Ifzt zz I I Q-4 L T H E ORDNANCE MANUAL FOIR THE USE OF THE OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. SECOND EDITION. aafnglton.: GIDEON & CO., PRINTERS. 1850. ORDN.ANCE OFFICE, WASHNGTON, October 14, 1847. Captain A. MORDECAI, Washington Jrsenal. SIR: The duty of arranging, preparing, and publishing drawings of a uniform systemr of Artillery, and of revising the Ordnance Manual and publishing a new edition, is assigned to you.:* C 4 G. TALCOTT, Lt. Col. of Ordnance, ORDNANCE BOARD. WVaSHINGTON, ~obvember 15, 1849. To Brig. Gen. TALCOTT, Col. of Ordnance. SIR: Under your instructiotrs of the 27th utilt., tile Ordnance Board have' carefully examined the Ordnance-Manual, as revised by Major A. Mordecai for a new edition, in pursuance of your order dated October 14, 1847, and have made such alterations and additions as appeared to be required preparatory to the publication of the work. R. L. BAKER, Brevet Lieut. Col. J. W. RIPLEY, Brevet Lieut. Col.. J, SYMINGTON, Major of Ordnance I A. MORDECAI, Brevet MJlajor. a B. HUGER, Brevet Col. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON9, XOvember 17th, 1849. Hon. GEO. W. CRAWFORD, Secretary of War. It is respectfully recommended that the revised edition of the Ordnance Manual be printed for the use of the Army. G. TALCOTT, Bvt. Brig. Gen., Colonel of Ordnance. Approvedl November 23, 1849: G. W. CRAWFORD. EXTRACTS frto the prefce to the first edition of' the Ordwanse Mtanwl. "This work being designed chiefly for the use of those charged with the Rabrication and care of the materiel, leaves untouched nearly all that relates to the personal service of Artillery, either in the field or in garrison," ": "s It is earnestly requested that all officers of the Army, and especially those of the Ordnance Department, will avail themselves of every opportunity to verify' the details and add to the information here given, and that they will comrmunil cate to the Colonel of Ordnance any corrections or amendments which it may' appear advisable to make in a future edition of the work,"' TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAPTER I-ORDNANCE I.. 1I1-SHOT AND SHELLS a 27 II1-ARTILLERY CARRIAGES 7 3'7 IV-IMPLEMENTS AND E QUIPMENTS. 103 V-HARNESS - ~.. 121 VI-MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY 13~ 1 VII-PAINTS, LACKERS, &C. -.1 49 VIIII-SrALL ARMS AND ACCOUTREMENTS 1 - o 157 IX- GNPOWDER.- 209 X-AMMIUNITION AND FIREWORKS -... 229 XI-EQUIPMENT OF BATTERIES FOR FIELD, SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE -. 299 XII-MECHANICAL MAN(EUVREZS - 343 XIII-ARTILLERY PRACTICE.. 359 XIV —MATERIALS. 37 7 XV —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.- 4-11 LIST OF PLATES. Plate. Guns I.1 Howitzers and Mortars 2 Field Gun Carriage. 3 Caisson and Limber a 4 Forge. 5 Battery Wagon - - 6 Siege Gun Carriage - 7 Barbette Carriage. 8 Casemate Carriage.o. 9 Casemate Carriage for 24-pdr. Howitzer - 10 Garrison Gin.11 Sling Cart.12 Harness 13 Mountain Artillery. -. 14 Small Arms - 15 Packing Boxes for Small Arms -. - 16 Ammunition. -.17 Ammunition Chests. 18a Knots.....19 INDEX. A. ACCOUTREIMENTS. Inflntry, 201 —Rifle, 202-Cavalry, 203-Artillery, 204Sappers, 204 —Spare parts for repairs, 205-Materials for mnaling, 205Weights, 207. AIR, atlmospheric: Density,' 410, 431. ALLOYS, of various metals, 393-Of coins, 418. AMMUINITION: Chap, X.-For Field &rvice: Preparation, 250; dimensions and weights, 259; packing, 260; quantity and weight in each ammunition,chest, 303; on each carriage, 306; for a field battery, 330; for field train, 329 —or 3lountailn Howitzer, 136-Fo7 Siege and Garrison S ervice: Preparation, 262; quantity for siege train, 333; for armament of ftrts, 337Storage of armmunition, 296-Breaking up, 297. AMMUNITION CHESTS: For Field Carriages: Nomenclature, 39; bill of tim6ber 67; bill of iron, 82; dimensions and weight, 57; interior arrangement, 299, 302; contents, 303; weights, packed, 306 —For..Moumtain.Howitzer:. Nomenclature and contents, 139; materials for, 146, 148; dimensions and -Aveights, 145; contain 700 mnusket cartridges, 331; number for a battery, 331. ANGLE OF SIGHT, natural: Definition,. 3 —Of guns, 5-Of colunmbiads ard howitzers, 6. ANIMAL POWER, 419. ANTHRACITE COAL, 397. AREAS: Of plane and curved surfaces, 435-Of circles, 443, 452. ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION, 439 ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS, 337. ARMORER'S TOOLS: For arsenals, 192-For the field park, 325. AR.MS, small: Chap. VIII.-Nomenclature, 157-Dimensions and weiglhts, 1 63, Inspection of new arms, 164-Browning, 180 —Packing, 181 —Preserva.tion in store, l84-Issuing., 185-Preservation in service, 185-Inspection of arms in service, 189 —Repair s, 190-Side.Arms: Nomenclature, 198; dlimensions and weights, 199; spare parts for repairs, 205. ARTILLERY: see Oanre.CEa - Carriages, Chap. II~-Proportion of artillery f.r a field train, 329-For siege train, 332-For armament of forts, 337, 341-For mountain service, Chap. V1, ARTILLERY PRACTICE: Chap. XII,. X INDEX. B. BABBIT'S METAL; composition of, 393. BALANCE, for weighing, 434. BALLISTICS, 428. BALLS: Lead: Diameters and weights, 29; manner of making, 244; penetration, 373- Cast Iron: Diameter and weight, 27 to 30; specific gravity, 30; computation of weight, 30; inspection, 30; piling, 32; table of piles, 34; penetration, 368. BAR IRON: Manufacture, 382-Properties, 384-Tables of weight, 404. BARBETTE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 47-Dimensions and weights, 58Bills of timber, 71-Bills of iron, 90-Implements and equipments, 339Mechanical manceuvres, 352. BAROIMETER: Measurement of heights, 426. BARRELS: Of small arms; dimensions and weights, 163; inspection, 169-For g'inpCowdeCl t' 213. BASKET, for mortar service, 115. BATTERY, of field artillery: Composition of, 330-Ammunition, 330-MIounasin howitzer, 331. BATTERY WTAGON: Nomenclature, 42-Dimensions and weight, 57-Bill of timber, 69-Bill of iron, 85-Equipment for field battery, 310 —Equipment for field park, 319-Weights, packed, 328. BAYONET: Nomenclature, 157 —Length and weight, 163. BEAMIS: Strength of, 400. BELL METAL: Composition of, 393. BILL HOOK, 117. BILLS: Of timber, for artillery carriages, 67 —Of iron, 76. BITUTMINOUS COAL, 397. BLOCKS: For cartridg-es, for field howitzers, 252-For sea-coast howitzers, 263For mechanical manceuvres, 344. BLUE LIGiHTS, 295. BOARDS: Measurement of, 381. BOILING POINTS, of liquids, 424. BOLTS: Classification and table of dimensions, 62, 63. BO:,)KS: For siege equipment, 336-Of reference, 472. BOXES: For packing small arms, 181-For lead balls, 245-For percussion ceae tridges, 249-For packing field ammunition, 260. BRASS: Composition of, 393. BRONZE: Composition and analysis, 8-Strength, 402. BROOM, for mortar batteries, 115. BROWNING ARMS: Instructions for, 180. BUCKSHOT: Size of, 243. INDEX. xi B-IUDGE BARREL, 110.:BURNS: Liniment for, 298. C. CAISSON: Nomenclature, 39-Dimensions and weight, 57-Bill of timber, 68Bill of iron, 82-Equipment for field, 305-Weight, equipped, 306 —Number of rounds of ammunition, 306-Number, with a field battery, 330. CANISTER SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 29. CANISTERS: For field service, 255-For siege and garrison, 265. CANNON: See ORDNANCE —For siege train, 332. CANNON LOCK, 113. CAPS: Percussion, for small arms, 278-Paper, for cartridges, 257. CARBINE: Hall's, 162, 163-Care of, 177. CARCASSES: Dimensions and weights, 28-Manner of loading, 291. CARRIAGES: Chap. HI[I.- -lromenclature: Field, 37; siege, 44; barbette, 47;.,:asemate, 49- -Dimnensio, s and Weights: Feld, 55, 57; siege, 56, 57; barbette,.8; casemate, 60-Bills of Timber: Field, 67; siege, 70; barbette, 71; casenate, 73-Bills of Iron: Field, 76; siege, 86; barbette, 90; casemate, 95Number for a field battery, 330 —For a siege train, 332-For armament of forts, 337.,CARRIAGE MAKER'S TOOLS: For equipment of mountain howitzer, 144For field battery wagon, 311-For park battery wagon, 320. CARTRIDGES: Por Small Armis: Charges, 243; making, 245; dimensions of bundles, 248; manner of packing, 249-For field service, 250-For siege and garrison service, 262.,CARTRIDGE BAGS: Field, 250-Siege and garrison, 262 —Paper, 263-For hot shot, 264, 374-For proving ordnance, 264. L.ARTRIDGE BLOCKS: For field howitzers, 252-For sea-coast howitzers, 263. C SEHARDENING, iron, 390. CASEMATE CARRIAGES: Nomrncnclatu:te, 49 —Dimensions and weights, 60Bills of timber, 73-Bills of iron, 95-Equipment, 339-Mechanical manceuvres, 353. CASK GAUGING, 438. CAST IRON: For guns, 9-Properties, 385-Strength, 402. CAVALRY: Muslretoon, 160-Sabre, 198-Accoutrements, 203. CENTRES OF GRAVITY, 438. CIHAINS: Classification, 66 —Strength and weight, 402. CHARGES: F_ r proving ordnance, 17-For small arms, 243-For field service, 250-For siege and garrison service, 263-For field shells, 255-For- mortar shells, 267-For columbiad shells, 268-For spherical case shot, 255. CHASSIS: See Barbette and (Casemate Carriages. ~.HOCKS: For casemate carriage, 115-For mechanical ma,uvres. 344. xii INDEX. CIRCLES: Tables of areas and circumferences, 443-452. CIRCULAR SEGMENTS: Table of areas, 451. COAL: Charcoal, 395-Bituminous, 397-Anthracite, 397. COAL TAR, 397 —For lacker, 153. COEHORN MORTAR: Dimensions and weight, 7-Bed, 51. COINS: Weight and alloy, 418 —United States and Foreign coins, 418. COKE, 397. COLUMBIADS: Dimensions and weights, 6 —Proof, 17-Cartridges, 263. COLUMNS: Strength of, 400. COMBUSTIBLES: Heating power of, 424. CONDUCTORS: Lightning, 225-Of electricity, 420. CONGREVE ROCKETS, 289. COPPER: Properties of, 8 —Tinning, 391-Strength, 399, 402. CUBES: Table of, 452. CYLINDERS: Strength of hollow iron, 401. D. DISPART: Definition of, 4-Of guns, 5 —Of howitzers, 60 DRAG ROPE, 117. DRAWING PAPER: Dimensions of, 418. E. ELECTPRICITY: Conductors ofi, 420. EM BRASURE SHUTTERS, 335. EPROUVETTE: Dimensions and weight, 7 —Bed, 51-Use of, 220. EQUIPMENT: Chap. XI.-Of field carriages, 305-Of forge for field battery, 307-Of battery wagon for field battery, 310-Of park forge, 316-Of park battery wagon, 319-Of field train, 329 —Of siege train, 332-Of fortress carriages, 339-Of mortar batteries, 339. EXPANSION: Of shot, by heat, 375-Of various bodies, by heat, 422. EYE PINS: Dimensions of, 66. C. FALLING BODIES: Motion of, 427. FASCINES: Preparation of pitched fascines, 294. FELLING AXE: Dimensions, 117 —Weight, 118. FIELD CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, 37-Dimensions and w eights, 55-BillE of timber, 67-Bills of iron, 76-Equipment 305. FIELD PARK, 331. FIELD TRAIN, 329. FILES, 392. FIRE BALLS, 292. FIRE STONE, 289. INDEXo Xii[ FIRE WORKS, Cliap. X. —Materials, 236-Storage, 296i. FIXED AMMUNITION: For mountain howitzer, 138 —For field service, 250. FLINTS, 242-Nurbcer to 100 rounds, 329. FORAGE: Weight of different kinds, 419. FORGE: For Field Service: Nomenclature, 40; dimensions and weight, 57; bill of timber, 68; bill of iron, 83; for field battery, 307; for field park, 316; weights, equipped, 328-For Moluntain Service, 140; -vweight of, 145. FRACTIONS: Table of equivalent vulgar and decimal, 407. FREEZING POINTS, of liquids, 424. FRICTION: Laws of, 434. FRICTION PRIMERS: Manner of maklino, 281. FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES, 424. FULMINATE, of mercury: Preparation of, 279.'UNNEL, 115. FURNACES: For laboratory, 230 —For heating shot, 374. FUZES: For mortar service, 274-For field service, 276-For columbiads and howitzers, 277. FUZE IMPLEMENTS, 114-W-Teights of, 118. FUZE PLUGS: For field shells, 254 —For heavy ordnance, 268. G. GAUGES: For shot and shells, 27-For inspecting sinall arms, 164 —For gun powder, 219. GAUGING, casks, 438. GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION, 439. GINS: Nomenclature, 51-Dimensions and weights, 62-Bills of timber, 75Bills of iron, 99 —Mechalnical manceuvres, 354. GIN FALL: Field and siege, 354-Garrison and casemate, 357. GOLD RAIN, 288. GOMER CHAMBER, 3. GRAPE SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 29. GRAPE: Stands of, 266. GRATES, for heating shot, 374. GRAVITY: Specific, 409 —Force of, 427-Centres of, 438. GREASE, for wheels, 155. GRENADES, 29. GROMMETS, 269. GUNS: Dimensions and weights, 5-Proof, 17, 18 —Ranges, Chap. XlILM GUN METAL: Bronze, 8 —Cast iron, 9-Strength, 402. GUNNER'S IMPLEMENTS: Gimlet, 111-Perpendicular, 113-Pincers, 114Callipers, 114-Quadrant, 114-Sleeves, 115-Weights of, 118. xiv INDEX. GUN CARRIAGES: Field: Nomenclature, 37; dimensions and weights, 55': bills of timber, 67; bills of iron, 76; equipment, 305; weights, equipped, 306-Siege: Nomenclature, 44; dimensions and weights, 56; bills of tinm ber, 70; bills of iron, 86; equipment, 334-Barbette: Nomenclature, 47 - dimensions and weights, 58; bills of timber, 71; bills of iron, 90; equipment, 339- asenzate: Nomenclature, 49; dimensions and weighits, 60; bills of timlber, 73; bills of iron, 95; equipment, 339 —For i1ountaiLn Hsowitzer: Nomenclature, 131; dimensions and wveights, 145. GUNPOWDER: Chap. RX.-lMaterials, 209-Proportions, 213-Mainufact ure. a 214-Density, 217-Packing, 21S-Inspection and proof, 219-Analysis, 223Preservation and storage, 224-Teimperature at which it explodes, 217. H. HALE'S ROCKETS, 289 —Ranges and weights, 365. HALL'S CARBINE: Nomenclature, 162-Dimensions and %weight, 163-Inspection, 177-Care of, 188. HAND BILL, (or bill hook,) 117. H[AND CART: Nomenclature, 53. HANIDSPIKES: For field, siege, and garrison service, 109-Nulnber required, see EQUIPTIE.NT. IHARNESS: For Field and Siege Carriages, Chap. V. —Weight, 127; dimensions of parts, and buckles, 128; materials for making, 130; storage, 130; spare parts for repairs, 315, 323-For a battery, 330-For Mlolntain Service, 134.,.HAUSSE: Pendulum, for field service, 112. HAVRESACK, 110. HA Y: Weight in bundles, 419. HEAT: Properties and effects, 420 to 425. HEIGHTS: Barometric measuremnent of, 4296. HORSES: Number required for a field battery, 330-For siege train, 332 —Powerof, 419-Steam horse power, 420.'HORSE SHOES, and nails: Weight of, 310. HOT SHOT: Firing, 374 —Expansion, 375. HOW7ITZERS: Dimensions and weights, 6-Proof;, 1S —Shells, 2'7Ammunition: For mountain, 136; for field, 250; for siege and garrison, 263. I. ICE: Strength of, 425. IMPLEMENTS: For Field, Siege, and Garrison Service; Ch ap. TV. —Nomenclature and dimensions. 103; weights, 108, 118; storage, 119-For Mlainrain Artillery, 132, 139 —Iind ancd enumber: For field carriages, 305; for siege carriages, 334; for fortress carriages, 339; for firing hot shot, 374; for m1echanical manceuvres, 344 —For small arms, 158, 162. INDEX. NV INCENDIARY MATCH: Preparation of, 295. INCLINED PLANE: Power of, 433. INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS, 201. INITIAL VELOCITIES: Of cannon balls, 365-Of bullets, 367 —Formula. for computing, 432. INSPECTION: Of ordnance, 12 —Of shot and shells, 30 —O' small arms, new, 164 —Of arms in service, 189-Of Hall's carbine, 177-General directions for inspection of arms, 179. INSTRUMENTS: For inspecting ordnance, 10-For siege train, 336-For armlament of forts, 341. IRON, CAST: For guns, 9, 10-Specific gravity and strength, 9, 399, 402 —Properties and varieties, 385. IRON, BAR: Bills, for field carriages, 76-For siege carriages, 86 —'or barbette carriages, 90 —For casemate carriages, 95-For mountain howitzer catrliage, &c, 147, 148-Manufacture, 382-Properties and test, 384 —Forgingg, 385Tinning, 391-Strength, 399, 402 —Weiight, tables of, 404-Plate, weight of, 406, 407 —Wire gauge, 66. iRON PIPES: WTeight of, 408. ISSUE OF ARMS, 185. J. J-ACK: Lifting', 54-Lever,.4-Small screw jack, 118. K. KIT: Composition, 295. KNOTS: P7ate 19. L. LABORATORY: Arrangement, fixtures and furniture, 229-Tools, 231-Materials, 236 —Paper, 239. LACKER: For iron ordnance, 152-For snall arms and paper, 153-For iron work, 154. LADLES: For cannon, 105-Numlber required, 334, 339. LEAD: Detection of, in bronze, S-Adulteration of, 237-To leduce oxide, 237Temperature of melting point, 423. LEAD BALLS: Diameters and weights, 29-To compute weiglht of 30-Fabrication, 244-Pressed, 24.5-Packing, 245. LEADERS, 271. LEATHER: For artillery harness, 130 —For accoutrements,'205. LEG GUARD: Description, 125-Weight, 127. LEVER JACK, 54. LEVER: Power of, 432. LIFTING JACK: Nomenclature andtl weigiht, 54. LIGHT BALLS, 294. xvi INDEX. LIGHTNING RODS, 2-25. LIMBERl: For Field Carriages: Nomenclature, 38; dirmensions and weight, 55; bill of timlber, 67; bill of iron, S1 —For Siege Carriages: Nomenclature, 45; dimensions and weight, 56; bill of timber, 70; bill of iron, 88. LINE OF SIGHT, natural, 3. LINIMENT, for burns, 298. LINSETOCK: Description, 110-Weight, 118. LOCK: I::or Ca'nnon: Description 113; weight, 118-fior SnaZl Arenis: Nornenclature, 157; weight, 163; inspection, 172. LOCK CO(VER, 113-Weigllt, 118. LOGARITHMS, 440. MtACilN ES: Nomenclature, 51-Required for siege service, 335-i-For garrisonu service, 340. T'IAGA ZTA ES: For gunpowd(er, 224. MAGNETIChr NEEDLE: Variation and dip, 426. MARKS: Of orldnanclc, 19 —Of small arms, 180. IMA TRONS,,'289. M A'rCTC Prp'3tcation of, 269, 270-Incendiary, 295. iMA'IATE ALS: A Foi constructions, Clap. XI — For repairing siege carriages, 33-F or repaiting i rtr'ress carriages, 340-Strength and weight, 399 to 41U, M1A8THEMIAT PICAL ftorlalmIe and data, 435. MAUL, 115. MEASURET S, U.1. aend Foreign: Length, 411-Surftce, 414-1Solidity, 414 —Cap-acityt, 41.5 —-- eight, 416 —Value, 418. MEASUREMEIl T, of tilber and boards, 381. MECHANICAL MAANOEUVRES: Fielci artillery, 343 —Siege artillery, 344Mortar wa gon, 349 —Garrison artillery, 352 —Gin, 354. MIECHATiNICAL POWERIS, 432. TMELTING POINTS, of solids, 423. MEN: Worlking power, &c., 419. MEN'S HARNESS: Description, 117-Weighlt, 118. IMENSURATnION, 435. METALS: For constructions, 382-Storage and preservation, 393-Relative dulctility and malleability, 399-Strength and weight, 399 to 406-Expan.sion, by heat, 422. METRES: Table for reduction to inches, 413. MONEaY, 418. MORTARS: Dimensions and. weights, 7-Proof, 18, 19-Beds, 50, 57-Platforam, 51, 57-Implements and equipments, Chap. IV; 339- Mechanical manceuvres, 350. INDEXu XVLi iMORTAR WAGOIN: Norlenclatire, 46 —Dimensions and weight, 57-Bill of timber, 70-Bill of iron, 89 —Miclhanical manceuvres, 349. MIOUNTAIN ARTILLERY, Chap. VI.-Dimensions and weight of howitzer, 6-Of carriages and equipment, 145-Ranges of howitzer, 148t-Composition of a battery, 331. IUSKET: Nomenclature of percussion, 157-Flint, 159-Alteration of flint to percussion, 159 —Dimensions and weights, 163 —Inspection, 164-Packing, 181-Strength of barrels, 196. M-USKETOON: Cavalry, 160-Artiliery and Sappers, 161 —Dimensions aend weights, 163. NAILS: [/rotiugt anZd Cu/t: Dimensions and weights, 64-Horse S/oe, 310. NEEDLE, magnetic: Declination and cdip, 426. -NOSE BAG, 125. NUTS: Classification and dimensions, 63. 0. OATS: Weight of a- bushel, 419. ORDNANCE: Kinds and calibres, 1 —Nomenclature, 2-Designation, 4 —Inspec - tion, 10-Proof, 16-Marks, 19 —Injuries in service, 19-Spiking and unspiking, 20-Preservation, 21-Table of foreign ordnance, 23-ProportiorL for a field train, 329 —For a siege train, 332. P. PACKS, for mountain service, 146. PACK SADDLE: Nomenclature, 133-Weight, 145 —Bill of timber, 146-Bill of iron, 148. PACKING: Small arms, 181-Fixed atnrnunitiotn, 260. PACKING BOXES: For muskets, 181-For rifles and pistols, 183 —For balls, 215-For percussion cartridges, 249-For fixed ammunition, 260-For percussion caps, 281-For field forge, 307-For field battery wagon, 311, 313For park forge, 316 —For park battery wagon, 319, 322. PAINT: Preparation, Chap. VHII-Quantity and kind required for a carriage, 151 —For tarpaulins, 151 —Brainard's, 151. PAPER: For' laboratory purposes, 239-For small arm cartridges, 245-For fielil ammunition, 257-Cartridge bags, 263-Drawing, dimensions of, 418, PARK: Field, composition of, 331. PASS BOX, 110. PASTE, 240. PENDULUM HAUSSE: Construction of, 112. PENDULUM, ballistic: Used for provilng powder, 221. PENDULUMS: Length for a given time of vibration, 427. Xviii INDEX. PENETRATION of balls: In masonry, 368, 372-In wool, 369, 372, 373 —In earth, 3'70-In fascines and wood, 371-in cast iron, 372-In paper, 373. PERCUSSION CAPS, for small arms: Manufacture, 278-Number required for cartridges, 248, 329. PERCUSSION PRIMERS, for cannon: Manufacture, 283-Number required for field ammunition, 303. PEWTER: Composition, 393-Melting point, 422. PICK AXE, 117-Weight, 118. PILING BALLS, 33 —Table of piles, 34. PIPES: ~Weig'ht of iron, 408. PISTOL: Nomenclature, 161 —Dimensions and weight, 163-Proof, 169-Packing, 183. PITCH: Manner of making, 398. PITCHED FASCINES: Preparation of; 294. PLATFORM: For mortars, 51, 57-For siege gu-ns, number required, 335. PLUMMET, for mortar service, 115. POINTING a7IRE, for mortars, 115. PORT FIRES: Manner of making, 273-Number required for field service, 303. PORTFIRE CASE, 110-Weight, 118. PORTFiRE STOCK, 110-Weight, 118. PORTFIRE CUTTER, Ill-Weight, 118. POW5DER: See GUNPOWDER. POWDER MEASURES: Dimensions of, 115, 116. POWERS, of numbers, 452. PREPONDERANCE of cannon: Definition, 4-Of guns, 5-Of columbiads snd howitzers, 6. PRIMERS for cannon: Friction, 28S1-Percussion, 283-Numlber required, for field ammunition, 303; for siege, 333; for forts, 338. PRIMING HORN, 111-Weight, 118. PRIMING WIRE, 111. PRIMING TUBES: Manufacture, 271-Number required, 303, 333, 338, PROGRESSION: Arithmetical and geometrical, 439. PROJECTILES: See SHOT AND SlIELLS; BALLISTICS. PROLONGE: For Field Service: Descriptionl, 116; weight, 118-For Mechanicazl,I/anaevrwes, 345. PROOF: Of Ilon for ordnance, 10-Of ordnance, 16-Of shot, 31-Of small arms, 169-Of sworcls and sabres, 199-Of gunpowder, 219-Of chains, 66, 402. PULLEY: Power of, 432. PULLEY BLOCKS, for gins, 51, 52. PYROM1ETER: Wedgewood's, 420. Q. QUICK MATCH, 270. QUOIN for ml ortar beds, 11.5-Weight, 118. R. RACKS, for small armls, 184. RAIN: Quantity that falls annually, 426-Of fire, 2S3 —Gold, 288. RAMMERS: Heads, 103-Staves, 107-Finished, 105. RANGES of ordnance: Mountain lhow\itzer, 148 —Field gtuns andl owlitzers, 359, 360-Siege and garrison guns an(d howitzers, 361 —Col:umbids, 363Mortars, 364-War rockets, 365. RASPS: Kinds and sizes, 392. RED HEAT of iron, 423. REPAIRS: Of small arms, 190 to 196-Of side arms and accoutrements, 205. RESISTANCECE of the air, to mnotion of projectiles, 431. RIFLE: Nomenclature, 160-Diraensions and wei ht, 163-Inspection and proof, 166, 169-Accoutrements, 202. RINGS, for chains: Dimnensions, 65. RIVETS: Dimensions and forms, 64. RPOCKETS: Signal, 284-War, 289-Rangges and weights of' Hale's, 365. ROPES: For siege train, 335-For forts, 340-For mechanical manceuvres, 345Quality and kinds, 394-Splicing, 394-Strength and weight, 403. S. SABOTS: For mountain howitzer ammunition, 136-For iield ammullition, 252For heavy shells, 264. SABRES: Cavalry and( artillery, 198. SADDLE: For field artillery harness, 123, 127-Pack, 133, 145. SAPPER'S: lusklre-toon, 161, 163 —Accoutrements, 204. SCRAPER, for shells, 115. SCREW: Mechanical power, 433-Table of wood screws, 65. SCREW JACIK, 118. SEGMENTS, of circles: Table of areas, 451. SERPENTS, for rockets, 288. SHEET METALS: Gauge, 66-Weight, 407. SHEET IRON: Properties, 390-Weight, 406, 407. SHEET TIN, 391. SHELLS:'Dimensions and weights, 27-To compute weight of, 30 —To find the quantity of powder to fill a shell, 30 —Inspection, 30-Strcapping: For mountain howitzer, 136; for field service, 253; for siege atd garrison cannon, 264Charging: For mountain howitzer, 137; for field service, 255; for mortars, 267; for heavy ordnance, 268S-Unloading, 298-Ran-es, 148, 360, 365Penetrations, 369 to 372. XX INDEX. SHELL HOOKS, 115. SHELL PLUG SCREW, 114. SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 27 —To compote weight of, 30 —Inspection, 30Piling and preservation, 32 —Ranges, 359 to 363 —Penetrations, 368 to 372Expansion by heat, 375. SHOVEL: Dimensions, 117 —Weight, 118. SIEGE ARTILLERY: Ordnance: Kinds, 1; dimensions and weights, 5, 6, 7; proportions, in a siege train, 332-Carriages: Nomenclature, 44-dimensions and weights, 56; bills of timber,'70; bills of iron, 86. —Equipment, 332-Mechanial maneuicarl an es, 344. SIEGE TRAIN, 332. SINES: Table of natural sidnes and tanlgents, 441. SLING: For gulns, 356. SLING CARTS: Nomenclatture, 52-Dimensions and weights, 62-Bill of tir — ber, 75-Bill of iron, 101-Mechanical nanceuvres, 351. SLOW MATCH: Preparation, 269 —Quantity for field ammunition, 303-For siege train, 333-For forts, 338. SMALL ARMS, Chtap. VTII —Nomenclature, 157-Dimensions and weights, 163-Inspection, 1-64 —Packinrg, Il1-Storage, 184-Repairs, 190 —.Ammunition, 243-For armamen: of forts, 338. SNOW: Limits of perpetual snow, 426. SOLDER: Composition, 393-Melting points, 423. SOLDERING, 391. SOUND: Velocity, 425. SPARE PARTS, for repairs: Small arms, 193 —Side arns and accoutrements, 205-Fielcl carriages and equipments, 331; see also EQcIaPsIENT —Siege carriagges, 335-Fortress carriages, 340. SPATULA, for mortar service, 115. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES: Tables of, 409, 41(). SPHERICAL CASE SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 28-Inspection, 30 —or Mountslina Howlitzer: Fixing and charging, 137 —For Field Se'vice: Charge for firing, 250; strapping, 253; charging, 255; weights, fixed, 259; packilng 260); proportion for a battery, 330; ranges, 359; initial velocities, 365 — Foa Siege Service: Charging, 255; strapping, 264; proportion for siege train, 333-Fuzes, 276. SP1l(ING ordnance, 20. SPLICING ropes, 394. SPLINTS for mortar service, 115. SPONGES, 104-Heads, 104-Covers, 105-Staves, 106 —Weights, 108, 118. SPONGE BUCKET: Description, 116-Weilght, 118. SQUARES and roots, of numbers, 452. INDEX. XXi STARS, for rockets, 287. STAVES, for implements: Dimensions, 106-Bill of plank, 108. STEAM: Elastic force, 425-Horse power, 420. STEEL: Kinds and properties, 387-Hardening and tempering, 389-Strength, 399, 402. ST'ONE MORTAR: Dimensions and weight. 7 —Proof, 18 —Charge, 333. STORE TRUCK: Nomenclature, 53-Weight 54. STRAPS, for shot and shells: Field, 253-Siege and garrison, 264. STRAPPING shot and shells: For mountain howitzer, 136-For field service, 253, 255-For siege and garrison service, 264. STIRENGTH: Of iron for guns, 9-Of musket barrels, 196-Of materials, 399, 402-Of chains, 402-Of hemnp and iron wire ropes, 403-Of ice, 425. SWORDS and sabres: Nonlenclature, 198-Dimensions and weights, 199-Inspection and proof, 199-Packing, 200-Cleaning 201. T.'TABLES: United States ordnance, 5, 6, 7-Foreign ordnance, 23-Shot and shells, 27-Lead balls, 29-Cast iron balls, 30 —Piles of balls, 34-Dimensions and weights of artillery carriages, 55 to 62-Bolts and nuts, 63Wood screws, 65-Finished implements, 108, 118 —Dimensions of parts of harness, 128-Small arms, 163-Fixed ammunition, 259 —Ranges of nmountain howitzer, 148 —Ranges of field guns and howitzers, 359-Ranges of heavy ordnance, 361-Ranges of Hale's rockets, 365-Initial velocities, 36,5Board measure, 381 —Files and rasps, 392-Weight of iron, 404;o 407 — Equivalent vulgar and decimal fractions, 407-Cast iron pipes, 408-Specific gravities, 409-Weights and measures, 411 to 417-Coins, 418-Regular polygons, 436-Natural sJnes and tangents, 441 —Circullar seglments, 451Areas and circumferences of circles, 443, 452 —Powers and roots of nunmbers, 452. TANGENTS: Table of natural tangents, 441. TA NGENT SCALES: For field guns and howitzers, 111, 112. TAR, 398. 51tAR BUCKET: Description, 116-Weight, 118. TARPAULINS: Dimensions, 115-Weights, 118 —Painting, 151. TARRED LINKS, 294. TENACITY: Of gun iron, 9-Of various materials, 399, 402. TEST: Of gun iron, 9, 10-Of saltpetre; rough, 209; refined 212- Of bar iron, 384 —Ofsteel, 389-Of files, 392. THERMOMETERS: Comparison of different scales, 420. THUMBSTALL, 111. XXii INDEX. TIMBER: For artillery carriages, 67 to 75-For implements, 109-For mourntain howitzer carriage, &c., 146-For repairs of siege carriages, 335-For repairs of fortress carriages, 340 —-Kinds of trees, 377-Selection and felling, 378 —Defects, 379 —Seasoning anId preserving, 379 —Measuring, 381 —Strength, 399, 400-W7Teight, 409. TIN: Sheet, 391-Strength, 399-Weight, 409-Melting point, 423. TINNING, iron and copper, 391. TOMPIONS, for mortars and howitzers, 115. TOOLS: For equipment of mountain artillery, 142, 144-Armorer's, for arsenals, 192-Laboratory, 231-For field forge, 308-For field battery wagon, 311-For park forge, 316-For park battery wagon, 320-For siege train, 336-For armament of forts, 340. TORCHES: Preparation, 295. TORSION: Resistance of bodies, 401. TOURTEAUX, (tarred links,) 294. TOW HOOK: Dimensions, 115-Weight, 118-Number required, 305. TRAJECTORY of a ball: In vacuo, 428-In the air, 430. TRIGONOMETRY: Formulaw, 440. TRUCKS: Casemate, 53-Store, 53-Weights, 54. TUBES, priming: Metal, 271-Quill, 272-Friction, 281. TUBE POUIJCH: Description, 110-Weight, 118. U. UNSPiKING cannon, 21. V. VALENCIENNES COMPOSITION, 291. VALISE: Artillery driver's, 124. VALUE of foreign coins, 418. VARIATIONS allowed: In iron ordnance, 14-In brass ordnance, 16. VARNISH: For patent leather, 154-Copal, 154-Japan, 155-For percussion caps, 280. VEGETATION: Limits of growth of various plants, 426. VELOCITIES, initial: Of cannon balls, 365-Of lead balls, 367-Loss by wind.age, 367-Formula for computing, 432. VELOCITY; Of balls: loss by the resistance of the air, 431; final velocity of descent, 431 —Of sound, 425 —Of the wind, 425. VENT: Position and diameter, 3. VENT COVER, 114, 118. VENT PIECE, for brass ordnance, 3. VENT PUNCH, 111. INDEX. Xxiii W. WADS: Fabricattion, 268 —For proving ordnance, 17, 18-For firing hot shot, 374. WAR ROCKETS, 289-Ranges, 365. WASHERS, for bolts: Classification and dimensions, 63. WATER: Weight of cubic foot, 410, 417-Maximum density, 410-Density at different temperatures, 423-Allowance for man and horse, 419. WATER BUCKET: For forge, 117-For garrison service, 117-Weights, 118. WATERING BUCKET, for field service, 117, 118. ~WEDGE: Mechanical power, 433. WEIGHTS: Guns, 5-Colurnbiads and howitzers, 6 —Mortars, 7-Foreign ordnance, 23-Shot and shells, 27, 28, 29-Lead balls, 29-Cast iron balls, 30Field gun carriages, 55-Siege gun carriages, 56-Field and siege wagons, ammunition chests, and mortLar beds, 57-Barbette carriages, 59-Casemate carriages, 61l-Sling carts and gins, 62-Trucks, 54-Artillery implements, 10 —Equipments, 118 —Harness, 127-Gun carriage and equipment for mountain artillery, 145-Small arms, 163-Boxes of arms, 183-Swords and sabres, 199-Accoutrements, 207-Percussion cartridges, packed, 249 — Fixed ammunition, 259-Field ammunition, packed, 260-Gun carriages and caissons, equipped for service, 306-Forges and battery wagons, equipped:for service, 328-Chains, 402-Hemp and wire ropes, 403-Bar iron, 404, 407Various metals, 406, 407-Iron pipes, 408-Various materials, (specific grad vities,) 409-United States and Foreign weights, 416, 417. WELDING: Composition for welding iron and steel,390. WHEAT: Weight of a bushel, 419. WHEEL: Field: Nomenclature, 39; size and weight, 55 —Siege: Nomenclature, 45; size and weight, 56-Barbette: Nomenclature, 47; size and weight, 59Casemate: Size and weight, 61-Sling carts, 53, 62. WHEEL AND AXLE: Mechanical power, 433. WHEELS AND PINIONS: Power, 433. WHIP, for artillery driver, 124. WIND: Velocity and force, 425. WINDAGE of balls: Definition, 3-Amount, 5, 6, 7 —Loss of velocity by, 36'7, WIPER, for mortars, 115. WIRE GAUGE, 66. WIRE ICOPE, iron: Strength and weight, 403. WOOD: See TIMBER. WOOD SCREWS: Classification and dimensions, 65. WORMS, 106,108. ERRATA, Page 37 —List of Irons, 5th line: For links, read'ings. 6133 —12th line from the bottom; Add: 4 notch pltes, fstened to thle areas each by 4 screws. " 217-First column of table: ~ For 4, read I. 5" 218lst line: For weight, read height. 428Eqsuation of the Trajectory: In the Snd teem of the second member, for c, read x2. " 437-19th line: The words g" area of the "u should be transsposed to the beginning of the l Sth lilneo ~ORDNANCE.A UA C H A P T E R F I R S T e The following are the kinds and calibres of ordnance used in the land service of the United States: KiND OF ORDNANCE. CALIItRE. I MATERIAL.. 12-pounder... Bronze.. 12-pounder... GuN~gari~son ~12-psounder..... Siege and garl ison 18-pounder..... a24-pounder... Iron...... jseeoaL..... ~l32-pounder,~~,.i Plate 1. Setacf.oast.... 42-pounder....te 1' Mountain f... 12-pounder........... 1.2-pounder... inz Field......... 24-pounder.. 32-pounde...p onr.. t Bron ce. H0OWITZERs. i Siege and garrisonI S-inch... Plate 2. 24-pounder........... Plate 10o Seacoast. *..... l Plate 2. 8-in ch...... tCfOLUOXvIeADS........ o 10-inch... i Iri...... Plate 9 Light............... 8-ich............ l0-inch...... O I Heavy.......... 10-inch................ 1 StORTARS e ot... Pl ate Coehorn..24-pounder.... [ Eprouvette........ 24-pounder-.. Iron.... jJ A 12-inch columbiad, of cast iron, has also been made for trial. The plates and the tabl6s of dimensions and weights refer to the latest patternsE For the description of ordnance of former patterns. see the first edition of thLis ~Manu.al. 2 CHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. JV'omenclature. The forms of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the Plates referred to in the last column of the preceding table. Cannon made of bronze are commonly called brass cannon. The cascable is the part of the gun in rear of the base ring; it is composed generally of the following parts: the knob, the neck, the fillet, and the base of the breech. The base of the breech is a frustum of a cone, or a spherical segment, in rear of the breech. The base ring is a projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding. The breech is the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending'o the rear of the base rintg. The reinforce is the thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the base ring; if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next to the base ring is called the first reinsjbrce; the other, the second reinforce. In some howitzers, instead of a reinforce, there is a recess in the metal around the chamber, next to the base ring. The reinforce band is at the junction of the first and second reinforces in the heavy howitzers and columbiads. The chlae is the conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. The astragal and fillets, in field guns, and the chase ring in other pieces, are the mouldings at the front end of the chase. The neck is the smallest part of the piece, in front of' the astragal or the chase ring. The swell of the slnmzzle is the largest part of the gun in front of the neck. It is terminated by the muzzle mouldings, which, in field and siege guns, consist of the lip and the fillet. In the seacoast guns and heavy howitzers and columbiads, there is no fillet. In field and siege howitzers, and in mortars, a mnzzle band takes the place of the swell of the muzzle. The face of the piece is the terminating plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore. The trunnions are cylinders, the axes of which are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and in the same plane with that axis. The rimbases are short cylinders, uniting the trunnions with the body of the! gun. The ends of the rimbases, or the shoeulders of the truannions, are planes perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions. NO1IMENCLATUR E. 3 The bore of the piece includes all the part bored out, viz: the cylinder, the chamber, (if there is one,) and the conical or spherical surface connecting them. The chamber, in howitzers, columbiads, and mortars, is the smaller part of the bore, which contains the charge of powder. In howitzers and columbiads the chamber is cylindrical; it is united with the large cylinder of the bore by a conical surface; the angles of intersection of this conical surface with the cylinders of the bore and chamber are rounded (in profile) by arcs of circles. In. the 8-inch siege howitzer, the chamber is united with the cylinder of the bore by a spherical surface, in order that the shell may, when necessary, be inserted. without a sabot. A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bore by a portion of a spherical sui'face, (as in the 8-inch and 10-inch light mortars,) is called a Gomier chchnber. The bottom of the bore is a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with tile sides (in profile) by an are of a circle, the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom. In the columbiads, the heavy sea coast mortars, the stone mortar, and the eprouvette, the bottom of the bore is hemispherical. The muzzle, or mouth of the bore, is chamfered to a depth of 0.15 inch to 0.5 inch, (varying With the size of the bore,) in order to prevent abrasion, and to facilitate loadinig. The true wri'nszdge is the difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball. The axis of the vent is in a plane passing through the axis of the bore, perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions. In guns, and in howitzers having cylindrical chambers, the vent is placed at an angle of 800 with the axis of the bore, and it enters the bore at a distance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore. The diameter of the vent is two-tenths of an inch, in all pieces except the eprouvette in which it is one.tenth. The vents of brass guns are bored in vet pieces, of wrought copper, which are screwed into the gun. The lock piece is a block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, in some pieces of ordnance, to facilitate attaching a lock to the cannon. The natural line of sight is a line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece, from the highest point of the base ring to the highest point in the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there is one. The natural angle of sight is the angle which the natural line of slght makes with the axis of the piece. 4 CHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. The dispart is the difference of the semi-diarneters of the base ring and the swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle band. It is therefore the tangent of the natural angle of sight, to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muz' zle band, as the case may be. The preponderance of the breech of the gun is the excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front: it is measured by the weight which it is necessary to apply in the plane of the muzzle to balance the gun when suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions. The handles of the gun are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. The 6-pounder gun and the 12-pounder howitzer have no handles. The handle of a heavy mortar consists of a clevis, which is attached by a bolt to the ear of the mortar. The eprouvette snortar is cast with a sole, which fits into a cast iron bed plate, bolted to the platform. To designate a piece of ordnance. State the kind, the calibre, (in inches if it be foreign ordnance,) the material, the weight, the inspector's initials, the number, the country in which it was made, the date, the place of fabrication, the founder's name, the name inscribed on it, its condition for service, the kind of chamber, if any; whether it has a e'rnt piece, a lock piece, handles; the ornaments, and any particular marks'which may serve to identify it. PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF GUNS. IRON. BRASS. SEA COAST. SIEGE AND GARRISON. FIELD~ 42 33 2 24 18 12 I 12 6 Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. G Diameter of the bore............................. 7 6.4 5.82 5.3 4.62 4.62 3.67 True windage..................................e 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.09 i Length of bore......................... 110... 107.6 108. 109. 103.4 74. 57.5 Ditto........................... in diameters 15.71 16.78 18.56 20.56 22.38 16. 15.67 t Length from rear of base ring to face of muzzle...... 117. 114. 114. 114. 108. 78. 60. Q Whole leng th of the piece........................ 12. 125.2 124. 123.25 116. 85. 65.6 Semi-diameter of the base ring................... 12........2 11.2 10.7 9.875 8.7 6.5 5.15 Semi-diameter of the swell of the muzzle.......... 8.4 7.7 7.793 6.935 5.932 5.17 4.125 o Distance between these two semi-diameters......... 115.. 112. 111. 111.6 105.8 76.3 58.7 s Natural angle of sight............................ 10 30' 1~ 30' 10 30' 1 10 Distance from rear of base ring to rear of trunnions.. 43.2 42.2 43. 50 42. 30.7 23.25 Diameter of the base ring................... 24.4 22.4 21.4 19.75 17.4 13: 10.3 1 Distance between the rimbases.....,...22. 20.7 is. 16.8 14.8 12. 9.5 Length of the trunnions...................... 6.5 6. 5. 4.75 4.5 3.5 2.8 Diameter of the trunnions.....,.................. 7. 6.4 5.82 5.3 4.62 4.62 3.67 Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muzzle.... 70.3 68.6 68.09 67.85 63.69 44.99 34.91 Weight..................................ounds 8,465 7,200 5,790 4,913 3,590 1,757 884 Preponderance........................,ponds 440 466 255 200 200 60 33:pounds 4I0 466 255 200 I00 33 PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS- OF COLUMJBIADS AND HOWITZERS. COLUMB'DS. I[HOWITZERS. IRON. BRASS. IRON. -— Siege and....unSea Coast. iege and Field. garrison. _ tain_ 10-in. 8-in. 10-in. 8-in. 8-in. 24-pr. 32-pr. 24-pr. 1.2-pr. 12-pr. Incches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches n Diameter of the bore.1...................... 8 10. 8' 8. 5.82 6.4 5.82 4.62 4.62 True windage............... 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 /015 0.14 0.10 0.10 Length of bore, exclusive of chamber........ 99.00 100. 96. 85.5 38.5 553.25 64. 56.25k 46.25 2816 Ditto....................in diameters 9.9 12.5 9.6 10.68 4.81 9.15 10. 9.66 10. 6.1 Diameter of the chamber.................. 8. 6.4 7. 6.4 4.62 44.62 4.62 4.62 3.67 3.34 Length of the chamber..................... 12. 11. 9.5 7.5 8. 4.75'7. - 4.75 4.25 2.75 Length from rear of base ring to face of muzzle 120. 119. 112. 98 52. 62. 75. 65. 53. 32.91 t Whole length of the piece..........126. 124. 124.25109. 61.5 69. 82. 71.2 58.6 37.21 Semi-diameter of base ring.................. 16. 13. 13.25 11.10.9.125 6,9 6.9 6. 5. 3.8 Semi-diameter of swell of muzzle............ 10.75 8.5 10.125 8.25 8.225 5.85 5.6 4.875 4.1 3.45 Distance between these semi-diameters......117.5 117. 109.5 96' 51.5 61.8 74.75 64.8 52.85 32.91 Natural angle of sight......................10~21' 1 23... 10 10 10 10 10 0037/ Distance from rear of base ring to rear of trunnions.................. 41.5 41.5 41 37.4 24. 24.69 30.7 27.5 23.25 15.. Diameter of base ring...................... 32. 26. 26.5 22.2 18.25 13.8 13.8 13.8 12. 10. Distancebetweentherimbases.............31. 25. 25. 20.7 18. 12.8 12. 11.5 9.5 6.9 Length of the trunnions........... 9. 6.5 7.5 6 5. 3.25 3.5 3.25 2..8 2.25 Diameter of the trunnions....1........ 8. 8 6.4 5.8 4.62 4.62 4.2 3.67 2.7 Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muzzle 73.5 73.5 67 57.4 -25.09 35. 41.99 35.4 -27.91. 16.56 Weight..........................pounds 15,400i 9,240 9,500 5,7401 2,614 1,476 1,920 1,318 788 2201 Preponderance..............pounds 4701 350 450 380 460 70 125 112 51. 3.......... / 47o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 PRINCIPAL DDIMENSIONS AND =WEIGHTS OF MORTARS. -IRON. BRASS. IRON HEAVY. LIGHT. C._______. ____ __ Stone Coehorn Eprou- H mortar. 24-pr. vette. t!Z 13-in. 10-in. 10-in. 8-in.: Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches Inches. Inches. Diameter of the bore............................. 13. 10. 10. 8. 16. 5.82 5.655 True windage... 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12.......0.14 0.025. Length of the bore, exclusive of the chamber....... 26. 25. 15. 12. 19.8 8.82 11.5; Ditto...................in diameters 2. 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.24 1.51 2. Superior, (at the bottom of the / Diameter of the chamber. shell in iron mortars,)........ 9.5 7.15 7.6 6.08 5.3 3. 1.5 H Inferior....................... 7.25 5.64 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.5 Length of the chamber.......................... 13. 10. 5. 4. 6.75 4.25 1.35 / Whole length of the mortar..................... 53. 46. 28. 22.5 31.55 16.32 [ Distance from face of muzzle to front of trunnions. 41. 37. 20. 16.5 20. 13.57 o Distance between the rimbases............... 36. 27.5 20.5 16.25 18. 7.5 l Length of the:trunnions........................ 8.5 6.5 5. 4. 6. 2.5 Diameter of the trunnions... o.............. 12. 9. 8. 6. 8. 2.75 / Weight.............................pounds 11,500 5,775 1,852 930 1,500 164 220 t I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 GCHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. OF THE MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. mBronze. Bronze for cannon, (commonly called brass,) consists of 90 parts of copperS and 10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is more fusible than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, and less susceptible of oxidation, and much less ductile, than either of its components. Its fracture is of a yellowish color, with little lustre, a coarse grain, irregular, and often exhibiting spots of tin, which are of a whitish color. These spots indicate defects in the metal; but they seldom contain more than 25 per cent. of tin. The specific gravity of bronze is about 8,700, being greater than the mean of the specific gravities of copper and tin. Pu'e copper is of a red color, inclining to yellow; it has a fine metallic lustre. Its fracture exhibits a short, even, close grain, of a silky appearance; it is very ductile and very malleable. The greater the purity of copper, the more malleable it is, and the finer the grain. Specific gravity from 8,600 to 9,000. Psrse tin is of a white color, a little darker than silver; it is mnalleable, and susceptible of being rolled into sheets, but it is not very ductile; it is very soft, and, when bent backwards and forwards, it gives a peculiar crackling sound, the distinctness of which is in proportion to the purity of the tin. Specific gravity, 7,290 to 7,320. Jlnalysis of bronze. Nitric acid dissolves the copper and converts the tin into an insoluble peroxide. Put into a small glass matrass 10 parts (say 100 grains) of bronze, in small particles, and 80 parts of very pure nitric acid, at 22C Beaumd's hydrometer, (specific gravity, 1,180;) heat it gradually to ebullition, and continue that heat until red vapors cease to come over. Let it settle; pour off the liquor, and add to the oxide of tin 20 parts of nitric acid; let it boil ten minutes; decant the liquor again, and repeat the same operation; dilute the first portion decanted with 2 or 3 times its volume of water, and pass it through a filter; do the same with the second and third portions. Then throw the oxide of tin on a double'filter, the two parts of which are equal; wash the precipitate on the filter until the water that comes off no longer gives a blue color when heated with ammonia, and does not change the color of litmus paper. Spread the filter on paper, and dry it perfectly in a stove or a sand bath. Weigh it, adding the exterior filter to the weights, in order to ascertain the quantity of peroxide of tin which remains on the upper filter; 127 parts of peroxide give 100 parts of pure tin. If lead is present, it will be dissolved by the acid. To detect it:-after the solution is cool, add sulphate of soda, in order to precipitate the lead in the state of an insoluble sulphate, 145 parts of which contain 100 of lead. MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. Cast Iron. (See also Chapter 14.) Iron for making cannon must be of the best quality oif charcoal iron, made in a smelting furnace, with a cold blast, and should be selected particularly for its strength. It should be soft, yielding easily to the file or chisel; its fracture presenting an uniform appearance; color, dark grey; aspect, brilliant; chrystals of medium size. When cast into cannon, it should approach that degree of hardness which resists the file and the chisel, but not too hard to be bored and turned without great difficulty, Its color a bright lively grey; chrystals small, with acute angles, and sharp to the touch; structure uniform, close, and compact. If the pig iron be too soft, coarse, and loose, its strength and density may be increased by remelting it once or twice, and by continuing it in fusion several hours, under a high heat. But as the quality of cast iron cannot be accurately determined by an inspection of its fracture alone, samples taken from the pig iron, and from the sinking heads of cannon are submitted to practical tests. The mean specific gravity of pig iron is 7.00; and its tenacity is about 16,000 pounds to the square inch. The following table shows some of the results obtained in the trials of samples from gun heads: DESIGNATION OF GUNS. IRON. DATE. Where made. No Killd Weight. ecfi Teacity Weight. i gravity. acity 1846 lbs. lbs. April...... Richmond, Va. 28 o32-pdr. S. C. guns. 7,200 7.204 26,396 July....... do. 25 do. do. 7,200 7.226 28,462 June...... Pittsburgh, Pa. 33 8-inch columbiads. 9,237 7.227 27,133 September. Pittsburgh, Pa. 7 8-inch navy guns. 6,280 7.299 32,445 November. WestPoint, N. Y. 37 Siege mortars, howitzers & guns. 7.236 27,000 1847 June..... Boston, Mass. 25 24-pdr. howitzers. 1,477 7.222 29,006 1848' April.... Boston, Mass. 20 24-pdr. guns. 5,778 7.297 30,828 June... West Point. 20 32-pdr. navy guns. 6,437 7.270 30,686 1849 June...... West Point. 11 8-inch navy guns. 11,943 7.248 31,430 June..... Boston, Mass. 35 24-pdr. howitzers. 1,500 7.305 36,651 Mean.,.,,.241.................. 7.248 29,693 10 CHAP. 1. — ORDNANCE. In making guns from iron of which the quality is not known, a sample gun is made and proved to extremity, with gunpowder. The gun adopted for this proof is a long 9-pounder gun, of the same pattern as the 8-pounder used for the same purpose in France and Belgium. It is fired with the following series of charges, viz: 1st. 20 rounds, 3 pounds of powder, 1 ball.' 2d. 20 " 4.5 " " 2" 3d. 10 " 4.5 " 4" 3 " 5 Without wads. 4th. 5 " 9 " " 6 " 5th. - 18 " " 13 " J In order that the iron shall be used for ordnance, the trial gun should sustain the first four series of rounds without breaking. INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. Instruments. 1. Star gauge. —This is an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a gun, at any part. The head is of brass, with four steel sockets for the measuring points. Two of the sockets are soldered fast into the head; the other two are moveable. The moveable sockets and points are pushed out by means of two inclined cylinders, which are fastened to a stem, forming a conical slider. This slider tapers 0.35 in. in a length of 2.2 in.; so that by pushing the slider the 35th part of this length (about.06 in.) the distance between the moveable lpoints is increased.01 in. The slider is connected with a square steel rod, consisting of three parts, which are screwed together, according to the length of bore to be measured. This rod slides through a brass tube, which is also made in three pieces. The tube is graduated, in inches and quarters, commencing at the measuring points, so as to indicate the distance of the latter from the muzzle of the gun. The handle is of wood attached to.a brass cylinder, or socket, through which the sliding rod passes. In the tube of the handle there is a slit, on the side of which a scale is marked, to indicate the movements of the measuring points. Each joint of the long tube has a mark, made on a small plate of silver, which shows the place of the zero on the scale, when the measuring points are adjusted to the true diameter of the bore. In this position the handle is fixed on the sliding rod by means of a screw clamp. A ring gauge, for each calibre, is used for adjusting the instrument for use. A rest, in the form of a T, is placed in the mouth of the gun, to keep the instrument in the axis of the bore. This rest has three slides, which can be INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 11 adjusted to the different sizes of bore; the upright branch is moveable, for convenience of packing. The star guag.e, its points and rest, are packed in one, box, apnd the ring gauges in another. 2. The cylinder staff.-This in a round staff, made of mahogany, or other hard wood. It is in two parts, which are joined together by brass sockets and screws; each part has also a brass socket and screw at the outer end, to receive the cylinder gauge, guide plate, measuring point, and searcher. The staff is graduated, in inches and tenths, on a strip of brass let into it, on one side. These graduations are arranged to read the distances from the extemity of the measuring point, when it is screwed on the staff. The cylinder staff is supported, at the muzzle of the piece, by a half tonepion of wood, having in the centre a groove of the size of the staff. The rest for the star guage may be used also for this purpose. 3. The cylinder gauge is a hollow cylinder of wrought or cast iron, turned to the exact minimumn (or true) diameter of the bore. The length of the cylinder is equal to its diameter. It has cross heads, at right angles to each other; one with a smooth hole of the same diameter as the cylinder staff; the other tapped for the screw of the staff socket. 4. The searcher is used to ascertain whether there are any cavities in the bore. It consists of four flat springs about 13 inches long, with sharp points, turned outwards at the end, attached to a socket on which the cylinder-staff is screwed. 5. The guide-plate is a circular iron plate 0.2 inch thick, and of the minimum diameter of the bore; it has a hole in the centre, with a thread by which it is screwed to the cylinder-staff; it serves to direct the measuring point to the centre of the bottom of the bore. 6. The measur'ing point is screwed on the end of the cylinder staff, over the guide-plate, to measure the depth of the bore; it is of iron, cylindrical in shape, so far as it screws on the end of the staff, and tapering down to the diameter of 0.75 inch. 7. The trunn'ion-gauzge is an iron ring of the diameter of the trunnionsr which must pass over them and fit closely. The exterior diameter of this gauge serves to verify that of the rimbases. 8. The trunnion-square is a double square of wood, the distance between whose branches is the same as that between the rimbases of the gun; in the centre is a pointed sliding plate, with a thumb-screw to fasten it; the lowe, edges of the branches, which are shod with iron, are in the same plane, parallel to the upper edge of the connecting piece, so that when the square is placed vith its branches resting on the trunnions, the upper edge of the connecting 12 CHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. piece is parallel to their axis. Each branch has also an iron plate projecting perpendicularly from one side to rest on the top of the trunnions. It is used to ascertain the position of the trunnions in relation to the axis of the bore and to each other. 9. The trunnaion rule, for measuring the distance from the rear of the base ring to the rear of the trunnions. 10. Callipers, to measure diameters. 11. A standard scale, for verifying other instruments. 12. A wooden rale, to measure exterior lengths. 13. The vent-grauges are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 in. greater and less than the true diameter of the vent. 14. The vent-searcher is a hooked steel wire, about half the diameter of the Yent. 15. A ramm7ler-head, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and furnished with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the vent. 16. A mirror; a wax taper; bees-wax. 17. Rammer, sponge, and priming wire. 18. Figure and letter stamps, to affix the required marks. Inspection of Ivron Ordnance. Cannon presented for inspection and proof, are placed on skids for the convenience of turning and moving them easily. They are first examined carefully on the exterior, to ascertain whether there are any flaws or cracks in the metal, whether they are finished as prescribed, and to judge, as well as practicable, of the quality of the metal. They must not be covered with paint, lacker, or any other composition. If it is ascertained that an attempt has been made to conceal any flaws or cavities by plugging, or filling them with cement, or any substance, the gun is rejected without further examination. After this preliminary examination, the inspector proceeds to verify the dimensions of the piece. The interior of the bore is first examined by reflecting the sun's rays into it from the mirror; or, if the sun is obscured, by a lighted wax taper or a lamp placed on the end of a rod, and inserted into the bore. The searcher is then introduced, and pushed slowly to the bottom of the bore and withdrawn, turning it at the same time; if one of the points hangs, the position of the hole is marked on the outside of the gun by noticing its distance from the muzzle, and its position in the bore; the size and figure of the cavity are found by taking an impression of it in wax placed on the end of a hook. The cylinder-gauge, screwed on the staff, is then pushed gently to the bottom of the cylindrical part of the bore and withdrawn; it must go to the bottom, or the bore is too small. INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 13 The bore of the piece is then measured with the star gauge. The measureients should be made at intervals of 4 inch in the part of the bore occupied by the shot; at intervals of 1 inch in the rest of the bore in rear of the trunnions, and of about 1 calibre from the trunnions to the muzzle. The position of the trunzioals, with regard to the axis of the bore and to each other, is next ascertained. To verijfy the position of the axis of the t'ruXnions: set the trunnion-square oil the L'unnions, and see that the lower edges of its branches touch them throughout their whole length; push the slide down till it touches the surface of the piece, and secure it in that position by the thumb-screw; turn the gun over, and apply the trunnion square to the opposite side, and if, when the point of the slide couches the surface of the piece, the lower edges of the branches rest on the trunnions, the axis of the trunnions is in the same plane with the axis of the bore; if they do not touch the trunnions, their axis is above the axis of the bore by half the space between; and if the edges touch the trunnions, and the point of the slide does not touch the surface of the piece, their axis is below the axis of the bore. If the alignnment of the trcmnctions be accurate, the edges of the trunnion-square will fit on them when applied to different parts of their surface; their diameter and cylindrical form, and the diameter of the rimbases, ar!e verified with the trunnion-gauge. To tscertacin the length of the bore, screw the giuide-plate and amecasuring-poi.t on the cylinder staff, and push them to the bottom of the bore; place a half-toccepiocn Ai the muzzle, and rest the staff in its groove; apply a straight-edge to the face of the muzzle, and read, the length of the bore on the staff. The exterior letngths are measured by the satle, or by a profile, the accuracy of which is first verified. The exterior diamleters are measured with the callipers and gradeutel rtcle. The position of the ilterior orifice of the vent is found from the mark made on the'aowmer-head by the vent-Taug'e inserted in the vent, while the rammer-head is held against the bottom of the bore-two impressions are taken. The position of the exterior orifice of the vent is also verified. The vent is examined with g cmges, and with the vent-searcher, to ascertain if there are any cavities in it. In emeortars, the dimensions of the conical chnambers, and the form of the breech, may be verified with patterns made of plate iron. After the poowder proof, the bore is washed and wiped clean, and the bore and vent are again examined, and the bore remneasured. The results of each of the measurements and examil:aln;ons are noted oRn the inspection report against the nlumber of the gun. 14 CHAP. 1. —ORDNANCE. VARIATIONS ALLOWED IN THE DI3MENSIONS OF IRON ORDNANCE. GARRIFIELD. SON &c. Inches. Inches. NTHE. Or...... l More than the prescribed diameter...... 0.02.03 I Less than the prescribed diameter.........00.00 IN EXTERIOR DI- Where turned, more or less..........04.05 AMETERS. e Where not turned, more.. 10.20 ~ less.............05.05 fOf thile bore, more or less................10.20 From rear of base ring to face of muzzle, more or less....................... n10.25 Of the breech, including cascable, more or less.................................15.20 IN THE LENGTH. ( Of the base ring, more or less.......... 05.05 Of the reinforce, more or less........... 10.20 Of the chase, including the muzzle, more or less............................... 10.15 From rear of trunnions to rear of base ring, [ more or less, in different pieces..........10.20 IN THE POSITION OF THE above the axis of the bore......00.00 AXIS OF THE TRUNNIONS below the axis of the bore..20.20................10.10 IN THE LENGTH OF THE TRUNNIONS, less.05.05 Diameter of trunnions, less................... e 03.04 In the distance between the rimbases, less.............0....05.05 in the same gun, no variation is allowed in the position or in the alignment of the trunnions. f Diameter, mres.005.005..~~~~~~~~.~,0~~..005.00 IN THE VENT....... e e e 11 e 7 less................... e 00 A00 IN THE VENT. Position of exterior orifice, more or less.05.05 Position of interior orifice, more or less.20.20 In the bore or vent.................00.00 D On the exterior surface...............20.25 DEPTH OF CAVITIES. On the trunnions, within one inch of I the rimbases.....................10.10 On the trunnions elsewhere....,.,..20R.25 In'the esprouvette, no variation is allowed. The whole exterior surfaces of iron guns, columbiads, and howitzers are turned in the lathe, or dressed smooth in the parts which cannot be turned. INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 15 Inspection of B rass Ordnance. Brass cannon are measured, and their dimensions recorded, as prescribed for iron cannon. The exterior form and dimensions are verified by the application of a profile cut out of sheet iron, of the exact shape of a longitudinal section of the piece. All brass ordnance, except stone mortars, should be bored under size from.04 to.05 inch, and after proof reamed out to the exact calibre. When the powder proof is finished, the bore should be cleaned and examined; the vent should then be stopped with a greased wooden plug, the muzzle raised, and the gun filled with water, to which pressure shall be applied to force it into any cavities that exist; or the water shall be allowed to remain in the bore about 24 hours. The bore must then be sponged dry and clean, and viewed with the mirror or candle, to discover if any water oozes from cracks or cavities, and also if any enlargement has taken place. The quantity of water that runs out of a crack or honey-comb will indicate the extent of the defect, and if it exceeds a few drops, the gun should be rejected, although the measured depth of the cavity may not exceed the allowance. If the water oozes out between the vent piece and the metal of the gun, a new vent piece must be inserted, and the gun again proved with one charge, and the water proof repeated. After the bore has been reamed out to the proper size, its dimensions are again verified, and an examination of the bore and vent is made, to detect any defects which may have been caused or developed by the proof. Whitish spots show a separation of the tin from the copper, and, if extensive, should condemn the piece. A great variatioin from the true weight, which the dimensions do not account for, shows a defect in the alloy. Any attempt to conceal cavities by filling them with screws, or by any other methods, should cause the rejection of the piece. Brass cannon should be rejected for the following cavities or honey-combs: Exterior.-Any hole or cavity 0.25 inch deep in front of the trunnions, and 0.2 inch deep at or behind the trunnions. Interior. —From the muzzle to the reinforce, any cavity 0.15 inch deep. Any cavity from the reinforce to the bottom of the bore. The specific gravity of the metal of brass ordnance should be occasionally ascertained, by taking that of some of the heaviest, and some of the lightest pieces, at each inspection. The exterior surfaces of all brass ordnance are turned, or dressed smooth. 16 CHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. VARIATIONS ALLOWED IN THE DIMENSIONS OF BRASS ORDNANCEo Inch. Length of bore, mor e or less..................................... 0.1 less........................................00 Diameter of bore...... 0 Exterior position of vent, more or less..............................05 Interior position of vent, more or less.........................20 Diameter of vent.... j more............G., o.....*............. e005 (ores...........................00 Dianeter of vent... less............................00 Diameter of trnnions... I025. less..................................... e 0* Length of trunonis.. lmore............................0 ame O D O s e.................................... o a o a o a o 05 above the axis of the gun.................,,, 00 Position of trunnions.. below the axis of the gun....................20 out of alignment............................00 Distance fron rear of base ring to rear of trunnions......,....... 10 Distance between rimbases, less..............................O04 Lengthl from the base ring to the muzzle, more or less.............O. 10 Position of mouldings, more or less. t....,.....,...........10 Any exterior diameter from the base ring to the muzzle inclusive, and diameter of rimbases, more or less........... O,. r. n..........04 Diameter of cascable, neck, and knob, more or less.......... 05 A proper discretion must be exercised in the inspection of ordnance; such slight imperfections as do not injure a piece for service may be disregarded,,Ehilst the instructions should be strictly enforced with regard to defects which may imrnpair its utility. PROOF OF ORDNANCE. Gu,npotvder' for proving ordnance should be of the best quality, ranging not less than 250 yards by the eprouvette; it should be proved immediately before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year previously, and there'be no reason to suspect that it has become deteriorated. The cartridge bags are made of woollen stuff, or of paper, the full diameter of' the bore or chamber. They are filled by weight, and if not filled at the place -where the guns are proved, each bag should be enveloped in a paper cylinder and cap, maroked with the weight of powder and its proof range. PROOF OF ORDNANCE. 17 The shot must be smooth, free from seams and other inequalities that might injure the bore of the piece, and they must be of the true diameter given in the tables. The wads are made of junk, as described in CHAPTER X. PROOF OF IRON ORDNANCEo Gulns and howitzers are laid with the muzzle resting on a block of wood and the breech on the ground, or on a thick plank, giving the bore a small elevation. MJortars are mounted on strong wooden fiames or beds, at an elevation of 450, supported by the trunnions. In proving iron ordnance, after pricking the cartridge, prime with powder, or a tube, and place over the vent a piece of portfire, set in clay or putty, long enough to permit the man who fires it to reach a place of safety before the charge explodes. Proof charges for Iron Guns. FIRST AND SECOND ROUNDS.-A charge of powder equal to one-half of the weight of the shot; two shot and one wad. THIRD ROUND.-A charge of powder equal to one-third of the weight of the shot; one shot and one wad. In proving new guns, a compound shot, or a cylinder with hemispherical ends, of the true diameter of the shot, and equal in weight to the two shot, shall be used instead of them. The wad is placed over the cylinder or the upper ball; the whole being well rammed. Should any of the guns proved at one time fail to sustain the above proof, the remainder shall be again fired twiice with a charge of powder equal to onehalf of the weight of the shot, one shot and osge wad; and if, in either or both of these trials, one-fbozrth of the whole number of guns should fail, the whole shall be rejected. Other iron ordnance are fired with the following charges: Columbiacls, 10-inch. —st round: 20 lbs. of powder, one 10-inch strapped shot, and one wad over the shot. 2nd round: 24 lbs. of powder, one 10-inch shell strapped. 8-inch.-lst round: 12 lbs. of powder, one 8-inch strapped shot and one wad. 2nd round: 15 lbs. of powder, one 8-inch shell strapped. 2 CHAP. f.-ORDNANCE. Howitzer. 10-inch. —2 rounds, with 15 lbs of powder, one 10-inch strapped I shot, and one wad over the shot, 3RA COAS T. 8-inch. — rounds, with 12 lbs. of powder, one 8-=inch strapped shot, and one wad over the shot. f 8-inch. —2 rounds, with 4 lbs. of powder, one 8-inch shot, and one SIEGE AND wad over the shot. -A RRsoN. j 24-pdr. —2 rounds, with 3 lbs. of powder, one 24-pdr. strapped shot, and one wad over the shot. ".~vY.... 13-inch. —2 rounds, with 20 lbs. of powder, and onre 13-inchi shoi;, 10-irch.-P- rounds, with 10 lbs. of powder. and one 10-inch shot. 10-inch.-2 rounds, with 5 lbs. of powder, and one 10-inci shot. 8-inch.-2 rounds, with'2 lbs. of powder, and one 8-inch shot. Should any columbiad, howitzer, or mortar fail to sustain the above proof the remainder of those o-ffered at the same time shall be again fired twice with the same charges; and if, in either or both of these trials, onefourth of' the,whole number should fail, the whole shall be rejected. The water proof, as described for brass cannon, must also be applied occasionally to iron cannon, at the discretion of the inspector. The bore and vent and the exterior surface of every piece which is approved.,..Should be well covered with sperm oil immediately after the inspectiotn. PROOF OF BRASS ORDNANCE. They are mounted on appropriate carriages or beds, and fired three utime; unts and howitzers at an elevation of 50, mortars at an elevation of 450; w4.0 the following charges: _Field Guns. A charge of' powder equal to one-third of the weight of the shot;, one s:ot and onse wad. Howitzers. 32-pdr.-31 lbs. of powder, one strapped shot and one wad. FI:ELD, 24-pdr. —2 lbs. of powder, one strapped shot and one wadOt 12-pdr.-12 lbs. of powder, one strapped shot and one wad. MOUNTAIN, 12-pdr. — lb. of powder, one strapped shot and ote wad. PROOF.-INJURIES IN SERVICE. 19 JIortars. STONE MORTAR.m-9i lbs. of powder, covered by a wooden tompion 2 inches thick; a basket filled with alternate layers of stones and earth, weighing 100 lbs. GOEHORN, 24-pdr. —. lb. of powder, and one 24-pdr. shot. In proving brass cannon in service, or after they have been bored to the proper calibre, the shot should be wrapped in cloth or strong paper to save the bo'e as much as possible from injury. MAR KS. All cannon are required to be weighed and to be marked, as follows, viz: the umnber of the gun, and the initials of the inspector's name, on the face of the muzs zle; the numbers in a separate series for each kind and calibre at each foundry; the initial letters of the qlame of the founder and of the foundry, on the end of the right trunnion; the year offabrication on the end of the left trunnion; thefobuidry number on the end of the right rimbase, above the trunnion; the woeighlt of the piece in pounds on the base of the breech; the letters U. S. on the upper surface of the piece, near the end of the reinforce. The natural line of sight, when the axis of the trunnions is horizontal, should be marked on the base ring and on the swell of the muzzle, whilst the piece is in the trunnion lathe. Cannon rejected on inspection are marked X C, on the face of the muzzle; if condemned for erroneous dimensions which cannot be remedied, add X D; ii by powder proof, X P; if by water proof, X W. INJURIES CAUSED BY SERVICE. Brass cannon are little subject to external injury, except from the bending or' the trunnions sometimes after long service, or heavy charges. Internal injuries are caused by the action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder, or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore. These effects generally increase with the calibre of the piece. Of the first kind, which exhibit themselves in rear of the shot, are: the enlatgenlment of the bore by the compression of the metal, which is seldom a serious defect; corrosion of metal, particularly at the angles, such as the inner orifice of the vent, or the mouth of a. cylindrical chamber; cracks, from the yielding of the cohesion of the metal; cavities, cracks enlarged by the action of the gas, and by the melting of the metal; observable especially in the upper surface of tl e bore. CHAP. I, —-ORDNANCEo Injuries of the second kind, which appear in front of the charge, are: The lodgment of the shot, a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, caused by the pressure of the fluid in escaping over the top of the shot. There is a corresponding burr in front of the lodgment and the motion thereby given to the shot causes it to strike alternately on the top and bottom of the bore, producing other enlargements, generally three in number; the first, on the upper side, a little in advance of the trunnions; the second, on the lower side, about the astragal; the third, in the upper part of the muzzle; it is chiefly from this cause that brass guns become unserviceable; the extent of the injury varies according to the length of the bore. Scratches caused by the fraagments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one: eanlargenment of the muzzle by the striking of the shot in leaving the bore; exterior cracks, or longitudinal splits, caused by too great a compression of the metal on the interior. The durability of brass cannon may be much increased by careful use, and by the precautions of increasing the lesngth of the cartridge, or that of the sabot, or using a wasd over the cartridge, in order to change the place of the shot; by wsrapping the shot inz woollen or other cloth, or in paper, so as to diminish the windage and the bounding of the shot in the bore. In field guns, both brass and iron, the paper cap, which is taken off from the cartridge should always be put over the shot. I}ron cannon are subject to the above defects in a less degree than brass, except the corrosion of the metal, by which the vent especially is rendered unserviceable from enlargement. The principal cause of injury to iron cannon is the rusting of the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore, and an increase of any cavities or honey combs which may exist in the metal. The service to which an iron cannon has been subjected may generally be determined by the appearance of the vent. Spikincg and unspiking cannon, and render'ing themt unserviceable. To spike a piece, or to render it unserviceable: Drive into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spike with a soft point, or a nail without a head; break it off Hush with the outer surface and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to drive them in; a wooden wedge would be easily burnt by means of a charcoal fire lighted with the aid of a bellows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of-brass guns, or fire broken shot from them with high charges. Fill a piece with sand over the PRESERVATION OF ORDNANCE. 29, charge to burst it. Fire a piece against another, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzn zle of one to the chase of the other. Light a fire under the chase of a brass gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them with heavy charges and full of shot, at a high elevation. When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be retaken, a:spring spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted. To imnspike a piece: If the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the bore is not impeded, put in a charge of powder of 3 the weight of the shot and ram junk wads over it with a hnndspike, laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood with a groove on the under side containing a strand of quick match by which fire is communicated to the charge; in a brass gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours before firing. If this method, several times repeated, is not successful, unscrew the vent piece, if it be a brass gun, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or drill a new vent. To drive ouet a shot wedged in the bore: Unscrew the vent piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward, then ram it back again in order to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it, after repiacing the vent piece. In the last resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot, and stop the hole with a screw. Preservation of Ordnance. Cannon should be placed together, according to kind and calibre, on skids of stone, iron, or wood, laid on hard ground, well rammed and covered with a layer of cinders, or of some other material, to prevent vegetation. Guns and long howitzers.-The pieces should rest on the skids in front of the base ring and in rear of the astragal; the axis inclined at an angle of 4 or 5 degrees with the horizon, the muzzle lowest; the trunnions touching each other; or if space is wanting for that arrangement, the trunnion of one piece may rest on the adjoining piece, so that the axis of the trunnions is inclined about 450 with a horizontal line; the vent down, stopped with a greased wooden plug, or with putty or tallow. If circumstances require it, the pieces may be piled in two tiers, with skidding placed between them, exactly over those which rest on the ground; the muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the same inclination. Short howitzers and mortars.-On thick planks, standing on their muzzles, the trunnions touching, the vents stopped. 2~~2 ~CHAP. I. —ORDNANCE. Iron ordnance should be covered on the exterior with a lacker impervious to water, (see CHAP, VII;) the bore and the vent should be greased with a mixture of oil and tallow, or of tallow and beeswax melted -together and boiled to expel the water. The lacker should be renewed as often as requisite, and the grease at least once every year. The lacker and grease should be applied in hot weather. The cannon should be frequently inspected, to see that moisture does not collect in the bore. ORDNANCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. The materials for the following table have been collected, with few exceptions, from the manuals of artillery in England, France, Belgium, Prussia, and Austria, and from memoranda obtained in Russia and Sweden. The dimensions and weights are given in our own measures. The column of exterior length shows the length from the rear of the base ring to the face of the piece, and the length of bore includes the chamber, when not otherwise mentioned. In England, France, Belgium, and Sweden, howitzers and mortars take their denominations, as with us, from the diameter of the bore, or firom the calibre of a gun of corresponding bore; in Julstria and Prussia, from the weight of a stone ball of the calibre of the bore; in Rutssia, from the true weight of the shell. FOREIGN ORDNANCE. ORDNANCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. DIAMETER BRASS IRON. OF BALL. ~~~~~~~ DESIATIONLength. Length. I liah Low. gauge.gauge. ~~Exte-~,o -c r E~~~~~orext. Z Ext rior. Bore. Bore. a ~~~~~~~~~~~~rior. ENGLAND, Inch. I nch, In nch. h in. Lbs. Inch. Itnch. Lbs. oB ICANNON, — 12-in, - 12. 11.88 11.83 - - 100. - 10,000 o10-in. 10 9.88 9.80 - 119. 110. 9,500 8-in. 8.12 7.95 7.9 - - - 130. 13.4 12,656 8-in, 8.05 795 7.90 - -8 - 108, 100. 7,280 -in. - 8.05 7.95 7.90 - - - 102. 100.,750 8-in. - 8.05 7,95 7,90 - 90. 94. 5,894 Gu:.~. — 56-pdr.-. - - 13E. 124.87 10/864 42-pdr. - 6.97 114.5 14. 9 520 4-pdr. - 7.00 6.79 6.72 114 7,280 114. 107. 7,300 J 39 pdr. - 6.41 6.20 6.14 - - 114. 109. 7,000 32-pdr. - 6.37 6920 6.14 - 108. 5,600 32-pdr. 6.35 6.20 6.14 1. 5000 3'2-pdr. - 6.35 6."0 6,14 I 96. 4,700 94-pdr.- 5.89. 5.63 5.58 114 5935 114 1,600 24-pdr. - 58'2 5.63 5.58 75. - 70 108 101,45 5300 18-pdr.- 5.29 51'12 5,07 69 000 108. 01.75 41,7001 18-par.- 5.'29 5.12 5.07 96. 89.74 4,O 0I 12-pdr. - 4.62 4.47 4.43 78 755, 2,000 102. 96.023 3,700 12-pdr. - 4,62 4.47 4.43 60. 56.61 1,344 12 2,350 9-pdr. - 4.9 410 4.08 102. 96.48 3,2900 9-pdr. 4.2 4,10 4.06 90. 84.44 2,919 9-pdr. - 4.2 4.10 406 674 1,519 84. 8.48 2,800 6-pdr. - 3.66 3.56 S33 3 84. 80.35 1 8 102 96.91 9,000 6-pdr. 3.66.5 i 3,5 57.471 67'2 72 9 0 3-pdr. - 2,91 92.83 9.80I7, 064.45: 679 3-pdr, - 2.91 2.83 2.80 48. 46.00 336 3-pdr. - 2.91 2,83.80 36. 34.00, 95 1-1pdr. - 901 1.99 1.92 60. 60.00 980 CANRONADES.- 68-pdr. - 8.05 7.95 7.9 - - 64. 64. 4)039 42-pdr. - 6.84 6.79 6.7 - 54. 54,,464 32-pdr. - 6.25 2. 6.14 t- 48. 48. 1,900 24-pdr, 5 68 5.63 5.58 - 45. 45. 1-456 18-pdr. - 516 5.12 5.07 - 40. 40. 1120 12-pdr. - 4.52 4.47 443 - 32. 32, 679 Iowirzans. — 10-in. -10. 9.88 9.8 48. 2,900 60. 58.75 4,480 8-in. - 8. 7.90 7.89 37 1,440 48. 46,80 29350 94-pdr - 5.72 5,62 5.57 56.6 - 1,456 5-in. - 16 5.62 5.57 33. 120 46. - 1,686 l-pdr. - 4758 s 1 4,58 4.47 4.43 452 2 4 2-5-ii, 4,52 4.47 4.43 2. - 9 80 M0 RTANRS. Sea, 13- A- 13. 12.88 12.80 63, 9 9 59. 39. 11,900 Sea> { 1-in,3 10-in, 10. 9.88 9.80 56, - 6 45. 35. 5,800 f13-in. - 13. 12.88 12.80 43,50 2800 36. 96. 4,100 10-in, 10. 9,88 980 P.7.00 1380 8. 20. 1,800 Landi, 158-in. - 7.90 7.82 121.' 72 22,5 16. 900 51-in. 5.62 5.69 5.57 15. 12. 14 [4 95-in, 4.53, 4.47 4.43 12. 0 0 841 1 24 63SCHAP. I.-ORDNANCE FOREIGN ORDNANCE. j DIAMIETER. 0 OF BALL. DESIGNATION, Length. Length. Itigh Low.. gauge g:ug e. 4,, Exte- Bore i Exte- Bore. ng rior. nior. 1r t FRANCE. Inch. linclh. nch. Inch. Inch. Lbs. Inch. Inch. Lbs,. GUNS.,-I 48-pUr. - 7'.404 7.329 74.248 15.171 11,O775 f24-pdr. - 6.011 5.8 5.804 127.33121.53 6,067 Siege and gar- 16-pdr. - 5.64 5.13 5.056 12. 34 117. 26 4,432 rison. ]1-pr. - 4. 751 4.686 4.620 115.48110.87 3,432 [ 8-pdr. 4.1775 4.088 4.021 04.'4 100..21 2,345 12-pdr. - 4.775' 4.686 4.690 83.15 78.86i 1,959! Field, 8-pdr. - 4.175 4.088 4.021 72.49 68.741 1,279! 4-pd. - 3.316 3.228 3.154 57.57 54.61 636 36-pdr. - 6.885 6.685 6.641 - 115.13 107.32 7,734 Long 30-pdr. 6.485 6.307 6.263 - 110.91. 104.01 6,684 Short 30-pdlr. 6.485 6.307; 6.263 1102.00 96.81 5,476 I Long 24-pdr. 6.0041 5.826 56782 108.74 1.01.90 5,519 Short 24-pd, - 6.004 5.826 5.782' - 100.001 9531 4,658 Long 18-pdr. - 54631 5308 5308 5.64 - 102.34 9594 4,543 Naval, Short 18-plr. - 5,463 5.308 5.264 9456 945 10 3,780 Long 12-pdr. - 4,7'75 4.6411 4.597 - 95.94 90.35 3,230,Short 12-pr. - 4.775 4.6411 4.597 87.231 8315 2,585 Long 8-pdr, 4.i75 4.064 4.020 102.34 97.45 2,573 Sho 8-pdr. - 4.175 4.06-i1 4.020 87.42 82.a3 2,216 Long 6-pdr. 3.790 3.6791 3.6356 89.55 85.11 1,868 Short 6-pdr. - 3.7901 3,679, 3.635 78.89 i74.45 1,650 CARRONADES.- 36-pdr. - 6.796 66.641 - 53.34 45.03 2,524 30-pdr. - 6.41.9 6.307' 6.2 63 53.33 45.85 2,227 24-pdr. - 5.9371 5.826i 5.78 - 45.71 38.36 1,663 18-pdr. - 5.419 5.30Si 5.264 - 41.71 34.65 1,272 12-pdr. - 4.753! 4.642! 4.597 - 35.33 29.37 840 BotiB CANNON.- 10-in, - 10. - 104.00 110.84 11,000 22-centm. 8,795 8.7(07 8.640 - 98.08 92.21 8000 Naval, 17-centm. - 6 7301 6.683 16-centIn. 6.352' 6.305 1 1.5 eentm. 5,871 5.8841 HOWITZERS. — Sea coast, 22 centl. 8.795 8.703 8.6401 - 98.08 92.21 8000.iege Old 8 in. - 8.795a 8.703i 8.624 37.05 33 85 1,182,,e New w22-centm. 8827 8.703 8.640 5200 39.381 2,646I ( Old 6-in - 6.530 6.441 6.396 30.95 27.05 7001 Field, New16-centm. 6.518 6.439 6.392 90.29 74.29 1,951! do. 15-centin. 5.958 5.879i 5.832 67.541 63.60 1 281l Mountain, 12-centm. 4.745 4.686! 4.639 33.87 31.90 221 MoRT RS. — 32-centm. 12.799 12.661 12.590 35.7t 2a7.45 2,920 Gomer, <27-centm. 10.790 10.712 10.641 30.291 22.83! 2,296l 22-centm. 8.782 8.703 8.640 021.720 17.46 607 Mountain, 15-centin. 5.958 5.879 5.832 16.70! 14.10 154l Stone mortar - 15,991 - 31.63! 26.70 1,617 FOREIGN ORDNANCE. 25 DF BAMLEL BRASS.' IRON. O F 0 BALL, DESIGNATION. Length. Length. g age. gaugge. en Ie Exte- Bore. Bore. ior. or. BlELGI UM. Inlch. Inch. I Tnch. Inclh. Inch. Lbs. Inch. Inch. Lbs. GUNS.Field, I 6-pdr. - 3.760 3.678' 3.591 60.16 1,045 19-pdr. - 4.7922 4.6161 4.59 - 70.83! 1,958 6-pdr. - 3.760 3.678 3.591 97.761 1,958 85.04 1,936 Siege and gar- l12-pdr. - 4.702 4.616 4.529 113.331 3,652 98.21 3,630 rison. 18-pdr. 5.411 5.301 5.214 - 116.34 4,913 101.67 5,038 924-pdr. 5.9741 5.860 5.773 - 119.48 6,270 - 1106.16 6,204 1HOWITZERS.- 15 centin. 5.974 5.860 5.7731 60,34 1,111 ] 20 centrn. 7.931 7.813' 7.7269 - 33.26 1,394 BoatB CANNON.8-in. - 8.782 8.7071 8.6441 - 86.68 8,03 10-in. -!10.791 10.704:10,629 - -94.17 11,033 MORTARS.- 20 centin. 7.931 7,8131 7.726 - - - 18.18 543 29 centm. 11.475 11.393'11.263 26.10 2,618 60 centm. 23.630 23.439193.235 I 37.80 17,904 AUSTRIA. AMountailn, l-pdr, - 9 2.075 1.981 1.959 31.37 20941 180 3-pdr. - 9.957 2.849 29.827 31.64 29.16; 296 r 3-pdr. - 2.957 2.849 2.8927 45.25 42.42 508 Field1 6-pdr. - 3,724 3.594 3.5621 57 00 53 43 842 12-pdr. - 4.660" 4.524 4.4881 71.829 67.33 1,700 F18-pdr. - 5.3111 5.173 5.137; 8Q.291 77.71 2,514 6-pdr. - 3.794 3.594 3.5692 -' - 99.47 88.90 1,566 Siege and gar-| 12-pdir. - |4.660 4.524 4.488' 112.22 108.01 3,276 111.85! 106.61 3,445 rison. 18-pdr. - 5.311 5.173 5.137i 123.32 118 50 4,735 117.86 111.761 4,789 M24-pdr. - 1 5.827 5.691 5.655;130.08 124.78 6,130' BFOMn CANNON, 30-pdr. - 9.473 9.3501 9.956 98.31 92.39 8,558 HOWITZERS, 7-pdr. - 5.870 5.755 5.6981 34.55 31.70 598 34-55 31.70 498 10-pdr. - 6.634 6.512 6.4181 35,71 31.68 9131 MORTARS, — Coehorin, 6-pdr. - | 3.7924 3.594 3.5692 - - 10.91 9.35 68 10-pdr. - 6.6341 6.5192 6.4181 22.471 18.91 421 30-pdr. - 9.494 9.35C1 9.2,56 27.77 22.63 1],1141 30-pdr. - 9.422/ 9.350 9.256t 28.35 23.58 1,294 60-pdr. - 11.992 11.763 11.663 32.44 25.97 29167 STONE MORTAR, 60 pdr. - 12390 - - - - - 38.45 32.44 2,180 PRUSSIA. GvUNS.-'Field, 1 6-pdr. - 3711 3.699 3.536; 63.91 6;1.03 930' 12-dr. - 4.680 4.573 4.460 80.40 76.64 1,874, f 3-pdr. - 2.948 29886 2.804 57.791 55.001 607 - - 800 Siege and gar- 6-pdr. - 3.711 3.629 3.5361 - 59.79 55.66 1,019 q 12-pdr. - 4.680 4.573 4.460i 106.68 102.571 3,066 107.920' 101.84 3 054 24-pdr. - 5.855 5.7591 5.63911 19.171113.391 5,890 119.17 112.46 5,897 T 24 pdr. - 5,855 5.752 5.639 71.94' 67.211 2,828 729.87t 67.21 2,842 HOWITZERS- II Field, 7-pdr. 5.845 5.752 5.639 39.17 35 05 800 10-pdr. 6.7411 6.633 6.520 4.26 38.401 1200 0Siege andgarrison, 25-pdr. -8.97 8.8341 8.7101 54801 53:661 3,416 54.801 53.66 3,4'26 CHAP. I.-ORDNANCE. FOREIGN ORDNANCE.! DIAMETER BRASS. IRON. o OF BALL. DESIGNATION. ~ Length. Length. High Low _ gue.gauge. -gage. Exte Brc. Exte- ore. I___ _:_ ri_ _ _ or. rior.: PRUS;SIA.-C~ontilnued SInch. |Inlch. Inch,. Inch. Inch Lbs. Inch,. Ich. Lbs. MORTARS.- 3.092 * 5.21 151 Hand, 4.618 4.573 4.460 t 7.63 39 7-pdr.- 5.7931 5.752 5.639 15.86 13.02 166 0-pdr.- 6.6901 6.633 6.520 20.61 15.97 3931 21.64 15.97 627 25-pdr. - 8.906 8.834 8.710 26.66 21.65 909 27.83 21.65 1,129 50-pdr. - 11.184 11.102 10.978 36.69 29.89 1,775 37.87 29.89 2,165 Stone - 15.454 - - - 33.00 25.77 1,553 B o 0-pd.o1~ 5 0 -p dr. 1,1'20 BoMI CANNON, 50-pdr. - 111,1261.102110.978 1]11.00 1,400 RUSSIA. vGUNS. — Field, I 6-pdr. - 3.7621 3.646 3.609 - 51.13 -0 Field, 1-pdr. 4.739 4.610 4.560 74.64 1,783 r 3-pdr. 2.996 2.920 2.880 - - 51.001 48.00 681 6-pdr. 3.762 3.646 3.609 - - 82.70 79.00 1,665 Siege and gar- 12-pdr. 4.739 4.610 4.560 - 100.00 3,492 104.00 99.00 3,300 rison and sea 18-pdr. - 5.426 5.300 5.210 - 108.75 4,814 ].14.00 106.501 5,680 coast. 4-pd - 5.972 5.860 5.784 - 119.70 6;485 1126.00 118.00 7,600 30-pdr. 6.443 6.320 61 129.00121.151 9,080 36-pdr. - 6.837 6.750 6.650 13600 12.70 10,500 HOWITZERS, (Likorna.) r 3-pdr -I 3.240 3.140 3.1001 ) 28.37 2S40 l0-pdr. - 4.843 4.700 4.650 I. 37.53 707 Field,1 10-pdr. - 4.8432 4.700 4.650 1Sl 42.38 7801 20-pdr. 6.10 5.990 5.9151=[ 50.34 1,509{ - 5 0.34 1,675 Siege and garrison, 40-pdr.- 7.688 7.575! 7.476 b { 63.906 3,1,0 - 63.43 3,476?lORTARs. — 6-pdr. - 4.084 3,920 3.890K 700 26i 80-pdr. - 9.650 9.570 94901 14.50 1311 - 16.00 1,927 200-pdr. - 13.150 13.050 12.9501 J L 18.81 3,243 - 21. 83 4,900 BOMB CANNON.20-pdr.- 6.000 5.990 5.9151 - - - 92.00 87.00 3,300 40-pdr. - 7.700 7.575 7.476 - - - 116.00 110.00 5 600 96-pdr. - 9.000 8.900 8.8'201I 120 pdr. - 10.750 10.680 10.580 SWEDEN. GuNs.- 3-pdr. - 3.015' 2.922 2.887 Field, 6-pdr. - 3.786 3.687 3.652 - - - 65.60 62.50 816 12-pdr. - 4791 4.674 4.6098 81.70 77.75 1,565 18-pdr. - 5.5511 5.446 5.388 24-pdr.- 6.1126 5.994, 5.924, 30-pdr. - 6.560 6.455 6.385i - - - 74,00 70.00 3)636 30-pdr. - 6.560 6.455 6.385 - - — 6-76 HOWITZERS.Field 12-pdr. 4,791 4.674 4628 - 53.77 50.62 830 Field, 24-pdr. - 6.112 5.9941 5.924 68.39 64.53 1,550 MIORTARs.- 7-in. - 8.905 8.765: 8.695 3;3.78 29.231 1,050 Light 9-in. - 11.254 11.114111.021 39.04 33.30 2,100 Heavy 9-in. - 11.254111.114111.021 - 52.84 44,66 4 800 11-in. - 12.855 12.715 12.598 *Attached to a stock. iCast with a bed plate. JNot chambered. CHAPTER SECOND. SHOT AND SHELLS. NOMENCLATURE, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS. Diameters of gauges for S/tot and Sl/ells. 13 in, 12 in 10-in. 8-in. 4 32 24 18 2 9 6 4 3 I I i - _ I _ In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. i In. In. In. In. Iln. Large - 12.90 11.90 9.901 7.90; 6.86 6.;27 5.70 5.18 4.53 4.12 3.60 3.14; 2.86 1.96 a new 1'.84 11.84 9.84 1 7.851 6.81 6.22 5.65 5.13 4.49 4.08 3.56 3 10 2.82 1.92 a old 12.80 - 9.80 7.80 6.76 1..1018.61 5.10 4,4614.05 3.54 - 80 For the manner of using these gauges, see page 31. Sho t. |13-in. 12 ill 10-inJ. 8 in. 42 3 24Q 18 12 9 6 4 3 1|'Diameter, in. 12.87 1 11.87 9.87 7,88 6.84 6.25 5.6815.17 4.524.10 3.58 3.12 284 1.95 Weight, lbs. 294 y2231 128 1 65 142.7 326 244 18.5 12.3 9.2516.1 4.07 3.05 1 Shells. For C(ollm- biaFlo r. C.l Fo Mortars. For Guns and I Howitzers. Howitzers. 10-in. S-in. 13-in. 10-in. 8-in. 42 1 32 24 1S 12 ________________-_-i7,- --..... _........ - --. I. In. In. In. In. In. In. In In. Diameter - 9.87 7.88 12.87 9.87 7.88 6.84!6.25 5.68 5.17 4.52 Thickness (True - 2. 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.25 1.2 i1..0.9 0.9 0.7 ofsides~md q Greatest 2.1 1.5S 2.25 1.7 1.33 1.25 1.05 0.95 0.94 0.74 bottomn. Least - 1.9 1.42 1.95 1.5 1.17 1.150.95 0.85 0.86 0.66 Thickness at flze hole 3. 2.25 2.1 1.6 1.25 1.8 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.05 Diameter of Exterior 1.45 1.338 1.8 1.75 11.3 1. 10.9 0.9 O0.9 0.9 fuze hole. ~ Interior 1. 1. 1.483 1.51 1.113 0.7310.698 0.0.6980.698 0.743 Distance between ears 6. 5. 7. 6.!5. - Weight, - lbs. 101 50.5 197 87.5 144.5 31. 22.5 17 13.4 8.4 The 8-inch mortar shell is used for the siege howitzer. 28 CHAP. II.-SHOT AND SHELLSo The ears of a shell are holes for the points of the shell hooks, 0.5 inch in dianmeter, bored opposite to each other, and perpendicular to the axis of the fuze hole; the metal is cut out above them at the distance indicated in the table, in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the holes, which must remain 0.25 inch deep, with a thickness of 0.25 inch of metal above them, at the thinnest part. Carcasses, Are shells having three additional holes, of the same dimensions as the fuze hole, pierced at equal distances apart in the upper hemisphere of the shell, with their exterior openings tangent to the great circle which is perpendicular to the axis of the fuze hole. 13-in 10-in. 8-i. 0-2 32 24 18 12 Mean weight, lbs. 194 86 43 30 21.60 16 12.5 8 Spherical case shot. 8-in. 42 32 24 18 12 6 In. In. In. In.. IIn. In. Diameter......,....... 7.88 6.84 6.25 5.68 5.17 4.52 3.58 Thickness of True... 0.7 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.36 metal at the Greatest.. 0.725 0.675 0.625 0.57.5 0.525 0.475 0.385 sides. Least... 0.675 0.625 0.575 0.525 0.475 0.425 0.335 Thickness of metal at the fuze hole.......1..... 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 0.75 0.75 Radius of reinforce at the fuze hole....... i 3.0 2.75 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.4 Diameter of Exterior... 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 fuzehole. Interior.... 0.96 0.975 0.975 0.735, 0.735 0.788 0.788 Mean weight......... lbs. 30. 20.32 16. 11.86 8.7 6.1 3. 06 The thickness of metal at the fuze hole is supposed to be measured in the axis of the fuze hole between the spherical surfaces of the shell and of the reinforce. The fuze holes of shells and spherical case shot talper 0.15 inch to 1 inch, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS.'29 Grape shot. 8-in. 42 32 24 18 12 In. In. In. In. In. In. Diameterof largegauge......... 3.60 3.17 2.90 2.64 2.40 2.06 Diameter of small gauge...... 1 3.54 3.13 2.86 2.60 2.36 2.02 Mean weight...............lbs. 6.1 4.2 3.15 2.4 1.8 1.14 Canister shot. NATURE OF ORDNANCE. g i _ l12-pdr.tlawbD et b 5;: n abv itzer. * a ag CMoan-'2,2 - EZ6 2 4tain.0 In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Diamneter of large gauge, 2.26 2.06 1.87 1.70 1.49 1.35 1.17 1.08 Diameter of small gauge, 222.02 1.84 1.67 1.46 1.32 1.14 1.05 ket Mean weight, Ibs. 1.5 1.14 0.86 0.64 0.43 0.32 0.21 0.16 ball. Grenades. Six-pounder spherical case shot may be used for hand girenades, and shells of any calibre for ranmpart grenades. Lead balls. DIAMETERS OF LEAD BALLS FROM 1 TO 32 TO THE POUND. No of No. of Noof No. of balls to E balls to halls balls to 1 lb. 1 hb..l lib..b lIb. l o In. I In In. In. -1 1.670 9 0.803 17 0.650 25 0.571 2 1.326 110.775 18.638 26 564 3 1.157 11.751 19.626 27.557 4 1.051 12 730 20.615 2I8.550.5 1.977 13.710 21.605 29,544.919 14.693 22.596 30 537 7.873 15.676 23.587 31.531 8.835 16.663 24.579 32.526 For the mode of fabrication of lead balls, see CHAPTER X. 30 CHAP. II.-SHOT AND SHELLS. DIAMETERS OF CAST IRON BALLS FROMI POUND TO 50 POUNDS WE[IGHT. Weight. Diam. Weight. Dam. Weght Dm Weiht. Daim. Lbs. ozi In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. 0 4 1.231 9 4.065 23 5.531 37 6.512 6 1.403 10 4.211 24 5.639 i 38 6.570 8 1.551 11 4.346 25 5 714 39 6.627 10 1.665 12 4.474 26 5.789 40 6.684 12 1.701 13 4.595 27 5.862 41 6.738 14 1.865 14 4.710 28 5.930 42 6.793 1 1.954 15 4.819 29 6.004 43 6.846 2 2.462 16 4.924 30 6.068 44 6.898 3 2.819 17 5.025 31 6.140 45 6.951 4 3.104 18 5.121 32 6. 205 46 7.002 5 3.341 19 5.215 33 6.268 47 7? 052 6 3.551 20 5.304 34 6.330 48 7.101 7 3S738 21 5.392 35 6.392 49 7 145 8 3.908 I 22 5.476 36 6.442 50 7.198 The specific gravity of shot and shells is about 7,000. To find the weight of a cast iron shot or shell: Multiply the cube of the diameter of the shot in inches, or the differelce of the cubes of the exterior and interior diameters of the shell, by 0.134 for the weight in pounds. For lead balls, the multiplier is 0.2142. T7 find the diamneter of a cast iron shot of a given weight: Divide the weight in pounds by 0. 134, and the cube root of the quotient will be the diameter in inches. To find the quantity of powder which a shell will containl: Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches by 0.01744, for the weight of powder in pounds. INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS, Shot and shells should be made of grey or mottled iron, of good quality, (see CHAP. XIV. Cast iron.) They must be cast in sand, and not in iron moulds the shot from the latter are generally not spherical in form, nor uniform In sczew they are also full of cavities, and are cracked by being heated. Spherical case shot must be made with peculiar care, of the best quality of ironr, in order that they may not be liable to break in the gun. INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS. 3] %r0t. INSPECTING INSTRUMENTS: One ln'ge and one smiall gauge and one cylinder gagwe for each calibre: the cylinder gauge has the same diameter as the large gauge; it is made of cast iron, and is 5 calibres long. One hanmner, weighing half a pound aind ihaving a flat face and a conical point. Steelpunches.' One searcher, of steel wire No. 20, with a handle. The shot should be inspected before they become rusty; after being well cleaned, each shot is placed on a table and examined by the eye to see that its surface is smooth, that the metal is sound and free from seams, flaws and blisters. If cavities or small holes appear on the surface, strike the point of the hammer or punlch into them and ascertain their depth with the searcher; if the depth of tile cavity exceed 0.2 inch, the shot is rejected; and also if it appear that an attempt has been made to conceal such defects by filling up the holes with nails, cement, &c. The shot must pass in every direction through the large gauge and not at all through the small one; the founder should endeavor to bring the shot up as near as possible to the large gartge or to the tIrue diameter. N. B. The diameters of the small gauges have been recently increased, in order to produce greater uniformity in the dimensions of shot and shells, by reducing the limits of variation allowed in their fabrication. Tile new gauges are to be used only in the inspection of shot and shells to be hereafter made, and the projectiles now on hand are not to be rejected fiom service on account of passing through these gauges. After having been thus examined, the shot are passed through the cylinder gauge, which is placed at an inclination of about 2 inches between the two ends and supported on blocks of wood in such a manner as to be easily turned fromn time to time, to prevent its being worn in furrows. Shot which slide or stick in the cylinder are rejected; the latter must be pushed out from the lower end with a wooden rammer. Shot are proved by dropping them from a height of 20 feet on a block of iron, or rolling them down an inclined plane of that height, against another shot at the bottom of the plane. The average weight of the shot is deduced from that of three parcels of 20 to 50 each, taken indiscriminately from the pile: some of those which appear to be the smallest should be also weighed, and they are rejected if they fall short of the weight expressed by their calibre more than one thirty-secotd part, They almost invariably exceed that weight. CHAP. II.-SHOT AND SHELLS. Grape and Canister shot. The dimensions are verified by means of a large and a small gauge attached to the same handle. The surface of the shot should be smooth and free from seamsE Shells and hollow shot. INSPECTING INSTRUMENTS.-A large and small guage for each calibre, and a cylindergauge for shells of 8 inches and under. Callipers for measuring the thickness of the metal at the sides of the shell. Callipers, to measure the thickness at the bottom of the shell. Gaouges for the dimensions of the fuze hole, and for the thickness of metal at the fuze hole..J pair of hand bellows; a wooden plug to fit the fuze hole, and bored through to receive the nozzle of the bellows../ hammer; a searcher; a cold chisel; steel punches. The surface of the shell and its exterior dimensions are examined as in the case of shot. The shell is next struck with the hammer to judge by the sound whether it is free from cracks; the position and dimensions of the ears are verified; the thickness of metal is then measured at several points on the great circle perpendicular to the axis of the fuze hole, and at the bottom, and at the fuze hole. The diameter of the fuze hole, which should be accurately reamed, is then verified, and the soundness of the metal about the inside of the hole is ascertained by inserting the finger. The shell is now placed on a trivet in a tub containing water deep enough to cover it nearly to the fuze hole; the bellows and plug are inserted into the fuze hole and the air forced into the shell; if there are any holes in the shell, the air will rise in bubbles through the water. This test also gives another indication of the soundness of the metal, as the parts containing cavities will dry more slowly than the other parts. The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of shot. Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with a X, made with the cold chisel; on shot near the gate, and on shells, near the fuze hole. PRESERVATION AND PILING OF BALLS. Balls should be carefully lackered as soon as possible after they are receivedo For the composition of lacker and the manner of applying it, see CHAP. VII. When it becomes necessary to renew the lacker, the old lacker should be removed by rolling or scraping the balls, which should never be heated for that purpose. PILING BALLS. 3 Balls are piled according to kind and calibre, under cover if practicable, in a place where there is a free circulation of air, to facilitate which the piles should be made narrow if the locality permits; the width of the bottom tier may be from 12 t; 1.4 balls, according to the calibre. Prepare the ground for the base of the pile by raising it above the surrounding ground so as to throw off the water; level it, ram it well, and cover it with a layer of screened sand. Malke the bottom of the pile with a tier of unserviceable bnlls buried about two-thirds of their diameter in the sand; this base may be made permanent: clean the base well and form the pile, putting the fuze holes of shells downwards, in the intervals, and not resting on the shells below. Each pile is markled with the number of serviceable balls it contains. The base may be made of bricks, concrete, stone, or with borders and braces of iron. Grape and canister shot should be oiled or lackered, put in piles, or in strong boxes, on the ground floor, or in dry cellars; each parcel marlked with its kind, calibre, and number. Tobfind the num7ber of balls in a pile. Altntipiy the slumn of the three parallel edges by one-third qf the?ntuber of balls is a triatgiularface. In a square pile, one of the parallel edges contains, but one ball; in a triaicl gular pile, two of the edges have but one ball in each. The number of balls in a triangular face is ( -; a being the number i) the bottom row. The sum of the three parallel edges in a triangular pile is n + 2; in a. square pile, 2 n -+ 1; in an oblong pile, 3 JN 4- 2 n1 --- 2; A/' being the length of the top row, and n the width of the bottom tier: or, 3 mr-n + 1; sm being the length and n the width of the bottom tier. If a pile consist of two piles joined at a right angle, calculate the contents of one as a common oblong pile, and of the other as a pile of which the three parallel edges are equal. In the following Table of the number of balls in a pile, the second line shows the number in a triangular pile, the base of which is the corresponding number in the first line. The other numbers show the contents;:f square and oblong piles; the length and width of the base being in the prwecr line and in the left hand column respectively. 3 T17JIT O' THE t-Ui~IBE R. OF VBA LLS IN A APLN ILE. It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9i 3"". 7~ 6 8 9 10 II 1213 i 5 1 8 15 11 70 l~L~ ~ ~.-~7..i c-...l{- - -i -,..., Tri. }4 10 20 35 56 84 120 165 220 286 364 455 5 60 68 0 816 96911401330154& 171 gO~~~~~~ i i 14 f-T i —Tl4 7 -,-)' 1-Y 1 ii 961~@ 40.55 __ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I aI:r.5~ 70 6 17~1 32'6 60 70 115i 91: i2 35i 5'~ 3110:6 ] 1'~0:i:4095:7s6' 4' —-.?-~ i!'X 8 2& 44 1 0 131 1-8' 204 0 9 26 50} 80 181 34 6 4 79 )35 1 0 259 116 90 130 -?7 524 63 8O 03850 11 32 69 1 140: 15 196 539 7 3 375 440 50' 30 _ i 35 6sr 116160, -60 3 420 495 5 7 66) 13 3_ _ _ 2 175' "I' r0"8 4- 46o" 550 o38 r 819 14 41' 801 130' 190 -B 4- 63)f!?0 605i M4 6 910 015 1__ 4414 861 140 2105, 2-80 -4 -4o61i 555 06-60 7 70 88 1001 VI I) 4 16 l~r ~3471_92' 150 ~%20 301 392 49Q% 600 7 i 51 6' 9 6' 09 2125 1360 1 49 6 3 7 1 501 981 160 M39 2'2)4)4 5,28 645 770it 1t 40.l183 1330 480 632 1785, 8g 4i ~35 104 170150" 343 448 )416 690 81 2 93611 18P3'74 1L4551600 176 193821 19 l 6110 180! 26) 364 476 600! 7:35 86040 134 1196I1365154017c101904'909311228o012470~i! 2069 i91 110j! 190 2180 3 P34 636, 780 935 I0171 0I41 8I0 204 0 2) 24 11445 1 2660% 0 i 39 62 I 22'~0' 406 39P 67)`625?.7 9 9 0:111t6 6112 I547I7 - L0'9 60,~1 r. 3 9 72,6 2 1 1 98 5 0 3l0 50__S T'ABLE OF OBLONG PILES-Conltinucd. 2. 3 i4. 5 6 7? 8 9'0 11 12 03 141 15 16 17 18 I19 20I 21 i22 1 65& 128 210 310? 4927 o560 708 870 10451'.3~2 1430:1638 185512OSO 2312 255027,93 30403o290 3542 23 68 134 2120 322) 448 588 Ii 4 1i00 1'2'1508_ 729 196O 200'2448270,,4 3210, 35002 3 773: - [ 71T 140' 23t 340 460, 0- 7801 96() 15 13;4;1586lS O18 j d s52320125842856 i 3!3534203710 4004 30 89 176;99 4. 9 5 5 784 96 03 14 55'1760'05426; 2695:3040134003774 461 4560 490 5340 3 0 25 i 0 3 30 499' 679: 896l11401!0770 202(4l2) i236o 3ll]3tS 203944 438644553 2O s0 81 0 6314235 i 1 0 0 7 54 11,4I6 2I __ _ _ _ 25Q7.040 649r 5 4004..66 30 1 6 7 37 IxO:2]8, o'q(9 5~3a; 742!,980'.9,3'.~:xa a'.lSiO:0:z2512600 3003,343038804 435~248459558 0890.64401 7007 26 11 24 370 i 7 575 0108'-5 95 "; -7 i4 094B2536400044886 499831 2976080G54130 446638 l___,Y- _ _ _ _II 45i. ~1:8'39901 l_'97 1- 1'0i 0 5' 724O 03: 1.'.........''7 85404120'4624 11 101201 4024568280 93469 40 1701 15 00 5'57 06i l.U:t 18 6 90 20.37165 9. o 534'.1 2921 5 3_26P4 701 3990 /11646070 1 0 33 1 S8 19itl,,O'S1.8j l~t- iU 6.S(S z>{z84:-jL 340 4I749 50314601 5189 _.3_~_134 11 gOJ it}1Sl 3301 tS~) 6aS i0 78 4Jl~ 14815 )Sf~f 4730.I5 3510539440( i 438$L4 5390 5"d6 6314 35 104 2! 6! 2011 50)5 70() 924 1 1 76!1 4i(55'176)10's;,9624A44!28 342(33640,I408045395016 55106020 654-5 -0;: t5 f s ] 0 0 a 7') 2 9 5 2 1 P,':} 3 3Q 364 692 518 5700 6230 6 776.$ __!! ___2.'.9_- - | -3760 4216, _|_ 3>7 1; i;t: e41i 881 *4)&0i;;35' 142i.t80 1 2 do.; 4 sutds., 2 vs- eS. .NOM Er ~'W ATtTRAll'~E, —J3BARB ETT V CARtitAGE, 14 BARBETTE CARRIA. GES,. —-P/oJe —, T'he tbarette carriagi e consists of a gmln can'iaie and a crzqssis, or traverssijg caRThe carriages for piecese of the following calilbres are siillatc to each oteLr,; vith -some sight exceptions, mientioned in the nomnenelaturie, viz: for the I2. pouindeai, IS-pounder, 24-poul der, 32-poutnder, and 42 ponder guns, aend. ~or the S-inchl aind 10-inch sea coast howitzers. Thle crriages for the columrbias.edi are' not yet *definitively arranged. Some crassis have been arranged, for use in pecuii ar situations, with the dilntie n1ader the middle transom, and otherl wvith the pintie untder the rear transec-. GUliN CAtRRIAC% E 2 l),'ig'ilts. ] i.eoii'rh;;soij. r2 biaces. 1 lraw.,i se,3i r tn,cile t h; 2 dov, ih t;,,t )'tOl t'ranlsotm. 1 delevti.'i. bd.3:2 do' elis' s imvidd'let t1resom. 1 r x(e ro&!?I. 2 tIs'il. ricet bolts;'2,wtalers;,2 tts..1 axle (a ti' briacm toL lCarger ~airee. 2 rivet bo0ts, 1o(1 ll)riIhts. a2 axle ant ti Jaon5's. 4 wJashe'rs atll 2 n itS, t fr do. 1. doublse itsl,,j"cr, Gr do.; 2 it.ts. 2 cheek boets; 2 Cr ashers 2 nuts. I bolt. fr maidite ransoeon aild tie 2 bevel weshers, for do. (C ST 11ON.) 1 im O]t. t limzetie e 2'wvshlers, ioi do,, in 12 anRdi ]I —12c 4 assembliq',g bolts, 8 washers and 4 cariiage s. nitts, fo;' 12-pdr., 18-pdr., and 24- i tashlr, ii,:' t h"m cajniages, e'xce. p dr. cm'.-iiech. 8',' i tazei. IJ r.sseimbling bolts, 12 oashers and 6 ntse 2 mIacn(U'evrig boa,;s 2 was/lens';,::sLts for other carria'ges. 92 collens, c/,eek e pates, anld 2.screw. P, teansotl and ltie bolis, 1 wiasher; 2 Its. for 102, i, -d. and i24 a. For 8-inch howitzer: 2 wtashers. 4 collaIs.,' cheek la/res, and 4 sc,,evn, I bed-pvlate bolt; 1 woasher; 1. nmut. for other carria.nces. For 8-inch howitzelr: 2 bots2s es; /tsA rs; 2 maenm, ing, stoplest, on esultE.s. 2 trun nion plates. 1 bed plEi for elealingil screw. 4 Irmtl nzion pltle bolts; 4,i,,,s. I nut) ior elevating' screw; 4 haindles. 0 rollers (c.s'r er'on>; 1. elevatisrng screto. 2 a xle sh. ou lder,taes s 1 axlsetsed:. 21 2 inc& wa hesv: a2 x-le st P';,'s;; btridtles; 4 nut, 2 ch ps I clamp,ish ert, fori 10 oid 18-'pdi car-'W'oon' 10 ispoke.. EaON: & nIave (CAVIC Rt.; A I: lI eI-, 10 t ir''c ItAsW.4 4:8 CHAP XIIH.-ARTILLERY CARRIAGES. BARBETTE -CHASSIS Wood. 2 rails. 1 middle transom. 2 hurters; 4 nails. I rear transom. 2 counter hurters; 4 nails. 1 tongue. 1front transom,. 1 prop. Iron. 2 rail plates; 30 screws. 2fork plates; 12 nails. 4 bolts, for do.; 4 washers; 4 nuts. 2 bolts, for rear transom and fork plates, 4 rivets, for hurlers; 4 burrs. P 2 nuts, for do. 6 rivet bolts, for front and middle tran- 1 asceuvrilng loop; 2 snaiis. SOmS. 1 loop bolt; 1 siast. 6 oashers and 6 nuts, for do. 3 transosm asod tongue bolts. l fr'ilion plate; 10 nails. 3 owashers, and 3 suts, for do. I transosms and toslguce brace, for 32-pdr. 2 prop plates; 4 nails. and higher calibres. 1 prop bolt; I key. 2 hurlter ancld reail bolls; 4 weashers; 2 nutls. 2 fbrks. 2.frost trIajsosmo and rail bolts; 2 sauts. 2fork bolts; 2 nuts. 2 mniddle tranlsomn ansd'rail bolts. 2 traverse wheels (CAsT MoN.) 2 waslers and 2 nzuts, for do. For 32-pdr. and higher calibres, add: For 32-pdr. and higher calibres: 4 4pipes (CAST RnoN.) bolts; 4 washers; 4 nuts, for do. 2 pipe bolts; 4 wasthes; 2 snltso 4 cozounter horIter and rail bolts; 4 nuts. 2 fork sockets. 1 PINTLE. PINTLE CROSS. WOOD: 2 cross pieces —l]. piostle bolster, fastened to the cross by 4 octagonal wooden pisns 1 inch thick. ipcoN: I bolster plate, (cast iron;) fastened to the bolster by 4 bolts —-4 washers and 4 nuts, for do. 1 pintle — washer and 1 key for do. In temporary batteries, a circular platform of plank is required for the wheels of the chassis to traverse on. In permanent batteries, the bolster plate, the pintle and the traversing circle are fiked in masonry. NOMENCLATUR.E 49 CASEMATE CARRIAGES_ Each carriage consists of a gun carriage and a chassis. The carriages for 24, 32, and 42-pounder guns, and the 8oinch Columbiad, are similar to each other, differing only in their dimensionso.A special carriage is arranged for mounting the 24-pounder iron howitzer in mhe flanks of casemate batterieso GUN CARRIAGE.-Pllate 9. Wood. 2 cheeks, each in two pieces. I slide; 2 lozwels3 2 dowels, for do. 1 axletree.:I front tr'anson.. 2 g les 1 rear ts'ransom1Z 8 cheek bolts; 10 washers; 8,rests. I trail voller, (CAST IRON.) 2 1 truvc-io n plates. 1 rollers shaft~ 4 bolts, for d'o.; 4 nuts, 2 eccentrics, for roller shaft. I elevating screet. 2 roller bolts; 2 waesherss; 2 nuts.;I bed plate, for screw, (cAsT IRON.) 2 trail handles. 1 cnut, fol do., (BPASS.) 4 assembling bolts; 4 waslhers; 4 nutas. I: pinioln, for do., (BRAss.) 8 axle skeans; 16 nails. II sheft, for pinion; 1 set screw. 2 axle shoslder plates; 10 nailso I cheek Lcashesr; 3 scretes. 2 axle bands; 8 nails.~ 1 /handdle, for shaft, (CAST IRON.) 2 tcnderst'raps. I woasher and 1 nutt, for do. 4 gueide bolts; 8 uwashers; 4 tttls. 2 bed plate bolts; 2 ewasher's; 2 nuts. 2 lincch pins.'2 bolts, for rear transom and slide, 2 Mwashers and 2 nuts, for doD 2 ttruck wheels, (CAST IRON.) CHASSIs.-P — te 9. Woodo 2 rails, ] rear tralnsomo. 2 counter h/tsster's; 2 doelts. 1 tolngute. 1 f'i.oltt transo3n. V 1 p50o); 2 pins. frono 2 bolts, for rear transom and rails. 1 real transom and tongue braceo 2 waoshers and 2 otnuts for do. 2 brace bolts; 2 snuts. 2 bolts, for front transom and rails. 8 jooz'nal boxes, (BRAss.) 2e washers,and Q nusts, for do, 8 caps, for do.; 16 screwts. 2 bolts, for counter hurters and rails. 4 traverse twheels, (CAST IRON.) 2 ewashers and 2 nuts, for doo 2 rail plates; 8 screws; 54 nails. 2 rivet bolts, for the tunguej 2 rail plate bolts; 2 twascers; 2 nutsc I doltoble washer and 2 nuts, for do, 1 tonlglue. 2 bolts, for front transom and tongue. 2 tongzte bolts; 2 nuts. 2 twashers and 2 nuts: for do., I tongule fork. Ipintle, (CAsT IRON.) I front transoem Strap, j 4 50 CHAPo'i -— LAPT' LLLF:RY'?.A.' RtAGBEiS 24-POUNDER H O0vITZER ChR.lACRR POAG 1 LANI C 5A YJI; FLTA-S Gu-t CDIaragevra-Ple k0 t, WooD: 2 cheeks, 2 trail handles; 4 waashers; 4 mits. 2bor- btolls; 2?lius, 2 mas lcelvr'icg u'iglgS, P ca1p squcl's; 4-s eye pilns, 2 eye bolts, for do.; 2 1lts. 4 ca2) squar(e keys; 4 key choscis, 2 trail plates; 3 nazils tI trzl roll,, (casT e roN,) 2 cheek bolts; 2 washers; 2 ullsu 1 solle? joc',s'uasl 2 trlu1mtions plates, 2 eccesltrics for do, 2 bolts, for do.; o cwashlesrs; 2 Ilsts. 2 jos Icc c )cclI), tes: ( PAs;),) sc'res1 4 key bolts; 4 lnllts. 1! roler haculds)e I front tra?')SCm, } eleastIusg sci'6l I sera? tros(s?5o ( c.dsr IRON.) I box anOd 15,)?,nl frcc do,, ('RAls.. 3 assembli'ng bolts; 6 rtashers; 3,nuts. 1 shft, for p1iniol i set scr eco 2?mdierstrlapss. 1 hadse, t sha(ft I scsewu, 2 rollerjbrkss 2 keys. i cheek lsasw he,,; 3 scracvs 2 rollers, (BnRAss.) -h.assizs.h -Pl/ate 10, Wood. 2 rails. 2 middle tssansoms; 4 pils. lfront transom; 4 dowels. I 1 meale transomc; 4 dtowels. Iron 3 asselmbling bolts; G wcashesrs; 3 nuts. 2 prop bolts; 2 nhlts. 1 collar, for middle assembling bolt. 1 brace, for the prop, I upper psitle plate, 1 brace bolt; 1 cut, I lower pintle plate, 1/fbrk, for traverse wheels,, 5 bolts, for pintle plates; 5 smsts. 2 fork and pr]op bolts; 2 nuts,. 1 hlcrter plate; 4 screws. 2 traverse wheels, (eAsT xRON',) 2 counlter hurter plates; 8 screcws. 2 traverse lwheel bolts; P2 suats 2 cocunlter hcurters; 2 rashers; 2 nuts, I prop. 1 pilttle. 4ORTAR BEDS&.Beds fo r 8-inch rand 10-i nc/,' Siee Afortas.' Woa,. —I bolster, for the quoin. lraoN.2 cheeks, 1 cmiddle transozm, and frontv tratsoo.c In one pieec, c.,i-s' r.Noa) 4 lmcualcecvring bolts, cast in placeo 2 cap squscares; 4 cap sqsuare straps; 4 bolts3 4 keys, 2 bolster bolts; 2 nuats NOM ENCLATURE,-IMKORTAR BgEDS...BIdACH2INi,, Platuformfor Siqai i fo rtar,. OOD: 6 31sleepers; 13 deck planks; 72 dowels. row.: 12 eye bolts, Cbehorzn Jiiortar B ed. W'coo a The bed is a block of oak wood, in 1 or 2 pieces., Ikwos 2 assemblisg bolts; 4 wocshers; 92 olts. 2 cap squares; 2 bolts; 2 muts. 4 handles; 4 bolts; 4 snuts. Eprouvette MJ ortar Bed rand.Platbr'm, The bed plate for the eprouvette mortar is of cast iron. The plate is let into a platformn of oak wood, formed of one or two pies.,e strengthened by 2 bolts, with 4 vwashers and 4 nuts. This wooden platform is fastened with 4 bolts, No. 7, to a block of stone, of the same dimensions as the wood, which is firmly imbedded in the ground,. MACHINES. FIELD AND SIEGE GGIN. 2 legs. 6 assenmbling pies. 1 pry pole. 1 wvindlass. 3 braces. 5 handspiikes. f (rivets, for braces; 6 buirrs. 2 journal boxes. 1 tongue; 3 rivets. 8 bolts for do.; 8 washers; 8 nutse 2 head straps; 4 rivets; 16 screwzs. 2 gsudgeons, for windlass; P ke!p/:c I assembling bolt; 2 washers; 1 nst. 4 bands, for windlass; 16 1ncls-i: 2 screwos, for washers. 2 bands, for legs; 4 amilss 2 sheaves, (BtRAss.) 3 bands, for pry pole; 6 nails, 1 sheave bolt; 1 key. 3 poinlts, for legs and pry pole. 2 oval woashers, for do.; 2 screvws 1 handles for pry pole, I key bolt, for pry pole. 2 soashers, for do.; 6 screzos.. chains, for do.; 1 eye pin. 1 pr'I pr ole tongLe; 2 rivets; 2 bi vps' Single Pulley Block. " slheave, (Ranss;) 2 steclps; 1 cross head; 1 hoo00,; 3 bolts; 3 sIutItS. CHAP. II-.-ARTILLERY CARRIAGES. GARRISON GIN.-Plate 11o Wood. 2 legs; Q bevel blocks 11 cleats, for pry pole; 22 nails.:1 pry pole 1 w Ioindlass. ion. 6 bands, foi legs and pry pole. 1 clevis. 18 nails, for bands. 1 clevis bolt; 1 pin. 2 rivet bolts; 2 nuts, 2 keys, for clevis bolt. br aces, 2 key chains; 2 eye pins. 4 brace bolts; zswashers; 3.2 nails. 2jozrnal boxes, (BRAss;) 8 screwes. 4 keys, for brace bolts. 2 paivls. 4 key chains; 4 eye pins. 2 bolts, for do.; 2 wuashers;!2 aets. 3 points, for legs and pry pole. 2 journals, for windlass. 1 pry pole handle. 6 bands, for windlass; 24 naitls.'2 washers, for do.; 8 nails. 2 ratchets, (CAST IRON;) 4 nails. Pulley Blocks. They are madel with one, two, three, or four sheaves. IRON: 2 straps; 2 cross heads, with 2 eyes riveted in them; 4 enuts, for cross heads; I hook, welded into one of the eyes; 1 sheave bolt; 1 nut. The partitions; the sheaves, (BRASS.) CASEMIATE GIN. it is made like the garrison gin, differing from it only in the dimension1s oe somne parts. The pry pole has but 6 cleats, for steps. SLING CA RT. -Plate 12. Wvood. l axietreee i bolster; 1 pole; 2 hosunds; 1 pole prop. Iron.:1 lower axle skean. 2 bolts, for hounds and pole. 2 supper axle skeans. 4 cwashers and 2 nuts, for do. 6 rivets, for slreans. crascable chain and hook. 2 bands, for axle arms. 1 pole staple; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 4 washer plates, for hoolks; 16 nails. 1 eye pin, for pole prop. 4 hooks; 4 washers; 4?llets.'2 washers and 1 nult, for do. 2 stirrups, for axle and bolster. 1 socket, for pole prop; 1 rivet. 9 bridles, for do.; 4 nullts. lferrule, for do.; 1 rivet. 1 bed plate, fol screw, (CAsT IRON.) 1 chain anzd toggle, for do. 2 bolts, for do; 2 nuts. 1 eye pin, for pole prop chain. I hoistimle scedu. 2 axle shoulder swashers. I nut, for screw, (BRass.) 2 linch washers. 1 handle, for screw. 2 linch pins. 2 rivets, for pole; 2 bur'rs. I pole straop, 12 nalls. 1 sling chain and hook. 3 bolts, for do.; 3 lnuts. 2 trunnion chains. 2 bolts, for axle and hounds; 2 ntoes, 3 balndsl for hounds; 6 nails. 2 WHlEL.So N-OMENCLATTURE.-YMACHINE S, di' Sling Cart. Wheei. WooD: 1 nave; 16 spokes; 8fellies; 8 dostels. 1RO.W: 4 nave bands; 12 nails. I tire; 8 tire bolts; 8 washers; 8 nuts. 2 nave boxes, (CAST IRON.) CAS EMlIATE TRUCK. This truck is designed for transporting guns in casemate galleries. or th-rough. paosterns. VWooD: 2 rails; 3 transoms; 1 handle. taoN: 1 rear trasnsom plate; 2 rilgs, for drag ropes; 4 sails.; 1 front transonm plate; 2 rings, for drag ropes; 6 nails, 6 bolts, for rails and transom plates; 6 nults. 2 fork plates, for rear wheels; 8 nails. 1 fork socket, for fi'ont wheel; it is round, to allow the fork to turn, 3 obrks and 3 bolts, for wheels. 1 fork plate, for front wheel. 1 tongsue, fastened to the front fork plate by 1 bolt and I sti. 3 truck wheeels, (casT IRao,) like thle traverse wheels of the. harbette chassis. HAND CART. WooD: 1 bolster, for axletree; 2 loover side rails. 3 cross bars; 2 supper side rails; 2 end rails; 6 side studs; 6 eznd st.tds. 5 bottom boards. iaoN.: 70 wsood scresvs, for fastening the sides, ends, and bottomO I axletree; 2 bolts, for do.; 2 nuts. 2 props; 4 bolts, for do.; 4 snuts. 2 shoeldesr washers; 2 linch scashers; 2 linch pinls, 2 WHEELS. Wheel. VooD: 1 lave; 12 spokes; 6 fellies. RON: 2 sZave bands; 6 nails. I tire; 6 tire bolts; 6 swashers; 6 tnts. 1 nave box. STORE TRUCKo This is a common hand truck. used in store-houses, for nmovng boxxes. &c 54 CHAP. III, —ARTILLERY CARRIAGES., LIFTING JACK. A geared screw jack, for lifting heavy weights. Woof. 1 bed plate, InoN: 2 rivet bolts, for bed plate; 4,washers; 2 nuts. 2 eye plates, for braces; 6 screwvs. I stand, (CAST IRON j) 4 steadying points, for the stand. 2 braces; 2 brace bolts. I hoisting screwv; 1 plate, fastened to the foot by 3 screws. I nut and i pinion, for hoisting screw, (BRAss;) 1 shaft, for the pinion; 1 set screzs; 1 crank; 1 nut. I handle (wood;) 1 ovasher and 1 nut, for do. 1 cap plate; 4 bolts, for do. LEVER JACK. The lever jack is an adjustable fulcrum, with a long lever. WooD: The stand (oAK) consists of I bed, 2 uprights, 1 transoom, and 2 pDns 1 lever. RON: I ttransom bolt; 2 zoashers and 1 nut, for do. I fulcrumn bolt; I chain, for do; I eye pin, 2 lever plates; 12 screws. Weigh ots. Store trucIk.................o a...... 80 pounds. Ce e ger tuckLifting j......................... 600 G Casemate gallery truck............................ 600 ~ DiUM:ENSION-S AN9T) WEIGHTS..f'iPirnc~i ai (~dimens'io:n, s and weigh/ts o f Field Gun Uarr'riages and Limbers. DIMIENSIONS, In. In. In. Distance between the inside of the trunnion plates,.... 9.6 11.65 12.15 Diameter of the trunnion holes.......... 3.7 4.25 4.65 Depth of the centre of trunnion hole below the upper face of the trunnion plate.......................... 0.95 0.95 Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axletree, the piece being in battery on horizontal ground...... 0.5 1. 0.8 Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axletree,... 1465i 16.2 16.6 H:eight of axis of trunnions above the ground....... 43.1 44.8 45.2 labove the horizontal line. Gun....... 120..... 130 Vertical fieldi Howitzer. 13 13~0 12 f mire, belwv the horizontal line i.., 8H w t.. 1C' Howitzer~.. 50 s0 50 Distance between the points of contact of trail and'wheels with the ground line...........74......4 79.8 79.8 Distance from front of wiheels to end of trail, the piece being in battery............................... 116.6 122.75 122.75 Distance of the muzzle of Gun, in front of wheels,,.. 5..... 15.70 -he piece in battery from E- i tront of wheels.e 5.9 12.T the front of the wheels. otze rear of wheels 1.09 i'ength of gun carriage without wheels.............. 104.4 111.4 113.5 Length of limber without wheels,.......... 1661.2 161.2 i161.2 Length of limber without wheels or pole...... e..... 52.85 52.851 52.85 Length of limber with wheels and pole.............. 173.08 173.08 173.08 Distance between the centrles of the axletrees of gun carriare and limber.......... 96........ 96 01. 101,7 ll.7 r ength of tohe carriage limbered u2i........... 269.08 274.78 274. 78 Distance firom the muzzle of the piece, Gun...... 279o 1.... 294. wvhen limbered, tothe fiont of pole. Howitzer. 272.1 283.78 291. XWhole length of the axletree.... 78.84 78.84 78.84 Track of the vwheels o.... - D60 o 60. 60, AI eitht of wheel.........................,,,,,,,, 57. 157, 57. Dish of finished wheel.........., 1,5 1.5 1.f5 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs (Gun carriage, withol t wheelsb,........ 540 736 783 Limber without wheels or ammunition chest 33-5 335 335 Ammunooition chest, withrout divisionns..,. j 16 65 5 65 Gn5 tilhee l ria,. O,.. O,. 180 196 1 96 Linaber- n O80 I10 1 80 I Gun carringe conmplete, without imlplements 900 / 1728 1175 Limber complete, without imptements,... 860 860 860 [ Gun carrlage and lilmber, without implements 1760 1988 20 3 t 56 CHAP. UI —-ARTILLtERY~ CARRIAGE,, Principal dimensions and weights of Siege Gun7 Carrqs;a es & Limbers, ODLIENSIONS r 2''Ni U mc In. In. Il. [ Distance between the inside of the trunnion plates..,.. 14.95 16.95 18.151 Diameter of the trunnion holes..................... 4.65 5.35 5.85 Depth of centre of trunnion hole below the upper face of trunnion plate...................................... Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axletree, the piece being in battery on- horizontal ground...... 3. 2. 5 2. 75 Distance fionm axis of trunnions to axis of axle tree.., 22.45 22.851 23025 Height of axis of trunnions above the ground......... 52.2 52.6 530 Vertical field above the horizontal iine. ~I i. 130 1.. 2.0 Vertical field I Fmowitzer.-,,.,......, 150 of fire..... ~ 4~ 4~ 4~ of ire.. below the horizontal line. u owitz. 0. 100 Distance between the points of contact of the wheels and trail with the ground line.................... 100. 101. 101 Distance from the fiont of the wheels to the end of the trail, the piece being in battery..............., 141. 142. 142. Distance of the muzzle of Gun in fn the piece in battery from - Gun, ti f io of the wheels 30.74I 35.35 35.34 the front of the wheels.. ) Howitzer, in rear ofwheels.............6 Length of gun carriage, without wheels....... 130..133..133:.6 Length of limber, -without wheels........... 176.65 176. 65 76.65 Length of limber, without wheels or pole............. 598 59.8 59.8 Length of limber, with wheels and pole...........,. 184.9 184.9 184.9 Distance between the centres of the axletrees of gun carriage and limbe.............................,... 94. 96. 96. Length of the carriage, limbered up................'278.9 1980.9 280.9 Distance from the muzzle of the gun, in its travelling position, to front end of pole..I............ 285.15 291. 42 2900 Whole length of the axletree....................... 81.8. 81.8 81.8 Track of the wheels.............. 60. 60. 60. Height of wheel................... 60. 60. 6(). Dish of finished wheel,.,.,,...,.......,...., 2. 2. 2.. Lbs. Lbs.[ Lbs. (Gun carriage, without wheels............ 1440 1542 1.714 Limber, without wheels. e,,..,......o 585 585 585 1 One wheel...... e,.,,...,,,,....... 404 404 404 WEIGaTS. Gun carriage, complete, without implements 2248 2350 2522 Limber, complete.............,..,... 1393 1393 1393 [Gun carriage and limber, without implements 3641 3743 3915 DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS Field and Siege Waogons. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS. Caisson. Foge. attery Mortar Waagon. Wagon. Iln. In. In. j in. Length...................... o 125.5 130. 154., 143.6 Distance between the axletrees of carriage and timbel................ 92. 97.8 112.93 102.95 Whole lengtll, when limbered up...... 274.7 279. 303.13 287.85 Height, above the ground............ 58.75 70.5 73.55 600 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. (Carriage body,without wheels 432 997 910 984 ILimber, without wheels or ciest....... o............. 335 335 335 585 Weight One wheel................ 180 180 180 404 Carriage and limber, complete, without implements or spare ( parts.................. 1.982'2,217 2,130 3,185 IsTERIOR DtmENSIONS. Length. Width. Depth. Weight. in. In. Idn. Lbs. Ammunition, or limber chest, without n divisions......................... 40. 18. 14.75 165'ravelling fore. Iron room..... 40. 32. 7.5 n Coal box....... 31. 13. 17. 100 Battery wagon, body............... 98.8 36;. 22. Mortar wvagon, floor,............ 63.85 40. Siege, iior tlar Beds. Coehorn. 8-inch. 10-inch, In. In. I In. Length............................ 42. 51.8 310 22 o Exterior wvidth, including mannuvring bOlts.. O..........................OO O sO 34. 40~ 15. 2i o Weight...............pounds.... 920 1830 132 280 Weight of platform for siege mortars, made of yellow pine 837 lbs Pr-ncal dim rensions and wei Idts of Bacrbette arrisages 8; 8 a a a a a a m DIMENSIONS,.,. _ -.. In. In. In. In. In). Distance between the inside of the trunnion plates.... c............. 14.9 16.9 18.1 20.8 22.1 Diamieter of the trunnion holes..................................... 4.65 5.35 5.85 6.45 7.05 Depth of the centre of trunnion hole below upper face of trunnion plate.. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. [ Horizontal distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axletree....... 3.9 3.9 4. 4.1 4. 2 Distance of axis of trunnions from axis of axletree................ e. 41.3 41.3 42. 43.4 44.1 { _ejght of the axis of trunnions, in battery, above the traverse circle.... 71.76 71.76 73.45 75.77 77.47 r -orizontal distance frorm axis of trunnions Gun................ 43.1 44.5 44.25 43.9 44.8 to axis of eleTating screw........ oit.....zer................... 39. d above the horizontal line........ 110 110 11 110 110 c e below the horizontal line.,............... 50c 50 50 50 50 Length of guicarriage, from front of wheels to rear of lunette........ 89.5 89.5 90.75 90.75 92.05 [ Whole lenogth of the axletree............... I.............. 57.76 57.76 59.76 66,06 68 31 Distance betweel thle exterior faces of the 0un carringe wheels......... 55,70 55.70 57.70 64. S6625 Inclination of the chassis in 100 inches............................ 5. 5 5, 5. 5 r Who~le len Iati of the chassis.................................... 184.06 184.06 183.38 182,86 182.71 Width of the chassis between the outside of the rails............ 43. 43. 45. 51.30 53.5 c'orizontal dis-tance from centre of pirtle to front end of rails.......... 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 K1oriszontai distance fironm centre of pintle to rear end of chassis......0.. 174.3 174.3 174.22 173.76 173.66 Horizcntal dtstance frola centre of pintle to centre of traverse wheels.... 120.33 120.33 120.33 120.33 120.33 to3rszontal distance from centre of pintle GuOn..................H 59. 3.15 63.29 63.70 650.30 to he face o tile piece, in battery... HEowitzer, O O....... * t. o.. o c o C 52.5 zi'iC?/'Oa nwte6nsot0 et{/ wre' Oak. 9c Rails.,....... 2 162. 14.5 12.5 203.90 407.80 Counter hurters..... 2 17. 6. 5.25 3.72 7.44 Front trarsom....... 1 56. 16.5 1.4.5 93.04 93.04 Rear transom......... 1 74. 16.5 14.5 122.94 122.94 1 Tongue........ 1 200. 14.5 12.5 251.73 251.73 ( Prop................ 1 27. 12. 12. 27.00 27.00 909.9,5 J GUN CARRIAGE. (Cheeks..... 132.o.. 16.5 7. 105.87 211.74' Front transom....... 1 30. 16.5 7. 24.06 24.06 I Rear transom....... 1 30. 18.5 7. 26.97 26.97 Slide..........., 1 30. 18.5! 8. 30.83 30.83, Axletree.......... 1 62. 9. 7 27 12 2712 Guides.............2 40. 8. 6. 13.33 26.66 CHASSIS. _ 347.38 Rails............... 2 162. 14.5 12.5 203.90407.80 C Counterhurters...,.. 2 17. 6. 5.251 372 7.44 Oak. Front transom....... 158. 16.5 14.5 96.36 96.36 Rear transom........ 1 76. 16.5 14.5 126 27 126.27 | Tongue............ 1 200. 14.5 12.5 251.73 251.73 (,Prop................ 1 227. 12. 27 00 27.00 916.60 a N (Gun car'ge-Cheeks 2 50. 15.5 4.25 22.87 45.74 Rails.... 2 161. Il. 8.5 I104.53209.06...... I...Transoms 4............ n. o Cuttings. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cttingso l l BILLS OF TII:ER. 75 Bills of timber for Gins and Slinkg Cart. ROUGH DIMENSIONS OF EACH PIECE. Kind of,AMS OF PARTS. i...... wood. N Long. Wide.iTlick. iieach Total oo FIELD AND SIEGE GIN. l,. In. Sp.ft. Sup.ft. Legs................. 2 180 6.5! 5.5 44.69 89.38 Spruceor Pry pole................ 180 5.5 5.5 37.81 37.81 ash. Windlass......... 1 68 9. 9. 38.25 38.25 Oak. iUpper...... 1 48 4.75 2.75 4.35 4. 35 Oak races. 8 3. o855 i 8 0 6.736 PIROOGoE; 3.5 inch lhep rope of 4 strands; on one end, a toggle and 3 -eoand links in a thimtle on the other end, a hook and thimble-from the end of the hook to ttle centre of 1st?izng, 31 inches; from centre of 1st to centre of 7d riig', 8 feet; firom centre of 2d ling' to end of toggle, 16 feet. Whole length of prolonge 26 feet 7 inches —the Igle of round iron 0.75 inch diameter, 7.5 inches long, witih an eye in the cetltre-toggle rings of 0.5 inch round iron; the rualg that enters the thimble is 3 inches, thle otlier two 2.75 inches exterior dlameter-Ihook 5. 5 inches long; eye of 0.5 ilnch round iron, exterior diameter 2.5 inches; body of hook 0o 75 inch diameter, tapering to a point-thimibles 1.1 tnch. interior diameter-preolotenge'imlgs of 0. G inch round iron, 4.5 by 3.5 inches the colncave flattened part that is lashicd to the rope is 2 inches long', lashed with marline. SPONGs eUIKET, for field gln cairriages. It is made of sheet iron, NTo. 13; the top and bottom are turned over the si'des, and fastened. each by fieb rivets. Diameter 7.8 inches; heio'hit 9 inches'. The floajt is of wood, fasteilned by two ivel-s to a cross bar; it is put in before Lhe top is fastened on. Th11e iltidle of the float is fastened to it with tswo rivets, and it is connected with the bai! of the bucket by a chrd1int. The bail is fastened to thte blucket by twio eas, each held by trs'ee rivets.. togg'le, whlich is fastened. -to the bail by two tinks and a swivel, serves to attach thile bucket to the eye of:tIe axle strap on the gun carriage. T., a nuCIXT. Thle bucket is mtnde of sheet iron, No 1.3, like the sponge hbucket. The cover' is fastened to the top by a rivet onl which it turns, antd it is kept closed by shuttinig over a stutl riveted into the top. The ears are fastened[ to the bucket each by three s'ivets; a rsilg, for suspending the buclket on its hook, is connected with the ears by tiwo chais,-, Diameter of bucket 7o21 inches; height 8 inches, NOMENT.CLA.'TURL E DlivTENSTO1S1'WEIGHTS. 1 i WATER BUCKET, for the traveliing forge. The staR'cs and the bottolt are of oak; there are sixteen staves, and the bottom is made of not more thanr two pieces. Three hoops, made of hoop iron, No. 16; each hoop is joined together with toro rivets, No. 1, and, fastened to the buecket with two rivets. Twso ears let into the sides, and fastened each by one rivet. The bail has a link connected with it by a swivel. Diameter at top 11 inches; bottom 10.25 inches; height 11 inches. WATER BUCKET, for garrison service. It is made in a s.imilar manner with the preceding, except that the bail has no link and swivel attached to it. Diameter at top 10.25 inches; bottom, 13.5 inches; height 11 inches. WATERING BeUCrET, for field service, made of sole leather. The bottom is of two thicknesses, fastened to each other with 25 coppero rivets, and to the sides with 61 rivets; the side seams fastened with 28 rivets, all 0.5 inch long;. A rim of sheet copper, No. 24, is fastened on the upper edge with 14 copper rivets; 2 ears for the bail, fastened each with 4 rivets, 0. 62 inch long. The bail is of rlound iron 0.5 inch thick. Interior diameter of the bucket at top 12 inches; at bottom, 10 inches; heiglht 9 inches. SHOVEL-blade sheet iron, pointed with steel-length 12 inches; width 10.5 inches —handlle (ash) 1.5 inch thick at bottom, and 1.25 inch at top; length 45 inches —ing', 1.5 inch diameter, secured by a strap, to the handle at 9 inches from the upper end. PICKAXE; iron, pointed at both ends with steel-length of each blade 6.5 inches; width of edge of axe 3 inches-handle (hickory) about 1.5 inch by 1.25 inch, and 30 inches long. FELLING AxE-blade with steel edge, length 7.25 inches; width of top 3.5 inches, of edge 4.75 inches; thickness at top 0.75 inch, at the eye 1.25 inch; size of the eye 2.25 inches by 0.75 inch-handle (hickory) 27 inches long. HAND BILL, OR BILL HOOK; (iron with steel edges)-blade, whole length 8.25 inches; width in the middle 3 inches, near the shank 2.7 inches; thickness 0.25 inch-hook 1 inch long-shank 8 inches long —handle (hickory) 7.5 inches long. DRAG ROPE; 4 inch rope 28 feet long, with a thimble worked in a loop at one end, and a thimble and hook at the other end-6 handles, wood, 12 inches long, 1.5 inch in diameter, fastened in the rope at the distance of 4 feet apart, and at the same distance from the ends of the rope. MEN'S HARNESS; 4 inch rope 18 feet long, with thlimbltes and a hook like the drag rope-instead of handles, 10 loops made of strips of bapg leather 5 feet long,. 75 inches wide, are fastened to the rope in pairs, each pair being secured. in place by two knots worked on the rope; the first pair of loops at 3 feet frome hxe hook; the others, at a distance of 31 feet apart. 118 GIr CHAP. IV. —-IMPLERMENTS AND EQUIP MENTS. SCREW JACK; for field service. The stand, (cast iron;) the hoistivg screw;the nut; 2 handles; the cap plate, fastened on the top of the stand by 4 screws~ Height of the stand 19 inches; length of screw 15 inches; handles 7.25 inches eac ho. WeigAts af tiplements and Eqgupments. KIND. weight. KIND. Weight. Lbs. Lbs. (42-pdr.. 0.7 Fuze nlug reamnelr.......... 0.3 32-pdr.. 0.65 Fuze extractor.............. 3.53 Woolle 24-pdr.. 0.5 Gunner's pincers........... 0.85 oollen sponges. 18-pd r. 0.4 Gunner's callipers.......... 0.5 12-pdr.. 0.35 Gunner's quadrant, wood.. 0.84 ( 6-pdr.. 0.25 Gunner's perpendicula r... 0.6 p gc e.Matti-l 0.........l........ 10. Sponge coer.... 4-pr. 0 Pointing wire.......... 0.08 6-pdr.. 0.14 11.uoin, for siege mortars.... 7. Trail handspikle...... 7... 7.25 Chock................. 1.4 Manmeuvring handspike 8.25 PTlummet...,,...o.... 1. Shod handspike and long 12 Scraper... 2. 3 man-xuvring handspike. Spatula................. 75 Truck handspike.......... 18.5 Splint.................. 0.03 Roller handspike........... Gunner's sleeve........... 0.25 Linstock.................. 0.9 Basket................... 4. Port-fire stoelc.e......... 0.65..ll., 9 DPass box.7 *.. b.. 4.. 4 4 ~. 17 r Tarpauins...... e54 Pas s bo x..................... Laa~ge... 54. Budge barrel.......... 8-inch 5. Gunner's havresack l........ 1.86 Mortar tompions. 10 8-inch 5 Port-fire case.............. 5510-inch 7. Tube pouch............... 0.95 Broom (hicliory).......... 3.75 Prining, horn.............. 0.86 Shell hooks.......2. Priming wire.............. 0.08 Tow hooks........ 0.6 Gunner's gimlet............ 0.08 Funnel.................... 0.32 Vent punch.......08 4 oz.... 0.3 Thumbstall............... 0003 8 oz O 5 ThumbataIJD l.~ro~ ~~r~r 0 003'; Lfowelr measures. lb 0.5 Port-fire cutter........... 0.77 m lb...75 Tangent scale.............. 21 3 l.. 1.6 Pendulum hausse and case 0. 65 Prolonge.................. 18. Cannon lock.............. 2.75 Sponge bucket............. 10. Lock cover................0.9 Tar bucket................ 7 Yern cover................ 0. 45 Water buclet, wood........ 10 Lanyard for fiiction prinmles. 0.10 Watering bucieet, leather... 8. Fuze sette................. 2.66 Shovel,..............., 4...75 Fuze mallet.............. 2.75 Pickaxe................. 6.5 Fuze saw................. 0.75 FYelling axe................ 6 Fuze rasp................... 0.75 Hand bill........... 2. Fuze auger................ 0.3 Dra. trope.......... 16.5'uze gimlet.......... 0.1 Men's hr Jes s............. Shell plug screw......... 0.31 1ecrew Jaclc................ 25. i / STORAGE. 119 Preservation and arrangement in Store. Imnplements collected together according to kind and calibre, in a dry place, arranged on shelves or racks, in bundles or bunches, or in boxes, according to their nature, with marks and labels showing the kind and number of the articles.'Sponges, rammners, ladles and worms complete, placed on pins in a vertical frame, or suspended vertically or horizontally by racks or hooks, from the joists, supported so as not to bend.-When in separate parts, the heads piled on shelves or on the floor, and the staves tied up in bundles, according to kind and calibre. The woollen sponges should be preserved fiom moths by means of camphor, pepper, &c., or by being sealed up in strong paper bags. Handspikes, in square piles, heads and points alternating. Leather Equipments-hung on pins or hooks, in dry and cool rooms. All wood painted, except tool handles-Iron either painted or oiled-See CHAPTER VII. Sappers and minlers tools, arranged in piles, the iron coated with varnish-See CHAPTE R YVIo C IHAPTER FIFTh. The construction of the field carriages requires a harness different, in somi. respects, from that of common wagons. The limber' having no sweep bar, the pole is supported directly by the wheel horses, by means of a chain which conK nects the hames with the pole yoke of the limber; and, in order to diminishl the weight at the end of the pole, the leading bars are dispensed with, the traces of the leaders be'ng attached to those of' the wheel horses. The same harness is perfectly adapted also to tile siege carriages; but, as these are arranged for draught in the ordinary manner, common wagon harness may be used with them, if necessary. Black leather is used for the harness, when not otherwise specified; it should be of the best quality, and the strongest leather is selected for the parts which are exposed to the greatest strain, such as traces and breeching. The leather is sewed with strong waxed thread, in double stitch, with about eight stitches to the inch. The seam along an edge is 0.15 inch or 0.2 inch from the edge. The awls should be small for the thread. The ends of the thread should be well fastened before they are cut off. Straps, or other pieces which have buckles or iron loops attached to them, are generally doubled on a length equal to twice their width, to receive the buckle or loop, which is fastened by two seams. The double end is shaved down. Standing loops are placed close to the buckles. Their ends are shaved down, brought together, and fastened between the two parts of the strap, if it is doubled. The tongue holes for buckles are made with a punch corresponding to the size of the tongue. Their distance apart is generally equal to the width of the strap, and the first hole is at double that distance from the end of the strap. This end is shaved down and reduced in width, to facilitate its entrance into the buckle. The buwckles, loops, rings, and hooks are of wrought iron japanned, (black.) The buckles are all made with rollers. NOTE.-A layer is a piece of leather sewed upon another piece, to strengthen it. A chape is a piece used to fasten a buckle or a loop to a strap, or other piece of leather. A billet is a strap which enters a buckle. A safe is a piece of leather placed under a buckle, &c., to prevent it froml chafing. A 2k- ib'CHAP. V.-ARTILLERY HARNESSO Head Gear. Tne head gear is made of strong, black bridle leather, not less than 0.1 inch thick. HALTER. One crown piece, having a billet at each end, for the buckles of the cheek straps. Two cheek straps. Each of them is sewed to a square iron loop, and has at the upper end a buckle, with one standing and one sliding loop. One brosw band, having a loop at each end, through which the crown piece passes. One nose band, sewed to the same loop as the cheek straps. Two chin straps. They are doubled, and are sewed to the loops of the cheek straps, and also to another square iron loop in rear. One throat strap. It is made double and sewed to the last mentioned iron loop its upper end is formed into a loop to receive the throat lash. One throat lash, with one buckle, one stalndilg and onle sliding loop on the left side. It passes through the loops in the brow band and the throat strap. One chain, (common halter chain.) It consists of about 65 links, No. 1, connected by Iwo rings and. a swivel. It is fastened by a ring to the loop which connects the chin straps of the halter. The other end of the chain has a toggle and a loose risg, to hitch with. Whole length of chain, 4~ feet. BRIDLE,. One crown piece. It is split at each end, so as to form, at one end, two billets for the buckles of the cheek straps, and at the other, one billet and one buckle strap, with a bulckle and a standling loop for the throat lash. One brows band, formed into a loop at each end for the crown piece to pass through. Two cheek straps. Each of them is sewed at the lower end into an iron loop, and has at the upper end a bsuckle, with one standing and osne slidirng loop, to fasten it to the crown piece. Two billets for attaching the bit to the loops of the cheek straps. Each billet has a buckle with one standling and onle sliding loop. Twco reins. Each rein is sewed to a billet, which has a buckle, a standing and a sliditng loop, for attaching it to the bit. The short rein is on the near side, and has a buckle, a standing and a sliding loop, for the billet of the long rein. THE BIT. It is made of iron, tinned. The bars are riveted into the cheek pieces. There should be different degrees of severity in the curve of the port mouth. Ti-e Nwidth of the bit, between the cheeks, also varies for three sizes, viz: 4) inch, 5 inch, and 15 inch; about three-fifths bein-g of the medium size. The curb chainl consists of 19 links, diminishing in size fiom the middle towards each-end. It is attached by an S to the right cheek piece, -nd by a hook to the left. SADDLES. 123 Driver's Saddle. WooD. The frame of the tree is made of beech, and consists of the poenmel, the cantle, and two side bars, which are notched into the pommel and cantle. The frame is covered with catvas, which is glued on and paintedl. IRON. Two pominel plates. The upper one is fastened by six rivets passing through both plates; the lower one by two additional rivlets in each end, one of which holds one end of the stirrup bar. One cantle plate, fastened on the under side of the cantle and the side bars by teee rivets. Two stirrusp bars. The firont end fastened to the pommel by one of the rivets of the lower pommel plate; the rear end fastened to the side bar by one trivet. The stay is formed of a piece of iiron bent round the stirrup bar, and fastened to the side bar by one rivet. There is a rollel on each side of the stay, for the stirrup antd girth billets to pass over. Two loops, with rollers; one fastened to the pommel, the other to the cantle, by two of the rivets which hold tlie plates. The saddle tree is covered with hemp webbing and strong tow linen, stretched on and nailed to the tree. LEATHER. The seat is covered with black upper leather, and stuffed with deer's hair. Tswo shirts are sewed, with welts, to the cover of the seat. Tswo iron loops, for holster straps, are fastened to the front of the saddle by leather loops which pass through slits in the skirts, anid are nailed to the tree. Two inner skirts, or flaps, nailed to the side bars, protect the pad from being chafed by the stirrup and girth leathers. The pad is made of russet sheep skin, lined with strong linen, and faced with black sheep skin; it is stuffed with deer's hair, and quilted. Two iron loops, for cloak straps, are fastened by leather loops, which are nailed to the under side of the cantle. One billet, for the collar strap, is sewed to the upper loop on the pommel. Two girth billets, and twvo billets for the trace loops, are sewed ont the stirrup bars, behind the middle stay. Two stirrup leathers pass over the stirrup bars in front of the stay; the buclcle, with one standing and onle slioding loop, is sewed to the thin end of the strap, which is doubled and stitched, on a length of 8 inches, where it passes through the eye of the stirrup. The girth is of thick black leather. It has a buckle and a standing loop fastened to each enIe by a layer. The pommel and the cantle are plated with sheet breass, No. 20, fastened with brass tacks. Valise Saddle. WooD: The frame of the tree is made like that of the driver's saddle, except in its dimensions. t124 CHAP. V.-ARTILLERY HARNESS. IRON: The lower ponmmel plate is fastened by ten rivets, six of which also hold the upper plate. These plates have holes in them for the shank of the bridle hook. The hole in the upper plate is square; that in the lower, round. The cantle plate is fastened under the cantle with eight 1rivets. The hook for the reins is fastened to the top of the pommel by a nut. The end of the shank should be riveted over the nut. Twao loops, for the collar strap and the crupper, are fastened to the pommel and cantle, as in the driver's:, iddle. Four oval ri'ngs, for the valise straps, are fastened by staples which are driven into the tree; two of them in the side bars and two in the cantle. LEATHER: The seat and the paed are formed as in the driver's saddle, but the seat is not stuffed. The skirts are joined in a similar manner to the cover of the seat. The girth is of leather, and is sewed to the off skirt of the saddle; it has a bueckle and two loops, fastened to it by a layer. A billet for the girth is sewed to the near skirt. Twuo billets, for the trace loops, pass through the skirts, and are nailed to the side bars. Twso valise straps, each with a bseckle, a standihlg and a sliding loop. A billet for the collar strap is sewed to the iron loop on the pommel. The crsepper strap is double. It is sewed to the iron loop on the cantle, and has another loop, with a roller, attached to the rear end, for the back strap of the crupper to pass through, so that the same crupper may fit both saddles. Valise. The valise is made of black bridle leather, and lined with cotton ticken. The lining is pasted to the inside of the valise; it is sewed round the borders of the outer cover, forming a pocket which has an opening in the middle. The inner flap is held down by a strap passing through six staples of iron wire, No. 12, and fastened by a buckle and loop; a strip of leather is stitched over the inner ends of the staples. The ends of the valise are double. The cover is fastened down by three billets and three buckle straps and loops. The handles are of leather, rounded and sewed into the ends. Two loops, 1 inchk wide, for the valise straps to pass through, are sewed to the bottom of the valise. Whip. The stock is of hickory or of raw hide, about 30 inches long. It is covered with braided leather. A loop for the hand is fastened to the butt of the whip. The leather should be well fastened together at the small end. A lash of thread is tied on, and not plaited in with the leather. DRaUGHT HARNESSo 25 Leg Guard.'he body is made of stout kip leather; two layers are stitched to the upper alnd lower parts. The under strap, to pass under the foot, is sewed to the bottom. Four leg straps, each with a buckle and a loop, are fastened to the body of th.e leg guard, under the plate. The billet ends of these straps pass through sMits in the body. The plate is of iron 0.1 inch thick, and is fastened to the body with five rivets. JVose _Bay,'. The bottom is made of stiff leather, 6 inches diameter and 4 inches deep, to — 7which a bag of strong linen is sewed. /idth of bag at the top, 15 inches; whole height, 15 inches. The head strap, 1 inc.h wide, has a buclle strap 6 inches long? and a billet 34 inches long, sewed to the bag. Draug/hl Hainess. THE COLLAR. The risa is made of bridle leather, and stuffed with uncut rye straw. The belly, made of upper leather, in two pieces, is stuffed with straw r;ut into pieces not longer than 4 inch. The collars are of 2 sizes, 17 and O0 inches; they are made open at the top, and the size is ffrlther varied by tIwco buckle straps and tewo billets sewed to the opein ends. A pad, made of black sheep skin, stuffed with deer's hair, protects the neck of the horse from being chafRdf by these straps. THE HAnIES are made of iron, and painted black. The branches have studs iorged on them to receive the bolts of the joint loops for the trace tugs; these loops turn fieely on the bolts. Twvo links, for supporting the breast strap, are welded into the eyes of the bolts. Two ritngs, for the trussing straps, are welded into the rectangular eyes at the uppe'r ends of the branclles. The branches are joined together, at the lower ends, by a clasp which is made fast to the off bra.nch. The chaisn and toggle, for connecting the pole yolke with tl-;e hames, are fastened to the hames clasp. Twoo leather s(fes:are sesved round the branches, under the joint loops, to protect the collar from being chafed by the trace tugs. Two tsr ce tlig s, made of four layers of leather, 0. 63 inch thick, are stitched into tle joint loops and into twvo loop rings through which the traces pass. Two trussing straps, each with one buckle, one standing, and one slidinlg loop,. pass through the rhings in lthe upper ends of the hames. They are used for trussing up the harness. Onle hatmes st'rap, with a btuckle and twOo loops, connects the two branches together at the top. 126 OH C:AP. V.- ARTILLERY HIARNlE-E S.S One collar str'p, havingl one buckle and one loop, passes rounld the halmes strap, and is buckled to the billet on the pommel of the saddle,'o keep the collar in place. Texe TRACES, for the wheel and the leading harness, are alike, except in the length of thle leather part. The leathcr trace is made of three layers of leather~, maiking a thickness of 0o 63 inch. An iront loop is fastened to each end with thrIee rivels, 0. 25 inch thick. The trace c/lins are made of iron 0.3 inch diatneter. The fiont chain las five lbincs and a toggle. The rear chain has foureteen links, four rings, (oval,) ando a toggle. Two trace loops. The loop is formed by doubling the leather. It has at the upper end a buckle and a standing loop, )by means of which it is connlected with the billet on the saddle. At the lower end of each trace loop is an iron loop, to which the belly band is sewed. The belly band is mnade in two pArts, one being a billet, and the other havin- a buckle and a standing loop. Onse loias strap, for supporting the traces. It is the same for the wlheel asnd tke leading harness, except in length. A layer is sewed under the middle of the wheel loin strap, forming a loop through which the back strap of the crupper passes. Each end of the loin strap is buckled into a loop, lilke those just de:scribed, through whichl the trace passes. TIHE CRUPPER. The dock is made of a piece of leather, 3.5 inches wide and. 14 inches long, which is doubled and rounded, without being stuffed. A buckle and a standling loop are sewed to each end. The body of t.he crupper is split, at the rear end, into two billets which connect it with the buckles of the dock. At the other. end are a btickle and four loops for the billet of the back strap. A layer, 10 inches loe, is sewed on the body, leaving an opening for the hip strap) to pass through; a short layer is inserted under the first, il rear of this opening.. The back strap is sewed in under the first layer in front of the opening for the hip strap. The bacl strap, passing through the loop in the middle of the ioibr strap, and through the iron crupper loop on the saddle, returns to the buckle, on the body of the crupper. A sliding loop holds the two partS togoether, n.ear the saddle. BreecAing. Thelbseechl st'p) is msade ot'i' tcik heariess leather. A layer, also of stout leather, is stitched on the outside of the strap. A buckle and three standing loops are fastened, at each end, by both these pieces of leather, which are turned back three or four inches and stitched down. Two iron loops are fastened by chapes sewed to the reech strap. toc'z tcugs, for the hip straps, are fastenedl to the breeclh strap); two of thier if) the buckles, iand two in the iron loops. These tugs are trade double, an.d have :DRAUGHT ARNESS. 127 each a buckle and!hoiee staltding loops attached to them. A sa/e is sewed to tle inside of each tug: to prevent it fi'om cllafing the lhorse. The hip strap is made in one piece, split at each end into two billets which buclkle into the tougs of the breech strap. The breasi strap is made of three layers put together in such ai manner as to mike the Strap 0. 3 inch thick in the middle, and 0.5 inch at the ends, wher-e it. is hbclkled to the breech strap. The breast strap is supported by the iron loops on the hames, and by the trace loops attached to the saddle. An iron loop, with an eye lor the pole chain hook, slides on the middle part of the breast strap; it is covered wvitih leather, to prevent it from chafing the strap. The pole chain h1ook is like the trace hook of the limber; it is welded into the eye of the sliding loop, and forms a direct connection between the pole and the breeching, independently of the collar and lhames. Harness required for each /1or'se. VIHEELERS,.,EADERS. PARTS. PNeaA Ot Near Of, side. side. sided si d(e. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I L bs. FIalter............................ 1 I 1 1 3 5 Bridle.......... o. e. O liOt O O O......... L ~ I I 1 i P 3 Driver's saddle..... o. o... o. i o 1 ia....... Valise saddle and valise....... O........ 1 o o i11.. Collar and hames...... 0 9.. O......1 1. 1 1, 6 Pair of traces' Leading. O....... I...... o 1 1 i 1. S Trace loops and belly band............ 1 i. 1 1 Loin straps and trace loops j Wheel.. e I ee 1 1 Leading..........II sCrupper J. I....... Breeching, hip strap and breast strap. 1 1........... 8.5 Leg gualrd........ o O O Q.. OOO. 9 a I 1.... 0 O o.... O S 9 2 W hip.................. I O. IO...... 5 I Nose bag........... 1...... O.. 0vO Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. For each horse..... 65.15 55.9 56.4 49.4 flWEGHTo <, H Set for 2 horses.......... 121.05 105,8 PLATE 13 represents the harness of each horse complete. It shows the maYn.-ner in which the parts are put together, and also the manner of hitching o;gthe horses to the carriage. 9 i28 c~a'~CHAP., V.-ARTILLERY HARINESSo.Dimensions of the principal leather pars of arztiZlery lharness, with the number and size of buckles~ 0; | JLENGTHI BUCKLES. P.ARTS. - - iinCut. is edJ No. Width I Il I ln. 1 In In, Crown piece............ 1 1l25 30 30 Cheek straps......... 2 125 12.5 2 1.25 Brow band.............. 1 1.25 121 15. ALTrEP. - Nose band............. } 1 1.25 18.5 14 Chin straps.............. 2 1.25 12 5.25 Throat strap............. 1 1.25 13.5 6 2 25 Throat lash....... 1 1 44 42 1 I Crown piece..................5 31. Thiroat lash.,.............75... 4 2 1.75 Brow band............. 1 1 23 16 BRIGL..o Cheek straps........... 1. 12.5 8 2 I Bit billets.....,.. 7 D a o 2 1. 12 9 2 ni s I long........... I 11 60 60 Reins, a short........, 1 1 42 40 1 1 ( Billets oi reins.......... 2 1 9 9 2 1 Flaps............ a.. 2 155 24 Skidrs 2 15 5 24.5 e o DRivE, 1 Biliet for collar strap..... 1 1.25 10 8 DRVER'S E Giltlh billets............. 2 1.25. 15 SADDLE. o ~Prace loop billets......,, 2 1.5 i 7 5 Stirrup leathers.......... 2o, 5 64 56 2 1.5 Girth.................... I 1 2 5 45 45 2 1.255 Skirts.................... 5 15 G'riith billet.............. 5 2 26 Gir............ l, e 2 5 41 41 1 1.5 VALISE Ti Si.BOLE.' Tr1ace loop billets. 0..... 1 2.5 18 1 Billet for collar strap.... 1 1.2O 10 8 S Crupper strap........... 1 1 51' Valise straps............. 2 1 37 35 2 BoEnds y................... 1 18. 25 Ends.......,...,. 6.25 7. 25 IInner lap............... 4 16 -':*`A,als,, - Strap for flap............. 1 88 18 1 1 88 Cover..................: 1 10 20.3 Bu61 c 1 kl1 e s t 1 a p s Q D 1 @ @ @ J 4 3 a | 3 g 8 8 4 p 3 | 83 I Bille strapsble as........... 3 81 8 8 (Billets for budkle straps, 3.88 7.5 7 ?.';'65/a // i)'i*oea 2o:'Js-~<')on.1inua:; o IN. KT?.,hN F in1 8 ii 14 - UCLEJ, o 2 1 1 No9 l.idt ished-, }I!roolos, I II.. Boy......... 1 1..3. 1|. ) 17 1 201. l.]i.>a... Poo' strap........... 1. 8 L4:t4 ne GUARD, 3) ) o,,, - 0,,., I z3 4 1 4 47 L e c~o ha p, 7 95 75 3olar~ b.illeti. s............... iJ 15 3 -, /, ileEria. 1 N T "l8it& SI 0 0 0 3 ~ 12 t1 3 I Tracel., tugs.1.. 9. 1 1 1>' i. TrUssing' st a. s 12', a Beosd y,1,',,,",o 1 7 5 i} 1 25 P t: Layer 1 oY banoilody5 1 10 10 t ac sp..1. 0 J.... 1 2 3 1 42 12 10 I Ee 7 r01 ~0.iee......ap..i 1 1i5 450 Leadg s 1.... O, D I 95 6 9 2 Ta Sfe [coos o25. 0. DB keaat trap " 3?1 o3 n 3 1 15 - 14450 / B (5 i 25y i 25:9 130 CHAP V.-ARTILLERY HARNESS, Leather, &c,,. required fbr 1 set of wheel and t set of leading harness, for 2 horses each. Harness leather......................o.........O 8 sidesBridle leather o.................................. a o o o....... o o o o o 5 sides, Collar...................................................... o o o o o 6 ides Horse skin,,,,..... 2 o o o sides. Russet sheep skins.................................. o. o 6 Black sheep skins...................................... o o 2 Deelr's hair................................................. a812 Ibs Hemp webbing............................................ 5 yds, 1 side of collar leather makes 14 whips. Przeservation of Harness in Store. The store houses should be well ventilated, not too dry, but free from dampness. The different articles should be arranged according to kind and class,. separated or in bundles according to their nature, so placed as to touch each other and the walls as little as possible, having a free circulation of air about them-saddles on trestles or bars —collars hung on pins-hamnes, with their straps, and traces with chains and hooks, hung up; the traces hanging vertically-side pipes and belly bands piled on the floor or on shelves-ssurcingles and breast straps stretched on racks-halters, bridles, reins, &c., hung up in bundles of five or tenhames straps, collar straps, &c., hung up in bundles of ten or twenty-bits, curb chains, trace hooks, in boxes. All these articles should be examined and cleaned at least four times a year. The leather articles are brushed and greased with neat's foot oil, as often as their condition requires: if they have a reddish hue, mix a little lamp black with the oil. First brush the leather carefully, then pass over it a sponge wet with luke warm water; grease it slightly on the hair side, applying the oil with a soft brush before the leather is quite dry. In general, new leather is not greased until it has been in store three years, unless it should be found to require it. Iron parts which are not japanned or tinned, or from which the coating is rubbed off, are greased with tallow. CHAPTER SIXTH. MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY. The carriage and most of the equipments for mountain service beaing of a peccu -liar kind, all the details relative to them are collected, for more convenient refers ence, in this chapter. The ordnance for mountain service is the light 12-pdr. howitzer, described in CHAPTER I. The gun carriage is adapted to transportation on a pack horse; but for occasional draught when the roads permit, it is furnished with a thill, which is used with the same saddle that carries the pack. GUN CARRIAGE.-Plate 14.'WooD: 1 stock, in two pieces; 2 doswels; 1 axletree. Iron. 3 assembling bolts; 4 washers; 3 nuts. I handspike staple. 2 wuasher hooks, (drag hooks.) 2friction plates, for shaft; 4 nails. 2 trunnion plates; 6 nails. 1 box, for elevating screw. 2 bolts, for do.; 2 nuts. 2 bolts, for do.; 2 washers; 2 nuts. 2 chin bolts; 2 nuts. 1 elevating screw. 2 key bolts; 2 nuets. 1 axle skean. 2 cap squares; 2 eye pins. 1 axle bolt; 2 swashers; I nut. 2 cap square chains; 2 eye pins. 2 rivets, for axle arms; 4 burrs. 2 cap square keys. 2ferrueles, for axle arms; 2 rivets. 2 key chains; 2 eye pins. 2 axle bands; 4 nails. 2 imaplemenlt hooks. 2 understrapso 2 staples, for straps. 2 linch pins. I lrunette; 2 rivets; 6 nails. I trail plate; 6 nails. 2 WHEELS. 1 knee, for trail plate; 2 rivets. Wheel. WooD: 1 nave; 12 spokes; 6fellies; 6 dowels. RaoN. 4 nave bands; 12 nails. I tire; 6 tire bolts; 6 washers; 6 nuts. 1 nave box, (BaRs.) 1i36;01: CHAPTE'R VLf M1iX'OUNTAIN ARTILLER,,,'Ilili. Woo: 2 shfGs; I Cross'bar, no P I cross bars plate; 2 bolts an d 2 nails, for do 4 r'ivet s; i. screws: I supporting bar~ I key; I key chain; i eye pin~ 2 staples; 4 burrs, for do In attaching the thill to the gun carriage the supporthicsg bar is laidt 0 the tra':, plate, near the handspike staple, and the knee in rear of the lunette rests on the cross bar plate, the holes for the key in these two pieces correspondinmg with each other. IIMPLEMSENTS AND EQUIPMIENTS, Onse haazdspike, (ICKORY on R O.K.) At the small end it has a strap fastened by twio rivets, formning a loop by which to hang the handspike on its hool. At eight'inches from the other end there is a stop like that on the handspike of a field carriage. A loop of rope fastened in two holes at the middle of the handspike serves to assist in placing the gun on the pack saddle. Length 45.58 inches. One sposge and ranmmer. The staff (Ass) has a tenon at one end for the:ramnmer head, which is fastened by one wooden pin, and at the other for thle sponge head, fastened by two pinso The rammer head. is countersunk at the end, to avoid striking the faze in ramming a shell. The neck has a copper band, fastened by three nails. Diameter of rammer head 3.24 inches; of sponge head 1o5 inches,.Whole length 49 inches. Near the rammer head an eye pin is riveted into the staff, for the purpose of attaching the imnplement to the carriage, and in the middle of the staff is a oop of'rope, hlise that in the handspike, and for a similar use. One linstock. Diameter 1 inch; length 24 inches, Onee havresack. O3ne tube pouch, for primerso rOne ditto, for fuzes, One sponge cover. MOne prim2ing wire. One gunner's gimlet. } Lise those for field service, C.AP, IV, One vent cover. One faze plug ireaentesr One gu1nner's pincers. Two lanyards, for friction tubes One small tarpaulin.,,: PACK SADD:LE.'! 3 PAC.C SADDLE,. Plate 14a Wioouo TwVo (rcCs, foxr the firamc. They are made each of' three pieces, gluec. together and fastened by six screws in the front are, and eighi screwvs in tile realr Twio transoms. They have circular notches for the trunnions of the gun to lie in. They are fastened to the arcs by bolts which traverse their whole iengthh and by onbe screw in each end. One cross bar. It is let into the transoms, and fastened to them by twlo screws in each end. Two ismer side bars. They are fastened to the arcs by three screws in each endt Twto outer side bars. They are mortised into the arcs. Each of these bars has a piece of leather nailed on the outside, where the lashing rope passes round it, for securing the pack on the saddle. Twvo round bars. They connect the lower ends of the arcs, to which they are joined by round tenons and mortises, and fastened by onle screw in each end. This screw serves also to strengthen the bearing notch for the ammunition chest. IRON. Two arc plates. They are fastened on the outside of the arcs, each by tweo rivets and by the assembling bolts. They have hooks at each end, for attaching the lashing chains of the ammunition and tool chests. Each plate has a staple riveted to it in the middle. To the staple on the front plate a wooden button is strapped, to hook the bridle on. The crupper strap is attached to the staple on the rear plate. Twoo assemobling bolts. They pass through the transoms, connecting the front and rear arcs together. Too nuts for these bolts. Four' staples, for confining the lashing straps. They are fastened to the arcs by twoo rivets in each. LEATHER. Four billets, for lashing straps. They are fastened near the head of' the arcs, each by one screw and a staple. Four buckle strapcs, for the same. They are fastened to the inside of the aresc at the lower end, each by one screw. Twao buWIcle straps, for the billets of the shoulder straps. They are fastened to, the front arc, each by one screw and tlvo nails. One cover, (bridle leather.) It is stretched over the inner side bars and nailed to the inside of the arcs. A strip of thin leather is put under the heads of the nails. Two flaps, of harness leather, are sewed to the lower ends of the cover. Two thill straps. They pass over the round bars and form loops for the shafts of the gun carriage. 134 CHAP. VI. —OTOUNTAIN ARTILLERY. One lining, (thick black leather.) It is nailed to the inside of the arcs and' sewed to the flaps of the cover, below the round bars. Sixgirth billets. They are sewed to the lining, three on each side of the saddle. Four iron loops, for the breeching and breast straps. They are held by leather loops which are sewed to the lining. One girth, (strong hemp webbing.) It has three buckles sewed to each end, with leather loops. One pad. The upper side is made of sheep skin; the lining, of strong canvas. It is stuffed with straw and deer's hair and stitched in the usual manner.. The pad is fastened to the lining of the saddle with ten leather thongs. HARNESS.-Placte 14. The same harness is used for the packs and for draught, except that the lashing girth and lashing rope are not required for the latter purpose. The harness is made of black leather, like that for field artillery. Bridle. One crown piece. One end is split into two billets, and the other into a billet and buckle strap, for the throat lash and cheek pieces. One buckle and one standing loop, for the throat lash. One buckle and loop, attached to the top of the crown piece; for the billets of the winker straps. One brow band. It is formed into a loop at each end, through which the crown piece passes. Two cheek straps. Each strap has two buckles and five standing loops. The upper end of the strap is buckled to the billet of the crown piece; the lower end passes through the ring of the bit. Two winkers. They are sewed to the cheek straps and supported at the front part by two straps, which are fastened in the buckle at the top of the crown piece. One leading rein. It is sewed into the ring on the right end of the bit, and passes through the other ring. A woodein button is sewed into a loop at the loose end of the rein, with a leather washer inside of it. THE BIT. It consists of a bar and twso rings, made of iron and tinned. Halter. The halter and its chain are like those used for the field artillery.-=CIrAPo V HARN'ESS. 135 OCupper.o The dock, with a buckle and loop at each end, by which it is connected with the body of the crupper, the rear end of the latter being split into two billets for tihat purpose..The back strap. It is sewed to the crupper and passes through the staple on the rear are plate of the saddle. One buckle, with three stantling loops and a sliding loop, for the billet of the back strap. The loin strap passes between the back strap and the body of the crupper. The ends are two billets to which the breeching is buckled. Breeching. The breech strap. To each end of it is sewed a side strap, with a buckle and foubr standing loops. These side straps pass through two iron loops on the pack saddle, or through the staples in the shafts, when the harness is used for draught. Two buckle straps. Each strap has a backle and three stalnding loops. It is fastened to the breech strap by an iron loop and a chape. A safe is sewed under each strap, its whole length. These buckle straps receive the billets of the loin strap which support the breeching. Breast Strap. The breast plate. A billet strap, with a buckle and three loops, is sewed to each end of the breast plate. These billets are buckled into the front iron loops on the pack saddle, or into the staples on the shafts, when the harness is used for draught. Two shosulder straps. They are sewed to the breast plate, which they support by means of the buckle straps on the front of the pack saddle. Lashing Girth and Rope. The girth is a broad piece of thick leather, to each end of which an iron hook is fastened. The lashing rope; 2- inch rope, 10 feet long; it is used, with the girth, to secure the pack on the saddle. ttAP~ N~l t I Y.10,,, TN I T L L 0 i, -The ammul tn-lto for ti-e mountain h-tzevitlze contsis of.sih;elf. >/~s,_~'icc,::a.^e:>:eit and ccaisenters, to ali of hh clt hie cartdge; " - sxd by meane 0 Sa-o(. For instractions relative to tihe m annel of fix iig i;e arluninione se C. _-.'Tlie c'ge oeflwdOeOe?' is ainiformnly 8 oz, ihe ca't'seidge bag i'ls ade oaf woollen sdtuff Diameter of circular bottom., cU'Lt.I c..,.. iro e Lengtl of'. ectaieng,.............C...... 452.Diameter of cartridge finished,... Sabots' For shell U-t? 1\\- Rh''S7ON V. 01* For' I:: I _ =, O~5ND iONC C I' or.t - o | r.i / Whole height................ o..... 3 75:Height of conical part..... i,.......... o 55.T- ( I.. D. o v t B w C o......e! c 2 Diamerter of conical part. To...................... Diameter at the bottom of tlle saboto...o o o. o o ~ Depth......................... I.o3,Cavity for tie shell, P adius of curvature. G.,,,.. 2,E2 Diamet@er................ 4.. 4. Cylinder for tin canister. }{Heiglt................. 0 Distance from middle of groove to bottom of sabot..... 0.55 o55 Width of glroo s e..............0................... a o 0 3 u 3 Depth of groove........................... 0O o 5 0 0I,Straps acnd Rtin'gs for Shel/s, The shell or spherical case is fixed to lhe sabot by means of 4 strap.s of tin which are hooked into slits in a ring of tin round the fuze hole anld are fastened to tehe sabot, each by 2 iron tacks. X Exterior. ~.,a. 25 inches, Diameter of ring.. Interior.,..,,,.,,. I nterior.OOr o rr a o J rS o o5 G o G L o Width of straps...... o. o................. 0.45 (' Length of strap............ t....'7, 5 CGaps jo r C'aritri'dges.'Plhe cartridge is covered with a paper cap. I-eight of paper for cap.. I e o.... -... 4.55 inches,, Width (cylinder developed)............... 10. ( Length, exclusive of handle 6. Width at large end....... 4.50 F1at former for cap, 4 Width at small end,. 4.45 (Thickness 0.15' Height of cap.......................... 2.9 Diameter. 2.9 Cylindrical former for choking caps.. I Dieiht.er 9. Shells and Spherical Case Shol. The shells and spherical case shot are the same as for other pieces of the same calibre. The fitzes are like those for field service, viz: The composition is contained in a paper case, which is inserted; at the moment of firing, into a wooden plug previously driven into the fuze hole. These fuzes being all of the same length, the time of burning is regulated by the proportions used in making the fuze composition; see CHAPTER Xo The 2 second fuzes are colored black; the 3 second, red; 4 second, green. After the shell or spherical case has been strapped to the sabot, it is charged with powder; the fuze plug is then driven in, and the hole for the paper fuze reamed out. This hole is then stopped with a plug of tow, pressed in hard, The wooden plug should project about 1 inch from the fize hole. Charge of shell......................... 7 oz. rifle powder. 41 oz. rifle powder. C gan'e of spheric.1 case -............... -1.... Chmarge efspierical case.. * e~*, ~ 78 musket balls. Canisters. The canister for the mountain howitzer is filled with musket balls; its dimensions and weight are as follows: Length of tin for the cylinder, (lap included).... 14.4 inches. Heighe of do................................ 40 Interior diameter of cylinder......... o...... 4.47 6 Diameter of plates.......... o............... 4.42 Thickness of bottom iron plate................ 0.25 6 Thickness of sheet iron cover.............. o 0.07 " Number of balls in each tier.,...,............. 37 Number of tiers of balls,,,,,,,.....,,......... 4 Whole number of balls..,................... 148 Height of finished canister, including sabot...... 6.85 inches,'Weight of finished canister, including sabot..... 11 2 lhbs 138 CHAP. VI. —-IOUNTAIN ARTILLERY. Fixed lmmunition. DIMENSIONS AND EIGEITS. Shell. Spherical Canister. case, In. In. In.o Height of shell straped, or canister with sabot.... 5. 92 5.92 6.85 Height of round of fixed ammunition........... 8.17 8.17 9.1 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Weight of projectile, strapped and load loaded....... 9.2 11. 1 1 o1 Weight of round of fixed ammunition........... 9.8 11.6 11.8 Primers. Friction tubes are generally used for the mountain howitzer, for which they are particularly convenient, in dispensing with the lock. But the lock with percussion primers may be used, or the common tube and match. Packing.Immunition. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF BOXES. Shells. Spherical aniscase. terso In. In, In, ( Length.................. 27.5 27.5 27.5 Interior dimensions. Width................ 9.25 9.25 9025 Depth.. 8.5 8.5 9.5 Number of rounds in a box................... 12. 12. 12. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs, Weight of ammunition........................ 117 6 139.2 141 6 Weight of box packed..................... 150. 172. 175o The ammunition is placed upright in the box; the projectiles below, with thin strips of wood under the shells and spherical case, to prevent the fuzes from bearing on the bottom. For further instructions, relative to the manner in which the boxes are made and packed, see CHAP. X. In each box there are placed, with the ammunition: 6, 2-second fuzes..(black).. ] 12, 3-second fuzeso.(red).... I for the shells and spherical case, 6, 4-second fuzes..(green)..o 10 priming tubes; 1 port-fire; 2 yards slow match. EQU1IPMENT. 139 AIIMIUNITION CHEST. WOOD: 2 ends; 2 sides; 1 bottom.-l pastel and 2 clamps, for the lid. 2 beckets, for the handles; 8 screws. 2 HANDLES, of 1 inch rope. IRON: I brace; 1 screw -1 stud plate; 1 rivet; 1 screw; l tsrsbuckle. 4 corner plates; 40 screws;-2 hilnges; 26 sceews. 2 lashing chaisns; 2 bridles; 4 rivets. —1 hasp; 4 screLws 1 LINEN COYER, painted, and fhstened with 160 copper tacks. 2 leather loops, for linstock; 8 screzws. ITNTERIOR Divimsoss: 8 long cleats, for suplporting the upper tier of ammunition; they are glued to the sides and fastened by 32 snails. 8 short cleats, fastened with 8 screevs and 16 slails. MANNER OF PACKING. The chest contains 8 rounds of fixed ammunition, viz: 2 shells, 5 spherical case, and 1 canister. Four of the spherical case are placed in the bottom tier, with the balls down; the remaining spherical case, the shells, and the canister in the upper tier, with the cartridges down; the canister in the right hand end of the chest. In each chest are placed: 2-second fuzes, (black)......................... 4 3-second fuzes, (red).......,............,,..... 7 4-second fuzes, (green).......................... 3 Priming tubes................................ 5 Friction primers................................ 10 Port-fire....................................... 1 Slow match....................*............ 2 yards. The fuzes and primers wrapped in water proof paper, and the whole load well packed in tow. A supply of friction primers, equal to half the number of rounds of ammunition belonging to the battery, should be carried in reserve, Implements and Equipments for each Ca rriageo 1 handspike I sponge and rammer on the carriage. 1 sponge cover, on the sponge. I vent cover, on the gun. Ilinstock, in the loops on the ammunition chest. 1 havresack, ) 1 tube pouch,! on the pack, with the ammunition chests.. 1 fuze pouch, 1 small tarpaulin, J 1 priming wire, in the tube pouch. I gunner's gimlet, i uze pou 2 lanyards for friction tubes, the fuze pouch. Iaunner's pincers, in tool chest A. I fuze plug reanmer, t40 CHAiPt, 75 or -I Ad15 OUNTAtY AITTILLEitC, PORTA'3 LE FPORGE, TFhe hearth is of sheet iron, No. I3, bent into a hollow form; anod rve:e to an iron fiame, The back of the hearth is bent under the blJttomn and ri'veted to it. The border of the hearth is bent round the bacsk and is riveted to it. atd to the frame. The back of the fire place is of sheet iron, No. 13, conallctec with. the back of the hearth by two brass hilng'es, which are riveted to each, Tic-e edg'es of both the back pieces are stiffened by strips of sheet iron riveted to them. An air back is formed by a piece of sheet iron, No. 7, bent hot into a convex shape, and riveted to the inside of the back plate of the fire-place, A bu-, ton, turning on an axis which is riveted to the outside of the back plate. ser ves to fasten this plate to a stud in the front border of the heartih, when the back is turned down on its hinges, The frame is supported by three legs, which are connected with it by bolts, so that they can be folded up close to the frame. The front leg is divided into two> branches, which are bolted to ito eye pieces that are riveted to the sides of tle frame. The two other legs are connected together by a cross bar, with a iut at each end. This bar supports also the fork in which the bellows handle works. The legs of the frame have round tenons at the lower ends, with shoulders which rest on three socket plates attached to the side of the forge chest, for the forge to stand on when set up for use. The belloiw;s handle is of iron, with a wooden head. It is attached to a for/k which fits in a square hole in the cross bar joining the rear legs of the frame, The lower end of the handle is hooked into a conaectinig rod attached to the rear end of the bellows; it is fastened to this rod by a sliding catch which is secured by a thumb screw. When the bellows is dismounted, this rod is hooked into an eye on the upper side of the bellows, to keep it closed, THE BELLOVS. The frame consists of an tppe7r, a lower, and a middle planek, (walnut) anrid twio ribs, (poplar,) connected by a cross head, as in a comrrmon. smith's bellows. There are valves in the middle and the lower plank, A bar of iron, attached to the middle plank, terminates in two journals, which. support the bellows, fitting in the joints of the rear legs of the frame of the forge T'he nozzle, of sheet iron, is inserted into the cross head, above the middle plank. It enters into a cast iron pipe which is attached to the rear of the forge back by means of a bridle bolted to the back plate of the hearth. A handle is attached to a plate which is fastened on the upper bellows plank. A"leaden weight of one pound is attached to the inside of the lower plank by the rivets which hold the eye plate on the connecting -rod. The bellows leather (calfskin) is fastened to the planks by small bellows nails, frURTABLE FOTR-E 14C1 T'.:v r FoaGx Bu'tuvcxz, Tis o'!' cshete iron, stiffened with a. band at top, and furrisl"ed withi a handle,'Ti'4 aN'VIL iS fitted into a block of tough oak, or other hlard wood, and. fastene,,d'J an iron 3niz T1he block has a band round the top, Twto rinbgs fastened bhy sp/le3 sterve foor handles~ TrE COAL A sc is S mnade of strong leather. It is 14 inches in diameter and 18 cIm.s high1; it is closed a, the too by a leather strap passing through slits in the salI. TOOL CHESTS.. NLe-,t;s }%n t'e For'ge rend S'mii/'s b oo.,,. The forge and ithe smith's tools are packed in two chests, which are alike,,exce[pt in the interior divisions. The forge chest has socket plates, for the legs of' the forge to stand on, WoOD, (walnut.) Two e?,ds and two sides, dovetailed together,. Oue bottorn let into the ends andl sides and fastened by thlirtytoo nails. One lid, made with!wo eiim! clatltps, like that of the ammunition chest. fLoNse.Foti' Ce?'eore plates, of sheet iron, INo. 18, fastenied each by eighteen, Tiveo hirtdles. The straps are turned under the bottom of the chest. They are fastened each by ote rivet and fourn screws. 7oe hlingeso The short strap is fastened to the inside of the lid by owze r'ivet ancd three screws, The long straps are bent under the bottom of the chest and fastened, each by three rivets and eleveon screws~ Two of these rivets hold. the bri'dle:br the lzsining chain, which is placed at the same distance from the bottorm as in- the ammunition chest. 0:ne hasp. The strap is let into the inside of the cover and fastened with four Oie hasp staple and plate. The staple is criveted into the plate, which is fas= tined to the box with tvwo rivets. O.ste line~n covering, like that of the ammunition chest, Three socket plates, fastened on the back of the forge chest, each by fouer screius. They have holes in them for the legs of the frame of the forge to stand in, when it is mounted for use. 142 CHAP. VI.-IOUNTAIN ARTILLERY, Contents of the Forge Chest and manner of packing.'The legs are folded up close to the frame, and the back of the fire-place its turned down on the hearth and fastened by its catch. The bellows is closed and fastened by the connecting rod, the handle being detached. The fire-place and frame are placed against the back of the chest, the hearth outwards. They are kept in place by a clamp which fits, over the top of the frame, into an iron staple fastened by two screws to the back of the chest. The bellows is placed on its side, with its top against the front of the chest.. One journal goes into a hole in a cleat screwed to the bottom. The nozzle is supported by a notched board which is framed into a cleat screwed on the bottom of the chest, and it is held fast by a buckle strap passing through a staple in the board. A clamp, with a hole for the upper journal, goes across the top of the bellows, and is held by staple plates screwed to the front and back of the chest. The bellows handle hangs on a cleat in the front of the box, towards the right hand, the hook downwards. One wrench, (for nuts:Nos. 1 and 4,) in two iron brackets on the right end of the chest, near the front. One hand hanner, a} One hrivetin hammer. With handles. e n Placed upright near the wrench,, _Oneybrepu~ch, On same handlepoh One creaser. handle. J Teln poulsds of horse shoe nails, in two strong linen bags, packed in tow, in the vacant space to the right of the bellows. SMITH S TOOLS. 143 Contents of Smith's Tool C/ies! and manner of packing. The anvil and its block are placed in the bottom of the chest,; the head of the anvil in a mortise made in a cleat screwed on the bottom. The block is fastened by a leather strap and buckle to an iron staple in the bottom of the chest. One swater boecket, (iron,) on the anvil block, resting on a moveable cleat which is hollowed out to fit the block and the bucket. One pair shoeing pincers, In a wooden cleat, on the front of the chest. One vice. One.nailizng ham7nlcr, t One shoeing hanmler, i In iron brackets, against the front of the chest. One splitting chisel. ) One pair^ tongs,` One pa'ir tocy~ j In a triangular cleat, in the left front corner. One pritchel, One hardlie, One clinching iron, In a wooden rack, on the left end. One shoeing knife. One poker, a One shovel, e In two wooden racks, on the back of the chest. O.nte rake, One nail punch. J Onre buttress, hung on two hooks in the front of the upper shovel rack, and held fast by a wooden button. One toe knife, in two cleats, on the back of the chest, near the top. One square e. In two racks, on the back of the chest, near the left end. Two flat files fastened by two cleats and a button to the inside of the lid. Ten pounds of horse shoe nails, in two bags; one on the bottom at the left end, the other in the water bucket. The bags of horse shoe nails should be distributed in the two chests so as to equalize and adjust the weight on each side. They should be packed in tow, to prevent injury to the tools. 44 C(CHAP. VI.- IOUNTAIN ARTILLERYT.c,Carriage makelr's Tools and $ Stores. The tools and stores for the use of carriage makers, in repairing the carri8sage_ and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those for the ammore nition, but without the interior divisions.,The hasp and hasp staples are like those of the forge chest. The two chests are designated by the letters A and B. Coltents of Carriage maker's Tool C/tests. ChIEST A. CHEST 3. claw hlatchet, 1 hand axe, I nailing hatchet, I claw hatchet, 2 firmer chlisels,. and inch, I nailing hatchet, I tryin, sqllare, 2 firmer chisels, I bevel, I firmer gouge, 2 augers, 1 and 5 in.; and one handle, I pair compasses, t riveting hammer, I trying square, six inches,'1 hand saw, I scriber, I jack plane, I rivetinog hamrmer 1 screw driver, I mallet, 1 rule, (two feet,) 3 gimlets, 3 gianlets, 1 screw driver, 2 Bhand saw files, 1 wood riasp, 2 wcod files, twelve inch, 1 oil stone,.2 sickles, 6 bracl awls, I gunner's gimlet, 2 sickles, I priming wire, 1 gQunner's gimlet, I gunner's pincers, I priming wire, I fuze plug reamer, 2 papers tacks, 8 oz. and 12 oz. 2 papers of sprigs, 1 in. and 11 inch, 1 lb. twine, 2 papers of tacks, 8 oz. and 12 oz., 25 leather thongs, 60 wood screws, a inch, No. 9, 36 wood screws, 1- in., lin., No. 14, 2 lbs. sash cord, 12 do 2in., Nofe 1 lb. twine. 12 nuts, No. 1; 2, No. 2; 6, No. 4. 12 washers, No. 1. The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests, (inside,) with snmall clets at the necks and points. The other articles are securely packed in tow, the edges of the cutting tools being carefully wrapped up, to prevent ino jury. DUMEsINSOS AND WmEIGHTsb 145 Dimensions wnd Weights of gun carriage and equipment. DIMENSIONTS Gun Carriage. inches. Distaan ce between the inside of trunnion plates............. 70 Diameter of trunnion holes....................... 2.75 Depth of axis of trunnions below upper face of trunnion plate.. 062 Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axletree, the piece being in battery, on horizontal ground................2..5 Distance fr om axis of trunnions to axis of axletree.......... 8.5 Height of axis of trunnions above the ground................... 27.....'...... above the horizontal line i... 9~ Yettim, n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~feo o+ re................. g vetcal field o below the horizontal line.,......... 70 Distance between the points of contact of wheels and trail with the;iound line.......,.,........~,,., 43.7 Distance from front of wheels to end of trail, the piece being in battery /1.8 Distance of the muzzle of the piece, in battery, in rear of wheels.. 2.44 Length of gu icarriage, without wheels.................,....,. 61o Le~ngthl of thill. --, -,,................. z.................. 73" Whole length of the a-letree.............,,............ 3825 Track of the wheels..,o...........,...,,,....., 30.2 Height of wheel,................................. 38. Dish of finis-hed wheel............................. 2,/mnamz ition Chest Interior length...........I 32.8 r " i width.,..,....,......... 4.75 Carriage am..er's eool Chest. I depth.............. 9.35 Fbrge Chest, Interior length.......................... 3 2.8 or e:' width..,.......... S~~qpithl,'Tool (Col na ato e o * a.,-I e- 16 - 2a a Smiii'b~olCB~s'Pogs.) ~ depth............................!!6'25 WEIGHTS. Pounds, ESo'wiZer o Ze......................................... 220 Gun emariage, ivthout wieels..,.........,.............. 57 One wheel......................................... 65: Hanasomi be..........,................. Sponge and ramer....................... 3 thun carria ge comiplete, with implements................. 29 eo dThi d i 0.,,,,,.,,,,,,,,... 30 Bridle.......... Hlalte................................. 3.5 Pack saddle and harness............................ 44 Lash-ing g~rth nd rope.............................. 3 A mmauniimon chest, or carriage maker's tool chest, empty......... 0 Fooge ahest a mi to h tcl ca, empty.............. 42..A'fHnm'un1itkc, 1 nhest, s a, aded.................................... aForgae ehe.s pac ked...... 1...........,.. p........... *:Cs~i saV~, naaen ~~amm ~lar~osi.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, do. aS-ait ainkah sa t oon c h nest, d.. ~j~ i~ ~ ~................ iIl'Coalt:~a.k, fil~ e, d, w~,b c}rcoi.' 2 A ~~~~~~45 " ~ g,~~~~ 45 14A6 CHAP. VI.-MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY. Packs. i. Tile howitzer and the thill of the carriage.'Weight 250 pounds. 2. The gun carriage, with wheels and implements. Weight 295 pounds. 3. Two ammunition chests, with the havresack, tube pouch, and fuze pouch, covered with the tarpaulin. Weight 238 pounds. 4. The two forge chests. Weight 232 pounds. 5. The two chests for carriage makers tools, (90 pounds,) with the coal sack. (25 pounds.) Weight 115 pounds. The same kind of pack saddle serves for cach of these packs. Weight of saddle and harness, complete, 53 pounds. Bill of Timbewr foUr fountain Howitzer Carriage, &c. * DIMENSIONS OF EACH g uz PIECE, (ROUGH.) >;AMES OF PARTS5 n b. REMARKS. Length. (Width Thinescs. Gun carricge body. In. In. In. Stock 0.... D.......... 2 66 9 7. Oak. Axletree.... o... D......... 2 44 5 3 Young, tough hickory. Twio wheels. Nave.......... o...... 2 11 9. Round Oak. Spokes................. e24 20 2.5 1.5 Do. Fellies................. 12 21 5.5 2.5 Do. One thill. Shafts................... o D o o 2 72 3 2.25 Ash Cross-bar 1......... o. o 33 3,5 2.25 Do. One ammnzszition chest. Sides and endsoo e..... 2 44 11 1.o Poplar. Bottom...... o... 1 36 7 o 1 Do. Cover and partitions...... 1 66 3. 1 Do. " One pack saddle. Arcs................. O O 50 12. 1 1 25 Ash or beache Transoms..............o 20 12. 1o 75 Do. Cross bar,..o.........1 14 6, 1.25 Do. Side bars................ O 42 12 05 Do. Round bars............. 2 20 105 L5 Hickory. One handspike......... 1 50 2.5.5 Hickory. BILL OF IRON. 147 Bill of Ironfor Mountain Hobwitzer Carriag'e. NAMES OF PARTS. 0 I Sn REMARKS, Gun carriage body. In. In. In. Lbs. Cap square and key chains No. 1. 0.15 Round 25. 0.13 Rivets No. 2, nails No. 1,and staples.25 Do. 54. 0.73 Nails No. 2....,..............3 Do, 18. 0.36 Handspike staple, bolts No. 1, and 375 Do. 44. 1.35 rivets No. 3................. Implement hooks, and bolt No. 3.625 Do. ii. 0.94 Bolts No, 4....................oo75 Do. 84. 10.30 Eye pins No. 1..................875 Do.. 7. 1.16 Elevating screw..,,....,...... 1.75 Do. 11. 7.34 HammeredD Nuts No. 1............... o. o75 0.375 1.5 0.12 Do. Handspike strap and linch pins...., 0.5 16. 2.24 Washers No. 1...........0..... 1.25 0.125 2.5 0.11 Axle bands.................. 1.25 0.2 34. 2.38 Cap square keys............. 1.25 0.25 3. 0.26 Nut No. 3..................... 1.25 0.625 1.25 0.27 Heads of key and chin bolts...... 1.25 0.75 16. 4.20 Hammered. Nuts No. 4.............. 1.5 0.75 11. 3.47 Ferrules for axletree.......... 2. 0 25 15. 2.10 Washer hooks...............,. 2. 0.375 8. 1.68 Understraps..................... 2. 0.5 36. 10.08 Handles for elevating screw...... 2. 1.25 5. 3.s50 Trunnion plates and cap squares.., 2.25 1. 42. 26.46 Hammered. Washers No. 4......... 2.5 0.188 10. 1.31 Knee of lu nette................. 2.5 1. 4. 2.80 Hammeredo Trail plate.................. 4. 0.2 12.5 2.80 Axle skean.........,,,.... 4. 0.375 38. 15.96 Lunette.................. 4. 0.5 18. 10.08 102.13 Box for elevating screw......................... 3 0 Bras. Twio wheels. Band nails No. 1............... 0 0.25 Round 48. 0.65 Tire bolts 2No. 1....oo 0..... 0.3.75 Do. 42. 1.29 Brow bands.............. 0.75 0.125 96. 2.50 Nuts No.................OD 0.7 0.375 10. 0.78 End bands....................... 0.2 82. 4.59 Washers No. 1................. 1.25 0.125 15. 0.65 Tires.,,...,...........,... 2.00 0.375 240. 50.40 60.86 Nave boxes.,............................ 10.0 Brass. 144% 71 AP. VI. vIOUNTAIN ARTILLERYo Bill of.fofor 3fMounlain Howitzer Carriage.=-Continued. ~A.AMRS OF PARTS. REMARKS. Thiil. In. I n. In, Lbs. Key chain No. 1.............. 0.15 Round! 12. 0.06 Rivets No. 2................. 0.25 Do. 12. 0.16 Staples......................... 0.375 Do. 6. 0.80 Bolts No. 9................... 0.5 Do. 7, 0.38 Key....................... 0.5 Do. 4 0.49 Supporting bai,.................. 1. 0. 48. 6.7. Cross bar plate........., 2.75 0.25 30. 5478 rlnmunssition Chest. 14.39 Chains, and rivets No. 2.......... 0.25 Round 43. 0.60 Hinges and hasp Strap........... 1. 0.375 38. 4.00 Bridles and brace............... 1. 0.5 i 4, 0.56 Hasp...................I........1. 0. 6,5 3.5 0.6'. Tmurnbuckle plate................ 1o5 0.1 3.5 0,15 Corner plates................... 2,4 LNo.18. 40. 1.35 7.27 Tur~nbuckle,............... o.]o Brass. Packc Saddle. Staples and rivets............,.... 0.25 Round 12. 0.16 Bolts.......................... 0.375 Do. 37. 1.13 Nuts....,.................... 0.7 i 0.375 1,25 0.10.Irc plates.,,................ 1.25 i 0. P 36..52 3.91 Ranges of,Iount ain Howitzer. Ch ardge. Ball. Elevation. Ra, ge. REMARIM. 0.5 lb. Shell-...... 0~ 170 yds. I' 300 2 392 2Q 30' 500 Time 2 seconds. 3 637 4 785 Time 3 seconds, 5 1_005 0.5 Sph. case,. 0 150 2030' o 450 Time 2 seconds, 3 50(0 {4 I 700'ime 2.7 seconds. 430' 800 Time 3 second-s. 0.5 Canister 40 *o0' 0 250. CHAPTER SEVENTH. PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC, COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION. The proportions are given for 100 parts by weight of prepared colors, &c., when not otherwise designated. A gallon of Linseed oil weighs............................ 7.5 lbs. Spirits of turpentine................e.. 7.25 6 Japan varnish......................s........ 7.6 Sperm oil..................... o o o..........e 7.12 Neatsfootoil. o o................................ 7.63 Boiled Oil. Raw linseed oil................o........... 103o Copperas...................................... 3.15 Litharge....eo o.................. o e o 6.3 Put the copperas and litharge in a cloth bag and suspend it in the middle of the kettle. Boil the oil 4~ hours, with a slow, even fire, so that it may not be burnt: then let it stand and deposit the sediment. Dryings. Mixture of copperas and litharge taken from the boiled oil 60 Spirits turpentine... o......................... 56 Boie oiled oil........................................ e.. 2 o The mixture taken from the boiled oil to be ground, and mixed with the turpentine and oil. Putty. For filling cracks in wood: l Spanish whiting, pulverized...................... 81.6 Boiled oil o.....e...............o o............o 20.4 Made into a stiff paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil should be used, as the putty made with boiled oil hardens quickly. AJnother kind of putty for the same purpose is made by mixing fine sifted oak saw dust with linseed oil which has been boiled until it assumes a glutinous consistency. 150 CHAP. VII. —PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. White paint. For inside work. For outside work. White lead, grouud in oil........... 80............... 80 Boiled oil........................ 145................ o 9 Raw oil............................................. 9 Spirits turpentine................. 8................ 4 Grind the white lead in the oil, and add the spirits of turpentine. New wood work requires about 1 lb. to the square yard, for 3 coats. Lead color. White lead, ground in oil........... 75. Lampblack........................ 1. Boiled linseed oil............... 23. Litharge...................... 0.5 Japan varnish.............. E..... 0.5 Spirits turpentine................. 2.5 The lampblack and the litharge are ground separately upon the stone, in oil, then stirred inlto the white lead and oil; the turpentine and varnish are added as the paint is required for use, or when it is packed in kegs for transportation. Black paint. Lampblack........................ 28 Litharge.......................... 1 Japan varnish................. 1 Linseed oil, boiled................. 73 Spirits turpentine................... 1 Grind the lampblack in oil; mix it with the oil, then grind the litharge in oil and add it, stirring it well into the mixture. The varnish and turpentine are added last. The paint is used for the iron work of carriages. Olive Paste. Yellow ochre, pulverized............ 68. Lampblack........................ 1.1 Boiled oil........................0 37. Spirits turpentine................ 0.4 Make a thick paste with the ochre and oil, in a paint pot, and with the lamp-'black and oil in another; grind them together in small portions, and keep the mixture in a tin vessel. PAINTS. 151 Liquid Olive Color. Olive paste.................e..... 61.5 Boiled oil......................... 29.5 Spirits turpentine................. 5.5 Dryings...................... 3.5 Japan varnish.................... 2. Stirred together in a paint pot. Brainard's Paint. Dissolve 10 lbs. of shellac in 10 gals. of boiling water, adding 30 oz. of sal aratus. Mix this solution with an equal quantity of paint prepared in the usual manner. This paint is economical and durable. Quantity of paint requiredfor a carriage. Lead KIND OF CARRIAGE. color. Olive. Black. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Field gun carriage and limber, with implements 6 10 0.75 Caisson, witlh limber and implements, &c.. G 8 15 0.8 Forge, with limber....................... 6 10 1. Battery wagon, do............7....... 7 13 0.9 Casemate carriage and chassis, with implements 7 14 0.75 Barbette carriage and chassis, with mplelients 6 11 1. A priming of lead color and two coats of olive color are applied to new wood work, and 1 coat of lead color and 1 of black, to the iron work. Paint for Tarpaulins. A square yard takes 2 lbs. for 3 coats. 1.-Olive —Liquid olive color....................... 100 Beeswax................................. 6 Spirits turpentine......................... 6 Dissolve'the beeswax in the spirits of turpentine, with a gentle heat, and mix the paint warm. 2.-Add 12 oz. of beeswax to 1 gallon of linseed oil, and boil it two hours; prime the cloth with this mixture, and use the same, in place of boiled oil, for mixing the paint. Give two coats of paint. 152 CHAP. VII.-PAINTS, LACKER8 ETC. Grey, or Stone Color, (for Buildings.) 1st. 2nd. White lead, in oil................... 78...... 100. Boiled oil........................... 9.5...... 20o Raw oil....o....................o a o. o 9. 5.... 20, i Spirits of turpentine................. 3. Turkey umber.,.................... 0.5 Lampblack..................... 0.25........ 0. 25 Yellow ochre.......................... e o 0 3, Mixed like the lead color. A square yard of new brick work requires, for 2 coats, 1. 1 lb. for 3 coats.; 1.5 lb. Cream Color, (for Buildings.) 1st coat. 2nd coat. White lead, in oil................. 66.66....... 700 1rench yellow.................... 3.33........ 3.33 Japan varnish..................... 1.33........ 133 Raw oil.......................... 28......... 24.5 Spirits turpentine.................. 2.25........ 2.25 square yard of new brick work requires, for 1st coat, 0.75; for 2nd coat, 0.3 lb. Wcsh for Buildings. Boil half a bushel of flaxseed in 5 gallons of water, and use this for slaking 1.5 gals. of lime. Add 1 gal. of salt, 1 gal. of fine sand, and as much water as may be necessary to thin it. Stir it frequently to prevent the sand from settling. To give this wash a cream color, add yellow ochre; for a grey or stone color, add. lampblack, previously deadened with whiskey, and a small quantity of ochre. Linseed oil, with a small quantity of glue mixed in it, is sometimes used, instead of flaxseed. To make the wash incombustible, add 1 lb. of alum and ~ lb. of potash. Lacker for Iron Ordnance. 1.-Black lead, pulverized....................... 12 Red lead 0..................................e 12 Litharge.................................. 5 Lamplack..e.......... o e.... D......... 5 Linseed oil......................... o o 66 Boil it gently about twenty minutes, during which time it must be constantly, stirred. LACKERS. 153 Lacker for Iron Ordnance. 2.-Umber, ground..................... 3.75 Gum shellac, pulverized.................. 3.75 Ivory black....................... 3.75 Litharge................................ 3.75 Linseed oil........................... 78. Spirits of turpentine...................... 7.25 The oil must be first boiled half an hour. The mixture is then boiled 24 hlours, poured off from the sediment and put in jugs corked. 3. —Coal Tar, (of good quality,).............. 2 gals. Spirits turpentine........................ 1 pint. The turpentine to be added in small quantities during the application of the lacker. In applying lacker, the surface of the iron must be first cleaned with a scraper and a wire brush, if necessary, and the lacker applied hot, in two thin coats, with a paint brush. It is best done in summer. Old lacker should be removed with a scraper, or by scouring, and not by heating the guns or balls, by which the metal is injured. About 5 gallons of lacker are required for 100 field guns and 1,000 shot; about 1 quart for a sea-coast gun. Lackerfor Iron Ordnance, (used in the British service.) Anti-corrosion......................... 40 lbs. Grant's black, ground in oil.............. 4 6 Red lead, as a dryer.................... 3 ~ Linseed oil............................. 4 gals. Spirits turpentine........................ 1 pint. This mixture when well stirred and incorporated, will be fit for use; but as by long keeping in this state it becomes hard, no more should be mixed than may be required for immediate use. Jlnti-corrison: —Slag from iron foundries, pounded........ 12 Chalk................................ 12 Soot, common......................... I LVacker for Small drms, or for Water Proof Paper. Beeswax............................... 13 lbs. Spirits turpentine....................... 13 gals. Boiled linseed oiled linseed o o s....... o 1 " All the ingredients should be pure and of the best quality. Heat them together in a copper or earthen vessel, over a gentle fire, in a water bath, until they are well mixed. 154 CHAP. VII.-PAINTS, LACKERS, ETC. Lacker or bright Iron Work. Linseed oil, boiled.................. 80.5 Litharge........................... 5.5 White lead, ground in oil............. 11.25 Rosin, pulverized.................... 2.75 Add the litharge to the oil; let it simmer over a slow fire 3 hours; strain it, and add the rosin and white lead; keep it gently warmed, and stir it until the rosin is dissolved. Apply it with a paint brush. Yarnishfor Holsters, Scabbards, &c., (or Patent Leather.) For Ist acnd 2nd coats: Prussian blue, in lumps................ 4. Sugar of lead........................ 0.7 Aqua fortis.......................... 0.7 Linseed oil boiled.................. 70. Spirits turpentine..................... 24.6 The ingredients, except the turpentine, are boiled together in an iron kettle 8 hours, when the mixture will assume a brilliant black color. When the varnish is nearly cool, stir in the turpentine. The kettle in which the varnish is made should be of a capacity to hold double the quantity of varnish to be boiled. For the 3d or finishilng coat.-COPAL VARNISH. Gum copal, (in clean lumps)............ 26.5 Boiled linseed oil.................... 42.5 Spirits turpentine...................... 31. This varnish is made in a copper vessel, smallest at top, in the form of a still. Put the copal in the vessel, set it on a charcoal fire for one hour, in which time it will melt, and all the watery particles will evaporate. Add the oil whilst the copal is warm, but not boiling hot. When nearly cool, add the turpentine, which will give it a proper consistency for use. For 5 lbs. copal and the proper proportions of oil and turpentine, the vessel should hold six gallons. VARNISH7 GREASE FOR WHEELS. 155.JYapan Varnish. Litharge......................... 4 Boiled oil................... 87 Spirits turpentine................ Red lead............................... 6 Umber................................. 1 Gum shellac................ 8 Sugar of lead........................... 2 White vitriol........................ 1 Japan varnish is generally purchased from the paint sellers. It is made by boiling over a slow charcoal fire, for five hours, all the ingredients, except the turpentine, and a small portion of the oil; the latter is added as required to check;he ebullition and allay the froth which rises to the surface. It must be continually stirred with a wooden spatula, and great care is necessary to prevent it from taking fire. The turpentine is added after the varnish is nearly cool, and it is stirred well in. The varnish must be put in demijohns or close cans, and kept tightly corked. Grease Jfo Carriage Wheels. Hog's lard, softened, (if fresh,) by working it. If this cannot be procured, tallow or other grease may be used; if hard, it should be melted with fish oil. About 1 lb. of grease is required for four wheels. Booth's Patent Grease for Railway /xles. Water e e.... e.......... a e..n...... o.1 gal. Clean tallow..........................s o o 3 lbs. Palm oil............... o o.......6 Ibs. Common soda......... 0............ lb. Or, Tallow................................ 8 lbs. Palm oil............................10 lbs. To be heated to about 2100, and to be well stirred until it cools down to 70Q. CJHAPTlER EIGHTH. N ME C LA T U R E. Pe rcussion JusketL —Plate 15. EanREL. 1st reinlforce (fiom the breech to the corner of the flats and ovals 1 89 in.;) 2d reinforce (to the lower band, 8.8 in.;) chase (to the top of the Tpper band, 28.66 in.;) muzzle, bayonet stld, breech, flats and ovals, cone seat, fiene, vent, bore, thread for breech screw, thread for the cone. BREECHi SCREWV. Plug, with its thread; tenon, shoulders, tang, tang screw hiole, notch for side screw, chamfer.'ANG SCREV: shoulder. CONE: screw thread, shoulder, square, cone, vent. BA.vONE'. Blade: point, face flute, back flutes, edges of back and blade,,corners, elbow, neck.-Socket: muzzle end, bridge end, bridge, mortice, shouldr for the clasp, stop pil. —Clasp: body, studs, bridge, groove, stop, claspLOCK. Lock plate: firont and rear ends, middle, sides, bolsters, cham'fer, con-l vex; 3 holes, for the pivots of the main spring, and bridle, and for the arbor of ohe tu-mbler; 6 screw holes; 1 mortise Cfo the sear spring stud.-Hanimer: bodly,f head, comb, countersink, slit, tumbler hole-Tiotnbler: body, -friction shoulder, arbor, square, pivot, hook, half-cock notch, cock notcl, screw hole — T!,?inbiler screwl. —Bridle: body, eye, pivotl three holes for the tumbler pivot, sear screv and bridle screw-Bridle scew.) -Sear: body, eye, nose, tang', screw hole, -rcetion shoulder-Sear screw.-Sear spring: blade (upper and lower branch and.elbow,) eye, stud, notch, chamfer,, screw hole-Sear spring' screw. — faiin spring: lblade (upier and loverI branch and elbow,) hook, pivot, eye, (rest and point,),i n.-I-er screw hole. —.Jlai spring screw. T',o SIDE SCREWS. ft atll the screws the parts are: the stem, the head, the slit, the thread, tkiomUNTrINss. Upper band: body, pipe for the rod,'back<, upper and lower qicxa-pS, ceases, sighlt, gYroove, tang, bole for the band spring pivo;, —J5)per band spr4~::: st.em, wirea,,shoulder, pivot, —&iddtle banda: bod', Atul, cvreases, bole 158 CHAP. VIII.-SMALL ARMS. for the swivel rivet.-Middle band swivel: wire, eye, holes in the eye, rivet.Mliddle band spring: stem, wire, shoulder. —Lower band: body, tang, creases.Lower band spring: same as middle band spring.-Side plate: body, eyes and holes for the side screws.-GUARD.-Guard plate: body, bolsters, trigger stud, 2 holes for the guard bow, 2 for wood screws, 1 for tang screw, 1 for triggerscrew.-Guard bow: body, pillars, stems with their screw threads, swivel stud and hole; 2 nuts for stems-Swivel and rivet.-Trigger: blade, tang or finger piece, hole for the screw.-Trigger screw-Two wood screws for guard plate.Butt plate: body, toe, heel, corners, tang, screw holes.-Two wood screws for butt plate. RAMRoD.-Stem, head, screw.-Ramrod spring: stem, eye, spoon.-Pin for rod spring. —Stop for rod. STOCK.-Butt, comb, handle, head, facings, 1st and 2nd reinforce, chase, shoulders for the lower and middle bands; grooves for the barrel and ramrod; beds for the tang and tenon, lock, side plate, guard plate, nuts of the guard bow and trigger stud, butt plate, rod spring and band springs; mortices for the trigger and rod stop; holes for the rod, the side screws, tang screw, guard screws, butt plate screws, band springs, and pin for the rod spring. IMPLEMENTS.-ScIrew-l-lriver, with cone wirench.- Wiper-Ball-screw-Springvice. Materials of which the parts are made. Steel: Tumbler, sear, lock springs, band springs, ramrod spring, ramrod, blade of the bayonet, screw-driver, wiper, and ball screw. Brass: Sight. Wood: Stock (black walnut.) Irosn: Socket of the bayonet, and all the other parts not enumerated under the three preceding heads. NoTE.-The brass for parts of small arms is composed of 80 copper, 17 zinc, and 3 tin. Flint JIus~ket.-Pattern of 1840. (See first edition of Ordnance Manual.) This arm is like the new percussion musket, except in the parts relating to the mode of priming, viz: BARREL. Omit cone seat, and cone. LOCK. Omit hammer. Add: Pan (brass)-pan screw-battery and battery screu-battery spring (steel)-battery spring screw —cock —upper jaw-flint screw. NOMENCLATURE. 159 Flint J [usket. —Pattern of 1822. Of this kind are most of the muskets in store at the Arsenals, which are now being altered to percussion. The bayonet has no clasp. BARREL: bayonet stud. Upper band; sight. BR:EECH SCREW. Upper band spring. TANG SCREW. JMiddle band. BAYONET: blade, socket. MJliddle band swivel and rivet. Lock plate; 2 side screws. Jliddle band spring. Pan; pan screw. a Lower band. Battery; battery screw. ~ Lower band spring. Battery spring. d Side plate. BI attery spring screw.. GUARD: guard plate; guard bow. Cock; upper jaw; flint screw Swivel atnd rivet.: Tumbler; tunmbler screcw. Trigger; trigfger pin. Bridle; briZle screw. Guard plate screws, (2. ) Sear; sear screw. Burtt plate; 2 butt plate screws. Sear spring; sear spring screw. MJl ain spring; main spring screiws. RAIROD. TWO SiDE SCREWS. STOCK. IMPLEMIENTs. Screw-driver- Wiper —Ball-scre -Sprilgi-vice. Materials. Steel: Face of the battery, lock springs, ramrod, blade of the bayonet, screwdriver, wiper, and ball screw. Brass: Pan and sight. Wood: Stock. Iron: Bayonet socket, back of the battery, and all the other parts not enumerated under the three preceding heads. -,lteration of Flint JMuskets to Percussion. THE BARREL is altered: 1st, by closing the vent in the side, and boring a new vent on the upper part of the barrel; 2nd, by upsetting a cone seat in the metal of the barrel, and putting in a percussion cone. The screw thread of the cone for altered muskets is a little shorter than that for the new muslkets, so that it may not project into the bore. THE LocK is altered: Ist, by removing the cock, the battery, battery screwo, battery spring, and battery spring' screw; 2nd, by cutting off the pan, near the face of the lock plate, filling up the hollow of the remaining part with brass, soldered in, and dressing off the upper surface even with the top of the lock plate; 3d, replacing the cock by a percussion hammer; 4th, filling up the holes of the battery screw and the battery spring screw with pieces of those screws, rounded on the outer end, and filling the pivot hole of the battery spring with wire. jl (0 CHAP. VII.-SAlALL ARMS. Percutssionl Rifle. i8AARREL: sight, guide, grooves, bands. Guard botw swivel and riveto Cone. Breech screw; tang screw. Trigger; trigger, screw. LocKi: lockplate; hanmner; tumbler; tum- Guard plate screw. bler screw; bridle; bridle screev; sear; Butt plate; 2 butt plate screws. sear screw; sear springg; sear spring Box plate; the lid and the strapjoined serew; mnain spring; msain sprintg screw. by a hinge and rivet. Two SIDE SCREWS. Three box plate screevs. IMOUNTINGS: ueppes' 1_basld, with swtzvel Box plate sprissg; sccres, for do. stLud. Box plate catch; 2 rivets. Upper band swcivel, and sivet. RAMROD: rod spring and pin; stop. ipje?' bazld spring'. STOCK: patch, box. Lower band; lwoses basnd spring. IMPLEMlENTS: SCreNV driver, with cone Side plate. w wreich; eiper; ball scresv; sprisge Gftuarld p!late; guard bosv and nests. vice; bultlet soeeldt. TMaterials. Steel: Cone, guide, tumbler, sear, lock springs, band springs, rod springy box spring, ramrod, (except the head,) screw driver, wiper, ball screw. Some of the barrels are also now made of cast steel. Brass: Sight, bands, guard plate, guard bow, side plate, butt plate, box plate sand strap, head of ramrod. WTfooc: Stock. Frosn: Parts not enumerated under the preceding heads, Cavalry:Jlusketoon-Percussion. BARREL: svvel stud; conse; breech screwe; Guarld plate; gcuard bosw, and nUtS. talng scsew; swivel. Trigger; trigger sresew. LoCK: same as for rifle. 2 gusarzd plate screwes. T 0O SIDE SCREwVS. Butt plate; 2 beutt plate screovs. 2 OUNTINGS: sepper basnd and sigiht. RAMIROD: head; beutton-s JUppee' ba sevd spepisg. RANIVROD \oSWIVEL: 2 side beers; scee n; Loiver band.; swisivel bar studl. axis. S civel barl; ring; screiv; nut. STOCK. Side plate. l iIEfPLEMENTS, same as for thle muske:i. Materials. lSteet: CoJne, tumble., sear, lock springs, band spsring, ramnrod, (exce pt th.le',setd,) se'rew driver, wiper, and ball screw. Brass: Bands5 side plate, gu'tard plate, gu.ard bow, butt plate. "V/ood: tioclre Ir'o l: Head. of' ramnl ros.d all the,:l hr parts ot, enuro~esated 1eader!ef e,hreee'reedins' aesasW 7Lfb~ti~iiesc uf! usekecoo.....KIPer cu s, on- at 1I, 3lx Basz. — 2ayonet sltudi; clt-i Trigger; trigger sCre1W. Breech screnu; taag sccreu 2 guacrd plate screwze'v Locx —Same as for 1iAe. cSwievel plalte anzd stluda 2 sCeewes,'Twro sDr' S W ws. Sizvel and rivet.'Io{oTNTISGS: eiper bcitl! (,,!d sigh- g BoXtt plate; 2 btte plate, sc'rewvs, rUpper band Sini'lgo. Raemrsod lSriltag, and pi?., fLoWet ba(id, awld Swive/, silt'. R.amntrod stop!ower bcand sprintg' S.TOCK.LoVweri bainad sqivel aJnd rive, IeaPLEMxENTS, the samne as for the Side IplaCe musiket, G'ulrd plate3 guc:trH ootv land, -nt;lh. N B-The mlskt bayonet may be used with this arnt. Voaterial s Steel: Cone, tumbler, sear, Iock.springs, band springs, ranmvobi, screw d'i. ver W:ipert a end ball screw,,v rreas.: Sight, Tood:, Stolee.tcoi,o The remaining parts. t 2;he e'a s 1/;lske. oon,-Percussoa,.:his arm is the same as tl.e naidillery musietoon, with the addition of an ru'ippey bacsi Sld o.n the barrcel, ad a cratch, st/ld n. the upper band, aor the swoarf bayonet, SwORD BX0NET Bl3T de, (steel;) gripe ()ed gunard, (brass) in one piece; slot fir the catch stud; socket for the barrel, clasp and cllasp screwv, similar to those on the musket bayonet-Scabbard, (leather) withi brass banzd and t.ip -Pistol-Percussion-a Plate 15., BrAe.RLr,:'ight, swivel stuted, Cone. BRaEECH scnEw Tang serectv U:sLoc Same parts as for the musketf and rifle. Two SIDE SCREWS OaUNaTIX as Band anld side platel in one piece-geunrd pltegtt cac d plate sc'ee,tr iggertrigger screwevgard Bol -gia et bow nutsb, t l tt.piate butt prate scret,. i O:ROD: ButtonsIead, rivetedtl on Rxli.AoR SW,IVEL - TI0 iie bars-l screwl cross bar, rlveted in'to th-e side har s. SToc Kl.'tPLEIIENTS: ScelT) drivei alnd coe wrencth — iper-blc seeewrsbriag vicet)buglet mozl&ZIM V Mlaterials. Sieel- Cone, tambler, seatr, lock springs, ramrod, (except thie ead,) screw driSver, wiper, and ball screw, Brass: Sight, band and side plate, guard plate, guard bow, butt plate, Woo.d: Stock. hoitr: Head of ramrod and the remaining parts. The tumbler of the pistol is now:made with a safety notch, in piace of the half cock notch.'12. 16s CHAP. VIILta-SMALL ARMS. Hall's CLsrbine —Percussion-Plate t 5.'' This is a cavalry carbine, -which loads at the breech by means of a rmoveable chamber called the receiver. A.RREL: LRfamlrod stud, sight, guide. Two sumPooi;rEoss: Each with 2 holes for supporter screws, 2 holes for side screws, 1 for swivel bar and 1 fbr chock screws-4 suqaporter screzos; the heads are countersunk in the supporters, and they are dressed smooth and flush with the outer Cfce of the supporters, which are permianently connected with the barrel by these screws, and by being soldered in place. Two CHOcitS: 2 chOCk sc'revS. RECEIVER AND LOCK: Bore, shoulder for the chocks, cone seat, vent, slot for the side screw, mortise for the lock, studs for the catcll — Conte-Ilae mer ald tumbler, in one piece; slit for the link-iltnberle screw-scrar and trigSger, in one piece; slot for side screw —sear scre1 —sear spr'ing-sear s.prinig screwuilffc- lik scres-tlalin sprt'ig-nati spri,ng screw-caltch-catch screwv —catch spring —catch spring screw. Two SInE SCREwS: One of them is the axis of the receiver; the other passes:through the supporters and the butt piece. BUTT PIaECE-Butt piece screw, passing through the supporters and the butt, piece, AranoN: Lining of the stock, at the junction of the barrel and receiver-Stop, riveted to the apron, for the receiver to rest on, The apron and stop have a screw hole tapped to receive the front guard plate screw. MOUJNTINGS: Upper band-ramlrod spring, riveted to the upper band-upper. band sprisng-lower band, with stud for swivell bar-swivel bar; the rear end is a side screw for the supportels-ssvivel screw —sOivvel ring-guard pllate; 2 studs for the catch iever —guard bowo —guard bol nults-catch lever andr pin-three giuardi' plate scerews —butt plate-2 butt plate screws. RAMrODu IMPLEMIENTS: Screw driver and cone wrench-wiper —spring vice-ebullet miotetld Materials, Steel: Chocks; hammer and tumblere; liak; sear part of trigger; all thiu:. springs; ramrod, Brass: Sigpht; bands; guard plate; guard bow; btutt plate, WIood: Stock.l Ironl The remaining parts. For description of Htal's Rifle, (flint lock,) seon irEt edition of Odnatei j)anualo P ct"ciT i Pt-imensitonzs and Weigh ts of Sm.ca, ~r'my. FLiNT MU SKET. PERCOUSSION. DSIMENSSONN- |5822. 3840J. c | O MU I ~ ~ ~Z I Cs.... imnetetr.t the ltmuzzle....8...... 0 00 0 O |05 0 h 0' o i Diameter at breech, between the Hats 5.25. 1.2-5 5 I25 i, 2 Lenogti:, with-out the br:eecth sc ew.... 42.0.4. 42 6. o 3 - 2<. J 1DE' iaD eter of chamber....................... IaAYONET, iength of the blade..,............. 8 8, 6....... |8, f, ir, Tgit...........49....,........~.... 4., 4.70 4.70. 2070 25. 0 25i70 8_ 1,1 Leng th, with bayonet fixed..... 73.64 75~80 75.80... -VEI. G HT S., Lbs. Lbs Ls. bs. Lbs. Lbs. LLos, Lbs. a,, s SNREL w5:itihou0t breeh screw.............. 4.1 425 5.17 2.94 294 29 5j 1 231... Loch, with side screws.,..........G..o i.3...5. a 5 0. 58 0 58 " 8 43I BAOET roooODCO0oOooeooooooooooIOOO 07 3 0. 4 o I.0.......... 8. 08 2.3 ST Without bayonet............. 9.34 9.78 9.4 968 7.22 7.02i 702 2 i 8 -LXG~~`F I~ R I X f V 0 5i P T $ g s a...,., E 6 D O O O0.! O O I00, o - O 3 r/., Withbaont. baoety...oe........:.50.....42..... 7.70 930 Flint lotk altered to percussion-deduct. OO.......0. O24 -24 i - r~IQ~gS, I l~s. 16ss. 1 0, fls 0.s4 DLs. Z Add4 GC1dAP, CH SE II. SMALL ARSRblS A/NSPECTION OF SMALL AIRAl. -Al. the materials used in the manufacture of arms must be of the best quality, and they should be tested by the inspectors, according to the nmethods indicated in CHAP'ER X.IV. The wood for gun stocks should be seasoned at least 3 years and kept in a dry place 2 years before being worked; it must be friee from knots and sap, and no wood which is brash, or light) (cut from old trees,) or worm eaten, or in any degree decayed, or which is cut across the grain at the handle of the stock, or' which is kiln dried, should lbe used or received. The following rules for inspection apply more particularly to the percussion musket, when not otherwise stated, but the principles and most of the details of the inspection are the same for all fire arms, whether made at the national arm-o-.ies, or by contract at private establishments. The attention of the inspecting officers should be directed, as much as possible, to the operations of the worklmen in the course of the fabrication of arms. Each component part is first inspected by itself and afterwards the arm in a finished state,, The materials and the forms and dimensions of all the parts must conform strictly to those of the established patterns; the workmanship and finish must be-equal to those of the model arms, and the several parts must be browned, blued, case hardened, or polished as in the standard model. The forms and dimensions of the parts are verified by means of the following gauges' List of Veis4fying Gauges for tA/e Pe rcu~ssion JV~Iswkef Each set of gauges is distinguished by the letter with which it is marked. The pieces of the same set are numbered as in the following list.-In some cases each groove of a gauge is numbered; for instance, those of the barrel, rod, and bayonet gauges: these numbers vill not be found on the list. "a"o FOR BARRELS. 1 Stock gauge for the length of the barrel and rod. 2 1 Groove gauge for the diameters of the barrel. 3 1 Standard plug, 4 1 Limit plug, f or the calibre of the barrel. 5 1 Taper plug, 6 1 Tap and die for the barrel and breech screw. 7 1 Standard tap and die for the cone seat and cone. $ 1. Tap gauge for the depth of thread in the cone seat. 9 1 Groove gauge for the finished barrel and breech screw.,' 2 } 2 Gauges for the exterior of the cone seat. 12 1 Receiving gauge for the barrel and breech screw. !NS PECT ION -W tAUGES.. No. i TMaUSKET — BARRKEL-, Coati zuedtc 13 1 -auge for the vent. 14 i1 Receiving gauge for the muzzle. 15 I Groove and tap gauge for the cone. FOR EOCKS. 16 1 Pattern for lock plates. 1.7 1 Groove gauge for lock plates. 18 1 Receiving and groove gauge for tumnblers. 19 1 Receiving and groove gauge for bridles. 20 1 Receiving and groove gaoue for seaCrs 21 1 Size gauge for the hole in the sear, 22 I Groove gauge for hammers. 23 1 Gauge for the set and length of the hammers. 24 1 Receiving gauge for hammers. 25 1 Gauge drift for tumbler holes. 26 1 Groove gauge for main spings. 27 1 Groove gauge for sear springs. 28 1 Groove and tap gauge for the lock screws, and for all the screvwrs ex cept the wood screws. 29 1 Gauge for depth of tumbler screw hole, 30 1 Receiving gauge for finished locks. FOR MIOUNTINGS AND OTHER PARTSR 31 1 Pattern and receiving gauge for butt plates. 32 1 Groove gauge for butt plates. 33 1 Groove gauge for bands. 34 1 Gauge mandril for lower bands. 35 1 Gauge mandril for middle bands. 36 1 Gauge mandril for upper bands. 37 1 Groove and receiving gauge for guard plate bow and nuts. 38 1 Tap gauge for tang screw hole, trigger studj and guard bow nuts, 39 1 Receiving gauge for guards. 40 1 Receiving and groove gauge for triggers. 41 1 Receiving and groove gauge -for lower and middle band springs,. 42 1 Receiving and groove gauge for upper band springs. 43 1 Receiving and groove gauge for side plates. 44 1 Receiving and groove gauge for rod springs and wire pins. 45 1 Groove and plug gauge for swivels. 46 1 Groove gauge for breech plate and guard screws, (wood screws,,) 47 1 Receiving gauge for bayonets. 48 1 Scabbard gauge for bayonets. 49 1 Groove gauge for bayonets. 50 1Plug for bayonet sockets. 51 1 Groove and plug for bayonets and socket c!lasps. 52 1 Groove and pattern gauge for bayonet necks, 53 1 Grooved and tapped gauge for rods. 54 1 Groove gauge and pattern for rod stop. 55 1 Apparatus for testing lock springs; consisting of a stock, scale beam, and brass pods weighing 10 pounds. 56 1 Gauge for the angle of the stock, and positions of the bands on the finished musket, I'36 CHAP. VIII. —SiMALL AR.PIS, -No. Il US IET —APPENDA XGES. 57 2 Hand screw drivers for locks. 58 2 Hand screw drivers for guard bow nuts and trigger screws. 59 1 Hand screw driver for side screws. 60 1 Iron brace with screw drivers. 61 1 Cone wrench. 62 1 Charger for first proof charge —l18th of a pound. 63 1 Charger for second do, 1-22nd do, 64 1 Bench hammer. 65 1 Punch for wire pins. 66 1 Punching wire. 67 1 Pair of small steel callipers. 68 1 Steel square divided into inches and decimals of an inch. Gauges for Percussion Rfife. BARREL. I Stock gauge for length of barrel and rod. 2 Groove gauge for barrel. 3 Standard plug for calibre of barrel, 4 Limit plug for calibre of barrel. 5 Tap for barrel. 6 Die for brteech screw. 7 Receiving gauge for breech screw and barrel. S Groove gauge for adjusting breech screw. 9 Receiving gauge for barrel, and plug with screws for verifying the thread for the cone. 10 Groove gauge for cone seat. 11 Plug gauge for vent. 12 Groove gauge for guide and sight of barrel. 13 Charger for 1-28th lb. powder-. 14 Charger for 1-32nd lb. powder. CONE. 1;) Gsroove gauge, with holes, for size of cone. 16 Plugo gauge, with 3 points for the 3 sections of the cone orifice. t7 Plug gauge for cone orifice, middle and upper end. 1S Tap grinder for making chasers for cone screw thread. 1 9 Tap grindier or making chasers for the breech screw thread. LOCK. 20 Peceiving gauge, with holes, for lock plate. 21 Pair of patternts for lock plate. 22 Pattern for interior of loebk plate_ 23 Pattern for bevel of lockl plate, 24 Groove gauge lock plate. 25 Pattern o-or the hole for scar spring stud. 26 Pattern with axis pivot for hnamner. P!l gauge and sweep for tlhe culp tand position of hammenr 28 Plug for the axis hole and cup of hammer. 23 Groove gauge for Ihamlmer. 30 Receiving gauge -with grooves and uholes fblr tumblers, INSPECTION —GAUGES. 167 iN O. I F FLE-LOCK — I Continued. 31 Pattern for tumbler. 32 Plug gauge for depth of screw hole in tumbler. 33 Receiving gauge with grooves for bridle and pin for pivot hole in bridle. 34 Receiving gauge with grooves, &c., for sears. 35 Groove gauge with patterns, &c., for lock springs. 36 Groove and tap gauge for lock, tumbler, side, and box spring screws. 37 Gauge, with holes, for tumbler, axis pivot and main spring, and bridle pivot. 38 Apparatus for testing lock springs. IOUNTINGS. 39 Receiving gauge for breech plates. 40 Groove gauge with square for breech plate. 41 Gauge plug for lower bands. 42 Gauge plug for upper bands. 43 Groove gauge for bands. 44 Plug gauge for orifice of rod hole and band spring pivot hole in upperbands. 45 Receiving gauge for guard plates. 46 Groove gauge with pattern for guard bow. 47 Groove gauge tapped, and with holes for guard plate, guard bow, and guard bow nuts. 48 Receiving and groove gauge for trigger. 49 Receiving and groove gauge for lower band spring. 50 Receiving and groove gauge for upper band spring. 51 Receiving gauge with pattern for side plate. 52 Groove gauge with plug for swivels. 53 Groove and tap gauge for tang, breech plate, guard and trigger screws. 54 Groove and tap gauge for ramrods. 55 Receiving and groove gauge for rod spring and pin. 56 Groove ogauge and pattern for box. 57 Groove gauge for box spring and catch. 58 Gauge for angle of stock. 59 Gauge for handle and comb of stock. 60 Screwplate for cone thread, side, lock, tang, box spring, trigger, and rocl screws. APPENDAGES. 1i Hand screw driver for lock screws. 62 Hland screw driver for guard bow nuts. (63 Hand screw driver for trigger screw. (;4 Hand screw driver for side and breech plate screws. 65 Bench hammer. 40 6 Punch for wire pins and band springs. Gauges for tihe Percussion Pistol. FOR THE BARREL. A Groove gauge for rough barrel. 2 Tap and die for breech screw. 3 Tap for cone seat. G Caue and die for cone thread a Gauge iin -for aent, 1, 63. (C1HAP, VII'Si AI L R-i.MS,. DH I'o — BxRtPgn —- Coatitfm-d3 Plu for callbre of barrel,. Gj (roove gauge for finished barrei, 8 Receiving gauge for barrel, with pit for c;One seatl Gauges for exterior of cone seat, 11 Gauge for length of barrsl- and rod, and for thfe rod and swiviej. 2 Groove and size gauge for cone, LOCK. 13 Groove gauge for lock plate. 14 Pattern for lock plate. 15 Gauge pin for pivots of bridle and main spring, 16 Groove gauga for hanmmer, 17 Pattern gauge for hammer 18 Gauge for tumbler hole and length of hammrer. I19 Groove and receiving gauge for tumbler,:20 Gauge for depth of tumbler screw hole, 21 Groove and receivin.g gauge for bridle, 22 Groove and receiving gauge for sear. 23 Gauge pin for screw hole in sear, 24 Groove and pattern gauge for main spring, 25 Groove and pattern gauge for sear spring, 26 Receivin g gauge for lock, 927 Apparatus for testing lock springs. 28 Groove and tap gauge for screws, FOR. EIOUNTINGS, ETC, 9,9 Receiving gauge for breech plate 30 Groove gauge for breech plate and band, 31 Receivingr gauge for guar d 32 Groove gauge for guard plate and bow, 33 Gauge for trigger mortise and stud. 34 Groove and receiving gauge for trirgOer, 35 Groove and receiving gauge for Sidf, plate. 36 Receiving gauge for band. 37 Groove gauge for stock. 38 Gauge for length and shape of finished arm. APPENDAGES, 3B9 Brace with screw drivers and cone wrench, 41 Hand screw drivers, for slit sc.rews i42 43 Screw driver for guard bow nut 44 Hand hammer. 45 Sheel square. 46 Charger for 1st proof charge, P32-nd lbi 47 Charger for 2nd proof charge, 1-A40th lb. INSPECT1IO, t6(39 l.ms2pecton? of btrrels. The first inspection of the barrel is made after it is reduced to the dimensions recquired for proof, which are verified by the proper gauges for that purpose' these dimensions are nearly the same as those of the finished barrel (not more -than. 0.003 in. greater in the exterior diameter, and 0.003 in. less in the diameter of the bore,) leaving only sufficient surplus metal (about 12 oz. in a musket barrel) to enable the workman to dress the barrel in fine boring and to remove the marks made in straightening the barrel after proof. The thread for the breech screw in the barrel must be cut and the bayonet stud brazed on. The inspector will see that the exterior and interior dimensions of the barrel are correct; that there are no interior hammer marks, ring bores, cinder holes, flaws, cracks or other defects, which will not disappear in the finishing, and that the thread of the breech screw is accurately cut. The barrels rejected for defects that cannot be remedied will be stamped on the upper side, in a line with the vent, with the mark of condemnation, which will be in all cases the letter C. If the defect is of such a nature as not to prevent the use of the barrel for a shorter arm, when cut off, the mark will be made on the defective part. Proof. The barrels which pass this inspection will then be proved by being fired twice, with the following charges: 1st char ae. and charge. Size of ball. Size of wad. lsD OF B~ARREL. Lbs. No. No. Lbs. No. No. Lbs. In. In. Musket...... sl-18th 2 1-22nd 1 2 1-15th 0.676 4 VWusketoon....1-92nd 1 2 1-28th 1 2 1-15th 0.676 4. Hall'scarbine.. 1-28th 2 2 1i-32nd 1 2 1-32nd 0.525 3. 25 Rifle.....1-28th 2 2 11-32nd 1 2 1-32nd 0.525 3.25 Ristol,,,...4jl-329nd 1 2 11-40th 1 2 1-32nd 0.525 3,25 One wad is placed on the powder and the other on the ball, (the upper ball when there ale two,) and the charge is well rammed with copper rods. The wad occupies, when rammed, about a in. in the length of the barrel. The barrels are closed for proof either with their breech screws, (in which case the vent must be drilled before proof,) or with proving plugs having vents in them. The barrels of Hall's arms, being without threads for breech screws, are closed with smooth proving plugs 0.7 in. long, fitting tight to the barrel: the i ~ 0 CHAP. VIII —-SMIALL ARMIS. plug is held in its place by a wedge bearing against a stirrup attached to a cole lar which rests against the shoulder of the barrel; these barrels are proved before the supporters are attached to them; they are loaded at the muzzle like other barrels. Rifle barrels are proved before being rifled. Musket powder will be used for proving the barrels of muskets and muskets oons; rifle powder for all the others; the powder must be of the best quality, giving a range of not less than 250 yards by the mortar eprouvette; it must be proved immediately before being used, unless it shall have been proved within one year, and the inspector has no reason to suppose that it has become deter riorated, Th1e measures for the proof charges should be of a conical form, with the mouth as small as'may be convenient, in order that there may be less variation in the quantity of powder; their dimensions will be determined by the rule in CHAPTER X. Before commencing the proof of barrels, the inspector will satisfy hinmself as to the quality and proof of the powder, the size of the balls and of the wads. The inspector will observe the greatest caution in having the barrels properly loaded; for which purpose, after they are placed on the proving bed, he will pass a ramrod into each barrel, to verify the accuracy of the charge. After the discharge he will again pass the ramrod into each barrel, and those which have missed fire will be pricked and primned and discharged, before pros ceeding to the second proof charge. After the second proof charge, the inspector will examine the barrels which have burst and note the cause of defect, whether in the materials or workmanship. He will then examine those which have not burst, and he will markl, as Condemned, any which are evidently defective; the others will receive the proof stamp, viz: the initials of the inspector's name with the letter P under them, placed on the left side of the barrel, just above the left flat, and about 1 in. fiom the breech.'he barrels will be immediately washed clean, in hot water, and dried, after which they will be again carefully examined. They will now be inspected in the interior and on the exterior; the inspector will reject such as are too large in the bore, and such as have holes, cross craclks, scales, seams or iing bores; he will examine the brazing of the bayonet stud and see that the bairel is not notched too deep, or indented inside. The barrels having been reduced to their ultimate dimensions, stlraig:tened "and completely finished, are again strictly inspected to verify the straightness of the bore, the eateIior and interior o di miters their weight, ('which;should not INSPECTION OF BARRELS. 171 vary more than 1 oz. from the standard weight,) the taps for the breech screw and cone, the size, position and direction of the vent. The straightness of the barrel may be ascertained by holding it up to the light and reflecting a straight edge on the different parts of the bore, by which means an.experienced eye readily detects any inaccuracy in the bore. The small or stanedard plug should pass freely through the whole length of the barrel including the threads for the breech screw, and the bore should not admit the large or limit plug. The grooves of rifle barrels should be carefully examined to see that they are formed according to the pattern, and that they are even and uniform throughout. The breech screuws will be examined to see that they are of the proper dimensions, are sound in every part, and have good threads; those of the new model are not case hardened. The screw must be tried in the barrel, to see that it occupies all the threads in the tap of the barrel, and that it is not loose after entering three threads. The vent should enter the bore of the barrel clear of the end of the breech screw. elarks. Barrels condemned for defects detected after proof, or at any time in the course of inspection, are marked with the letter C, struck in deeply; those finally received are stamped in addition to the proof mark, with the letters U.S., on the top of the barrel 1 in. from the breech, and the Year of fabrication underneath those lettters, in the direction of the axis of the barrel, ending at the breech. Report of Inspection of Barrels. After the inspection of each lot of barrels the inspector will make a statement, showing: 1. The number of barrels offered for proof. I. The number rejected before proof. 3. The number burst in proof. 4. The number rejected after proof, for flaws, cross cracks, or other defects. 5. The number received after the proof and inspections. 6. The number rejected on inspection of the finished arm. These statements furnish the materials for the reports of inspection required oby the Ordnance Regulations. Cone. Verify the dimensions exterior and interior, and the thread of the screw. See that the upper part of the cone is properly hardened and firee from cracks or Sva. ws, I.i CH.n bH iVAtVIII-STMALL AR-lWSt. Locks. Examine iall the limbs to see that they are sound, well filed, and of the proper form; try the temper of the hardened parts with a fine cut:file H.ammners. Verify the dimensions and form carefully witlh the proper gauges:, see that they are I)roperly case hardened, especially in the head and cup tor the Tumblers must be verified separately with great care, and their hard ness tested. S'prisgs. The strength of the lock springs, as indicated by the weights thl-ey require to bend them up to the cock notch, is nearly as follows:.M70ain spring of musket..... ii.... 85 lbs. Do. pistol....., e.174 Sear spring,.................0l e Screws. Examine the forms of the stems and heads of all screwvs and the cutting of the threads, and gauge them; see that they are properly hardened. Lock plates. Verify with the proper gauges the form and dimensions, the accuracy of the position of the holes and the threads of those which are tapped; see that the plate is sound and free from cracks and flaws, especially about the tumbler hole, and that it is well hardened. Fislished loc!cs. The locks having been put together, see: 1st. That they are clean in the inside. 2d. That the sear works freely when the sear screw is driven as f.ar as it will go, and that the nose is sufficiently strong and falls properly into the notches of the tumbler. 3d. That the bridle has no cracks or flaws about the holes for the tumnblerpivot and screws. 4th. That the springs are well bent and of good proportions; that, the fixed, branches fit close to the lock plate, and that the moveable branchesz swing clear of it without having too much play. 5th. That the slits of the screw heads are not defective. 6th. That the arbor and pivot of the tumbler fit accurately in their holes. 7ttl. That the hook of the tumbler does not fall below the edge of the lock plate when the cock is down. 8th. That the notches of the tumbler are sound and smooth, and that the tumbler fits and turns well. 9th. That the hammer fits well on the square of the tumbler, and that it does not rest on the lock plate when screwed up tight, and that it has the proper set in relation to the cone. 10thb. Tlhat aI1 the parts work well together. INSPECTI ON 73,,orks. The place and year of fabrication are marked on the ftice of the lock platce, in rear of the hammer; at the national armories all eagle aned the letters U. $. are stamped on the lock plate; at private armories, the letters U. S,, with toe rnanme of the contractor. K Aioetrs8buntin.gs Tie forrms and dimensions are verified with the approtpriate gauges and pa.t. telns. T'he rod springs should not be so stiff as to endanger splittinac the stocli-, lThe ce,-igger should be well fitted to the guard plate, with as little lateral piay as is consistent with its fiee movement, The foim, size, and threads of the screws should be carefully examined. The letters U. S. are marked on the tanr. of'the buh.t plate. RamnooS, The tenmper of the rod is tested by springing it in four directions with the poina resting on the floor. The musket ramrod should bend 6 inches from a right line joining the ends; the rod should spring back perfectly straight wilhoat setting. Its soundness and freedorm from flaws and cross cracks are ascertained by the sound it gives when suspended by one end and gently struck with a piece of metal, and by passing it over the edge of a block of wood, or the closed jaws of a vice, pressing down the ends at the same time and turnling the rod so as to present every side successively to inspection. Rifle and pistol rods are subjected to the last tests only. The diameter of the rod and the tap of the screw fbr the wiper are verified with the proper gauges. The length is also verified..iierkes. The rods approved are marked with a small stamp near the head. Ba.yonets., The form and dimensions of the bayonet are verified with the proper gauges; (the temper is tried by springing the bayonet attached to the barrel, the point resting on the floor. In case of doubt, the temper of the bayonet is definitely proved in the following manner: Two iron staples are fixed in a piece of oak plank on a work bench, 16& inches apart; one of them serves as a bridge and has notches to receive the blade, the other serves as a staple for holding the point of the bayonet close to the plank: the bayonet is fixed on a barrel to the butt of which is fastened a brass ball weighing 6 lbs., so that by inserting the point of the blade in the staples, the fhce and back resting alternately on the bridge, the blade sustains a weight of 9 lbs., which springs it about - of an inch. In this situation the blade is also 74 GCHAP. VIH. —-SMAL ARMS. examined to detect flaws and cross cracks. It should not remain bent after this trial. The inspector then seizes the blade near the point andl strikes the elbow, smartly on the work bench, to ascertain that the welding is sound. If the proof shows no defects, he verifies the dimlension s and bore of the socket and the accuracy of the channels. He examines the dimensions of the clasp, to see that it fits well to the shoulder; that it turns evenly, without binding in any part; that the stop is well placed and firmly set; that the clasp screw and its thread in the stud of the clasp are well cut; that the elbow has the proper fornm and dimensioizns JIalcks. Bayonets are marked on the frce of the blade, near the neck, with} the letters U. S.; those approved are marked on the neck with the inspector's stamp; those rejected for defects that cannot be remedied are imarked with the stamp of condemnation. Stocks, The examination of the stock will be directed: 1st. To the quality of the wood; that it has good straight grain, is well seasoned and free from sap and worm holes. The degree of seasoning is indicated by the smell of the wood at a fresh cat place —by the appearance of the lock and barrel, &e., when removed fromt the stock; they will be ruisted by unseasoned wood-by rolling a thin shaving between the fingers, it will crumble if the wood be well seasoned, otherwise it will ba tough and will benid. The medium weight of' a well seasoned musket stock is 2 lbs. e a stock made of good walnut will not weigh less than! lb. 13 oz. 2nd. To the workmanship; that it is free from splits, especially about the barrel groove and heading; that it has not been split and glued tip; that the grooves and beds are of the proper forms and dimensions; that the roundings for the bands are smooth and accurate; that the handle anld comb are of the proper size and form; that the stock has the proper fill or crook, and is of the right length; that the holes are well drilled, and that those for the wood screws have good, threads. In examining the bed of the lock, see: Ist. That all the edges ale sharp and smooltl. 2nd. Thlat the beds of the sear screw and sear spring screw are not bored down to the trigger or to the s breech screw. 3d. That the beds of the main spring and main spring screw do not penetratCe to the barrel. 4th.'I'hi-t the hol, for the tang of tie soar is s mrnall as possib le, so thatt theI'::ea.' shall niot ob wooti bound. 5thr.ihat thl,o'voiresc. fit weil in the-ir h loles. 10,t ijs. ile tci i s ected.' l rl'c m iarked otn the left side with the stamp of', ap.provd.l, (the iitiais of e inspetor's mnae, tt ) or of condemnation, as the c.ar. -may Se.,/ 3pe,, dAal3 es, Ball scre'ts tad uvipers are examined bjy screwing theta on a piece of ramrod. fitnished i ith a handle, to verify the accuracy of the screw thread; the temper of the branches is tested by pressing the points on a piece of hard wood, in which pioof they should spring back to their proper form. Scie drivers, tby miserting the blades in a vice, or in a slit macle for the puro pose, and twisting them wLith the helnd. Test the strength and size of the cone wrench, by putting it on a square socket and wrenching it by hand. Othler implemnents are examined by applying the appropilate patterns &c., and their soundness may be further tested by striking them a smart blow with. a halmmerFinished armsO Finished arms offered for inspection must be taken entirely to pieces, and each -part nmust be examined as above directed; if the parts have been previously inspected, see that they have suffered no subsequent injury. This being done, the arms will be put together and examined in their complete state. Some of the arms in every lot should be put together by the inspector himself.'The inspector will examine the finished arms on every side, to see that the parts are well fitted together-he will verify the principal dimensions and forms by means of the appropriate gauges and patterns. Barsrel The diameter of the bore must be verified with the standard anmd limit gauges. The barrel should enter the groove of the stock to the depth of half its diameter., and should bear well in the whole length of the groove, particuo iltaly at the breech, The vent should be accurate in its dimensions, position and direction, and at wire should be passed into the vent through the cone, to sjee that it is free. Tlhe cone should be examained, to see that it is sound.'The ahoulders of the breech screw should fit close to the end of the barrel, and it mlusl be free from cracks or flaws about the tang screw hole; the tang screw should be perpendicular to the tang. The bore of the barrel should be clean and brigl:t. namrod. The temper and the screw of the ramrod are tried as before directeds also by dropping it into the barrel, which will test soundness and length; the CHAPn VIII, —-SMXLL AniTA:,L fitting of the groove is ascertained by drawing and returning the rodi smnrtly several times, to see that it holds well and does not stick too tight; the mus-. ketoon, pistol and carbine ramrods should hold more firmly than- tlhat of the musket —the ramrod must bear on the rod stop, and in that position its head should not project beyond the end of the barrel; it should fill the groove well; the open part of the groove should be in the centre of the stoclk, the covered sart in the middle of the thickness of the stock. between the outside and the bottom of the barrel groove, and the rod should not interfere with thle front side screw, Bayonet. The socket of'the bayonet should be a little below the muzzle of the barrel at the tpper end, and should clear the upper band about 0.05 in, Work. the clasp to see that the ramrod does not interfere with it, that it bears weli ono the shoulders, that the clasp screw holds well, that the stop is firmly fixed, and that the clasp moves evenly without binding; the blade of the bayonet should set outwards a little towards the point~ To try the strength and temper of the bayonet when fixed: spring it smartly in four directions, towards the back and face and each edge, resting the point on the floor, and grasping the butt of the stock with the right hand and the middle of the barrel with the left. Examine the fitting of the bayonet to the barrel and see that the inside of the socket is clean and free fiom rust, and that the bayonet stud is well brazed and of the right dimensions. Locrk Examine carefully the action of the lock; snap the hammer on the cone, to see that it fits well. Let the hammer down several times, to judge of the working of the lock. See also: lst, that the interior parts are not wood bound. 2nd. That the hammer stands off (0.02 in.) from the lock plate. 3d. That it does not go off at half cock, when the trigger is pulled harda 4th. That it goes neither too hard nor too easily when cocked. 5th. That it does not stop at half cock. 6th. That the trigger is steady at cock and half cock, and free when the hamame is down. 7th. That the fall of the hammer is not stopped by the heel of the turimbler, before it touches the cone. Sth. That the hammer has sufficient sweep; and that it falls evenly, without a jerk. Examine the soundness of the hammer at the tumbler hole. In examining a finished lock by itself, observe the rules laid down above; see that the lock plate fits accurately in its bed and that the wood around it is full and sound. INSPECTION OF HALL)S ARMIS, ]7; A'aioutntivgs. The front part of the trigger at half cock should be learly per' pendicular to the surface of the guard plate; the slit for the trigger should be of'the exact width, so that the trigger shall have no lateral motion. It is important that the guard plate should bear firmly on the wood in every fpa-rt as otllerwise, by driving the tang screw too hard, the trigger might be b)ougtht too close to the sear and the action of the lock be thus interfered witih. The butt plate should be well fitted, in the centre of the stock. The bands should fit smoothly at the shoulders and closely to the stock and.barel, but not so tight as to require a great effort to remove thenm. The band.springs should not Ibe too deeply set; they should spring back freely when pressed down; the holes for the wires should not interfere with the barrel or ramrod grooves. All the mountings should fit smoothly to the stock. rhe stock should have the proper fall or crook, which is ascertained bly applying the pattern and by trying the piece in the position of aiming. By sighting along the barrel it will be seen whether it is well stocked, wvllhe ther the upper band is well placed and the sight central, and the bayonet wvell set. See also below: IJapect'ion of arms in ser.vice SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TIfE INSPECTiON OF HALLS CAR BINE S, The foregoing rules for inspection of arms are to lbe observed here as far as they are applicable such as those reiating to the quality of materials and workmanship; the proving of barrels and ramrods; gauging the parts and ascertaining that they are sound; that their forams and dinmensions agree in all respects with those of the standard models, and that they are not inferior in finish to those models. The following instructio:ns apply exclusively to a's of Hall's patent. Tlhese aim-ms should he fibriicated in such a manner that the component parts of all the arms of the sarne kind shall interchange, or fit equally well together.'In order to test the accuracy of the work in this respect, examine and gauge the various component parts belonging to any number of arms offered for inspectiol, a.d cause the arms to be put together by talring the parts promiscuollsly fiom the whole number examined. Take then a certain proportion o the finishled rom, (say 10 -.in every hundred. of the firs.t 4:00 arms, after that about 10 in 400,) alnd iinterchange the component pasrt)s of ea(Ccll of these lots of 10, as followss 02ld. Apply each receiver to one and the same arm -ascertain that the joint between its muzzle and the breech of the barrel is a little open, (from 00a04 inc 19, 178 CHAP. VIII.-SMIALL ARMS. to 0.008 in.) so as to admit of one thickness of common writing paper without jamming it, and two thicknesses of the same, jamming and holding them tight. Also, ascertain that its catch fits well to the catch plate below, and that when the receiver is pressed hard down, the space between the catch notch and the catch plate is not less than 0.008 in. nor more than 0.016 in.-that the receiver admnits of a little motion, or has between it and the chock on each side of it a play of not less than 0.004 in. nor more than 0,008 in. Ascertain that the opening on each side between the receivers and the supporte'rs, in rear of the chocks, is not less than 0.008 in., nor more than 0.016 in. That the opening between the rear end of the receiver and the butt piece, and between the friont pelrt of' the shoulders (before the chocks) and the supporters, is not less than 0.016 ill. nor more than 0.1)3 in. That the receiver opens and shuts with case, and that the trigger which is attached to it passes through the guard fieely and clear of the end of the mortise in the guard, both in front and rear, ard that when the piece is cockled and the receiver shut, the trigger stands, of an inch from the guard behind. 3d. Apply one catch plate to all the stocks; put in a receiver and ascertain that it fits the catch: also, apply all the catch plates to one and the same stock and receiver, ascertaining that each one fits. 4th. Apply all the catches to each receiver and ascertain that the catch fits otn the plate below; that the opening between the hook of the catch and the catch plate is correct as before stated. 5th. Apply all the chocks to one and the same arm and ascertain that the opening or joint formed between the receiver iand the barrel is within the limits before prescribed. Apply one and the same pair oi chocks to each arm, and ascertain that the opening in the joint between the receiver and the barrel is the same as before. 6th. Apply all the butt pieces to one anld the same arm ascertaining that eacht one fits alike and corresponds well with the ends of the supporters, with the wood of the stock and with the screw holes through the stock and the supporters-then apply one and the same butt piece to all the arms and ascertain the same points as before. 7th. Apply all the butt plates to one and the same stock, hut without turning in the screws, except in a few of the plates, otherwise the hold of the screw uis the wood will be injured; but ascertain that the holes in the plate correspond with those in the stocks at the same time that its outer edges correspond with the outside of the stock —then apply one and the same butt plate to all the stoclks and ascertain that it fits alike to each, turning in the screws in this latter case, INSPECTION-GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 1'79 8th. Apply all the guards to one and the same stock, ascertaining that each fits the wood well around its edges and at the holes-then apply one and the same guard to each of the stocks, ascertaining that it fits as before. 9th. Apply each set of bands to one and the same stock and barrel, ascertaining that they go moderately tight only, and so nearly alike as to make good and close work-then apply one and the same set of bands to all the arms and ascertain the same points with each, and that the bands fit well to the stocks and barrels and to the band springs. 10th. Apply all the barrels, with one and the same set of bands, to one and the same stock, putting the bands fully to their places to ascerttain that they go neither too tight nor too loose, which will be the case when they admit of being shoved by the hand to within a quarter of an inch of their respective places, ascertain that the supporters fit the stocks and the butt pieces-then apply one and the same barrel with the same set of bands to each of the stocks, observing the same particulars. 11th. Ascertain that the supporters are securely fastened to the barrels with two screws in each, and with good solder over the whole extent of the supporter where it comes in contact with the barrel-to determine this point, put a little oil above the junction of the supporter and the barrel, then grasp both suppor'"wrs with one hand, holding the barrel with the other, and spring them inwards several times; if the soldering is not sound, the oil will be seen to issue from between the supporters and the barrel. 12th. Test the guides, ascertaining that they slide equally easy in their respective dove-tails in all the barrels, first applying all the guides to one barrel and then one of them to all the barrels. 13th. Examine the receiver and the various parts attached to it by applying in the first place all the hammers to one and the same receiver, ascertaining that each one falls fairly down on the cone; then apply one and the same hammer.to all the receivers; and thus proceed to test the accuracy of all the different parts of the lock attached to the receiver, applying all of the different couponent parts to one and the same receiver, and one of each of the component parts to all the receivers. GENERAL DTRECTIONS. The inspector is not restricted to the particular examinations above mentioned; he will make any other examinations which he may deem necessary to ascertain the quality of any part of the arms and their conformity to the standard models; if he discovers or suspects any attempts on the part of the I8s CHAP. VIIT.-SMALL A.RMS. workrmen to cover or conceal serious defects, he will subject the arms to the most severe scrutiny, in order to detect such defects. In the inspection of contract arms, the inspector will judge of the quality of materials and workmanship by the rules which govern in like cases at the national armories; that is, he will reject such arms or parts of armns as would be condemned at the national armories, and he will receive such as would be.approved at the national armories; without exacting, in any case, more rigid conditions than are enforced at those establishments. The ordnance officer charged with the inspection of arms, or the master armorer at a national armory, will cause at least oae in tweenty of each lot of arms passed by a sub-inspector to be taken to pieces in his presence, and lie'will examine them strictly, agreeably to the foregoing directions, before affixing his stamp of approval on the finished arms, all of which must be examined by him. MARKs: As a general rule, every part condemned on inspection will be indelibly marked with the letter C, and every principal part approved will be n arked with the initials of the inspector's name. Care must be taken that the marks of approval are not stamped so deep as to be injurious. Finished arms approved on inspection will be marlked on the left face of the stock with the initials of the name of the principal inspector, and the year of inspection. BROWNED ARMS. The barrels of rifles and carbines are browned at the armories before being received for the service; the lockss, rasrEds, band springs, triggers, receivers and screws are not browned. The parts of these arms should be thoroughly inspected before browning, and the finished arm after being browned. nstlructions for B'r owning drins. A(aterials Jfr Browinivg Aixttmre. -1 oz. spirits of wine. 1 oz. tincture of steel. A oz. corrosive sublimate, 1i oz. sweet spirits of nitre. I oz. blue vitriol. oz. nitric acid. To be mixed and dissolved in 1 quart of soft water-.-the ni-rtore to be kept Fir' glass bottles and not in earthen jugs., iBRON( NJNIG AYRMS. t8 Previous to commencing the operation of brlowning, it is necessary that the barrel or other part should be lmade quite bright witl emery or a fine smooth file, (but not burnished,) after which it must be carefully cleaned fr'om all greasiness; a small quantity of pounded lime rubbed well over every part of the barrel is the best for this purpose. Plugs of wood are then to be put into the muzzle of the barrel and into the vent, and the mixture applied to every part witvl a clean sponge or rag. The barrel is then to be exposed to the air for twenty-four hours; after which time it is to be well rubbed over with a steel scratch cartl or scratch bruesh, until the rust is entirely removed; the mixture may then be applied again, as before, and in a few hours the barrel will be suffciently corroded for the operation of scratch brushing to be repeated. The same process of scratching off' the rust and applying the mixture is to be repeated twice or three times a day for four or five days, by which time the barrel will be of a very dark brown color. When the barrel is sufficiently brown and the rust has been carefully removed from every part, about a quart of boiling water should be poured over every part of the barrel, in order that the action of the acid mixture upon the barrel may be destroyed and the rust thereby prevented from rising again. The barrel, when cold, should afterwards be rubbed over with linseed oil or sperm oil. It is particularly directed that the steel scratch cartd or scratch brush be used in the place of a hard hair brush, otherwise the browning will not be durable, nor have a good appearance. The browning mixture is applied to other parts of arms in the same manner as to the barrels. About 6 quarts of browning mixture are required for 1,000 barrels. To renmove old browning: Plug the vent and the muzzle of the barrels; immerse the browned parts for one hour in boiling lime water or lye, to remove the varnish or grease; wipe them and put them in vinegar, in a wooden trough, for half an hour or an hour, when the browning may be rubbed off with a rag. PACKING SMALL ARMS. Box for 20 Percussion Mlluskets. Plate 16. The box is made of well seasoned pine boards 1 in. thick; the sides and bottonms lap o~'er the ends. 4 corner pieces (oak) 2.25 in. wide, 1.125 in. thick; the width of the corner piece is placed against the end of the box; a rabet is cut in each piece to receive the ends of a board 4.5 in. wide and.1'25 in. thick, which forms the inner lining of the implement pocket. 2 end linings, between the corner pieces, 8.75 in. deep, leaving vacant spaces above them, between the corner pieces, 4.5 in. deep, for the implements. They are fastened to the ends, each with two nails. 8Q'CHAP. VIII.-SMALL ARMS. Interior dimensions of the box: Length, between the end linings, 59.25 in. width, 15.75 in.; depth, 13.25 in. The ends are fastened with nine 8d nails in two rows, in each corner piece. Each side is fastened with five 12d nails in each end, three 1Od nails, and one 2. in. screw No. 14, (above the nails) in each corner piece. The bottom is fastened to each end and lining, with twelve 10d nails, and to each side with ten 10d nails and two 2 in. screws. The top is fastened with two 2 in. screws to each end, and four to each side. Two holes are bored in each end, 6 in. apart and 8 in. from the bottom, to receive rope beckets,.5 in. thick and 1S in. long, which are inserted and fastened by a knot countersunk in the end, before the linings are nailed on. Two grooves, 1 in. wide and.25 in. deep, are cut in each side of the box, close to the corner pieces, to receive the packing stuff. 4 bayonet clamps 1 in. thickl; two of them are I in. deep; the others, 1.5 in, They have each ten notches on the under side to receive the blades of the bayonets, and they are fastened to the bottom of the box, each with 2 screws. The small clamps are placed 3.4 in. apart, in the clear; the large ones, 5.5 in. apart. 4 muzzle clamps, 1 in. thick and 2.25 in. wide; each clamp has 5 holes for the muzzles of the barrels and 5 for the heads of the ramrods. They are placed in the grooves; the lower clamps fastened to the ends of the box at the bottom, each with two nails; the others sliding in the grooves. 4 bestt clamps, 2 in. thick, 2.25 in. wide. They have rabets 1 in. thick at the ends, to slide in the grooves, and each clamp has 5 sloping notches 1 in. deep,. 1.5 in. wide at top, and 2 in. at bottom, to receive the butts of the muskets. 2 mitddle clamps, 1.125 in. thiick, 2 in. wide, with rabets to fit the grooves — they are laid in flat. 2 top clalmps, 2 in. thick, 3.125 wide, with rabets 1 in. thick at each end, to slide in the grooves. -The cover presses on them and keeps the muskets tight. To pack a box of Aluskets. Unfix the bayonets and let down the hammers. The small bayonet clamps being fastened down, place the points of the bay — onets in their notches, the bayonets lying' on the edge of the blade; then put in the large clamnps and screw them down. Place the lower tier of ten muskets; the muzzles and ramrods in the holes in: the lower end clamps, the butts resting on the opposite clamps; put two lower butt clamps in the grooves over the butts of the lower tier of muslkets, and over them the two Yniddle clanips. Place the upper mtuzzle cla.mps in the grooves; insert the upper tier of mruslets like the lower; put in the upper butt clamps and the top clamps. Put the implements in the pockets provided for them, and screw on the cover. PACKING ARMS. 183 Packing box for 20 Rifles. Rifles are packed in the same manner as muskets, the box being made like the musket box except in its dimensions, and omitting the bayonet clamps. Interior dimensions of rifle box: Length between the end linings 50 in.; width 16. 75 in.; depth 12.5 in. Packing box for 50 Pistols. Plate 16. The form and dimensions of the box are represented in the plate. The muzzles and the heads of the rods are inserted in holes countersunk in the side of the box, the handle of the stock being confined by 4 clamps, which slide in grooves made in the ends of the box. The implements are placed in a small compartment provided for them, at the top of the box. Interior dimensions of pistol box: Length 42.25 in.; width 14.5 in.; depth 12 in, Weights of boxes of.rnms packed. 20 muskets, percussion..................290 lbs. 20 do. flint..............o De300 " 20 rifles, percussion....................275 " 50 pistols, do....................... 190" Packing.ilrms with Straw. In the field, or under other circumstances, when the proper arm chests are not on hand, it may sometimes be necessary to pack armis in this manner. The interior dimensions of a box for 20 muskets may be the same as for the regular packing box. The straw should be long, perfectly dry, and free from dust; rye straw is the best; hay should not be used: about 25 lbs. of straw are required to a box. To prepare the melsket for packing: oil it; let down the hammer, pass the bayonet up to the socket into the guard bow, on the right side, in front of the trigger. Make a rope of about 40 straws, slightly twisted, and 40 in. long; wrap it about the musket, commencing on top of the hammer, going round the bayonet below, again over the hammer and round the piece in front of the guard, then over the socket of the bayonet near the neck, and wrapping the rest around the handle of the stock. Lay a bed of straw 2 in. thick in the bottom of the box; in the middle and at 6 in. from the ends, place three cushions of straw 6 in. thick and 12 in. wide.-Put in a tier of 10 muskets crossing each other, the butts resting alternately against the ends of the box, the guards uppermost, and the hammers bearing on the cushions. Put small trusses of straw under the upper and middle bands, by raising the muskets at one end a)d then pressing them down between the others. Pack, between the butts, wads of straw 8 in. long, made of a hands ful of straws folded in three; cover the guards and guard bows with the ends of the straw that forms these wads, which will be still about 12 in. long. Put in ILt CHAP. VtIIt —S\trALL ARMVlS. another tier of 10 muskets in the same manner, making the cushions 4 in, thickl Pack the implements in straw in the vacant spaces. Fill the box with straw, so that the cover shall require strong pressure to keep it down. Put two hoops round the box, at 18 in. fr1om the ends. Other arms, swords, &c., are packed in a similar manner. Arms should not hle wrapped, in paper, unless it be oiled, as it attracts moist. ture more readily than straw does. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE. errcrngemrentt anld Jaznnezer of StAgoringr' Jdhns. Arnms are kept at the Arsenals either in the boxes in which they are received. ifrom the armories, or in racks. Those of each kind are kept separate and they are arranged according to the model, the place and year of fabiication, and the time when they were last cleaned. New arms are kept distinct fiom those which have been repaired. Each parcel should have a label indicating the kind, number, model, date of their receipt in store, and of their being last cleaned. The manner of keeping arms at the arsenals is determined by the chief of the Ordnance Department, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case, and racks are constructed for them only in pursuance of special authority from the Ordnance office; without such authority they are kept in boxes. The form and arrangement of the racks vary with those of the rooml in which they are placed, so as to use the space to the best advantage, and give light and air to every part of the room. The usual arrangement of racks for muskets is to establish two rows of double racks, two tiers high, perpendicular to the length of the room, leaving alleys around the room next to the walls, and in the cene tre, if necessary. The Ibayonets are passed through the middle band swivel, the socket covering the top of the ramrod. Other racks of a similar kind may be made for rifles, carbines, &c. Pistols are suspended by the guard bows, on hooks driven into the faces of the musket racks, or into the joists, or into strips attached to the walls of the building. When there are neither racks nor boxes prepared, the arms are stored in dry rooms, arranged in rows apart from the walls, standing on their muzzles and supported by frames to prevent them from pressing too much on each other. The bayonets should be unfixed and passed through the swivel. They should be covered with tarpaulins or cloths, if necessary, to protect them from dust. Arms of peculiar kinds and arms to be repaired, are kept separate frnom others; as also arms unserviceable or condemned to be broken up. Limbs and spare parts intended for repairs of arms should be kept in store by themnselves, in a dry place, classed according to the kind of arms and to the.model and year of fabrication, and labeled accordingly. PRESEERVATION OF ARMSS, l85 Altislket and rifle barrels and other long barrels, standing' on their muzzles the piles covered fiom the dust witll tarpaulins supported so as not to touch the barrels. Pistol barrels, bayonets, and other small parts, in drawers or boxes, properly labeled. Stocks, in square piles, in the attic or upper story of the building. Ca, le of r7'nZs in Store. Arms when received at an arsenal should be unpacked and carefiully exarn. lned, to detect any damage suffered in transportation; they should be cleaned and oiled, if they require it. Those arms which are not to be placed in racks should be returnled to the boxes, laid in loosely but safely, and the cover slightly fastened down, so that they can be readily examined. All arms in store should be frequently examined, to see that they do not become rusty. Those which are found to he rusted should be immediately cleaned and again oiled. Browned arms, if affected with specks of rust, should be rubbed hard with linseed oil, and if the appearance of the browning indicate that the acid is not neutralized, care should be taken to examine the arms again withy in a short time, as it may be found necessary to remove;and renew the brownins; but this operation should not be performed without special authority from the chief of the Ordnance Department, on the report of a duly authorized inspector. Arms which are to be repaired should be oiled and taken care of in the same manner as serviceable arms. Irreparable arms, the parts of which can be used for repairs, should be oiled. Similar remarks apply to spare parts for repair of arms. Sperm oil should be used for greasing arms. Empty boxes from which the arms in racks are taken should be kept -witvh all the parts belonging to them in the attics or other dry situations. The store houses lbr arms should be aired in clear dry weather. Issuing /lrms. The Ordnance Regulations prescribe the manner of issuing arms to the troops, under the various circumstances of service, and to the States, for arming the militia. All arms issued from an arsenal should be carefully examined before delivery, cleaned anal put in good order; if intended for transportation, they should be oiled, if necessary, after cleaning, and carefully packed. PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. The officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers should be instructed and practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation. 186 CHAP. VIII.-SMALL ARMS. Each soldier should have a screw drivelr and a wiper, and each squad of 10, a wire and a tumbler punch, and a spring vice. No other implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to service, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lock separated from the stock. Taking Hirnms to pieces. To take apart the altered percetssion tmulsket, pattern of 1822.-1. The bayonet-2. The ramrod-3. The side screws-4. The side plate-5. The lock6. The upper band-7. The upper band spring-8. The middle band-9. The middle band spring-10. The trigger wire-11. The trigger —2. The tang screw-13. The lower band-14. The lower band spring-15. The barrel16. The guard screws-17. The guard-18. The butt plate screws-19. The butt plate. In the musket of the model of 1840, and in the new percussion musket, the trigger screw and trigger are taken off after the guard, then the pin for the ramrod spring, and the ramrod springs. Order in lwhtich the lock is taken cpart.-Cock the piece and put the spring vice, or clamp, on the main spring. 1. The main spring screw —2. The main spring3. The sear spring screw (before turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with the screw driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortise)-4. The sear spring-5. The sear screw-6. The sear-7. The bridle screw-8. The bridle-9. The tumbler screw-10. The tumbler (it is driven out with the punch inserted in the screw hole)-11. The hammer. The lock and the inusket are put together in the inverse order of taking' them apeart The tumnbler screw has a larger head than any other loek screw. The other four lock screws are distinguished by their lengths, which are in the following order, beginningF with the shortest, viz: 1. Main spring screw-2. Sear spring screw3. Bridle screw-4. Sear screw. The two side screws are of nearly equal length; the point of the rear one is flat, that of the front one rounded. There are two sizes for the threads of these screws; the first for the side screws, the second for all the others. Before replacing the screw, put a small drop of sperm oil in the screw hole or on the point of the screw; put a drop of oil also on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler; between the moveable branches of the springs and the lock plate; on the hook and notches of the tumbler, after the lock is put together. Take care that the screws are not turned in too hard, so as to nake the limbs bindc; to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it -.ioves freely without friiction. CARE OF ARMS IN SERVICE. 187 The soldier should never take the lock apart, take off the guard, or take out the cone, except when a non-commissioned officer considers it necessary. The band and rod springs, and the butt plate should not be taken off unless it is impossible to clean them ill place' The breech screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in ordinary cleaning; the same remark applies to the baybnet clasp of the new musket, which should be frequently oiled. Cleaning and care of l rms. F'or the ireon and steel p)arts, when much rusted, use line emery, sifted and moistened with oil; when slightly rusted, use rotten stone or brick dust, sifted very fine, moistened likewise with oil. For the brass parts, use rotten stone or fine brick dust, moistened with vinegar or water; these parts should not be greased. Make use of a hard brush, or a piece of soft wood, such as white pine or cedar. Remove the dirt from the screw holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into them. Wipe the parts clean with a linen rag', (leaving a little oil on the inner parts of the lock,) but never bm'nlish them. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or table or piece of board, in order to avoid bending it. The practice of cleaning a bright barrel by supporting it at the two ends and rubbing it with a strap o01' buff stick, or with the ramrod to burnish it, is highly pernicious, and should be strictly prohibited. After firing, the barrel should be always washed; when the water comes off clear, wipe the barrel dry, and then pass into it a rag moistened with oil. To take off the barrel: after removing the bands and the tang screw, hold the stock and barrel lightly with the left hand, about 6 inches fiom the breech, the barrel down, with the muzzle about an inch from the ground; strike with the right hand on the handle of the stock until the barrel is disengaged from its groove, supporting the barrel with the left hand until it can be seized by the right hand and separated from the stock. To change the cone, when it is broken or worn out: after removing the old cone, enter the new one carefully with the fingers, before using the wrench, in order to avoid bruising the thread in the barrel. It is very important to use no other implements than those before mentioned. By using nails to drive out the wires, their holes are enlarged. The main spring should never be heated for the purpose of either raising or lowering its temper; this destroys the elasticity of the spring and the lock no longer gives fire. The notches of the tumbler, the hook of the mainspring, and, in general, all the joints of the lock, should be frequently oiled, after first wiping off the hard grease and the dust. Browned arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled rag, until the oil is well incorporated with the browningg; or by rubbing them with bees wax ~on a sag' or cork. 188 CHAP. VsII, —.-SMiALLn ARM'S, Care of Hall's Carbhines The peculiar construction of these arms renders it necessary to observe cer. Lain precautions in the use of thetl, besides those which are required generally for the preservation of small arms. To take the arm arsprt. Turn out the front side screw and remove the receiver, then turn out the other side screw, loosen the thands and take oft' the barrel. The order in which the other mountings are detached from the stock is not imeportant. To takle the lock apart. Detach the limbs in the following order: i, thie sear spring screw; 2, the sear screw; 3, the sear; 4, the sear spring; 5, the maili spring screw, (after compressing the main spring with the spring vice, and den taching it from the link;) 6, the main spring; 7, the hammer screw; 8, the hanmmer; 9, the link screw; 10, the link. To put the armss together. The mountings are attached to the stock before tihe barrel is put in, observing that the butt piece screw should riot be turned in hard until the barrel is in place. To put the lock together. Place the sear spring and turn its screw loosely in; put in the main spring and its screw, and then the hammer; hook the link to the main spring with the aid of the spring vice; ptlt in the sear and its screw, and then turn in the sear screw and sear spring screw tight. The tumbler screw and the sear screw should be turned in very tight; the other screws are left rather loose. The gLreatest attentioti inucst be paid to the chocks, by which the recoil of the re& ceiver is checked, and the opening between it and the barrel regulated. This opening should be such as to admnt one thickness of common writing pa'per, and to bind twothicknesses; if the opening becomes, from any cause, too great, it may be diminished by inserting a thin slip of metal in the notch of the supporter, behind one chock or both, as may be required. The shoulders of the receiver must always bear firmly against both chocks; the piece should never be fired without the chocks boeing inl place, as in that case the opening between the receiver and the barrel becomes much too great, a part of the charge is perhaps lost, the effect of the remainder much lessened, and the stock almost inevitably destroyed by the blast, and by the undue strain which it suffers from the recoil of the receiver. IfWby frequent firing the receiver becomes foul so as to close with difficulty, or not to admit the ball readily, its easy action may be restored by slightly wetting it and wiping the bore wikh the finger, and the muzzle with the palm of the hand. INSPECT'ION OF A.RMIS IN SGR'ICE. 89 INSPECr ION OF ARILS itN SERYVICE OR WHICH -'lAVE BEEN IN SERVICE. iTlpilenaents. Standard and limit gauges for the bore, limit gauges for the exterior of the barrel, and a screw plate with taps for the holes of the lock plate..'The following are the principal points to be attended to in the inspection of arlms:; 1sr. PTe arms being takcen to pieces and cleaned. BARREL. Defects for which the barrel must be condemnled as ssfit Jfor service. The large gauge entering the whole length of the barrel. The small or standard gauge not entering, unless the diminution of the bore is caused by the barrel being indented or bent, defects which may be remedied. A diminution of the exterior diameter at the breech or at the mazzle, so as to enter the small receiving gauges: this diminution is 0.1 inch at the breech; 0.03 inch at the muzzle for arms with bayonets, and 0.045 inch for arms without bayonets. A diminution of more than 0.25 in the length of a pistol barrel, or 0.5 inch in the lengths of other barrels. Splits, cross cracks, and other serious defects, caused either by bad workmanship or by use. Examine the barrel carefully to see if it has any of the above defects, and if so, mark them with a file, when not very apparent —see if the bayonet stud is broken or too muach worn-if the cone seat is perfect, and its thread in good o'd er, and the vent unobstructed. If the breech screw is not tight after entering 5 or 6 threads, or if it can be screwed down by hand without the use of a wrench-if the threads are not sharp and sound-if the plug does not fill up the whole box of the female screw-if the tanf is broken or cracked at the screw holeor if, when the breech screw is in, the tang is not even with the upper surface of' the barrel, a new breech screw is required. CONE. Examine the chamnfered end of the cone to see that it is not broken or bruised; examine also the thread and the vent. BAYONET. A bayonet is considered unserviceable if the blade is 1 inch too:short -see if it is sound and perfect in all its parts, and if it fits the barrelalso, if the clasp is in good order and turns freely. LocA..See if the fixed branches of the springs fit close to the lock plate, if the moveable branches are clear of it, and if any of the parts are wood bound. Have the springs and the bridle of the tumbler renewed when their pivots are broken. T'here should be an equal space between the lock plate and the scar tle tusmbler and the hammer. f' the sears rubs on the plate, have it aldjusted. The friction of the tumsulbber may be c.aused by lble bridle be ing badly piercied in which case renew the bridlc, i190 CHAP. VIII.-S MALL ARMIS, If the hammer rubs on one side only, have it adjusted; if it rubs every where, the arbor of the tumbler does not pr qject sufficiently, and the tumbler should be renewed. If the notches of' the tunmbler are broken, or the edges too blunt, have them dressed; if the hook of the tumbler projects beyond the edge of the lock plate when the hammer is let down, the tunmbler should be renewed. The arbor and the pivot of the tumbler should fit well in their holes. Examine the seaer closely, and have it renewed when the nose is too thin or is worn on the side next the lock plate, although it may be perfect on the exterior. If the hammer is not steady, the tumbler should be renewed. Try the action of the hammer, to see that it explodes the cap with certainty. Renew the loclk plate when the holes are too nmuch worn to be dressed over. Renew every limb that is brolken or cracked, the screws which are too mnuck worn, or of which the stems are bent, or the slits too much enlarged. MOUNTINGs. See if the parts are complete and sound. If the tlng screw does not fit tight in the screw hole of the guard plate, renew whichever part is defective. RAnroaD. See if it is sound and has a good thread, and is of the proper length, otherwise replace it. SfTocai. Examine carefully the bed of the lock, and the holes for the band springs. Press the thumb against thefacings, to see if they are split at tile holes for thle side screws, and renew the stock if it is split there or at any other part, to an injurious extent. 2nd. The arms complete, Are inspected according to the rules before laid down for the inspection of finished arms; due allowance being made for the necessary wear in service, REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS. VWhen arms which have been in the hands of the troops are turned into store at an arsenal, they should be inspected by a master armorer, under the siupervision of an officer, and classed as follows: Ist.e Serviceable arms. 2nd. drnms requirinlg repairs. 3rd. Irreparable arms. rsins requliring repairs are classified according to their klinds and models, and to the extent of the repairs required. Each arm should be marked with a nuaml ber, and thle requisite repairs should be noted on the register of inspection, to guide the workmen and to govern the issue of spare parts required for repairs. RE.PAiR OF ARMS, 19t Repairs prohibited. The following repairs being always imperfect, the parts requiring them shoutl be replaced: cutting off a barrel —brazing a patch on a barrel-brazing, ao tang on the breech screw1-brazing a bolster on a lock pla.tereaming out the hole for the arbor of the tumbler-brazing a piece for a tumbler hole or a shoulder on the hammer — hammering in the edge of the hole to make it'fit tight on the square of the tumbler-puitting a pivot to a tumbler-stisting the square of the tumbler to increase the sweep of the hammer-straightening the.arbor-brazing a ramrnod-splicing a stock. The sparie parts f',_lrnished from the lrmo ries are in general filed and finished, except hardening and tempering. The screws are finished and hardened. The parts'of Hall's arms are supplied in a finished state. Fitting,evew parts. To aldjeust a new lock, the flat of the barrel should not be filed, but the bolsters of the lock plate should be ground. The barrel should not be touched with a file, except in dressing the flat on the side of the lock, when it has been injured by rust. It replacineg the bayonet steud, avoid cutting too deep into the barrel and producing a projection inside; try the small gauge in the barrel after the operation. In fitting a new bayonet, dress out the groove of the socket and ream out the socket if necessary. To replace a lock plate: Use the old plate as a gauge for filing and piercing the new one, in order that it may fit well in the stock, &c. Ins fitting a haoinierl dress out the tumbler hole to make it fit the tumbler; set the hammer parallel to the plate. Let it down on the cone and correct the set of the hammer if necessary. In adjusting a tumbler, dress the square or the notches only, and never diminish the thickness. in fitting a setr, adjust the dimensions and curve of the nose according to the set of the tumbler and hammer. To dress a tttablete or a seat', the limb should be first softened if' necessary, and after being fitted, it should be hardened and tempered blue. In cutting the thetnbler anld seart screwss, cut them so that they cannot be driven in too far. in fitting a gucardl plate, side plate, or butt plate, do not file away the edges so that they shall not fit the beds, Braze sights and b ayonet studs only, and no other pieces; the solder is composed of two parts of brass and one of zinc, without any tin. Irrepar able.rnmso Arms are considered irreparable when both the barrel and stock are unfit for service; or,when the arms require very extensive repairs and the parts can be made useful for repairs of other arms. They can be broken up only by special authority, and they should therefore be oiled and preserved, in order to be subinitted to an inspector, as prescribed in the Ordnance regulations.'When arms are biolken up, the parts are classed either as serviceable, reparable, or untserviceable; those of the last class should be turned into store as scrap iron or steel, 40,. 192 CH1AP. sIIIto —-SiMALL ARMSo Aumber and kind of romo rer's Tools required for any number of workmen, fr7om 1 to 1'2, at an araenal for re pairs. NUIBER OF WORKMEN - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TOOLS. Awls —wire - 3 3 3 3 3 6 66666 Band-sets, for muskets, rifles and pistols I 1 I 1 2 2 2 2 Briace, (drill, - - 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 Br c ran,}hon_ Bra-ce, handl, - 1 2 4 5 6 7 81 9 101 12 Bitts —ranrod 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 cenltre -1 y fues.'When quite ldry, it is, again 280 CHAP. X. —-AMMIUNITION AND FIREWORKS. passed through a hair sieve, by rubbing it with the hand, or with a leather pad, so as to reduce it to a fine grained powder, but not to dust, whicn it is ready for use. The dried powder is put into varnished wooden or paper boxes, holding about half a pound each, which should be kept in a small nmagazine, standing apart from other buildings. CHARGING TIIE CAPS. The charge of each cap is halfea graei of percussion powder, which is put into the cap and compressed by machinery contrived for the purpose. In one of these machines, (made at Washington Arsenal,) the caps are placed by hand and the powder is supplied from a small hopper. In Wright's machine, the charging is combined with the apparatus for making the caps. The caps are taken up as they are formed, and they are charged and pressed without handling; this machine, being supplied with the copper in sheets and the percussion powder, delivers the caps ready for being varnished, at the rate of 5,000 an hour. VARNISHING THE CAPS. In order to fix the charge in the cap and to protect it from the effects of moisture, a drop of varnish is put into each cap. To prepare the varnish. Dissolve 1 lb. of the best gum shellac in 1 quart of rectified alcohol, containing 95 per cent. of pure spirit. The solution is made at the ordinary temperature of the air in summer; it requires about 20 days, during which it must be frequently stirred. The operation is found to be much hastened and facilitated by putting the materials into a small rolling barrel made of tin, which is kept in motion by the power which moves the machines. 1 quart of alcohol and 1 lb. of shellac make 1.46 quart of varnish; a small quantity of alcohol is occasionally added for thinning the varnish when it is used. To apply the varnish: The caps are put into holes in a board 15 in. by 12 in. and.25 in. thick; 500 in each board. This is quickly done by taking a parcel of caps on the board and shaking it sideways, the caps settling themselves in the holes. When the boards are filled, the defective caps and those which have lost their charge, are easily detected by the eye. The varnish is contained in a glass tube, furnished with a sliding valve of iron wire, which allows a drop of varnish to escape, when the tube is pressed in the bottom of the cap. In this mantmr a boy or a girl can varnish 5,000 or 6,000 an hour; or the varnish may be applied by means of a simple machine; about twenty boards are used; the caps remain in them 30 or 40 minutes, when the varnish is sufficiently set for them to be turned out into a tray, for drying. These trays may be 18 in. long, 12 in. wide, and 2 in. deep, to contain 5,000 caps each. The caps should be exposed for 24 hours in a room heated to about 1000; they are then put into bags PERCUSSION CAPS. 281 and may be kept 2 or 3 days more in a temperature of about 1200, before they are packed in boxes. Fifteen quarts of varnish are required for 1,000,000 of caps, and about 3 quarts of alcohol for thinning tbe varnish and cleaning the tubes. Weight of 1,000,000 caps charged and varnished, 1,233 lbs. PACKING. The caps are put into bags of strong linen, 10,000 in a bag. These bags are made like cartridge bags for field service; 6 in. diameter and 13.5 in. deep. They are marked with the place and date of fabrication. Weight of bag, with 10,000 caps, 12.5 lbs. Ten of these bags are packed in one box. The packing boxes are made of white pine, 1 in. thick; the sides and ends dovetailed together. The top is fastened with six 2-inch wood screws. They have brackets for rope handles, on the ends. Interior dimensions of box: length 30 in.; width 12 in.; depth 9.5 in,'Weight 30 lbs. The bags are packed tight in tow. The boxes are lined with thick paper; they are painted olive color, and marked on the ends with the number and kind of contents and the date of fabrication. The place and date of fabrication are marked also on the inside of the cover. Weight of box packed with 100,000 caps, 155 lbs. JMaterials required for 1,000,000 Caps. For the caps: 1,800 lbs. sheet copper, of which about one-third is returned in scraps. For the powder: 43 lbs. mercury. 382 lbs. nitric acid. 400 lbs. alcohol. 24 lbs. saltpetre. For the varnish: 10.25 lbs. gum shellac. 13 quarts alcohol. For bags: 32 yards of brown linen, t yard wide. For boxes: 200 feet of white pine boards. Friction Primers for Cannon. AJ friction primer, for cannon, consists of a tube charged with gunpowder, to the top of which is fastened a cup containing friction powder, which is exploded by means of a slider pulled out with a lanyard. The tube is made of sheet brass No. 22; it is formed by drawing a strip of 2892: CHAP. X. —AMMUNITION AND, FIREWORKS. brass.65 in. wide and 3 or 4 feet long, through a hole 0.195 in. diameter, arld cutting it into lengths of 1.6 in. One end of the tube is slit into four parts-, 0,.075 in. deep, for the purpose of fastening it to the cup. The cup is made of sheet brass No. 30, cut with a punch into pieces 1.8 inr by 0.65 in., with a hole of the size: of the tube. The slit end of the tube: is passed through the hole in, thecup, and the ends are turned over and hammered down close, to secure it in place. The slider is made of sheet brass No. 22, cut into strips 2. 3 in. by 0.2 in. and; doubled lengthwise over a mandril 0.2 in. diameter, which forms the eye for the hook of the lanyard. The bottom of the cup and one side of the slider are made rougih. CHARGING. A charge. of four grains of friction powder, in a moist state, is.. spread in the cup, and the slider is placed on it, with the rough side next the, powder,; the sides and ends, of the cup are then doubled over the slider and pressed down firmly on it. The tube is filled like common priming tubes, with a paste of mealed powder moistened with whiskey; a wire is passed in it, to leave an opening in the; tube., VARNISHING. The, primers are coated all over with a lacker of asphaltum dissolved in spirits of turpentine, or with shellac varnish. When dry, they are; put up in bundles of 10, and wrapped in water-proof paper. FRICTION POWDER. The powder is composed of equal parts of chlorate of potash and sulphuret of antimony, moistened with alcohol and mixed together in a,wet state:. LANYARD. The lanyard, for pulling off the primers, is a piece of strong cod line (about.2 in. thick) 12 feet long; to one end is attached a small iron hooks with an eye for the line, and to the other end, a wooden toggle.75 in. diameter, and 4 inches long. When the primers are kept dry, not more than one in a hundred will miss fire. If injured by moisture, they become serviceable ag'ain when dried. Materials for making 1,000 Friction Primers. Sheet brass No. 22...................................... 11.5 Ibs. Do. No. 30................o a s o o p e e.. e. 4.5 66 Chlorate of potash..................... o............ 0.375 " Sulphuret of antimoon y................. e.......a 0.375 X Mealed powder...................,D 1.25'" Whiskey........................ e. i q.uato. Weight of 1,000 primers finished, 13.25 lbs. PE RCUSSION PRIM ERSY 28! Percussion Pirimers for Cannon. COMPOSITON: of fulminating mercury-and? of the following comrposition.: 0oz. Chlorate of potash.................................... 6 Sulphur... o........r...................... 1 Gunpowder..............p.......................... 1 Antimony.......................................... To preparee this composition: Grind the chlorate of potash on a marble slab, witl; a little water; add the antimony and rub them well together, with water enough: to make a stiff paste; then add the sulphur and the gunpowder successively, and mix the whole thoroughly. The composition must be kept in glass or tin; when dry it explodes by percussion. To make the primers: Add the fulminating mercury to the above composition in a moist state, and mix them together, on glass or marble, with a wooden or ivory spatula; mould this paste into lozenges, 0.4 inch diameter and 0.04 inch thick; put the lozenges between two circular pieces of musket cartridge paper 0.8 inch diameter, which are united by isinglass glue and pressed firmly together; dry them and cut the paper with-a circular cutter 0.6 inch in diameter. Coat the primers with mastic varnish, or a solution of sealing wax in spirits of wine, or with other water proof varnish; keep them in glass bottles. The cup of a quill tube may also be used to contain the fulminating composition, the barrel of the tube being charged with rifde powder. Or the wafer may be made to form the bottom of a paper cap, which fits on thehammer of-the lock. FIREWORKS FOR SIGNALS, LIGHTS, AND INCENDIARY PURPOSES. All dry compositions must be well mixed, first by the hands, and then by being passed several times through a fine hair sieve, in order that the ingredients may be thoroughly incorporated. In mixing compositions which require the use of fire, the greatest precautions are necessary, particularly for those in which gunpowder enters. The dry parts of the composition may, generally, be mixed together first, and put by degrees into the kettle when the other ingredients are fluid, being well stirred all the time. When the dry ingredients are very infiamemable, the kettle must not only be taken off from the fire, but the bottom of it must be dipped in water, to prevent the possibility of accidents. 284 CHAP. X.-AMiMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. Signal Rockets. IMPLE.MENTS. Formers, for rolling the cases on-rolling bench —calliplers, for measuring the diameter of the case-3 hollowo drifts, bored to admit the spindle of the mould — solid drift-former for the cone-former for the pot —mould and spindlecharging ladle —mallets-knives-scissors-gimlets, for piercing the clay headspress and crank, for rolling the cases-choking machine. The dimensions of moulds, implements, and rockets are proportioned to the diameter of the orifice of the mould, or the exterior diameter of the rocket. The usual sizes are 1.5 in. and 2 in. Height of the base of the mould....... 1 diameter of the orifice. Height of the mould................. " Exterior diameter of the mould........ 1e " Height of the spindle. I............. 3 Nipple............................. Length of the screw of the spindle) which passes through the foot of the 1'I mould.......................... Thickness of the 5 At the top......... - ee spindle....... * At the bottom..... Thickness of the I At the top...... nipple....... At the bottom....., e (' Thickness of the base equal to its height. JMoulds for rockets are cast in one piece and bored to the proper calibre. Spindles, with their nipples, are made of cast steel; the base and screw, of iron. Drifts and formers are made of brass, or of hard seasoned wood. The wooden drifts are tipped with copper - of an inch thick, which is let into the wood without exceeding the size of the drift-the first drift is pierced so as to receive the whole length of the spindle; the second to receive {; the third, ~; the fourth solid. Each drift has a handle 4 or 5 inches long, and somewhat larger than the body of the drift; the top strengthened by a band of copper. The diameter of theformer for cases is that of that of the orifice of the mould-one end is pierced to receive the tap of a piece of the same diameter as the former, and 1. diaT. long-the diameter of the tap or small part of this piece, which enters into the former, for choking the case, is ~ of the interior diameter of the mould.'The diameter of the ladle for charging a rocket is equal to the interior diameter of the rocket and the length 1~ diam.-it holds as much composition as, when driven, will measure in height one-half of the interior diameter of the case.,Mallets for driving 1.5 in. and 2 in. rockets weigh about two and three pounds,respectively. SIGNAL ROCKETS. 285 Interior diameter of rocket case.................. 2 exterior diameter. Height of former....................... s.10 cc ist drift without the handle............ 542 c 2nd drift do.................. 4 CC Length dift do2 4th drift do.......1. former for pot........................ a a 2former for cone....................... 14 2 former.....................*.. 2 4 Diamete drift...................e e 2 Diameter pot..................... 1......... I Ibase of cone..................... 12 The former for cones has a handle 3 inches long in the centre of the base. JMaking rocket cases. A sheet of paper No. 4 makes 2 strips for a 2-in, or an 1.5 in. rocket, by cutting it parallel to the short or the long side respectively. The former is first enveloped with a sheet of strong smooth paper which is pasted after the first turn, and rolled tight in the press; the other strips of paper are then rolled on the former in the same manner, until the case has attained the requisite size. To choke the case. Wrap a piece of strong paper over it, at the joint in the former, to prevent the cord from chafing it; talke a turn around it with the choking cord, and press on the treadle, turning the case at the same time, and drawing out the smrnall part of the former as the paper contracts; wrap the choke firmly with strong twine. Let the case dry slowly, and when perfectly dry, tril it to the proper length, so that the distances from the middle of the choice to the bottom and top of the case shall be equal to the distance from the bottom of the spindle to the bottom and top of the mould respectively. COMPOSITIONLs. Nitre. Sulphur. Charcoal. Steel filings. 1 16 4 6 4 2 10 2 3 3 8 2 3 DRvIYNG ROCKETs. The composition must be wvell mixed by passing it througl fine sieves and by rubbing it in the hands; the charcoal, being the lightest ingredient, must be added after the nitre and sulphur have been mixed; steel filings or antimony should be added after the charcoal. Whilst driving the rocket, the composition must be frequently stirred to prevent the settling of these heavy materials to the bottom. The clay which is driven in the top is pierced with a gimlet to the composition; through this hole the fire communi~ cates to the bursting, charge in the pot which contains thle ornaments. .286 CHAP. X.-AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. 25 put the case in the mould. Place it with the choked end down, over the spindle, and settle it with a mallet until it rests on the base of the spindle; then set the mould over it and key it to the base. Ta drive the roc7cet. The hollow drifts are first used, taking the shorter drifts as the case fills, until the composition reaches the top of the spindle; then drive I diam. in height with the solid drift, cover this with a patch of stiff paper cut to fit the case, and over this patch drive a wad ~ diam. hi h, of clay, or of plaster of Paris slightly moistened with water. Rockets are sometimes driven solid throughcut, and afterwards bored with a tap of the form of the spindle. A rocket is primed with a piece of quick-match about 2 feet long, which is coiled in the bottom of the case, and covered with a cap of strong paper pasted down or tied in the choke. The force to be employed in driving rockets depends on their size: A rocket.5 in. diam. receives 25 smart blows, and a 2 in., 30 blows of the mallet, on each ladleful of composition. WEIGHT. 2-in. 1. 5-in. Oz. Oz. Case -etady for charging......o........... o.... 9. 4 Case ch.ar-ed... I... 16...................... 16 8 ocket finished......................20 10 PoTS FOR ROCKETS, are made of rocket paper; two or three turns of paper are WolIed upon a former of the same diameter as the rocket, being well pasted, except e interior or first turn upon the former. The pot is two diameters long, and is secured in its place on the rocket by paste and an exterior covering of fine paper. The interior depth of the pot, when attached to the rocket, is one diameter and a half. Goam2s, are made of rocket paper, which is cut into circular pieces equal in dist,;.eter to twice the length of the cone intended to be made; each piece, Ibeing ut ian half, makes two cones. TLey are rolled upoln the former, pasted, and dLe fee t use. In applying the cone to the rocket, its base is cut to the satne.dim.ates, as the exterior of the rocket on which it, rests; it is then filled with ta'w,'. to;e enable it the bettear to relist the action of the airl without much inclreas.8n.1g its weuight; it is confined in its position by another cone made of fine paeper, boutt an inch lo-rJeer thlan the interior cone; thie onuside corne must have its btase SIGNAL RtOCKETS. 287 cut in slips, whichl being well pasted, unite with the sides of thle rocket or pot and firmly secur thle interior cone; a narlow slip of fine paper is then pasted over the bottom of tlhe exterior cone, as a finish to the head of the rocket. STXICES FOR a OCKETS, are made of dry pine or other light wood; the length is 491t diameters, or 9 times the length of the case; the large end which is attached to the rocket is s- the exterior diamleter square, diminishing to one half of that thickness a.t the lower end; in the large end, a groove is made of a length 2 that of the rocket case, in which the rocket is tied; the end of the stickl is beveled off, to present less resistance to the air; just below this bevel, and also opposite to the choke of the rocket, notches are cut out to receive the twine with which the rocket is fastened to the stick. The poise of rockets should be verified by balancing them on a knife edge. Those of an exterior diameter under 1x in. should be balanced at 3 diameters fiom the neck; those of a diameter between that and 2 in., at 2~ diameters; and those of greater dimensions, at 2 diameters. All tlhese dimensions and precautions should be strictly observed, for if the stick be too light, the rocket will not rise vertically, and if the stick be too long and heavy, it will rise slowly and not arrive at its proper height. Decorations for Rockets. The pots of rockets are charged with various decorations, as stars, serpents, gold raist, rain offire, eatro as, crackers, &c., and with about half a charging ladleful of powder. STARS are the most beautiful decorations of roclets. They are made by driving the composition, moistened with alcohol and a small quantity of guD.u arabic solution, in portfire moulds without any paper case, and with a moderate number of blows; they are cut into lengths of about - of an inch and dredged with mealed powder. A more expeditious and better mode of malking them is, to mould them in a brass cylinder of the diameter desired for the stars, and push them out with a rammer, cutting them into proper lengths as they are formed. Stars, after being dredged with mealed powder, must be dried in the shade. The gum arabic used in star composition is intended to give such consistency to tle stars that the explosion of the head of the rocket may not break them in pieces and thereby destroy the effect. COMPOSITIONS. Nitre. Sulphur. iMealed powder. Antimony ~ 1 1 6 8 j 3 3-2 16 7 4 3 16 8 4 1.5 CHAP. X.-AMIIJMUNITION AND E'IREWORKS. SERPENTS are driven in small cases made of rocket paper or playing cards, rolled over a former 0.4 inch in diameter and covered with two thicknesses of strong fine paper, the last turn of which is pasted. When dry, these cases are choked at one end, without being entirely closed, and are then charged about q of their length with composition, by means of a small mallet, a drift and a block of wood with a hole bored in it, to receive nearly the whole length of the case. The case is choked over the composition, and the remainder of it is nearly filled with mealed powder, upon which a small paper wad is placed; a clay head is then driven on it and the end of the case turned down, to secure it; the other end is opened with a punch and primed with priming paste, or a small strand of quick match. Serpents are placed perpendicularly in the pot, with the primed end downwards. cOMPOSI- Nitre. Sulphur. Mealed Charcoal. Steel filings. TIONS. powder. 1 3 1 2 16 2 15 4 - 3 16 2 4 6 4 16 4 2 6 GOLD RAIN, is made in the same manner as stars, observing to cut or mould the composition into pieces of equal size. The effect of this decoration is beautiful and it is less troublesome than serpents. OPO.SI-..... ] Mealed Char- Pulver- German Disto s- Ni~tre. Sulphur. I pwe.Cha.ied P solved TIONS.wdi. powdr. coaliizedsoot. ICgum..i I 1 1 8 i _ a.... 2 16 10 6 4 ) 3 16 8 8 2 RAIN OF FIRE, is made with small cases 0.3 in. diameter and 2 in. long; two thicklnesses of paper are sufficient for them. The end of the case is closed and it is charged and primed like that for a serpent, omnitting the powder bor a cracker. Composition. Mealed powder 16-Charcoal 6. Another kind which shows in sparks is made of camphor 16 parts, nitre 8, mealed powder 8, tow 8. The composition is formed into a very liquid paste with gummed brandy; tow chop ROCKETS-FIRE STONE. 289 ped fine is put into the paste, and rolled into small balls about the size of buckh shot; when they have imbibed sufficient composition, they are rolled in mealed powder and dried. MARRONS, are cubes filled with grained powder, and enveloped with two or three layers of strong twine or marline; to give them more consistency they are dipped in kit; they are primed by punching a small hole in one corner and inserting quick match. They are made of strong pasteboard, cut into the form of a parallelogram whose sides are in the proportion'of 3 to 5, divided by 4 cuts from each side extending ~ of the width and at equal distances apart, which prepare the paper for folding into the form of a cube of the size of one of the small squares thus marked out. PACKING ROCKETS. The sticks are tied up in bundles; the rocket case iB wrapped with tow so as to be larger than the pot, the tow being confined with a piece of twine long enough to tie on the stick. The rockets are placed in a. box on a bed of tow laid under the choke, and they are pressed closely together; tow is then carefully stuffed in between the heads of the rockets; each tier is also covered with tow. War Rockets. The cases of war rockets are made of' sheet iron, lined with paper, or wood veneer. The head is of cast iron, and may be either a solid shot, or a shell with a fuze communicating with the rocket composition. The case is usually charged solid, by means of a ram, or a press, and the core is then bored out. The dimensions of war rockets are indicated by the exterior diameters of the cases. These rockets have been made of two kinds, viz: 1. The Congreve rocket, which has a directing stick fastened to the tail piece, in the axis of the rocket. 2. Hale's rocket, which requires no stick, its direction being maintained by a peculiar arrangement of holes in the tail piece, through which the flame issues. War rockets are usually fired from tubes or troughs, mounted on portable stands, or on light carriages. For soeme memoranda of the ranges of Hale's rockets, see CHAPTER XIIL Fire stone. COMPOSITIolN.ROiosi................. a'..... 3 parts. Sulphu r...........e D.....* eo 4 i" Nitre............................. 0 ea Regulus of antimony.. e so a... o a 19 290 CHAP. X.-AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. Pulverize these materials separately; mix them with the hands, and sift them three times. In a furnace of the second kind, (p. 230,) or in an iron kettle in the open air, melt together 1 part of mnutton tallow and 1 of turpentine; add the above composition, a small quantity at a time, stirring the mixture constantly with large wooden spatulas. Let one portion of the composition be melted before the next is added, and work with great precaution, to prevent it from taking fire. The composition is cast into cakes, or into cylindrical moulds. These moulds are made of paper and are of two sizes: No. 1, for 13-in. and 10-in. shells; No. 2, for 8-inch, 42-pdr and 32-pdr. In the axis of the cylinder a small paper tube is placed, to contain the priming. The cases of the moulds are about.05 in. thick; they are made by rolling rocket paper on a former, and fastening it with glue. The priming tubes are made with 4 turns of musket cartridge paper. The moulds are supported by a frame of wood, in the bottom part of which are fastened a number of spindles to support the priming tubes. To the upper part of this frame a tin pan is fixed, having cylindrical spouts attached to the under side, to support the upper ends of the moulds; the frame may contain 20 moulds in two rows. When the composition has become solid, take the cylinders out of the frame, and trim them; charge the priming tubes with the composition No. 1 for mortar fuzes, driven with 21 blows of the mallet, and dip the ends of the cylinder in mealed powder. DIMENSIONS OF CYLINDERS, ETC. No. 1. No. 2. In. In. Diameter of former for making the case.........,... 1 1.3 0.9 Length of ditto................ 12. 12. Exterior diameter of the case.................... 1 4 l. Length of the case,,...,.,......................... 3. 3, Diameter of the former for priming tubes.............. 0.25 0.25 Length of ditto................................ 6. 6. Diameter of the spindle of the mould................. 0.2 0.2 Length of ditto above the base,....,....... 4.25 4.25 Lbs. Lbs. Quantity of composition for 100 cylinders....,,,,.. 18. 10. 3 CARTCASSESS 291: Valenciennes Composition. Nitre....................5..........50 parts. Sulphur............................8 28 Antimony............................ 18 Rosin............................. o 6 The composition is cast in cylindrical copper moulds 6 inches long, of a diameter to suit the shell in which it is to be used. It is used as an incendiary composition, in charging shells, and is inserted along with the bursting charge, in pieces as large as the shell will admit without interfering with the fuzeo Carcasses. cALIBRE - - 13-in. 10-in. 8-in. 42-pdr. 30-pdr. 24-pdr. 18-pdr. | Lbs. Lbs. oz0.Lbs. oz.lLbs. oz. Lb. oz Lb. oz Lb. oz. Weight of composition - - - 19 7 8 4 4 39 8 1 4 1 101 1 1 COMPOSITION. A solution of equal parts of white turpentine and spirits of turpentine, incorporated with as much portfire composition as will give the whole a compressible consistency; the portfire composition must be previously mixed with a small quantity of finely chopped tow. ~When properly incorporated, this composition is compactly pressed into the carcass with a drift, so as to fill it entirely. Sticks of wood of about ~ inch diameter are then inserted into each hole of the carcass, in such a manner as to meet in the centrse of the composition, in order that, when they are withdrawn, as many holes shall remain in the composition, in the same direction; in every hole thus formed, insert three strands of quick-match, of a length sufficient to allow of their being folded over the edge of the hole two or three inches; some dry portfire composition must then be pressed into the interstices, to keep the quick-match fast inits place. Carcasses may be filled with the above composition, omitting the tow, or with fire stone, and the holes may be bored with a gunner's gimlet before the composition becomes hard. The quick match must be coiled into the holes and secured, until the carcass is wanted, by fastening a small cotton patch over the holes with kit. Commnonl shells may be loaded and used as carcasses in the following manner: The bursting charge is placed in the bottom of the shell in a flannel bag, over which carcass composition is driven until the shell is nearly filled; then insert 4 or 5 strands of quick-match which must be secured by driving more composition upon it. These shells, after burning as a carcass, explode. 292 CHAP. X.-AMItMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. Fire Balls. Fire balls are projectiles of an oval shape formed of sacks of canvas, filled, with combustible composition. They are used to light up the enemy's works and are loaded with shells, to prevent them from being approached. The sacks are made of strong and close canvas, (sail cloth,) which may be cut straight and gathered at the ends; or more neatl-, cut in three gores or curved pieces, to form a ball. They are made of two or three thicknesses of stuff, according to its strength, and the pieces are sewed together with strong thread. One end is left open, or the bag may be attached to an iron hoop, forming a mouth for charging it; this mouth must be large enough to admit the shell with which the fire ball is loaded. After being sewed, the sack is turned, to bring the seams inside. COMPOSITION. 13-in. 10-in. 8-in. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Rosin........................................ 8. 5.5 2.75 Pitc h............................... 4e 2.75 1.25 iMutton tallow................................... 1.5 1. 0.5 Spirits of turpentine.....1..................... 1. 0.66 0.33 Linseed oil....0.......................... 1 0.66 0.33 Gunpowder................................. 12. 8. 4. Dry composition.............................. 10. 6.66 3.33 Chopped toww..............,. 1.. 0.66 0.33 Dry composition, additional...................... 2. 1.33 0.66 In. In. In. Hecglitof Before inserting the tarred link and above the shel.................... 0.5 3compc.t on. Whole height........ 12..... 10... 8. rred i Exterior diameter.................. 6.5 6. 4.75 Tarred link, Thickness...... 2 1.75 1.5 The dry composition consists of: Beeswax....,.....,,........ 0.66 Nitre...................... e.........16. Flowers of sulphur..................... 6. Inflammable saw dust................... 1.08 Regulus of antimony.................... 2.66 Gunpowder............,,......... 1. Melt the beeswax over the fire and add the nitre to it; when the mixture is about to melt, take it off from the fire and stir in the sulphur; then add the saw FIRE BALLS. 293 dust, the antimony, and lastly, the powder, and mix them with the hands — Work with great caution against their taking fire. To prepare the inflammable sate cltst: Boil the saw dust in a solution of half its weight of nitre dissolved in an equal quantity of water-crude nitre or damaged gunpowder may be used for this purpose. Evaporate to dryness, stirring fre. quently; then spread out the saw dust, to become perfectly dry before being used. To prepare the shell: A 32-pdr. shell is put into a 13-inch fire ball; a 24-pdr., into a 10-inch; a 12-pdr., into an 8-inch. The shell being charged with powder, put in a slow fuze. Dip the tarred link into the melted rosin, pitch, and tallow, and fasten it with twine to the shell, around the fuze hole. To charge the sack: Put in the soft composition to the height indicated in the table, and level it with a spatula; put in the shell, with the tarred link, the fuze downwards; fasten the shell down with twine passed through the sides of the sack, or with a piece of canvas sewed to the sides. Fill the sack with composition to the proper height above the shell; put the additional quantity of dry composition in a heap in the centre of the sack, and finish filling it with the soft composition. Close the mouth by sewing, or tying the pieces together. The iron bottom: The ball is furnished with an iron bottom, to prevent it fr'om being broken by the force of the charge in the mortar. These bottoms are made of plate iron 3-16 in. thick. DIMENSIONS. 13-in. 10-in. 8-in, In, In. In. Inside diameter at top........................ 10.5 8.25 6.5 Depth of concavity... 2.75 2.25 2.2 The iron is cut in a circular form, heated and partly shaped with a set hammer, in a concave wooden former; it is again heated and finished in an iron former. It is then put into a lathe, where the outer edge is trimmed and chamfered to the thickness of 8 in. The iron bottom is attached to the ball with the following cement: Lbs. Oz. Beeswax.................. 0 3 Pitch................ 2 Rosin..................... Turpentine................ 1 Brick dust.............. 0 9 294 CHAP. X. —-AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. The materials for the cement are melted successively over a slow fire, and the brick dust is stirred in last. The iron bottom is filled about one-third full with the cement, and the loaded end of the fire ball is inserted in it and left to cool. The ball is next covered and strengthened with a net work made of spun yarn or cord, from 0.25 to 0.5 inch thick, according to the size of the ball. This net work is commenced at the bottom of the sack, and terminates at the top in a strong loop, which forms a handle for carrying the ball. The ball, when finished, should pass through the large shell gauge. Fire balls are dipped in a composition of equal parts of pitch and rosin, made warm. To prime the balls: Make 4 holes, about 3 in. below the top, by driving in greased wooden pins, 1 in. diam. and 2 in. deep. When the ball is to be primed take out these pins and fill the holes with fuzes, or with fuze composition, driven as in a fuze, and with two strands of quick match, held fast by the composition; leave room in the priming hole for coiling the quick match, and cover it with a piece of canvas fastened with 4 nails. The balls are not primed until they are to be fired. Light Balls. Light balls are made in the same manner as fire balls, except that there is no shell in them, as they are used for lighting up our own works. Tarred Links. (Tourteaux.) Are used for lighting up a rampart, or for incendiary purposes. They consist of coils of soft rope placed on top of each other and loosely tied together; the exterior diameter is 6 inches, the interior 3 inches. They may be made of pieces of slow match about 15 feet long; immerse them for 10 minutes in a composition of 20 pitch and 1 tallow, and shape them under water; when dry, plunge them in a composition of equal parts of pitch and rosin, and roll them in tow or sawdust. In making them, the hands of the workmen should be covered with linseed oil. A link takes from 1 lb. to 14 lb. of composition and ~ lb. of tow. Two of them are put into a rampart grate, separated by shavings. They burn one hour in calm weather, half an hour in a high wind, and are not extinguished by rain. The grates are placed about 250 feet apart. Pitched Fascines. Fagots of vine twigs, or other very combustible wood, about 20 in. long and 4 in. in diameter, tied in three places with iron wire, may be treated in the same TORCHES-BLUE LIGHTS. ~'95 manner as Links, and used for the same purpose; their inflammability is increased by dipping the ends in melted fire stone. Torches. In a solution of equal parts of water and nitre, boil old rope or slow match well beaten and untwisted; let it dry perfectly, and cut it in pieces about 4 feet long; tie three or four of these pieces around a piece of pine wood about 2 in. diameter and 4 feet long; cover the whole with a mixture of equal parts of sulo phur and mealed powder, moistened with brandy; fill the intervals between the cords with a paste of 3 parts of sulphur and 1 of quick lime. When it is dry, cover the whole torch with the following composition: Pitch.....................................3 parts. Venice turpentine...............................3 Turpentine................................. Kit. Composition: 9 rosin, 6 pitch, 6 beeswax, 1 tallow, To be melted together and poured into water; then worked with the hands until it becomes soft and pliable. Incendiary M.Iatch. Boil slow match in a saturated solution of nitre; let it dry; cut it into pieces, and plunge them into melted fire stone. A yard of match requires about 1 lb. of fire stone. Blue Lig/ts. Composition for 100 Lights: Lbs. oz. Saltpetre...........................9 10 Sulphur................. 0........................ 2 62 Red orpiment................................0 11 The ingredients are pulverized, rubbed between the hands, and passed several times tlhrough a fine hair sieve; the brilliancy of the light depends on the purity and thorough incorporation of the materials. The composition is pressed into a hemispherical cup about 2.5 in. diameter, made of well seasoned wocd, (beech, linden, &c.,) with a stem or handle about the size of a 13 in. faze. It is primed with a strand of quick match, and covered with paper which is pasted over the bottom of the cup. 296 CHAP. X. —AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIRE~WORKS. Leaden balls are generally kept in cellars, on account of their weight; the boxes should be kept as dry as possible, and so piled as to admit the circulation of air about them. Flints should be kept in cool, damp, ard dark situations, generally in cellars; air, light, and heat seem to injure them; the occasional circulation of air is necessary for the preservation of the boxes or barrels containing them. Cartridgesfor small arms are kept in magazines; the barrels or boxes being piled 3 or 4 tiers high at most. If barrels or boxes are not at hand, lay the bundles flat on a tarpaulin and pile them 10 high. Fixed amnstmitionfor canaon. If not in boxes, it should be placed in piles formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together; in 4 tiers for 12-pdr., and 5 for 6 pdr.; chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with small nails; put a layer of tow 2 in. thick between the shot; let the piles rest on planks, if there is no floor, and cover them with tarpaulins; have the place swept, and the cartridge bags brushed off. Leave a passage of 18 in. between the double rows, and keep them 2 feet from the walls. Fixed ammunition should not be put into powder magazines, if it can be avoided; it should be kept in a dry place, above the ground floor if practicable; the store rooms should be always aired in fine weather; the piles should be taken down and made up again every six months at most, the bags examined and repaired, and the damaged cartridges broken up. A ticket on each pile should show the number and kind of cartridges, the additions to the pile, and the issues. Canisters. Piled up like fixed ammunition, in 4 tiers for 24's and 18's; and 5, for 12's and 6's. Empty canisters in 10 or 12 tiers; the bottoms and covers separately. Cartridge bagsJilled. Like fixed ammunition; or packed in boxes or barrels. Paper cartridge bags. In bundles, packed in boxes or on shelves, in a dry place, with the precautions before indicated against worms and moths. Loaded shells should never be put into magazines, except from absolute necessity; powder is not well preserved in them. They should be piled on the ground floor of a secure building-on planks, if the floor is not boarded; in 6 tiers at most; the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between the shells; those of the other tiers turned downwards, like the fuze holes of empty shells; the pile should be covered with a tarpaulin. Slow-mnatch. In a dry place, such as a garret. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION. 297 Qutick-match. If not in boxes, it may be hung up in bundles, on ropes or pins, and covered with paper. Priming tubes, Portfires, Fuzes, Signal Rockets. In safe and dry situations, packed in boxes. Fire balls. In a cool place, separated from each other by shavings or straw, if they are piled up. Tarred Links. Strung on a rope and hung up; for transportation they are packed in barrels, with straw between the tiers. Fascines and Torches. Packed like the precedin;,. Fire stone and Incendiary Compositions should not be kept in large quantities. Percussion primers, in cool, dry places, apart from gunpowder and arnmunition. Some cannon primers have exploded under circumstances which led to the opinion that their combustion was spontaneous. They should be carefully protected from rats, &c., by being enclosed in glass or tin. BREAKING UP UNSERVICEABLE STORES. CARTRIDGES FOR SMALL ARMS. 1 Box-1 rectan1gula' screen, of brass wire, which fits in the box-1 board, with 4 copper hooks, placed across the middle of the screen- boxes for balls-barrels for powder-i paper press-l sieve-stools. Put the bundles of cartridges on the screen, and open them there near the wire gauze; put the pieces of twine on the hooks, the papers on the board; the balls remain on the screen, and must be well washed. The serviceable papers are put under the press, the others thrown into water or burnt. The powder is dried and sifted, to separate the dust and the caked powder, which are laid by to be reworked, or to be melted for the saltpetre. FIXED AMMUNITION FOR CANNON. 1 Tarpaulin —1 box-2 barrels-1 knife-2 brzshes-l ptunch-1 hammer- 1 scraper (piece of sword blade)-tow —a tub half fiull of water, to clean the balls-stools. One man holds the cartridge over the box, whilst another cuts the twine, takes off the strapped shot, brushes it, and stands it on the tarpaulin, on its sabot; the first man pours the good power into a barrel, the caked powder into another, turns the bag wrong side out, and cleans it. The strapped shot are taken to the door of th'e laboratory, where the shot which still require cleaning are separated from their sabots and immersed in the tub of water; after standing some time they are washed and cleaned. The others remain strapped. The serviceable, reparable, and unserviceable cartridge bags are separated from each other; the last are immersed in water. The breaking up of fixed ammunition requires many precautions and should never be done in the magazine. 298 CHAP. X.-AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. CANrSTERs. Turn up the slit ends of the canisters, take off the covers and empty the canisters, separating the shot and bottoms. Q(UILTED GRAPE. Cut the quilting, open the bag and take out the shot; then separate the bag from the stool. PORTFIRES. Split the paper, take out the composition and pulverize it by rolling for 2 hours. It may be made to burn more or less quickly by adding mealed powder or sulphur. Unloading Shells. This is necessary in order to save room in the store-houses, and to prevent accidents and the deterioration of the powder. It should be performed with great care, and at a distance from the magazines. 1 Artificer — helper. IMPLEMENTs. 1 Froze extractovr-a coil of rope, or a block, to place the shell on1 brace, with bits of the size of the bore of the fuzes-1 copper chisel-1 wooden drift — mallet-I copper hook, and rags, to get out the powder and clean the interior of the shell —1 kcnif-a tub and a basket for the powder and fuzes-a tarpaulin —a bucket of water. For large shells, in addition to the above: a pair of shell hooks and a handspike2 trestles and aframe, to rest the shells on after extracting the fuze, for the purpose of emptying the shells over the tub. Cut off the cap of the fuze; draw the fuze, and as soon as it is loose, hold the shell over the tub and empty it. If the fuze breaks, or is bruised so that the extractor cannot hold it, pour water into the cup, and with the brace and bit bore out about 0.25 in. of composition; pour in more water, and proceed in the same manner until the composition is removed to the depth of 3 inches; then use the extractor again, or drive the fuze in with the wooden drift. If this cannot be done, bore out all the composition and wet the powder in the shell, by pouring water through the fuze; then drive in the fuze, and split it with the chisel, to get out the pieces. Liniment forV? Burns. Sweet oil, 8 parts; hartshorn, 1 part. Or, equal parts of linseed oil and lime water. CHAPTER ELEVENTH. EQUIPMENT OPF BATTERIES FOR:FIELD, SiEQGE, AND GARRISOlN SERVICE. EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES. INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT OF AMMUNITION CHESTS FOR FIELD GUNS AND HOWITZERS.-Plate 18. The principal divisions of a chest are designated as the right half and the left half, to a person facing the front of the chest. The smaller divisions in each half, perpendicular to the sides, are designated as first, second, third, &c., from the principal partition, each way; the divisions parallel to the sides are designated as the front, middle, and rear divisions..]mmunition Chest for tt/e 6-pounder Gun. Eight partitions, (POPLAR,) four in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest. The partitions are supported by two strips of wood at each end, forming a groove in which the partition slides; each strip is fastened to the side of the chest with four copper nails. In the first division of the right half are two bolsters, for spherical case shot; one fastened to the principal partition by 3 screws; the other fastened to the first moveable partition by 3 screws. One tlry, for holding equipments, rests on the partitions in the left half of the chest. The tray has two sides, twoo ends, and one bottom, (POPLAR O'r WHITE PINE.) The sides and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 12 nails; the bottom is fastened to the ends and sides by 14 brass screws. Three finger holes are bored in the inside of the ends, to lift the tray by; and a hole is bored through the middle of the bottom, to let the air escape when the tray is lifted out. 300 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. ~.dnmunition Chest for tile 12-pounder Gun. Six partitions, three in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest, supported as in the 6-pounder chest. Four bolsters, for spherical case shot; one of them fastened to the principal partition with 3 screwes; two fastened to the first partition in the right half with 3 screws, and one to the left side of the second partition, right half, with 3 screws. The second and third partitions in the right half are made higher than the others, to suit the height of the canisters fixed. One tray, for equipments, in the left half; made like that for the 6-pdr. chest..ammunition Chest for the 12-pounder Howitzer. Six partitions, three in each half, supported like those of the 6-pounder chest. Twenty-one bolsters, for the lower tier of shells and spherical case shot, They are cupped out to receive the balls, and have holes bored through the bottom, for the fuzes to lie in. They are placed in the bottom of the chest, three in each division, except the first division in the right half; they are fastened to the bottom, each by 4 sprigs. Twenty-eight props, for the upper tier of shells and spherical case. Four of the props are placed in each division, except the first one in the right half. Two of them are fastened to each end of the chest, two to the left side of the principal partition, and two to the right side of the first partition in the right half, each by 6 copper nails. The rest of the props are fastened in pairs to the moveable partitions, each by 6 copper nails. Six props for canisters, (OAK,) in the first division of the right half; three fastened to the principal partition, three to the moveable partition, each with 3 screws..lmmunition Ch/est for the 24-pounder Howitzer. Eight lisings, two in each of the front and rear divisions, fastened to the ends of the chest and to the principal partition, each by 6 copper nails. Fou'r long partitions, two in each half, parallel to the sides of the chest; they are supported by the end linings and by two upright strips, fastened to the ends and principal partition, each by 4 copper ltails. Twoo short partitions for canisters, in the rear division of the right half; each of them is supported by 4 strips, fastened to the back of the chest and to the long partition, each by 3 copper nails. AMMUNITION CHESTS FOR FIELD CARRIAGES. 301 Seven short partitions, for shells and spherical case shot: two in each of the front divisions; two in the rear division of the left half, and one in the middle division of the right half. These partitions slide into grooves made each by two upright strips, which are fastened to the sides and to the long partitions, each by 4 copper nails; each partition is formed of two pieces which slip into the grooves, one over the other. Thirty-three bolsters for shells and spherical case. Seven of them are fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the end linings of the two front divisions and the left rear division, and to the principal partition in the right middle division, each by 2 screws. Twenty-four of the bolsters are fastened in pairs on each side of the short partitions of the two front divisions and the left rear divisions; twelve to the lower half and twelve to the upper half of the partitions; each pair fastened by 3 screws which pass through the bolsters and the partition. Two bolsters are fastened to the left side of the middle partition in the right half, one to the lower and one to the upper part of the partition, each by 2 screws. sammunition Chest for the 32-pounder Howitzer. Six long partitions, three in each half; one parallel to the ends, and two parallel to the sides of the chest; each partition is supported by 4 strips fastened to the sides and ends of the chest, or to the other partitions, each by 5 copper nails. Four short partitions, one in the front and rear division of each half, made in two pieces and fastened in the same manner as those of the 24Epounder howitzer chest. Twenty-one bolsters for shells and spherical case. Seven of them are fastened, at the bottom of the chest, to the ends and cross partitions, each by 2 screws. Twelve bolsters are fastened in pairs, as in the 24-pounder howitzer chest, to the short partitions in the left half, and in the rear division of the right half. Two bolsters are fastened, in like manner, on the right side of the short partition in the right front division. 30~ CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Screws and.Aailsfor interior of J 7mmunitbion C/zests. DESIGNATION. No. Size. Length. Kind. z c.. e For 2 bolsters for spher. case.. 6 No 141 25 Iron. c [.NMabils, for groove strip s......... 28 3d 1.13 Copper. F ( 6 For 2 single bolsters.......... 6 No. 14 1.25 Iron. JScreiwseS 2 double do........... 3 No. 14 2. Do. c ]a ( 6' tray.................... 14 No. 12 1. Brass. N'ails, for groove strips........... 96 3d 1.13 Copper Sree, For 3 bolsters for canisters.... 9 No. 14 1.25 Iron. B J r3 do.................. 9 No. 14 1.5 Do.. bottom bolsters............ 84 Sprigs. 1.5 Do. X upper bolsters and strips.. 264 3d 1.13 Copper. S (S For 9 single bolsters.......... 18 No. 14 1.5 Iron. s 12 pairs doubledo. 36 No. 14 2. Do..Nails, for linings and strips.... o....... 216 3d 1.13 Copper. A s For 9 single bolsters.......... No. 14 1.5 Iton. 6 pairs double do......... 18 No. 14 2. Do. s N ils, for strips.................. 200 3d 1.13 Copper. Bill of Boards for interior of mmunition Chests. DIMENSIONS, (rouigh. ) DESIGNATION. K __IND.;.' Length.,Width. Tlickness. In. In. In. Feet. F Partitions............... 1 168 11. 0.625 8.02 Poplar. bottom....O. 1 22 20o 0.75 2.29 Poplar, Tray. sides... 1 22 10. 0.75 1.15 or white ends............ 1 20 11. 1. 1.53 pine. Partitions.............. 1 84 12. i 0.75 5.25 Poplar. 1 4'2 14 0.75 3.06 Do, a, ~ < 6 bottom...,..... 1 22 20. 0.75 2.29 Poplar, c. i Tray. sides........... 1 22 7.5 0.75 0.86 or white ends............ 1 20 9. 1. 125) pine. [Partitions............... 1 120 15.5 0.75 9.69 Poplar. Bolsters for lower tier... 1 54 10. 2. 7.50 Do. o Props for upper tier... 1 90 12. 1. 7.5 Do. m Bolsters for canisters... 1 8 10. 1.5 1.87 Oak. 1 96 15.5 0.75 7.75 Poplar. Partitions.. o o......... 1 13 10.5 1 0.94 Do.,( W j < 1 96 8.25 1. 5.5 Do. I[Linings............... 1 54 15.5 1. 5.81 Do. C4 artitioris1 108 16. 1 12. Poplar. e;~~4 k jPttoS r 1 60 8.5 1 3.54 Do. cs~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.4 Do EQUIPMEaNT OF FIELD CARRIAGES. 303.Anzmunition carried in each Chest. KIND. NO. |EIGHT PLACE. FOR 6-POUNDER GUN. Lbs. Shot, fixed...... 35...... 35 266. In the left half, and in 4th and 5th divisions of right half. Spherical case, fixed......l 5 t 34.1 In 1st division, right half. Canisters, fixed.......... 10 84. In 2nd and 3d divisions, right half. Spare cartridges, 14 lb..... 2 2.6 On the spherical case. 2 sec.-Black... 2 Fuzes... 3sec.- ed..... 5 0.1 In the fuze pouch, or in bundles in 4 sec.-Greeen.. 3 the tray. Percussion primers...... 60 0.08 In the tube pouch, or in bundles ii Friction primers.......... 40 0.52 e tay. Priming tubes.......... 20 Q 0.30 he tray. Slow match, yards........ 6 1.15 n the m Port fires............ 4 1.15 390.00 FOR 12-POUNDER GUN. Shot, fixed.............. 20 308. In left half, and in 4th division of risht half. Spherical case, fixed...... 8 108. In 1st and 2nd divisions, right half, Canisters, fixed......... 4 67.64 In 3d division, right half. Spare cartridges, 2~ lbs... 2 5.12 On the spherical case. f 2 sec.-Black... 2. Fuzoes.. 3 sec Red.... 8 0.16 In fuze pouch, or in bundles in the 4 sec. Green.. 3 5 sec.-Yellow.. 3 tray Percussion prinmers......... 40 0.05 Friction primers......... 25 0.3305 In tube pouch, or in bundles in Priming tubes........... 2 0 the tray. Slow match, yards....... 6 1. 15 On the ammunition in right half. Port fires.....4 1:15 491.90 FOR 12-PDR. HOWiTZER. Shells, fixed............ 15 157.5 In 2nd, 3d,& 4th divisions, right half Spherical case, fixed......20 250. In left half. Canisters, fixed.........4 47.4 In 1st division, right half. *( 2 sec.-Blnck... 17 Fuzes..G 3 sec. —Red..... 35 0.7 In the fuze pouch, or in bundles, on 4 sec.-Green.. 18 the canisters, &c. Percussion primers....... 50 0.06 Frictioll primersa.......30 i a0040 1 In tube pouch, or in bundles, on Friction primers.......30 0.40 Primin tubes............ 20 0.30 the canisters, &c. Slow match, yards....... 6 1 15 On the caniters. Port fire s............ 4 1:15 458.66 304 CHAP. XI.-E —QUIPMENT.mmunition carried in each Chest —Continued. lIND. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. FOR 24-PDR. HOWITZER. Lbs. Shells, strapped.......... 12 225.60 In left half. Spherical case, strapped..., 8 184.00 In firont and middle divisions of right half. Canisters.............. 3 63.75 In rear divisions of right half. [ Small charge. 23 53.82 12 in middle division, left half; 9 in Cartridges.l i) / ~middle division, right half; 2 on Cartridges. canisters.! Large charge. 2 5.40 On canisters. [2 sec —Black. G A 3 sc.-Red... 420 Fuzes.. 4 sec.-Green 7 0.40 ( 5 sec.-Yellow 7 Percussion primers... 30 0.04 for 12poundr howitz Friction primers.......... 20 0.26 As for 12-pounder howitzer. Priming tubes............ e 10 0.15 Slow match, yards........ 6 1.15! Port fires............... 4 1.15. 535.72 F'OR 32-PDR. HOWITZER. Shells, strapped.......... 8 196.80 Front and rear divisions of left half. Spherical case, strapped... 6 186.00 Rear divisions, and right front division of right half. Canister.,.............. 1 28.50 Left front division, right half.. Smallcharge. 15 46.50 Cartridges. Large charge. 1 1 3.88 1st division in each half. 2 sec. —Black. 4 3 sec.-Red.. 14 Fuzes sec.-Green 5 1 0.28 In fuze pouch, or in the middle di5 sec.-Yellow 5 visions. Percussion primers...... 20 0.03 tube pouch, o Friction primers........ 15 0.20 I tube pouch, or in the s.idle Priming tubes........... 10 0.1 Slow match, yards........ 6 1.15 In middle divisions. Port fires............... 4 1.15 464.64 EQUIPMENT OF FIELD CARRIAGES. 305 Implements and Equipments for Field Carriages. KIND. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. FOR A GUN OR HOWITZER CARRIAGE, Lbs. Sponges and rammers. 2........ 12-pdr., 11.6 bs.; 6 pdr., 9 lbs. Sponge covers............ 2 i1 0.28 Worm and staff.......... 3.6 Hand spikes............. 2 14.5 On the gun carriage. Sponge bucket........... 1 10. Prolonge.............. 1 i 18. Linstock............... 1 0.9 J Lock.......... 1 2.75 On the gun. Lock cover.............. I 0 I9 Tar bucket............. 1 I 7. theimber. Water bucket, (leather)... I 8. Gunner's havresacks.. 2 3.72' Tube pouch............. I1 1 0.95 Fuze pouch.............. 1 0.95 In the implement trays, or in other Vent punch.............. 1 0.08 vacant spaces in the ammunitioa Gunner's pincers......... 1 1 0.85 chest. Tow hook............... 1 0.60 Tangent scale.......... 1 0.21 J Thumb stalls........... 2 0.01 Priming wire........... e o11 0.08 In the tube pouch. Lanyard for frictionprimers 1 I 0.10 } Gunner's gimlet.........e 1 0.08 In the fuze pouch. Fuze plug reamer........ 1 0.3 Tarpaulin, large.......... 1 54. Strapped on the ammunition chest. FOR A CAISSON. Felling axe............ 1 6. Shovel, long handle..... 1 4.75 Pict k axe.1 i 6.5 i In the places provided for them oal Spare handspike..........1 7.25 I the caisson body. Spare pole............... 1 25.30 Spare wheel............ 1 180. J Tow hooks............ 2 1.2 One in the limber chest, and one in a caisson chest. Tar bucket............. 1 7. On e limber. Watering'bucket, (leather) 1 8. n th Tarpaulin, large e........ 1 j 54. iStrapped on the limber chest, Two pairs of straps for the tarpaulins are fastened with screws to the edges of the lid of the limber chest, at 10 inches from the ends. The straps are 1_95 inch wide; the front straps, 24 inches long; the rear, 10 inches long, with buckles; each fastened with two 1 inch screws. 20 306 CHAP. XI.-EQUiPMENT. Weights of Gun carriages and Caissons, equippedfor Field Service. FOR GUNS. FOR HOWITZERS. DESIGNATION. _ 6-pdr. 12-pdr. 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr. GUN CARRIAGE Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Gun.................... 884 1,757 788 1,318 1,890 Gun carriage, without wheels 540 783 540 736 783 Two wheels............. 360 392 360 392 392 Limber body, without wheels 335 335 335 335 335 Two wheels............... 360 360 360 360 360 Ammunition chest, with interior divisions............. 185 1832 206 198 192 Ammunition, packed....... 395 497 465 541 470 Large tarpaulin.......... 54 54 54 54 54 Other implements and equipments................... 83 86 83 86 86 Total weight......... 4,196,446 3,191 4,020 4,562 Number of rounds of ammnunition on each limber..... 50 32 39 23 15 CAISSON. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Body, without wheels....... 432 432 1 432 432 432 Two wheels............... 360 360 360 360 360 Two ammunition chests..... 370 364! 412 396 384 Ammunition, packed in do.. 790 994 930 1,082 940 Limber body, without wheels 335 335 335 335 335 Two wheels............... 360 360 360 360 360 Ammunition chest.......... 185 182 206 198 192 Ammunition, packed in do.. 395 497 465 541 470 Large tarpaulin............ 54 54 54 54 54 Other implements and spare. parts..........2..... 246 246 246 246 946 Total w ight........ 3,s24 ~3~~2~'jiB 262o46 24 Total weigt......... 3,527 3,824 3,800 4,004 3,773 Number of rounds of ammunition on each caisson and its limber................ 150 96 117 69 45 EQUIPMENT OF FIELD CARRIAGES. 307 EQUIPMENT OF TRAVELLING FORGES AND BATTERY WAGONS. One forge and one battery wagon accompany each field battery. They are furnished with the tools and materials required for shoeing horses and for ordinary repairs and preservation of carriages and harness. Other forges and battery wagons, equipped for the general service of the army, accompany the field park which contains the general supplies of ordnance stores. The forge for the field battery is designated by the letter A. The forge for the field park " " " B. The battery vwagon for the field battery ". " C. The battery wagon for the field park " " D. EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR A FIELD BATTERY. Interior arrangement ofl the Limber Chest. The chest is marked: FORGE A. There are five boxes for tools and stores; one shoeing box, and one can for oil. The boxes are marked: A, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. They are made of white pine,.75 in. thick, with loose covers of the same thickness; the covers have three 4 in. holes bor3d in each end, to lift them by. Two handles of double leather are nailed on the inside of the ends of the boxes, so as not to interfere with the covers. The sides and ends of all the boxes for the forges and battery wagons are dovetailed together, and fastened with 8d. nails; the covers are made with clamps on the ends. Exterior dimensions of the Boxes for FORGE A. DESIGNATION. Length. Width. Depth. Weight. REMARKS. In. In. In. Lbs. A, Nos. 1&3 17.8 13.25 7.5 8.25 A, No. 2.... 17.8 13.25 7.5 9.75 A parti'n at 4.5 in. from one end. A, No. 4.... 235 8. 6.5 8. A partition for oil can, at 5.25 in. from one end. A, No. l... 39.8 9.8 6.5 I 14.5 Shoeing box. 16.5 8. 6.5 1 4.7 The oil can is made of tin, to hold one quart; it is five inches square and four inches high, with a neck for a cork, one inch diameter and.5 in. high, near one corner. Weight 0.9 lb. It is marked: A, SPERM OIL. 308 CHAP. XI.-E QUIPMENT. Boxes Nos, 1, 2, and 3, are placed in the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left hand; No. 2 in the rmiddle. No. 4 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the hack of the chest; the division for the oil can on the left hand. No. 5 is placed on top of Nos. 1, 2, and 3, against the front of the chest. The shoeing box is placed on No. 3, against the right end and the back of the chest. The tools and stores in all the boxes, and in the forges and battery wagons, are securely packed with tow. Contents of the Limber Chest of Forge A. SMITH'S TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Horse shoes, Nos. 2 and 3..........lbs. 100 100.00 Box A, 1. Horse shoes, Nos. 2 and 3..........lbs. 100 100.00 Box A, 3. Horse shoe nails, Nos. 2 and 3......lbs. 50 50.00 Box A, 2; large divn.: Washers and nuts, No. 2............. 30 5.25 ) Washers and nuts, No. 3............. 10 3.20 Washers and nuts, No. 4.............. 4 2.15 Nails, No. 1, C...........o.......lb 1I 1.00 Nails, No. 2, C................... lb 1 1.00 Tire bolts............................ 20 5.00 In Box A, 2. Keys for ammunition chests......... 1.80 91.11 lbs. Linch washers...................... 8 7.30 Linch pins........................... 12 8:37 Chains, Nos. 1 and 2................ ft. 2 1.54 Cold shut S links, No. 3............... 50 2.50 Cold shut S links, No. 5........... o 12 2.00 Hand cold chisels.................... 21 2.00 Hardie.................. 0.75 Files, assorted, wit.h handles.......... 12 10.00 Buttress.......................... 1 1.50 Hand punches, round and square...... 2 2.00 Screw wrench..............1..... 1 2.42 In Box A 4 Hand screw driver......... 1 0.32 28.52 lbs Hand vice........................... 1 1.00 Pair smith's callipers.................. 1 0.40 Taps..... Nos.,,3, and 4....... 4 1.50 Pairs dies.. n 4 1.83 Wood screws, 1 in., No. 14.......groce. 1 2.10 Quart can of sperm oil................ 2.70 J Carried forward,,....... t.... 319.63 FORGE FOR A FIELD BATTERY. 309 Contents of the Limber Chest —Continued. SMITH S TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Brought forward.......... 319.63 Fire shovel....................... 1 3.05 ) Poker.................. e *... 1 1.90 Split broom.........s................ 1 1.25 Hand hammer....................... 1 350 Riveting hammer................... 1.05 Nailing hammer..................... 1 80 Sledge hammer....................... 1 10.50 Chisels for hot iron................... 2 3.00 Chisels for cold iron................. 2 3.00 Smith's ongs..................... 3 15.00 80.05 lbs. Fore punch................. 1 1.0 Creaser............ 1.... 1.00 Fuller........................ 1 2.40 Nail claw........................... 1 5.00 Round punch.................. 1 2.10 Tap wrench...........,.............75 Die stock........... 1 6.25 Nave bands, developed............. 4 11.75 Tire bands, developed................. 2.75 Shoeing hammer.................... 1 0.82 Pair pincers........................i 1 2.00 Rasps, (12 inches)................... 15 Shoeing knife..1 0.33 Toe knife.................. 1 0.30 In shoein box. Pritchel.......................... 0.85 12.75 lbs Nail punch.................. 1 0.80 Clinching iron.............1 1....... 1 1.00' Oil stone............1............ 1 1.50 Leather aprons....................... 2 3.00 J Iron suare.....................Fastened on inside of Iron square.............................1 2.00 the chest cover with two copper clamps. Padlock............................. 1 0.50 On the chest.'Tar bucket.......................... 1 7.00 On its hook. Boxes........................ 6 5345 Tow for packing.................. 5.00 Total.................. 480.38 310 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMIENT. Contents of the Forge Body, A. Box A, 6, of the same dimensions as A, 1, is carried in the iron room. To put this box in, or take it out, loosen the thumb nuts and raise the rear of the bellows an inch. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Water bucket, wood................ 1 10.00 On its hook. Anvil............................ I 100.00 On the fire place. Vice...................... 1 29.00 Fixed on the stock of the carriage. Watering bucket, leather... 1 8.00 On the vice. Bituminous coal.......l........... lbs. 250 250.00 In thecoal box Coal shovel.................... 4.75. Padlock........................... 0.50 On coal box. Horse shoes, Nos. 2 and 3......... lbs. 100 100.00 Box A, 6, in iron room. Square iron, in. and S in.......... lbs. 100 100.00 l In the ion room. and211 in./~ in ~ lbs 50 The bars not more Flat iron, 1x in.] in., 1 i n. l 50 l The bars not more and 1V in.X in.................lbs. 50 than 3 feet Iong; Round iron, inlbs. 50 Cast steel, in. squae............. lbs. 5 5.00 the square iron in English blister steel.......... bs. 5 5.00 J Box..............................1.. 8. 25 Tow............................. 2.00 Total, exclusive of vice.......... -693 50 NOTE.-100 lbs. of horse shoes, assorted, contain 90 shoes. 1 lb. horse shoe nails, No. 3, contains 140 nails. 1 lb. horse shoe nails, No. 2, contains 112 nails. EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY WAGON FOR A FIELD BATTERY. Interior arragement of Limber Chest. Tle chest is marked: BATTERY WAGON, C. The tools and stores are carried in four boxes, marked C, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and in oine oil can. The boxes are made of white pine.75 in. thick, with leather handles inside, and loose covers, like those of the limber chest of Forge A. The covers of Nos. 1 and 2 are.75 in. thick; those of Nos. 3 and 4 are.5 in. thick. BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD BATTERY. 311 Exterior dimensions of the Boxes. DESIGNATION. Length. Width. Depth. I Weight. In. In. In. Lbs. Q, No. 1................... 17.8 13.25 7.5 8.25 C, No. 2.........e..... 26.5 17.8 7.5 17.5 C, No. 3... 39.8 9.8 6.25 12.5 C, No. 4........................... 39.8! 8. 6.25 11. No. 3 has a partition, at 5.25 from one end, for the oil can. No. 4 has two partitions perpendicular to the sides, making three divisions 15.8 in., 10 in., and 11 in. long, respectively. The oil can is like that for the limber chest of Forge A, and is marked: C, SPERM OIL. Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left end. Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2; No. 3 against the rear of the chest. Contents of Limber Chest Jor Battery Wagon, C. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. CARRIAGE MAKER'S TOOLS. Lbs. Hand saws.................... 2 4.00 Fastened to the inside Tenon saw, (14 in.).................. 1 1.50 of chest cover. Jack plane............ 1 4.15 A Smoothing plane..................... 1 1.80 Brace, with 24 bits.................... 1 4.35 Spoke shave................ 1 0.30 Gauge.....................0...... 1 0.30 Plane irons......................... 2 1.05 Saw set.................. 1 0.25 Rule, (2 feet)..................... 1 0.14 Gimlets..............................12 0.95 In Box C, 1. Compasses.......................pair. 1 0.18 17.20 bs. Chalk line............ 1 0.10 Brad awls......................... 2 0.17 Scriber.......................... 1 0.15 Saw files, (4~ in.)..................... 0.87 Wood files, (10 in.)................2 1.12 Wood rasp, (10 in.).................. 1 0.40 Trying square, (8 in.)................ 1 0.60 Hand screw driver..................I 1 0.32 J Carried forward......,....... 22. 70 312 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Limber Chest for Battery Wagon, C-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO, IVEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward.............. 22.70 CARRIAGE MAKER'S TOOLS-Cont'd. Oil stone......................... 1 1.50 ) Broad axe...................... 1 6.00 Hand axe........................ 1 5.00 Claw hatchet........................ 1 2.00 Claw hammer....................... 1 1.50 Pincers, (small)..................pair. 1 1.06 In Box C, 2. Table vice....................... 1 3.80 32.23 lbs. Framing chisels, (1 in. and 2 in.)....... 2 3.00 Firmer chisels, (Q in. and 1~ in. ) 2....... 1.00 Framing gouges, (1 in. and 1~ in)...... 2 2.60 Augers and handles, (~ in. 5 in. & il.) 3 2.35 Screw wrench....................... 2.42 Felling axe with handles......... 6.00 Adze....1 3.30 Frame saw.......................... 1 4.50 Quart can of sperm oil........... 1 2.70 In Box C 3. 23.25 lbs. SADDLER'S TOOLS AND STORES. Mallet...................1........... 1 1.75 Clam............................... 1 5.00 Hammer..........................L 0.65 ) Shoe knife.......................... 1 0.09 Half round knife.................... 1 0.28 Shears................ pair. 1 0.47 Sand ston.......................... 1 1.54 Rule, (2 feet)........................ 1 0.14 Need!les............ e 1.............100 0.08 Awls and handles................ 12 0.75 Punches......................... 2 0.22 Pincers..........................pair 1 0.75 Plyers......................... pair. 1 0.922 Box C, 4. Claw tool.......................1 0.12 Creaser....................... 1 0.15 Thimbles........e......... 4 0.06 Strap wl.......................... 1 0.01 Bees' wax........................lbs. 2 2.00 Black waxl..................... lbs. 3 3.00 Bristle s...................... oz. 8 0.50 Shoe thread......................lbs. 5 5.00 Patent thread............lbs. 2 2.00 J Carried forward......... 96.21 BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD BATTERY. 313 Limber Chest for Battery Wagon, C-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward............96.21 SADDLER'S TOOLS AND STORES-Cont'd. Buckles, (assorted,.75 in. to 1.5 in).doz. 3 1.00 ) Tacks............................M. 3 0.75 In Box C, 4. Gunner's callipers....... 1.50 20.66 lbs. Shoe knives....................... 2 0.18 l Scissors...................pairs. 2 0.20 J Padlock......................... 1 0.50 Tar bucket......................... 1 7.00 On its hook. Boxes......................... 4 49.25 Tow for packing.................. 00 Total.............. l162.59 interior arrangement of Wagon Body, C. A TILL, 9 in. wide and 9.5 in. deep, is placed at the back or right side of the wagon body. AN AXE RACEr extends along the whole length of the body, on the left side, 11 inches from the bottom; it is 2 in. deep and 1.5 in. wide, and is fastened to the side by the middle rivets of the side studs, and by 5 wood screws. The rack has notches, to hold three axes, a hatchet, and three hand bills. Four boxes, for stores, marked: C, Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8. One box, marked: C, CANDLES. Exterior dimensions of Boxes for Wagon Body, C. DESIGNATION. Length. Width. L)epth. Weigtht. REMARKS. In. In. In. Lbs. C,)Nos. 5 2&66 23. 18.5 11.25 17.5 No covers.. Of hard wood, 0.75 C, No. 7.... 23.5 20.25 14. 28. Loose cover in. thick. C, No. 8.... 13. 13. 5. 6. Div. into White pine, 0,625 in. thick, Candle box.. 11. 6.5 5.5 2.85 fourparts with covers,hinges, & locks. Seven tin cans; two marked: C, NEATS' FOOT OIL; one marked: C, LINSEED OIL; one: C, TURPENTINE; two: C, OLIVE PAINT; one: C, BLACK PAINT. 314 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Dimensions of Cans for Wagon Body, C. KIND. Capacity. Diam. Height. Weighlt. REMARKS. In. In. Lbs. For neats' foot oil.. 2 gals. 8. 11.5 2.2 ~" linseed oil a~nd s Rounded tops and necks turpentine.... 1 gal. 6. 10. 1.37 f' olive paint....... j25 Ibs. 9.75 10~.1 3. i Flat tops; opening covblack pant.. 5 bs. 7. 75 1.5 3. ered with a piece of tin, D1ECK ~pail~nt. t o~ BU..soldered on. Two kegs, for grease; exterior dimensions: Diameter at the bilge............... 10.5 inches. Diameter at the heads.............. 9.75 Height........................... 12.5' Weight........................... 5 lbs. Contents of the Wagon Body, C. Box C, No. 5, is placed on the bottom of the wagon, next to the pile of harness which occupies the rear part of the body. Box No. 6 is on top of No. 5; No. 7 on the bottom of the wagon, in front of No. 5; No. 8 on top of No. 7. The candle box in No. 6. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. I Linseed oil..........gal. 1 9.17 In 1 tin can) Spirits turpentine... gal. 1 8.77 1 do. In Box C, 5. Olive paint.........lbs. 50 56. 12 do. r0.44 lbs. Black paint.......lbs. 5 6.5 I do. J Paint brushes.......... 3.00 1 Sperm or wax candles, lbs 5 7.85 t In candle box. Rammer heads......... 4 2.90 Sponge heads........ 4 3.20 Sponges.123..00........ 12 I 3.00 Priming wires.......... 3 0.24 In Box C, 6. Guniner's gimlets....... 3 0.24 28.73 lbs. Lanyards for friction tubes............... 4 0.40 Cannon spikes.........6 0.30 Dark lanterns.......... 3. Common lanterns...... 4 4.60 Carried forward.... 109 17 BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD BATTERY. 315 Contents of the Wagon Body, C-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs Brought forward....... 109.17 Neats' foot oil.....gals. 4 32.80 In 2 tin cans. I Box C, 7. 9.80 lbs. Grease............ lbs. 50 60. 2 kegs.... Nails,(4d,6d,8d, 10d) lbs. 20 20. Box C, 8. Felling axes.......... 2 12. Claw hatchet...... 1 2. In the axe rack. Hand bills...........2 4. Caisson stock.......... 35. Under the till, against the side and rear of the wagon. Rammers and sponges.. 3 13.5 IOn the caisson stock, against rear end. Spokes............... 40 72.!On the bottom; piled lengthwise against the front end. Fellies................ 24 160. On the spokes, crosswise. Grindstone, 14cin. X 4 in. 1 50. On the fellies, against the left side of Arbor and crank for do.. 1 6.5 the wagon. Screw jacks.......... 3 75. n the fellies, against the front and the I till. Wheel traces......... 10 47.5 Leading traces........10 57.5 Collars....... 6 27.5 In a pile occupying 30 inches at the Girths............ 16 1. rear end of the wagon, between the Whips............. 16 8. left side and the caisson stock, and Bridles............ 6 18. up to the top of the till; the collars Halters............... 6 21. piled on each other,frorn the bottom. Halter chains.......... 12 15.5 Hame straps.. 5 4.5 Spare nose bags.... 12 13.5 On tle harness. Sash cord.......pieces. 6 10. Slow match........yds. 50 6. On box No. 7, to the left of No. 8. Elevating screw........ 1 15.75 PElevating syokecrew.. 1 15.75 1 On the pile of harness. Pole yoke............ 1 12.25 Harness leather...side. 1 25. Under the till, in front ofthe pile ofharBridle leather........ do. 2 22. ness, and against the caisson stock. Prolonge.......... 18. On box No. 7, in front of No. 8. Scythes............. 4 9 In the till, against the front end. Carried forward..... 993.97! 316 CHAP. X. —EQUIPMENT. Contents of the Wagon Body, C-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Brought forward. 993.97 Scythe stones.4 6.. In the curve of the scythes. Spades................ 6 30. In the till; the bits against the rear end. Pick axes and handles... 2 13. Between the spade handles. Corn sacks............ 2 20. On the scythes. Tarpaulins, 5 feet square. 2 18. On the corn sacks, against front end. Reaping hooks......... 4 3.85 Fastened to the ridge pole with a wooden clamp and a leather strap. Scythe sneaths......... 4 12. Fastened to the ridge pole with two leather straps and buckles. Spare stock for battery wagon............... I 90. In the spare stock stirrup. Padlock............... 0.5 Watering bucket....... 1 8. Tied to the forage rack. Forage..............e. oI....... In the forage rack. Boxes.. 4 69. Tow............. 24.5 Total........... "12,88.82 Exclusive of forage. EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR THE FIELD PARK. Interior arrangement of the Limber Chest. The chest is marked: FORGE B. Four boxes for tools and stores; one shoeing box; one tin can for oil. The boxes are marked B, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. They are made like those for the Forge A. Exterior dimensions qf boxes for Limber Chest of Forge B. DESIGNATION. Length. Width. IDepthI Weight. REMARIS. In. In. In. bs. B, No. 1...... 17.8 13.25 7.5 8.25 B, No....... 26.5 17.8 7.5 17.5 B, No. 3.... 23.5 8. 6.5! 8. Partition for oil can, 5.25 B, No. 4..... 39.8 9.8 6.5 i 14.5 in. from one end. Shoeing box, B. 16.5 8. 6.5 1 4.7 The oil can is like that for Forge A; it is marked: B, SPERM OIL. Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the limber chest; No. I against the left end. No. 3 is placed on top of Nos. i and 2, against the left end and the back of the chest. No. 4 on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the front of the chest. The shoeing box, on No. 2, against the right end and the back of the chest. FORGE FOR FIELD PARK. 317 Contents of Limber Chest of Forge B. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Nuts and washers, No. 5......... 4 5.00 Nuts and washers, No. 4......... 6 3.22 Nuts and washers, No. 3....... 10 3.20 Nuts and washers, No. 2.......... 45 7.88 Nails, Nos. 1 and 2, C......... lbs. 2 2.00 Tire bolts.................... 20 5.00 Rivets, for ammunition chests...lb. 1 1.00 Washers for bolt heads, Nos. 3 & 4.. 20 2.50 Keys for ammunition chests... 5 1.80 n Box B 1. Pole prop socket and ferrule........ 1 1.30 Linch washers................... 8 7.00 Shoulder washers............... 4 7.00 Linch pins..................... 12 8.00 Chain, No. 2............... feet. 2 0.75 Pintle hook............. 1 20.00 Cap square.................... 1 5.00 Tire bands, (clips,) developed...... 2 2.75 Heading tools, for bolts............ 2 12.00 / Heading tool, for nails.......... 1 4.00 Tire punches, ) 2 3.00 Round punch, with handles.... [ 1 32.100 Square punch, 1 2.10 Square hand punch............... I 1.00 Round hand punch.......... 1 1.00 Centre punch.................. 1 0.50 Key punch.................. 1 1.00 Set hammer, flat................. 1 2.85 Set hammer, half round........... 1 3.00 In Box B, 2. Chisels, for hot iron, with handles 3 4.50.0 s. Chisels, for cold iron, ~' 2 3.00 Hand cold chisels........... 2.... 2.00 Smith's tongs.............. 15.00 Nail claw........................ 1 5.00 Tire circle.................... 1 1.35 Bevel vice..........1.......... 1 1.75 Hardie....................... 1 0.75 Fuller...................... 2.40 Hand axe........ 1 5.00. Screws, lfinch, No. 14...... groce. 1 2.10 o Small hand vice.............. 1...1 1.00 Hand screw driver............... 1 0.32 ~Taps 1~ q iAn' 6/ 2.85 BoxB, 3. Dies'''-, and I in. pairs. 6 2.75 Ginmlets, assorted................. 12 0.95 Small punches................. 3 0.75 J Carried forward....... 167.42 318 CHAP., XI.-EQUIPMEINT. Contents of Limber Chest of Forge B.-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE.'- Lbs. Brought forward.......... 167.42 Spring compasses............pair. 1 0.15 Files, assorted, with handles....... 12 10.00 Iron wire gauge.................. 1 0.25 Scribing awl................. 1 0.15 Callipers,.............pair. 1 0.40 In Box B, 3. Bevel............................ 1 0.35 26.97 lbs. Trying square................... 1 0.60 Scriber......................... 1 0.15 Buttress......................... 1 1.50 Quart can of sperm oil.. 1 2.70 j Nave bands, developed........... 4 11.75 Hand hammer................... 1 3.50 Riveting hammer.............. 1 1 1.05 Nailing hammei................. 1 1.80 Sledge...................... 1 10.50 Fore punch................... 1 1.00 Creaser.......................... 1 1.00 Screw wrench.................... 1 { 2.42 Smith's shovel................... 3.05 lbs. Smith's poker.................... I 1.90 Split broom..................... 1.25 Tap wrench,with 4 holes......... 1 3.75 Die stock................... 1.... 6.25 Tracing point................... 1 0.15 Augers, a in. and 1 in., (with handles) 2 2.50 Framing chisel................... 1.50 Felling axe..................... 1 6.00 ) Shoeing hammer................. 1 0.82 { Shoeing pincers..............., 2.00 Shoeing rasps................... 2 2.15 Pritchel......................... 0.85 Nail punch...................... 1 0.80 In shoeing box. Toe knife1....................... 0.30 12.75 lbs, Clinching iron................... 1 1.00 Shoeing knife................... 1 0.33 Leather arons.................. 2 3.00 Oil Mtone.................. 1 1.50 Iron square..................... 1 2.00 Fastened inside chest cover. Padlock...................... 1 0.5 Tar bucket...................... 1 7.00 On its hook. Boxes................ 5 52.95 Tow................... 14.00 Total.......... 1 332.24 FORGE AND BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD PARK. 319 Contents of Forge Body, B. Boxes B, Nos. 5 and 6, of the same size as A, No. 1, are carried in the iron room. To put these boxes in place, loosen the thumb nuts and raise the rear of the bellows one inch. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Water bucket................ 1 10. fOn its hook. Watering bucket, (leather).. 1 8.. IOn the vice. Anvil....................... 1 100- On the fire place. Vice.......................... On the stock of the forge. Square iron, (~ to 1 in).... lbs.OO00 100.!) Flatiron, (II >(-}, 1~(~, Fa iro, in). In the iron room. Bars not lXZ-, lXlin)......lbs. 50 50. Round iron, (1 D i n). lbs. 50. more than 3 feet long. Square Round iron, (3 in.)........ bs. 50 50. iron in two bundles. Cast steel.............. lbs. 10 10. English blistered steel...... lbs. 5.5 Horseshoes, Nos. 2&3......bs. 200 200. Boxes B, Sand B. 6; Horse shoe nails, Nos. 2 half in each. and 3.................s. 20 20. Bituminous coal..........lbs. 250 250. In thecoalbox. Coal shovel.................. 1 4.75 a Padlock................ 1 0.50 On coal box. Boxes.............. 2 16.5 Tow............... 3. Total............... 87.75 Exclusive of vice. EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY WAGON FOR THE FIELD PARK. Interior arrangement of Limber Chest. The chest is marked: BATTERY WAGON, D. Two cleats, of oak, are fastened to the ends of the chest, each with four screws, 1.5 in. No. 14. The cleats are.75 inch thick, and 1.75 inch wide; their upper edges are 7.5 inches from the bottom of the chest. Two boxes, marked D, Nos. 1 and 2, occupy the upper part of the chest, resting on the cleats; No. 1 against the back of the chest. They are made of white pine,.75 in. thick, with leather handles and loose covers,.5 in. thick. Each of the boxes is 39.8 in. long outside, and 6.25 in. deep. No. 1 is 8 inches wide; it has two partitions 5.25 inches from one end, and 7.5 from the other, in the clear. Weight 11 lbs. No. 2 is 9.8 inches wide, with two partitions, 14 inches from one end, and 11.8 inches from the other end. Weight 13 lbs. 320 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. One oil can, like that for the limber chest of Forge A, marked: D, SPERM OIL. Five wooden clamps, for saws, are fastened to the interior of the chest cover, with twelve screws. Taco brass clamps, for webs or blades of frame saw, fastened to the interior of the cover, each with six nails. Contents of Limber Chest, for Battery Wagon, D. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. 1WEIGHT. PLACE. CARRIAGE MAKER'S TOOLS. Lbs. Bench planes...4 16.00 A Wood clamps.........2 12. Oil stone s..2... 3. Broad axe..... 1 6. Hand axe..1 5.35 Felling axe..1 6. Hand hammer.. 1 1.50 Claw hatchet..... 1 2. Adze.................. 1.30 Table vice.. 3.80 Packed with tow in the bottom of Holdfast.............. 1 10.5 the chest. Framing chisels......... 4 6bs. Firmer chisels.. 4 2. Gouges........... 4 5. Frame saw.......... 1 4.50 Screw wrenche s.... 4.84 Augers and handles.... 6 4.70 Claw hammers........... 2 3.00 Saddler's mallet.... 1.75 Saddler's clam........ 1 5. J Brace and 24 bits...... 1 4.35 Pincers, small........pair. 1 1. Callipers............pair. 1 0.40 Spoke shaves......... 2 0.60 l Gauges................ 2 0.60 Plane irons.......... 6 3.15 Saw set.............1... 0.25 x D Trying square......... 1 0.60 Box D, 1. Bevel.................... 1 0.35 Ruler(2 feet)......... 1 0.14 1 Gimlets................12 0.95 Compasses......... pair. 1 0.18 Chalk line....... 1 0.10 Brad awls... 0.17 J Carried forward........ 119.08 BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD PARK. 32M Contents of Limber Chest for Battery Wagon, D-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES, NO. WEIGHT. PLACE, Lbs. Brought forward..... 119.08 Scriber............... 1 0.15 Taper files, (4~inches) 12 0.87 Wood files...... 6 3.36 Wood rasps............. 2 0.80. Wo2 0.80 in Box D, 1. I 7,521bs Compass saw.......... 1 0.30. 252 Harness buckles....groce. 1 4. Tacks............... 10 2.50 Quart can sperm oil......... 1 2.70 Hand saws....... 2 4. Fastened to interior of chest cover, Tenon saws............ 2 3. with wooden clamps. Webs or blades for frame saw................... o 2 0.75 Do, with brass clampe. SADDLER'S TOOLS AND STORES. Hammer.............. 1 0.65 1 Shoe knives.......... 6 0.54 Half round knife........, 1 0.28 Shears........... pair. 1 0.47 Sand stones............. 3 4.62 Rule, (2 feet)........... 1 0.14 Needles, assorted.... 600 0.50 Collar needles........... 5 0.05 Awls.................. 36 2.25 Awl handles............ 6 0.60 Punches, (assorted)....... 6 0.66 [ Pincers............pairs. 3 2.25 In Box D, 2. 30.24 lbs. Plyers............ pairs. 6 1.32 Claw tools.......3...... 3 0.36 Creasers................. 3 0.45 Strap awls............ 3 0.03 Gauge knife............. 1 0.80 Compasses......... pair. 1 0.18 Thimbles.., 6 0.09 Bristles...........lb.. 1. Beeswax.......... lbs 3 3. Black wax'.....lbs. 5 5.. Patent thread.........lbs. 5 5. j Padlock................ 1 0.50 Tar bucket...... 1 7. On its hook, Boxes...... 2 24. Tow......... 5.25 Total.......... 208.50 322 CHAP. X. —-EQUIPMENT. Interior arrangement of Wagon Body, D../ till, on the right side of the wagon,,n axe rack, on the left side of the wagon body, as in Battery Wagon C. Eight boxes, for tools and stores, marked: D, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, respectively. One shoeing box, marked D. Exterior dimensions of Boxes for Battery Wagon, D. DESIGNATION. Length. Width. Depth. Weight. REMARKS. In, In. In. Lbs. D, Nos. 3 & 5. 233.5 20.255 14. 28. Hard wood.75 inch D, No. 4..... 7.5 ~3.5 14. 345 thick, with hinged D, No. 6.... 19.5 19.5 10.5 21i D, No. 7.... 31.5 19.5 8. 26. covers, and hooks. D, No. 8..... -12.5 8.5 7.5 4. White pine.625 inch ~ No. 9..~ 13,~ 13,~5 5. 6. thick; with hinges and hooks. No. 9 D, No 10..... 14.5 6. 5.5 3.5 J div. into 4 parts. Shoeing box... 16.5 8. 6.5 4.7 Eight tin cans: Two of the capacity of two gallons, for NEATS' FOOT OIL and LINSEED OIL; three of one gallon, for the same oils, and for TURPENTINE; two, for twenty-five pounds each of OLIVE PAINT; and one, for five pounds of BLACK PAINT. They are made like those of the same capacity for Battery Wagon C. Two kegs, for grease; like those in Battery Wagon C. The clamps and other fixtures on the interior of the wagon cover, are men tioned in the list of contents. BATTERY WAGON FOR FEILD PARK. 323 Contents of Wagon Body, D. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WVEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Gun carriage stock, (ironed). 1 165.00 On the bottom of the wagon,against the right side, resting on two blocks to clear the rammer stop; the lunette to the rear. Caisson stocks, (not ironed). 2 70.00 Against the left side and rear of the wagon; one on the other, the lunette ends in front. Splinter bars............. 2 30.00 On the bottom,lying on each other against the caisson stocks and the rear of the wagon. Tire bolts, nuts, and washers 28 11.75 On the bottom, against the front and right side. Axletrees................. 2 234.00 On the bottom, against the aun carriage stock and the front end. Hialf tires............. 4 140.00 Between the axletrees and the splinter bars. Bar iron..o.............lbs. 200 200.00 (In 5 bundles, not more than 3 [tee.. L lbs 50 50 00 feet long; on the half tires, Steel.... ry............... lbs. 50 50- against te firont of the wagon. Pole yokes................ 3 37.00 On the bar iron towards the front. Wheel traces. 10 47.5 l Wheading traces.............. 10 57.5 } Piled on the bottom of the waTrace chains, staples, & rivets 20 26.00 against the gun carriage Collars......... 6 27.50 gon, aainst the gun carriage Girths.................... 16 11.00 stock and the till, and on the Whips..................... 16.00 caisson stocks and splinter Hames straps.............. 7 i t o t r part of ToHames straps. A, 25 4.50 Ibars; occupying about 31 in, Bridles...............6 18. in lenth of the rear part of Halters...................e6 21.00 the wagon. Halter chains........... 12 15.50 j Harness leather....... sides.7 3 /.00 i Trimmed and rolled up tight; on....Harness leather... e 3 75 the axletrees and tires, in Bridle,leather. sides 2 22.00 front of the pile of harness. Rope, 23 in............ lbs. 30 30.00 Between the front ends of the caisson stocks and the bar iron. Nose bags.. 12 13.50 On the pile arness Slow match............yds. 5 0] 60 Slow match........... yds. 5 0.60 l On the pile of harness. Screw jacks............... 3 75.00 Elevating screws............ 2 31.50 On the slow match. Drag ropes............... 2 33.00 Coiled on the screw jacks. Grindstone and arbor....... 1 56.50 On the drag ropes. Felling axes. 3 18.00, In the axe rack. anllng axs............... 3 6.00 Carried forward..... 1535,35 324 CHAP. X. —-EQUIPMENT. Contents of Wagon Body, D.-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward......... 1535.35 Neats' foot oil.......... gals. 3 25.00 In 2 cans In box D, 3; placed on the Grease.....l........ e.lbs.,50......60.00 2C Q kegs 5 caissorn stocks & the rolls Spirits turpentine....... gal. 1 8.77 " ca ofleather,against the front ~~Spirits turpentine....gal. ).7 a oft the pile of harness. LABORATORY TOOLS. Copper adze, with handle... 1 3.00 ) Wooden bowls............. 4 6.00 Bench brushes............. 2 0.90 Callipers........... pair. 1 0.40 Dredging box.............. 1 1.00 Rocket mould..F. 1 25.00 Set of formers. rockets 1 1.60 Set of drifts.... r1 1.75 Formers for cylinders and caps, each calibre..... 1 7.50 Copper funnels........... 4 4.00 Shot and shell gauges.... set. 1 15.00 Gimlets................... 3 0.25 Copper hammner........... 1 1.80 Paste kettle................ 1 9.00 Lead ladle.......... 1,.... 2.00 Stencils, for letters and figures..et. 1 18.00 In box D, 4; placed on the caisBox for do............... 1 5.00 > son stocks and rolls of leather, Mallets..................I 4 4.00 next to No. 3. Powder measures, 4 oz., 8 oz,, 1 lb., and 2 lbs.......... 4 2.00 Brass mortar and pestle, small 1 6.00 Moulds for musket and rifleI balls, and buck shot...set. 1 23.00 Wooden mulleirs........... 2 4.00 Needles......... 50 0.04 Paste brushes........... 3 1.25 Copper pans, 10 or 12 in...... 3 5.00 Rule, (2 feet,) not folded.... 1 0.15 Sand stones............... 2 3.00 Spring balance, 30 lbs..... 1 5.00 Scissors............. 12 1.50 Copper scoop, large........ 1 2.00 Do. small........ 3 1.50 Hair sieve................ 1 0.80 Hand screw drivers, large... 2 2.00 j Carried forward...........1792.56 BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD PARK. 325 Contents of Wagon Body, D —Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward....... 1792.56 Spatula.................. 1 0.30' Thimbles... 6 0.09 Gunner's callipers....... 1 0.50 Priming wires.............. 6 0.50 In Box D, 4. 176.88 lbs. Gunner's gimlets........... 0.50 Gunner's pincers...........3 2. 55 Tinner's furnace.......... 1 9.00 J Linseed oil............gals. 3 26.5 n2cans In box D, 5; placed on Olive paint............ lbs. 50 56. In 2 cans thepole yokes and rope, Black paint...........bs. 5 6.5 In can between No. 4 and the lbs. front of the wagon. Tarpaulins, 5 feet square 2 18. On the gunl carriage stock. Do.....do......... 18. Between the till and boxes Nos. 3, 4, and 5. Marline.............. lbs. 10 10. On box No. 3. Sheep skins............ 6 12. IOn boxes Nos. 4 and 5. ARMORER'S TOOLS. Wire awls................ 3 0.25 Band set............... 1 0.50 Drill brace................ 2.60 Hand brace............... 1 2.50 Centre bits....... 6 0.40 Hland brushes.......... 0.60 Bench brush....... 1 0.50 Callipers........... pair. 1 0.30 Centre punch.............. 1 0.50 Cold chisels................ 6 6.75 Box D, 6; placed on top of Stocker's chisels.6.1... 6.00 No. 5, against the front of the Stocker's gouges....... 6 1.60 wagon. Compasses......... pair. 1 0.18 Spring clamps... 2 3.00 Wood clamps... 2 3.00 Drill stocl................. 1 0.45 Drills, assorted........ 6 0.25 Die stock.................. 1 0.75 Dies................ set 1 0.25 Files, assorted...... 72 21.50 File handles........12 1.5 Glue pot................. 1 2.15 J Carried forward.'. 2004.53 326 CHAP. XI. —EQUIPMENT. Contents of Wagon Body, D-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGIHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward....... 12004.53 ARMORER'S TOOLS-(Cont'd.) Spring hooks............. 3 0.63 Bench hammers............ 3 5.25 Drawing knife........... 1 1.25 Nippers............. pairs. 3 0.90 Plyers............... pairs. 3 0.90 Reamers, assorted.......... 12 1.40 Spring compasses.....pair. 1 0.21 Riffler...................1 0.25 Bench stake................ 1 6.50 Hack saw frame............. Hack saw blades........... Armorer's punches......... 4 0.38 Screw drivers, brace....... 6 0.75 Rule, 2 feet................. 0.15 Armorer's tongs............ 2 2.50 In Box D, 6. 100.92 lbso Screw taps............. set. 1 0.50 Breeching vice........... 1 7. Hand vices................ 3 3. Bevel vice.. 1.. 1.75 Breeching wrench... 1 1.80 Tap wrench..............1. 1.20 Straight edge............. 1 0.57 Bayonet mandril......... 1 2.50 Soldering irons............ 2 3.50 Screw wrench.............. l 2.42 Oil cans, small............ 2 0.22 Tinner's shears........ pair 1 1.60 Brass scale, I foot......... 1. 0.20 Flint screw wrench....... 1 0.06 J Haversacks............... 2 2.32, 7; placed on top of Tube pouches........... 8 760 In Box D, 7; placed on top of Thumb stalls........ 8 0.04 No. 4, and against No. 6. Line0i canvas........yards 15 7.50 J 37.46 lbs Sperm or wax candles...lbs. 10 10. In box D, 8, on top of No. 3. Nails, 4d. to 10d........lbs. 20 20. Box D, 9, on No. 3 and on the till, Shoeing tools...........set. 1 12.75 In shoeing box, on No. 3. Spades................... 6 30. In the till, on each other; the bits. against the back of the wagon. Carried forward.... 2164.13 BATTERY WAGON FOR FIELD PARK. 327 Contents of Wagon Body, D-Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. NO. WEIGHT. PLACE. Lbs. Brought forward... 2164.13 Pick axes, without handles.. 3.14.50 HIandleS for do........... 3 s. In the till, between the spade Handles for do............ 3 5. handles. Sash cord........pieces 24 40. Drill bow............... 1 0.45 In the till, lying on the bottom. Barrel wiper and scraper.... 1 2.5 Quick match..........lbs. 2 2. Box D, 10; in the left side of the till, in front of the spade handles. Shoe thread............lbs. 10 10. In the till, in front of box No. 10. Dark lanterns............. 3 3. In the left side of the till, between Common lanterns.......4 4.60 the shoe thread & the front end. Rammer heads............ 6 4.40 In the till, between the lanterns Sponges.................... 12 3. and the side of the wagon. Paintbrushes............ 12 3. On box No. 10, and by the side of it. Rammer staves............. 6 13.5 In the wagon cover; three on each side of the ridge pole, secured with two wooden buttons, which are fastened to the ridge pole, each with one screw. Reaping hooks........... 6 5.75 Fastened to the ridge pole with a wooden clamp and a leather strap passing through a staple in the ridge pole. In the wagon cover, laid on each other,and fastened by 2 wooden Cross cut saw..... without 1 9. clamps; the teeth of the cross Pit saw..... $ handles 1 15. cut saw against the right cover rail; the handle end of the pit saw against the rear board of [ the cover. Handles for do.......... 4 3. On the spade handles. Spare stock for battery wagon 1 90. On its hook. Padlock................... 1 0.5 Watering bucket.......... 1 8. Boxes... 8.... 8 155.20 Tow............. 26.50 Total,,,,...... 2583.03 ~328 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMIVENT. Weights of Forges and Battery Wagons equipped for field service. For the For the DESIGNATION. Battery. Park. FORGE. Lbs. Lbs. Body complete, without wheels.................... 997. 997 Two wheels............................... 360...360 Anvil and water buckets....................... 118 118 Stores in iron room........0.... 5.........320 a45:Stores in coal box............................... 255 255 Limber body, without wheels..................... 335 335'Two wheels..................................... 360 360 Limber chest, empty............................ 158 158:Stores and tools on the limber....... 480 332 Total weight...... 3,383 3,370 BATTERY WAGON. Lbs. Lbs. Body complete, without wheels................. 910 910 Two wheels............................... 360 360 Stores in wagon body........................... 1,289 2,583 Limber body, without wheels..................... 335 335 Two wheels.................................... 360 360 Limber chest, empty.......................... 158 158 Stores and tools on the limber.................... 162 209 Total weight, (exclusive of forage)..... 3,574 4,915 FIELD TRAIN. 329 FIELD TRAIN. Ordnance. The proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between the limits of 1 and 3 pieces to 1,000 men, according to the force of the army, the character of the troops of which it is composed, the force and character of the enemy, the nature of the country which is to be the theatre of war, and the character and objects of the war. Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ordnance and the proportions of the different kinds in the train. The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases: 2 guns, of which 6 are 12-pdrs. 2 pieces to 1,000 men -pdrs X howtzro "wi 24-pdrs. or 32-pdrs. howitzers, of which I: -j. s l O llS " 12-pdrs. Distributed as follows: For the infantry: 1 piece to 1,000 men-6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of foot artillery. For the cavalry: 2 pieces to 1,000 men-6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of horse artillery. For the special and general parks of reserve: I piece to 1,000 men in 6-pdr. do. of foot artillery. - " 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery..Ammunition for Cannon. 200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries. The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons attached to the pieces will be kept in boxes with the reserves. Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in convenient depots, according to circumstances..Ammunition for Small.drms. 100 rounds to each man; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the cartridge box, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other small arms. 5 flints to 100 rounds, for arms with flint locks. Percussion caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges. 330 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Comnposition of a Battery on the War Establishment. KIND OF BATTERY...... 12-PDR. 6-PDn. GUNS...... 12-pounders, mounted.................. 4 6-pounders, do....................4..... 1 24-pounder. do................. 2 HOWITZERS.. 12-pounder, do 12-pounder, do............................ Total number of pieces................ 6 6 ~~<~~. forguns.........................8. 4 for howitzers..................... 4 2 12 6 TRAVELLING FORGE............................... 1 1 BATTERY WAGON.............................. 1 1 Whole number of carriages with a Battery....... 20 14 Fi~ S ~~ Shot................. 560 560 I Fr 4 guns.... Spherical case.......... 224 80 Canisters.]1..... 1]12 160 896 800 MUNITShel..... 168..... 168 120 For 2 howitzers Spherical case.112 160 Canisters...........42 32 322 312 Total number of rounds with a Battery......... 1,218 1,112 DRAGH HORSS. 6 to each carriage.......... 120 84 DRA.GHT HORSES.'....... Spare horses-one-twelfth.......... 10 Total............................. 130 91 NOTE-For two 32-pdlr. howitzer carriages and Shells..........112 4 caissons, the number of rounds of ammunition is Spherical case.. 84 Canisters....... 14 Total.............. 210 HARNESS, corresponding with the number of horses to the carriages. FIELD TRAIN. 331 Battery of.Mlountain Howitzers. Howitzers......................... 6 Gun carriages........................ 7 Ammunition chests................... 36 (48 rounds for each howitzer.) Forge and tools, in 2 chests........... 1 Set of carriage makers' tools, in 2 chests.. 1 Pack saddles and harness.......... 33 Horses or mules..................... 33 Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought necessary will be carried with the park of reserve, together with the necessary ammunition for infantry, in packs. A mountain howitzer ammunition chest will carry about 700 musket ball cartridges. Rocket Battery. No regular organization of a rocket battery has been arranged. The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or conductors, will be determined by the character of the service for which they may be required. The Field Park. The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials for extensive repairs, and for making up ammunition, for the service of an army in the field, form the Field Park, to which should be attached also the batteries of reserve. The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great measure on the particular circumstances of the campaign. The ammunition required for artillery and small arms, (according to the proportions above stated,) in addition to what can be carried by the batteries and the troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons, or in store wagons. The following carriages and stores, in due proportion, according to circumstances, will also form parts of the field park, viz: Spare gun carriages, 1 to each field battery. Travelling Forges, One or more of each. Battery Wugons, D Spare spokes, 50 to each battery,' Spare ftllies, 20 to each battery, In store wagons. Spare harness. In boxes...... Horse shoes and nails, J Gunpowder. Cannon primers, percussion and friction. Saltpetre. Fuzes and fuze plugs for field service. Sulphur. Stuff for cartridge bags. Charcoal. Woollen yarn. Laboratory paper. Cotton yarn. Percussion caps for small arms. Glue. 332 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. SIEGE TRAIN. The number and kind of cannon for a siege train must be determined by the circumstances of each case, but the following general principles may be observed ir assigning the proportion of different kinds and calibres, and the relative quantity of other supplies, for a Train of 100 pieces of ordnance. Cannon... 24-pdr............about one-half of the whole number......... 50 U 18-pdr. or 12-pdr.... one tenth "......... 10 1HOWITZERS, 8-in. siege...... " one-fourth ".......25 MORTARS.. 10-in. siege... " one-eighth ".... 12 -in. siege.............................. 3,STONE MORTARS.... o e..........; 6 COEHORN MORTARS. i aition to the 100 pieces.6 WALL PIECES....................................................... 40 Gun Carriages. For 24-pdr. guns and 8-in. howitzers, one-fifth spare.............~..... 90 For 18-pdr. and 12-pdr. guns........ one-fifth spare.................... 12 For 10-in. mortars and stone mortars, one-sixth spare.................... 21 For 8-in. mortars.......................4............... 4 Other Carriages. dYMortar wagons. 1 for each 10-in. mortar and bed, for each stone mortar and bed, and for three 8-in. mortars and beds........................ 38 Wagons, for transporting implements, intrenching and miner's tools, laboratory tools and utensils, and other stores-each loaded with about 2,700 lbs., say................................................... 140 Carts, (carrying balls, &c,, on the march)............................. 50 Park Battery wagons, fully equipped.......................... 28 Park Forges, 0.do.............................. 8 -Sling carts, large.......................................... 5 Do. hand....................... o........... 4 Draught Horses. -For each Gun and howitzer, with its carrriage.................... 8 Spare gun carriage................................ 6 6 Mortar wagon............................. 8' Battery wagon...........................e 6.6 Forge.............................................. 6 SIEGE TRAIN. 333 For each cart....................................e e a 2 " Sling cart, large.......................... 2 Spare horses....................................... 1-10th Total, about...................... 1,900 horses. Projectiles and d.mmunition. [Round { 800 to each 24-pdr................ 40,000 shot. 1,000 to each 18 and 12-pdr.............. 10,000 FOR GUNS.... Grape and canisters strapped, 20 rounds to each piece 1,200 [Spherical case strapped, 20 rounds to each piece.... 1,200 HFORE ( Shells, 800 to each 8-inch howitzer............... 20,000 HOWITZERS.. Canisters strapped, 5 to each................... 125 oSpherical case strapped, 20 to each................ 500 600 shells to each 10-inch........................ 7,200 FOR 800 C 8' 8-inch............ 2,400 MORTARS.... ( s e 200c Coehorn..................... 1,200 Gunpowder, in barrels...................lbs. 500,000 Computing for each 24-pounder round shot, one-third the weight of shot. " 18 & 12-pdr. " one-fourth " " "5 "' grape, canister, and spherical case, one-sixth the weight of shot. " round of howitzer ammunition.. 5 lbs. "c "( "c 10-inch mortar...... 7 " ncluding charge...".. 8-inch "..... 3 8 1 of shell. 6 " " L Coehorn............ 2"'' "('" Stone mortar,,........ 1 " Cartridge bags, 1 for each round. Cartridge paper, bundles.,.. O.................. 200 Wads-hay wads, made in the field. Stow match..............................................lbs. 4,500 Port-fires...................................... 2,000 Priming tubes, for mortars............... 15,000 Fuszes, 4 more than the number of shells...................... 40,000 Wooden bottoms and baskets for stone mortars, 200 to each......,. 1,200 Percussion primers, for pieces furnished with locks, 4 to spare. Friction tubes, for guns and howitzers, 1 to each round. Cartridgesfor wall pieces, 500 rounds to each. Cartridges, powder, percussion caps, flints and lead, for small arms, according to the force of the army. Most of the ammunition is transported by hired wagons. 334 CHAP. XI. —-EQUIPMENT. Implements and Equipments. FOR EACH GUN. 2 Sponges-1 spare. 2 Thumbstalls. 2 Rammers-1 do. 2 Priming wires-1 spare. 1 Worm to 4 pieces. 1 Gunner's gimlet. 1 Ladle do. 1 Tangent scale. 8 Handspikes-2 spare. 1 Vent cover, or lock cover. 1 Linstock. I Water bucket. 1 Pass box to 4 pieces. 1 Broom. 1 Tube pouch. 1 Percussion lock and 2 lanyards. 1 Havresack. 2 Lanyards for friction tubes. FOR EACH HOWITZER AND MORTAR. IMPLEMENTS. HOWITZER, MORTAR. Sponges and rammers....................... 2-1 spare 2-1 spare Handspikes, (2 shod, for mortar)............. 6-2 spare 6-2 spare Linstocks.................................. 1 2-1 spare Havresacks....................1.. 1 Tube pouches............................. 1 1 P'riming wires........................... 2-1 spare 2-1 spare Gunner's gimlets..................... 1 1 Quadrants................................ 1 Fuze setters.......................... 2-1 spare g2 —1 spare Fuze mallets........................... 2-1 spare 2-1 spare Baskets...........1.......... 1 Chocks for wheels......................... 2 Loading tongs.............................. 1 Tompions.............................. Water bucket............................ 1 1 Broom.................................... 1 I Percussion locks and lanyards............... 1 Lanyards for friction primers................. 2 Plummets............................................. 1 Pointing wires................... *........ ~ ~ Quoins.s...... 2. O...................... 2 Shell hooks............................... "2-1 spare Scrapers...1.1.... s Spatulas................. *'1 Gunner's sleeves (pair)..........1..................... 1 WVipers of tow linen............................. 1 Scales and weights, or a spring balance, funnel, set of powder measures of 3 sizes, and fuze extractor, to each battery magazine. Implements marked * are not required for the stone mortar. The number of implements must be proportioned to the whole number of gun carriages, including the spare carriages. One tar bucket to each travelling carriage. SIEGE TRAIN. 335 Platforms. For guns and howitzers.................... 1-10th spare. For mortars.................................. 1-8th do. Embrasure Shutters. For half the number of guns and howitzers. Spare Parts of Carriages. Proportion to the number of parts in the carriages: Pintles for siege carriages........................... 1-30th. Nuts and washers, assorted.......................... 1-10th. Linch pins.................,................. A-. 1-5th. Axletrees........................................ 1-20th. Wheels............................. 1-15th. Axle washers Shoulder..........,,......... 1-20th. Linch..1-...10.........,........ 1Oth. Cap squares................................. 1-15th. Poles, one-half ironed............................... 1-4th. Elevating screws................................ 1-8th. Leading bars, one-half ironed........................ 1-8th. Spare parts of field carriages, as for field batteries. Timber and other Materials for Repairs. Proportion to the number of parts that enter into the construction of the carriages: Axle bodies for siege carriages 1-50th-Breech bolsters 1-20th-Cheeks 1-30th -Fellies 1-50th-Spokes 1-30th-Fork saddles 1-30th-Poles 1-20th-Hounds 1-20th-Splinter bars 1-20th-Leading bars 1-10th-Square timber of various scantling-Plank-Wooden parts of mortar wagons; of each 1-20th. Bar iron assorted, 80 lbs. to a piece, 8,000 lbs.-Steel, 5 lbs. to a piece, 500 lbs.-Sheet iron, 50 sheets-Iron wire, 400 lbs. —Tin, 225 sheets-Nails, assorted, 300 lbs.-Screws, assorted, 5 groce. Miachines arcd Ropes. 7 Gins, with tackle, complete-10 Lever Jacks-14 Screw Jacks-5 Lifting Jacks-20 Wheelbarrows, 1-5th for shells-7 Handbarrows-Balances, for weighing —10 Spare gin falls-75 Double prolonges-75 Single prolonges 336 CHAP. XI. —EQUIPMENT. Drag ropes, 200 —22 inch rope, 500 fathoms-Men's harness, 50-Small ropes, 200 lbs.-Twine, of various sizes, 50 lbs. Tools. Sets of carriage makers' and blacksmiths' tools-Pioneers' tools, for the artillery alone, 40 to a piece, say 4,000; of which 1,600 spades, 270 shovels, 2,000 mattocks, 130 picks-Spare tool handles, one-half. Axes, 5 to a piece, 500-Bill hooks, 2 to a piece, 200-Saws, various kinds, 100-10-foot rods, 2-foot rules, mason's levels, 50 of each-Mauls, 200Scythes, 8 —Miners' tools-Baskets. Laboratory Tools and JMlaterials. 2 Sets of Laboratory tools; see CHAPTER X, page 231. Nitre, pulverized........ 1,500 lbs. Twine................. 50 lbs. Sulphur, pulverized...... 100. Tarred rope yarn....2.. 200 Charcoal, pulverized..... 100'. Copper wire........... 10 Sulphur, roll............ 100 " Brass wire............ 10 Pitch.... I......... 150 " Cotton yarn........... 25 " Rosin.................. 150 G" lue................ 10 " Beeswax............... 50 " Wrapping paper........ 10 reams. Camphor.............. 20 " Tar................. 2 barrels. Spirits turpentine....... 10 gals. Mealed powder......... 300 lbs. Sperm oil.............. 30 " (Quick match........... 150 " Linseed oil............. "' Torches............. 100 Tow-Tarred links-Fire stone, &c. Coal tar............... 1 barrel. Implements for firing Hot Shot. 4 Sets-See CHAPTER XIII. Instruments and Books. 2 Theodolites, or other instruments for measuring angles-2 Levels and staves -2 Compasses-4 Surveying chains-Diagonal scales-Cases of mathematical instruments-Spy glasses-Thermometer-Barometer. Books. Ordnance Manual-Artillery for the land service-Tables of firingLogarithmic tables —Drawing paper. Miscellaneous Supplies. Smiths' coal, 20 tons-Grease, 2,000 lbs., in 50 lb. kegs-Sand bags, 500 to each piece of ordnance —Chevaux de frise-Scaling ladders-Rampart grates, 50-Tarpaulins, various sizes, 100-2 Grindstones-Lanterns, 100-Sperm candles, 150 lbs.-Lamp lighter's torches-Canvas-Friction matches, in small tin cases. ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATONS. 337 ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS. The kind and number of pieces of ordnance required for the armament of each of the fortifications are prescribed by the War Department, according to the character and extent of each work. The carriages, ammunition, implements, equipments, and other supplies, for a fort placed on the war establishment, may be proportioned to the number of pieces on the following general principles, the application of which must, however, be regulated by the importance of the position, and by the peculiar circumstances of each case. iFor other land cARRIAGS. For a front of attack. fronts and for sea-coast batteries. f Casemate............1-6thl....... 1-20th... N arbette.......... c1-3d........ 1-10th..... More than the Siege.............1-3d........ 1-10th..... number of mA Es. 1, Field.. e 1-3d.......... pieces. l Mortar beds......1-4th.,..,,6 1-10th.... Trench carts, for advanced works................. 1 to 20 pieces..... Sling carts............... 1 to 25 pieces.....I to 25 pieces. Tumbrils or hand carts,.. 1 to 20 pieces..... 1 to 20 pieces. Caissons.............. I to ea(ch field piece. Forges, travelling? (besides I permanent forges)....... 1 to 30 pieces of alli kinds. ADIMUNflTON. For each 10-in. colunmbiald. 400 rounds. For each gun and sea-coast howitzer and 8-in, columbiad...... 800 "....... 50 rnds. -20th ) Grape Foreach 24-pdlr. howitzer. 100 " 1 100 "...1-2nd and For each sieae howitzer.... 600 2C....., 0 1- 20th. canister For each 10-in. mortar..... 400 " For each mortar...........20........... 200 For 8-in. mortar, stone mortar, and Coehorn...... 600 "6 Stone, 100 lbs. to each charge of a stone mortar. Rampart grenades, 300 to a front of attack. For each piece of artillery of a field battery for sorties, 200 rounds..22 &338 }CHIAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Gunpowder. The quantity of cannon powder may be calculated on the following principles: For each charge of a gun-.- of the weight of the shot. Do. do. 10-in. columbiad, 21 lbs. Do. do. 8 do. 12' Do. do. 24-pdr. howitzer, 2 Do. do. 8-in. siege howitzer, 4 " Do. do. 10-in. sea-coast do. 12 " Do. do. 8-in. do. do. 8 " Do. do. 10-in. mortar, light, 7 ") Do. do. 10-in. do. heavy, 15 "'including the chargeof the Do. do. 8-in. do. 3 " shell. Do. do. 13 in. do. 30 " Do. do. Stone mortar 1 " Do. do. Coehorn " To spare; for mining, fireworks, and waste, lt_ of the whole, including a proportion of mnealed powder and its components, pulverized. Fuzes, 4 more than the number of shells. Tutbes, - the number of rounds. Slow smatch, 40 lbs. to a piece. Cannon cartridge paper, 1 sheet to a round. Sabots.'Wooden bottoms for stone mortars. Portfises, 1 to 50 rounds. Percutssiosn printers, 4 more than the number of rounds, for pieces furnished -with locks. Friction pinimers, 2 the number of rounds. Smlnl drrms. M uskets.. s..................... Musketoons..................0 more than the number of troops of the Pistols...................... 8 several kinds, supposed to be fully armArtillery and Infantry swords...? i ed and equipped. Cavalry sabots................ Wall pieces-50 to a front of attack, or a front exposed to escalade..sital?.nitio: Musket cartridges, for each man...................... 400 Musketoon, pistol, and rifle cartridges................ 100 Cartrides for each wall piece........................400 Spare powder for small arms, of the whole quantity required for the cartridges-Cartridge paper in proportion. Flints, I to 10 rounds, for arms with flint locks. Percussion caps, in addition to those packed with the cartridges, i the numl ber of rounds. ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS. 339 Implements and Equipments. FOR EACH GUN. FOR EACH HOWITZER. 2' Rammers-1 spare. The same as for a gun, omitting pass 2 Sponges- 1 do. box, and adding: 1 Worm, t6 6 pieces. 1 Haversack. 1 Ladle, I Fuze setter. 1 Linstock. I Fuze mallet. 1 Pass box. 1 Fuze extractor, to 6 pieces. 1 Budge barrel. 1 Quadrant. 1 Tube pouch. 1 Fuze saw. 2 Thumbstalls-1 spare. 1 Fuze gimlet. 2 Priming wires-1 do. 1 Gunner's gimlet. 1 Hausse, or tangent scale. 1 Vent cover, or lock cover. 1 Percussion lock and 2 lanyards. 2 Lanyards for friction tubes. 1 Water bucket. FOR EACH MORTAR: I Sponge and rammer. 1 Pair shell hooks.:6 Handspikes-4 shod. I Scraper. 1 Linstock. I Spatula. 1 Haversack. 1 Pair gunner's sleeves. I Tube pouch. 1 Wiper. 2 Primincg wires. 1 Fuze setter. 1 Gunner's gimlet. 1 Mallet. I Quadrant. I Fuze saw. i Plummet. 1 Fuze extractor, to 6 mortars. 2 Pointing wires. 1 Basket. 2 Q;uoins. 1 Broom. I Tompion. 1 Tarpaulin. The implements for shells are not required for the stone mortar. FOR EACH CASEMATE CARRIAGE: (including the spare carriages.)-2 Truck handspikes-2 Chocks-1 Broom. FoR EACH BARBETTE CARRIAGE: 2 Maneuvring handspikes — Tarpaulin, or other covet-1- Platform and 1 maul; if the platform is not permanent. FOR EACH SIEGE CARRIAGE: 4 Handspikes-1 Maul-i Platform. 340 CHAP. XI.-EQUIPMENT. Spare Parts for repair of Carriages. Proportion of the number of spare parts to that of similar parts which belong to the carriages: Forks Cor traversing wheels of barbette carriages.................. 1-20th. Pintles for siege carriage limbers..............1........... 1-30tho Pintles for casemate carriages.................................... 1-20th. Linch pins.................................................. 1.5th.. for siege carriages,.............................. 1-20th. Axletrees { for barbette carriages,............................... 1-40tho (for casemate carriages......................... 1-40th. Rollers for casemate carriages..................... 1-40th. Bolster plates, for pintles not permanently fixed.................... 1-40th. for siege carriages..................................... 1-15thl for barbette upper carriages, (including rollers,)............ 1-20th Wheels { for casemate do............................ 1-40tho for barbette chassis................... 1-40th. t for casemate chassis........................... 1-40th. shouldel....................................... 1-20tho Axle washers, linch...........1........................... 1-lOth Poles, for siege carriage limbers, one-half ironed.................... 1-4th. o Elevating screws......................................... 1-8th. o Toagues (iron) for casemate carriages........................ 1-10th. Nuts, assorted............................................ 1-10th Timbher and other./alerials fo- Rlepairs. Cheeks, stocks, naves, spokes, ellies, for siege carriages; of each 1-20thCheeks of mortar beds, 1-12th. Handspikes, 4 to a piece-Tool handles, 9 Sets of timber for barbette carriages, 1-210th. Ditto, casemate, 1-40th-Iron assorted, 50 lbs. to each piece-Nails atl screws assorted, 100 to eachl pieceSteel, 1 lb. to each piece-Sheet iron, 6 square feet to each piece —Tin, 5 sheets to each piece-Spare parts for small arms, see C.HAP. VIII. siKiac/lines, Ropes, $'c. Gins, casemate and rampart, as may be required, according to tile extent of the fort-Screw Jacks-Capstans-Lever Jacks-Wheelbarrows, 1 to each piece-liandbarrow, for shells, 1 to each mortar-Sling handbarrow, or fiame handbarrow with legs, 1 to 6 guns and howitzers-Platform balance, or scales ARMAMiENT OF FORTIFICATIONS. 341 and weights-Gin falls, 1-5th spare-Double prolonges, 2 to each gin —Drag ropes-2- in. rope-Small rope, 5 lbs. to a piece —Handspikes, 7 feet longSkids-Blocks-Rollers. Tools.'Sets of carriage makers', smiths' and armorers' tools-Intrenching and miners' tools-Saws-Levels-Paviours' rammers- 10-foot rods-2-foot rules-the number of each kind to be regulated by the particular circumstances of each case. Tools and JZiate:i'ials for Fireworks. —See CHAPTER X. Laboratory tools and materials, accord ing to the extent and resources of the fort. See the proportion of those for a siege train. For each night of a siege, or for each night on which the guns will probably be served, have 6 tarred links to each piece mounted on the ramparts of a front of attack, or of a sea-coast battery, and 5 fire balls for a front of attack —6 carcasses for each large mortar on a front of attack. Signal rockets-Torches-Fire stone, &c.-according to circumstances. Instruments, Books, and Stationery. According to the character and extent of the fort-See Siege Train. Jiscellaneous Supplies. Timber, plank, and boards-Wood for sabots, fascines, gabions, &c.-Pickrets-Coal, 5 tons to a forge-Grease-Gritndstones-Rampart grates, 2 to each piece on the ramparts-Sand bags, for the batteries of the front of attack-Lantern, 1 to each piece-Candles-Oil —Fire engine and buckets. Field pieces, forming a part of the armament of a fortification, should be provided with their caissons, ammunition, &c., as for service in the field. CHAPTER TWELFTH. MECHANICAL MANCsUVR!ES. A board of officers has been recently charged with revising and arranging the manceuvres of heavy ordnance; some general directions with regard to the mechanical manoeuvres are retained here for present use. FIELD ARTILLERY. The maneouvres may be performed by the men attached to the piece, and require no other implements than those belonging to the piece. Begin, in all cases, by unlimbering and taking off the implements attached to the carriage. To change a Wheel. Tighten the cap squares; raise the elevating screw to its whole height; raise the carriage by means of two handspikes, one in the bore of the piece, and the other crossed under the first; support the carriage whilst the wheel is changed. For the 12-pdr. carriage, dig a hole 6 in. deep under the wheel that is to remain, in order to prevent it from sliding. To dismount a Piece. Take off the cap-squares; run up the elevating screw to its whole height; raise the trail; stand the piece upon its muzzle on the ground, and withdraw the carriage. To mount a Piece. Put a handspike under the piece a little in rear of the rimbases, and another under the cascable; place 2 men at the first handspike, 4 at the second, and 2 at the handles, or, (if the piece has no handles,) 4 at each handspike, and raise the piece upon its muzzle; bring up the carriage, raise the trail, and put the piece in its place; put on the cap squares, and lower the trail, relieving the weight of the piece by raising the muzzle. In this manceuvre and the preceding, it may be necessary, with the 12-pdro and larger calibres, to make a hole in the ground for the muzzle. When a piece is upset, separate it from its carriage and remount it as above. 344 CHAP. XII.-MECHANICAL MIAN( UVIRES. To transport a Piece by means of the Limbero Detach the prolonge; place the limber over the piece so that the pintle hool shall be over the handles, (or over the rear of the trunnions,) with the breech toward the pole; raise the pole, and elevate the muzzle of the piece; lash the piece to the pintle hook, with the prolonge, by passing the ring of the prolonge twice through the handles, (or round the piece in rear of the trunnions,) and. over the pintle hook; with the loose end of the prolonge, lash the cascable to the fork of the limber. Or, the gun may be placed on blocks at the proper height, and then lashed to the linmber as before. SIEGE ARTILLERY. Implernerts. 6 Jlandspilces; 7 feet long. 1 Lever; 15 feet long, 5.5 in. square; the ends beveled. 1 Lever jack; or blocks for fulcrum. 3 Short rollers, for guns; 12 inches long; 6 in. diameter for 12 and 18-pdrs.; 7 inches for 24-pdr. These rollers are hollowed out in the middle, to the deptlh of 0.25 in. 2 Long rollers; 42 inches long, 6 inches diameter. 1 Snmall 1lt' roller; 42 in. long, 3 in. diameter, 3 in. high. 1 Large half eoller; 42 in. long, 6 in. diameter, 6 in. high. 2 Skids; 6 feet long, 8 inches square. 1 Plank; 67 in. long, 12 in. wide, 2.25 in. thick. The ends beveled on opposite sides. 4 Blocks; 20 in. long, 8 in. square. 4 Half blocks; 20 in. long, 8 in. wide, 4 in. thick. 2 Qtarlte blocks; pieces of plank, 20 in. long, 6 in. wide, 2 in. thick; for mnanceuvre of mortar beds. 1 Puerchase block, for a fulcrum; 12.5 in. long, 7 ino wide, 5 in. thick, furnished with a handle 32 in. long, like a maul; a groove 1.75 in. wide and 1 in. deep is cut in one side and one end. 5 Gun chocks; wedges, 3.5 in. long, 2.75 in. wide, 2.5 in. high. 6 Wheel chocks, 7 in. long; the cross section is triangular, base 6 in., height 3.25 in; the upper angle rounded. 6 Roller chocks; made like the wheel chocks; length 7 in., base 4 in., height 1.5 in. SIEGE ART!LLERY. 345 2 Long skids; 15 feet long, 8 in. square; for rolling guns oi. 1 Hammer. I Wrench. Ropes. 1 Double prolonge; girth 3.25 in., length 78 feet; a loop 18 in. long at one end. 1 Single prolonge; girth 3 in., length 48 feet. 1 Trace rope; girth 2.25 in., length 30 feet. 1 Lashing linle girth 1.75 in., length 10 feet. The prolonges used in the mechanical manceuvres with heavy pieces should be designated by their lengths, in order to distinguish them from those used for field service. For the weight and strength of ropes, see CHAPTER XIV. KNOTs; Plate 19. A non-comrmissioned officer and 11 men are required for the manceuvres. In order to avoid accidents, the functions of each man should be designated beforehand. Preliminary.Manceuvres. IMPLEMENTS: 6 handspikes-1 lever jack-1 gun roller-1 small half roller1 large half roller-4 blocks-2 half blocks-1 purchase block-2 gun chocks4 roller chocks-6 wheel chocks. 1. The gun being on the grounld, to place blocks under the chase and reilnforce. Embar with four handspikes, two on each side, and raise first the chase and then the breech, to place the blocks. To take them out, embar as before and remove the block from the breech first. 2. The gun testing onE two blocks, to place the half roller ulndler the reilforce. Place two blocks parallel to the piece, and by two purchases with the lever, under the knob of the cascable, raise the breech and lay the large half roller across these blocks The half roller is taken out by heaving as above, and the breech is supported by a block. 3. The,.grz being mouented on its carriage eand in the trunnion holes, either limbered or unlimbered, to place a roller under the reinforce, or to renove it: Bear down on the muzzle; place or remove the roller. 4. The glen being in the travelling position, and limbered sep, to place a roller under tbe reinforce, or to remove it. Heave under the base ring, with two handspikes supported'on the purchase block, laid *on the stock of the carriage; raise the breech, and place the roller, or remove it. 346 CHAP. XII.-MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRES. To place this?roller nearer the centre of gravity of the piece; take a second purchase with ihe handspikes, supported on the small half roller laid on the purchase block. This roller is removed by raising the breech as above. 5. The piece being in the treunnion holes, to unlimber. Unhook the lashing chain; raise the trail by means of a handspike placed across under it, assisting the movement by bearing on a handspike inserted in the bore. When the piitle is disengaged, remove the limber and lower the trail to the ground. 6. To limnber up. Raise the trail as before; back the limber, insert the pintle in the pintle hole, and hook the lashing chain. 7. Thepiece being in the travelling position, to unlimber. Bear down on the pole Which Will raise the stock sufficiently high to place 4 blocks and a half block under the middle of the stock; raise the pole to disengage the pintle and remove the limber. To lower the trail on the ground. Take a purchase with the lever under the trail, shift the blocks under the manceuvring bolts, remove successively at each purchase a half block, or a block, as the lever will allow, and lay a chock in place of the lowest block, which can be removed with a lift of the lever, or with handspikes. In the mortar wagon, first raise the pole, and lay a half roller on the end of the fork against the pintle; on lowering the pole, the stock is raised sufficiently to place the blocks as above. 8. To limnber up. The trail is raised on four blocks and a half block by successive purchases with the lever, as in lowering it; placing a block or half block at each heave, as the lift will allow. To c/hange a piece friom the Trunnion Holes to the Travelling Position. Required: 11 men-6 handspikes — gun roller — small half roller-1 purchase block-2 gun chocks-4 roller chocks —6 wheel chocks-1 trace rope. The carriage must be limbered up, or the trail raised upon 3 blocks and a half block. Chock the wheels; depress the muzzle; remove the elevating screvw, and place a roller under the reinforce. Lift the muzzle, pushing the piece back, hauling at the same time on the trace rope attached to the knob of the cascable, until the trunnions come over their position. Remove the roller, and lower the breech on the bolster. SIEGE ARTILLERY. 347 To change a piece fiom its Travelling Position to th/e Trunnion Holes. The carriage being limbered up, or the trail resting on 4 blocks and 1 half block. Place a roller under the reinforce as near as possible to the rimbases. Raise the chase, and let the gun run forwards to its position, checking itwith the'trace rope attached to the knob of the cascable. As soon as the trunnions pass over the chin bolts, depress the muzzle, and thl'e trunnions drop into their holes Remove the roller, and put in the elevating screw. To Change a Wheel. 11 Men-1 lever jack-2 wheel chocks. Chock the wheel which is to remain; raise the carriage by means of the lever jack applied in front of the axletree, and support it it until the wheel is clhaned. To jMVount a Piece on its Carriage. 11 Men-6 handspilkes-1 lever and blocks (or a lever jack,) — gun roller1 small half roller-1 large half roller-2 skids-4 blocks-4 half blocks-1 purchase block-2 gun chocks-4 roller chocks-6 wheel chocks-1 trace rope. The gun resting on two blocks, bring up the carriage unlimbered, in line with it, the trail 2 yards from the muzzle: Place the large half roller in rear of the rimbases, resting it on the two skids; raise the chase by a handspike placed across under the neck, and run the carriage back until the swell of the muzzle rests on the bolster.-With the lever jack, raise the breech and place two blocks on the skids, one under each end of the large half roller. Lift the chase, and run back the carriage until the bolster touches the half roller; take a purchase under the breech, and continue to raise it until two half blocks are placed under each end of the half roller. Lift the muzzle, by inserting a handspike in it, and run back the carriage until the rear ends of the cheeks touch the half roller, and the trunnions are over their travelling position. Raise the trail with the lever, and remove the 4 blocks and a half block to the trail under the position of the manoeuvr4ng bolts. Lift the chase and insert a gun roller by the front as far as the half roller; depress the muzzle, to make the piece bear on the roller. Change the piece to the trunnion holes. To Dismount a Piece. The same implements required as for mounting it. Lift the trail by a handspike across under it, and support it on 3 blocks and a half block, under the manceuvring bolts. 348 CHAP. XII.- MECHANICAL BIAN(EUVRES. Change the piece over the travelling trunnion bolts, and when the roller is removed, place the large half roller on the stock against the rear of the cheeks. Take a purchase under the trail, with the lever jack, and remove the blocks to the skids, placing 2 blocks and 2 half blocks on each skid under the ends of the half roller; as the trail comes to the ground, the ends bear on these blocks. Raise the muzzle, and run out the carriage until the muzzle, resting on the stock, is within 6 in. of the rear end of the cheeks. Raise the breech, and lower the half roller by a block on each side. Lift the muzzle and run out the carriage, until the swell of the muzzle rests on the bolster. Raise the breech and remove 1 block and 1 half block: lift the muzzle, remove the carriage, and let the muzzle rest on a block; take out the half roller and leave the piece on 2 blocks. NOTE. — The manceuvre of mounting a gun may also be performed expeditiously, without the use of the lever jack, by raising the muzzle and the breech, in succession, and placing two sets of blocks under the piece, near the trunnions, until it is raised so as to rest on two skids, with four blocks and a large half roller in each set. In this position, by bearing down the mnuzzle and removing the rear set of blocks, the carriage, limbered up, may be run under the breech a roller is then placed on the stock, and the gun is hauled back, with a rope attached to the knob of the cascable, until the trunnions are over the trunnion holes. Remove the front set of blocks and the roller, and lower the piece into its place. This method requires 10 additional blocks, 20 inches long, 8 inches square. The gun may be dismounted in like manner, by an inverse mannuvre. To change a Carriage. 11 men-6 handspikes-3 gun rollers-1 small half roller-a plank with beveled ends-2 gun chocks-6 roller chocks-6 wheel chocks. The carriage with the gun being unlimbered, bring up the new carriage limbered up, in line with the first; the head of its cheeks two yards from the trail of the other carriage. Place a gun roller under the reinforce of the gun, and lift up the muzzle, to raise the trunnions from the trunnion holes, into which insert the loweroend of two handspikes, and let the trunnions rest on them. Run up the new carriage, over the stock of the first, until the wheels touch, taking care that they are in the same line. Slide the plank forwards between the cheeks, until it bears upon the heads of both stocks, and wedge one of the gun rollers on the stock of the first carriage, so that it will support the plank if the weight of the gun causes it to spring; place a roller on the plank near the rimbases, and make the trace rope fast to the knob of the cascable. Lift and push at the muzzle-; haul SIEGE ARTILLERY. 349 on the rope, placing a second roller under and near the base ring, and let it clear the plank and rest on the stock, touching the plank, when the trunnions are over the chin bolts. Take two or three turns with the rope around the manmeuvring bolts, and -hold taut on the rope. Raise the muzzle; take out the front roller by the head of the cheeks, and run the first carriage forward, lifting the muzzle and letting it rest on the stock as the carriage is mo-ved off' gradually. The trunnions will bear on the rear edges of the trunnion holes. When the first carriage is out of the way, remove the plank by the front, and insert a handspike in the muzzle; raise and woik it, slacking off the rope at the same time sufficiently to let the trunnions drop into their places. Put in the elevatin5g screw; 1remove the roller and rope, and put on the cap squares. To plaice upon a.J/lbiota-r Wagon a.lblotanr ont its bed. 11 Men-6 handspikes-2 long rollers-i block-2 half blocks-4 rollert Chocks-6 wheel chocks-2 quarter blocks-i single prolonge. The mortar being on its bed, the mortar wagon unlimbered is placed in the prolongation of the axis of the bed, the trail two yards fiom the rear of the bed. Place the quarter blocks under the heads of the cheeks; lift the rear of the bed by handspikes at the rear notches, and place a handspike under it, or support it by the half blocks under the cheeks. Use the block, with chocks on it, as a fulcrum; take a purchase under the rear part of the transom and lift it, placing a roller under the middle of the bed, its ends resting on the two half blocks. Run the wagon back, the stock under the middle of the bed; place the second roller on the stock above the nuts of the pintle plate bolts. Double the prolonge, and hook the middle of it on the hooks of the windlass; take a turn with each end round the windlass and carry the ends to the rear manceuvring bolts; take a turn round each and make the ends fast. Heave at the windlass; when the roller on the half blocks is free, replace it under the ends of the cheeks, as the mortar rises on the wagon, and draw it up until the rear ends of the cheeks touch theorear cross bar plate. The roller will be in firont of the centre of gra:vity, and the ends of the cheeks will touch the bottom boards. Limber up. Take the rope from the roller; carry the bight to the front, draw the mortar forward to its proper position. By a purchase under the transom, with two handspikes, remove the roller and lower the bed on a handspike. Take a second purchase, with half blocks for supports, under the rear notches of the cheeks; remove the handspike, and let the mortar down on the wagon. 350 CHAP. XII.-MECHANICAL MANCeUVRES. The ~Mortar on the JMortar Wagon, to lower it to the ground. The same implements. Place the roller under the bed, by raising it in the same manner as for removing the roller. Fix the rope to the windlass and take as many turns round it as are required for drawing the mortal up. Attach the ends to the rear manceuvring bolts; work the windlass and draw the mortar back, till the rear ends of the cheeks touch the rear cross bar. Unlimber. Lower away by unwinding the windlass, placing a second roller under the head of the cheeks, as the first passes the centre of gravity; and when the latter is fiee, place it under the head of the cheeks, when they come near the two half blocks laid on each side of the trail. When the ropes no longer bear, take them off of the bolts. Place the quarter blocks under the head of the cheeks, and run the bed forward with handsnikes, as into battery. Remove the wagon; and by raising the rear of the bed, as at first, take out the roller and let the bed rest on the ground. To mount a Siege Mortar on its Bed. 4 Handspikes; 1 single prolonge; 1 hammer; 1 wrench. Raise the mortar on its muzzle; bring up the bedl, the front transom within 6 in. of the mortar, the vent of which should be on the side opposite to the bed. Take a douhle turn with the middle of the rope round the mortar, close to the muzzle ring, the tie in front; bring the ends up over the trunnions, and carry them to she rear. Place two handspikes under the trunnions, the lower ends resting on the platform, or on the ground. Heave and haul the mortar against the bolster; place 1 handspike under each trunnion, the ends resting on the bolster, and two other handspikes between the heads of the cheeks and the mortar. Heave and haul, to raise the mortar on the bolster. As soon as it is sufficiently raised, shift one of the handspikes from under the piece to the bore; heave acain, and the mortar will fall into its place. Remove the rope and put on the cap squares. To put on or to remove the cap squares, it is necessary to bring the mortar ianto a vertical positiona To do this, place 2 handspikes in the muzzle, and support them 4y a wheel chock or a piece of plank; fasten the middle of the rope to the ends of the handspikes, and haul on the rope, assisted by two handspikes, with which the mortar is chocked, when it becomes upright. To dismount a Miortar from its Bed. Bring the mortar vertical as above described, and remove the cap squares; take the handspikes out of the bore; pass the middle of the rope around the mortar, SIEGE ARTILLERY. 351 just under the muzzle ring, and carry the ends to the rear; give a smart haul on the rope, assisted by two handspikes, and the mortar will fall over the transom and light on its muzzle. A mortar standing on its face may be moved (cut) by means of two handspikes lashed to the trunnions. The mortar wagon also serves for transporting a gun, which is drawn up on rollers, breech first, in a similar manner to the mortar and bed. The piece can be shifted very quickly from this wagon to its carriage, both being limbered. The carriage and wagon are placed on the same line; the head of the cheeks next to the windlass, the wheels touching. Place 2 large rollers under the piece, and a gun roller on the head of the stock; make the middle of the trace rope fast to the knob of the cascable, and run the piece back until the trunnions are over the trunnion holes. Remove the wagon, and lower the trunnions into their holes. In a similar manner', the gun is changed from its carriage to the wagon. The lifting jack, (a powerful geared screw jack,) is very useftil with siege batteries. It may be used in place of the lever jack with fewer men, but requires more time. For any single operation, it is extremely convenient; as, with it, any part of a gun or carriage can be raised. To Transport a Piece with a Sling Cart. 1st. With the common sling cart. 10 Men-1 piece of 5-in. rope-1 double prolonge, or 2 single ones-4 chocks for wheels-6 handspikes. The piece being raised from the ground on blocks, bring up the sling cart over the piece, the breech towards the pole; raise the pole vertically, by hand and by means of a prolonge attached to the end of it, and keep it in that position by passing a handspike on each side of it between the spokes of the wheels. Sling the piece with the rope passed under it before and behind the trunnions, and over the bolster; take out the handspikes from between the spokes and lower the pole by means of the prolonge and by hand; lash the breech to it, and bring up the limber. 2nd. With the screw sling cart. 4 Men, with lashing ropes. The sling cart being in place, sling the gun with a rope or with chains passing under it and fastened to the hooks of the screw head, or with chains furnished with rings to embrace the trunnions. Raise the piece by turning the handles of the screw nut, and when it is sufficiently high, lash the load to the bolster and pole, so as to relieve the pressure on the screw. The manceuvre is easy but slow, and the machinery must be kept in good order. The piece may be slung more quickly by blocking it up as high as the axletree will permit. 352 CHAP. XII.-MECHANICAL MANmgUVRES. To JMove a Piece by Hand in the Trenches. 40 Men —8 handspikes-1 double prolonge-2 half prolonges, or men's harness. The piece is on its carriage, without the limber, and may be moved with either the breech or the muzzle foremost. The first method is a little more expeditious, but, in turning sharp angles, it is attended with more danger to the men who support the trail. The second method is preferable. Double the double prolonge, or attach two single prolonges to the axletree; make loops in each part for 5 handspikes, the first under the chase, the others at 3 feet apart; put 4 men at each handspike; 4 behind the trail with handspikes; the rest on the sides, to push the wheels, and if necessary, to drelg on them, as described in the next manwcuvre: some of the tmen at the prolonge leave it to drag on the wheels; in short tulrnings, those who are at the first handspikes fall back to the others. T'o extricate a Piece tMat is m;rsned. The number of men in proportion to the difficulty-2 prolonges-handspikes. Attach a prolonge by one end to one of the lower spokes of each wheel, and bring the other end round to the front, over the tire. The men drag on the prolonges directly, or on the handspikes passed through loops in them. GARRISON ARTILLERY. To lower,,fiom its Chassis, a Barbette Carriage with its Piece mounted. This carriage can transport its piece with the assistance of the limber of a field piece, from which the ammunition box is removed-18 men are required to remove a 24-pdr.-4 handspikes-1 large block-2 skids-'2 short pieces of skidding. The piece being in battery, lower the elevating screw a little; chock the rollers behind; pass a handspike through the manteuvring loop at the end of the tongue; place two men at each end of this haudspike, and two at each end of another passed under the tongue. Raise the chassis, take out the forks and traverse wheels, and lay them on the ground; lower the rear of the chassis on the traversing platform. Put a skid or plank on each side of the chassis, raised on blocks at one end, so that it nearly touches the wheel. Roll the carriage back till the wheels rest upon this skid and the muzzle clears the parapet about three or four feet; put a handspike in the bore, another across the top of the chase, a third through the manceuvring staples, and a fourth under the lunette plate; place two men at the first handspike, and four at each of the three others; raise the trail of the carriage, and place a block under the rear transom. Back up the limber and insert the pintle hook into the lunette. Lighten up the trail, to re GARRISON ARTILLERY. 3.53 move the block; key the pintle hook, and lower the elevating screw. All the men working at the wheels of the carriage and limber, and at the pole, lower the piece gently from the platform. Horses may then be attached to the limber, if necessary. To raise on its Chassis a Barbette Carriage with its Piece mounted. The same number of men and the same implements as in the preceding manoauvre. The chassis having been lowered, as in the first part of the preceding manceuvre, bring the carriage up to the rear of the platform and place opposite to each wheel a plank resting on two blocks, making a gentle slope to roll the carriage up on the traversing platform-place skids as before on each side of the chassis —move the carriage forward until the rollers nearly rest upon the railsrun up the elevating screw-lighten up the trail, to disengage the pintle hookremove the limber, and lower the lunette plate on a block placed upon the tongue-raise the trail again, to remove the block-lower the trail transom upon the tongue-run the carriage up to battery-replace the traverse wheels in the same manner as directed for taking them out, in the preceding manceuvre. In situations where it may be required, the carriage can be used without its chassis; in this manner it may be applied to the embrasures of field works, by piecing it in battery on a common platform for a siege piece, and resting the trail on a skid attached to the front hurter by a pintle. The rear of this skid may rest on a block so as to give it the same inclination as the tongue of the chassis. To place a Ccasemate Carriage in Battery and mount its Gun. 1.4 to 16 Men required. The gun is brought to the casemate with the sling cart, and carried through the galleries on a truck. The carriage for the embrasure farthest fiom the door of entrance is to be placed first, and its gun mounted before the next carriage is placed. The tongue of the chassis is inserted into the tongue hole, and the pintle in its hole, through the end of the tongue. The top carriage is lifted by hand and placed on the chassis, which is traversed on one side, and the gun is laid near the middle of the casemate on blocks, the muzzle towards the embrasure. The casemate gin (legs 14 feet long) is placed over the carriage and gun; the legs and the roller over the gun, the pry-pole over the chassis. The gin is equipped and the gun slung in the usual manner. When the gun is raised sufficiently high, the chassis is traversed under it, and the upper carriage so placed that the trunnion holes come exactly under the trunnions of the gun, which is then lowered carefully to its place. Unsling the gun and remove the gin. 23 354 CHAP. XII. —-MECHANICAL MANCEUVRES. MANIEUVRES OF THE FIELD AND SIEGE GIN. 10 Men, including a non-commissioned officer as director —5 handspikes — gin fall —2 lines-a number of pulley blocks, single or double, according to the manner in which the gin is to be equipped. The gin fall is 4-in. rope, 90 feet long. To put thle Gin together. Lay the legs on the ground, the outer sides up, the bevels towards each other; place the windlass; connect the heads of the cheeks by the assembling bolt; and insert successively the 1st, 2nd, and 3d cross bars, and key them. To carry the Gin. Put six men at the legs, viz., 2 abreast of the windlass, 2 abreast of the second cross bar, and 2 near the head; 2 men, with a handspike, carry the fall coiled up, with the blocks hooked to it; one man carries the prypole, another the remaining handspikes and the lines. To set up the Gin. 6 Men, placed in' the same manner as for carrying the gin, set it up; 2 men place their feet against the bottom of the legs, or their handspikes against the lower cross bar; one sets up the prypole, two paces in front of the head of the gin, fcing it. The director assists by putting the end of a handspike into the slit for the tongue of the prypole. When the prypole is in place, the foot of it should be equally distant from the two legs, 12 feet from the lower cross bar; the pullies should be over the middle of the weight to be raised. To equip the Gin. The gin equipped with one pulley, can traise a 12-pounder garrison gun; with 2, an 18-pounder; with 3, a 24-pounder; with 5 or 6, a 32 or 42-pounder. It is generally proper to use more pulleys than are absolutely necessary, in order to avoid straining the fall. 1st. To equip the gin with 1 pulley. Pass one end of the fall over the windlass, and take three turns from left to right, the loose end being outside. Put a handspike in one of the mortises of the windlass, or let down the pall, if there is one; overhaul the fall, letting it wrap round the windlass; pass the end through the right hand pulley of the head, and secure it to the sling round the gun by a capstan knot. 2nd. WVith 2 pulleys. Hang a single block on the second cross bar, the point of the hook outwards; proceed as in the first case; pass the end of the fall through the block on the cross bar, and tie it round the head of the gin, the loose end of the rope hanging on the left side and pinched against the leg. Hook the SERVICE OF THE GIN. 355 block to the sling round the gun, the point of the hook towards the left side of the gin. 3d. With 3 pulleys. Proceed as for two; pass the end of the fall through the left hand pulley at the head of the gin, from the outside; tie it to the sling on'the side towards the prypole, and hook the block to it on the other side, the point inwards. 4th. With 4 pulleys. Hang a second block (or a double block) on the second cross bar. Proceed as in the last case; pass the end of the fall into the second block, and fasten it to the head of the gin as in the second case; hook both blocks to the sling, the points of the hooks inwards. If a double block is used, place the pin perpendicular to the cross bar, the head towards the prypole; pass the fall the first time through the sheave next the prypole, the second time through that next the legs; hook the block to the sling, the point towards the left side of the gin. 5th. With 5 pulleys. Hang two single blocks, or a double block, on the second cross bar; fasten a third block to the head of the gin, on the left side, by a collar or coil of rope; the point of the hook being outwards, and the head of the pin towards the gin. Proceed as in the last case; pass the end of the fall into the third block, and fasten the end to the sling round the piece, to which the blocks are also to be hooked. 6th. Wit/h 6 psulleys. Fix a single block to the head of the gin, another on the second cross bar near the right leg, and a double block on the same cross bar near the left leg. Proceed as in the last case; pass the fall through the single block on the cross bar, and secure it to the head of the gin, the loose end of the rope hanging on the left side, and the third block hooked into the knot. Hook the double block and the other single block to the sling. The man who directs the manceuvres, or the most intelligent man, should be charged with passing the fall through the pullies at the head of the gill, and with tying the knots, fixing slings, &c. If he is too much exposed by mounting on the third cross bar, the gin must be laid down, the head resting on the gun, and equipped in that position. To lay the gin down, the men are placed in the same positions as for setting it up. If the gin has a clevis at the top, the fall may be reeved in the blocks, and the upper block then hooked to the clevis. To Sling a Piece. A piece without handles may be slung by means of a rope, the two ends of which are tied together and which is passed under the piece, one-half before and the other behind the trunnions. 356 CHAP. XII. —-ECHANICAL IAN(EUVRES. If this is not convenient, as when the gun lies on the ground, or is to be placed, on its carriage, a sling may be made by splicing together the ends of a 5-inch hawser a little more than twice the length of the piece (about 26 feet) or by passing a strong rope several times, according to the weight, over the piece lengthwise, under the cascable and under the handspike or a block of wood inserted in the muzzle. The two sides of this sling may be brought together by another just behind the trunnions. To Work the Gin. 4 Men put their handspikes alternately, 2 by 2, in the mortises of the windlass; 2 others assist in heaving; 3 overhaul the slack of the rope; the noncommissioned officer or director steadies the piece or the load, by means of a guy or of a handspike in the bore. To make fast. If the gin has no ratchet wheel and pall, put a handspike across the legs, and let the heaving handspikes in the mortises rest against it; cross the slack round the turns on the windlass, drawing it tight round the last turn, and pass it under the lower cross bar from the inside, tying it in a loop in which the point of a handspike is inserted; during this operation, one man bears with both hands on the turns round the windlass, to prevent the rope from slipping. The men and 4 handspikes are then no longer required. To shift the rope on the windlass. When the turns on the windlass, commencing at the left, reach the other end, make fast with the handspikes resting as before. Tie a lashing line to the fall with an artificer's knot, 1 foot above the second cross bar; wrap both ends of the line several times round the fall and pass it round the leg, under the cross bar, lashing the fall and the cross bar together. Let the windlass turn so as to bring the weight to bear on the lashing line; then slip the rope to the left end of the windlass. The gin may be worked, if necessary, by less than 10 men. The men at the slack may be saved by equipping the gin without taking the 3 turns on the windlass; pass the fall over the windlass, and bring it round underneath, placing the slack across the windlass, so that the fall may coil over it. By steadying the piece with a rope attached to the prypole and to one leg, and by equipping the gin with a greater number of blocks, 3 men may work it, 2 holding the handspikes, and the 3d assisting them alternately. To use the Gin as a Derrick. 12 Men, 2 being for the guys. Additional implements: I double prolonge, or 2 single ones-4 strong pickets, 4 or 5Sfeet long-2 mauls-and sometimes a second fall and a drag rope. SERVICE OF THE GIN. 357 If the derrick is to be established on a parapet, or on earth which is not firm, lay a strong plank across two others, with holes in the first for the points of the *feet; ram the earth about them and secure them with pickets. Lay the gin down, the outer side underneath, and the feet of the legs resting on a slkid. The director steps 5 paces from the head of the gin, in a direction perpendicular to the cross bars, and then 4 paces to the right and left, where he marks the places for the two first pickets; the two others are placed 30 feet beyond the first, in the direction which the guys will take. Drive the pickets inclining off from the gin; if necessary, strengthen them by putting a plank or a fascine behind each, and ramming the earth firmly about it. Equip the gin as it lies; fasten the guys to the head of it with an artificer's knot, if they are formed of one rope; with German knots, if of two. The gin being raised almost vertically, 2 men take a turn of the guys around the first pickets, and the director makes them fast to the second pickets with an artificer's knot. Let down the fall and tackles, and prepare to work the windlass. On a parapet, the feet of the derrick should be 2 feet from the exterior crest; as the guys, by stretching, are apt to give the derrick too great an inclination, place it at first 4 feet from the crest, and after taking a few turns, let the load down again, and move the derrick to its proper place. If the fall should not be long enough, join another to it by a flat knot, tied at 4 or 5 yards from the end of the second rope, passing a piece of round wood, of the size of a tool handle, through the knot, to prevent its tightening too much. The first fall passes only through the right hand pulley of the head of the derrick and over the windlass; when the knot comes up near the pulley, cease heaving and make fast; coil a drag rope round the head of the gin and tie it to the second fall by 5 or 6 loops, below the knot. Let go the windlass and bring the weight to bear on the drag rope. Undo the knot, and pass the end of the second fall through the pulley; take 3 turns with it round the windlass, and join the first fall to it, to lengthen the slack. GARRISON AND CASEMATE GINS. The fall for these gins is 5-inch rope, 120 feet long. They are equipped with a pair of blocks adapted to receive such a number of ropes as may be necessary, according to the weight to be raised; the upper block being hung on the clevis at the head of the gin. They are worked like the field and siege gin. CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. ARTILLERY PRACTICE. The plan of this work does not include the details relative to the service of artillery, either in the field or in garrison; but in the absence of more full and accurate tables of firing, it is thought useful to give here the mean results of such trials of the ranges of our ordnance as have been made, from time to time, by the Ordnance Department, together with some other practical information derived from authentic sources. Ranges of Field Guns and Howitzers. The range of a shot or shell in this table is the first graze of the ball on horizontal ground, the piece being mounted on its appropriate field carriage. The range of a spherical case shot is the distance at which the shot bursts near the ground, in the time given; thus showing the elevation and the length of fuze required for certain distances. For the range of the Mountain Howitzer-see CHAP. VI. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Range. REMARKS. Lbs. o, Yards. 6-PDR. FIELD GUN. 1.25 Shot 0 318 "4 1 674 2 867 3 1138 ~ 4 12 156 " 5 1523 1. Sph. case 2 650 Time of flight 2 sees. shot. 2 30 840 " 3 ", 3 1050 " -4 " 360 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. Ranges of Field Guns and Howitzers. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Range REARES Lbs. o Yards. 12-PDR. FIELD GUN. 2.5 Shot 0 347. 6 1 i 662 I 30 785 2 1 909 3 1269.4 i 1455 5 1663 1.5 Sph.case. 1 670 Time 2 seconds. 1 45 950 6 3 230 1250 4 12-PDR. FIELD HOWITZER 1. Shell 0 195 " I 539 i2 640 3 i 847 4 975 " 5 5 1072 0.75 Sph. case 2 15 485 Time seconds. 6 3 15 715 6' 3 6 __ _ _ _ 345 i1050 4 24-PDR. FIELD HOWITZER 2. Shell 0 295 " I 516 I 2 793 3 976 4 1272 " 5.1322 1.75 Sph. case 2 600 Time 2 seconds. 3 800 [ 3 ";' 1 5 30 1050 " 4 "6 2. " s; 3 30 880 3 32-PDR, FIELD HOWITZER 2.5 Shell 0 290 1 531 " 2 779 3 1029 4 1203 5 1504 2,5 Sph. case 3 800 Time 2.75 seconds. RANGES. 361 Ranges of Heavy Ordnance. The range of a gun or howitzer in this table is the first graze of the ball on the horizontal plane on which the carriage stands. RIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation Range. RMARKS. Lbs. I ards. 18-PDR. SIEGE AND CAR- 4.5 Shot 1 641 RISON GUN. c 2 950 On barbette carriage. " 3 1256 " I 4 1450 A" 5 1592 24-PDR. SIEGE AND GAR- 6. Shot 0 412 RISON GUN. " 1 842 On siege carriage. 1 30 953 2 1147 3 1417 s" 4 1666 n" 5 1901 8 " 1 883 " 2 1170 ||" |3 1454 f " [4 1639 " 5 1834 32-PDR. SEA-COAST GUN. 6 Shot 1 45 900 On barbette carriage. 8 " 1 713 1 30 800 " 35 900 "6 2 1100 " 13 1433 " 4 1684 5 192'2 10.67 " 1 780 " / 2 1155 6'. "3 1517 42-PDR. SEA-COAST GUN. 10.5 Shot 1 775 On barbetAe carriage. c 2 1010 cI 3 1300 "6 4 1600 c; 5 1955 14. " 1 770 "( 1 2 1128 3 1380 " 4 1687! (;5 1915 362 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. Ranges of Heavy Ordnance. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Range REMARKS. Lbs. Shell o' iYards. 8-INCIT SIEGE HOVWITZER. 4. 45 lbs. 0 i 251 On siege carriage. C" 1 435 "' 1 2 618 tc 3 t 720 c6 4 992 5 1 1241 _ 12 30 2280 Shell i 8-JNCH SEA-COAST HOWV- 4. 45 lbs. 1 405 ITZER. c 2 652 On barbette carriage. 3 1875 4 1110 " 5 1300 6. 6 1 572 c 2 828 1 3 947 " 4 1168 " 5 1463 8. "c 1 646 c; 2 909 (c 3 1190 ", 1 4 1532 __ 5 1800 Shell 10-INCH SEA-COAST 12. 90 lbs. 1 580 HOWITZER. " 2 891 Time, flight 3. see. On barbette carriage. " / 3 1185. 4. c" 3 30 1300 " 4 1 426 " 46 5.25 "I " 5 1650' " o" 6. Shot 8-INCH COLUMBIAD. 10. 65 lbs. 1 932 Axis of gun 16 feet On barbette carriage. " 2 1116 above the water. " | 3 1402 " /4 1608 "( / 5 1847 "6 6 2010 "( 1 ]8 2397 Shot ceased to ricoC6 10) 2834 chet on the water. " 15 3583 " 20 4322 " 25 4875 " 27 4481 15. " 27 30 4812 RANGES. 363 Ranges of Heavy Ordnance. TIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Range. REhMARKS. 8-1NCH COLUMBIAD- Lbs. Shell o' Yards. Continued. 10. 50 lbs: 1 1 919 " 92 I 1209 3 1 409 " 4 1697 " 5 181.3 "t + 6 1985 " I 8 2203 10 0657 15 3556 "! 20 3716 25 4387 i 27 4171 15. " 27 30 4468 10-INCH COLUMBIAD. 18. Shot 0 394 Axis of gun 16 feet On barbette carriage. 128 lbs. 1 752 above the water. 2 1002 3 1230 4 1570 5 1814 s" j 6 2037 Shot ceased to rico — 8 2519 chet on water. " 10 2777 15 3525 " 20 4020 25 4304 30 4761 35 5433 20. " 39 15 5654 12. Shell 1 800 1001bs8. 2 1012 3 1184 4 1443 5 1604 18. " 0 448 1 747 2 1100 "3 1239 " 4 4 1611 c" I 5 1865 6 2209 8 2489 10 2848 15 3200 20 3885 " 25 4150 s" 30 14651;" 35 4828 Time of flight 35 see, 364 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. Ranges of Heavy Ordnance. KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Range. REMARKS. Lbs. Shell, Yar ds. 12-INCH COLUMBIAD.... 20. 172 lbs. 10 2770 Time of flight 11 see. "4 15 3731 " 16 " 22 4280 20 "4 25 4713' 26" "1 30 5004 "s 35 5339 " 32 cc "6 37 5266'4 31 CC "4 39 5064 25. c" 10 2881 " 11.5 9' 15 3542 G" 15 6'~ ()30 5102 " 35 1 5409 " 32 "6 37 537.3 32' 39 5506 " 36 Shell, 35 5644 180 lbs. 39 5615 28. 35 1 5671 39 5761 3n' miles. Time 36 see.. SEA-COAS MORTAR 0. _00 _ 4 Shell, 3-IN. SEA-COAST MORTAR 20. 200 lbs. i 45 4325 Shell, 10-IN. SEA-COAST MORTAR 10. 98 lbs. 45 4250 Time of flight 36 see. 10-INCH SIEGE MORTAR.. 1. Shell, 45 300 Time offlight 6.5 see. 1.5 90 lbs. 45 700 " 12 " 2. 6 " 45 1000 " 14 " 2.5 6 1 45 1300 " 16 " 3. c" 45 1600 " 18 c 3.5,, 45 / 1800 " 19 4. 45 2100 " 1 Lbs.oz. Shell, S-INCH SIEGE MORTAR. 0 104 46 lbs. 45 / 500 Time of flight 10 sec. (From Griffith's Artil- 13 600 11 lerist's Manual.) 1 750': 12. 1 1 2,,, 900 " 13 6 1 3- " " 1000 " 131" 146 " 1100 141" 16 "r, /1200 " 14 6, RANGES. 365 Ranges of Heavy Ordnance.:KIND OF ORDNANCE. Powder. Ball. Elevation. Ranfe. REMARKS. Oz. Shell, o Yards, 24$-OUNDER COEHORN 0.5 | 17 bs. 45 25 MORTAR. 1. i " 68 1. " i 104 1.75 " 143 2.. " 165 2.75 " < G 260 4. G' " 422 6. " " 900 8. " " 1200 Ranges of Hale's War Rockets. RANGE, (FIRST GRAZE.);LETATION.- -R EMARKS. 24-inch. 3~-inch. Yards. Yards. 40 to 50 500 to 600 500 to 600 The rockets were fired from a trough 80 700 800 to 1000 10 feet long.:00 800 to 900 1000 to 1200.150 1200 1200 to 1400 Weight of 21-inch rocket, 6 Ibs. 470 1760 2200 3 —inch 16 lbs. INITIAL VELOCITIES OF CANNON BALLS. From experiments made with the ballistic pendulum, at Washington Arsenal. PROJECTILE. Charge Initial Kind of Initial Ordnance. i Kind. Weiitt. powder. velocity. Lbs. Lbs. L Feet. 1.25 14W9 Shot...... 6.15 1.5 1563 6-pdr. field gun.. ____.: 2. 1741 I Sph. case... 5.5 1. 1357 1 Canister.... 6.8 1. 1230.5 1 486 I Shot....... 12.3 3. 1597 12-pdr. field gun. 4. 1826 Sph. case... 11. 2. 1392 I Canister... 13.5 2. 1262 ~~~~~~~~1.5. _l _1__6__ 366 CHAP. XIII.- ARTILLERY PRACTICE. Initial Velocities-Continued. PROJECTILE. Charge Initial Ordnance. f of vcnitial Ordnatce. Kind. |Weight. powder. elocity. Lbs. Lbs. Feet. Shell...... 8.9 1. 1054 12pdr. field how- ___._ 1.25 1178 ~zer. ISph. case... 11. 1. 953 Canister.... 9.64 1. 1015 _ _ $ 2. 1378 Shot.h o.... 12.3 3. 1674 12-pdr. siege and 4. 1906 garrison gun. Shell...... 8.9 2. 1611 Sl l. ee3._ 19929 f 2 1411 3I 3. 1734 2pd gn 4. 1933 12-pdr. gun I 25 cal. long. 6. 2239 I Shot.. 1.3 24-25 6. 680 1870 24-pdr. siege and Shell..... 17. 3. 1470 garrison gon. - 4. 1670 Canister., 29.. _ 1303 3. 1303 Grape...... 30.6 3. —4 1108 Giape30.6 4. 1272 F_ 0 4. ] 1250 Sl 32 3 1 t5.33 1430 Shot...... 32.3. 1640 6. 1640 Inn. t~L 10.67 1780 32-pdr. sea-coas Shell.. 23.4 533. 1450 Canister.... 37 5.33 17234 4. 1312 Grape. 39.75 4. 1133 5.33 1297 INITIAL VELOCITIES. 367 Initial velocities of Balls fired from Small l]rms. No. of balls Initial veKIND OF ARM. Charge. to the lb. i locity. Grains. Feet. Musket........ 110 17 1500 Rifle........ 70 32 1750 Hall's Carbine.. 70, 1240 Pistol........ 35 i 947 Loss of velocity by the Windage of the Ball. Initial velocity of ball Loss of veloCharge city by a KIND OF GUN, of Withwind. windage of *3 powder. Without windage age of 1T diameter. diameter. Lbs. Feet. Feet. Feet. Per ct. 32-PDR. SEA-COAST........... 4. 1444 1271 173 12 24-PDR. SIEGE. 4e 1600 1433 167 10. 6. 1890 1723 167 9 2. 1617 1444 173 11 12-PDRa. 25 calibres...... 3 1915 1742 173 9 4. 2124 1951 173 8 20 1528 1370 158 10 12-PDR. FIELD, 16 calibres... 3,. 1793 1635 158 9 -4 1992 1834 158 8 6-PDR. FIEL................ 1.5 1734 1560 174 10 The loss of velocity by a given windage is directly as the windage and inversely as the diameter of the bore, very nearly. For a formula for computing the initial velocity of a ball, see CHAP. XV; Article Ballistics. 368 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. PENETRATION OF SHOT AND SHELLS. The following tables and notes, (when not otherwise specified,) are extracted from a report of experiments made at Metz in 1834. The charges, when expressed in fractions, denote the proportion of powder to the nominal weight of the shot; the calibres are those of the French guns, the exact relation of which to those of the United States ordnance will be found by reference to the table of foreign ordnance in CHAPTER I. The French 36-pdr. corresponds nearly with our 42-pdr; the 16-pdr. with our 18-pdr.; the 8-pdr. with our 9-pdr.; and the 6-inch with our 32-pdr. The diameter of the French 8-inch howitzer is 8.782 inches in our measure. The musket is of' the same calibre as ours. Penetration of Shot in JMasonry. Rubble work of good quality; scarp wall built by Vauban. DISTANCE IN YARDS. 32 7 55 109 219 3'28 438 656 875 1094 In. tl. In. In. tn. In. In. In. In. 36 1-3d 26.78 26.39 25.60 23.83 22.25 20.87 17.92 14.96 -12.21 I(1-2nd 25.60 25.20 24.22 22.45 20.87 19.30 16.25 13.39 10.83 I 1-3d 24.22 23.83 22.84 21.07 19.50 18.12 15.16 12.21 9.85 24 1-4th 22.65 22.25 21.46 19.89 18.22 16 74 13.78 11.23 9.06 1-6th 20.08 19.69 18.90 17.33 15.75 14.38 11,81 9.65 7.88. 1-8th 17.33 16.93 16.15 14.57 13 20 11.81 9.65 7.88 6.50 (1-2nd 22.45. 21.86 20.87 19.10 17.53 15.95 12.80 10.05 7.68 1-3d 21.07 20.68 19.69 17.92 16.35 14.77 11.81 9.26 7.29 16 1-4th 19.50 19.10 18.22 16.74 15.16 13.78 10.83 8.47 6.69 1-6th 17.13 16.74 16.15 14.57 13.00 11.62 9.06 7.29 5.91 1-8th 14.96 14.57 13.78 12.21 10.83 9.45 7.48 6.11 5.12 l-3d 18.90 18.51 17.53 15.95 14.57 13.00 10.05 7.68 6.11 12 1-4th 17.72 17.33 16.54 14.96 13 39 11.81 8.86 6.89 5.51 1-6th 15.56 15.16 14.38 13.00 I 11.42 10.05 7.48 6.11 4.93 l 1-8th 13.78 13.39 12.60 11.03! 9.65 8.27 6.50 7.68 4.33 8 1 3d 15.95 15.56 14.77 13.19 11.62 10.24 7.48 5.51 4.14 By multiplying the numbers expressing the penetrations in this table by 1.25, we have the penetration in masonry of medium quality; by 1.75, in brick masonly; by 0.46, in hard calcareous stone (solid.) According to the experiments, the holes made in masonry such as that referred to in the table, by shot striking it perpendicularly at a short distance, are formed of an exterior, funnel-shaped opening, the mean diameter of which is about 5 times that of the shot, and of an interior part nearly cylindrical. The exterior cone appears to be produced by the reaction of the masonry, some fragments of which are projected backwards, to the distance of 45 or 50 yards. The PENETRATION OF BALLS. 369 train of fragments in front of the hole extends about 20 feet. Around the exterior opening, the masonry is loosened to a distance about one-laalf greater than the diameter of the opening; say 45 in. by the 24-pounder shot; 35.5 inches by the 16-pdr.; 31.5 in. by the 12-pounder. This loosening indicates the proper distance between the first shots from a breaching battery. Nearly all the shot are broken, even at the charge of one-fourth, and the fracture is generally in meridional planes, the pole of which is the point which strikes first. On the shot which are not broken, and on the fragments of those which are broken, small cracks or furrows, sometimes 0.02 in. deep, are observed, radiating from -he same point~ The effect of shells fired horizontally against mnasonry is very small; they are broken at the moment of striking, or if fired with very low charges, so as not to break, they produce a very slight impression. Penetration in Oak Wood. DISTANCE IN YARDS. CALIBRE. CHARGE. 527 55 109 219 328 438 656 875 1094 Guns., in. tI. nn. i [n In. In. In. In In. In. 36 1 3d 65.4 64,2 622 58.3 54.3 50.8 44.1 37.4 31.5 1-2nd 63.0 61.4 59.1 54.7 50.8 47.3 40.2 33.5 27.6 I 3d 59.1 57.9 55.9 51.6 47.6 44.1 37.4 30.7 24.8 24 1-4th 55.5 54.3 52,3 48.4 44.9 41.3 35.0 28.4 22.8 1 -6th 49.2 48.4 46,5 42.,9 39.4 36.2 -29.5 24.0 19.3 t I8th 42.5 41.6 40.2 36.6 32.7 30.3 24,4 19.7 15.8 f l2nd 54.7 53.2 50.8 46.5 42.5 39.0 31.9 25.6 19.7 113d 51.2 50.0 48.0 43,7 40,2 36.6 29.9 23.6 18.5 16 1-4th 47.7 46.5 44,5 40,9 37.4 33.9 27.6 21,7 16.9 i 1 6th 42.1 41.4 39.8 36 2 32.7 29.5'3.2 17.7 14.2 1-8th 37.0 36.2 34.3 30.7 27.6 24.4 19.3 15.0 11.8 r1-3d 46.1 44.9 42.9 38 6 35.0 31.9 25.6 19.7 14.6 12 1-4th 43.3 4-2,1 40.2 36.6 33.1 29.9 23.6 18.1 13.4 1-6th 37,8 37,0 35.4 31.9 28.4 ]25.2 19.3 15.0 11.4 1.-8tll 33.9 33.1 31.1 27.6 24.4 21,.7 16.5 13.0 9.8 8 1-3d 39.4 38.2 36.2 3 32.3 28 7 25.6 19.3 1]3.8 10.6 Howitzers. Lbs. (4.4 28.4 27.6 26.0 22.4 19.3 16.5 13.0 10.6 9.1 8in Siege. j 3.3 23.2 22.4 20 9 18.1- 15.8 13.8 11.0 9.5 8,3, 2.2 16.1 15.4 14.2 12 6 11.4 10.2 1 8.7 7.9 7.5 1.1 39.1 8.7 8.3 8.3 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.3 5.9 |3( 3.3 1 33.1 31.9 30 3 26.8 i 23.6 20.5. 15.0 11.8 9.8 6-in. 2.2 27,6 26.8 25.2 21.7 18.5 15.8 11.4 9.1 7.9 1.65 22.8 29.1 20.5 17.3 14.6 12.6 9.8 8.3 7.1 24 pd 2.2r 27.6 26.8 25.2 217 18.1 15.0 10.2 7.9 6. pdr. 1.1 18.9 18.1 16.5 13.4 11.0 9.5 i 7.5 6.3 5.1 12-pdr. IM\ountain. 0.6 15.0 14.2 10.2 8.3 7.1 5.9 4.7 3.9 Grains. 2Musket Balls - - 154 3.35 3.15 2.56 1.77 1.06 0.71 0.32 I 24._I I, 24 3~70 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. The penetrations in other kinds of wood are deduced from those in the preceding table by multiplying by 1, for beech and ash; by 1.3, for elm; by 1.8, for white pine and birch; by, 2 for poplar. In oak, the fibres are displaced laterally by the passage of the shot and after-'wards close up again, so asto leave an opening scarcely sufficient for measuring the depth of penetration. This effect explains the cause of vessels not being always sunk by shot striking below the water line; but the timber is split ]ongitudinally even by the smallest shot, in a length of 6.5 feet; the splinters are driven to the distance of 42 to 50 feet, and the largest timbers are soon destroyed. In white pine nearly all the fibres struck by the shot are broken, but the effect does nct extend much beyond the opening made; this material is therefore preferable to oak for structures which are not intended to be proof against cannon shot. Peneti9ration inCompacl Earti, (half sanld, halft clay.) DISTANCE IN YARDS. CALIBRE. 1 CHARGE,27 55 109 9 1 28 1 38 656 875 1094 In. In. In. In. [n. it. InI. In. In. 36 I 13d 109.1 106.3 102.4 97.3 93.4 89.4 823 75.6 69.7 1.3d 100.4 97.7 92.6 85.9 81.1 77.2! 70.1 63.8 58.3 I 1-4th 92.6 90.2 86.6 81,5 77.6 74.0 67.3 61.8 57.1 1-6th 83.5 82.3 79.9 6 2 2 8.9 65.6 57.1 52.4 1-8th 76.4 74.8 72.4 68.9 65.8 63.0 57.5 52.0 47.3 l-2nd 94.5 91.0 85 9 77.6 7'2./ i 67.7 61.4 55.9 50.4, 11-3 8i.6 835 86.6 i835 /96 73.6 6 69.3 5.8 9.9 54.4 49.2 16 1-4th 80.7 78.3 75.4 69.7 66.5 63.4 57.9 52.4 47.3 1-6t1 72.9 70.9 68.l 65.0 61.8 59.1 53.6 48.8 44.5 1- 8th 63.0 65.4 68 60.6 57.9 55,1 50.4 145.7 41.3 I1 3d 65.0 163.4 59.9 54.7 50.8 48.2 1 42.9 38.6 35.0 1 1 4tb 60.6 59.1 55.9 52.0 48.8 46.1 41.3 37.4 33.9 1-6th 54.7 53.fi6 50.8 48.2 1 45.3 42,9 38.6 35.0 32.3 1-8th 50 0 48.8 47.3 44.5 41.7 39.8 36.2 33.1 30.7 8 1-3d 56.3 54.7.0 46.9 43.3 40,2.354 31.9 28.7 54.7 5.0 46.9433 30Ho1itzm's. Lbs. 4.4 48.4* 47.3* 45 3 41.7 38.6 1 35.4 30 3 26.0 23.2 i 3.3 42.9 41.7 40.2 37.0 33.9 31.1 927.2,:'4.0 21.7 111]. Siege l. 34.7 33.9 32.3 29.5 27.6 25.6 22.8 20.9 19.3 l1-1 22.8 2i.4 21.7 20.9 20.1 19.3 17.7 16.5 15.8 3.3 52.8. 581.2*i 48.8 45.0 41.0 37.4 30.7 25.2 922.1 6-in. 2.2 45.3 44.1 42.5 38.6 35.0 31.9 126.4 22.4 19.7 1.65 39.8 38.6 37.0 33.5 30.7 28.0 23.6 205 18.1 -4 ( 2 44.5*1 42.9* 41.0* 36.6 32.7 29.1 23.2 18.9 16.1 dr 1.1 33.5 32.3 30.7 27.6 24.8 22.4 118.1 15.4 13.4'Mountain 12-pdr. 0.6 927.2 26,4 -24.8 21.7 19.3 17.3 14.6 12.2 10.2 Grains., u.2&9Sket Balls - - - 154 9.851 9.45 8.66 5.91 4.331 3.15 1.58 *With these charges, and at these distances, the shells were often brckes. PENETRATION OF BALLS. 371 The penetrations in other kinds of earth are found by multiplying the above by 0.63, for sand mixed with gravel.'0.87, for earth mixed with sand and gravel, and weighing twice as much as water.' 1.09, for compact mould and fresh earth mixed with sand, or half clay. "1.44, for wet potter's clay. "' 1.50, for light earth, settled. "1.90, for do. fresh. In general, sand, sandy earth mixed with gravel or small stones, chalk and tufa, resist shot better than the productive earths, or clay, or earth that retains water. Penetration of Sh/ells.. IN COMPACT EARTI IN O'I~ WOOD. Z IN MASONRY. a) 8-nIn. 10-in.!2 in. 8 in. 10-in. 12-in. 8-in. 10-in. 1I-in. Yds.'In. In. In. In In. I In, In. In. In. 656 7.88 17.72 19.69 3.94 7.88 8.66 1.97 3.54 3.94 1312 9.85 25.60 27.57 4.73 11.81 13.78 2.36 4.73 5.12 45Q 1656 11.81 19.69 i 21.66 5.91 9.85 10.63 3.15 3.94 4.33 4-312 15.75 27.57 29.54 7.88 13.78 15.75 3.94 5.51 5.91 60I 656 19.69'29.54 31 50 8.66 13.00 14.57 4.33 5.91 6.30 1312 21.66 31.50 33.47 9.85 13.78 15.75 4,73 630 6.6i9 Falling with mnloaximumv -3.63 33.47 35 44 9.85! 13.78 15.75: 473 6.69 7.09 velocity ) The penetrations in other kinds of earth, wood, and stone, may be obtained by using the co-efficients given for the other tables. Penetration in Fascines, Wool, &c. At the distance of 24 yards, a musket ball penetrates 20 in. into a gabion stuffed with sap fagots; the ball from a wall piece, 23.63 in. The resistance of fascines decreases very rapidly by the twigs being broken or separated by the balls. A rolling gabion, stuffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall piece at 15 yards; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced through by cannon balls of the smallest calibre. The penetration of balls in wool is more than double of that in compact earth, even when the wool is contained in close, well quilted matrasses, pressed between hurdles. At 40 yards, a musket ball penetrates more than 40 inches into,woollen matrasses thus placed together. 372 CHAP. XIII.-ARTILLERY PRACTICE. EffJects of Shot on Cast Iron. Shot projected with even a small velocity will break pieces of cast iron of very large dimensions. A 24-pdr. ball fired with a charge of 1-12th and moving with a velocity of 883 feet in a second, split, in two shots, to the depth of 40: inches, a block of cast iron 12 inches wide by 40 inches thick. The fragments of the block and of the broken shot are projected with sufficient velocity to produce the most destructive effects. According to these results, cast iron cannot be advantageously used either for gun carriages, or for revetments of fortifications. Penetration ind Jlasonry. Experiments at Fort Monroe Arsenal, in 1839. MEAN PENETRATION. CALIBRE. Charge. Distance. DessedPotomac Dressed Potomac Hard granite, free stone, brick. Shot. Lbs. Yards. In. In. In. 32-pounder gun.......... 8 880 3.5 12. 1525 Shell. 8-inch sea-coast howitzer... 6 880 1. 4.5 8.5 The solid shot broke against the granite, but not against the free stone or brick. The shells broke into small fragments against each of the three materials. The circumstances attending the penetration of the shot and shells corresponded with those above stated in the experiments at Metz. The wall used as a target was built of dressed stone and of the best bricks, laid in hydraulic cement; but being an isolated wall, (10 feet square of each material, and 5 feet thick, with 3 counterforts,) and being battered before the masonry was perfectly set, the effect of the projectiles in shattering the masonry around the point struck was greater than indicated by the experiments referred to. Penetration in a Target of White Oak Timber, 5 feet thick. le Experiment in New York Harbor, in 1814. GUN. Charge. Distance. Diameter. REMARKS. Lbs. Yards. Inches. 32-pdr. 11 100 60 Shot wrapped with leather, so as 11 150 54 to destroy the windage... _ _ _ _ _. _....... PENETRATION OF BALLS. 373 Penetration of Lead Balls in Seasoned While Oak. Experiments at Washington Arsenal, in 1839. ARM. Charge. Distance. Penetration. REMARKS. Grains. Yards. Inches. Musket........... 144 5 3.00 Arms loaded with Common rifle......... 100 21 05 new musket powHall's rifle........... 100 2.00 der. [70 0.60 Hall's carbine, musket 80 0.80 calibre..... 90 1.10?Charges too great t 100 1.20 S for service. Pistol............... 51 0. 725 Experiments made at West Point, in 1837. DISTANCE IN YARDS. ARaM. Charge. REMARKS. 3- 9 50 100 150 200 300 Grains. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. 1.34 2 00 1.60 1.43 1. 0.66 0.55 0.00* * 1 Ball in 10 imMusket -- 19250 1.60 bedded. 90 1.60 Common rifle 92 2,.10 1.80 1.43 0.94 0.65 0.29 0.00 ftlndentationO.t in. Fall's rifle 70 1.12 1.70 0.63 0.53 0.40 0.00t -'2 Balls in 10 imbedded. The musket fired at 9 yards distance, with a charge of 134 grains, 1 ball and 3 buckshot, gave for the ball, a penetration of 1.15 in.; buckshot, 0.41'in. Penetration in a bundle of.Autsket Ball Cartridge Paper, Xo. 1. Musket, with 134 grains, at 13 yards..........653 sheets. Common rifle, 92 grains, at 13~ yards............ 500 sheets. 374 CHIAP. XII. —-ART[LLERY PRACTICE. FIRING HOT SHOT. FURNACES for heating shot are erected at the forts on the sea-coast. These furnaces hold (J0 or more shot. The shot being' placed, and the furnace cold, it requires 1 hour and 15 minutes to heat them to a red heat. After the furnace is once heated, a 24-pdr. shot is brought to a ted heat in 25 minutes; the 32 and 42 require a few minutes longer. Two or three men are required to attend a furnace. GRATES. In siege batteries, or in other situations where there are no furnaces, a grate is used for heating shot. This grate consists of 4 bars, 1.75 in. square,. 3 feet long, placed diagonally, 4 in. apart, resting on 3 iron stands with legs 1 foot high. To uese the grate: Make an excavation 1 foot deep and 1 foot wide, with no slope at the sides or in rear, open in front. Place the grate in it, on stones or bricks, rising about 4.5 in. above the bottom; make a roof over it with hoops of flat iron, covered with sods and with 18 in. of earth, leaving in the back part a chimney 6 in. square. Put the shot on the grate, leaving about one-fourth of the length free, in firont; on this part, and under the fiont of the grate, put the wood, cut into pieces about 14 in. long and 2 in. or 2.5 in. thick. Make use of' a thick sod, as a register, to regulate the draught of the chimney, so that no flame shall issue fiom the front of the furnace. This little furnace, which will contain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in 1 hour, and will supply 3 guns; it requires the attendance of one man. IMPLEMENTS. 2 Pokers, for stirring the fire, made of 4 iln. round iron, 5~ feet long, the end bent at a right angle-2 Iron forks, for taking out the shot. These forks are immersed alternately in water to cool them — Rasp, to rub the scales from the balls when they have been overheated- 1Pair tongs with circular jaws, for taking up shot — Iroln rake, to remove the cinders, &c., from the ash pit-. 1 Trostgh or tub-1 Bucket-1 Barrel —1 Reantler, with the head covered by a circular plate of sheet iron, of rather larger diameter than the ball; to remove the clay which may stick to the sides of the bore when clay wads arc usedI Ladle, (to each piece,) for carrying the balls, formed of an iron ring the interior of which is beveled to fit the ball, with 2 arms inserted into wooden handles; for small calibres it is made with 1 handle. WADS, may be made of good clay, free from sand or gravel, moistened just enough to work well; the wads are cylindrical, 1 calibre long. But it is preferable to use hay wads that have been steeped in water for 15 minutes and allowed to drip. CARTRIDGES for hot shot, are made of cannon cartridge paper or parchment FIRING HOT SHOT. 375: well pasted, to prevent the powder from sifting out; they should be carefully examined before use, to see that there are no holes in thenm. It is best to use. two cartridge bags, one within the other. MANNER OF LOADING. Elevate the muzzle sufficiently to allow the ball to roll -in; ram the cartridge home carefully, and a dry hay wad over it; then a wet hay or clay wad; prick and prime; insert the ball, and put a wet hay or clay wad over it; this second clay wad may be only ~ calibre long. It is a good precaution also to pass a wet sponge into the gun just before putting in the shot. When wet hay wads are used, steam is seen to issue from the vent as soon as the ball gets home; this is the effect of the hent of the ball upon the water contained in the wad; no danger can result from it, as the ball may be allowed to cool in the gun without the charge taking fire; but it is better to fire without much delay5 as this steam would injure the powder. The penetrations of cold and hot shot into wood are equal under the same circumstances. A red hot shot retains sufficient heat to set fire to wood lifter. having struck the water several times. The fire is communicated more rapidly and certainly to the wood when the ball does not penetrate more than 10 or 12 inches, because at a greater depth the communication with the external air is not, sufficiently free. It is proper therefore to fire with small clharges, 4 to I wt. of the shot, according to the distance, in order that the shot may renmain in the wood and not penetrate too deep. Expansion of Shot heated to (a white heat. CALIBRE. 8-IN. 42 i 32 24 18 12 Expansion....In. 0.149 0. 11 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.0-4Heated shot do not return to their original dimensions on cooling, but retain a. permanent enlargement, as will appear from the following table, giving the mean of 16 trials by Lieutenant Rodman, of the Ordnance Department: FIRST HEATING. 1 SECOND HEATING. 8-inch Shot. Diam. ion. iam Expansion. In. In. Per cent. In. In.'Per cent. Original..... 7840.. 0.000 White heat...... 7.989 0.149.019 8.017 0.177 1 0.022 Cherry red......... 7.963.123.016 After cooling..... 7.895.054.007 7.939.099.1 012 CHAPTER FOURTEENTH. MATERIAL S. TIMBER. The kinds of wood principally used in ordnance constructions are the following: WHITE OAK, (Quercus alba.) The bark is white, the leaf long, narrow and deeply indented; the wood is of a straw color, with a somewhat reddish tinge, tough and pliable. It is the principal timber used for ordnance purposes, being employed for all kinds of artillery carriages. WHITE BEECH —RED BEECH, (Fagus sylvestris —Fagus ferruginea,) are the most suitable for fuzes and mallets; als.o for plane stocks and various other tools. WHITE ASH, (Fraxinas Americana,) is straight grained, tough, and elastic, and is therefore suitable for light carriage shafts; in artillery, it is used chiefly for sponge and rammer staves; sometimes for handspikes, and for sabots and tool handles. ELM, (Ulmeus flrnericana,) is well suited for fellies and for small naves. HICKORY, (Jftglans tomentosa,) is very tough and flexible; the most suitable wood for handspikes and tool handles, and for wooden axletrees. BLACK WALNUT, (JAtglcats n'igrv,) is hard and fine grained; it is sometimes used for naves, and the plank for ammunition boxes; it is used exclusively for the stocks of small arms. WHITE POPLAR, OR TULIP TREE, (Liriodendron ttdipifera,) is a soft, light, fine grained wood, which grows to a great size; it is used for sabots, cartridge blocks, &c., and for the lining of ammunition boxes. WHITE PINE, (Pinus strobZus,) is used for arm chests and packing boxes generally, and for building purposes. CYPRESS, (Cupressus disticha,) is a soft, light, straight grained wood, which grows to a very large size. On account of the difficulty of procuring oak of suitable kind in the Southern States, cypress has been sometimes used for sea, coast and garrison carriages. It resists better than oak the alternate action of heat and moisture to which sea-coast carriages are particularly exposed in casemates; but being of inferior strength, a larger scantling of cypress than of oak is requir 378 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. ed for the same purpose, and on account of its softness it does not resist sufficiently the friction and shocks to which such carriages are liable. BAss WOOD OR AMERICAN LRIME, (Tilia.f/Inericana,) is very light, not easily split, and is excellent for sabots and cartridge blocks. DOG WOOD, (Cornus florida,) is hard and fine grained, suitable for imallets, drifts, &c. Selection of standing Trees. The principal circumstances which affect the quality of growing trees are soil, climate, and aspect. In a moist soil, the wood is less firm and decays sooner than in a dry, sandy soil, but in the latter the timber is seldom fine; the best is that which grows in a dark soil, mixed with stones and gravel; this remark does not apply to the poplar, willow, cypress, and other light woods, which griow best in wet situations. In the United States, the climate of the Northern and Middle States is most favorable to the growth of the timber used for ordnance purposes, except the cy.press. Trees growing in the centre of a forest, or on a plain, are generally straighter and more free from limbs than those growing on the edge of the forest, in open ground, or on the sides of hills, but the former are at the same time less hard. The aspect most sheltered from the prevalent winds is generally most favorable to the growth of timber. The vicinity of salt water is favorable to the strength and hardness of white oak. The selection of timber trees should be made before the fall of the leaf. A healthy tree is indicated by the top branches being vigorous and well covered with leaves; the bark is clear, smooth, and of a uniform color. If the top has a regular, rounded form; if the bark is dull, scabby, and covered with white and red spots, caused by running water or sap, the tree is unsound. The decay of the uppermost branches, and the separation of the bark from the wood, are infallible signs of the decline of the tree. Felling Timber. The most suitable season for felling timber is that in which vegetation is at rest, which is the case in midwinter and in midsummer. Recent experiments incline to give preference to the latter season, say the month of July; but the usual practice is to fell trees for timber between the first of December and the middle of March. TIMBER. 379 The tree should he allowed to obtain its full maturity before being felled; this period in oak timber is ge-erally at the age of fiomrn 5 to 100 years or upwards, according to circumstances. The age of hard wood is determined by tile number of rings which may be counted in a section. of the tree. The tree should be cut as near the ground as possible, the lower part being the best timber; the quality of the wood is in some degree indicated by the color, which should be nearly uniform in the heart wood, a little deeper towards. the centre, and without sudden transit ions. Felled timber should be immediately stripped of its bark, and raised from the ground. _Defects of Timber Trees, (especially of Oak.) Sap, the white wood next to the bark, which very soon irots, and should neverl be used, except that of hickory. There are sometimes found rings of light colored wood surrounded by good hard wood; this may be called the second sap; it should cause the rejection of the tree in which it occurs. Brash swood, is a defect generally consequent on the decline of the tree from age; the pores of the wood are open, the wood is reddish colored, it breaks short, without splinlters, and the chips crumble to pieces. This wood is entirely unfit for artillery carriages. Wood sehich has died befbre beingfelled should in general be rejected; so should knotty trees, and those which are covered with tulbercles or excrescences. Tsvisted wood, the grain of which ascends in a spiral fornm, is unfit for use in large scantling; but if the defect is not very decided, the wood may be used for naves and for some light pieces. Spilts, checks, and cracks, extending towards the centre, if deep and strongly marked, malse the wood unfit for use, unless it is intended to be split. Wind shakes, are craclks separating the concentric layers of wood from each other; if the shake extends through the entire circle, it is a ruinous defect. All the abovementioned defects are to be guarded against in procurling timber for use in artillery constructions. The centre heart is also to be rejected, except in timber of very large size which cannot generally be procured free from it. Seasoning and Preserving Timber. As soon as practicable after the tree is felled, the sap wood should be taken off and the timber reduced, either by sawing or splitting, nearly to the dimensions required for use. Pieces of large scantling, or of peculiar forim, such as. 380 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. those for the bodies of gun carriages and for chassis, ale got out with the saw; those of smaller dimensions, such as spokes, are split with wedges. Naves should be cut to the proper length and bored, through the axis, with a 1~ in. auger, to facilitate their seasoning and to prevent cracking as much as possible. They should be cut from the butt of the tree. Timber of large dimensions is improved by immersion in water for some weeks, according to its size, after which it is less subject to warp and crack in seasoning. For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled under shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed to a strong current of air; at the same time, there should be a free circulation of air about the timber, with which view slats or blocks of wood should be placed between the pieces that lie over each other, near enough together to prevent the timber from bending. In the sheds, the pieces of timber should be piled in this way, or in square piles, and classed according to age and kind. Each pile should be distinctly marked with tile number and kind of pieces, and their age, or the date of receiving them. The piles should be taken down and made over again at intervals, varying with the length of time which the timber has been cut. The seasoning of timber requires from'2 to 8 years, according to its size. Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is considered the most favorable to the durability and strength of timber, but various methods have been proposed for hastening the process. For this purpose, steaming timber has been applied with success; and the result of experiments with Mr. Kyan's process of saturating timber with a solution of corrosive sublimate, have been highly satisfactory; this is said to harden and season the wood, at the same time that it secures it from the dry rot and from the attacks of worms. The process of Mr. Earle, which consists in saturating the wood with a hot solution of copperas and blue vitriol mixed together, has been tried by the Ordnance Department, but the results have not been favorable, as regards its effect on the strength or preservation of the timber. Kiln drying is serviceable only for boards and pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks and to impair the strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. Charring or painting is highly injurious to any but seasoned timber, as it effectually prevents the drying of the inner part of the wood, in which consequently fermentation and decay soon take place. Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in seasoning, and about one-third of its weight in becoming perfectly dry. TIMBER. 381 jlVeasuring Timber. Sawed or hewn timber is measured by the cubic foot, or more commonly by boardl easuzre, the unit of which is a superficial foot of a board I in. thick. Small pieces, especially those which are got out by splitting, (such as spokes,) and shapes, or pieces roughed out to a particular pattern, (such as stocks for small arms,) are often purchased by the piece. Usual rule for measuring round timber:.Multiply the length by the square of onze-fourth the smlean girth, for the solid contents; or, L; L being the length of the log, and C half the sum of the cirI 6 cumferences of the two ends. But when round timber is procured for use in the Ordnance Department, it should be measured according to the square of good timber which can be obtained from the log. TABLE, showing' the Superficial Feet in one linealfoot of Boards of vacrious widths. WIDTH. AREA. WIDTH. AREA. WIDTH. AREA. D_ A _E. AE. In. Sup. ft. In. Sup. ft. K In. Sup. ft. 0.25 0.0208 4.25 0.3542 8.25 0.6875 0.5 0.0417 4.5 0.375 8.5 0.7083 0.75 0.0625 4.75 0.3958! 8.75 0.7292 1. 0.0833 5. 0.4167 9. 0.75 1.25 0.1042 5.25 0.4375 9.25 0.7708 1.5 0.125 5.5 0.4583 9.5 0.7917 1.75 0.1458 5.75 0.4792 9.75 0.8125 2. 0.1667 6. 0.5 10. 0.8333 2.25 0.1875 6.25 0.5208 1 10.25 0.8542 2.5 0.2083 6.5 0.5417 10.5 0.875 2.75 0.2292 6.75 0.5625 10.75 0.8958 3. 0.25 7. 0.5833 11 0.9167 3.25 0.2708 7.25 0.6042 11.25 0.9375 3.5 0.2917 7.5 0.625 11.5 0.9583 3.75 0.3125 775 0.6458 11.75 0.9792 4, 0.3333 8. 0.6667 12. 1.0000 To find the number of feet, board measure, in any piece of timber of a given width, multiply the tabular area, for that width, by the length in feet and the thickness in inches. 382 CHAttP. XIV.-MATERIALS. I.RON. Iron is obtained from ores in which it generally exists in the state of an oxide, combined with earthy or stony matters, and sometimes with sulphur, arsenic, magnesia, manganese, &c. Iron ores are classed and named according to their different combinations, as, magnetic, specular, micaceoits, red hematite, brown hematite; the last named is the ore from which the Salisbury,and the Juniata irons are extracted. JMlaking Pig Iron. ROASTING. To obtain pig iron, the ore is first roasted, to separate such of the foreign substances as can be consumed or volatilized by a moderate heat. For this purpose theore is distributed in layers alternately with refuse coal or charcoal, and burnt in the open air, or in a kiln similar to that used for burning lime; when sufficiently calcined, the ore is easily broken into pieces of the proper size for smelting. SMrELTING, separates the iron from the refractory substances with which it is combined in the ore. It is effected in the blast furnace, by exposing the ore to a great heat, in conjunction with a suitable flux of limestone or clay, which comnbining with the earthy matter runs off over the dam, in a cinder, leaving the iron to settle at the bottom of the furnace, where it is protected from the blast by the cinder, and kept hot and fluid, until it is drawn off into open channels or moulds, in the form of pigs, which is usually done every twelve hours. The kinds of fuel used for smelting: are charcoal, bituminous coal, coke, and recently, anthracite coal. For many purposes, such as sheets for tinning, bars for converting into steel, charcoal iron is exclusively used, and for bar iron, it is superior to that made with bituminous coal; but for castings, the latter may be often used with advantage. Pig iron, according to the proportion of carbon which it contains, is divided into foundry iron and forge iron, the latter being adapted only to converting into malleable iron; while the former, containing the largest proportion of carbon, can be used either for casting or for making bar iron. ]Malleable Iron. Malleable iron may be made directly from the pigs, by means of the bloomscry, or puddling furnace; but when it is desired to obtain iron homogeneous and of the best quality, the pig iron should invariably be refined, otherwise the bar iron will be full of black specks and cinder holes. IRON. 383 REFINING. This important operation deprives the iron of a considerable portion of its carbon; it is effected in a blast fui'nace where the iron is melted by means of charcoal or coke, and exposed for some time to the action of a great heat; the metal is then run into a cast iron mould, by which it is formed into a large, broad plate, about 2.5 in. thick. As soon as the surface of the plate is chilled, cold water is poured on plentifully, to render it brittle. The next process is to convert the metal into malleable iron, by depriving it of its remainin carbon and oxigen. which in the United States is usually effected in the bloomely fire; in England, by means of a juddling Jiurnace. BI,OOMEry~. The bloomery resembles a. large forge fire, where charcoal and a strong blast are usedf, and the refined metal or the pig iron, after being broken into pieces of thle proper size, is placed before the blast, directly in contact with the charcoal; as the metal fuzes, it falls into a cavity left for that purpose below the blast, where the bloomer works it into the shape of a ball, which he places again before the blast, surrounded with fresh charcoal; this operation is generally again repeated, when the ball is ready for the shingler. PUDDLING, is effected in a reverberatory furnace, where the flame of bituminous coal is made to act directly on the metal, which has been previously broken into small pieces. When melted, it is thoroughly worked by the puddler, who separates his charge, on the cast iron bottom or hearth of the furnace, into five or six psrddlers' balls, weighing from 80 to 100 pounds each. These balls are next passed to the shingler. SHINGLING, is best performed under the tilt hamnmer weighing from two to four tons, although it is sometimes done under a squeezer; it has a double object, to form the ball into a shape to be received by the puddle rolls, and to express the liquid cinder which may remain in the ball; this is effected by from fifteen to twenty blows with the hammer; the ball, now called a bloom, is ready for being rolled or hammered. PUDDLE ROLLS. By passing through different grooves in these rolls, the bloom is reduced to a rozugh bar from three to four feet in length, its name conveying an idea of its condition, which is rough and imperfect. The bloom may be broken dowen under the hammer, instead of rollers; for this purpoe, the shingler works the bloom as long as the heat will permit, when it is re-heated and hammered, until it is reduced to one or more ancoaies, according to the size of bar which it is intended to make; these are again heated and reduced to the required size and shape. PILING. 1To prepare rough bars for this0operation, they are cut, either hot or cold, by means of a strong pair of shears, into such lengths as are best adapted 384 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. to the size of the finished bar required; the sheared bars are piled, one over the other, to the number of from two to six or more pieces, according to the size required, when the pile is ready for balling. BALLING. This operation is performed in the balling furnace, which is similar to the puddling furnace, except that its bottom or hearth is made up, from time to time, with sand instead of cast iron; it is used to give a welding heat to the piles to prepare them for rolling. FINISHING ROLLS. The balls are passed successively between rollers of various forms and sizes according to the shape of the finished bar required. These bars are straightened on a cast iron bed, with heavy wooden beetles. PROPERTIES OF BAR IRON. All iron contains more or less carbon, the hardest containing the least, and the proportion varies from 2 to 2 per cent. It expands 1-812th part from 32~ to 2120 Fahr., and 1-140th part, from 320 to a red heat-Specific gravity, 7,788. To test the quality? of bar ironl. The most convenient test is by the fracture; but this is not always sufficient, as the same iron will present different appearances, according to the manner in which it has been forged, and the degree of heat to which it has been subjected. In testing by the fracture, the sample should be 1 inch squaire, or if a flat bar,' inch thick; cut a notch on one side with a cold chisel, and bend the bar down over the edge of an anvil, or give it a heavy blow, when lying flat on the ground, with a sledge hammer; if the fracture exhibits long silky fibres, of a leaden gray color, cohering together and twisting or pulling apart before breaking, it denotes a tough, soft iron, which is easy to work and hard to break, suitable for sheet iron, wire, &c., but it may weld bad. ly. A medium, even grain, mixed with fibres as above, but without bright specks or dark spots, is also a favorable indication. In general, a short, blackish fibre indicates iron badly refined and mixed with carbon, pluinbago, or oxide; if worked very hot, it may be improved, but there will be a great waste. A. very fine, close grain denotes a hard, steely iron, which is apt to be cold-short, hard to work with the hammer or file. J2 coarse grain, with a brilliant, crystallized firacture, or yellow or brown spots, denotes a brittle iron, inclined to be cold-short, but working easily when heated, and making a good weld. Numerous cracks on the edges of the bar generally indicate a hot-short iron, which cracks or breaks when punched or worked at a red heat, and will not weld; it is strong when cold, and may be useful in that state, but if worked, care should be taken not to subject it to strains at a red heat. Blisters,flaws, and cindter holes, are caused by imperfect welding at too low a heat, or by the iron not being properly worked, and do not always indicate an inferior quality, The above mentioned characters IRON. 385 are not often found separate in iron, and its quality must be determineid by their combination, and by the predominance of one or the other of them. In general good iron is readily heated, is soft under the hammer, and throws out but few sparks when taken from the fire. K The best test for bar iron is to have a piece forged into the shape in which it is intended to use it. Jlnother test for iron when cold is to cut a screw thread on a square bar, and bend it by striking the end with a hammer; also by punching or drilling pieces which are to have holes in them; in the case of the square bar, it should be bent in different directions at sharp angles, and if the bar is heavy, place the end on the corner of the anvil, and strike it with a heavy sledge until the piece is forced off. Examine the welding of pieces which are jumped on, or cpset. To test iron when hot. Draw out the iron, bend and twist it-split it, and turn back the two parts, to see if the split extends up-punch a long hole in the direction of the fibre and another at right angles to it-punch holes of different forms-weld the iron to iron and steel-make chains from small rods-observe if cracks or flaws weld easily-finally, forge some of the most difficult pieces for which the iron is intended. NOTE: oN FORGING. Good iron is often injured by being unskilfully worked. Care should be taken that the iron while heating, is not exposed to the air, which would assist in forming scales of oxide on its surface; it is to prevent this that the workman from time to time throws sand or clay on his iron to protect it. When iron is at a white heat, immediate contact with coal tends to carbonize it and make it steely. Iron heated for any purpose, and especially for welding, should be heated as rapidly as possible, in order to expose it the least possible time to the action of the air and coal; for this purpose, the strongest fuel, with an abundant, steady blast, is necessary. Defects in iron, caused by unskilfui working may be remedied in part; if, for example, iron has been burnted, give it a smart heat, protected as much as possible from the air; if the iron has been injured by cold hammersing, a moderate annealing heat will restore it; if the irokk has become hard and steely, give it one or more smart heats, to extract the carbon. Cast Iron. Iron castings for ordnance purposes are made of the pig metal obtained fronm the smelting furnace. There are many varieties of cast iron, differing from each other by almostinsensible shades; the two principal divisions are grey and white, so called from the color of the fracture when recent. 25 386 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. Grey irort, is softer and less brittle than white iron; it is in a slight degree malleable and flexible, and is not sonorous; it can be easily drilled and turned in the lathe, and does not resist the file. It has a brilliant fracture, of a grey, or sometimes a bluish grey color; the color is lighter as the grain becomes closer, and its hardness increases at the same time. A medium sized grain, bright grey color, lively aspect, fracture sharp to the touch, and a close compact texture, indicate a good quality of iron. A grain either very large or very small, a dull, earthy aspect, loose texture, dissimilar crystals mixed together, indicate an inferior quality. Grey iron melts at a lower heat than white iron, becomes more fluid, and preserves its fluidity longer; it runs smoothly; the color of the fluid metal is red, and deeper in proportion as the heat is lower; it does not stick to the ladle; it fills the moulds well, contracts less and contains fewer cavities than white iron; the edges of a casting are sharp and the surface smooth, convex, and covered with carburet of iron. Grey iron is the only kind suitable for making castings which require great strength, such as cannon. Its tenacity and specific gravity are diminished by annealing. Its mean specific gravity is 7,200. White iron is very brittle and sonorous; it resists the file and the chisel, and is susceptible of high polish; the surface of a casting is concave; the fracture presents a silvery appearance, generally fine grained and compact, sometimes radiating, or lamellar. When melted it is white, and throws off a great number of sparks, and its qualities are the reverse of those of grey iron; it is therefore unsuitable for ordnance purposes. Its tenacity is increased and its specific gravity diminished by annealing. Its mean specific gravity, 7,500. JMottled iron is a mixture of white and grey; it has a spotted appearance; it flows well and with few sparks; the casting has a plane surface, with edges slightly rounded. It is suitable for making shot and shells. Besides these general divisions the manufacturers distinguish more particularly the different varieties of pig metal by numbers, according to their relative hardness. No. I is the softest iron, possessing in the highest degree the qualities described as belonging to grey iron; it has not much strength, but on account of its fluidity when melted and of its mixing advantageously with old or scrap iron, and with the harder kinds of cast iron, it' is of great use to the founder, and commands the highest price. No. 2 is harder, closer grained, and stronger than No. 1; it has a grey color and considerable lustre. It is the kind of iron most suitable, in general, Cfr making shot and shells. CAST IRON-STEEL. 387 No. 3 is still harder than No. 2. Its color is grey, but inclining to white; it has considerable strength, but it is principally used by the founder for mixing with other kinds of iron. No. 4 is bright iron. No. 5, mottled. No, 6, white, which is unfit for general use by itself. The qualities of these various kinds of iron seem to depend on the proportion of carbon, and on the state in which it is found in the metal. In the darker kinds of iron, where the proportion is sometimes 7 per cent. of carbon, it exists partly in the state of graphite or plumbago, which makes the iron soft. In white iron, the carbon is thoroughly combined with the metal, as in steel. Cast iron frequently retains a portion of foreign ingredients from the ore, such as earths, or oxides of other metals, and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus, which are all injurious to its quality. Sulphur hardens the iron, and unless in a very small proportion, destroys its tenacity. These foreign substances, and also a'portion of the carbon, are separated by melting the iron in contact with air, and soft iron is thus rendered harder and stronger. The effect of remelting varies with the nature of the iron and the kind of ore fiom which it has been extracted; that from the hard ores, such as the magnetic oxides, undergoes less alteration than that from the hematites; the latter being sometimes changed from,No. 1 to white by a single remelting in the air furnace. The kind of iron most suitable for any special purpose, such as the casting of cannon, should be ascertained by trial for that purpose in the furnace in which it is to be used. All cast iron expands forcibly at the moment of becoming solid, and again contracts in cooling; grey iron, as before remarked, expands more and contracts less than othUr iron. The color and texture of cast iron depend greatly on the size of the casting and the rapidity of cooling; a small casting, which cools quickly, is almnost always white, and the surface of large castings partakes more of the qualities of white metal than the interior. STEEL. Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in which the proportion of the latter is from 5 to 1 per cent., and even less, in some kinds. Steel may be distinguished from iron by its fine grain; its susceptibility of hardening by immersion, when hot, into cold water; and with certainty, by the action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a black spot on steel, and on iron a spot which is lighter colored in proportion as the iron contains less carbono 388 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. There are many varieties of steel, the principal of which are: Jatural steel, which is obtained by reducing the rich and pure kinds of iron ore with charcoal, and refining the cast iron, so as to deprive it of a sufficient portion of carbon to bring it to a malleable state. It is made principally in Germany and is used for making files and other tools. The India steel called Wootz is.said to be a natural steel, containing a small portion of other metals. Blistered steel, or steel of cemaentatiosn, is prepared by the direct combination of iron and carbon. For this purpose, the iron in bars is put in layers alternating with powdered charcoal, in a close furnace, and exposed for 7 or 8 days to a heat of atout 700 Wedgewood, and then suffered to cool for as many days more. The bars on being taken out are covered with blisters, have acquired a brittle quality, and exhibit in the fracture a uniform crystalline appearance. The degree of carbonization is varied according to the purposes for which the steel is intended, and the best qualities bf iron (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest kinds of steel. Tilted steel, is made from blistered steel moderately heated and subjected to the action of a tilt hammer, by which means its tenacity and density are increased, and it is thus adapted to use. Shear steel, is made fiom blistered or natural steel refined by piling thin bars into faggots, which are brought to a welding heat in a reverberatory furnace, and hammered or rolled again into bars; this operation is repeated several times to produce the finest kinds of shear steel, which are distinguished by the names of half-shear, single-shear, and double-shear, or steel of 1 mark, of 2 marks, of 3 marks, &c., according to the number of times it has been piled. Cast' steel, is made by breaking blistered steel into small pieces and melting it in close crucibles from which it is poured into iron moulds; the ingot is then reduced to a bar by hamnrmering or rolling, as described under the head of malleable iron, these operations being performed with great care. Cast steel is the finest kind of steel and best adapted for most purposes; it is known by a very fine, even, and close grain, and a silvery homogeneous fracture; it is very brittle and acquires extreme hardness, but is difficult to weld without the use of a flux. The other kinds of steel have a similar appearance to cast steel, but the grain is coarser and less homogeneous; they are softer and less brittle, and weld more readily. A fibrous or lamellar appearance in the fracture indicates an imperfect steel. A material of great toughness and elasticity, as well as hardness, is made by forging together steel and iron, forming the celebrated damask steel, which is used for sword blades, springs, &c.; the damasked appearance is produced STEEL. 389 by the action of a diluted acid, which gives a black tint to the steel parts, whilst the iron remains white. Various fancy steels, or alloys of steel with silver, platinum, rhoditLm, aluminiumo, have been made with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, wootz, &c., and improving the fabrication of some of the finer kinds of surgical and other instruments. PROPERTIES OF STEEL. The best steel possesses the following characters: heated to redness and plunged into cold water, it becomes hard enough to scratch glass, and to resist the best files; the hardness is uniform throughout the piece; after being tempered it is not easily broken; it welds readily i it does not crack or split; it bears a very high heat and preserves the capability of hardening after repeated working; the grain is fine, even, and homogeneous, and it receives a brilliant polish. Its specific gravity is 7,816, being greater than that of iron. Test. Break a few bars, taken at random; make tools of them and try them in the severest manner. HARDENING AND TEMPERING STEEL. On these operations the quality of manufactured steel in a great measure depends. Hardening, is effected by heating the steel to a cherry red, or until the scales of oxide. are loosened on the surface, and plunging it into a liquid, or placing it in contact with some cooling substance; the degree of hardness depends on the heat and the rapidity of cooling. Steel is thus rendered so hard as to resist the hardest files, and it becomes at the same time extremely brittle. The degree of heat and the temperature and nature of the cooling medium must be chosen with reference to the quality of the steel and the purpose for which it is intended. Cold water, mercury, and acids give the greatest hardness; oils and fatty substances, sand, wet iron scales or cinders, &c., give an inferior degree of hardness, but prevent the cracks which are caused by too rapid cooling. The lower the heat at which the steel becomes hard, the better. Temnpering. Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most purposes, the requisite strength and elasticity are obtained by tempering, or letting down the temper, as the workmen term it, which is performed by heating the hardened steel to a certain degree and letting it cool gradually. The requisite heat is usu-. ally ascertained by the color which the surface of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed. The degrees of heat to which these several colors correspond, are as follows: At 4300 Fahr., a very faint yellow. Suitable for hard instruments; as hamAt 450~ 0 a pale straw color. mer faces, drills for hard substances, &c. At 4700~' a full yellow.r 1 For instruments requiring hard edges At 4900 " a brow colo without elasticity; as shears, scissors, tools for turning iron and steel. 390 CHAP. XIV. —MATERIALS. At 5100 Fahr., brown, with purple ) For tools for cutting wood and soft meespots........... tals; such as plane irons, chisels, At 5300 purple.......... Iknives, &c. I For tools requiring strong edges without At 550 " dark blue......... extreme hardness; as cold chisels, axes, At 560 " full blue.......... table cutlery, &c., which will break J before bending. At 600 " greyish blue, verg- } For spring temper, which will bend being on black.... fore breaking; saws, sword blades, &ce. If the steel is heated higher than this, the effect of the hardening process is destroyed. CASE HARDENING, is the conversion of the surface of wrought iron into steel, for the purpose of adapting it to receive a polish, or to bear friction, &c.; this is effected by heating the iron to a cherry red, in a close vessel, in contact with carbonaceous materials, and then plunging it into cold water. Bones, leather, hoofs and horns of animals, are generally used for this purpose, after having been burnt or roasted, so that they can be pulverized. Soot is also frequently used. Welding Composition, for Iron or Steel. Borax........................................... 10 parts. Sal ammoniac..................................... "1 Pound them together, and melt them in a crucible into a clear liquid; pour it out on an iron plate, and when cold pulverize it for use. SHEET IRON. Sheet iron is made by rolling. It should be soft and tough, its surface very smooth, without holes or thick scales; it is generally of a bluish color, sometimes clouded; the sheet should be of regular thickness, elastic, and crackling when bent in the hands. When bent at a right angle, there should be no appearance of fracture on the exterior. Russia sheet iron has a planished, glossy and smooth surface of grey oxide of iron; it should be free from rust or flaws, and be very soft and tough. The severest test of sheet iron consists in hammering a part of the sheet into a concave form. Sheet steel, should have the same qualities as sheet iron, with greater elasticity and hardness in a thinner sheet. For the weight of sheet iron, see TABLES on pages 406 and 407. TIN. 391 SHEET TIN. Sheet tin is made by coating sheet iron'with tin. The iron is first scoured, or thoroughly cleaned, by means of an acid, and then immersed in melted tin. There are two kinds, called single tin and double tin, differing in thickness and in the quantity of tin with which the iron is coated. The surface of the sheets should be bright and smooth, free from specks, beads and blisters. KIND. SIZE. MEAN THICKNESS. WEIGHT. REMARKS. In. Wire gauge. In. Lbs. SingleTin. 10X14 31 0.0125 0.5 There are usu05 I 5ally 225 sheets Double X.. 10X14 27 0.018 0.75 in a box. Roofing.... 20X14 27 0.018 1.5 112 sheets in a box. A square of roof (100 square feet) requires about 71 sheets of roofing tin. Pickle for cleaning Iron.t-To a mixture of equal parts of nitric and muriatic acids, add twelve times their joint volume of water. Liquorfor'rinning, or Soldering.-Dissolve 3 ounces of zinc in a pint of muriatic acid, letting it stand in a warm place about 8 hours; strain the solution through a cotton or linen cloth; add a teaspoonful of pulverized sal ammoniac to a pint of the solution, and let it boil for 10 minutes; when cool it is fit for use. To TIN IRON. Immerse the iron in the cleaning pickle; if the surface is rough, let it remain in the pickle about 4 hours, or until all the scales can be rubbed off. Then dip the iron into the solution of zinc, and immediately afterwards into the melted tin, which must be kept a little above the melting point. Let it remain in the melted tin until the latter has ceased to be agitated, when the iron will have become warm enough for the tin to adhere; on taking it out, wipe or shake off the surplus tin. To TIN COPPER. It is *only necessary to dip the copper into the solution of zinc and then into the bath of tin; or to clean the copper with diluted sulphuric acid, before immersing it in the tin. SOLDERING, WITH SOFT SOLDER. Dip a sponge or mop into the solution of zinc and pass it over the part to be soldered, before applying the soldering iron; this will cause the solder to flow freely, without using rosin, or cleaning the surface with a file. 392 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. FILES AND RASPS. List of Files and Rasps required fore use at an Jtrsenal of Conistruction, No. KIND. Length. Width. Weight. REMARKS. In. In. In. Lbs. oz. 1 Flat rough (ruffs).. 14. 1.35 0.35 1 4 Flat, tapering. 2 Do. do.......... 12. 1.17 0.3 0 15 3 Do. bastards....... 12. 1.17 0.3 0 14 4 Do. do.......... 8. 0 0.2 5 5 Half round bastards! 12. 1.14 0.32 0 11 6 Do. do.... 9 0.85 0.25 7 Do. do... 6. 0.56 0.2 0 1 8 Round do... 12. 0.5 0 8i 9 Do. do.... 9...... 0.23 0 2 10 Do. do.... 6..v....1 0.23 0 3 11 Do. do.... 4.5... 0.16 0 12 Square do....l 12. 0.5 0.5 0 9 13 Do. do.... 8 0.32 0.32 0 3 14 Do. do.., 6. 0.24 0.24 10 15 Do. do.... 4. 0.2 0.2 0 16 Flat, single cut, t (floats).......... 12. 1.121 0.22 0 101 ledgerounded. 17 Flat, hand, smooth.! 12. 1.16 0.31 1 2 Safe edge. 18 Do. do.{ 9. 0.96 0.27 0 10 Do. 19 I Do. do. 8. 0.83 0 02 0 6 Do. 20 Do. do. 4. 0.44 0.1 0 Do. 21 Half roundhand,do.! 12. 1.15 0.33 0 12 22 Do. do. 9. 0.84 0.27 0 59 23 Do. do.! 6. 0.6 0.18 0 1 24 Taper, band saw... 4.5 A 0.4 0 1 25 Flat, shoeing rasp.. 14. 1 1.5 0.35 1 8 26 Half round do... 12. 1.14! 0.32 0 11 Without tang. English files are generally used at the Arsenals and Armories. Files should be made of the best cast steel. The teeth are generally cut at an angle of 600 with the centre line; at a smaller angle, the teeth are apt to choke, and at a greater angle, they do not cut. In choosing files, they should be examined to see that they are straight, that they are fiee from cracks and flaws, and that they are cut regularly. The teeth should not be turned or broken by filing on iron or tempered steel. One out of each dozen may be tried on a piece of tempered steel, such as the tang of a file screwed in a vice; the file should "take" in its whole length, both on the flat and edge, and should not cut in drawing back; it should not make furrows, or show a tendency to deviate from the direction given to it by the hand. The STORAGE OF METALS. 393 quality of the steel may be determined by breaking some of the files, and working the steel in the forge. ALLOYS. Bronze-Gun metal: 90 copper and 10 tin. Bell metal: 778 copper and 22 tin..Fine brass: 2 copper and 1 zinc. Brassfor parts of small aroms and of gan carriages: 80 copper, 17 zinc, and 3 tin. Sheet brass: 3 copper and 1 zinc. Hard solder: 1 zinc and 2 brass. Plumber's solder: 1 tin and 1 lead. Tinner's solder: 1 tin and 2 lead. Pewterser's solder: 2 tin and 1 lead. Pewoter. 4 tin and 1 lead..dn alloy that expands in cooling: 9 lead, 2 antimony and 1 bismuth; useful for filling small cavities in cast iron. Babbit's metal, for journal boxes: 9 tin and 1 copper. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF METALS. Metals are stored on the ground floors of dry and well aired buildings, which should be kept open in fine weather only. Bar tron and steel, and pieces rough forged, (shapes,) divided according to kind and size, on racks, or standing upright in frames-uenserviceable iron and scraps, in piles marked with the weight. Sheet iron and tin, oiled, and placed on edge, in frames. Wire, oiled, in coils, hung on hooks; arranged according to kind and size. Heavy chai.ns, coiled up in piles —Small chains, in bundles of 10 or 20, in boxes or on shelves. Finished woork, according to kind, in piles or in boxes. Pig metal, in square piles; the flat sides lying together. The iron and steel parts of implements, &c., covered with a black varnish, made of white varnish and lampblack, for intrenching, and other heavy tools; of white varnish and ivory black, for polished tools. See CHAPTER VII. ~Jrtificer'a tools and files, according to kind, in a dry place, with suitable divisions; they should be sprinkled with powdered charcoal, or fine quick lime, to protect them from rust..Mails, according to kind and size, in bins or kegs. A/lnvils and other heavy pieces, on skids on the floor. Every division, bin, pile and box, should be marked with a label showing the character of the article contained in it, its kind, its distinctive number or size, the quantity, weight, &c. 394 CHAP. XIV, -MATERIALS. ROPES. The size of a rope is designated by the circumference or girth measured with a thread; thus, a 3-inch rope measures 3 inches round. The length is usually expressed in fathoms. STRENGTH. The utmost strength of good hemp rope is 6,400 lbs. to the square inch; the weight which it will bear before breaking is expressed in tons by one-fifth of the square of the girth in inches; in practice, a rope should not be subjected to more than half this strain. It stretches from 1-7th to 1-5th, and its diameter is diminished fiom 1-7th to 1-4th, before breaking. A difference in the quality of the hemp may produce a difference of 1-4th in the strength of ropes of the same size. White rope is stronger than tarred rope, and the difference is increased by age and service; therefore such ropes only as are to be immersed in water should be tarred. The strength of Manilla rope is less than that of hemp rope. QUALITY. The quality of hemp is in some measure indicated by its color; the best is of a pearl grey; the next, greenish; then, the yellow; a brown color indicates the b.eginning of decay; the odour should be strong, but free from a musty, tainted smell. It should be well combed, pliant, and clear of stalks. The yarns should be fine spun and slightly twisted; they are from 4 to. of an inch in girth. A rope is defective when the yarns are of unequal sizes, or unequally twisted; when it is fuzzy before being used; and when it contains pieces of stalk, indicating that the hemp was not well combed. TWISTING OR LAYING. The number of yarns in a strand of cordage varies from 16 to 25, and several strands are combined or laid, to form a large rope. rA ope is said to be twisted. or 4, when it is 3 or 4 shorter than the strand. For artillery service, ropes should be twisted ~. The degree of twisting may be determined by constructing a right-angled triangle, the base of which is the circumference of the rope, and the height, the length of one revolution of tihe strand, measured parallel to the axis; the difference between this height and the hypotheneuse is the quantity by which the rope is twisted. SPLICING, is the joining of two ends of rope without a knot; the instrument usea for the purpose is a marline spike. There are two kinds of splice; see Plate 19. Short splice. Untwist from 4 to 8 inches of each of the two ends of rope, and interlock the strands up to the close parts of the rope, those of the two ends alternating; hold in the left hand one end of rope with the loose strands in front, and cross each strand of that end over the strand of the other end which is to ROPES- COAL. 395 the left hand of it; then by means of the marline spike, pass it under the same strand of the second end, and d(raw firmnly on the strand which is passed through. Pursue the same course with the strands of the second rope. To increase the strength of the splice, pass each strand round the one on its left a second time, and cut off the loose ends. Long splice. For a rope which is to pass through a pulley, the short splice would be too thick. Untwist about 18 inches of the two ends, and interlock them as before; untwist a strand of one end from the close part of the rope and replace it by the strand of the other rope which comes to hand; cross the end of the latter strand over the one which is replaced, and pass it under the adjacent strands. Substitute, in this manner, every other strand of one rope by a strandtt of the other rope, and cut off the loose ends. PRESERVATION IN STORE. Ropes should be placed in the upper stories of a; building, coiled up and labeled; large ropes on skids, so as to allow the circulation of air; small ropes hung up to the joists, on pins or hooks. Ropes should not be coiled until they are perfectly dry; they should be uncoiled every year, and stretched out for several days at the beginning of the dry season. COAL. Charcoal. Charcoal of good quality burns slowly in the air, without flame; it is clean, hard, compact, brittle, sonorous, and of a fine black colour; its fracture is shining,. irridescent, and of a conchoidal form. When not perfectly charred, it is tough, of a greyish colour, and burns with a white flame and smoke. W hen too much burnt, it is of a dull black, soft and unelastic. By exposure to the air, charcoal absorbs firom 10 to 20 per cent. of moisture, and its qualities are thereby impaired; it should therefore be kept under cover. Charcoal is made from either hard or soft wood; that from the former, such as oak, maple, beech, chesnut, is the most serviceable, giving the greatest quantity of heat for an equal weight of coal. JlMakingcharcoal. For ordinary purposes, wood is charred in heaps or stacks, in the following manner: Select sound wood; it may be burnt immediately after being felled; wood which has been exposed for a year after felling gives inferior charcoal. Cut it into pieces about 4 or 5 feet long, and split those which are more than 4 inches in thickness. Level the ground on which the stack is to be made, choosing a dry and shel — tered spot. Plant a stake in the middle of the space, and cover the bottom of' 396 CIHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. the pile with wood placed in a direction converging towards the centre, the intervals being filled up with small sticks; place the rest of the wood around the stake, the pieces nearly upright and close together, in several tiers, covering the whole with a layer of wood placed as close together as possible; leave one or more horizontal openings near the ground, from the exterior to the centre. Cover the stack, commencing at the top, with leaves and a coat of wet sod about 4 inches thick, leaving open a space 6 inches high, all round the bottom, for the escape of the air and steam. Draw out the stake, and set fire to the pile, either by means of the hole left by the stake, or through the horizontal gallery, which may have been previously filled with combustible materials. Push the fire actively until the flame comes out at the top of the stack, in order to ignite the whole of the bottom part, and to expel the steam which would otherwise occasion explosions. Then close the hole at the top, and cover the lower part of the pile, leaving small openings at intervals; the smoke should now escape equally from all parts of the stack, except towards the top, which is kept closed in order to prevent a draught. When the stack has sweated sufficiently, increase the thickness of the coating of earth; moderate the fire, and direct it, by means of openings on the sides, in such a manner that the combustion may be equal in every part, and that the fire may be always drawn towards the bottom. Leave the holes open as long as the smoke is black and thick, and close them when it becomes light and of a bluish color. The charring is completed when the flame escapes through the openings at the bottom; then stop the holes and cover the pile well with earth, which should be renewed after 24 hours; extinguish the fire entirely, and let the pile stand 12 or 24 hours more. Open it on one side only; select the coal, and separate what is imperfectly burnt. Wood furnishes in this way, on an average, about 16 or 17 per cent. of charcoal. The stack should be formed of one kind of wood; if soft and hard woods are used in the same pile, put the former on the outside. Large stacks are the most advantageous; as much as 50 or 60 cords of wood may be put into one. Pit Coal. BITUMINOUS COAL. There are two principal varieties: Open burning coal kindles quickly and burns well, but produces much flame and smoke, and is soon consumed; it lies open in the fire and does not cake. Of this kind is the English cannel coal. Close beurning coal melts and swells in the fire and runs together, forming what blacksmiths call a hollow fire, or a dome over the nozzle of the bellows, under COAL-TURPENTINE. 397 -which the iron is heated equally, and covered firom the air. This kind of coal forms a very hot fire and leaves little residuum; it is, therefore, the most suitable for smiths' use. The Newcastle coal, and the Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania bituminous coals are of this kind. ANTHRACITE COAL, is now extensively used for the forge in fire places specially contrived for the purpose. It ignites with difliculty, and does not cake or melt in the smallest degree, but produces a very hot, open fire. Coal is not injured, but oil the contrary rather im;proved, by exposure to air and moisture. 3ieJan Weight of Coals. A Specific Weight of Cubic feet gravity. I cubic foot. to 1 ton. Lbs. Bituminous......... 1,355 51.4 43.58 Anthracite..........1 1,500 53. 42.21 Coke. Coke is produced by charring bituminous coal, in order to expel the bitumen and sulphur; this is usually done In close furnaces or ovens. Good coke has a dull fracture, is very porous, and cellular; it gives very little ashes when bJurnt; it is injured, like wood charcoal, by absorbing water. Coal furnishes 60 to 70 per cent. of coke by weight; the volume being increased 5 to 20 per cent. COAL TAR is a bituminous product obtained by the distillation of coal, in making gas, &c. TAR, PITCH, TURPENTINE. The following are the principal varieties of products from resinous trees, such as the pine. TURPENTINE. This is extracted firom the tree in warm weather, by cutting a deep noteh, or box, near the base, and scoring the tree by scraping off the bark above the box; the first year's running produces the virgin or white turpentine, and the second year's is nearly as good; after that, the turpentine becomes each year darker and stiffer, the tree yielding less of what is called dippings, and more scrapings; the latter kind of turpentine is hard and yellow. A tree will bear tapping 14 to 16 years, on two sides alternately, the scoring being extended upwards from 12 to 15 inches each year. 398 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE, is the essential oil obtained by distillation from the native turpentine. RosIN, OR COLOPHONY, is the residuum of the distillation of turpentine. Its quality depends on that of the turpentine and on the care used in distillation; the finest quality is of a light straw color. TAR is obtained from the heart of the pine tree, by smouldering, or a smothered combustion, effected in stacks, nearly in the manner described for making charcoal. The tar runs off into trenches dug for the purpose. Tar is semi-fluid, transparent in thin portions, and of a reddish color; it has a strong, peculiar odor. It is rendered more fluid by heat; and it burns with a bright flame, leaving a light and dry coal. It is refined by heating it in an iron vessel, and pouring it off, after it has been kept for some time in a liquid state; by this means, water and pyroligneous acid are driven off, and the earthy particles are separated by settling. It is used for coating cordage, and for wood which is not to be immersed in water. PITCH, is made by boiling tar down to the requisite consistency, either by itself or combined with a portion of rosin; it becomes solid on cooling, but is soon softened by the heat of the hand, in which state it is very adhesive; when of good quality it is clear and hard. It is used for coating wood which is to be immersed in water, and is applied hot, with a mop. VENICE TURPENTINE is obtained from the larch; but what is commonly called by that name is a compound of melted rosin and spirits of turpentine. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 399 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. Relative Ductility of Mfetals. Gold-Silver-Platinum-Iron-Copper-Zinc-Tnm-Lead. Relative Jialleability. Gold-Silver-Copper —Tin-Platinum-Lead —Zinc-Iron. Tenacity of various JMfaterials. S represents the weight required to break a rod whose cross section, a, is one square inch, when pulled in the direction of its length; for rods of other dimensions, the breaking weight W = S a; the weight of the rod being neglected. METALS. Value of S Cast steel................................ 134,000 lbs. Swedish....................72000) | Salisb Ceury, ln,.7 66,000 C Expteriments of Franklin Salisbury, Co................. 66 Institute, on bars whose Bariron. Bellefonte, Pa.................. 58,500 I cross section was about: English........................ 56,000J one-fifth of a square inch. Pittsfield, Mass................ 57,000 ) Pig metal.................... 15,000 Cast iron Good, common castings..........,2,000 Experiments by Mlajor V. @as 24,000 Wade, for the Ordnance Specimens from gun heads.....,500 2 Deparment, on piece l39,500 Departmeet, on pieces Cast steel............................128,000 whose cross section was 30000 nearly 1 square inch. Bronze-gun metal...................... 42,000 Copper, cast; (Lake Superior).............. 24,138 Brass.................................... 18,000 Coppe. rought....................... 34,000 Tin, cast................................ 4,800 Zinc.......................... 3,500 Platinum...o...................... 56,000 Silver................ o............... 40,000 Gold... D t * e. J. e * ~ * *. 30,000 Lead.......o e.......... a.. O e 1,800 WOODS. Ash......................... o o e 15,800 Mahogany............ o............... 11,500 Oakl.. e............... oo.............e 11,600 White pine............................... 11,800 Walnut.o................................ 7,700 In general, the tenacity of metals is increased by hammering and wiredrawing. The strength of Pittsfield bar iron, given in the above table, is the mean of four trials, with cylinders 1 in. long and 0.9 in. diameter. They were extended in length, before fracture, to 1.4 in., and they were reduced in diameter to 0.6 in. in the middle. 400 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. A bar of wrought iron is extended about one-hundredth part of its length for every ton of strain on a square inch. Transverse Strengtlh. S =the weight in pounds required to break a beam 1 in. square and 1 in. long, fixed at one end and loaded at the other; b the breadth, d the depth, and I the length, in inches, of any other beam of the same material, and W the weight which will cause it to break, neglecting the weight of the beam itself. 1. IJf the beam is supported at one end and loaded at the other: WS bd 2. If the beam is supported at one end and the load distributed over its whole length: b t12 W-= 2 S 3. If the beamn is supported at both ends and loaded iso the mniddle: b d2 W~4S4. If the beamn is supported at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole length: W= 8 S 5. If the beam is supported at both ends and loaded at the distance 7nftron one end: W~s.. lbds m (1-1-1).Values of the co-efficient S, deducedfJiom JIr. Barlow's experiments. Good English bar iron....... 6,150 Ash................ 2,025 Cast iron................... 7,644 Pitch pine.............. 1,632 English oak................ 1,200 Riga fir................ 1,128 In practice, about one-half or one-third of these values should be used, in computing the strain to which a beam should be subjected. Resistance to longitudinal Compression. S = the weight required to crush a bar 1 inch square, in the direction of its length. The area of the cross section of any other bar being denoted by a, the weight required to crush it is WF' S a; the length of the bar being not more than three times, nor less than once and a half, its breadth. Practical Formulae for computing the weigzht which a column will sustain. [From WEALE'S Engineer's Pocket Book.] b, the side of a square column, in inches; d, the diameter of a cylindrical column, in inches; 1, the length of the column, in feet; W, the weight it will sustain, in pounds. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 401 SOLID CYLINDRICAL: ATERIAL. SOLID SQUARE COLUMN. COLUMN 15300 lb3 9562 d4 Cast iron.......... W 4- W -- 4 b2 +4.18I12 4d2 -.1812 17800 lb3 ] 1125 d4 Wrought iron..... W= ~ 4 W 2 + i ( 4a b2 oe. 1612 4 d2 +.16 12 3960 lb3 2470 d4 Oak...,.,... - ~ - - 2 47Wd 4 bV5 12 4bd -.5 12 Resistance to Torsion. S - the weight in pounds required to break, by twisting, a solid cylinder, i inch diameter; the weight acting at the distance of 1 inch from the axis of the cylinder; d, the diameter in inches of any other cylinder of the same material; r, the distance from its axis to the point where the breaking weight W is applied, thenn: W — S d Torsional strelgth of Hollow Cylinders. Practical formula deduced by Lieut. Rodman, Ordnance Department, from Major Wade's experiments. D, the exterior, and d, the interior diameter of the cylinder in inches; S, W and r, as before. Dr Relative torsional strength of cast iron shafts, of different forms, having equal areas of cross sections. From Major Wade's experiments on shafts whose cross sections were 1, 2, and 3 square inches. e Hollow cylinders, whose interior and exterior SOLID CYLIN OLID S diameters are in the proportion of DERol 4 to 10 5 to 10 6 to 10 7 to 10 8 to 10 _oono 0.8750 1.2656 104433 170000 2.0864 2.7377 26 402 CHAP. XIV. —-MATERIALS. Values of the co-eficients Sfor the strength of certain metals. From experiments made by Major Win. Wade, for the Ordnance Department. VALUES OF S. KIND OF METAL. s,!. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. CoInsmon pig iron 15,000 6,000 - - 7.000 I ea Good, common castings - - 20,000 7,500 - 7,000 7.180' S ean Gun iron, from gun heads, (BOSCAST results. ton and West t'oint, 1848 &'49) 32.000 05,000 7.200 IRON Gun iron, cast in small bars - - 34,000 9,500 130,000 9,000 7.320Etreme. Least - - - - - - - - 9,000 5,000 - 6.9000 L xteme Greatest - - - 39,500 11,500 - 10,000 7.7241 CAST STEEL -.- 128,000 1 23,000 - 7.846 Beegins to yield, taking a permanent WROUGHT' set - 31,000 6,500 40,000 3,600 ) IRON. [Ultimate strength - - - 7,000 - 7.855 i Bevds and endures without breaking - 116 000 7,700 RONZE Begins to yield, taking a permanent set 19,000 92,300 BRONZE. 4 Ultimate strength - -.. 42,000 8- 8.710 Bends and endures without breaking - 5,500'CAST COPPER' (Lake Superior,) ultimate strength 24,138 - 8.712i The torsional strains, which the wrought iron and bronze endured without breaking, twisted thle cylinders about 1000~ Weight and Strength of Iron Chiains. Diarn. of ironI Weight of] Breaking P'roof for the links. foot of chain. weight, weight. REMARKS. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 0.1875 0.325 2,240 1 948 Extracted from a table furnish0.25 0.65 4,256 1,680 ed by Col. Denison, for the 0.3125 0.967 K 6,720 2,464 Aide Memoire of Military 0.375 1.383 9,634 3,584 Sciences. 0.4375 1.767 H 13,216 5,152 The proof weights are comput0.5 2.633 H 17,248 6,720 ed at the rate of 420 lbs. to 0.5625 3.333 21,728 8,512 one-eighth of an inch diame- 0.625 4.217 I 26,880 10,304 ter of the iron for the links. 0.6875 4.833 I 32,704 12,544 0.75 5.75 38,752 15,232 0.8125 6.667 45,696 17,696 0.875 7.5 1 51,744 20,384 0.9375 9.333 58,464 23,520 i 1. 10.817 65,632 26,880 _-... -". ~ -.~ i.,..-.. STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 403 Weight and Strength of Hemp and iron Wire Ropes. HEMP ROPE.' IRONWIRE ROPE. Hawser-laid Cable-laid. Circum- 3 straids. C l Circuma-'Weight Breaking ference. ference. of l foot. weight. Weight Breaking Weight Breaking of 1 foot. weight. of 1 foot., weight. 0In. Ls. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs In. Lbs. Lbs. 0~75 0.028 291............0.75 0.070 2,240 1. 0.038 560.......... 0.125 3,360 1.5 0.087 1,120........ 1.5 0.280 6,160 2. 0.153 2,016............... 2.375 0.680 15,680 2.5 0.238 3,136 j........ 2.625 0.860 16,800 3. 0.343 4,256 0.301 3,674 3.125 1.230 24,520 3.5 0.467 I 5,824 i 0.422 4,480 3.75 1.770 30,244 4. 0.612 7,616 0.552 6,440 4.125 2.140 44,800 4.5 0.773 9,428 0.697 8,154 5. 0.955 11,872 0.862 10,060 5.5 1.155 14,336 1.042 12,183 6. 1.375 17,044 1.240 14,515 6.5 1.613 19,936 1.455 17,024 7. 1.872 23,072 U 1.687 19,712.'5 2.148 26,432 1.928 22,4Q0 8. 2.445 30,016 2.138 25,805 8.5 2).760 34,048 2.613 29,120 9. 3.095 38,080 2.850 32,660 9.5 3.533 42,336 3.088 36,378 10. 3.822 44,800 3.327 40,320 The above table is taken chiefly from the " Aide Memoire to the Military Sciences." The breaking weights of the hawser-laid rope are a good deal below the results obtained with ropes of the same sizes at Woolwich Dockyard; but the lowest results have been taken in preference. The wire rope was made by Kuper & Co. 404 CHAP. XIV. —-MATERIALS. Weight ef one foot in length of Flat and Square Bar iron, Width. 1 Thick- Thick ThickWidth. Thick- Weight. Width. Thi-Widthj Weight. ness. ness. n ess. In. In. Lbs. In, In. L~bs. In~. In. L~bs. 0.25 0.25 0.21 1.375 1, 4.62 I 2.1.125 L 7.56 0.3 0.3 0.03 1.125 5.19. 1.25 8.40 0.375 0.375 0.47. 1.25 5.77 ]. 1.375 9.24 0.5 0.125 0.21 t. 1.375 i 6.35 ~ 1.5 10.08 0.1875 0.31 1.5 0.125 0.63 1.75 11.76 0.25 0.42 0.1875 0.94 2. 13.44 0.375 0.63. 0.25 1.26 2.25 0.125 0.94 0.5 0.84. 0.375 1.89. 0.1875 1.41 0.625 0.625 1.34 1. 0.5 2.52. 0.25 ].89 0.75 0.125 0.31. 0.625 3.15. 0.375 2.83 0.1875 0.47!. 0.75 3.78 i 0.5 3.78 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.5 0.25 0.63 0.25 4.41 0.625 1.72 0.25 0.84 ~~~. i0.7~5 4.20. 1.5 132 0.375 0.94. 1. 5.04 i i 0.75 5.66 0.5 1.26 1.125 5.67. i0.875 6.61 0.625 1.57 7 1.25 0.30 2 0. 7.56 0.75 1.89 7.5 7.56 1.125 8.50 85 0.875 22.57 1.625 0.25 1.68.5.45 1. 3.6: 0.375 2.20. 0.375 315 1.2 0.125 0.2 0.25.36 / 1.37510.39 0.18751 0.63 0.5 2.73 0 1.5 11.34 0.25 1.84 0.75 4.140 1 0.875 73.35 0.375 1. 574 I 1. 5.46. 1 8412 0.5 1.68 1.625 8.87 2.25 17.01 0.625 2.10 11.75 0.125 0.73'.5 I 0.125 1.05 0.75 2.56 0.1875 1.80 0.1875 1.57 0.875'2.94 10.25 1.47. 2.0 1.1 3.36. 10.375 2.20i 10.375 3.15 1.125 1.125 5.25 2. 0.5 2.94 2 0.5 4.20 1.2E75 0.125 j0.57 0.625 13.67 10.625 5.25 0.1875 0.8 8 0.75 4.41 / 0.75 6.30 0.25 1.05 0.875 5.14 2 10.875 7.35 0.375 1.57 0. 5.87 1. 8.40 - 0.5 2.10 1.125 6.60 1.125 9.55 0.625 2.68 1.25 7.3510 1.25 10.50 10.75 3.15 1.375 8.07 11.5 19.60 0.875sr 3.67 1 1.5 8.80 11 11.75 14.70 1. 4.20 It. I.75 10.29 ii / 2. 16.80 1.12,5 4.72, 1 1.875 1.875 11.81 1!. 12.5 21.. 1.25 1 5.25 2. 0.125 0.84/1 2.75 0.125 a.15 LJ375 0.125 0.57 11 10.1875 1.26 i 0.1875 1.73 ] ]0.18751 0.86 0.25 1.68 [ / 0.25 2.31 0.25 1.15 0.375 2.52 /[ / 0.375 3.46 0.375 1.73 0.5 3.36 |[ i 0.5 4.62 0'.5'2.31 0.625 4.20 0.625 5.77 0.625 sas z2.88II.1 0.75 5.04 0.75 6.93 0.75 3.46 0.875 5.88 / 0.875 8.08 0.875 4.04 1. 6.72 1. 9.24 WEIGHT OF BAR IRON. 405 Flat and Square Bar lron.-Continued. ~ lThi ck-.hc- Thick-, ThickWidth. i Weight. Width. Thick- Weight. Width. Weight. ness. ness. ness. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. In. In. Lbs. 2.75 1.125 10.39 3.5 0.375 4.41 4 3. 40.32 1.25 11.55 0.5 5.88 3.5 47.04. 1.5 13.86 i 0.625 7.35. 4. 53.76 2. 18.48. 0.75 8.82 4.25 0.125 1.78 2.5 23.10 0.875 10.29. 0.25 3.57 2.75 25 4 1 1. 11.76 0.375 5.35 3. 0.125 1 6 1.25 14.70 0.5 7.14 0. 1875: 1.89 1.5 17.64 1. 14. 28 0.25 2.52 1 2. 23.52 2 4.25 60.69 0.375 3.78 2.5 29.40 4.5 0.125 1.89 0.5 5.04 1 3. 35.28 0.25 3.78 0.625 6.301 3.5 41.16. 0.375 5.66 0.75 7.56 3.75 1 0.125 1.57 0.5 7.56 0.875 8.82 01875 2:36 1 15:12. 10.08 L l 0.25 3.15 e 457 68.041 1.125 11.34. 0.375 4.72 4.75 0.125 2. 1.25 12.60 0.5 6.30 0.25 4. 1.5 15.12. 0.625 7.87. 0.375 6. 2. 20.16 0.75 9.45 0.5 7.98 i 0. 25 25.20 0.875 11.02 1. 15.96 3. 30.24 1 12.60 4.75 75.81 3.2 0.125 1.36. 15.75 5 0.125 2.10 0.1875i 2.04 1.5 18.90 0.25 4.20 o.25 2.73 2. 25.20. 0.375 6.30 0.375 4.09 2.5 31.50 0.5 8.40 0.5 5.46 3. 37.80 1. 16.80 0.625 6.82 3.75 47.25 5. 84. 0.75 8.19 4. 0.125 1.68 5.25 0.25 4.41 0.875 9.55 0.1875 2.52 1. 17.64 1. 10.92 0.25 3.36 5.5 0.25 4.62 1.125 1:2.2 1 0.37 5.04 1. 18.48 1.25 13.65 0.5 6.72 |575 0.25 4.83 1.5 16.38 0.625 8.40: 1. 19.32 2.17 21.84 0.75 10.08 0.25 5.04 2.5 27 39 0.875 11.76 1. 20.16 3. 32.76 1. 13.44. 6. 120.96 3.25 35.5 1.25 16.80 6.5 0.25 5.46 3.5 0.125 1.47 1.5 20.18 1. 21.84 o 0.1875 2.20 lK 2. 26.88 6.5 142. 0.25 2.94. 2.5 33.65 7 7. |164.64 406 CHAP. XIV.-MATERIALS. Weight of one foot in length of Round Bar Iron. Diam. Weight. Diam. Weight. Diam. Weight. Diam. Weight. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. I Lbs. 0.15 0.059 1.625 6.91 3.25 27.65 4.75 1 59.06 0.2 0.105 1.75 81.01 3.375 29.82 1' 4.875 62.21 0.25 0.163 1.875 9.2 1 3.5 32.07 5. 65.45 0.375 0.368 2. 10.47 3.625 34.4 5.25 68.76 0.5 0.654 2.125 11.82 3.75 36.81 5.25 72.16 0.625 1.02 2.25 I 13.25 3.875 39.31 5 375 75.63 0.75 1.47 2.375 14.76 4. 41.89 55 79.19 0.875 2. 2.5 16.36 4.125 44.54 5.625 82.83 1. 2.61 2.625 18.03 4.-25 47.28 J 5.75 86.56 1.125 3.31 2.75 19.79 i 4.375 50.11 5.875 90.36 1.25 4.09 2.875 21.63 1 4.5 53.01 6. 94.,25 1.375 4.94 3. 23.56 i 4.625 56. 6 185 100., 1.5 5.S9 3.125 25.56 Weight of one sguare foot of roiled Iron Plate. Thick- Thick- We Thick- Weight Thick ght. Weight. W ighIt.- Weikght. Weight ness. ness. ness. ness. In. Lbs. In. Lbs. In. i Lbs. In. Lbs. 0.01 0.406 0.06 2.434 0.1 4.057 0.6 1 24.344 0.02 0.811 l 0.07 2.840 02 1 8.114 0.7 28.401 0.03 1.217 0.08 3.2461 0.3 i 12.172 0.8 32.458 0.04 1.623 0.09 3651 0.4 I 16.232 0.9 36.516 0.05 2.029 1 0.10 4.057 1 0.5 20.286 1. 40.573 Multiplielrs jfbr finding the'eights of other M7letals, fi'om the three precediang Tables. Metals. Multipliers. Metals. Multipliers. Platinum, laminated........ 2.846 Copper, cast........... 1.128 Platinum, purified........ 2.503 Brass, wire..... 1.096 Puregold, hammered....2.486 Brass, cast............/ 1.080 Pure gold, ca st......... 2.47 Steel................ 1.003 Lead:................... 1.457 Iron, wrought.......... 1. Pure silver, hammered..... 1350 Iron, cast.............. 0.925 Pure silver, cast........ 1.344 Pewter................ 0.960 Copper, wire........... 1136 Tin, cast............. 0.937 Copper, hammered.... 1.132 WEIGHT OF VARIOUS METALS. 407 Weight of one square foot of various.Metals. WEIGHT. THICKNESS...___ WroughtIron Cast Iron. Copper. Brass. Lead. In. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 0.0625 2.535 2.345 2.860 2.738 3.693 0.125 5.070' 4.690 5.720 5.476 7.386 0.1875 7.605 7.035 8.580 8.214 11.079 0.25 10.140 9.380 11.440 10.952 14.772 0.3125 12.675 11.725 14.300 13.690 18.465 0.375 15.216 1 14.670 17.160 16.428 22.158 0.4375 17.851 16.415 20.020 19.166 25.851 0.5 20.280 18.760 22.880 21.904. 29.544 0.5625 22.815 21.105 25.740 24.642 33.237 0.625 25.350 23.450 28.600 27.380 36.930 0.6875 27.885 25.795 31.640 30.118 40.623 0.75 30.410 28.140 34.320 32.856 44.316 0.8125 32.945 30.485 37.180 35.594 48.009 0.875 35.480 32.880 40.040 38.332 51.702 0.9375 38.015 35.225 42.900 41.170 55.405 1. 40.550 37.570 45.760 43.908! 59.098 Table of equivalent Vulgar and Decimal Fractions. Vulgar. Decimal. Vulgar. Decimal. ~_~_ O0. 0625 -?9 0.5625 8I 0.125 0.625 0.1875 Xp J 0.6875 0.25 0.75 0.3125 j-3 0.8125 0.375 - 0.875 0.4375 0. 9375 0.5 408 CHAP. XIV. —— ATERIALS. Weight of 1 foot in length of Cast Iron Pipes of differeent thickness. DIAM1 OFP Ich. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 1 Inch. BORE. In. Lbs. Lbs. I Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 1 3.06 5.06 736 9.97 12.89 16.11 19.63.1 3.68 5.98 8.59 11.51 14.73 18.25 22.09 1 4. 29 6.9 9.82 13.04 -16.56 20.4 24.54 1- i 4.91 7.83 I 11.05 14.57 18.41 22.55 27. 2 5.53 8.75 1 l2 27 16 11 20.25 24.7 29 45 2a |6.14 9.66 13.5 17.64 22.09 26.84 31.85 i p t6.74 10.58 1 4.2 9.17 23.92 28.93 34.36 S23 7.36 11.5 15.95 i 20.7 25.71 31.14 36.81 3 i 7.98 12.43 17,18 22.99I 27.62 33.29 39.28 3 1 8.59 13.34 18.35 23.78 29.45 35.44 41.72 3}i2 9.2 14.21 19.64 25.31 31.3 37.58 44.18 34 j 9.76 a15.19 20.86 26.85 33.13 39.73 46.63 4 10.44 16.11 22.1 289.38 34.98 41.88 49.1 4-1 1.1 17 (08 933*37 i 29 97 36 87 44.08 i 51.6 4 111o66 17 94 24.54 31.44 38,65 46,17 54. 4> 12.27 18 87 25,77 32.98 40.5 48.32 56,45 5 i 1280 19-78 26.99 34.51 42.33 50.46 1 59. 5' 13i5 1 20.71 28.23 36.05 44.18 52.62 61.36 ~ 14.11 21.63 29.45 37.58 46.02 54.76 63.81 5 3 1 314.73 22.55 30.68 39.12 47.86 56.91 66.27 6 15 34 23.47 31.91 40.65 49.7 59. 06 68.73 64 15.95 24.39 33.13 42.18 51.54 61.21 72. 6! 16 57 25.31 34 36 43.72 53.39 63.36 73.41 64 1 17.18 j 26.23S 35.59 45.26 55.23 65.28 76.1 7 1 17.79 27.15 36.82 1 46.79 56.84 67.65 78.53 71 18.41 28.08 38.05 48.1 58.91 69.79 81. 7i 19.03 29. 39.05 49.86 60.74 71.95 83.45 7-1:19.64 29.69 40.5 51.38 62.59 74.09 86. 8 N 20.02 30.83 41.71 52.92 64.42 76.23 88.35 4 20.86 31.74 42.95 54.45 66.26 78.38 90.81 8I 21.69 32.9 44.4 56.21 68.33 80.76 93.49 834 22.09 33.59 45.4 57.52 69.95 82.68 95.72 9 22.71 34.52 46.64 59.07 71.8 84.84 98.18 9 23.31 35.43 47.86 60.59 73.63 86.97 100.63 91 23.93 36.36 49.09 62.13 75.47 89.13 103.1 93 24.55 37.28 50.32 63.66 77.32 91.28 105.54 1w0 25.16 38.2 51.54 65.2 79.16 93.42 108, 10N 25.77 39.111 52.77 66.73 80.99 95.57 110.44 10 26.38 40.04 54. 68.26 82.84 97.71 113. 104 27. 40.96 55.22 69.8 84,67 99.86 115.35 11 27.62 41.88 56.46 71.33 86.52 102.01 117.81 11~ 28.22 42.8 57.67 72.86 88.35 104.15 120.26 11 28.84 43.71 58.9 74.39 90.19 106.3 122.71 11 29.45 44.64 60.13 75.93 92.04 108.45 125.18 12 30.06 45.55 61.35 77.46 93.6 110.6 127.6 WEICGHT OF MATERIALS. 409 Specific Gravities. OLS. Spcific ~Veihit Weight SOEIDS.~ ~~Y &rviy oluinch. /' ~tauy..,~~vt.": i:" opeciic cubI — SOL Specific'oil cubic IC SOLIDS. grait... o: ~C gravity. inch. gravity. inch. L~bs. /I —— ~^ —— hLbs. Antimony, cast...... 6,712 0.2428 Salt, common...... 2,130 0.0774 Brass, cast.......... 8,396 0.3037 Saltpetre.......,090 0.0756 Bronze, gun metal... 8,700 0.3147 Sand.............. 1,800 0.0652 Copper, cast........ 8,788 0.3179 Slate.............. 2,672 i 0.0959 Do. wire.... 8,878 0.3211 Stone, common 2,520 0.0911 Gold, cast.......... 19,258 0.6966 Sulphur, native 2,033 0.0735 Do. hammered..... 19,361 0.7003 Tallow....... 945 0.0342 Iron, bar........... 7,788 092817 Wood, (dry,) Apple. 793 0.0287 Do. cast......... 7,207 0.2607 Ash...... 845.0306 Lead, cast......... 11,352 0.4106 Beech...... 852 0.0308 Mercury, at 320..... 13,598 0.4918 Box....... 912 0.0330 Do. at 600..... 13,580 0.4912 Cedar....... 596 0.0216 Platinum, rolled.... 1 22,069 0.7982 Cherry..... 715 0.0259 Do hammered. 20,337 07356I Cork...... 240 0.0087 Silver; cast.......... 10,474 0.37838 Cypress.... 644 0.0233 Do. hammiered.... 10,511 0.3806 El...,. 671 0.0243 Steel, soft........... 7,833 0.2833 Fir.700 0.0253 Fir.1:~ 700 30.0fi53 Do. hardened and Linum vitr 1,333 0.0482 tempered...... 7,818 0.2828 Mahogany... 854 0.0309 Tin, cast.......... 7,291 0.2637 Maple..... 750 0.0271 Zinc, cast........... 6,861 0.2482 Oak, English 932 0.0337 Do.do, heart, Amber............ 1,078 0.0390 60yearsold 1,170 0.0423 Beeswax...... 965 0.0349 Pine, yellowi 660 0.0239 Bricks........... 1,900 0.0690 Do. white.i 554 0.0200 Borax......... 1,714 0.0620 Poplar...383 0.0139 Camphor........... 989 0.0358 Walnut....! 671 0.0243 Chalk.............2,784 0.1007 Ash........... 722 0.0261 Charcoal.. 441 0.0160 Beech.. 624 0.0226 Do. triturated... 1,380 0.0499'1 Cherry........ 606 0.0219 Clay........ I, i1,930 0.0700 Cypress... 441 0.0160 Coal, bituminous, Eng.,70 00460 Hickory, red.. 838 0.0303 Diamond............ 3,521 0.1274 Mahogany, (St. Earth, common...... 1,500 0.0543 Domingo... 720 0.0260 Gunpowder, loose... 900 0.0326 Oak, white, (UpDo. shaken.. 1,000 0.0362 land)........ 687 0.0248 ~Do. solid 1,550 0.0561 Oak, white, 1,800 0.0652 (James river). 759 0.0275 Gypsum........... 2,168 0.0784 0 Pine, yellow... 541 0.0196 Ice................. 930 0.0336 Do. white..... 473 0.0171 Ivory.............. 1,822 0.0659 Poplar, (Tulip Limestone......... 3,180 0.1150 l tree)........ 1 587 0.0212 Lime, quick........ 804 0.0291 Marble, Parian...... 2,838 0.1027 WATER......... 1,000 0.0362 Marble, common.... 2,686 0.0972 410 CHAP. XIV.-MATERTALS. Specific Gravilies-Continued. Specific Specific LIQUIDS. gravity. ELASTIC FLUIDS. Specgravity. eit gravity. Acid, nitric.................. 1,217 Air, atmospheric..........1 1,000 Do. sulphuric............ 1,841 Ammoniacal gas.......... 597 Alcohol, absolute........ 792 Azote................. 976 Ether, sulphuric.......... 7. 715 Carbonic acid............. 1,524 Oil, linseed...... 940 Carburetted hydrogen..... 1 555 Do. olive........................... 915 Chlorine.............. 2470 Do. essential, of turpentine. 870 Chloro carbonic... 3,389 Do. whale.. 923 Hydrogen.............. 70 Turpentine, liquid.......... 991 Oxygen........ 1,104 Water, distilled........ 1,000 Phosphuretted hydrogen... 870 Do. sea.......... 1,026 Sulphuretted hydrogen...... 1,777 Wine.................. 992 Sulphurous acid........... 2,120 i Vapor of alcohol......... 1,613 Do. spirits of turpentine 5,013 Do. sulphuric ether.... 2,586 i Do. water.. 623 The weight of dry atmospheric air at the temperature of 320, the barometer being at 30 in., is m- of that of distilled water. The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at the maximtznl density being nearly 1,000 ounces avoirdupois, the specific gravity of a solid or liquid body expresses the weight of a cubic foot, in ounces; therefore the weight of such a body in ounces will be found by multiplying its contents in cubic feet by its specific gravity. According to Mr. Hassler's comparisons, the weight of a cubic foot of water at its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 in., is 998.068 oz. According to the British Imperial standards, the weight of a cubic foot of water, at 62~, the barometer being at 30 in., is 997.136 oz; this would give for the cubic foot of water, at the maximum density, 998.224 oz. By the investigations of Prof. R. S. McCulloch, the maximum density of water is at the temperature of 390.6 Fahr; this agrees very nearly with Mr. Hassler's determination of the maximum density, 390.83. For a table of the density of water at different temperatures, see CHAP. XV. CHAPTER FIFTEENTH. MIS CELLAINEOUS INEPORA.:ATION. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MTeasures of LenghAz. i Rods or Inches. Feet. Yards. Poles. Furlongs. Mile. 12 1 36 3 1, 198 16L 51 1 7920 660 220 40 1 63360 5280 1760 320 8 1 The inch was formerly divided into three parts, called barley corns, and also into 12 parts called lines, neither of which denominations is now in common use. Scales and measuring rules are generally divided into inches, quarters, eighths and sixteenths; or into inches and decimal parts; the latter of these divisions is used in the Ordnance Department. For surveying land: 7.92 Inches = 1 link } Gunter's 100 Links = 4 poles, or 221yards, or 66 feet. chain. For map making: Chains are often made of 50 links, each 1 foot in length. For measuring ropes and soundings: 1 Fathom = 6 feet. 1 Cable's length = 120 fathoms. For measuring cloth: 1 Nail =- inches — = 1-16th of a yard. 1 Quarter - 4 nails. 1 Yard = 4 quarters. 1 Ell English = 5 quarters. For measuring horses: 1 Hand = 4 inches. Geographical measure: 1 Degree of a great circle of the earth - 69.77 miles. 1 Geographical or nautical mile = 1-60th of a degree of the earth -= 2025 yards. 1 Nautical league - 3 miles., standard measure has been adopted for the United States, copies of which are distributed to various parts of the country, for the purpose of establishing a uniform system. This standard is measured on a brass bar and copied from the British standard yard. For the proportion which it bears to the French metre, see below. 412 CHAP. XV. —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION, Foreign Measures of Length. GREAT BRI'rAIN. The Imperial standard yard of Great Britain, adopted in 1825, is referred to a natural standard, which is the distance between the axis of suspension and the centre of oscillation of a pendulum which shall vibrate seconds in vacuo, in London, at the level of the sea; that distance measured on a brass rod, at the temperature of 620 Fahr., is declared to be 39.1393 imperial inches. FRANCE, —JOld system: I Point = 0.0074 Eng. inches. 1 Line 12 points - 0.08884 1 Inch = 12 lines - 1.06577 1 Foot = 12 inches -12.7892 1 Ell = 43 in. 10 lines -46.716 " -1.298 yd, I Toise 6 feet -76.735' = 2.132 " I Perch (Paris) 18 feet. 1 Perch (royal) 22 " 1 League, (common,) 25 to a degree = 2280 toises -- 4861 yds., = 2.76 miles. I League, (post,) = 2000 toises = 4264 yds. -2 2.42 miles. 1 Fathom (Brasse) = 5 feet French = 63.946 inches, or 5~ feet Eng. nearly. 1 Cable length 100 toises = 120 fathoms Fr., _ 106- fathoms English. 1 Pace (pas)- metre = 26.5 in. nearly. TABLE for reducing old French.Measures to English. French English!Fr. feet' English feet French English French English feet. inches. or inch. or inches. I lines. inches. pints. inches. 1 12.7892 1 1 1.0658 1 0.0888~ 1 0.0074 2 25.5784 2 2.1315 2 0.1776 2 0.0148 3 38.3676 3 3.1973 1 3 0.2664 3 0.0222,4 51.1568 4 4.2631 4 0.3553 4 0.0296 5 63.9460 5 5.3288 5 0.4441 5 0.0370 6 76.7352 6 6.3946 6 I 0.5329 6 0.0444 7 89.5244 7 7.4604 7 0.6217 7 0.0518 8 102.3136 8 8.5261 8 0.7105 1 8 0.0592 9 115.1028 9 9.5919 9 0.7993 9 0.0666 10 127.8920 10 10.6577 10 0.8881 1o0 0.0740 11 140.6812 11 11.7.34 11 0.9770 1 11 0.0814 FOREIGN MEASURES OF LENGTH. 413 NEW FRENCH SYSTEM. The basis of the new French system of measures is the measure of a meridian of the earth, a quadrant of which is 10,000,000 metres, measured at the temperature of 32~ Fahr. The multiples and divisions of it are decimal, viz: 1 metre = 10 decimetres = 100 centimetres 1= 000 millimetres - 39.3707971 English inches, or 3.2809 feet. Road measure. Myriametre = 10,000 metres. Kilometre =-1,000 metres. Decametre 10 metres. Metre - 0.51317 toise. TABLE FOR REDUCING METRES'TO INCHES. According to Capt. iKATEr's comparison, I metre 39.37079 English inches. Metres. Inches. Metres. I nchees.'Metres., Inches, Metres. Inches. o~oo 0._ /'I ___I_______ i __ 0.001 0.039371l 0.026 1.023641 0.051 1 2.007910i 0.016 2.992180 2 0.078742! 27 1.0630111 52 2.0472811 77 3.031551 3 0. 1 81812! 28 1.102382! 53 2.086652j 78 3.070922 4 0.1574831 29 1.1417531 54 2. 1260231 79 3.110292 5 0.1968541 0.030 1.1811241 55 2.1653931 0.080 3.149663 6 0.2362251 31 1.2204941 56 2.204764/ 81 3.189034 7 0.2755961 32 1.259865[ 57 2.244135[ 82 3.228405 8 0.314966![ 33 1.2992361 58' 2.2835061fi 83 3.267776 9 0.3543371 34 1.338607 59 2.3228771 84 3.307146 0.010 0.393708!i 35 1.377978 0.060 2.3622471 85 3.346517 11 0.4330781 36 1.417348 61 2.4016181 86'.385888 12 0.472449" 37 1. 456719 62 2.4409891 87 3.425259 13 0.511820W 38 1.496090 63 2.4803581 88 3.464630 14 0.551191L 39 1.5354611 64 2.5197311 89 3.504000 15 0.5905621j 0.040 1.574832' 65 2.5591011 0.090 3.543371 16 0.629933i, 41 1.6142021 66 2.598472i 91 3.582742 17 0.6693031 42 1.6535731 67 2.6378431 92 3.622113 18 0.7086741 43 1.6929441 68 2.677214 93 3.661483 19 0.748045K) 44 1.732315 69 2.716585 94 3.700854 0.020 0.7874161 45 1.771686 0.070 2.7559551 95 3.740225 21 0.8267877 46 1.811056 71 2.795326; 96 3.779596 22 0.866157!1 47 1.850427 72 2.8346971 97 3.818967 23 0.905528j 48 1.889798 73 2.8740681- 98 3.858337 24 0.94489911 49 I 1.929169 r74 2.913438' 99 3.897708 25 0.9842701i 0.050 1.9fi8540 75 2.952809 0.100 3.937079 Engtish. AusTRIA.-I Foot = 12.445 English inches =1.0371 feet. 1 lile -4,000 toises 5 miles nearly. PRUssa o1.- Rhineland foot 12.3557 English itches --- 1.0296 feet. I Mile 8,55'2 yards, English - 5 miles nearly. RussrA.- 1 Foot _ 21.1874 English inches = 1.7656 feet. for the artitlery, the English foot and inch ate used. I Verst = 2,000 Russian feet 1,177 yards. 414 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. SPAIN.- 1 Foot = 11.1284 English inches. 1 Vara = 3 feet = 0.9274 English yard. 1 League Royal - 25,000 Spanish feet - 4' miles, nearly. 1 Common league = 19,800 do. = 3~ " 1 Judicial league = 15,000 do. 2 MEXIco. —1 Common league 15,000 do. - 2$ " SWEDEN. — Foot-= 11.6865 English inches. JlMeasures of Surface. Square measure. 144 Square inches = 1 square foot. 9 Square feet = I square yard. Land measure. 30l Square yards = 1 square perch or pole. 40 Perches 1 rood. 160 Perches 4 roods =1 acre = 10 square chains. (Gunter's) 4,840 square yards = 70 yards square nearly. 640 Acres = 1 square mile. French Superficial Measures. Old system. 1 Square inch = 1.13587 English square inch. 1 Arpent (Paris) = 100 square perches (Paris) or 900 square toises = 4,088 square yards, or 5-6ths of an acre, nearly. 1 Arpent (woodland) = 100 square perches (royal) = 6,108 squarecyards, or 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch. NVew, or Decimtal system. 1 Are = 100 square metres = 119.603 square ydsv 1 Decare = 10 ares. 1 Hecatare = 100 ares. Jieasures of Solidity. Cubic or Solid measeure. I Cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches. 1 Cubic yard = 46656 " "' = 27 cubic feet. Jfeasuring stone. In different parts of the United States the perch of stone denotes a different quantity, but it is usually 244 cubic feet. Measuring wood. 1 Cord is a prisin 4 ft. square and 8 ft. long = 128 cubic t. French Solid Measures. 1 Cubic inch 1.2106 cubic inch, English. 1 Cubic foot = 2091.85 cubic inches, English. 1 Cubic decimetre = 61.0271 " " 1 Stere = 1 cubic metre = 61027.1 cubic in. = 35.3166 cubic feet 1.308 cubic yard. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 415 JMeasures of Capacity. Liquid Measure. Gills. Pints. Q.uarts. Gallons. 4 1 8 2 1 32 8 4 1 The standard gallon of the United States is the old wine gallon, which measures 231 cubic inches, and contains, (as determined by Mr. Hassler,) 58373 Troy grains, or 8.3388822 avoirdupois pounds, of distilled water at the maximum density (390.83 Fahrl.); the barometer being at 30 inches. A cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons. A box 6 X 6 X 6.42 inches contains 1 gallon. A box 4 X 4 X 3.61 inches contains 1 quart. Dry Measure. Pints. |Quarts. Gallons. Pecks. Bushels. 2 1 8 4 1 16 8 2 1 64 32 8 4 1 The standard bushel of the United States is the Winchester bushel, which measures 2150.4 cubic inches, and contains 543391.89 Troy grains, or 77.627413 lbs. avoirdupois, of distilled water, under the circumstances above stated. A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels. A cylinder 14 in. diam. X 14 in. deep busel. Or a box 16 / 16.8 7 8 inches contains 1 bushel. Or a bol 16 X 16.8 X 8 inches A box 12 X 11.2 X 8 inches contains 2 bushel. A box 8 X 8.4 X 8 inches contains 1 peck. N. B.-It will be observed that the pint, quart, and gallon of dry measure are not the same as for liquid measure. 416 CHAP. XV.-M-IISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Foi-eign MVeasures of Capacity. GREAT BRITAIN.-The British imperial gallon measures 277.274 cubic inches, containing ten pounds avoirdupois of distilled water, weighed in air, at the temperature of 62~0, the barometer being at 30 in. The same measure is used for liquids as for dry goods which are not measured by heaped measure; for the latter, the bushel is to be heaped in the form of a cone not less than 6 inche, high, the base being 19~ inches. The old distinctions of wine measure, ale and beer measure, and dry measure are discontinued. For grain. 8 bushels 1 quarter = 10.269 cubic feet. 5 quarters 1 load = 51.347 cubic feet. For coal or heaped mneasure. 1 sack 3 bushels- 4.89 cubic feet nearly. 1 chald ron = 12 sacks - 36 bushels --- 58.68 cubic feet. For timber. 1 load- 40 cubic feet. Formner wuine gallon = 231 cubic inches. Former ale gallon = 282 cubic inches. Imperial gallon 277.274 cubic inches, (as above.) FRANCE. I Litre - 1 cubic decimetre — 61.0271 cubic inches -= 1.057 U.S. qu~art= 1.761 imperial pint of Great Britain. 1 Boisseau -13 litres =793.364 cub. in. = 3.4344U. S. gals. I Pinte=- 0.931 litre = 56.816 cub. in. =- 0.98383 U. S. quart. SPAIN. I Wine arroba - 4.2455 U. S. gallons. 1 Fanega, (corn measure) = 1.593 U. S. bushel. Measu-res of Weight. Avoirdupois Weight. Drams. Ounces. Pounds. Quarters. Cwt. Ton. 16 1 256.16 1 7168 448 28 2 28672 1792 112 4 1 573440 35840 2240 80 208 The standard avoirdupois pound of the United States, as determined by Mr. Hassler, is the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water weighed in air, at the temperature of the maximum density, (390.83;) the barometer being at 30 inches. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 417 Troy Weight. Grains. Dwt. Ounce. Pound. 24 1 480 20 1 5760 240 12 _ The pound, ounce, and grain are the same in Apothecaries' and Troy weight; in the former, the ounce is divided into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains. 7000 Troy grains - 1 lb. Avoirdupois. 175 Troy pounds -- 144 lbs. Avoirdupois. 175 Troy ounces 192 oz. Avoirdupois. 4371 Troy grains = 1 oz. Avoirdupois. Foreign Weights. GREAT BRITAIN. The imperial avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7274 cubic inches of distilled water weighed in air, with brass weights, at the temperature of 62~ Fahr.; barometer, 30 inches. Therefore, I cubic inch of distilled water at 620 weighs 252.458 grains, 0.003961 cubic inch weighs I grain. 22.815689 cubic inches weigh I troy pound. Horseman's weight: 1 stone ='4 pounds. FRANCE. Old system. I Livre = 16 onces = 1.0780 lb. avoirdupois. I Once = 8 gros _ 1.0780 oz. do. I Gros = 72 grains = 58.9548 grains troy. I Grain........ = 0.8188 do..New system. The basis of the iystem of weights is the weight, in vacuo, ofa litre, or a cubic decimetre, of distilled water, it the temperature of 390.2 Fahr; an th part of this weight is a gralmne, the multiples of which are: 1 Decagramme 10 grammes: 1 Hectogra.mnne — 100 gramnmes: 1 Kilogramme = 1000 gram's. The divisions are*: I Decigramme = itth gramme: 1 Centigramme = Trwth gramme 1 Milligramnme = Ts cWth gramme. I Quintal = 100 kilogrammes. 1 Millier = 1000 kilogrammes = 1 ton sea weight, (French.) 1 Kilogramme = 2.204737 pounds avoirdupois. 1 Gramme = 15.433159 grains troy = 0.03528 oz. avoirdupois. 1 Pound avoirdupois = 0.4535685 kilogramme. 1 Pound troy = 0.3732223 kilogramme. SPAIN. 1 Po-und = 1.0152 pound avoirdupois. SWEDEN. l Pound = 0.9376 3 6 AUSTRIA. 1 Pound = 1.2351'" " PRUssIA! 1 Pound = 1,0333 ~ s 27 418 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION..Measures of Value. All calculations of value in the military service of the United States are expressed in Dollars and Cents, although the denominations of shillings and pence are still in common use as a nominal currency in many of the States. The standard of gold and silver is 900 parts of pure metal and 100 of alloy, in 1000 parts of coin. The alloy of gold coin is 25 silver and 75 copper; the alloy of silver is copper. Weight of DollarC..*...OO* 412.5 grains troy. 1 Other coins in " Eagle...................258O cc Cent.... 168 Cc proportion. Relative Mint Value of United States and Foreign Coins. GREAT BRITAIN.. 1 Guinea = 21 shillings.... = 5.059 dollars. i Sovereign, or I pound = 20 shiilings... = 4.845'C 1 Crown = 5 shillings................ 1.08' 1 Shilling = 12 pence............ 0.217 66 1 Penny.................... o........ 0.018 " FRANCE......0 O 5 Francs........................... 0.932 C6 1 Franc = 20 sous.,.................. 0.185 " 1 Sous.......o.........,......... 0.0093' SPAIN O........ ol Doubloon, or 1 ouncee............. =15.57'" AUSTRIA......... Ducat..............,,,,............ 2.275 66 1 Crown, or rix dollar................ 0.97 9; 20 Kreutzers........................ = 0.16 " PRUssGIA.......1 Double Frederick...........,....... 8 00 6 Thaler............................ 0.693 C" RUssIA..........1 Half-Imperial = 5 roubles..e..... e 3.967 e" IRouble.......................... 0.75 6 SWEDE... D 1 ucat.............................. 2.267 " 1 Specie daler....................... 1042 TURKEY........20 Piastres................ o........o 0.82 G DIMENSIONS OF DRAWING IPAPER. Demy.........1 ft. 7~ in. X 1 ft. 3~ inches. Medium.........1". 10 "' 6 Royal...........2O 0 X 1" 7 G C Superroyal.......2 3 "c X 1 " 7 " Imperial..........2 " 5 " X 1 " 9 " Elephant........2 " 34 " X> 1 G 104' Columbier....... 2 " 94 " \ 1" 11 " Atlas.............2 9 ") 2 c 2 G6 Double elephant...3' 4'6 X 2 " 2 Antiquarian,.....4,,, 4 "( X 2 " 7 "6 ANIMAL POWER. 419 PHYSICAL DATA. Working Power of Men and Horses. MEN. A.foot soldier travels in 1 minute, in common time, 90 steps = 70 yds. In quick time 110 " 86 cc Indouble quick 140 " = 109 " He occupies in the ranks a front of 20 in., and a depth of 13 in., without the knapsack; the interval between the ranks is 13 in. 5 Men can stand in a space of 1 square yard. Average weight of men, 150 lbs. each. A man travels, without a load, on level ground, during 8 hours a day, at the rate of 3.7 miles an hour, or 31- miles a day. He can carry 111 lbs., 11 miles in a day. A porter going short distances and returning unloaded, carries 135 lbs., 7 miles a day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs., 10 miles a day. The maximum power of a strong man, exerted for 2~ minutes, may be stated at 18,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute.-J-lr. Field's experiments, 1838. A man of ordinary strength exerts a force of 30 lbs. for 10 hours a day, with a velocity of 29 feet in a second = 4500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute = onefifth the work of a horse. Daily allowance of water for a man, 1 gallon, for all purposes. HORSES..1 horse travels the distance of 400 yards, at a walk, in 4V minutes; at a trot, in 2 minutes; at a gallop, in 1 minute. He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall, from 3~ to 4- feet front; at picket, 3 feet by 9. Average weight of horses, 1000 lbs. each. A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments, (say 225 lbs.,) travels 25 miles in a day (8 hours.) A pack horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs., 20 miles a day. A draught horse. can draw 1600 lbs. 23 miles a day; weight of carriage ineluded. Artillery horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, the weight of the carriage included. The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute. In a horse imill, the horse moves at the rate of 3 feet in a second. The diameter of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet. Daily allowance of water for a horse, 4 gallons. Forage. Hay, pressed in bundles; 11 lbs. to the cubic foot. Oats: 40 lbs. to the bushel, or 32.14 lbs. to the cubic foot. Wheat: 60 lbs. to the bushel, or 48.21 lbs. to the cubic foot. 420 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.. horse power in steam engines, is estimated at 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute; but as a horse can exert that force but 6 hours a day, one steam horse power is equivalent to that of 4 horses. The number of horse-powers, in a single stroke engine, is expressed by.0000238 d2 n p 1; d being the diameter of the piston in inches, n the number of strokes in a minute, I the length of stroke in feet, and p the pressure of steam on a square inch, (diminished usually by - for friction and inertia.) In a double stroke engine the power is double the above. Electricity. Relative conducting Power of Metals. Copper.................... 10,000 Iron.................... 1,580 Gold...................... 9,360 Tin....................... 1,550 Silver..................... 7,360 Lead.......... 7....... o o. 830 Zinc..................... 2,850 Mercury................... 345 Platinum.................. 1,880 Potassium................. 133 The conducting power of rods of the same metal, of equal diameter, is inversely as their lengths; of rods of equal lengths, it is proportional to the mass and not to the surface. The conducting power is increased by lowering the temperature, and diminished and finally destroyed, by raising the temperature. The metals are infinitely better conductors than any other substances. Charcoal which has been exposed to a strong heat is one of the best conductors, but greatly inferior in this respect to iron and platinum. IHeat. Thermometers. FIXED POINTS. Fahrenheit. Reaumer. Centigrade. Freezing point of water........... 32~ 00~ 0 Boiling do. do........... 212~ 800 1000 The zero of Wedgewood's pyrometer corresponds with 10770 Fahr., and 10 Wedgewood is equal to 1300 Fahr. Hence for converting from one scale to another, F~= CoX 9 320 - R 9 + 320= W~ X 1300~ - 1077. 5 4.Nbte.-The indications of Wedgewood's pyrometer are no longer relied on for high temperatures. PHYSICAL DATA-HEAT. 421 Relative Conducting Power. Gold...................... 10,000 Tin....................... 3,039 Platinum........ 9,810 Lead.................... 1,796 Silver.............. 9,730 Marble............. 236 Copper............... 8,932 Porcelain................ 122 Iron.................... 3,743 Brick clay........... 114 Zinc............... 3,638 Relative Radiating Power. Water...................... 100 Tin, blackened............... 100 Lampblack.................. 100 Do. bright................... 12 Glass....................... 90 Ice.......................... 85 Silver....................... 12 Iron, polished................ 15 Lead, bright................. 19 Copper..................... 12 Relative Specific Heat, of equal weights. Water..................... 10,000 Silver............ 557 Sulphur................... 1,880 Tin.............. o.......... 515 Glass.................... 1,770 Mercury..................... 330 Iron.;................... 1,000 Platinum............... 314 Copper................... 949 Gold......................... 298 Zinc....................... 927 Lead.................... 293 Relative Capacity for Heat, of equal weights. Water................... 100 Zinc.................. 102 Glass........................ 187 Silver..........8....... 82 Iron....................... 126 Tin.......................... 60 Brass................. 116 Gold......................... 50 Copper...................... 114 Lead........................ 43 The capacity for caloric increases with the temperature, and diminishes as the density of the body increases. Air reduced rapidly to one-fifth of its volume evolves heat enough to set fire to tinder. Latent Heat. Fluids. Vapors. Ice.......................... 1400 Steam...................... 9900 Sulphur.................. 144 Vinegar.................... 875 Lead...... 162 Ammonia...........860 Bees' wax............ 175 Alcohol..................... 442 Zinc.................. 493 Ether................. 302 422 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Expansion by Heat. Linear Expansion of Solids, from 32~ to 212~. Zinc..................... 0.00296 Roman cement............ 0.00144 Lead.................... 0.00285 Marble, Sicilian.......... 0.00141 Tin, refined............. 0.00247 Do. Carrara......... 0.00119 Silver, fine............. 0.00215 Sandstone................ 0.001,17 Brass.................. 0.00190 Slate................... 0.00104 Copper.................. 0.00172 Granite.................. 0.00080 Gold..................... 0.00150 Glass, flint.............. 0.00082 Steel, tempered........... 0.00119 Brick, stock............. 0.00055 Iron, soft, hammered...... 0.00124 Do. fire..0.00049 Do. cast............... 0.00111 MIIarble, black Galway..... 0.00045 Steel, not tempered........ 0.00108 Oak, dry............ 0.00006 Platinum................. 0.00086 The expansion in surface is expressed by numbers double of the above, and the expansion in volume by triple numbers. Expansion of Fluids in bulk, from 32~ to 2120. Mercury................. 0.01808 Sulphuric acid............ 0,05882 Water, distilled........... 0.04330 Oil (olive and linseed).... 0.08333 Water, saturated with salt.. 0.05000 Spirits turpentine......... 0.07143 Alcohol..... 0.11000 Gases, and air........... 0.37500 The rate of expansion of solids and liquids increases with the temperature; that of the gases is uniform for all temperatures. Linear Expansion of Solids, (according to Daniell.) LINEAR EXPANSION FROM 620. Temperature of melting To 2120. To 6620. meltin point. point. Black lead ware...........1.000244 1.000703 Fahrenh't. Wedgewood ware......... 1.000735 1.002995 Platinum............. 1.. 1.000'735 1.002995 1.009926 32800 Wrought iron........... 1.000984 1.004483 1.018378 3280 Cast iron.................. 1.000893 1.003943 1.016389 2786 Gold,....... e. 1.001025 1. 004238..... 016 Copper................... 1.001430 1.006347 1.024376 1996 Silver.............. 1.001626 1.006886 1.020640 1873 Brass (zinc )............. 1.001787 1.007207 1.021841 1800 Bronze (tin )............. 1.001541 1.007053 1.016336 1500 Zinc.............. 1.002480 1.00R527 1.012621 746 Lead................... 1.002323....... 1.009072 612. Tin.................... 1.001472.......... 1.003798 442* Pewter (tin +)............ 1.001696.... 1.003776 403 *Experiments of Franklin Institute. 3280~ was the highest heat attained with an air furnace. Platinum does not melt at this temperature, but undergoes a change, which renders it unfit for further use in Daniell's pyrometer. PHYSICAL DATA-HEAT. 423 Density of Water at different Temperatures. From a report made to Prof. A. D. Bache, by Prof. R. S. M'Culloch, December, 1849. Temperature. Density. Temperature. Density. Fahr. Fahr. 20~ 99901 650 99863 25 99944 70 99807 30 99984 i 75 99741 35 99999 80 99666 40 1,00000 85 99581 45 99993 90 99487 50 99975 95 99383 55 99947 100 99270 60 99910 Melting Points of Solids. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, lime, silex, fine porcelain, can be melted in small quantities, by means of strong lenses, or of the hydro-oxygen blow pipe. Iron red hot, in day light, 1077~ Fahr.; in the dark, 752~. Wrought iron melts...................... 3,280~ Fahr. Cast iron...............................,786 Gold........................9 2,016 Silver......................... 1,873 Copper................................. 1,996 Brass.................................. 1,900 Flint glass.............................. 2,377 Antimony.............................. 809 Zinc............................. 746 Saltpetre............................... 660 Lead........................... 6129 Bismuth............................... 506 Experimentof Tin................................... 442 Experimentsof committee of T Lead 2, tin 1 (common solder).......... 475 the Franklin Lead 1, tin 1. 393 tute Alloys. Lead 1, tin 2 (soft solder).............Institute. 360' Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 1.......... 272J Lead 2, tin 3, bismuth 5........... 212 Sulphur.................................. 220 Beeswax, bleached....................... 155 Do. common..................... 149 Tallow.......................... 127 Gunpowder explodes..................... 600 424 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Freezing Points of Liquids. Olive oil.,........... 360 Fahr. Strong wines...... 200 Fahr, Water.................. 32 Sulphuric acid......... 1 Milk.................. 30 Brandy............ - 7 Vinegar................. 28 Mercury...........-... 39 Spirits of turpentine...... 16 Nitric acid............. -55 Boiling Points of Liquids. (Bar. 30 in.) Sulphuric ether.............. 98~ Phosphorus............. 5540 Ammonia............. 140 Spirits of turpentine......... 560 Alcohol................... 174 Sulphur..................... 570 Water, and essential oils... 212 Sulphuric acid............... 590 Water, saturated with salt.... 224 Linseed oil......e... o.. 600 Nitric acid................. 248 Mercury.................... 660 Liquids boil at a much lower temperature in vacuo, or under diminished pressure of the atmosphere. At the altitude of about 17,500 feet above the sea, where the barometer stands at 15.35 in., water boils at 180~. Frigorific Mixtures. Nitrate of ammonia 1, water 1; thermometer falls from 50~ to 40 Sulph. soda 8, muriatic acid 5....................... 500 to 0~ Phosphate of soda 9, nitrate of ammonia 6, diluted nitric acid, 4..................................... 50~ to -210 Common salt 1, snow or ice 2..........3............ 320 to - 40 Cryst. chloride of lime 3, snow 2................... 320 to -500 Heating Power of Different Combustibles. The calorific tQnit isthe quantity of heat required to raise 10 the temperature of a weight of water equal to that of the combustible used. The following table gives the quantity of water which would be heated from 32~ to 212~ by an equal weight of several kinds of fuel, supposing no heat to be lost. Hydrogen........................................ 234 Olive oil.......................................... 100 Tallow........................................... 75 Pit coal, coke, or good charcoal..................... 70 Wood, perfectly dry, (mean)........................ 35 Wood, common, 1 year after felling; turf........... 26 The heating power of different kinds of wood (taking equal weights) does not vary more than in the proportion of 13 to 14, for the extremes. Nearly six times as much heat is required to evaporate a given quantity of water as is required to raise its temperature to the boiling point; dividing the above numbers by 6, we have therefore the quantity of water which each kind of fuel will evaporate. In even the best apparatus, not more than half the heat produced by the combustion of fuel is economized. PHYSICAL DATA. 425 Elastic Force of Steam at Different Temperatures. [From experiments of Committee of Franklin Institute.] The unit is the atmospheric pressure, or I atmosphere = 30 inches of mercury. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. Temp. Press. 212 1 275 3 304l 5 326 7 345 9 235 1~ 284 310 5 331 349 9 250 2 2911 4 315 6 336 8 35211 1 264 2~ 298~ 4 I 321 6 1 340~ 8 Strength of Ice. Ice 2 inches thick will bear infantry. 4 " cavalry or light guns. 6 " heavy field guns. 8 " 24-pdr. gun, on sledges; weight not more than 1,000 lbs. to a square foot. Velocity of Sound. At the temperature of 330 the mean velocity of sound is 1100 feet in a second. It is increased or diminished half afoot for each degree of temperature above or below 330~. Velocity and Force of thle Wind. VELOCITY. _______VELOCITY. _ Pressure on Common designations of the force of In 1 hour. In 1 second. 1 square foot. the winds. Miles. Feet. Lbs. 1 1.47 0.005 Hardly perceptible, 2 2.93.020 } Just perceptible. 3 4.40.044 4 5875.079 4 5.87.029. Gentle, pleasant wind. 10 2214.67.492 Pleasant, brisk breeze. 15 22.00 1. 107 20 29.34 1.968 1 Very brisk. 25 36.67 3.075 30 44.01 4.429 High wind. 35 51.34 6.027 High wind. 40 58.68 7.73 y hih. 45 66.01 9.963 50 73.35 12.300 A storm or tempest 60 88.02 17.715 A great storm. 80 117.36 31.490 A hurricane. 100 146.70 49.200 A hurricane that tears up trees, carries buildings before it, &c. 426 CHAP. XV.- MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. JMeasurement of Heights by means of the Barometer. 1. X= 60345.51 [1 +.00111111 (T+ T'-64);] H 1 X Log 1 + 0.000 (t-t) X (1.002695 cos. 2 L.) X is the required difference of height, in feet; T, the temperature of the air, in degrees of Fahrenheit,.t, the temperature of mercury, at the lower station. H, the height of mercury, ) T', the temperature of the air, t', the temperature of mercury, at the upper station. H' the height of mercury, ) L, the latitude of the place. 2. Neglecting the corrections for the latitude of the place and for the difference between the temperature of the air and that of the mercury in the barometers at the two stations, the difference of height, in feet, may be expressed approxiH mately by X = 67.0505 (T + T' + 836) X Log, H-. 3. Jlpproxinmate rule: For a mean temperature of 550 the difference of height H-H' in feet is, X - 55,000 X + Add 1-440th of this result for each degree which the mean temperature of the air at the two stations exceeds 550, and deduct as much for each degree below 550~. The average quantity of water which falls in rain and snow at Philadelphia is 36 inches in a year. Limits of vegetation, in the Temperate Zone. The vine ceases to grow at the height of about 2,300 feet above the level of the sea; Indian corn, 2,800; oak, 3,350; walnut, 3,600; ash, 4,800; yellow pine, 6,200; fir, 6,700. Perpetual Snow. Under the equator, at 15,800 feet above the level of the sea; in latitude 450, at 8,400; in latitude 650, at 5,000. Declination of the Mlagnetic needle. At London..... in 1580. 110 5' E. 1657.. 0 0 1832..24~ 17' W. 1844.. 230 15' W. At West Point, N. Y., 1837.. 60 44' 30" W. 1849.. 7~0 20' 39" W. Dip of the 3Needle. London............... 1844.............690 West Point.......... 1849............730 21' PHYSICAL DATA. 427 Force of Gravity. MOTION OF FALLING BODIES: Let t be the time of descent in seconds, of a body falling freely, in vacuo; h, the space described in the time t; v, the velocity acquired at the end of that time, and g the velocity acquired at the end of one second of time; then: = g t2; v=-g t = /2g h The velocity g, which is the measure of the force of gravity, varies with the latitude of the place, and with its altitude above the level of the sea. The force of gravity at the latitude of 450 = 32.1803 feet; at any other latitude L; g = 32.1803 feet -- 0. 0821 cos. 2 L. If g' represents the force of gravity at the height h above the sea, and r the radius of the earth, the force of gravity at the level of the sea will be g = g' (1 5 7). In the latitude of London, at the level of the sea, g = 32.191 feet. Do. Washington, do. do., g = 32.155 feet. Pendulums. The times of vibration of pendulums are proportional to the square roots of their lengths. Therefore, if 1 be the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds, and 1t the length of any other simple pendulum, or the distance from the point of suspension to the centre of oscillation of a compound pendulum, vibrating in the time t at the same place, then: 1' = t12. The length of a pendulum vibrating seconds is in a constant ratio to the force of gravity: g - 9.8696044 Length of a pendulum vibrating seconds at the level of the sea, in various latitudes. At the Equator...................................... 39.0152 inches. Washington, Lat. 380 53' 23".............. 39.0958 At New York, Lat. 400 42' 40...................... 39.1017 London, Lat. 510 31'........................ 39.1393 " Lat. 450..................... 39.1270'" Lat. L.....................39.1270 in.-0.09982 cos. 2 L 428 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. BALLISTICS..Motion of a body projected vertically upwards, in vacuo. Let t, represent any time of ascent, in seconds. h, the height } at the end of the time t. v, the velocity g, the velocity acquired by a falling body in 1 second. V, the initial velocity of projection. H, the whole height of ascent. T, the whole time of ascent. Then: h= Vt- g t2. v = V —gt. V2 V 2g T Jlotion of a Projectile in vacuo. The trajectory of a body projected obliquely, in vacuo, is a parabola, the axis of which is vertical. The formulae for the parabolic trajectory apply also, approximately, to the path of a body projected in the air, with a small velocity; such as a shell fired with a light charge from a mortar, or the ball of a mortar eprouvette. Let V represent the initial velocity = /2gH ~, the angle of projection, above the horizontal plane. x, y, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of any point mn in the trajectory, from the point of departure as the origin. v, the velocity of the projectile, at the point nm. t, the time of flight, to the same point. 0, the inclination of the tangent at that point. X, the whole horizontal range. Y, the greatest height of ascent. T, the whole time of flight, for the range X. 1. Equation of the trajectory. y =x tang. p- 4 H cos.2 ~ y = Vt sin. - g t2. = Vt Cos. 0. V2 sin. 2 9 2. X= 2Hsin 2= sin. g Y = H s = in. 2g 2 Vsin. p g BALLISTICS. 429 3. The angle of greatest range is 0 = 450. In that case, X = 2 H = 4 Y; Y = H; V= /g X; T = 2X The ranges are equal at angles equidistant from 450~. 4. Under a given angle of projection the initial velocities are as the square roots of the ranges. When the initial velocities are equal, the ranges are proportional to the sines of double the angles of elevation. 5. v = s/2g(H-y). The velocities are equal in the two branches of the trajectory, at the same height. The least velocity is at the summit, and is _ V cos. ~, x 6. Tang. 0 - tang. -2 ticos' On horizontal ground, the angle of descent is equal to the angle of projection, and the final velocity is equal to the initial velocity. x 7. t = When o -45, t = 1.4142 - 8. To find the initial velocity, or the angle of projection, necessary for striking c given point. Let a and b be the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of the point, and g its angle of elevation, making tang. ~-=; then: a cos. 9 ag cos. a I A e A y-. ----- - 4 sin. (p — ) cos. ~ 2 sin. ( o ) cos. P Tang. P = - ( (H ~eV(H (H-b)- I a).Motion of a Projectile in the air. The normal trajectory in the air is a continuous plane curve, which can be cut by a right line in not more than two points; it has two asymptotes, one vertical, the other inclined. The actual trajectory of a ball is generally a curve of double curvature. It differs from the normal trajectory in consequence of the deviations, both lateral and vertical, produced by the eccentricity of the ball, its position in the gun, the motion of the air, and other circumstances, which cause the ball to revolve about an uncertain and variable axis, and to depart from the vertical plane of projection. 430 CHAP. XV.- -MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. The equation of the trajectory is transcendental, and difficult of computation, but there are some cases which admit of simplification, giving useful approximate results. Poisson's Equation of the Trajectory in the air. y== xtang. 8 cos (e'c -2cx-l) 8 el Hcos.2 0 y is the ordinate and x the abscissa of the curve; P the angle of projection; H, the height corresponding to the initial velocity V = /g H; e = 2.7182818, the number whose hyperbolic logarithm is 1; c= 16RD 3 in which a is the density of the air, and D that of the ball, the density of water being 1,000; R, the radius of the ball; n, a co-efficient for the resistance of the air, the value of which, for different velocities, is given by Hutton, as follows: VELOCITY } I 600 800 1000 1100i1200 1300 140011500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Value of t.. 1.50 1.62 1.77 1.84 1.91 1.98 2.03 2.06 2.08 2.0712.062.03 2.00 The above form of the equation supposes that the resistance of the air is proportional to the square of the velocity, and that the ball does not depart very far from a horizontal line drawn through the muzzle of the piece. By developing the exponential function, 4 c2 x' 8 C3 x3" e2c~ = 1 q- 2cx + 1 q- +. 3 + &"c. 112 + 1.2.3 the equation becomes _ x tang.~ S, (4os. ~ H \S. 2 P1 1.2 3 + &c. If the angle of projection is small and the range x not greater than 2000 feet, the terms of this series above the third power may be neglected, and we may consider cos. - = 1; the equation will then take the form, y= x tang. ~P- 2 (2 3 0 ) F2 1 Substituting for 2 Hits value -, and putting m = -, we have, g c y = x tang. p Gm j (3 m - 2x) In this form thte equation may be used for cases of firing at low angles, with ranges not exceeding 650 yards. BALLISTICS. 431 Recent experiments in France, on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles, have furnished a more accurate (but more complicated) expression for the relation between the resistance and the velocity, than that given by Hutton, which has been generally used heretofore. This expression is of the form: p - r Rv2 (1 + 2 )I in which R is the radius of the ball;. and 1, co-efficients depending on the density and diameter of the ball, and the density of the air. Considering the mean density of the air as 1-828th part of that of water, and expressing the dimensions and velocity in feet, the mean value of.J, for artillery projectiles, may be taken = 0.0085. For the resistance to solid shot, r- = 1427 feet; for shells,, = 2735 feet. The loss of velocity, by the resistance of the air, in any small distance x, will be expressed by V-v= X4. g 1 + ) v This formula may be used in experiments with the ballistic pendulum, for computing the velocity lost by the ball in passing from the gun to the pendulum block. Final velocity of descent in the air. The velocity of a projectile diminishes from the commencement of its flight to a point a little beyond the summit of the trajectory; it then increases to a certain limit, dependent on the diameter and density of the ball. The final velocity is given by the equation r( 3 = 4 Shot. Shells. } Calibre.. 42 24 18 12 6 13-in. 10-in. 8-in. 24-pdr -m Final velocity of ] descent in feet [ 485 455 425 410 360 585 505 445 375 213 per second.. ~ __.._ _ __ —._ _ _ 432 CHAP. XV, —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. General Formula for computing the Initial Velocity of a Ball. 4 logiL C - R2 V= J log. dr- A. X _Mion 4_ A C2 In which V, is the initial velocity of the ball, C, the radius of the bore. R, the radius of the ball. in, the weight of the ball, with the wad, or sabot, &c., used in loading. A, the weight of the charge of powder. J1, the weight of powder (loose) which would fill the bore of thegun. Log. the common logarithms. 2' and a, co-efficients, depending on the nature of ordnance and the quality of the powder used; to be determined experimentally by means of some known velocity, and given difference of windage. A may probably, without sensible error, be regarded as constant for the same quality of powder, though used in different kinds of ordnance; but the value of 2' should be computed from the known velocity in a case approaching nearest to that to which the formula is to be applied.:2 _ t2 2 (C-R) W!n ordinary cases of windage, (V) we may consider C -- (C R) Cs CC According to the experiments made with the ballistic pendulum at Washington Arsenal, the mean values of the co-efficients 2' and a, for Dupont's powder, in guns of various calibres, (from 6-pounder to 32-pounder,) are:'= 3500 feet; A = 3200 feet. The above formulke, for the resistance of the air and for the initial velocity, are obtained from the "Trait6 de Balistique, par Didion, 1848;'" a work which may be consulted for a full discussion of the theory of the motion of projectiles, and the deviations produced by their eccentricity and other causes. MECHANICAL POWERS. Conditions of Equilibrium of simple MlIachines. LEVER. The effective armi of a lever is the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of direction of the power or weight.'1he power is to the weight inversely as the effective arms of the lever P D-w d. The pressure on the fulcrum is the resultant of the power and weight. FIxED PULLEY. The power is equal to the weight. The pressure Qon the axis is to the power or weight as the chord c of the arc enveloped by the rope is to the radius r of the pulley. P = -i - MECHANICAL POWERS. 433 MOVEABLE PULLE. The power is to the weight, as the radius of the pulley is to the chord of the are enveloped by the rope. The pressure on the fixed end ofthe rope is equal to the power: P Q- A — In a system of n moveable pulleys, the power is to the weight, as the product of the radii of the pulleys is to the product of the chords of the arcs enveloped by the rope: P=w C 2'1.. n If the ropes are parallel, c = 2 r, and P = -. BLOCK AND TACKLE. The power is equal to the weight divided by the numa ber of ropes attached to the lower block, or by twice the number of rising pulleys. WHEEL AND AXLE. The power is to the weight, as the radius r, of the axle, is to the radius R, of the wheel. R BSYSTEra Or WHEELS AND PINIONS. The power is to the weight, as the product of the radii, (or number of teeth,) r, r9, r", &c., of the pinions is to the product of the radii, (or number of teeth,) R, R', R", &c., of the wheels: X r' r"..P ='w = R R' R".... INCLINED PLANE. If the direction of the power is horizontal, the power is td wh the weight, as the height of the plane h is to its base b. P — = The pressure on the plane, b; 1 being the length of the plane. If -the direction of the power is parallel to the plane, the power is to the wh weight as the height of the plane to its length. P —. The pressure on Pb __ b the plane, q b b SCREW. The power, applied perpendicular to the axis, is to the weight, as the pitch of the screw s, or the distance between two threads, is to the circumference describedl by the point to which the power is applied. Thus, if the power is applied'by means of a lever 1, P = 2 1' WEDaGE. The power:is:to the resistance acting perpendicularly on each side of the wedge2 as the thickness of the back of the wedge is to the length of the side. 434 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. BALANCE. The common balance is a simple lever, the arms of which are equal. If the balance is not accurate, the true weight of a body may be found, by taking the square root of the product of the weights which counterpoise it successively in each scale. A better and more convenient method of eliminating the error of a balance, is to place the body in one scale and counterpoise it by any weights in the opposite scale; then remove the body and replace it by known weights, until the equilibrium is again restored. The sum of the latter weights will be that of the body required. Friction. In the foregoing conditions of equilibrium of machines, no account is taken of the resistance caused by friction, and by the stiffness of ropes, chains, &c. Numerous experiments on friction have been made in France by M. Morin, from which the following general results are obtained: 1. The friction of any two bodies in motion is proportional to the pressure, whether the surfaces are dry or covered with an unguent. The ratio between the pressure and the friction is called the co-efflcient of friction. 2. The amount of friction is independent of the surface of contact and of the velocity of the motion. It depends only on the pressure, the nature of the surfaces in contact, and the kind of unguent interposed. 3. In general, friction is less between bodies of different kinds, than between those of the same kind. 4. When two surfaces have been long in contact at rest, an adhesion takes place between them, the force of which is proportional to the extent of the surface of contact, and independent of the pressure. 5. When a continuous stratum of an unguent is constantly interposed between the surfaces of contact, the amount of friction depends on the nature of the unguent, and not on that of the surfaces. 6. With the unguents, hog's lard and olive oil, the co-efficient of friction is nearly the same for surfaces of wood moving on metals, wood on wood, metal on wood, and metal on metal, being in all cases between 0.07 and 0.08. The co-efficient for the unguent tallow is the same, except in the ease of metal on metal, for which it appears to be less suited than the others, giving a coefficient of about 0.10. 7. The friction of axles is generally a little less than that of plane surfaces, under similar circumstances. The amount of friction is here also proportional to the pressure, and independent of the velocity of the motion, MENSURATION. 435 MATHEMATICAL FORMULiE AND DATA. Jlensuration. Lines. CIRCLE. Ratio of circumference to diameter,' -= 3.1415926536 = s —-' nearly. a Irr Length of an arc -—; 7r being the radius of the circle, and a the numS c'-c ber of degrees in the arc; or, nearly; c being the chord of the arc, and c' the chord of half the arc, which is -= C/ c2 +- versine2. Length of I degree = 0.0174533; radius being 1. Length of 1 minute - 0.0002909. Length of 1 second _ 0.0000048. ELLIPSE. Circunmftrence (a2 + b2), nearly; a and b being the axes. PARABOLA: Length of an arc, commencing at the vertex, =-V (3 + V b) nearly; a being the abscissa, and b the ordinate. Surfaces. Triangle. Half the base X the height; or half the product of two sides X sill. C the sine of the included angle, (2 a b _C); or, / s (s-a) (s-b) (s —c); a ~ b + c. a, b, c being the sides, and s + Parallelogram. The base X the height. Trapezoid. Half the sum of the parallel sides X the height. Jny Quadrilateral. Half the product of the diagonals X the sine of their angle.,/ny irregular plane fgtuwe bounded by curves. Divide the figure into any even number of parts by parallel equidistant ordinates; let a be the sum of the first and last ordinates, b the sum of the even ordinates, c that of the odd ones, except the first and last; d the common distance between them; then will the area = ~ d (a +- 4 b + 2 c). Five ordinates will generally be found sufficient. Circle. z r"; or diam.2 X.7854; or, circUm.2 X.07958. Circular sector. -; a being the length of the arc in linear measure, 436 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMA.TION. Circular segment. The difference between the sector, and the triangle formed by the cord and the radii; or 2 -; or nearly-.4v (c + -/4 C + V2) c being the cord and v the versed sine. Ellipse..7854 a b; a and b being the axes. Parabola..2 a b; a being the abscissa, and b the double ordinate. Right prism or cylinder. Curved surface = height >( perimeter of base. Right pyramid or cone. Half the slant height X perimeter of base. Bi,'ustum of a right prism or cylinder. The perimeter of the base multiplied by the distance from the centre of gravity of the upper section to the base. If the prism or cylinder is oblique, multiply this product by the sine of the angle of inclination. sFrutstum of a right pyramid or cone. The slant height X half the sum of the perimeters of the two ends. Sphere. 4 sr r2; or, diam. X circum.; or, diam.2 X 3.1416 Spherical zone or segment. 2 zr r h; or, the height of the zone or segment multiplied by the circumference of the sphere. Circular spindle. 2 X (r c - a Vr" - cs); a being the length of the arc, and c its chord, or the length of the spindle. s - 180~ Spherical triangle. -r -2 80; s being the sum of the three angles. {Any surface of revolution. 2 Xr r I; or, the length of the generating element nmultiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. Table of Regular Polygons. Radius of cir-ide Side ofinseribNo. of sides. Name. Ariea. cumscribino ed polygon. circle. 3 Triangle. 0.4330127 I 0.5773503 1.732051 4 Square. 1.0000000 0.7071068 1.414214 5 Pentagon. 1i.7204774 0.8506508 1.175570 6 Hexagon. 2.5980762 1.0000000 1.000000 7 Heptagon. 3.6339124 1.1523824 0.867767 8 Octagon. 4.8284271 1.3065628 0.765367 9 Nonagon. 6.1818242 1.4619022 0.684040 10 Decagon. 7.6942088 1.6180340 0.618034 11 Undecagon. 9.3656399 1.7747324 0.563465 12 Dodecagon. 11.1961524 1.9318517 0.517638 MENSURATION. 437 The column of areas, in the foregoing table, gives the number by which the square of the side is to be multiplied, to find the area of the polygon. The next column gives the multitplier for the side qf a polygon, to find the radius of the circumscribing, circle. The last column gives the multiplier for the radius of a circle, to find the side of the inscribed polygon. Solids. Prism or cylinder. Area of base multiplied by the height. Pyramid or cone. Area of base multiplied by one-third of the height. Frsustum of a pyramid or cone. ~ h (B + b + h/-Bb) i. being the height; B and b the areas of the two ends. Or, for a conic firustum: h X. 7854 X (D-d. ); D and d being the diameters of the two ends..Frustum of a right triangular prism. The base X ~ ( H+ -' + H"). Frustum of any right prismn. The base multiplied by its distance from the centre of gravity of the section. Cylindrical segment, contained between the base and an oblique plane passing through a diameter of the base: two-thirds of the height multiplied by the great triangular section; or ~ r h2; r being the radius of the base, anti h the area of the height. Sphere. 4; or,.5236 d3; r being the radius and d the diameter. Spherical segment. l r ha (3 r -h) -6 3 3b + h- ); b being the radius of the base, h, the height of the segment, and r the radius of the sphere. = 0.5236. 6 Spherical zone. - (3 B +- 3 b +- h"); B, b being the radii of the bases. Spherical sector., r / the surface of the segment or zone, or, 2 72 5 h. ar a2 b Ellipsoid. 6; a being the revolving diameter and b the axis of revolution. Paraboloid. Half the area of the base multiplied by the height. Circular spindle. ar (6- c - 2s aV/ 2 _ - c2); s being the area of the revolving segment and c its chord. Alny solid of erevolution. 2 X - r s; or, the area of the generating surface multiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity. Jlny irregular solid, bounded by a curved surface, Use the rule for finding the area of an irregular plane figure, substituting sections for ordinates. 438 CHAP. XY. —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Cask gauging. 1. - By the preceding rule: The content of a cask - _ l (d &- D + 4 JM4 ); I being the length, d, D, the head and bung diameters, and J1/, a diameter midway between them, all -measured in the clear, inside; -0.1309 The same formula may be thus stated: -- 1 (.- + B + C); I being the length; J/ and B, the areas of the head and bung sections; and C, that of the section midway between them. 2. Contents of a cask, nearly; - 1 (2 D2 - d2); or, I X the area of a circle 12.2 DA - d whose diameter is 3 Centres of Gravity. Lines. Circular arc. At a distance from the centre = -; r being the radius, c the chord, and I the length of the arc. Areas. Triangle. On a line drawn from any angle to the middle of the opposite side, at two-thirds of the distance from the angle to the side. Trapezoid. On a line a joining the middle points of the two parallel sides, B, b; distance from B a ( B 4-b 4 r Semicircle. Distance from the centre = 3r Circular segment. Distance from the centre = ]2; c being the chord of the segment, and,3 its area. 2 r c Circular sector. Distance from the centre 3; c being the chord, and I the length of the arc. Parabolic segment. Distance from the vertex = three-fifths of the abscissa. Surface of a right cylinder, cone, orfrustum of a coie. The centre of gravity is at the same distance from the base as that of the parallelogram, triangle or trapezoid, which is a right section of the same. Suiface oja spherical zone or segment. At the middle of the height. CENT.RES OF GRAVITY. 439 Solids. Prismn or cylinder. At the middle of the line joining the centres of gravity of the two ends. - Pyramid or cone. The distance from the base is one-fourth of the line joining'the vertex with the centre of gravity of the base. Frustum of a cone. Distance from the centre of the smaller end (R -r)2 + 2R'2 3R + 2 R r + r2 4 h X ((R +r)2 -Rr or, h X R R + v; h being the height+ R and r the radii of the greater and less ends. Distance from the large end == h 3 + R r + R 4 RI q- R r d- r2 3 (,.h)-n hI — i h)-. Spherical segment. Distance from the centre _ ) 3r-h S r being the radius of the sphere, It the height of the segment, and S its solid contents. Distance from the vertex = 12 r- h 12 r- 4h Spherical sector. Distance from the centre -= (r- - h). Distance from the vertex - + 3 h Hemisphere. Distance from the centre = 3 r., Paraboloid. Distance firom the vertex - 2 h..tny system of bodies. Distance of the common centre of gravity from a given plane D +- B' D' + B" D"+ &c. plaBne-; B, B', B" being the masses or solid contents of the bodies, and D, D', D", the distances of their respective centres of gravity from the given plane..flrithmetical Progression. a, the first term; d, the common difference; i, the number of terms; 1, the ntb term; s, the sum of n terms. I-a + d (n -1); s- a + ( ) Geometrical Progression. rs, the common ratio; the rest as above. Ir- a (rn- 1) I _ a n - r-1; s ar r - I r-B 440 CHAP. XV.'=MISCELLANEOUS iNFORMATION. Logarithms. x, the common logarithm of the number a; e, the base of the hyperbolic logarithms = 2.7182818; x', the hyperbolic logarithm of a. a 10 — e; x -- x Log. e; Log. e 0.4342945. Plane Trigonometry. al, B, C, the three angles; a, b, c, the three sides respectively opposite to them; R, the tabular radius; S, the area of the triangle; p _ (a + b + c). Right angled Triangles: 2. being the right angle. =4/zbt+ cb-ctang. B sin. B Oblique angled Triang5le.s: =a b sin../ sin. B sin. C a —b Tang. ~ ( 1 —B) = tang., (./ + B) a - b _4_absin. _ C 2 ab cos. C ~=~( (ac - O/ ( -- V? R _______C)' -b) (p-c) Cos.' 1 LR,/ bc in. 2.= RV- be sin. C S=- ab N 7 -) p-b)(p-c) General Formulnlce: R. sin. (a -Z b) = sin. a cos. b I sin. b cos. a. R. cos. (a i4 b) cos. a cos. b A: sin. a sin. b. R. (sin. a 5z sin. b) = 2 sin. (a ~= b) cos.' (a =k: b). R. (cos. a + cos. b) = 2 cos. (a + b) cos. 2 (a - b). R. (cos. a -- cos. b) = 2 sin. ~ (a 4- b) sin. (a - b). sin. a- sin. b tang. 2 (a + b) cot. 2 (a - b). sin. a - sin. b R2 sin. a = (i — cos ); tang a R = Rcos a Chord of J =9 2 sin.. s NATURAL SINES AND TANGENTS. 441 Ticble of AVatural Sines and Thngents, Deg. Min. Sine. Tangent. i Deg. Min., Sine. Tangent. 0 10 0029089 0029089 12 30 1 2164396 2216947 15 0043633 0043634 45 2205974 2262769 30 0087265 0087269 13 00 2249511 2308682 45 0].30896 0130907 1 15 21 292004 2354687 1 00 0174524 0174551 30 2334454 2400788 15 0218149 021k201 45 2376859 2446984 30 0261769 0261859 11 14 00 2419219 2493280 45 0305385 0305528 11 15 2461533 2539676 2 00 0348995 0349208 30 2503800 2586176 15 0392598 0392901 45 2546019 2632780 30 0436194 0436609 15 00 2588190 2679492 45 0479781 0480334 15 2630312 2726313 3 00 0523360 0524078 I 30 2672384 2773245 15 0566928 0567841 45 2714404 9820292 30 0610485 0611626 16 00 2756374 2867454 45 0654031 0655435 15 2798290 2914734 4 00 i 0697565 0699268 30 2840153 2962135 15 0741085 0743128 45 2881963 3009658 30 0784591 0787017 17 00 2923717 3057307 45 0828082 0830936 15 2965416 3105083 5 00 0871557 0874887 30 3007058 3152988 15 0915016 0918871 45 3048643 3201025 30 0958458 0962890 18 00 3090170 3249197 45 1001881 1006947 15 3131638 3297505 6 00 1045285 1051042 30 3173047 3345953 15 1088669 1095178 45 3214395 3394543 30 1132032 1139356 19 00 3255682 3443276 45 1175374 1183578 15 3296906 3492156 7 00 1218693 1227846 30 3338069 3541186 15 1261990 1272161 45 3379167 3590367 30 1305262 1316525 20 00 342(1201 3639702 45 1 1348509 1360940 15 3461171 3689195 8 00 1391731 1405408 30 3502074 3738847 15 1434926 1449931 45 3542910 3786661 30 1478094 1.494510 21 00 3583679 3838640 45 1521234 1539147 15 3624380 3888787 9 00 1564345 1583844 30 3665012 3939105 15 1607426 1628603 45 3705574 3989595 30 1650476 1673426 22 00 i 3746066 4040262 45 1693495 1718314 1 15 3786486 4091108 10 00 1736482 1763270 30 3826834 I 4142136 15 1779435 1808295! 45 3867110 4193348 30 1822355 1853390 [ 23 00 3907311 4244748 45 1865240 1898559 15 3947439 1 4296339 11 00 1908090 1943803 30. 3987491 4348124 15 1950903 1989124 i 45 4027467 4400105 30 1 1993679 2034523 j 24 00 4067366 4452287 45 1 2036418 2080003 15 4107189 4504672 12 00 2079117 2125566 30 4146932 4557263 15 2121777 2171213 45 4186597 4610063 442 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 7Tzble of JNatural Sines and Thngents-Continued. Deg. Min.- Sine. Tangent. Deg. Mi. Sine. Tangent. 25 00 4206183 4663077 50 00 7660444 11917536 30 4305111 4769755 30 7716246 12130970 26 00 4383711 4877326 51 00 7771460 1 12348972 30 4461978 4985816 30 7826082 12571723 27 00 4539905 5095254 52 00 7880108 12799416 30 4617486 5205671 30 7933533 13032254 28 00 4694716 5317094 53 00 7986355I 13270448 30 4771588 5429557 30 8038569 13514224 29 00 4848096 5543091 54 00 8090170 1 13763819 30 4924236 5657728 30 8141155 14019483 30 00 5000000 5773503 55 00 8191520 14281480 30 5075384 5890450 30 8241262 14550090 31 00 1 5150381 6008606 56 00 8290376 1 14825610 30 5224986 6128008 30 8338858 15108352 32 00 5299193 6248694 57 00 8386706 15398650 30 5372996 6370703 30 i8433914 15696856 33 00 5446390 6494076 58 00 8480481 16003345 30 5519370 6618856 30 8526402 16318517 34 00! 5591929 6745085 59 00 8571673 16642795 30 5664062 6872810 30 8616292 16976631 35 00 5735764 7002075 60 00 8660254 17320508 30 5807030 7132931 61 00 8746197 18040478 36 00 5877853 7265425 62 00 8829476 18807265 30 5948228 7399611 63 00 8910065 19626105 37 00 i 6018150 7535541 64 00 8987940 20503038 30 6087614 7673270 65 00 9063078 21445069 38 00 6156615 7812856 66 00 9135455 22460368 30 6225146 7954359 67 00 9205049 23558524 39 00 6293204 8097840 68 00 9271839 24750869 30 6360782 8243364 69 00 9335804 26050891 40 00 6427876 8390996 70 00 9396926 27474774 30 6494480 8540807 71 00 9455186 29042109 41 00 6560590 8692867 72 00 9510565 30776835 30 6626200 8847253 73 00 9563048 32708526 42 00 6691306 9004040 74 00 9612617 34874144 30 6755902 9163312 75 00 9659258 37320508 43 00 6819984 9325151 76 00 9702957 40107809 30 i 6883546 9489646 77 00.9743701 43314759 44 00 6946584 9656888 78 00 1 9781476 47046301 30 j 7009093 9826973 79 00 9816272 51445540 45 00 7071068 10000000 80 00 9848078 56712818 30 71.32504 10176074 81 00 9876883 63137515 46 00 7193398 10355303 82 00 9902681 71153697 30 7253744 10537801. 83 00 9925462 81443464 47 00 7313537 10723687 84 00 9945219 1 95143645 30 7372773 10913085 85 00 9961_947 114300520 48 00 7431448 11106125 86 00 9975641 143006660 30 7489557 11302944 87 00 9986295 190811370 49 00 7547096 11503684 88 00 9993)08 286362530 30 7604060 11708496 89 00 9998477 1 572899620 90 00 10000000 Infinite. AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 443 Diameter. Aiea. Circum. Diameter. Area. Cilcum. 0. 0. t 0. G6. 28.274 18.849.125.012.393.125 29.464 i 19.242.25.049.785.25 30.680 19.635.375.110 1.178.375 31.919 20.027.5.196 1.571.5 33.183 20.420 ].625.307 1.963.625 34.471 20.8i3.75.442 2.356.75 35.785 21.205.875.601 2.749.875 37.122 21.598 1. i.785 i 3.142 7. 38.484 2.991.125.994 1 3.534.125 39.871 2.383.25 1.227 3.927.25 41.282 22.776.375 1.485 4.320.375 42.718 23.169.5 t 1.767 j 4.712.5 44.179 23.562.625 2.074 1 5.105.625 45.663 23.954.75 2.405 5.498.75 47.173 24.347.875 2.761 5.891.875 48.707 24.740 2. 1 3.142 1 6.283 8. 50.265 25.132..125 i 3.547 6.676.125 51.848 1 25.515.25 3.976 7.069.25 53.456 25.918.375 4.430 7.461.375 55.088 26.310.5 4.909 7.854.5 56.745 26.703.625 5.412 8.247.625 58.426 27.096.75 5.940 8.639.75 60.132 27.489.875 6.492 9.032.875 61.862 27.881 3. 7.069 9.425 9. 63.617 28.274.125 i 7.670 9.818.125 65.396 28.662.25 8.296 10.210.25 67.200 29.060.375 8.946 10.602.375 69.029 29.452.5 9.621 10.995.5 70.882 29.845.625 10.320 11.388.625 72.759 30.237.75 11.045 11.781.75 74.662 30.630.875 11.793 12.173.875 76.588 i 31.023 4. 12.566 12.566 10. 78.540 31.416 I.125 13.364 12.959.125 80.515 31.808.25 14.186 13.351.25 82.516 32.201.375 15.033 13.744.375 84.540 32.594.5 15.904 1 14.137.5 86.590 32.987.625 16.80G0 1 4.529 1.625 88.664 33.379.75 17.720 14.922.75 90.762 33.772.875 18.665 15.315. 875 92.885 34.164 5. 19.635 15.708 I 11. 95.033 1 34.558.125 20.629 1 6.100.125 97.205 34.950.25 21.647 16.493.25 99.402 35.343.375 22.690 16.886.375 101.623 35.735.5 23.758 17.278.5 103.869 t 36.128.625 24.850 17.671.625 106.139 36.521.75 25.967 18.064.75 108.434 36.913.875 27.108 18.457.875 110.753 37.306 444 CHAP. XV. —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATtON. Diameter. Area. Circurn. Diameter. Area. Circum. 12. 11;3.097 37.699 18. 254.47 56.55.125 115.466 38.091.125 258.02 56.94.25 117.859 38.484.25 261.59 57.33.375 |1 20.276 38.877.375 265.18 57.73.5 122.718 39.270.5 268.80 58.12.625 125.184 39.662.625 272.45 58.51.75 i 127.676 40.055.75 276.12 58.90.875 130.192 40.448 }.875 279.81 59.30 13. 132.73 40.84 19. 283.53 59.69 125 135.30 41.23.125 287.27 60.08.25 137.89 41.63.25 291.04 60.48.375 140.50 42.02.375 294.93 60.87.5 143.14 42.41. 2 298.65 61.26.625 145.80 42.80.625 302.49 61.65 ~75 148.49 43.20.75 306.35 62.05.875 151.20 43.59.875 310.25 62.44 14. 153.94 43.98 20. 314.16 62.83.125 156.70 44.38.125 318.10 63.22.25 159.48 44.77 I.25 322.06 63.62.375 162.29 45.16.375 326.05 1 64.01 8.5 165.13 45.55.5 330.06 i 64.40.625 167.99 45.95.625 334.10 64.79.75 170.87 46.34.75 338.16 65.19.875 173.78 46.73.875 342.25 65.58 15. 176.71 47.12 21. 346.36 65.97.125 179.67 47.52.125 350.50 66.37.25 i 182.65 47.91.25 354.66 66.76.375 185.66 48.30.375 358.84 67.15.5 188.69 48.69.5 363.05 67.54.625 191.75 49.09.625 367.28 67.94.75 1 194.83 49.48.75 371.54 68.33.875 197.93 49.87.875 375.83 68.72 16. 201.06 50.27 22. 380.13 69.12.125 204.22 50.66.125 384.46 69.51.25 207.39 51.05.25 388.82 69.90.375 210.60 51.44.375 393.20 70.29.5 213.82 51.84 ].5 397.61 70.69.625 217.08 52.23.625 402.04 71.08.75 220.35 52.62.75 406.49 71.47 s875 223.65 53.01.875 410.97 71.86 17. 226.98 53.41 23. 415.48 72.26.125 230.33 53.80.125 420.00 72.65.25 233.70 54.19.25 424.56 73.04.375 237.10 54.59.375 429.13 73.43.5 240.53 54.98.5 433.74 73.83.625 243.98 55.37.625 438.36 74.22.75 247.45 55.76.75 443.01 74.61.875 250.95 56.16.875 447.70 75.00 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 445 Diameter. Area. Circum. Diameter. Area. Circum. 24: 452.39 75.40 30. 706.86 94125.125 457.11 75.79.125 712.76 94.64.25 461.86 76.18.25 718.69 95.03.375 466.64 76.58.375 724.64 95.43.5 1 471.44 6.97.5 730.62 95.82.625 476.26 77.36.625 736.62 96.21.75 481.11 77.75.75 742.64 96.60.875 485.98 78.1.5.875 748.69 97.00 25. 490.87 78.54 31. 754.77 97.39.125 495.80 78.93 125 760.87 97.78.25 500.74 79.33.25 766.99 98.17.375 505.71 79. 72 1.375 773.14 98.57 5! 510.71 80.11.5 779.31 98.97.625 515.72 80.50.625 1 785.51 99.35.75 520.77 80.90.75 1 791.73 99.75.875 525.84 81.29.875 797.98 100.14 26. 530.93 81.68 32. 804.25 100.53.125 53605 82.07.125 810.54 j 00.92.25 541.19 82.47.25 8 16.86 | 101.32.375 546.36 82.86.375 1 823.21 1 01-71.5 i 551.55 1 83.25.5 829.58 102.10 625 556.76 1 83.64.625 835.97 102.49.75' 562.00 84 04.75 842.39 102.89.875 567.27 84.43.875 848.83 103.28 27. 572.56 4.82 33. i 855.30 103.67.125 577.87 85.21.125 861.79 104.06.25 583.21 85.61.25 868.30 104.46.375 588.57 86.00.375 874.84 104.85.5 593.96 86.39.5 881.41 105.24.625 599.37 86.79.625 888.00 105.64.75 604.81 87.18.75 894.62 106.03.875 610.27 87.57.875 901.25 106.42 28. 615.75 87.96 34. 907.92 106.81.125 621.26 88.36.125 914.61 107.21.25 626.80 88.75.25 921.32 107..60.375 632.36 89.14.375 928.06 107.99.5 637.94 89.54.5 934.82 108.39.625 643.55 89.93.625 941.60 108.78.75 649.18 90.32.75 948.42 109.17.875 654.84 90.71.875 955.25 109.56 29. 660.52 91.11 35. 962.11 109.96.125 666.23 91.50.125 968.99 11.0.35.25 671.96 91.89.25 975.91 1 1074.375 677.71 92.28.375 982.84 111.13.5 683.49 92e.68.5 8 989.80 1.11.53.625 689.30 93.07.625 996.78 111.92.75 695.13 93.46.75 1003.79 112.31.875 700.98 93.85.875 1010.80 112.70 446 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Diameter. Area. Circum. I Diameter. Area. Circunm. 36. 1017.88, 113.10 42. 1385.4 131.9.125 1024.95 113.49.125 1393.7 132.3.25 1032.06 113.88.25 1402.0 132.7.375 1039.19 114.28.375 1410.3 133.1 5 1046.35 114.67.5 1418.6 133.5.625 1053.52 115.06.625 1427.0 133.9 ~.75 1060.73 115.45.75 1435.4 134.3.875 1067.95 115.85.875 1443.8 134.7. 37. 1075.2 116.2 43. 1452.2 135.1 ~.125 1082.5 116.6.125 1460.6 135.5.25 1089.8 117.0.25 1469.1 135.9.375 1097.1 117.4.375 1477.6 136.3.5 1104.5 117.8.5 1486.2 136.7.625 1111.8 118.2.625 1494.7 137.1.7,5 1119.2 118.6.75 1503.3 137.4.875 1126.7 119.0.875 1511.9 137.8 1 38. 1134.1 119.4 44. 1520.5 138.2.125 1141.6 119.8.125 1529.2 138.6.25 1149.1 120.2.25 1537.9 139.0.375 1156.6 120.6.375 1546.5 139.4.5 1164.2 121.0.5 1555.3 139.8.625 1171.7 i 121.3.625 1564.0 140.2.75 1179.3 121.7.75 1572.8 140.6.875 1186.9 122.1.875 1581.6 141.0 39. 1194.6 i 122.5 45. 1590.4 141.4.125 1202.3 122.9.125 1599.3 141.8.25 1210.0 123.3.25 1608.2 142.2.375 1217.7 123.7 V.375 1617.0 142.6.5 1225.4 1 124.1 f.5 1626.0 142.9.625 1233.2 124.5.625 1634.9 143.3.75 1241.0 124.9 1.75 1643.9 143.7.875 1248.8 125.3.875 1652.9 144.1 40. 1256.6 125.6 46. 1661.9 144.5.125 1264.5 126.0.125 1671.0 144.9.25 1272.4 126.4 9.25 1680.0 145.3.375 1280.3 126.8.375 1689.1 145.7.5 1288.2 127.2.5 1698.2 146.1.625 1296.2 127.6 1.625 1707.4 146.5.75 1304.2 128.0.75 1716.5 146.9.875 1312.2 1238.4.875 1725.7 147.3 41. 1320.3 128.8 47. 1734.9 147.7.125 1328.3 129.2.125 1744.2 148.0.25 1336.4 129.6.25 1753.5 148.4.375 1344.5 130.0.375 1762.7 148.8.5 1 1352.7 130.4.5 1772.1 149.2.625 1360.8 130.8.625 1781.4 149.6.75 1369.0 131.2.75 1790.8 150.0.875 1377.2 1.31.6.8751 1800.1 150.4 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 447 Diameter.| Area. Circum. Diameter. Area. Circum. 48. 1809.6 150.8 54. 2290.2 169.6.125 1819.0 151.2.125 2300.8 170.0.25 1828.5 151.6.25 2311.5 170.4.375 1837.9 152.0.375 2322.1 170.8.5 1847.5 152.4 i.5 ~ 2332.8 171.2.625 1857.0 152.8.625 2343.5 171.6.75 1866.5 153.2.75 2354.3 172.0.875 1876.1 153.5.875 2365.0 172.3 49. 1885.7 153.9 55. 2375.8 172.8.125 1895.4 154.3.125 2386.6 173.1.25 1905.0 154.7.25 2397.5 173.6.375 1914.7 155.1.375 2408.3 173.9.5 1924.4 155.5.5 2419.2 174.4.625 i 1934.1 155.9 1.625 2430.1 174,7.75 f 1943.9 156.3.75 2441.0 175.1.875 1953.7 156.7.875 2452.0 175.5 50. 1963.5 157.1 56. 2463.0 175.9.125 1973.3 157.4.125 2474.0 176.3.25 1983.2 158.0.25 2485.0 176.7.375 1993.0 158.2.375 2496.1 177.1.5 2003.0 158.7.5 2507.2 177.5.625 2012.8 159.0.625 2518.2 177.8.75 2022.8 159.4.75 2529.4 178.3.875 2032.8 159.8.875 2540.5 178.6 51. 2042.8 160.2 57. 2551.8 179.1.125 2052.8 160.6.125 2562.9 179.4.25 2062.9 161.0.25 2574.2 179.9.375 2072.9 161.3.375 2585.4 180.2.5 2083.1 161.8.5 2596.7 180.6.625 2093.2 162.1.625 2608.0 181.0.75 2103.3 162.6.75 2619.4 181.4.875 2113.5 162.9.875 2630.7 181.8 52. 2123.7 163.4 58. 2642.1 182.2.125 2133.9 163.7.125 2653.4 182.6.25 2144.2 164.1.25 2664.9 183.0.375 2154.4 164.5.375 2676.3 183.3.5 2164.8 164.9.5 2687.8 183.8.625 2175.0 165.3.625 2699.3 184.1.75 2185.4 165.7.75 2710.9 184.6.875 2195.7 166.1.875 2722.4 184.9 53. 2206.2 166.5 59. 2734.0 185.4.125 2216.6 166.8.125 2745.5 185.7.25 2227.0 167.3.25 2757.2 186.1.375 2237.5 167.6.375 2768.8 186.5.5 2248.0 168.1.5 2780.5 186.9.625 2258.5 168.4.625 2792.2 187.3.75 9 2269.0 168.9.75 2803.9 187.7.875 2279.6 169.2.875 2815.6 188.1 44 8 CHAP. XV. —MISCELLAPJEOUSJ INFORMATION. Diameter. Area. Circum. Diameter. Airea. Circum. 60. 2827.4 188.5 66. 3421.2 207.3.125 2839.2 188.8.125 3434.1 207.7.25 2851.0 189.3.25 3447.2 208.1.375 2862.8 189.6.375 3460.1 208.5.5 2874.8 190.1.5 3473.2 208.9.625 2886.6 190.4.625 3486.3 209.3.75 2898.5 190.9.75 3499.4 209.7.875 2910.6 191.2.875 3512.5 210.0 61i. 2922.5 191.6 67. 3525.6 210.5.125 2934.4 192.0.125 3538.8 210.8.25 2946.5 192.4.25 3552.0 211.3.375 2958. 5 19.8.375 3565.2 211..6.5 2970.6 1 193.2.5 3578.5 212.1.625 2982.6 193.6.625 3591.7 212.4.75 2994.8 194.0.75 3605.0 212.8.875 3006.9 194.3.875 3618.3 213.2 62. 3019.1 194.8 68. 3631.7 213.6.125 3031.2 195.1,125 3645.0 214.0.25 3043.5 195.6.25 3658.4 214.4.375 3055.7 195.9.375 3671.8 214.8.5 3068.0 196.3.5 3685.3 215.2.625 3080.2 196.7.625 3698.7 215.5.75 3092.6 197.1,75 3712.2 215.9.875 3104.8 197.5.875 3725.7 216.3 63. 3117.2 197.9 69. 3739.3 216.7.125 3129.6 198.3. 125 3752.8 217.1.25 3142.0 198.7.25 3766.4 21705.375 3154.4 199.0.375 3780.0 217.9.5 3166.9 1 99.5 f.5 3793.7 218.3.625 3179.4 199.8 625 3807.3 218.7.75 3191.9 200.3.75 3821.0 219.1.875 3204.4 200.6.875 3834.7 219.5 64. 3217.0 201.1 70. 3848.5 219.9.125 3229.5 201.4.125 3862.2 220.3.25 3242.2 I 201.8 i.25 38'76.0 220.7,375 3254.8 202.2.375 3889.8 221.0 e 5 3267.5 1 202.6.5 3903.6 221.5, 625 3280.1 I 203.0. 625 3917.4 221.8.75 3292.8 203.4.75 3931.4 222.2.875 3305.5 203.8.875 3945.2 222.6 65. 3318 3 204.2 71. 3959.2 223.0.125 3331.0 204.5.125 3973.1 223.4.25 3343.9 205.0.25 3987.1 223.8.375 33567 1 205.3. 375 4001.1 224.2.. 5 3369.6 205.8 5 4015.2 224.6.625 3382.4 206.1 j.625 4029.2 225.0.75 3395.3 206.6.75 4043.3 225.4.875 3408.2 206.9.875 4057.4 225.8 AREAS AND CIRCUM1FERENCES OF' CIRCLES. 449 Diameter. Area. Circum. Diameter. Area. Circum. 72. 4071.5 226.2 78. 4778.4 245.0.125 4085.6 226,5.125 4 93.7 245.4.25 4099.8 227.0. 5 4809.0 245.8.375 4114.0 227.3.375 4824.4 246.2.5 41128.2 227.7 5 4839.8 246. 6.625 4142.5 228.1 625 4855. 2 47. 0.75 4156.8 2285.75 4870.8 247.4.875 4171.0 228&9.875 4886.1 247.7 73. 41854' 229.3 79. 4901.7 248.2.125 4199.7 229.7.125 4917.2 248.5.25 4214. 230.1.25 4932.7 249,0 4 375! 1 4228.5 230 5.375 4948.3 249.3 o..5 4242.9 230.9 5 4963.9 249.8.625 4257.3 231.3.625 4979.5 250.1.75 4271.8 231.7.75 4995.2 250.5,.875 4286.3 232.0.875 50)10.8 250.9 74. 4300.8 232.5 80. 5026.5 251.3.125 4315.3 232.8.125 5042.2 251.7.25 4329.9 233.3 25 5058.0 252.1.375 4344.5 233.6.375 5073.7 252.5.5 4359.2 234.0 o5 5089.6 2562.9.625 4373.8 234.4.625 5105.4 253.3.75 4388.5 234.8.75 5121.2 253.7.875 4403.1 235.2.875 5137.1 254.1 75. 4417.9 23.6 81. 5153.0 254.5.125 4432,6 236.0.125 5168.9 254.9.25 4470.4 236.4.25 5184.9 255.-3 | 375 44625.1 236.7.375 5200.8 255.6.~75 44477.0 S37.2. 3 52516.8 256.0 62 5 4 491.8 3745.625 5232.8 256.4.75 4506,7 238.0.75 5248.9 256.8.875 4521.5 238.3.875 5264.9 257.2 76. 4536.5 238.89 82. 5281.0 2657.6 o~.125 4551.4 2`3.1.125 54297.1 258.0.25 4566.9 239.5.25 5313.3 258.4.375 458113 239.9.375 5329.4 i 258.8.o5 4596.3 240.3 3. e5 5345.6! 29.2,625 4611.3 1 240.7.625 5361.8 259.6. 75 4626.4 24 1.1.75 5378. 1 P26().0 875 4641.5 241.5 11 875 5394.3 260.4 70. 4656.6 241.9 83. 5410.6 260.8.125 4671,7 242.2.125 546.9 261. 1.25 4686.9 242.7.25 5443,3 26175.375 4702.1 24l3.0,375 5459.6 2 61.9 |.5 4717.3 243.5 | 5 5476.0 262.3.625 4732.5 243.8,625 5492.4 2tj 2. 7.75 4747.8 244.3.75 551 8.8 263.1,875 47630| 244.6.875 5525.3 -263.5 29 450 CHAP. XV.-M-ISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Diameter. Area. Circum. Dianeter. Area. Circum. 84. 5541.8 263.9 90. 6361.7 282.7.125 5558.3 264.3.125 6379.4 283. 1.25 5574.8 264.7.25 6397.1 283.5.375 5591.3 265.0.375 6414.8 283.9.5 5607.9 265.5.5 6432.6 284.3.625 5624.5 265. 8.625 6450.4 284 7.75 5641.2 266.2.75 6468.2 285.1.875 5657.8 266.6.875 6486.0 285.5 85. 5674.5 267.0 91. 6503.9 285.9.125 5691.2 267.4.125 6521.7 286.3.25 5707.9 267.8.25 6539.7 286.7.375 5724.6 268.2.375 6557.6 287.1.-5.5741.5 268.6.5 6575.5 287.5.625 5758.2 268.9.625 6593.5 287.8 e.75 ~5775.1 269.4.75 6611.5 288.2.875 5791.9 269.7.8&75 6629.-5 288.6 86. 5808.8 270.2 92. 6647.6 289.0.125 5825.7 270.5.125 6665.7 2 89.4.25 5842.6 271.0.25 6683.8 1 289.8.375 5859.5 271.3.375 6701.9 290.2..5 5876.5 271.7.5 6720.1 290.6.625 5893.5 272.1.625 6738.2 291.0.75 5910.6 272.5.75 6756.4 291.4.875 5927.6 272.9.875 6774.7 291.8 87. 5944.7 273.3 93. 6792.9 292.2.125 5961.7 273.7.125 6811.1 292.6.25 5978.9 274.1.25 6829.5 293.0.375 5996.0 274.4.375 6847.8 293.4.5 6013.2 274.9.5 6866.1 293.7.625 6030.4 275.2.625 6884.5 294.1.75 6047.6 275.7.75 6902.9 294.5.875 6064.8 276.0.875 6921.3 294.9 88. 6082.1 276.5 94. 6939.:8 295.3.125 6099.4 276.8.125 6958.2 295.7.25 6116.7 277.2.25 6976.7 296.1.375 6134.0 277.6.375 6995.2 296.5.5 6151.4 278.0.5 7013.8 296.9.625 6168.8 278.4. 625 71032.3 297.3.75 6186.2 278.8.75 7051.0 297.7.75 6203.6 279.2.875 7069.5 298.1 89. 6221.1 279.6 95. 7088.2 298.5.125 62383. 6 280.0. 125 7106.9 298.8.25 6256.1 280.4. 25 7125.6 299.2.375 6273.6 280.8.375 7144.3 i 299.6.5 6291.2 281.2.5 7163.0 300.0.625 6308.8 281.6.625 7181.8 1 300.4.75 6326.4 282.0.75 7200.6 300.8.875 1 6344.0 282.3.875 7219.4 301.2 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 451 Diameter. Area. Circum. Diameter. Area. Circum. 96. 7238.2 301.6 98. 7543.0 307.9.125 7257.1 302.0.125 7562.2 308.3.25 7276.0 302.4,.25 7581.5 308.7.375 7294.9 302.8.375 7600.8 309.0.5 7313.8 303.2.5 7620.1 309.4.625 7332.8 303.5.625 7639.4 309.8.75 7351.8 303.9.75 7658.9 310.2.875 7370.7 304.3.875 7678.2 310.6 97. 7389.8 304.7 99. 7697.7 311..0.125 7408.8 305.1.125 7717.1 311.4.25 7428.0 305.5.25 7736.6 311.8.375 7447.0 305.9.375 7756.1 312.2.5 7466.2 306.3.5 7775.6 312.6.625 7485.3 306.7.625 7795.2 313.0.75 7504.5 307.1.75 7814.8 313.4.875 7523.7 307.5.875 7834.3 313.8 100. 7854.0 314.2 TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCULAR SEGMENT. Divide the height of the segment by the diameter of the circle, and look,for the quotient in the column H, in the following table, opposite to which will be found a number in column AREA, which multiplied by the square of the diameter will give the area of the segment. Should the height of the segment be greater thaat half the diameter, find the area of the remaining segment, anrd substract this from the area of the whole circle. H. Area. H. Area. H. Area. H. Area..01.001329.14.066833.27.171089.40.293369.02.003748.15.073874.28.180019.41.303187.03.006865.16.081112.29.189047.42.313041.04.010537.17.088535.30.198168.43.322928.05.014681.18.096134.31.207376.44.332843.06.019239.19.103900.32.216666.45.342782.07.024168.20.111823.33.226033.46.352742.08.029435.21.119897.34.235473.47.362717.09.035011.22.128113.35.244980.48.372704.10.040875.23.136465.36.254550.49.382699.11.047005.24.144944.37.264178.50.392699.12.053385.25.153546.38.273861.001.000042.13.059999.26.162263.39 283592.002.000119 4552 CHAP. XV.,-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. POWERS-ROOTS-CIRCLES. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 1 18 1 1.000 1.000 0.7854 3.1416 2 4 8 1.414 1.260 3.1416 6.2832 3 9 27 1.732 1.442 7.0686 9.4248 4 16 64 2.000 1.587 12.5664 12.5664 5 25 125 2.236 1.710 19.6350 15.7080 6 36 216 2.449 1.817 i28.2743 18.8496 7 49 343.646 1.913 38.4846 21.9911 8 64 512 2.828 2.000 50.2655 25.1327 9 81 729 3.000 2.080 63.6173 28.2743 10 100 1000 3.162 2 154 78.5398 31.4159 11 121 1331 3.317 2.224 95.0332 34.5575 12 144 1728 3.464 2.289 113.0973 37.6991 13 169 2197 3.606 2.351 132 7323 40.8407 14 1 196 2744 3.742 2.410 153.9380 43.9823 15 225 3375 3.873 2.466 176.7146 47.1239 16 256 4096 4.000 2.520 20)1.0619 50.2655 17 289 4913 4.123 2.571 226.9801 53.4071 18 324 5832 4.243 2.621 254.4690 56.5487 19 361 6859 4.359 2.668 283.5287 59.6903 20 400 8000 4.472 2.714 314.1593 62.8319 21 441 9261 4.583 2.759 346.3606 65.9734 22 484 10648 4.690 2.802 380.1327 69.1150 23 529 12167 4.796S 2.844 415.4756 72.2566 24 576 13824 4.899 2.884 452.3893 75.3982 25 625; 15625 5.000 2.924 490.8739 78.5398 26 676 17576 5.099 2.962 530.9292 81.6814 27 729 19683 5.196 3.000 572.5552 84.8230 28 784 21952 5.292 3.037 615.7522 87.9646 29 841 24389 5.385 3.072 i 660.5199 91.1062 30 900 27000 5.477 3.107 706.8583 94.2478 31 961 29791 5.568 3.141 754.7676 97.3894 32 1024 32768 5.657 3.175 804.2477 100.5310 33 1089 35937 5.745 3.208 855.2986 103.6726 34 1156 39304 5.831 3.240 907.9203 106.8142 35 11225 42875 5.916 3.271 962.1128 109.9557 36 1296 46656 6.000 3.302 1017.8760 1 13.0973 37 1369 50653 6.083 3.332 1075.2101 116.2389 38 114-44 54872 6.164 3.362. 1134.1149 119.3805 39 1521 59319 6.245 3.391 1194.5906 122.5221 40 1600 64000 6.325 3.420 1056.6370 125.6637 41 * 1681 68921 6.403 3.448 1]320.2543 128.8053 42 1764 74088 6.481 3.476 1385.4424 131.9469 43 1849 79507 6.557 3.503 1452.2012 135.0885 44 1936 85184 6.633 3.530 1 1520.5308 138.2301 45 2025 1 91125 6.708 3 1557 590.4313 141.3717 46 2116 97336 6.782 3.583 1661.9025 144.5133 47 2209 103823 6.856 3.609 1734.9445 147.6549 48 2304 110592 6.928 3.634 1809.5574 150.7964 49 2401 117649 7.000 3.659 1885.7410 153.9380 50 | 2500 125000 7.071. 3.684 1963.4954 157.0796 POWERS-ROOTS- CRCLES, 453 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. ICu.Root. Area. Circum. 51 2601 132651 7.141 3.708 2042.8206 160.2212 52 2704 14(0608 7.211 3.733 2123.7166 163.3628 53 2809 148877 7.280 3.756 2206.1834 166.5044 54 2916 157464 7.348 3.780 2290.'221() 169.6460 55 3025 166375 7.416 3.803 12375.8294 172.7876 56 3136 175616 7.483 1 3.826 2463.0086 175.9292 57 3249 185193 7.550 3.849 2551.7586 179.0708 58 3364 195112 7.616 3.871 2642.0791 182.2124 59 3481 205379 7.681 3.893 2733.9710 185.3540 60 3600 216000 7.746 3.915 2 827.4334 188.4956 61 1 3721 226981 7.810 3.936 2922.4666 191.6372 62 3844 238328 7.874 3.958 3019.0705 194.7787 63 3969 250047 7 937 3.979 3117.2453 197.9203 64 4096 269144 8.00( 4.)000 3216.9909 201.0619 65 4225 2746205 8.062 4.021 3318.3072 204.2035 66 4356 287496 8.124 4.041 3421.19441 207.3451 67 4489 300763 8.185 4. 10 62) 3525.6524 2610.4867 68 624 314432 8.246 4.082 3631.681.1 213.6283 69 4761 328509 8.307 4.102 3739.2807 1 216.7699 70 4900 343000 8.367 4.121 K 3848.4510 219.9115 71 5041 357911 8.426 4.141 3959.1921 223.0531 72 5184 373248 8.485 4.160 4071.5041 226.1947 73 53293 389017 8.544 4.179 4185.3868 229.3363 74 5476 405224 8.602 4.198 4300.8403 232.4779 75 i 5625 421875 8.660 4.217 4417.8647 235.6194 76 5776 i 438976 8.718 4.236 4536.4598 238.7610 77 5929 456533 8.775 4.254 4656.6257 241.9026 78 6084 474552 8.832 4.273 4778.3624 245.0442 79 6241 493039 8.888 4.291 4901.6699 248.1858 80 6400 512000 8.944 4.309 59)26.5482 251.3274 81 6561 531441 9.000) 4.327 5152.9974 254.4690 8~2 6724 551368 9.055 4.344 5281.0173 1 257.6106 83 6889 571787 9.110 4.362 5410.6079 260.7522 84 7056 592704 9.165 4.380 5541.7694 263.8938 85 i 7225 614125 9.220 4.397 5674.5017 267.0354 86 7396 636056 9.274 4.414 5808.8048 270.1770 87 7569 658503 9.327 4.431 5944.6787 273.3186 88 1 7744 681472 9.381 4.448 6082.1234 276.4602 89 7921 704969 9.434 4.465 6221.1389 279.6017 90 8100 729000 9.487 4.481 6361.7251 282.74.33 91 8281 i 753571 9.539 4.498 6503.8822 285.8849 92 + 8464 778688 9.592 4.514 6647.6101 289.0265 93 8649 804357 9.644 4.531 6792.9087 292.1681 94 8836 830584 9.695 4.547 6939.7782 295.3097.95 9025 857375 9.747 4.563 7u88.2184 298.4513 96 9216 884736 9.798 4.579 7238.2295 301.5929 97 9409 912673 9.849 4.595 7389.8113 304.7345 98 i 9604 941192 9.899 4.610 7542.9640 307.8761 99'9801 970299 9.950 4.626 7697.6874 311.0177 100 10000 1000000 10.000 4.642 7853.9816 314.1593 454 CHAP. XV.-MTISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. SSq. Root. ICu.Root. Area. Circum. 101 10201 1030301 10.050 4.657 8011.847 317.301 102 10404 1061201 10.100 4.672 8171.282 320.442 103 10609 1092727 10.149 4.688 8332.289 323.584 104 10816 1124864 10.198 4.703 8494.867 326.726 105 11025 1157625 I 10.247 4.718 8659.015 329.867 106 11236 1191016 10.296 4.733 8824.734 333.009 107 11449 1225043 10.344 4.747 8992.024 336.150 108 11664 1259712 10.392 4.762 9160.884 339.292 109 11881 1295029 10.440 4.777 9331.316 342.434 110 12100 i 1331000 1 10.488 4.791 9503.318 345.575 111 12321 1367631 10.536 4.806 9676.891 348.717 112 12544 1 1404928 10.583 4.820 9852.035 351.858 113 12769 1442897 10.630 4.835 10028.749 355.000 114 12996 1481544 10.677 4.849 10207.035 358.142 115 13225' ]520875 10.724 4 863 10386.891 361.283 116 13456 1560896 10.771 4.877 10568.318 364.425 117 13683 1 1601613 10.817 4.891 10751.315 367.566 118 13924 1643032 10.863 4.905 10935.884 370.708 119 14161 1685159 10.909 4.919 11122.023 373.849 120 14400 1728000 10.954 4.932 1.1309.734 376.991 121 14641 1771561 11.000 4.946 1 11499.015 38(.133 122 14884 1815848 11.045 4.960 11689.866 383.274 123 15129 1860867 11.091 4.973 11882.289 386.416 124 15376 1906624 11.136 4.987 12076.282 389.557 125 15625 1953125 11.180 5.000 i 12271.846 392.699 126 15876 2000376 11.225 5.013 12468.981 395.841 127 16129 1 2048383 i11.269 1 5.027 12667.687 398.982 128 16384 2097152 11.314 5.04() 12867.963 402.123 129 16641 2146689 11.358 5.053 13069.811 405.265 130 16900 2197000 11.402 5.066 13273.229 i 408.407 131 17161 2248091 11.446 5.079 13478.218 411.549 132 17424! 2299968 11.489 5.092 13684.778 414.690 133 17689 2352637 11.533 5.104 13892.908 417.832 134 17956 2406104 11.576 5.117 14102.609 420.973 135 i 18225 2460375 11.619 5.130 14313.882 424.115 136 18496 2515456 11.662 5.143 14526.724 427.257 137 18769 2571353 11.705 5.155 14741.138 430.398 138 19044 2628072 11.747 5.168 14956.123 433.540 139 19321 2685619 11.790 5.180.15174,1.678 436.681 140 19600 2744000 11.832 5.192 15393.804 439.823 141 19881 2803221 11.874 5.205 15614.501 442.965 142 20164 2863288 11.916 5.217 15836.769 446.106 143 20449 2924207 11.958 5.229 16060.607 449.248 144 20736 2985984 12.000 5.241 16286.016 452.389 145 21.025 3048625 12.042 5.254 16512.996 455.531 146 21316 3112136 12.083 5.266 16741.547 458.673 147 21609 3176523 12.124 5.278 16971.669 461.814 148 1 21904' 3241792 12.166 5.290 17203.361 464.956 149 22201 3307949 12.207 5.301 17436.625 468.097 150 i 22500 3375000 12.247 5.313 17671.459 471.239 POWERS-.ROOTS- CIRCLES. 455 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 151 22801 3442951 12.288 5.325 17907.864 474.380 152 1 23104 3511808 12.329 5.337 18145.839 477.522 153 23409 3581577 12.369 5.348 18385.386 480.664 154 23716 3652264 12.410 5.360 18626.503 483.805 155 24025 3723875 12.450 5.372 18869.191 486.947 156 24336 3796416 12.490 5.383 19113.450 490.088 157 24649 3869893 12.530 5.395'19359. 279 493.230 158 24964 3944312 12.570 5.406 19606.680 496.372 159 25281 4019679 12.610 5.418 19855.651 499.513 160( 25600 4096000 1] 2. 650 5.429 20106. 193 502.655 161 25921 4173281 12.689 5.440 20358.306 505.796 162 26244 4251528 12.728 5.451 20611.989 508.938 163 26569 4330747 12.767 5.463 20867.244 512.080 164 26896 4410944 12.806 5.474 91124.069 515.221 165 27225 4492125 12.845 5.485 21382.465 518.363 166 27556 4574296 12.884 5.496 21642.432 521.504 167 07889 4657463 12.923 5.507 21903.969 524.646 168 28224 4741632 12.961 5.518 22167.078 527.788 169 28561 4826809 13.000 5.529 22431.757 530.929 170 28900 4913000 13.038 5.540 22698.007 534.071 171 29241 5000211 13.077 5.550 22965.824 537.21 2 172 29584 5088448 13.115 5.56I 1 23235.219 540.354 173 29929 5177717 13.153 5.572 23506.182 543.496 174 30276 5268024 13.191 5.583 23778.715 546.637 175 30625 5359375 13.229 5.593 24052.819 549.779 176 30976 5451776 13.266 5.604 24328.493 552.920 177 31329 5545233 13.304 5.615 24605.739 5 56.U062 178 31684 5639752 13.342 5.625 24884.555 559.203 179 32041 5735339 13.379 5.636 25164.943 562.345 180 32400 5832000 13.416 5.646 95446.900 565.487 181 32761 5929741 13.454 5.657 25730.429 568.628 182 33124 6028568 13.491 5.667 296015.529 571.770 183 33489 6128487 13.528 5.677 26302.199 574.911 184 33856 6229504 13.565 5.688 26590.440 578.053 185 34225 6331625 13.601 5.698 26880.252 581.1.95 186 34596 6434856 13.638 5.708 27171.635 584.336 187 34969 6539203 13.675 5.718 1 27464.588 587.478 188 35344 6644672 13.711 5.729 27759.113 590.619 189 35721 6751269 13.748 5.739 i 28055.208 593.761 190 36100 6859000 13.784 5.749 28352.874 596.903 191 36481 6967871 13.820 5.759 298652.110 600.(44 192 36864 7077888 13.856 5.769 28952.918 603.186 193 37249 7189057 1.3.892 5.779 29255.296 606.327 194 37636 7301384 13.928 5.789 29559.245 609.469 195 38025 7414875 13.964 5.799 29864.765 612.611 196 38410 7529536 14.000 5.809 30171.856 615.752 197 38809 7645373 14.036 5.819 30480.517 618.894 198 39204 7762392 14.071 5.828 30790.749 622.035 199 39601 7880599 14.107 5.838 31102.553 695.177 200 400001 8000000 14.142 5.848 31415.927 628.319 456 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMAMTION. No. Square, Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root.l Area. Circum. 201 40401 8120601 14.177 5.858 31730.871 631.460 202 40804 8242408 14.213 5.867 1 32047.386 634.602 203 41209 8365427 14.248 5.877 32365.473 637.743 204 41616 8489664 14.283 5.887 32685.129 640.885 205 42025 8615125 14.318 5.896 33006.358 644.026 206 42436 8741816 14.353 5.906 33329.156 647.168 207 42849 8869743 14.387 5.915 33653.526 650.310 208 43264 8998912 1.4.422 5.925 33979.468 653.452 209 43681. 9123329 14.457 5.934 34306.977 656.593 210 44100 9261000 14.491 5.944 34636.059 659.734 211i 44521 9:393931 14.526 5.953 34966.712 662.876 212 44944 9528128 14.560 5.963 35298.936 666.018 213 45369 9663597 14.595 5.972 35632.729 669.159 214 45'796 9800344 14.629 5.981 35968.096 672.300 215 46225 9938375 14.663 5.991 36305.030 675 442 216 i 46656 10077696 1.4.697 6.000 36643.536 i73.584 217 47089 1.0218313 14.731 6.009 36983.614 681.726 218 47524 10360232 14.765 6.018 37325.264 684.868 219 47961 10503459 14.799 6.028 37668.480 688.008 220 48400 10648000 14 832 6.037 38013 271 691.150 221 48841 10793861 14.866 6.046 38359.632 694.292 222 49284 10941048 14.900 6.055 38707.564 697.434 223 49729 11.089567 14.933 6.064 39057.069 700.575' 224 50176 11239424 14.967 6.073 39408.140 703.716 225 50625 11390625 15.000 6.082 39760.782 706.858 226 51076 11543176 15.033 6.091 40114.996 710.000 227 51529 11697083 15.067 6.100 40470.782 713.141 228 51.984 11852352 15.100 6.109 40828.140 716.284 229 52441. 12008989 15.133 6.118 41187.065 719.424 230 52900 12167000 15.166 6.127 41547.563 722.566 231 53361 12326391 15.1.99 6.136 41909.631i 725.707 232 53824 12487168 15.232 6.145 42273.272 728.850 233 54289 12649337 15.264 6.153 42638.481, 731.991 234 54756 1_2812904 15.297 6.162 1 43005.260 735.132 235 55225 12977875 15.330 6.171 43373.614 738.274 236 55696 13144256 15.362 6.180 43743.536 741.416 237 56169 13312053 15.395 6.188 44115.029 744.557 238 56644 13481272 15.427 6.197 44,488.092 747.698 239 57121 13651919 15.460 6.206 44862.728 750.841 240 57600 1382400(0 15.492 6.214 45238.934 753.982 241 58081 13997521 15.524 6.223 45616.710 757.124 242 58564 14172488 15.556 6.232 1 45996.060 760.266 243 59049 14348907 15.588 6.240 I 46376.976 763.407 244 1 59536 14526784 15.620 6.249 46759.465 766.548 245 1 60(125 14706125 15.652 6.257 47143.525 769.690 246 60516 14886936 15.684 6.266 47529.155 772.832 247 61009 15069223 15.716 6.274' 47916.356 775.973 248 61504 15252992 15.748 6.283 48305.129 779.115 249 62001 15438249 15.780 6.291 48695.471 782.257 250 62500 15625000 15.811 6.300 49087.385 785.398 POWERS- ROOTS-CIRCLES. 457 No. Square. Cube, Sq. Root. Cu.Root.r Area. Circun 251 300 15813251 1 15.843 6.308 49480.870 788.540 252 63504 16003008 15.875 6.316 6 49875.925 791.681 253 64009 16194277 15.906 6.325 50272.550 794.823 254 64516 16387064 15.937 6.333 50670.748 797.964 255 65025 i 16581375 15.969 6.3411 51070.516 801.1.06 256 65536 16777216 16.000 6.350 51471.854 804.248 257 66049 16974593 16.031 6.358 51874.763 807.389 258 66564 17173512 16.062 6.366 52279.243 810.531 259 67081 1'7373979 16.093 6.374 52685.294 813.672 260 67600 17576000 16.125 6.383 53092.916 816.814 261 68121 1 17779581 16.155 6.391] 53502.109 819.956 262 68644 17984728 16.186 6.399 53912.872 1 823.097 263 69169 1 18191447 16.217 6.407 54325.205 826.239 264 69696 18399744 16 248 6.415 54739.110 829.380 265 70225 18609625 1 16.279 6.423 55154.586 832.522 266 70756 1 38821096 116.310 6.431 55571.632 835.664 267 71289 1 19034163 16.340 6.439 55990.250 838.805 268 71824 19248832 16.371 6.447 56410.438 841.947 269 72361 19465109 16.401 6.455 56832.196 845.088 270 72900 19683000 16.432 6.463 57255.526 848.230 271 73441 11902511 16.462 6.471 57680.426 851.372 272 1 73984 20123648 16.492 6.479 o58106.898 854.513 273 74529 20346417 16 523 6.487 58534.940 857.655 274 75076 20570824 1 16.553 6.495 58964.552 860.796 275 75625 20796875 16.583 6.503 59395.736 863.938 276 76176 21024'576 16.61:3 6.511 59824.490 867.080 277 76729 21253933 16.643 6.519 60260.815 870.221 278 77284 21484952 16.673 6.527 i 60698.711 873.363 279 77841 2171.7639 16.703 6.534 61136.178 876.484 280 78400 21952000 16.733 6.542 61575.216 879.646 281 78961 22188041 16.763 1 6.550 62015.824 882.788 282 79524 22425768 16.793 6.558 62458.003 i 885.929 283 80089 22665187 16.823 6.565 62;901.753 889.071 284 80656 229(06304 16.852 6.573 63347.074 892.212 285 81225 23149125 16.882 6.581 63793.966 895.354 286 81796 23393656 16.912 6.589 64242.428 898.495 287 82369 23639903 16.941 6.596 64692.461 901.637 288 82944 23887872 16.971 6.604 65144.065 904.779 289 83521 24137569 17.000 6.611 65597.240 907.920 290 84100 24389000 17.029 6.619 66051.986 911.062 291 84681 24642171 17.059 6.627 66508.302 914.203 292 85264 24897088 17.088 6.634 66966.189 917.345 293 85849 25153757 17.117 6.642 67425.647 920.466 294 1 86436 25412184 1 17.146 6.649 67886.675 923.628 295 87025 25672375 17.176 6.657 68349.275 926.770 296 87616 25934336 17.205 6.664 68813.445 929.911 297 88209 26198073 j 17.234 6.672 69279.186 933.053 298 88804 26463592 17.263 6.679 69746.498 936.195 299 89401 26730899 17.292 6.687 70215.381 939.336 300 90000 1 27000000 17.321 6.694 70685.835 942.478 458 CHAP. XV. —-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu. Root. Area. Circurn. 301 90601 27270901 17.349 6.702 71157.859 945.619 302,1204 27543608 17.378 6.709 71631.454 948.761 303 91809 27818127 17.407 6.717 72106.620 951.903 304 92416 28094464 17.436 6.724 72583.356 955.044 305 93025 28372625 17.464 6.731 73061.664 958.186 306 93636 28652616 17.493 6.739 73541.542 961.327 307 94249 28934443 17.521 6.746 74022.991 964.469 308 94864 29218112 17.550 6.753 74506.008 967.610 309 95481 29503629 17.578 6.761 74990.602 970.752 310 96100 29791000 17.607 6.768 75476.764 973.894 311 96721 30080231 17.635 6.775 75964.496 977.035 312 97344 30371328 17.664 6.782 76453.798 980.177 313 97969 30664297 17.692 6.790 76944.673 983.318 314 98596 30959144 17.720 6.797 77437.117 986.460 315 99225 31255875 17.748 6.804 779131.133 989.602 316 99856 31554496 17.776 6.811 78426.719 992.743 317 100489 I 31855013 17.804 6.818 78923.876 995.885 318 101124 32157432 17.833 6.826 79422.604 999.026 319 101761 32461759 17.861 6.833 79922.902 1002.168 320 102400 32768000 17.889 6.840 80424.772 1005.310 321 103041 33076161 17.916 6.847 80928.212 1008.451 322 103684 33386248 17.944 6.854 81433.223 1 1011.593 323 104329 33698267 17.972 6.861 81939.805 i1014.734.324 10(4976 34012224 18.000 6.868 82447.958 1017.876 325 105625 34328125 18.028 6.875 82957.681 1021.018 326 106276 34645976 18.055 6.882 83468.975 1024.159 327 106929 34965783 18.083 6.889 83981.840 1027. 303 328 107584 35287552 18.111 6.896 84496.276 1030.4.42 329 108241 35611289 18.138 6.903 85012.282 1033.584 330 108900 35937000 18.166 6.910 85529.860 I 1036. 726 331 109561 36264691 18.193 6.917 86049.008 1039.867 332 110224 36594368 18.221 6.924 865(;69.727 1043.009 333 110889 36926037 18.248 6.931 87092.016 1046.150 334 111556 37259704 18.276 6.938 87615.77 i 1049.292 335 1 112225 37595375 18.303 6.945 88141.3(9 1 1052.434 336 112896 37933056 18.330 6.952 88668.311 1055.575 337 113569 38272753 18.358 6.959 89196.884 1058.717 338 114244 38614472 18.385 6.966 89727.028 1(61.858 339 114921 38958219 18.412 6.973 90258.742 1 1065.000 340 115600 3i9304000 18.439 6.980 90792.028 1 068.142 341 116281 38651821 18.466 6.986 91326.884 1071.283 342 116964 40001688 18.493 6.993 91S63.311 1074.425 343 117649 40353607 - 18.520 7.000 92401.308 1077.566 344 118336 40707584 18.547 7.007 92940.877 1080.708 345 119025 41063625 18.574 7.014 93482.016 I 1083.849 316 1 119716 41421736 18.601 7.020 94024.726 1086.991 347 120409 41781923 18.628 7.027 94569.007 1090.132 348 121104 42144192 18.655 7.034 951t14.859 1093.274 349 121801 42508549 18.682 7.041 95662.282 i 1096.418 350 122500 42875000 18.708 7.047 96211.275 1099.557 SQARES-CUBES-ROOTS. 459 No, Square. Cube. Sq. Root. CCu.Root.l Area. Circntm. 351 12320.1 1 43243551 18.735 7.054 96761.84 1102.699 352 123904 43614208 18.762 1 7.061 97313.97 1 105.840 353 124609 43986977 18.788 7.067 97867.16 1!08.982 354 125316 44361864 18.815 7.074 98422.96 1112.124 355 126025 44738875 18.841 7.081 98979. 80 1115.265 356 126736 45118016 18.868 7.087 99538.22 1118.407 357 j127449 45499293 18.894 1 7.094 100)98 21 1121.548 358 128164 45882712 18.9921 7.101 100659.37 i 1124.690 359 128881 46268279 18.947 7.107 1012220.9 1 1127.832 360 129600 4656000 18.974 7.114 ) 11'78.60 1130.973 361 130321 47045881 19.(000 7.120 102353.87 1134.115 362 131044 47437928 19.026 7.127 109921.7 7 1137. 256 363 131769 47832117 19.053 7.133 103491.13 1140.398 364 132496 1 48228544 19.079 7.140 104062.11 1143.540 365 i 133225 1 48627125 19.105 7.147 104634.67 1146.681 366 133956 49027896 19.131 7.153 105208.79 1149.823 367 i 134689 49430863 19.157 7.160 105784.49 1152.964 368 1 135424 49836032 1'3.183 7.166 106361.76 1156.106 369 136161 50243409 19.209 7. 173 106940'.60 1159.248 370 1 136900 50653000 19.235 7 7.179 107521.01 1162.389 371 13764:1 51064-811 19.261 7.186 108102.99 116.5.531 372 138384 51478848 19287 7.92 108686.54 1168.672 373 i 139129 51895117 19.313 7.198 109271.66 1171.814 374, 139876 52313624 19.339 7.205 109858.35 1174.956 375 140625 52734375 19.365 7.211 110446.62 1178.097 376 141376 53157376 19.391 7.218 111036.45 1181.238 377 1.42129 53582633 19.416 7.224 111627.86 1184.380 378 142884 54010152 19.442 7.230 112220.83 11. 87.522 379 143641 54439939) 19.468 7.237 1 112815:38 1190.663 380 144400 54872000 19.494 7.243 1 113411,49 1193.805 381 145161 55306341 19.519 7.250 1114009.28 1196.947 382 145924 55742968 19.545 7.256 114608.44 1200.088 383'146689 56161887 19.570 7.26 2 115209.27 1203.230 384 147456 56623104 19.596 7.268 115811.67 1 1206.372 385 148225 57066625 19.621 7.275 116415.64 1209.513 386 148996 57512456 19.647 7.281 117021.18 1 22.654 387 149769 57960603 19.672 7.287 117628.30 1215.796 388 1 150544 58411.072 19.698 7.234 118236.98 1218.938 389 1 151321 58863869 19.723 7.300 118847.24 1222.079 390 152100 59319000 19.748 7.306 119459.06 1225.221 391 152881 59776471 19.774 7.312 120072.46 1228.363 392 1i53664 60236288 10.799 7.319 120687.42 1231.504 393 154449 60698457 19.824 7.325 121303.96 1234.646 394 155236 61162984 19.849 7.331 121922.07 1237.788 395 156025 6.1629875 19.875 7.337 122541.75 1240.929 396 156816 62099136 19.900 7.343 123163.00 1244.071 397 157609 62570773 19.925 7.350 123785.82 1247.212 398 158404 63044792 19.950 7.356 124410.21 1250.354 399 159201 63521199 19.975 7.362 125036.17 1253.495 400 160000 64000000 20.000 7.368 125663.70 1256.637 460 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOIUS NFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu. Root. Area. Circumr. 401 160801 64481201 20.025 7.374 126292.81 1259.778 402 161604 64964808 20.050 7.380 126923.48 1262.920 403 162409 65450827 20.075 7.386 1.27555.73 1266.062 404 163216 65939264 20.100 7.393 1i 28189.54 1269.204 405 164025 66430(125 20.125'7.399 12882.4.93 1272.345 406 164836 66923416 20.149 7.405 129461.89 1275.486 407 165649 67419143 20.174 7.411 130100.42 1278. 628 408 166464 67911312 20.199 7.417 130740.52 1281.770 409 167281 68417929 20.224 7.423 131382.19 1284.911 410 168100 68921000 20.248 7.429 132025.43 1288.053 411 168921 69426531 20.273 7.435 132670.24 1291.194 412 169744 69934528 20.298 7.441 133316.62 1294.336 413 170569 70444997 20.322 7.447 133964.58 1297.478 414 171396 70951944 20.347 7.453 13461.4.10 1300. 620 415 1,72225 71473375 20.372 7.459 135265.20 1303.161 416 173056 71991296 20.396 7.465 135917.87 130(6.902 417 173889 72511713 20.421 7.471 136572.10 1310.043 418 174724 73034632 20.445 7.477 137227.91 1313.186 419 175561 73560059 20.469 7.483 137885.29 1316.327 420 176400 74088000 20.494 7.489 138544.24 1319.469 421 177241 74618461 20.518 7.495 139204.76 1322.610 422 178084 15151448 20.543 7.501 1-39866.85 1325.752 423 178929 75686967 20.567 7.50(7 140530.51 1328.895 424 1'79776 76225024 20.591 7.513 141195.74 1332.0-36 425 180625 76765625 20.616 7.518 141862.54 1335.177 426 181476 77308776 20.640 7.524 142530.91 1338.318 427 182329 77854483 20.664 7.530 143200.86 1341.459 428 183184 78402752 20.688 7.536 143872.38 1344.600 429 184041 78953589 20.712 7.542 144545.46 1347.744 430 184900 79507000 20. 736 7.548 145220.12 1350.885 431 185761.80062991 20.761 7.554 j 145896.35 1354.027 432 186624 80621568 20.785 7.560 146574.14 1357.168 433 187489 81182737 20.809 7.565 i 147253.51 1360.310 434 188356 81746504 20.833 7.571 147934.46 1363.452 435 189225 82312875 20.857 7.577 148616.97 1366.593 436 190096 82881.856 20.881 7.583 149301.06 1369.736 437 190969 83453453 210.905 7.589 149986.71 137Q.877 438 191844 84027672 20.928 7.594 150673.92 1376.019 439 192721 84604519 20.952 7.600 151362.72S 1379.160 440 193600 85184000 20.976 7.606 152053.08 1382.301 441 194481 85766121 21.000 7.612 152745.02 1385.442 442 195364 86350888 21.024 7.617 153438.53 1388.584 443 196249 86938307 21.048 7.623 154135.18 1391.726 444 197136 87528384 21.071 7.629 154830.26 1394.868 445 198025 88121125 21.095 7.635 155528.47 1398.009 446 198916 88716536 21.119 7.640 156228.28 1401.150 447 199809 89314623 21.142 7.646 156929.63 1404.291 448 200704 89915392 21.166 7.652 157632.56 1407.432 449 201601 90518849 21.190 7.657 158337.06 1410.574 450 202500 91125000 21.213 7.663 159043.13 1413.717 POWE RS-ROOTS-CIRCLES. 461 No. Square.i Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 451 203401 i91733851 21.237 7.669 159750.78 1416.858 452 204304 92345408 21.260 7.674 160459.98 1420.000 453 205209 92959677 21.284 7.680 161170.78 1423.140'454 206116 93576664 21..307 7.686 161883.13 1426.282 455 207025 94196375 21.331 7.691 162597.05 1429.425 456 207936 94818816 21.354 7.697 163312.56 1432.568 457 208849 95443993 21.378 7.703 164029.63 1435.710 458 209764 96071912 21.401 7.708 164748.26 1438.848 459 210681 96702579 21.424 7.714 1 165468.47 1441.992 460 211600 97336000 21.448 7.719 166190.25 1445.133 461 212521, 97972181 21.471 7.725 166913.61 1448.274 462 213444 986111.28 21.494 7.7I31 167638.52 1451.416 463 214369 99252847 21 5f17 7.736 168365.02] 1454.558 464 215296 99897344 i 21.541 7.742 169093.09 1457.700 465 216225 100544625 I 21.564 7.747 169822.72 1460.841 466 217156 101194696 21.587 7.753 170553.92 1463.982 467 218089 1 1.01847563 21.610 7.758 171286.70 1467.123 468 219024 102503232 21.633 7.764 172021.04 1470.264 469 219961 103161_709 21.656 7.769 172756.96 1473.406 470 220900 103823000 21.679 7.775 173494.45 1476.549 471 221841 104487111 I 21.703 7.780 174233.51 1.479.690 472 222784 105154048 21. 726 7.786 174974.14 ].482.832 473 223729 105823817 21.749 7.791 175716.34 1485.973 474 224676 106496424 21.772 7.797 176460.11 1489.114 475 225625 107171875 21.794 7.802 177205.46 1492.257 476 226576 1 107850176 21.817 7.803 177952.37 1495.398 477 227529 1085313331 21.840 7.813 178700.86 1498.539 478 228484 109215352 21.863 7.819 179450.91 1501.682 479 229441 109902239 21.886 7.824 180202.54 1504.823 480 230400 110592000 21.909 7.830 180955.74 1507.964 481 231361 111284641 21.932 7.835 181710.51 1511.106 482 232324 111980168 21.954 7.841 182466.84 151.4.248 483 233289 1.12678587 21.977 7.846 183224.75 151.7.388 484 234256 1 113379904 22.000 7.851 183984.24 1520.532 485 235225 114084125 22.0(23 7.857 184745.28 1523.672 486 236196 114791256 22.045 7.862 1_85507.90 1526.814 487 237169 11 5501303 22.068 7.868 186272.09 1529.955 488 238144 116214272 22.091 7.873 187037.86 1.533.096 489 239121 116930169 22.113 7.878 187805.20 1536.240 490 240100 117649000 22.136 7.884 188574.10 1539.380 491 241081 118370771 1 22.159 7.889 189344.58 1542.522 492 24~064 119095488 22.181 7.894 190116.62 1545.664 493 243049 1198-3157 22.204 7.900 190890.24 1548.802 494 244036 120553784 22.226 7.905 191665.42 1551.946 495 245025 121287375 22.249 7.910 192442.18 1555.088 496 246016 120()23936 22.271 7,916 193220.51 1558.230 497 247009 122763473 22 93 7.921 193998.62 1561.372 498 248004i 123505992 22.316 7.926 194781.88 1564.514 499 249001 124251499 22.338 7.932 195564.92 1567.655 500 250000 125000000 22.361 7.937 196349.54 1570.796 462 CHAP. XV.- MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 501 251001 125751501 22.383 7.942 197135.72 1573.938 502 252004 126506008 22.405 7.948 197923.48 1577.080 503 253009 127263527 22.428 7.953 198712.81 1580.221 504 254016 128024064 22.450 7.958 199503.70 1583.362 505 255025 128787625 22.472 7.963 200296.17 1586.504 506 256036 129554216 22.494 7.969 201090.20 1589.646 507 257049 130323843 22.517 7.974 201885.81 1592.787 508 258064 131096512 22.539 7.979 202682.99 1595.928 509 259081 131872229 22. 561 7.984 203480.96 1599.070 510 260100 132651000 22.583 7.990 204282.06 1602.212 511 261121 133432831 22.605 7.995 205083.95 1605.354 512 262144 134217728 22.627 8.000 205887.42 1608.496 513 263169 135005697 22.650 8.005 206692.46 1611.637 514 264196 135796744 22.672 8.010 207499.05 1614.778 515 265225 136590875 22.694 8.016 208307.23 1617.920 516 266256 137388096 22.716 8.021 209116.97 1621.062 517 267289 138188413 22.738 8.026 209928.29 1624.203 518 268324 138991832 22.760 8.031 210741.18 1627.344 519 269361 139798359 22.782 8.036 21.1555.64 1630.488 520 270400 140608000 22.804 8.041 212371.66 1633.628 521 271441 141420761 22.825 8.047 213189.26 1636.770 522 272484 1422366481 22.847 8.052 214008.44 1639.912 523 273529 143055667 22.86'9 8.057 214829.18 1643.053 524 274576 143877824 22.891 8.062 215651.49 1646.194 525 275625' 144703125 22.913 8.067 216475.37 1649.336 526 276676 145315576 22.935 8.072 217300.82 1.652.478 527 277729 146383183 22.956 8.077 218127.85 1655.619 528 278784 147197952 22.978 8.082 218956.44 1658.760 529 27984 1 148035889 23.000 8.088 219786.61 1661.902 530 2S0900 148877000 23.022 8.093 220618.34 1665.044 531 281961 149721291 23.043 8.098 221451.65 1668.186 532 283024 150568768 23.065 8.103 222286.53 1671.328 533 284089 151419437 23.087 8.108 223122.98 1674.469 534 285156 152273304 23.108 8.113 223961.00 1677.610 535 286225 153130375 23.130 8.118 224800.59 1680.752 536 287296 153990656 23.152 8.123 225641.75 1683.894 537 288369 154854153 23.173 8.128 226484.48 1687.035 538 289444 155720872 23.195 8.133 227328.78 1690.176 53 290521 156590819 23.216 8.138 228174.66 1693.318 540 291600 157464000 23.238 8.143 229022.10 1696.460 541 292681 158340421 23.259 8.148 229870.33 1699.602 42 293764 159220088 23.281 8.153 230721.70 1702.744 543 294849 160103007 23.302 8.158 231573.86 1705.884 544 295936 160989184 23.324 8.163 232427.59 1709.026 545 297025 161878625 23.345 8.168 233282.89 1712.168 546 298116 162771336 23.367 8.173 234139.76 1715.310 547 299209 163667323 23.388 8.178 234998.20 1718.451 548 300304 164566592 23.409 8.183 235858.21 1721.592 549 301401 165469149 23.431 8.188 236719.79 1724.733 550 302500 166375000 23.452 8.193 237582.94 1727.876 PO WNERS-RO OTS-CIRCLES. 463 No. Sqlare. Cube. Sq. Root. ICu.Root. Area. Circum. 551 303601 167284151 23.473 8.198 238447.67 1731.018 552 304704 168196608 23.495 8.203 239297.96 1734.160 553 305809 16911 2377 23.516 8.208 240165.83 1737.301 554 306916 170031464 23.537 8.213] 241043.26 1740.442 555 308025 170953875 23.558 8.218 241922.27 3.743.584 556 309136 171879616 23.580 8.223 242794.84 1746.726 557 310249 172808693 23.601 8.228 243668.99 1749.867 558 311364 173741112 23.622 8.233 244544.71 175'.968 559 312481 174076879 23.643 8.238 245442.00 1756.110 560 313600 175616000 23.664 8.243 246300.86 1759.292 561 314721 176558481 23.685 8.248 247181.29 1762.434 562 315844 177504328 23.707 8.253 248063.30 1765.576 563 316969 178453547 23.728 8.258 248946.87 1768.717 564 318096 179406144 23.749 8.262 249832.01 1771.858 565 3 19225.80362125 23.770 8.267 250718.73 1775.000 566 320356 181321496 23.791 8.272 251607.01 1778.142 567 321489 182284263 23.812 8.277 252496.87 1781.283 568 322624 183250432 23.833 8.282 253388.30 1784.424 569 323761 184220009 23.854 8.286 254281.30 1787.566 570 324900 185193000 23.875 8.291 255175.86 1790.708 571 326041 186169411 23.896 8.296 256072.00 1793.849 572 327184 187149248 23.917 8.301 256969.71 1796.990 573 328329 188132517 23.937 8.306 257868.99 1800.]32 574 329476 189119224 23.958 8.311 258769.84 1803.274 575 330625 190109375 23.979 8.316 259672.27 1806.416 576 331776 191102976 24.000 8.320 260576.26 1809.558 577 332929 192100033 24.021 8.325 261481.83 1812.699 578 334084 193100552 24.042 8.330 262388.96 1815.840 579 335241 194104539 24.062 8.335 263297.66 1818.981 580 336400 195112000 24.083 8.340 264207.94 1822.124 581 337561 196122941 24.104 8.344 26511.9.79 1825.265 582 338724 197137368 24.125 8.349 266033.21 1828.406 583 339889 198155287 24.145 8.354 266948.20 1831.548 584 341056 199176704 24.166 8.359 267864.76 1834.690 585 342225 200201625 24.187 8.363 268782.89 1837.832 586 343396 201230056 24.207 8.368 269702.59 1840.933 587 344569 202262003 24.228 8.373 270623.87 1844.074 588 345744 203297472 24.249 8.378 271546.70 1847.256 589 346921 204336469 24.269 8.382 272470.33 1850.398 590 348100 205379000 24.290 8.387 273397.10 1853.540 591 349281 206425071 24.310 8.392 274324.65 1856.682 592 350464 9 207474688 24.331 8.397 275253.78 1859.823 593 351649 208527857 24.352 8.401 276184.48 1862.964 594 352836 209584584 24.372 8.406 277116.74 1866.106 595 354025 210644875 24.393 8.411 278050.58 1869.248 596 355216 211708736 24.413 8.416 278985.99 1872.390 597 356409 212776173 24.434 8.420 279922.98 1875.531 598 357604 213847192 24.454 8.425 280861.52 1878.672 599 358801 214921799 24.474 8.430 281801.64 1881.814 6CO 360000 216000000 24.495 8.434 282743.34 1884.956 464L CHAP. XV.' —MISCELLANEOUS INFORMTATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root.| Area. Circum. 601 361201 217081801 24.515 8.439 I 283686.61 1888.097 602 362404 218167208 24.536 8.444 284631.44 i 1891.238 603 363609 219256227 24.556 8.448 285577.84 1894.380 604 364816 220348864 24.576 8.453 286525.82 1 1897.522 605 366025 2214451.25 24.597 8.458 287475.36 1900.664 606 367236 222545016 24.617 8.462 288426.48 1903.806 607 368449 223648543 24.637 8.467 289379.17 1906.947 608.369664 224755712 24.658 8.472 290333.42 1910.088 609 1 370881 225866529 24.678 8.476 291289.26 1 1913.229 610 372100 226981000 24.698 8.481 292246.66 1916.372 611 373321 228099131 24.718 8.486 293205.63 1919.513 612 i 374544 229220928 24.739 8.490 294166.17 1922.654 613 375769 230346397 24.759 8.495 295129.86 1925.796 614 376996 231475544 24.779 8.499 296091.96 1928.938 615 378225 232608375 24.799 8.504 297057.22 1932.079 616 379456 233744896 24.819 8.509 298024.05 1935.P221 617 380689 234885113 24.839 8.513 298992.45 1938.362 618 381924 236029032 24.860 8.518 299962.40 1941.504 619 383161 237176659! 24.880 8.522 300933.94 1944.645 620 384400 238328000 24.900 8.527 301907.05 1947.787 621 385641 23948.3061 24.920 8.532 302881.73 1950.928 622 386884 240641848 24.940 8.536 303857.98 1954.070 623 388129 241804367 24.960 8.541 304837.16 1957.211 624 389376 242970624 24.980 8.545 305815.19 1960.353 625 390625 244140625 25.000 8.550 306796.16 1963.495 626 391876 245314376 25.020 8.554 307778.69 1966.636 627 393129 246491883 25.040 8.559 308762.79 i 1969.778 628 394384 247673152 25.060 8.564 309748.47 1972.919 629 395641 248858189 25.080 8.568 310735.72 1976.061 630 396900 250047000 25.100 8.573 311724.53 1979.203 631 398161 251239591 25.120 8.577 312714.92 1982.344 632 399424 252435968 25.140 8.582 313706.87 1985.486 633 400689 253636137 25.160 8.586 314700.41 1988.628 634 401956 254840104 j 25.180 8.591 315695.50 1991.769 635 403225 256047875 25.200 8.595 3166992.17 1994.911 636 404496 257259456 25.220 8.600 317690.42 1998.052 637 405769 258474853 25.239 8.604 318690.24 2001.194 638 407044 259694072 25.259 8.609 319691.61 1 2004.335 639 408321 260917119 25.278 8.613 320694.56 2007.477 640 409600 2621.44000 25.298 8.618 321699.09 2010.619 641 410881 263374721 25.318 8.622 322705.19 9 2013.760 642 1 412104 264609288 25.338 8.627 1 323712.85 2016.902 6 3 413449 265847707 25.357 8.631 324720.52 2 )02().043 644 414736 267089984 2 25.377 8.636 325732,.89 2023.185 645 416025'268336125 25.397 8.640 326745.27 1 2026;.327 646 417316 269586136 25.417 8.645 327759.2 2029.468 647 i 418609 27()840023 i 25.436 8.649 328774.74 Q 2032.610 648 419'904 272097792 25.456 8.653 329791,82 2035.751 649 42120' 21'9359449 25.475 8.658 330810.48 2038.893 650 1 422500 274625000 j 25.495 8.662 331830.172 2042.035 POWERS-ROOTS-CIRCLES. 465 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 651 423801 275894451 25.515 8.667 332852.53 2045.177 652 425104 277167808 25.534 8.671 333875.90 2048.318 653 426409 278445077 25.554 8.676 334900.85 2051.460 654 42771:6 279726264 25.573 8.680 335927.38 2054.602 655 429025 281011375 25.593 8.685 336955.45 2057.743 656 430336 282300416 25.612 8.689 337985.10 2060.885 657 431649 283593393 25.632 8.693 339016.32 2064.026 658 432964 284890312 25.652 8.698 340049.13 2067.167 659 434281 286191179 25.671 8.702 341083.50 2070.309 660 435600 287496000 25.690 8.707 342119.44 1 2073.451 661 436921 288804781 25.710 8.711 343156.95 2076.592 662 438244 290117528 25.720 8.715 i 344196.03!i2079.734 663 439569 291434247 25.749 8.720 1 345236.69 1 2082.876 664 440896 292754944 25.768 8.724 346278.91 2086.017 665 1 442225 294079625 25.788 8.729 347322.70 2089.159 666 443556 295408296 25.807 8.733 348368.08 2092.300 667 444889 296740963 25.826 8.737 349415.02 2095.442 668 446224 298077632 25.846 8.742 350463.51 2098.583 669 447561 299418309 25.865 8.746 351513.62 2101.725 670 448900 300763000 25.884 8.750 352565.24 2104.867 671 450241 302111711 25.904 8.755 353618.46 2108.008 672 451584 303464448 25.923 1 8.759 354673.26 2111.150 673 /.452929 304821217 25.942 8.763 3557929.62'2114.291 674 454276 306182024 1 25.962 8.768 356787.54 i2117.433 675 455625 307546875 25.981 8.772 357847.04 2120.575 676 456976 308915776 26.000 8.776 358908.11 2123.7i6 677 458329 310288733 26.019 8.781 359970.76 1 2126.858 678 459684 311665752 26.038 8.785 361034.96 i 2!3).000 679 461041 313046839 26.058 8.789 362100.75 2133.141 680 462400 314432000 26.077 8.794:363168.11 2136.283 681 463761 315821241 26.096 1 8.798 364237.04 2139.425 682 465124 317214568Y 26.115 8.802 365307.54 2142.566, 683 466489 318611987 26.134 8807 366384.56 2145,708 684 467856.320013504 26.153 8.811 367453.18 2148,849' 685 1 469225 321419125 26.173 8.815 368528.45 2151.9 1 686 470596 322828856 26.192 8.819 369605.23 2155.133 687 471969 324242703 26.21 1 8.824 370683.59 2158.274 688 473344 325660672 26.230 8.828 371763.50 2 161.4i16 689 1 474721 327082769 i 26.249 8.832 372845.00 9164.557 690 476100 328509000 26.268 8.837 373928.07 2167.699 691 477481 329939371 26.287 8.841 375012.71 2170.840: 692 478864 331373888 26.306 8.845 376098.91 2173.982 693 40249 332812557 26.325 8.849 377186.68 2177.124 694 481636 334255384 26.344 8.854 378276.03'21180.265 695 / 483025 335702375 26.363 8.858 1 379366.95 1 2183.407 696 484416 337153536 26.382 8.862 380459.44 2186,548 697 i 485809 338608873 26.401 8.866 381,553.50 2189.690 698 487204 340068392 26.420 8.871 382649.13 2192.832 699 488601 341532099 26.439 8.875 383746.33 2195.973 700 490000 343000000 26.458 8.879 384845.10 2199.115 30 466 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 701 491401 344472101 26.476 8.883 385945.45 2202256 702 492804 345948008 26.495 8.887 387047.34 2205.398 103 494209 347428927 26.514 8.892 388150.83 2208.539 704 495616 348913664 26.532 8.896 389255.89 2211.681 705 497025 350402625 26.552 8.900 390362.52 2214.823 706 498436 351895816 26.571 8.904 391470.72 2217.964 707 499849 353393243 26.589 8.909 392580.49 2221.106 708 501264 354894912 26.608 8.913 393691.82 2224.248 709 i502681 356400829 26.627 8.917 394804.73 2227.389 710 504100 357911000 26.646 8.921 395919.21 2230.531 711 505521 359425431 26.665 8.925 397035.26 2233.672 712 506944 360944128 26.683 8.929 398152.88 2236.814 713 508369 362467097 26.702 8.934 399272.07 2239.956 714 509796 363994344 26.721 8.938 400392.83 2243.097 715 511225 365525875 26.739 8.942 401515.18 2246.239 716 512656 367061696 26.758 8.946 402639.09 2249.380 717 514089 368601813 26.777 8.950 403764.55 2252.522 718 515524 370146232 26.796 8.955 404891.60 2255.664 719 516961 371694959 26.814 8.959 406020.22 2258.805 720 518400 373248000 26.833 8.963 407150.41 2261.947 721 519841 374805361 26.851 8.967 408282.17 2265.088 722 521284 376367048 26.870 8.971 409415.50 2268.230 723 522729 377933067 26.889 8.975 410550.39 2271.371 724 524176 379503424 26.907 8.979 411686.86 2274.513 725 525625 381078125 26.926 8.984 412824.91 2277.655 726 527076 382657176 26.944 8.988 413964.54 2280.796 727 528529 384240583 26.963 8.992 415105.72 2283.938 728 529984 385828352 26.981 8.996 416248.46 2287.079 729 531441 387420489 27.000 9.000 417392.78 2290.221 730 532900 389017000 27.019 9.004 418538.68 2293.363 731 534361 390617891 27.037 9.008 419684.58 2296.504 732 535824 392223168 27.055 9.012 420835.18 2299.646 733 537289 393832837 27.074 9.016 421985.79 2302.787 734 538756 395446904 27.092 9.021 423137.97 2305.829 735 540225 397065375 27.111 9.025 424291.72 2309.071 736 541696 398688256 27.129 9.029 425447.04 2312.212 737 543169 400315553 27.148 9.033 426603.93 2315.353 738 544644 401947272 27.166 9.037 427762.40 2318.495 739 546121 403583419 27.185 9.041 428922.43 2321.637 740 547600 405224000 27.203 9.045 430084.03 2324.779 741 549081 406869021 27'.221 9.049 431247.20 2327.920 742 550564 408518488 27.240 9.053 432411.95 2331.062 743 552049 410172407 27.258 9.057 433576.70 2334. 203 744 553536 411830784 27.276 9.061 434746.16 2337.345 745 555025 413493625 27.295 9.065 435915.62 2340.487 746 556516 415160936 27.313 9.069 437086.65 2343.628 747 558009 416832723 27.331 9.073 438259.24 2346.769 748 559504 418508992 27.350 9.078 439433.41 2349.910 749 561001 420189749 27.368 9.082 440609.05 2353.052 750 1 562500 421875000 1 27.386 9.086 441786.47 i 2356.194 POWERS-ROOTS-CIRCLES. 467 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 751 564001! 423564751 27.404 9.090 442965.37 2359.335 752 565504 425259008 27.423 9.094 444145.81 2362.477 753- 567009 426957777 27.441 9.098 445327.83 2365.619 754 568516 428661064 27.459 9.102 446511.42 2368.760 755 570025 430368875 27.477 9.106 447696.59 2371.902 756 571536 432081216 27.495 9.110 448883.33 2375.044 757 573049 433798093 27.514 9.114 450071.63 2378.185 758 574564 435519512 27.532 9.118 451261.51 2381.327 759 576081 437245479 27.550 9.122 452453.05 2384.469 760 577600 438976000 27.568 9.126 453645.98 2387.610 761 579121 440711081 27.586 9.130 454840.57 2390.752 762 580644 442450728 27.604 9.134 456036.73 2393.893 763 582169 444194947 27.622 9.138 457234.46 2397.035 764 583696 445943744 27.641 9.142 458433.76 2400.176 765 585225 447697125 27.659 9.146 459634.64 2403.318 766 586756 449455096 27.677 9.150 460837.'08 2406.459 767 588289 451217663 27.695 9.154 462041.09 2409.601 768 589824 452984832 27.713 9.158 463246.69 2412.742 769 591361 454756609 27.731 9.162 464453.84 2415.884 770 592900 456533000 27.749 9.166 465662.57 2419.026 771 594441 458314011 27.767 9.170 466872.87 2422.167 772 595984 460099648 27.785 9.174 468084.74 2425.309 773 597529 I 461889917 27.803 9.178 469296.61 2428.451 774 599076 463684824 27.821 9.182 470513.19 2431.593 775 600625 465484375 i 27.839 9.185 471729.77 2434.734 776 602176 467288576 27.857 9.189 472947.92 2437.876 777 603729 469097433 2.875 9.193 474167.65 2441.017 778 605284 470910952 27.893 9.197 475388.94 2444.159 779 606841 4727291.39 27.911 9.201 476611.80 2447.300 780 608400 474552000 27.928 9.205 477836.24 2450.442 781 609961 476379541 27.946 9.209 479062.25 2453.583 782 611524 478211768 27.964 9.213 480289.83 2456.725 783 613089 480048687 27.982 9.217 481518.98 2459.867 784 614656 481890304 28.000 9.221 482749.70 2463.009 785 616225 483736025 28.018 9.225 483981.98 2466.150 786 617796 485587656 28.036 9.229 485215.85 2469.292 787 619369 487443403 28.054 9.233 486451.27 2472.433 788 620944 489303872 28.071 9.238 487688.27 2475.575 789 622521 491169069 28.089 9.240 488926.85 2478.716 790 624100 493039000 28.107 9.244 490166.99 2481.858 791 625681 494913671 28.125 9.248 491408.71 2485.000 792 -627264 496793088 28.142 9.252 492651.98 2488.131 793 628849 498677257 28.160 9.256 493896.85 2491.272 794 630436 500566184 28.178 I 9.260 495143.28 2494.414 795 632025 502459875 28.196 9.264 496391.27 2497.566 796 633616 504358336 28.213 9.268 497640.85 2500.708 797 635209 506261573 28.231 9.272 498891.98 2503.849 798 636804 508169592 28.249 9.275 500144.69 2506.991 799 638401 510082399 28.267 9.279 501398.97 2509.132 800 640000 512000000 28.284 9.283 502654.82 2513,274 468 CHAP. XV. —MISCELLANEOUS INFORM3ATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root. Area. Circum. 801 641601 513922401 28.302 9.287 503912.25 2516.416 802 643204 515849608 28.320 9.291 505171.24 2519.557 803 644809 517781627 28.337 9.295 506431.80 2522.698 804 646416 519718464 28.355 9.299 507693.94 2525.840 805 648025 521660125 28.373 9.302 508957.64 2528.982 806 649636 523606616 28.390 9.306 510222.92 2532.123 807 651249 525557943 28.408 9.310 511489.76 2535.265 808 652864 527514112 28.425 9.314 512758.18 2538.406 809 654481 529475129 28.443 9.318 514028.18 2541.548 810) 656100( 531441000 28.460 9.322 515299.74 2544.690 811 657721 533411731 28.478 9.326 516572.87 2544.831 8-12 659344 535387328 28.496 9.329 517847.57 2550.973 813 660969 537366797 28.513 9.333 519123.83 2554.115 814 662596 539353144 28.531 9.337 520401.69 2557.256 815 664225 541343375 28.548 9.341 521681.10 2560.398 81fi 665856 543338496 28.566 9.345 522962.08 2563.540 817 667489 545338513 28.583 9.348 524244.64 2566.681 818J 669124 547343432 28.601 9.352 525528.77 2569.823 819 670761 549353259 28.618 9.356 526814.46 2572.964 820 672400 551368000 28.636 9.360 528101.73 2576.106 821 674041 553387661 298.653 9.364 529390.57 2579.247 822 675684 555412248 28.671 9.368 530680.97 2582.388 823 677329 557441767 28.688 9.371 531972.95 2585.530 824 678976 559476224 28.705 9.375 533266.50 2588.672 825 680625 561515625 28.723 9.379 534561.62 2591.814 826 682276 563559976 128.740 9.383 535858.32 2594.955 827 683929 565609283 28.758 9.386 537156.58 2598.097 828 685584 567663552 28.775 9.390 538456.42 2601.239 829 687241 569722789 28.792 9.394 539757.81 2604.380 830 688900 571787000 28.810 9.398 541060.79 2607.522 831 690561 1 573856191 28.827 9.402 542347.34 2610.663 832 692224 575930368 28.844 9.405 543671.49 2613.805 833 693889 578009537 28.862 9.409 544979.15 2616.946 834 695556 580093704 28.879 9.413 546288.40 2620.088 835 697225 582182875 28.896 9.417 547599.23 2623.230 836 698896 584277056 28.914 9.420 548911.63 2626.371 837 700569 586376253 28.931 9.424 550225.60 2629.513 838 702244 i 588480472 28.948 9.428 551541.14 2632.654 839 703921 590589719 28.965 9.432 552858.26 2635.796 840 705600 592704000 28.983 9.435 554176.94 2638.938 841 707281 i 594823321 29.000 9.439 555497.19 2642.079 842 708964 i 596947688 29.017 9.443 556819.02 2645.221 843 710649 599077107 29.034 9.447 558142.42 2648.363 844 712336 601211584 29.052 9.450 559467.39 2651 504 845 7140251 603351125 1 29.069 9.454 560793.92 2654.646 846 715716 605495736 -29.086 9.458 562122.03 2657.787 847 717409. 607645493 29.103 9.462 563451.71 2660.929 848 719104 609800192 29.120 9.465 564782.98 2664.071 849'720801 611960049 29.138 9.469 566115.78 2667.212 850 722500( 614125000 29.155 9.473 567450.17 2670.354 POWERS-ROOTS-CIRCLE S. 469 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root Area., Circum. 851 724201 616295051 29.172 9.476 568786.13 2673.495 852 725904 618470208 29.189 9.480 570123.66 2676.637 853 727609 620650477 29.206 9.484 571462.77 2679.778 854 729316 622835864 29.223 9.488 572803.45 2682.920 855 731025 625026375 29.240 9.491 574145.69 2686.062 856 732736 627222016 29.257 9.495 575489.54 2689.203 857 734449 629422793 29.275 9.499 576834.89 2692.345 858 736164 631628712 29.292 9.502 578.181.85 2695.'486 859 737881 633839779 29.309 9.506 579530.38 i'2698.628 860 739600 636056000 29.326 9.510 580880.48 2701.770 861 741321 638277381 29.343 9.513 582232.15 2704.911 862 1 743044 640503928 29.360 9.517 583585.39 2708.053 863 744769 642735647 29.377 9.521 584940.20 2711.194 864 746496 1 644972544 29.394 9.524 586296.58 2714.336 865 748225 1 647214625 29.411 9.528 587654.54 2717.478 866 749956 649461896 29.428 9.532 589014.06 2720.619 867 751689 651714363 29.445 9.535 590375.16 2723.760 868 753424 653972032 29.462 9.539 591737.82 2726.902 869 755161 656234909 29.479 9.543 593102.06 2730.044 870 756900 658503000 J 29.496 9.546 594467.87 2733.186 871 758641 660776311 29.513 9.550 595835.25 2736.327 872 760384 663054848 29.530 9.554 597204.22 2739.469 873 762129 665338617 I 29.547 9.557 598574.72 2742.610 874 763876 667627624 29.563 9.561 599946.81 2745.752 875 765625 669921875 29.580 9.565 601320.47 2748.894 876 767376 672221376 29.597 9.568 602695.70 2752.035 877 769129 674526133 29.614 9.572 604072.51 2755.177 878 770884 676836152 29.631 9.576 605450.88 2758.318 879 772641 679151439 29.648 9.579 606830.82 2761.460 880 774400 681472000 29.665 9.583 608212.34 2764.602 881 776161 683797841 29.682 9.586 609595.43 2767.743 882 777924 686128968 29.698 9.590 610980.08 2770.885 883 779689 688465387 29.715 9.594 612366.31 2774.026 884 781456 690807104 29.732 9.597 613754.12 2777.168 885 783225, 693154125 29.749 9.601 615143.48 2780.309 886 784996 695506456 29.766 9.605 616534.42 2783.451 887 I786769 697864103 29.783 9.608 617926.93 2786.592 888 788544 700227072 29.799 9.612 619321.02 2789.734 889 1 790321 702595369 29.816 9.615 620716.66 2792.876 890 792100 704969000 29.833 9.619 622113.89 2796.017 891 |793881 707347971 29.850 9.623 623512.67 2799.159 892 795664 709732288 29.866 9.626 624913.10 2802.300 893 797449 712121957 29.883 9.630 626314.98 2805.442 894 799236 714516984 29.900 9.633 627718.48 2808.584 895 801025 716917375 29.917 9.637 629123.56 2811.725 896 802816 719323136 29.933 9.641 630530.24 2814.867 897 8()4609 721734273 29.950 9.644 631938.43 2818.009 898 806404 724150792 29.967 9.648 633348.22 2821.150 899 808201 726572699 29.983 1 9.651 634759.58 2824.292 900 810000 729000000 30.000 9.655 i 636172.51 2827.433 470 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. Cu.Root.' Area. Circum. 901 811801 731432701 30.017 9.658 637587.01 2830.575 902 813604 733870808 30.033 9.662 i 639003.08 2833.716 903 815409 736314327 30.050 9.666 640420.73 2836.858 904 817216 738763264 30.067 9.669 641839.94 2840.000 905 819025 741217625 30.083 9.673 643260.73 2843.141 906 820836 743677416 30.100 9.676 644683.09 I 2846.283 907 82264!9 746142643 30.116 9.680 646107.01 2849.424 908 824464 748613312 30.133 9.683 647532.51 2852.566 909 826281 751089429 30.150 9.687 648959.58 2855.707 910 828100 753571000 30.166 9.691 650388.22 2858.849 911 829921 756058031 30.183 9.694 651818.43 2861.990 912 831744 758550528 30.199 9.698 653250.20 2865.132 913 833569 761048497 30.216 9.701 654683.56 2868.273 914 835396 763551944 30.232 9.705 656118.48 2871.415 915 837225 766060875 30.249 i 9.708 657554.98 12874.557 916 839056 768575296 30.265 9.712 658993.04 2877.698 917 840889 771095213 30.282 9.715 660432.68 2880.840 918 842724 773620632 30.299 9.719 661873.88 2883.982 919 844561 776151559 30.315 9.722 663316.66 2887.123 920 846400 778688000 30.332 9.726 664761.01 2890.265 921 848241 781229961 30.348 9.729 666206.92 2893.407 922 850084 783777448 30.364 9.733 667654.42 2896.548 923 851929 786330467 30.381 9.736 669103.47 2899.690 924 853776 788889024 30.397 9.740 670554.07 29(02.832 925 855625 791453125 30.414 9.743 672006.30 2905.973 926 857476 794022776 30.430'.747 673460.07 2909.115 927 859329 796597983 30.447 9.750 674915.42 2912.256 928 861184 799178752 30.463 9.754 676372.35 2915.398 929 863041 801765089 30.480 9.758 677830.82 2918.539 930 864900 804357000 30.496 9.761 679290.87 2921.681 931 866761 806954491 30.512 9.764 680752.49 2924.822 932 868624 809557568 30.529 9.768 682215.70 2927.964 933 870489 812166237 30.545 9.771 683680.46 2931.106 934 872356 814780504 30.561 9.775 685146.80 2934.247 935 874225 817400375 30.578 9.778 686614.71 2937.389 936 876096 820025856 30.594 9.783 688084.18 2940.531 937 877969 822656953 30.610 9.785 689555.24 2943.672 938 879844 825293672 30.627 9.789 691027.86 2946.814 939 881721 827936019 30.643 9.792 692502.06 2949.955 940 883600 830584000 30.659 9.796 693977.82 2953.097 941 885481 833237621 30.676 9.799 695455.15 2956.238 942 887364 835896888 30.692 9.803 696934.05 2959.380 943 i 889249 838561807 30.708 9.806 698414.59 2962.521 944 891136 841232384 30.725 9.810 699896.58 2965.663 945 893025 843908625 30.741 9.813 701380.19 2968.805 946 894916 846590536 30.757 9.817 702865.38 2971.946 947 896809 849278123 30.773 9.820 704351.35 2975.088 948 898704 851971392 30.790 9.824 705840.47 2978.230 949 1 900601 854670349 30.806 9.827 707330.37 2981.371 950 902500 857375000 30.822 9.830 708821.84 2984.513 POWERS-ROOTS-CIRCLES. 471 No. Square. Cube. Sq. Root. lCu.Root. Area. Cilcum. 951 904401 860085351 30.838 9.834 710314.88 2987.655 952 906304' 862801408 30.854 9.837 711809.47 2990.796 953 908209 865523177 30.871 9.841 713305.68 2993.938 954 910116 868250664 30.887 9.844 714803.44 2997.079 955 912025 870983875 30.903 9.848 716302.76 3000.221 956 913936 873722816 30.919 9.851 717803.65 3003.362 957 915849 876467493 30.935 9.855 719306.12 3006.504 958 917764 879217912 30.952 9.858 720810().16 3009.645 959 919681 881974079 30.968 9.861 722315.77 3012.787 960 921600 884736000 30.984 9.865 723822.95 3015.929 961 923521 887503681:31.000 9.868 725331.70 3019.070 962 925444 890277128 31.016 9.872 726842.02 3022.212 963 927369 893056347 31.032 9.875 728353.91 3025.353 964 929296 895841344 31.048 9.879 729867.36 3028.495 965 931225 898632125 31.064 9.882 731382.40 3031.637 966 933156 901428696 31.081 9.885 732899.01 3034.778 967 935089 904231063 31.097 9.889 734417.18 3037.920 968 937024 907039232 31.113 9.892 735936.96 3041.061 969 938961 909853209 31.129 9.896 737458.25 3044.203 970 940900 912673000 31.145 9.899 738981.13 3047.345 971 942841 915498611 31.161 9.902 740505.59 3050.486 972 944784 918330048 31.177 9.906 742031.62 3053.628 973 946729 921167317 31.1.93 9.909 743559.22 3056.769 974 948676 924010424 31.209 9.913 745088.39 3059.911 975 950625 926859375 31.225 9.916 746619.13 3063.053 976 952576 929714176 31.241 9.919 748151.44 3066.194 977 954529 932574833 31.257 9.923 749685.32 3069.336 978 956484 935441352 31.273 9.926 751220.78 3072.478 979 958441 938313739 31.289 9.930 752757.80 3075.619 980 960400 941192000 31.305 9.933 754296.40 3078.761 981 962361 944076141 31.321 9.936 755836.56 3081.902 982 964324 946966168 31.337 9.940 757378.30 3085.044 983 966289 949862087 31.353 9.943 758921.60 3088.185 984 968256 952763904 31.369 9.946 760466.48 3091.327 985 970225 955671625 31.385 i 9.950 762012.93 3094.469 986 972196 958585256 31.401! 9.953 763560.95 3097.610 987 974169 1 961504803 31.417 1 9.956 765109.54 3100.752 988 976144 1 964430272 31.432 9.960 766661.70 3103.893 989 978121 1 967361669 31.448 9.963 768214.44 3107.035 990 9801.00 1 970299000 31.464 9.967 769768.74 3110.177 991 982081 973242271 31.480 9.970 771324.61 3113.318 992 984064 976191488 31.496 9.973 772882.06 3116.460 993 986049 979146657 31.512 9.977 774441.07 3119.601 994 988036 982107784 31.528 9.980 776001.66 3122.743 995 990025 985074875 1 31.544 9.983 777563.82 3125.885 996 992016 988047936 31.560 9.987 779127.55 3129.026 997 994009 991026973 31.575 9.990 780692.85 3132.168 998 996004 994011992 31.591 9.993 782259.72 3135.310 999 998001 997002999 31.607! 9.997 783828.14 3138.451 1000 1 000000 1000000000 31.623 10.000 785398.16 3141.593 472 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. List of useful Books of reference. Belidor, Bombardier Francais................................ 1731 Saint Remy, Mdmoires d'ar'tillerie............................ 1745 Dupug'et, Essai sur l'usage de l'artillerie dans la guerre de campagne et celle de siege.................................. 1771 Saint.tuban, M6moires sur les nouveaux systemes d'artillerie.......... 1774 3Miiller, Treatise on Artillery.................................. 1780 Jones, Artificial Fire Works................................... 1786 Lombard, Tables de tir des Canons et Obusiers....................... 1787 Aqntoni, On Gunpowder........................................ 1789 Texier de.Norbec, Recherches sur l'artillerie en g6n6ral................. 1792.Monge, Description de l'art de fabriquer les canons................... 1793 Vandemonde, Procd6 stur la fabrication des armes blanches............. 1793 Durtubie, Manuel de l'artilleur..................................... 1796 Lombard, Traite du mouvement des projectiles........................ 1798 Scheel, Treatise on Artillery (Translated from the German)......... 1800 MJorel, Traite pratique des feux d'artifice............................. 1800 Cornibert, Manuel du canonnier marin.............................. 1800 James, Military Dictionary............................. 1 1802 Robins, New principles of gunnery............................... 1805 Cotty, Memoires sur la fabrication des armes portatives................ 1806 Cossigny, Recherches sur la poudre................................. 1807 -Idem-Supplement......................................... 1808 Renaud, Fabrication de la poudre.........................1...... 1808 Toussard, American Artillerist's Companion......................... 1809 Cornibert, Tables des portes des canons et carronades de la marine..... 1809 Bigot, Traite d'artifices de guerre.................................. 1809 Dartein, Traite 6limentaire de la fabrication des bouches 3a feu.......... 1810 Bottee et Riffault, Traite de l'art de fabriquer la poudre a, canon......... 1811 Bottee et Riffault, L'art du Salpetrier............................... 1812 Hoyer, Dictionary of Artillery (German)............................ 1812 Hutton, New experiments in gunnery, (Hutton's Tracts)........ 1812 Herbin de Iialles, Des bois propres au service des Arsenaux............ 1813 Hulot, Instruction sur le service de l'artillerie....................... 1813 Duane, Military Dictionary........................................ 1813 Bigot, Manceuvres de force..................................... 1814 D'Obenheim, Balistique............................................. 1814 Scharnhorst, Treatise on Artillery, German [translated into French, 1840] 1814 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 473 Poumet, Essai sur l'art de pointer............................ 1816 Douglass, Essay on Military Bridges................................ 816 Lamartilliere, Reflexions sur la fabrication des bouches a feu........... 1817 D'Obenheim, Memoire sur la planchette du canonnier................ 1818 Gassendi, Aide-Mimoire...................... 1819 Observations on the use of Artillery, at the sieges of Badajos, St. Sebastian, &c.................................................... 1819 Dupin, Force Militaire de la Grande Bretagne....................... 1820 Lallenmand, Treatise on Artillery................................... 1820 Ru ggieri, Elemens de Pyrotechnie.................................. 1821 Paixhans, Nouvelle force maritime................................ 1822 Cotty, Dictionnaire d'arti!lerie...................................... 1822 Vergnaaud, Poudres fulminantes............................... 1824 Cuzlman, Manuel de la metallurgie du felo.......................... 1824 Pyrotechnie Militaire, traduit de l'Allemand par R. de Peretsdorff...... 1824 Journal des Sciences Militaires; commence en...................I 1825 Cutbsush, Pyrotechny......................................... s.. 1825 Decker, TraitE 6limentaire d'artillerie.............................. 1825:Montgery, Fuskes de guerre................................0 1826 Hersv, Documens sur la matiere a canons........................ 1827 Alli.x, Observations sur le nouveau systeme d'artillerie.............. 1827'.~11ix, Systmene d'artillerie de campagne..................... 1827.:dye, Pocket Gunner.................... 1827 Covngreve, On the Rocket system................................ 1827 8erres, Essal sur l'art des fontes........................... 1827 Proust, Receuil de MWmoires sur la poudre F canon @.............. 0 1827-'8 Mfichel, Mhmorial de l'artilleur mar....in...................o o. 1828 Poumet, Observations sur le nouveau systeme d'artillerie............... 1828 AMimorial de l'artillerie, 5 parties...................... 1827,'28,'30,'37,'42 Spearman, British Gunner.................................. 1828 Meontgery, RWgles de pointage hbord des vaisseaux.................... 1'828 Douglass', Naval Gunnery.......................................... 1829 Karsten, Metallurgie du fer, traduit de L'Allemand par Culman.,....... 1830 c(reweenitz, Traite de I'organisation et de la tactique de l'artillerie, traduit de l'Allemand par Peretsdorff......................... 1831 Cfotty, Supplement au dictionnaire d'artillerie........................ 1832 B5raddock, Memoir on Gunpowder.............................. a 1832 Pautin-Desormseaeux, Manuel de l'armurier........................... 1832 474 CHAP. XV.-MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Journal des Armes Spdciaies.............................. begun in 1834 MJeyer, Experiences sur la fabrication et la duree des bouches a. feu en fer et en bronze; traduit de l'Allemand par Peretsdorff.......... 1834 Thiery, Applications du fer aux constructions de l'artillerie............ 1834 Lebas, Aide-Memoire d'art militaire................................. 1834 Memorial a l'usage de l'armee Belge................................ 1835 Instructions and Regulations for the service and management of heavy ordnance in the British service................................... 1835 Experiences sur les principes du tir, faites ai Metz en 1834............. 1836 Piobert, Traite d'artillerie theorique et pratique; Partie el6mentaire...... 1836 Bonaparte, (.Napoleon Louis,) Manuel d'artillerie a l'usage des officiers de la Republique Helvetique................. 1836 Le Bourg, Essai sur l'organisation de l'artillerie, 2 parties........... 1836-'7 Experiences comparatives entre des bouches a feu en fonte de fer, d'origine Frangaise, Anglaise, et Suedoise; faites a Gavres en 1836............ 1837 Experiences faites i Brest en 1831 sur les canons Paixhans............ 1837 Experiences sur des projectiles creux, faites en 1829,'30,'31.......... 1837 Decker, Instruction pratique sur l'emploi des projectiles, traduit de l'Ailemand par Peretsdorff................................... 1837 Simmons, Effects of heavy ordnance as applied to ships of war........ 1837.Maguin, Experiences sur ]es poudres de guerre, faites a Esquerdes en 1832,'33,'34,'35...................................... 1837 Thiroeux, Instruction thdorique et pratique d'artillerie, a l'usage des 6l6eves de St. Cyr............................................ 1837 Cours sur le service des officiers d'artillerie dans les forges........... 1837 3Meyer, Manuel Historique de la technologie des armes ai feu; traduit de l'Allemand par M. Rieffel, 2 parties................... 1837-138 Poisson, Formules relatives aux effets du tir sur l'afffit............. e 1838 XJorin, Aide-Memoire de mecanique pratique....................... 1838 Vergsaud, Manuel de ]'artificier............ o..................s.. 1838 Jacobi, Etat actuel de l'artillerie de campagne de toutes les puissances de l'Europe; traduit par Maze: Artillerie Anglaisd.......... " Frangaise......... " Bavaroise.......... " Nderlandaise.........b............... 1838 to 1849 " Wurtembergeoise. " Suedoise.......... (Other parts have been published in German.) BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 475 Cours sur le service des ofticiers d'artillerie dans les fonderies.......... 1839 Huguenin, Description de la fabrication des bouches a feu a la fonderie royale de Liege........................................ 1839 Timmerhans, Poudre a Canon.................................. 1839 Zeni et Des Hays, Renseignemlents sur le materiel de l'artillerie navale de la Grande Bretagne.............................. 1840 JMligout et Bergery, Theorie des affits et des voitures de l'artillerie........ 1840 Handbuch fiir die K. K. Oesterreichische artillerie-offiziere, [Janualfor the.dustfrian artillery officers]........................... 1840 Saamlung von steindruckzeichnungen der Preussischen artillerie, mit erliuterungen-[ Collection of plates of the Prussian artillery, wvith explanatory text]........................................ 1837 to 1840 Collection de plans des fonderies de Ruelle et St. Gervais...... Corrgard, Histoire des fusees de guerre-Tome ler, (a reprint of Montgery's work)........................... 1841 Timmerhans, Construction des bouches ai feu....................... 1841 Laisne, Aide-Mhmoire des officiers du Genie......................... 1840 Aide-Memoire d'Artillerie......................................... 1844 Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences (English)............begun in 1845 Experiments on gunpowder at Washington Arsenal; First Report...... 1845 Ghiffith, Artillerist's Manual....................................... 1847 Piobert, Traite d'artillerie-Partie theorique et experimentale (Poudres de guerre).............................................. 1847 Decker, Experiences sur les shrapnels........................... 1847 )Marion, Receuil des bouches a feu les plus remarquables.............. 1847 Didion, Traite de Balistique............................ 1848 Cavalli, Memoire sur les canons se chargeans par la culasse............ 1849 Cours sur les armes a feu portatives, par l'instructeur a l'ecole de St. Omer 1849 Experiments on gunpowder at Washington Arsenal; Second Report... 1849 Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men. 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