' of
the lower marginal plate edged with minute spines, the fascioles, is well
shown. A view of the edge of the arm  of Luidia (Fi'. 16, corresponding to Fzq. 13 of Astropecten) shows the small rectangular areas into




FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES.                         121
which the edge of the arm  is divided by the deep furrows, allowing
the passage of the water; at their crossing, the furrows form  larger,
more prominent openings; the edges of all these rectan-           Fig.16.
gular spines are crowded with fascioles.  The genus Cri-!.:... /
brella is interesting as showing the gradual transition of
the  interambulacral and  marginal papille into  tufts of         I..' 
such  minute  spines that the  difference between  them   Pand true fascioles is hardly appreciable. In fact, in Solaster we have  already certain  parts of the surface covered  by such
minute spines that we must consider them  as rudiFig. 17.     mentary fascioles  and  as probably  acting  as such.
1~1    a.Ey L)L Ik~Fig. 17, a cross section of Cribrella, shows a close
i~) K  approximation to the cross section of Luidia as far as
the tufts of spines are concerned; these need to be
f.b~      but slightly more crowded to form  a
Fig. 18.
most effective sieve.  Seen in profile in a section (lF'a. 18),    SC it
the tufts of spines, the interambulacral papille, are seen   i,
to be somewhat more crowded into tufts than is the case,~,F' 
in such genera as Asteracanthion.  A similar arrangement 
is also found in Solaster (see F17. 8), where the spines of the interambulacral plates, with the exception of those of the so-called jaws, are
arranged in closely crowded tufts.
NOTE.
The arrangement of the Starfishes into families from  the study of their
hard parts does not differ materially from  the families adopted by Perrier
in his Revision of the group.*  He himself has in a general way made
use of the characters furnished by the skeleton to limit the families he
has recognized. The modifications we should suggest go so far as to
transfer Pycnopodia from  the Asteriadae proper, and Crossaster from  the
Echinasteridse, placing them  in close proximity to Brisinga, while Solaster
(limited) and Cribrella would be placed with the Asterinidse.
The disposition of the digestive cavity and its appendages does not
appear to furnish systematic characters of great value.  The anatomy of
the ovaries of the coecal appendages of the digestive cavity proper with
X Asteriadae, Echinasterida, Linckiada, Goniasterida,, Asterinida, Astropectinids, Pterasterida,
Brisingida.




122                  FASCIOLES OF STARFISHES.
its abactinal pouch is remarkably uniform in groups apparently differing so
widely as the extreme pentagonal Starfishes, and the long slender-armed
genera like Ophidiaster, Asteracanthion, or even the apparently abnormal
group to which Brisinga, Pycnopodia, and Crossaster belong.
I do not give a list of our North American Starfishes, much less a
Synonymic Catalogue, as it would be most incomplete and premature.
Quite a number of species collected by Mr. Pourtales in deep water between Florida and Cuba are at present in the hands of Professor Perrier
for determination; of these several are undoubtedly new  to our fauna.
Numerous additions have recently been mnade by Professor Verrill, while
engaged on the dredgings made in connection with the United States
Fish Commission. In addition the "Challenger' expedition, while cruising
in the Atlantic from Halifax to Bermudas, hence to New York, and then to
St. Thomas, added quite a number of remarkable forms to our American
species. As these collections are either in process of identification or
about to be worked up, any general list now given would soon become
antiquated. The Starfish fauna of North America, as far as now known,
can be made out with sufficient accuracy from the articles by Professor Perrier on the c"Stellerides du Musseum in the Archives de Zoologie Experimentale" for 1875 and 1876, although the Synonymy he has adopted
for several of our species will probably be modified when larger material
than is now available has been collected. The principal localities of specimens in the Museum collections are added.




EXPLANATION OF TIlE PLATES.
To avoid useless repetitions in the description of the Figures, the same letters are used, throughout these Plates
[f. - VIII.], to denote identical parts. It will greatly facilitate the reading of this memoir to become familiar with
the notation here adopted.
EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERING ON PLATES I.-VIII.
a, anus.                                              Pc, plate at junction of adjacent rays (ovarian plate).
b, dorsal or water pore, madreporic opening.          p', p", different forms of pedicellaria.
c, alimentary canal.                                  r, abactinal surface.
d, digestive cavity, stomacho                         rl, first set of five limestone rods which appear on
dl, abactinal water-tubes in angle of rays of young       abactinal surface, and which eventually become
Starfish.                                            the brachial plates (12).
d'/, water-tubes of lateral line of rays of young Star-  r1', second set of five interbrachial limestone rods,
fish.                                                which eventually become the interbrachial plates
d"'/, water-tubes of median line of rays of young Star-   (11).
fish.                                             r1t-rt1, rays of young Starfish; r[[' being ray next
e, eye of Starfish at base of odd tentacle (t).          to madreporic body, when Brachiolaria is seen
et, median anal arms of Brachiolaria.                    from the dorsal side.
el, dorsal anal arms of Braclhiolaria.                s t and s, actinal region.
e/l/, ventral anal arms of Brachiolaria.              t, t, t,.. tentacles of the young Starfish.
ell///, dorsal oral arms of Brachiolaria.            Ft, odd tentacle.
e5, ventral oral arms of Brachiolaria.                tif, ambulacral tube.
e6, odd terminal oral arm of Brachiolaria.            u, lateral allbulacral plates, surmounted by spine.
f, brachiolar arms.                                    ut, median ambulacral plates with very small spines.
f/, branch of water-tube (w zv/) leading into f        v, vibratile chord, anal part.
fl, odd brachiolar arms.                              vf, vibratile chord, oral part.
J/f l, surface-warts at base of odd brachiolar arm (fil).  w, water-tube, developing abactinal area.
h, hole of cul de sac of water-tube  w.               w', water-tube of Brachiolaria leading to madreporic
1, central abactinal plate of young Starfish.            opening (b), developing actinal area.
11, 11, 1,.. interbrachial abactinal plates of young   w w', portion of water-tube of Brachiolaria formed by
Starfish.                                            junction of w and tv'.
2, 12, 12, 1  brachial plates of young Starfish.     In all the figures of the Brachiolaria (Plates I.-IV.),
m, mouth.                                                the attitude which has been given to them is not
m', pistol-shaped oral pouch of cesophagus.               a natural attitude.  This has been done purmll, anal pouch of cesophagus.                            posely, for the sake of making the comparison
n, opening for passage of ambulacral sucker.              with the memoirs of Miller easier.  The only
o, cesophagus.                                           figure of a Brachiolaria which is in its natural
p, spines on edge of ray of Starfish.                     attitude is that of P1. VIII. Fig. 8.  The young
pl, spines of exterior rows along abactinal surface of    Brachiolaria does not, however, move with the
rays.                                                anal part below, till the latter is loaded down by
P2, spines of middle row on abactinal surface of rays.    the development of the  Starfish, and we see
pa, central spine of abactinal surface of Starfish, on    them  swimming about, before that time, almost
central plate (lI).                                  in every possible attitude.




124                         EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATES I., II. EMBRYOLOGY OF ASTERACANTHION BERYLINUS Ag.
P1. I. Figs. 22- 28, P1. II. Figs. 2- 19, Scyphistoma stage; P1. II. Figs. 20- 24, Tornaria stage; P1. II. Figs. 25-28, Brachina stage.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. A mature egg, surrounded by spermatic particles, soon after the artificial fecundation.  The egg
has assumed a spherical shape, and contains the germinative vesicle and dot. There is no trace of
any interval between the yolk and the outer envelope.
Fig. 2. The germinative vesicle has disappeared, but the germinative dot remains.
Fig. 3. The germinative dot is no longer visible; the yolk has contracted, and is separated by a slight
space from the outer envelope. The egg has all the appearance of having already gone through the
segmentation; the whole yolk being made up of small spherical cells, resembling very minute spheres
of segmentation, although the segmentation has not yet commenced. Two hours after fecundation.
Fig. 4 shows the first trace of segmentation, consisting in a depression on one side of the yolk.
Figr. 5. The yolk has become flattened on opposite poles; the Richtungfsblischen are visible on one side
of the yolk.
Fig. 6 shows the yolk divided into two united ellipsoids, the whole yolk rotating slowly, always in one
direction, from right to left. The Richtungsblischen are at one pole of the axis of segmentation.
Fig. 7. The two segments of the yolk have entirely separated.  The Richtungsbliischen are likewise isolated at one pole of the axis of segmentation.
Fiog. 8. First trace of a further segmentation; one half of the yolk is partially divided.
Fif. 9. The two yolk sefIgments are about to separate into four.
Fig. 10. The four yolk segments are all distinct, and almost transformed into regular spheres.
Fig. 11. Diffierent view of Fig. 10, showing the position of the segments.
Fig. 12. The yolk about to separate into eight spheres.
Fig. 13 shows eight spheres of segmentation, all of which are more or less spherical; the spheres are
arranged in two clusters of four, on opposite sides of the envelope.
Fig. 14. This view of the egg shows the tendency of the spheres of segmentation to arrange themselves
on the circumference.
Fig. 15. The yolk is divided into sixteen spheres.
Fig. 16. The shell of segmentation is composed of thirty-two spheres; owing to the position from which
the egg is viewed, only half the shell of segmentation is visible.
Fi g. 17. The thirty-two spheres are again subdivided.
Fig. 18. The spheres of segmentation are still smaller than in the preceding figure.
Fig. 19. These spheres have become so small, that the walls of the spherical shell formed by them can be
readily distinguished
Fig. 20. The walls have become still more distinct in consequence of the close packing of the small
spheres, which are now somewhat polygonal, owing to their pressure upon each other.
Fig. 21 represents an egg ten hours after segmentation; the spheres are still more polygonal; the rotation
of the yolk is quite rapid, and the embryo is ready to break through the outer membrane; the shell
envelope is very distinct from the inner contents, and has a uniform thickness.
Firg. 22. An embryo after its escape from the egg; the wall is no longer of the same thickness throughout, but has become very much thickened at one pole (a), while the spheres of segmentation are
somewhat indistinct.
Fig. 23. The embryo has been slightly flattened at the pole (a), where the wall is thickest; the planula,
if we may so call it in its present condition, reached this stage at the end of about eleven hours.
Fio. 24. The wall of the flattened pole has been pressed in so as to curve slightly inward (a).
Fig. 25. The depression (a) has become much deeper, and the spheres of segmentation have entirely disappeared, twelve hours after fecundation. The depression at a assumes here somewhat the aspect of
a digestive cavity.
Fig. 26. Seventeen hours after fecundation; the embryo has lost its spherical shape and has become
somewhat pear-shaped; a transverse section is still circular. The depression made by the thickened
walls has increased in depth; the opening (a) performs the functions of a mouth and anus; d indlicates the bottom of the digestive cavity.




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                       125
Fitg. 27. Twenty hours after fecundation; the depression has the appearance of a small pouch (d) hanging in a pear-shaped body with circular section, showing no deviation from the absolute radiate type;
the opening (a) still performing the double functions of mouth and anus.  Currents of water circulate
in this cavity, as they would in the digestive cavity of any Polyp or Acaleph in about the same stage
of development.
Fig. 28. Twenty-two hours after fecundation; the embryo has become somewhat more cylindrical, losing
its pear-shaped form, but is still circular when seen in a transverse section. The cavity (d) has
slightly expanded at the closed extremity, and is comparatively deeper and wider; the walls of the
body are much reduced in thickness, except at the perforated region. The body is somewhat translucent, and slightly tinged with ochre color. The opening (a) still serves as a mouth, although, in
more advanced stages, a second opening is formed, which is the true mouth, at which time the present
mouth then becomes the anus.
PLATE II.
In Figs 1, 3, 9-17, the digestive cavity alone is represented.
Fig. 1. The digestive cavity of Fig. 2, seen by itself from above, has expanded into a large reservoir at
the extremity, the walls of which are quite thin.
Fig. 2. The embryo of Fig. 1 seen in profile; the cavity is no longer in the axis, but is bent to one side.
The larva has also lost its symmetrical outline, and the dorsal part of the perforated extremity projects
somewhat beyond the opening of the present mouth (the future anus).'Fir. 3. The digestive sac of a larva somewhat more advanced than Fig. 2, in which the present mouth (a)
(the future anus) has been brought to the lower side.
Figr. 4. The larva of Fig. 3 seen in profile; the pouch at the closed extremity of the bent digestive cavity
is now nearer the lower side than in Fi(g. 2, having approached the slight depression (m) placed in the
middle of the larva.
Fig. 5. A larva somewhat more advanced, seen in profile, in which the pouch has actually come in contact with the wall of the lower side at m. The dorsal region of the perforated extremity projects
still more beyond the opening of the present mouth (a) (the future anus) than in the preceding
stage (Fig. 4). The digestive cavity is not yet divided into distinct regions.
Fig. 6. The same larva as Fig. 5, seen from above, forty-two hours after fecundation; large epitheliacells have appeared on the surface.
Fig. 7. A somewhat more advanced larva, seen in profile; the digestive cavity is no longer a simple bent
tube, as in Fig. 5; it is strongly contracted near the extremities, one of them projecting upwards (w).
At the point of contact of the digestive cavity with the outer wall at m, a second-opening has been
formed, connecting by a short tube with the pouch of the digestive cavity. This second-formed openingr (m) is the true mouth, while the first-formed opening (a) now becomes the anus, after having, up
to this stage, performed the functions of mouth and anus; end of the second day.
Fig. 8. The same larva as Fig. 7, seen from above, to show the position of the lobes (w, w') formed on
each side of the pouch of the digestive cavity (d), which in Fig. 7 appear like projecting angles (w).
Fig. 9. Isolated digestive cavity of a more advanced larva, showing still more plainly the transverse contractions of the digestive cavity by which the cesophagus (o), the stomach (d), and intestine (c) are
gradually formed, and also the greater projection of the earlets of the pouch, which lhave become quite
elongated laterally; the opening (o) in the centre is the tube leading to the mouth.
Fig 10. The same as Fig. 9, seen in profile; the tube (o) now connects very freely with the mouth (in),
formed in the depression, mentioned in Figs. 4, 5, and with the digestive cavity; the currents now
change their course, and circulate in the opposite direction. While the larva was in the state represented by Fig. 6, the currents of water enter at the mouth, the future anus (a), circulate in the pouch
(d), as well as in the earlets formed from the thickening of the wall, and then issued again from the
same opening (a). Now the water enters through the mouth (m) (the last-formed opening), passes
through the narrow conical tube (o) into the digestive cavity (d), communicating with the earlets
(w, w'), and out through the anal opening (a), which was the first formed, and formerly performed
the functions of mouth.
Fig. 11. Isolated digestive cavity, seen in profile, showing the tube leading  from the mouth (m) to the
digestive cavity (d), and earlets (w, w'), more developed than in Fig. 10.
Fig. 12. The same seen from above.
Fig. 13. Oral end of an isolated digestive cavity, in which the earlets, formed by the  pouch, are more




126                         EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
distinct from the digestive cavity than in any of the former stages~ There is a slight constriction at
their base of attachment, the first indication of their final separation from the alimentary canal.
Fig. 14. Isolated digestive cavity seen endwise, to show the tube leading from the mouth to the digestive
cavity, at right angles to the pouch of the earlets.
Fig. 15. Isolated digestive cavity seen from  above, in which the earlets (wV, w') (the future water-tubes)
are so far differentiated as to be quite distinct from the digestive cavity. The walls of the earlets are
exceedingly attenuated, and are scarcely connected with the main digestive cavity.
Fig. 16. The same as Fig. 15, seen from below, to show the position of the mouth and anus on the same
side of the larva.
Fig. 17. Part of the same larva seen in profile: on account of the obliquity of the earlets, one of them
(wt), as it increases in size more rapidly than the other, soon reaches the outer surface of the larva
and opens into the surrounding medium by means of a small aperture (b). The walls of the tube
(oesophagus) leading from the mouth to the first swelling of the digestive cavity (d) (the stomach),
and of that part of the tube leading from the stomach to the anus, have a very different thickness.
They are sufficiently distinct in their character to enable us to distinguish readily three regions; fortyeight hours after fecundation.
Firg. 18. The two small bodies (w, w'), the former earlets of younger stages formed from the pouch at the
closed end of the digestive cavity (the problematic bodies of Miiller), have entirely separated from
the digestive cavity from which they were formed; seen from above, the three divisions of stomach,
intestine, and cesophagus are plainly marked out.
Fig. 19. The same larva in profile.
Fig. 20. The same figure from below, shows the presence of short crescents of vibratile cilia (v, vt) placed
in opposite directions near the mouth and anus; sixty-five hours after fecundation.
Fig. 21.  A somewhat more advanced larva, seen in profile; the anal crescent (v) of vibratile cilia is seen
as a small wart between the mouth of the anus, the oral crescent (;') projects beyond the general outline. The division into oesofphagus (o), stomach (d), and intestine (c) is quite prominent. The
stomach has a tendency to approach the anal dorsal extremity.
Fig. 22. The same as Figr. 21, seen from below, to show the triangular shape of the mouth (mn).  The
greater size of the problematic bodies (w, wI) (the water-tubes), which increase independently at an
unequal rate, and also the position of the oral and anal vibratile crescentso
Fig. 23.  The same larva seen in a profile, to show the position of the mouth in a strongly marked depression; the great increase in size of the oral part of the cesophagus; the swelling out of the stomach,
and the bending of the intestine back towards the mouth, so as to make a small angle with the
trend of the stomach; at the end of the third day after fecundationo
Fir. 24. Larva seen from above. The only difference in this stage from the preceding is in the greater
increase of the vibratile crescents, forming two small plastrons, and of the water-tube. The intestine also bends so as to make almost a right angle with the stomach, which is pushed out further
towards the anal extremity.
Fig. 25. More advanced larva, seen from the left profile, in which the oral pouch has assumed its characteristic pistol-shape. The stomach and intestine make a sharp angle with each other, the latter being
much longer than the stomach proper. In its present aspect it closely resembles a retort, the stomach
being the receiver, the intestine the tube.  The anal and oral vibratile crescents have greatly extended, the one on the oral and the other on the dorsal side, to the extremity of the body.
Fig. 26. The same as the preceding, seen from below; the oral plastron is quite large, projects beyond
the sides of the body; slight indentations can already be traced in the anal plastron, indicating the
position of the future arms (el). The water-tubes have increased in lencth, and extend half-way
from the base of the stomach to the oral plastron.
Fig. 27. A larva six days after fecundation, seen from the right profile, the water-tubes extend beyond the
opening of the mouth.  The tube leading from the water-pore (b) (dorsal pore) to the water-tube
(wi), is quite distinctly seen.
Fig. 28. The same larva as Figr. 27, seen from below; the intestine, as in Fig. 26, is thrown to one side
of the axis of the larva. The water-tubes extend also along the sides of the stomach towards the anal
extremity; the sinuosity of the anal ciliary chord indicates the position of the future anus.




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                         127
PLATES  II.- VIII. E]MBRYOLOGY OF ASTERACANTHION PALLIDUS Ag.
PLATE III.
Owing to the transparency of these larva, it is not easy to ascertain whether they are seen with the mouth
downwards or upwards, unless we ascertain the position of the madreporic body. In all these figures, whenever the water-tube ow' is on the left of the figure, the mouth is turned upwards.
Fig. 1. The youngest larva of this species, seen from the mouth side, corresponding to P1. II. Fig. 20;
a comparison of these two figures will show the great difference between the larvae of these two
species of Starfishes. In the former, the chords of vibratile cilia appear much earlier, and the oral
plastron is well defined; while, in the other species, it is not before it has reached the condition of
P1I. II. Fig. 26, that the oral plastron is as well developed.
Fi(rs 2-10. Brachina stage.
Fig. 2. A larva seen from the left profile, corresponds to the stage of P1. II. Ficg. 27, of A. berylinus;
with the exception of the size of the water-tubes, the larva of this species is much stouter, shorter,
and the anal portion is the most prominent, while the larva of the A. berylinus is quite slender and
elongated.
Fig. 3. The same larva as Fig. 2, seen from the dorsal side.
Fig. 4. A more advanced larva, seen from the dorsal side; the undulations of the ciliary chord indicate
the future arms, the water-tubes extend beyond the mouth, and have already begun to bend towards
each other.
Fig. 5. The same larva seen from the left profile, to show the bent attitude frequently assumed by the
larva when disturbed.
Fig. 6. This larva, seen from the mouth side, is more developed than any raised by artificial fecundation
from the eggs of A. berylinus. The water-tubes have greatly increased in diameter; they have united
beyond the mouth, and extend on each side of the stomach so as almost to meet, but without uniting.
The mere indentations of the previously figured larvae correspond to accumulations of pigment cells,
and to the thickening of the vibratile chord, accompanied by the formation of rudimentary lobes,
which indicate plainly the position of the median arms (e'), the dorsal anal (e"), the ventral anal (e"'),
and dorsal oral arms (e"").  The greatest accumulation of pigment cells, and the thickening of the
vibratile chord, is found at the rudimentary median arms (e'). The anal ventral pair of arms (e"') is
especially well marked.
Fig. 7. The preceding figure seen in profile, the mouth to the right, shows the great development which
the oral position of the water-tube has taken; also the mode of formation of the oral ventral pair of
arms (e5), as well as the first sign of the odd brachiolar appendage (f").
Fig. 8. Larva seen from the dorsal side. The arms have increased greatly in size since the stage represented in Fig. 6. The oral portion of the water-tube has become very pointed; it extends into the
odd oral arm (eG), which has also elongated, and stands out prominently beyond the oral plastron.
Fig. 9. The same figure seen in profile, with the mouth downward.  The vibratile chord is a deeply
undulating line, following the edge of the arms, which extend beyond the general outline. The
water-tube, it will be seen, forks also at the oral extremity; one branch extending into the odd
arm (e6), the other toward the angle made by the base of this arm and the pair of oral ventral
arms (e5). The great increase in size of this odd arm will be seen when compared to Fig. 7 of
this plate.
Fig. 10. Larva seen from the mouth side. Thus far the arms had altered but little the character of the
outline of the larva. In this figure, however, some of them are sufficiently developed to be capable
of extensive motion. The median arms (e') especially are far in advance of the others. All the anal
arms develop so as to become more slender at first, and assume their true character sooner than the
oral arms, which, during the early stages, are always more heavy, and take their final shape later than
the anal arms. At the angle, where the oral ventral arms and the odd arm come together, at the
base of the oral arms, slight swellings are formed (f), which are the first trace of the pair of brachiolar arms (ff), thle odd brachiolar arm being only seen in the profile view (Fig. 12, f'), though it can
be traced as a double outline of the odd armn (f").  We can already see a constriction in the
water-tube as it passes into the odd arm, and from this (nearer the mouth) are sent off two small
pouches (f' f'), which enter into the brachiolar pair of arms (f).  The first trace of the actinal area
of the future Starfish is also plainly visible (t) on the water-tube (w'), on the left of this figure.




128                         EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 11. A more advanced larva than Fig. 10, seen from the mouth side, in which the oral arms have
assumed all the characters of the anal appendages.  The brachiolar arms are quite well developed;
the intestine and the stomach are slightly crowded to one side by the greater increase of the actinal
area (t) of the Starfish; the ambulacral pentagon of the future Starfish is still more marked (t) than
in previous stages. Brachiolaria stage.
Fig. 12. The same as Fig. 10 seen in profile, with the mouth downwards.
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Seen from the mouth side. A larva with its arms fully developed and in full activity; no further changes take place in the general aspect of the larva, with the exception of those of the anal
part where the Starfish is developing, and those of the brachiolar arms. All the arms are nearly
equally advanced, with the exception of the median arms (e'), which still retain their greater size.
The odd terminal arm (e6) has also greatly increased in length, as well as the brachiolar arms (f f),
which are capable of motion, and into which the branches of the water-tubes can easily be traced.
Brachiolaria stage.
Firg. 2, The same larva, seen from above, on a somewhat smaller scale, shows in what way the stomach
and the intestine have been pushed to one side, by the great development of the actinal part of the
Starfish, on the right of the figure (s t). The shape of the mouth (in) is particularly well seen, in a
dorsal view, at this stage of growth.
Fig. 3. The same larva on a different scale, seen endways, from  the oral end, to show the connection
between the pair of brachiolar arms (ff) and the oral ventral pair (e5), as well as the position of the
odd brachiolar arm (f") at the base of the odd terminal arm (e6).
Fi(g. 4. An adult larva seen from the right, actinal profile; the arms are in the position which they take
when moving rapidly, arched towards the median arms, the brachiolar arms alone being curved in the
opposite direction from the others. Here the crescent-shaped ambulacral pentagon, as well as the
lobed pentagonal outline of the abactinal area are plainly seen.
Fig. 5. A magnified profile view of the brachiolar arms.
Fig. 6. The brachiolar arms seen from the ventral side of the larva, to show the position of the single
disk and of the double row of disks at the base and on each side of the odd brachiolar arm, somewhat
less magnified than Fig. 5.
Fig. 7. The anal part of the larva soon after the shrinking of the arms has becun. The whole of the
terminal anal part of the larva has gradually been absorbed, so that the disk of the Starfish occupies
the whole of the space between the median arms, seen from the ventral side; the oral extremity of
the Brachiolaria is unchanged and not represented.
Fig. 8. The shrinking has gone so far that the whole of the anal part has been affected, and the oral extremity alone, with the brachiolar and the terminal arms. retain thcir original shape and proportions.
Fig. 9. A different view of the anal part of a larva from that of Figr. 7; in a slightly more advanced
condition than that of the preceding figure, showing the great height of the abactinal region of the
young Starfish; the oral extremity of the Brachiolaria is omitted, as it remains almost unchanged.
PLATE V.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STARFISH PROPER.
The Figures on this Plate show the gradual development of the actinal and abactinal regions of the Starfish, and the figures represent simply the anal part of the Brachiolaria, which is alone affected during
this development.
Figs. 1-7 correspond to a Brachiolaria, having reached a state about as advanced as that of P1. III.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 8 is a Starfish developed on the Brachiolaria of P1. IV. Fi(g. 11; while Figs. 9-14 are stages of
development which are only found on Brachiolariie having their full complement of arms, and in
which, except these changes of the Starfish, but slight modifications take place.
Figs. 1, 2, 10, 12, represent that profile of the anal part of the Brachiolaria, in successively more advanced
stages, which shows the water-tube upon which is developed the actinal area.
Fis. 3, 5, 11, represent the opposif the anal extremity of the anal extremity of the Brachiolaria, showing the watertube, upon which is developed the abactinal area.




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                         129
Figs. 4, 14, represent the ventral side of the anal extremity of the Brachiolaria, showing the extremities of
the actinal and abactinal areas of the Starfish.
Figs. 6 -9, 13, represent the dorsal side of the anal extremity of the Brachiolaria, in the successive
stages of growth of the young Starfish, showing the opposite extremities of the actinal and abactinal
areas of the Starfish.
Owing to the partial transparency of the Brachiolaria, either the actinal or the abactinal area is always
projected upon the other, when the larva is seen in profile. In the dorsal or ventral views, the angle
made by the actinal and abactinal areas becomes visible.
Fig. 1. Actinal profile of the anal part of the water-tube (w') of the Brachiolaria, previous to the appearance of the pentagon of lobes. In stage of P1. III. Fi(. 7.
Fig. 2. Somewhat more advanced actinal profile, showing the ambulacral pentagon, as well as the position of the five rods of limestone, opposite the angles of the actinal pentagon, seen through the thickness of the larva on the surface of the other water-tube (w). In Stage of P1. III. Fig. 8.
Fig. 3. The same larva seen from the opposite profile, to show the abactinal area; small Y-shaped rods
have appeared at the extremities of the simple rods.
Fig. 4. The same larva seen from the ventral side of the Brachiolaria, to show the relative position of
the pentagons of the two areas; only two of the rods of the abactinal side are seen, while the edges
of three of the actinal folds (t) can be perceived, one above the other, on the foot-like projection
formed by the folding of the water-tube w'.
Fig. 5. A more advanced Starfish, in stage of P1. III. Fig. 10, from the'abactinal profile; the Y-shaped
appendages of the original rods have increased in number; smaller independent Y-shaped rods have
made their appearance in the intervals between the larger ones, in the spaces corresponding to the
middle of the pentagon of the actinal side. The angles of the actinal pentagon are formed of a double
fold, the sides of which are concave; the stomach is almost concealed by the great accumulation of
limestone granules on the abactinal area.
Fig. 6. The anal part of a larva from the dorsal side, to show the apparent dividing into elliptical compartments of the water-tubes (w, &w), made by folding and the bending of the extremities of these
tubes (P1. III. Fig. 10).
Fig. 7. The same larva from the dorsal side, to show the manner in which the first fold (t) is made on
the exterior surface of the water-tube (wt), and the greater size of the right water-tube extending
over the digestive cavity to the madreporic opening (b).
Fig. 8. A Starfish from the dorsal side of the Brachiolaria (PI. IIT. Fig. 11); shows the lobes formed by
the two arms which are in view, with the large cluster of rods in the centre of the lobe, and the
small cluster in the space opposite the angle of two lobes.
Fig. 9.  The same view of a more advanced embryo, somewhat older than P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2; the lobes of
the arms have become indented, the arms themselves are separated by a deep cut, the Y-rods extend
so as to form almost a continuous network over the whole abactinal area.  The actinal pentagon has
assumed the shape of prominent loops projecting beyond the foot-like, oblique fold of the water-tube.
Figs. 10. The same embryo, seen from the actinal profile; the tentacular loops stand out independently
from the surface of the water-tube; the stomach and nearly the whole length of the intestine are
enclosed by the abactinal area.
Fi(. 11. Seen from the abactinal profile in stage of P1. VII. Fig. 8; tubercles have formed upon the surface, the Y-shaped rods extend into them, the lobes of the edge of the disk are deeper, the second
set of clusters of limestone cells have greatly increased.
Fig. 12. The same embryo from the opposite profile; the inner tentacular folds have become tipped with
a triangular point. The thickness of the abactinal surface prevents the network of cells on the edge of
the arms from being seen.
Fig. 13. A view of the embryo from the dorsal side of the Brachiolaria; the madreporic body (b), the
opening of the water-pore, is placed at the edge of the upper arm (r/,If), the tubercles on the edge of
the arms are well shown by the great accumulation of small Y-shaped rods.
Fig. 14. The same from the ventral side of the Brachiolaria (P1. VII. Fig. 8). This figure shows, perhaps better than any other, the relative position of the extremity of the two pentagonal warped surfaces. Thle rolugh outline of the Starfish is due to the manner in which the tubercles of the abactinal
surface project above. The Starfish in this condition is at the point of resorbing the larva, and of
closing the actinal and abactinal areas.




130-                        EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE VI.
THE YOUNG STARFISH AFTER THE BRACHIOLARIA HAS BEEN RESORBED.
Fig. o. A young Starfish, seen from the actinal side; the anal and oral clusters of arms of the Bracbiolaria appear like small knobs, placed on opposite sides of the new mouth, The future rays are mere
lobes, and are not symmetrical.
Fig. 2. The same embryo, seen from the abactinal side, to show the arrangement of the network of limestone meshes.
Fig. 3. A more advanced embryo, in which all traces of the appendages of the larva have entirely
disappeared. Each side of the pentagon of suckers is a rosette made up of seven loops; the limestone
particles are deposited so as to project at the angle of the arms between these loops. The mouth is
movable, the pentagon is not closed, and the Starfish is not yet symmetrical; the shape of the different
rays is not identical.
Fig. 4. The same embryo, seen from the abactinal side, showing the arrangement of the successively
formed rows of rounded spines and of the plates. The two ends of the open pentagon have approached
nearer than in Figs. 1, 2; the outline is not yet regular.
Fig. 5. Magnified view of one of the ambulacral tubes, with its rudimentary tentacles.
Fig. 6. The young Starfish, in which the two pentagons have almost closed, and been brought into
parallel planes. There has been a great increase in the size of the cut between adjoining rays; the
spines also have grown longer and more pointed; the limestone points of the angle of the rays
have advanced nearer the centre, The Starfish is not quite symmetrical, nor are the arms exactly
alike.
Fir. 7. The same embryo, fiom the actinal side, shows the great increase of the ambulacral system, the
tentacles being distinct pouches on each side of the main tube. The basal tentacles of one system are
much further apart than all the others, and this is the last indication that the amnbulacral pentagon is
not closed.
Fig. 8. A more magnified view of the actinal side, when the ambulacral pentagon is entirely closed, and
the Starfish has become symmetrical, and all the basal suckers are equally distant.
Fig. 9. The ambulacral system of one arm, when confined by the circle of limestone which has been
formed round each ambulacral system; the first two pairs of tentacles begin to develop disks; they
become club-shapel; the three terminal tentacles are still closely connected, and show no sign of
any disk.
Fig. 10. An abactinal view of one ray and the centre of a young Starfish, in which the spines
project far beyond the edge of the disk.  The arm-plates and the interradial plates have become connected by a narrow bridge. The limestone rods are so much thickened by additional
deposits, that they form elliptical cells which have entirely lost the polygonal character of the
younger stages.
Fig. 11. One arm and a portion of the centre, from the abactinal side of the most advanced of the young
Starfishes which have been raised by artificial fecundation.  The spines are very prominent, long,
somewhat spreading, and becoming even fan-shaped. The limestone cells are gradually assuming the
character of the limestone cells of the adult, small cells within larger ones; the cut between the rays
is very deep.
Fig. 12. The same young Starfish as Fig. 11, seen from the actinal side; the three pairs of tentacles
have suckers; the deposit of limestone of the actinal area having the same cellular structure as that of
the abactinal area, though formed by the increase of small cells instead of rods. This Starfish also
shows the position of the madreporic body, immediately on the edge of the disk of the lower side; the
eye is very prominent at the base of the odd terminal tentacle. The young Starfish (Figs. 11,12)
is about four months old.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Two rays and the centre of the Starfish (P1. VI. Fig. 10), seen from the actinal side. All
the tentacles are encased separately by the limestone deposit of the actinal region. The tentacles have grown so long that they extend beyond the edge of the arm. The pair of terminal
tentacles has, as yet, increased but little in comparison to the other pairs. The odd terminal
tentacle has, at its base, a bright carmine spot, the eye, which appears about this time. The




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                           131
mouth, limited by the limestone deposit, takes the shape of a pentagonal opening; the ambulacral
tube is concealed.
Fig. 2.  The same Starfish as P1. VI. Fig. 11, seen in profile, to show the great development of the abactinal area, and the Echinus-like arrangement of the spines in the young Starfish.  The odd tentacle
is seen turned up, between two of the spines, with the eye at its base.
Figs. 3 - 5.  Spines of the young Starfish in different stages of growth..
Fig. 6.  An enlarged view of the terminal tentacle, to show the position of the eye at the base of the odd
tentacle.
Fig. 7. An enlarged view of the meshwork of limestone cells, to show the mode of formation of additional
cells, by means of Y-shaped rods.
Fig. 8. A greatly magnified figure of a full-grown Brachiolaria in its natural attitude, at rest, with the
Starfish almost ready to resorb the larva; the obliquity of the planes, in which the actinal and abactinal pentagons are situated, is especially well seen in the pointed anal extremity of this Brachiolaria.
No letters have been added to this figure, as the different parts can readily be distinguished by comparing it with P1. IV. Figs. 1, 2, 4.
PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1.  Younc Asteracanthion about one year old, seen from the abactinal side.
Figs. 2-4.  Magnified views of spines (p), and of rudimentary pedicellarise (pl, p").
Fig. 5.  Odd terminal tentacle of a Starfish in the stage of P1. VIII. Fig. 10, at the extremity of the arm
with the eye-speck (e).
Fig. 6.  One of the abactinal water-tubes (d') at the angle of the rays.
Fig. 7. One of the abactinal water-tubes (llt) along the edge of the rays.
Fig. 8. Abactinal view of the arm of a young Starfish, probably two years old.
Fig. 9. Actinal view of an arm of a young Starfish in its third year.
Fig. 10.  Abactinal view  of a young Starfish, in which the rudimentary pedicellariae have made their
appearance, also having median and lateral lines of abactinal water-tubes along the arm. Probably
three years old.
PLATE IX.
ASTERACANTHION BERYLINUS.
Fig. 1. Living specimen, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. 2. Living specimen, seen from the abactinal side.
Fig. 3. Preparation showing the calcareous network, abactinal side.
Fig. 4.  Abactinal calcareous network seen from the interior.
Fig. 5. Preparation showing the connection of the solid parts, seen from the actinal side.
(a i) Interambulacral plates, with two rows of pores at base.
(a') Ambulacral plates, showing the alternating arrangement of the ambulacral pores penetrating between the ambulacral plates.
(atl) Base of interbrachial partition.
(c) Ambulacral groove.
(1) Lateral imbricating pieces forming the calcareous network of the abactinal surface.
Fig. 6. The same, seen from the interior.  Lettering as in Fig. 5.
(c) Dorsal groove of ambulacral system.
(ip) Interradial partition formed by soldering of the imbricating pieces attached to the interambulacral plates.
Fig. 7. Longitudinal section of preparation of arm, to show the formation of the interradial partition by
the soldering of the imbricating lateral pieces of the interambulacral plates.
All Figures natural size.
The color of this species, as of all the species of the genus Asterias, varies greatly; it ranges from dark chocolate (on
the abactinal side) to light violet. The actinal side is of a much paler shade of the same color. The general tint of the
abactinal side depends also greatly upon the state of expansion of the water-tubes and the development of the light-colored
pedlicellaria clustered around the spines.




132                         EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE  X.
ECHINASTER SENTUSo
Fig. 1. Living specimen seen from actinal side.
Fig. 1'. Portion of arm of Fig. 1, somewhat more magnified.
Fig. 2. Same from the abactinal side.
Fig. 2/. Water-tubes of part of abactinal surface.
Fig. 2"1. Madreporic bodyo
Fig. 3. Calcareous network of abactinal side.
Fig. 4. Internal view of abactinal surface.
Fig. 5. Calcareous network of actinal side (same as Fig. 3).
Fig. 6. Inner view of actinal calcareous network.
All Figures natural size, except Figs. 1', 2', 2/r, which are somewhat enlarged.
The color of this species varies from a dark reddish-brown to a pale violet, sometimes more or less yellowish-brown or
purple. The water-tubes are light pink or violet.
PLATE XI.
ASTERIAS OCHRACEA.
Fig. 1. Single arm and disk, seen from the abactinal side.
Fig. 2. Single arm, seen from the abactinal side, with the spines of the limestone network removed.
Fig. 3. Interior view of limestone network.
Firg. 4. Actinal view of the disk and arm, to show the narrow ambulacral plates, the marginal interambulacral plates, and the adjoining actinal limestone network.
Fig. 5. Inner view of the same, showing the huge spaces left between the pillars forming the marginal
support of the limestone work adjoining the interambulacral plates.
Fig. 6. Portion of half of the arm, to show the arrangement of the ambulacral and interambulacral plates,
seen from the actinal side near the base of the arm-plates forming the median groove on top.
Fig. 7. Profile view of a similar portion of the arm (as Fig. 6) toward the central part of the arm, seen
from the interior of the arm.
All Figures natural size, except Figs. 6 and 7, which are somewhat magnified.
This is often a very brilliantly colored species. Brandt has separated as species the extreme variations in color. The
most common coloring is a dark orange, passing in some specimens to an almost pure yellow, or in the other direction to
a rich chocolate color. We find also frequently violet as the prevailing tint. The ridges, on the abactinal network, are
invariably of a lighter tint than the ground-color.
PLATE XII.
CROSSASTER PAPPOSUS.
Fig. 1. Seen from the actinal side, with the spines of the interbrachial surface, and of the lower surface
of the arms. (The abactinal surface has been removed.)
Fig. 2. Seen from the actinal side, with the spines removed to show the structure of the plates carrying
the spines along the edge of the arms, round the actinostome, and of the limestone plates strengthening the interbrachial membrane; the limestone network of the inner surface of the abactinal surface
is seen through the opening of the actinostome.
Fig. 3. Fig. 1, seen from the interior (from the abactinal side), showing the portion of the membrane extending as a division'wall between arms, and forming the support as well as the connection between
the actinal and abactinal surfaces; this membrane is often a mere film strengthened with limestone
plates only at its outer and inner extremities, where it connects by more numerous and stronger
plates the two surfaces of the interbrachial space. The plates near the actinostome are frequently
drawn out into a longr comma-shaped support on the abactinal part of the connecting membrane.




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                           133
Fig. 4.  Same as Fig. 2, seen from the abactinal side, to show the network of the abactinal surface and
the projecting knobs forming the support of the clusters of spines of that surface.
Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the median line, seen in profile.
All figures natural size.
The coloring of this species is of all shades, between a brilliant red and a light orange or a dark violet.
PLATE XIIIo
PYCNOPODIA HELIANTHOIDES.
Fig. 1. Portion of disk, seen from abactinal side, with papillae fully expanded (from life).
Fig. 2. Same as Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. 3. Actinal view of central part of the disk, showing the connection of the arms around the central
opening.
Fig. 4. Limestone network of part of the abactinal membrane, with the pillar separating adjoining arms
seen from the interior.
Fig. 5. Profile view of the extremity of one arm.
Fig. 6. Interior view of the arm; the abactinal membrane is removed, showing the mode of connection of
adjoining arms at actinostome, ambulacral vesicles all removed.
Fig. 7. Same as Fig. 6; seen from below, the soft parts all being removed.
Fig. 8. Profile view of Fig. 6o
Fig. 9. Section across Fig. 6.
Fig. 10, 10'l. Profile views of two of the large spines of the abactinal surface.
Fig. 10', 10l/o  The same spines, 10, 10r,, seen from above.
Figs. 1 -5 are natural size; all others slightly enlarged.
The color of the abactinal surface varies greatly in this species, from a brilliant carmine to yellow, violet, or bright
vermilion, with the intermediate shades of orange.
PLATE XIV.
LINCKIA GUILDINGII.
Fig. 1. Seen from above.
Fig. 1'. Enlarged tip of one of the arms.
Fig. 2. Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. 2'. Magnified portion of arm of Fig. 2.
Fig. 3. Preparation of actinal side, showing the limestone plates after the granulation is removed,
Fig. 3t. Magnified view of opening of actinostome of Fig. 2.
Fig. 4. Preparation of abactinal surface, showing the limestone plates of that surface.
Fig. 4/' Enlarged view of madreporic body.
Fig. 5. Interior view of abactinal surface of one of the arms, showing the small openings left between the
nearly united plates.
Fig. 6. Section across one of the arms, to show the depth of the ambulacral furrow, with its single line of
ambulacral pores.
Linekia is generally of an ashy-violet color, with darker spots scattered over the abactinal surface of the armso
ASTERINA FOLIUM Litk.
Fig. 7. Actinal view prepared to s to shtW the  plates of that surface.
Fig. 7t'  Enlarged viewof plates, forming edge of actinal opening, in Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.   Somewhat enlarged view, natural attitude, with suckers expanded.
Fig. St. Enlarged view of arm, showing ocular tentacle, at base of pointed terminal ambulacral tube.
Fig. 9. Water-tubes of abactinal surface somewhat enlarged.
Figs. 1- 7, natural size; others somewhat enlarged.
The abactinal surface of Asterina is of a pea-green color. The actinal surface is more yellowish. Specimens frequently
occur of a yellow color on both sides.




134                           EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XV.
ASTEROPSIS IMBRICATA.
Fig. 1. Seen from above; in two of the arms the water-tubes of the abactinal surface are represented as
fully expanded, while they are drawn in on the others.
Fig. 1,.  Actinostome with the tentacles drawn in, taken from life; the plates, except the marginal ones,
are all imbedded and hidden in the membrane of the actinal surface.
Fig. 2. Preparation showing the irregular limestone plates and needles of the abactinal surface.
Fig. 3. Portion of abactinal surface, seen from the interior, showing the original reticulation, which is lost
in the exterior view from the abactinal side.
Fig. 4.  Fig. 2, seen from the actinal side, to show the arrangement of the limestone plates.
Fig. 5. Interior view of the actinal floor, showing the broad ambulacral groove, the connection of the
ambulacral plates round the actinostome, and the position of the pillars connecting the actinal and
abactinal surfaces.
Fig. 6.  Same as Fig. 5, seen in profile, to show the interbrachial arches and the great height of the ambulacral plates.
Fig. 7.  Section across the arm near the tip; the ambulacral plates almost touch the abactinal surfaces.
All figures are natural sizes.
On the actinal side Asteropsis is of a brownish color, with yellow edge along the ambulacral furrows. The abactinal
surface is most brilliantly colored with large patches, irregularly arranged, of vermilion, bright green, blue, yellow, with
prominent carmine spots enclosing the areas for the passage of the water-tubes.
PLATE XVI.
PENTACEROS RETICULATUS.
Fig. 1.  Arm and portion of the disk with water-tubes fully expanded and ambulacral tubes extending
beyond the edge of the arms near the tip, seen from the abactinal side.
Fig. 2.  Same as Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side, the two rows of tentacles drawn in and ambulacral
furrow almost closed near the face.
Fig. 3.  Actinostome natural size, with the ambulacral tentacles at base of furrow fully expanded.
Fig. 4.  Actinal view of the lower surface, showing the limestone plates of the margin of furrow supporting the papillae, and the plates covered by the granulation of Firg. 2.
Fig. 5. Interior view showing the ambulacral system, the connection of the ambulacral plates round the
actinostome, the thick abactinal surface with the nearly solid interbrachial limestone arches.
Fig. 6.  Central portion of the abactinal surface of the disk, natural size, showing the massive reticulation
of the surface.
Fig. 7.  Section through the centre of the ambulacral system, seen in profile, with the interambrachial
arches.
Figs. 3 and 6 somewhat enlarged; others, natural size.
The general coloring of this species is yellowish or pinkish brown, sometimes bright carmine. The ridges separating
the spaces for the passage of the water-tubes are a darker shade of the general color. On the actinal edge the plates are
of a darker brown color, while the actinal surface itself is faintly colored gray.
PLATE XVII.
SOLASTER ENDECA.
Fig. 1. Limestone network of the abactinal surface.
Fig. 2. Dried specimen, with spines bordering the ambulacral furrows and covering the actinal surface.
Fig. 3.  Interior view of the actinal floor, showing the narrow furrow  of the ambulacral system, its connection round the actinostomne, the absence of a prominent interbrachial arch separating the central
arm-spaces.




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.                                            135
Fig. 4. Same as Fig. 2, only denuded of spines to show the plates of the actinal surface supporting
them.
Fig. 5. Longitudinal section throurgh the median line of the ambulacral furrow.
All Figures natural size.
This species is generally, on the abactinal side, a dirty orange yellow, passing into red; more yellowish and lighter in
shade on the actinal surface.
PLATE XVIII.
CRIBRELLA SANGUINOLENTA.
Fig. 1.  Seen from the abactinal side, to show the minute spines covering the whole disk and arms.
Fig. 2.  Fi(. 1, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. 3. Enlarged view of spines round the actinostome and base of the arms.
Fig. 4.  Actinal view; specimen denuded of its spines to show the close system of limestone plates forminr the actinal surface.
Fig. 5. Interior view of the abactinal surface, showing its close reticulation.
Fig. 6.  Longitudinal section across the central line of the ambulacral furrow, somewhat enlarged.
Fig. 7. Interior view of the ambulacral system  of one of the arms and its central connection, somewhat
enlarged.
Figures 3, 6, 7 are somewhat enlarged; all others, natural size.
This species varies in color from brilliant orange-yellow to dark purple or dull violet.
PLATE XIX.
ASTROPECTEN ARTICULATUS.
Fig. 1. Dried specimen, from the abactinal side.
Fig. 2. Fig. 1, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. 3.  Abactinal view of denuded specimen.
Fig. 4.  Actinal view of denuded specimen.
Fig. 5. Interior view of actinal floor, showing ambulacral system, the interbrachial arches, the connection
of ambulacra round the actinostome.
Fig. 6. Interior view of the abactinal surface.
oi(., 7.  Actinal region of specimen somewhat larger than Fig. 4.
Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through arm, showing the great thickness of the marginal plates.
All Figures are natural size.
The marginal plates are of a light brown color with darker edges; the abactinal surface of nearly the same shade, somewhat lighter than the plates. The color is sometimes arranged in darker rectangular patches along the edge of the arms
on the abactinal side, The marginal plates are also bright yellow, enclosing a violet abactinal surface.
PLATE XX.
LUIDIA CLATHRATA.
Fig. 1.  Abactinal view from life.
Fig. 2.  Same, seen from the actinal side, showingr the two rows of pointed tentacles.
Fig. 3.  Same view as Fir. 1, denuded specimen.
Fig. 4.  Preparation showing the plates of the actinal surface.
Fig. 5. Interior view of actinal floor, showing ambulacral system and mode of connection round actinal
opening
Fig. 6. Interior view of abactinal surface.
Fig. 7. Actinal view of central part of disk, with tentacles contracted, showing the spines along the edge
of ambulacral furrows and at theirjunction.
Fig. 8. Longitudinal section of arm.




136                            EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 9. Terminal knob of arm seen from above.
Fig. 10.  A terminal knob, seen from the actinal side.
Fig. iI. The same, seen from the end.
Fig. 12. Madreporic body.
All Figures natural size, with the exception of Figs. 9-12, which are somewhat enlarged~
The coloring of this species is quite dull; it has a grayish hue, with large square patches of brown arranged along the
margin of the arms. The color of the abactinal surface is frequently in lines, one in central part of the arms, the others
along their margin. The ambulacral tentacles are yellow.




ERRATA.
On page 6, 13th line from bottom for Bllltschli read Biltschli
6"  66  25, 9th  6"       "6       for pallidus read berylinus
6   66  33, 7th  66       "6       for r1" read r,"'
"66  33, 8th  6"         S"        for r," read r'"'
"   "  58, 5th  66"        6        for or the read for the
66 "  61, 12th  "   from top   for furrows read four rows
46  4"  74, 9th  "         66      for Zeitscrif. read Zeitschrift
"   " 110, 18th'i"       "       for analogous read an analogous
66  66 113, 2d   66       66       for when read where








~%~R~~:_u4 ~ ~' B~F~HE96 P1
1,                                                                                             2..                                                                                        3,                                                                                             ii.]
1.                                                                                              ~.                                                                                      8, ~                                 b,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,,.........~.; -,' ~             ~               ~:4!?!T!~~'....
I                 ---'-'":I: —:'           1~,.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~:i-:~~~~~    i.~ b::~ ii::: ~      ii~;:',?;..I,~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~:. -..:,:f",    i~!i?:W:~ ~i::,!~ I I    -  -,:'!,.  1-:      -.-{i~           I..~'..,;-. 7,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:-i. —'...i! ~!.:~~,. I..~: ~xi~  "!i,-  -.I!,,~-: - 7 7.-:'. v..~: -,::: i!i-.!. -i~'''.... 
-.-,...,c''' —-~~ O-  -
-.:- -.,:-,,'.,.,                 -.!:::.:?i               d;ii?!':;                                                                                                              i~~i::
5.                                                                                                      ~                 I II.                                       ~  I      1.     ~.I                 -      — I.  6... -. - I'.......,       -,.,: I, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'. -:..-I,...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~   ~  ~   ~  -.     -       -  I (:-    - I:.,I::...,   r.-                                                                                                                                                                                         -,'I   ~, I.II'' I'' —        —;.:;.,..,. —-l::Ii::-;:I  -I~ -::~::,:-;:.,-.:~~,I:                                                                                   ~
-',.- -.I:::_,..-.,                                                                      -''
-......... "",.
1_0                                                                                     I.,            -f                                                                            ~ 1I.".P.~,.,"
~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;>.I1'T',Q.,I...             --......  -.    -.
20                                                                                                                        - ~,,. 2i                          ]Z.,'-,,, -, " "~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~Z.?  ~,..~,..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?
i,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.. /I.                                          ~                     ~                     ~1                        2~ —?.-\Q... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~      ~         ~         ~        ~        ~        ~        ~        ~       ~       ~       ~      ~      ~      ~    ~ ~ {t'            ~-'?;':7{!.?~.~..,., - ~ -.~'...I...I.'-..i.~.!~'. —.'.-                                                            7..,AA.,.':'.;t.I,,I:::I:I            J::::'.'
I... ~   -'..'  ~:''',   ~. -~.7,~"', -, I I I    I       ~.-~"'. ~ -,.'. 1~   -— "'~'. ~.I                          ~'.  ~   I...     ~.,,-.,  "'~ "'..,                            I... I      1   I      -...'-.,''    
-~,a                ~              ~             I                        -.      II'?,.~'..1I... Z,...:~, ~,,II.:' ~:;,      I..~1-~ i  -~                                                      -.,I  I.'.            ~.  ~.,,           I      ~      ~,,,,,.1                                  ~,,', -..
20.                                           21.,2,A                        2..I2-I                                                                                                                                              %4% 2',;. " - -,..  i'I                                                                                                -I..        e L.
I.~~7,~                      ~~,  ~.1...I, -1.,..~,
" —,- ~    -.';~'-      ~ ~"'"-   -.'  - -'   ~. -;1.'-C;-I1;..                                                                                                                       1..,...                                          4                ~."A                                                                      I.    -
~~:,',~~~~~.. —- - I ~ ~ ~     ~     ~    ~:-S          —, ~~~~~~~-',,,. -.. ~                                 ~       ~      ~     ~      ~ —
i1"                                     -~.~.~".              A..    ~~~~I..    ~~~~,~~~-~~~~.'~~~.'' —,   -~~~~~~~~~~.',:~~~~~~ -.- ~               ~     ~ ~'.'. "               16                ~~~~~~~~~ I,..!,.'., ~~~~~~~~~~~..'.I~~":...,::. ~ ~,, --,'.     -, -' i. i~, -' I,:':,          ":                        d,,,.'';...'       1:                                                                                                         1~~~~~~~I.             -.     -                 I    ~     I.',,                 ~.~~,                                                                         
ai                                                                                                                                  "'Y ~~.,:::   ~ ~ - m?     -"1:.       I        I.                                ~        -'',~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
~~                                                                         -.6                                          L        _-j —-.,.-'.,  - R,.,,. ~ ~ ~      ~                   ~                  ~                  ~                   ~                  -'.,..~:e. _..,.          -              -.      i'        5 I,If: -".I    I..,,     ~                     ~                    ~.           i          -,                                                                   -'.,..,,.,-                      ~   ~  ~   1.       I.  ~  ~..:'~~  ~w~~...'."'~~ I' ";-I'-.                                                                t.          -~~~~-'.~~.                                                           I.:,.i~~":' -'  "::  -~I...".                                                        A'~,.                                           ~      ~''.                                                                                 _             -








~~ai 3W'IGSI~yI ybasi3   Xq~ajlrrTCb                                                           I   N ~  D CS i
3 
999
W::    ~!'!!1-HZ                                                        i,:':S
il.A-':s~i: l,.;,.AX,;. q' ~ I' A                                                                                                          9
rlT          8I;               ~       ~                                                 ~0  E~'                    9
x.?
IA i  p ra-13 >-                                                                                                 03;:
z;, — -;;                              ol                    Q 6'?' ~;i~$'T.O                                                            ~1                                        ~ "-:O'T'.  
IS r I                                      tV'A<2lili rlR;~~/,Ij'e'' 410',1<e> l~~~~~
o~~~~~~~~~~~~~V








CD ~   ~      ~     -C 
Co~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y
J~~~~~~~~~~~i.........?i~!!~i..~ii!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
K                 Cc)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
CC-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
CDI
00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
4-1~ ~ ~ ~ -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~"                  - o....~'     ":.......
~i1i-'-z'~ t'   ~~''~~~~~"~~..
11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,.2                                                    ~~b.
t.  ii i:!~!.,. ~,.,..








,'i ~         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........
jo~~~~'~ 
i~~~O
~..      ~..,,. ~:;:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ie.......~:~::,::~::::!~ii~~~~~~4
~..~ ~.~....s-~.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6.......
~,.~,~,.........::.~....,..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~:..-    ~,,.,~~~~~C:,,...I..:ID",'~                                ~,::
-.00-~~~~~~ii'::?....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
77~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'o -)~q.,.,,                          ~..>..,...... -. ~'i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~el
"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~








:5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`k -ISI                                                                                                                   a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.  ~~~c`                                                                                                 V,   ~ ~      ~                ~               ~               ~              ~ ~;                                                             ~i;i ~-c
I I
I.                                                                            i                                                   k             ~:,:.
—.  - C'3     1,    -;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"'-'- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~- ~~~~~ 11 In ll.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,~~i,:;                                            ~,.~~ ~ I.,     I..  I 1:  -  ~~-~,,'.1.1. I I.  111...':
I'.                                                                                               ~~~.,-::::II I: —
F-4'    — _.  ~ ~      ~          ~         ~          ~          ~         ~         ~          ~         ~         ~         ~        ~         ~       ~         L
- - -,               ~                                                     -i~-~
~~~~-:~~~::;i   -i......:`b~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-,''.1.16:11 I.1 "'11,,,"'.     -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7.  ", "..'~~~~~~~~'.~~~~~; ~~~-_~~~- ~~~'.":"'~~~~~- 
~~.~ -""" "::l: -'- -   "     " ":,`k.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
~~:-. —;~-'..    -, I I, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" 
~~~~r-;,                             3~.",,i.'t::;                                             "             
-                    ~                                                                                      ~,..:'                                                  1. -~~
-                          -:                                                         ~l:;~,jkll.:P'.  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.__', ""l'_.""_  II,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
-,.     ~      ~       ~      ~      ~     ~:~:~                      Ff;'
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~        ~         ~         ~ ~ ~ ~'
- -.:;vII   
~~-'               ~ZF 








';V  MIT lrIFV  -: _IOIHIK-;TVT:lSyv
I'ro? a o~- ~fa s-ra~ —~ d? pal uud' ~p ~ z;;I~ 86~7~.~~?~                             ~ c~ro~i~  -~rc:;TT~~l-~"'1~I',_
1214
o,,
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~6
g  -;
a   a;I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4id
SL   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U.....T T1.,-.
N. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
2: ~    ~         ~         ~        I - ~. 
n~~~~~      B'   - T<~~
4,45-                     i
SN~~~~~~~  iT
~~  ~~~~       e                 Q:~~LYF(4LF








~~ 71 I:1S ~~~~ 1T ~~~jaS~~~'2'~~\l;'\;'dirLP3?T7iN rT;'J, TNi7'TO-8~   >TAGLYujT
IUOL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
r~~~~~
N,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I'iti~i"-~ i~..~I~?~::~:.''-j.
d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~.'
"Z,
I'MPq. q
~i                                                               ~,: ~'_:
p.'/4:i~:"':i ~:-.~',
B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
CT~~~~~~ 








uo? s 3 ~~~.'ra s~aMT ~V-69 P"?~~~Lt~ri:1' TT  A: i T.lETiKV_,' VH
-T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
Ira
F:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a
lotD
h-':i:(i':......!~!i  ~
aa~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,.l~,,~               ~ c,.?:?I"
e;;r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;,: M
~ -'-""
~..i..~~'"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,a:.,;7~~-,      i?::t::?:?i........,~~~~~~n~~~'   ~$';                                           i~
~'F~'"1.t~~....
~~~~~~~~~~~:,........
~~~~~~'""''~~~~:~~~~?" "; ~' -'~: f!:tc'~~~~~~~








.. ~ C i i.:'        -'.',   ~I-:. ~ ~ i: \ t   ~~  ~'  i.P c: 9- i. ~.'" ~ 
C;                                                                                                                                    IAf~
~........................................................................................................................................................................................
Ki:t
f*K:;    ~                   ta
oF: A.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4:~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4' 
tt%    t   ~~~~~~.i:i                                                 ii~2
t Mk'                                                                                                         3
ge  Ireii~'~" ~~'~"''~. "~~::~
~"i'"tt                               A r'.'"   i
~:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...~:Ai"'i.:~iI:...-';.-..
I,:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
remait                                                                                             (     {,
~~ 8Q                                                                                                                                     %:           ~~~6~,        ~   ft                                                          4,f v~ts4
N~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~\'  >                   k0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0'i~~~~~~~~~~~~~r  I        d ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"SS
~~~~'     ~~~~~~~'.~ ~ ~ ~








A~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~..... V.~ V.:~l:Vliii.::!! "DI Y-:? 
MVt                                                  P- Kttti
*....4.~t$~  i
ita ~          ~          V                          ~~h   i'.55  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V  ~~~~~~~~~~   ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s    -~~~~~~~~~~  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'t  U~~~~~~~~~~~~  t  fj~~~~...'i~
2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:'~i  ~'""''-. ~-~- 5~
~~~~~~~~~81 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~    ~     ~      ~    ~     ~ ~ ~ ~:':"~'%:!!i~!i
+Jbst-QV'KKA... r  vt'  4 "  4        57~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ~:~........
t~:s.                                                                Pt7'-:    a 
ii.4?                                                            ~,N'~ -
-6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
4t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
il~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ il~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~!iig
~iL...  ~:!!i:;:~    
Va.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~ ~.
574                                                                                             ii5
t ~ ~ ~ ~  ~     ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~            iI S::I s-~L5&t                         S
tP!ZA,     zt'0::~~~~::?;i "
jiX.
kii
Viii
~~~~j~4tfJc{::                                                                                     44
Aii:? Ail~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/'~~'~,~..::~::~"~i::i'!
kii
i Yv    Q   s::~~~ 7:  ~7
a~!                                                                     I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~~








N** 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H''
11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
I)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2
5"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -C
h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      L, ~ ~ ~ ~          ~                    ~                    ~~~~~~                                                                                                                                           -'.F:;-_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~' ~~-,_" -:~'~ ~"~, -.. -5, 5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -
I-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ~   ~   ~    ~   ),~~~~~(",C'               C
C"'',~,':~-'
C'>','''                                                        I'.
C"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   C —iy;'~ ~ ~I~I, —"..~,-/,..,~:.;'01-,,
C' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~        ~         ~        ~         ~        ~        ~        ~        ~       ~        ~       ~        ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~1. "'.,~_.~_~:.!";I"_;_"                                                               -








_NORTH- AM~ERICAMN STARFiSHES.                                        Pi. iUx
a'.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i.
1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`.  "'..
\7 n
~~~f    f~~~~.                             4., #"U
Ni~~~~~~~>;;E
0           ~~                               4  ~~~ v
LTT~~~.R    0,~~~~~.                                                                     gjh"X.;~~~g
-1      4t'..~~~~,,,~~~     j1  ff~~~ji   ~~a~~fIA
T",~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
IFT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a'             7
P. 2~~~~~.4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
lc.777~,  7
O..   7.     r.7N. 7'7'.N.>~,
U~ ~~~~.47..                               
~~~J, ~ ~    ~     a
e"  ~7                                                         2  a'p~~~~~~~~~~
K__________________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aab,,
3~1~7~~~~~~~ 7~7~' 7'77,77 7                                                         7~7~L7~yA7~a777&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VC
QFCSATR   APISM








NORTH AMERIOA.  STARFISHES.                                       P1. XII
~          ~'
7pw.
iife
{!.j
til~~~~~~~~~~~~~;ll
al
Z/ ~~~~~~a!                     l
PYONODDIA   IIANTOIES  Stimps








NORT'H  Asmw,:~C:\ A   STARFISUES.                                      P1. )-IV.
W5Q~~~~~~~~~:~ w $7
~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ZX ~ ~ ~     ~    ~     ~    ~    P
e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9
8?.
a~~~~w 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,M~'i!.: 
ia~~~~~~~?:2:;:'::...':,, ~      c~. i..'-'-~ C::::~tubular~~J   V4.
4~ ~
kG'.~?.'...V
I
I~~~~~~~~~~~r.A, _:',,/. -....~.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~{,,~ Y/,'>.:
4Ii:};:"':"
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~~~~~''"
3                  U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lt-.
z ~      ~        - au  ur!!f':.~:ir
17-6 LINOKIA GUILD I:OII Gray.J —9 ASEPRINT YoLIzuM L~ttk
-7;P~~~~~~~~~j
1'....,.   ~'3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~-~~~~~~~i-:~    ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~;~~~~~i~~~~ i~~~~5~~~~~~~
M                                                   P44~~~~p~








VLVxatr l-aRWTII\I   SIG dO_~E1HLSV7
8qnio~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~moIsL I-so',T sV    S',,,~/~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
j-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                      YMY~~~
~''5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T
Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
T~
Aid~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rx,
-— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0V
IT                A~~~~~~
06, I~~~e -~
-I~~~~~~I~~~i3~~~~~                        ~r~~~~~~~ -~~ ~ ~  1,A:ula~~~~~~~V
"i~io Ap
j~~~~iil~ ~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1:::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T'
T'ei~~j~~








NORTH A-zsERAN ST'ARFISZES                                    Ti. XVf.'4
~~44 ~   4
<'"A ~,' *:i.
A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~    ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R~
p'-?...:.:.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4,,......
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
h-"}s.' "'l.'
4:q%, V f-I ~ ~ ~   ~     V:::::I,:::....
PENIAC EROS RETIOUTATUS Link








Ag~~pdCA-,~4 STARFISHES               -P ~1. YYR
NORTH  4YEJr    T4FSS
ip,
444 1 Uk, -n-~~~~~~~~~~~~,  
II~~~~~~~~~~~I
or'
RN,, 
v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7~
"killerd\:*i:~                  ~       ~      ~ ~,~~CSif0~~J'
II 1A~~P~~zt~                                           
- MR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r\S~~~~~s~~:::~
ko"
04-1. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   ~   ~  ~   ~  ~  i    ~     *~.~cd~i~~~~~A
6,~1    ~,
g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
4-Y   Z~~Y:r
OA.104 -q
45"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
van, t - ~ ~   ~       ~      I~








NORTH A~MERICA-    STARfiShES                                           -P. XVIt.
- ~''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I::::"~~'....... elf ~-"'"~ ~:~~ ~.....~,:~~~'8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i: ~        ~       ~~~~~~~~~~'"::~-:i.
i;.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i;.;~:%:.:::
-ea.. V.:.
W,~~~~~~~~~~~:
~~~~~~~~~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~     ~      ~             Bi~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~-;~p:~~~~~~'',,~: i'
~;'~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~..->.i17  li:~,:21e,,'
aI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-O;',
t,.a.~?...',~  ~...
~4i
R..'s                  _o.s
{JRIBRELLA  SAN GUiNOTENT_~; Lq~k,
-~~-~I~ Ik
4A, i`11., i t
~ii~V!           ~i~~ ~it`~-' -1W.~                        ""~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;r~~~e








NORTH  -A-MEP:RCAN, STA'RTISRES~'t?
Ae.  6.                                               A
t,.."-Tr;s                            i                     Lc~ 11  -T-l:   ~ 
~;r ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,'~.
ip
A!,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~&  ~%:;
/ii i~d   l'"::ri,~~~~~~~~~~6~~~~~~,:~:: "~'~ ~ ~~~~~~:::::
EV i                            4I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,
)eve:f-,:.,~,......
~-a:~:i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-io   oe
-;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rbo.~sl
ASRPCE   A%1UAUS~,[T








PI~~~~~~~~~~~~I
U44~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M,~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
2>           A'c-v-n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AR>
A M p k.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
Tn MM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X.
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
















rsunm    ~  gonmparatvtle  EtOog-y,  Cambribge, Wags.
With the compliments of
ALEXANDER A GASSIZZ








AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
VOL. V. No. 2.
REPORT
ON THE
COLLECTED DURING THE EXPLORATION OF THE GULF STREAM  BY L. F. DE POURTALES,
ASSISTANT UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY.
[PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF PROFESSOR BENJAMIN PEIRCE, SUPERINTENDENT U. S. COAST SURVEY.]
BY
GEO. J. ALLMAN, M.D., LL. D., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., COR.M. Z. S. L., F. R. C. S. I.,
PRESIDENT OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
EMERITUS REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH,
ETC.
WITH THIRTY-FOUR PLATES.
CAMBRIDGE:
WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY,
1877.








INTRODUCTORY.
THE collections of Hydroids obtained by Mr. de Pourtales during the exploration of the Gulf Stream between Florida and Cuba, while assistant
of the Coast Survey, were sent to me by Mr. Alexander Agassiz for determination. The collection, which had been put up in spirits and is, for the
most part, in an excellent state of preservation, proves to be a very large
one, and to contain a great number of undescribed species. The determination of the specimens, and the drawing and description of' the new
species, have occupied more time than I had anticipated, and with the
pressure of other avocations have caused more delay than I could have
wished in the publication of the results.
All the enlarged drawings and details of structure have been carefully
made by myself, while most of the drawings representing the natural size
of the hydroid, as well as the completion of some of my sketches and the
drawing of the whole on stone, have been executed by Mr. Hollick; and
I must here bear testimony to the truthfulness of his work and the almost
photographic actuality with which he has reproduced the natural form of
the specimen.
One of the most striking features of the collection consists in the large
number of undescribed species, and the small percentage which can, with
probability, be referred to forms known to exist on the European side
of the Atlantic.
Leaving out of consideration a few specimens whose characters, in consequence of their imperfect preservation, could not be ascertained, the
collection consists of seventy-one species. Sixty-four are here figured and
described for the first time, and none of these have as yet been known to
occur beyond the area to which the exploration was confined. There thus
remain only seven species which, so far as their identification is possible,




2                              INTRODUCTORY.
are already known as European forms.  These are tlelluni invmerstain, Haleciw   nztricahtzrn, Sehtellarella pol&/zonias, Sertularella Gayi, Antemidlaria ramoosa,
Plumulariac ecatarina, and probably Ttiahtlaria inditisa, whose identification is,
in consequence of the absence of all the soft parts, less certain than in the
others.
One of the specimens here described, Ilalecium  capillaris Pourtales, has
been already examined and named (Thoa capillaris) by Mr. de Pourtales
in No. 6, Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. I.  Mr. de Pourtales has also described Tubzlcarifa
crinis, but this has not been received  by me in a condition  sufficiently
perfect to admit of further examination.
The Gymnoblastic genera sufficiently well preserved for satisfactory determination consist of nine species, all new and referable to two genera,
Eudendrium and Bimeria. Species of Tubularia would also seem to exist
in the collection, and one of these, as just said, is probably the Tubiularia
indiv'isa of the European seas; but as in none of the specimens of apparent
Tubularia does anything remain beyond the tubular perisarc, the characters
needed for a reliable determination are entirely wanting.
Several of the specimens referred to Eudendrium  have, on the contrary,
their soft parts well preserved, and leave no doubt of the correctness of
this determination; while others may, with a provisional reservation, be
referred without much hesitation to the same genus. In the little hydroid
referred to Bimeria the soft parts are well preserved both in the trophosome and the gonosome.
Of species referable to Calyptoblastic genera fifty-six are here described
and figured. Of these, fifty-five are now recorded for the first time, while
I have figured one form which occurs also on the eastern side of the Atlantic, and has been elsewhere * described by myself as a variety of Serlularella Gayi.
Of the fifty-five new Calyptoblastic species forty-five belong to the Sertularinae and ten to the Campanularinse.
The collection is especially rich in the Plumularidse; no less than twentyeight out of the seventy-one determinable species belong to this beautiful
family. Of these, twenty-six species are now described for the first time,
the remaining two, so far as it is possible to determine specimens in which
no gonosome is present, are identical with the Anlennzularia ramosa and the
Plulmularia catliharina of the European shores.
* Reports on the Hydroids collected during the Expeditions of HI. M. S. Porcupine, Trans. ZoB1.
Soc., London, February, 1873.




INTRODUCTORY.                                 3
It is thus obvious that the region from which the present collection has
been obtained, and which includes an area between the Florida Reef on
the north and west, and Cuba, the Salt Key, and Bahama Banks on the
south and east, is characterized by a very distinct hydroid fauna, and must
form part of a special province in the geographical distribution of the
Hydroida. How far the same forms will be found to extend beyond the
limits of the exploration must remain for future researches to decide.
The European species which was met with in greatest abundance over
this area is the Serlularella Gctyi, which occurred chiefly in the condition of
the strong irregularly branched variety already referred to.  It was among
the most widely distributed species of the area, and was obtained from no
less than nineteen different dredgings.
Among the specimens of Gymnoblastea the gonosoine is present in a
considerable proportion  of species.   So also  a large proportion  of the
Plumularidoe is provided with the gonosome, and presents some interesting and beautiful modifications of this part of the hydroid colony. From
the other Calyptoblastic forms, however, the gonosome is in almost every
instance absent. The very rare cases in which it is present are from some
of the deepest dredgings made.
Among the new species are many which must be regarded as representatives of new  generic groups.  Indeed, throughout the whole collection we
meet with features many of which are of great interest and significance in
their general bearing on hydroid morphology.
Batlhymetrical Distribuhion. -  With very few exceptions a careful record had
been kept of the depths from  which the specimens had  been dredged.
These depths varied from that of quite shallow water to four hundred and
seventy-one fathoms. The following table will show at a glance the relative
richness in hydroid life of the various depths explored:Species whose                           Species whose
depths have  Depths from which the species have  depths have  Depths from which the species have
been recorded.       been dredged.     been recorded.        been dredged.
10       Between  1 and 10 fathoms.     0        Between 200 and 250 fathoms.
2          "    10 "  20   "            6          "   250 " 300   "
5               20 "  50   "           2           "   300 " 350   "
13          "    50 " 100   "           0           "   350 " 400   "
10          "   100 " 150   "           2           "   400 " 450 
6          "   150 " 200   "            2          "   450 " 500   "




DEFINITIONS OF TERMS.
IN the descriptions of the genera and species I have adopted the terminology which I have used
on other occasions, and these descriptions will perhaps be rendered more intelligible by giving here
definitions of the principal terms employed.
Hydrosoma.  The entire hydroid colony.
Ectoderm.  The more external of the two organized layers of which the body of every hydroid
is composed.
Endoderm.  The more internal of the two organized layers of which the body of every hydroid
is composed.
Perisare.  The unorganized chitinous excretion by which the soft parts are to a greater or less extent invested.
Zooids. The more or less independent products of non-sexual reproduction, forming by their association the hydroid colony.
Trophosome.  The entire assemblage of such zooids as are destined for the nutrition of the colony.
Gonosome.  The entire assemblage of such zooids as are destined for the sexual reproduction of
the colony.
Hydranths.  The proper nutritive zooids, or those which carry the mouth and proper digestive
cavity, and which are almost always set with tentacles.
EHydrotheca.  The cuplike chitinous receptacle which protects the hydranth in the Calyptoblastic
genera.
Intrathecal Ridge. An imperfect septum by which in many Plumularidte the cavity of the hydrotheca
is transversely divided into a distal and a proximal portion.
Hydrophyton. The common basis of the hydrosoma by which its zooids are connected into a
single colony.
Hydrorhiza. The proximal end of the hydrophyton by which the colony fixes itself to other
bodies.
Hydrocaulus.  All that portion of the hydrophyton which intervenes between the hydrorhiza and
the hydranth.  It is polysilzihonic or fascicled when it is composed of several mutually adherent tubes;
lmonosiphonic, when consistino of a single tube. In some species the cavity of its perisarc may be divided
by annular ridges or imperfect septa, - sep/tl ridges. The rachis is that portion of the hydrocaulus along
which in the Plulnularidae the hydrothecae are arranged.
Ccenosarc.  The common organized fleshy portion of the hydrophyton; the living bond by which
the zooids are organically united to one another.
Nematophores.  Peculiar bodies developed in certain genera from definite points of the hydrosoma,
and consisting of a chitinous receptacle with sarcode contents in which thread-cells are usually ilnmerseld. They are eminently characteristic of the family of the Plumularidre. They are suprccctlycinne
when situated one on each side of the orifice of the hydrotheca; mesial when situated on the mesial line
of the hydrotheca or rachis.
Gonophore. The ultimate generative zooid which gives origin directly to the generative elements,
-- ova or spermatozoa.
Gonangium. An external chitinous receptacle within which in the Calyptoblastic genera the gonophores are developed.
Acrocyst.  An external sac which in certain hydroids is formed on the summit of the gonangium,
where it constitutes a receptacle into which the ova are clischarged in order to pass within it through
some of the earlier stages of their development.
Corbula. A basket-shaped receptacle which encloses groups of gonangia in certain plumularian hydroids.
Phylactogonia.  Special branches intended for the protection of the gonangia in certain plumularidans.
Gymnoblastic. The condition of a hydroid when no external protective receptacle (hydrotheca or
gonlanoiuml) invests either nutritive or generative buds.  GYMNOBLASTEA, the name of one of the subor(lers of HYDROIDA.
Calyptoblastic.  The condition of a hydroid when an external protective receptacle (hydrotheca or
gonangium) invests either thle nutritive or generative buds.  CA~LYPTOILASTEA, the name of one of
the suborders of HYDROIDA.




DESCRIPTIONS OF AEW GENERA AND SPECIES.
SUBORDER GYMI NOBLASTEA.
FAMILY EUDENDRIDAR.
GENUS EUDENDRIUM  EHRENBERG (in part).
Eudendrium  eximium.
Pl. 1 Fzgs. 1, 2.
Trophosowze.  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about six inches, inuch
branched, with the main branches and subordinate ramuli alternate and
distichous; main stem and origin of the principal branches fascicled; ultimate ramuli with nearly obsolete annulation at their origin.  Hydraltlhs
with about twenty tentacula.
Gomosome. - Female sporosacs springing irregularly from  the body of the
hydranth and firom its supporting ramulus.
Dredged from a depth of 43 fathoms off the Florida Reef.
This is a fine species, rendered conspicuous by its size and by its profuse
ramification.  All the branches, both the primary ones and the subordinate
ramtuli, are in the same plane.  The main stem  is strongly fascicled, and
towards its base acquires a thickness of nearly two lines.
From. E. 1oramostnm of the European coasts the present species differs in
the more extensive fasciculation of its main stem, in the disposition of its
ultimate ramuli, which are not, as in E. -ramvzosum, confined to one side of
their supporting branch, and in the absence of very decided annulation at
the origin of the branches.
All the specimens preserved in the collection are female, and the hydranth
of the sporosac-bearing ramnulus shows no tendency to atrophy.




6                      EUDENDRIIUM  ATTENUATUM.
Eudendrium  exiguum.
Pl. 1 Figs. 3, 4.
Trophosome.  I3lydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, irregularly
branched, fascicled in main stem; principal branches and ultimate ranuli
slender, mostly annulated at their origin. Hydranths with about twenty
tentacula.
Gonzosonze not known.
Dredged from a depth of 98 fathoms off the Florida Reef.
This is a small species; it is strongly fascicled towards the proximal end
of the main stem, but the branches are for the most part monosiphonic, very
slender, and with very thin perisarc.
Eudendrium fruticosum.
P1. II Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosonze. -Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, much
and irregularly branched; main stem and base of principal branches fascicled. Hydranths with about twenty tentacles.
Gonosome. —Male gonophores bithalamic, springing in a verticil of about
ten from the body of the hydranth.  Female gonophores oval, also springing in a verticil from the body of the hydranth.
Dredged off Key Wrest from a depth of 135 fathoms.
This is a strong, confusedly branched form.  The annulation of the perisarc is either altogether obsolete or is at most represented by a few obscure
rings at the origin of the ultimate'branches, or an occasional group of rings
near the middle of their length. The stern is thick and strongly fascicled
below, where it resolves itself into numerous hydrorhizal filaments.
In the hydranths which carried the gonophores there was no tendency to
atrophy in the male, and but little in the female.
The specimen was loaded with small spherical capsules, -probably a
molluscan or annelidan nidus, - which adhered to the stem and branches
in dense clusters.
Eudendrium  attenuatum.
P1. II. Figs. 3, 4.
Troplhosome. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, rot
fascicled, very slender, alternately branched; ultimate ramuli short, given




EUDENDRIUM  GRACILE.                            7
off alternately at short and nearly equal intervals along the stem  and
branches; main branches and ramuli annulated at their origin; stem with
a few annulations here and there.
Gonosorze not known.
Dredged S. S. W. of Tortugas from a depth of 60 fathoms.
The specimen was destitute of both gonosome and hydranths, but its very
slender non-fascicled stem, and short regularly disposed hydranthal ramuli,
afford characters sufficiently diagnostic.  In the absence, however, of hydranths and gonosome, the species is only provisionally referred to Eudendrium.
Eudendrium laxum.
Pl. III.
Trophosonze. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, irregularly branched, not fascicled; ultimate ramuli alternate, rather long, and
with a few annulations at their origin.
Gonosome. - Sporosacs (male) bithalamic, springing in a verticil of about
ten from  the body of the hydranth.
Dredged off Sand Key from a depth of 100 fathoms.
This is a loosely branched, somewhat straggling species, with unusually
long, flexile, hydranth-bearing ramuli.
Imbedded in the coenosarcal walls of the lower end of the hydrocaulus
and in those of the hydrorhiza, there occurred in the specimen clear
spherical bodies of whose nature I am unable to give any satisfactory
account.  They showed no trace of a nucleus, but are too regular to be
mere lacunae. Their real nature can scarcely be determined without an
examination in the recent hydroid.
Eudendrium  gracile.
Pl. IV. Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of upwards of an inch,
slender, fascicled at extreme base, alternately branched; ultimate ramuli
with nearly obsolete annulation at their origin.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged at Double-Headed Shot Key from a depth of from 3 to 4 fathoms.
This is a slender and delicate species. The hydranths were well preserved in the specimen, but no gonosome was present.




8                           BIMERIA HUMILIS.
Eudendrium  tenellum.
PI. IV. Figs. 3, 4.
Trophosonze.   Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about half an inch, very
slender, not fascicled, irregularly branched; branches annulated at their
origin; main stem and branches with groups of two or three annuli at
distant and irregular intervals.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged off Double-Headed Shot Key from a depth of 471 fathoms.
Eudendrianz  tenellum is a minute and very slender form, perhaps the most
slender species as yet referred to the genus Eudendrium.  Its reference to
this genus is probably correct, but as neither hydranths nor gonophores
were present in the specimen, it may possibly have its true place in some
other.
The specimens were obtained along with Serlutlarella amphorifera from the
deepest dredgings made.
Eudendrium  cochleatum.
P1. V. Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosome. -Hydrocaulus attaining a height of between two and three
inches, not fascicled, alternately branched; main branches and ultimate
ramuli with very distinct oblique annulation at their origin, and here and
there with groups of three or four ordinary transverse annuli.
Gonosonze not known.
Dredged off Cape Fear River from a depth of 6 fathoms.
The strongly marked screw-like annulation at the origin of the branches
forms a characteristic feature of this species. Some of the hydranths were
well preserved in the specimen, bltt no gonophores were present.
Attached to it were numerous specimens of a little tube-dwelling crustacean.
FAMILY BIMERIDAI.
GENUS BIMERIA STR. WRIGHT.
Bimeria humilis.
P1. V..Figs. 3, 4.
Trophosome. -- Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about a line and a half,
springing at intervals from a creeping and ramified stolon, sending off




OBELIA MARGINATA.                            9
short, alternate hydranth-bearing ramuli which are marked at their origin
by spiral corrugations, and which, increasing in thickness towards their distal
ends, gradually pass into the piriformn body of the hydranth; perisarce very
opaque. Hydranths large, assuming for the most part a drooping attitude.
Gonosome. - Gonophores (male?) oviform, supported on short spirally
corrugated peduncles, scattered on the hydrocaulus.
Dredged at Tortugas in shallow water.
The massive-looking hydranths and the enlargement of the hydrocaulus
towards their base give a peculiar aspect to this little hydroid. The perisarc, which is very opaque, is apparently continued for some distance over
the tentacles, as ill B. vestita Wright, the only species of the genus hitherto
described. In the condition of the specimens of B. hunilis, however, it was
not possible to make this out satisfactorily.
The massive hydranths and comparatively slight development of the
hydrocaulus distinguish this species from B. vestita.  In both species the
hydranths exhibit a tendency to assume a drooping attitude.
It occurred in considerable profusion, creeping over the surface of a seaweed which it covered with a low but rather dense growth.
SUBORDER CALYPTOBLASTEA.
TRIBE CAMPANULINE.A
FAMILY CAMPANULARIDAE.
GENUS OBELIA PERON & LESUEUR.
Obelia marginata.
P1. VI. Figs. 1, 2..Trophosome. - Stem attaining a height of nine inches, monosiphonic, pinnately branched; pinnae alternate; stem and pinnay gently zigzag, with a
strong short process given off from the salient angle of each geniculation,
and with a joint at the distal side of the process. Hydrothecae supported
on short stout peduncles which rest on the processes of the stem and
pinnas, large, nearly cylindrical, slightly oblique at the inner side of the
base, and with a circular even orifice which is margined by a narrow, more
transparent rim.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged off Logger-Head Key from a depth of 9 fathoms.
2




10                         THYROSCYPHUS.
This is a very large, strong form, rendered striking by its regularly pinnate hydrocaulus, and its large, nearly cylindrical hydrothecae, with perfectly
even orifice margined by a narrow clear band.
Without a knowledge of the gonosome its reference to Obelia must be
regarded as purely provisional.
The beautiful little LLafoMa venusta crept over the stem and pinnaD of one
of the specimens.
Obelia longicyatha.
P. VII. Figs. 4, 5.
Trophosome. -- Hydrocaulus attaining a height of nearly an inch, fascicled
below, alternately branched; main stein annulated for a short distance above
each ramulus; ramuli annulated at their origin; hydrothecal peduncles of
moderate length, more or less annulated.  Hydrothecae narrow, deep, nearly
cylindrical above, and then tapering towards the base; the orifice cut into
about twenty acute, deep, narrow teeth.
Gonosonme not known.
Dredged from a depth of 90 fathoms off the Florida Reef.
The specimens were found attached to Halecizmn macrocephalam.  It is a
delicate species with the hydrothecav very thin and compressible. No gonosome was present, and its reference to Obelia is therefore only provisional.
THYROSCYPHUS ALLMAN nov. get.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Trophosome.-Hydrocaulus divided into internodes,
each internode carrying a hydrotheca.  Hydrotheca  pedunculate; orifice
closed by an operculum which is formed by four converging valves.
Gonosome not known.
The small and definite number (4) of valve-like segments composing the
operculum of the large and strong hydrothecae, combined with the very
definite division of the hydrocaulus into distinct and equal internodes, distinguishes the genus Thyroscyphus from the other operculate genera of the
CampanularidaD. It is highly probable that if we were acquainted with
the gonosome other and still more important characters would be found.




LAOFEA VENUSTA.                  11
Thyroscyphus  ramosus.
P1. VI. Figs. 5, 6.
Trophosome. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, much
and rather irregularly branched.  Hydrothecae alternate, large and deep,
oblique at the inner side of the base, supported each on a short peduncle
which consists of two oblique rings and which springs from the summit of
a short thick process given off from the distal end of the internode; orifice
with a narrow border; opercular valves broadly triangular.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged south of Sand Key from a depth of 10 fathoms.,Tyroscyphus ramnosuts is a large and strong species, rendered striking by
its large valvular and bordered hydrothecae. It contrasts markedly with
the other operculate Canmpanularinva, which are all, so far as is known, small
and delicate forms.
GENUS CAMPANULARIA  LAMAIr CK (in part).
Campanularia macroscypha.
P1. VIII Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosome. -  Peduncles short, rising from  a creeping stolon, marked with
a few distant annulations, and having a discoid internode just below the
hydrotheca.  Hydrothecae  large, cylindrical from  above downwards for the
greater part of their length, and then tapering rapidly to the base; orifice
cut into about twelve conspicuous, rather blunt teeth.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged off Sand Key from a depth of 120 fathoms.
This is a simple creeping species, and though of humble growth is remarkable for the large size of its hydrothecn.
FAMILY LAFOE IDAE LAMOUROUX.
GENUS LAFOEA.*
Lafoba venusta.
P1. VI lFigs. 3, 4.
kTrophosome. —Hydrophyton  minute, creeping.    Hydrothecm  borne on
moderately long, slightly corrugated peduncles, which spring at short in* It is difficult to find characters for the definition of the genus Lafoia. I regard, however, as an
essential character of the genus the absence of any definite floor to the hydrotheca, a character which




12                           LAFOEA  CONVALLARIA.
tervals from the creeping filament, cylindrical, deep, slightly curved in one
aspect, regularly annulated; orifice circular with everted lip.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged along with Obelia marginata at Logger-Head Key from a depth of 9 fathoms.
This elegant little campanularian was found creeping over the branches
of Obelia marginata.
Lafo"a tenellula.
PI. VIII.Figs. 3, 40
Trophosome. -  Hydrothecal very minute, slightly curved, contracted below
into a short thick peduncle, springing at intervals from a creeping tubular
filament.
Gonosomne not known.
Dredged south of Marquesas from a depth of 140 fathoms.
This is a very minute species. The form of the hydrothecte resembles
that of the hydrothectn of L. dumosa, but the whole hydroid is more minute
and delicate. The hydrothecoa are usually marked by rings of elongation
behind the orifice.
Lafoea convallaria.
P1. IX.
Trophosome. -  Stein attaining a height of about an inch, simple, fascicled
below, sending  off simple, non-fascicled, alternate  pinnae.    Hydrothecae
stalked, alternately disposed along the main stem and pinnae, tumid towards
the base and contracted towards the orifice, which is turned towards one side.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged from a depth of 152 fathoms off the Florida Reef.
Lafoea convallaria is a beautiful little hydroid.  Its cornucopia-like hydrothecea on their short stalks, with their regular symmetrical disposition along
the main stem  and pinnae, give to the entire hydrophyton a remarkable and
very elegant aspect.
The form  of the hydrotheca appears to change somewhat by age, for
while in some the distal end is turned only slightly to one side, in others
it possesses in common with the operculate genus Cuspidella. The cavity of the hydrotheca thus passes
uninterruptedly into that of the supporting peduncle, or if the hydrotheca be sessile, into the cavity
of the stem or branch which carries it.  Admitting the correctness of this view, it appears to me
very doubtful whether many of the species referred to Lafoiea are rightly so placed.




CUSPIDELLA PEDUNCULATA.                           13
the orifice is turned quite downwards by a curving of this part of the
hydrotheca.  In many of the hydrothecae annular indications of growth
show themselves just behind the orifice. The peduncles are nearly equal
in length to that of the hydrothecae which they support.
The pinnae of one side are not given off from the middle point of the
interval between two pinnsa of the opposite side, but rather nearer to
one of these than to the other.
The species is probably correctly referred to the genus Lafoea, but in
the absence of all knowledge of the hydranths this determination must be
taken as only provisional.
Lafoea coalescens.
Pl. X.
Trophosome. — Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about half an inch, alternately branched, fascicled below, springing from  a network of tubular filaments.  Hydrothecae  borne on the summit of peduncles which are for the
most part given off from the sides of a common tube to which they become
immediately adnate until within a short distance of their extremities. Hydrothecse very deep, tubular, tapering towards the base, and again slightly
narrowing towards the margin, which is itself slightly everted.
Gonosomne not known.
Dredged south of Marquesas from a depth of 140 fathoms.
The adnate condition of the hydrothecal peduncles gives to this elegant
little hydroid a remarkable character. This must, however, be regarded as
a continuation of the fascicled state of the lower part of the stem. Occasionally hydrothecse occur which are borne on shorter peduncles springing
from  the main stem, but free in their entire course, while there are also
some which are borne on free peduncles springing from the hydrorhiza.
The hydrothecs in every case pass gradually into the supporting peduncle without any basal diaphragm.
GENUS CUSPIDELLA * HINCKS.
Cuspidella pedunculata.
P1. v1III Figs. 5, 6.
Trophosome. — Hydrosoma  very  minute.   Hydrothece  springing  by
* The genus Cuspidella was instituted by Hincks for certain minute operculate Campanularinm which
he separated from Calycella (Campanularia syringia of authors) on the ground of the sessile condition




14                                 OPLORHIZA.
rather long peduncles from  *a creeping  filament, very delicate and filmy,
deep, tapering toward the base, where they gradually pass into the peduncle
without any definite line of demarcation.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged south of Tortugas from a depth of 260 fathoms.
OPLORHIZA  ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER.  T5/oplhosoyme. -  Hydrothecae  tubular, provided with
a floor and having the orifice cut into thin collapsible segments; borne by
peduncles which spring from  a creeping network of tubes.  Hydrorhizal
network carrying peculiar appendages which are in the form of tubular receptacles with an orifice in the summit, and which enclose a granular, fleshy
column, supporting a cluster of thread-cells.
Gonosome not known.
The genus Oplorhiza is nearly  allied  to Lafoeina Sars.   In  Lafo6ina,
however, the hydrotheca  are absolutely sessile on the hydrorhiza, and their
cavity passes directly into that of the hydrorhiza without the intervention
of an infrathecal diaphragm or floor.
The genus Lafoeina was established by Michael Sars for a little Lafoea
like hydroid (Lafoeiiza tenuis) obtained off the Norwegian coast, and essentially  distinguished  from  Lafoea  by  the  presence  of peculiar urticating
appendages which  are borne  by  the  hydrorhiza.*   These appendages in
Lafoeina are long, filiform, and flexuous, while in Oplorhiza they are short
and cup-shaped.  In both genera they remind us strongly of the nematophores of the Plumularidoe. Like these they consist of a chitinous receptacle
with fleshy contents which are probably of a simply sarcodic nature, and in
which thread-cells are immersed. In the species on which the genus Oplorhiza is founded, these contents extend through the proximal part of the
appendage in the form  of a cylindrical column, which towards the summit
becomes enlarged into a bulb in which numerous very long, curved threadcells are imbedded.  A very similar condition exists in Lafoeiwna lenuis.
of the hydrothecea.  A more important character, however, will be found in the absence of any definite floor or basal diaphragm in the hydrotheca. It is the only known operculate form of the Campanulina: in which the cavity of the hydrotheca thus passes uninterruptedly into that of the supporting
tube as in the non-operculate genus Lafoea.  The sessile or pedunculate condition must be regarded
as of merely secondary or specific value.
* G. O. SARS, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hyclroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-selskabet i
Christiania, 1873, p. 119.




HALECIUM  FILICULA.                           1 5
Lafoeina and Oplorhiza afford the only known instances in which organs
resembling true nematophores occur outside of the family of the Plumularida.
Oplorhiza parvula.
P1. VII. Figs. 1-3.
Trophosome. - Hydrosorna very minute, scarcely attaining a line in height.
Hydrotheca  deep, narrowing towards the summit and towards the base;
peduncles with about two rings just below the hydrotheca, and several less
distinct ones at their origin from the hydrorhiza.  Hydrorhizal appendages
very minute, clavate, scattered over the upper side of the hydrorhiza.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged south of Marquesas from a depth of 296 fathoms.
FAMILY HALECIDA.
GENus  HALECIUM  OKEN.
Halecium  filicula.
Pl. XI. Figys. 1 - 4.
rophosome. -— Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about three inches, alternately branched; branches pinnately disposed; internodes rather long; main
stem  and principal branches fascicled, but becoming monosiphonic toward
their distal ends.  Hydrophores* with one or more usually oblique and
irregular annulations at their base, then gradually widening from the most
distal annulation to the summit, where they terminate in a circular and
abruptly everted margin.
Gonosomne not known.
Dredged south of Marquesas from a depth of 140 fathoms.
This species is rendered striking by the graceful trumpet-shaped form of
its hydrophores.  Many of these are provided with a double or even triple
margin, caused by the hydranth in its growth leaving behind it the old
dilated extremity of the hydrophore, and becoming encircled by a new one,
— a common occurrence among the various species of Halecium.
* The genus Halecium is destitute of true hydrotheeus, and the term hydrophore is here used for
the appendages of the stem which take the place of the hydrothec in giving support to the hydranths.




16                     HALECIUM  MACROCEPHALUM.
Just within the everted margin of the hydrophore is the circle of minute
brilliant points which is scarcely ever absent in. any species of Halecium.
Hlalecium  capillare.
Thoa capillaris POURTALES. Bull. M. C. Z., I. No. 6.
P1. XI Figs. 5, 6.
Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus attains a height of about an inch and a half,
slender, irregularly branched, fascicled at the origin of the main stem and
principal branches; internodes rather long.  Hydrophores short, nearly
cylindrical.
Gonosorne not known.
Dredged five miles S. S. W. of Sand Key from a depth of from 90 to 100 fathoms.
This is a small and delicate species. The circle of brilliant points which
in almost every species of Halecium occurs just within the margin of the
hydrophore is not here obvious.
This is one of the specimens examined by Mr. de Pourtales, who has
assigned to it the specific name here adopted.
Halecium  macrocephalum.
P1. XII. Figs. 1- 5.
Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, rigid,
stout, and very irregularly branched in all directions; main stem and
principal branches fascicled, becoming monosiphonic distally; internodes of
moderate length.  Hydrophores suppressed.  Hydranths very large, supported directly on the fixed lateral processes of the stem.
Gonosome. —Gonangia springing from  the sides of the lateral processes
which support the hydranths; female slipper-shaped, with the orifice situated near the middle of one side; male smaller than female, cylindrical,
with truncated summit.
Dredged off Sand Key from a depth of 120 fathoms.
Ialeciumn macrocephalum is remarkable for the suppression of the hydrophore, whose sole representative is found in the narrow membranous lip,
which is here quite sessile on the fixed bracket-like process of the stem.
In some of the specimens the form of the hydranths was well retained.
These were very large, reaching when fully extended the height of about
two internodes of the sterm.




CRYPTOLARIA CONFERTA.                         17
In their slipper-shaped form the female gonangia come very near to those
of H. Beanii.  The orifice, however, in the latter is more exserted than in
the present species.
Halecium macrocephalumn, in the suppression of its hydrophores, and in the
great size of its hydranths, comes very near to H. sessile Nordman. It is,
however, a much stouter form than H. sessile, which, moreover, judging from
the figures and descriptions of that species, has a monosiphonic instead of a
fascicled Stem.
As a rule, the hydranths are relatively large in the various species of
Halecium, and this fact, taken in connection with the absence of a true
hydrotheca, is not without significance.
TRIBE SERTULARIN.E.
FAMILY GRAMMARIDAE.
GENUS CRYPTOLARIA Busy,.
Cryptolaria conferta.
P1. XII. igqs. 6-10.
Trophosonze. — Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, much
and irregularly or subdichotomously branched, fascicled except towards the
terminations of the branches. Hydrothectu adnate for somewhat more than
half their height, and in the fascicled portion of their stem deeply immersed,
then becoming free and arching outwards; adnate portion slightly narrowing
downwards, free portion cylindrical, with circular and entire orifice behind
which the walls are marked by several annular striwe.
Gonosone?
Dredged off Cojima, Cuba, from a depth of 450 fathoms.
Urygptolaria conferta forms crowded entangled tufts. The proximal portions
are strongly fascicled, but towards the extremities the fascicled condition disappears.  Here the whole form of the hydrothecae is frequently visible, but
farther down the greater part of every hydrotheca is immersed and concealed in the fascicled portion.
The hydrotheca where fully seen in the non-fascicled portion of the hydroid is found to have a distinct floor perforated by an offset from the coeno3




18                     CCRYPTOLARIA CONFERTA.
sare of the branch. It is possible that this floor disappears with age, and
that the older hydrothecae, where they are immersed in the fascicled stem,
are without it. In Cryptolaria longiri eca, another species occurring in the present collection, the hydrothecm appear to pass continuously into the tubes of
the hydrocaulus without the intervention of a perforated floor. I have had
no opportunity of examining the nearly allied genus Grammaria, but according to Sars the hydrothecme in this genus form continuous tubes passing uninterruptedly into the tubes of.the fascicled stem and allowing of the entire
retraction of the hydranth from the hydrothecme into the tubes of the stem.
On the branches of the specimen here described there occurred here and
there certain very remarkable bodies, the real nature of which I have not
succeeded in placing beyond doubt. They are of an irregularly fusiform
shape, and at the spots where they occur surround the branch like minute
sponges. A closer examination shows them to consist of a multitude of flaskshaped, apparently chitinous receptacles (Figs. 9, 10), adnate to one another
by their sides, and springing by a narrow base from an irregular network of
tubes which encircles the branch. The distal extremity of each is prolonged
into a free neck-like extension which terminates in an even circular orifice.
Each receptacle gives exit after a time to a single spherical body, which
is retained for a period in an external membranous sac connected by a narrow neck to the orifice of the flask-shaped receptacle (Fig. 9, a, a).
It is scarcely possible not to recognize in these bodies an assemblage of
true hydroid gonangia, each giving origin within it to a single ovum, which
is subsequently expelled from its cavity and lodged in an acrocyst in which
it continues to be for some time retained.
With the exception, indeed, of there being no apparent hydrothecc intercalated among the gonangia, the bodies in question resemble in all
essential points a colony of Coppinia. For, just as in Coppinia, we have
here a colony of mutually adherent gonangia, each containing a sporosac
with a single large ovum, which after a time is carried out and retained
within an acrocyst. The absence of apparent hydrotheca3, however, will
not allow us to make too close a comparison with Coppinia or to regard
these enigmatical bodies as constituting a hydroid colony complete in itself.
Another view, however, suggests itself.  May they not represent the
gonosome of the hydroid with which they are associated? In favor of this
interpretation it may be urged that nothing else which can be regarded
as a gonosome occurs in the specimen, and that if we look upon them as




CRYPTOLARIA LONGITHECA.                         19
merely a parasitic hydroid we should have in these bodies a gonosome
without its correlative trophosome. Further, the tubular base from which
the gonangia spring forms a close irregular plexus which embraces the fascicled stem  of the supporting hydroid, and I believe I have traced a communication between this plexus and the cavities of the outermost tubes of
the stem.
If we admit the reasonableness of this view, we may compare the entire
hydroid to a Coppinia in which the trophosome, instead of consisting of
a number of sessile hydrothecse intercalated amnong the gonangia of the
gonosome, as in the only known species of Coppinia, is further differentiated,
and assumes the form  of a branching hydrocaulus with the hydrothecse
distributed along its length.
I do not wish, however, to lay too much stress on this view. I do not
feel that I have been able to place beyond all doubt the reality of a communication between the tubular base of the incrusting body and the tubes
of the stem, while the fascicled condition of the stem increases the difficulty.
Against its constituting the proper gonosome of the supporting hydroid,
mnay also be urged the facts of its irregular form and of its sometimes extending in such a way as to enmbrace a portion of more than one branch,
exactly as a foreign incrusting growth might do. The question, however,
of its exact relation to its associated hydroid must await for its solution
the examination of recent specimens.
Cryptolaria longitheca.
PI..XIII Figs. 4, 5.
Trophosome.- Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, pinnately but not profusely branched; fasciculation disappearing towards the
ends of the branches. Hydrothecca cylindrical, adnate in the non-fascicled
portion for about half their height, then becoming free and bending outwards; margin circular and even, surrounded by annular strise.
Conzosoe not known.
Dredged off Double-Headed Shot Key from a depth of 315 fathoms.
Cr polaoria longft11eca is a far less profusely branched species than C. coqferla,
and  from  this species it further differs in the pinnate disposition of its
branches and in being a stronger form with larger hydrothecse. The hydrotheca, moreover, where a complete view of them can be obtained, as in




20                        CRYPTOLARIA ELEGANS.
the unfascicled portion of the hydrocaulus, are cylindrical throughout, presenting no diminution of their diameter towards the base as in C. coferta.
They appear also to pass continuously into the tubes of the hydrocaulus,
no distinct floor being apparent in the hydrothecta of any part of the
specimen.
The circular strive which surround the margin of the hydrothecte are here
as in other species most probably indications of successive elongations occurring during the growth of the hydroid.
Cryptolaria abies.
PI. XIII Figys. 1 -3.
Trophosome. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, irregularly branched, with a pinnate disposition of the ultimate ramuli. Hydrothecae, where completely visible, near the ends of the branches where the
fasciculation ceases, flask-shaped, adnate by somewhat more than half their
height, and then bending outwards; margin  circular, even, and without
obvious annular striation.
Gonosome not known.
The hydrothecte of this species are considerably smaller than those of
either CU. eoferla or C. longitheca.  They can be seen, too, in the distal,
non-fascicled portions of the hydrocaulus, where they are fully exposed, to
be of a very different shape from those of the two former species, being here
of an elongated flask-shape, tumid below and gradually narrowing towards
the orifice.  Here also they are plainly provided with a distinct floor, and
in all respects resemble a typical sertularian hydrotheca.  In the fascicled
portion of the stem, where they are in great part immersed and concealed,
their form cannot be satisfactorily determined.*
Cryptolaria elegans.
P1. XIV. Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, delicate,
pinnately and very regularly branched; pinnm alternate fascicled only:at
their base or entirely monosiphonic. Hydrotheeae alternate, tubular, nearly
cylindrical, narrow, adnate for somewhat more than half their height on
the distal portions of the hydrocaulus, with the free part bending outwards
* The label placed with the specimens of this species had become effaced, so that neither their exalct
station in the area explored nor the depth from which they were dredged could be ascertained.




SERTULARELLA CONICA.                           21
at nearly a right angle to the adnate part. Margin circular, even, frequently
surrounded by annular strise.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged from a depth of 152 fathoms off the Florida Reef.
This is a much smaller and more delicate form than any of the other
species of Cryptolaria in the collection, its hydrothecoe having only about
half the diameter of those of C. abies, the species which in this respect
approaches it most nearly.  The fasciculation is not carried to the same
extent as in the other species, for it usually disappears from the pinnae at
a short distance from their origin, and those pinnas which are given off
near the summit of the stem  are generally quite mronosiphonic.
In the monosiphonic portions the hydrothecae are seen to arise from the
sides of a common tube to which they are generally adnate for more than
half their height; they are here provided with a distinct floor, and are
entirely differentiated from the supporting tube.  In the fascicled portion
they are, as in all the other species, deeply immersed and in great part
concealed.
The pinnse are so disposed that those of one side do not arise from the
middle point of the space opposite to the interval between two pinnae of
the opposite side, but from a point quite near to one end of this space.
FAMILY SERTULARIDAE.
GENUS SERTULARELLA GRAY.
Sertularella conica.
PI. XV. Figs. 6, 7.
Trophosonze. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch and a
half, simple or with an occasional short branch, not fascicled.  Hydrothecae
distant, each springing from a point close to the distal end of an internode,
tumid towards the base, much narrowed towards the orifice, slightly marked
with transverse corrugations on its upper side.
Gonosonze not known.
Dredged southwest of Tortugas from a depth of 60 fathoms.
Serhtularella conica is a rather rigid species. It is distinguished from S.
polyzoznias by its nearly simple habit, by the greater distance of the hydrothecae from one another, and by their more conical form, resulting from
their rapid narrowing towards the orifice.




22                        SERTULARELLA GAYT.
Sertularella amphorifera.
Pl. XV. Fzgs. 8-10.
Trophosone. -Hydrocaulus very slender, dichotomously branched; internodes long, attenuated, each carrying a hydrotheca near its distal end.  Hydrothecx nearly cylindrical, deep, adnate to the internode for about their
proximal third, then becoming free and bending outwards; margin with
three teeth, one internal and two lateral.
Gonosoine. - Gonangia springing each from a point near the base of a
hydrotheca; obovate, strongly annulated, rapidly narrowing to its point of'
attachment, and terminating distally in a conical neck, which carries on its
summit a small circular orifice with everted margin.
Dredged off Double-Headed Shot Key from a depth of 471 fathoms.
Serhularella napzorifera is very closely allied to the S. trieuspidalta of Alder.
It is destitute, however, of the two or three oblique annulations which at
intervals give.to the stem  in S. triecspidact  a twisted appearance, while
the disposition of the teeth of the hydrotheca is also different, there being
an anterior but no posterior tooth in Alder's species. Further, the gonangia
of the present species become much more rapidly narrow towards their
point of attachment, a condition which makes them closely resemble in
form  the old Roman amphora.
The specimens in the collection were mere fragments, so that the full size
to which the species grows could not be ascertained. They were obtained
from the deepest dredgings of the exploration.
Sertularella Gayi var. ROBUSTA.
P1. X V. Fiqs. 3- 5.
I have assigned to the well-known species Sertclarella Gayi the hydroid
here figured, which I regard as one of the many variations of that species,
from the typical form of which it differs in its more irregular ramification
and stouter habit. The specimens examined had attained a height of two
or three inches, and sprung from a hydrorhiza composed of a dense towlike mass of fine tubular filaments, formed by the disunion, free extension, and repeated division of the tubes which constitute the fascicled stern.
The valvular apparatus by which the orifice of the hydrotheca is closed
was well seen in some of the specimens, and the four bands by which the
valves are connected with the body of the lhydranth were in some cases
visible (Fig. 4).




SERTULARIA TUMIDA.                             23
These bands, so far as I am  aware, have not been hitherto described.
I have found them  in many other Sertularidans, and they are especially
obvious in young hydrothecm.  They are destitute of fibrillation, and appear
to consist of a cord of protoplasm enclosing nucleus-like bodies, and are
plainly intended to close the valves forming the operculum of the hydrotheca during the retreat of the hydranth.
Specimens of the same variety, but in which the strong, robust habit
was still better marked, were dredged by the " Porcupine," in the eastern
parts of the North Atlantic.*
GENUS SERTULARIA  LINNIEUS (in part).
Sertularia marginata.
P1. XVI Figs. 1, 2.
Trophosome.-Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple;
internodes elongated, attenuated below every pair of hydrothece.  Hydrothecm opposite, deep, tubular, free, and divergent above for about three
fifths of their height, slightly tumid below; orifice entire, with a broad ritm
formed by close strip, which run in a circular direction round the distal
end of the hydrotheca.
Gonosomze not known.
Dredged from a depth of 324 fathoms, off Florida Reef.
The species is remarkable for its distant pairs of long tubular hydrotheca, with the orifice surrounded by a band of delicate circular stria.
The specimen is destitute of gonangia; it is possibly immature, and may
become ramified before attaining its adult condition.
Sertularia tumida.
P1. X VI. Figs. 3, 4.
Troplzosome. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of 4 of an inch simple;
internodes of moderate length, thinning away for some distance below
each pair of hydrothecae. Hydrothecae opposite, short, tumid below, adnate
to the stem for about half their length, and with the distal half free and
diverging at nearly a right angle.
Gonosome not known.
Tortugas, shallow water.
X See Report of the Hydroids collected during the Expeditions of H, M, S. Porcupine, Trans, Zobl. Soc.
London, 1873.




24                        SERTULARIA EXIGUA.
The present species resembles in its general habit Sertularia pumila,
and might, without examination, be mistaken for it. It is, however, distinguished from  that species by its tumid hydrothecae, and by the wide
angle at which their distal portion diverges from the stem; as well as
by the greater length of the internodes and consequent separation of the
pairs of hydrothecee.
No gonangia -were present, and the specimen may not have attained
its full growth.  In some of the hydrothecT the hydranths were fairly
preserved, and the opercular bands were recognizable.
Sertularia tubitheca.
P1. X VI Fig s. 5, 6.
Trophosonze. — Hydrocaulus attaining a height of upwards of an inch,
branched; branches opposite; internodes of moderate length, thinning away
below  every pair of hydrotheca.  Hydrothece long, tubular, cylindrical,
free, and divergent for a little more than their distal half, with the orifice
circular, abruptly but slightly everted, and having close behind it an
annular ridge resembling the margin of a former orifice.
Gonosorne not known.
Dredged from a depth of 16 fathoms at the Tortugas.
Sertularia lubitheca is a small but elegant species.  The double-lipped
condition of the hydrothecae was constant in the specimens examined, and
seems due to the existence of an earlier orifice, to which the present one
has succeeded. It is possible that indications of more than one such earlier
orifice would be found in older specimens.
BSertularia exigua.
PI. XVI. Figs. 7, 8.
Trophosome.  Hydrocaulus minute, simple, attaining the height of about
4 of an inch; internodes very short, not prolonged by an attenuated continuation below the pairs of hydrothecee. Hydrothecse opposite, not tumid
below; fiee and divergent on their distal half, and with the opposed sides
of each pair parallel to one another.
Gonosomne unknown.
Dredged off Cape Fear from a depth of 9 fathoms.
This little Sertularia might be mistaken for S. pGumila; unless, however,




DESMOSCYPHUS.                             25
the specimens are immature, and would have acquired a greater development in their adult state, it is a much smaller form  than S. pnzilma.  Further, in S. ptmniloa the opposed sides of the hydrothece composing each
pair converge fromt above downwards, while in S. exiguta they are parallel.
Sertularia distans.
Pl. XVI: Pigs. 9, 10.
Trophosomne. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple
or with an occasional branch; internodes rather long and prolonged by an
attenuated extension below each pair of hydrothecoa.  Hydrothecs tubular,
with the distal half free and divergent, and the opposed sides of the proximal halves parallel.
Goznosoine not known.
Dredged off Tennessee Reef from a depth of 21 fathoms.
This species bears considerable resemblance to S. pilnila, from  which,
however, it differs in the much greater length of its internodes and consequent distance of its pairs of hydrothecfe.  The orifice of the hydrotheca
is cut off obliquely above and below, so as to present two broad lateral
teeth, and the intervals between these are closed by two thin nmerbranous valves.  Each of these valves is composed of delicate superimposed
laminve, which may be usually seen partially separated from one another, as
thin exfoliating films.
Tile species resembles also S. gracilis Hassall in the length of its internodes, but it is a larger form.
In the absence of gonosome it is impossible to approximate it closer
to any European form.
DESMOSCYPHUS ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER.  Trophoso0me. - Hydrocaulus jointed, each internode
corresponding to one or more pairs of hydrothecm.  Hydrothecm adnate to
one another in pairs, each pair adnate to the side of the hydrocaulus.
Gonosome. - Gonangia simple, borne along the front of the hydrocaulus.
The genus Desmoscyphus was originally constituted for a hydroid from
the New Zealand shores.*  It resembles most of the species of Thuiaria in
the extent to which the hydrothecm are adnate to the hydrocaulus, but it
* Allman on New Genera and Species of Hydroida, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zoiology, Vol. XII.
4




26                    DESMIOSCYPHUS LONGITHECA.
differs from this genus in the fact that the hydrothecm are also adnate
to one another in pairs, and thus brought all to one side of the hydrocaulus; while a still further difference is found in the fact that the internodes may in some cases carry each a single pair of hydrothecx, as in Sertularia.
In the New Zealand species, Desmoscyp}its Buzskii, the main stem is divided
into internodes of variable length, carrying each a variable number of pairs
of hydrothecaa, while the branches are regularly divided into equal internodes
each with one pair of hydrothecae. In the species here described from the
Gulf Stream (D. longilteca), the entire hydrocaulus is regularly divided into
internodes, each carrying a single pair of hydrothece.
Desmoscyphus longitheca.
Pl. XIV. Figs. 3-6.
Tropylosonie. - iHydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, pinnately
branched; pinnm alternate, much contracted at their origin; main stem and
pinnm divided into regular internodes, each internode carrying a single pair
of hydrothece.  Hydrothecme long, tubular, with semicircular orifice, which
is closed by a valve-like lid; along the branches and the greater part of
the main stem adnate to one another in pairs for nearly their entire height,
but becoming free and diverging from one another close to their distal ends;
towards the basal end of the stem  the hydrothecav of each pair receding
from one another and ultimately disposed on two diamnetrically opposite
sides of the internode.
Gonosoime not known.
Key West, shallow water.
Desmoscyphtus longitleca constitutes an interesting transition form by which
the genus Desmoscyphus becomes connected with Sertularia. For while in
D. Buskii the branches alone are divided into equal internodes, each carrying a single pair of hydrothece, the main stem being composed of internodes
of variable length, each with a variable number of hydrotheca, in the present
species both stem and branches possess the Sertularian character of division
into equal internodes, with a single pair of hydrothecex upon each.
Further, in D. lonithleca the hydrothece  composing each pair, where they
approach the base of the main stem, begin to recede from one another, the
separation gradually increasing, until just above the hydrorhiza they are
situated upon opposite sides of their supporting internode exactly as in a




THUIARIA PLUMULIFERA.                         27
true Sertularia; while the resemblance of this part of the hydroid to a Sertularia is further increased by the occurrence of a deep constriction between each internode.
GENUS THUIARIA FLEMING.
Thuiaria distans.
Pt. X VZI.  zigs. 1, 2.
Trohosogme. - Stem attaining a height of about four inches, simple, nonfascicled, sending off alternate pinnse, which extend from its distal end to
within a short distance of the base; pinnve with transverse joints at distant
but uncertain intervals; main stem with an oblique joint just above the
origin of each pinna.  Hydrotheem distant, alternate, borne upon the stem
and pinnoo, to each of which they- are adnate for very nearly their entire
height; short, tubular, slightly enlarging upwards and bending outward,
with a somewhat wavy margin destitute of teeth, and with a narrow, though
distinct border.
Gonosomle not known.
Tortugas, shallow water.
Tlhdaria distans is remarkable for the length of the intervals by which
the hlydrothecm of each side are separated from one another. The internodes of the stem are regular in length, and support each three hydrothecte;
those of the pinnma are irregular in length, and vary in the number of hydrothecm to which they give support.
The coenosarc of the stein is canaliculated.
Thuiaria plumulifera.
PI. XVII;. E'qs. 3-6.
Trophosomne. - Stem  attaining a height of about six inches, slender, flexile,
emitting numerous pinnate branches which are disposed from distance to
distance rather irregularly on all sides of the stem, and which carry the
hydrothecae both upon their axis and pinnae; pinna  alternate, much contracted at their origin. Hydrothece  alternate, deep, adnate for nearly their
entire length; orifice with two strong, broad teeth, beyond which the walls
of the hydrotheca  are continued as a thin, merlbranous, collapsible tube.
Gonosome not known.
Dredged off Cape Fear from a depth of 9 fathoms.




28                     THUIARIA SERTULARIOIDES.
Th/uiarza plumultfera has a good deal of the habit of IHydrallmnalia falcala.
The pinna-bearing branches are regularly divided into equal internodes,
each internode carrying three hydrotheca  and giving off a pinna from
alternate sides just above its proximal end. The pinnoe are much contracted
at their origin, and united to the branch which carries them by a very short,
nearly globular internode.  The joints of the pinnye are at distant and
uncertain intervals.
The hydrothecue at their distal ends are thin and collapsible, so that it
was very difficult to determine the true form of the orifice. In some cases,
however, where the parts were well preserved, it could be seen that the
thin collapsible portion was a tubular prolongation of the walls beyond
the true orifice, which was provided with two strong, broad lateral teeth.
The gonangia had all fallen, but the indications of their attachment
were visible just below many of the hydrothece.
Thuiaria pinnata.
Pl. XV. Figs. 1, 2.
Tioplhosome. -Stem  attaining a height of nearly three inches, sparingly
branched, fascicled below, alternately pinnate; pinne given off at nearly
right angles to the stem, jointed at distant and uncertain intervals.
Hydlrothecoe  borne  both  by  stem  and  pinna, deep  cylindrical with
obscurely 4-toothed margin, adnate to the axis in their whole length.
Gogioso),e not known.
Double-headed Shot Key from a depth of 3 to 4 fathoms.
Thtiaria pinnata is a strong, rather rigid  form, rendered  somewhat
striking by the very open angle at which the pinnae are given off from
the sternm. Some of the hydranths were well preserved in the specimen, and it would appear that they are capable of extending themselves far beyond the orifice of the hydrotheca.
Thuiaria sertularioides.
Pl. XVI. F~is. 11, 12.
Trophosonze. — Hydrocaulus attaining a height of three inches, slender
cylindrical, sending off short, simple branches which spring from the
anterior aspect of the axis.  Hydrotheca  opposite, with the distal half
firee and divergent, gradually narrowing from the base to the orifice,




PLUMULARIA  FILICULA.                                29
which  is obliquely  cut above  and  below   so  as  to  present two  broad
lateral teeth.
Goyioso)nie not known.
In  its opposite  hydrothecm  adnate  to  the  axis  for only  half their
height, and disposed  in  distant pairs, this hydroid has so much  of the
aspect of  a Sertularia  that it might at first sight be  easily  referred
to that genus. The fact, however, that the pairs of hydrothecse are not
separated from one another by a joint removes' it from Sertularia, and
notwithstanding  the  freedom  of the  hydrothccs  for so  considerable  a
portion  of their height, brings it into  the  genus Thuiaria.*
It is a slender form, with a somewhat rigid habit which it would seem
to owe to the non-jointed condition of the axis.
FAMILY PLUMULARID E.
GENUS  PLUMULARIA, LAMARCK (in part).
Plumularia filicula.
Pi. XVI]i ]AIs. 1., 2.
Trophosoze. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, simple
or with an occasional branch close to the root, not fascicled; pinnte alternate, one borne by each internode of the stem, immediately below a joint,
where it is supported on a long process of the internode; proximal internode of the pinne short and destitute of hydrotheca; following internodes
elongate, every alternate one carrying a hydrotheca, the hydrotheca-bearing
internodes slightly longer than the intervening ones.  Hydrothecae  small,
each borne near the middle of its supporting  internode.   Supracalycine
nematophores large; a single nlesial nematophore borne by the hydrothecal
internode at the proximal side of the hydrotheca, two by each of the intervening internodes, and a single one by the short proximal internode.
Gonosome. -  Gonangia  elongate, oval, smooth, narrowed  below  into  a
* I regard the presence of a joint at regular intervals between every two or every two pairs of hydrothecse as an essential character of the true Sertularidans (Sertularia, Sertularella, Diphasia) quite irrespectively of the extent to which the hydrothece are adnate to the hycdrocaulus. In Thuiaria, on the other
hand, the joints occur at distant, and fbr the most part irregular intervals, thus allowing numerous hydrotheem to follow one another without any intervening joint. See Journ. Linn. Soc. Zodlogy, Vol. XII.
p. 267.




30                      PLUMULARIA ATTENUATA.
short peduncle, by which they spring from  the axils of the pinnae, opening on the summit by a wide oblique aperture.
Off Alligator Reef, from a depth of 88 fathoms.
This species grows in tufts, numerous undivided stems springing from
a common base. It is of a rather rigid habit; the pinne are close set;
besides the nernatophores of the pinnoo we find on each internode of the
stem  two large, alternately placed, solitary nematophores, and two pairs
of nematophores which are borne by the lateral process on which the
hydrothecal ramulus is supported.
Plumularia macrotheca.
P1. XVIIIl Figs. 3, 4.
Trophosone. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, simple,
fiscicled, springing from an entangled nmass of fine tubular filaments; pinnm
very slender, alternate, composed each of a succession of long internodes
alternating with short ones, each of the long internodes bearing a hydrotheca.  Hydrothece  deep, tubular, with very slightly everted margin.
Supracalycine nematophores springing each from a short process which projects from  the long internode, just below the margin of the hydrotheca,
one mesial nematophore carried by the same internode at the proximal
side of the hydrotheca, and another on each of the short internodes.
Gonosomne not known.
Off Cojima, Cuba, from a depth of 450 fathoms.
Pitwntlarica  nacerothzeca is remarkable for its long narrow  hydrothecem.
Its very slender pinnoe are rather widely set upon the stem, which is fascicled, and, like other fascicled stems, resolves itself below by the separation
of its component tubes into a loose plexus of hvdrorhizal filaments.
Plumularia attenuata.
P1. X VTII   Figs. 5, 6.
Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus branched, fascicled below; pinnm  alternate,
each arising from a point of the stem close to the distal end of an internode; internodes of pinnao elongated, becoming abruptly slender in the
distal two thirds of their length. Hydrotheca3 small, borne by the thicker
basal portion.
Supracalycine nematophores springing from tooth-like processes which




PLUTMULARIA MEGALOCEPHALA.                       31
flank the hyd(rotheca on each side; mesial nematophores, one at the distal
and one at the proximal side of each hydrotheca.
GoJosonze not known.
Off Boca Grande, from a depth of 105 fathoms.
The abruptly attenuated distal portion of the internodes of the pinnri
is sufficient to distinguish this species.  The internodes of the stem  are
short, and the pinnae are in consequence close set, resembling in this respect
those of P. 2fliczela. In the stem each internode carries two nematophores
which are placed laterally -and alternately, and one pair of nematophores
which is borne by the lateral process.
Plumularia megalocephala.
PI. XIX.?Fiqs. 1, 2.
Trophosone. -Hydrocaulus irregularly branched, not fascicled; pinnse
alternate, each borne close to the distal end of an internode of the stem,
where it is supported on a long stout process of the internode; proximral
internode of pinna short and destitute of hydrotheca; following internodes longer, every alternate one carrying a hydrotheca, and slightly
longer than the others. Hydrotheca small and shallow, each borne near
the middle of its internode, and supporting a very large hydranth.  Besides
the supracalycine pair of nematophores, each hydrotheca-bearing internode
carrying a single mesial nemratophore at the proximal side of the hydrotheca; intervening internode carrying two mesial nematophores, and short
basal internode carrying one.
Gonzosone not known.
Off Alligator Reef, from a depth of 14 fathoms.
The specimens from which the description has been written were imperfect, and the height to which they had attained could not be determined
with certainty, but it was probably about two inches. The internode
intercalated between the hydrotheca-bearing  internodes was sometimes
present, sometimes absent, and was of variable length. The internodes
of the stemn carry two nematophores placed laterally and alternately, and
one or two pairs on its lateral process.
Some of the hydranths in the specimens were sufficiently well preserved
to afford a sketch of their outline. They are of enormous size in comparison with the hydrothecae, into which they could never have been
retracted. The very large pear-shaped body was supported on a slender
stalk, the only part which lay within shelter of the hydrotheca.




32                             HALOPTERPS.
Plumularia geminata.
PI. XX. Figs. 1-4.
Trophosoze. -Stern attaining a height of about one inch, dichotomously
branched; internodes towards the distal extremity of the branch alternately
longer and shorter; each shorter internode carrying near its middle a
hydrotheca, on each side of which springs an ultimate ramulus, also composed of alternately longer and shorter internodes;  each shorter one
carrying a hydrotheca.  Hydrothece  campanulate with slightly everted
margin, free for about its distal half.  Lateral nematophores borne each
on a strong tooth-like process of the internode; noesial nernatophores
carried upon both the hydrothecal and the intervening internodes.
Gonosoe. - Gonangia pyriforln, borne on short two-jointed  peduncles
which spring from  the mesial line immediately below the hydrotheca, the
narrow proximal end of the gona'ngia carrying a nematophore on each
side.
Off Sand Key, from a depth of 120 fathoms.
Plzzilazria ge.eziitla is a very remarkable form; the ultimate ramuli given
off in regular pairs firom the principal branches confer upon it a very
striking aspect.  All these pairs of ramnuli are directed towards one side
of the branch from which they spring. The proximal joint of each hydrotheca-bearing internode in the ultimate ram-uli is very oblique, the distal
one transverse.  This internode carries a single mesial nematophore, which
is situated at the proximal side of the hydrotheca, while each intervening
internode of the ramulus carries three.  In the main branches each hydrotheca-bearing internode carries also a nematophore at the distal side of
the hydrotheca, while four nematophores are borne on every intervening
internode.*
HALOPTERIS ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER.  Trophgoso0]e. - Hydrosoma pinnate plumose; stem
and pinna divided into internodes.  Hydrothecam adnate to side of pinnm,
unilateral. A pair of nematophores flanking the hydrotheca, one on
each side, and adnate to it. Mesial nematophores two (or more), not
adnate to the hydrotheca, fixed, monothalamic, with an oblique aperture
continued into a lateral slito
CGolosorne not known.
* See Addenda, p. 56.




HALOPTERIS CARINATA.                         33
The genus HIalopteris constitutes an intermediate form between Aglaophenia and Plumularia.  To Aglaophenia it shows an  affinity by its
paired nematophores being adnate to the hydrothecae, and by its fixed
monothalamic rnesial nematophores with slit-like aperture.  To Plumularia
it is connected by having more than one azygous nematophore seated
on each internode of the pinnae, and all at a distance from the hydrotheca, by the wide separation of the hydrothecae from  one another, and
by their even margin.
Halopteris carinata.
P1. XIX. Figs. 3- 7.
Trophosome. -Hydrocaulus  attaining  a height of about two inches,
simple, non-fascicled; pinnoe alternate, springing one from each internode
of the stem, near its proximal end; internodes of pinnm separated from
one another by oblique joints, each carrying a hlydrotheca near its middle. Hydrothecm very large, adnate to internode for about two thirds of
their height, and then becoming free, deep, nearly cylindrical in lateral
aspect, infundibuliform  in  front aspect, margin  even, with a slightly
prominent cusp in front, from which a slight keel is continued for some
distance along the front of the hydrotheca.  Lateral nenmatophlores in
the form of a long tubular stalk which springs from  the internode at
a point near its middle, and thence passing obliquely across the side of
the hydrotheca, reaches the margin, where it terminates in a cup-like
dilatation. Mesial nematophores free, fixed by a narrow  base, two on
each internode,  one being just below  the hydrotheca, and one at a
little distance above it.
Gonosome not known.
Off Carysfort Reef, from a depth of 35 fathoms.
This is a remarkable hydroid, rendered striking by its long tubular lateral nematophores, and by the peculiar form  and large size of its hydrothecae. The stem carries between the pinnae longitudinal rows of
short fixed nemnatophores whose oblique aperture is continued into a
lateral slit. Though the mesial nematophores of the pinnem are attached
by a narrow base, they are firmly fixed, thus, along with the nematophores of the stem, contrasting with the movable and easily detached
nernatophores of the true  Plumlularim,  In  this respect, and in their
oblique and slit orifice, they resemble the nematophores of Aglaophenia.
5




34                          ANTENNOPSIS.
GENUS ANTENNULARIA LAMARCK.
Antennularia simplex.
P1. XX~I Pigs. 1, 2.
Trophosome.-Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about three inches,
simple; verticils closely set, each composed of about five ramuli; ramuli
borne each on a stout process from the stem, and composed of long,
nearly equal internodes, every internode carrying a hydrotheca near its
proximal end. Hydrothecme small, campanulate, flanked on each side by
a short tooth-like process from  the internode.  Supracalycine nematophores borne on the tooth-like processes; two mesial nematophores on
each internode, one at the proximal and another at the distal side of
the hydrothecoa; a pair of nematophores borne on the basal process and
single nematophores scattered over the common stem.
Gonosom8ze not known.
Off Alligator Reef, from a depth of 86 fathoms.
The present species comes very near to Antennularia ramosa, from
which, however, it differs in its simple habit, and in  the  position  of
the hydrothecae, which are here situated further towards the proximal
end of each internode.
ANTENNOPSIS ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Trophosomne. - Stem jointed, sending off scattered
jointed ramuli which carry the hydrotheca.  Hydrothecae with entire
margin, unilateral, associated with a pair of movable supracalycine nematophores and with movable azygous nematophores borne along the hydrothecal
side of the ramuli.
Gonosome. - Gonangia not protected by corbulae or other appendages.
The genus Antenllopsis differs from Antennularia, to which it is closely
allied, by the scattered disposition of its ramuli, which in Antennularia
are verticillate.
In all the species of Antennularia which I have examined, the coenosarc is canaliculated in the stem, the hydrosomal cavity being there
represented by a network of intercolnmmnunicating canals. In Antennopsis
hppuris the hydrosomal cavity is of the ordinary simple type, but we do
not yet know enough of the species which may compose the genus
Antennopsis to enable us to regard this as a true generic character.




HIPPURELLA.                              35
Another feature in which Aidtevnopsis hippuris differs from  the species
of Antennularia consists in  the  absence of the tow-like mass of filaments-which forms the hydrorhiza of the various species hitherto referred
to the latter genus, the place of these entangled filaments being here
taken by a small knot of free tubular fibres,
Antennopsis hippuris.
P1. XXIo Figs. 3, 6.
Trophoso0me. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches, springing from a cluster of distinct tubular fibres; stem  simple, non-fascicled,
divided into rather short internodes; ramuli slender, supported each by
a thick process of the rachis which is given off  from  all sides irregularly, every alternate internode of the ramulus supporting a hydrotheca.
Hydrothecme small, cup-shaped.  Hydrothecal internodes carrying besides
the supracalycine nematophores  two mesial nematophores, one at the
proximal and one at the distal side of the  hydrothecae;  intervening
internodes with two mesial nematophores.
Gonosome. -  Gonangia shortly pedunculate, borne singly in  the  axils
of the ramuli; male? elongated oval, with an oblique terminal orifice;
female? slipper-shaped with the distal end curved over to one side,
and with a sub-termlinal orifice.
Off Double-Headed Shot Key, from a depth of 195 fathoms.
Anteznopsis hippuris is a small and rather delicate species.  Like almost
every other hydroid, it is dioecious, and the collection contains specimens
of each sex, which differ from one another considerably in the forma of
the gonangia. The contents of the gonangia were not well enough preserved to enable their nature to be determined, and it is therefore with
hesitation that, guided by  the analogy  of some other forms, I have
regarded the long oval gonangia as male, and the shorter slipper-shaped
ones as female.
HIPPURELLA ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC  CIIARACTER.  Trophosome. -  Hydrocaul us  branched, ultimate
ramuli pinnate on the proximal portion of the branches, but distributed
on all sides towards their distal extremities. Hydrothecal borne on the
ultimate ramuli, unilateral, with entire margin, associated with a pair of




36                          MONOSTAECHAS.
supracalycine nematophores, and with azygous nematophores along the
hydrothecal side of the ramulus.
Gonosonme not known.
The genus Hippurella unites in itself the characters of a Plumularia
and of an Antennularia or Antennopsis. Indeed, the genera Plumularia,
Antennularia, Antennopsis, and Hippurella differ from one another mainly
in the disposition of the ultimate ramuli. The characters thus afforded
have long  been  recognized as of generic value in the separation of
Antennularia from Plumularia, and the application of the same principle
to other forms necessitates the construction of Antennopsis and Hippurella
as legitimate genera.
Hippurella annulata.
PI. XXI. Figs. 7, 8.
Trophosome.-Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about three inches,
springing from  a dense bundle of tubular filaments, fascicled throughout
the main stem, which sends off numerous non-fascicled branches, which
are pinnately disposed below, but given off irregularly towards the distal
end of the hydrocaulus; ultimate ramuli alternate and pinnate towards
the proximal ends of the branches, but towards the distal ends surrounding the branch on all sides, and here either scattered or regularly verticillate; each composed of alternate long and short internodes with intervening groups of very short ring-like internodes, each of the long internodes
carrying a hydrotheca.  Hydrothece deep, thimble-shaped, with slightly
everted margin. Besides the supracalycine pair of nematophores, there
are two mesial nematophores, borne by the ramulus, between every two
hydrotheca?.
Gonosomne not known.
Off Pacific Reef from a depth of 283 fathoms.
The species is rendered striking by the large size and deep thimbleshaped form of its hydrothecae, and by the annulation, at intervals, of its
ultimate ramuli.
MONOSTECHAS ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER.  Trophosome. - Stem branched; hydrothecal ramuli
confined to one side of their supporting branches. Hydrothecm unilateral




MONOST2ECHAS DICHOTOMA.                        37
with entire margin, associated with a pair of supracalycine nematophores,
and with free mesial nemnatophores.
Gonosone. - Gonangia not contained in corbulk, or connected with special
branches.
The unilateral disposition of the hydrothecal or ultimate ramuli on the
main branches is very remarkable, and, being absolutely constant, becomes
a character of generic value.
Monostmechas dichotoma.
P1. XXII. Figs. 1-5.
Trophosone. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch and a half,
pellucid, dichotomously branched; every alternate internode of the hydrothecal ramuli carrying a hydrotheca and separated from the others by a
transverse distal joint, and a very oblique and more strongly marked
proximal one.   Hydrothece  rather large cup-shaped, flanked on each
side by a prominent tooth-like process of the internode.  Supracalycine
nenlatophores borne by the tooth-like processes, one mesial nematophore
borne by the hydrotheca-bearing internode at the proximal side of the
hydrotheca, and two by the intervening internode; numerous neniatophores borne in a single series along the opposed sides of the bifurcating branches.
Gonosomne. - Gonangia pyriform, contracted below into a short stalk, which
springs from a slightly prominent process of the internode, just below the
base of the hydrotheca, and carries a nematophore on each side of it.
Off Pacific Reef, from a depth of 283 fathoms.
The present species closely resembles, in several important characters,
the Pliem7zlaria catlarina of Johnston.  In the form  and position of the
hydrothece, in the internodes and nematophores of the ultimate ramuli,
and in the form and position of the gonangia, the resemblance is so close,
even in minute details, that it is impossible to find in these parts any
characters by which the one hydroid can be distinguished from the other.
It is entirely different, however, with the rantajcation of the species for
which I have here founded the genus MoNOSTECHnAS. This ramification is
of a very remarkable kind, so much so, indeed, that I regard it as affording
a character of generic value. It has not only no resemblance to that of
Pllumuolaria caltharina, but belongs to a type which has no representative
in any other known Plumnularidan.




3 8                      ANTENNELLA GRACILIS.
ANTENELLA ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER. -  YZLophOSo2ze. - Hydrocaulus consisting of simple
stems, which spring from  a congeries of tubular filaments; stems divided
into internodes, destitute of pinne, and directly bearing the hydrothecae.
Hydrothecae with entire margin.  Nematophores free and movable.
Gonosonme not known.
If in a true Plumularia the rachis had never been developed, and the
pinne had thus come to stand immediately on the hydrorhiza, we should
have a form  with the essential characters of Antennella.
Antennella gracilis.
Pl. XXI.  PzgFs. 6, 7.
Tropliosolme. -  Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple
or with an occasional division near its base, springing in dense tufts from
a mass of creeping, tortuous, inosculating, and entangled filaments, divided
into internodes by very oblique joints, and with an intervening obscure horizontal joint, also generally apparent.  Hydrothec~e borne along the hydrocaulus from its distal end to within a short distance of its base, rather large,
cylindrical, deep, with a circular margin, free for about half their height.
Supracalycine nematophores borne each on the extremity of a long hollow
process which flanks the hydrotheca on each side; mesial nematophores
usually four between every two hydrothecse.
Gonzosome not known.
Dredged off Carysfort Reef from a depth of 60 fathoms.
A form nearly allied to the Antennel'a graceilis of the present Report has
been dredged off the British coast by Hincks, who regards it as a variety
of Pli2muclaria cacharina Johnston, and believes it to be identical with the
Anlteunlcaria cyat/fTerct of Dana, and with the Sertularia seceundaria of Cavolini.
That all these belong to the form for which I have constituted the genus
Antennella, there can, I think, be little doubt.
Throughout that section of the Plumularide which is characterized by
its movable nematophores, and of which Plitonuilaria selacea may- be taken
as the type, the modifications of ramification as expressed in the disposition
of the hydrothecal or ultimnate  ramuli admit of being thrown into a series
whose members present a definite relation to one another.
Taking as our point of departure such fortns as Plumuaiaria setacea of




AGLAOPHENIA RAM0OSA.                          39
the European shores or P. filicula, etc. of the present Report, we find that
the hydrothecal ramuli are given off on two opposite sides of the simple or
branching stem from which they spring with a regularly alternate arrangement.  In P. catlari~na the hydrothecal ramuli, instead of being alternate,
are exactly opposite. In P. emwicdtCa, while the points of origin of these
ramuli are opposite to one another, as in P. callharina, the ramuli themselves
are all directed to one side, and thus lie in unilateral pairs along the supporting branch.  In; the genus Monostaechas, as represented by the single
species M. clichotona, the main stem is dichotomously branchedc and every alternate prong of the forks gives off- from  one side only - the hydrothecal
ramuli.  In Antennella the whole of the main stem has disappeared,'and the
hydclrothecal ramuli come to be borne directly on the hydrorhiza.
Again, in Antennularia the hydrothecal ranmuli are disposed in regard.
verticils along the stein. In Antennopsis they also surround the stem,
but instead of being disposed in verticils they are scattered.  What Antennularia is to P. calharina with its opposite. distichous ramuli, Antennopsis is to P. setacea with its alternate distichous ramuli.  Finally, in
Hippurella we  have a transition  between the alternate and  distichous
ramnuli of P. setacea and the scattered raniuli of Antennopsis or verticillate
rainuli of Antennularia; the proximal parts of the branches hiaving their
hydrothecal rammuli disposed as in P. seaceea, while towards the distal
extremity these ramtuli become scattered as- in Antennopsis or verticillate
as in Antennularia.
Each of these modifications is in itself so well marked that it imay be
justly taken as characterizing a distinct specific form, or, in some cases, even
a generic group.  Any one of them, however, may be regarded as an easily
understood derivation fromn others, while all mnay obviously have descended
from a single ancestral form
GENUS AGLAOPHENIA  LAMrOUROUx (in part).
Aglaophenia ramosa.
P 1. XXIII: Figs. 1-4.
5Trophosome. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about six inches, subdichotomously branched, fascicled in main stem and branches, and becoming
monosiphonic only near the distal ends; pinnm given off at an acute angle
from  the anterior aspect of the branches; internodes of rachis with a




40                   AGLAOPHENIA RHYNCHOCARPA.
strongly marked septal rid(ge on a level with the intrathecal ridge, and
with a less distinct one at the base of the supracalycine nematophores.
Hydrothecae deep, with strongly dentate oblique margin, and with the
intrathecal ridge extending obliquely upwards across the entire width of
the  hydrotheca.  Supracalycine  nematophores strong, overtopping  the
hydrotheca; mesial nematophore attaining nearly the level of the margin
of the hydrotheca, and adnate to it for nearly its entire height; cauline
nematophores forming a longitudinal series on front of the stem.
Gomosome not known.
Florida Reef, from a depth of from 2 to 3 fathoms.
This is a tall-growing species, with a loose, somewhat straggling habit.
In the absence of all knowledge of the gonosoine, its reference to Aglaophenia is only provisional.
Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa.
P. XXIII. Pigs. 5- 8.
TrophosomZe. — Hydrocaulus  attaining  a height of about two  inches,
non-fascicled, simple, springing in dense plumose tufts from a network
of tubular fibres; internodes of pinnve divided transversely by three or four
strongly marked imperfect septa.  Hydrothecae incurved in front, margin
deeply dentate with the anterior tooth strong and bifid; intrathecal ridge
well marked, stretching obliquely uplJwards across the entire width of the
hydrotheca.  Supracalycine nematophores slightly overtopping the margin
of the hydrotheca; mesial nematophore adnate for nearly its entire length
to somewhat less than the proximal half of the hydrotheca.
Gonzosone. -  Corbulke  closed, with the rachis continued beyond the distal
end in the form of a beak; leaflets each with a strong process at its base
directed outwards and towards the distal end of the corbula; nematophoral
ridges not rising in prominent crests.
Key West, Triangle Shoal, 3 to 4 fathoms.
This is a very beautiful species, and presents several well-marked characters.  The hydrothece  are rendered striking by their rather prominent
base giving rise to a sinus-like depression of the anterior wall, and by
the bifid anterior  tooth  of the  margin.  It is, however, in the corbula that
the most marked characters are to be found.  The prominent beak-like
distal extension of the rachis forms a striking feature, while the processes




AGLAOPHENIA APOCARPA.                        41
which the leaflets of the corbula give off at their base form a series of
pinnue upon each side of the rachis, very obvious when the corbula is viewed
either from above or below.  These pinnre-like processes carry nematophores along their upper side, and when viewed from below are seen to
send off a somewhat triangular, flat, wing-like expansion from the lower.
The beak-like extension of the rachis carries also on its upper surface
neinatophores which are disposed in two pairs.  The peduncle of the corbula carries a single hydrotheca.
Aglaophenia lophocarpa.
Pi. XXI To Figs. 1-4.
Troplhosomne. -Hvdrocaulus attaining a height of between two and three
inches, simple, not fascicled; pinne alternate, springing from a point near
the distal end of each internode. Hydrothecse deep, somewhat tumid below,
margin slightly everted, with nine equal very distinct teeth; intrathecal
ridge transverse. Supracalycine nematophores slightly overtopping  the
hydrothece; mesial nematophore adnate to within a very short distance
of its summit, and attaining nearly half the height of the hydrothecoe;
cauline nematophores two on each internode of main stem, one close to the
axil of the pinna and the other near the proximal end of the internode.
Gowosoze. - Corbula with about ten pairs of leaflets; leaflets broad,
united into a completely closed corbula, the distal margin of each carrying numerous well-developed denticles, and projecting from the sides of
the corbula in the form  of a pectinated ridge which is continued as a
free serrated crest beyond the roof; a spur-like denticle at the base of
each leaflet; peduncle of corbula carrying a single hydrotheca.
Off Tortugas, from a depth of 68 fathoms.
The corbula of this species, with its pectinated ridges and crests, is a very
beautiful object, and affords a well-marked specific character.
Aglaophenia apocarpa.
Pl. XXI V. FIgs. 5- 9.
Trophosome. — Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about two inches,
simple, not fascicled; pinnae alternate; internodes of pinnae somewhat
bent backwards at their proximal end so as to give rise to a slight
angular bend at the point of junction of every two internodes. Hydrothece deep; margin with about nine deeply cut teeth, slightly everted;
6




42                      AGLAOPlHENIA GRACILIS.
intrathecal ridge transverse.  Supracalycine nematophores stout, slightly
overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nernatophore  attaining nearly half
the height of the hydrotheca, adnate for nearly its  entire length; two
cauline nematophores on each internode of stem, one of which is situated
close to the axil of the pinna, and the other near the distal end of
the internode.
Gonosomze. -  Corbula with about ten pairs of leaflets; leaflets quite free,
narrow, with denticles nearly equally developed on each edge and with
a spur-like denticle at its base; peduncle of corbula carrying a single
hydrothleca.
Off Sand Key, from a depth of 100 fathoms.
In its trophosome this species comes very near to Aglaopfzedint lop/hocalrpa.
It differs from  it, however, in the occurrence of a slight angular bend between every two internodes of the pinnse, and more especially by its open
corbulse.
There can be little doubt that the open condition of the corbule is
not here the result of an immature state of these bodies.  Like a similar
condition of the corbulse of other species, it is of considerable morphological interest as a persistent state of a condition elsewhere transitory.
The nature of the denticles along the edges of the leaflets is very
obvious in this species. They are plainly seen to be nematophores of
the ordinary Aglaophenian type.  Their cavity communicates by an aper-,ture in the base with  the  interior of the  leaflet, and  through  this
aperture their contents become united with the coenosarc of the leaflet.
The coenosare does not uniformly fill the leaflet, but is disposed in the
form  of a loose, irregular network of intercommunicating channels.
Aglaophenia gracilis.
Pl. XXV. Figs. 1-4.
Trophosonze. -IIydrocaulus attaining  a height of about three inches,
sparingly branched, not fascicled; pinnse alternate, springing fromn a point
near the distal end of each internode; internodes of pinna with  two
strong but short septal ridges, one on a level with the short, strong
intrathecal ridge, the other on a level with the base of the  supracalycine nenmatophore.   Hydrothecse  deep, slightly widening  towards  the
orifice, with strongly toothed margin; intrathecal ridge strong and short,




AGLAOPHENIA RIGIDA.                           43
situated  near the  bottom  of the  hydrotheca.  Supracalycine nematophores scarcely overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nematophore adnate
to less than half the height of the hydrotheca, and with a short, free
extremity; cauline nematophores two on front of each internode of the
stem, one of these close to the axil of the pinna, and the other near to
the proximal end of the internode.
Gonosome not known.
Off Carysfort Reef, from a depth of 52 fathoms.
This species comes very near to Aylaophenia rigica in  the  form  of
its hydrothece.  The hydrothecal internodes, however, are longer and
narrower than in that species.  A. rf ida, moreover, is a much more
ramified and a taller form.
Aglaoph enia rigida.
P1. XXV. Fiqs. 5- 9.
Tropitosome. -Hydrocaulus attaining  a height of about nine  inches,
springing from  a mass of tortuous filaments, non-fitscicled, slender, wiry,
much branched towards the distal ends of the sterns; branches given
off from  a point on the  anterior side of the stem, from  which  they
frequently. spring  in  pairs;  pinnm  alternate, springing  from  a point
a little  below  the  distal end  of each  internode; hydrothecal internodes short, each with two short septal ridges.  Hydrothecxo closely set,
deep, slightly widening towards the orifice, and with strongly toothed
margin.  Supracalycine  nemnatophores  slightly overtopping  the  hydrothecta;  mesial nematophore  adnate  to about half the height of the
hydrotheca and terminating in a short, free extremity.
Gonosome.-  Corbulne completely  closed, long, nearly cylindrical, with
about fourteen ridges rising into slightly prominent crests; denticles of
ridges cup-shaped, with the basal one in the form  of a tubular divergent spur.
Off Cape Fear, from a depth of 9 fathoms.
The pinna appear to be easily detached in this species, for most of
the specimens were nearly destitute of them, and presented little more
than a cluster of long, naked, wiry stems.
The ramification is peculiar,  the branches springing from  the anterior
side of the stem, where each is usually accompanied by a second from




44                      AGLAOPHENIA DISTANS.
the same point of origin, the twin branches then directing themlselves
forwards and remaining nearly parallel to one another.
The hydrothece  are so closely set that the summit of each is on a
level with the base of the' next above it.
This species closely resembles the preceding, A. gracilis, of which it
may possibly be regarded as a variety.
Aglaophenia distans.
PI. X X VI. Figs. 1- 8.
Trophosome.- Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about four inches, simple, rooted by an entangled bunch of tubular filaments, fascicled below,
becoming non-fascicled above, and here divided into equal internodes,
each of which carries a pinna on alternate sides; pinnoa distant, attaining the length of nearly an inch.  Hydrotheceo deep, nearly cylindrical
above, narrowed below; margin crenate, with a single long tooth-like process
in front; intrathecal ridge not conspicuous. Supracalycine nematophores
not overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nematophore attaining about a
third of the height of the hydrotheca, to which it is adnate for its entire
length.
Gonosome. —  Corbulae composed of numerous pairs of ribs, which are
quite free fromn one another, each carrying a small hydrotheca near its
origin, and  having  numerous tooth-like nemnatophores along its distal
edge; peduncle of corbula rather long, carrying three hydrothecse.
Dredged off Pacific Reef, from a depth of 283 fathoms.The present species is rendered very distinct by the long tooth-like
process on the front margin of the hydrotheca, and by its remarkable
open corbulke. The form of the hydrotheca is not absolutely constant,
and occasionally there may be seen on the same pinna with the ordinary form others in which the narrowing of the hydrotheca towards
the base is much less marked. (Fig. 4.)
The corbulam, which closely resemble those of Aglaophenia bispinosa, are
in the highest degree instructive, and afford a beautiful example of
morphological transformation.  Like  the  corbulse of other species they
are metamorphosed pinnas, but the change here undergone is of such a
character as to bring  out very distinctly their true morphology.  The
pinna (Fig.) 7, which is here to become a corbula, retains nearly its ordi



AGLAOPHENIA SIGMA.                           45
nary form for some distance from its origin. It is, however, somewhat
more attenuated, while its hydrothecme are slightly smaller than in the
ordinary pinnse.  In the specimens examined these hydrothecse were three
in number, and the first and third internode carried each a small accessory
mesial nematophore (not represented in the figure) at the proximal side of
the principal one. After the third internode the principal transformation
of the pinna suddenly commences and continues to its distal end.
This transformation consists in, the hydrothecse ceasing to be adnate
to the rachis of the pinnoe, and becoming elevated on short stalks while
they become at the same time approximated and thrown alternately to
the right and left, so that the pinna carries now  two  alternate rows
of short processes, each bearing a little cup similar to that of the ordinary hydrotheca except in being somewhat smaller.
With the elevation of the hydrotheca above the level. of the rachis
the supracalycine and mesial nematophores are carried up with it (Fig. 8).
The former (b) retain nearly their ordinary shape and size, but the mesial
nematophore (c) becomes enormously developed, being not only greatly
increased in length, but becoming broad, flattened, and somewhat sabreshaped, while a row of small tubular nernatophores is developed along
the distal edge of each, as well as along the proximal edge of the stalks
(a) which carry them.
It is the  mnesial nernatophores  thus  singularly  transformed  which
mainly constitute the ribs which form  the sides of the corbula.  Between these and the omesial nematophores of the  proximal portion of
the pinna, which remains nearly unaltered, there is no gradual transition,
but it is interesting to note that the internodes of this part of the
pinna differ from  those of the ordinary pinny in carrying a small accessory mresial nematophore, which is repeated and multiplied on the short
stalkls which form the bases of the ribs in the corbula.
The joints, which are very distinct in the proximal portion of the
pinna, become obsolete in the corbula.
Aglaophenia sigma.
Pi. XX VI Figs. 9, 10.
~rop2losone.. —  Hydrocaulus attaining  a height of about six (?) inches,
simple, fascicled almost to the tip; pinnme alternate, with their origin
from the front aspect of the stem. Hydrothecm deep, nearly cylindrical,




46                      AGLAOPHENIA BISPINOSA.
with the margin cut into rather shallow teeth, and with the cavity divided
into a distal and proximal portion by a distinct intrathecal ridge of a
siginoid forml.  Supracalycine nematophores  not overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nematophore adnate to the proximal fourth of the hydrotheca, becoming free only close to its point.
Conosome not known.
Dredged off Alligator Reef, from a depth of 110 fathoms.
The remarkable sigrmoid form of the intrathecal ridge constitutes a
very distinctive character of this species. Another striking feature is
found in the numerous well-marked septal ridges by which  the internodes of the pinnae have their cavity divided into  interconlnunicating
chambers. It is a strong, rather rigid species, and attains a considerable
size; but as the specimen had lost its hydrorhizal extremity, the entire
length attained by it could not be determined with certainty.
In the absence of the gonosome its reference to the genus Aglaophenia is of course only provisional.
Aglaophenia bispinosa.
Pls. XXVIZI  and XXVIII.
Troposo2me.-Steln attaining a height of eight inches, stout, simple,
rising from  an entangled mass of branching tubular filaments, fascicled
below, and presenting from distance to distance knot-like projections;
pinnm alternate, attaining a length of nearly an inch and a half. Hydrothecxe deep, widening upwards; margin with a single, strong tooth-like
process in front, and with short, blunt teeth in the rest of its extent;
intrathecal ridge  not conspicuous.   Supracalycine  nematophores  stout,
not overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nemnatophores two in number,
the distal one adnate to the hydrotheca, along  which it extends for
about one third of the height of the hydrotheca, the proximal one forming
a short, stout spine-like process just below the distal.
Gonosome. -  Corbulm  open, formed by two alternate  or sub-opposite
series of free, rib-like processes, each of which carries near its base at
small hydrothecal cup, and along its distal margin a series of numerous
tooth-like nematophores; the rachis of the corbula continued towards
the common stem  as a long peduncle carrying  about five unchanged
hydrothecae.
Dledged off Alligrator Reef, from a depth of 156 fathoms, and off Tennessee Reef, from a depth
of 2u0 fatlhomis.




AGLAOPHENIA CONSTRICTA.                       47
Ayglaopzezia bispinosa is a beautiful species, and is surpassed in size by
very few  hydroids. The proximal part of the stem  is composed of a
congeries of tubes (P1. XXVII.), which at rather regular intervals become
curiously contorted into knot-like projections, and which, at the extreme
proximal end, become separated from one another, and here form a large
entangled mass of hydrorhizal filaments. Knot-like projections of quite a
similar kind occur in the European Aylaoplhenia myriophylla. Towards its
distal extremity the stein loses its polysiphonic or fascicled condition and
becomes monosiphonic. In the specimens examined the pinnm were borne
along somewhat less than the distal half of the stem.
The hydrothecte are remarkable for the long, strong tooth which
projects from  the front of the margin; but a still more remarkable
character is found in the  presence  of a second  mesial nematophore
situated on the internode, just behind the normal one and unconnected
with the hydrotheca. (P1. XXVIII.)
The corbule (Fig. 3) are very beautiful. They closely resemble those of
A. distans, present the same elements in their formation, and, like these,
afford a most instructive illustration of the essential morphology of the
organ.  The peduncle which connects them with the common stem, and
which consists of the proximal portion of the pinna, which, in its terminal portion, becomes transformed into the corbula, is unusually long
(Fig. 4), and consists of five scarcely altered internodes with their hy-.
drothecae; an additional mesial nematophore, however, is developed near
the proximal end of each of these internodes.
Aglaophenia constricta.
PI. XXIX. Figs. 1-4.
Trophosome. - Stem   attaining a height of about eight inches, thick,
fascicled, springing from an entangled mass of wiry filaments, and sending  off numerous, irregularly  disposed, simple  branches, which  carry
alternately disposed pinnze, three pinnae springing from every internode.
Hydrothece with the distal half expanded and separated from the proximal part by a deep constriction; margin with four broad teeth. Supracalycine nematophores slightly  overtopping the margin  of the hydrotheca;  mesial nematophore nearly  equalling in length the  height of
the hydrotheca, to which it is almost entirely adnnte; cauline nemna



4 8                    AGLAOPHENIA PERPUSILLA.
tophores two on the axil of each pinna, and one immediately  below
the pinna in front.
Gonosomze not known.
Off Conch Reef, from a depth of 30 fathoms.
This is a well-marked species.  The expanded summit of the hydrotheca and the deep constriction between this and the proximal portion are striking features. No gonosome was present in the specimens
and it is quite possible that if this were known we should find it
necessary to remove the species from Aglaophenia.
Aglaophenia perpusilla.
P1. XXIX. Figs. 5- 7.
Troplhosone. - Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about one fourth of an
inch; stem  simple, non-fascicled; pinnue alternate, each springing from
the anterior aspect of an internode in the axil of a strong tooth-like process, which carries on its proximal side a fixed nematophore, and just below
which another strong fixed nematophore also springs from the internode.
Hydrothecm  deep, slightly widening  upwards; margin with about nine
strong and deeply cut teeth, the anterior tooth continued into a narrow
keel, which runs down the front of the hydrotheca; intrathecal ridge distinct, horizontal, situated at the junction of the lower and middle third
of the hydrotheca.  Supracalycine nematophores strong, overtopping the
hydrotheca; mesial nemtatophore scarcely reaching' the intrathecal ridge,
adnate as far as its oblique terminal orifice.
Gonosomne not known.
Dredged off the. Quicksands from a depth of 34 fathoms.
Aglaophenia perptusilla is the most minute of all the hitherto described
species of Aglaophenia, and is fulrther rendered very distinct by certain
special characters.  The tooth-like processes given off from  the anterior
side of each internode of the stem  have not been found in any other
Aglaophenia.  These processes appear bifid from the fact of their carrying
in front a strong nematophore, while just below this another similar nematophore is also borne by the internode.  A peculiar feature in the mresial
nernatophore of the hydrotheca consists in the constriction of its cavity
by a process which projects transversely into it from its anterior wall.
The species occurred sparingly, growing over a seaweed. No gonosome




CLADOCARPUS.                            49
had been developed in the specimens obtained, which were possibly examples of young individuals; but though the entire colony might increase
in size with age, it is not probable that older specimens would present
any important change of formn.
In the absence of a gonosome the reference of the species to Agl.Lophenia
is provisional.*
CLADOCARPUS ALLMAN nov. gen.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Zi-ophoso8e. - Hydrosoma pinnate, plumose. Nematophores fixed; supracalycine nematophores one on each side of the
orifice of the hydrotheca; mesial nematophores either adnate to the front
of the hydrotheca or free.
Gonzosomze. - Gonangia not included in corbula, but borne on the sides
or at the base of special protective branches (phylactogonia), which are
appendages of the pinnm.
The genus Cladocarpus was originally defined by me for the reception
of a remarkable Plumularidan obtained in the eastern parts of the North
Atlantic during one of the expeditions of the "1Porcupine." t  Its most
important character is found in the possession of peculiar branching appendages, which are destined to support the gonangia, or in some other
way to afford protection to them. It is convenient to have a special name
for these appendages, and that of "phylactogonium" is suggested by the
function which devolves upon them.
The phylactogonia differ essentially from  the corbula, whether open or
closed, of the Aglaopheniar; for they are not, like corbulva, metamorphosed
pinne, but appendages superadded to the normal pinna3.
In Kirchenpauer's subgenus Macrorynchia the gonangia are also borne
on special appendages, but the pinnae which in Cladocarpus retain their
normal form, and support the phylactogonia, are here suppressed, and are
represented only by short stunted processes destitute of hydrotheca.
The macrorychial Aglaophenive of Kirchenpauer are further distinguished
from Cladocarpus by the form of the mesial nematophores, which are very
long, usually far surpassing the height of the hydrotheco, and which, as
Kirchenpauer first pointed out, are always provided with a lateral as well
as a terminal orifice after they cease to be adnate to the hydrotheca.
@ See Note on p. 56.
t Report ol the Hydroicla collected during the Expeditions of HI. M. S Porcupine, Trans. Zoil.
Soc. Lond., Vol. VIII. Part VIII.
7




50                   CLADOCARPUS DOLICHOTHECA.
To the genus Cladocarpus I must also refer a Plumularidan dredged by
Oscar Sars in the North Atlantic, and described by him under the name
of Aglaophenia biceuspis.*
In the Cladocarpts paradisea of the present Report the gonangia are borne
exclusively on the sides of the phylactogonia; while in C. dolichotleca and in
C. Ventricosus they are borne only on  the main stem, the phylactogonia
arching over them so as to afford them protection in the manner of the
leaflets of a corbula.  In C. formosa of the Porcupine Report, the gonangia
are borne both by the phylactogonia and by the mnain stem.
Cladlocarpus dolichotheca.
Pi. XXX.
Tropl/osome. - Stem attaining a height of about an inch and a half, carrying alternate pinnoe for a short distance from its distal end, and with three
four or very oblique internodes just below the pinnate portion. Hydrothecxe
widely separated from each other, deep, tubular, with the margin carrying
a single long tooth in front, crenate in the rest of its extent; each hydrotheca overarched by the portion of the pinna which intervenes between
it and the next above it; intrathecal ridge obsolete.   Supracalycine nematophores tubular, overtopping the hydrotheca; mesial nematophore not
adnate to the hydrotheca, but springing from a point just below its base,
where it fornms a free tubular spine-like process with a long oblique slit-like
orifice.
Gonosomne. -  Gonangia ovate, with a latero-terminal orifice, borne on the
front of the stern, each one singly, close to the axil of one of the distal five
or six pinny, which become here more or less diminished in length, and
carry each near its origin a dichotomously divided branch (phylactogonium)
which forms three bifurcations, and arches over the front of the stem, and
the gonangium there situated.
Dredged off Pacific Reef from a depth of 283 fathoms.
This is a remarkable and beautiful species. It is rendered very striking
by its deep and widely separated hydrothecae, each overarched by that
portion of the rachis which intervenes between it and the next above it;
the freedom of the mesial nematophore from the hydrotheca is also a wellG. Oscar Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider.. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet
i Christianla, 1873, p. 98, Tab. II., figs. 7 -10.




CLADOCARPUS DOLICHOTHECA.                               51
marked character.  The parts of the rachis to which the backs of the hydrothecae are  applied  are  divided, by  imperfect  septa  (septal ridges), into
numerous very distinct chambers, while a few similar ridges also project
into the cavity of the intervening portion.
Where the stem  ceases to give off phinna, it becomes divided into three
or four internodes by very- oblique joints, so as to assume, for some way
down, the appearance of being twisted, and then continues towards the
hydrorhiza as a simple continuous tube (Fig. 5).  Along nearly the whole of
its course from the termination of the pinnate portion to the base, the stern
carries a longitudinal series of tubular nematophores, which are  situated
at short and equal intervals from  one another, and give to this part of the
hydrosoma a close resemblance to certain blorms of graptolites.*
The phylactogonia, or protective  appendages of the reproductive  capsules, resemble in form  the antlers of a stag.  Their branches are set with
large tubular nematophores.  They arch over the front of the stem, their
branches crossing one another from  opposite sides, and forming a care-like
roof over the gonangia.  They occur only on some of the pinnae, which are
situated close to the distal end of the stem, one springing fiom each pinna
close to its origin.  Though the pinne which carry theri retain their normal
form, they are all more or less shortened, most of them  supporting  only
a single hydrotheca.
It is difficult to form  any well-founded opinion as to the exact homology
of these appendages.  The nature of the changes which have resulted in the
formation of a corbula in certain species of Aglaophenia might  lead us to
suspect that in Clcadocarpfls dolcliotheca the phylactogoniumrl represents the
mesial nematophore of the proximal hydrotheca of its supporting pinna.
The fact, however, that this nematophore is at the same time present in its
normal state renders such an explanation untenable.  The phylactogoniume
probably represents, in a greatly modified condition, the mesiall nematophore
of a hydrotheca, which had itself been totally suppressed.
The sex  of the gonophores could  not be determined in the specimen.
* I have elsewhere (Gymnoblastic Hydroids, p. 176) endeavored to show the probability that the clenticles of graptolites represent the nematophores of the Plumulnarid, the hydrotheca being entirely suppressed; and I have attempted to support this view on both anatomical and embryological grounds. As
the nematophores of the Plumularicld are filled with sarcode capable of a rich development of pseudopodia,
the graptolites would by this comparison be brought into close relation with the Rhizopoda. They would
thus represent an ancestral form in which the affinities looked on one side to the Hydroida, and on the
other to the Rhizopoda. No hydranths were developed in them, for the hydroid characters had not yet
gained that ascendency over the rhizopodal which we see in the existing Plumularidae, which, according to
this hypothesis, have inherited their nematophores from the extinct graptolites.




52                     CLADOCARPUS VENTRICOSUS.
Cladocarpus ventricosus.
P1. XXXI.
T5op1h/osogne. - Stem  attaining a height of about an inch and  a half,
not fascicled, simple; pinny alternate, each springing from  a rather long,
lateral process of the stem, somewhat waved.  Hydrothecx distant; front
wall with a depression just below the margin, then greatly inflated;
margin with a long, strong tooth in front, and with shallow crenations
in the rest of its extent; intrathecal ridge strong, transverse, springing
firom  a projection of the posterior wall of the hydrotheca near its fundus, and reaching a point about midway between this tand the anterior
wall. Supracalycine nematophores scarcely overtopping the bydrotheca;
mesial nematophore quite detached from  the  hydrotheca.
Gonosolne. - Phylactogonia springing from  the proximal internodes of
a certain number of the pinnme, which are situated near the distal end
of the stem, twice bifurcating;  gonangia  springing from  the stem  in
groups, each group close to the axil of a pinna, obovate, with the slmmit curved over the termino-lateral orifice.
Dredged off Sand Key from a depth of 100 fathoms.
This is a well-marked form; its singular ventricose hydrothece, and
the complete removal of the mesial nematophore from the hydrotheca, at
once distingutish  it.  In (Yaclocarps8 dolic/ihot/eca the niesial nematophore,
while equally free from  the hydrotheca, originates close to its base, but
in the present species its point of origin is removed much farther back,
and the entire nematophore is adherent to the front of the internode.
The septal ridges of the hydrothecal internodes are very distinct.
Where the stem  towards its proximal end ceases to carry pinnm, it is
provided with two or three very oblique joints, each of which carries a
fixed nematophore, and similar nematophores  are  continued  down the
stem  in a longitudinal series, at short and equal intervals (Fig. 5); here,
again, as in  Cladocarlpts clolic/hoheca, strongly suggesting the disposition of
the denticles in one of the single-sided graptolites. Near the base of the
stern the nematophores may become biserial and opposite.  Cauline nematophores are also situated, one on the axil of each pinna and one on
the stem  in the intervals between  the piTnne.  The sex of the gonangia could not be determined.  The phylactogonium  has a single bifurcation close to its origin, and  one  of its branches again  bifurcates.




CLADOCARPUS PARADISEA.                          53
There are thus  two bifurcations in this species, while in CcadCocarpous dolochotheca there are three.  This difference appears constant.
The branches of the phylactogonia are all provided with well-developed tubular nematophores, which are arranged along each branch in
a single longitudinal series.
Cladocarpus paradlisea.
Pis. XXXII. and XXXIII.
Troplhosorne. -Stem  attaining a height of fourteen inches, irregularly
branched, fascicled, and thick below, gradually losing its fascicled condition, and becoming monosiphonic towards the distal ends of the main
stern and branches; pinnm  alternate, rather distant, attaining a length
of about one inch and a quarter. Hydrotllecx  large, deep, widening upwards; margin with two strong teeth in front; rest of the margin destitute of teeth; intrathecal ridge faintly marked, forming a wTaved line
which stretches across the middle of the hydrotheca. Supracalycine nematophores bracket-shaped, not overtopping the margin of the hydrotheca;
mesial nemnatophore attaining about one third the height of the hydrotheca, to which it is adinate to within a short distance of its extremity.
Gonosowze. -  Gonangia-bearing appendages (phylactogonia) in the form
of pinnately branched offshoots, which spring each from  a pinna of the
trophosome close to its origin, and is set with cup-shaped neinatophores
along its stem and branches; branches of phylactogonia alternate; female
phylactogonium larger than male, and carrying a single gonangium in front
of the axil of each of its branches; male with a cluster of gonangia
at the base of each branch; female gonangia obovate, with  a lateroterminal transversely elongated orifice over which the summit of the
gonangium  bends in the manner of -a hood; male  gonangia  smaller
than female, obovate, with a sub-terminal orifice not arched over by the
summit.
Dredged off Tennessee Reef, from a depth of 174 fathoms, and off Samboes, from 123 fathoms.
Clacdocarpjs paradccsea is a magnificent species.  I take for granted that
the difference presented by the gonosomes in the specimens examined
is  a sexual one,  for there  is no  difference in the  trophosomes; but'
though  I believe  I am  right in regarding the larger gonosome (Pl.
XXXIII. Fig. 3.) as the female, I could not fromn the specimnens determine
this point with certainty.




54                       HALICORNARIA SPECIOSA.
The two strong teeth on the front margin of the hydrotheca are so
situated, that with the slightly everted intervening portion of the margin they give to this part the appearance of the lip of a jug, and constitute a striking character.  The pinnoe arise somewhat froml the anterior
aspect of the stem, and their internodes exhibit four well-marked septal
ridges.
There are usually three or four male gonangia (Fig. 5) in a cluster, and
of these one is always placed in front of the axil between the stem  of
the phylactogonium. and its branch; towards the distal end of the phylactogonium  the clusters are often reduced to a single gonangium.
The branches of the female phylactogonium  carry  two  longitudinal
series of large cup-shaped nematophores.  (Figs. 3, 6.)  These are situated
exactly opposite to one another, one on the front, the other on the back
of the branch, each series extending from  the base to the apex of the
branch, and formed by about three equally distant nematophores.  Along
the stem of the phylactogonium two series of similarly shaped nematophores also occur. These are confined to the front of the steinm, and
are disposed alternately.  There is farther on the back of the phylactogonium  in each axil a somewhat bracket-shaped nematophore.  (Fig. 4.)
In the male (Fig. 5) the phylactogonia as well as the gonangia are much
smaller than in the female. Both stem and branches carry cup-shaped
nematophores as in the female, but in the male these are all confined
to the front.  A bracket-shaped nernatophore is carried on the back of
the phylactogonium  over the axil of each branch, as in the female.
GENUS HALICORNARIA BsIK (modified).*
Halicornaria speciosa.
P1. XXXI V.
Trop/losoene.-Stem  strong, attaining  a, height of about five  inches,
simple, monosiphonic pinnate almost to the base; internodes of stem
each giving off two pinnoe, which are opposite, or nearly so, towards
the base of the stem, but more alternately disposed towards the distal end,
where the internodes become longer and more oblique. Hydrothecae wide;
The genus Halicornaria founded by Busk, who usecl it in a wider sense, is here intended to include
only those Plumularide which, with a trophosome formed on the general type of Aglaophenia, have gonangia which are never included in colrbulse or protected by phylactogonia.




HALICORNARIA SPECIOSA.                         55
margin with wide, rather shallow crenation; intrathecal ridge springing from
the anterior side of the hydrotheca about midway between the margin
and base, and extending transversely to about the middle of its lateral
walls. Supracalycine neinatophores stout, overtopping the margin of the
hydrotheca; mesial nematophore reaching the margin of the hydrotheca,
and adnate to it in nearly its entire length.
Goosome. - Gonangia cylindrical, with a broad, truncated summit, contracted below  into  a short, stout latero-basal peduncle, which springs
from  the front of the stem  close to the origin of a pinna.
Double-Headed Shot Key, from a depth of from 4 to 5 fathoms.
lHalicornaria speciosa is a strong, handsome species.  The pinnae are absolutely lateral, showing no disposition to arise from the anterior aspect
of the stem. The stem is unusually thick for a monosiphonic or nonfascicled form, and each of its internodes carries four nematophores, one
just above and one just below the point of origin of the pinna at each
side.
The gonangia in the specimen are small in proportion to the size
of the trophosome, and are possibly immature.




ADDENDA.
SEE TEXT, PAGE 32.
Plumularia  geminata.
Between  the  present species and  the Platmularia catlariba Johnston  there
is a close  relation.   The  form  of the  hydrotheca, of the  gonangia with
their basal nematophores, and  of the  internodes in  the  ultimate  ramuli, is
very  similar in  the  two  species, while  between  the  same parts in Plunuclaria cathcaria and Monoslcecleas dic/lotoima (see p. 37) a corresponding  identity
of form  will be found.
FOOT-NOTE TO PAGE 49.
I am indebted to Miss Gatty for an opportunity of examining a second species of the same remarkable
form, which may well constitute a subgenus of Aglaophenia. From Aglaophenia perpusilla this differs
chiefly in the width of the keel which runs down the front of the hydrotheca, and in the presence of a
shallow constriction between that portion of the hydrotheca which lies at the proximal side of the
strong intrathecal ridge and that which lies at the distal side. A  decided bithalamic character is
thus given to the hydrotheca. The specimens scarcely surpass A. peTpusilla in size. They are from
the Gulf of Mexico, are attached to Gulf Weed, and are destitute of gonosome. I have assigned to
the species the name of A. late-carinata.




DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE I.
Figs. 1, 2. Eudendrium  eximium.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a colony with female gonophores, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Eudendrium  exiguum.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Portion, magnified.
PLATE  II.
Figs. 1 - 2. Eudendrium fruticosum.
Fig. 1. lNatural size. A cluster of capsular bodies; probably a molluscan or annelidan nidus has become
attached to the stem and branches.
Fig. 2. A portion with hydranths and male gonophores, magnified.
Fig. 2%. A ramulus with hydranth and female gonophores, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Eudendrium  attenuatum.
Fig. 3, Natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion, magnified.
PLATE III.
Figs. 1 - 4. Eudendrium laxum.
Fig. 1, lNatural size.
Fig. 2. A portion with hydranths and male gonophores, magnified.
Fig. 3. A portion of the hydrorhiza magnified, showing the clear spherical bodies in the ccenosarc.
Fig. 4. A portion of the stem with similar bodies, still further magnified.
PLATE IV.
Figs. 1, 2. Eudendrium gracile.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion with hydranths, magnified.
Figs, 3, 4. Eudendrium tenellum.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion, magnified.
PLATE V.
Figs. 1, 2. Eudendrium  cochleatum.
Fig. 1. Natural size. The tubes of a little tubicolous crustacean are seen attached to some of the
branches.
Fig. 2. A portion with hydranths, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Bimeria humils.
Fig. 3. A colony growing over the surface of a seaweed, natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion magnified, with hydranths and male (?) gonophores.




~528           -DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE VI.
Figs 1, 2. Obelia marginata.
Fig. 1. Natural size. Drawn from a small specimen.
Fig. 2. A branch, magnified.  Creeping over it is a colony of LafoEa venusta.
Figs. 3, 4. Lafoea venusta.
Fig. 3. Natural size. It is seen creeping over a branch of Obelia marginata.
Fig. 4. A portion, magnified, creeping over Obelia marginata.
Fig 5, 6. Thyroscyphus ramosus.
Fig. 5. Natural size.
Fig. 6. A portion of a branch, magnified.
PLATE VII.
Figs. 1 -3. Oplorhiza parvula.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a colony, magnified.
(a, a) Hydrorhizal appendages.
Fig. 3.  One of the hydrorhizal appendages, still further magnified.
Figs. 4, 5. Obelia longicyatha.
Fig. 4. Natural size.
Fig. 5. Portion of a colony, magnified.
PLATE VIII.
Figs. 1, 2. Campanularia macroscypha.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a colony, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Lafoea tenellula.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Portion of a colony, magnified.
Figs. 5, 6. Cuspidella pedunculata.
Fig. 5. Natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of a colony, magnified.
PLATE IX.
Figs. 1, 2. Lafoea convallaria.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Distal portion of a colony, magnified.
PLATE X.
Figs. 1, 2. Lafoea coalescens.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. The same, magnified.
PLATE XI.
Figs. 1-4. Halecium filicula.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a pinna with hydranth, magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion of main stem near its distal extremity, carrying hydrophores and a pinna; magnified.
Fig. 4. Distal extremity of a hydrophore with double margin, still further magnified.
Figs. 5, 6. Halecium  capillare.
Fig. 5. Natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of a branch, magnified.




DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.                                        59
PLATE XII.
Figs. 1- 5. Halecium  macrocephalum.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a branch with hydrophores and hydranths, magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion with two hydrophores, still further enlarged.
Fig. 4. An internode carrying a male gonangium.
Fig. 5. An internode with a female gonangium.
Figs. 6 - 10. Cryptolaria conferta.
Fig. 6. An entire colony, natural size.
(a) One of the clusters of flask-shaped bodies associated with it.
Fig. 7. A portion taken from a point near the proximal end where the stem is still fascicled; magnified.
Fig. 8. A portion taken from a point near the distal end where the stem is monosiphonic; magnified.
Fig. 9. A portion of one of the associated clusters of flask-shaped bodies as seen in section, parallel to
the axis of the cryptolaria stem; magnified.
(a, a) Acrocysts (?) into which the contents of the capsule have escaped.
Fig. 10. A portion of the same as seen in section transverse to the axis of the stem.
(a) Flask-shaped capsules with their contents still included.
(b, b) The basal tubes seen in tranverse section and surrounding the larger and thicker-walled
tubes (c, c) which form the fascicled stem of the cryptolaria, and are here also seen
in transverse section.
PLATE XIII.
Figs. 1 - 3. Cryptolaria abies.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a branch taken from a point near its distal end, where it has lost its fascicled condition; magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion of stem with the proximal parts of two branches showing the fascicled condition of the
hydrocaulus; magnified.
4, 5. Cryptolaria longitheca.
Fio. 4. Natural size.
Fig. 5. Portion of a colony, magnified.
PLATE XIV.
Figs. 1, 2. Cryptolaria elegans.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion taken from the distal extremity of the colony, magnified.
Figs. 3-6. Desmoseyphus longitheca.
Fig. 3. Several stems attached to some foreign body, natural size.
Fig. 4. Front aspect of a portion of a colony from a point near the basal end of the stem; magnified.
The lowest hydrothecse have begun to recede from one another.
Fig. 5. Portion of stem viewed laterally, magnified.
Fig. 6. Proximal extremity of stem, magnified.  The hydrothecae of each pair have receded flom one
another, and now occupy opposite sides of the stem.
PLATE XV.
Figs. 1, 2. Thuiaria pinnata.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a pinna with hydranths, magnified.
3-5.  Sertularella Gayi var. robusta.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Portion of a branch with hydrothecas and gonangiuin, magnified. In the uppermost hydrotheca




60                           DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
contractile (?) bands are seen passing from the inner side of the hydrothecal valves to the body of
the hydranth.
Fig. 5. Portion of branch with front view of the hydrothecse; magnified.
Figs. 6, 7. Sertularella conica.
Fig. 6. Natural size.
Fig. 7. Portion magnified.
Figs. 8- 10, Sertularella amphorifera.
Fig. 8. Natural size.
Fig. 9. Portion of a colony with gonangium; magnified.
Fig. 10. Hydrotheca still further enlarged.
PLATE XVI.
Figs. 1, 2. Sertularia marginata.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Distal end of colony, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Sertularia tumida.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion, magnified. In one of the hydrothecse the hydranth and two opercular bands are still
visible.
Figs. 5, 6. Sertularia tubitheca.
Fig. 5. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 6. A portion, magnified.
Figs. 7, 8. Sertularia exigua.
Fig. 7.  Colony growing on a seaweed; natural size.
Fig. 8. A portion, magnified.
Figs. 9, 10. Sertularia distans.
Fig. 9. Natural size.
Fig. 10. A portion, magnified.
Figs. 11, 12. Thuiaria sertularioides.
Fig. 11. Natural size.
Fig. 12. A portion, magnified.
PLATE XVII.
Figs. 1, 2. Thuiaria distans.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion, magnified.
Figs. 3 -6. Thuiaria plumulifera.
Fig. 3. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 4. Portion of a branch with pinnme, magnified.
Fig. 5. Hydrotheca more enlarged, lateral view.
Fig. 6. Same, front view.
PLATE XVIII.
Figs. 1, 2. Plumularia filicula.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion with gonangia, magnified.
Figs. 3, 4. Plumularia macrotheca.
Fig. 3. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion of a pinna, magnified.
Figs. 5, 6. Plumularia attenuata.
Fig. 5. Natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of stem with pinna, magnified.




DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.                                       61
PLATE XIX.
Figs. 1, 2. Plumularia megalocephala.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion of a branch with pinnse, magnified.
Figs. 3- 7. Halopteris carinata.
Fig. 3. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 4. Portion of stem with pinnas, magnified.
Fig. 5. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 6. Same, front view.
Fig. 7. Same, back view.
PLATE XX.
Figs.  1-4. Plumularia geminata.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion, magnified.
Fig. 3. A portion, still further magnified; front and back view of pinnse.
Fig. 4. Lateral view of pinna.
PLATE XXI.
Figs. 1, 2. Antennularia simplex.
Fig. 1.  Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion, magnified.
Figs. 3 - 6. Antennopsis hippuris.
Fig. 3. Natural size.
Fig. 4. A portion, magnified; with male (?) gonangia.
Fig. 5. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified.
Fig. 6. Portion of a colony with female (?) gonangia.
Figs. 7, 8. Hippurella annulata.
Fig. 7. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 8. Portion of a branch with pinnae, magnified.
PLATE XXII.
Figs. 1-5. Monosteechas dichotoma.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion, magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified; front view.
Fig. 4. Same, lateral view.
Fig. 5. Young gonangium.
Figs. 6, 7. Antennella gracilis.
Fig. 6. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 7. One of the pinna-like stemns, magnified.
PLATE XXIII.
Figs. 1-4. Aglaophenia ramosa.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a branch with pinnae, magnified.
Fig. 3. Hydrotheca, still further magnified; front view.
Fig. 4. Same, lateral view.
Figs. 5 -8. Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa.
Fig. 5. An entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of a pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 7. Hydrotheca of same; front view.
Fig. 8. Corbula, magnified.




62                          DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXIV.
Figs. 1-4. Aglaophenia lophocarpa.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 3. Portion of stem with pinnse, magnified; front view,
Fig. 4. Corbula, magnified.
Figs. 5 -9. Aglaophenia apocarpa.
Fig. 5. Natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of a pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 7. Portion of stem with pinne, magnified; front view.
Fig. 8. Corbula, magnified.
Fig. 9. Part of a leaflet of a corbula showing the lateral nematophores; still further magnified.
PLATE XXV.
Figs. 1 -4. Aglaophenia gracilis.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion of a pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 3. Same, front view.
Fig. 4. Portion of stem with pinna, magnified; oblique view of pinna.
Figs. 5 -9. Aglaophenia rigida.
Fig. 5. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 7. Same, front view.
Fig. 8. Corbula, magnified.
Fig. 9. Part of one of the ridges of the corbula, still further magnified.
PLATE XXVI.
Figs. 1- 8. Aglaophenia distans.
Fig. 1, Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion, magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion of the hydrotheca, still further enlarged to show the anterior tooth-like process.
Fig. 4. A hydrotheca differing somewhat in form from the normal hydrothecoe, but associated with these
in the same colony; magnified.
Fig. 5. Orifice of hydrotheca viewed from above.
Fig. 6. Portion of a pinna with two hydrothecem viewed in front; magnified.
Fig. 7. Corbula, magnified.
Fig. 8. One of the leaflets of a corbula, still further magnified.
(a) Peduncle of leaflet.
(b) Supracalarcine nematophores but slightly altered.
(c) Mesial nematophore greatly enlarged and altered in form. The slightly altered hydrotheca
is seen included between the supracalycine  and moesial nebmatophores.
Figs. 9, 10. Aglaophenlia sigma.
Fig. 9. Natural size.
Fig. 10. Portion of a pinna, magnified.
PLATE XXVII.
Figs. 1 - 3. Aglaophenia bispinosa.
Fig. 1. An entire colony, natural size; front view.
Fig. 2. The same, lateral view.
Fig. 3. Distal portion of the stem, magnified.




DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.                                       63
PLATE XXVIII.
Figs. 1-5. Aglaophenia bispinosa.
Fig. 1. Portion of stem and pinna, magnified; front view.
Fig. 2. Portion of pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 3. Corbula, magnified; viewed from above.
Fig. 4. Peduncle of corbula, more magnified.
(a, a) Internodes of peduncle showing the three mesial nematophores borne by each internode.
Fig. 5. Base of proximal rib of corbula, still further magnified.
(a) Supracalycine nematophores slightly altered.
(b) Base of mesial nematophore which has become transformed into a rib of the corbula.
Between a and b is seen the slightly altered hydrotheca with a hydranth still visible
in it.
PLATE XXIX.
Figs. 1- 4.  Aglaophenia constriota.
Fig. 1. A specimen, natural size, with some sponges growing over its stem.
Fig. 2. Portion of stem with the proximal ends of the pinnse; magnified.
Fig. 3. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified; viewed laterally.
Fig. 4. Same, viewed in front.
Figs. 5- 7. Aglaophenia perpusilla.
Fig. 5. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 6. Portion of a pinna, viewed laterally; magnified.
Fig. 7. Portion of stem with the proximal ends of two pinnae, magnified.
PLATE XXX.
Figs. 1-5. Cladocarpus dolichotheca.
Fig. 1. Entire colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Distal end of a colony, magnified.
(a, a) Phylactogonia.
Fig. 3. Portion of a pinna' with hydrotheca, magnified; viewed laterally.
Fig. 4. Same, front view.
Fig. 5. Portion of stem near proximal end, showing nematophords disposed like the denticles of a graptolite.
PLATE XXXI.
Figs. 1 -7.  Cladocarpus ventricosus.
Fig. 1. A colony, natural size.
Fig. 2. Distal end of a colony, magnified.
(a, a) Phylactogonia.
Fig. 3. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified; viewed laterally.
Fig. 4, Same, front view.
Fig. 5. Portion of stem near the proximal end, with a longitudinal series of nematophores; magnified.
Fig. 6. Gonangium, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 7. Same, front view.
PLATE XXXII.
Cladocarpus paradisea; an entire colony, natural size.
PLATE XXXIII.
Figs. 1 -6. Cladocarpus  paradisea.
Fig. 1. Portion of a pinna, magnified; lateral view.
Fig. 2. Portion of stem with proximal end of pinna, not so highly magnified; front view.




64                         DESCRIPTION  OF THE  PLATES.
Fig. 3. Proximal end of a pinna carrying a phylactogonium; magnified.
(a) Pinna.
(b) Phylactogonium with gonangia; female (?); front view.
Fig. 4. Portion of a phylactogonium from a point near its distal end, carrying a single young gonangium;
female (?); back view.
Fig. 50 Portion of a pinna with a phylactogonium, magnified.
(a) Pinna.
(b) Phylactogonium with gonangia; male (?).
Fig. 6. Portion of one of the branches of a phylactogonium with two of its nematophores; still further
magnified.
PLATE XXXIV.
Figs. 1 - 5. Halicornaria speciosa.
Fig. 1. Natural size.
Fig. 2. A portion taken from a point towards the proximal end; magnified.
Fig. 3. Same, from a point near the distal end.
Figo 4. Portion of a pinna, still further magnified; front view.
Fig. 5. Same, lateral view.




ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
PAGE                                              PAGE
Aglaophenia......39    Cladocarpus ventricosus...                                      50,52
Aglaophenia apocarpa                        41    Coppinia.....     18
Aglaophenica bicuspis                       50    Cryptolaria.....   17
Aglaophenia bispinosa                   44, 46    Cryptolaria abies..               20, 21
Aglaophenia constricta.  47    Cryptolaria confertca.   17, 19, 20
Aglaophenia distans                     44, 47    Cryptolaria elegans....                  20
Aglaophenia gracilis                        42    Cryptolaria longitheca. 18,19
Aglaophenia late-carinata.                 56    Cuspidela......                    13
Aglaophenia lophocarpa                   41, 42    Cuspidella pedunculata...   13
Aglaophenia myriophylla                     47    Definition of terms...                    4
Aglaophenia perpusilla                  48, 56    Desmoscyphus...   25
Aglaophenia ramosa.                      39    Desmoscyphus B&skii..     26
Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa                    40    Desmoscyphus longitheca...   26
Aglaophenia rigida.                       43
Aglaophenia sigma                           45    Eudendride...                              5
Antenella..                           38    Eudendrium....                      5
Antenella gracilis                          38    Eudendrium attenuatum..                  6
Antennopsis..                           34    Eudendrium cochleaturn.    8
Antennopsis hippuris.                      35    Eudendrium exiguum.                      6
Antennularia.                             34    Eudendrium eximium.                       5
Antennularia cyathifera                     38    Eudendrium fruticosum..               6
Antennularia ramosa                       2, 34    Eudendrium gracile...    7
Antennularia simplex                        34    Eudendrium laxum...                        7
Eucdendrium ranosun...    5
Bathymetrical distribution                   3    Eudendrium  tenellun...                 8
Bimeria.......                               8
Bimeria  humilis..                       8    Filellum imnmersum..                  2
Bimeria vestita.         9
Bimerid.e                                    8    Grammaride......                     17
GRAPTOLITES...        51, note
Calycella.                               13    Gymnoblastea....                           5
Calyptoblastea..                            9
Campanularia                                11    Halecide......   15
Campanularia macroscypha                    11    Halecium...                                 15
Campanularia syringe                        13    Halecium Beanii...   17
Campanularide.                          9    Ialecium capillare....                 2, 16
Campanulinme                                 9    ilalecium  filicula.....   15
Cladocarpus......                 49    Halecium  macrocephalum..    10, 16
Cladocarpus dolichotheca...    50, 52    Ialecium mtericatwum....    2
Cladocarpus formosa.....                50   Htalecium sessile..... 17
Cladocarpus paradisea....    50, 33    Halicornaria.....   54




66                                      ALPHABETICAL INDBEX.
PAGE                                                        PAGE
Halicornaria speciosa..             54     Plumulacrica setcea..                     38
Hal-opteris......           32     Plumularide..                                  29
Halopteris carinata...                 33     RHIZOPODA..     51, note
Hippurella..                           35
Hippurella annulata.                              36     Sertularella.....        21
llydracllr ania falcata....         28     Sertularella amphorifera.... 8, 22
Sertularella coica....        21
Lafoea.                                              11     Sertularella Gayi.....    2, 3, 22
Lafoea coalescens.                                13     Sertularella Gayi var. robusta.                     22
Lafoea convallaria...   12        Sertidlarella polyzonias.       2, 21
Lafoa dclumosa..                                12     Sertulac ella trictspidcata....                    22
Lafoea tenellula.                                  12     Sertularia....23
Lafoea venusta....  10, 11        Sertularia distans....                 25
Lafoicle......   11        Sertularia exigua....    24
Lcafoei6cn tenzuis                                   14     Sertulacria gracilis..                     25
Sertularia marginata..                       23
Alkacrorynljchia.                  49      Sertularia pitmilc....   24, 25
MIonostaechas..                                    36     Sertularia secudcaria.....   38
Monostsechas dichotoma..            37, 56     Sertularia tubitheca.                                24
Sertularia turnida....           23
Obelia.....9   Sertullarid......    21
Obelia longicyatlta.                10     Sertularine......    17
Obelia maginata...                    9 12
Oplorhiza..                  14     Thoa capillaris.....    2, 16
Oplorhiza parvula...              15     Thuiaria.......    27
Thuiaria distans.....           27
Plumnularia..                     29     Thuiaria pinnata.....    28
Plumnularia attenuata...              30     Thuiaria plulnulifera....         27
PlmenClariac catharia.  2, 37, 38, 56             Thuiaria sertularioides....    28
Plumularia fili(ula..                          29     Thyroscyphus......              10
Plumularia geminata...             32, 39, 56     Thyroscyphus ramosus....    11
Plumnularia mnacrotheca                              30     Tubularia crinis.....             2
Plumularia megalocephala..   31     Tubularia indivisa...      2












ALLMAN, HYDROIDS 0of GULF STREA-F.                                                                       PLATE 1.
K:?j
i:?....'if  f D-/"~~:~:' j::X:i''v:2...:?
\A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,..::?
~~~~~~~~~ 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
K ~  ~       ~      ~;               ~; ii
44          hi
/ucorASHolic wndne.&l                                                  Il c NHSE~rCim
/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/
~'         -:......;-,':..... I;.iY~~~~~~~~~~,
I~ ~  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::/-./'':.-~~~~~.
i:
~/                                 At A
/7                    <
JI  /                                                         4~ 
7   \Y::a
/
K
OK
1                    14 7/
77
~~ I-:~~~~
-~~'
Auto&A~lolc~aY  tPl                                                                              M&NHa hariin








AL - ibuos   OF G~ULF $mvm.:2AF':                                   U''% -  ii i'~   "':, i:~!
11  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/:: 
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "
~i''f//I~~~~~~~~
ii'i  Ai:-/ 1 
I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I
i-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
~r ~        ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~. 9i"k'8,,::::                                    I'i~_::.."-.-;a ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...!
K~~~~~~~
9 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2
Aucdor &FM  Rollick  iSL'ratd41.'_E' FL.i'~i.s~.~~~  i,:








ALL:,J\:_T,.YDROID s OF GCUL' STR:.a<.                                                                                PTF'AYL' L.
j~~~~~~~~~!?;A
t/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I ~ ~     ~         ~         ~        ~        ~        I,,.  i
al:. r -.                     0'  X
":~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:i,/-i, f::0t':y' 
A-c-ir & A F Hofiick, ad net del.                                                                                M  N.Hanla  imp.
~i-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M&1 Ha-hrt:m~








ALLMAN    _:IRm.Om) S e:: UI' GiuvSEIA?.                                                                                                 IBLAE  1,i:.:./ ~;..'[.?~-'  j.:'.:/..,,'  ~.,.~:.,j:.i
r'     -                                                     i..:..:.: [: X!1.'f'~?ii'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii
ff~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..?'':-,:
\,-. g: I'                                                    / 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/:' \ i -''.....-.Ud,';'..:.......   ":
/,(1,',,
i'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~',r:i:''   -..:.>'. t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..; j~,;'"'''i:
3 iY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
~-.j. -                                  ~~:.   /.:..;/,'                                             &.,
1(
i- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~    ~    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~: ~ ~ ~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.:-.;'  ~.-.~:   ---,dA:..., _.~ ~ ~ ~     ~ ~. -fc'0'.~~~~~~ -.....      <,4).,......,~;y,....:~..:...,81~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~/
A~ector &:\N.S-o~ vc,lot~  ad anatb cde.:-l."~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;"~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~  ~.~:~.:;,.:  r








.
.
: -.,:, - " - . -..- -- -...... —'...-.W.-. - - --....::::. I. ..::.1,,.....:. I, I -..,,. - ... I:1   ,,-    - -  -. ".-.. -,  c....,,   10,,..,,,,",,— i ...-.
'....,..k,..!:., _ 1: -.....`I -k.1..I:... I.
I...-.I..
-.. . ..
-.-.-.: -,............:. 1.. . .........-.......,. —. ..
i:i......,ii.-'-'ii'-'.-'....'.-.,-,..-,.,.,-.,.,,,:'::....  1...-: :::,.::::::::::::o.:......
I...........,........... ..... . I........,.,:::-:::::::::-.: -,-,-,,-,-,5 - - ., -........ - -,... -,-.. --.... ...-..:............................... .... ...........II.I.,. -. —-... —.:::.,....i'..'.-.'..,...
.-::!::: w-.....- :-.. - -"...",,.... ...I........ --....... ....-, ",,. —  -............
-.............-..
..."",...!... - ,,,.,-..:. -1,`,, " - -,,, -, ,,-,., ::.,.,..: ",:: I I I I." I., ""':-,'..,,,,-. ..-.................... ..: —-''.,.......... I ........... ... -::::::!..:::::..:..:.:.:::.:.:..::....-.........-..................,....... "........I... I.,...... .. W. -.. %%.. ....::;, —.',',.:  -    - -.'',  -. ——...,   -........',.....   ..  -l.'..,-,.,-.iw.-'-.'ii-,'. -. — x,.-,.-,.-:l.: -..',,-:   -, -...,'..-.. —.-     —,.-. —-.`,, -........:.........:............... W.,...  1. I..........,.......    -.'.,.,:::::..:- —... —..,.;..'.'.-.;.  -,.. ..... -..............'........:.:..:.::.:.:.:.:.:::::: ,:.:: .-.:: X:w:,-,.:.X ::..:.::.::.:::,.- -::",- —:::,:. -- -, -ii.'.'..'i —.::i:::,....-.:ii,.. -—, ......-.......-........... o -.. —
::.:1...:::: —",-... ........ - — *,-.-.-K..........: ". —........... .. ................. ....:...:...:..... -... w:: :.:: ::Iiii —','-.-,: i::.-,, -.,.,'.-,.-".:.," -.:i........-  -, I -...,..:.,:::...... :::.................. ........:.-..:,.: —.. -:: -::::::!:::.. ..:::::...... .........................-....... ... ...    I .. .... I....:::"".-................,,':,::,:::::,:.',,,,,,..........-.............. -,......-........ — - —.....  . .. "..-.-.. ......... .. x -x............... w. ——.:!l:X:::,:1.-W -...
... .. . ................. -.:::: -::-::-
-..-. -,  . -..,-...-... ..-  — -......-................................. -::::::::::::::::::.. ..... -X -...,.....::..:::::,.::. .-;. w.......-......::::::::::::::::-... -.... ....  .. . .-........-. . ......::.:::...............,.W.. -...:..::::::.:. -..,:.::.. .,-,::::,. . ., -,.". -,,...".,,,.....,,,.,.X.-.......  . ..: ...........1...-.-.-,.,. ....  .... - ..........W.........................:..,,. -.,-..-.-..-.-.. - -.-..-  - , .....1 .-.:.. ... . ......:.".. ......I —.!:......... — ..... .-....... —...-, .  ... .. .. . ..-. ......;.. -. . -— -..I.-...... —., I...-%'..-.-... . —..- . ........... - . -.. ................-......................... ....... . .. .::::......:::......... ..... .....,-...........-.....-..-. ...................  ..  ..-.  . .    .  .. . . ..-...  .. .. .. ..-......-.. .....-.-...
I.-............-. -— ....... ... ...................... -.-......................-................... —.-..... . .. . .... ..-. —... --... . . .. . .., —-..-  -..-.
...  -... . .. ... --.-.... '. .. I.-.-.... —-- - - -..-. ....  ... ........-. — - ......- -— 
............. .  .-.......-I....I........ -....... .. . .. - ............... --.....-... .... - --.- .......-... ---..... — . -......-. - - —- -..... -. -.- ..:..  . 4 ..   .  ......I.. .......... . ...-,..........................,............I......'-..... -.. .:... ....... ... . — ..... - . . —.- . .. - .  . .  ......-..... . I. -. . . -
.i. —.--...... ...  . -- -....-,.,.. - --—....  ....::::: :::::::::::I.., -.-.. - . .I ..-.- I..
.: ::.::::::::i:::.::.    .  -                     I,.- - 1.  .     .. ...- - -...      . .    .   ..      .      :: — -      .           I I  .  
....... ..--  -— -..
,.. --.--. —--—.-.-....... I-..
.i".:I-.;..::,  
... ...-::. ....W. ,. .,...I ...
 .w ..... ....- .,: .....-.% .  ..
1.
 ... ..I ....: -V:.. I ..........I ...I.. . '....  ....` `...  . I...,...................-'i:;.j::;j;:;k:. "-:::;:.:.:..  ..  II .. ..  ....... ..::: -,.::1. .  —-. -,. . I 
 — - - - -,...I...... ..  W - .  ........... w::...: — -........ .... —':
-....... I. 0 —-. W.., .:..-..,I  ....  ,-...... .,.... .
-.I..
. . ......ii:.-. I .... .::..::..... —.......... .  .... "  
. —.,....  .II ...,&::  . .:..............  1..I ..-,... W...-'........ ............ -I-. —-. ,:::,.:: -..    ... ::::: ....... .,....  -. —.I...... - -..........-.. ——.-,.::...'....:::;::;.:.:.;:::::::i:i:::.. -..... .. .....-. .:%:w,.:. ...................:,.. 1:........,,... .-,-.............. .I..... —.- ......k,,........... .   -......-..-W..... .. ...-..
":i:.",,.:.:: w.,'......:.....I:..::;: :.::;:::;:-.::1 --— .... .-.-. ..     -I.- . ..
 -—;::-..  .'..................................:..:.:,..:.:.:.:...........-............-,.. .........:... .  ::w;::w. I.., .. .,.....  ............-.................,. ....  ...:::..:. -........... ...-.....-............-,-......  I-... . - -....-........
_....... ..., "...-..,.. .. ... -.,:..::.-:::::: -..II. —..,...........,
-.-.......... ............... —..... .-.-,......................... ...   -..... . ,..- -..........,, "',, "'::",..-...-.......::-.-::: —--..... . -.........-..:.:.:.. -.
—. -.I... -  -,-...... ...l. ....... -. .....   ,..... .  . ...... - .... . -. .,.: I.:-:,0.-.. ,..1.... . ,.... -—.— .--. --— I.,...'-....'. . '.....:.-... -I.......-.. I..  ...I............. ......::.!,I
 ......... \..... :.1 ... -.'.
....-..--.. .-.....,-.
-,-.-..-.. I.. .
I ..... ,I...,.- ... —. I...   -.- -I —
..... -....... —
. ......-,........., -.....I...... .. -........:...I.-.....I............. - —...1. . -....,;w::., "-,.-.:  ::::: I.I.: ;.. -,.-.l.......... .. -: ::wxx::
.I......I....... ..-......:. :.::,...-.......:::.::-. — : :::::...,.. .......-..,.........,,.. .   -'. ......
 -.-  -....-.....::::.:.:::: I. 11 -.. .-:.::%:.-I-::::::.:::::. , ....,..",,;..:,.:.:... ....-..... -.. -.. -. I::. I.. ., ... ,,.-..w,
 - ..
-.............I....... 1............. .-.. ....:':..:.....-..,.. 1.   ...I............. —-..,....... ... —,::-1. ... .. ...,,.. —.: : 1:::::: ::  .::.:,.... w -X.........., . ...,..-1...
... ......- ...  -— ,,.......-...... ........ ,.... . - -,-X. II..... .. ..... ..,
— ..!:-.:.......I"-.: .-. . -...-....I. ... —- ::........ .-...... ......-,..-.
-.. -::::::..I.................:1...:..-..:....  ...-......,,,,
-,!.... .......... ... -.. —-..................I-..1..-.  -.- ,-:;-::........., ............ —...-.-..,  ::......-.
-.:..I-.....'.............,... .  ..... -. .. —i:iii:iiii.,:i::,:;i:.... .:::..  ..- I —-...- :.: ::::! wl: —,- . ....-I....I.. ....I...... I......,....,..,.,.,,..,....'. w!:::i:::i:j:i::::j:::!i w-...  4::::-:w..I. I.-.::: :.......-.:.I I11..... --...  -. ......-
1. -.-. I........ ...::::...I..:.,......... ........... . ......... - I... ....................... - . I. .. , .. -.. ...   ..-. .-..,. -I.....  -. .  ............  --,..,....-:: :.,,...",...............-..:...-..,..
-.-..: : :,..::.... .::: —-,' ",....'.. : - "::.,,::::.. -—...: -'.,......',.",..  : w...:.. I    ...,..:.I-,......I..... . . ..-. —...-.:. 11:::-....
-........ .. —.
%.......:...-:.-. —........-...-.
-...-I....... —::.w,................ .....
I:..-..,.--... —....
...........,...... .....:.:.;.:-::
-.. -..- -
... .:-: -'.. -  ,...I.... —-I .... ....-... q:"...  ..,....-.. .. .,  ......-.... 
 —.. —.....,....-.I I-... —. —.. —
-...-.-...-.. —.. -.....::    ,.:: 1. -..                    -.  .... - 11....,.    I.... .. -. -.. -....  I- -.....::.-: W..w.-...- ...
-.....,....::;_. :::::........ ...- ..  ..
-...- ........-.. - --
.,.,.....-..... —.:::.. -1. -......:::......... I.....-.... I..,:.... ,-......,.-I.,-:.. -:...........-.. — - .,-I.........-`:...-.I..., ......
-..I.,..
-.,-.,......... . ..,
k.....-.11 I.......'....,.-...-. .,... ,..,.-.-II., -..-.... —-..,..-........-...-. —'........., .,I:X':...:.. —I —..
...,... —..- .,.......,,""'..'....I-..,......... W..... ,..,..::: I.:::I..:..,.
., -:::::.::::... -,.1:-::.....,., -,..:.., ..-.-...'. 1-....-.. -::7'.'.:....:...-..,...q,-,..,..1.
1: .  -  lo:::........-v::......,..  .....,. --.'.,.. .. -.....-,..::::,-..w..-.,....-.......::::::....'. .1,... ,.:.:.. ......... .-......::....... —....-....-.......
-.-..........,.... .1... .... ...,I.,....... 1... — —.;:A.., -,-..
-X.1 . .............,:,,I::::::::-:: —. ...;-.:.-*-i-.' -",'....,%..I...1..... . ..... .
-..,....:.:..:.:::: —,... -..
--.....I......., I q. ........ .....0....-, ....1... "......,`.....,- ............1..,.........., .,.......,,'I...:1.. . ,...:0..-.
-:: 1::-:.,..I.-.... ......k...I..... ....e..' —.......-.,........: 1:
-.. ..,..,.::.:.:::::::.::1 - -.I.,
—.- .. —.-.... I.I..-,.I.....
;  O.-...........'..X:X......  — .....,. ,. I..... 1.   . -'..'.,,. . -.. —..-........... ....,.
-....-.
-  ..,..........:....  ...  -.......:K :,.....-.....w...-.-...-..-. —............ —-:
-.% -..-..:.... ...-...-.:,::-... 1..:-w..;1:w:...:.:..::.....,'...I  - ...
-:X.:.-:,'.:,-.-::,..-....-.........................:.I.:
I.--.......,.............. ...... . ... ...,. ., ...,.:.
- -... .....-.::....-..,,-.I.. —-..:....... ....-.-..-...-- -...... .....- —... ....-... -......... . -..-I.. --..... ....... -.... ..  ....... .,. -.:.....-.......1....-.-.::-.
-.. . -.-.I.....-.-.-  ....,. .....-.1.... . —-—.......-. ......... —.... -.-.::-. —...   .... 
—........ ..:..:.........-......-I ...  -. .-... —— ::::,... ...::`
-... —..-.... ....-....-...::
- -.. -.........::::... — -..-,-,...-....- —. —.. I.......1:,.:..:,......... -.oX.:
-- -..-.. -— .:-..W................. .. ....  . .   —.-..-. —:::::: :..-I-....... —-.. ...-.....-.....
-—. —. -...........%......-... .... .......,.. .... . . w-.. —--....,...::.%
..,...  —,....... -.....,,-......-..-,.,.........-:::%:....... , .:::.-.-,.... -.  ..
.::..-.. : ,:.,..... - ....: ..,.... —.I.... .......... .....'.........
-..-..,..::-...,. -....I. -.-..-....,-.. -w.... —....:.. w.::..-  -.....-:-....-......-..........-..-.....,... ...:.:-:.......-.., lw.-...
-.- ..........-..... - .,.. —:-::: —-.... —
-...-..11-..-..I..........
-..-. —.-. ——....
-... . -....... -........::....I..,.I -....-.:::..:::..:.
-.-.- ....... .....,.'.....-.....X:-:..,::::" .- w:: :..-.....................::...,..." —::::..:..:. . .. ....................... .... . -:::....:: .......... ..-.. -... ...-I., - -............... . ,.
......-.:
1..-......... - ... ...-...............-...,::.:-...:.-.- -,-.::--......  .  ..- -...::: .1.,'..::'. -,.::::. .... ... . ::.:::....:.:::.:.:..:.:...-............. . .-....  . .1.....
...:II.,:..-...,.,.-I ... .-......::.. .....::: ,... .1..,...-.,...:.I...:..  ...  ... . -... .... ..%.
-.. —.. —...-.......:::'.:'K............,........ .. ...........,..,.... ..
.I',:: .....-,...
-......- -......., —.... .-.1....  —-.. —..-........  ,:: ... —
... I.. -— ........ --—.......- -..::::-':::..,..  .. 'w:..,-..... .........,..I.... -........,  ..,......., ........-.....:.:....-..........::::::::: -:-.::.:... -,-:::- ..... .W  ........  ....-.::... ,
—...- .........:: :..........-.........-... .. ....::..:....:,. -':.. ..,,...... -,..::: -.,.-...., .
. .- -.,,.: ww,..:.::: w -.I...::. .I.. ,..:.::,.-..-.,... ........,,.::::..... - ,::... - ...",....  —.-.,-...:....,-I .: -.I-.,.... -;X:w:..... ,::,,.,:x:...... w.. -.:::'-:: -...........I........%.....,..-..-..-.-.::;. -...........-..-.....:::. ..-,
—.%., ::........,I.. ....... .,...,.. .........,........-::::,..............,,......1..:. -:: -.:..,....,.::::::::.::, —...-.-...... —.....-.....-..-  ....-...::: -- —....  -  —-—.-......-..... —.-.X:.:: O.:,-....
-.........- . -.....w..........
-.... ........... .. - -.......I-... - 
-............ - -.-- -....,W.I.....,-.:::::.,-..... ., ...:w,.....-.,.... I.. .., —,... .:X:.-:: —:.. q. :-. .I..1;.::::........... .   . I
-...-..!::.:::::::...   I..I. . -...,.-I......:.-.....-.
-... I..1.  . . ..., —%::','.-..,.-...-.....-.........-W....  . ;.. . .-.::::,.......-.......--,...  -—....-,..,......-...-.....-..-:1. :.."..:::. :.:....................-, -...-... - ....... .-.......:::: W.:-:::::::::-.:........,.,... X::.. ..:::..-..,....... ......1.................... — :.  .,... - ..-........................-. 1 ....... ..w: --..,- ,: ..:: x.,.... -::::.::..,%........-. —.. —..-....... W..l... -....,....- .....  -...........-....-,::::::...1"..,.: —::.....;.....;.2 ....-........ .-.. ... ............... . ..... —:w,-::..-.  ww:..W...... ....  . :,
-....,.. x-Z: :, —,: : .,. —-.,....... -- w —............-.... ... -........ ..::1:::.: : ::::: 1.:-, - --.. —<:. .!::- -—..  - .............................. -  ...,.....-I.,........ .. ,.... ..... .... :.... ..... , -.......-. -. - ....-::..... -.-.::..,.. ,.. —-.... .. --  -.....-.     -.-..  —-.......
-:::.`,-,-..:"',... .,.......,..... I.:.,,-,:: ::: -.......... ...  :,.::: .,...--.  I   -:.... ..,I-...::, ...... .  ' —............ :::. -- -.... -...:::-...-....,:..le -', — l:I.1-......  —-.......
.. ::. —: :.::.: -: -, I... ...-....:...-..
. ..... ........ .::..:., - -.-.. I.,.. —...... .!.., "..-.:-.:: -:-.. X..-...., I;:::: ".::..."..,..... . —...I. ....  ...-- -.....-.:. .:..- -,..,...'. .,...-. 1:  -::- -. W ..,........ ..............:..
. I-  .... 1::....--...I 1::..  -:..:_,: --.... .......-..,:,.:
-1....-.. —.- I.-.- —
..- ..I.......1-. —.. -  ...-.-.-  ,..X....,...
'. I.7....'..%... .-...  .  - .......,. ..I.
,..-.-.....                        1, -  -.,. 1.-.. -......1 I -.... ....:..!,. I...............-.
,,.... .. -......... -.I..., I
-....  - 
 .. I.I,,.:.....,..%.-..................
- .. -... .. I.I-.-.,...,,:..:.- ..-...
.......-...%...
-.I-....-........-.-.-...-.........-.. —-.,:......-. .-........ —..:
- -..-.1....-  ...-.
-.-..-.1:.:-:..
. —.. — ...
.....--... -. -. 
...., 1.I..I  -....... . .I...::::.::::.:.: :.:
-..-.-    ........ . - 1. ..
. ....:.. -.. I....-I : -..-.....1.-..-.1
........ --...- - -.,-.................... -.-.. — - .,-..-.::::.. .. W.% . ......-. —.-. ............-.... .-....
-..-,...-.....-.
1, . -.....:::!::..1.1.... .. .. I..- -
. -.......... ..--.1....
. ... I ................ . -......-,.--,. -.-. -. -..- . -.-  —.. —.
. .--.,.-.....,:::::::::::::... -:-:: x.:.,: ::.::::...,.,.. .
- . --- -...... ....;....,....:: :..W.-!:.... -.. .  ...... -........... ..'.%..-.-.. .. ::::..:  ...w..- .. . .. - -. ., -,-.-....-.. —..  .......... -.... I.......-,..
 :!.1.-.- ,-........-
.- - .....-.. -
. -- ....... -.
-.. .... —-....I.-.
 -....   -- ... . I.-....... — —-- ..
."-::.-',... ".-,-..
.......... .'.,. .... — .
- -..::!,-.-.1.-. .... ... .
.-.... -.. , —-  . I.... -.-.- —-..-:::........... .-I- -. —
-..... -...... -.-........... I -  ... ....
I.-:-V-:-.. .1-. -. —,.-..,.....
.1. I................. X,:..-.................-....... ,   ..-.............-......-.........-.. . —... - -
.. ,..... -, . %:::.::::::.Xx:::: -.......:..: - -,...,....
 --- -  .:::.-
-1......-...........
-I-  1..    ..:....,......-.. .
,. .:. ..:...,... .I........-....-....::: 
I....... W..:.....'.......,.. 1........-.... —. - -......- —-........-........I-.... —:-..-.... .
-...  -............-..............-...............-,,...... —-...I.
-...... .ww -..
-; ::::::. . :::::......::::......-, .........;....:.: - ....... -... .....
. — —-.-.
-..   . 1.-1.1..W...........-.......... —... .::,....,....-...
-.......... —-.......-........ .I...-. —-..-....... -.., -....I.....-.-....-.. .I...... —- .:-.... .1.. w....-.... --.....-..  ... .....  .::;-,
",-.
- -.............. —.-.:::::: —.
-.-..%.-..-."..............I......... .. 1,.........,
-,,, "' -,:,,., — -1.  : -!..::,.......:: w.o; —,.;:::...:.. — -o...'...,... —.......-......',. —.I
-..I':'. -.., ..-:....-.. -... -.-,......,... . I.. - I........ ——...-.-.,
....-.-.,-,-.: ---- -"
I.".. -, "-. :..,; ".,.-..:;: :.::.:..:,.
—...::-.:.... ..:
A- -. X.....,.,.,..:::!:: ...... .'..:.,..,%. .I.. W..: W. -::::",;:i,...
-........  —..
--.-
.. ". —,-.... -XK..: 1..ii
... W....1.:."!::::,.......  --.........-....
*::::.i - ....,.,::.'..I.....,:.::i!::::j:. i:.;j.,.,;..
:i.:::..:   .!,     -.;..,,........:.:,..         --.             -.......  ......-. ....   I..... -
ijiiji::.-.*,:. . X.,4.......:...... .,.. "."..:::  —..-...,., ... %:,- ".-,. —- -:.-.-.;- .-.,.:i.ii,"" -,.... -.1 . ,.?,.,'.."...
- — -.-.-.-...:.,!......... -. —-. —.. .,,,`.
1:....:..1 ..:.:.:....\.-.-:::...,.
... . ,/: —-— " .,:,.-...-I......








.:.........'@:::::::::::::                                                                                                                                    o                                                    6:',".i,'.",,,,.,::' "i'2i?:,iii:':i''5!!iiiii,' ii, i ii;; i:;a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~j
X.... ~ziii.....................'..................~,~11iiiii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiii~l::::::iii!~......._..:,.I~::lli i....?i.........?                                                                                                                                     ":.....~..........,~:iiiiiiii............:.:.;'?;1............................:.i'::::::;::.:.,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;............... ~ ii~ii:!!....?.  ~..~............~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........
-~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:.......~'~~..?~'.% ~...'~';'"?'~....~......~ -. ~:.................~,;i~.~.... ~'~:.   ~''~'x.?'~ "~' ~b.'"??~":~'..-~"'?:" ~?';.'.~.;.......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..................,~.~.   ~;:~   ~?:~.~' ii~,.':~: %1' %~i"'~"~"~71~';7"%. "%' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::l~:::i::~:i.iii:~::i  ~   i:'':~:F.~'' i'~'~::::::::j:'::::i:
~...................................:inside::!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~":Ii~:'~:ks~iii,                                                 ":~:~..........,.,.,:,:,:iiil,:iii'iiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiili  iiji:''X hii,,:: ~~':'*:::~:i::liii~~~~~~~jijiiiji!iiiiiiiiiiiiii
"~?............,..?....,,,,'Iii,;~~~:::::jai~siisi....
-~:~::::::::l:::::l:'' ~~.   % ~:iiiiiiiii~ii~i~i~iiii:~   i??i~i~i::..............!:iiiii. ~.i.!'.....                                            ^,,,?  i!           -.
y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..-.e............?.....>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~isi~~~~~~~?,~?'~                                                               0.... i-,   M    E~~....!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~..:.:,
4~~::::::::
""Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;lji'liiiIii~i' ~~~:~~i:'i~~~j~~S~~'...:. ~~~:~~~~:- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~        ~       ~       ~       X








!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........?z~?...~                                                                                                                                                                                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mai aS/:/+:
/~~~~~~~~ii'..'i''?+S!t'      %'9<-.                                                                               i? o:?/?.d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.d~,................. iii! ~,~ii!1!...........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-......
"~'';t,6,&,,,,, i%~3840'4W$.'ar8 B.S<................,,,t~xj'aa... 1'''' ""....
\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lii *                                                iijia  i}$
_a..i. |......'~"~!,!~iiiXiii~..............
r;      a       _       = ~~~~~~~~~~~~, W.B
~iiii                                                                                                                                                                                                             ~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~......,~~,......
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........... "
TsiSSS~rit~i~o~oyis}<ZaG adS~aR;>>>BatS  <,>SitiV,>>atja~j~at~e2 }, > }2;M,fA fizve/>>}aiSS  f               f~ggE~z "'  ki'6    >4R',,,3>e,,2's>'<    M  i;,    a..,@<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......








a................................'x.  i!.,?,::Unilever:,;:Haiti.........................................
K............
M.,............................................
K.........








:XX XX
iiiiiiiiii ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~  ~     ~     ~    ~    ~   ~  ~~....:..'.!............
"~:~:...~ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i!!iii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i.......;~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........,;i':f,40::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~%::i:?i117.
f::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
~~~~~~';!:'..............;i....?:.. ".....''.i:~~i!:::':~................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii?...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.:':'~:......:.....X..........-..........."...!................. <>> g> ~>>a. Ii. 2... i ><; 6,j *e>,..> 4, S >8A..Sa  a' A > z * 9...ilili~......    E E  i..,::!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~  " i,.::i;:'~....".'......
-..................'???;!i::~.........::~!!!i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii!!i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii~~~~~~~~~iiii?:11~.................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
i?.-??::.~..........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i........:,iiiiiiii.'.i!!!':.... ~    ~    ~    ~   ~    ~  ~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....,il........:,:  i  ~ ~'...........:...................... ~?:? i!??i....                                  "'~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii!~'~'~'~?~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~i~'~'~'~:'~:~;11111111:.~."~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......,x............ ~iiI~~
Ai                           i                                   i i..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
Ne.:    f f i.::::i::420~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:i;;,;~iiii!l~~!!?~ ~ ~ ~ —'.........E~d. iE::.;:00.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::!::!;iii~.....::\V~~~                                                                 ~     ~     ~     ~    ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...~iE  E...: ii.,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~.".....:.;i:.~.........








JITIT V''''!fl MYV4                                                           I3P    N XIU- P'N2NtoliiY' JucYyaT?2'    XW.'C'  X'~"i       Wi'>M''''     B'i''''W,,:0'L"S~~ ~ ~~                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~ X   rX~:~.:~l;X,  X"               P           soy.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T.~\  -~ aX~~ ~.r' ~    t<
at
a  ~       ~~~~~     N
s 1     ~     6~~~~1
N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~;
K'?: i b,-~~3' ~
~
K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N'1
i~~~~A
/,
br:~~~~~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ c
ft 
If
S-~~~~~~~.~~ ~   T9L         11    A UAffAfKjt/l   7








................... s    d::i:::   4:.............~ ~~ ~~~ ~~      ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~                              ~~     ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?..?!i   ~   ~          ~          ~          ~       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~.... — ~~...........:.....~:.iiiiii...............
r ~'::z  z:4   d i                                                                         -:....'/jX'........::::......
~ ii:11'~.       ~.     z:'.:....................,,.........
~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......;'.; ",:
~ ~"..,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.;.~.\'.'............'..........:.x.~.........
i~'.:i     ~....                                                                                                     i:~i?.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~':"~..........;.......:~i~i~i~,''-............'.~:.;:..........'.........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....:
~~~~~~~~~..............i.................................:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....::.s..,oi:.....X.,:i;..>s
I. I.........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.!~..."..,........'>'.''?'............. ~ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii! i?!!!ii.L~!!!~.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......;!~~i ii???'i iiii0i 4:':?t:-' B0,:.....iS, 0240X''. ~;~i?:.... ffiC'  ""S  X''::::::::......
f:. < rs.::'.'.,.':::-.:.'.'.'., >,.,.o','''.' Z' 5,''''' "'. t...........................,,.....i:.....:". > X"....................'...::::i!:...........:...................::.:::........................                         i!   i i"',,,,,::,.,,......., ~,??,~'~1 i'"   s.                                                                                                                   s.*..??-:ii~.....
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s~~~~~~~~~.)  *;::,....j..,  x....:
e~~~~~~~~~~~s~~~~:..ss i:..'".::
N;:' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:..i:~:i.......~.':,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
~C *.i''.'''
~~~~~~~~~~.:.,. -.
-,k s                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....:!:':








.".I'.I... I.-,,,I.-::::. I I  - ",,,I...I C."  -...,'.. x v,,.I . I..
-., ...,m''.,.;::., w:l  J  I. -,...,,,
I'.. -aIIII
5, <  -,  -I.  ,; 0'. 1, .. ,! ".... -..1..1,'I.::,.-I,....:...,..x1I.. A.:'. ..;II, —
., (e..'.I" I.I
I.I.
1..
.,.
111.I
I,.I....I
I''
..111.
I,.1. 1.
I...,,.,.,.1.11.,..11.1....."-.,.,...,-, -,
-.,I.,.I.. II'..... ,,..
III.. -—.I I,...,::..,." 1. ".,..11II.I
I....,,..I I
.,.I..
I.I .-I,.I..
.-.
,,.1. 1...II.1.,I.,I I,.-I.,I.. III.,,.,..
I.. I,1.11I,I-.''..-I.-.1-,..,,'',,..1.''I.-,..-,.  1.,II1. 1.''.,''..
I..1.1,,.. 1.
- 1.''.I- ,.'',...'.,-',.,. 1...11 I II.. -1. 11
.,I....,.-..11-I.,,I.,.,-.11.'' 1. 1.:.
...II..... II II.1..... -,...,,I....-.. II.. 1....,, 1.I..III...  1.,.. ,, 1.I,.''I
I......I.11.1,..,.
I-I.I..I.,,1-11,1... II-,I I.,,I - I.,I
II.I. -... 1..-,-,- 1.,-.11I.....-,1.11,I —
11 - I., -1-.:.:.
...-I11,11.1-I.-,
I1.. —.. - I...... 1:., I I... I",,
II.... I  -.I,,,....,''.. 1..I...
....: ::::,,,,
1....,,. I,.,.,.,'
II.. "....,,:.,,..,. 1.....
I.  —,,,.. II II I.. . .I,''..-,..I.. II-..I I.
I...-.,.,
I11 -... -.I I..'' 1... I.....I III.. -.II.,, -.I.-.,.:,,.:........-... I ".
I.. -I.II.....I,-,X.,...,.. -.- I.. ., 11,I.. I,:.,:-... "I",.,,. - -.....",,,.II,I..
-  ..,.                                 I......-..                                                                         I. 11 -,  -,II I11
-.....II-. -.....::.,1... I... 1.  I ,..1.,,-..I
I., -.1,,.''..,.:',..-i
-1.,.,::- 11 I", I.. -: -..... I". ",.-II..I,,.II I I - I.. .I.11.I1..-.. I"".....,. 1. I .1.I,",...-.,..
I"I.", ,::,.. ,.. " 11 -,... 1.;.:....II,.7 111:1.:
I''..,-.I.1.I'', . "I,-;,: -:,,,.,.-,.I..,I:  1...::,.. I 'I.,.".,'.....1,,I.- .....,,. —-'.. -.1,,I.. 1.11I.
1.-,-:"..I1,-1......I I I.I, %...III,..., 1, I I.v.I %.:,- ,I I-..I...,..-.I..,11;:1
I-..'....II- 1,-,..,,.,II,-1.-,- -..,....I.-..1.,:::: ":. 11,...,':..''... -II. —,.. III.,I'll.-...I.,.%.,.I.-.11.-......,-I.111... I..
1.:. I.,,, "..I..'...,I I.,I.....I ''..
-,.II I 1I,. 11.,,:..II.,..,.-..-II..,.. 1-.1.
1., 1. 1,:::,:::... I.... ." 11.",.'I,.1.. 11-.I I....''.. -.,...,., "I"',
I.1,,.,...;l I.,,..,. I.".. —;:..,..-III..'':,I.-.1-...- ':
I.,.:::,-,;:I,,.. -...I II I''..,....,-...-.-.1....-. I-. -..;..-.1.
I.., I - 1.1-11,.. 1, -.1,..,''.II. ..1.I.II,1., -. — .I/..I.,,.11
%.1,,II,-......,.,I..-.. 1. 11..''. I. I. -..I.....I ,.,::.,-. 1. I..
I,,.II.I,,III .. -I....'',.'' 1. 1.I.I.I-I.., I .,,..I I" I:; I..... — ",.1.11.1.....1 1..
I-..,-.'',I,.1.,.t'.,''...11....,,-I...11 —-....,..I —
I..II.'' —-I,-,:::::.''. 1. I..1I.....,-1,:::x,.,-', I-,..I., 1. I ..
I-I..I..IIII.,.I "........II..I..,..I.. I. I  II I. I..I I....-,,,I...III.I II I,......,.I I. —:I..1...I. ,..,..I II.-I..I. -..., ".", %...,.::.
...I-I..''"-. I.11,.I-.-,...III.....11,.1.,,..I11-1 I.. .....-...11,,II-.. II-11.......,-I-,I..'....
 II,...,.... 1...I11.....I.. 11,.1 ..
11.,,III..I1.I.....11.,,.. II.,..-,.11,,.II1, II.,,."",,:,''.. I'..". I...-.I.....I III.II.11...'I, I... 1,;-,.....,,..,.,,-..I.,.,.,.-I.-.I I1.
I-.III...-I.,.III.-..,,..1..1''.,.......,..II,..,I,.I.",,.''..IIII...11 I 1I..I.1.. I. I-.,-I-.,,,.''...III11,'''',-. —::::
I''.I.I.I.1,.''.1..1.1I-...I,-.,,...,t....I11.,...,.-;:.
I..I....I,.I......-. I.11
,I.II.I.''I'll,,I.. I I'., I.....
II.I. I,.I I."...I,.11...I.1 11.1.,.. I.,...I ,I..I...1II.11I.......''....,I..I,,,...I,,.I.1.I-... -., -.,
I, —. I..II.11II....,-.I
", 1. 1, I I,.;....,..11 11.I..11 1.-......1.,.........I-...,,:.".1.''.I.- .......I.II1. I 11.1- 1...m' ,..
,11 I.I..I,,I,,......I.
II.,I1..,1.,..,1. 11...I.''..I11-11...1-1. :-,-...".1,'',.I.1. -..I'',,,..........
11.1I.,.. ......III''....I..1,..II11 I II..,.,II......,. % ,:'': xx.11., 1,.%".. 1.....I I.,.,...:1:.,..II. 1...I,1,I..'',.I -.
I1.I.......-11 1. 1....''I'l-...I....,,II.1.I1..,,I,11I......: 1. I,. I., "...I-., 11...1-..I11,. I.111.I:.... 1-1 I..
I,,..,,..I.'I.,I,.,,.1, 11II,.,,..- ::::I.-. 1,.I1.I.I II.''..II,I .,.,....,.,I11I......:,
II.. 11 11. I 1..I1.,''.''. —
1,,.",.,:,:....:.. I..,,.,,... "".II.,III'I', "..,,..: :,.',,' 1;,, 11.1.
". 1.I,.. I 1. I', 1..1 I.... -.. I .1''III II.,'",...1., I.,... I.."", 1.,-.I II 11III., I.,.
1. II.I - -,II,,.I1,I11.111.1,.,: —,: o::;.',x,:::'....I-': -1,. I I1.I.I1,I,,'',,
I"".,.,..,.-,... -.1,I.I II1,I"".,., "1 I:,.I..-''... 1.I1.I, 1,II1. I II11-...
-....I.,.,.II.1 III,,,,I..
11. .I11 -. 1.I11..I,1..11 1 I I 1,.: ",".,,,I I,'', -,,.III:.I -
".... I I- I''. I....II.1 1.'',:,,.....".4,. I : :% /,::...".,...,.,-1, 11.1. I.I...,
-.1.. -I..11 -11....I,: 1,., I....,,II......I. —I.- -11''...I.IIIII...1''..,.
I''..1-.11. 1..,I'll,-...
1,''... -. -11..II.1II.I. I'll
II.,, I.,,. I....-,,.,... %.... . 1.II, I.,., ll.,I I1.:,. -.11.
111.. 1,I,,.II'',.,:.,.,;. :",:,.1-,.II11
I-. I......1.I1.II 1...,''.,-.1 11.1,..,I,.,,: I.-.1-.I-.1, -.1 11.III -I,I —
 I....,,..,,.,.. I,,,,''.I —I.,... 1"....,,-: I:,.-,,...II "..I',""I'll I.o 1 I.I....
II.."...,.III'll..''. I 1,"I, II, "I 1,,.",,..-....,I,..''.. -.... I.I..... 1..1.,.1. I.I,,-..II'',.,....,,. I,I.I..I...II..II-..1.,I...I..,I.I.I.-,'', I,..,,11-11..",
1, 1. I..,,I".. 1. - 11II 1..11I.1,11 i,.1.11..........,I.'',.IIII1.,...-. I'll.:'',.'I.", "I.1.1,.",,.,,. II', -.
11.1..,. 1.I...-.11
-.I..1.1. I'll I''.I...... - -.,''..,II....:1.... I .,., I.. -,... 1..,.II I..,."., 1,,1.....:..-II ''II.,,.:.,..
.I. II". -'.....'..".. 1, I I.I,.
 —-II..,.,.,..,. I I., 111.1 1.
- I.I..............,......"I.11. 1. I,.,-.".,.." I I... 1,','.1..:,::'.,;',.,.',.,::3:.....',,-....'I',I,.,.",.,. '..1..... I-I-..I1.1-1. 1..I-.I
11,,,,II-........-I, 11 .,,
I-I-.II,,,11 -.1-  11.11.1 1.,1. -.., ".....I.''. -.,-"'...'.: *-......,11..,.,., -' 11%I,.,... I.. ",-,"'',,:.. -,.,.                     -        I I   I   1.1- 1-   I.I''.    1.
1.    1.,.     I -,. 1,  1.::::,:::I,.........I..... I, "I  - -,,-     I.,"."'. 1,    I..::  4:..,    .....     "
I.1.1-1-..I ".., "I".I.
%::,.::..:1 I ",.,.I..1,,......,,,,.I I,. "I 11,.-.".,..",.":-.. I,::
I.-111.11,11,.-::....11.... 111.1II.1.1,-,11.,-'.,'''',I 1,.I  1.-..I... -.1 I.II.1.1.11.:,,.,II,,.1,. 11, -.......... 1.:I.,:::]:
-1.-.1I-11-.I......'',... -'.
I.,''.,.. -,-11-,- —,,,''.
II..,.. 1.,. 1,. q-, 1,." "...I, 4....."".,.II.,.","" I... ..
-I -...I1..I.I...1..I'll..''.
I..,..,.1-1...''II,, ,...-.,''. -....;..,,%I.. I.. 1". .''.., ".."','. ,--,,::
I.:'.,,'..II,. "."'..,..,.I1, ".-l'., 1,,,..I.,,.,.
1,,,,.:.. -.I.,I....'',,I1''...:.'.,:, :7::.. 1, 1- I...-.,.., I,.... "-.,.. ".I"',%,..,..,., I I.. I.,.I.,. 11.I..,, 1,..-11.1 11 11,I.l..11.1II..: -..'..,
I.1.I-.I.1..II .. ".1.11,...I".,,.+;.::.,:
I,..I,.1..,....I" "."
1,.1. 1...,::::.1..I ""I".. 1, "I 1,,... 1.
I:77::1.1.,
I.1.--I.1. 1,I11.111..,,.,,,..,1.,,,..1....,.,.,. ". I I.. ", -,,".. 1, 1. , .1 "I...,,..,i:,- , i
1..1 - I-.''...11''..1I-..
..... I...'.,X..,,..,I'll,
-.I.,-. -I1.11.,,
I,11 I- - 11....,..''.I,..''.:
II.,..-......,. —...I.t-....1.I..,:.,.,,I,.,...., I..';,."::,,,.I. I.- I -I-''-,'', I.11.. 11.. 11.....I''.. 11.1.11......1,,..-.l.,.''..'',.I1. 1. I..,.II.",.:,,..';,:::,....I 111.I, I..,,,.'',,II,.
I.I11,...'...1...1 I - II1. -..,.''.I11.'', -,I,'',..
I.1... I ..-1. "I. 1,.. ".. —,"I.. 1,
I''..-I I. III11.11...... -.1....''.I..''...11. 1.
. —I-..,.,,'''',.,..: ij,:'::::.
III11..1.1-1-..l. -''... 11-.''..1,,11 11I.- I:1, — I.,-,,.,.,I.
II 1..''  I...1-.-11-1.1
I::.:,:;.::.::.::: -t...,,... 11,..I.........I.111.-''I.,.,..,'' -.,,..,.,I-.,.1.I"I... I ,I1". I..  1i: ,.:::.%",%..,".''.''I ". 1.1,11", %, "... I "......".11. —
I —- 1. -.... -.....-1..1..I.1..1..I.,I.-1..1.., ....,.....,,:.,".
-.1.1.-.1 1... -,.I.- I'll''I'll.,.,...- -I -.I  —...,.....IIII.:::;'.': . -..1II..1.1..,.. 1.
-'.-I11..,.....If .1.., ".........-I -.1 1.I" "II
11. —.-.,. 11....,.,,I:...1111,.. 11..  -.. I-.1I1,.. 1".,.-I%-,. I,.,.., 11..".'-..-,<]:....1..:. —
- - I "I.. 1.1, 1, -,,... I.... -...'...,I...
-.1..I I. I-..''.I.I..I1.II''.......::,-....
I. 11.11.,.1,.,..,.,,,.,.,.-.-1...... ,. 11 —.. - -I.-.I11-11..,,- II,-..-I.... -.1-. I,''....,.,.I..1. I...
I-..I.1`
%I.,,..'... 1::::::::,I II"'..I.",. ,,. ".,.,.It.,.:
I.I-. —11.1I-..
....,,.,,-'',.,,I.,.,:::...,,,:....
1....- 1. 1. I.-... -.-1-11-..I:-:; 7:,.:', I .,...".". I.,.I"I.."llll. 1.11 -... "I...1":I,.,
-- I —.I.''. I...1 I 1.1., 11....1 1,,. I.,. I..,. "'.-.,I,I, I, -I.,-,,,.:-?, I... I...''....-.11I....,,. ".." 1.,I%.''. I.. -..-I.".. 1 I 1.. —-.,. —--- I.-.,,.,'',.,.I..,...,...-"
,.. "I 1,.." I.. 1, 1,II I.,"%- "I "I.,.",:.,,.,.,II::::::::::::-..:.....l'.,-]......,.".-',-.,.l,.. I %".",. - 1. 1,1,..'.,I,.,..II.,'.,",I. —I 1,
I.. 1. 1. I.I.- 1.I1''...-.".. 11.1.1... - X..... I , -,-,.,,..,.,,....,.,.,''.. -:11I.II. 1::::::;:":,. I -.I1. II''..l.I1-1.I.I'll....-,,. "".... I,11 -..,,.-""..,. I I... ''...........I"...'.,I" I..,,.,.I"...,." IwA,:,, -.1-111'',,..-,..,, 1.,.......:.,..,....
-I.I- .1I-.1 I.. 11I...-II.d -i I-I..,,...'',..,...,.....:::71,, ,
11 —111..1..-.-,.,I,.,...I....I., ". I.,IIll-".."'. I ...::",:::1..I.a I-,..........,I.I..11I.....1-.I'll I..''.. II''...,,1,.,I..-I.......,.....,, —''. I.-I-I —III.,.,..."...           1.    ::. ".-.1,                                    ".l. I I,::,     ..   I'll --.    I,
,,;: X,.. .11, 1.......:I'll.-,-.''....I-,. 11..-I- ,..,.I:, -,::::: %...
-.1. -.......I-...'...,-I11..I'' - -,I-.1-1-.1. 1..,::.,,, X,1. "..,..,. 1,,,
-I.,...I., - , .::,..1.; 11
..... I-I,,11.111,.., " ",...''I..:,,.,-'.,.  I.,,%,....-I..
11 I.1II..,...-II.......-,,.I.....,..,.... I-,I. I I..,:.. II -.1I-I...-I.......
. —,I., -.,. "., I"...'., II —...-. I...., ". 1,-.......... lll... I. ..
-I.-I-.I... 11 I.,., 11I.., -....... ,,.,., 1.,. I....1. 1,..I,,"..."... I', ,II:: ,:-' ...-.',:..,,,... :....'.'i
.I,.,,..11.,-,.I.,.,I.,...
I.1I..-...II-.-,..:.I. ",.".'..,-..1,,.:I ".
I,. I' I.I., ,,,..1,.,.,...:7:.... -,..-., 1, "I 1,..I.,, I ", "....I..'.....-I, I.:,, .'7]x::,,"
11.I",III-..III... 1. I.. II I.-..I -...''..,,A
I,.,,,.......,.,,,II.., ".,.. e,,.., ,,,- -
I I..I....I.... 1.I. II .I...
1, I I"1, 11.. I I -. I.., "'.-,... I,.1 -.I..........:."..:1.., 1, 1,,,1,.,..I., I''.,-,.,.,..,...I.: 1:1,,...II., I I-., 1. I.... 1..I....,I11.111,..II....I,.,....:,'I...  "-.-:::::77::l'
1. 11.11, I..11.1..1..,1-1...,,.........,''.'', - ". I I.::...,-.I....,. I., llI.11.1 -,I... 1. I -, :;: -,.,,II,...,. -,II.I -, ,
I.. - IIII ",...I...II .I-...... 11 —:::,.I.. ....,,. ,.,","'., <>,,,..", 1,.... "..,..
I17;:::::,.11.II1.
I.. I".,.,.,.I''. 1. -.1 %..,-.:,.,.II.-.I.I.I ::::,-,.....11. 1: -.,.''.
11..,.II. I.......,.-.I1. —-.I-1..... I,I......''I...,,'',..I.I...-, I —.,.,- -''I--,,. -... ---
1..11, I I.... I....,.. 11I...-.
I'',,11,.,-.1 I, I.1,.. I I1..".. 1,i.11,.....". - I..,- -..,
1. 11..I11 1..I., :.. —-,:.1 N,.l:
I.,..,...,I.,...,;. I. I...,,..111...-.11 -,-.;,. — -.....I......I.,. -I...,::.:; 1..,.,..,......,'...1. I.. I ...,I- -1. 1,......,..".,:: -,-,: , -,,.:' ,.,1.11,,I11 11-1., ,...''..II...-.....,.... -- 11.1...-,.
,,.,,.I.-.,.,. -.. —,:: X , ......
11,I11.1..''..-..... . ". ,..,,..1II-..' ".... 
1,I.,.."..I..... %'I',.......,;, a,,-I.,.-.. I,.I:. ::,,:, ",..., i. ::-y.,'.., 1,%I"I I..,,,.. 1-1 .I'll. -''I...
-I... 11I..1 1%.." 14.1,...,.: I... I..''.-.I..,.-, 1:I:.... -.-.''.,.,.,. I- -.1I..,, -....... I I,...11.11I.I.,... -1-.''...-l'..1.......,I..1-.,'',..II.,,,.,::7. I.,.:, 1.,;:...
I..''I11,... 1.,.;:''.:. I.".,.'',.,..".....-, —:,,;,: %:.,....I ".III11,..,. :: m.. " -,,....,-. -,,''..,,..11 11....I.1.-.
11 I I'll.I....-....,I —.1:;: ". 11,'',,I.,I...-I1..-I.:::.-.-1-I.1... -..''.... --.1. I.,, —-.''...'',.I,...-..,,,... I.. - II I I?.11 11.II'.,,,-:-.-.,. I —."'.,- 1,.% "..,.:::,,'',,I,,-1. ll 7....
''I.-.I.-I.:'.,..',,..,...., I,...,,.11-.
11 11.11.IIII....1....... -.1. I.,.''..,''.,,,,1.I....
— ",,,::.:..., 1,II.,.-'I...,I......:::....... (
I..1 1.11,.I:I.III..1.
''I'll.I..111.11,.... —...II.I..,.,..,,. -. I,. .- .:::,...,: x.1,,.., "'."'I". 1,I1 ".."."."'.. ,.I I....,  I                                                                   I.,-                      I X A -,:-,....''    I I.,
II11.1-I........ I..-....'',,'' 11,........ I. 11.1..".-..I.-...-.. -.. -,,,.I..''I,-,,::..:-,..:,I..'-.
I1, -.,I.1"..11I....,, x:::::.I.....:"...-'.'-.11 I...,:,'..I.I -.1,11.-:
11.,,.."".,II".,. , "...I., "".I.-,I,,,.I.,.- .....,..,: 1.,. I.1.....II.1.-II11.; I,-,..,.,''..I,,,.I I.II., 1, I..,.,",I1% -11,.."I.,..,.
1. I."...II1.....I.. - 1.I....::,.I,,
I'll'I.,.,.. -.1 I."" "," %I::::,.. I..,":::::,...-III....I-.,..,..I,11,
". I ,,'',..,,,.....,, ,:..,'..1 ".',,.I...II..11III,I..-I'..,.,,:, -, 11.1.1,. 1.1,.II'll. I 1.I.. I"I. I..1IoII.''..,".1. -1
I..I..,.:I..I.........,.;..:::: , ::-.  ".:::::::,..,.,%.11..q..1. I..I,...,.,... 1. 1..-.1 I.., — -, 1. 1.I,. I I.
-III I'''' .-:-,... I:.,,.',"II
-.1....I.t..'I.,.,
- 1.,.,. II,...,. :-:::,,.,... 1, I.,I-.''..1, I,, "%I.I..I.1.1-.-....-<,.,... 1.11
I1.." %I-.1,,.,,.,....I.11.... 1.,:::;,-...I1....1..11-...11.11I-,..
I. I.... I..,II.x:....:,....".., ',., ",,. I,. 1..:.: I III''..l...I.. I.I.1.
1. "I',,4 III,..,,...,.''I'w  I.1..,.,,::::::..-III..""..I,-..: -4- I -11,, I."'. ,,.I,.1II. -.I. 11.-..,,1:1I..,....,,.,.I. -,;.I..,- IIIIII-I.,I.I-.; - ,,'::::7, ,. "11",,-1.
-.-,:;.,....I.-,-..".."'.-I,.."...
I1-.-I.-,..II,-... 11.."'.,.....I .II








::::f<6; TS * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.::::::.........,
"    "*:::i *..........
i!11'~..                                                                                                                                          ~iilI..~,.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........
~iiiiii~~.i~.$. v::: $"~-.':..',...:::'::'.........jx::ii::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:iii:,Bri i..          i......        i.......................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
>>t My~o f —-ii'..............'
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a                                                                                           
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?:~...:.......!!........1








~  4iiii....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... ii'............. --.:.~:~:~i....                 4:-:~:,::ii~....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..............:':'"""~ili!~::.:....... 7%,!:..'...'Xv.:  s,     W-`    aDX,,::::i!: i i~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........
Cti f fff i. S.,, >Ee  {E.......  <:::E..x  >.ffi.Q  a.................... ~.:, ~:i,~~~.........:::~  ~....o.
ii::i~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l:x:,:!~1111~i  i: ilbd:?:   i ~........: ":'"'R'.'..::........i:.i;E::!!:i~:'
i..............:':V.'.:........:.....'! i,- i.............. ~.............  ~......... ~'~:'ill?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........:... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~......X x x x X'  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............                                                                                              i..?:~:.:.:..::::::::::::.:.:...... t7:: i i::::E:8::::.:.:i::^;i;;.....0  t::;....
0: %28::::::~~~~~~~..~.:.........:. 47~":! 87.;;:88ii:i::::::.::: 
"4:i:]71.#                                               /,........... ~:,-xli "'":':.,...-v           -     a,/:"',.' <,'':_
-;jil    X    ^;4   a   0   S   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3i:.~:.~Li~:.:i;L~.........
i;.,  f  iL  E  i.Ei..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,i?:~li..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i......                               -:::0;    i..-::-0    iN00ii 
i.E.,...E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t i i,,;ES....; i. _x ti: t0 cvx~~~~~~~~~~~~':~.-'""(,.'"..,'....
t..-:::~::.f.... X. E....... t
E s.~~:..!ii... i. i....
i                                                7:':':?i?.                                       ":...,.: li:e!i:!:                                     0,j,,j,,,.............. H.S. -E..**  -  
t:-..'N:,:''':::                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          c..;.
* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~.,...








.:......                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -...1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C.....,    1;,iiil! iii i~!?......?!i!!....::::......... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...-~.::.'''':?';:;:::'"~:''''"'?':':~::"'::'':~  "            "::                        "           ii:~.......::':':...................    ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~  ~~~       ~~~       ~~~       ~~~      ~~~       ~~~      ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............
". ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::?::
~~~~~!:,i~?!ii....%...................... i:;i!!1!:? i!:,............
I~~~~~....-.......-.-.~.:.:;.."....
~   ~,:~.:.:"'........~~...,........;,..                       I... -.:...... ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
I~~~...,....I:,,...I'. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i?ii?~i:ii!i-?!1:i:..::i::!?::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::...........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...
I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.::. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.......:.:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.'.'...:. ~':..:.............-::,i`, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~ ~  ~...:I..:;.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2::








. ~ ~   ~      ~       ~       ~      ~       ~      ~      ~      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. —-.::...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:~........,,::~....... —-~?........?~ili??:;'.                                                            ~.~: -.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................:....... ii!?................i~ ~~~?: ~ ~:.....................................~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
~   ~ ~      ~      ~      ~      ~      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ~...........~:i;:1111i!~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:?<?:?:.......................:............?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...........:~:~:~:~:~.........!ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii~;:~......?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
~~.~:?........?~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..?iii?,........../?''~..,~-.... ~?~?~?~?:~?'......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~................................................................................
ii::1!1"' ".:.....................................~.........??? ~!~.......................................:x"]~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;1....................'"'"~:~.......                    iiiiii!11iii!!!i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~i!111i~~~~~~~~~i!!iiiiii:~?~....~~~~~~~~..........:~..:111.:f~*..........~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~.....................'iiiiiii!:..
~~~~~~~~~~~~..............:~::................................
~~~~~~~~~~~"'ii?........................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii.i....................::~~?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........................::'::ii~.....   - ~%   ~.......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............;:~ ~i~......................~:~.....................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:~':~?:!~~:~::?:!:!'~................'~ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiiiiiili....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....
~'~i   ~:~.~                                                                                                                                              ~..................!! i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii~~~~~~..........
~"~:~! ~:~....................... ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~.......?ii!:,,,,i::ii~,...........








........... j & 0.,....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................?? ~ ~? ~!!?!?i~?::??
i SJ' iiiiiiiiiii 1.,,j".............
~~~~~~"'........'"   " i~~~~~i~~~ii~~~iiiii~~~~i~~~i?'~.....   ~~'i'~...........................................'"'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......................~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~         ~~~~       ~~~~        ~~~        ~~~        ~~~        ~~~        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............
"~'111111111!~................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......
X:t:,............'..      X.''                                                    2,,.'..'...-......-?:.....~.~.~.~,~..~?~?'   ~:ili~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:..:.
_'.......CS-iM,-....,, "X":....,,..~.........
-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~.~:~~~~~~!i...........................
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........-..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..'.?~~~~~~~~~~~~N
~?:~:~:~..........i'~    ~,.    ~?~?.....~......~'  ~',i:~'    ~.... ~    ~?'  ~??  ~?'l!?~'
e-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..............








.
I
I1-1-1I.11,,I. I...-I.,::,.                         I''I'll 11''.
—,.:....:..:.:..:.:.......,.,.,.,.:...,.:.....;.,:...I,.-:-;:;;l-:-::;:-:-'.:::.:::.::::!:::::!:::!:::!:::::::::::::::::::::::,.-.-.!:-:-:-:::-:::::::-:!::!:!................................-.:.-. —:-..::.:.::::.::!,.:,.:.:.::.:.:.::.:.:!:::!:!:::!::::::;:,:':-:';'jd.:.... I., I.::!!::.:::...!:::::::!.',.;..-.-:-:-!-: I.:,::':X.1..:. II -.-.-.dl'..l. I I
11 -111. I.11 1.111,111,.....-.... —..........'-'.......I, _' 11...11 I....
I —-..................... 1..I..I1.
- - I.-..
I... 1.11 1...... 11,.1
I......11..
I 
-::-....::.'.....;;:...: 1. —
-...;..":...'';' ".1... Xv:; - -.. - -'iii....'.'.,':.'-i"'-"' —.'-"'.'.'."...:i,:;.:.-:.:,:X. —.::::!::'-I-.',-'::'::;:::;: —. ": I!_ -,...:.,:.:.:".:.:.,:.:.-..-.-.-.-.,:.,.: -.. -..-..
":::::::..':l.d:'::: —— A-",,,,."........ —,-,-,'Ohio.,I —, —-.!...:.
1. I.. 1::::;:.....'.....:::...'.1::::::x,'::X!::::::!: I-;..'.'j"..i'.'j::;"I,.:"...;.."......ii.".,..".....::..-:'..'.:,.:....-I I'll....I.::.,. I I.!!::...-.,:.:.:.,,......,-. ".
"..,::X-.::;..."I -;-'- -...-"O....,...d.:.,:-.I I.1......... I- — i:
11.1.''....''..'I-.1....:.'.,::!::!:!::::!,.!::::::!::;!:,':'II -.::;::X_,:;,,:::;..I.ii."",..::!i,:!::::..........:.. —.'Wo...'..................'..........I,..
 p..''],.:...;.:.-: X"'!'::!;;::,::;.".::..:];:..:.:.":.!,.,..".]...:.:.:...-!:.:.]: I I  II....I"..`::':!::::::. —.::j,.:,:":.. -,.'*..'.....' I.,. 
I...., 
-,,..... .!.:.:::::;;:::::::::::;::::..,............:...I:i]i..i.,i..,:iii::ii::i::i:ji:.,::::: ,I I I'llI. ., I.,..
I 
I... 
1:. I..;",.,,::.....,:.......-I I.!:: I:..".....:;i.-.-'-' -.-ii: —.-'...1.11.1..: I I.....':::-.:*...--'....,i:,..:.."..."..,..,.,!i..-'......:.:.-..... IIII- -::-::::!::::;::;;::.-...,:..:    -.:: a: j.!..... i —I ".......'...., I., 7.1.:.:.;:.;"':..:.,:.:..,-'-.";::'!;..;! x,'.....,:-.1. I I I I....",.,,.,....' - -' —..'... ii;iliiiili:li]:]  i:.,: 1!`-:,::''..",:.:::::::::::;::::;::::::::::::   !]].'....':'-'.:''''::',:',..... -;:!,-'..'...................,::.:;..... I....a.,...
I.'... I..'..........."..." I I I.... I.':;.,..;...I
llI.!.,. 
I''',:::;-,...........'.
II,.-I —-— ' —.-':;::::::.. I....;;lii;".:,..'::': iiilii:lii...,iil.......-i,.,i:i:iiji::".;i!!i:,:.:::.:::. "',.. I 
- 
-,.'.I........                                                               II
I...I
-..... 
I... 
I 
-. 
I.1
1..1,I,-I.....I...I.1.1.11 II.
- 
-,!.. I. 
'...... 
I.111,-I..... 1. 1. I...I.. 
-1.1111,I. I.
I, 
I 
a-.;....-. -.1 11...-.:,. II I-,..........     I 
1.111,.. 11:.:'..."',,'...."...' II I....... I I.............''.,:!aid!.,.",:.':!]::!:::....... -.11.1 -:... — ii'.. 11-,..11 ii."...'..."'I-.]'-':: —:..:.:.,::::::, 11.1.;:::;::-!,
I.. - -I -...:::::..-'. —-"
I,:-. 1. - 1.,;.'.1"
11.1..'."'.::I"....1.11......1.
"......',,
1. I- I I.. ':!!' —— i:'":.. I.,..:,.!: i-.'.....'!,..,....,...,....!....iiiiii'i...:::,`i!' "....I''.. I'-'.'l-'-'ll. ".'.,,."':
1. 11...;.I',,'"........,:::-.-...11,..,. 
11... -, —.'-. 
I.111:.-: — I ",..... — iii.,:;-.',.....1:1!...".1-11'!.:-.I.'I".:::-'Ii.. —.i'.'-., ;i;lii.:Ii!:i:i:li:::::::i:::::::::::::::::i:i:..,::::::i:i:.,.;;,'I-'`l —-'.'i:..
-..........." I-:::!'...:!:.-::;::-: '':...;..,:...: -::::!'-::."' -'-"'."...' I;, "',...."'..''' /I 1.,::..,.l.,':,I —.....11.1.111,11,-,:::.... -.'...,..:..:,.:Ill 1,...'. jji.,....,.:'...;:.....-....-....-....-...,..., -::*:..'' I....::.:!,:::.:.:;:;:::::!:::::::.!::::::!:;::::.: -:;:!:..,;-.;:,II:!.' I:,..,..-::X::]:x.. ".:l:!:::::.::.:..:..:,...,.::::.,.....,::;:;;:;::,.;::!..,!:;,.,:.:.:...,:."-... -,....."I". "..... I.,''...1.I.,
-..''. -1, 1. I'll,,,I
-... 1. -..''- -. II..::::.;:.:.:::.::.:.:.:!:..",
I i ::::::;0'.',."::..]:i:!:i;i,...::::::::!:........I'll.
-,I''I'll, 11.::: .::!;:.::::!:...:.:.!]:::!!:::!,,, I.X.I..I-:'ii"i::;...:.".
-I.-:l-X-: X.. -X:::::!:::::::X-X- -.::::::::::!:::::::,..-.:.:::.:-!..:..:.:,.:.:::!::.:!.!.::::::!,::!  ",,,,, I. I. I I I I I I I. I.. I I I I. I",.1...;.;:..:...;::''...'''.111.111 I III....1,:.-....':.....I-,,
I'll, ---.......,I.11.1!I... ".."; I-.::......:.:.:...::...".,,,,........I -.1.11 —,.
"....'........."'.'.'..". ".".... ". 1. I::: I d-:-;.... -:-.;. —;;-.-. —-l. -.....-I,...... ....:...:. l.-:-:-l:-!;!:`l.:...l.;!:...: - I.. --....-".-'..;-;-':--.-:.:......:,::-:-:!:-:-:-::-:-::':]:::. I..... 1.1111'... I!!. —':: I'',;:, -::::::::l::!:!::-':-lX:':!::-.::::-X  -:-:-:-::::::-:-l:-:-: "..I. —.-.111.1...
I........::-:-X-:-:::-'.. ;!: :!: I.:.' ".' ".,'' "'''' I -:."..;..:.:,...7."""":",!" -::'::-'-"'."-.'.....................,II -. 1-1-11. 1.1".."'.1,.1.1 1.I-I'll, I.1., I - -.....1 —',,. I I,::::..!..:.:.:..:.:.:.::::!.:!::::I...""...'....'.'.'.'.',''."!:!:7,:I.. I1.::::::::.: l.-l':-:-:-:-:X-:-: —: a:...,,.''. - -... 11....:..............I11.- I'll, I, I."",'-.'."" I..........I... I 11-11.1 —.111,. I.. 1. I  I...I... I 1-11,.". I-1 I II''. - I...... "I I... I I,''... I.II"I'll... ---.. III'll, -,II 11 -I
----... It, I... 11........... I."..,."..,..,..... 11... 1. ". I. I I I - 1"..",... I'll "..."...",,I......................' -"'..""..'.'I, 1,, 1. I.: " I:.-." I..........-... I.. I- -.................,-,:.. -,.1... 1..II I11I..,., -,.. I I.11III...................II 1: I'll 11. 11I-I.:..-,"..... 11 I,..''.111 11.....I...... 1,...I..''''I''..,.''''I...I.... 11......I.:...I
III II1.I,,.., I....'I-:. I,. I -,
1.-.1.. I.. II I....,I II I,,
I I... 1. I...,..I... I.:-.I.I.. I.,.,.1.1
I.....
I,. I..:.......,I I.
II,..
I I
I I. I..,.,-.
II.. I.
I.I.. II-..
I
II...,..... I,,I.. II II,I I. II......I''I'll
I,,..I.II.........
II.I.11 11 I. I.., II -''I'll'.-.. 1.1111,,... : ::::;::;:::;::;:::'. ., .:.'."' "".III I I I.. 1.I.I I I II I I,.''... -.1.111.11 "I I1.11, 1.11 111.1. "I I ". I "... 1.1, - I."", "I "I ". I-:-:-:.:
11''I'll 1.11'II.1. I........-. I I..... 1.11 I I.-. I..'',...I.:::
II - - -.,I1.1.111.I''.. I.''. 11.11,.... 11.11.11II,11I,I I1 I I - 1- I'll 111.1.
"". "I I..": a 1::':'.. 1. I.. I. 1. I I I.... 1. I I.. I I.., I'I',"......... 111.11............ 1.11................. I I I... I",'I'," I I I I I.... I I'll,-II I II. I I 1. 11II I 11. III.. I... I1 I.11, I I I
I —... I..'' I..''. I —...............................:- X-, 1.....',I1. II-, -,.,, -11,,-,,.I,,II 1..1 I.. II,,'.'.'.'.'-.':-::':-:::::::::-:::". -':::I...........I..... I.. I.. 1. 1. I...''Ill-..'', 11.1......... I..... I I-........ I I............I...II:,:::::::::]::::::: ::;::::.,::::]::::",.!::::::i:;::!::]:]i:iiiiilliii:::: -::;::.:......:::::::::-::'-:
-....................................................;.:::..:':.::::::::;::..'. I 1.11''..'','', I'll I........111.111, I 1 1 I I.......... "'I"...".'-., I',-. "',"-'.,.I........ 11,1111.1.11.1.11''::
11: -::::::::,,: a:::::'; —.1 X..'........... ".......,.",................,........ I.....::!:;:::-!-::................!.:.:.:,!.:.:.::::::::.:::::.!::.:::::::::!::.,;..".1......... :!::l'..:!::::i::::]l..::i]:;]]:i:i.-iii]iii.'..::.;::: —:-,:.:,..x.:.:
I1.1.11.11 I.......,..,.,.......,..,...,...",.,.,.,..............,.,.,.,.,..::.:":: -: "' I ". -'....: -:'::::!:::::;!:!!::::::::::::::::"-" -'-..:.. 1.1""..".1'.'.'l'...-'.'.'. I...-,,......:......':...........:..;,;,., "-a..........:::::!:'i:!i:]:-I..:x,:ii:i:::i:i:!:li::iil;:i;:!il
--.1111, I,.","..."..,..............,.'I -....:.. I1.11. I:'' —I I'-' I''I I:1:-!;::-;;.-l I.. I.;,:,: I;:l.:.:::l::l.:'::'::.!.]:..:............................. "I"....",..".''..,...::':':.....!..:...:.........:.":;... -........'............ —................ 11,11.1,......::;-!:::::::::::::::::::::: .::;:::::!::::,.:::::::::::::.:.::::.:.!:.!:::::.:::::,.:..:::.::"::;::::.::::::::- - --.. - ".... - - - -, ".. - -''.''..................
I'll.''I 1''.. ll....'..'....,,-,,I.,....,.,..''.,...I...-................I I......:..::::::::-:;::::!-!!:!::;::,:':: ",:;:!:.,:..:::....".........."'..I.I. I I...!...:.,.,'-:'..;, ": "......................]::::::...:'X'' ""'''..,::'';. "." I."......"....,.......,...,.."...,.,.,.,... l-'.'..'.'..""- I.-.- I. ".""."." 1,".':!:::;::::.::!::::':::; 111.1::::...............::.:.:' ....!:':;:::':.......11.1.:::':;:::::"
I..,,........,......,.".,.,.,.,..".".,..,.,........11..............., -I:: -.-':iiii:i:ii*i:: i-'iii:i!;:!;..........l::::::-:::-::.'..".','............
".....,.".",.,..........,..".....",'.I.......... I'.:,........:..!::::!::.:.:.::::.:.:;:::::::::::::.::::::.:::::::;:::,:;::!:;:":::,.'..,...,...,..,......,..,.''.,!.!!::::::::: II.'.'.- -.1-1-.1-111-11,''.,,::;:::::.:::::::;I..:-!:X::!::::..:::::::!I.,,, ...,,.''....'.] -:-:-:-:-:-X.-'.,:,.:.:;:;:::;:::::::::;::::.,.:;::::.:.;.:.::;,!:.:.-::::::::!::::x......I.."-....::::: ::i::il::i:ii::i]:li.,'l-:-::!:' I.1..1... I I I.. I.. -.::'..:.;.:  -!.,.,::".I'.! I.:..... "..!::.,.....".."........7 —..:.,!...... :'.11 "".............1 I..:...!.:.,..".,."..,..!.,!.!..""....:.,..:...:::... "..,.",.,.."..."""."....".,.""I.I....... 1.11....................I...,..11:-.........I.I1. 1.... 1. I I I.............
-- -'..'x..."'... — ii:i.,-X;.. ".::;*:". i:-..i:'..-. -.'... - - -:-.-;- -1, -:-' —::::!:-:-:::"...,....'.......:...1 1..-'xjj!- -':'.: —'.'.::::;:::;:::::..1:,,.1.:.:,:...:':.:.:.:-:.' -:.-.-.-.:-'.'.....;..l..,.. - - -—:"-'... —.--.'-.]!]:ii..:'..i...:.,:.:.,....:.::..::::;::!;..:;.::.,:,::;!;:::::::; -:-:-:-:-.-.-:-.-.-:.-::-:-:-.-X, ": - - -: 'w.:I.. I...'':;::::::!-:::::::-::]'.,.........1I.:: "........-:II
".......'..'.:I.- I II I..-....':::,::: —,.:.::;.:.:.......'. I.."..1 11I... 1....:...:.... *:"...."....:::,, i::;:::::-:'...:...:.:.:.:I'. "....-"-"
":::!.. I:.:.:,.....'.,......:.:.:.::................:.:...:...i:!:i...'::;:,..!.- —':!:::!:;:] -,.I.1.1:... 1:1...:'.....'::.. "... 1. I.,:::.......".".,...,.".",.,,..,......,......,.,.,.",",,....:!,.:::::.;..,.:,:,!,:.:j  i..!::::!:"::.,:!...,.::....:.::.........".., —I'.:::..:''I
—::: I I.,I'.....-"....''..' I... I.- - I.......'.'.." I...!:;!!-:::::]'!.!:'......;:.. I.I1. --..I I. 1, I I...".,'!:!'...' -::... -:!:;:-!::;:::::::.' I.::,...:'..,.,..I 1, I.., I I..l. -'-:::-:::::.- -I..., "I.,..... I.. II...::.]]]:]:::::]ii;!::: iij!::ii;i I 1.1.11I.,.......::'....... 1..:':!..... I...'.....-"-:ji:.l:'-;::-:-.:....... —-;:'-..-..'.. I I... I..
11-11. I., I I I I I......'.. I I!:!!,.. I...,I.............I........".. II.11.
I. I',::;. 1. I... I.-:1::ii!ij::;:';i... -.'-.'-. I."," -.."...,., I.-1-1-I...." I'I.,.11,... I I 1.-.1.I...-111 1, I I I "I"..".".:::!*]i;l]::. I -I'` 7 I,-, "...:;:x!;::_.I"'l —— l":-';-:-'.I1,'I.,.,.... -1:..... I.-:''::;:.,.:I.-.I::::'::j:-.'.'.:.1.1,.'.'.... 1. -,I.,... I.11I".
-1...''111i-'-.-."..'':::!,..11, I.,.
I..::..:....:.. 1.:.:..'.:......" I I I!1:d :'::!]:!:.':.'...':.-I —':-':.... I., I.l..-.I......' I I...:...t.,-I....II.. 11 I ".I...I,.......".. ::.,,11,I.1 "l,',.....d'.::; ".,.......1
X::.,::.11.'.I.1 11,....".:.,. — a-a'.....'...,.- 11......:;:'_;
1.i.,-, "-'::]:..., -:::: —'..-...".. 11 I,-,,.,:'... -1:.
II..I..:1...".-...,..'..IIII....'-.1:.. .....'.':.,,'....... I.
II11.I I:!: —'...-:-.. —...:,.II'..:::.::.,......''. I I.... I.. 1. II I''
I.III.I11I.II... 1..1... I..,..''... "-';:' I..';::::::: I i :;::'....-i' - 1-:..'.........-I I..';.'-::::X:.:" I,!:"..'
III1I.,.;."......-....,:"'::-:!:;:::: I , "I I..,.1:I..,7';:::: —::]'!::" :... I...:-::.: - ,......II.I.1..II.......:., - ':-:.:,1. I......"
I..,......"...".."...'...".. I I"I.........l.... ":;:.::iii:]::'  —."i:'.I. I.: -'!::!.:.."
I:-;,:''..,,.,.... I.",,'...... I I,.::. ..:' -,I,......." I:
I,..OI..:..'.'.,., I,.I:
I:..,,;: —-.':::.......'.I1, -:::::-:-::::,,,,;
I.... I-..-.11,.'......."".''. I I",II..'.......'." I1.  -:-::.._
I.I..I..::!!::-::-";'I.
I..'.........', iiiii!I:,.. —,':;:!:::::-'-.".', ",I.,..;:: I..."'''......
III"1,....'..... 1.1.111.1 I.... -;::!:
III-.,.,..............,...,....,.""... 1,  1.1 I.";::.II.,,...., -.-::;.........,.d....I.,..::':::..l:]:".::: " -''...:,a, ".'..'...'.I.......1:..    I..;.,.,.,...............,.,.,,.,.."""   -'   I.....:........'... I.,...:!::::::'.':'.."..'.   -...   I   I........"',.................:I.:..::......,X..."............"'... "... I 1, I II.'....1 1.,:.: -::-: -.,.:ii]::.-I]]:ii]]]:]]:i:... I I..., --
1.''.II1:.... I
1 II-II,...;:.,... I'll. 1:: 1..,.."'..... 1..',...; I I. I I I I I....I.... 1. II'llI,.....I...,::.::.............. I..... -:-: -::;;:]]]':1,'': ",,,,,............I,:::.:::
-.-::.....::;:: —!:::::-:..'.':"':..::'.:....''I'll- I I I'll, I. I,." I, -.:;::..I. I....,:!:::::-..............I.....I........ I.. - 1. I - 1..1.11.......... 1. I I... I I. I-::::!:.::::: :::;:::: : " -'X': -::...;';: -:-.:::::::,.-:..'..:.....",..-' -... 11.1'..,.".....,.................'::!::!-:!:':::!:!::::::::::-::::::!-::::!:::::'..III.1.1.11II.. I I..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.!:::::,..,....,.I...' -,I.. 11 ":........,I
I..-...I. —............ 11.1' ",:.. —:.:".:!::::::::!:::!::::::!::........II..'.. ]: ", -". —:!.:'.l',.:::::.,::: :!:'iii I!:::::::::::,:::,::!",:....I..,:;:,.` —!'.' ":'-"::....,.....,...,...",..",.,.,..".'I..'": ;,:,;:..:.::.:: -!...'...'.... — ,;iiii.-',:i:i,..... I -:-Ix.:..,:,;:;::...:.
rI                                    .....;,::.:;:::::::::!:,'-!!.,:,.  I
I....;:4.....-...'a, ...%::::;;:::'-'-'-. —:-.'-l'-.: ....... 11......,..:.:::."'!::.'-. —,.............;I..1.1...,"I.,,:.!..I...-:.-.1.I::: -—':::I...
1..1::-:. I..1'. ".. I... -d' ";.,::,,."::::.:::::..:...::,.,.,...."..,.':.".::',-....!:.- -!t,..:.,::.:I.. I..IId'.:!:...l.' 1...I
.... .. 1. 1,..,!!.'.:..:::.:.!.,..:,:-,.:",.. :!],.... I -I
I....,:. I.-!:....,,.;.
.. I......,..I,'-:,! 1"....'.'..l.l::"':; ; -....I... I....:.:...''...!!.';.I,," I..,,... I,.:.-.I I....1..'".. 1. 1. II I:'!:!;....."
m.".-...... 1. I...,.:........'.". "/.I.,.."'.. I II;:..1.11I..I...1. I'.'.........II
I1.I.:-:       I..,.            1:.........  1,   ":......"...:.::...,!,....'...... I.1.,'I, "". 1. 1.''............ I..,... 11,;;.. I.'ax.-.J. I".....
I-...I... I. " -.1... I......,'''::,'-!',,:::7:::...'::. 1::''...."....
-:-:.'-:;'.'-. —::!; -l —:.:. I I.,.;:,::::: -:-.,...':',.. I..."...!!,. -.- :-I..:..'."'a'.."I... 11,...''... "...I-.. I.......... I I,;I:,,,,...... I I.:::!...11",..';...... I.I I:.1.
11-"-II.I- I I,
- -.".. -,.!:....:..:..:.:.;..:..;,.. 1. I,.,I I.,.. I.:.:.:. —:.-.:.-'.-. -.a.-;!'::;:X!!!:]] -.1 I:.:.:.;.:.:.:. -;-;-.:!;-;-..q 
-.-..........!: .........: —':',,.::]lill:l:::Iliii::iiiii.-',::1:..:..,.
-l!!l!X:!' —':-:.-,!;::!::X!::::::::::-!:X:::::::::::!l......., 1. I 1,:.': 0.1-1 I - 11I1:: -. d.-:::!: ".,.,.",.",....."".,.''.,.,"... I.. I I. I..'. —-": - -...::...:,;- -'*-!, -,.. !;,::::!:'Id'..'':.:. I-:. -..."'......".'.""...I..l..... I.. - - - -.11. I. - - 11.1... I.. I I" -I I.1 - 1.1.11 11.::.!::::::.. I......
IIIII 1.1.1.11 I I'lla....,.,::.;::.:.. I . II -.......... 11,,,.I.':X... ":': I,-...African-.-..' "" "' "..1".......':...;,..,:,:,..':....::.: I.'.., :...1::..... 11.1
I."II..':,...."'.',.:.1.1-.......:.:.:.:I-I...''..,
I I
...::::':' —:;:.
I...'. I..' — —. —-'.'-:-l I !,.. I..I..''I:-1
-....II.I..."..", - I.1IIII,..: -.." -
I;- -"








S~!.... ~:-.'-.................::"~.....................' ~..................................'....................................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...........
r'            ~.......................::~:::':::::~~~~~.............
"" *          j        ff'   s   >s,' s }'.'$>j9G'ts''':i<i!:1N....                      "No
t                                                                                                                                 s. 04. i.S...::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.?'V;::           ~............
— d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~': i," ".,,:i70::E:E:''::::  i':0:,,:.:,. i 04i.Eii, g z.Z..............   X': V,...........:::..           g.'3:,",.........,:.~; i;   zoo:::.;................::':                                                                                 \                                            N......:.:.:';,,.0::::,,,.           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~                              ~          ~         ~     ~      ~~~~~~~~~~,.~,r'',':.%r'.77.....:.... 4:                                                                     ":~>,......,,,,.....S   r::
i,,$ j>,j~~~~~~g i'i~~~v/'>.................  >"<j  $$>$ > 2 ~g 2.........................................................................'&&....................=====================...
~'".S.<?:..?: ~ ~       ~            ~           ~          ~             ~..~. r1..''.?.?.<}&'s..::...,
"NS                                                                t
~..............~~ ~,....    v.,.. ~,...:.^...:...,. t.'.~'4'....................,                             -.. -....
#   _N                                          \;                                                                                _s,;   00,                                       M s  e_  t                                   __~~~~~~~~~A  A"
~.. ~,.....,....,:.,.,:~::.:::.:'r:,.. g.,...................NX,',?? >,:x:.:g,'-'""  v'.    "
~..








..........                                                -7~   ~ ~~~    ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~   ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
i  ~ i  >,~.. }   ~.-~ ~   >0,i.~.~ S ". t,.............................................
*~iii~i~iii~ii~i..?1.?.'......                                                                                                                               V.-..........d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,,,,,,,,~,...'   >;-   $...........,                     ~'!.. "',.,,$,8 8,.,...,.,.,.,,,,,,,8,,.,,..,,.,,,,,:.......... ~..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~:'....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........'X..........................!i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
a i z           y~re>^<t>~,'~. b.:.:............,...........
A;=$
>,w,......... _............................................... E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aliS'S'' S ""''}}d. ii #..........








~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:~.......:.:..........'...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................. ~                            i;::~  ======================================'"'~:::.............~~~~~~.........
~~~~~~::::;1:............'-......:H gln s............,.........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:":...!~;:.~........7
~~~..........',.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...,....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..........'Z.:................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?.................................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....'(....................................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.::!!.:::"~:.................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,.........








. ~~~...
A 11I... I..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.?5!~!?:i:.II.. IiI1.??
"'~'~'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...I...~
i.l',"' I       ~..,.,.....!  i i!.II!:I::! ~'
iI   ~!I::::ii: "                           ii i iii-!:":::~':...                                              %.....", -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i,~ I-k,,,?-,,                                                                     i~:.i::;'  ":"''":iI~ iiii I I? ~.... 4....'.  I.-.:....I,......,........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I...
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..I....'.'....:',::.~!::'..........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~...
t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....:~i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~, ~I'~ ~~                  ~'.
-11.1.1.                                                               1..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~':~iii1!~
"~' iiiiii q......%,
%..I,- ~~~~~~~~~~...II..,.~~~~~~'~.
I:,.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"~~..
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..1......::~:L.:'ii~ii::?
-!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i,:: ~~~~~~~~.
I,i,ii:~!...............I.,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~
ili:::. ~. I,...: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~.I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'::!.i.. l"
~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~!i:iiii?.1..II.. I......,I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..;..I.                        ~:i  i~i: I  i~
"I    I I  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..I..,.::~:'....I1,.:~..!.:~-,"I:~111~!,i-~~.~i
I I~~~~~~~I I. % II.I... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:...:::. I..m.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii~.!   i11~~ii~i!. I:, ~~~~~~~~~~~. I"......,.-,-. -...'I,.I...,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~:,. 4~~~~~~~~ i, i~~~~ii::    i!~,iiiiiii
"..~~~~~~~~~~....-...,,'% i. S. -,..: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii  iiiiiiiii








I..

1 —I..1. Y  I., 1...
I,.
"I.,..-..I,< , i.,,,,,,,.,.. -1, 1 II,-",,,,...:, I I — - I.."-.. -.. - ,,,..-II. I I 1..,::..-,,II,.-,..::,...,...,I-,,-. ,.......,.,,..-.. I...,.
1..:;,:.. i.. I,, , 5,.,, "..,: i;.,.,,.I._..,,....,..,.,,,:,.5-.., 5 , -I',,:,.II:   -Iw II......; "...
I....
I,.
I-.I...
I.1
I,
..1
,I
1...I.
_
.I
I,.I.,,..,...II
I1:lI.-.,.I..-...,../.
I11-,.I., 1-1_1-...,I... _q,,,... I
.II...,I
II._.._..III,....II.1I.1.I11_....,.II,
_.,........II1.11I.
11.1,.1.:,. 1,..1. 1.I,::',,, i i;:,I..I..,III. II,,II
II,, —....... :::x::,.-I
II_.I- -11
11,.-.........,1..11,,_...,, 1,
-- 1.I.1,..... :: —— II1-1
I.-.I.-II I.. - 1..I II.,II I.
II..
III,''. _II...,...I''II
IIII.-.,_-,......,I....,...-....I..., —..,.
I_.,.,... II,I I.. —. I-,.11.1,
I.,-., 1.-,,..1..I"....I
-,II.I,,.:, _,II,,
-I I... 1.-I.III....
II.. I....,.,III...1... —I.I..,..,,.........I.II
I..-.111.I.I,,...11,
II:11.,..,. 11 -I.. _,"'....II..I.......I...: - 1..,,,.,...,1
III.I. I .....I,..,_1,I.,.. I.,,.- -I —-,..1...1 11I,..._;-I..,.....-.1..I.-.-1 1.
I...1..._1..II.. I.,..II...I,,.,....,I...
II..,I.:..''..I
II.1. 1.,..,-.
, I.. I. —,- -.I... I.
II... . I,.....
I.II.I1. 1. I.,..''..
III.",,.,..-:-I,,,..II — I.,., 1, 1.41.I
I.11,-..I.... .-..,,-1 - -I,..,...I,-1I.... -- I.. -.1. 1.I
I,,., _.,,,111.1.I, —..I I. -II,,,,1..." 1%,-.I...''...-.I-I I..... I,.:: I..._,.II I.. —- 1.''I.''.,
-.I...-, —-..... 1q.,..,I........I
I. 1. I.I  —.I....-1. -.I.,,11 -— I,,. ,. 1. ..''. 1,I_ —...,.I.. I-.1 I ""..".
11 I.,... - -; 1. "I I'..., 1-1I..-,-.,:::-;-_ I I,, I.. 1........I _."I — II.11,I.I...II''. -........''.
,''I,.I,  -I... I-'....,,
-II.''II......1..::.,., 171.14.- I..... 11. I,:11.. 1. 1, .I-,I-I.., 11, ---.11 11.1.1
11 I. 1.I.. __''..''llI.- -I...._.,.,.I —.I11....-.I, I-.. 1-1-1
II11.'',,........II.,II _.... I, -.,.,..., %, I -,.4.....,",,I,.,II I.. —1I,.I,... 1.I1. -, -,,.....,.-%, 1"...1-..I
I. I..I,:;,..'I', 41.,11.1 _, —..I1. I...
III.......,.....I
-1:,..:.::. 11, 1..,-,.,..%.,. - 1, 1,
.....,.. -...I.,.. -....:II 1-1I
I -_ II.........,....... .;....
I1. 1,I.." -.-,,....-I.".., 1,.
%, 1.11.1., ...'.'.......I., "I ll 1. 1. I..I11:1,.I-.. _.I.'',.I
I,
11 "I"..''.''II....:..;:.:, 1,....,".- : ]::.., _- -.1.II11.1I

I —-.,.I.. 7:1,..,-I
— ., "I. 11.11,:::...II..I,,,..::i..,I.....,...''I.,, N......... -.1.
- —....1..... 1....''I.,.II. 1-111, II,..::;.....I I.1..." I.. I.: , I..,4.1.'..,I
I 11I.,.,.,.....,.............I-I.II I —.-I.1.-I II'll..''.II...I..-11-....I-11.I -1. -..I.
-II'llI..... -11,, _.. 11.,,''.,. .,
1.,I.,....I,..., —.., -....;..:-.-,.1 1-,I.I.._11,,,::::.. —-....11I-... 1.
1.%I.", I..",II._.-..-I I... I, %,14.,I.,...,.,."'.,
III —I. - -,__- -- I11_, I..,,......1._I1,I..._-..,;.. I.,;-"....,.I...I11, _I
I..1 1..I - I I...'.1:::: ,. --'I',''..I,........ I...,.,..I,.. I%.,:...... -..-."I.. -., ," -.1.-..,II —- :;]:,:::: i::i:i:.II...I-,,,-..%,.,.. I,::::.,::: 7,,,.....,- I...1.1,1.1 7:...I,.,.1. I I.. I.... .-I
I..,-,,., ".. I...III
I I.-.........''I 1-..I.,,..,..,I.,:..." 1,  I ....1.II — -._,,,:,11''I,I,.x..:::.,:,::,.:::.%.",.;::. 1.  -.,:% ,,::.., 1..",.I,II1. .,.-,,:,I.. 1. III,.III. I,, ... Z.I I.-.I, IIII, _...,.... 1. —...;1:1:-...:.::: "III..,. I III.,..  ..-1,,..1,41,I,...,-, I.:- , -— "I%-,,.. 1. —.,,..... ...-.I,
II,, .....]_.-, - -,:'.::,,,,I..-.,.
I-1 I.II II... I.,.II.1. ._.II.1,.. I — x],.-:],-,::::III1. I,;
II...II..." I. I.", I.,.."'.,.,,,. 4'....-..  I._,.,.... 1, I,,.,.,., I % I.I I::: :.,,
1::,, ::::'. - -,. II-%.-11,.. 1.I.. ....... I.. I,
I,....:.,..:.:, .,.. %.: I. ,,...II .,..::I11.. .,,
I II....II...II.  _l..I... `,,..,.I II,,,,,.,It.,::;.-,,. I.I..::.:::: -,...II.,. 1% %I.I'.: I", I.I. - ,,..,.,..,.1.1 %,,.:,.
1.:::I"III. I.1-1 1%I:I,, -. I I.-,% I 1, I'll, I.%..:,:. 1:1:::i.;:,;i;.::j:::j::-::::.-11."..I. I.. .-.,. I.I. I iiii......,:....,..I.%1-1...1. I I  I. 1-1 I.
I..-..II..,.`. II,....::........ %,.l. I....... I -.,, -,-,,,. I I1.. I, I.".  ,:::,,:,.,,,,..II- .......  II.-.....-'.....-,., I:::,:: ,-,..,, —,Ii& —,]::,  1.,,,.,,. 1- I.::1,:I
I.. I_.....-.''..-IIII.....I. I...I. II,.....I —.. .. I,,,......."'.,.'',I.I_.:,,., ..I..I.,.,
-1.,I:::.,, I,_1:,...,". ii:::,:,I,.
ll.1,II..,..,...,...,.,,..,:,::::::. "..,:: -.... ,I,...,:.:.:::..,.. I,: ii,,,..
I,..,I.,,....- ii;i:::!:i::i::;::::,,-I —11, ., 7:_.1.II.....:IIIII1 71 7,-, I-'.-II.. I I-I..I.-.:..-., ".... I I I- -,,I-l.,,-:..II —----,..I... —I. I,. I .., 1.,,, I.1.:;,:....".1 11 -. .,.:::,I. :i:,iiiii;:. Iiiii:::i: .I,I.. ,... I...,  I -;ii:ii:::ii:.II —-.I,, . I m:fI
I..I-,-" 4.,II,,..,,,-.,,- - -, —1,%-;. - 1.II...... 1. I..I I.,... I...,I;,:-.",,,,,. —,,.:::,,%..-..l."..11., -- -1.,..-..,. — I... .....
I:::::,..I. "I ,.,,..I"'......,.I..;.-I,:::;..-,. 1..... —.1.l.:,
I.....1'...",",.::: -,I,%-:.... .-  -.....,,I:..,:
I.... I.,. 1:,I1"..,..I.. ...I11.I.,,.,ic.,,::
I-. —.1..:.,-1,....I... I,.
-..I....-II —-I-..I.I,.I I III.. ............_ -.- - —. I...I 1, ,I
I.1.1.1.-....._.. -  I..I I II..II.III.I.%
I.. 1-1... I..... . —.:. 1-1II..... I.,, I I I..I I,..
tI,. I I....,..".1,, I., I "....I... I..-I-II..I,
-I —-.1 -.I.. 1. -.,.11.,II.I......._.,::.,,... I I:11:.,.-,I''II,;::: X, .:,,... .,IIII....... I....,, I.I
ll —-I11., I 1,I —-. —:17,11_....._I11.1.,I..1.14 I,.,..-.,... —.:..,. I-1,.1 "...,.....,. _I....,.,.
1.,, 1.I........ I*: I. - -.....1 1. b.,-, III.., I.,.1..I1.:,'...11...... I I,'II.I'll.II,".I..4,.%, ":,.:,14,I,.....II.... II..1 I.1-1 I:,, -........,,..", "...., I.,.,. I..,..
II. -.1,%..,-.......I.. I.. -, I -I,.p, II_..,  I.,..... I:I ..,.'.. ",II., 1.. —.......... I 1-11.
-,ll,-,; I.... I,I.,.,I1-1II-,.I11, I.,... I II.,.. .,.,I.,-,.,,, 1.-.1.I.1 -— 1.. __...I I.I-I I. I....., 1. 1. I,: 1, I.I1 I -..:::,.:.,::.I..,.,,,.,-..,, o..,.,,.__..11-_,*  ]::, —.,7:::_,"I,."I1. 11 1.,,.......I —,I,,-.. 1....... -,. I.,. -1.1.:,:, I''I.......,,-...
I,.
-, -. -,._
-. II_,...,I1..1 -,.,.,I.1..:xI::::::::.::::..'...-.,.,......%...11,.I.1. 1, %......,.I...:7: -<.-,. 1.I.
I,.. X.1.:-
-II.. 1..
1.,....__,
I III: I —-. ,:,, ., .%;:.:,:: — ___....,,.,,, :,..1.....,...
I..I... I..''..II... I.,..I-11-.,.. %,:::,::,.. I I.... -..
II. 11......-.1..,.,..-.,, 1..._II ___::. ",.,.I.I...l. 1.I,.I:: -, x ~iliii:: I  %.,,,,.X:.II.,.,,..,- ". 1,I:;,,,:,.",,,.,,I1''..,I
II III.-...III-.,II,.,,,.,.,...,,.,.
1.%:`..I-,:-...,. II.1I.- . ..-,.-,-,
_." : 1.I.1, -".. ".4%......I.. 11,-, —,,,,,,;,,,..".1 — ii.:7:.1,..
I. —.1I..II ..,,,I1-1
11.,.II. —.I...,.-::...,II__.I. —,,,-:...,..
%:.:::.:.,,. 1-1....I_....Ix-I. ..,...,,".,.
I —- -I,..........11,.::, - -". I,I:.....,-.. III -I
_1.11. 11 —-.-,..
I-,I,:.. I.,. I.::::. I..., I —.I — -..''
11 11.I ---.1.,-.1 X:,.;X:::::: I."" 1.  I - I....-1, "I,-II.. -..I
I
1. .,%.........'.:1.1...,-I-1..,_I......I.1.1%
1.,.....I.-II,,,.",  ,"::::I. I.. I -..,,.%,..:11..:,-...I1,.." I I
%/I..",. ".... ",". 1, 1II-._,.;,:: I..-ll.II I:..-I'll.I,1. I ,... - - ... I I 1.I. 7!-,,
II......-,I. I - ,.."'..:,,.,.... ,I.II._.l..1. _. III.II.,I.I.,., .. -I ,: 1.,. I ---.11.
1...,:X:1.I -I.,III .....,:I..-,_ ....:II -." .I.,I.. 11II....,.-.. I...
1,I1. I...,." 1,.I "'..1,14. I-,:. 11,-.1... —. I I,. 1.I
— I...,__'. - -.,I....,I
11.,:. I...-.1..I... - -.I.... —.1. I.,-.1I." I...,.,.,, _..,II..., II.,II- — I-.I-...,.,.1.I.I.,. II1-1 I..1 I.,-..'..,,::::,.:.:.,:.,. ",.,.,.:. .,:I:::,I - I..
I,,. I. I..,-I:::,: "...I1,, I,.1,,,I.1...''I. —. I II..,-,.,,,..,.
-I,,.,.... I .II,.I -
I-.. -I.., I..,.IIII::::......I,.;;........ 1 II,.".:.,X:I....,.
I., I.,-11I,,...:1,I...... 11..,..II-II,.. -I,,"...l. II. I,.1I...I...  ,.:.-... I II..".1, :,:1..I.I ". ". I.-:I, -:. -.."I —-.1 -,....I_-...1..
I., I..I,. .... 1..-,I —-.:,;. 1..1..., I. I -1. 11,,.,,
I.....I_.. 11 - -
1.,,.1. I........-.. —,,.,
I.,..; "...-",,II....-.. I..,..,...-. -,,I....,.-, II1..... --  I..._.I.I..... — III:.:;,.I,,..,,1 I I,,-,......... .. %1. I.. 1. -.,.,-I
1.II -.I........,-I —....  I I 1. I1-1.-." -%,. "I — -.......,....,IIII . I I,.,..,, I
.1... I.. 11 I ."....,.-..,, I.. , I., 1,:,::-.. I ,,.- -.1,"',., "I
I.I.,_...,,.... __Iii..:-.:.. 711. -,....II..,..-II1. I.. 1....I --....I:::,,,-::-.......11.1... -. —-.
, . :.-I. I...,, —.., II.-.::...... I 1.., 1-1....-... 1.. —.........?11;. -,.  I..,. I -,. I..." I.......I I....... —-.-I-III.111. "I 1,14'..'.. I I":,...1,,II......, _....,:..., .,.I. - I I I. I.I....1 I. I....1,. I.A,., .......-11I..'...",. I., - - :::,".1.:.I —- -..I.I  "I'l,:1, 1..1I.-,
-,I,..-.- -"I 11 —-II. 1- I,, .. I —,::::::-.II _ _..1..I —,......I11  _..-....'-,"..".:.
I..., _.I.I.:::-.,:i:::::,,....,..... ..,.,,.. I, _, I."....'.
-I.. II..I
1%-".....,.1-1II.",.I....,.. 1.I... 4,:%.1.... 1..I-...-.I...  I11.... II.,.I... 11
I.,........II. X_,.., I' —-,,--I-,I ,,.,.I... — I.I-...._.I..1Iv I.1..., _I .I.,::::,, :.,
1....._.,.I. -.1.I-..."-.,, — 1.
1%-I..,. —'.II. 1,._ -.. I..:;:::....,.. I., I --.. I1. I,- I I.7:::.., 1:.1.I ,.-... -
— "..-,-,...:,.,.....'.., I...11...,.,..''I -.,I,"II.1I.1...I......1, I..,... -1.. —...II..... 1. 1. ---..........I. - - - I,I,.1....11 — I.1..,......II.....,I1 I...,.I..... 1..I-1:..;-, -,.,-_..I- —,,., I'% I.....-..,...
-.1 I....-..I...1.I.....::::
1.,,-.I,..,I I.......  II..I...,",,,-.-11.... I...III:1..,.-,,.,.1 I .I  I........ -11.
.....II -I.1-,:. I.,.,........1.1.-II.......I —--— I-.1. I...1.1.I. —,-....I..._,.'I', -—,I,.:..;.:.::::":::., "i`::.:.:.,... 
-11 I...1.1-......... --—.1. —
''I.'',..,.,,.I.I .... ,.`%I Io,.... I.,..  I......I ... I. II_...._.I —..1.1..III —-. -...I;-.I.,.,...,..,..I.I.. I I.. I..:-I..., -:,.,., 11-''I... I —-,.1I... ,-,.. —.-,....::.,.....:.. 1..-.1.I.,.
— I -.,. ....:.,.,.?I-"..,:I,:.. —- -..,.....I....... "..,.X I....:. 1,1....,.-..,-I..
-.1I...I —-...,..I., I... -111.,..1 —.,.11 I.., --.. I —- 1.11I....II.,II —-.  I. _....II —-..:: I..:.-.I....
,...........,,.... %.'..-,1.I.I,. I,....... I —-I.. .;,, __,.-:,.. "'..',I,, 1. 4,41.."'. ".,,..,''..,...I.` . I I I...... - "I..... -,:::....,-,-..".......I"...1.1,I.I.. -'I....I - -:;.,,I1.,1%.. ,. ,"..4%....,,:::  I._l.11...1I-I.1... 1..1.11.1I. —-...  I.... ,,. -.._;::. 1,1:.I
—.I.........,I..._I.... —.1.,,,.,.,,:::::; I.,%I.,..1 II.,I.I —.1..,I.11...I-II-.....,I 11 I. I. .....1-I, ,.,. . I-..,II .......1.. -... _..,..1:..1.:I.,........1I.I,.,:::1..1..II.. II. 1.I. .....,:.:...:,.......:,;,:.1 1,,I,_.-1.-...- ,.,, —,-,..,II.. '...I.,. 1% ,,.,-..... I I,.., I...-,,..-.....--.I....::::::.,,.,., ...... —1. I. I.:,.:,. .1,::;:., —.,1.I-,,..I.I-.1.I__...I.,.I,, —,. I..I-1....:1.....,
,_II I.... 
-II —-..I... —- -— X,.%,,,,., —1.I1. 1:11:1."I: .. ",
I..,-,._.,. ........I... -. ......
-,o.I,:.,...::.. 1-11..I.I-:::-  1:1,.... I...,..., ,v.1....I-..I1. II.I.,...  I I."I,41",.. III._....".:...:I; —..,II..,;,:,,;,,:.l:..;,..... ",....",, ,i,, —:;,I... ,.,,.
11 I11 11.1. I .1.. —1".:.x,.
-.I...-.-%,;I.
...I...I.....I,.
... .... I.,-'.,.:::,::..,,11,-,".,,,"..",.,I.1....II...
-1,I, "....". -, ::: -,,".I-,'-'.'."-.1.'....;., -,:. I ,I..,:, ]::'::..I,...,,:,.,w.:::: .,.
..._".-.-......-...;.. :,.......  1, 11 -. I.  I I.,..., I —-........,.;.-,   I.%_:_ __..III I -..I
— I... 1,...,..,.-. .,....,..,.... I I
----.1....I...I... I II I.  1.::,- - -.. -;-I,,_.......I1...11 I::::.:;,.",..', ". I...
-11......._I...,I..''.I....._.I., 1:, :.,.. t..._...  II
11....I1,..X,..:..:.,,...1,..,II"". I,....-..."I.,.. ,I. — 11 1,._I.1-11. — - -_....,.;...1-,I%,,i;.,,,.,]-,,.,..._
I,...,."..,..,.......,-,.,..-., ,I.,.I,..II..,.. I
%, 1. I..'..,,.., .1 i., 1. -1.1.::]: ::::...::]:l......'.'.'.:,..,:,:::71-,...,,-.,I.. I... ..,'.
I. `I .'I.  I-,-..-1I.-.11... 1,. -,"...-* ii. :.1,....,..::::::v,:, .::;:":"I., -.,.: , -.... ,'I.,.. I,,,,''I... —- II -,::,.i,%, -,
.1.I.....,,._.% I..: -, 1,N -,,,,,.I........."II —----.... 1....1-.).....,,. —,,;, —.. -—.,.,.." ,..1.,,...11..." "  "-,.',.'.l<_-.1"._: I,,,,,::..,.., , 11:: I.....1:1..,::,::., i..-i,. II"-.,.,
I,.-I :.-,  ——,-....."..-: -, i'..'.I....
I..III... O.-,.".. -.: Tx,..;.. ,,..,,..-......""'
1..,:::]:-,.::1:1]]:..:..,.7,....1 .,::::,:I.. iii,._....,,
I.,.-I ., .............-,.,:....,.
.1.II_, ..IIIII., :: ..-I.. .."%%:
 I.;:::... 1..1,-..,... - -.""' -1,,.,I, - I.. "."..:,
"I.1'.,I _i]:,,.,,..,::,,,.._,.. -— ..:i - -`x.%, I.,, I..-...1.1 -1.
-,. - - I.- _. 7.-I.. I I.." -- .-.. I.% I",..,I-.1.1. I-1.._._...-...._.. ". 
-— 1._...... - t —., 1.I_ _.I.... ...-.1 II.-.1-11.
1.II.1I-_ 1. I I..::X.:::.......,.'...,.. I .. 4;.....:.:.1......,...... _,..,..,.,-., -.1I...I
_II_.... ... ......I.....''., ::.,..,'.'. II,,,., I
:,-... I.,........
I1-"%.1.".,..,.,..:-..,,,I-.I.,,.. 1:,.,. _.-I,"..,::,.-.,,::.1. —,. I::;::,.. :.%,.1 I ::::x ".,'.-II.,, I "....I.I..
  I %,II I I I...,,...::'..-I..I% I.III.... I.
-....- -
11....,1.1.1',,"..::,.I I . . ...I.I1, . I I1 I... 1, -%,...I.I,1. --....... ---.:.,:..:.:...,...:II-..... 11
1.____-. —-- I...II...lic: %:::,,,,,,.,,-.,,,I ......II..-..,.,..-,I.I X -:-, I I I:..-_.-_.. _.1-,.........I...- ", I....',I,,,-,II_.-I. X...,:,,..-,.. -11,..,.........',
- -..-,,,11 I .,,I I......,,:_-I-:, -,.:i:, —:'.I....,%,.,..,.. I.,..II
I —-,
I.. %.. ql:::; % 11.1, I,. -.-'..
.1.........;.,.,...,.11 I.. -—  —,..I:7.,.....1,",., 1.X"'.1,I.1......1 K.".: - 1: I..."..,.-,'%-: - -.'.'-...:::::  ,,%-1... I -.1,....",, I I.........  O..I,..-,-,: ......:::% .-.....-.1..",-..,..,,......, ,i., i]::.,_,::.,,. __.1 -1...'II......-I....",::::::::-1,I..',.'S,,l %,..,. - 1,,,,:,-.. i.". I,,,.
: -::;-:]:.i`:i,,...I:..._...1.. :
III. - -. — ---.....,.......
-I''I ,.-.%....1,I
I,% I......,.,I.: S.,...._..,...I.%...__::: Iiiii:,:
—,.,, II...:_.:,..:::j:::: ::,.,;:,,..,: ,,.,-,.::]::..,I:!:,::::', 1..,.., , ,.I,:__ —....__:,. —-I".,-1 I: I..4,.::,:..' I'....I. :::::;.".,;: -..,. 1.I 1:....... W.,,,:...- ": ::::: i,,,": 1,,I-.,,-....... _. —
I. I.:.:,..,...-,...,
_,-.: ..I.,-....:::::::::::::::::::::,.1I-.. 1% X %,.. 11 I,.,. _.::K,,ili-,,-._4.,.1.1.1... -.:.-I.1.I —---- 1.,
I,IX,..,.O.,..,.....,.,,.,::,,:;:j::i:.,, I... I....I.....,-'.4......I,,.
-,I..,,... 1. ,:.,.,,.I,I 1, -'-.-.'.. I..,-,-,:
.1.,-.,-.-1. I''.. — ., 1. i....,,
-.,,11,,,,-....,-,,...1 I... %q:". ".., 1,......I,11. 1. II.-. I %.......,,.1I11.1..,.1
-,ii......,..,......-....-.. ,....-...... .,.". —,,.
>:i::I-... I..,- -I, 1, 1, I., —I., I..I..:,.,..,,..,ii, —,:,....i:i:ii: I -I::.,,I......1.:".,...,.....,,..,% I II I..., I I, 1...,"I..l.,III.:::.... li:7:.,..,.:...1,:,...,., 1,-I...._








1.... 
I....     :,,,,     "...,... —.......:...  "......
.I.I.,1.14.,.I,-I'... 1."I,.,:.'. -::.
1.. .i,,'I, I ',_.-.lm,:' ".
I.1_-.... - I.I..I,_  , I..I.........
l,. "I.. -
,,., __I...ZI...,:I., 1..1.I.I
I.,-I.II..... 1..11,,,I
I.I ..I II.I III.I
.III.. I, .I.,.
II..,-..I:I1,.".,, I,". );... I?;,,..I"".. 11.1......,,..,-I, —,
-,''.,..,...I
A-.......I,, I I'. I..I"..I1. I..
 II..III..
I..,.,,.;......
"..:i iO :::;;:::!::,.,,.-.-: ":'.."... 1,-....I.... _.,.-...",_, 11,o I.,.,...,I...aI...
11I:4, ",.I wl:. II..:::::X-:::: -..1 1.I1, I"..  II,,,"......
-.? :.1:,:;...I",,
-, a,:::i:iI,::: ".I.1-41. I.''.I1.,.1. I... I.I",X -:... I.. ".II I..., I.. -II —-I.IIII I. I...,i:?... I.,.,...,...'I.II.. 1. -,.""....,I-...I -II —-I..-... .III.-I._.. _ - 1.
-..... ,::,,I..... I _ II.:I1. 1.....I...,...I- -I:...
....:.-` 1.;.:. 1..".. -,_I.. -x1.::  -...,-,.]:.,::: .'. I -..,I1..
I I.:';i;,j:;:i,::K:ii:::::.I.",-''...,..,....,.....I..... I..., I I..II,-,s..I..`,,I.I.I.."II..]...... I I. .I..I I -..I..... 1. - I I..,,,,....1-1,I....,..
I. I... -, I.,:::::......,. -'I',,,.,.I......, .,,, ,,II.I.I... I...,x:',.,:]:: -1.1"..III'1-::::,,,:,..,.,.
I —-,...-,..,,"', 1,.. ":, 7:::: -::.. _,1,,, —I, -, X::,I., I I -,.:. -: X...,.,,::....:.
II..''.". -..... ::.t,.,._..-' 1.''.,::::::,,-:.1,I. -." .,_.,II  I.... 1- I.- -..,
I:, 14J .]-.........,'.. I -......,,1.. II1. _...,I. I..1.1.1. 1,,, II.,...l.- I.. I............ .I. -  -... I I...."...."I.......I-.........I.:: '.-. —'.-.-'.".611,.l..
Il...... I.,I.I.. Xl-,...... I.:: -.I- —..I.", I...I-.,.;.....-I..- I I...I".... I......I, — —...... —.-.. l:,',"I.,. I.....-I.. -I - -,..-.:,lI..,.1, -. -,I.,.-I.. 1.......I-.,- — I:I:III'..., — -.-'-,,
11 4e,:,.....,.l —,......:I.1,I%1..::::.,',,.....:l-.'.',: ]::,., X._-1'14'...-....- --- _-I......I. .I-..,....".3.....,,- --- 11,.I.-.
I: —............7::::: I" I I x_...,.1,I.1 -': I,'.
1.11-I.....-, 1......I.I., 1. -....I..I I,.:,,I.1. -.l...-_.-,.._I ,,...._II..
%I...,I..,...... -.- I,:,,,:1:1IIi, ,.II,I."I,,- -.I'll......_..I:::.-,,,_.I-X,:::....',:. 1, I..,, I I, —-,-_, 7'.1'..... -.... I., ll. 41.I.,...
 ...  1..I I.... :,,"II 11 -. ... -.I1.,II:.1 I,. .. 1. -.,, I-1............ —.
III.- ... .......-..... 1., II.... — -I,I:I.......,I I.:....."......I.I I,:,... "..III.. ,:....I.1"',".4'......41.,...-..... - -, I.,, —.. I..  1.:1..... 1.... 1. I  I..... III:' —.,.,- - 1-1.,.., -I....... ........ -.-,I. —,.X...1.-. I  1. I_.It..4".,. 14'.....
III.I —.... -1. -. -..  -..,I"' "X1,I.<, —I.......I:::.' -. ---.. 1. I _:., I..:.;.... 1..I.I..''. I I.. -.1 I.-,., w. -..I,.I —-.11,I.,. — 1.....:; "."..,I... -s.., —. —-—. -.:: "...'..., I..
1,.1I'..". I.1:"-' I X.",..". 1.::::::,.l.,,I,..I.".. I             -.........:,........ 1''..:",                     "I,....I..'.,-.-,...  I..:...4'.......,I.. -I -,:,,  I....I.....-...I ": "",
-,...-..`I.  -— I"...'...,"-:-U-.. l "'.4,.,,...I..,:.:,,.,.,.,....,.; ,:..I1.-.....I:...,.1... -.1... I........::]..`, l'Ib''. 11 I,,.......,:.. 1. 1..........". I II....I,_.,:::::::. I.. -
II......: —,II.... - IIII.,.. -.. — I —----.. 1.
".I.. I I.. I.. I.,,. I... 1. 1,,:::::....:,.:.. - 1.-:..,,....,,
I.......:. 1. I.. ,.; -.._-11.. 1.......... I I.....-,." _-%:. I1. .,I.I...1 11.1I1......I,, _I. —.I.II...: 1..',. —- I.,I.II......",. _.,...
II.::::::.1 1,, -,..III.,..I;: -......"',...II..I. -..-. 1.
I-. I;.,......,..
I.,II -1, %..%"I1-441., %,",,- -,..........,..I....._: %.I -...."...I._ .- I",, 11 I -.1......
11II-... I. I.,I- -I. ...I_-.-;...:'-.`.`7-,-".
- I      1.        _ -  I.....,I                            I,,..;.. ,,.       - -I1......._     I "I    :.:::,.l... ...-,-.,.1'-..,-l..,   -   --  -.%.-,..: ::,.":K-::::..`. I"II "...1,. I'.. I-...-.,.......I-,II - -.-, 1,... ..,,.. :.. — II. I —-...,..,,..-..-,. I:::..., -.. I I.....-,, I,*5I-.. -,
II.1....... I..I...I —,-I11....I...
..- - 11.. 1: I,. _..:::,.-":: ::,........I...,,"',.: .`:,'.'...'... I... I IIIII.,... 1.,.,.~
I- -.II,-.- -
__.- -- 1. -,,
I I, I _   "...... -11,..1. I  , 1.., 4-4 1-1'..,:::,:::: _..I
I, I"",`,::;I:,..I:::-,,:::::: 1..-4-..II....''.....- I
,-:.:.,. "..,.. - -I- 1......I1.,..-.1..I..'....-'. —-". -.-.
I.... -.. I.. I I I....-.:::..,"'I.1 I_.:...:I'..,I II -11I.I.I..._...'': I..-.II.. 44.,.l...-,,. I,...,.,II::. ..I........,,. "4. l-.I- _ ... II.., -,.I,..I'..::.. I-.... ....  I.I.,.I._. — II..........I.1.
I. ...I I.....I.,:,.I ."....,-.". ..,-,. I1,,"....,.....".....'......., I..I- -
%%-::;,::::-_;1:.-.,,:.11..".-'....,11.,..'.: I,,., I.1. -1..,''..I-....- ..,;:... I.,.11 -.11"I11 - -_ I.,.,..,.,.I,:....:.,;..,
I..II.1 V..',..._,,
II-II..... .I.....-... I -.1. I..., ll. . W."'....
-'' :".-,-....-II..
I'll,''.
-:-I1......:::i
I —-, 1. I..,".-..'' I ,iiI.-:::: —,......- - -1.I, ,:7:1-.""..:",....I::II,:..l-_=e I -X _', ".I-,_I., —..I. 1. -.I,.-N,
1. -1, 1. I... :::,...,::,"".1 1. -1'..,,-!!;;:.-_
11....I,..:IA
- 11 "....,I''I.-:,..:,I II_-........1.:
I.. -:.: — I.I.. ....: -- :. :1I11... ",..,,:...-:.:.ii: &..i- I...,.11,
-x11.1 I I... 1.I..I,........ i:4-.::: -. 11::,,I..:::..'', I —--— I,....' I.. -,I:]iiiiii:..11 -- -"..I —-..-.."."..I:-, —1."..1111 "I... 1..1,%., l_,,.-:11,.,"..,::il iZ.,....,
-:,,.Cie. —..... 11.::::: -:::::: -..-, 1.I- -11 1. -...
_
.,: — 1...-... ::::: I —-]:..
I I_..1. 1%I...-... I.. -.. II I - I..I-,;:,I-,..,ix: il::7:.,....... —,.","....l....,-..;ii!i::I
1.11I...,I...,'` ", 7 "..,-, ""...:.,,I.. I....,-. — I...-I......I-, _ I,.. -.. - -.1-I 1. —.I.... —..-.I.. 1. I."..I... I:-1.I —-_
1,.:.... I. I ]:-%'.-'-.-`..t_.;I., 1........,-......_
-::I —. I I. ... -.%_.1.... 1. Il'%l-...%:.:]...," ", -.
-...1 I..
",,,.,,..-" '.,... 1_1111_1.....,_1 -4.1''..-.:-,...%:.., —.... -....11'..,...'' I —...`-,_.-.*.: N —'%,.......l.  I-1 X...,.....
I. —-.. -,.,I.. —1.,-, _
-- - .."  ""-1...-.... 1....
I.I.,....I.... --
1.I.X:..... -I'.....,... —'.",.,,I1...,_.
-. —. __ -.....I.... 1. x:-......I,",.,%,.,..'-
.1.... 11I...,,. —* —. "..,I.::x.*.".. I..I...-I
I
-,-`
II-......... 11I. .::-`-.-..'-,*I,-... I,. ,,., 11
11: I..I..,
I.1. 1..::.,...:: :-..17
1"....1 1.:,"..... _ -,-,.:.:.......
_-I.. ,::::;:::-. -,- -1.
"I",_ :.,...,, 1.I...—....I-...-......I. - -I., -,_.... -..,.,.:;: ..'11.:. 1..1:,. -,`,,`.` I
I"_::7-..,',.,.a,I,.1....-.,:."....",.,,. :,:.,.,.,.,.,.",...,..,.,.'I'.1::,,:...,I- ",: " ::,_,
I....,........::...,....4, I I I I-,-. I I.,.:.,,. -.;:-... _...... I1,-. -......I :., ... -.-...'....,...,
I...,_.11 11 11.....-"."
11....: :.....,.......:1.
-.11 I ".:... i...  — —-  —..,".i.,:-'."'..
I... 11::_ —I.,;,:, lb. i:::
I".l.... I...... ..  _ _1 I.:::::,.I.:...:::_..1 ,. —..l.l.-l 1, Iti ii:.I
II":ii::I:: I I'..1.I,,. II,.... _....
I".... 1,.-.,,,,..".. "III-,.1,-....I'' I:.-,.%.......II
II-11...;.: I ii*i*,.11 I.,,I.. I...._,.. "::,,, I.,....._.., I".....,.I,_:,.,,,'... - __-:,I.-. -I.'.,''.,:::, 111..:::`-,-,.,,j:I:::::,:ii; lij;:::i:j::j:. -.".
"I.,.", 1: _'.....,,..I:, _.11::: "II.I.,-1.,:.f......
I....,.,-.,'.-..,,_.._%..... I .,.",-I-.1.II;- ".,...:...:::::ailing;:: — 11 I.I 1.1-, I —-.
I 11,." I.,.".:], —.1, I,,-.1 -.11...II.1..1 I -._,:,:..,.-.,.. —-.,-K-,...-,i..-'..11,.. I -''." I'., -..-.-., —.:*,."...,  I..-I,.- o,.-.,,
1. —X:.:,.%-....:........:,..",..::A""-
I. -.",1,...'......., I I I.., ... 1....,'X,::: i'Mii.l* t-1 i: I.. I..I..
I..:,::;-I... "I... -- 1.,.-.1...,._I
I., I I.:::.:... 1:.:
1....II 11'.... "..I-%1.1........  II::..I-.:"I.. -I.,
1..1-I 1.. -1%.I.- -I......II.'.I-::::::..::*::,::;
_, I......... 11_I,
I.I.- -,,..,I —-::17:::7::..; "..,,.:1...11I-::: I..I-I.1.
l.....I... I'll,-...-".-:%:. 1,.,-::_::!:*::::.,.
I.,.,:...'X., l..-..,.-,. .".4  1.-;X,`I-I.i, l,_.-."::::,:;..,I__...._,I.1
_.... --...,., %,. 1.1, I -.,:,. I..
-II —---- 11 l__....,..;..,:.,.,....1
",-.II,.:-....:,..I-",........%-,. ,. I I.....,"... I.". "I 1.,.., II -%-I,..::,."'.,.-....,.l'-...,I1111,......-.-.. ,,,.-I.I,.1Il- % II I.,-,l..,.,.: .......-".
I.,..",.1.-.I.I.1.,.1I-.,....,_''.,.,-._11...._.1:.:..X11...:;: X.;xX. -..-1,.,...:."-I —--—.,.I.1I._-1 I..._.,:::..-.,
I.,.%.1,I...  I I. I I.1.%'...I — -...- 1... 1:.-. 11
-.I .:..- -... __.,.,I- -_I.,-''..%.,..,..
I'llI.I..... 11...I,::,::::..':..I;., -.I....%I.%.._..''..,.1.,
I.",...'-...,..,F.1 1, -'.`I
1,,. I-1....-.,.." ,II. —,..., II. I... -...1::". 7: I "..., _ -.x:::::::.:,"..,-1 "....11..1..,....,%. I.-l-,..,.1 I ..........,....,.,-.,I..tII —...:I, ...I..
-11,"''.....,-,I...-.. -.....,,,''..-.-:::,::, —-.-..... %
- : 1,''. -...l..,.%-1..,::: 1.,... %,. _.
I., I'..,, ].'a*,. I.. ".....;I.,.,. —.,::: -,... I...,.-.,._'l::.
.,..11 __..I-I'....-:... 1,. 11.''.........:::::,,....1......
11..... __II.., .. —. -,,.. 1. I —-, .....,- -1.
I.,11 ".............1I,:, 1. -, I -—.... - I:::
I".......-.. "'...,.1
II...... -1- -..,__...., —.II —I.1 I —- -.-..".,-...:;l I I.. I ,. .1.-..:II.,.
1. 11i",I.. -. -..,.....''
I...:. ...,...,..  I I I... I %,. —,:I
I..II.,.........1...,::
-I ...........-.:, --.
,.
11.I. 1,'l'l.,-..,.'..,'....-I-...1,.1." - -X- I..,.. _,:,
1.-.1 - - -1_I
11'',_......-.....,..,
1.''..11I —--.-..I.,.,.... _.,..-%I:,14,.,.)i.  ..1
I1. I'. ".I,.....,...,"'....-X, -I",,....1.:.,.::. .,.....I.1-.I-_..I_1., I,-I."'..,
%. I-. ."I,:..:........ ,.. I......11 -....,,,
...II :;:"".'''I,:,:..q,
I.,... -11,:..4''....,,......' ". X.,,. I.'-'.I 
II-..1. I.. :I,.II,. I....: ,.-._,.,I .1...,.. 1.
-.,..., — I. "...I-, I.,... -..".,.I.I-, I..,.::.:.:,. I,. I'%...-.I
11,....:::::::': -1.1 II:::::: 1.
-......I%,:, -i;!i] 1,I.....,I.....,,.".1...:::',,..'.'.'.',`::;:, —:.I 1- 
lI-II_1 ".
1. 1. I.I11... .. _ —. 1,1, . i,;I.,-.-,..II  X-1- I I,...,:1::]:III::i:,,,Ii:i:iil::*-,.::: .. I I,.,....I,."_.1,,. :.,.,I.I-:,1..,I l.:::,:'.o,..11
-—,
I.1.I....
I,,1..:,..:. ":..,,:: 1. "...
I,...:, 1.1, I, I I - "'. - .:.., ",
11
",.,,:..  .`.'.'.. -1.......,I.. 1  Philippines-'.,.,I...''..,I., 1%, I I. -,..1. I . —-..1.......1-......: -',..............3I.
-I,,l.:i.III..;..:.:.:..I, -1 -..l....-l...-... I., 1.1"',.....:.1I,.
I.,,...I.W: I .... I . I.,...'_,.,...... '.- _... —...,
1, " """"""Il..  I . " , .-, I.,. 1..,,:..'x*':. "..1 :1 ll;;i;] 1.,-.... "I'll,.-l. I.,II--I,..I.,-I.. I...... 1.I -,. 1.11 I... ..,.-...,l,: --- _-. - - — I. _. .
II..,. I., - - 0 —,.".:-:;: 7. -1...,.,.,. I : 11 -1......I 7::.....,.1 1.1- 1.1 I.11'..:.-I.,,
I......7;:,::. ..::::.;:..II "....,........l..l..".,::i!i,:i:ii]:.,I.:.... .. -, I .-...., -".-.,' 1..... I....,.:.,..II,' "I 1..
-" x''',......  "..., -III... 11
- II'll-.".. II,,...I —-.  -.1-, Iiii.11.:
II.. I .._-.,-,-.'-. ""I'll........_"..I...... -.1I,11.''-...I:.in-I,,.I
II 14__..,.M...,.,,I..-": -',.]:::,li,;,5....,Il.....-,,..... .-, I I I..",.1..:111:] ,,.::.:1--..:::. 1. I'-. 1.1, 1.,.11 I., _,_,-" I....,....I......., "::? 1. %. I -1' 1.. I1.
-I.,,l-...,.-'..,.'..,.-'.,.,.-'.,.: -1..::::-, — IIi:i;!ii:
-, I-..11..,::::.:,:..'.:-.-.., _..."., II..".,,,:7,,..,,..'' ,..,....II.,I.1.I.- -I.. 1:I.1 I ...,,:,: I.., -.
I,..,..,"1,,.... I::iiIZi.,'.':I::,...
I;::,::,1::- I I:. .,., I.,I..1''I...,.1.1 I:-% I _X: : , ].,..' -,: -..:. — -.. I.....,:::I.I.I,...... I —---- __-,,I
:I:,:,.,...-:,::,., 1:1"-1.....,I.1.:. ".... 11,..,-. -- 4:..,,-..__ 11,.., %,-.. I.1....,.. —....i'ii:iiii:i,  I..,.......,.. -l,.III..C.,....'...-,:::.-,:I_.-.1...I..1,...,,. ii!`,....:.: I  1.I%,.11. 1.......::.. -...,
- —, ,I —.::.11....I.,:: ;:-'., I ,:,. ..-fI::::..1, %,:1::.,7...;, ;........I,
1. 1.::,:X...-: -,...,,., "I I ".,.....1,."II.:.1.,I-1.I....,.... _ I1,-..I,..,,,-9: - 11:1
",
1,"I.1 - -..1.,."...1: % 1,.... 1:....." I..1 -..,,,..,.., 1:. ,..- I'., .. - -I.:_:1.I,..:, —-I....
-I1..17...111,:I... 1... -,,:.. -`-..-'`-._ :I.,..:II.:::`,_.I''........".I_ I — ..
I —.1.1.1,,,... 1..1.11-...
11...- - -_..._....I. I I. I. ".-1.III I.: I...II..... __ __, :...-'-,..1 I.. iill..-..,,:::;::,.,.. 1. -7:::-...X,,.,..,..XIX....' - I-V,:,I - I I...I I-l.I.I
I:.:, - -I,.- I.." I I1.." I "..,.I
II_1..
-1
I.,  I. I X:::.1.1.., . I.,...,..I'' -I I,I., I —-....-,I''. —,I-I;_...-1,,, ". 1:]:.'-7::'.-",.;..,:.: % 1. 1. l1.-I II...1,'....'-;.::::.:,X":,
1..I..,.,
,.,:::.::: 1..., "::,"..".,.I... 1.-.. ,:.  I...",,.. -1.,
I..'X.,1-1
I'.,XI,.1.1
.
I-.....I.
_1I-I
..xI..." I,:.
I. I,.I,.
II II II.":1.
—.:.,II.) I, 1..,.: I 
I.-_II.... 1..._I". 1,.......,., I11,.  %1... I.,II 1..11.,
I
.,I.11 ,.,
 11
I11. I

I
I
I.
-,.-,.,I,.
I..
I
-
-_I
— _
1.,..-.:`-,.:],:. ze-.11 1...,"". I........:.
- 1".... I..-, ;t,.....'..,: 111.- .,..,,;I`.,.I-is %11.........  .'. -::::;,;:-::-A.1.::::.......;7: .7....11
ID l,.-. 1,1:1.1 _,..,-1..
I I,- 
-:,.,.,,. I-... i
..'t.:::. -.. ".,,. I. x "... I,. 11 I I I.......
-.,...i,-...I...'..








.,1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~i!i:
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i
~~~~~~~~~~~~:1:.~:.. —1..~!!..I   —,t...:..~~~~~~~                                                                                                1~~~~~~~1 ~~~~~~~ k. "., ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~! ~~~~~~~-, ".. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. %~:~~:?:.I??.I
I:?::i~::.:~?:?.:?Z........................'............I.............
II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!.........'''.... ~~:"~i'11i'11'111.111'i:i...........~111iiii11ii~~!~~~1!1~1iil
I,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiiii i!ii..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:...............
I If 1.~. I I~~~:i.......I......"-.,~~~~~~~~~J......, ~ ~ ~     ~        ~        ~       ~       ~       ~:!......:~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I..,.:-< ", "-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..








ti~l.~.tOIDS    o~i'cJv!;'  (A!,..%:,                                                      z ~':N,
-,Yfl,,,.k~,,?;?,?.:.*x"C./,::.::;,,./d;-:,?/Y'.....
\NN\                                  f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiii;:~
N   NN  71A                                    I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'*~~~~?7!
%:>....................?'Y.'?,Y7-..~?,~'Y,';,:?.......?'-....:;':'7.......?:":.i:~;;
N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:': N:::..... ~''.~.:'-:~'Z~    ",.." —-~..'.,~:~,,.~.:/i~~~...;:,-:":., ~,,'..:":~%::f"..'"'~:.....~~~~~~~~(I
":x.:?"':::,....."':.7 NV>:?7,.-J:.'-"......t t/.......'.....:....  <A:!;''"'~%%
N':.'o,-:':'-'::
":::::~~';"c''~r:.,::.:~ %::v:?.::..
lb            ~~~~~  ~~'N~                                       ~ N'/ ~z..~...y
"'7/"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\  ~?i;
N'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ P......':'
iii?                          p
~~~.>...
j:::.:~ iI'-i                                                       (..t
N                                                          <11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~il/1
3'(K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:
N  \~ k.......:i.':.:








:._.
U...: 
s.:....:r:'':,.:,.......:.:'''. tiv.t                                                                      -'   0   S;.>:,:::,;00,''.rt- -'''8;''''. r'           *             i0t::...,'''....:.f....,, t...  t,   t....'..A..''5.'*.l.,~~~~t t    ~w  }5sl +     tjr  
~b! ~ f-.                                                                                   w., jk,. I       1 t   yj i   s.11                                  s'.,., ~~   - - j ~                                         j -  ts)1'f~1'...       s  1.1.1-.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -
I''''..  0  i,00.:::,'''''"','' v...'.'-.X t   f'S 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*..;  l.-.-.-.l. v.   —;./;0;,:-~.?,     - 1. I o 2.:c.;:"   -....."'l........"..l.'."'...IIII."......... I:-~:,x?-,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                                           0;''X3':.
-,~~~~ ~ i *:" I                                            I.+-.x.:.;....                                                       I. -. " sz:ooZ::iZw........I..I. I.1.I...?1:'...,~ ~~~~~~~~ ~  ~~~?:: *,....x..........              X-z:.:,l 1.                                                              _~;X:,, *>.....AA':::.:to *.:.:.:.:.Z9. d-:.:.%,C:i: ^::,::,'.                                                                                                                                                      -
~~~~~~~~.:,., i.! 40200.........`,;:.
e:.~:]::.,:::!::i'.?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'.'..,,A
I.  t,,,          I I,.
* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~                   ~                         ~                         ~                        ~                         ~                        ~                        ~                        ~                        ~                       ~                        ~                      ~~~                                                                    ~~~~~~. * ^'
yA:,:








&~~~~~~~~
N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
U.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?
~i~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............
bs.-~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~   w                                                                                                                            -. 
~~ ~~~
Ci'~ ii~i:~.~  ~71       ~!!iii~  ~:::'~?.....................................................~':'':': ~  ~'''.........
~i~   ~i!!?~   "~'~"~ N           ~'~!~i?'~?".N.>~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....................                                                                                                        4                          >... S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....  
A.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
r,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........
Ns'......:.........d.......i:A  e'.,..::.:: 
2276  K  X  $,,2 ai
/ 0   _ f  X;   awA. -'
Aw^^ st O<>eS~~~~~
O   /                                                                                                   -              
~   ^lt~j 2^,<,
s.+   X'0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K








:X:::: i: oE~h:: / y::::: f f m t l g jv.................... ei~!!;i~  ~............
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!ii~~:~.............................
f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........................ ~:.~i:, ii;~:..  i i;.. ~-..........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................... i~ii..........
X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:X <X X           X,:d............ "i.1111111;..............;111jiiiii;........................  ~......~~~~~~~....................?A'"'%;~i"':'?-............. ~ii....;~i~..~?                                                                                                                 i:..............~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..............








....,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.......:,.:,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i!!!!!....:~~~l!!~11  ~~~~..''~~...........-.~~......................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......................'.........~~~~.............x:c~~~?:.xx??~i.:~ ~               ~... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/
I    X?.   1-''l::::         I'l I - -.. -11 - - I 1 -.... "..     1.". s?!? ~''..   - X -:X;;::   r   1, I 1..I..,.~,..".',
i~'.'~.,:......?-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...
~ ~    ~         ~         ~         -.,..'....;.:...-             -I                 II                  I.......   I.1II I::::,,.,...~~~~ ~~~                                                            ~~~      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........
~~1-,'I..                                                                  I..I, I.11111.I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
~il!!!!!?!!....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..  








I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
I-.`.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`::!-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,,..,...,,~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~      ~ ~~           ~ ~~           ~ ~~           ~ ~~           ~ ~~          ~ ~~         ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~:,,-111, I1. I 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!z11!i!!:..............
/....1,I...
I.,,,.~ ~::~... ~~ ~:xx:~ x..,..l.'l.,.,    II                         I..'' 111.     I...   1...::::::::::::;;%?,:::::::":::: 1  ~;;i,,%...L,_  
-,- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......'....I...... I.1..... -........
I.,....,,-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............
~~~~~~~~......,!!!!:S>.,11                                                                                                                                         ~..,,I,   -..;:::-.-%:-,.......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....'.....~~~~~~~~~............. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........
-.1 III:....,:::,.:....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:.....
":.........; iii.   -::-,',: ",' "'.   -,.-  1.III  I..I:;:;::...::!,......~....."....,..........."...~..-.                                                                                i::~,i......~.  i.;:.,::,::.~'''i...........,iii  i~ x   -...     1.vi *.
-:::~~~~~~~~!::::::~~~~~~~~~-:.:?.?-:i:
-..,..    ~:~:   -   - ~:..'..'-'.... i ~:~o~.,,   ~ ~.,i~i~....I 11.............,,.,..     -.......                                     I.:;"::... -...      
I I.II- -,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t~~~~~~-,.,. —~~~~~~~~~~~~~'-. —-—.-i -. ——.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ~~~~~~:~`~~7iiiii!i!iii;;i i& ~;Iii~~~??...&?.;.>........,,.. I.:,:,...:       -,: I..... I I:.. 11.,;:;:::::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:,::::::::::7:.:::.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.1111.~...~."~"?~..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y..
I ~ ~ ~ ~:,:,:.   -~~~~~~~~~~~~~:;.,:,,!K.", 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::~~~~~.....::::  L:X:.-.:;......:'-, I:.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
II. I.......~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!,.......- — <.-    X,;..,...~  ~,'~.,,...'.....'... I...I — II....-,; I.- - I'l...
I.I...I.                                                                                                    I         III... I'/:'::'''.:.?:;i~.::~: s  I............
I I I.....,... II I I.11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''..;::::s:::ss:ss.?.:::.::s:::ss::. I.....
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>.~::1~,i~:;...:.i.:>:. ~~........








,I..
,1.Iq
..,..-",.,Z,,i.I..
I 
11 
I: 
I.,..
-...11....
II- I.
-..I
I.I-..I11.:.I..1...:,-.1''. 1.I.
III11_..I
III.I.-II
"III.. -I...:I-". -I.., 1.,.... ".,
".I,. —..... .:.11 /., 1.... 11., I...1..,.,I.-I,,,.....1,..I.. .._..,.." " 1.
I.1..1.... . II..,... II..I... 4I-I.II.1.,...-I...:I II-.....,,"X: ... -!:,
-I-.,
I-. I1..1. 1..
I-m.III.1.:,.`..-.
,`- : '.11. ,-.."...,...:. ...1 _..1 I,I
.:. .,e....1... 11''
;.a.... <.,.1... I.. .,II, — ';.:.....-..,,.-,I.,,-....,... II I:Z...., —:..".11.11"......, —-
-1.If.; ".. ",...... —.....I,...,,... -,...''....... I1... I.1..II...1. I..,1....'' _ I"". I.,,
*,,.:>....1.-1., —._,:.....,,
—,. I,:.',.,..'. 1 ".....''-I.:-;-.: —;X.1-.,,..
I'.:..,:;-,: ,,zI....'.., lk I-,.,:.. 1..,. ..,,,:,..":,,.,- 1,.'I".,.",.,::1.,.I.. —.1 1.,.-..,.,.:.:.... 11 ..,-...1.I..I-.... ..
1. .II._-...;: —..I,11,
II. IIIIK.....I....; ".,-: 11I —, _:`:_,-::-w.l_:::,I.-,....I- l 11 —.
I,,.'' .-....:.:,.. I.......,.. -. 1: ",. —-—.l..-.1..1. -..!.1,,:I:,.,,::. "...........I:.,:S,.1/'. z-:',,:iX,..:.,,-....- I._. '.....,.,., —,: 1:11.1
I.t.X: XI,.._...,. — .:,.
I... -..; -4 I-,'.. .,., I..,...... ::,-.1' ..,.....,.l..,,... -,' -.:x,.:.  -, ,..I-.1.,ItiiJ'..1':, _., W, - ....
%. :..$,1%.,.....  11
"II,.....,,,,.o.,-:...,:, .I.., 1-1 I.."...... ,.,.:,.;:.., ... I —  -.1 -I...1. I,,,:-,.:."......'. ..,:I...,....., -,`_1 I,.:,l..I..I-.-I.,I-,I.
i.... 1.? $/ "It....t - ......1 —:'.,-:1II-.....,. 11:.,..,:,;,.: i,, :: ,-, I,.,. %.II
I: 1:,.,.  ."....::::.:.-I.........1,;:;-.1..,,"..,.I.. I. I..I ..,..;v...V, '.,-I1.1I.,:
.,i Ii"; >,<.::,..I.,,...II.1.". .II.,.I....- I-.l....:.,..,:.:.,,..:::,. . ............. I I.-,.4,,- -.11 .%,.-..I..-,: _ii. - -11I1-, 1.I
",".._. I",.:-: —.1II.,
-'j, ,,.- ", _,-., .;.: .... -,.I"!",.: —...
I,,t,, J,:;....,...-1- -:x
I..I,,:,. 1..., -,.::",,,..::
11:i i: i.?:.:...,,,III, I..,.,:.::;.f..,l —.,.I,..".,.;.',..I I. I,. II........
-.I..,,,
1,..I!,,:: -I, ,,:.1: -, v. -—,..
" _`_...,.,-1,,, /..-1,,
_,
I.1:'t 1'-.,,; j:."I,::,; ... -e .,Xi....<.I  —::,-<.` ".., 3,::,;.., r.,.1. -
"II.0..l. li I..,..:.-..-.:,-,:,.,
..,I1...../ll`":, 11 -,,..,;.. -:- 1.,. l,.
f*,,:.,:...-II
-,:,..,%.,;i;:, 1,,,,,::".. ". %..:,..,..I
I1-.:.-... 11.I11, 1. -.1 "4.,i.... -:-__'.,.111.11 ---.... ll.. ....,I?. z, ,',-l,...", ,.,1..__.1-1-...-..1,.-.-..1. 4.,:,"11 :, -'.., ',.,'.,_',,_.''._I.1. I..- I.1,-,-II-1 I...__.,_1... nII. I..,".:,-'-I.11.1...'I":.`-:',,:;,:" I....." I..,.__.,.1.....-... i... lt at:..,,-m-`,;;.,..I,..!,,.... I...,.. I I —_..1-,-.,:__..,.-,::,.- .,.. ., 1.... 7 1: '.rt,1. l........I —.l..".,.II,.1.'..,.-:::..,: -,::.-:.. II..i$1;.,... - e.......,V',*..,:;:,`;; " -, -.. \'.I...I:.;,,.,-..;,...- -,"-:: 11.:.: I,,. 1.-......,,,:'.II...,, 1..I..,,I.,1,I,.I.,-.,. I..:..,..  .-,, I.. fit...I -,'l ". -,,:..
". -..!:,..,.. I.".,I....
-I..I.II....k..;.:_-I1
--— 11II I...,.;..I-,....
I,,;-. II..-..:I-...
—,i,:i- -- -_` :.. I.: 1I, —:.:s: 1- % ,,.., 1. -.. " . _. , ".,., i!... 1..II-.I...,,,_!,I
,.....l "I-,,...
I.-'j :,:::, I.. ". -,;:;,:. :,:;-1.I.,. I...,..I
I — -1  —::',.;. ...,-..
..I...1. 11-:':xS.,.
I,..:,. I-I:_,-,,.;.I I-"."I.-,.. .1.
I\.1',-... I...I,I
  I  I,;   I.:   4,/... —:;..::;::       I  I - I...                                         -.I..
II..,.. :,.11.I-.-..,.,,.. -7.1\:miNNI.1-1. -,.
*f,.-1I1-,,:'-I,-..,-,.''.....,I
I1.-1,....-.-::"::,. "....,,-I..1 I,''... 1. 1.,.,;,..-11.:.F :. . _., -.,. I-, 11.- 1,.1:...':ig '.1......-_-1 —,..:,A;`,l.11, I... X-,..1-".1 I.
., X:,_ Y::.. . I..: -1m,-,:-111. I-, -4.,II
— _:_ t. I I, ,X,'&',.,,....I,4,.. -.......-:;.,%,:- 1. -, .-I.I_. -1.': -:'l - ,;_,: —.',C-,.A. 1-:,:::.1
-,-.1,:.-, "#..'-,.N.-I..,, —" -,,: _I %:,,..-..,-.1...1I..,,
--—,-,,.;.'. 1. I-1 I ..,. ,''..._.I
1, 1.I,: q',,,%., -1,::- -::,-,,-.-..I,- a.....,......I,...::. I-'..., —'k..,.:: ll. —..'I, 1. 1,-,:;. ix w..-..,,I. I`_.1-:, ,-..I " I
--1. !: .,,tf\\'-.. -1.- I...-. -.I..,.I, ".....II., w_ — .I II,.1.:...,:1. I.., II'''',..., 1.II'll _'. ....I..- a- -. ".... II''.  1.,I. -........I..1,, ".. -1., —,,..1.II,-; 1,I I,.
"II.. m,_:_ -., o.. -,.,
:.5,.., ., N, 1:_::::,,.
I:,%."I Iv ,a -1:mi-:,.,''.,
1. N"i.- 1,.,\
1. 11 -,:,'i.. .....:, - -1 k::. I., 
I.'11'-.,I.....-,::,:-i:.,.I.....,,.:,,;.: k, O,.:ll-, ..?.,l-_;:,:...._,,-1 -, I - .,:,.;.I..,-. I... I..... .0, ik I I,.II ", ,.., %.  ...-k;,- v.- k-...Akl-: - I1.1111, 1. I.,
1,..  1,i:,',I..,. —.. li.', -.:..,1111:I'''' _,.I.. o..,....,;11..;. i., j —. ..-,N.,.V,.4,_,l.. 1. —_:*X: 4.:.,....I:i-I'm -,,-...-., ":.:, .:'i —:....-.,
1...,:.:.....'.I
I.,.,t..1.,..,.-"''..:-]:.,,::.];'f-Z-k-):.',,:,.,-.o,-,...
11 ll. -1 -_ -— I.m,: "..:I-:,.1:i,- i I,..
-.......,,. "..,.I..II'll...I-.1.,,",_-I, 1...:....., ,,. — I- 11 I.
III..1. I I..,.\,.:: i..-`.- .,." ".Ni.
\I I,,..,,.].,
,I' 1... —:,,,___,..,...,.,..
I.....
I.1,...,,,,-.1-I.,,.. 1-..',. ll..II,,-,.,,%..,..k....,
,.ItU-;..i::,,'.,-.",.I...I1. I.,.1:,:.;..__:.,, r.. 1.11 -I —-,I.-,.1'. 1. ,,.,,
I1.I,l .- S...,.
-I,"...,..N
II11, .,:..., —--—..", I.."-I,I - - 1..,...-I'...,,.K:...._,.,:,: ..,I .,. — -— f.1' ;:jI 1. -11,:, ';- . I..I — - —..:k.", ,
-,.,i.: v`.".,
,.II...,x: _ -—'i " -.-,. —:.,: -1I._. II.tl.:..,;i-.
I,1"I II -.,-,, k,.: X., -:,.N,':.,.  --:'. ;j.. 11...t.k,...1'.-.1..,I. I,. I... ,V1.,.. II,..,.....i-II
I.I-,.-1.-..,..,.-.k:,,Z:I.:,., -,;.. V-.,...:.t5..,.1,...-k.... -11.:-,II..:::.i*.1.1,,,:: 7I. I.I- I,z -x--'....."..,,-:,,'-.,I''..".- 1.11. I,,.1...,-I'....-.I.1, : 1.;z,,:..-1,, -.;I., I.I I..I I.1.I.II
11,,: %.'.:, -,.:,.,.".:.., 1....
II,... ", ,...,KZ,, -,:,:.::. ,:,.--..,..II.,.,1:.,;-::, I I.,,.kA
01. I ,. I.III.I'':.,f........-. ",,.
I..la. I ". I... ,.1,.II..I-..:... II.,.., I,,_.. I..,1,"" !,:i...., IV.,,,*...." 4 1,  -,,,,  i:1..     -    - I      ''
I., ., l-:,:,:::,:.,': ;. I.. 11,-.;
...I4...,.::;::,.,.:,:il::, - I,,:Z -N,::,.I -I..1.,I.1,,...
%.. 1....:-,I.-..1 1.'..11 ...:...,m, ",,
I.I.-Y., II,.1,,., : ,, 1,_ -.,s-,,,,,...,"..,, - I-, I. I....I.IIII.I"Ii"'.". - 1,.....,\tv:...'...,,,,..,xt.ll:,,,.;: -:* ie,,I.,.:.,..,. -, 1-1111.11111
—!% I _.1,.... -     I.. I.  I . - I]_,:.,. :'     -:' i. ".., ".  I I.11,: .. I..II...1 11,.: 11 1...5._.I Ix: ; -,: Y.::..,; V:_,kI
I,.1. -''..I I. :...4-:i-:;.l, I"., , k._l.
w...,.,.-,_:.,,..., j::,.,I. I'> \ \,I.-.. -7,......, li,:. ",..IIi.I "I, 1.," II.-,I  1.,.,:: -J- -I:-&I..::" A... ..I-II..i<. V......:;b,.-.V". *.:,., .:..,f, -.,:I,,.I,::-$.-..-,.  -, 11 1..,.....,.I.1.,a. --...;;-,,,:',.11.-I'i.i-V -,,;, :  ,
.1 1-II.I IIi::,;:,.. 11, I_ I,. I-.,,.,.....''-.- -
1.4. 1,...,-I, 1::,I"...., .1-. .,- 1. ".
III,,-,.1.l.-l. ..,
I-1,I.I
I1,.1.. 1. 1. % I II:.,*;_,,;_.1..
, 1-,,Ii",,_..,,..,..,..,  ,.",,::::..-I II.-.,I.: `i: .-.:k .,..".:;,x,1,I
',.,,,,I..11.... -.,.."IIlN, I 1. It.I_1 I -.. I..,". 1I;,
111.-I.I.- x.-.-.-., — 14-.". —,
`".1-1,-..1"I-",,,. .,.., ".,..,;..,.,.
I.iii ,'I.I..;.I,;.,.,:-.,..::!.:.
..I,,.II., II1..:.; -:::.,.,..,. I., 1:, I —I I.:, ",1. I.,.1 11IIII...''. I....,.,I,.....,:.7II -tI., I.1.-.,,:,.... I..II:,,I . .,:,.,.
III,.i- 1,.I....II_. I...-I.,,,",.:.,-,..,;-:1A...I,; - i5 4; - -.1......,...:A.,:.,:-, X: "I.I.,.,::,.:7.,:,,I", ,.
.,VI, 1: I`I.,....-1
I-II..1I,-.I::.,:1;-_..".k,11 1:
_,, I,,.,.'fI,,,.,,"...,.,,, -.11I-t., I-:7I,.:..-.....:..:<;...-..:...1... V-.. Ii; rI,... 1,...., 1'. i, A::,'.I.I
11.,,I...I..''....I_.1.1.11,
".:,_I!,:-..,i..I-.I,.,. I.1..., -,,..: lx:::.1_
I-1,: -:.. t,'l,,::7,,,:. ,,_l,,.,,I,I.:.,I,., 1,  I.. I,I.:'....,-. I...,::..i'1 I II.Ik.''.1, A :'':.::,:,v,:..I,.I
-— :II...,;'.  -K 7:.-1"I:: I:::-'. I:,.:. I. —,..I.
%,.::II"J':,.,;;i,.1,.k..,
i:.;.,... "..1,,.,"";.,,I
I..-1,Ii,1..;?,. 1:., ". -.:,: ..I.. -i. —1, , %,......10,--,,I::-I11.;i: ';X T_ —,.-..
-.,.-1,;:_.. .II '.::,...":..1..., I-Ii; :,:"  —i:1, -?.,Ii"N:.,,;
-.11.:1",-.`,...,..,.I,:-:.:Y,,",:::,::..!,:_ :..xIk..,,II..1,:.1.-....._....I.F,, ;,...,.. 1,,.. ..1I.-I....,,I-S I -II.. ,: -.-,,I... .%...I.I11:...,. ....11.w:,::-I
1...1..,1;I.,..,.
-" ::,.,/. %,..,-"m-,.:,,,I1, il  ,I.x:.,..
1..:0.I,: *il,Z,...-. 1,,i:.$',:.:-I..: ...:.:..-1.I-;.,._ i,.
I: 1. I f.,",::. ..-1..I-:,.,..1., ".., 1.....,;,,I:,"1".& I..,..1,, .. I.1,'::':.!.".,%..: -, _1-.1..:-:",* - s.... ",;,;::/11..,,,.1._.,........,:...., -"I;:1,:-......:, I,.
.- -1,." -;...,.-,I
%1.:, -....,.......%I —--....-$1I`;. ,...Ie, t .1  —. I. . - i"-,:: .,._.., -: 1,,.-..o, 1, ..:.-,.,,.... _..,.
-,,,,.:...-.: i):-,-,",,..- ,,, —.'.,.1.I- "I-I.....1.13!, 11.,, "... . — -_.I... Y,-.,.. A I..k,:, ..:':
-II,..;,!.11I..,,.,.....:, II.
-:::-f_,II I,,,-,e ..-I.- ..:,...I-%.I..,; f.:.:;:#F..'...-,'..1," - ...,j*....,..,..I. I....I,::.
-.,, _.:'.. -.,4..
":1....,....;l,, .::.,.v; I-'e : ii.,,.,,. 1. I -,.-'-.. _::..I_ /...:- ,:I I, 1.1.....-.,,-.,,.,I,.. _.,'' _"j'-I..f...l. l ,x, -::, "".1.::,.: (,:,...,:;:, ..:".;",~.... _4-...'..,.....:. - J.,1.i L:jl': —:;'.:/... -
.-....,. 1..,:::,..,-,-,'.....I._-.:,:,,..I,,.I.I- 1..":..%,,:,:,.: _.,.:.:,.. : ll.:,I,::,'..",.1. ,` 1, - I. 41 1. 1.,.`-,,, i.  ,",.,.,....:.   11.1....  -.,:;..,.. A,.v                 1:1-1 -,,.`  e    1. ., — I. - ,'::.,:.ii .:'.,:.-."",,:-,;..,...... i:,i::, ...),  .::  -J:,.'v., :: —-.]::..,-.: — -:;` t,;:j _-,:__ I.,,,f;. -:.': :.,:"'.j_- 1 1..,::.::- .:.'.':':j:'.;',,.::.,;: '..',,:,X-I.1.
I.
i..-.,..K, ;-::7..,.": -.-, I Ia% 1,
-.-1.-.1....,.. 1., I.I. I
11 l-:-..,I,--Ir,-... --..:-. -N: -:, -N,,.1.'- -.I..-.
.,;Y,:::: i:I"..;:,1,I1. . ..-,-I.II.
:, I.1.:t-;.:,: ;:,_N..
Il I... ,, I ".:,. -1.,-I,..,..,.V..I I.I.,..m.;,. %,i.:,'  —-.'',,:~.:,.:",.,,_,.,::,- .,,-.,.I1.  I,..,.:- —!.. 1,
] ,-l :.1....,..,_,,.,,:.-:,.1, .x.. / ,'...,.f:1 -:,. ".:?.,.:`., -.':
,..:: f'.. :;:",.,I :I:< . :i-, 1-1,  I.-J:z:..::: I. -.. I:,i" 1.1'1...."-.
; — ,;,,, ,,,,,I.....I-....';, 11:..... ..,,..","I...II.1..,....,.;V.:..,...,fI,,.,.1....."I,.,,  I..::,.o.:". ..
:... —— I..-.",'' ""1,.: X.;.. 1,k...  ,;,k..,.."'..,,,. ,: 1, ,,. 1' %, -. 1-1_.,;. :::;.'e, o:,:., -:1. q., '-,.4,I. :: - I";.,%]:::,,.,
If , ""...,.. -. 1 ,,, -1, I..\.,:$  , 11 11 1-1 -.1,...- il,.,...,... II,.) 11I::-I,-,.I I,: S :;: -1 ;..
-.. vl.::.-:,.l_.,%.,*'I.. 1. J "..;, I-:,,''.....:.,,"I
1:,.. I.., 11 11  -.--_...
I..,,I.I.,,.,...,...
, - -...'-II..I-.. k-1-11 -< .,-x."-_,I  I.:.,.:,.I ?, ..., *,..,:.
IT.::.1, .1. - ::.s,:..-.:,:. ] 1,.:,:., -.I....,:.hIt:,-11.1.;- *.,....e.;., .:,I. :.,I".,-.. I... ll `...,,%.:. I —-...
-,.:.,::,-.,,...  I,-,. . "::N.-.1 ! ., /,I,',''::]:,..::I.."....1.,,17 I.1 *. - I,, —.1.....,-I...aI.,....-.,: -...;- -:I I,.I.I...-...-IIII,,
I- _.'1.-I.%.11 11..-.,
_.''.." ,..:. 1::.,,-,..-..,..,,,,II ,
..,1... I..x-,
-, - I.:.,,,",,,,.,,11,II.,",,
_, ,.. 1,.I...I.1...,.,,-,I..,... , 1: Ili 4 -"I:::."..
J,:I'11,.,.,:1. .I... .., 1.,,II,.-.,II..,:::.,::..I,I
. .1....% I..II .1,I". ,-;..,,` I ..:.  II,:,,...... -1.., x% -,I., —,.,:,. ,.::.k, --—...; -,,., 1,J..%..:::.<., I..,.I'.I1. 1.,: f,? . -'.:1'.  III..1.I
-—.....I,..  v,I;,.... -'.! I.., 1.I.,III l 1pI..,.."'-:, 1..-.*,,..... —,:...1. II,. X, k ,',' :,.,.. %..1,,,-III..I.%,,.:;.,: -,,
-.,, i",.,;.III1..II-..I,.:.. . -I.,:,;;,;' ZV I` 1. J,..I.I....... 1,..,,:1,,III..... II. I. I,.-"', 1:''
-.. _-I,.......1....,.:;:-.. :iwl,,,.."mI,,.,:..,"  I,7::.. ,::::,;' o:-.,.,,, 
I....,.I.. - .:co.. .:,, 4.'...... -,::I.1.. - -,
I' J, -;,..,,I11.. $:A;':-ik ,.: -,,v.1..",  I.. ...,.I::..,. I'',,.1,. '. \. v"7: s  ::f . ,:/.,-,.., " " ",.:... * -, -,..-I.., ,..1, 1:..II.I1.1,I.., -::,.....'.,.. —1,...: - -'...
/1,..-,,:,.;;,"..,4'.....4 J,,. 1II, ":::::'.::, " -.`'_-,,..., -,::-:..-,?' &..' —:,.
1. /'.1,.:,1.::,1 ,.. ",V",.,'.,.,,I o-. ..1..%I:, _  I _- -.:e':-11.IVI.
11,Y.11 1,.1,..-I-....I..1.I,. 1...-..-III..% I
I. . I.....11,  1,:: I,,,::l:I,-::.,,..,t.; I.,.,.4..,.I:, _1.. ,- 1,, -,,. I. ",.:-"I
I.4."I.I...,:: 1.: -::,-,,I.1.'.;,;,.,.,
I..,1..,..., z..:.''II,.,
-1I_1.-I..II"..,. ...
-I-` ,-.;;:,.,..,,.I...
I.,II. ,.
X..,,.:;.11 1:.., 1:,...::.. tj,-,. f,.:, -.,, -``::]:.'.,::,.:_-.,
II., 11,-,:-1.1,.::,
I. F..,::'?,. %-'. ]i: -.',.. -_,,4,.I..I .......,.,.,.,..., I,.-,I, ":/,/I.-,il,-.1.,
I-,-1 _',.1..l.. , ...I1."..I..,.,,T.I.,::,.,:.,-.:'v-.",. ,:::.;i, .::: I.1. I,-:?wlJv:;? I _.V.,, /,. 11'..,4'',I..,,"... -z.:, -.:.._.:! 11:..:;::! .: I.,.-.II-..,..,I.,..,K-,. .':_-.I.,, - . 11  I,...I'.  -,'....,,-.:....:. ,I...."1.11,I
1,::;.,: -_...,,;, I ,"I:,.I, .." . T.k"..i',1.. II.,:,... -,rI:,...:::.,..'. I... I.I.1. 11.1..,.
., IiI,? Il. .:I /,-,?,: -:4,:-,:,.. : ,:.I.5. -., i`.:,: ...'I,,. I.I -,  i....: li. il....I:1,..; _;...  1. m....-..-, ,,11...;", 7,
1, 1".:k':...X, ,, -.,..
11,.1I1, 1.I-_,.ii: l,: I IO.I%.I'. 1: -.....I-.`-... 1, I/.':'I.,.,.I.1 -".. -,.-:w:.5,, .:_ - I".",;: ". I".,,:',-.,,I I.-. :.. I.'.."__' 1.
I,-,:I,,.II1: -,..;.,,. 4.,.-'' .,.t-,-,''..,1%.Ie.o.. ".,:.:.:::,. lmf,.,.,..,.%'., I,-.,,II I.. I...I..- I1..
it '..1,.,,.,.,:1,,Jv! . _,y.,
-.::, I-,f:',.I,...
II.%-.,.,:!_ —:;:, Ili, J.-:..k,;;;".....;r, 1, .I..: I..; 1,.1. N,;,.-.,..-11 1',.::",... -.i;:.:.,.::"-,'::..-.' ,''.... ., 1..... —I. I,'ve ...:,...
.. —1.8;,.%.I-:...-II-: i.1I- I I..:, -I,'i_:..;?l::.4:..;.., "I.,..1..1.,Ii-, -,::". I,,.,aI,.I. ,: m II
-I...-...II...,..,;:: `t,I..-II"..1.. -.,
.,,...I1....I.11: -.II..11-o,,ll.I %III-I-,,I1,... 1.:.x...1. 1.. ,:.. I.1....:,l S.','-1:,.,.' 1:,;:.::-, 1.".....` I-I..-,.I.,.::,,.-i5::.i:..II:::,II_:.1.
-.,:%...,I. _l..I._IA:*I..I_':,',_,.I, ' ..:.::, -








,..
I.1  e, 
I. 
"''.".. 
-.-I- 
I..... I... 
— !;- 
-:,. 
I..,. 
I....:; -:::......:.AI.I.1I 1:1! -X.:1:::::-:!:::.:.:.-..1... II.,. I..., I.I
I,.I —::-:-:-.;- 1.11.1 ".."".'..." 1.11'..'', -.1.1I..."I.I... 1, 1,'I', I."",.., I II I,.I I.:-.1.1.1. I.. I...-..a:::::!- .,, I ". I "....I....,.........I I I I.."..."..."," I I....:.,,.11 - -.-:I.11, 1-1.111I...-. I".".....-Ill..
-......., II.....1 -.... 
1,,.1,.::;.- - I...,'' I.11 l!.!.:.:::....:. —'.!-:;::X,"I",I-.,.1II-::::::::::, ":;:, ]::;:::::..  ,:,:..-  ].'"I. II.I..,... 
.,--l 
- II
-,. I... 
'.-'l    1,, 
1:. 
I.. 
- 
n, 
,.z...:.....::-!;::::,- 1. I II.,I. ..: ".  — -.,....... I'll...:..:..,. I.,...,.I.I. 1::]:!::::7,; —I!.....  — - :...........I11
I.,.,;i-... I I... I. -::::::::::::::;:.!::.........:,..I11 1. 1.1.11 -.1.,. I...'M 
I I. 
- 11,.:..::I!,:I II'll.1............-:.-:-::::,:`.:;I.::::.--,:,::-.--X-:- -—:.::::-::! ...".::.11... I..,
W                                                                                                                                                                                                                        I
.-,"I 
".. 
I 
Irl       I 
- 
I... I I.. 11 -l- I - 1.11-1''I''...''... I —......... 11.....I...-.1.11I... 11 11 --------................................................:1I.. -11.11I.I.....I...I.-. -.-. —..,....:l -;-111....:::::::!, — "....
11.111.11. - -. -,:::,::..x';'-'.:........:;,:: —:::x-:::: x;::!:l':1:::::::::!-:-::
'-...1 ".....-.:..,....,::;::::l-:::-!:-!:-:!-!,! "..."."'..,, " "::..:::.,,-x!::::..::::,::::,:::::::,::::::::;:::!::.:....",..,.........I, 
I 
al;, 
-,,.!-,Iii ,.-....''ll....'' I.. --.;:.,................-.....I...
.............-I......-.....'." "....
-.11111... I I,''''.. :: ""..",.''.......
-.,,,:!:. 11."'..1."''..." "...,.-..I',"'-..., —...-,!!:::::::::. I....,..-I.1.. 1- -:m:d:d....... 11.1..I....,,."......1...."...'.......... 11 -....I...... I.''.,'-".-,
l:::l'l.l :.............,. II 1...''... 1.11 1.11...II-.......... —.....I1....I...I.....,.....-:...,:::::::,!:", II.I........'."-.....-I —I... -. —1....... 11............ 11 1......''.1 "....:,::!:    --.,.1. 11,                                                                                         -I........ I.. I........- -:1.,I.....II'll,-..5......, I.- l. -,.:,.I.".............;.
-.....,I..... I.:.:,.,...
....... 1:.......!:..:.. 1,.........._.. x::..... -11.1..........'. ]::I,.. 11;:::-.,.-. 1..;.....'..1-.1.. "",I.,..:,."I........:.-1..11.......I..II...,....II........-.... I.:1 -`:.......!..:l:..l,. 11 -...''.-.!;: ---— ,-:7II........,.'.I.:-:.....1-.....::: 1. "...... I.,% I'll - I I.:.. II'll...."".-.-!:::: -.1'. —.,. I11 11
-1, -.".......",.,.1I.:'. I I
- -,.......:.....::::I".-11....., 1"...:!! "....:::...... I...111"..." -,.1............
-, "..:.;,..:::: I....!.::.. 1..1 -- "..., 1..:........ I......: I.. I II.1:!::.:, :::,,..... I...:'I.:,.:-.1: ]::: ": I I..... I I.. I...II.,.:::::;:!I. I..,.. I I.. "...
—::::::X.l''.:..::, ".., "! 1-11 1.
I.11,,........11,......I'll...l.. II,.q; -I....., 1. 11.1.III.........':.-....,.:: I- I:,.:,. I.. I —.1 -,
—:1,-::.........:.,. I.::'I'll I..", II 1..1.:! ::.::.;,I.1".....", I,. 1.1''..,,..-I.:,:.:, !, .:::-:-:,: 1.1.1.11" I -I... I I.::.. - II.... I..-I..: 1. I II -....l 1. I.. —- -"I I'll.... :::-I.11 X.:. I-",.::.::: 1,.:1, I II.. I...:` -,,::::::l - -.II1..:!...". I-I.,.,..:.1. . 11 - II.1.,....,:;.1.1'.:::.! .,II I......'','.I
Ii:,:. :;-:.: 1, 11..'!'.,.:. 1. I I111..
:iii:]::].. ,x :::,;:;,.:":,.,:., "..... -.,.,. 11,,I-. --
-X.-.;..-:::a!,.,....,',x.-.-:::-::!:::X:::::::,:,:].,, X.] ." -,.
I.1.I... I::I: I.:...I", ];::::1. I-I........... 1.,.,.: :::::: I.-..,,.,,.:..:,. -.!:;: -:.:I.,.;:: ::,,
-,...::!a: ", -``..-..,`!- I III I.,..!/.",.111,11..... Ii;:i:::,,,,,,,:::..,.:::::....,:.i:;,.-:-::;:]::::, 11: I ".. 11.1,.l."
- -., 1...::-.Ir::-II.11''I.. I;:: -.,.:.:.:I::::i:! I..'i:i::!! ..... I.:'::,..l 1..I.." II.11.1 I.,...,. 1..11.1., ::  .1.:!:California:: ,,.... 1. III - :i: i-:;,.,.,..w. ::
1. I....1..:.,...II., _;-,:::!,-...:;,.......!:.-...- I I.,.. —.....'....Z,:!`  —, - —...'.. 1.`,`-i:iiii::i.I-.::,::;:..... I.:.::::::::::::!,:-: -7:......I
I I::'.:.:,....,I....-,.:N:,::,.....:::::.
-.::::i.,..:?, ::-:,X:j:I' I-,...;!,, "..::;...".I;::-.1
-..-: —...." I:;,..,:,::., - -:....:,..;.llI,--%!:fzi.... 1. I a-.- -i,-!]],]::,;,.,:::.:iii....,iiiii.,.,
""I;:,-;...........I..,-",.I::ii;:]].,:-I-.1,,I.;.. ti." i.::::.: -;i,;:`,;!:....::i:;:x` I I-...!.'.'.'........-.,.:.:::;:."."..,I —I
-..-1,,. I.,.....11.11............... I... II:::.........l. 1, —:.e: -:,:;:X. I 11 1. I,.".,.,..................,..,.,....,,...I.!:..,.,.. I
- -.-I.-..................?....".,I..... I-I.:.."..,.,
-,1.,,I.....................:,-.... I......I...
i... -;,...." 1.11 1111-1 i;;iiiii:;:i.":;:;?.,: I..., I1"...'........'.......'''.. - -.-:..-,::iii:iii;::;!;::;":::",::::",:::::,.,:,,I.,., --—:!:`:: —-.::",-, —,. —-, —. ——.,-,.l:*..., i:]:iiiiiiiiiiii::i.,.,...: - -!i-i.*:-., —i:i:i!:,............".I
I..,...........
-....,.-:;:;:
I ". — ]. - I1. 1.... I.. I . -  -.7X;-:-!-:l —l —:.,,.:!,:,.:... I Ia.:aI..... 11,::-:l-;-:-:! -!,I.... a.."... _,:,:].;:.1.....,', ,-.,,.::,;.:.::.-:..-.
-,:`,]::_:...:.:.:.... I........,i,..".:::::i:i"::i,!::,:;:;:;];;::::::::!.::!.!..,.., I I-11-111:1:;,::;.
::.:..:.''. -..-.', -, i:;;;j:;:!:.,II
,.,;,.::.:.,................................-I- -1.,"X..'.,,:::!:;::.........................:-:,.7...... ..............,.,................I... 1..-,.1....I... 11............ 1......,.I.. I —.4,,"..:!, li:i*",::!:::;:::;!:j:j;!:::,;!;:.:::::::::::.,;:::.....-,.. I..".,:--..,......,. I..,i.i:!;ii:];.1......:.-.-:::-:: !
I,,., - -."'.......-I -:-.,-,!-:;-:. —. I —', -..............,.:.,:. -I I..,- I'- -1:...I.::. " "', "' """""...,,.,. ".::::.. 1,,.,:::.:. ".,.-.-:-:-:.. — - - -.. - -.1 0,,:... II I'I'll. I'll-,.. I. I.......",,
-:...:.............. C;-.-.-.-.-..:..... -II'll. 11 I I I I.11 11, 11............,,...,- 11-1.. 1.11, III 11... .
I,:::. - -;.1. I I I - 1. —., 1. I, "''...-:......'.............:::,, ..... —.-.1.11I.......... f..I.
I.-:::,:.:::-:.,:...;:,; II ,...-...'......'...'."", I:.'':`; —x:l,
I.................I......-...............1...............................,....i..I!!il!! —...',..........:-,,.,.:,:;:...'':
I!............... -`l.l...l..;.-.,-'................,...'............'..,...............1:::;:,,,,::,-"i —,.-,:%-.-nii,.-`,,.., a..r.... "....",I............." "'I"I'l """I I-:'::! "'.".;,"""""...,......-,.;i.-...,..,....., - -......:.:.-,.:.... 1,,,
" ", "',I.............,, " "',:,,..-....!.:.............. — a... I.,. -......-.I.....!::...,.,.:;:........................... -.. - 1-.1.. I..,.......I"... " 11I......,;-.. —-,-.,..-..-. —. —,..,,.: -::,-, x;-,.-,,.".1 J.,. -::!:::::::::_..:...O.....,.....,....-,:i.,.
-::;: -.-.. -I.,.................,.1.,.........."... -, - I11 "...",,..,. II "...".'.,..::::::::;;.. IIII.I,,..:. —.,,I. — - -....-11I, —..-,ii-. —.-,.i; 11...I,::: :!:::".... I I.-,... --` —...I`-I,:`,.......:, —,,,...-..-.-..-.,.-...-ii,:;....:.;:i:::..!;::..:,,!:!,..!:!::.-,.:,.":.:,.:...-'.-'.......'..". I-.:... - I -::::].. I.. I
I I I..."........:::.
-..................I.'I., ::::......-.-:. I...I'll-..- ",......1. -:,:!::::. -;.......... I.,.....:. - -............ I.- -.... j- l.-!-:.,.....I'll, 1.1.11 "I'll-,:;_;:,.::-:.-:::,ddl:..:,
-,,...d.. —I...... I I....1: 11::..:..::'a,:1 I.,-] ::-::-.!:!IlllI...,
1., --......%...I.,... -------...' -II....... I.::::::. —-X::,.!,.:
- -I -..-.::;:,'e-::::! - -....... -....II.....!!:%:.:..I..11-... 11 I....:.:.. I...
- -.I...... --....,.: I I' —-:. :::.: I','.:!, -!:",I1.-....... I. - -.I..",  l:!;:].. 1".....,:.....",............-;!::,I.I...1-.... - -x,..''-I.. 11 I.. 1. 1. - I I.......... I.d-.1. -,I,::, -
1:-.,.......... -....I...". 1,::!:;, -....:]:. X, I.'-.-I:: l.::N..*-.......,.11-....I.11I.::,.......... -, - 11,.......:..."."'..l.,,I...,,"""' "",, "',, "' "' `!::,:
,.... —:::!!!-: 1,....I-.II.1,.....,..-... -::.::;..,:..;::: , I.:,. II I...-I I...,..,.................". I..I....I....-....'.....,. I'.,..1 I..., I..".:.................. I,. II...:....1 I111..11.1 "..." I.'I',,.,:...I....::]:.."...,.'"',-,...I.....,,"..! —` —--. 1. p. -:... 1. - -I'...X::. "....."", I"..,....::-::-,I..l...-1.....,.:ai:::., ::, ".......-.-,,II.,-.....I.:.-:.: 11 1.,
-x;:.;;:,:::.;:.. -,.j:!-:-::j!j 1;. I *... 1.1,,I.:.. 1....-1.1.11. I..I..'..."". I
".:......,.....::!I.1... ".."."'..,,,1: -:::,11.1.1,,...,... 1"...:::: d -::-::-::!!:-:-::: ,,,I...'."... -::-"....11': — I.1. 1, 1:,.!:;::,"........I..''
-— 1..:.1`?.:i:i,`:!*;:iiii::..I. - ":::. .1::,:: 1..: -,..,."",.. -!.- , -.,.. —.1I....I....
I 1........1:,....I.-I -I".....".....,',..,.,.....l....-,;..-.;,`::ji:,:::!:::::i.iji;..'..."',I,
/l. I. II I...., II I- iiiilil;:i'..,ii,.,i..i:i:i::i:.,]I.1,.".. -::.:;:: I:::::X1..:::.`.i!i:1,::!: -i:ii: -!-,..- -,.....;i]iiil..-,: :::]:::!:j::i.',',,-..',..'.-.iii:............
I... 1. 11:....;: iiii*,.,.......I.I.. 1, I-..!-...... ........I!!:I'.II,,,::::in'::::. I....., :::::.,::;!.,:ii:iiiii::;:-I1.I]!;;:.ii.i".:;..-., — iiiiii..........
-:;i-.,-`...I.,... - II. I.,,:,,- I....I-,.e.;!..,..l "...,::'..",.I..i.:.l.I-.::::::l;;w,], X:::,;".:   ! -! ::::!.......,.:.,.,.I I...,.., "..........l. "!ii::ii!i::i::ii: 1,..l.l.... 1. 1. I.....:...... I..,:.:,.. I.,...:-:: 
-,-...I,:: -:-'I',. a I....::,:,,,-I., I ".'............., 1:1,:,::.:,,-1, 11.....:''; -.:
—,-,I.. I-,...,..... 1....-I.... I -
-;,.6,,. 1..; .
I",:::...........:. "..., "'I:,: I,'.l.: —::, -.,,,.:::,, ...::i::::..,::::.:.,.. ".. -:.............I. I:...
!':!: ...:;l.!::: I-::-... -—.,!`. —-.ii:i::._, _::!] -!:.:::.,.,;;.,...I,"...:,"..'., "''....,
I.,""..I,.;..l.w,..".......;,,`!.......,::j!j:!::,:::I11. I:aii:;:,.`:-.
-.",  —',."...."O: IV.1.11 ]...::,."..".".,:iiii..,..ii;ii:ii::ii!!:.."...l...,.l I....I... I.. 1..I,:.:.,.-..I11:'..'......",,,.]:]:- ].,;..,.......:::, /, -...;,I.:..,,.I,;:;.11I..:,.:,:",..,,.I..,I,1:1. i.,.......:-,.,.I"',1-1.::...:.,
I,........ I...::. -.".I:::!i.' —i!.-'.!:....,I.....
-X.-:!: ",,;./...11I.,.I..:].... 1.1.11 1, —........-....' -,..",, :;......,,%.II......I......,.11I,., —.,::iiiiii*:!,,...11..,,:::;!!:.11,. I I....,::::...,.... -.!:I. 1-:7:7,I.,!!,,.ii,..-,,,.-::.'-,j:j;ji:.,:':............,..-,...:,l;.;.X.l. I:.'-.,.:o!-,.-.....,
I -..- .11;...,"::. I.11 -:..I,..:-X!-l —:!:" 1..:.- I..:.!: 11 -d.-.-.-,'-...,,..I. I








2:L  N:XCXo~                                       fV4                ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'". ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~'' X~' ^'''1 ~- "                             "''""' -?    3.SgA'  
~~~~~~~-  
Q.gX N t,~,<.i......?,'......?;?.......
~?;?~~,:?id s
-..?. —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R., —-.,.:y
47~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
~i-4.'-11 _5.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~