A DESCRIPTION
OF
~,IENT  AND MODERN COl
IN THE
CABINET. COLLECTION
AT THE
M3INT OF THE UNITED  STATES.
PREPARED AND ARRANGED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN,
DIRECTOR OF TIlE MINT.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1860.




Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1860, by
JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.




PREFACE.
THE collection of coins and medals at the National Mint was formally
commenced in June, 1838; but for many years previously to that time master
coins of the Mint, that is to say, fine specimen pieces struck from new and
polished dies, had been preserved, and also specimens of foreign coins, which
were received as deposits, were withheld from the melting-pot, to be used,
in the event of the establishment of a conservatory, at a future day.
The first appropriation was made by Congress March 3d, 1839, as follows:
"For specimens of ores and coins to be reserved at the Mint, one thousand
dollars." During subsequent years an annual appropriation of three hundred dollars has been made to this object. A larger amount would, doubtless, have been granted if asked for, but it was deemed expedient "to set an
example of moderation in a pursuit which has its temptations to extravagance and excess;"* besides, we possess great facilities in increasing the
collection without incurring much expense, by occasionally making exchanges to supply deficiencies, and by obtaining from deposits coins and
ores at their intrinsic value, when such specimens are interesting and worthy
of preservation.
Under these influences the collection has gradually increased, and especially has it been enlarged and enriched within the last few years, in specimens of modern coins, medals, and minerals.
In view of the extent and value of this collection, and the increasing public
taste for coins and medals, a full descriptive catalogue has been prepared;
it contains also a brief dissertation on money and coins, with some notice of
the coinage of the various countries, ancient and modern, embraced in the
Mint collection. This has been prepared and arranged by Mr. GEORGE
*' A Brief Account of the Collection of Coins belonging to the Mint, more
especially the Antique Specimens, by Win. E. Dubois, Assistant Assayer U. S.
Mint. 1846."
(iii)




iV                            PREFACE.
BULL, recently in charge of the Cabinet, who has received valuable advice
and assistance from Mr. WAi. E. DuBOIS, Assistant Assayer of the Mint.
This publication will be followed by another volume containing a full description, with fac-sinmile illustrations of the medallic memorials of Washington, which have recently been added to the collection, and a descriptive
catalogue of the national and miscellaneous medals in the Cabinet, with some
notices of the ores and minerals which are placed therein.
We wish to remind the reader that this work was originally intended to
be merely a descriptive catalogue of the coins in the Cabinet of the Mint;
more than this we have neither the time nor the skill to accomplish. But
to make the book more interesting to the general reader, and perhaps to the
collector of coins, it was deemed advisable to say a few words on the coinage of the several countries embraced in the collection; and for the purpose
of making it useful to the man of business and to the traveler, the value of
the principal modern coin in our money is stated; our chief object, however,
is to present a catalogue of the coins in the Cabinet of the National Mint,
and thus supply a want which has heretofore existed.
J. R. S.
MINT OF THE UNITED STATES,.Philadelphia, August, 1860.
THE PLATES.-The peculiar kind of plates used in illustrating this work,
which, we believe, are a novelty on this side the Atlantic, having never before appeared in any American book, were produced by E. KETTERLINUS  &
Co., of Philadelphia., Commendation on our part is unnecessary, as the
beauty and accuracy of the plates will be seen by an inspection of them.




IST
OF
DIRECTORS OF THE MTINT,
FROM ITS ORGA N IZATIO N
TO THIE YEJA_  r 18XS.
David Rittenhouse, (the eminent philosopher, formerly Treasurer
of Pennsylvania,) July, 1792, to July, 1795.
H-lenry William De Saussure (vice Mr. Rittenhouse resigned,) July
ilth, to October 28, 1795, (afterwards and for many years Chancellor
of South Carolina.)
Elias Boudinot (in place of Judge De Saussure resigned,) October,
1795, to July, 1805. (Previously President of Congress under the
confederation.)
Robert Patterson (on the resignation of Dr. Boudinot), July,
1805, to July, 1824. (Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, and President American Philosophical Society.)
Dr. Samuel Moore (in place of Mr. Patterson deceased,) July,
1824, to July, 1835. (Member of Congress from Bucks County, Pa.)
Dr. Robert M. Patterson (on the resignation of Dr. Moore,) July,
1835, to July, 1851. (Professor of Natural Philosophy in University,
Virginia, and President of American Philosophical Society.)
Dr. Geo. N. Eckert (vice Dr. Patterson resigned,) July, 1851, to
April, 1 853. (Member of Congress from Lebanon County, Pa.)
Thos. M. Pettit (in place of Dr. Eckert resigned,) April to June,
1853. (Judge District Court, Philadelphia.)
The present incumbent, James Ross Snowden, (previously Speaker
of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Treasurer of Pennsylvania, and Treasurer of the Mint,) was appointed in June, 1853,
in place of Judge Petit, who died on the 31st of Mlay, in that year,
having held the office of Director but a few weeks.
(v)








INTR O DUCTION.
THE condition of man as an inhabitant of the earth, and the rela
tions and intercourse of men as members of a common community,
must of necessity involve the existence of a circulating medium.  At
different periods in the world's history this medium of exchange has
been represented by various commodities and articles, which at the
present day would be the very objects of barter.  Thus, if we go back
to an early period, we find that the ancient Greeks, who lived in
small communities, separated by the many mountains which intersect
the face of the country, and whose commercial transactions were con-'sequently limited, used the cattle which grazed upon their land as
currency.  And it seems very natural that such should be the case.
Their facilities for transportation were few; they had neither canals
nor railroads, and probably no vehicles by which articles could be
transported with ease over a mountainous country; and an article
to be well adapted to the purposes of currency, which must be con:Y
tinually passing from  one person to another, and often carried to
great distances, must be something which requires the smallest expense and the least labor to move.  Cattle required not to be carried, but could transport themselves, the only labor attending the
transaction being that expended in driving or leading the animal to
its place of destination; and, as the value of cattle varied but little,
they naturally became the standard by which other commodities of a
more variable character were regulated.  Homer mentions the use of
cattle as a medium of exchange in his episode of Glaucus and Diomed,
where the former is represented as having given his golden armor,
worth a hundred oxen, for the brazen armor of the latter, worth only
nine.*  The fact that they used cattle and other commodities as currency, however, must not lead us into the error of supposing that the
* Gillies's Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 11.
(vii)




Viii                     INTRODUCTION.
precious metals were unknown to the Greeks; on the contrary,
talents of gold are often mentioned by Homer. " They were proposed
as prizes to combatants, and were used as dedications in temples, but
were too valuable to serve as current specie;"'t the Greeks being then
a rude and barbarous people, whose uniform transactions required no
such nicety of refinement as the use of the precious metals would
indicate.
But as Grecian society began to assume a more tangible form, and
commerce to develop itself, we find the Greeks introducing the precious metals as a substitute for cattle, and also adopting therefor a
certain standard of fineness, at which it was made current in certain
sums.  And we may here presume that, as a unit upon which to base
their money transactions, they used the term "oxen," or "cattle."
The price of the precious metals having been regulated by the value
of the cattle before used, that being the standard of value most universally known; and this may account for the statement of Plutarch,
which we shall take occasion to notice presently.
It is very natural that the people, having become sufficiently civilized to appreciate the value of the precious metals as a medium of
exchange, should very soon thereafter have increased their mercantile
transactions to such an extent as to render it necessary, in order to
facilitate trade, to give some definite form to their currency; and
with this object in view, the use of stamped bars, and afterward of
rings, was commenced: these were adjusted to a certain standard,
both in weight and fineness, and were evidently intended as a species
of coin.  But this object was partially defeated, for the reason that
the people of that time had as little confidence in the integrity of
their neighbors as we of the present day, no one being willing to receive a piece of silver or gold, in payment of a debt, merely because
his debtor averred that it was worth "one oxen," or "one shekel,"
without first ascertaining for himself that such was the case.  For
this reason we find that the ancients, notwithstanding the fact that
they had rings, and pieces of metal of various sizes, all adjusted to a
certain standard, never abandoned the practice of paying and receiving such money by weight until it was supplanted by an actual coinage, executed by authority; and even then it was the practice, for a
long time, to weigh the coins whenever any large amounts were paid
or received.
This brings us down to the tinle when actual coins were used, and
to the time when the art of coinage had its origin.  This period
t Gillies, quoting Homer and Heroditus.




INTRODUCTION.                         ix
would appear to be slightly shrouded in mystery, but the best authorities of the present day place the time at about seven centuries before
the Christian era. There is some dispute also as to the exact locality,
some authorities attributing the origin of the art to the little Island
of zAgina in Greece, while others contend that coins were first struck
at the City of Miletus, in Ionia, Asia Minor.  Plutarch, however,
-throws some doubt upon the whole matter, both as regards time and
place.  In speaking of Theseus, the founder of Athens, he says: " To
his money he gave the impression of an ox, either on the account of
the Marathonian bull, of Minos's general Taurus, or because he
wished to encourage the citizens in agriculture.  Hence came the
expression of a thing's being worth ten or a hundred oxen."  This
statement of Plutarch, however, seems to stand entirely alone, being
considered as extremely doubtful testimony by most historians; and
when we come to consider the fact that Theseus flourished about
twelve centuries and a half before the Christian era, and also that
Plutarch wrote at a time when historians were apt to place great
reliance in legendary tales, often attributing the success or defeat of
any great enterprise to the influence of the gods, we may be excused
for not coinciding with him in the belief that Theseus had a mint.
If we concede the point that Plutarch is not sufficient authority in
such a matter, we are reduced to the necessity of acknowledging that
the authorities before mentioned are correct as regards the time.
The only doubt remaining, therefore, is in regard to the place, and
this we look upon as a matter of little consequence in this particular
instance. The Greeks had visited and planted colonies in Asia Minor
long before a coinage was thought of.  In fact, the whole colony of
Ionia appears to have been composed of Greeks who had spread
themselves along the coast of that country: therefore, as it must be
admitted that the origin of the art is purely Grecian,
whether it was first used in _/Egina, and from thence
was carried across to the continent of Asia, to be  P
imitated by their brethren in Ionia, or whether it,f!,,
originated with the people of the latter place, and then   v
found its way back to the mother country, we do not
propose to debate.  It is certain that the coinage of
both places, of which there are still specimens extant,
were so near alike as regards execution, as to place
them both very near the origin of the art.  The coin of    "
_AEgina to which we refer was a silver didrachm, and
had on its obverse the rude emblem of a tortoise (see
No. 4 in the first division of Greek Coins), while on its    EGINA.




X                        INTRODUCTION.
reverse it bore merely the indentation of the punch.  That of Miletus was a gold stater, and had on its obverse a lion's
~_~ ~.~   head, while the reverse was distinguished by the
/      Az   punch-mark as before.  There is one fact, however,
~)~" ~l to which antiquarians appear to attach but little importance in discussing this question, to which we
would incidentally call attention: the punch-mark
found on the reverse of the stater of Miletus is very
$!  >'  different in form to that found on the first coins of
/4 t i$' i AEgina, while it bears a striking resemblance to the
mark found on those coins of.Egina which are conSTAE-R    ceded to be of a later date than the first; and this,
STATER OF IMIIETUS.
coupled with the fact that the lion's head of Miletus
is much more artistic in execution than the first tortoise of _Egina,
would seem to have some significance.  There is little danger, however, in setting down the Miletus stater as being the first gold coin
of the world.
The pleasure derived from the study of the history of the art of
coinage is greater than is generally thought. The comparison of the
present state of the art with what it was, furnishes a gratification to
the student of the present day which amply compensates for the time
and trouble attending the research. When the coinage of 1Egina was
executed, the coiners possessed no "steam-coining presses," by which
the most beautiful and artistic coins could be produced at the rate of
eighty-five or ninety impressions per minute. Their "coining-press"
probably consisted merely of a block of wood, upon which the die,
or piece of hardened metal containing the sunken impressions, was
placed, a hammer and punch; and these were worked by hand.  The
piece of metal to be coined was first fashioned into a semi-bullet
shape; this having been placed upon the face of the die, the punch
was applied to it and struck with a hammer.  This constituted the
coining operation in the earliest history of the art of which we have
any account; and we have no doubt, from  the appearance of the
coins themselves, was the first process ever known or used.
It is a curious fact that the process by which money was coined
made but little advance from  this rude and imperfect apparatus,
until the introduction of the mill and screw in the sixteenth century
of the present era.  The art, however, as far as it regards improvement in the type of the coin itself, continued to advance; and it is
from this improvement in the execution that the relative ages of the
most ancient coins are ascertained.
Thus we find that the earliest coins of the world, or such as belong




INTRODUCTION.                         xi
to the first epoch of time in the history of the art, had no device
upon the reverse, but merely the mark or indentation made by the
punch. This mark, however, had a definite form, which was evidently
designed and not accidental; being an irregular circle divided into
several sections, of which the number varies.*  But in discriminating between the first and last coins of this epoch, as well as the subsequent periods into which we propose to divide the most ancient
coins, we are obliged to examine still more minutely into both the
desigl and workmanship; and in so doing, we find that the earliest
coins of the first epoch, and consequently the first known coins of
the world, were extremely rude, bearing no letters or symbols other
than the one device upon the obverse by which they can be distinguished.  Afterward, as we draw toward the close of the period,
symbols begin to make their appearance on the obverse, and then the
initial letter of the country to which they belong, and in some cases
the entire name appears....... The coins of the second period begin
to display the first attempts at a device in relief for the reverse.
These devices, however, are contained in a concavity, which is divided
into four squares; the symbols or devices being disposed within the
squares.  The coins of this period, as well as those of a later time,
always bear a legend, which, though sometimes much abbreviated
and often indefinite, is a guide by which the country and date can be
ascertained in a much more satisfactory manner than in the coinage
of the former period....... The coins of the third division are concave on the reverse as before, but have a square compartment within
the concavity which is bisected with bars, and contains symbols in
relief as in the coins of the previous period; the legend generally
appearing outside of the square....... In the earlier stages of the
fourth division, the concavity still exists, but contains only a single
device in relief. But as we approach the latter end of the period,
the depression shows signs of diminishing in depth, and upon such
coins as date near the end of the epoch, is scarcely visible.  This
has given some numismatists another division; but for our present
purpose we find that the confining of the two divisions in one is sufficiently precise...... In the fifth division we find the most marked
change of style; the obverse having the figures and symbols in relief, while on the reverse they are all in concave, and are often facsimiles of those on the obverse...... In the sixth division the concave devices disappear from the reverse of the coin, and in their
stead we find figures in relief as on the obverse; but not copied
* If we concede the coins of ZEgina to be the first.




X11                     INTRODUCTION.
therefrom.  The legends are in the very ancient style of Greek
characters.
This last division brings us down to the time at which the art first
began to develop itself into the most finished style of execution to
which the coins of Greece ever attained.  The time over which the
six epochs (into which we have divided the subject) extended was a
period of from three to four centuries, beginning at about seven to
eight centuries before Christ; consequently we have now arrived at
the time of Philip and  Alexander, of Macedon.  Under these
monarchs the coinage of Greece attained its greatest perfection, as
will be amply attested by an examination of the gold staters both
of Philip and Alexander, as well as the silver tetradrachms of the
latter.
It was at this period in the history of the art that the coinage first
began to exhibit an actual human portrait.  The tetradrachm  of
Alexander the Great is thought to bear the features of the great
Macedonian conqueror.  If this be true, it would seem that he is
clothed with the character of Hercules, and does not appear simply
and boldly as Alexander.  The successors of Alexander, howeverthose powerful lieutenants who, out of the fragments of his empire,
erected for themselves independent kingdoms —did not hesitate to displace the effigies of the gods from the coins and substitute their own,
though at first always under some pretense of deification-Lysimachus as a descendant of Bacchus, Seleucus of Apollo, etc.*
As Greece had now passed the highest pinnacle of her grandeur
and commenced her course downward to almost utter extinction, we
find her coinage declining with her until it loses its Grecian character
and is entirely swallowed up in the coinage of her Roman conquerors.
Of the coinage of the latter empire but little can be said in favor of
any advance in the art as displayed in their execution.  It is true,
that down to the time of Constantine, the coins of Rome remained
in a very good condition, but from that time to the end of the empire
we witness a gradual but certain decline.  It is remarkable that so
little attention should have been bestowed upon this subject by the
Roman emperors, especially when we consider the fact that in the
height of its power the empire comprised the entire world as then
known to the Romans.  Thus we find that Joseph and Mary undertook the journey "from  Galilee, out of the City of Nazareth, into
Judea, unto the City of David,7 which is called Bethlehem (because
he was of the house and lineage of David) to be taxed," in conse* Humphrey.




INTRODUCTION.                      xiii
quence of a decree from the Emperor Csesar Augustus "that all the
world should be taxed." (See Luke, ii.) Therefore, as we are unable
to find any very commendable features in the Roman coinage other
than the extreme prodigality with which the coins were disseminated,
we pass over any further mention of the ]Roman art, referring the
reader to a subsequent article devoted to that particular subject.
We find upon an examination of the first modern coins, or those
immediately subsequent to the extinction of the Western Empire,
that a still further decline in the appearance of the coinage is exhibited. And this is easily accounted for: upon the dissolution of
the Roman Empire the whole of Europe was overrun by the various
barbaric nations inhabiting the northern extremity of the continent,
the Goths, Lombards, Huns, Vandals, and others, who, conquering
the feeble remnants of the people, and establishing their own barbaric
laws and customs, entirely crushed out the coinage instituted by the
Kings of the West, and reduced it to their own rude standard.  From
this time, however, dates the final healthy and continued growth of
the art, which has brought it to its present perfection.  As soon as
the savage tribes began to improve in civilization, or were driven
back by the more enlightened inhabitants, the coins began to show a
marked change for the better.  We find them improving not only in
form, but in type.  They become more uniform in shape, the edge
presenting a more perfect circle, and the impressions are stamped
upon a more fiat and even surface, being no longer of the bullet-shape
observable in the coins of Greece and Rome, rendering the process of
piling them one upon another (which is now considered an essential
property in coins) no longer difficult or impracticable.  Through the
different grades of perfection which the art of coinage has experienced
from that time to the present, we do not propose to follow, having
neither the space nor inclination to warrant the prosecution of such a
task; in fact, it would be entirely unnecessary in the present instance,
the main portion of the following pages being devoted to a detailed
description of the modern coins of all countries.
As we have before intimated, the implements used in the manufacture of coins continued in a very rude and imperfect state up to the
time of the introduction of the mill and screw. We do not mean,
however, to say that there was no advance from the crude condition
in which we have before represented it; on the contrary, the coins
themselves show that many improvements were made in this apparatus, by which it was enabled to produce much more perfect coins.
The principles involved in its construction, however, were the same,
until the introduction of the peculiar implement which we illustrate




Xiv                     INTRODUCTION.
in the annexed engraving. At what particular time this instrument
was invented we are unable to say with certainty, but probably not
AN. ANCIENT "COINING-PRESS."
earlier than the time of Constans (A.D. 337 to 350). The one which
we here represent was used in the time of that emperor.  "It was
discovered at Beaumont-sur-Oise, and presented to the French cabi
net by the maire of that commune.  On the obverse die the letters
s T A N S are still visible. The reverse has a victory, with a trophy
and a palm branch."*  The legend on the reverse is almost entirely
effaced, the only visible portion being the letters......D. N......  The
use of this instrument, it would appear, was discontinued, as we find
that coins were struck by the old process long after the time of
Constans.
The mill and screw was of French origin, the invention of which is
ascribed to one ANTOINE BRUCHER, an engraver, who first used such
a machine in the palace of Henry II., in 1553, for the purpose of
stamping counters.  It was continued in use until 1585, when it is
said to have been laid aside, as it was found much more expensive
than the old hammer process.  We find no mention of its having
been used after this time until the year 1623, when BRIOT, a French
artist, unable to pursuade his own government to adopt it again,
* Akerman.




INTRODUCTION.                      XV
passed over to England, where it was immediately put in practice at
the IRoyal Mint, under the direction of Briot himself, who was appointed chief engraver.*  Here it was again discontinued, for the
same reason as before, and a resort had to the old hammer and punch
system. Bult when the Commonwealth was established, Cromwell,
being anxious to improve the coinage, which.was falling much behind that of many of the continental kingdoms, invited PIERRE BLONDEAU, a Frenchman, who had carried the most approved modes of
stamping coins by the mill and screw to great perfection, to take
charge of the coining operations at the English Mint.  Upon his
arrival Blondeau succeeded in coining half crowns by this process,
which, f6r the first time, presented a legend upon the edge. "His
first pattern half crown bore on the edge'TRUTH AND PEACE, 1651,
PETRUS BLONDEUS;I another,'IN THE THIRD YEARE OF FREEDOME BY
GOD'S BLESSING RESTORED.' The shillings and sixpences were beautifully grained on the edge, and the pieces were brought to their true
weight with the utmost exactness."t  Blondeau, notwithstanding his
ingenuity, and his good services to the State, appears to have been
badly used by the authorities of the Commonwealth, and was at last
superseded by other artists, although his process of the mill and
screw was continued.  In 1662, however, Blondeau was taken into
favor by the newly restored monarch Charles II., and appointed to
superintend the operations at the Mint as before.
The mill and screw was continued in use until a very recent period.
In fact, the screw-press is now used for striking medals which require
a high relief, as it is found to be the only apparatus yet invented of
sufficient power to bring up the impressions. The first steam coiningpress was invented in 1833 by Thonnelier, a Frenchman, and was
soon put in practice at the French Mint. It was first introduced
into the Mint of the United States in March, 1836, the old screwpress having been used here up to that time.  This invention (the
operation of which we shall describe presently), with some modifications, is the press now in use, and is probably the nearest approach
to perfection, as regards accuracy and speed, that we shall ever
witness.
It is a matter worthy of comment that France has thus produced
two of the greatest inventions ever known to the art of coining-the
mill and screw, and the steam coining-press, both of which events
furnish two epochs in the history of the art which shed much luster
upon the inventive skill of the French people.
* Encyclopedia Britannica.           t Humphrey.




Xvi                      INTRODUCTION.
In the preceding pages we have endeavored to convey to the mind
of the reader some idea of the rise and progress of the art; we feel
sensible, however, that we have been exceedingly indefinite upon a
subject which contains substance enough to fill an entire volume; but
it must be evident to any candid mind that it would be impossible to
compress even the outlines of the history of the art within the space
to which we are limited, without omlitting many points which are of
great interest, and as our object has merely been to give a few general remarks of an introductory character, we feel constrained to
refer the reader to works devoted more particularly to this branch of
the subject.  But before we close, an explanation of the process of
coining the precious metals as prosecuted at the mint will doubtless
be interesting as well as instructive.
In the time of the Roman Empire the manufacture of coins was a
laborious operation, requiring, many artists and workmen.  "They
had first the OPTIO, or Director; then the EXACTORES, or NIUMmULARII, Assayers; SCALPTORES or C(ELATORES, Engravers of the dies,
who were, usually Greek artists; CENARII, Refiners; FUSARII or
FLATUARII, Melters; EQUATORES, Adjusters of weight, and SIGNATORES, who certified the same; SUPPASTORES, who put the pieces on
the die, and MALLEATORES, who struck the blow.  The whole body
constituted a corporation in law, and so numerous were they that, on
one occasion, under the Emperor Aurelian (A.D. 274), they were excited to a revolt, and killed seven thousand soldiers before they
could be subdued, from which incidental fact it is plausibly inferred
that they themselves must have been at least seven thousand strong. "~*
The process was briefly as follows: The metal, having been assayed
and refined, was cast by the melters into bullets, this form of planchet being necessary in order to assist in producing the high relief
which we have before mentioned. This casting was placed between
the dies and submitted to repeated blows from a sledge or heavy
hammer, which made the impression, and, at the same time, flattened
the pieces out into that peculiar shape which is anything but a true
circle, there being no collar used, as at the present time, to confine
the piece and prevent it from spreading.  It would seem that in
some cases a large stone was made to drop upon the piece, and so
produce the impression.t
This, therefore, appears to have been the ancient system of mintage; the system of the present day, although much more multifarious
* Manual of Coins and Bullion, quoting Pinkerton and Mongez.
t Pinkerton, from Manual of Coins and Bullion.




INTRODUCTION.                       XVii
in its details than the ancient process, requires no such army of
employees; the whole force employed in the United States Mint,
including officers, does not exceed one hundred and seventy.
Bullion is brought to the mint in every form; amalgamations
from the ore, coins, both foreign and domestic, bars, plate, jewelry,
etc., and these present many grades of quality, some being nearly
pure; the remainder representing all the grades of fineness from
that down to three thousandths.  Some of it is perfectly ductile and easily worked, while a portion is brittle and requires to be
toughened.  A deposit of gold is often found to contain a large portion of silver which requires to be separated by chemical agents; all
these facts are ascertained by the investigations of the assay department.
The process is as follows: The deposit, upon being received, is
weighed by the proper officers, and then sent to the deposit melting
room, where the deposit is melted in a mass and cast into a bar; this
bar is numbered, and a slip cut from it and sent to the assay department; here, by assaying this slip, the amount of pure metal contained in the entire deposit is ascertained. To do this with exactness
requires a very careful and accurate manipulation.  The operations
of this department are intricate, and as they require an extended
description for which we have not sufficient space, we are compelled
to omit it and return again to the deposit. Its value having been
ascertained by the assay, it is ready for the refining process. This
is not strictly a mint operation; in some countries these preliminary
processes have to be performed by private refiners.  But at the Mint
of the United States, departments have been provided in which the
silver is separated from the gold, the refining and stancdarding of the
metals, and the casting them  into ingots or small bars from which
the coins are to be made, are performed. The bars or ingots thus
produced are about twelve inches long, half an inch thick, and from
one to two-and-a-half inches in width, according to the size of the coin
for which they are intended. These bars, before being wrought, have
to be assayed, in order to test their fineness, and those which are
found to be either above or below the legal limits in fineness are returned to the melting room to be remelted and cast at the proper rate.
The ingots, having been approved, are first brought to a red heat
in order to anneal and render them sufficiently ductile to be rolled
with facility; they are then passed between hardened steel rollers,
driven by a steam-engine, which are so arranged that they can be
adjusted with the greatest nicety in order to reduce the bar very
nearly to the exact thickness required for the coin. In this form
2




XViii                    INTRODUCTION.
they are taken to the drawing bench, driven by the same engine, in
which the strip is drawn slowly through the drawing dies, or plates
of the hardest steel accurately adjusted to reduce the strips to their
proper thickness.  The strip, thus prepared, is next passed through
the cutting press, also moved by steam, and pieces or planchets of
the proper size are cut from it. The punch moves with such rapidity
that one hundred and sixty pieces on an average are cut out in one
minute. At the completion of this part of the process, which leaves
the strip full of holes, it is folded up and returned to the melting pot.
The planchets are now carried to the coining room, where, in order
to raise the edge of the planchet to protect the surface of the coin,
they are passed through the milling machine.  The planchets are
fed to this machine through an upright tube, and as they descend
from the lower aperture, they are caught upon the edge of a revolving wheel and carried about a quarter of a revolution, during which
the edge is compressed and forced up —the space between the wheel
and the rim being a little less than the diameter of the planchet.
This apparatus moves so nimbly, that five hundred and sixty half
dimes can be milled in a minute; but for large pieces the average is
about one hundred and twenty.
The planchets are next to be cleaned, annealed, and whitened;
after which, in the case of the gold, they are adjusted in their weight,
piece by piece;* the silver pieces, however, having been tested by
samples from each strip, are allowed to pass until after coinage,
when their weight is proved in bulk.
The planchets are now ready to receive the last impression which
is to render them a perfect coin. This most important office is performed by the coining-press, which we have before mentioned. This
machine receives the planchets in a tube from the hand of a workman; as the coin reaches the bottom of the tube it is seized between
a pair of fingers and carried forward and deposited within a steel
collar between the dies; and while the fingers are expanding and returning for another planchet, the dies close upon the one within the
collar, and by a rotary motion are made to impress it silently but
powerfully. The fingers, as they again close upon a planchet at the
mouth of the tube, also seize the coin, and while conveying a second
planchet on to the die, carry the coin off, dropping it into a box provided for the purpose-and this operation is repeated ad infinitum.
* At the French mint this is done by the aid of an ingenious machine of French
invention, a sample of which now stands in the Cabinet of the United States
Mint. At our mint this is done entirely by hand.




INTRODUCTION.                         xix
These coining-presses are of various sizes to suit the different denominations of coin. The usual speed of striking is sixty pieces per
minute for the half dollar; seventy-five for the quarter dollar; and
ninety for the dime and half dime.
STEAM COINING-PRESS.
The coining dies, it will be necessary to state, are prepared by
engravers specially maintained at the mint for the purpose.  The
process of engraving a die consists in cutting the devices and legends
insoft steel, those parts being depressed which in the coin appear in
relief. This having been finished and hardened, constitutes an "original die;" which being the result of a tedious and difficult task is
deemed too precious to be directly employed in striking coins, but is
used for multiplying dies.  It is first used to impress another piece
of soft steel, which then presents the appearance of a coin, and is
called a hub.  This hub being hardened, is used to impress other
pieces of steel in like manner, which being exactly like the original
die, are hardened and used for striking the coins.  A pair of these
will, on an average, perform two weeks' work.




ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
G.-Gold.
S.-Silver.
C.-Copper.
B.-Bronze, or brass.
B.S.-Base Silver under 750 fine.
Obv. —Obverse, or principal side.
Rev.-Reverse, or nether side.
Exerque.-Space beneath the device or field, and divided therefrom by
a sectional line.
Legend.-An inscription encircling the field.
Inscrizption.-Letters or words occupying the field of either side.
R.-Rare.
B.R.-Very rare.
R.R.R.-Exceedingly rare.
(......)-Used to denote a break in the legend, or a disconnection in the
parts of a legend.




A DESCRIPTION
OF
ANCIENT AND MODERN COINS.
ANCOIENT COINS.
GREEK.
THE first general division of this work will embrace a catalogue of
the ancient or antique coins, Grecian and Roman-the former taking
precedence of the latter, as being the first in point of time. We
believe, as we have before intimated, that the art of coinage is of
Grecian origin, the time of its introduction being approximated at
seven centuries B.C. Consequently there must have been an interval
of over one thousand years, in which the precious metals were known
and used, before the ingenuity of man was able to apply them to the
uses of coinage-a fact which we gain from, sacred writ, where it is
recorded, that as long ago as 1860 years before Christ, three thousand seven hundred and twenty years ago, when Abraham was in
search of a burying-place for his dead wife Sarah, he desired to purchase the cave of Macphelah from its proprietor, Ephron, the Hittite.
"Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, My lord, hearken unto
me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver; what is that
betwixt thee and me? bury therefore thy dead.  And Abraham
hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four
hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant." (Gen.
xxiii. 14-16.)
Having in the introductory article detailed, as accurately as was
3




22                 ANCIENT COINS —GREEK.
deemed expedient for our present purpose, the history of the origin
of the art of coinage, together with the steps leading thereto, and
taken a hasty glance at the gradual development of the art, it will be
unnecessary to recapitulate here.
It often strikes the minds of modern antiquarians with wonder,
when they enter upon the study of ancient coins, to find how common
such relics are at the present day. Many of the antique coins do not
begin to compare with some specimens of our own series of national
coins in rarity. The ancient inhabitants of the world derived their
subsistence and wealth from the soil which they cultivated. They
paid no attention to financial concerns. They knew nothing of railroad corporations, canal companies, or banks, other than that from
which they gathered their annual crops, and it was in the latter that
they placed their trust. When the husbandman had sold his produce,
and received in payment therefor a bag of silver tetradrachms or gold
staters, he immediately deposited them in an earthen vessel and
buried them beneath the floor of his little hut for future use. But
anon the spoiler came.  The invading host swept over his humble
habitation, obliterating it and its inmates, like shadows, from  the
face of the earth. Two thousand years elapse, and the earth at last
yields up its hidden treasure to the plowshare or spade of the modern
farmer.  Thus it is, that in the countries of the East these valuable
antiquities are continually coming to light.  And it is only recently
that we have had revealed to us a whole history through the discovery of a series of Greco-Syrian coins.
Under the head of Greek coins, we comprise not only those of
Greece and her colonies, but those countries which were overrun by
the Macedonian conqueror, and over which Greek generals established themselves and their successors.  IIence they include Greece
proper, Sicily, Southern Italy, and more western points in Europe,
and Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Persia, and Bactria, during all that
time when the Grecian name was the most illustrious in the world,
and the Roman was preparing to supplant it.
They are easily subdivided into the REPUBLICS and MONARCHIES.
Of the first sort there are known to have been no less than one
thousand cities, colonies, and petty States, who coined their own




ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.                      23
money, and left an endless, perhaps useless, study for modern antiquarians.  Many of these are exceedingly interesting not only to
the numismatist, but to the historian; but we consider them sufficiently represented in our moderate collection.  The order of
arrangement in this division is not chronological, the coins being
arranged alphabetically by the names of the states, cities, etc., in
which they were coined.  This arrangement will be sufficiently satisfactory to the numismatist, but may not meet the approbation of the
general reader and searcher after ancient lore. But we have followed
the example set by most numismatists, in this respect, considering it
the only safe arrangement, from the fact that it is impossible to state
the dates with any degree of accuracy.
In the second class, it has been found necessary to include a few
which are not inscribed with Greek characters, and which are not,
in any sense, Grecian; such as the daric, the shekel, the "fire-worship" series of Persia, and the barbarian coins of Bactria: they
were not sufficient in number, nor sufficiently congruous, to form a
third general division.
We have ventured to depart from numismatic usage in one particular, of no great importance.  The coins of Greek cities, of a
date subsequent to their incorporation into the Roman empire, and
bearing little else than the imperial head and titles, have been withdrawn from the department of Greek republican coins, and placed
with the Roman, under their respective emperors. Their proper
position would be a nice point to argue, if it were worth an argument. But (without summing up the reasons) we apprehend that
the democratic taste will justify a distinction between the potin of
Antioch and the silver of Athens.
The collection contains a small number of acknowledged counterfeits, nearly all of imperial Roman coins, and all from the manufactory of Mr. Becker, of Berlin.  This eminent amateur of coins
conceived and effected the project of supplying collectors with copies
of such pieces as by their rarity and high price were hardly to be
procured; and for this purpose, aided no doubt by the prospect of a
lucrative trade, caused to be engraved the vast number of 510 dies,
for the coinage of 255 different specimens, chiefly antique.  These




24                   ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.
are, without doubt, the best efforts at counterfeiting, and the least
dishonest; but a little familiarity is sufficient to detect them.  They
came to us as part of a large lot, and are retained as showing what
the originals are,'and as affording facilities for acquiring the art of
discrimination, a very important part of the collector's work.  It is
a satisfaction to know that the utmost skill of man is inadequate to
the confounding of truth and error, where diligence and experience
are set in opposition.*  It should be added, that these pieces are
mostly of the usurpers and "emperors for a day," and therefore of
little historical interest.  These copies or counterfeits are designated
by cb, in the description.
Wre deem it an act of justice to remark, in this connection, that
the following catalogue of ancient coins (both Grecian and Roman)
is taken entire from a small work entitled "PLEDGES OF HIiSTORY,"
published' by MR. DUBOIS, Assistant Assayer of the Mint, in 1846.
DIVISION  I.
GREEK REPUBLICS.
1. S. AYDos......2. S. ACHAIA......3. S.,EGEA.
4, 5, 6. S. /EGINA.  Three sizes; the largest weighs 170 grains,
and is worn; the smallest, 13 grains. Egina had a different standard from most other parts of Greece.  The device-a tortoise-is
emblematic of the island, lying securely in the water.  The large
and small pieces, having no reverse except the marks of the stake
on which they were laid in coining, are believed to date near the
origin of the art, and may be twenty-five hundred years old.  The
middle piece seems of a later era.
* A full account of 1" Die Becker'schen falschen Miinz Stampel" is contained
in a pamphlet by Prof. von Steinbiichel, Vienna, 1836. The general price of
his silver coin is 1] florins of Austria, or 73 cents; gold pieces are from 71 to
12 florins.




ANCIENT COINS —GREEK.                       25
7. B. -AZANIS...... 8. S. AGRIGENTUM...... 9. B. do...... 10. B.
ALEXANDRIA, of the Troad......12. B. AMASIA...... 14.. S. A ss.
15. S. AMPHIPOLIS.  This specimen weighs but seven grains;
value less than two cents.  A small morsel to be handed down so
many centuries.
16 to 19. S. APOLLONIA...... 20. S. ARADUS...... 25. S. ARGos,
Acamania......26. S. do. Peloponesus.
28. S. ATHENS.  Tetradrachm; weighs 266 grains; value about
70.7 cents.  Obv. A head of Minerva, of very ancient style. Rev.
A large owl, with the letters AOE, initials of Athens.  The devices
are in the boldest relief, and the general style of the coin, coupled
with historical facts, indicate an age of twenty-one to twenty-three
centuries. The piece to the right is an electrotype copy to show
the reverse.
29. S. ATHENS.  Stater, or piece of four drachms.  Obv. A head
of Minerva, with the Greek helmet.  Rev. The sacred owl.*  About
2100 years old.  Value 70 cents.  From Captain Gardner, U. S. N.
(See Division XV., "'Selections.")
30, 31. B. ATHENS&.... 33. B. BEREA...... 34. B. BLAUNDOS......
35. S. BUEOTIA......36. B. BRUTII......37. B. CAMPANIA, Syria......
38. S. CATANA. cb......39. S. CHALCIS, of Eubea......40. B. do. of
Macedonia..... 42. S. CHERSONESU  TAURICA......43. B. CLAZOMENE.
44. B. CNosUS, of Crete. The reverse shows a ground plan of
the famous labyrinth.
46. S. CORCYRA, magna...... 49 to 54. B. CORCYRA, nigra.
57 to 61. S. CORINTH. NO. 57, tetradrachm, is of beautiful workmanship.  Obv. Head of Minerva.  Rev. Pegassus, or the winged
horse.
62. B. CORINTH.......63. B. COTIACUM......64. B. CYRENE......65.
B. CYzIcvs......66 to 68. S. DYR)RACHIUM......9..   B. do......70. S.
EPHESUS, Ionia......71. S. EPIus...... 73. S  EBEA...... 74. S.
GELAs......75. B. do......76. S. IIERACLEA, of Lucania...... 78. S. do.
* The proverbial saying of the Greeks, "taking owls to Athens," was of the
same import as the modern one of "carrying coals to Newcastle."




26                   ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.
of Macedonia...... 80. S. HISTRTEA...... 81. S. ILIST(EA......  82.  S.
ISTRUS.... 83. S. LARISSA...... 84. B. LAMPSACUS......85. S. LESBOS......86. S. LETE......87. S. LocRI...... 88. B. do.....89. B.
LEUCADIA......91, 92. S. MACEDONIA......93. B. MAMERTINI..94.
S. MARONEA......95. B. do.
97, 98, 99. S. MASSILIA.  These are interesting, as belonging to a
colony of Greeks who, to escape the oppressions of a Persian governor, emigrated to the coast of Gaul, (about six hundred years
before Christ,) and settled upon the spot now known as ]1~Marseilles.
The finished workmanship attests their civilization, in which respect
they are said to have exerted great influence upon the surrounding
Gauls.
100. B. MILETUS, Ionia...... 101. B. MYcoNus......102. B. MYsIA....... 103, 104. S. NEAPOLIS, of Campania (Naples)......105 to 107.
B. do..... 108. S. NEAPOLIS, Macedonia.
110. B. NEMAusus.  Greek colony in France, now Nismes. Obv.
Heads of Augustus and Agrippa, in whose day this was struck.
111. B. (ENIADIE......113 B. PESTUM.......115. B. PANORMUS.....
116. S. PARIUM......117. B. PELLE...... 118. S. PERGAMUS......
119. S. PHARSALIA...... 120. B. PHARUS......121. S. PHOCIDIS.....;
122. B. PHIONIA......123. S. PYTOPOLIS...... 124. S. RHEGIUM......
126, 127. S. RHODES...... 128. B. do...... 129. B. SARDIS......130.
S. SICYON, island......131. S. do. Achaia......133. S. SIDE......134,
135. S. SIPHNUS...... 136. B. do......138. B. SMYRNA......139. S.
SYRACUSE...... 140. B. SYRACUSE.....  141. S. TARENTUM...... 142,
143. B. TAvROMENIUM...... 146. B. TEANUM..1...147. 14. B. TENEDOS,
of the Troad......148. S. THASUS......149. S. TESSALY......150.
S. THESSALONICA......153, 154. S. THRACE......157, 158. S. VELIA....... 159. B. VALENTIA, Italy.




ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.                     27
DIVISION II.
GREEK M1O0NARCHIES.
M A C E D O N.
This kingdom was founded about eight hundred years before
Christ; four hundred and fifty years later it was enlarged by the
conquests of Philip; and became still more conspicuous from the
military career of his son, Alexander the Great.  But the kingdom
began to decline at his death, and at length, B.c. 148, became a
province of the IRoman empire.
9. Small silver coin, of one of the early kings, uncertain which, but
evidently earlier than Alexander I., who flourished about B.C. 500.
It bears the Macedonian horse on the obverse, and there is no
reverse except the punch-marks.
10, 11. Bronze coins of AMYNTAS II. B.C. 398-371.
12. Gold stater of PHILIP II.  B.C. 371-336.
13. Silver tetradrachm, of the same.
14. Hemidrachm, of the same.
15. Bronze coin, of the same.
17. Gold stater of ALEXANDER III. (THE GREAT.) B.C. 336-323.
Obv. Head of Minerva.  Rev. A female figure, with wings, representing Victory, and bearing a trident.
18, 19. Tetradrachms of the same. The head represents Hercules,
clothed with the lion's skin; but it is believed that a likeness of
Alexander is also intended.  Rev. Figure of Jupiter seated, holding
an eagle. Legend, AAEYANZPOY.  "(Money) of Alexander."
Alexander was so jealous of his personal appearance as to allow
the imitation of it, in painting, sculpture, or engraving, by only
three of his best artists; all mediocre hands were strictly forbidden
to attempt it.
The lion's skin is said to have been displayed, as showing the
descent of the Macedonian royal line, by Caraunus, from Hercules.
It is curiously alluded to by the Emperior Constantine VI., Por



28                  ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.
phyrogenitus, writing in the tenth Christian century.  "The kings
of Macedonia, instead of the crown, the diadem, and the purple,
bear [upon their effigy] the skin of a lion's head.  More honorable
to them is this than to be decked with pearls and precious stones."
20, 21, 22. Drachms, of the same. (No. 22 has a ring, and appears
to have been worn as a pendant ornament; but how long ago, is
uncertain. Its being a fashion amlong the oriental ladies of the present day, is some proof that it was also the custom a thousand years
ago, as the fashions there are said to undergo but little change.)
23. Drachm, of PHILIP III., brother of Alexander. B.c. 323-316.
25, 26. Bronze coins, of CASSANDER. B.C. 316-299.
27. Bronze, of PHILIP IV.  B.C. 298.
28. Silver, of ALEXANDER IV.  B.C. 298-294.
29, 30. Bronze, of the same.
31 to 36. Bronze, of ANTIGONUS I. B.C. 279-243.
37. Tetradrachm, of PHILIP V. Died B.c. 179.
This piece is so remarkably brittle, that a slight fall broke it;
yet upon assay of a fragment, it was found to be 97 per cent. fine.
38. Bronze coin, of PERSEUS.  B.C. 179-168.  He was taken by
the Romans, and was the last king of Macedon.
39. Small bronze; uncertain whose.
P E R S I A.
The ancient coins of the Persian empire are divisible into three
classes. 1. The earliest is that of the dynasty of Cyrus, which began
B.C. 560, and ended with Darius III., B.c. 331, by the conquests of
Alexander of Macedon. The first coinage is attributed to Darius I.,
who ascended the throne B.C. 521; from whose name the coins,
whether of gold or silver, are usually called darics; but they cannot
now be assigned to any particular monarch.  2. The second series
commences with the Greek domination. -In the partition of the vast
conquests of Alexander, Syria, Persia, and Bactria constituted one
empire, under Seleucus, a Greek general.  But at the end of half a
century, Persia was erected into a separate monarchy by Arsaces,




ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.                      29
founder of the dynasty of Arsacidse, which lasted from B.c. 256 to
A.D. 223. The coins of this class bear inscriptions in Greek. 3.
The rule of the Greeks was overthrown by Ardeshir, or Artaxerxes,
a Persian, A.D. 223-226, the first of a new line of monarchs, (called
Sassanides, from Sassan, the father of Ardeshir,) who maintained the
throne until A.D. 637, when Persia became a part of the empire of
the Caliphs.  The coins of this third division are in the ancient Persian or Pehlevi character and language, which, along with the worship
of fire, were diligently restored by this native dynasty.
40. Silver daric. Obv. The figure of an archer. Rev. The marks
of the stake on which the piece lay in coining.  The weight is 83grains; the fineness (by specific gravity of two specimens) varies
from 60 to 80 per cent.  There is no legend. ~ The style of the
coin indicates a high antiquity. (See Division XV., "Selections.")
41, 42, 43. S. Drachms, of PHRAATES I. B.C. 180-170. Different
types.
44 to 47. S. Drachms, of MITHRIDATES I., of the Arsacian line.
B.C. 156-134.  The reverses of the Greek series are very similar,
and generally to this effect: "THE GREAT AND ILLUSTRIOUS  ARSACES, KING OF KINGS, AND FRIEND OF THE GREEKS."  (Arsaces
was the official name of every monarch of that line.)
48 to 52. S. Drachms of PHRAATES II. B.C. 134-129. Different
types.
53 to 55. S. Drachms, of PHRAATES III. B.C. 70-61.
56. S. Potin, of PHRAATES IV.  B.C. 30-A.D. 13. (Base.)
57. S. Drachm, of GOTZARES. A.D. 45-48.
The foregoing are in a fair style of work, though inferior to the
coins of the other Greek dynasties, especially of Syria and Egypt.
The later specimens of the Arsacian line (of which we have a few,
for temporary examination only,) are very barbarous, indicating more
attention to arms than to arts.  Such is a specimen of VOLOGESES
III., alias ARSACES XXVIII., about A.D. 190.
58 to 6]. Silver coins of the Sassanian kings.  A.D. 223-637.
The legends, although they have engaged the attention of the best
numismatists, and that for a long period, cannot be satisfactorily
made out; only the name of Shahlopur (Sapor) can sometimes be dis



30                 ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.
cerned. The reverse bears an altar, on which a fire is burning,
attended by two magi or priests.  The earliest specimens are of
good workmanship, in a bold style; but the devices of later times
present little else than a confused jumble of lines. The silver appears to be of good quality; the coins are remarkably thin, as
compared with the Greek.
E GYPT.
This ancient realm had no coined money anterior to the Greek
kings, a dynasty which resulted from the conquest by Alexander of
Macedon, and began at his death.  From the accession of Ptolemy
I. to the death of the last Cleopatra (B.c. 323 to B.c. 30) is a period
of two hundred and ninety-three years, interesting to the numismatist
as well as to the historian.
72. G. Maneh, of PTOLEMY II., PHILADELPHUS, King of Egypt.
B.C. 284-246.  Obv. Head of Arsinoe, his wife and sister, niece of
Alexander the Great.  Found in Assyria in 1856. Weight nearly
the same as our avoirdupois ounce, 950 fine. Value $17.70. (See
Division XV., " Selections.")
73. Silver tetradrachm  of PTOLEMY II., PHILADELPHUS.  B.C.
284-246.
74 to 78. Bronze coins of the Ptolemies, uncertain which.  No.
74 is an enormous coin, weighing over three ounces.
~9. Bronze, of CLEOPATRA, mother of Ptolemy VIII.
80. Bronze, of PTOLEMY VIII.  B.C. 116-106.
81. Bronze, of CLEOPATRA, wife of Mark Antony; killed herself
B.C. 30. Egypt then became a province of the Roman empire. (See
Division XV.?, "Selections.")
SYRIIA.
SELEUCUS, surnamed Nicator, (conqueror,) was the founder of the
Grecian dynasty, called after his name the Seleucidwa, which ruled in
Syria, B.c. 312-B.c. 65. (See under Persia.) The coins of this series




ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.                     31
are, for the most part, in the best style of Greek workmanship; the
legends are simple and easily read.
81. S. Tetradrachm, of SELEUCUS I.  B.C. 312-281. (See Division XV., "Selections.")
82. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS I., SOTER, son of Seleucus.
B.C. 280-261.
83. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS the Great.  B.c. 223-187.
84. S. Tetradrachm, of SELEUCUS II., son of Antiochus the Great.
B.C. 187-175.
85. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS IV., EPIPHANEs, also a son
of Antiochus the Great, and famous for his wars with the Jews.:B.c. 175-164.
86. Bronze, of the same. The face bearded.
Bis. 86. S. Tetradrachm, of ALEXANDER, BALAS. B.C. 150-146.
(See Division XV., " Selections.")
87. S. Drachm, of the same.
88. S. Tetradrachm, of DEMETRIUS I., SOTER. B.C. 162-150.
89. S. Tetradrachm, of DEMETRIUS II., NICATOR. B.C. 146-144.
90. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS EUPATOR.
Bis. 90. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS VI. B.c. 146-143. Contemporary with the Maccabees. (See Division XV., " Selections.")
91. S. Tetradrachm, of DEMIETRIU II. or III.
92. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS EUERGETES.
93. Same; another type.
94. S. Tetradrachm, of ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES, (GRYPUS). B.C.
124-97.
95. Same; another type.
96. S. Tetradrachm, of SELEUCUS VI., NICATOR.
97. S. Drachm, of ANTIOCHUS DIONYSIUS. B.C. 143.
98. S. Tetracdrachm, of PHILIP. B.C. 93-86;. twenty-first king of
the dynasty, and the last but two. Syria was subdued by Pompey,
and made a Roman province, B.C. 65.
101. Jewish shekel, of SIMON MACCABEUS, who flourished about
145 B.c. The legends are in the Samaritan character; on one side
is the budding rod of Aaron, with "Jerusalem the Holy;" on the
other, a cup of incense, or pot of manna, and the legend "Shekel
of Israel."  The weight is 217 grains; the fineness (by sp. gr.)




32                 ANCIENT COINS -GREEK.
about 95 per cent.; consequent value, 55, cents. This specimen
is one of the rarest, and most remarkable, in the collection.  It is
in fine preservation. 102. A copy of the foregoing (made here) to
show the reverse side. (See Division XV., " Selections.")
103. A shekel with similar devices, the legends being in the
Hebrew character.  It is well-known to be an invention, and is but
a few centuries old. It weighs 197 grains.
This specimen was presented to the collection by the Bank of
Pennsylvania.  It had lain in the Branch Bank at Lancaster, sewed
up in a buckskin cover, for many years; but no one knew how long,
nor by whom it was deposited there.  It is curious, even as a fabrication. It is engraved in the old standard European books on
ancient coins.
104. Copy of the preceding (made here) showing the reverse.
LESSER MONARCHIES OF GREECE, ASIA MINOR, ETC.
105. Gold stater, of LYSIMACAvUS, King of Thrace. B.c. 320.
106. Silver tetradrachm, of the same.
107. S. Drachm, of the same.
108. Brass, of REIEMETALCES, King of Thrace; Augustus Cmesar
on the reverse.
109. Brass, of PATRIEUS, King of Pronia.
110, 111. Brass, of ALEXANDER II., of Epirus.
112.      do.  of ABGARUS, King of Edessa.
113.      do.  of AGATHOCLES, of Sicily.
114. Drachm, of PEIILISTIS. cb.
115. Brass, of HIERO II.
116. do. of PHINTIAS.
117. Denarius of JUBA I., King of Numidia.
118. Brass, of COTYS II., Bosphorus.
119. do.  of PRUSIAs I., King of Bithynia.
121, 122. Brass of PRUSIAs II.
124. Drachm of ARIARATHES VII., King of Cappadocia.
125.  do.  of ARIOBARZANES III.
126. Small brass, of AGRIPPA II., of Judea. A.D. 48.




ANCIENT COINS-GREEK.                       33
BA C T R I.A.
(NOW BOKHIIARA AND CABUL.)
This remote Greek monarchy was founded about B.C. 250, by a
secession from the great Syro-Persian empire.
A large number of the coins of Bactria and adjacent regions were
lately discovered by British officers in the service of the East India
Company. The details of the manner and the localities in which
they were found may be seen in the recent work of Prof. Wilson, on
the "Antiquities and Coins of Affghanistan," where they are also
fully and admirably illustrated.
137,* 138. Large and small brass, (or copper,) of EUKRATIDES,
about B.C. 180.
139. Silver, of ANTIMACHUS.  B.C. 140.
140t to 143. Silver, of MENANDER.  B.C. 126.
144. Brass, of the same.
145. Brass, of AGATHOCLES, who attempted to form a new monarchy. B.c. 135.
146. Silver, of APOLLODOTUS. B.C. 110.
147, 148. Brass, of the same.
149. Silver, of HERMnUS.  B.C. 98.
150, 151. Brass, of the same. After this dynasty came a succession of Barbarian and Indo-Scythian princes, whose history is still
more scanty and obscure.
153. Brass, of AzEs.  B.C. 50.
154, 155, 156. Brass, of SOTER MEGAS, "'the Great Deliverer, —name uinknown.  B. C. -.
157 to 160. Brass, of KADPHISES, supposed about A.D. 100.
161 to 165. Brass, of KANERKES, date unknown, but supposed not
later than A.D. 300.
169, 170. Silver coins of Rajpoot princes, not later than A.D. 1200.
171 to 174. Silver HIindoo coins, of the middle ages.
* For No. 137, see Division XV., "Selections."
1 For No. 140, see Division XV., "Selections."




34                ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
ROMAN.
REMAARKS ON THE COINS OF THE ROMANle  EXPIRE.
THE coins, of which these are specimens, were the current money
of ancient Rome —an empire founded (by the usual reckoning) seven
hundred and fifty-three years before Christ, and finally extinguished
A.D. 1453. According to their respective places in this vast tract of
time, they exemplify the rudeness and poverty of a petty colony, the
grandeur of an immense dominion, and the decay and barbarism of
its feeble remnants.
When we come to display these relics in their historical order, only
one considerable difficulty is presented. We know indeed that the
rough pieces of base metal were the earliest currency of Rome, sufficient for a poor and warlike horde. The pieces of silver, bearing
only the insignia and name of growing ROMA, must also be referred
to an early period.  But after that, and until the change from a
republic to a despotism, the regulations of the coinage were such as
to make it impossible now to arrange the coins in chronological
order. The operations of the mint were under the control of the
senate, and by that body intrusted to an official board, who seem to
have had the power to enstamp such devices as they chose, but not
to place the head or effigy of any individual on the coin, as was then
the practice in neighboring monarchies.  This distinction, it may be
observed, has prevailed down to this day; and it is to the precedent
set by the republics of Greece and Rome, as well as to an obvious
propriety, that we owe the rule which excludes from our coins the
heads of the Presidents. But while this honor was denied, even to a
consul or a conqueror, the senate permitted or overlooked the insertion in the legend of the name of an officer of the mint, or of a consul,
prmetor, or provincial governor, for whose disbursements any specific
grant of bullion was wrought into coin; or if not an individual name,
a general family surname; to which was frequently added some device




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                      35
to illustrate a famous action of the man, or of his ancestor.  This
evasion of the strict republican rule does not, however, give much
aid to the numismatist, especially where the name and exploit were
those of an ancestor, or where the same name belongs to persons of
different eras.  The whole difficulty in the case has, by commoh consent, long since been resolved into a classification of such pieces as
FAMILY COINS, in opposition to Imperial; and they are anomalously
arranged in the alphabetical order of family names. The limit of this
arrangement is not exactly defined, but it may be said to extend from
almost the commencement of the use of silver, down to the days of
Augustus, although the rule in regard to portraits was broken through
by his predecessors. Thefagmily coins may therefore represent a period
of two hundred and fifty years, terminating about the birth of Christ.
Augustus took charge of the gold and silver coinage as an imperial
prerogative, leaving the brass still under the care of the senate; a
most striking exemplification of the change of affairs, and of the
relative power of prince and people.  This accounts for the S. C.
(Senatus Consulto) on the inferior moneys.  After the time of Gallienus, about the middle of the third Christian century, even this
remnant of senatorial authority disappears.
In respect to the date of Roman coins, it is to be noticed, generally, that although the art of coining probably originated in Greece,
or Asia Minor, (as some contend,) about the time of the foundation
of the Roman colony, it appears not to have reached that obscure
and rude people until the reign of Servius Tullius, near the close of
the second century of Rome. Reckoning from that term as far downward as we can verify the coinage of the Lower Empire, which is not
nearer to its overthrow than a century and a half, the range of date
is more than eighteen hundred years.  It may be added, that there is
no single series to be compared with it in extent, variety, and completeness.  There was scarcely an emperor or usurper, though hurled
from his seat in a fortnight or a month, who did not leave a diversity
of monetary monuments for coming ages.
But more particularly, as to the date of any individual piece; it is
ascertained, in many cases, by the year of the "tribunitian power" of
the emperor; thus, TR. P. TI. of Claudius, is equivalent to A.D. 46.




36                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
It is solved also by the year of his consulship; thus, Vespasian Cos.
III. answers to A.D. 71: but as that title was not annually resumed
like the preceding, this is a less direct means of information. The
renewal of the inaugural vow every five or ten years, (voT. v., VOT. x.)
likewise determines the date; and when a victory or other great
event is symbolized on the coin, its age is determined by the aid of
history. But often we can only approach the date within a few years,
that is, within the limits of a reign; and the brevity of many of them
gives even more precision than an annual mark.
Notwithstanding the large use made of emblems in allusion to
Christianity, from and after the time of Constantine there is no
instance of a Christian date on a Roman coin; nor, indeed, is it to
be found on the coinage of any country, until a period subsequent to
the fall of the Lower Empire.
For about three centuries Roman money consisted solely of bronze,
a mixture of copper and tin; at first cast in moulds, but afterward
stamped, when other metals came into use. In the year of Rome
487, (B.c. 286,) silver was introduced into the coinage, and gold,
sixty years later; though it is believed that this last was of trifling
amount prior to the conquests of Julius Cesar. In his time, bronze
coins began to be displaced by copper and brass; the latter, a composition of copper and calamine, (ore of zinc,) being wrought with
some trouble, and much admired, is said to have been accounted
worth twice as much as copper.  This mixture disappeared about the
close of the third Christian century, and thereafter copper alone was
used for the inferior coinage.
The gold coin was maintained at almost absolute purity (990 to
995 thousandths) from first to last.  The exceptions in our collection
are in the instance of Michael I. Rhangabe, (AD. 811-813,) who,
besides a bezant of good weight and fineness, issued one very inferior
in both respects, the fineness being not above 600; and again, in the
reigns of Michael VII., Ducas, Romanus IV., and Nicephorus III.,
extending from 1067 to 1081, we have gold coins of the same inferior
quality.  They were restored by the next prince, Alexius I.
The silver coin, down to the reign of Augustus inclusive, was also
intended and considered as pure, and is found to be 950 to 985 thou



ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                          37
sandths fine. But in the ensuing reigns, there was a constant downward tendency, ending in an absurd and extravagant debasement.
In the coinage of Nero, we find the quality of 82 per cent.; from
Vespasian to Hadrian, it ranges from 78 to 85.  The very base silver
begins with Septimius Severus, about A.D. 200; and in the times of
Elagabalus and Philip, (say half a century further on,) the coins contained not more than 40 to 45 per cent. of silver, the alloy being
copper, with a portion of tin to preserve the color. In some cases
it would seem as if the emperors of those troubled times resorted to
the expedient of issuing copper with a mere plating of silver. But
a salutary and permanent reform  is to be dated from  the reign of
Diocletian, in the early part of the fourth century.  Silver of a good
quality, say 91 to 96 per cent. fine, was used from  that time, down
through all the decline of the empire.*  The silver coin appears,
however, not to have been abundant in the later times, the currency
chiefly consisting of gold for large payments, and copper for petty
dealings.  This is fairly inferred from  the proportions in which the
three kinds are now extant, or are from time to time recovered.
As it regards the denominations of Roman coins, the modifications
and changes, in a range of eighteen centuries, have occasioned so
much perplexity, that the professed collectors pay but little attention
to the subject, finding it more convenient to use their own technical
terms; such as, gold (or silver) of the usual size; gold or silver
quinarius, half size; large medallions, small medallions; first,
second, and third brass; or large, middle, and small brass.  The
a The degrees of fineness above stated are from our own trials; by assay, in
the case of silver coins not valuable; by specific gravity, where the pieces were
too scarce to be cut-a very good approximation for gold coins, and sufficient
for rare silver. Whatever difference there is between our rates and those to be
found in the Preface of Akerman on Roman Coins, (and it is not important,) is
chargeable to the very unsteady character of the coins, even of the same reignpossibly of the same year. The weights (hereafter given) are also our own, and
show about the same correspondence with those given by Akerman.
AWe have found also, in the silver coins, a larger quantity of gold than would
be suffered to remain in the present state of theparting art. It is small enough,
however, to show that the ancients took some p'ains in that business.
4




38                  ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
expressions are not very definite, but sufficiently so for their purposes.  So as to intrinsic value; whether a gold piece is 12 or 24
carats, whether a silver one is pure or base, is a circumstance which
they hardly deign to inquire into; the degree of rarity is everything.
But every intelligent reader of Roman history desires some idea of
the meaning of the money-terms which he meets on every page; the
coins to which they apply, together with the intrinsic values.  We
have space for a few details only.
As, sestertius, denarius, aureus, were the principal money-terms
of the Romans.
The as, or wes libralis, "pound of brass," and its divisions, were the
earliest Roman coins.  Originally the as weighed a Roman pound of
12 ozs., (equal to 12 oz. avoird.,) but by successive reductions in a
long course of years it was brought down to half an ounce before the
Christian era. In this form it was often called by the diminutive
terml assarium.  In the time of Constantine it had declined to 20
grains.
The sestertius, called also nunzmus, "the coin," by eminence, was
a brass coin, of about one ounce in the time of Augustus, and so continued for two centuries, when it began to lose weight, and is not
easily to be traced. The Romans were used to reckon by the sestertius for small sums, and by the sestertivn or great sesterce, (equal to
1000 sestertii,) for large amounts.  This last was only a money of
account.
The denarius was the principal silver coin, weighing at first about
60 grains, and though somewhat lighter than the Greek drachln, passed
as its equivalent.  In the second Christian century it weighed 50 to
55 grains; in the third, 48 to 50. The fineness being also in a course
of depreciation, the value of the piece, at first near 16 cents, fell, under
the first emperors, to 14 or 15 cents; 11 or 12 in the times of Vespasian, Trajan, and the Antonines; and about 6 cents under Elagabalus.
Its character was somewhat restored by Diocletian; but it seems impossible, from the great fluctuation in weight, to put a value upon
the denarius of the empire after its partition.*
* It seems to be taken for granted, while it is by no means certain, that the
English penny was based upon the later Roman denarius. The early pennies




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                         39
From  this coin we ascertain the value of inferior ones already
named.  It was at first worth ten times the as; but afterwards, and
before the Christian era, was equal to 16 ases. It was also equal to
four sestertii, or two quinarii.  The quinarius was a silver coin, not
very common.
The aureus, or gold coin, was double the weight of the denarius,
under the first emperors, and intrinsically worth about five dollars;
sometimes a quarter dollar more, but oftener less by that much.  So
it continued down to Pertinax, A.D. 192, as we find from our own
specimens, and, as we learn from  other sources, until Severus Alexander, thirty years later.  During that century the gold coinage partook somewhat of the confusion, and especially the depreciation, of
the other moneys. The aurei in our cabinet, from Decins to Numerian, vary 20 grains (85 cents) one from another, and on the average
are worth about $3.25.  From  Diocletian to Constantine the Great,
the aureus, now assuming the name of solidus, is about $3.50. But
it was again reduced, by the sons of Constantine, to 70 grains, or
three dollars value; and, singularly enough, maintained that weight,
within a grain or two, during eight or nine centuries thereafter. The
gold solidus, or bezant of the Byzantine empire, was the currency of
all Europe in the middle ages, and is often met with in the histories
of those eventful times; and (except in one or two cases of gross
deterioration of fineness) may be understood as a piece of nearly fine
gold, about three dollars in value, or, more exactly, $2.90.
The encomiums of amateurs prepare us for a severe disappointment, when we come for the first time to inspect the coins of Rome.
Their appearance is much below what would be expected, from the
reputation of Roman arts and civilization. There is, it is true, a
wide diversity of skill exhibited in the die-sinking branch.  Many of
weigh nearly a pennyweight, and are worth six cents. The coin has since passed
from silver to copper, and is worth only two cents. And (to trace the lineage
down to our own day and country) by the debasement of moneys of account,
the penny in the United States, though differing in different States, is so little
above a cent, that it is common to use the two terms interchangeably. We may
remark here, that the translation of the word denaion (denarius) intopenny, in,
the New Testament, although in one sense legitimate, gives a very incorrect idea.




40                  ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
the heads are admirable, to a cultivated taste and eye of modern
times; and, in general, as far down as to Constantine, there is a good
deal of character, and evident approach to a real portrait, even
where the finish is rather barbarous.. But the reverse side of the
coin was evidently handed over to the apprentices, and, with occasional exceptions, is beneath criticism.
That Rome certainly had artists capable of exquisite engraving,
we know from the long and large series of gems still extant.  The
inquiry, why there should be such a difference between the gems and
the coins, is most probably to be solved by such an answer as this,
that the masters of the art, imported from Greece, were but few in
number, and the public taste did not exact much skill for the coinage, the principal office of which was to pass from hand to hand in
barter, and not to be kept for show.  It has been so, almost down to
our own day.  The English guineas and shillings of the last, and
the Spanish dollars and fractions of this century, are not worthy to
stand as specimens of the general state of arts.
From and after the sons of Constantine, the style of execution continually deteriorates; and we are left to wonder that a people not
destitute of letters could tolerate such a burlesque of coinage.
Though there were but few of the emperors who were so fortunate
as to transmit their throne, with their face, to a son or near relation,
the portraits present a long gallery of striking similitudes. On
taking up a large brass coin of the great Justinian, the oracle of
lawyers, we seem to behold the visage and the workmanship of an
untutored Indian.
The other, and more mechanical parts of the mintage, (and this
will apply to Grecian as well as Roman,) allow of no higher praise.
Unless coins are so shaped as to lie flat, and admit of being piled
one upon another, and render apparent any diminution by filing or
clipping, they are not well fitted for their proper uses.  These objections apply very generally to ancient coins.  Other faults, chargeable to the want of machinery and metallurgic skill, need not be
dwelt upon.*
* Manual of Coins, page 12.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                        41
DIVISION I.
ERA OF THE REPUBLIC.*
All the coins of this era, except the earliest bronze and the
earliest silver, (which last are known by the simple inscription
ROMA,) are arranged under family names.  As far as known, there
are about one hundred and seventy-five families represented in coins
still extant, of which one hundred and twenty-six are in this collection. As an example of the mode of arrangement, the pieces which
bear the names A. PosT. (Aulus Postumius) and C. PosT. (Caius
Postunmius) are placed together, under the title POSTUMiIA.  If the
cognomen only is given, as in the case of BRVTVS, on various types
of Marcus Junius Brutus, it is nevertheless referred to the well.
known family name, JUNIA; and, by the same rule, certain coins of
Julius Cesar are retained in the family JULIA.
The types in this series are not generally of the most common
kind, and would repay the inspection of a practiced numismatist.
For the more general reader, we have occasionally interrupted the
roll, to call attention to a specimen of historical interest.
3. TRIENS, or piece of four ounces, indicated by the four dots, under
the rude figure of a ship. Very early coinage.
4, 5. B. SEXTANS, of two ounces.
6. B. UNCIA, ounce.  Small size.
7, 8. B. TRIENS.  Small.
9. B. SEXTANS, of Campania.
10, 11. ROMA, silver denarii.
12. ROMA, silver quinarius.
13. ABURIA. This, and the following specimens in this division,
are all silver denarii, except where otherwise mentioned.
This word is used in opposition to the imperial era, and in the modern sense.
Even under the most grinding despotism, Rome always flattered herself with
the title of "Republic."  The coins of Julian celebrate the Securitas Reipublice.




42                   ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.
14. ACCOLEIA...... 15, 16. ACILIA...... 17. AELIA...... 18, 19,
20. AMILIA......21. AFRAiNIA......22. ALLIA...... 23, 24. ANNIA. (The latter is brass.)......25. ANTESTIA......26.  ANTIA....... 27. ANTONIA.
(The legionary coins of Mark Antony, usually placed here, have
been transferred to the next division.)
28. B. APRONIA......29, 30. AQUILLIA. The reverse of No.
30 shows a woman kneeling before a soldier; underneath, SICIL. This
commemorates the suppression of a noted revolt of the slaves in
Sicily, by Manlius Aquillus.
31. B. ASINIA......32. ATTILIA......33.   AURELIA......34.
BEBIA...... 35, 36, 37. CAECILIA......38.  B. CECINIA......
39. CiESIA......40. CALIDIA.
41. CALPURNIA.  Rev. A horseman riding at full speed; an
ear of wheat above; legend L. PIso FRUGI. In the year of Rome
507 there was a great scarcity of food in the city, and Calpurnius
Piso was dispatched to Africa to purchase corn.  This trivial honor
is magnified by no less than one hundred and thirty varieties of
denarii.
42, 43. CARISIA...... 44, 45, 46. CASSIA...... 47. CESTIA.
cb......48. CIPIA......49, 50, 51. CLAUDIA......52. CLAUDIA.
eb......53. B. CLOVIA.......54, 55. CLOULIA. The latter a quinarius...... 56. CELIA...... 557. CONSIDIA...... 58. COPONIA....... 59, 60, 61. CORDIA......62 to 65. CORNELIA......66. CREPERIA......67, 68. CREPUSIA......69. CUPIENA...... 70. CURIATIA......  71. CURTIA...... 72.  DIDIA...... 73. DOMITIA....... 74, 75. EGNATIA...... 76. EGNATULEIA...... 77. EPPIA....... 78. FABIA...... 79. FANNIA......80. FARSOLEIA......81.
FLAMINIA......82.  FLAVIA......83, 84. FONTEIA......85. FUFIA......86. FULVIA......87. FUNDANIA......88, 89, 90. FURIA......91. GELLIA...... 92. 9HERENNIA......  93. HORATIA.
b......94. HOSIDIA.
95, 96. HOSTILLIA. In a battle with the Vientes, (in the early
days of the republic,) the Roman troops were seized with a panic,
and, in his -extremity, Tullus Hostilius, their leader, offered his vows
to Pallor and Pavor, the gods of fear and trembling.  Two ter



ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                         43
rified heads display these attributes.  On the reverse is the name
of L. Hostilius Saserna, a descendant of Tullus, and an officer of
Julius Coesar; for this person they were evidently coined.
97. JULIA...... 98 to 101. JUNIA.  No. 98, a remarkable type,
is a coin of Marcus Brutus, and commemorates the fact that his ancestor, L. Junius Brutus, was the first consul of Rome.  He is seenguarded by lictors, and preceded by a herald.
102 to 105. LICINIA......106. LIVINEIA.......107. LUCILIA....... 108, 109. LUCRETIA......110. B. LURIA......111. LUTATIA...... 112. B. M2ECILIA...... 113. MJENIA......114. MAIANIA...... 115. MAMILIA......  116. MANLIA......       117 to 119.
MARCIA...... 20. MARIA......121, 122. MEMMIA......123, 124.
MINUTIA......125. MUSSIDIA......  126. NIVIA...... 12. NONIA...... 128. NORBANUS..... 129. NORBANUS.  cb...... 130.
NUMONIA. cb..... 131. OPEIMIA...... 132-134. PAPIA......
135. PAPIRIA...... 136. PEDANIA...... 137, 138. PETILLIA.
139. PETRONIA......140. PINARIA......141. PLiETORIA......
142. PLANCIA...... 143-145. PLAUTIA...... 146. POBLICIA.
147, 148. POMPEIA......149, 150. POMPONIA.
151, 152. PORCIA.  The Porcian law, declared in the year of
Rome 453, exempted Roman citizens from the indignity of scourging.  Rev. of No. 152 represents a citizen protected by a magistrate from  the lictor, and underneath, the word PRovoco, "I appeal."  (See in the New Testament, Acts, xxii. 24-27, where the
Apostle Paul availed himself of this immunity.)
153-155. POSTUMIA...... 156, 157. PROCILIA...... 158, 159.
QUINCTIA......160. RENIA.....G161. ROSCIA......162. RUBRIA...... 163, 164. RUSTIA...... 165. RUTILIA......166. SATRIENUS......  17.  SCRIBONIA...... 168. SEMPRONIA......
169. SENTIA...... 170. SERGIA...... 171-173. SERVILIA......
174. SICINIA.... 175. SILIA...... 1716. SPURTILIA...... 177.
SULPICIA......  178. TERENTIA...... 179. THIORIA...... 180.
TITIA.
181, 182. TITURIA.  Reverse of the first represents two soldiers
throwing their shields upon a prostrate female. The city of Rome
was betrayed to the Sabines by Tarpeia, on condition of receiving




44                  ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
"what they wore on their left arms," intending their gold bracelets.
As soon as the city was taken, the solders, to fulfill their vow, and
punish her perfidy, threw upon her their bracelets and shields, and
she was crushed to death. The place was afterward famous as the
"Tarpeian Rock."  Reverse of the second represents the Romans
carrying off the Sabine women.  The family Tituria traced their
descent from the Sabines.
183. TREBAIA....     184. TALLIA......  -188. 1ALERIA.
(The last is brass.)......189. VARGUNTEIA.......190.  VETTIA....... 191. VETTUJRIA.... 192-194. VIBIA...... 195. VIBIA. cb.
1.....96-198. VOLTEIA..... 199-202. Uncertain.  Two are of
base metal.
DIVISION  II.
JULIUS CZESAR TO TRAJAN (INCLUSIVE,)
B.C. 49 TO A.D. 117.
I. CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR was born in the year of Rome 654
(B.C. 100.) Created Triumvir, with Pompey and Crassus, at the age
of forty, and Dictator at fifty-two.  He was made Perpetual Dictator B.C. 44, and assassinated in the same year, aged fifty-six.
1. G. Head of Julius. DICT(ator) PERP(etuo). PoN(tifex) MAx
(imus). Rev. Head of Caius (Octavius).
2. S. XAneas carrying Anchises.
3. Dictator the second time.
4. Head of Julius vailed. Perp. Dictator.
5. Julius crowned.  Perp Dictator.
6. Pontifical instruments.  Rev. Elephant.
7. B. JULIUS DiVOS.
8. Silver, of Marcus Brutus the conspirator.  Head of the elder
Brutus.
9. Brass, of Pompey the Great.  Rev. PIus. ITP(erator). Prow
of a vessel.
II. CAIUS OCTAVIUS, afterward AUGUSTUS, grand-nephew
of Julius Caesar, was born B.C. 63. IIe was joined with Mark Antony




ANCIENT COINS-ROMIAN.                      45
and Lepidus in the government, at the death of Julius; became sole
master of the empire, B.C. 31; received the title of Emperor two
years after; and died A.D. 14, aged seventy-six.
11. G. AUGUSTUS DIVI F. IMP. X.  Rev. AcT(ium). Commemorates that decisive battle.
12. Gold, of Sextus Pompey, naval commander, reduced by AugustUs B.C. 36.  IMAG(nUS) PIUS IMP(eratOr) ITER(Um). Rev. Hteads of
Pompey the Great and Cneius.  PmIEF(ectus) CLASS(iS) ET ORaI
MARIT (imle), "Commander of the fleet and sea-coast.' Ex. S.C(. cb.
13. Silver, same as the preceding. cb.
14. Silver of the same, different type. cb.
15. Mark Antony; Csesar on the reverse.
16. Antony; legends on both sides made up of his titles.
17. Lepidus; Csesar onil the reverse.
18. Augustus.  DIvus JULIUS.
19. The same.  Rev. SIGNIS RECEPTIS.
20. Aqueduct on the reverse.
21. Rev. Horses on a triumphal arch.  IMP. CEMsAR.
22. Rev. Pontifical instruments.  Cos. ITER. "Consul a second
time. "
23. S. P. Q. R. OB CIVES SERVATOS.
24. Fine head of Augustus, without legend.  Rev. DIvI F(ilius),
"the son of God,"' probably in reference to the deified Julius. (See
Di-vision XV., "Selections.")
Bis. 24. A counterfeit.  Copper plated, with silver.  Obv. Head
of Augustus.
25. Rev. Horseman at full speed.  AUGUST.
26. A Bull.  IMP. X., i.e. the title of Imperator, Emperor, conferred the tenth time.  It was then merely a military distinction.
27. A quinarius.  Rev. AsIA RECEPTA.
28. B. Rev. Within a wreath, AUGusTus TnRIBNIc(ia) POTEST
(ate).
29. DIvvs AUGUSTUS PATER.  The deceased Augustus sainted, or
deified.  Rev. S. C. (Senatus Consulto).
30. Silver, of Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. cb.
31. Brass, of Agrippa.  Consul third time.  Struck on the occa



46                  ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
sion of his marriage with Marcella, the emperor's niece.  lie was
born B.c. 69; died A.D. 12.  A great general, and an upright man.
32. S. Caius and Lucius, grandsons of Augustus.
35 to 54. Twenty silver coins of Mark Antony, the series struck
for the respective legions under his command.  The reverse shows a
ship or military ensigns, with the number of the legion, as LEG.
VI., etc.  They were probably used in payment of the troops, and
otherwise served to display the power of the general.  Four of the
series are wanting.
III.  TIBERIUS  C(LESAR, son of the Empress Livia, was
adopted by Augustus, A.D. 4, and succeeded to the empire A.D. 14,
at the age of fifty-six.  While on a sick bed, he was smothered at the
instigation of Caligula, which finished a cruel reign of nearly twentythree years. (A.D. 37.)
55. G. TI. CESAR DrvI. AUG. F(ilius) AUGUSTUS. Rev. PONTIFEX
MAXIMUS.  56. The same type in silver.
57. Base silver or potin struck at Alexandria in Egypt; legends
in Greek.
58. Large brass.  An altar, with figures of Victory.
59, 60. Brass, with the usual legends, and Rev. S. C.
61. Silver, of Drusus, son of the emperor. (Poisoned by his wife
A.D. 23.)  Rev. Head of Tiberius. cb.
62. Brass, of Drusus. IRev. S. C.
63. Livia, mother of Tiberius. SALUS AUGUSTA. (Died A.D. 29,
aged eighty-six.)
64. S. Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony, and mother of the
Emperor Claudius.  ANTONIA AUGUSTA.  (Poisoned A.D. 38, aged
seventy-six.) cb. 65. Brass, of the same.
66. S. Germanicus, son of Antonia, and nephew of Tiberius, who
adopted him. (Poisonedl A.D. 19, by the Gov. of Syria.) cb.  67, 68.
Brass, of the same.
69. Large brass. Agrippa, Sen., wife of Germanicus, and granddaughter of Augustus. (Exiled and starved to death by Tiberius,
A.D. 33, aged forty-eight.)
70. B. NERo  ET DRUSUs, CSAnRES.  Sons of Germanicus, and




ANCIENT COINS-ROMVIAN.                    47
brothers of Caligula. (Nero died in exile, A.D. 30; Drusus was
starved by order of Tiberius, A.D. 33.)
IV. Caius Caesar, called CALIGULA, (from his military dress,)
was adopted by his grand-uncle Tiberius, whom he succeeded, A.D.
37, at the age of twenty-five. His oppressive reign was cut short by
an assassin, A.D. 41.
72. S. C. CAsAn  AUG. Rev. S. P. Q. R. P. P. OB C. S., i.e.
"the Senate and People of Rome, to the Father of his Country, for
preserving the citizens."
73. B. Usual legend. Rev. Vesta seated.
V. Tiberius CLAUDIUS, nephew of Tiberius, was born at Lyons,
B.C. 10, and succeeded to the empire A.D. 41.  He married his
niece, Agrippina the younger, A.D. 49, by whom he was poisoned,
A.D. 54.
79. G. TI. CLAUD. CGiSAR. AUG. P. M. TR. P. VIIII. IMP. VI.
Rev. S. P. Q., etc.
80. S. Same legend; with GERM(anicus.) eb.
81. B. Rev. LIBERTAS AUGUSTA.
82. S. Agrippina, wife of the emperor, and mother of Nero. AGRIPPINGo AUGUSTE. Head of Claudius on the reverse. (She was killed
by order of Nero, A.D. 59, aged forty-three.)
83. Agrippina and Nero, face to face. cb.
VI. NERO, stepson of Claudius, was declared Cisar, A.D. 50, at
the age of thirteen years, and succeeded to the empire at seventeen.
Having become odious through his excesses, and hearing that a successor was elected, he slew himself, A.D. 68.
87. G. NERO CASAR AUGUSTUS. Rev. JUPPITER (SO spelt) CUSTOS
-"Jupiter the Keeper."
88. S. INERO CXsxAR. Youtthful profile.
90. Large brass.  NERO CLATuD. CESAR, etc.  ROMA on the reverse.  Supposed to have been struck on the rebuilding of Rome
after the fire.
91. The temple of Janus closed. PACE P(opulo) R(omano) TERRA
AARI(que) PARTA JANUM CLUSIT.
92. Coined at Alexandria, in Egypt.  Greek.
93. Coined at Alexandria, in Cilicia.  Greek.




48                 ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.
VII. GALBA, born B.C. 3, was governor of Spain under Nero;
created emperor by the army and senate, A.D. 68; murdered by the
guards, after a reign of seven months, A.D. 69.
95. G. IMP. SERV(ius) GALBA AUG. Rev. S. P. Q R., etc.
96. S. Rev. LIBERTAS PUBLICA.
97. B. Same reverse.
98. S. CLODIUS MACER. PRoPRAE(tor) AFrIclm. This provincial
governor declared independence upon the death of Nero, but was
reduced, and put to death by order of Galba. cb.
VIII. OTHO, governor of Lusitania, (now Portugal,) took part
in the revolt against Nero.  After following in the train of Galba
for a short time, he procured his death, and was proclaimed as his
successor. But the empire had to be disputed with Vitellius; and
having suffered a defeat, Otho killed himself, A.D. 69, after a reign of
only three months, and in his thirty-seventh year.
103. S. IMP(erator) OTHO CIESAR AUG(ustus) TR(ibun.) P(otestate).  Rev. SECURITAS P(opuli) R(omani).  By the looks of the
head, the artist seems to have aimed to confirm the historical fact
that the emperor wore a wig.
104. Rev. PoNrT(ifex) IAx(imus).  "Sovereign pontiff."
105. Rev. VICTORIA OTHONIS.  Otho was thrice victorious before
his overthrow at Brixellum.
No brass coins of this emperor have come to light.
IX. VITELLIUS proclaimed emperor by the legions in Germany, was successful against Otho, and acknowledged by the senate,
A.D. 69. After eight months of gluttony, he fell by the hands of the
soldiers, aged fifty-six.
111. G. A(ulus) VITELLIUS GERM(anicus), ImP(erator), AUJG(US
tus), TR(ib.) P(ot.)  Rev. A tripod, with a globe and dolphin on
the top, and an eagle beneath; XV  VIR SAcn(is) FAc(iendis.)
Commemorates his offering sacrifice to the shade of Nero, his patron.
112. S. Same as the preceding.
113. Rev. FIDEs  EXERCITUM.  Two hands joined, in token of
the faith of the army.
114. Heads of the two children of Vitellius. LIBERI IMP., etc. cb.
X. VESPASIAN was created governor of Judea by Nero, A.D.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                      49
66, and became emperor on the death of Vitellius; died A.D. 79, in
his seventieth year, having reigned ten years.
119. G. IIP. CIESARVESPASIANUS AUG. RIev. CoNs(ul) ITER(um)
TR(ib.) PoT(estate).
120. S. Rev. Pontifical instruments.  AuGURt. PONT. AIAX.
121. JovIS CUSTOS.
122. VICTORIA AUGUSTI.
123. A congius (a dry measure of about a half peck) with ears
of wheat standing out of it. Expresses his distribution of congiaries,
or gifts of corn, to the Roman populace.
124. A vailed female beside a palm-tree. JUDAXA DEVICTA. Commemlorates the destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70, by Titus.
125. Consul the seventh time.
126. Figure of Capricorn, ulder which sign Vespasian was born.
DIVUS AUGUSTUS VESPASIANUS.  Apotheosis of the deceased emperor.
127. DIVA DOMIITILLA AUGUSTA. Domitilla was married to Vespasian, A.D. 40, and died before his accession.  She was afterward
deified. cb.
XI. TITUS succeeded his father, A.D. 79, at twenty-eight years.
A change of character macde him a good prince; but the Romans
enjoyed the benefit of it only two years.  His death was not without
suspicion of poisoning, by Domitian.
135. G. T. CXsAR ILmp. VESPASIAN.  Rev. Cos. IIII. (Fourth
year of his consulate.)
136. S. CERES AUGUST.
137. A soldier standing on the head of a captive.
138. A statue on a pillar; usual legends.
139. Capricorn.
140. Curule chair.
141. B. JEQUITAS AUGUSTI.
142. B. CERES AUGUST.
143. S. Julia, daughter of Titus, and after his death a concubine
of her uncle Domitian.  On the reverse is a peacock, the emblem
of female deification, which honor was conferred on her by Domitian. cb.  144. Brass, of Julia.




50                 ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.
XII. DOMITIAN, brother of Titus, succeeded to the empire at
the age of thirty, A.D. 81, and reigned fifteen years.  He fell by a
conspiracy of his household; and though universally detested, received the usual honor of deification.  He was the last of "the
twelve Cesars," a classification more popular than proper.
151. G. CLs. AUG. IOMIT. Cos. III.  Rev. PRINCEPS JUVENT.UTIS.  The title " Prince of Youth" was given by his father, A.D. 69.
152. S. Rev. A dolphin and anchor; usual titles.
153. Copy of an equestrian statue.
154. Victory holding a buckler.
155. Cos. XIIII.  LUD(os) Sic(ulares) FEc(it).  Alludes to his
celebration of the secular games.
156. B. The same subject.  Priest and musicians.
157. S. Domitia, wife of the emperor.
XIII. NERVA was called to the empire by the senate, in his
sixty-fourth-year, A.D. 96. 9 His virtuous but feeble administration
was strengthened by the association of Trajan.  After a reign of
two years only, he was allowed the distinction of dying a natural
death, and was voted a deity.  A.D. 98.
159. G. ImP. NERVA C(Es. AUG. P(ontifex) _M(ax.) Tn(ib.) POT
(estate).  Rev. Pontifical instruments.  Cos. III.  PATER PATRI.
160. S. The same type.
161. AEQUITAS AUGUST(i).
162. FORTUNA AUGUST(i).
163. Two hands joined. CONCORDIA EXERCITUUM. Expresses the
ratification by the army of his election; now more important than
the voice of the senate.  164. B. The same type.
XIV. TRAJAN, born in Spain, A.D. 53, succeeded Nerva, A.D. 98,
and reigned nineteen and a half years. His military exploits, his
energy and leniency, (except toward the Christians,) endeared him to
the Romans as the best of all their emperors, and they early conferred on him the title of OPTIMUS PRINCEPS, which appears on most
of his coins.  Died in Cilicia, A.D. 117.
167. G. IMP. TRATANO OPTIMO AUG. GER(manicus), DAC(iCUS),
P(ont.) AI(ax.) TR. P(otest.) Rev. Cos. VI. P(ater) P(atrive) S.
P. Q. R.  Germany and Dacia were among his conquests.




ANCIENT COINS-ROM~iAN.                     51
168. S. Three military ensigns.  "The senate and people of
Rome, to the best prince."
169. Rev. Ceres, with legend as above.
1710. Equestrian statue.
171. Victory, writing on a shield.
172. PARTHICO, P. M., etc.  Expresses his victories in Persia.
173. Front of the Forum, a superb building erected by Trajan. cb.
174. The emperor on a throne, with attendants, assigning kingdoms
to three persons below and before him.  REGNA ADSIGNATA. cb.
175. PARTHICO DIVI TRAIAN, etc.
176. Victory.  (A quinarius.)
177. Large brass.  A crowd of titles in the legends.
178. G. Plotina, wife of Trajan. (Died A.D. 129, and was one of
the few empresses sans reproche.) Rev. Vesta seated. cb.
179. S. Marciana, sister of Trajan.  Rev. CONSECRATIO. cb.
180. G. Matidia, daughter of Marciana, and mother-in-law of the
Emperor Hadrian.  Plotina on the reverse. cb.
181. B. Greek coin of Trajan and Plotina (Perinthus in Thrace.)
DIVISION III.
- HADRIAN  TO ELAGABALUS*-A.D. 117-222.
XV. HADRIAN, through the management of the Empress Plotain, succeeded upon the death of Trajan, A.D. 117.  He is noted as
the traveling emperor; his long and prosperous reign being spent
in marches and journeys to all parts of the empire.  His coins,
which are numerous, afford a medallic history of his life.  Died in
his seventy-second year, and twenty-second of his reign, A.D. 138.
1. G. HADRIANUS AuG. Cos. III. Pater Patrite.  Rev. LIBERALITAS AuG(usti). The emperor was liberal in largesses to the people.
2. S. Rev. AFRICA. A female figure, representing Africa, recumbent.  Commemorates his visit there.
3. HISPANIA. Figure of Spain, recumbent.
- Spelt thus upon the coins.




52                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
4. RESTITUTORI HISPANIXL. The emperor raising a female (Spain)
from the ground.
5. AEGYPTOS. Emblems of Egypt.
6. NILUs.  The god of the Nile, recumbent.
7. RESTITUTORI GALLIZE.  The emperor raising prostrate Gaul.
8. Ceres.
9. Cos. III. Moon and star.
10. The emperor marching before three soldiers.  DISCIPLINA
AUG(usti).  The army in Germany becoming relaxed in discipline,
the emperor visited them, and inured them to hardships by his own
example. cb.
11. B. Rev. HIILARITAS P(opuli) R(omani).  A female, holding
a stalk of wheat; citizens at her feet. The "hilarity" of the ancient lazzaroni depended very much on the supplies of corn drawn
from the industrious provinces.
12. SALUs AUGUSTA. A female making offerings to a serpent,
in behalf of the emperor's health.
13. Silver, of Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Rev. VENERI GENETRICI.
14. SABINA AUGUSTA, HADRIANI AUG. IRev. CONCORDIA AUG.
Commemorates the making up of a quarrel between the emperor
and his wife. They lived so unhappily, that she destroyed herself,
after a union of thirty-seven years, A.D. 137.
15. Silver, of Aelius Caesar. He was adopted as Hadrian's successor, but died before him, A.D. 138.
16. B. S. HAJPIANOC  CEB. Hadrianus Augustus.  Coined
at Cesarea in Cappadocia.
- XVI. ANTONINUS PIUS succeeded Hadrian, lby whom he had
been adopted, A D. 138; and reigned twenty-three years. In contrast to the policy of his predecessor, he never traveled farther from
IRome than to his villa; but the vast empire was governed with unexampled wisdom and mildness, and it was an age of peace and
plenty.  His devotion to the gods, and to the memory of his patron,
early procured him the surname of PIus; which became a standing
title to all succeeding emperors.  The Christian religion was openly
tolerated.  He died A.D. 161, in his seventy-fifth year, universally
lamented.




ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                    53
22. G. ANTONINUS AUG. PIus. P. P.  Rev. TR. POT. COS. II.
23. S. Rev. ITALIA. A woman sitting on a globe.
24. Rev. The youthful head of Aurelius, who was adopted at the
age of seventeen, A.D. 138.
25. Rev. Aurelius more advanced.
26. Rev. A Female at an altar.  PIETAS.
27. DIVUS ANTONINUS. Rev. CONSECRATIO.
28. Rev. A funeral pile.  CONSECRATIO.
29. Rev. An altar. DIvo PIo. The honor of deification was
eagerly conferred by the senate.
30. Large brass.  Reverse same as No. 12.
31. B. Rev. Romulus and Remus sucking the wolf.
32. G. DIVA FAUSTINA. Deification of the elder Faustina, wife
of Antoninus; born A.D. 105, died 141.
33. S. Faustina vailed; DIVA FAUSTINA. Rev. AETERNITAS.
34. Rev. JUNONI REGINME.
35. Rev. AUGUSTA.
36. DIVA FAUSTINA PIA. Rev. A peacock; CONSECRATIO.
37. B. Rev. CONSECRATIO.  These and other types show the
honors paid by the good emperor to her memory, though while living she occasioned him no little grief and scandal.
38. B. Greek coin of Antoninus; Laodicea.
XVII. MARCUS AURELIUS Antoninus, and LUCIUS AERUS, brothers-in-law, who had been of the rank of Cwesars for
twenty-three years, succeeded A.D. 161, as Augusti, colleague emperors.  Though the former was a Stoic philosopher, and the latter
a debauchee, they lived without discord, and (as their coins show)
were much engaged with the barbarians.  The immense empire was
now beginning to tremble with its own weight. Verus died 169, in
his fortieth year.  Marcus ruled alone for eleven years more, and
died at the age of fifty-nine.  He was greatly esteemed for his virtues; and "the age of the Antonines" is justly esteemed as a bright
one in Roman history.
43. G. AURELIUS CESAR  AUG. PII. F. Rev. TR. POT. III.
Cos. II.
44. S. The same legends.
5




64                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
45. ANTONINUS AUG.  ARMENIACUS.  Rev. A  female on the
ground, personifying captive Armenia.
46. Rev. Victory holding a shield, with the motto Vic. PAR. Records the success of the Romans in Parthia.
47. B. Rev. A trophy, and two captives seated; DE SARM. The
victory over the Sarmatians.
48. PROFECTIO AUG. Emperor on horseback.
49. S. FAUSTINA AUGUSTA. Rev. A female with an infant in her
arms, and two other children at her feet; FEcuND(itas) AUGUSTLE.
She was the daughter of Antoninus Pinus, and wife of Marcus; died
A.D. 115. Her dissolute life could not exempt her from deification.
50. Rev. S.ECULI FELICIT(aS). "The happiness of the age."
51. A fine head of this handsome woman. Rev. CONCORDIA.
52. B. Rev. LIETITIA.
53. S. L. VERUS AUG. ARMENIACUS. Rev. Sundry usual titles.
54. L. VERUS ARM. PARTI. MAX. (The two emperors were somewhat disposed to conquer per alium, and triumph in persona.)
55. DIvus VERUS. Rev. CONSECRATIO.
56. Silver, of Lucilla, daughter of Marcus, and wife of Verus.
Rev. VOTA PUBLICA.
57. Rev. DIANA LUCIFERA.
XVIII. COMMODUS, son of Marcus Aurelius, was admitted to
the rank of Coesar at five years of age, and of Augustus at sixteen;
and succeeded to the empire in 180, at nineteen years. IHe gloried
chiefly in fighting as a gladiator in the public games, and assumed
the name of Hercules.  An end was put to his cruelties by assassination, A.D. 192.
64. G. M. COMMODUS ANTON(inus) AUG. PIUS.  Rev. The customary titles.
65. S. Rev. HILARITAS.
66. The usual titles.
67. L. _IL(ius) AUREL(ius) COMM(odus).  Rev. The club of Hercules; HERCULO ROMANO AUGU(StO).
68. B. Rev. Sacrificial instruments; PIETAS AUG.  Records the
piety of Commodus.
69. G. CRISPINA AUGUSTA. Rev. VENUS FELIX. This empress




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                     55
was banished for gross misconduct, and afterward put to death, 183;
and was even refused an apotheosis. cb.
70. Rev. An altar; DIS GENITALIBUS.
XIX. PERTINAX, the son of a wood-chopper, rose to the highest posts in the army and state, and was declared emperor upon the
death of Commodus, A.D. 192.  His virtues were conspicuous; but
the iron age of Rome had commenced, and a good ruler could scarcely
keep his place. He was murdered by a few soldiers, after a reign of
three months, and in his sixty-sixth year.
78. G. IMP. CzAs. P. HELV(ius) PERTIN(ax) AUG. Rev. PROVID
(entia) DEoR(um).  Cos. II.
79. Same legends as the gold. cb.
80. B. Same legends.
XX. DIDIUS JULIANUS, a wealthy citizen of Rome, hearing
that the army had offered the empire at public sale, ran to the camp,
and outbid a competitor. He was acknowledged by the senate; and,
on the approach of Severus, was deposed and beheaded by the same
authority, after a reign of two months, and at sixty years of age,
A.D. 193.
85. G. IMP. CiES. M. DID. JULIAN. AUG. Rev. P. M. TR. P, Cos.
86. S. Rev. RECTOR ORBIS.  The emperor holding a globe. cb.
87. Manlia Scantilla, empress.  Rev. JUNO REGINA. "Juno, the
queen."
88, 89. Didia Clara, daughter of Julian.  Rev. HILAR(itas) TEMP
(orum).  The "hilarity of the times" was precarious and intermittent. (89. cb.)
90. The same type in brass.
XXI. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, a native of Africa, and commander in Germany, was proclaimed emperor by his legions, on hearing of the death of Pertinax; and marching to Rome, received the
homage of the senate. He was successful against two powerful competitors, and reigned eighteen years, dying at York, in Britain, A.D.
211, at the age of sixty-five. His surname expressed his charactersevere, and caring little for the opinion of others; yet, on the whole,
such a ruler as the times required.
93. S. SEVERUS PIus AUG. Rev. A female seated on a lion; INK




56                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAIN.
DULGENTIA AUG(usti) IN CARTH(aginem).  The occasion was his
investing Carthage with peculiar privileges.
94, Rev. RESTITUTOR URBIS. "Restorer of the city." Severus
built temples, and restored the secular games in Rome.
95. Rev. Trophy and captives.  Legend imperfect.
96. B. Usual titles in the legend.
97. Silver, of Julia Domna, wife of Severus.  Rev. VENUS GENETRIX.
98. Rev. [MATER DEUM.
99. Rev. JUNO.
100. VESTA.
101. Brass, of Julia.  MATER DEUM.
102. Greek coin, (brass,) of Severus; Corcyra, now Corfu.
103. The same; coined at Cesarea, in Cappadocia.
PESCENNIUS NIGER, and CLODIUS ALBINUS, the former
governor in Syria, the latter in Britain, started with Severus in the
race for the empire, with powerful armies to back them. Niger was
subdued in one year, and Clodius in four, after an obstinate conflict.
104. G. IMP. CAs.  C. PEsc(ennius) NIGER JUSTUS AUG.  Rev.
CONCORDIA, P. P. cb. (The original of this was unique, and was
stolen from the cabinet of the King of France, with other pieces; and
has no doubt been melted down. It is proper to add, that on account of the P. P., to which Niger was not entitled, the original
itself was suspected.)
105. S. Riev. FORTUNA REDUCI.
106. Moon and stars.  SYECULI FELICIT(aS). cb.
107. Greek coin of Niger. cb.
108. Same, in brass. cb.
109. S. D. CLOD. SEPT. ALBIN(US) CIEs.
110. Rev. nMINER(va) PAcIF(era).  Cos. II.
111. Brass, of Clodius. Reverse illegible.
XXII. CARACALLA and GETA, sons of Severus, succeeded
as joint emperors, A.D. 211. Their mutual hatred ceased only upon
the murder of Geta, in the next year; and Caracalla acted the tyrant
alone, for five years longer.  He died by the hand of one of his soldiers, at the instigation of Macrinus, while on the march into Persia,




ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                      57
A.D. 217, aged thirty years.  (Caracalla, being a nickname only,
never appears on the coins; the true name of this emperor was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.)
113. S. IMP. ANTONINUS AUG.  Rev. JovI CONSERVATORI.  "To
Jupiter, the Preserver."
114. ANTONINUS PIUS AUG. BRIT(annicus). Rev. PaoFEcTIo  AUG
(usti). Caracalla was with the army in North Britain; and figures
in Ossian as "Caracul."'
115. ANTONINUS PIus AUG. GERM(anicus).  A  quiet retreat
through Germany brought him this victorious surname.
116. Rev. LYETITIA PUBL(ica).  "The public joy."
117. Rev. VICTOR(ia) ANTONINI AUG.  (These four are large denarii, which began to be coined in this reign.)
118. B. Usual titles in the legend.
119. S. PLAUTILLA AUGUSTA.  (Plautilla was married to Caracalla, A.D. 202; afterward exiled, and put to death, A.D. 212.)
120. Rev. VENUS VICTRIX.
121. Rev. The emperor and empress joining hands; PROPAGO
IMPERI.
122. Brass, of Plautilla.  PIETAS AUG.
123. S. GETA Civs(ar) PONT. COS.  R1ev. VOTA PUBLICA.  Rev.
PRINC(eps) JUVENTUTIS.  (These two were coined before Geta became emperor.)
124. SEPT. GETA PIUS AUG. BRIT(annicus).  Rev. Usual titles.
125. Brass, of Geta. PONTIF. COS. II.
126. Greek coin (brass) of Caracalla, struck at Byzantium.
XXIII. MACRINUS having, for his own safety, procured the
murder of Caracalla, was deliberately elected emperor by the army in
Syria, A.D. 217. -Ie was killed the next year, after suffering a defeat
by Elagabalus.
127. S. IMP. C(aesar) M(arcus) OPEL(iUS) SEV(erus) MACRINUS
AUG. Rev. FIDES MILITUM.  "Faith of the soldiers."
128. AEQUITAS AuG(usti).  "Equity of the emperor."
129. B. Rev. The emperor in a quadriga, or car with four horses.
130. Silver, of DIADUMENIANUS, son of Macrinus; created C(Lsar,




58                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
and afterward Augustus, at nine years; shared the fate of his
father. cb.
131. B. Rev. PRINC. JUVENTUTIS.
XXIV. ELAGABALUS, or ileliogabalus, a boy-priest in the
Temple of the Sun, in Syria, and of distant relation to Caracalla, was
commended by his mother to the Roman soldiery there, as a son of
that emperor, and by them proclaimed, in opposition to Macrinus.
His faction having succeeded, the youth was acknowledged by the
senate, and reigned about four years. lie was killed A.D. 222, at the
age of about eighteen years, after a course of debauchery and cruelty
that is scarcely credible. His real name was Avitus Bassianus, and
his imperial name Marcus Antoninus; but he is only known by the
designation above, which was the Syrian title of the sun, as a deity.
135. S. IMP. ANTONINUS PiUS AUG. Rev. The emperor sacrificing; INVICTUS SACERDos AUG. "The unconquered priest, emperor. "
136. Rev. The emperor on horseback. PROF(ectio). Probably
his "march" to Rome.
137. Rev. SACERDOS SoLIs ELAGAB(ali) D(ei). IHe gloried in this
character, and introduced the worship of the sun at Rome.
138. Large silver. Rev. SALUS ANTONINI AUG.
139. B. The emperor in a car. P. M. TR. P. V. Cos. IIII. P. P.
141. Large silver. JULIA MaSA AUG. The grandmother of Elagabalus, and by him created a member of the senate. Rev. PIETAS
AUG.
142. Silver, of Julia Miesa. Rev. PUDICITIA.
143. The same. Rev. FECUNDITAS.
144. JULIA SO.XMIAS AUG. Rev. VENUS CELESTIS. Julia SoNamias was the mother of the emperor, and was killed at the same time
with him.
145. JULIA PAULA AUG. Rev. The emperor and empress joining
hands.  CONCORDIA.  She was the first wife of Elagabalus, and repudiated in about a year, notwithstanding this "concord."'
146. Paula, with Elagabalus on the reverse. cb.
147. JULIA AQUILIA SEVERA. Rev. CONCORDIA. A vestal virgin




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                    59
taken by Elagabalus as his second wife; repudiated to make room
for a third, but afterward recalled.
148. Greek coin, brass, of Elagabalus; struck at Marcianopolis,
in Maesia.
149. Same; struck at Nice, in Bithynia.
DIVISION IV.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER TO CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS,
A.D. 222-270.
XXV. SEVERUS ALEXANDER, the cousin of Elagabalus,
and adopted by him, succeeded A.D. 222, at the age of seventeen, and
reigned thirteen years.  The downward course of things was somewhat retarded by this wise and virtuous administration; but was
renewed by the barbarous murder of the emperor, and the elevation
of the chief conspirator.
1. S. IMP. ALEXANDER PIUS AUG. Rev. SPES PUBLICA.
2. Rev. MARS ULTOR. "Mars, the Revenger."
3. IMP. C. M. AUR. SEv. ALEXANDER. AUG. Rev. Usual titles.
4. B. Rev. The emperor in a car. Usual titles.
5. S. SALL(ustia) BARBIA ORBIANA AUG. The emperor on the
reverse. She was the wife of Alexander. cb.
6. Rev. CONCORDIA AUGG.
7. Brass, of the same.  CONCORDIA AUGUSTORUM.
8. S. JULIA MAM:EA. AUG.  Rev. FELICITAS PUBLICA.  She was
the emperor's mother, and influential in the government. Killed
with him.
9. Rev. VENUS VICTRIX.
10. Rev. A female holding an infant.  VENERI FELICI.
11. Rev. VESTA.
12. B. FELICITAS PUBLICA.
13. Brass, Greek, of Alexander. Byzantium.
XXVI. MAXIMINT  I., the Thracian giant, succeeded the prince
whose murder he had procured. His successes against the Germans




60                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
could not atone for his cruel temper, and the Romans declared for
GORDIAN and his son, who had assumed the purple in Africa.  They
were quickly subdued by the forces of Maximin; but in marching for
Rome, to encounter a new pair of emperors, he was murdered by his
own soldiers, A.D. 238. HIe had reigned three years, and was aged
sixty-five.
15. S. IMP. MAXIMINUS PIUS AUG.  Rev. PAx AUGUSTI.
16. Rev. VICTORIA GERM(anica).
17. Rev. FIDUS MILITUM. Perhaps alludes to his rescue by the
soldiers, when he was sticking fast in a marsh, in Germany.
18. B. Rev. SALUS AUGUSTI.
19. Rev. Military standards.
20. Same reverse as No. 17.
21. S. DIVA PAULINA. Rev. A peacock carrying the deceased
empress to heaven.  CONSECRATIO. There was some ground for this
compliment.
22. JuL(ins) VERUS  IAXIMUS Cxs(ar). Rev. PIETAS AUG. This
prince was of an opposite disposition to his father, but shared his
fate, A.D. 238.
23. Brass, of the same. Rev. PRINCIPI JUVENTUTIS.
XXVII. BALBINUS, a senator, and PUPIENUS, a soldier,
both advanced in years, were chosen in Rome to succeed the two
Gordians, while Maximin was still living. His defeat confirmed
them in the empire, which they governed wisely; but a mutiny of the
soldiers brought them to a violent end, after reigning only about a
year, A.D. 239.
29. Large silver. IMP Cus. D(ecimus) CzL(ius) BALBINUS AUG.
Rev. Two hands joined; PIETAS AMUTUA AUGG.  "The devotion of
the emperors to each other."
30. Rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORUM. cb.
31. IMP. Cms. M(arcus) CLoD(ius) PUPIENUS AUG. Rev. Two
hands joined; PATRES SENATUs —(which may mean the emperors, as
"fathers of the senate," or the senate, as "the conscript fathers.")
32. Small silver, of Pupienus.  VICTORIA AUGG. cb.
33. Brass, of Pupienus. Legend imperfect.
XXVIII. GORDIAN  III., a youth of only fifteen years, suc



ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                     61
ceeded to the empire by common consent, and his reign displayed
courage and moderation.  He was undermined, however, by the arts
of Philip, the pretorian prefect; and the support of the army being
withdrawn, he was easily cut off, A.D. 244, having reigned six years.
36. Small silver. Youthful head. IMP. GORDIAN-US PIus FEL(iX)
AUG.  Rev. Usual titles.
37. Large silver.  Rev. LITTITIA AUG. N.
38, 39. Rev. JovI STATORI. Figure of Jupiter Stator.
40. Rev. SAECULI FELICITAS.
41. ORIENS AUG.  The emperor flattered as the "rising sun."
42. JOVI CONSERVATORI.  "To Jupiter, the Preserver."
43. MARS PRoPuG(nator).  "Mlars, the Champion."
44. Usual official titles.
45. L. Brass. SECURITAS PERPET(ua).
46. As No. 38.
47, 48. Silver, of Sabina Tranquillina, empress; married to Gordian in 241.  (No. 48, cb.-; No. 47 doubtful.)
XXIX. PHILIP, an Arab chief, afterward a Roman general,
proved an excellent ruler, notwithstanding the base means of his promotion; and was in high esteem with the senate and people.  His
son, Philip II., though but a child, was associated in the empire.
Their reign, with their lives, was cut short by the successful revolt of
the army in Pannonia (Austria) under Decius.  Philip was killed,
A.D. 249, in his forty-sixth year, and sixth of his reign. The younger
Philip was aged thirteen.
50. Small silver. IMp. M(arcus) JuL(ius) PHILIPPUS AUG. Rev.
The emperor on horseback; ADVENTUS AUGG.  "Arrival of the
emperors. "
51. Large silver. Rev. SECURIT(as) ORBIs. "The safety of the
world."
52, 53, 54, 55. Rev. SECULARES AUGG. These coins severally
bear on the reverse a lion, a stag, a goat, and a column with Cos. III.;
and another, of the empress, bears a hippopotamus.  The secular
games were celebrated with magnificence, A.D. 247, and third year of
Philip, as being the 1000th year of Rome, by the computation of




62                ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.
Varro. Other coins of the same date (not in this collection) bear
the legend MILLIARIUM SIECULUM, the "' millennium" of Rome.
56. Rev. EQUITAS AUGG.
57. TIRTUs AUG.
58. An elephant and his rider; JETERNITAS AUGG.
59. Base silver. Greek coin of Philip; Antioch in Syria.
60. B. Rev. A stag; SIECULARES AuGG.
61. FELICITAS TEMP(orum).  "The happiness of the times."
62. Large silver. OTACIL(ia) SEVERA AUG. Rev. PIETAs AuGUSTA]. She was married to Philip some years before he became
emperor, and survived him  a very short time.  She was of pure
character, and is said to have professed the new religion, and to have
caused her son, the younger Philip, to be baptized.  The emperor
was not (as some have affirmed) the first Christian emperor, but he
suppressed the persecutions.
63. Otacilia. Rev. SAcuLAREs AUGG. A  hippopotamus, with
open mouth. The display of wild animals formed a part of these
games.
64. B. M[ARCIA OTACIL(ia) SEVERA. Rev. PIETAS AUGUSTZE.
65. Large silver. AM. JUL. PHILIPPUS Cas.  Rev. The younger
Philip holding a globe and spear; PRINCIPI JUVENT(Utis).
66. Base silver. Greek coin of the younger Philip; Antioch in
Syria.
67. Brass, of the same. Reverse imperfect.
68. The same. SECULARES AUGG. COS. II.
69. Large silver. IMP. TI(berius) CL(audius) MAR(iUS) PACATIANUS AUG. Rev. SALUS AUGG. The name of this usurper is not
found in history, but he is referred to this date by another legend
(not in this collection), ROMaz AETER. AN. MILL. ET PRIMO. " Year
1001 of eternal Rome."  His coins are found only in France.  This
is one of several instances in which Roman coins discover the omissions of historians. cb.
70. Pacatianus. Rev. Hercules in conflict with the lion; VIRTUS
AUG. "Courage of the emperor." cb.
XXX. TRAJAN  DECIUS, sent to suppress a mutiny in Pannonia, placed himself at the head of it; and having vanquished his




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                     63
master, was acknowledged as emperor. His reign of two years was
spent in warring against the Goths, and destroying the Christians;
the former of whom had become formidable to the state, as the latter
had to the state religion. He fell in battle, A.D. 251, aged sixty
years.
71. G. IMP. C. M. Q. TRATANUS DECIUS AUG. Rev. A figure
holding an ensign; GENIUS EXERC. ILLYRICIANI.  The Illyrian army
promoted him.
72. S. ADVENTUS AUG. His arrival at Rome.
73. DACIA. The battle-ground.
74. GEN. ILLYRICI.
75. B. PANNONIA.
7 6. Reverse as No. 71.
77. G. HER(ennia) ETRUSCILLA AUG. Rev. PUDICITIA AUG.
This empress is known only by her coins, and by an inscription.
78. S. Same reverse.
79. B. Same reverse.
80. Greek coin of Etruscilla. Rev. SAMION. Island of Samos.
81. S. Q. HER(ennius) ETR(uscus) MEs(sius) DECIUS NOB(iliS)
C(Pesar).  This prince perished in battle with his father.
82. Brass, of the same.
83. S. CN. VALENS HOSTILIANUS QUINTUS AUG. This prince
survived his father, was made colleague to Gallus, and died in a few
months, either of plague or poison.
84. Rev. SECURITAS AUGG. (This legend seems a sarcasm upon
the times, and especially upon this prince.)
XXXI. GALLUS, commanding on the Danube, was proclaimed
by his army, and elected by the senate successor to Decius. A precarious peace was purchased of the Goths; but the empire was
afflicted with plague and famine. Gallus was killed by his own soldiers, when about to march against 2Emilian, A.D. 254; having
reigned less than three years, and aged forty-seven.
85. S. IMP. C. C. YIB. TREB(onianus) GALLUS AUG.  Rev.
LIBERTAS PUBLICA.
86. Rev. APoLL(ini) SALUTARI. (An appeal to Apollo, the god
of physic, to stay the plague.)




64                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
87. Rev. VICTORIA AuI]G.
88. B. Rev. VIRTUS AUGG.
89. Greek coin of Gallus. Antioch in Syria.
90. S. ImP. CIES. VIB. YVOLUSIANUS AUG.  Rev. CONCORDIA
AUGG. Volusian was associated with his father in the empire, and
perished with him.
91. Reverse as No. 88.
92. B. Reverse same as preceding.
93. S. IMP. _EMILIANUS PIUS FELIX AUG. Rev. SPES PUBLICA.
AEmilian, a Moor by birth, and governor of Mtesia, having successfully resisted a Persian invasion, was proclaimed emperor by his
troops, and was acknowledged after the death of Gallus, but survived his elevation only three months.
94. S. C. CORNELIA SUPERA AUG.  Rev. JUNO REGINA.  This
lady, wife of AEmilian, is known only by her coins. cb.
95. ReV. VESTA. cb.
XXXII. VALERIAN, of illustrious family, and pure character,
was promoted to the empire upon the fall of Gallus and _Emilian,
A.D. 254, being then sixty years of age.  His troubled reign was terminated in 260, by his being taken prisoner by the King of Persia, in
whose hands, after much cruel treatment, he died.
99. S. IMP. C. P. LIc(inius) VALERIANUS AUG.  Rev. VICTORIA
AUGG.
100. ORIENS AUG.
101. DIVA MARINIANA. Wife of Valerian. Rev. A peacock, bearing the departed spirit. CONSEcRATIO.
102. Rev. Peacock, with wings outspread. CONSECRATIO.
103. B. Same as the preceding.
104. Greek coin, brass, of Valerian; Tarsus, in Cilicia.
XXXIII. GALLIENUS was adopted into the empire, A.D. 254,
at the age of thirty-six, and became sole emperor upon the captivity
of his father, an event which gave him no concern. In this reign,
"heaven and earth seemed to concur in heaping afflictions upon the
empire." Usurpers seized upon the fairest provinces, and maintained
their ground; the barbarians grew bolder in their irruptions; and
the plague, raging everywhere and lingering for years, cut off a vast




ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                     65
proportion of the people.  Gallienus allowed nothing to interfere
with his ease and pleasures, except a campaign against the Germans,
and another against a rebel general, in which he perished, A.D. 268.
107. S. GAILIENUS P. F. AUG..Rev. VICT(oria) GERMANIcA.
108. Rev. GERMANICUS MTAX(imUS).
409. A quinarius.  VICTORIA AuG. cb.
110. DIvo Pio. Head of Antoninus Pinus. (Gallienus caused the
issue of a series of coins in billon, bearing the heads of his most
eminent predecessors. There is a vast variety of dies in this reign,
without any improvement in the art.)
111. Small brass.  Rev. JoVI CONSERVATORI.
112. Billon, of Salonina, empress.
113. Rev. VENUS FILIA.
114. B. VESTA.
115. Billon, of Saloninus Valerian, son of Gallienus. Rev. PRINC.
JUVENT.
116. Rev. PIETAS AUG.
117. Quinarius.  Same reverse. eb.
118. A boy riding a goat. JovI CRESCENTI.
119. Brass, of the same.  Rev. A funeral pile.
IUSURPERS. During the feeble reign of Gallienus, the purple
was assumed by about twenty generals, in different parts of the empire.  Most of these were soon overthrown; but there were two
extensive monarchies, which stood out against Gallienus and his
immediate successor.  The first, created by the famous Zenobia,
Queen of Palmyra, included Syria and Egypt, and lasted six years,
267-73.  The other, originated by Postumus, was composed of Gaul,
Spain, and Britain, and continued fifteen years, 258-73.  All these
provinces were eventually restored to Rome, by the bravery and
address of Aurelian.
POSTUMUS, governor of Gaul, assumed the title of emperor,
258; was killed by his troops, 267.
VICTORINUS, a general of Postumus, was associated with him,
265; and was also killed by his soldiers, 261.
L/ELIANUS, competitor of Postumus, was also killed by his own
troops.




66                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
MARIUS, successor to Victorinus, was killed almost as soon as
crowned.
TETRICUS, a senator, and governor of Aquitaine, succeeded to
this monarchy, and reigned undisturbed six years.  In 273, he abdicated with his son; and both retired to Rome for the remainder of
their lives. A vast variety of coins were issued by these emperors,
or usurpers.
120. Plated brass, or copper. IMP. C. POSTUMUS P. F. AUG. Rtev.
Hercules and Postumus, face to face.  FELICITAS AUG.
121. Base silver.  Front face of Postumus.  Rev. INDULG(entia)
PIA POSTUMI AUG. cb.  It is uncertain what this "pious indulgence" was.
122. Profile; same reverse. cb.
123. Billon. SJECULI FELICITAS.
124. A quinarius.  VICTORIA AJUG. cb.
125. Billon or copper; same reverse.
126. PAX AUG.
127. Plated brass.  Rev, VIRTUS AUG.
128. Rev. JOVI PROPUGNATORI.
129. Large brass.  Heads of Postumus and Hercules side by side,
and on the reverse, face to face. cb.
130. Plated brass.  A woman recumbent, personifying the Rhine;
SALUS PROVINCIARUM.  "Safety of the provinces."
131. S. IMP. C. VICTORINUS P. F. AUG. Rev. VIRTUS AUG. cb.
132. Brass, or copper.  Rev. PROVIDENTIA AUG.
133. Rev. PAx AUG.
134. Silver, of Marius.  Rev. CONCORDIA MIUTUM. cb.
135. Rev. SzE(culi) FELICITAS. cb.
136. Silver, of Laelianus.  Rev. TEMPORUM FELICITAS. Cb.
137. Gold, of Tetricus the elder. Usual titles. cb.
138. S. Rev. PAX.ETERNA. eb.
139. Heads of Tetricus senior and junior.  Rev. JETERNITAS
AUGG. cb.
140. Copper, of Tetricus senior.  PIETAS AUG.
141. SALUS AUG.
142. G. C. PEs(uvius) TETRICUS CSARx.  Rev. SPES AUGG. cb.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                     67
143. S. Same reverse. cb.
144. C. Rev. PIETAS AUGusT(orum).  Sacrificial utensils.
145. Rev. SPES PUBLICA.
146. Rev. PRIN. JUVENTUTIS.
XXXIV. CLAUDIUS II., surnamed GOTHICUs, succeeded Gallienus, as the dying choice of that prince, and with the consent of the
army and senate. By a brave onset he repulsed the daring Goths,
which gained him the above surname. Two years after his accession,
and at the age of fifty-five, he was carried off by the plague, A.D. 210.
148. G. IMP. CLAUDIUS PIUs FELIX AUG. Rev. VICTORIA AUG.
149. S. Rev. PAX ExERC(ituum). cb.
150. Small brass.  FIDEs EXERCIT.
151. Rev. LLETITIA.
152. Silver, of QUINTILLUS, brother of Claudius, who assumed the
empire upon his death, but retained it only a few days.
153. Small brass, of the same.
DIVISION V.
AURELIAN TO THE END OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE,
A.D. 270-475.
XXXV. AURELIAN, general of cavalry, succeeded, A.D. 270.
His reign of five years was employed in clearing the empire of the
numerous foes, foreign and domestic, who had for years been threatening its existence.  He was entirely successful, and the Roman rule
was everywhere re-established.  He was a severe disciplinarian, such
as the times required; but his severity gave ground for a conspiracy,
which cost him his life, A.D. 275. He was over sixty years of age at
his death.
3. Middle brass. IMP. AURELIANUS AUG. Rev. CONCORDIA A UG.
4. Small brass.  Rev. VIRTUS AUG.
5. Small brass, of Severina, empress.  Rev. CONCORDIA MILITUM.
XXXVI. On the death of Aurelian, a singular contest arose between the army and senate, each requesting the other to nominate a
successor. Six months elapsed in this generous strife; at length, the




68                  ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
senate chose TACITUS, one of their own body, seventy-five years
old, and of exemplary character. He lived only six months after his
elevation.  The historian Tacitus was claimed by the emperor as his
ancestor.
10. B. IBp. C.. M. CL(audius) TACITUS AUG.  Rev. FELICIT(aS)
TEMP(orum).
11. Rev. A woman holding a purse; UBERITAS.  "Plenty."
12. Rev. CONCORDIA M/ILITUM.
13. Silver, of Florianus, brother of Tacitus, who assumed the purple
as successor, but was murdered by his troops, A.D. 276. cb.
14. Brass, of the same.  VIRTUS AUG.
XXXVII. PROBUS, during a reign of six years, was warring
from the Rhine to the Nile, and always with success.  In a recess of
peace, having set the soldiers to draining a marsh, a mutiny was
raised, and he fell, A.D. 282, aged fifty. "In civil and military virtue,
he was equal to any predecessor."
17. G. IMP. C. A. Aun(elius) PROBUS AUG.  Rev. SECURITAS
SmECULI. In the exergue, SIS, for Siscia, either his birthplace or the
place of coinage.
18. Plated brass. Rev. ROM2E AETERN2E. (He repaired the city.)
19. Smnall brass. SOLI INVICTO.
20. Rev. VICTORIA GERM.  The Germans were driven from Gaul
with immense loss; nine kings submitted, and sixteen thousand German youth were taken into the Roman army.
XXXVIII. CARUS, pretorian prefect under Probus, succeeded
that prince by election of the army, A.D. 282, at the age of fifty-two.
He was killed in his tent by lightning, in a campaign against Persia,
about one year after.
26. B. IMp. CARUS P. F. AUG.  Rev. SPES PUBLICA. P. XXI.
27. Rev. PAX EXERCIT. P. XXI.
XXXIX. CARINUS and NUMERIAN, sons of Carus, succeeded
their father, A.D. 283.  The former was plunged in debauchery; the
latter, a virtuous youth, contracted a disease of the eyes in grief for
his parent, which obliged him to travel in a close litter.  In this hidden place he was murdered by his ambitious father-in-law, Aper, A.D.
284.  Carinus also died by violence, a year after.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                      69
29. Small brass. M. AuR(elius) CARINUS NoB(ilis) C(oesar). Rev.
PRINCIPI JUYENT.
30. PIETAS AUGG. (These two were struck before the death of
Carus.)
31. Washed brass, of MAGNIA URBICA, a lady known only by her
coins, but supposed to be the wife of Carinus.  Rev. VENUS GENETRIX. cb.
32. Brass, of the same.  Rev. VENUS VICTRIX.
33. B. S. DIvo0 NIGRINIANO.  This deified youth is supposed to
have been a son of Carinus. cb.
34. Base silver, of JULIANus, usurper. cb.
35. G.': Rev. AuR(elis) NUMERIANUS NOB. C.  Rev. PRINCIPI
JUVENT.
36. S. Rev. PIETAS AUIGG. Cb.
37. B. IMP. NUMERIANUS AUG.  Rev. PIETAS AUGG.
38. Rev. PROVIDENTIA AUGG. XXI.
39. Brass, same legends as the gold coin. (No. 35.)
XL. DIOCLETIAN, a master-spirit, though born a slave, received the empire from the army, A.D. 285, at the age of forty.  The
next year he associated MAXIMIAN HERCULES; and in 292,
the two called to their aid GALERIUS and CONSTANTINUS CHLORUS,
as Csesars, and the empire was divided into four jurisdictions: Diocletian in the East, Maximian over Italy and Africa, Galerius in the
region between the Adriatic and Euxine, and Constantius in the,West.  The two emperors abdicated in 305.  This long reign was
signalized by the increase of despotism, by incessant wars, and by a
systematic effort to root out Christianity.
41. G. DIOCLETIANUS P. F. AUG.  Rev. JOVI CONSER. AUGG.
42. S. Rev. XCVI. AQ. (Struck at Aquileia in Italy.)
43. Rev. The emperor and officers sacrificing before a camp.
VIRTUS MILITUM.
44. B. Rev. Jovi TUTATORI AUGG'To Jupiter, Defender of the'Emperors."
45. Rev. GENIO POPULI 1ROMANI. AQ. P.  "To the Genius of the
Roman People."
46. Rev. VOT. XX., within a wreath.
6




70                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
47. CONCORDIA MILITUM.
49. G. IMP. C. M. A. MAXIMIANUS AUG. Rev. VIRTUTI HIERCULIS.
50. S. Reverse same as No. 44.
51. Reverse as on No. 41. cb.
52. B. D(omino) N(ostro) MAXIMIANO BEATISSIMO SEN. AUG.
"To our most blessed lord, Maximian the elder."
53. Rev. GENIO AUGG. et CASARUM N. N. KA. (Carthage mint.)
54. As No. 47.
55. IMp. CARAuSIUS P. F. AUG. Rev. PAx AUG. This remarkable man was a Roman admiral on the coast of Britain.  In 287 he
seized upon that island, made it an empire for himself, and forced an
acknowledgment of his claim by the Roman emperors. He reigned
with Mclat for six years, when he fell by the hand of his minister
Allectus; who was subdued by the forces of Constantius, two years
after, 295. (The coins extant of these two usurpers or emperors
are comparatively few, although they are of considerable variety in
device.  This specimen was lately dug up in England.)
XLI. The administration now presents a confused multitude of
Augusti and Caesars.  GALERIUS and CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS succeeding their patrons in 305, SEVERUS and MAXIMIN DAZA
were called to take part in the government.  In 306, the restless
Max. Hercules returned to the empire, with his son MAXENTIUS;
Severus was made emperor; Constantius died (in Britain), and his
son CONSTANTINE took the rank of Cwesar. In 307, Severus died,
and LICINIUS became an emperor.  308, Maximin Daza assumed
the purple in the East, and Constantine in the West, so that the
Romans now supported the burden of six emperors, each with his
court and camp. Four of these died or were killed nearly at the
same time: Maximian in 310; Galerius, 311; Maxentius, 312; and
Maxiimin Daza, 313. History hesitates to decide which was the
greatest tyrant.
58. S. CONSTANTIUS Cms. Reverse as lNo. 43.
59. Small brass. Rev. CONCORDIA MILITUM.
60. Small brass, of Theodora, second wife of Constantius.
62. Silver, of Galerius.  MIAXIMIANUS NOB. C. Rev. A camp;
VIRTUS MILITUM.




ANCIENT COINS- ROMAN.                    71
63. B. IMP. C. GAL(erius) VAL(erius) MAXIMIANUS P. F. AUG.
Rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS.
64. Reverse as No. 45.
65. Brass, of Valeria, wife of Galerius.
66. Brass, of Severus.  Rev. SALVIS AUGG. ET CrEss. FEL. KART.
67. Do., of Maximin Daza.  Reverse as No. 63.
68. Small brass, of the same.
69. Brass, of Maxentius.  Rev. CONSERV. URB. SUm.  "Preserver of his own city."
70. Small brass, of Romulus, infant son of Maxentius.
XLII. CONSTANTINE the Great, succeeding his father in the
West, in 306, had but one colleague or competitor remaining in
313. LICINIUS, his brother-in-law, reigned in the East; and
after various collisions and compacts, the latter was forced to yield
his throne in 323, and his life the year after.  Constantine remaining
sole emperor, restored peace and solidity to the empire, built a new
capital (Constantinople), and established Christianity as the state
religion. He died in 337, at the age of sixty-three.
73. G. CONSTATINUS MAGNNUS.  Rev. Jupiter, standing; Jovi
CONSERVATORI AUGG. TS. B.  This must have been struck before
his conversion to Christianity (in 311), or before his open avowal
of it.
75. Small brass. Rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI. (The sense is obscure.)
76. Rev. A camp; PROVIDENTIA AUGG.
77. Rev. Mars, standing; MARTI CONSERVATORI.
[There is a rare type extant, not in this collection, bearing the
monogram of Christ, and the legend, IN HOC SIGNO VINC(es), the
Latin version of Touto Nika, (Gr.,) "by this (sign) conquer." This
sign was the appearance of a splendid cross in the heavens, which,
as he affirmed some years afterward, was presented to his view, near
Milan, on his march against Maxentius; and to which he attributed
both his victory and his conversion.  It is remarkable as the introduction of the Christian emblems, which become more and more
common, until scarce anything else appears on the coins.  See the
series of the Lower Empire.]




72                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
78. S. FLAV(ia) MAX(ima) FAUSTA AUG.  Rev. The empress
suckling two infants; SPES REIPUBLICA.  SIRMIUM. (She was the
daughter of Maximian, sister of Maxentius, and wife of Constantine. Having caused the death of Crispus by a false charge, she was
condemned by the emperor to the same fate, 326, after a union of
nineteen years.) cb.
79. Small brass, same type.
80. Same figure, with SALUs REIPUBLICIE.
81. JUL(ius) CRISPUS NOB(ilis) Czs.  Rev. VIRTUS EXERCIT.
Crispus was the son of Constantine, and a favorite of the army; but
was put to death on an accusation of the empress, his stepmother,
326.
82. Rev. VICT(orise) LXTmE PRINC. PERP. SIs(cia.)
83. S. FL(avius) DELMATIUS NOB. CAS. iHe was a nephew of
Constantine, and governed Greece; killed by the soldiers, 337. cb.
84. Small brass, of the same.  Rev. GLORIA EXERCITUS.
85. B. IMP. LIC(inianus) LICINIUS P. F. AUG. Reverse as No. 73.
86. Small brass; same reverse.
87. Reverse as No. 75.
88. Small brass, of the younger Licinius. (Put to death, 326, at
the age of eleven years.)
XLIII.  The empire now underwent another division and reunion.
CONSTANTINE II. had the West; CONSTANS, the middle provinces, with Italy; and CONSTANTIUS II., the East.  The first
fell in a war with his next brother, A.D. 340; the second was overcome by Magnentius, 350; and from the overthrow of that usurper,
in 353, Constantius II. remained sole emperor, finishing a long and
inglorious reign in 361, aged forty-four.
89. G. No legend around the head. Rev. CONSTATINUS CZESAR.
90. S. Rev. YOTIS XXX. MULTIS XXXX. ANT. (for the mint at
Antioch.)
91. Small brass. CONSTATINUS JUNIOR NOB. C.  Rev. GLORIA
EXERCITUS.
92. Rev. CASSARUmI NOSTRORUIt. VOT. V.
93. Reverse same, with VOT. X.
94. Rev. A camp; PROVIDENTIA C(ESS.




ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                    73
95. G. CONSTANS AUGUSTUS. Rev. VICTORIA DD. NN. AUGG.
TR.  On a shield held by two genii or angels, VOT. X. MULT. XX.
(See No. 101.)
96. B. Rev. A soldier holding the military ensign or labarum, on
which is the monogram of Christ. FEL(icium) TEMP(ornm) REPARATIO.  "The restoration of happy times."
97. Small brass. Reverse as No. 95, except the shield.
98. CONSTANTINOPOLIS.  Helmeted head, personifying the new
city.
99. G. FL. JUL. CONSTANTIUS PERP. AUG. Rev. A shield, with
VOT. XX.  MULT. XXX.  Legend. GLORIA REIPUBLICM.  SMNT.
100. Gold quinarius.  Rev. VICTORIA AUGUSTI. VOT. XXX.
101. S. Rev. VOTIS XXV. MULTIS XXX. ANT. (This inscription, the style of which now becomes common, is a brief way of saying that the emperor has renewed or accomplished his inaugural vow
twenty-five times, i.e. has enjoyed the title of Augustus, or Ctesar,
for twenty-five years, and it is hoped that he will complete at least
as many as thirty. This is the only plausible interpretation of MULT.
XXX.  It seems but a feeble compliment to a monarch; however,
as will be seen by the next coin, as soon as he had accomplished
VOTIS XXX., the wish was ready for MULT. XXXX.)
102. ATOTIs XXX. MULTIS XXXX. It must be counted from
the time he was created Coesar by his father in 323.
103. B. A soldier leading a child; FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. The
favorite legend of Constantine's family.
104. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORUM.
105. Small brass.  CONSTANTIUS JUN. NOB. C. Rev. A globe on
a pedestal.
106. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITUS.
107. Rev. VOT. XX. MULT. XXX.
108. Silver, of Vetrania, a Roman general and usurper, in Pannonia; reigned ten months. cb.
109. Brass, of Magnentius, a more formidable usurper, in Gaul;
reigned three years, and was subdued, after refusing a share of the
empire offered by Constantius, 353.
110. Small brass, of the same.




74                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
111. Silver, of Decentius, brother and coadjutor of Magnentius.
112. Large silver, of the same. The Christian symbol behind the
head. cb.
XLIV. JULIAN, nephew of Const. the Great, was famous for his
efforts to bring back the empire to paganism, chiefly by his pen.
Some real reforms were also brought about in the government, and
the manners at court. But the desire of figuring as a conqueror led
him into Persia, from whence he with difficulty effected a retreat, and
on the way lost his life, 363, at the age of thirty-two, and after a
reign of two years, counting from the death of Constantius II., or
about three from his elevation by the army at Paris.
113. G. FL(avius) CL(audius) JULIANUS P. P. AUG. Rev. VIRTUS
EXERCITUS ROMANORUiM. SIRM.
114. S. D(ominus) N(oster) FP., etc.  Rev. VOT. X., MULT. XX.
Counting from his CGsarship.  The long beard recalls the derision
of the citizens of Antioch, where he wintered, and the consequent production of the MJlisopogon, one of the emperor's literary efforts.
115. Large brass. Rev. The sacred bull Apis; SECURITAS REIPJB(lic~e.) CONST.  Julian was partial to the Egyptian deities.
116. Small brass, of the same.
117. Small brass of Helena, wife of Julian, and sister of Constantius II.  SECURITAS REIPUBLICE.
XLV. While the generals were in conclave, the soldiers proceeded
to elect JOVIAN, a subordinate officer, and a man of no pretensions.
He survived his elevation only seven months, A.D. 364. Christianity
was restored to imperial favor.
123. B. D. N. JOVIANUS P. P. AUG.  Rev. VOT. V. MULT. X.
SIRM.
124. Reverse the same, except the mint-mark, which is Sis. (When
these pieces were struck, the imperial vow for five years was evidently
just assumed, not completed; showing that these dates are to be
variously understood.
XLVI. VALENTINIAN I., son of Count Gratian, received the
empire from the army, and at their instance placed his brother
VALENS over the Eastern provinces.  The tendency toward a division of Rome was thus accelerated.  The former died 375, having




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                     75
reigned eleven years; the latter survived him three years, and was
burnt to death in a cottage, where he had taken shelter in battle.
129. G. Head and titles of Valentinian.  Rev. VICTORIA AUGG.
Tit. 0B.
130. S. Rev. VOT. X. MULT. XX. ANT.
131. Small brass.  Rev. The Christian cipher on a military standard; GLORIA ROMANORUM. SISC.
132. Rev. SECURITAS REIPUBLICAE.
133. S. URBS ROMA. TRPS.
134. Small brass.  RESTITUTOR REIPUBLICME. SIS.
135. SECURITAS:REIPUBLIC.E.
136. Silver, of Procopius, a usurper at Constantinople. cb.
XLVII. GRATIAN, a youth, and VALENTINIAN II., a child,
succeeded to the throne of their father in the West, 375.  On the
death of Valens, they associated the famous Theodosius, of Spain,
who was stationed in the East.  Gratian fell in 383, at the age of
twenty-four, while on the march against a usurper in Gaul; his
brother perished by the hand of an assassin, in 392, aged twenty-one;
and the whole empire remained to Theodosius.
137. G. Head and titles of Gratian.  Reverse as No. 129.
138. S. Rev. URBs ROMA. TR. Ps.
139. B. Rev. REPARATIO REIPUBLICZE. P. CON.
140. Small brass.  Rev. SECURITAS REIPUBLIC~.  SIS.
141. B. D. N. MaAGNUS MAXIMUS P. F. AUG. Reverse as on No.
139.  A usurper in Gaul, who maintained his power four years,
383-87.
142. G. Head and titles of Valentinian, jun. Reverse as No. 129.
143. B. Reverse as No. 139.
144. Smallest brass.  Rev. SALUS REIPUBLICAE.
XLVIII. THEODOSIUS I. was called to a participation of the
empire in 379, at the age of thirty-three.  He became sole emperor
in 392, and was the last to enjoy that distinction. In 395 he expired,
after an illustrious reign, and left the realm to be divided between his
two sons.
145. G. Iead and titles of Theodosius.  Reverse as No. 129.
146. Small silver.  VOT. MULT. XXXXX.




76                 ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.
147. B. Rev. REPARATIO REIPUB.  SIS.
148. Reverse as No. 131.
149. Small brass.  CONCORDIA AUGGG.  SIS.
150. Brass, of Flacilla, empress.  Rev. A female figure, and the
Christian monogram.  SALUS REIPUBLICAE.  CONS.
XLIX. From the accession of Honorius, in 395, about eighty years
elapsed to the extinction of the Western empire.  The period was
marked by a succession of feeble or nominal princes; by the daring
inroads of barbarians; the loss, one by one, of the provinces of
Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Africa; and finally, the establishment of a
Gothic monarchy in Italy itself.
153. Gold, of HtONORIUS. Reverse as No. 129. (Died in 423.)
154. S. Rev. VIRTUS ROMANORUM. (A remarkable legend for the
times.)
155. B. Reverse imperfect.
156. Silver, of CONSTANTIUS III., associate of Honorius, for
seven months only. cb.
158. S. JOHN, secretary to Honorius, afterward a usurper of the
throne, 425. cb.
159. Gold, of VALENTINIAN III. Placidius. Reverse as No.
129. (425-55.)
160. Silver, of Justa Grata Honoria, sister of the preceding. Rev.
A figure holding a large cross upright; BoNo REIPUBLICA.  CONOB. CO.
163. Gold, of SEVERUS III.  An emperor created by Ricimer,
a barbarian general in the Roman service, and really at the head of
affairs.  Reverse as No. 129. (461-65.)
166. Silver, of Olia Euphemia, wife of Anthemius. cb.
168. Silver, of OLYBRIUS, emperor for three months. 472. cb.
169. Small gold, of JULIUS NEPOS.  Rev. A cross; CONOB.
474. Romulus Augustus, commonly styled AUGUSTULUS, the
last, and merely nominal emperor, was deposed by Odoacer, 475.
The Roman empire in the West is usually considered as ended at
this date.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                        77
DIVISION VI.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
At the death of Theodosius I., A.D. 395, the empire was divided
between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, the former ruling at
Constantinople, the latter at Rome.  Although no formal or absolute separation between the East and West was intended by this
arrangement (for it had often been practiced before), yet such was
the ultimate effect.  It is not easy to mark the extent of the later
Roman empire, either as to time or territory. Even after the imperial line in the West had ceased (A.D. 415), there was more or less
recognition of the sovereign authority of the emperor at Constanti.nople, by the barbaric kings, and the popes, in Italy; and Justinian
(A.D. 534-553), by his renowned generals, Belisarius and Narses,
vindicated his title to that region, and to Africa.  The crowning of
Charlemagne at Rome, A.D. 800, and his proclamation as Emperor
of the West* by Pope Leo III., seems to be the most decided limitation of the power of the Eastern emperor, and a proper commencement for the distinctive name of "Byzantine," "Eastern," or
"Lower" Empire. But as the authority of the monarch at Constantinople was, on the whole, but feebly acknowledged, and more feebly
felt, west of the Adriatic Sea, from the time of the division as above
stated (395), there is a propriety in dating the Byzantine empire
from that event; and a mixture of unfitness in still designating it, as
all historians and numismatists do, as the Roman empire. This is
especially realized as we descend to the last days of the Greek
dynasty, and find scarce any part of the immense dominion left, except its trembling capital.  But the conquest of Constantinople by
the Turks, in 1453, affords an undisputed resting-point.
* This title has precariously descended almost to our own day. When the
Emperor of Germany changed his title to Emperor of Austria (A.D. 1804), he
dropped the old honorary suffix, Romanus Inmperator. But historians scarcely
speak of the Roman empire as properly continued under the successors of
Charlemagne.




7 8                  ANCIENT COINS-IROMAN.
The coins of this division, if of no interest as works of art further
than to prove the extreme degeneracy of taste and skill, are equal to
any, as curiosities, and as illustrations of history.
Although the series takes in eight centuries of time, there is a
general similarity of tone, especially if we start with the second Theodosius; so that one may be sure, by a casual glance at any of them,
that it is Byzantine, and not Roman proper.  However, they fairly
admit of subdivision, and it is not a forced coincidence, which places
the line at A.D. 811, about midway in the whole series.*
Previous to Michael I. (811-813), we have these peculiarities.  On
the gold and silver (there is but little of the latter) we have the emperor, head and bust, and always front face; on the reverse, the
monotonous and unjustifiable VICTORIA AUG., at least not justifiable
in any other sense than that the Augustus had triumphed over his
predecessor.  Within this legend, on a high throne, the cross stands
conspicuous and erect. As for the copper coins, there is not much
variation from the colossal and unintelligible AM, K, or I, occupying
the field of the reverse. Occasionally, when the imperial power was
divided, a number of heads or figures were crowded upon the coin,
on both sides.
But from the accession, of Michael Rhangabe, we observe a new
phase in the coinage, and a more decided display of religious sentiment.  The bust or full length of Christ, signalized by the nimbus,
and  leg'end, IHsIs XPISTtIS, NICA(tor), or REX  REGNANTI[IM, or
bAsILEqs bASILE(on), expressive of his pre-eminence as Conqueror,
and King of kings, generally occupies one side of the gold and silver
coins; on the reverse, the emperor is sometimes alone, and sometimes shares the space with the Virgin, MHP 06,U (Mater Theou,
* That is, by leaving off at about A.D. 1300; there are no coins certainly
known later than Andronicus II., who reigned 1282-1328.
The coincidence is more remarkable in another respect. The war against
the use of images, which agitated both church and state from the time of the
edict of Leo the Isaurian, 726, was brought to an end about 800, by the defeat
of the Iconoclasts. The renewed worship or veneration of images was, no
doubt, one cause of the marked change in the devices of the coinage, as stated
farther on.




ANCIENT COINS —ROMAN.                    79
"Mother of God,") the two holding aloft, and between them, the
standard of the cross. The imperial heads or faces, which in the
former series seemed to follow the usual human outline, are here fantastically compressed into triangles or trapeziums. As we near the
crusading era, the figures are nearly all at full length, standing or
sitting. The legends also have completed the transition from the
Latin language to the Greek.  On the copper, the vast letters IM, I,
etc., are nearly superseded by inscriptions, to the same effect as above
cited, occupying the field. It is remarkable, however, that while the
reading on the copper is quite conspicuous and distinct, that of the
gold and silver is so affectedly minute, that a modern eye can scarcely
make it out without a magnifier.
(It should be here explained, that we continue the use of the
numismatic term brass, in the lower coinage, although copper seems
to be more proper, in every case.)
8. Gold, of ARCADIUS, Emperor. 395-408. VICTORIA AvGGG.
9. S. Rev. VIRTUS ROMANORUM.
10, 11. Middle brass.  GLORIA ROMANORUM.
12. Small brass. VIRTUS EXERCITI.
13. Very small brass. SALUS REIPUB.
15. Gold, of THEODOSIUS II., son of Arcadius, and Emperor.
408-450.  IMP. XXXXII. Cos. XVII. P. P.
16. Small brass.  CONCORDIA AUGG. Expresses a season of harmony between the Eastern and Western emperors.
17. Gold, of MARCIAN.  450-457.  Reverse as No. 8.
18. G. LEO I.  457-474.  The usual reverse. VICTORIA AUGG.
19. G. ZENO. 474-491.
20. G. ANASTASIUS. 491-518.
22. Large brass. M.
23. Middle brass. K. E.
24. Small brass. K.
25. Very small brass. I. By this series, the mysterious initials,
already mentioned, would seem to stand for denominations of coin;
but some subsequent instances rather oppose this inference.
26. Gold, of JUSTIN I.  518-527.
27, 28, 29. Large and middle brasses, of the same.




80                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
30. Gold, of JUSTINIAN I. 527-565. (Died at the age of 82.)
31, 32, 33. Large and middle brasses of the same; ANNO XIIIxvI-xvIiII. They do not answer to our preconceptions of the era
of the Civil Code and Pandects.
34. Small silver coin, of GELIMAR, king oif the Vandals in
Africa.  (His kingdom was overthrown, and himself captured, by
Belisarius, A.D. 534. He was honorably treated, and provided for,
by Justinian.) D. N. RX. GELIMA.  Head of the prince.
36. Gold, of JUSTIN II. 565-578.
37, 38. Large brass, of Justin, with Sophia, empress.
39. Large brass, of TIBERIUS II. ANNO VI. 578-582.
40. Gold, of MAURICE.  582-602.
41, 42. Large and small brass, of the same. ANNO X.-IIII.
43. Gold, of FOCAS (as it is on the coins), usually spelt Phocas.
602-610.
44. Large brass, of the same.
45. Middle brass, Phocas, and Leontia, empress.
46. Gold, of HERACLIUS I.  610-640.  Heads of the emperor
and son.
47. Large silver, of the same. (Weighs 100 grs.)
48, 49, 50. Large and middle brasses, of the same.
51. Silver, of CONSTANS II.  641-668.
52. Gold, of CONSTANTINE  IV., surnamed POGONATUS, on
account of his beard, which is conspicuous. 668-685.
53. Small brass, of the same.
54. Gold, of JUSTINIAN II.  685-711.  The loss of his nose,
with his throne, occasioned the surname of RIINOTMETUS.
57. Gold, of ANASTASIUS II.  713-716.
58, 59, 60. Small brasses, of LEO III., the Isaurian.  717-741.
61. Gold, of MICHAEL I. Rhangabe.  811-813.  Rev. Head
of Christ; Ihsys XRISTOS.
62. Pale gold; the same head, with Ic. XC.
63. Large brass, of MICHAEL II., with Theophilus.  820-829.
64. Gold, of THEOPHILUS.  829-842.  Rev. Heads of his
SO11s.
65, 66. Large brass, of the same.




ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.                     81
67. Gold, of BASIL I.  866-886.  Rev. Figure of Christ, sitting; lhs XRS REX REGNATIHM. (The spelling of those times was not
critically exact.)
68. -Middle brass, of Basil and his sons.
69, 70. Middle brass, of LEO VI., surnamed the Wise.  886-911.
Rev. LEoh Elh SEO BASILEoS ROMEoh.  "Leo, in (or under) God,
King of the Romans."  Basileus was then considered an equivalent
to Jinperator or Autocrator.
71. Middle brass, of Leo and his brother Alexander.  LEoh s.
ALEXAhGROS (SO spelt) bAsIL. RoMEOh.  This, as in the previous
coin, is an inscription, spread over the whole reverse of the piece.
72. Gold. of ROMANUS I., with his son Christophorus.  919944.
73. Gold, of CONSTANTINE X., with his son Romanus II.
911-959.  A part of the time he was colleague with Romanus I.'74. Middle brass, of Constantine alone.'75. Same, of Constantine, and his mother Zoi.
76. Same, of ROMANYUS II.  959-963.  Reverse as No. 69.
78. Gold, of NICEPHORUS II.  PHOCAS.  963-969.
79, 80, 81. Large brasses, of JOHN  ZIMISCES.  969-975.
Large inscriptions on the reverse, of "Jesus Christ, King of kings,"
with slight variety.
82. Same. Ic. XC. NI KA., arranged in the four angles of a cross.
"Jesus Christ, the Conqueror."
85. Large thin silver, of CONSTANTINE XII., Alonomachus.
1042-1054.  Rev. The Virgin standing, with uplifted hands.
86. Gold, of ROMANUS IV.  1068-1071.  The emperor and
Virgin standing side by side; the latter with her hand on the emperor's head.  Rev. Christ, seated.
87. Gold, of the same, and nearly the same devices.
88. Pale gold, concave.  Michael VII.  1071-1078.
89. Pale gold. NICEPHORlUS III.  Botoniates.  1078-1081
The emperor at full length, holding the globe and labarum'.
90. Same, in gold, except the emperor in half length.
92. Gold, of ALEXIUS I.  Comnenus.  1081-1118.  AAEXIW
4JECrOT.  To).  KOMNHMO. "Alexius Comnenus, despot."




82                 ANCIENT COINS-ROMAN.
93. Gold, of the same.  Rev. Figure of Christ, seated, as if in the
act of teaching; holding in one hand the Sacred Scriptures, the other
hand uplifted. IC. xc.
95. Gold, of JOHN  II.  Comnenus, surnamed the Handsome.
1118-1143.
96. Gold, of MANUEL I.  Comnenus, surnamed Porphyrogenitus, "born to the purple."  1143-1180.  (It was somewhat a rare
honor to be born to a reigning emperor, and actually to succeed
him, the two conditions requisite to this title, which occurs in several
instances.)
97, 98. Silver, of the same.
99, 100. Small brass, of the same.
101. Middle brass, ANDRONICUS 1. 1183-1185.
102. Small brass, ISAAC II., Angelus.  1185-1203.
103, 104. Coins in middle brass, bearing the head of Christ, with
IC. xC. on one side, and an ornamented cross on the other; they are
believed to be of the brief dynasty of Latin princes, or Crusaders,
who turned aside from their way to Jerusalem, A.D. 1203, to capture
Constantinople.  They retained the Byzantine empire, or a large
part of it, near sixty years.  The throne was restored to the Greek
dynasty, by the victories of Michael VIII. Paleologus, A.D. 1261.
106. Pale gold, of ANDRONICUS II. Paleologus. 1282-1328.
Rev. The Virgin, with uplifted hands, surrounded by the walls of
Constantinople.
107, 108, 109. Small silver, doubtfully ascribed to John V. and
John VIII., the latter of whom died A.D. 1448, five years before the
final triumph of the Turks.
113. A leaden seal of the Byzantine empire.




M ~ODERN COINS.
UNITED STATES.
THE second general division of this work, and, in fact, the main
portion thereof, will embrace the " modern coins of the world." And
first, we propose to give a chapter upon the coins of the IUnited
States. In so doing we shall not confine ourselves to a mere catalogue, as is the case in other portions of this work, but shall endeavor to present a brief history of the coinage, together with other
matters of interest pertaining thereto.
In order to accomplish this object in a satisfactory manner, it will
be necessary to give, by way of preface, a short history of the currency and coins of the American Colonies. In the latter part of the
subject we shall confine our remarks to the coins contained in the
cabinet, except in so far as is necessary to elucidate the subject under
consideration.
During the infancy of the American Colonies, their currency was
as multifarious in its character as in the ancient time of which we
have made mention in the introduction.  There was, however, this
difference between the ancients and the colonists: while the former
made use of cattle and commodities as currency, from the fact that
they were too barbarous to appreciate a more refined mode of conducting their mercantile transactions, our ancestors of the "New
World" were driven to that resort because they were unable to obtain a currency of a more convenient character.  From the time that
our Pilgrim fathers landed upon this continent, they were treated by
the home government more as enemies and exiles than as loyal subjects. So far from throwing about them its protecting influence, and
thereby building up the commerce of the Colonies, the home govern(83)




84              MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
ment began and continued the policy of throwing all the obstacles in
its power in the way of their commercial prosperity.  No coinage
for circulation in the Colonies was provided for, and the exercise of
the right of coinage by the colonists themselves was treated as a
treasonable usurpation of the royal prerogative.
For these reasons, our ancestors were driven to the necessity of
using the produce of the soil and the stock from their pastures as
their media of exchange.  Peltry also was one of the first, and for
many years the principal article of currency. It was offered in great
abundance by the Indians, who were very ready to barter it for "beads,
knives, hatchets, and blankets, and especially for powder, shot, guns,
and strong water. "*
In most of the Colonies wampum was extensively used; and was
frequently paid into the treasury in payment of taxes.  In the
Colony of Massachusetts, the cattle and products of the land were
received at the treasury for a like purpose, as appears from various
enactments of the Colonial Assembly.  Thus in 1636, an act was
passed relative to a tax assessed upon the several towns: "It is
agreed that good merchantable come shall passe for payment in this
rate at 5s. the bushell, to bee so delivered at Boston at the appointment of the Treasurer to bee called for when the Treasurer please."
And again, in IMay, 1645, in regard to another tax, the following record occurs: "This levy of ~616 15s, each towne's proportion is, as
above expressed.  It is determined yt (that) each towne shall pay
ye one halfe of their rate to ye treasurer within three months, in cattle, to be valued by three men, indifferently chosen by ye treasurer
and owner thereof, in beaver, money, wheate at 4s, barley at 4s,
rye at 3s. 6d, pease 3s. 6d, come 2s. 8d, and ye other halfe at or before ye last of ye first month next."t  Musket balls were also current; and were made so, in Massachusetts, by an order of the court,
as follows: "It is likewise ordered, that muskett bulletts of a full
boare shall passe currantly for a farthing a peece, provided that noe
man be compelled to take above 12d att a tyme of them."
* Felt, Massachusetts currency.
t Felt, from Massachusetts Colonial records.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                    85
In some of the other Colonies, especially Virginia and Maryland,
tobacco was used as a medium of exchange, as well as the articles
above enumerated; and "in the first days of the'Old Dominion,'
tobacco would purchase the,most valuable commodity.  From 100
to 150 lbs. of it bought many a good wife."*
The earliest coinage for America is said to have been executed in
1612,t when the Virginia Company was endeavoring to establish a
Colony on the Sumimer -Islantds (the Bermudas.)  This coin was of
the denomination of a shilling, and was struck in brass. On the obverse was a Boar, and the legend, " SONiMER ISLAND," with the value
"XII."  The reverse presented a ship, under sail, firing a gun.
MASSACII U SETTS.
In considering the coins contained in the cabinet collection, our
attention is first arrested by the "pine-tree" money of Massachusetts.
This coinage was instituted by the Colonial Assembly in 1652, after
the fall of Charles I. and the consequent establishment of the Commonwealth, with Cromwell at its head.  The mint building was
ordered to be erected upon the land of John Hull, in the City of
Boston, by an act passed on the 27th day of May, 1652; and was to
be sixteen feet square by ten feet high.  The before-mentioned John
Hull, who appears to have been the spirit of the enterprise, was
appointed by the same act to be the mint master; and it was " enacted
by the authoritie of this Court, that all psons whatsoeuer haue libertie
to bring ill vlnto the Mint howse, at Boston, all bullion, plate, or
Spanish coyne, there to be melted, and brought to the alloy of sterling siluer by John Hull, master of the sd Aintt & his sworne officers
& by him to be coyned into twelue pence, six pence & three pence
peeces, which shalbe for forme fiatt, &  square on the sides &
stamped on the one side, with NE, and on the other side with XIId,
VId, & IIld, according to the value of each peece, together with
* Felt, from Massachusetts Colonial records.    t Hickcox.
$ John IHull was not alone in this enterprise, but had associated with him
Robert Saunders, to which the court assented, and the oath of office was administered to them jointly.
7




86              MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
a priuie marke, which shalbe appoynted euery three monethes by
the Gouernor, & Knowne only
to him & the sworne officers of
*  the Mint."' * * * * * *  "And
the lMint: Master for himselfe &
officers, for theire paynes and labour in meltinge, refineinge, and
coyninge, is allowed by this Court
to take one shillinge out of euery twenty shilling wch he shall stamp
as aforesd."  These pieces, as a reference to the annexed engraving
will show, were mere p2lanchets stamped with the letters, etc. provided
for in the above act; leaving a fine margin for the practice of clipping, which the colonists were not long in taking advantage of. Consequently it became necessary, on the nineteenth October following, to
pass a second act for the remedy of this evil, by virtue of which shillings, sixpences, and threepences were coined of the following type.
On the obverse a pine-tree, inclosed by a double ring, containing the
legend, "TIASATHUSETS IN;'  and, on the reverse, a double ring as
on the obverse, containing the legend, "NEW ENGLAND, AN. DOM.,"
with the date in figures, and the denomination occupying the field
within the minor circle. (See Plate I. No. 1.) Ten years subsequent,
in May, 1662, a twopenny piece was added to the coinage by an order
of the court, which was of the same type as the larger coins. (See
Plate I. No. 2.)
This coinage was not discontinued until 1686; yet they appear to
have continnuel the use of the same date, the shillings, sixpences, and
threepences, all bearing the date 1652, while the twopenny pieces are
all dated 1662.  This fact is mentioned in a report ma de by the
officers of the London Mint to the Commissioners of the PRoyal Exchequer, relative to the moneys of Massachusetts, in the following
words: "Though they have continued this unwarrantable way of
coyning moneys ever since ye year 1652, yet there is no alteration of
date appears upon the coyne, but the same date, viz: 1652, as at the
first coyning of them."*
After the suppression of their mint, the Colony of Massachusetts
- Felt.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                   87
issued no more coins until after the establishment of the Confederacy,
which will be noticed presently.
MARYLAND.
The silver coins of Lord Baltimore, Lord Proprietor of Maryland,
were the shilling, sixpence, and fourpence, or groat.  The dies for
this coinage were prepared in London, and specimens of the coins
which he proposed to put in circulation were sent over by Lord Baltimore to his brother, Philip Calvert, and to the governor and council. These specimens, together with his lordship's letter, were laid
before the council on the "3d of March, 1659-60,7' but were not
adopted until the following year, on account of the troubles occasioned by the attempt of Governor Fendall to revolutionize the
Colony.
The coins are all of the same type.  On the obverse they present
a profile bust of Lord Baltimore, with the legend, "cOcILnIU  DNS:
TEPRRA: MARI  & CT."7 (Cecilius, Lord of Maryland, etc.)  On the
reverse are the family arms of Lord Baltimore, the value, and the
legend, "CRESCITE ET MULTIPLICAMINI." (Increase and multiply.)
(See Plate I. No. 3.)  These coins are all exceedingly rare.  There
was also a copper coin struck at the same time, (not in the collection,) the obverse of which was the same as the silver; but on the
reverse it had a crown beneath two flags, and the legend, "DENARtIUM
TERR YE MARI3. L
VIRGIN IA.
In the time of George III. a copper coinage was executed, which
was intended for circulation in Virginia. Of this there were two
sizes: one about the diameter of the English half penny, and another
somewhat smaller.  The obverse presented a head of the king
laureated, with the legend, "GEORGIUS II. REX."  On the reverse,
the arms of Great Britain, and the Electoral Dominions, with "VIRGINIA,"  and the date "1773."  These coins were finely executed.
Tlhe head is evidently copied from the pattern guinea of 1772, which
was the finest specimen of engraving exhibited upon any coin of that
reign. (See Plate I. Nos. 8 and 9.)




88             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
ROSA AMERICANA.
In the reign of George I. coins were issued by order of the British
government, which are believed to be the only coins ever struck by
that authority for general circulation in the American Colonies.
These coins, popularly known as the "Rosa Americanas," were made
of a mixed metal, resembling brass.  They were first issued in 1722,
and are of three sizes, the largest being about the size of a half crown;
the second rather smaller than the English half penny; and the third
about the size of the farthing.
Those struck with the date 1722 have on the obverse a bust of
the king laureated, and on the larger pieces the legend stands,
"GEORGIUS D. G. MAG. BRI. FRA. ET rIB. REX.;" while on the smaller
pieces it is "GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX."  On the reverse is a double
rose: legend, "ROSA AMERICANA, 1722;" and on a scroll, the inscription, "UTILE DULCI."  On the smaller pieces the latter inscription
forms part of the legend.  Those bearing the date 1.723 have the
rose crowned. (See Plate II. Nos. 5 and 6.)
COINS OF THIE PERIOD  OF T-HE CONFEDERATION.
During the period of the Confederacy, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution, extending from 1M78 to 1787, the right of
coining money was vested not only in the Federal Congress, but in
the different States.  lMany of them took advantage of their right by
issuing copper coins-cents and half cents.
VYERMONT issued a grant in June, 1785, to RLeuben Harmon, Jr.,
giving him the exclusive right to coin copper money within that
State, for the space of two years, from the first of July following.
Under this grant, Harmon established a mint at Rupert, and issued
cents of the following description: The obverse bore a device representing the sun rising from behind a range of hills, with a plow beneath.  Legend. "VERMONTENSIUM RESPUBLICA, 1786;" and on the
reverse an eye, surrounded by diverging rays and thirteen stars.
Legend. "QUARTA DECIMA STELLA."* (See Plate I. No. 6.)
* Harmon afterward changed the type of his coins, as follows: Obv. A laureated bust, facing to the right. Legend. "AucTonI(tate) vEnrioN(tensium).'




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES                   89
CONNECTICUT issued a grant, on the 20th October, 1785, to Samuel
Bishop, Joseph Hopkins, James Hillhouse, and John Goodrich, authorizing them to coin coppers to an amount not exceeding ten thousand pounds.  This grant was limited to the term of five years. The
mint, however, only continued in operation three years. These have,
on the obverse, a latreated bust adorned with drapery, and the legend,
"AUCTORI CONNEFC."  On the reverse is a female figure seated, holding in the right hand an olive branch, and in the left a staff.  Legend.
"INDE ET LIB.11  The date occupies the exergue. (See Plate I. No. 5.)
NEW JERSEY, following the example of the two preceding States,
issued a grant in June, 1786, to Walter Mould, Thomas Goodsby,
and Albion Cox, authorizing them to coin copper cents to the amount
of ~10,000. There appears to have been some disagreement between
the parties, which resulted in a dissolution of the partnership; for we
find that, on the twenty-second of October of the same year, a second
act was passed by the Assembly, authorizing Thomas Goodsby and
Albion Cox to coin two-thirds of the amount contemplated in the
preceding act. Thus two mints were established. These establishments appear to have continued in operation during the years 178G,
1187, and 1788.  There was a large emission of cents of these dates,
and they are now quite common. The type was as follows: Obv.
A horse's head and a plow, with the legend, "NOVA CSAREA,"' and
the date. Rev. A heart-shaped shield, and the legend, "E PLuRIBnUS
TUNUM." (See Plate I. No. 7.) There are almost countless varieties
of this coinage, but the types are not materially different.
MA1ssACHUSETTS passed an act on the 17th October, 1786, providing for the establishment of a mint within the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, for the coinage of gold, silver, and copper; and in the
spring of 1787 Joshua Witheral was authorized to provide for the
necessary buildings and machinery. The first regular issue of copper
coins did not take place until 1788,* but specimens are frequently
found bearing the date 1787. The latter were, probably, trial pieces,
struck during the time that the machinery and dies were being preRev. A female seated, holding an olive branch in the right, and supporting a
staff with the left hand. Beneath is the date, "1788." Legend. "'IsE ET LIn.'
* Hickcox and Felt.




90              MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
pared.  There were no gold or silver coins issued, although the act
contemplated the coinage of such pieces.  The copper coins issued
were the cent and half cent, of the same type.  The cent has upon its
obverse the American eagle, grasping in the right talon a bundle of
arrows, and in its left an olive branch; upon its breast is a shield,
inscribed with the word "CENT."  Legend. "MASSACHUSETTS," and
the date.  On the reverse is an Indian of full length, with his bow
and arrow; near his forehead appears a single star. Legend. "coiMONWEALTH."  The half cents are the same, except that the shield
has the inscription, "HtALF CENT."' (See Plate II. Nos. 1 and 2.)
This coinage ceased upon the adoption of the Constitution, or at
least very soon after.*
Before leaving the subject of the colonial coins, it will be necessary to notice several specimens of private coinage.  These were
issued by various individuals, both in this country and abroad, during
the war of the Revolution, and after. As they are of a general character, we shall notice them in the order of date.
1781. North American Token.  Obv. A  female seated, with her
left hand resting upon a harp.  " NORTII AMERICAN TOKEN.".....
":1781."  lRev. A  ship under canvas, "COMIMERCE."  (See No. 33,
Division V.)
1783. In 1783, a silversmith, named J. Chalmers, of Annapolis,
Maryland, commenced the coinage of shillings, sixpences, and threepences. The shilling has, on the obverse, two hands clasped in fiiendship, and inclosecl in a wreath, with the legend, "I. CHAIMERS, ANNAPOLIS. "  The field, on the reverse, is divided into two sections, in
one of which is a serpent, and in the other, two birds holding a branch
in their beaks.  The legend is "ONE SHIILLING...... 1783." (See
Plate I. No. 4.)
The sixpence has, on the obverse, a star within a wrea+th of laurel,
and the legend, "I. CHIALMERS, ANNAPOLIS;" and on the reverse, two
hands clasped in friendship, upon a cross poteint, and the legend,
"I. C. SIXPENCE. 1783.'" (See No. 17, Division V.)
* It is said that coinage was continued, until the copper on hand at the time
the Constitution was ratified was disposed of.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                    91
The threepence has, on the obverse, two hands clasped in friendship, and the legend, "I. CHALMERS, ANNAPS *;". and on the reverse,
an olive branch inclosed in a wreath of laurel, and the legend,
"TIHREE-PENCE. 1783." (See No. 18, Division V.)
1783. A cent.  Obv. An eye, surrounded by diverging rays and a
circle of thirteen stars.  Legend. "NOVA CONSTELLATIO." 1Rev. The
initials "u. s." inclosed in a wreath of laurel.  Legend. "LIBERTAS
JaSTITIA."......'1783." (See Plate II. No. 3.)  Felt speaks of this
piece as having been current in Massachusetts, as though it were
coined in that Colony, but does not say so distinctly, merely conveying that idea by implication. Its origin is unknown.
1785. Apparently a guinea, restruck. Obv. A female seated upon
a box of merchandise; in her left hand she extends a pair of scales,
and supports with her right a staff, with a flag partially unfurled, and
surmounted by a liberty-cap.  Legend. "IMMUNE COLUMBIA."  The
date, " 1785," beneath.  Rev. An eye, surrounded by diverging rays
and a circle of thirteen stars, "NOVA CONSTELLATIO.' (See No. 36,
Division V.)
1787. New York doubloon. Obv. "The arms of the State of New
York, as found on the great seal of 1777, viz.: The sun rising from
behind the hills, with a representation of the sea in front;"* beneath
is the name "BRASHER."  Legend. "NOVA EBORACA COLUMBIA EXCELSIOR." Rev. A spread-eagle grasping a bundle of thirteen arrows
in the left talon, and an olive branch in the right; upon its breast is
the United States shield. Legend. "UNUM E PLURIBUS.'........... 1787.
This is said to have been " struck in New York by EPHRAIM BRASHER,
a goldsmith, whose place of business was No. 1 Cherry Street."t
(See No. 3'7, Division V.)
1791. Kentucky cent.  Obv. A hand holding a scroll, upon which
is inscribed, "ouR CAUSE IS JUST."  Legend. "UNANIMITY IS THE
STRENGTH OF SOCIETY."  Rev. A triangle of fifteen stars, connected
together with small rings or links, and surrounded by diverging rays.
On the stars are engraved the initials of fifteen States. Legend.
"E PLURIBUS UNUM."  Mr. Hickcox states that this piece was struck
* Hickcox.                              t Ibid.




92             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
in Lancaster, England, in 1791, and is called "the Kentucky cent,"
from the fact that the star designated K., for Kentucky, is placed at
the top of the triangle. (See Plate II. No. 4.)
FEDEdRAL COINAGE.
During the interval which elapsed from the establishment of the
Confederacy in 1778 to the adoption of the Constitution in 1788,
coins were issued not only by the several States, but a large amount
of base coppers were emitted by private persons, while others were
foisted upon the community by speculators from  abroad.  These
issues had a deleterious effect upon the condition of our currency;
and the attention of Congress was early called to the subject of a
national coinage, as a remedy for the existing evils.  Another, and
probably a greater difficulty, existed, in the fact that the eou}ned of
account, which was at first the same as the pound sterling of England,
had become much depreciated in value, by reason of the excessive
issues of paper; and, as these'issues were much larger in some Cololies than in others, the pound was differently rated in the different
localities.
NOTE: —In expressing sums of money, in writing or print, the
people of this country have adopted a mark called the "dollar sign"
($). The origin of this mark is enveloped in considerable obscurity.
We have little doubt, however, that it was intended to mean "pieces
of eight."  The Spanish dollar, from which our unit was more immediately derived, consists of eight reals (the real being the unit of
Spanish moneys); and the common name of the Spanish dollar (at
home) is "piece of eight," or still more commonly, "eights;" the
mark being merely a figure 8 crossed by the plural sign.
This sign ($) is also used in Portugal for expressing mnillreis; and,
from this fact, some may doubt the correctness of the foregoing explication; but as the mitillreis is nearly equivalent to the old Spanish
dollar, and as the Portuguese have always been very intimately connected, through their commerce, with the Western world, and especially with the West India Islands, it is easy to see how a sign, which
has long been so familiar to the trading community throughout the
Western hemisphere, could have been adopted by that country.




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.                      93
As early as 1182 the preliminary steps were taken toward the
introduction of a national coinage.  "Congress* directed the Financier of the Confederation, Robert Morris, to lay before them his views
upon the subject of coins and currency.  The report was presented
in January, 1782, and is stated by MTNr. Jefferson to have been the
work of the Assistant Financier, Gouverneur Morris.  The three
grand benefits which have been secured to the people of this country-the establishment of a uniform national currency; the rejection
of lmere moneys of account, or rather making them the same with real
moneys; and the adoption of a decimal notation-all seem to have
occupied the mind of the Assistant Financier. He first labored to
harmonize the moneys of the States, and found that the   t 1th part
of a dollar (Spanish) was a common divisor for the various currencies.  Starting with this fraction as his unit, he proposed the following table of moneys:"Ten units to be equal to one penny.
"Ten pence one bill.
"Ten bills one dollar, (about two-thirds of the Spanish dollar.)
"Ten dollars one crown.t
"The report contains this observation:'Although it is not ab..
solutely necessary, yet it is very desirable, that money should be
increased in a decimal ratio; because by that means, all calculations
of interest, exchange, insurance and the like, are rendered much more
simple and accurate, and of course more within the power of the
great mass of the people. "
A large amount of copper, belonging to the Federal Government,
was then lying at Philadelphia, and Mr. Morris assured Congress
that if this plan was adopted, a mint could immediately be estab* The portions of this article embraced in quotation marks are compiled from
the revised edition of the'"Manual of Coins and Bullion," issued in 1842 by
Messrs. Eckfeldt & Dubois.
t- "' This last coin was to be of gold. He apologized for introducing the name
of crown, in a country where that emblem had lost favor, by stating that his
project was to have on the coin the representation of an Indian, with a bow in
his left hand, and thirteen arrows in the right, with his right foot on a
crown." (Sparks's Life of Gouzverneur JJIorris, i. 273.)




94              MIODIERN COINS-UNITED STATES~
lished, as the necessary machinery could easily be constructed, and
persons found who could carry on the operations.
"The subject was discussed repeatedly in Congress, but no further
step was taken until 1784, when Mr. Jefferson, on behalf of a committee appointed for the purpose, brought in a report, disagreeing
with that of the Financier, except as to the decimal system. The following remarks occur in this document:'The most easy ratio of
multiplication and division, is that of ten.  Every one knows the
facility of decimal arithmetic.  Every one remembers, that when
learning money arithmetic, he used to be puzzled with adding the
farthings, taking out the fours, and carrying them on; adding the
pence, taking out the twelves, and carrying them  on; adding the
shillings, taking out the twenties, and carrying them on; but when
he came to the pounds, where he had only tens to carry forward, it
was easy and free from error.  The bulk of mankind are schoolboys
throug-h life.  Certainly, in all cases, where we are free to choose
between easy and difficult modes of operation, it is most rational to
choose the easy  The Financier, therefore, in his report, well proposes
that our coins should be in decimal proportions to one another.'
"He found fault with the zunit of /Mr. Morris, first, on account of
its dimlnnutive size:'A  horse or bullock of eighty dollars value
would require a notation of six figures, to wit, 115,200 units;'
secondly, because of its want of correspondence in value with any
known coins. In lieu of this the Spanish dollar was proposed, as
being of convenient size, capable of easy actual division, and familiar
to the minds of the people.  It was added, that the course of our
commerce would bring us more of this than of any other foreign
coin; and besides, the dollar was already as much referred to, as a
measure of value, as the respective provincial pounds.  Upon this
basis, it was proposed to strike four coins, viz.:
"A golden piece, of the value of ten dollars.
"A dollar in silver.
"A tenth of a dollar, also in silver.
"A hundredth of a dollar, in copper.
"The Assistant Financier conceded something to Mr. Jefferson's
views, but adherred to the main principles of his own scheme. It




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.                   95
would be out of place to enter into the arguments offered on behalf
of each proposition; it is sufficient to say, that Congress, in 1785,
adopted Mr. Jefferson's report, and in the following year made legal
provision for a coinage upon that basis."
Notwithstanding the fact that Congress had proceeded thus far in
the establishment of a national mint, there appears to have been
some difficulty in bringing the project to a practical issue; and in
1787, we find the Board of Treasury reporting several propositions
from private coiners for the coinage of copper.  These proposals
were referred to an appropriate committee, who reported in favor of
the proposal of Mr. James Jarvis; whereupon Congress instructed
the Board to contract with Mr. Jarvis for 300 tons of copper coin,
which were to conform  to the standard adopted in the report of
MIr. Jefferson.  The devices and inscriptions for this coinage were
also regulated by an act of Congress, as follows: —
1187, July 6. "Resolved, That the Board of Treasury direct the
contractor for the copper coinage to stamp on one side of each piece
the following device, viz.: Thirteen circles linked together, a small
circle in the middle, with the motto,'UNITED STATES,' round it; and
in the center, the words,'WE ARE ONE;' on the other side of the same
piece the following devices, viz.: A dial with the hours expressed on
the face of it; a meridian sun above, on one side of which is to be
the word'FUGIO,' and on the other the year in figures,'1787..' " The
words, " MIND YOUR BUSINESS, 7 inscribed beneath the dial, which
have gained for this piece the name of "Franklin Cent," appear to
have been added without the authority of Congress; and, indeed,
some pretend to say that it was done at the suggestion of "Poor
Richardcl" himself, and hence they derive its popular name.  The
principal foundation, however, for this opinion, as well as the name
applied to the coin, appears to be that "it sounds like him." (See
Plate II. No. 7.) A portion of these coppers is said to have been
coined at the mint in New Haven, of which J3r. Jarvis'was a partner; and the remainder at the mint of Mr. HIarmon, at Rupert, in
Vermont, whither the dies were transported by one Abel Buel, who
was also a partner in the New haven mint.




96             MIODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
NATIONAL COINAGE.
The Constitution of the United States was received by Congress
in Septemnber, 1787, and was soon after submitted to the several
States, who were represented in the Convention in which that instrument was framed, for their ratification.  In this instrument it is expressly provided that Congress shall have power "To coin money,
regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin," (Sec. VIII.;) and
a subsequent paragraph (Sec. X.) prohibited the exercise of a like
power by any State.
The attention of the first Congress, which commenced its session
on the 4th March, 1789, was so much engrossed in carrying out the
designs of the Constitution in the formation of a Federal Government, that little attention was paid to the subject of a national
mint.  A proposition, however, was made by a foreigner, Mir. John
Mitchell, for the coinage of coppers, for circulation in this country.
This proposal was referred by Congress to Mr. Jefferson, who reported in the following year against it. Immediately after the report
of Mr. Jefferson, Congress, on the 15th of April, 1790, instructed
the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander HIamilton, to prepare a
plan for the establishment of a mint.  Mr. Hamilton made a very
elaborate and careful report, in which, accepting of the dollar as a
unit, he proposed the following coins: A gold piece, equal in weight
and value to ten units or dollars; a gold piece, equal to a tenth
part of the former, and which shall be a unit or dollar; a silver
piece, which shall also be a unit or dollar; a silver piece, which
shall be in weight and value a tenth part of the silver unit or dollar;
a copper piece, which shall be of the value of the hundredth part of
the dollar; a copper piece, which shall be half the value of the
former.
This report was transmitted to Congress on the 28th of January,
1791, and on the third day of March of the same year the following
resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives was passed.
We give a fac- simile of the resolution, bearing the original signature
of Jefferson, which is now in the possession of the Mint.




MODERN COINS-UINITED STATES.                97
Congrfs of the United States:
AT  T HE THIRD  SESSION,
Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on
Monday the fixth of December, one thoufand feven hundred and ninety.
ESOLVED  by the SENATE and HousE of REPRESENTATIVES
of the United States of America in Congrefs affembled, That a
mint fhall be erfabliflled under fuch regulations as thall be directed
by law.
Refolved, That the Prefident of the United States be, and he is
hereby authorized to caufe to be engaged, fuch principal artifts as
fhall be neceffary to carry the preceeding resolution into effea, and
to ftipulate the terms and conditions of their fervice, and alfo to
caufe to be procured fuch apparatus as fhall be requifite for the
fame purpofe.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG,
Speaker of the Houfe of Reprefentatives.
JOHN ADAMS, Vice-Pre/ident of the United States,
and Prefident of the Senate.
APPROVED, March the third, I791.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, Pre/ident of the United States.
DEPOSITED among the ROLLS in the OFFICE of the SECRETARY
of STATE.
TH: JEFFERSON, Secretary of State.




98              MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
On the second of April of the following year (1792) the law
"Establishing a Mint and Regulating the Coins of the United
States" was approved by the President.  This act provided first,
that the officers to be employed at the Mlint should be a Director, an
Assayer, a Chief Coiner, an Engraver, and a Treasurer,* and that the
coins to be struck should be as follows:
"GOLD —The EAGLE, of ten dollars, to weigh 270 grains; the IHALF
and QUARTER in proportion; all of the fineness of 22 carats, or 917
thousandths.
"SILVER —The DOLLAR, of 100 cents, to weigh 416 grains; the
HALF, QUARTER, TENTH  or DIME, and TWENTIETH Or HALF DIME,
in proportion; the fineness to be 1485 parts in 1664, or 892.4
thousandths.
"COPPER —The CENT to weigh 264 grains; the HALF CENT in proportion. "
Washington immediately proceeded to carry out the intention of
this act, and as Philadelphia was then the seat of government, he
provided for the erection of suitable buildings, by purchasing a lot of
ground on Seventh Street, between 2Market and Arch Streets. At this
time the lot in question was occupied by an old still-house and a
frame tenement building.  Having proceeded thus far, ~Washington,
on the first of July following, appointed DAVID RITTENIOUSE to be
"Director of the 3Mint."  iRittenhouse very soon thereafter entered
upon the duties of his office.  The necessary men were employed, and
on the nineteenth of July they commenced the work of removing the
buildings which then occupied the lot, as appears by the following
extract froin the first record ever kept of the "  int operations."t
"1792, July 19.-The following men began to work at taking
down the still-house.  To Saturday the 21:John Mlaul                           -             3 days.
Jn1. Christian Glouse              -    -          3 dito.
* The office of "Melter and Refiner" was created by the act of March 3,
1795. (Sees. 1, 2, and 4, Stat. at Large, vol. i. p. 439, chap. 47.)
t This "book," which is a small memorandum, the cover of which (if it ever
had one) has been removed by the "hand of time," is now among the archives
of the Aint.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                   99
John Keyser                                      2 dito.
Nicolas Sinderling                               2 clays.
John B iting                                   1-1 dito.
Mathias Sumer                                    1 dito.
"21. —8 carpenters at work this day taking down the still-house
fralme. "
The foundation stone of the Mint was laid on the 31st of July, as
appears from the following memorandum in the same book: "17 92,
July 31. —This clay, about 10 o'clock in the forenoon, the foundation
stone was laid for the Mint by David Rittenhouse, Esq'."  As soon
as the ceremony of laying the corner-stone was accomplished, the
work upon the foundation commenced, as appears from the subjoined
memoranduml: "iFour masons at work since 10 o'clock A.M.," which
appears under the same date.
The foundation was completed and ready for the superstructure on
Saturday the 25th of August following, and the framework was raised
in the afternoon of that day.  The work was rapidly pushed forward
after this date; and the building was so far completed that the workmen commenced operations "in the shop," preparing the internal
arrangements, such as bellows, furnaces, etc., on Friday, the seventh
of September.  On the Tuesday following, six potlnds of old copper
were purchased  for the Mint, at "Is. 3d." per pound-this being
the first "purchase of copper for coinage."'
The coining presses, (three in number,) which they were obliged to
import from abroad, arrived at the ldMint on Friday, the twenty-first
of September; and under date of twenty-fifth of September, the same
book from which we have before quoted, states that "Flute began,
after breakfast, trimling the heavy press."  These presses were put in
operation in the beginning of October, and were used for striking the
half dimes, of which Washington makes mention in his Annual Address to Congress, of the 6th November, 1792, as follows: "There
has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half dimes; the
want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them."
Between this time and the close of the year 1792, several other pieces
made their appearance from the Mint, all which will be noticed under
the head of "pattern pieces," at the close of this article.  The first




100             MODERN COINS-UNITED STXTES.
regular return of coins from the Chief Coiner to the Treasurer of the
Mint took place on the 1st of March, 1793, and consisted of eleven
thousand one hundred and seventy-eight cents.
Before proceeding to give a history of the national coins, we will
state the different changes in standard which have taken place since
the act of 1792, as it will be much more satisfactory to the reader if
that portion of the subject is presented to him at a glance.
GOLD. —The first change in the standard of the gold coinage took
place in June, 1834.  The original estimate by which the relative
values of gold and silver coins were determined was based upon the
supposition that gold was worth fifteen times as much as silver.
This was found to be too low, at the market value, which, though
always fluctuating, was nearer sixteen to one, upon a general average;
consequently an act was passed on the 28th of June, 1834, reducing
the standard of the gold coins.  This act regulated the fineness of
the gold to 899'2%5 thousandths; the eagle to weigh 258 grains, the
other pieces in proportion.
This standard of fineness was of short duration, the government
having decided in January, 1837, to place the fineness of the coins,
both gold and silver, upon the French basis-nine-tenths; consequently since that date the fineness of our gold coins has been 900
thousandths, the weight being the same as before.
SILVER. —The silver remained unchanged up to 1837, since which
time the fineness is 900 thousandths, (except for the three-cent piece;
from its first issue in 1851 to March, 1853, the fineness was 750 thousandths; weight 123 grains,) and the dollar of the weight 4121
grains.  The smaller pieces were in proportion of weight until March
3d, 1853, when the half dollar was reduced to 192 grains, (which is
sixteen pennyweights, or eight-tenths of an ounce,) the smaller pieces
in proportion, including the three-cent piece, which is on the same
footing with the other silver pieces, both in weight and fineness.
CoPPER. —The weight of the copper coins was reduced before any
actual coinage had commenced. On the 14th of January, 1793, the
weight of the cent was reduced to 208 grains, the half cent in proportion.  A second reduction took place in 1795, and on the 26th of
January, 1796, President Washington issued a proclamation, as he




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES-.                  101
had been instructed to do by law, that "on account of the increased
price of copper, and the expense of coinage," the cent had been
reduced to 7 dwts., or 168 grains, the half cent in proportion.
By the act of February 21st, 1857, the composition of the cent was
changed to an alloy of 88 parts copper and 12 parts nickel; and the
standard of weight was reduced to 72 grains.  The half cent was
discontinued.
In giving a history of the coins of the United States we shall not
go so far into the details of the subject as to take notice of the different "varieties" caused by cracked dies, the addition or omission of
a leaf in the laurel, a larger or smaller letter in the legend or inscription, and the countless other minute and scarcely definable differences which are found, upon close inspection, to exist in the coins
of nearly every year in which they have been issued.  These little
technicalities may be important to those collectors of coins who pay
more regard to the selfish desire of having something which no one
else possesses, than to the historic or artistic interest which attaches
to a coin.  We therefore confine ourselves to an illustration of those
changes in the types of the coins which are of a material and definite
character, and which are produced by design and not by accident,
introducing, as we proceed, other facts in regard to the coinage which
are more purely historic than the description, and which may be of
interest, or tend to throw some light upon controverted points. And
we may here remark that in the preparation of this article we have
obtained (with some measure of labor) a large portion of our information from the private records of the Mint.  We have had access
to the "Bullion Journals," which exhibit every return of coins, from
the Chief Coiner to the Treasurer of the Mint, which has taken place
from the establishment thereof to the present time.  We have also
the annual reports of the Directors of the Mint, as inscribed upon the
copy books, from the year 1795 down.  So that, whenever we have
departed from the popular belief, we have done so on what we are
bound to consider the very best authority, placing no more reliance
than is necessary in the surmises or generally accepted rumors of the
day, as they are doubtful authority, and only to be accepted where it
is impossible to obtain more reliable information.
8




102             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
In regard to the years in which the coinage of certain denominations have been omitted, we have prepared a table showing these
omissions, and also; exhibiting the number of pieces, in the several
denominations of coin, which have been struck in every year since the
establishment of the Mint in 1793, as far as practicable.  There are
several years in which dies were prepared and specimen coins struck,
but not generally circulated, which do not appear upon the records.
These pieces, as far as we have been able to ascertain them, have
been set down in the -table as "patterns," it being impossible to state
the number coined.*  The amounts set down are compiled from the
Bullion Journal, and are consequently as correct as it is possible to
make them.
Gold Coinage.  The first deposit of gold bullion, for coinage, at the
United States Mint; took place on the 12th day of February, 11795.
The deposit was made by MosEs  BRPOWN, merchant, of Boston, Mass.,
and consisted of gold ingots, amounting to two thousand two hundred and seventy-six dollars and twenty-two cents.  ($2276.22.)
Subsequently, before any coinage took place, several deposits were
made. t
The first return of gold coins, from the Chief Coiner, was on the
31st day of July, 1795, and consisted of 744 half eagles.  Eight deliveries of half eagles took place after this time and prior to the 17th
of September, after which no more gold of this denomination was
coined during the year.  The first delivery of eagles was on the 22d
of September, and consisted of 400 pieces, after which there were
four other deliveries of various amounts.  The entire amount of the
coinage of both denominations will be seen by a reference to the table.
The eagle and its half of this emission were of the same type, as
follows: Obv. A female bust, emblematic of Liberty, facing to the
right, wearing a liberty-cap, with the hair flowing loosely about it.
Above is inscribed the word "mIBERTY," and beneath the date
* As we have had only personal experience as our guide, there may be }atterns in existence which do not appear in the table.
t The first deposit was paid in silver coins.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                    103
"1795."  To the left of the effigy are ten stars in a line, and to the
right five, fifteen in all.  Rev. An eagle, with expanded wings, holding a laurel crown in its beak, and grasping a palm branch with both
talons.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICAA."  (See Plate III.
Nos. 1 and 2.)
1796. The gold coins of this year have sixteen stars upon the obverse, eight upon each side of the effigy.* The first coinage of quarter
eagles took place in this year.  The first issue, which was made on the
twenty first of September, was of the same type as the eagle. The
amount, however, was very small, being only 66 pieces. Subsequently
the die was altered, and on the eighth of November there was a coinage of 897 pieces of the following type: Obverse same as the eagle.
(A portion, and probably a small one, had no stars upon the obverse.)
PRev. An eagle with raised wings, holding in its beak a scroll, incribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM,M" and grasping in the right talon a bundle
of arrows, and in the left an olive branch.  Upon its breast is the
-United States shield.  Above the eagle are clouds, and sixteen stars.
Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." (See Plate III. Nos. 5 and
6.) The other pieces, the eagle and its half, were not altered until
the following year (1797), when the reverse above described was
adopted for those pieces likewise. (See Plate III. Nos. 3 and 4.)
No further changes were made in the devices on the gold coins
until the year 1807.  In this year it became apparent to the Director
of the Mlint (Robert Patterson) that the gentleman who was then
engraver, Mir. Robert Scott,t "though indeed a meritorious and
faithful officer, was yet so far advanced in life that he could not very
long be expected to continue his labors;"' and, in anticipation of
such a contingency, he employed Mr. John Reich, with the approbation of the President, to act as assistant engraver, and under date of
April 2d, 1807, wrote to the President as follows: "Mr. Reich is
now preparing a set of new dies, in which some improvements in the
* It was the original intention to add an additional star for every new State,
but it was concluded to abandon the practice for fear that the stars would
become too numerous.
t Mr. Scott was appointed in November, 1793.
$ The Director's letter to the President, under date of March 25, 1807.




104             MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.
devices will be introduced, (adhering, however, to the strict letter of
the law,) which, it is hoped, will meet with public approbation."
Half and quarter eagles had already been issued of the old type.  At
precisely what time the new dies were put in use we cannot ascertain,
but judge that it could not have been before the latter part of summer, consequently there was issued from the Mint about 33,496 half
eagles, and 6812 quarter eagles, bearing the old devices.  If our
conclusions be correct, the first issue of coins of the new type took
place on the 30th of September,* and consisted of 15,967 half eagles,
after which there were five other deliveries of the same denomination.
The new coinage was of the following description: Obv. A bust of
Liberty, facing to the left, wearing a liberty-cap, upon the band of
which is inscribed "LIBERTY."  Beneath is the date "1807."  To the
left of the effigy are seven stars, and to the right six, thirteen in all.
Rev. An eagle, with its wings expanded in flight, the United States
shield upon its breast. In the left talon it grasps three arrows, and
in the right an olive branch. Above floats a scroll, inscribed " E PLURIBUS  JNUM."  Beneath is the value, "5 D."  Legend. "UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA." There were no quarter eagles issued of the
new pattern, as there was only one delivery of this denomination (on
the fifteenth of February, as above,) during the year. The new quarter eagle appeared in the year 1808. (See Plate III. Nos. 7 and 8.)
In 1813, the appearance of the obverse of the half eagle, which was
the only gold coin struck for a number of years, was slightly changed,
the head of Liberty appearing in rather better flesh, and the thirteen
stars arranged in a circle around the edge, instead of being at the
sides of the effigy, as before; otherwise it continued the same.t (See
Plate IV. No. 1.)
Upon the change of standard in 1834, another alteration took place
in the type of the gold coinage.  Up to June of that year they continued the same as before, but the change of standard having taken
place in that month the type was changed, in order to distinguish
* There was no gold of any kind coined at the Mint after the middle of June,
until this time.
t The quarter eagle of this type did not appear till 1821. (See Plate IV. No. 2.)




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.                  105
the new standard from the old merely by sight.  The obverses of the
new coins were very similar to the old, except that the liberty-cap
is removed from the head of the goddess, and instead the hair is confined by a band inscribed with the word "LIBERTY.'"  There was a
peculiar heaviness also in the old style which does not appear in the
new.  The scroll, bearing the motto "E PLURIBUS uNuM,"' is omitted
from the reverse. (See Plate IV. Nos. 3 and 4.)
The act reducing the standard was passed on the 28th of June.
Up to this time there had already been coined 74,709 half eagles, and
4000 quarter eagles; 50,141 of the half eagles had been issued from
the Mint on the thirty-first of March, the remainder, including the
quarter eagles, were in the hands of the Chief Coiner at the time the
act passed, and were returned by him to the Treasurer two days after,
on the thirtieth.  This fact makes it extremely doubtful whether
there was any issue of quarter eagles of the old standard; as it is
probable that the last return would be immediately re-coined at the
reduced standard, as they would yield a considerable profit.
Some time elapsed after the passage of the act providing for the
issue of the "Benton Mint Drops," as they were popularly called,*
before the necessary dies could be prepared.  The dies for the half
eagle were ready for use toward the latter part of August, and on the
twenty-fifth a coinage of 98,075 pieces took place.  The dies for the
quarter eagle were not prepared until the latter part of September,
and on the thirtieth 18,400 pieces were delivered.  The entire coinage of the new standard consisted of 658,028 half eagles, and 112,234
quarter eagles-there being no eagles.
The next change of type took place very near the end of the year
1838.  The pattern then adopted for the gold coins has been continued down to the present time.  It is as follows: Obv. A bust of
Liberty; the shoulders undraped.  The hair is looped up in a roll
behind, and intwined with beads; a couple of stray curls hang loosely
upon the neck.  The front of the hlead is embellished with a tiara,
inscribed with the word "LIBERTY."  Around the edge are thirteen
* Thomas It. Benton, who was the principal advocate of this measure, obtained the cognomen of " Old Bullion," from his connection therewith.




106             MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.
stars, and beneath, the date "1838."'  There was no noticeable
change in the type of the reverse. (See Plate IV. No. 5.)
This pattern first made its appearance on the twenty-sixth of
December, and consisted of 6700 eagles,* and on the thirty-first
of December the Chief Coiner returned to the Treasurer 500 eagles,
making 7200 eagles of the new type issued in this year.  This pattern was adopted on the half eagle of 1839, and on the quarter
eagle of 1840. (See Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 7.)
In 1849, two new pieces were added to the gold coinage, viz., the
double eagle, or twenty-dollar piece, and the gold dollar.  The obverse of the double eagle is the same as the new coinage of 1838.
The reverse has a very small eagle, its body hidden by the United
States shield.  From its beak depends a highly ornamented scroll,
inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNU."'  In the left talon are three arrows,
and in the right an olive branch.  Above is a circle of thirteen stars
bathed in the diverging rays of the sun.  Legend. "UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA."......"TWENTY D."  The dies for-this coin were prepared
in the year 1849, and one piece was struck therefrom and placed in
the Mint Cabinet. (See Plate V. No. 1.) The first issue took place
in the following year.
The head on the obverse of the dollar of this year (1849) is the
same as the other gold coins, and is encircled by thirteen stars.  On
the reverse the value and date, "1 DOLLAR 1849," are inscribed between two branches of laurel, crossed. Legend. "UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA." Of this denomination there was a large issue. (See Plate
V. No. 2.)
This dollar, after a few years trial, was found to be rather small in
diameter, and many complaints were made against it on that account.
Consequently, in 1854 an alteration in the size was determined
upon.  The enlarged dollar of this year (1854) has, as its emblem of
Liberty, a beautiful Indian head crowned with feathers. The band in
which the feathers are confined is inscribed with the word " LIBERTY."
Legend.'"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."  On the reverse is inscribed
"1 DOLLAR 1854" within a wreath of cereals.  This dollar being
* This was the first coinage of this denomination since the year 1804.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  107
considerably larger in diameter than the old piece, has a proportionate decrease in thickness. (See Plate V. No. 3.)
This year also witnessed the advent of another new coin —the threedollar piece.  This coin has upon its obverse an Indian head much
more graceful in appearance than ally effigy which ever before graced
an American coin.  Like the dollar, it has a feathered crown inscribed with the word "LIBERTY;  but this crown is quite an improvement upon the former.  Otherwise it is merely an enlargement of the
dollar. (See Plate V. No. 5.) This is the last change in the gold
coinage of the United States which we have to notice, with the exception of a slight alteration in the dollar of 1856, to make it correspond with the type of the three-dollar piece. (See Plate V. No. 4.)
Silver Coinage.  The first deposit of silver bullion for coinage
took place on the 18th clay of July, 1794. The deposit was made
by the Bank of Maryland, and consisted of "coins of France,"'
amounting to eighty thousand seven hundred and fifteen dollars
seventy-three cents and five-tenths ($80, 715.73.5.)
The first return of silver coins from the Chief Coiner to the Treasurer was made on the fifteenth day of October, and comprised 1758
dollars.  The second delivery was on the first day of December, and
consisted of 5300 half dollars.  This embraced the entire silver coinage of the year.  There was a small coinage of half climes, but they
were only struck as pattern pieces, for the purpose of trying the dies,
and were not regularly issued. The types were as follows: Obv.
A head of Liberty, facing to the right, with flowing hair.  Above
was the word "LIBERTY,' and beneath the date "1794."  To the left
of the effigy were eight stars, and to the right seven, fifteen in all.
On the reverse was an eagle with raised wings, encircled by branches
of laurel, crossed.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."  On the
edge of the dollar was inscribed "HUNDRED r —- ol  ~ F —-- * * CENTS
* * [- O) r-E] * * ONE * * DOLLAR * * OR * * UNIT r —--- * **."  (See
Plate V. No. 8.) The half dollar, of the same type, has on the edge
"FIFTY*,         l~C —  ENTS * **  OR *   A- IALF *  A** DOLLAR * 
a-r O j  ~ o * ~,,., (See Plate VI. No. 1.)
In the following year (1795) a change took place in the type of




108             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
the dollar.  HENRY WM. DE SAUSURE was appointed to the Direc.torship of the Mint on the eleventh of July; and it is probable that
the alteration was made soon after.  Mr. De Sausure resigned his
office on the twenty-eighth of October following, after which date there
was no further coinage of dollars during the year; and, as there is
no very great difference in the degrees of rarity of the two varieties
of this year, we are forced to believe that there was a large emission
of the new type, which would place the date of its first coinage early
in August. The obverse has a full bust of Liberty, adorned with
drapery; from beneath the hair appears a ribbon, which is tied in a
bow behind.  The reverse has an eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds, between branches of laurel and lily, crossed. Otherwise it is the same as before. (See Plate VI. No. 2.) The first
return of half dimles took place on the thirtieth of Miarch, amounting
to 7756 pieces. They are of the same type as the dollars of 1794,
but have a grained edge. (See Plate VII. No. 2.)
In the year 1796, the quarter dollar and dime were added to the
coinage.  The first delivery of the former occurred on the ninth of
April, amounting to 1800 pieces, while the first coinage of the dime
took place on the eighteenth of January, amounting to 14,520 pieces.
They are the same pattern as the new dollar of 1795, but have grained
edges. (See Plate VI. Nos. 4 and 6.)
The silver coins of 1797 have sixteen stars-one star for each
State.  Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted into the Union
in the latter part of the preceding year. (See Plate VI. No. 3.)
In 1798, however, for the reason stated in another place, the number of stars was reduced to thirteen, being emblematic of the original
thirteen States.  The reverses of the dollar and dime, which were
the only silver pieces coined in this year, underwent an entire change,
as follows: An eagle with raised wings, bearing the United States
shield upon its breast.  From  its beak floats a scroll, inscribed
"E PLURIBUS UNUM."  In the right talon it grasps a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in the left, an olive branch. Above are clouds and
thirteen stars. Legend. " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."7* (See Plate
VI. No. 7, and Plate VII. No. 1.)
* For a half dollar of this type, see Plate VII. No. 3.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  109
There is much dispute among numismatists in regard to the coinage of dollars in the year 1805.  It is often contended that 321
pieces were struck; and, in fact, the Director's iReport of that year is
the authority for the statement.  In "Bullion Journal A," we find
the following entry on page 303, under elate of June 28, 1805.  We
give the entry as it stands upon the Journal: —
" Silver Coinage......Dr. to Chief Coiner his account of silver
received from  him  in pursuance of a warrant of the Director
No. 349.
"34,000 Quarter dollars.
" 321 Dollars, being found amongst S~panish dollars brought to the
ifint. ",
This entry settles the question, that the issue of that number of
pieces took place; and also, that they were not dollars of 1805, but
of previous dates.
No further change of importance took place until the employment
of Mr. Reich, as Assistant Engraver, in 1807, who, as before stated,
immediately commenced the preparation of new dies.  Up to the
time the new die made its appearance there had been issued from the
Mint about 301,076 half dollars, 220,643 quarter dollars, and 165,000
dimes of the old type.  The attention of the Assistant Engraver,
which appears to have been first directed to the silver coins, seems
to have been confined to the preparation of dies for the half dollar
only, as we find that there was no coinage of the smaller denominations after -the time above alluded to.  The emfission of half dollars
of the new type was very large, as a reference to the table will show.
The new die is described as follows: Obv. A bust of Liberty, with
the Roman mantle, facing to the left.  Upon the head is a libertycap, inscribed with the word "LIBERTY.'  The hair falls gracefully
over the shoulders.  Upon the left of the effigy are seven stars, and
to the right six, thirteen in all.  Beneath is the date " 1807."  Rev.
An eagle, with its wings expandcled in flight, grasping three arrows
in the left, and an olive branch in the right talon.  Upon its breast
is suspended the United States shield.  The motto, "E PLUJRIBUS
UNUM," floats upon a scroll above.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA."......"50 C."  On the edge is inscribed "FIFTY CENTS OR




110             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
HALF A DOLLAR;"' the ornaments being omitted.* (See Plate VII.
No. 4.)
In 1831, a very marked change occurred in the quarter dollar, the
diameter having been considerably reduced, with a consequent increase in thickness. The change of type, however, only affected the
size of the devices, which were reduced to correspond with the size
of the coin, and the omission from the reverse of the scroll bearing
the motto "E PLURIBUS UNUM." (See Plate VIII. No. 3.)
The other silver coins remained unchanged until the year 1836.
Inl this year, the dollar, which had not been coined since the year
1804, again made its appearance, but this time in an entire new costume. On the obverse it presents the goddess of Liberty seated upon
a rock, supporting with her right hand the United States shield,
across which floats a scroll, inscribed "LIBERTY;" and with her left,
the staff and liberty-cap.t  Beneath is the date "1836."  On the
reverse is an eagle in flight, facing to the left, surrounded by twentysix stars, of different magnitudes, according to the size of the States
which they represent.   Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.'......
"GONE DOLLARO."'  The dies for this coinage were designed and
engraved by Mr. Christian Gobrecht, whose name appears upon the
base which supports the effigy of Liberty.  The edge is perfectly
plain. There was a coinage of 1000 pieces, which were returned to
the Treasurer on the thirty-first day of December.  It is probable,
however, that they were intended merely as specimen pieces, being
issued for the purpose of courting public approbation. (See Plate
VIII. No. 1.)  A cha nge also occurs in the half dollar of this year,
similar to that made in the quarter dollar of 1831.  The value, on
the reverse, is in full, "50 CENTS,"7 instead of "50 c.," as before.
The new half dollar has a grained edge also.  This change took
place near the end of the year, so that there are specimens of both
* The quarter dollar was not issued for a number of years, but appeared in
the new dress, for the first time, in 1815. The half dime did not appear until
1829. (See Plate VII. No. 7.)
t This effigy has graced our coinage ever since, to the present day.: The twenty-sixth star was intended for Michigan, which was then an applicant for admission into the' Union, but was not admitted until the beginning of
the following year.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  111
the old and new type. (See Plate VIII. No. 2.)  The dime and half
dime were unchanged.
The two latter pieces were altered in the following year (1837),
but not until a large issue of the old pattern had been accomplished.
The obverse has the same device as the pattern dollar of 1836, there
being no stars.  The reverse has "ONE DIME,") or "HALF DIME,")
inscribed within a wreath of laurel.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA." (See Plate VIII. Nos. 4 and 5.)
In 1838, a pattern dollar was struck, which we shall notice under
the head of "experimental pieces." The first half dollars and quarter
dollars of this year were of the same type as the new half dollars of
1836, with the exception that the value stands "HALF DOL." upon the
former. But during the year new dies were prepared, upon the obverse of which is an effigy of Liberty, copied from the pattern dollar
of 1836.  Around the edge are thirteen stars, and beneath, the date
" 1838." The reverse of the half dollar was unchanged. (See Plate
IX. No. 2.)  The quarter dollar has "QUAR. IOL.," instead of "25
c.," as before. (See Plate IX. No. 3.)  The dclime and half dime are
the same type as the new die of 1837, with the addition of thirteen
stars to the obverse. (See Plate IX. Nos. 4 and 5.)
In the following year (1839) another pattern dollar was issued,
for which see "experimental pieces."
On the 21st of July, 1840, the new dollar made its appearance.
The obverse is the same as the dollar of 1836, with the addition of
thirteen stars.  The reverse has the eagle, with expanded wings,
bearing the United States shield upon its breast, and grasping an
olive branch in the right, and three arrows in the left talon. Legend.
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.......... "ONE DOL.7"  The edge is grained,
being the first authorized dollar bearing such an edge. (See Plate
IX. No. 1.)
In 1851, the three-cent piece was added to the coinage.  On the
obverse it has a star, bearing the arms of the United States. Legend.
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA......."1851." Rev. An ornamental "c,"
within which is the number " III," (3 cents).  Around the edge are
thirteen stars. (See Plate IX. No. 6.)
In 1853, the weight of the half dollar and the smaller pieces was




112            MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
reduced by the law of March third, as before noticed. The only alteration made in the types of the reduced pieces was the addition of two
arrow-heads, one at each side of the date; and, on the reverse of the
half and quarter dollar, the eagle appears surrounded by diverging
rays.  These serve to distinguish the old from the new standard. Of
the old standard, there were issued in this year 44,200 quarter dollars, 95,000 dimes, 135,000 half dimes, and 11,400,000 three-cent
pieces, or trimes, as they were then called.  Of the new standard
full sets were issued. (See Plate IX. No. 7.)
In the following year (1854) the diverging rays were removed from
the reverses; and in 1856 the arrow-heads also disappear. (See
Plate X. No. 1.)
The standard of the silver dollar having remained undisturbed, no
alteration was made in its appearance; but the pattern adopted in
1840 is still continued in favor.
In the present year (1860) a change has been effected in the types
of the dime and half dime, the old laurel wreath being displaced by a
wreath of cereals, and the legend, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," is
removed from the reverse, and substituted for the thirteen stars upon
the obverse." (See Plate X. Nos. 2 and 3.)
Copper Coinage.-The first year of active operations at the Mtint
(1793) was devoted exclusively to the coinage of cents and half cents.
During the year three different patterns of the former made their appearance. The first is described as follows: Obv. A head of Liberty,
facing to the right, with the hair flowing backward, as if blown by the
wind. Above, is inscribed the word " LIBERTY,7  and beneath, the
date "1793." Rev. An endless chain, within which is inscribed "ONE
CENT," and the fraction " -  "'  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.77 The reverse of this cent met with much opposition from the
people, who little relished the idea which the chain seemed to embody.  They had too recently experienced the effects of the "chains
and slavery" which follow so closely upon the skirts of royalty, to
look upon such an emblem with favor; and we find many sarcastic
remarks upon the chain cent in the current newspapers of the day.
Whether this fact induced a change in the type, we are not prepared




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  113
to say.  The original intention may have been to add a link for each
new State; and the anticipated growth of our young Republic induced its abandonment.  At all events, a new die for the reverse was
speedily prepared.  This second pattern has a wreath, composed of
two laurel branches, as a substitute for the chain; the fraction  I~v
appears beneath the wreath; otherwise the second issue was the same
as the first.  The third variety has a bust of Liberty, with flowing
bair, facing in the same direction as before, and the pole and libertycap are added; the reverse being the same as the second issue. The
edges of all these are grained.  The half cent made its first appearance on the twentieth of July.  These were of the same style as the
third variety of the cent, but the bust is turned in the opposite direction-to the left. (See Plate X. Nos. 1, 2, and 4.*)
In 1794, the diameter of the cent was slightly increased, and the
inscription, "ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR," appears upon the edge.
The entire coinage of cents in this year amounted to 918,521, according to the record, instead of "12,513,300," as we have seen it confidently stated.  The half cent has the bust somewhat enlarged, and
facing to the right; and upon the edge is inscribed, "TWO HUNDRED
FOR A DOLLAR."' (See Plate X. Nos. 3 and 5.)
In the latter part of the year 1795, a still further increase in diameter was effected, and the inscriptions upon the edge were omitted,
never to be resumed; the copper coins from that day to this having
always presented a plain edge. Both the obverse and reverse of this
coinage have deeply-indented borders.  The head upon the half cent
is reduced in size from that of the previous year, but still faces in the
same direction. (See Plate XI. Nos. 1 and 3.)
The following year (1796) the diameter of the cent was again
changed to correspond with that of 1794; and during the year a
change in the type of the obverse was also effected, as follows: A
bust of Liberty, facing to the right, and adorned with drapery.  A
portion of the hair is confined by a band, which is tied in a bow
behind; the remainder falls loosely over the shoulders. (See Plate
XI. No. 2.)  The half cent was not altered until the year 1799 or
* The third variety being similar to the cent of 1794, we illustrate one of that
year instead. (See Plate X. No. 3.)




114             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
1800, when it was made to correspond with the new cent of 1796, the
bust facing in the same direction. (See Plate XI. No. 4.)
The copper coins experienced no other change until the introduction of the new die for the cent, engraved by Mr. Reich, in 1808.
This cent has, on the obverse, a bust of Liberty, facing to the left;
the hair is confined by a band inscribed with the word "LIBERTY."'
To the left of the effigy are seven stars, and to the right six; beneath
is the date "1808."  On the reverse, the value, "ONE CENT," is inscribed within a wreath, composed of a single branch of laurel.
Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." The fraction 1i is omitted.
The half cent was not altered until the following year (1809), when
it was made to correspond to the above description. (See Plate XI.
Nos. 5 and 6.)
The coinage of the cent, which had been suspended during the year
1815, was resumed in January, 1816, and a new pattern adopted for
the obverse, as follows: A head of Liberty, facing to the left.  The
hair is confined in a roll behind, while the front of the head is bedecked with a tiara, inscribed with the word "LIBERTY."  Around
the edge are thirteen stars, and beneath, the date "1816."  The
reverse was unaltered. (See Plate XI. No. 7.) In the following
year (1817) a cent of this pattern made its appearance, bearing fifteen stars, but was soon discontinued, the type adopted in 1816 having been continued as long as the copper cent was issued.* (See
Plate XII. No. 1.)
The type of the half cent was not changed until the year 1840,
when new dies, of the same style as the cent, were prepared. (See
Plate XII. No. 4.) These dies were only used to strike patterns, no
issues of half cents having been made in this, or the eight years following, to 1848. In each of these years dies were prepared for the
half cent, but none were issued for general circulation.  Fine proof
specimens were placed in the Mint Cabinet, where they now remain.
In the year 1857, the old familiar coppers disappear from among
our authorized coins. They continued to be coined during the month
- The cent of 1839, however, was slightly altered in the effigy, the head being
higher and more arched on the top, above the tiara; from which it has acquired
the cognomen of "booby-head." (See Plate XII. No. 2.)




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                115
of January, inl which time 333,456 cents and 35,180 half cents were
struck.  The latter were nearly all retained in the Mint, and subsequently melted up, this denomination having been abolished by the
same law that authorized the substitution of the nickel for the copper
cent.
The new cent was issued for general circulation in May following.
The obverse has a flying eagle, like that upon the pattern dollar of
1836, without the stars. Above is the legend, "UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, " and beneath, the date "1857." On the reverse, the value,
"ONE CENT," is inscribed within a wreath of cereals. (See Plate XII.
No. 5.)
This pattern was short-lived, as in the year 1859 it was supplanted
by the following: Obv. An Indian head, facing to the left, and
bedecked with a falling crown of feathers, upon the band of which
is inscribed "LIBERTY."  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.'...... 1859." Rev. "ONE CENT,"7 inscribed within a wreath of laurel.
(See Plate XII. No. 6.)
In the present year (1860) a new device for the reverse has been
adopted; being a wreath of oak, within which is inscribed "ONE
CENT. " Above is suspended a small shield, bearing the arms of the
United States. (See Plate XII. No. 7.)
Besides the National Mint at Philadelphia, there are four Branch
Mints.  Three of these were created by Act of Congress, of March
3d, 1835, viz.: branches at NEW  ORLEANS, La., DAHLONEGA, Ga.,
and CHARLOTTE, North Carolina.  The fourth is located at SAN
FRANCISCO, Cal., and was established by Act of Congress, of July
3d, 1852. The three former branches did not go into operation until
the year 1838; the latter in 1854. The coins of the Branch Mints are
distinguished from those of the National Mint by the initial letters
which will be found upon them. These are as follows: Branch at New
Orleans, which coins gold and silver, the letter 0. (see Plate V. No.
6;) Dahlonega, which coins gold only, the initial 1D. (see Plate IV.
No. 10;) Charlotte, which also coins nothing but gold, the initial C.
(See Plate IV. No. 9.) San Francisco, which coins gold and silver,
the letter S. (See Plate V. No. 7.) The coins of the National Mint
bear no distinguishing marks or initials.




116            MODERN COINS —UNITED STATES.
EXPERITvIENTAL PIECES.
(UNAUTHORIZED COINS OF THE UNITED STATES.)
Since the establishment of the United States Mint many coins
have made their appearance therefrom, which do not belong to the
national authorized series, being of an experimental character, and
not intended for general circulation. Among these we include the
"Washington half dime," which we have before mentioned.  We
consider, however, that the piece in question was intended "for
general circulation," from the fact that Washington makes mention
of it, in that light, in his annual address to Congress, (before quoted.)
But as it partakes of the experimental character, we exclude it from
the regular series.  These pieces will be noticed in the order of time
as far as possible.
1792. Half dime. Obv. A female head, emblematic of Liberty,
facing to the left. This is popularly supposed to. represent the features of Miartha Washington, who is said to have sat to the artist
while he was designing it.  The hair is short and unconfined.  Immediately beneath is the date, the whole being encompassed by the
legend, "LIB(erty) PAR(ent) OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY."  On the
reverse is a small eagle volant, beneath which is inscribed the value,
"'HALF DISME."7  Legend. "UNI. STATES OF AMERICA." (See Plate
XIII. No. 1.) This piece is said to have been struck from the private
plate of Washington, which is not unlikely, considering the great
interest which he took in the operations of the infant mint, visiting it
frequently, and personally superintending many of its affairs.  This
coin, as before shown, nzade its appearance in the month of October,
1792.  Subsequently several other pieces were struck, before the close
of the year, as follows: —
CENT. Obv. A bust of Liberty, with flowing hair, facing to the
right.  Beneath is the date " 1792."  Legend. "LIBERTY PARENT OF
SCIENCE AND  INDUSTRY."  Rev. "ONE CENT,'" inscribed within a
wreath of laurel. Beneath is the fraction " 13~ *  Legend. "UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA."  This cent conforms, in size and weight, to the
standard adopted in the law of 1792, which underwent a reduction




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  117
before any regular issue of cents took place.  It is also very similar
in appearance to the "Washington half dime," which fact seems to
indicate it as the first trial cent of the United States Mint.  It was
the work of an artist named BIRCH, which name appears upon the
lower portion of the effigy. (See Plate XIV. No. 1.)
DIME. Obv. A bust of Liberty, with flowing hair, facing to the
left.  Beneath is the date "1792."  Legend. "LIBERTY PARENT OF
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY." "Rev. A small eagle volant. Beneath is
inscribed the value, "DISME." Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. "
This piece, of which we have duplicates, was struck in copper, being
merely a trial of dies for the dime. Only a few specimens were
struck, and it is nearly unique. (See Plate XIII. No. 2.)
CENT. Obv. An undraped bust of Liberty, with flowing hair, facing
to the right.  Beneath is inscribed the date "1792."  Legend.
"'LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE AND INDUST.  l Rev. "ONE CENT,i inscribed within a wreath of laurel, beneath which is the fraction
"' I1-0.    Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." (See Plate XIV.
No. 3.) This cent is of the same diameter as the trial dime described
above, and is said to have been made small with a view to the insertion of a plug of silver in the center, to bring the value up to the
standard required by law.
CENT. Obv. A bust of Liberty, facing to the right, the hair confined by a fillet.  Above is inscribed the word "LIBERTY," and beneath, the date " 1792." Rev. A portion of a globe, on which stands
an eagle, with raised wings.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."
This cent has a grained edge, like the cents of 1793.  Some numismatists give it the preference as the first trial cent of the Mint. (See
Plate XIV. No. 2.)
1794. The first year in which the legal half dime was coined, a
trial piece was struck in copper, during the preparation of the dies.
It is of the same type as the legal half dime, except that the reverse
is without the wreath, which was added when the regular coins were:
struck. (See Plate XIII. No. 3.)
1815. A platinca piece struck from the dies for the legal half dollar of that year.  It was an experiment, platina being then a new
9




118             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
metal.  Its intrinsic value is $5.50.  Unique. (See No. 100, Divisionz V.)
1836. A gold dollar made its appearance, bearing on the obverse
a liberty-cap inscribed with the word "LIBERTY,"7 and surrounded by
diverging rays.  Rev. The value "1 D." encircled by a single branch
of palm.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."...... 1836. " (See
Plate XV. No. 1.)
In the same year a composition two-cent piece was struck, upon
the obverse of which is an eagle with expanded wings, floating upon
clouds.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."......"1836. "  Rev.
The value, "TWO CENTS," inscribed within a wreath of laurel.  Onetenth silver. (See Plate XIV. No. 8.)
1838. "Flying eagle dollar." Obverse same type as the legal dollar
of 1840, (the present pattern).  Rev. A flying eagle, facing to the
left.  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA........... ONE DOLLAR. "
This was the first dollar ever struck at the United States Mint with
a grained edge. (See Plate VIII. No. 6.)
A half dollar, of the same pattern as the dollar just noticed, was
struck at the Mint at the same time. (See Plate XIII. No. 4.)
Two other half dollars were produced in this year.  The first has
the same obverse as the authorized coinage.  On the reverse is an
eagle, engraved by Mr. Gobrecht.  In the right talon it grasps an
olive branch, and in the left four arrows. Legend. "UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA........... "HALF DOLLAR." This piece is said to be unique.
(See No. 105, Division V.)  The second has a bust of Liberty, by
Mlr. Kneass.  It faces to the left, is adorned with drapery, and
has a tiara upon the forehead.  A band, inscribed with the word
"LIBERTY," is cast over the hair, and partially confines it.  To the
left of the effigy are seven, and to the right six stars. Beneath is the
date "1838."  The reverse is the same as the legal half dollar. (See
Plate XIII. No. 5.)
1839. A dollar, of the same type as the pattern dollar of the previous year, was struck.  The Director's Report of that time states
that 300 of these were coined, but we have been unable to find any
memorandum to that effect on any of the IMint Records, where it
should properly appear, if such were the case. They are not as rare




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.                  119
as the dollars of 1838, and the coinage was probably more extensive.
(See No. 107, Division V.)
Same year, a half dollar, bearing a bust of Liberty, by Mr. Gobrecht.  This bust is undraped, and faces to the right.  The hair is
confined in a roll behind, and the front of the head is adorned with a
tiara, inscribed with the word "LIBERTY.'"  In other respects it conformed to the type of the authorized coinage. (See Plate XIII. No.
6 ) Both this head and that of Mr. Kneass, of the previous year, are
finely executed, and, being exceedingly rare, command high prices inl
the market.
1849. Two pattern three-cent pieces were struck in this year.
For the obverse the die of the legal half dime was used, while the
reverse of the first presents the number "III,' and the other the
figure " 3."  These were one-half silver.  They are exceedingly rare.
(See Plate XIII. Nos. 7 and 8.)
1850. A third pattern for the three-cent piece then in contemplation was produced.  On the obverse is a liberty-cap inscribed with
the word "LIBERTY,' and surrounded by diverging rays.  Beneath
is the date "1850.'" [Rev. The denomination "III" encircled by a
single branch of palm.  Legend.. " UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." (See
Plate XIII. No. 9.)
In the same year the "ring cent" was produced. This piece is
about the size of a dime, and has a small hole in the center, around
which is inscribed, on one side, "u. s. A......." "ONE-TENTHI SILVER;"
and on the other, "CENT........... " 1850.  (See Plate XIV. No. 6.)
A dollar and half dollar, in gold, embodying the same idea, were
also struck. These had only the legend "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"'
upon one side, the other being plain. (See Plate XV. No. 2.)
1852. Another "ring dollar." This was struck in silver, and had
upon one side the legend "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," and the
date "1852," and upon the other, the denomination "DOLLAR," and a
demi-wreath of laurel. (See No. 116, Division V.)
1853. The first "nickel cent" was produced in this year.  The
obverse is an imitation of the legal copper cent.  The reverse has
the value, "ONE CENT," inscribed within a wreath of laurel, there




120             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
being no legend.  Sixty per cent. nickel, remainder copper.  Nearly
as large as the present nickel cent. (See Plate XIV. No. 7.)
1854. A copper cent appeared of the same pattern as the legal
cent, but smaller in size, and the stars were omitted; weight, 96
grains. (See Plate XIV. No. 4.)
Same year. A cent of the same size as the preceding, but of a different type.  Obv. A flying eagle, thirteen stars, and the date. Reverse same as the legal cent. This cent was composed of 95 per cent.
copper, 4 tin, and 1 zinc, and is the rarest of the pattern cents of this
period, being almost unique. (See Plate XIV. No. 5.)
1855. Three cents, of the same type as the piece just mentioned,
were coined.  The first was of the same composition also; but the
second contained one-tenth nickel to nine-tenths copper; weight, 96
grains.  The third was two-tenths nickel, remainder copper.  They
are all very rare. (See Nos. 120, 121, 122, Division V.)
1856. The nickel cent, which was adopted in the following year,
(1857,) was first coined in this year.  Its type and composition have
been already stated. (See No. 123, Division.)
In 1858, a new device was contemplated for the nickel cent, and
several varieties of that cent were coined.  Of these there were three
different obverses.  1st. The obverse of the legal cent of 1857-8.
2d. A small eagle volant, presented in a different position from that
on the legal cent.  3d. An Indian head, with a falling crown of
feathers, (afterward adopted.)
These obverses were combined with four different reverses in such
a manner as to produce eleven different varieties. These were as follows: 1st. A wreath of cereals, within which is inscribed "ONE,CENT."
This was the same as the legal cent of 1858.  2d. Ain oak wreath,
inclosing the inscription, "ONE CENT," above which is a small shield,
bearing the arms of the United States. The objection to this was
that the shield had the appearance of a harp.  3d. Same as the preceding, with the shield omitted.  4th. A wreath of laurel, within
which is inscribed "ONE CENT, (afterward adopted, in combination
with the Indian head above.)
The large, or authorized eagle, was combined with the three lastnamed reverses; while the other two obverses were combined with




MODERN COINS-UNITED  STATES.                 121
the four reverses, making eleven in all. (See Plate XV. Nos. 5, 6,
and 7.)
1859., A new half dollar was proposed in this year, and several
varieties were coined   First, we have a beautiful bust of Liberty,
facing to the right, the hair being done up in a braid behind, and
crowned with a chaplet of oak.  Around the shoulders of the effigy
floats a scroll, inscribed " LIBERTY.'  Legend. " UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA."......"1859."   This fine head was the work of Mr. Longacre, the present engraver of the Mint.  This was combined with
three different reverses, differing, however, only in the inscription.
One has "-  DOLLAR" inscribed within a wreath of cereals; another,
"50 CENTS,"~ within a similar wreath; and a third, "HALF DOLLAR,"
with the same wreath.  These reverses, which are very graceful, were
engraved by Mr. Paquet, one of the engravers of the Mint. (See Plate
XV. No. 3.)
Mr. Paquet also produced a half dollar of the following description: Obv. The goddess of Liberty in a sitting posture, facing to the
left, her left hand resting upon the United States shield, while with
the right she supports the fasces.  Beneath is the date " 1859," and
around the edge thirteen stars.  On the reverse is the American
eagle, with its wings expanded in flight, grasping an olive branch in
the right and three arrows in the left talon, while from its beak floats
a scroll, inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUMI."  Upon its breast is suspended the United States shield. Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.'..... "HALF DOLLAR." (See Plate XV. No. 4.)
Near the close of the year another pattern cent was struck. This
is the same as the cent of the year 1860. (See Plate XV. No. 8.)
PRIVATE ISSUES.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Mr. C. BECIITLER established a mint at Rutherfordton, North Carolina, and commenced the coinage of gold half and quarter eagles and
one dollar pieces. These coins circulated freely at the South and
West.




122                  ANCIENT COINS-UNITED STATES.
"To  obtain  a proper understanding  of them   will require  some
attention. There are two series, the first bearing no date, but issued
earlier than 1834, of the three denominations of five, two and a half,
and one dollar, professedly 20 carats fine, and 150 grains to the piece
of five dollars.   These  are now  scarce.   The  second  series is that
which  bears the date of 1834.   In that year there was an important
reduction  of standards  in  the  national gold  coins, to  which  Mr.
Bechtler conformed, and, by way of distinction, afterward  used  the
uniform   date  of that year.   The  denominations  are  as before, but
there are three grades of fineness and weight; thus, at 20 carats, the
five-dollar piece is to weigh 140 grains; the same at 21 carats, to
weigh 134 grains; and at 22 carats, to weigh 128 grains.  The pieces
of 20 carats are stamped'NORTIH CAROLINA GOLD;' those of 21,'CAROLINA GOLD;' and those of 22,'GEORGIA GOLD.'  It is probable that all
of the gold was raised in North  Carolina, and that these stamps are
only to  assist in indicating  the different qualities, as they are generally understood  in  that region, Georgia gold being usually the best,
and North Carolina the poorest.
"This coinage  has no  emblematical device, but simply the  name
and  residence of the  manufacturer, the weight and  fineness, and the
designation just stated. (See Nos. 43 to 51, Division  V.)
"The following is the result of numerous trials of these coins at
the Mint:PDENOMINATION  P rofessed  Average Variations  Variations in  Average
DEMNMIN ATION.; w  eight, Professed fineness.  weight.
W~rlnht     ~            weight. in fineness,    value.   value.
Grains. Carats.  Thous. Grains.'hous.                 D. c. M.
Five-clollar piece before   150  20    833    148.0  829 to 846 $5.28 to $5.39  5 34*
1834........................ 
Five-dollar pieee, sance   140  20     833    139.8  813 to 819  4.89 to 4.93  4 90 7
1834,  "N. C. gold".....
Five-dollar piece, "Car-   134  21     875    134.4  833 to 852  4.82 to 4.93  4 89 0
olina  gold"...............
Five-dollar piece, "Geo.   128  22     917    12.6  856 to 899  4.70 to 4.94  4 84 6
gold"......................
Two-and-a-half-dollar }  70    20      833      70.0...           2 47 0
piece, "N. C. gold.....
Two-and-a-half- dollar    64   22      917      63.6...2 39 0
piece,'Georgia gold".
One dollar, "N. C. gold"    28  20     833      27.6  804 to 816 9   to 97 cts  0 96 2
"There is not much variation in weight, but the fineness (as shown
above) is exceedingly irregular and inferior, causing an average loss
of 21 per cent. on the nominal value."
* The half eagle of the National coinage of that date would be worth $5.36.




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                123
Some time subsequent to the year 1842, the mint passed from the
hands of C. Bechtler into the possession of A. Beehtler, whose name
was substituted Upon the coins for that of the former.  The only
marked effect which this change produced upon the coins was a considerable deficiency in value, as compared with the former emissions.
(See No. 52, Division V.)  Since the year 1849 this establishment
has been abolished.
COINS OF TEMPLETON REID.
In 1830, when the first extensive produce of Georgia gold commenced, a mint was established at the mines, and the coinage of three
denominations of gold-the ten, five, and two-and-a-half dollar pieces
-was commenced. These coins have upon one side the name of
"TEMPLETON REID, ASSAYER,"7 and the denomination. The ten-dollar
piece has, upon the reverse, merely the inscription, "GEORGIA GOLD,"
surrounded with a circle of stars, and is not dated.  The other
pieces have the date added upon the reverse; and, in the case of the
five-dollar piece, the denomination also.  Like the Bechtler coins,
they have no devices other than the stars upon the ten-dollar piece.
(See Nos. 55, 56, 57, Division V.) By assays made at the Mint, the
ten-dollar piece is found to be 942 thousandths fine, and weighs 248
grains; consequent value, $10.06.  (Our eagle of the same date
would be worth $10.66.)  The two-and-a-half-dollar piece is 932
thousandths fine; weighs 60.5 grains; consequent value, $2.43. The
five-dollar piece was not tested. This coinage was not long continued, and is seldom found in circulation, even at home.
Afterward, when the California gold-fields began to attract attention, Templeton Reid removed his establishment to that region, and
in 1849 commenced the coinage of twenty-five * and ten dollar pieces.
These were similar in type to the Georgia pieces.  The ten-dollar
piece (now in the Cabinet) has, upon the obverse, "TEMPLETON REID,
ASSAYER," and the date "1849;" and on the reverse, "CALIFORNIA
GOLD."......",TEN DOLLARS." (See No. 58, Division V.)  This piece
weighs 260 grains, and appears to be composed of California gold,
* This piece was formerly in the Cabinet, but was abstracted therefrom.




124             MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
without artificial alloy, which (if true) would place the value at about
$9.75.
CALIFORPNIA  COINS.
Previous to the establishment of the Branch Mint at San Francisco, in 1854, many private Refineries, Assay Offices, and Companies
struck gold coins of various denominations.  This, although an apparent usurpation of governmental power, seems to have been excusable in the Californians, from the very great expense attending the
transportation of lbullion from the gold region to the Atlantic States
for coinage, and its return in the form of currency.  But this fact
does not excuse the apparent discrepancy between the nominal and
intrinsic values of many of the pieces, which usually exhibits a depreciation of the latter.  We have only space for a brief description of
these issues.
J. S. O.-A  ten-dollar piece, not dated, of the following description: Obv. "1 0 DOLLARS" surrounded by a circle of thirty-one stars.
Rev. "J. s. o.1" (said to be the initials of Dr. J. S. Ormsby, of Pennsylvania, to whom  this coinage is attributed.) Legend. "UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA. "......" CAL.": 842 thousandths fine; weighs 2581
grains; value $9.37. (See No. 59, Division V.)
MINER'S BANK.-A ten-dollar piece, not dated.  Obv. "TEN D.'
Legend. "MINER'S BANK.'......"SAN FRANCISCO."  Rev., An eagle, in
imitation of the National coinage. Above is inscribed " CALIFORNIA.'
Beneath are thirteen stars, arranged around the edge. (See No. 60,
Division V.) The average weight is 263~ grains; the fineness about
865 thousandths (part of the alloy being copper); and the average
value $9.87, with a risk of having it as low as $9.75.
N. G. & N.-1849.  A  five-dollar piece.  Obv. An eagle, with
expanded wings, grasping an olive branch in the right, and three
arrows in the left talon.  Upon its breast is suspended a shield, inscribed with the figure "5. "   Legend. " CALIFORNIA GOLD"......
"TWITHOUT ALLOY. 7  Rev. "N. G. & N........... 1849."...... " SAN FRANCISCO," inclosed in a circle of twenty-two stars.  Legend. "FULL
WEIGHT OF"......"HALF EAGLE.'7 (See Nos. 61, 62, Division V.)
The claim put forth upon the reverse of this piece is verified by trials




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                 125
at the Mlint, the variation not exceeding one grain in any case.  But
its claim to be " California gold, without alloy," allows of a pretty
wide margin.  As far as the investigations of the Mint have extended, they are found to contain no alloy, except that introduced by
nature, which is usually more than enough.  Three specimens gave
severally 870, 880, and 892 thousandths, with the consequent values
of $4.83, $4.89, and $4.95-, without the silver, and, including that,
2- cents more.
PACIFIC COMPANY. —1849. Ten and five dollar pieces.  Obv. An
eagle volant, grasping an olive branch in the right, and a hammer in
the left talon. Legend. "PACIFIC COMPANY CALIFORNIA........... "1849."'
Rev. A liberty-cap and staff, surrounded by diverging rays and
stars.  Beneath is inscribed the value in dollars. (See Nos. 63, 64,
Division V.)  These pieces are very much debased in fineness, and
irregular in weight.  A ten-dollar piece weighed 229 grains; a fivedollar piece, 130 grains; assay of a third, 797 thousandths fine.  At
these rates, the larger piece would be worth $7.86, the smaller $4.48;
but the value is very uncertain.
OREGON EXCHANGE CO.-1849. Pieces of ten and five dollars.
Obv. A beaver, beneath which is inscribed "o. T." (Oregon Territory,) and the date "1849."  Legend. "K. M. T. R. C. s." (said to be
the initials of the persons composing the company.)  Rev. "10
D(ineros) 20 G(ranos) NATIVE GOLD. TEN D"(ollars.) Legend. "OREGON EXCHANGE COMPANY." (See Nos. 65, 66, Division V.) A fivedollar piece, tried at the Mint, was found to weigh 1271- grains, was
878 thousandths fine, and contained only the native alloy; the consequent value being $4.82, excluding the silver, which, in sufficient
quantities, would produce 2i cents more.
CINCINNATI MINING & TRADING Co.-1849. Ten and five dollar
pieces.  Obv. An Indian head, crowned with feathers.  Legend.
"CINCINNATI MINING & TRADING COMPANY." Rev. An eagle, in flight,
facing to the left, grasping the United States shield in the right, and
three arrows and an olive branch in the left talon.  Legend. "CALIFORNIA. TEN (or five) DOLLARS......." 1849."' (See Nos. 67, 68, Division V.) These pieces are too rare to admit of their being cut for




126            MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
assay; but appear to be of native gold, and weigh respectively 258
and 132 grains.  They may be rated at $9.70 and $4.95.
M[ASSACHUSETTS &  CALIFORNIA Co. -1849. Five-dollar piece.
Obv. The value "FIVE'D." inscribed within a wreath of laurel.
Legend. "' MASSACHUSETTS & CALIFORNIA CO."...... " 1849. "  Rev. The
crest and arms of Upper California.  Around the edge are arranged
thirteen stars. (See No. 69, Division V.) This piece is apparently
debased with copper, but is too rare to be devoted to the test of an
assay; consequently we are unable to state its value.  It weighs
115- grains.
BALDWIN & Co.-1850. Ten and five dollar pieces.  The first
has upon the obverse a mounted horseman, throwing a lasso. Beneath is the date "1850. "  Legend. "CALIFORNIA GOLD."......"TEN
DOLLARS."'  Rev. An eagle, in imitation of the National coinage.
Above is inscribed "BALDWIN & CO.," and beneath, "* * * * SAN
FRANCISCO * * * * *'." (See No. 70, Division V.)  This piece weighs
263 grains; is 880 thousandths fine; value $9.96.  The five-dollar
piece is in imitation of the National coinage.  The name " BALDWIN
& co." is inscribed upon the tiara of the Liberty head.  The legend
on the reverse stands "s. M. v. (Standard Mint Value) CALIFORNIA
GOLD." (See No. 71, Division V.)  Average value, $4.92.  These
coins contain some copper-about 20 thousandths.
MOFFAT & Co.-This company coined money for a number of
years; from 1849 to the time the Mint was established at San Francisco, in 1854.  The Cabinet contains the following specimens:1849.-Ten-dollar piece. An imitation of the National coinage.
Upon the tiara of the Liberty head is inscribed "MOFFAT & CO."
The reverse has the legend "s. M. v. CALIFORNIA GOLD." (See No.
72, Division V.)  This piece is about 897 thousandths fine, weighs
258k grains; making an average value of $9.97.7.
1850.-Five-dollar piece, of the same type and relative value of
the piece just mentioned. (See No. 73, Division V.)
1853.-Twenty-dollar piece, in imitation of the National coinage.
Like the two preceding pieces, the tiara is inscribed "MOFFAT & CO."
The legend, on the reverse, is "SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA." (See




MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.                  127
Nos. 74, 75, Division V.) This conforms very nearly to the National
standard.
Moffat & Co. also issued gold ingots or stamped bars.  These
had "MOFFAT & CO.,j" the fineness in carats, and the value stamped
upon them. The specimens contained in the Cabinet (see Nos. 76,
77, Division V.) are respectively $16.00 and $9.43; the first professing to be 203 carats, and the other 21- 7 carats.
UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE.-This office was established by an
act of Congress, in 1850, and several denominations of coin were
issued soon after, among which are the following:1851.-Fifty-dollar piece.  This coin, of which there are two
varieties, is of an octagon shape, and is popularly known as the
" California slug." The first variety has an eagle, with raised wings,
grasping the United States shield, and three arrows in the right and
an olive branch in the left talon.  From its beak floats a scroll, inscribed with the word "LIBERTY."'  Above the eagle is another
scroll, inscribed "880 THOUS.?"  Legend. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."7  Beneath is "50 D. c." (California.)  These are inclosed in a
beaded circle, and (though in relief) are sunk into the piece in such
a manner as to leave a raised rim around the outside.  Upon the
edge is inscribed "AUGUSTUS HUMBERT UNITED  STATES ASSAYER
CALIFORNIA OF GOLD. 1851."  The transposition of the three last
words being evidently an error. (See No. 81, Division V.)  The
second variety is similar in type, but is much more finished. Upon
the scroll, above the eagle, is inscribed " 887 THOUS.," and the legend
stands "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA."......" FIFTY DOLLARS."  The
raised rim does not appear upon this piece; but outside of the circular line, inclosing the field, is inscribed "AUGUSTUS HUMBERT
UNITED STATES ASSAYER OF GOLD CALIFORNIA," and the date "1851."7
The edge is grained.  Both of these pieces have a peculiar lining
upon the reverse; but no devices or letters. (See No. 82, Division V.)  They come up to their professed standards (i.e. 880 and
887 thousandths) in fineness.  And, if not much worn, will yield
their full value.
1853.-Twenty dollars. Obverse same type as the fifty-dollar piece,
the scroll above the eagle being inscribed " 900 THOUS.," which ap



128            MODERN COINS-UNITED STATES.
pears to be its true standard. The reverse is lined in a similar manner
to the fifty-dollar pieces; but across the center it has an open space,
on which is inscribed "UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE OF GOLD SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. 1853."  The edge is grained. (See No. 83, Division V.)  These coins are found to be equal to the legal standards.
CALIFORNIA HALF AND QUARTER DOLLAR PIECES. —For several
years gold half and quarter dollars were issued. The half dollars
contained in the Cabinet (two specimens) are round, and have upon
the obverse a head of Liberty, in imitation of the National coinage,
surrounded by a circle of thirteen stars.  One has upon the reverse
the date "1852" inscribed within a wreath of laurel. Legend. " HALF
DOL. CALIFORNIA GOLD.'"  On the other is the date "1853" inscribed
within a wreath of laurel, and the legend "CALIFORNIA GOLD. HALF D."
(See No. 84, Division V.)
The quarter dollar is of an octagon shape, and is one of a series of
the same form, consisting of the dollar, and its half and quarter. On
the obverse is a head of Liberty, in imitation of the National coinage, and four stars; and on the reverse, "i4 DOLLAR. 1854,"' inscribed
within a circle of pellets. (See No. 85, Division V.)
COINS OF UTAH.
The Mormons, at Great Salt Lake, have issued a series of coins,
consisting of the twenty, ten, and five, and two-and-a-half dollar
pieces. Of these we have a set of the date 1849.  Upon the obverse
they have an eye, surmounted by a device having the appearance of
a?mitre. Legend. "HOLINESS TO THE LORD."'  On the reverse they
have two hands clasped in friendship, and the date "1849."  The
legend on the ten-dollar piece stands "PURE GOLD........... TEN DOLLARS. "  But on the other pieces it is "G. S. L. C. P. G." (meaning "Great Salt Lake City, Pnure Gold,") and the value in dollars,
as upon the ten-dollar piece. (See Nos. 87 to 90, Division V.) These
coins are about 899 thousandths fine, with considerable variation, and
they contain only the native silver alloy. The weight is also variable,
and the values very deficient; the ten-dollar piece ranging from $8.50
to $8.70. The relation of the pieces to one another seems to be well
maintained, notwithstanding the irregularity in weight and fineness.




MODERN COINS- SPAIN.                    129
DIVISION VI.
SPAIN.
The first emperor of Spain was SANCHO III. (the Great), King of
/Navarre, who ascended the throne in the year 1000, assuming the
title of emperor.  In the year 1034 SANCIO made a division of his
dominions among his four sons, giving Navarre to GARCIAS, Castile
to FERDINAND, Aragon to RIAMIREz, and Sobrarva to GONZALES.
The latter division, however, only lasted three years.  The three
former remained distinct until the sixteenth century.  Spain came
into the house of Austria by the accession of CHARLES I. in 1516,
who was afterward, in 1519, elected Emperor of Germany, with the
title of CHARLES V. The family of Bourbon first acquired the throne
by the person of PHILIP V., grandson to Louis XIV. of France.
He ascended the Spanish throne, for the first time, in the year 1700.
In the following collection a distinction has been made between
the coins of Spain proper, and the American colonies, Mexico, Peru,
etc.  These, having been detached from the mother country by the
revolution of 1820-21, now exist as independent kingdoms or republics. The coins of each will, therefore, be found under its own proper
title.
The unit of Spanish money is the real; of this there are three
kinds.  First, the Mexican, or Spanish American, of which eight
make a silver dollar; second, the real of new plate (de plata nueva),
of which ten are equal to a dollar; and third, the real vellon, of
twenty to the dollar.  The latter is the one in use in Spain proper.
It was formerly divided into thirty-four maravedis, or eight and a
half cuartos (copper coin), one cuarto consisting of four maravedis.
Recently, however, the real has been made to consist of one hundred
centimos. *
Before 1853 the GOLD coinage consisted of the doblon or doubloon, with its half, quarter or pistole, eighth or escudo, and the
* Letter of JOHN SOiEnRS SMITH, U. S. Consul at Malaga, to the Treasury Department, June 20, 1859.




130                 MODERN COINS-SPAIN.
sixteenth, called a veinten, coronilla, or gold dollar. The doubloon
was valued at sixteen dollars.  The fineness of this piece and its
subdivisions underwent several depreciating changes.  Before 1772
the doubloon was coined at the fineness of 917 thousandths, and at the
weight of 418 Troy grains, the smaller pieces in proportion.  From
1772 to 1785 it was 896 thousandths fine; and after 1785 it was only
875 thousandths fine.  The old weight (418 grains), however, has
always been retained.  Since 1853 the only gold coin has been the
doblon of 100 reals,* coined at nine-tenths fine, and at the weight of
129 Troy grains.
The SILVER coins, before 1853, were the dollar, of twenty reals
vellon, and its half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth.  But the present
coinage of silver consists of the dollar and its half; the peseta, or
piece of four reals; the half peseta, or piece of two reals; and the
one real. The old silver coins are now becoming scarce, the eighth
and sixteenth of a dollar being seldom seen.t
The COPPER coinage has heretofore consisted of the two-cuarto
piece, of eight niaravedis; the one-cuarto piece, of four maravedis;
and the ochavos, of two maravedis.  But this coinage hhs now been
superseded by the new system which has recently been adopted, and
which consists of the quarter real of twenty-five centimos; the tenth
of a real, of ten centimos; and the twentieth of a real, of five centimos. S
The coinage of Spain is executed at three different mints, one of
which is at Madrid, another at Seville, and one at Barcelona.  There
was formerly a mint at Segovia, which at one time executed the entire
coinage of Spain, but in 1730 the gold and silver coinage was transferred to Madrid; after which the mint at Segovia coined nothing
but copper, until it was finally abolished.  Segovia is famous for its
Roman aqueduct, which is indeed the most remarkable remnant of
Roman architecture in Spain, being 2961 feet in length, and in some
places rising 102 feet above the valley; built of granite, without
cement of any kind.  It is from this structure that the coins struck
at Segovia derived their mint mark, which was a small aqueduct,
* Letter of MR. SmITH, before quoted.  t- Ibid.     T Ibid.




MODERN COINS-SPAIN.                      131
generally placed at one side of the shield.  The mint mark of Madrid is an M. surmounted by a crown, that of Seville an S., and that
of Barcelona the initial B. These are sometimes placed beneath the
device on the reverse, sometimes at the side, and not unfrequently at
the end of the legend, and are usually accompanied by the private
marks or initials of the Mint Master.
1. S. 1749. Pistareen, of FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.  Obv. The
Royal arms "FERDINANDUS ET ISABEL. D. G."
2. S. Pistareen, of CHARLES* AND JOANNA.  Obv. A  crowned
shield bearing the arms of Spain (a lion and a castle) "CAROLUS ET
JOHANA REGS."  Rev. "IISPANIARUMt ET INDIARUM;" two upright
pillars, surmounted by crowns.  "PLUS IL"(tra). Not dated.
3. S. 1598. Eight reals, of PHILIP II.  Obv. Shield, surmounted
by a crown; the denomination "VIII." at one side, and the mint
mark at the other.  "PHILIPPUS. D. G. OMNIUM."  RCev. "HISPAN.
REGNORUM. REX. 1598," and the arms of Spain.
4 and 5. C. 1636. Maravedi, of PHILIP IV.  Obverse of No. 5,
two upright pillars in the water, beside a projecting rock.  Rev.
Crowned shield bearing the arms of the royal house.
6. S. 1672. Crown dollar, of CHARLES II.  (Succeeded in 1665,
at the age of four years.) Obv. Bust, "CAROL. II. D. G. HISP. ET INDIAR. REX. 1672."'  Rev. Crowned shield supported by two lions.
"ARCHID. AUST. DUX BURG. CO. FLAN.,7" (Archduke of Austria, Duke
of Burgundy, and Count (Comes) of Flanders.) Struck for Belgium.
7. S. 1682. Pistareen, of same. Obv. Arms of Spain. "CAROLUS
II. D. G. 1682."  Rev. "CHARLES (in monogram) II." surmounted by
a crown.  " HISPANIARUM REX."7
8. S. 1707. One real, of PHILIP V.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Spain " 1......R." "PHILIP. V. D. G. HISPANIAR. REX."
Rev. Royal cipher, crowned, "DEXTERA D(Omilus) EXALTAVIT ME.
1707."
9 and 10. S. 1708. Five reals, of same.  Similar to preceding.
* Afterward CHARLES V., Emperor of Germany.
t The ancient name of Spain was " Ilesperia," or Western; Spain having been
the most western portion of the world known to the ancients. It was also called
"'lberia," from the River Iber, now Ebro.




132                 MODERN COINS-SPAIN.
11, 12, and 13. S. 1708-1714. Double reals, of CHARLES III.,
(the Pretender.)  Similar to No. 7, (the arms of the royal house of
CHARLES, instead of the Spanish.)
These were struck during the famous "war of the Spanish succession." There appears to have been contemporary sets of the small
coins, struck by the several claimants.  CHARLES III. was at this
time Emperor of Austria, and afterward CHARLES VI. Emperor of
Germany.
14 and 15. S. 1716 and 1721. Pieces of two and one real, of
PHILIP V.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the royal arms; arms of
Anjou (three fleurs de lis) on a shield of pretence.  "PHILIPPUS V.
D. G."  Rev. "HISPANIARUM REX. 1716," and the arms of Spain.
16. S. 1724. Two reals, of Louis I.  Same type as preceding.
17. S. 1726. One real, of PHILIP V.  Same type.
Philip abdicated in 1724 in favor of his son LouIs I.; but Louis
dying the same year Philip again assumed the reigns of government.
18 to 22. S. 1731-1738. Pieces of eight, four, two, one, and
one-half reals. All same type as No. 14.
23. S. 1740. Double pistareen, (much worn,) RI. R. R.
24. G. 1740. Half pistole.  Obv. Bust, "PHILIP V. D. G. G. ISPAN.
ET IND. REX. 1740."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the royal arms,
"INITIUM SAPIENTLE TIMOR DOM."  Value $2.01.6.
25. G. 1750. Quarter pistole, of FERDINAND VI.  Obv. Bust,
"FERDINAND VI. D. G........1750."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the
arms of Spain, "HISPANIARUM REX.2"  Value $1.00.8.
26. S. 1751. One real, of same.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
the royal arms, with the arms of Anjou on a shield of pretence. Rev.
Arms of Spain.  Value about 11.5 cts.
27. S. 1754. Two reals.  Same type.
28. G. 1756. Quarter pistole.  Same as [NT. 25.
29. S. 1758. Two reals. Same as No. 26.
30. S. 1762. Eight reals, of CHARLES III.  Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing the royal arms, a shield of pretence bearing the arms of
Spain and AnIjou, "CAROLUS III. D. G.'"  Rev. "HISPANIARUIM REX.
1762,"' and the arms of Spain.  Value 1.03.8.
31. C. 1770. Maravedis.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS III. D. G. IIISP.




MODERN COINS-SPAIN.                        133
REX....... 1770."  Rev. A  cross, fleury, with the arms of Anjou in
the center; arms of Spain in the angles, inclosed in a wreath.
32. S. 1771. Two reals, same as No. 30.  Value about 20 cts.
33. S. 1773. Same.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS III DEI G....... 1773. 9
Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Spain and Anjou.* "HISPANIARUM REX."
34. S. 1774. Eight reals.  Same type.  Value $1.03.8.
35. S. 1774. One real.  Same.
36. S. 1774. Half real. Same.
37. S. 1779. Four reals.  Same.
38. G. 1781. Escldo.  Obv. Bust, "CAROL. III. D. G. HIsP. ET
IND..........1781." Rev. Crowned shield hung with the order chain
and badge of the order of the golden fleece, bearing the royal arms,
with the arms of Spain on a shield of pretence, and Anjou on a
heart-shield. "IN LTTROQ(ue) FELIX A(uspice) D"(eo).  Value about
$1.95.
39. G. 1783. Half escudo.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Spain and Anjou, ornamented
with the order chain, etc., as above.  No legend.
40. G. 1788. Half doubloon, same as No. 30, with the legend in
full, as "IN UTROQ. FELIX AUSPICE DEO."  Value $7.79.3.
41. G. 1788. Half escudo.  Same as No. 39.
42. C. 1788. Eight maravedis.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS III. D. G.
HISP. REX."  Reverse same as No. 31.
43. G. 1792. Half doubloon, of CHARLES IV.  Same as No. 40.
44. S. 1792. Eight reals.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS IIr. DEI G......
1792."  Rev. "rHISPANIARUM REX," with a crowned shield, bearing
the arms of Spain and Anjou.  Value about $1.03.
45. G. 1793. Pistole, of same.  Same type as No. 40.  Value
about $3.91.
46. S. 1793. Half real.  Same as No. 44.
* The reader will understand that where a shield is said to bear the " arms of
Spain and Anjou," the latter is always on a shield of pretence. This mode of
expression is not in strict accordance with the rules of heraldry, but is adopted
in order to save repetition as much as possible.
10




134                 MODERN COINS-SPAIN.
47. S. 1797. Four reals.  Same.
48. S. 1808. Two reals. Same.
49. S. 1808. Dollar.  "Siege piece," of FERDINAND VIL  Obv.
"GNA 1808 UTN DURO."  Rev. "FER. VII."  [No device.
50. S. 1809. Five pesetas. "Siege piece," of same. Obv. "5 Ps....... FER...... VI......1809," borne at opposite points. Rev. A small
shield, bearing five stripes, surmounted by a crown. B. R.
The two preceding "siege pieces," or necessity money, as sometimes called, were struck by Ferdinand, during the incursion of Napoleon into Spain, during these years. They are merely silver "planchets," cut into the proper form and size, and then stamped with
hand-punches.  All other means of coining money were suspended,
on account of the military operations.
51. S. 1809. Twenty reals, of JOSEPH NAPOLEON. Obv. TTUndraped
bust, "JOSEPH NAP. DEI GRATIA......1809'."  Rev. "HISPANIARUM ET
IND. REX," and the arms, borne on a crowned shield. Value $1.04.6.
52. S. 1810. Five pesetas, of BARCELONA. Obv. "5 PESETAS," beneath which are two palm branches, crossed, inclosed in a wreath.
"EN BARCELONA...... 1810." Rev. A diamond-shaped shield, inclosed
in a wreath.
53. S. 1810. Reverse of same. Value $1.01.4.
54. S. 1811. One peseta, of BARCELONA.
Pieces of one and five pesetas, or pistareens, of this type, were
struck at BARCELONA during the Peninsular troubles, and bear date
from 1809 to 1812.  They acknowledge no monarch, and would appear to have been coined by private parties, without authority from
any government.
55. G. 1811. Eighty reals, of JOSEPH NAPOLEON.  Obv. Bust,
"JOSEPH NAP. D. G. HISP. ET IND. R......1811." Rev. Crowned shield,
hung with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece. "IN
UTROQ. FELIX. AUSPICE DEO."  Value $3.90.
56. S. 1812. Twenty reals, of JOSEPH NAPOLEON.  Same type as
No. 51.
57. S. 1812. Ten reals.  Same.
58. S. 1812. Four reals.  Same.
59. So. 1813. Eight reals, of FERDINAND VII. Obv. Bust, " FERDI



MODERN COINS-SPAIN.                     135
NANDUS VII. DEI GRATIA......1813."7 Reverse same as No. 44. Value
$1.04.5.
61. S. 1815. Eight reals.  Obv. Bust, laureated, "FERDINAND VII
DEI GRATIA.....1815."'  Reverse same as preceding.
63. G. 1817. Pistole.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  Rev. The arms of
Spain and Anjou, on a shield of pretence; otherwise similar to
No. 55. Value $3.90.5.
64. G. 1820. Double pistole, or half doubloon.  Same as preceding.  Value $7.74.8.
65. S. 1821. Thirty sous.  "Siege piece."  Obv. "1821......FR?...... VII......30 Sous," at opposite points.  Rev. A diamond-shaped
shield hung with laurel. " SALUS POPULI."7  Struck during the revolution of 1820-21.  Value about $1.04.5.
66 and 67. S. 1821. Ten reals.  Obv. Undraped bust inclosed in
a double circle. "FERN. 7~ POR LA G. DE DIOS Y. LA CONST......1821."
Rev. "RESELLADO (recoined) 10 Rs," inclosed in a wreath composed
of two laurel branches, crossed.  "REY. DE LAS ESPANAS."  Value
about 55.3 cts.
68. G. 1822. Eighty reals.  Obv. Bust.  Rev. Device same as
No. 63.  Legend same as preceding.
69 and 70. S. 1823. Twenty reals.  Obv. Bust, "FERBINANDO 70
POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y. LA CONSTITUTION...... 1822."  IRev. "REY
DE LAS ESPANAS...... 20 Rs,"7 a crowned shield, bearing the arms of
Spain and Anjou between two upright pillars, around which is a
scroll with "PLUS ULTRA."  Value about $1.04.6.
71. S. 1823. Four reals. Same type as preceding, with the pillars and scroll omitted firom the reverse.
72 to 75. C. 1824 to 1831. Pieces of eight, four, and two maravedis; all of the same type as No. 31.
76. S. 1830. Two reals. Obv. Bust, enveloped in a Roman mantle,
laureated.  "FERDIN VII DEI GRATIA," and the date. Rev. Crowned
shield, bearing the arms of Spain and Anjou. "HISPANIARUM REX."
77 and 78. S. 1833. Pieces of twenty, and two reals. Same type.
Obv. Bust, laureated.  "FERNANDO 70 POR LA G. DE DIOS," and the
date.  Rev. "REY DE ESPANA Y DE LAS INDIAS.1"  A crowned shield,
bearing the arms, encircled by the order chain and badge of the




136                   MODERN COINS-SPAIN.
golden fleece.  On the edge is inscribed "DIOS ES EL REY DE LAS
REYES."  Value of the dollar $1.05.
79 to 81. S. 1835 to 1848. Pieces of twenty, four, and one real, of
ISABELLA II. ObY. Head, "ISABEL 2' POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS." Rev
Same device as the dollar of Ferdinand, ([No. 67).  "REYNA DE
ESPANA Y DE LAS INDIAS."  Value of the dollar $1.05.
82 and 83. 1850 and 1853. Pieces of twenty,* and ten reals. Obv.
lBust, "ISABEL 2a POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONSTITUTION."  IReverse same as the dollar of Ferdinand, (No. 69).  On the edge is
inscribed "LEY PATRIA REY."
84 to 86. S. 1852-53. Pieces of four, two, and one real, all of the
same type as the dollar, (No. 72), with the pillars and scroll on the
reverse omitted, and the edge grained. (See Plate XVI. No. 5.)
81. G. 1857. Piece of 100 reals.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "ISABEL
2a POR LA G. DE DIOS Y LA CONST.'1 and the date "1857."  Rev. An
oval shield, bearing the royal arms, surmounted by a crown; arms of
Spain on a shield of pretence, and the arms of Anjou on a heartshield.  Beneath are two palm branches, crossed; the denomination
" 100 a.h"  Value $4.96.3. (See Plate XVI. No. 1.)
88 and 89. S. 1858. Twenty reals.  The head of her majesty, as
depicted on these pieces, is quite an improvement in symmetry of
outline, if not in likeness, upon the head found upon the coins of the
previous issue. Values $1.00.3. (See Plate XVI. No. 4.)
* This piece consists of two plates of silver, with a planchet of brass between.
It may be interesting to the uninitiated to learn how this was accomplished.
When the piece was first issued from the Royal Mint it was a good dollar, of
solid proportions; but, unfortunately, it "fell among thieves," who succeeded
in extracting about one-third of the silver composing the interior of the coin,
and supplying its place with a plate of brass, in this wise: The coin is first fastened into a lathe, and made to revolve; a very thin chisel, in the hands of the
operator, is then applied to its circumference, and held on until it has penetrated to the center. In this manner a portion of the interior is cut from the
coin, leaving the two outside plates, bearing the impressions, as perfect as ever.
A planchet of brass, or other base metal, is then prepared, of the proper thickness, to which the two outside pieces are soldered, and the opening around the
edge nicely concealed. This makes a very ingenious imposition, but one which
is easily detected, as the sound or ring which it produces, when thrown upon a
hard surface, as well as the weight, is very deficient.




MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.                    137
PORTUGA L.
The Peninsula of Portugal, originally a part of Spain, was established as an independent monarchy in the year 1092.  HENRY of
Burgundy, grandson to ROBERT I. of France, enlisted in the cause of
ALPHONSO, Emperor of Spain, against the Moors, and distinguished
himself by such great bravery, that ALPrIONSO rewarded his services
(an unusual thing) by creating him count of that part of Portugal
now called Erntre Doouro e Jilinho, where the City of Oporto, formerly called Portus Calle, is situated, from which the whole country
derives its name.  He also bestowed upon him his natural daughter
THERESA in marriage.  HENRY made war upon the Saracens, who
still possessed a portion of the Portuguese territory, and succeeded in
dispossessing them  of Viseu, Larmego, Braga, and Coimbra.  He
died in 1112, while on an expedition to assist his sister-in-law,
URACA, Queen of Castile, against ALPHONSO, King of Aragon.
There is, probably, no coinage in the world that has enjoyed a
wider reputation than the gold coins of Portugal. The "joe" and
the "half joe" are familiar names the world over.  The Portuguese
have been proverbially great traders.  Their vessels have plowed
the waters of every sea, and their "land ho!" has found an echo upon
every coast  The consequence has been that their gold currency has
sought and found a market in every quarter of the globe. The discovery of Brazil, by CABRAL, in the year 1500,* with her rich deposits
of gold, and, at a later period, the consequent influx of the precious
metal, served to swell the gold currency of Portugal to gigantic
dimensions. But since the loss of her "golden possessions," her gold
coinage has dwindled into comparatively insignificant proportions.
Her silver coins were never very abundant beyond her own limits.
The unit of Portuguese money was formerly the rei, of which one
thousand was nearly equivalent to the Spanish dollar. But this has
* Brazil was first visited in 1499 by Vincent Yailez Pincon, a companion of
Columbus; but he appears not to have taken any formal possession of the country, having merely touched upon its coast by accident. Pincon was a Spaniard.




138               MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.
been displaced by the millrei of one thousand reis, which is represented by a silver coin.
Since the middle of the seventeenth century Portugal has had three
different systems of gold coinage. The first was the one known as
the m-oidore series, consisting of the dobrao of 20,000 reis, and its
half; the rmoeda d'ouro (moidore) of 4000 reis, and its half, quarter,
and tenth; the latter was also known as the cruzado, of 400 reis.
These were all 917 thousandths fine; and the dobra was equivalent
to 830 Troy grains, the moidore to 166 grains, the others in proportion.
In 1722 the joannese series made its appearance. This series
comprised seven denominations: the joannese or dobra, of 12,800
reis; the half, of 6400 reis; the quarter, of 3200 reis; the escudo, of
sixteen tostoes, or 1600 reis; the quartinho, or quarter moidore, of
1200 reis; the half escudo, of 800, and the cruzado, of 400 reis.
These were coined at the old standard of fineness (917 thousandths),
and the weight of the largest piece was placed at 442.8 grains, the
others in proportion.  Notwithstanding the fact that this coinage
was introduced in 1722, the old moidore series seems to have been
continued until 1132.
The "joe" series was continued until 1835, when it was abolished
by MARIA II., and a third series instituted, consisting of two pieces
only, the coroa d'ouro, or gold crown of 5000 reis, and its half; the
crown to weigh 147.6 grains, the half in proportion; the fineness was
the same as before.
Before 1835 the silver coins were the cruzado, of 400 reis,* the half,
of twelve vintens, the piece of six vintens, the testoon, of 100 reis, and
its half. These were originally 917 thousandths fine, but for many
years were coined at 899 thousandths.  The cruzado weighed 226.6
grains, the other pieces in proportion.
The decree of 1835, establishing the millrei as the unit, provided
for a new system of silver coins in conformity thereto.  This system
consists of the coroa (crown), or millrei of 1000 reis, its half of 500
reis, and the pieces of 200 and 100 reis. The legal fineness is 917
* Current at 480 reis.




MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.                    139
thousandths, and the millrei should weigh about 148 grains, the others
in proportion.
The gold coinage of Portugal is little better than bullion, being
always at a premium. Several laws have been enacted to remedy
this defect, but, as it appears, without success.
The currency was formerly purely metallic, but, in 1797, the Government issued a large amount of paper in the form of notes, at the
rate of 1200 to 20,000 reis each, bearing interest; making it a legal
tender in all transactions to pay half in paper and half in specie.
The interest was promptly paid for a few years, but was afterward
neglected, and the paper was soon reduced to 35 per cent. below
par. *
Copper forms a large portion of the currency, as is evinced by the
fact that in 1834 any debt could be discharged by paying one-half in
Government paper, one-third in silver, and one-sixth in copper. t
95. G. 1557. Cruzado of 400 reis, of SEBASTIAN I. Obv. Crowned
shield, bearing the arms of Portugal (five small shields in cross on
a field argent, with a border gules, red, bearing seven castles; the
color, however, is not always represented.) "SEBASTIANUS I. REX
POR. —."  Rev. A cross-potent, "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES."
96. S. 1580. 200 reis, of PHILIP II. Obv. Crowned shield similar to preceding, between "'L." and "B."  "PHILIPPUS D. G. REX PORTUGALIJE.~  Reverse same as preceding.
97. G. 1704. Moidore, of 4000 reis, of PETER II. Obv. Crowned
shield and the denomination "4.000" "PETRUS II. D. G. PORT. ET ALG.
REX."  Reverse same as No. 95, with "R's" in the angles of the
cross, and the date " 1704" in the legend.  Value $6.59.5.
98. S. 1704. Eighty reis. Obv. "LXXX" (the denomination) beneath a crown. Legend same as preceding. Rev. A cross, with
roses in the angles. Same legend as preceding.
99. S. 1704. Forty reis.  Obverse same as preceding.  Reverse
same as No. 95, with "P's" in the angles of the cross.
100. S. 1714. Eighty reis, of JOHN V. Same type as No. 98.
101. S. 1714. Forty reis. Same.
* Manual of Coins and Bullion.          t Ibid.




140               MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.
102. G. 1720. Moidore, of same.  Same type as No. 97.  Value
$6.49.
103. G. 1722. 1000 reis.  Same as preceding, with roses in the
angles of the cross.
104. G. 1723. Escudo, of 1600 reis.  Obv. Head, laureated.
"JOHANNES V. D. G. PORT. ET ALG. REX.......1723."  Rev. Crowned
shield. No legend.
105. G. 1724. Half escudo. Same type.
106. G. 1725. Five-moidore piece.  Same type as No. 102, with
"MAs" in the angles of the cross.  Value $30.70.
107. G. 1729. Joannes, or dobra, of 12,800 reis.  Same type as
No. 104.  Value $17.24.2.
This is the famous "joe" coinage, mentioned in the introduction.
This series was first introduced in the year 1122, and consisted of
this piece and its subdivisions, down to the cruzado of 400 reis. But
although this series began to be coined in 1722, the old moidore
series, it appears, was not displaced until about 1732.
108. G. 1730. Quartinho, or quarter moidore, of 1200 reis. Same
as preceding.
109. C. 1732. Five reis. Obv. Crowned shield. "JOANNES V DEI
GRATIA."  Rev. "PORTUGALILE ET ALGARBIORUM REX."  The denomination "v" and the date " 1732" inclosed in a wreath of laurel.
110. G. 1736. Half joe, of 6400 reis.  Same as No. 104.
111. G. 1739. 1000 reis. Same as No. 103.
112. G. 1758. Half joe, of JOSEPH I. Obv. Bust, laureated. "JoSEPHUS I D. G. PORT ET ALG. REX......1758."  Reverse same as No.
104. Value $8.62.
113. G. 1762. Half joe.  Same.  This piece is spurious. It is
not much inferior in fineness to the preceding piece, which is genuine,
but is very deficient in weight.
114. S. 1762. Eighty reis.  Same type as No. 98.
115. C. 1763. Ten reis. Same type as No. 109.
116. S. 1781. 200 reis, of MARIA I. and PETER III. Obv. Crowned
shield; the denomination "200" at the left, and the date "1781" at
the right side. "MARIA I ET PETRUS III D. G. PORT. E ALG. REGES."
Reverse same as No. 103. Value about 28 cts.




MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.                    141
117. G. 1785. Half joe.  Obv. Busts of MARIA  and PETER in
profile.  Reverse same as No. 104.  Value $8.65.
118. G. 1785. Same, reverse.  This piece has been "clipped" to
the edge of the letters, and remilled.
119. S. 1785. 100 reis.  Obv. Crowned shield.  Same legend as
No. 116. Reverse same as No. 95, with roses in the angles of the
cross.
120. G. 1787. Half joe, of MARIA I.  Obv. Bust, " MARIA I D. G.
PORT. ET ALG. REGINA...... 1787."  Reverse same as No. 104. Value
$8.70.
121. S. 1788. 400 reis.  Obv. Crowned shield.  Same legend as
No. 120.  Reverse same as No. 119.  Value about 56 cts.
122. S. 1788. Forty reis. Same type as No. 98.
123. C. 1795. Twenty reis.  Same type as No. 109, with the exception that the wreath on the reverse is composed of two olive
branches, crossed.
124. 0. 1795. Ten reis.  Same.
125. C. 1804. Three reis, of JOIIN MARIA, Regent.  Same type
as preceding..
In 1797, the Queen (Mliaria I.) became mentally imbecile, and her
son, JOIIN MARIA, began to administer the government, as regent.
In 1804, the name of MARIA was removed from the coin, and that
of the regent substituted. In 1816 he became king, with the title
of JOHN VI.
126. G. 1807. Half joe.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "JOANNES D. G.
PORT. ET ALG. P. REGENS...... 1807.'" Rev. An oval shield, surmounted
by a crown.  No legend.  Value $8.70.
127 and 128. S. 1816. 400 reis, of the Regency. Obv. Crowned
shield. "JOANNES D. G. PORT." etc. Reverse same as No. 119. Value
about 56 cts.
129. S. 1820. 400 reis, of JOHN VI. Obv. A shield, behind which
is a globe, surmounted by a crown. " JOANNES VI D. G. PORTUG. BRASIL
ET ALGARB. REX."  Reverse same as No. 119.  Value 56 cts.
130. G. 1823. Half joe.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  Same legend as
preceding. Rev. Same device as the obverse of preceding, between
branches of olive and laurel, crossed. Value $8.65.




142              MODERN COINS-PORTUGAL.
131. C. 1830. Five reis, of MARIA II.  Obv. Crowned shield.
"MARIA II DEI GRATIA."  Rev. The denomination "v" between two
roses, and the date "1830"' inclosed in a wreath, composed of two
laurel branches, crossed. " PORTUGALI2E ET ALGARBIORUM REGINA."
132. C. 1831. Ten reis, of DON MIGUEL.  Obv. Crowned shield.
" MICHIAEL I DEI GRATIA." lRev. " PORTUGALIE ET ALGARBIORUM REX...... 1831." The denomination "x" inclosed in a wreath, composed
of two oak branches, crossed.
In 1826, DONA MARIA, though only seven years of age, was proclaimed regent in behalf of her father, DON PEDRO, of Brazil, but
her right was disputed by her uncle, DON MIGUEL. A vigorous contest ensued, and it was not until 1833 that the queen was firmly
seated upon the throne.
133. C. 1832. Forty reis, of same.  Obv. "MICHAEL I. D. G. PORTUG. ET ALGARB. REX."  Rev. The denomination "40" inclosed in
a wreath, composed of two oak branches, crossed. " PUBLICAE UTILITATI......1832. "
134. G. 1834. Half joe, of MARIA II. Obv. Bust, " MARIA II D. G.
PORTUG. ET ALGARB. REGINA......1834."  Rev. Crowned shield, between oak branches, crossed. Value about $8.65. (See Plate XVI.
No. 2.)
135. G. 1838. Coroa d'ouro, or gold crown, of 5000 reis.  Obv.
Bust, "MARIA II PORTUG. ET ALGARB. REGINA......1838."  Rev.
Drapery suspended from  a crown, and forming a canopy over the
shield. " 5000 REIS." Value $5.81. (See Plate XVI. No. 3.)
In 1835 Maria abolished the old system of coinage, and issued an
entire new one, consisting of this piece and its parts, as follows:136. G. 1838. -Half crown. Same type.
137. S. 1838. Silver crown, or millrez, of 1000 reis. Same type.
Value $1.16.4.
138. S. 1838. Half crown. Same type. (See Plate XVI. No. 6.)
139. S 1838. Piece of 200 reis. Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. "200 REIs" inclosed in a wreath, composed of two laurel
branches, crossed.
140. S. 1838. Piece of 100 reis. Same type. (See Plate XVI.
No. 7.)




MODERN COINS-GERMAN EMPIRE.                 143
AFRICAN COLONIES.
The Portuguese have settlements and claim dominion in various
parts of Africa.  On the Eastern coast they exert a limited authority
over Mozambique, and on the opposite shore over the kingdoms of
Congo, Angola, and Benguela, in Lower Guinea. The following
pieces having been struck for these colonies, are not included in the
regular series.
143. S. 1762. Four macutas, of JOSEPH I. Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing the arms of Portugal. "JOSEPHUS I D. G. REX. P. ET D.
GUINE}E."  Rev. " MACUTAS 4" inclosed in a wreath. "AFRICA PORTUGJUEGA, 1762."
144. S. 1763.- Twelve macutas.  Same as preceding.  Value
67.9 cts.
145. S. 1770. Six macutas.  Same.
146. S. 1783. Twelve macutas, of MARIA I. and PETER III.
Obv. Crowned shield. "MARIA I. E PETRUS III D. G. REGES P. E. D.
GUINEE."  Reverse same as preceding.  Value 67.9 cts.
147. S. 1783. Ten macutas. Same.
148. S. 1796. Ten macutas, of MARIA I.  Obv. "MARIA I D. G.
REGINA P. ET D. GUINEAE;" otherwise same as before.
149. S. 1796. Eight macutas. Same.
150. S. Two macutas. Same.
DIVISION VII.
GERMAN EMPIRE.
The first Emperor of Germany was CHARLEMAGNE, King of
France, who was crowned at Rome, as Emperor of the West, by
POPE LEO III., on Christmas-day, in the year 800. His dominions
consisted of all Germany, extending to the Baltic Sea and the mouth
of the Vistula; of Gaul and the North of Spain as far as the Ebro;
of Italy to Mount Vesuvius, extending eastward over Panonia,




144            MODERN COINS-GERMAN EMPIRE.
Sclavonia, Bosnia, and Dalmatia.  1-Ie died A.D. 814, having, the year
previous, caused Louis, his only surviving son, to be crowned
emperor, in a solemn  assembly held  at Aix-la-Chapelle.  The
house of CHARLEMAGNE continued to possess the throne of the German Empire until the death of the youthful Emperor, Louis III.,
who died of grief, caused by the dissensions between the Lords and
the Bishops, in the year 912.  From this time the throne was filled
by election, the princes of the different German States being the
persons in whom the right of voting for an emperor was vested.
The imperial crown was possessed by various houses up to the time
of IRODOIPH I. (1273), since which time, with the singular exception
of ADOLPHUS of Nassau (1291), the scepter of the empire continued
in the house of Hapsburg, up to the time of the dissolution in 1806,
when FRANCIS II. renounced the imperial purple and assumed the
title of FRANCIS I.,.Emperor of Austria.
In this division several coins of Iungary, of the earlier dates, will
be found. The coins of that kingdom are not properly classed among
those of this division, HIungary never having formed a part of the
empire; and it is proper here to explain that these exceptions to
the general rule have been made in order to save confusion.  These
pieces were struck by the kings of -utungary after their elevation to the imperial throne; at which time another person occupied
he throne of Hungary as the representative of the Emperor; it
never having been usual-for the emperors of Germany to annex their
own possessions to the empire upon their accession to the throne, for
the reason that they might thereby disinherit their own house.
One of the most widely known coins in the world is the ducat.*
This, for several centuries, was the principal gold coin of the German Empire, and was coined by all the German states and cities. It
appears to have been derived from the bezant of the Greek-Eloman
Empire, and first made its appearance in Venice, about the middle of
the thirteenth century.  OGILVIE derives its name from the legend
which it bore at that time, viz., "SIT TIBI, CIRISTE, DATUS, QUEM TU
REGIS, ISTE DUCATUS."  It was originally made of very pure gold,
* Or sequin, as sometimes called.




MODERN COINS-GERMAN EMPIRE.                  145
but soon fell a little below absolute purity, to about 97 per cent. fine.
In some portions of the German Empire, it was subsequently much
depreciated, so that it is often found to be less than nine-tenths fine.
The weight of the German ducat, since the diet of Augsburg, in 1559,
should be 53.87 Troy grains.
In some of the German states and other countries (as Denmark),
two kinds of ducats were formerly coined, the slpecie and the current
ducat. The former was usually of the ancient standard, while the
latter was more or less alloyed, sometimes approaching baseness.
Both are now nearly obsolete in every part of the world.
The German coins are noticed more at large in the introduction to
German States.
1. G. Ducat, of FREDERICK I., Barbarossa. (1152 to 11.90.) Obv.
The imperial globe. "FRIDRICUS ROMAN IMPERATOR."'  Rev. A fulllength figure of the patron saint. "MONETA NOVA NORDLINGES.'
2. G. Ducat, of SIGISMUND I. (1410 to 1437.)  Obv. Full-length
figure, crowned, and carrying a scepter, (probably intended for Sigismund.) "SIGISM. ARCHI. DUX AUSTRIE."   Rev. An ornamented cross,
with shields in the angles. "MONETA AUREA COMITIS TIROL."
3. S. 1541. Thaler, of the Emperor CHARLES V.  Obv. Doubleheaded eagle, surmounted by a crown. "KAROLUS V. ROMANORUM
IMPR. SEMPE. A." (Roman Emperor ever august.) Rev. A shield,
surmounted by a helmet and a lion's head, erased. "KARLWOLF: LUDWIG: &: MARTIN: CO: IN: OTING.'
4. G. Ducat, of MAXIMILIAN II. (1564 to 1576.) Obv. The imperial globe or mound, and a small shield bearing an eagle. "MiAXIMIL II. ROMANO. IMPER."  Rev. Five shields, forming   a cross, the
central one bearing a donkey. "LUDOVI. CO. IN. STOL. RON. RUT. WER."'
5. G. 1599. Ducat, of RODOLPH II.  Obv. Virgin and child.
"RUDOL II D. G. Ro(manus) I(nmperator) s(emper) A(uguStuS) GE
(rmania).  Hu(ngarie) B(ohemiie) R"(ex).  Rev. A  full-length
figure dressed in armor, and carrying a spear; between the letters
"K.' and "B." "S. LADISLAUS REX. 1599."  Struck for Hungary.
6. G. Ducat, of MATTHIAS. (1612 to 1619.) Obv. Double eagle,
with the imperial globe upon its breast. "MATTI(ias) D. G. R. IMP. S.




146            MODERN COINS-GERMAN EMPIRE.
AU. G. B(ohemiae) H(ungarioe) R"(ex).  Rev. Bust at full face, grasping a scepter.  "MON. NO. AU. EPISCO. CURIEN."
T. G. 1612. Ducat, of MATTHIAS.  Obv. Busts of Matthias and
his consort, (Anifie of Austria,) both crowned. "D. MATIaJm RO.
IMP. ET ANNAE CONJUG AUGUSS."  Rev. Three shields, "1612.' "'NORIBERGA OVANS FOELICEM GRATULATUR INGRESSUM."
8. G. 1814. Ducat.  Obv. Figure of the emperor, crowned; a
scepter in one hand and the imperial globe in the other.  "MATT.
D. G. R. I. S. A. GE. HU. B. REX."  Rev. Virgin and child. "AR(chidux)
AU(striie) DU(x.) BU(rgundise) MA(rChiO) MO(ravise) co(mes) TY(rolis)
1614. " Struck for Hungary.
9. G. 1646. Ducat, of FERDINAND III.  Obv. Figure of Ferdinand, as in No. 7. "FER. III. D. G. R. I. S. A. GE. HU. B. REX."  Rev.
Virgin and child.  "AR. AU. DU. BU. MA. MO. CO. TY. 1646."  Struck
for Hungary.
12. S. Crown, of same, not dated. (Reigned from 1637 to 1657.)
Obv. Bust, laureated, and dressed in armor.  "FERDINAND III. D. G.
ROM IM. S. A. G. H. E(t) B. REX."  Rev. A shield, with the imperial
crown suspended above by two cherubims, one carrying a sword and
the other a scepter, hung with the order chain and badge of the
golden fleece. "ARCHIDUX AUS. E(t) CARINTHII:. D. B(urgundise) EC."
13 and 14. S. Thalers, of same. Obv. Bust, dressed in armor and
crowned, a scepter in one hand and a sword in the other.  "FERDINAND D. G. ARCII. AUSTRIAE."  Rev. Crowned shield, hung with the
order chain and badge, as above.  "DUX BURGUN CO. TYROLIS."'
23. S. 1646. Crown, of same.  Obv. Bust, laureated, ornamented
with the badge of the golden fleece. "FERDINAND III D. G. RO. I. S.
AUG. GER. (a small shield crowned) HU. BOlH. REX."  Rev. Doubleheaded eagle surmounted by the imperial crown, a small shield upon
its breast, a sword in the dexter, and a scepter in the sinister talon.
"ARCHIDUX AUS. DUX BUR. MAR. MO. CO. TY. 1646."
25. G. 1655. Ducat.  Same as No. 7.  Struck for Hungary.
26. S. 1657. Crown. Same as No. 23.
27. G. 1675. Quarter ducat, of LEOPOLD I. Obv. Bust, laureated.
"LEOPOLDUS D. G. R. R. S. A. G. H. B. REX." Rev. Eagle, as in No. 23.
"ARCHID. AUS. DUX B. E(t) CO. TYR. 1675."




MODERN COINS-GERMAN EMPIRE.                   147
28. S. 1691. Crown, of same.  Obv. Bust, as in No. 23.  "LEOPOLDUS (Virgin and child) D. G. RO. I. s. AUG. GER. (small shield
crowned) HU. BO. REX."  Reverse like No. 23.
29. S. 1693. Florin. Same as preceding.
30. S. 1693. Florin. Similar type, with the Virgin and child, and
the shield omitted in the legend.
31. G. 1710. Half ducat, of JOSEPH I.  Obv. Bust, as in No. 23.
"JOSEPHUS D. G. R. I. S. A. G. H. B. REX."  Reverse same as above.
32. G. 1714. Ducat, of CHARLES VI.  Obv. Figure of the emperor in armor, crowned, the imperial globe in the sinister hand and
a scepter in the other; the latter rests upon a shield bearing an
eagle, like that in No. 23. "CAROLUS VI D. G. R. I. S. A. G. H(ispanise
H(ungaris) B(ohemim) R(ex) A(rchidux) A"(ustrise).  Rev. The
earth surrounded by clouds and surmounted by a helmet, the whole
surmounted by the sun. "CONSTANTIA ET FORTITUDINE," inclosed in
a beaded circle.  "CONTINUATUR MDCCXIV HIS. AUSPICYS."
33 and 34. G. 1724. Ducats.  Obv. Figure of the emperor, as in
No. 7.  "CAROLUS VI D. G. R. I. S. A. G. H. H. B. R."  Rev. Virgin
and child. "PATRONA REGNI HUNGARIE. 1724. " Struck for Hungary.
35. G. 1738. Ducat.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  "CAR. VI. D. G. R.
I. S. A. GE. HI. H. BO. REX."  Rev. Eagle, like'No. 23.  "ARCHID.
AUST. DUX BURG. ET STYRILE. 1738.
36. G. 1738. Ducat. Obv. Figure of the emperor, as in No. 7.
Same legend as preceding.  Reverse same as No. 33.
37. G. 1742. Ducat, of CHARLES VII.  Obv. Bust, laureated.
"CAR. VII R. IMP. S. A. EL(eCtUS) FRANCO(furt) F. D. 24 M. JAN. 1742."
Rev. A tomb, bearing an open volume, with the words "DEGA LOCUS;"
the sun appears at the left of the field. "UNIONE ET OBSERVANTIA
LEGUM. "
38. S. 1760. Thaler, of FRANCIS I.  Obv. Bust, as in No. 23.
"FRANC. D. G. R. I. S. A. GE. JER(osolymoUe) R. Lo(tharingioe) B(urgundiae) M(agnus) H(etruriWe) D(ux)." Rev. Double-headed, or Austrian
eagle.  "10 EINE FEINE MARCKT. 1760."  "LEGE VINDICE."
39. S. 1763. Thaler.  Obv. Austrian eagle. "FRANCISCUS D. G.
ROM. IMP. SEMP. AUG." Rev. Peace, crowned; an olive branch in
her left hand.  To the left is a pedestal, supporting a smoking urn;




148                MODERN COINS-AUSTRIA.
an oval shield leaning against the pedestal.  "BENEDICTUS DOMINUS
QUI DOBIT FACEM INFINIBUS NOSTRIS;" "X ST. E. F. MARK,". and the
date beneath.
40. G. 1787. Ducat, of JOSEPH II.  Obv. Head, laureated.
"JOS. II. D. G. R. I. S. A. GE. HU. BO. REX."  Rev. Austrian eagle.
"ARCHI. A. D. BURG. LOTI-. M(agnus) D(UX) H(etrurioe) 1787."
41. G. 1792. Ducat, of FRANCIS II.  Obv. Head, laureated,
"FRANCISCUS II. ROMANORUMI IMPERATOR. "  Rev. An altar, surrounded by diverging rays, supporting a crown, the imperial globe,
and a sword and scepter. "PACIS ET DECUS."  In the exergue is the
date of his election.
42. C. 1800. Six kreuzers.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  "FRANZ. II.
ROM(er) KAI(Ser) KON(ig) Z(U) HU(ngarn) U(nd) BO. ERzII(erzog)
z(u) oEsT(erreich). Rev. Austrian eagle. "SECHS KREUZER ERBLAENDISCHP 1800."
43. C. 1800. One kreuzer.  Obv. Bust, "FRANCIS II. D. G. R. I. S.
A. GE. IU. BO. REX. A. A."  Rev. Austrian eagle, and the date.  No
legend.
AUSTRIA.
When the Empire of Germany was established under CHARLEMAGNE, that district which afterward obtained the appellation of
Lower Austria was declared a military frontier for repelling the incursions of the Huns, and other barbarous tribes to the eastward.
It was called Ost-reich, the "East country," from its relative position
to the rest of Germany.  Its governor received, from CHARLEMAGNE,
the title of Margrave, in German mcarlygraf, or "Lord of the
MIarches. "  Toward the middle of the twelfth century Lower Austria
received the addition of that territory called Upper Austria, and at
the same time the Margrave received the title of Duke.  In the year
1247 the male line, originally from Bamberg, now in Bavaria, became
extinct by the death of RODOLPH, and a long interregnum  ensued.
The reigning emperor of Germany declared both that duchy and
Styria to have lapsed to the imperial crown, and appointed a lieutenant to govern it on the part of the Empire.  But afterward




MODERN COINS —AUSTRIA.                   149
PREMISLAUSS OTTOACRE II., King of Bohemia, succeeded in substantiating his claim to the succession, and was invested with the government of Austria and Styria; and soon after the territories of Carinthia,
Istria, and part of Friuli, devolved upon him  by succession.  But
PEMISLAUS cast a blight upon all his bright prospects by his imprudence in refusing to acknowledge 1RODOLPII of Hapsburg as Emperor
of Germany.  An appeal to arms was the result, and in the year
1278 PREMISLAUS was defeated and slain in a battle fought at
AMIarckfeld.  By this victory RODOLPr  acquired Austria, gave it to
his son ALBERT, and, having obtained the sanction of the Electors of
the Empire, the reign of the house of Hapsburg over Austria commenced A.D. 1282.
ALBERT afterward, in 1298, succeeded ADOLPHUS of Nassau, as
Emperor of Germany, from which time until 1806 the house of
Hapsburg, as stated in another place, continued to occupy the imperial throne-thus rendering the history of Austria and the Empire
nearly synonymous. Austria became a member of the Germanic body
in the year 1500, which position she still continues to occupy.
Prior to the year 1800 there were four distinct series of coins
minted within the Austrian dominions, consisting of the Austrian
proper, the Hungarian, the Lombard, and the Brabantine or Belgian. The former, or Austrian, was to be known by its doubleheaded eagle; the Hungarian, by its images of the Virgin and child;
the Lombard, by its shield, quartered with eagles and serpents; and
the Belgian, by its X shaped cross,* profusely ornamented. About
the end of the last century the latter series ceased, the province of
Belgium having been detached from the Austrian rule in 1795 and
annexed to the French Republic.t  About the same time Lombardy
also passed from the Austrian rule; but at the pacification of
Europe in 1815, Lombardy, with Venice annexed, reverted to Austria, and an Austrian monetary system was decreed for that country.
Since this time there have been the three series of Austrian, HunSt Andrew's Cross.
t The coins of Belgium will be found under the head "Netherlands and Belgiunm," Division viii.
11




150                MODERN COINS-AUSTRIA.
garian, and Lombard coins, but they appear to have differed only
in the type, being otherwise in such harmony with each other as to
be, in some respects, interchangeable.
The recent treaty of peace, however, which has been concluded
between the Emperor Napoleon, the King of Sardinia, and the Emperor of Austria, will render still another change necessary in the
Lombard coins.  The latter province having, by the terms of this
treaty, been cut off from Venice, withdrawn from the Austrian rule,
and annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the coinage will have to
undergo still another transition, from  an Austrian to a Sardinian
character. *
Prior to the Convention of 1857, the gold coins proper to Austria
were the single, double, and quadruple ducat. The ducat was coined
at the Augsburg standard, viz., 986 thousandths fine, and to weigh
53.87 grains, the larger pieces in proportion.  The quadruple ducat
was a fine broad piece, but very thin, and easily bent, being no thicker
than the single ducat. t
~ The silver coinage embraced six denominations: the reichthaler,
or rixdollar; the gulden, or florin, which was half of the former;t
the piece of twenty kreutzers, which was one-third of the florin; and
the pieces of ten, five, and three kreutzers.  These were all coined
according to the standard adopted in 1753, known as the Convention
rate. (See Introduction to German States.)
On the 24th of January, 1857, Austria became a party to a convention of the German States, by which the old system was to be
abolished, and a new one, based upon the decimal system, introduced.
Decrees were issued in Austria, in April, 1858, and April, 1859, to
carry out the provisions of this agreement, but the war which ensued
produced so great a turmdil in financial, as well as political circles,
as to defeat the purposes of the Convention. In fact, about the only
currency now known in Austria consists of paper and copper; the
* How long this state of affairs will be maintained, the present condition of
politics in Europe furnishes no very reliable guarantee.
t The gold coins of Austria have always been at a premium against silver,
and consequently used only as bullion.
t This was the unit of their moneys of account, and consisted of sixty kreutzers.




MODERN COINS-AUSTRIA.                     151
former being received as a legal tender at the Government offices.*
The new system is treated of at length in the Introduction to German States.
47. S. 1618. Crown, of MAXIMILIAN, Archduke (son of  tAXIMCILIAN II.) Obv. Bust, ornamented with the order chain and badge
of the order of St. Michael. "MAXIMILE. D. G. ARC. AU. DUX BUR.
STIR. COM."  Rev. "ET CAM. MAG. PRUSS. AD. CO(mes) H(etrurime) ET
TIROL."  A shield, surmounted by a crown, and bearing four scepters
in cross, with a shield of pretence in the center; the arms quartered
in the angles of the cross.
48. S. 1743. Florin, of MARIA TIIEREsIA. Obv. Bust, "M. TRHERESIA
D. G. REG(ina) HUN. BOIH."  Rev. "ARCHID. AUST. DUX BURG. COM.
TYR. 1743." A crowned shield, bearing the arms, quartered; a shield
of pretence, surmounted by a crown, and bearing a lion rampant.
Value 50.3 cts.
49. S. 1755. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "M. THERESIA D. G. R. IMP. GE.
IIU. BO. REG."  Rev. "ARCIID AUST. DUX BUR. COM. TYR. 1755," and
the Austrian eagle.  Value $1.00.5.
A 50. G. 1759. Half ducat.  Obv. Bust, "M. THERESIA D.. RO.
I. GE. H. BO. REG."  Rev. Austrian eagle. "AR. AU. DUX. B(urgundii) M(oravie) P(rinceps) TRAN(sylvanis3) co. TY. 1759."  Value
$1.13.4.
B 50  C. 1762. One kreutzer.  Obv. Bust, "M. THERES. D. G. R. I.
G. H. B. It. A. AUST."  Rev. "EIN KREUTZER 1762"' on a shield.  No
legend.
51 and 52. S. 1766. Thalers.  Obv. A crowned shield supported
by two grifins; beneath is a palm and olive branch, crossed. "M.
THERESIA D. G. R. IMP. HU. BO. REG."  Rev. "AD NORMAM CONVENT.
1766," inclosed in a wreath composed of palm and laurel branches,
crossed.  Legend. ARCHID. AUST. D. BUlvG(undiae) MARGGR. BURGOVIAE."  "JUSTITIA ET CLEMENTIA,"' on the edge.  Value $1.00.5.
53. S. 1779. Florin.  Similar to No. 49. Value 50.2 cts.
54 and 55. S. 1780. Thalers. Obverse same as No. 51. Rev.'t Letter of S. S. REMAR, U. S. Consul at Trieste, to the Treasury Department,
May 9, 1859.




152                 MODERN COINS-AUSTRIA.
Legend. "ARCHID. AUST. DUX BURG. CO. TYR. 1780." Austrian eagle.
Edge same as No. 51.
56. S. 1805. Thaler, of FRANCIS II.  Obv. I-lead, laureated.
"FRANCISCUS II. D. G. ROM. ET HAER. AUST. IAMP. "  Rev. Austrian
eagle, a sword in the dexter, and the imperial globe in the sinister
talon. "GERMI. HUN. BOH. REX. A. A. D. LOTH. YEN. SAL. 1805." "LEGE
ET FIDE,Y' on the edge.  Value $1.01.
57. C. 1807. Thirty bank or paper kreutzers, of FRANCIS I.*
Obv. Bust, in a square compartment. "FRANZ. KAIS. v OEST. KOEN. Z.
HUNG. BOEII. GALIZ. U. L;OD."7  Rev. Austrian eagle in a similar compartment; a scepter in the sinister talon. "DREYSSIG. KREUTZER.
ERBLAENDISCH. 1807."  "WIENERST BANCO ZETT THEILUNGS MiJNZ. Z.
30. K."
58. C. 1812. Three kreutzers. Obv. Bust. Legend same as preceding.  Rev. "3 KIREUTZERS. 1812," occupying the field.  Legend.
"SCHEIDMUNZE DER WIENER WAEHRUNG.77
59 and 60. C. 1816. One kreutzer.  Obv. "u(aiserliche) K(6nigliche) OESTERREICHISCHE SCHEIDiDUNZE."  Shieldcl, surmounted by the
imperial crown, and bearing the Austrian eagle.  Rev. "EIN IKREUTZER. 1816."  Branches of palm and laurel, crossed, beneath.
61. C. 1816. Half kreutzer. Same type as preceding.
62 and 63. C. 1816. Quarter kreutzer.  Same.
64. S. 1821. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, laureated, "FRANCISCUS I D. G
AUSTRIAE IMPERATOR." Rev. The Austrian eagle, "HUN. Bo0. LOMG.
ET VYEN. GAL. LOD. IL(lyriae) REX. A. A. 1821."
65 and 66. B.S. 1826. Twenty kreutzers. Obv. Bust, laureated,
inclosed in a wreath of two laurel branches, crossed. "FRANCISCUS I
D. G. AUST. IMPERATOR."  Rev. Austrian eagle; beneath is a small
compartment, containing the denomination "20," at either side of
which is a palm and a laurel branch. "HIUN. BOH. LOMB. ET YEN. GAL.
LOD. IL. REX. A. A. 1826."  About one-half silver.  Value 16.7 cts.
67. B.S. 1828. Three kreutzers.  Similar to preceding, the denomination on the eagle's breast.
* The titles Francis I. and II., above used, apply to the same individual. lie
was Francis II. as Emperor of Germany; but, the Empire having been dissolved
in 1806, he became Francis I. of Austria.




MODERN COINS-AUSTRIA.                    153
68. G. 1830. Quadruple or piece of four ducats.  Obv. Bust,
laureated. "FRANCISCUS I D. G. AUSTRIAE IMPERATOR. I Rev. Austrian eagle, beneath which is "(4)." Legend same as No. 64. Nearly
pure gold (986 thousandths fine.) Value $9.12.2.
69. B.S. 1833. Five kreutzers. Obverse, wreath omitted; otherwise similar to No. 65. Value 4.2 cts.
70. B.S. 1833. Three kreutzers. Similar to preceding.
71. G. 1834. Ducat.  Similar to No. 68. Value $2.27.4.
72. B.S. 1834. Twenty kreutzers. Same as No. 69.'73. S. 1834. Thaler.  Similar to No. 68. "JUSTITIA REGNORUM
FUNDAMENTUM," Onl the edge.  Value $1.00.8.
74. S. 1835. Same.
75. G. 1840. Quadruple, of FERDINAND I. Obv. Bust, laureated,
dressed in ermine, and bedecked with four order chains. "rFERD. I.
D. G. AUSTR. IMP. HUN. BOIl. P. Ii. N. V." RIev. "REX LOMB. ET YEN.
DALM(atic3) GAL. LOD. ILL. A. A. 1840." Austrian eagle, ornamented
with four order chains. Value $9.14. (See Plate XVII. No. 1.)
76: G. 1840. Ducat.  Obv. I-Iead, laureated; otherwise same as
preceding. Value $2.28.5.
77. S. 1840. Thaler.  Same type.  "TUERI RECTA," on the edge.
Value $1.01. (See Plate XVII. No. 4.)
78. S. 1840. Florin. Same.
79. B.S. 1840. Twenty kreutzers.  Same, with all the order
chains omitted, except the golden fleece.  Edge grained.  Value
16.8 cts.
80. B.S. 1840. Ten kreutzers. Same as preceding.
81. B.S. 1840. Five kreutzers.  Same.
82. B.S. 1840. Three kreutzers.  Same, with the denomination
"3" on the eagle's breast.
83. S. 1848. Two gulden, of the ARCHDUKE JOHN, of Austria,
(Adrmivnistrator of the Germnan Confederation.) Obv. "ERZHERZOG
JOHANN VON OESTERREICH,'7 inscribed in four lines. Beneath is a
palm and laurel branch, crossed.  Legend. "ERWAHILT   ZUM REICRSVERWESER UBER DEUTSCHLAND D. 29. JUNI, 1848."  Rev. Doubleheaded eagle. Legend. "CONTUIRENDE VERSAMMLUNG J. D. F. STADT
FRANKFURT 18 MAI 1848."  "ZWEY GULDEN," on the edge.




154               MODERN COINS-HUNGARY.
The National Assembly met at Frankfort, in Mlay, 1848, and
determined upon the reorganization of Germany into one integral
empire, excluding the German possessions of Austria, and offering
the imperial crown to the King of Prussia.  This movement was
headed by the Archduke JOHN, who was, in consequence, made Administrator by the Assembly.
84. B.S. 1849. Six kreutzers.  Obv. Crowned shield. "'6" at one
side, and "K." at the other.  Legend. "MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO.:PEUZ.7' Rev. "HAT. KRAJCZAR. 1849."
85 and 86. C. 1851. One kreutzer. Obv. Austrian eagle. "K. K.
OESTERREICHISCIIHE SCHEIDEMUNZE. " Rev. "'1 KREiUZER —-+ —   1851."'
HUNGARY.
93. G. 1549. Ducat, of FERDINAND.  Obv. Virgin and child.
"[FERDINAND D. G. R. UNGARIE."7  Rev. A figure in armor carrying a
spear, the letter "KI." at one side, and "'." at the other.  "s. LADISLAUS REX 1549. "  Ferdinand succeeded CHARLES V. as Emperor of
Germany in 1558.
94. G. 1558. Dcreat, of JOHN SIGISMUND.  Obv. Same device as
preceding. "JOAN SIGISMa. R. UNG. 1558."  Rev. Crowned shield,
"YSABE D. G. REG. UNGA. S. F. Y."
95. S. 1609. Crown, of MATTHIAS. Obv. Bust, in armor, crowned,
ornamented with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece.
"MATTIHI. II D. G. REX HUN. DESIG. IN REGEM BO.," Virgin and child.
Rev. Crowned shield hung with the order chain, etc., as above,
"ARCHID. AUS. DUX. BUR. MAR(chio) Mo(ravieX) co. TY. 1609."
96. G. Ducat, of MATTHIAS.  Obv. Shield. "MATHIAS D. G. R. TNGART.E." Rev. Figure (probably of the saint,) crowned, with a scepter
in one hand and the imperial globe in the other. "S. LADISLAUS REX."
97. G. Ducat, same as preceding, with a battle-ax substituted for
the scepter.
98. G. 1650. Ducat. Obv. Bust, in armor, carrying a scepter.
"GEO. RA. D. G. P. TRA."  Rev. Virgin and child. "PAR. REG. HUN. DO.
ET SI. CO. 1650.7"
99. G. 1688. Ducat. Obv. Bust, as in preceding. "MIC. APOFI. D.




MODERN COINS-HUNGARY.                    155
c. P. TRAN."  Rev. A cap pierced with a sword, and hung upon a
branch; a crown suspended above; eagles' heads protudcling from the
edge of the field, at either side; at one side is a crescent and seven
castles, at the other a small eagle; beneath are the initials "A. F."
Legend. "PAR. REG. HUNGA. DO. & SICU. CO. 1688.'"
100. G. 1698. Quarter ducat, of LEOPOLD I.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "LEOPOLD D. G. R. I. S. A. G. H. B. RE."  Rev. Virgin and
child. "s. IMACUL VIR. MA. MAT. D. P. H. 1698."'
101. G. 1742. Ducat, of MARIA THERESIA.  Obv. Full-length
figure of AARIA, crowned.  The imperial globe extended in the left
hand; the initial "K." at one side, and "B.'  at the other. "MA. THERESIA D. G. REG. RIU. BO."  Rev. Virgin and child; beneath is a small
shield crowned. "PATRONA REGNI HUNGARI, 1742.'7 Value $2.26.9.
All the succeeding coins in this division bear, on one side, the
images of the Virgin and child.
102. S. 1757. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "M. THER. D. G. R. IM. GE. RU.
BO. R. A. A. D. B(urgundise) C. T."  Rev. "s. MARIA MATER DEL
PATRONA HUNG. 1757."  "JUSTITIA ET CLEMENTIA,"2 on the edge.
Value $1.00.5.
103. S. 1761. Same.
104. S. 1780. Florin. Obv. A crown, suspended by two angels,
above a shield, bearing the Hungarian arms, and hung with the order
chain of St. Step9hen; beneath is a palm and laurel branch, crossed.
"M. THER. D. G. R. IMP. HU. BO. R. A. A. D. B. C. T. "  Reverse same
as preceding, with the letter "B." inclosed in an oval compartment,
substituted for the shield. Value 50.2 cts.
105 and 106. S. 1782. Thaler, of JOSEPH II.  Obverse same device as preceding. "JOS. II D. G. R. IMP. S. A. G. H. B. REX. A. A. D. B.
& S."  Reverse same as preceding. "VIRTUTE ET EXEMPLO,'n On the
edge. Value $1.00.8.
107. G. 1835. Ducat, of FERDINAND I.  Obv. The king, crowned;
the imperial globe extended in the left hand, and a scepter in the
right. "FERD. I D. C. AUST. IMP. HUNG. B. REX. H. N. V. R. L. V. D.
G(alicie) L. I. A. A."  Rev. Small shield beneath the Virgin. Same
legend as before. Value $2.28.1.
108. S. 1839. Thaler.  Obv. Head, laureated.  Same legend as




156               MODERN COINS-RAGUSA.
preceding. Reverse same as preceding, with the shield omitted.
"TUERI RECTA" on the edge.  Value $1.01.
109. S. 1839. Florin. Same type. Value 49.6 cts.
110. B.S. 1839. Twenty kreutzers. Same, with "20" beneath
the Virgin; edge grained. Value 16.8 cts.
111. B.S. 1839. Ten kreutzers. Same type.
112. G. 1848. Ducat.  Obv. Same device as No. 107. "v. FERD.
MAGY H. T. ORSZ. KIRALYA ERD N. FEJED.'7  Rev. Device same as
-No. 107. " Z. MARIA IST ANNYA MAGY. OR. YEDOJE, 1848.'  Value
$2.28.1. (See Plate XVII. [No. 2.)
113. 13 S. 1848. Twenty kreutzers. Obv. Head, laureated. Same
legend as preceding. Reverse same as preceding with "20" substituted for the shield. Value 16.8 cts.
114. C. 1848. One kreutzer, struck during the Revolution.  Obv.
A crowned shield, bearing the arms of HIungary. "MAGYAR KIRALYI
VALTO PENZ."  Rev. "EGY KRAJCZAR. 1848," inscribed in three lines.
115. C. 1849. Three kreutzers, struckl during the Revolution.
Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Hungary.  At one side
is the figure "3," and at the other the letter " K.  Legend. " MAGYAR
KIRALYI VALTO PENZ."  Rev. "I-IAROM KRAJCZAR 1849," ill three
lines.
RAG USA.
Ragusa is an Austrian dependency, situated on the eastern shore
of the Adriatic.
117. S. 1793. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "RHACUS RESPUBL.2"  Rev.
Shield, bearing the word "LIBERTAS,"' surmounted by a crown, and
nclosed between two branches, crossed. "DUCE DEO. FIDE ET JUST."




MODERN COINS-NETHERLANDS.                 157
DIVISION VITI.
NETHERLANDS.
Soon after their incorporation into the empire founded by CI-ARLEMAGNE, in the ninth century, the territories comprised in the present kingdoms of the Netherlands and Belgium were divided, in
accordance with the feudal principle, which was then prevailing
throughout the whole of Europe, into several small principalities
consisting of the Duchies of Gueldres, Brabant, Luxemburg, and
Limburg, the Marquisate of Anvers (Antwerp), the Counties of Holland, Zealand, Zutphen, Flanders, Artois, Hainaut, and Ntamur, with
the Lordships of Utrecht, Groningen, Overyssel, Friesland, and
Mechlin.  These were afterward grouped together, and formed the
seventeen provinces of the Netherlands.  Among these petty provinces thus united Flanders was the most important, and upon the
matrimonial alliance contracted between the Count of Flanders and
the house of Burgundy about the year 1443, when his estates passed
into the house of Burgundy, the principal authority over the other
provinces passed with them. And, in like manner, upon the marriage
of Maximillian with Mary of Burgundy, in 1477, the seventeen provinces passed into the house of Austria- But afterward, by reason
of the injustice and cruelty practiced upon them by PHILIP II. of
Spain, son of the Emperor Charles V., seven of the provinces, namely,
Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, Overyssel, Groningen, and
Friesland, organized a rebellion, under the leadership of the Prince
of Orange, and finally succeeded, after a sanguinary war, in compelling the Spanish monarch to acknowledge their independence, and
they were afterward acknowledged by all Europe as an independent
State, under the title of the UNITED PROVINCES.  These provinces
were governed by a stadtholder; and in 1667 the celebrated "Perpetual Edict," for abolishing the office of stadtholder, was passed,
through the influence of DE WITT, the Pensionary, or Prime Minister, who was intent upon placing the liberties of the Republic on a
firm foundation. But in 1672 he and his brother were butchered by
the mob, and WILLIAM III. was elected stadtholder.  On the death




158            ~MODERN COINS-NETHERLANDS.
of William, in 1702, the stadtholderate was again abolishedl, but was
revived in 1747, and declared hereditary in the house of Orange.  In
1795, however, it was conquered by the French, and erected into the
BATAVIAN REPUBLIC.  In 1806 it was metamorphosed by Napoleon
into the Kingdom of Holland, and in 1810 was incorporated into the
French Empire. After the fall of Napoleon it was, in 1815, erected
into a kingdom with Belgium.  This union, however, did not prove
very harmonious, and in 1830 the Belgians took advantage of the
revolution in France to cast off the yoke of their Dutch neighbors, in
which they were successful.  The Netherlands, consequently, now
exist as a distinct kingdom, comprising the seven principalities above
mentioned, the boundary line between them and the Kingdom of Belgium being fixed by treaty.
The intricacy of its political history is tolerably portrayed in the
coinage of the Netherlands.  For many years prior to the revolution, there were several series of coins minted at the same time; and,
it is said, that there are some twenty different denominations of silver coins circulating there to this day. Each of the seven provinces
had its own mint.  Their coins, however, seem to have differed but
little except in the device. They are generally quite readily distinguished by the name of the Province, which appears in an abbreviated form at the end of the legend.  Thus the coins of Holland
proper, are known by Holl. or Holland; those of Utrecht, by Tra.
or Traject; those of Zealand, by Zel. or Zeelandia-sometimes
merely the initial z.; of West Friesland, by WetstJf; of Overyssel,
by Tran., Transisal., or Transisalania; of Gueldre, by Geldria;
and of Groningen, by Gron.  These distinctions have disappeared
since the close of the last century.  Many of these coins have
stamped upon them, evidently with a hand-punch, the abbreviations
" Hol. Utr." etc., (meaning Holland, Utrecht, etc.)  This was done
by the authorities of these provinces, in order to render the coinage
of another province current within their own jurisdiction; or, more
concisely speaking, to legalize them.
A 1. G. Ducat, of U1ITRECHT.  Obv. Image of a saint.  A small
shield beneath. "SANCTUS MARTINENS.7" Fev. Shield. "MONETA NOVA
AIJREA TRAJECTEN."1 NO date.




MODERN COINS-NETHERLANDS.                   159
B 1. G. Ducat, of the City of ZUTPHEN, in GUELDRE.  Obv. A
mounted horseman, dressed in armor, and crowned, wielding a sword.
"KAROLUS DUX GELRIUL C. ZUT." lRev. An ornamented cross;* a
shield in the center. "MlON. NOVA. AUREA. DUCIS. GELN."
2. S. Florin, of the imperial City of ZWOLLEII, country of Zallant, in Overyssel.  Obv. Crowned shield. "FLOR. ARG. CIVITA IMP.
ZWoLLAE."  Rev. Double-headed eagle.
3. S. 1585. Crown, of Holland.  Obv. A knight, both legs hidden by a shield. "MO. NO. ARG. ORDIN. HOL."  Rev. Lion ramnpant.
"'CONFIDENS. DNO. NON. MOVETUR."
4. S. 1623. Crown, of WEST FRIESLAND.  Obv. Bust, in armor,
carrying a sword. "Ml-o. ARG. PRO(vinciae) CONFoE(derati) BELG(ii)
WESTFRI. "  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing a lion rampant, carrying
a sword and a bundle of arrows. "CONCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT. "
5 and 6. S. 1624 and 1643. Crowns, of UTRECHT.  Same ahs
No. 3.
7. S. 1678. Thirty stivers, of ZEALAND.  Obv. A knight, carrying a sword; behind, a crowned shield, bearing three bars, "wavy,
azure" (blue) with a lion issuant. "LUCTOR ET EMERGO." Rev. Shield
bearing the arms of the different provinces of the Netherlands; above
is "30 ST." (30 stivers.) "MO. NO. ARG. ORIDIN. ZELANDIA 1678."
8. S. 1678. Six stivers, of WEST FRIESLAND.  Obv. Crowned
shield, bearing two lions current. "MO. NO. ORDIN. WEST. FRISIA
16-78. "  Rev. A vessel under sail. "DEUS. FORTITUDO ET SPES NOSTRA. "
9. S. 1682. Three guilder, of UTRECHT.  Obv. Crowned shield,
with a cross, and a lion ramlpant, borne dclotble. "MO. NO. ARGENT
ORDIN TRAJ 1682."  Rev. A ifll-length figure of Pallas, holding in
her dexter hand a lance, with the point resting upon the ground; a
liberty-cap hung upon the other end; her left arm resting upon
a clasped book, which stands upon its end, and is supported by a
pedestal. "HAC NITIMUR.......H ANC TUEMUIIR.
10. S. 1684. Twenty-eight stivers, of the City of DAVENTER or
DEVENTER. Obv. Double-headed eagle. "LEOP. JON. D. G. ELEC. ItOM.
IMP. SEM. AUG." Rev. Crowned shield, bearing an eagle. "FLOR. ARG.
CIV. DAVENTRIAE.'




160       i     MODERN COINTS-NETIIERLANDSo
11 and 12. S. 1685. Twenty-eight stivers, of the City of DAvENTER. Obv. Same device as preceding. "FERDINAND II D. G. ROM. IMP.
SEM. AU."  Rev. Crowned shield.  Same legend as preceding.
13. S. 1685. Twenty-eight stivers, of OVERYSSEL. Obv. Crowned
shield. "MO. NO. ARGENT. oRD. TRANSTS. 1685. "  Rev. Double-headed
eagle. "DA. PAC. DOM. IN DIEBUS NOSTRIS."
14. S. 1686. Thirty stivers, of WTEST FRIESLAND. Obv. A knight,
wielding a sword, one leg hidlden by a crowned shield, bearing two
lions current. "DEUS FORTI ET SPES NOST. " Rev. Three shields. "1 mo.
NO. ARG. ORDIN. WV. FRISIAE."
15. S. 1686. Thirty stivers, of ITTRECUT.  Obv. Seven shields,
bearing the arms of the seven provinces composing the " Union."
"'MO. NO. ORD. TRAJECT."  Rev. Crowned shield, supported by two
lions. " CONCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT. "
16. S. 1686. Thirty stivers, of the City of DAVENTER.  ObV.
Crowned shield, supported by two lions. "Mio. NO. ARG. CIV. DAVENTRiU.m" Rev. Device similar to No. 14. "AUXILIANTE DEO. 1686."
17. S. 1686. Six stivers, of the City of {AAGENSIS.  Obv. Shield,
bearing  a double-headed eagle, surmounted by the imperial crown.
"MO. NO. ARG. CIVI NOVI 3MAGENSIS."  Rev. A mounted horseman
wielding a sword. "CONCORDIA RPES PARVAE~ CRESCUNT."
18. S. 1687. Ten-schilling piece, of ZEALAND. Obv. Seven shields.
"MO. NO. ARG. ORDIN ZEELANDIAE 1687."  Rev. Device similar to
[No. 14, with a shield like No. 7. "LJucTOR ET EIERGO."'
19. S. 1689. Same.
20. S. 1689. Rix dollar, of the City of DAVENTER.  Obv. A
crowned shield, bearing an eagle, supported by two lions. "Mo. NO.
ARG. CIV. C DAVENTRIAE." Rev. Device similar to No. 7, with an eagle
upon the shield. "AUXILIANTE DEO. 1683."  Vtalue $1L20.
21. S. 1689. Six stivers, of the City of ZUTPHEN. Obv. Crowned
shield. "MO. NO. ARG. CIV. ZUTPHANIAE.~"  Reverse same as [No. M1.
22. S. 1690. Twenty-eight stivers, of the City of ZUTPHEN. Obv.
Crowned shield. "FLOR. ARG. CIV. ZUTPIIANIAE 1690." Rev. Doubleheaded eagle. "IN DEO SPES NOSTRA."
23 and 24. S. 1690. Twenty-eight stivers, of WEST FRIESLAND.
Obv. Bust, carrying a sword, "NIS DOMINUS NOBISCiM 1690." lRev
Crowned shield.'FLORENUS. ARGENT. ORDI. FRISLAN."




MODERN COINS —NET.iERLANDS.                   161
25  S. 1691. Six stivers, (restruck) of GRONINGEN.  Similar type
to No. 21.
26. S. 1696. Ten schillilgs, of ZEALAND.  Obv. Similar to No.
14, with a shield like No. 7. "M-O. NO. ARG. PRO CONFIr BELG. COUR.
ZEL."  Reverse same as -No. 4.
27. S. 1703. One guilder, of WTEsT FRIESLAND.  Obv. Same device as the reverse of preceding. "MO. ARG. ORD. FEED. BELG. WESTF."
[Reverse same as No. 9.
28. S. 1709. One guilder, of ZEALAND.  Same type as preceding.
29. S. 1713. Same.
30.  1. i718. One guilder, of OVERYSSEL.  Same type as preceding.
31. B.S. 1738. One stiver, of HOLLAND.  Obv. A  bundle of
arrows.  Rev. "HOLLANDIA 1738."  No device.
32. S. 174-8. Ten stivers, of HOLLAND.  Same type as No. 27.
33. S. 1753. Six stivers, of ZEALAND.  Obv. Crowned shield like
that in No. 7. Legend same as No. 8.  PRev. Same device as No. 8.
"ITA ItELINQUENDA UT ACCEPTA. "
34. B.S. 1759. Two stivers, of HOLLAND.  Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing a lion ramnpant.  Fev. " HOLLANDIA 1759."
35. G. 1761. Ducat, of 1JTRECHT. Obv. A  knight, dressed in
arlor, carrying a sword in the right hand, and a bundle of arrows in
the left. "CONCORDIA RES. PAR. CRES. TRA.'   Rev. "TMO. ORD. PROVIN.
FOEDER BELG. AD LEG. IMP."'  No device.  Value $2.25.8.
36. S. 1761. One guilder, of ZEALAND.  Same type as No. 26.
Value 41 cts.
37. S. 1762. Ten schillings, of ZEALAND.  Same as preceding.
Value 1. 21.6.
38. G. 1763. Fourteen guilders, of UTRECHT.  Obv. Same device
as NO. 17. "MO. AUR. PRO. CON1FIED. BELG. TRAJECT."  Rleverse same
as No. 4.  Value $5.61.
39. G. 1763. Ducat, of HOLLAND.  Same as No. 35.
40. S. 1763. One guilder, of ZEALAND.  Same as No. 27.
41. S. 1764. Three guilders, of ZEALAND.  Same as No. 27.
Value $1.21.6.
42. C. 1767. One centime, of OVERYSSEL.  Obv. Crowned shield,




162              MODERN COINS-NETHERLANDS.
bearing a lion rampant. "VIGILATE ET ORATE."   Rev. "OVERYSSEL,
1767."
43. S. 1768. Ten schillings, of ZEALAND. Same as No. 26. Value
$1.21.6.
44. S. 1774. Three guilders, of WEST FRIESLAND.  Obv. Device
similar to the reverse of No. 17. "IMO. NO. ARG. CONFro. BELG. PRO.
WESTF."7  Rev. Crowned shield, like No. 4, supported by two lions.
"CONCORDIA," etc.  Value $1.21.6.
45. S. 1776. Ten stivers, of ZEALAND.  Same as No. 26.
46. S. 1780. Six stivers, of ZEALAND.  Same as No. 33.
47. C. 1781. One centime, of ZEALAND.  Obv. Shield, bearing
the same device as that in No. 7. "LeCTOR ET EMERGO."'  Rev. A
shield, with "ZELANDIA 1781. "
48. S. 1785. Half ducatoon,* of UTRECHT.  Same type as No.
44.  Value 65.6 cts.
49. B.S. 1786. Four stivers, of ZEALAND.  Same as No. 26.
50. B.S. 1787. Ten stivers, of WEST FRIESLAND.  Same type
as No. 27, with a small oval beneath the shield containing the letters
"o. v. c." interlaced.
51. B.S. 1791, Two stivers, of HOLLAND.  Same as No. 34.
52. C. 1791. One centime, of UTRECHT.  Obv. Crowned shield,
supported by two lions.  Rev. "STAD. UTRECHT, 1791."
53. C. 1793.  One centime, of GUELDRE.  Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing two lions ramnpant, combatant. "IN DEO EST SPES NOSTRA."
Rev. "D. GELRJIZ, 1793. "
54. S. 1794. One guilder, of HOLLAND.  Same as No. 27.  Value
41 cts.
55. B.S. 1794. Quarter guilder, of UTFRECHT.  Same as preceding.
56 and 57. S. 1802-1804. Rix dollar, of IUTRECHT.  Similar to
No. 26.  Value $1.04.5.
58 and 59. S. 1808. Fifty stivers, or rix dollar, of Louis NAPOLEON. Obv. Head, "NAP. LODEW. I. KON VON HOLL." Rev. Crowned
shield; the date "1808" beneath. "HOLLAND KONINGRIJJK."  Value
$1. 04.2.
* The ducatoon series was coined for the foreign trade in the East Indies.




MODERN COINS-BELGIUM.                    163
60. G. 1809. Ducat, of NAPOLEON.  Obv. "LODEW. NAP. KON.,"
etc.; otherwise same as preceding.  Value $2.25.8.
61. G(. 1837. Ten Guilders, of WILLIAM I.  Obv. Head, "WILLEM KONING. DER. NED. G. H. V. S."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing a
lion rampant, with a sword and a bundle of arrows. "10-G." (Ten
guilders.) " MINT. VAN HIET. KONINGRYK DER NEDERLANDEN. 1837."
"GOD. ZY. MET UNS.,'" on the edge.  Value $4.01.
62. G. 1827. Five guilders.  Same as preceding; edge grained.
63 and 64. S. 1824-32. Three guilders.  Same type; edge like
No. 61. Value $1.25.
65. S. 1832. One guilder.  Same type as preceding.
66. B.S. 1832. Half guilder.  Same.
67 and 68. B. S. 1825-30.  Twenty-five centimes.  Obv. "w."
surmounted by a crown. "18 —— 25."  Rev. Device same as No. 61.
No legend; edge plain.  Value 10.4 cts.
69. B.S. 1827. Ten centimes.  Same type.
70. B.S. 1827. Five centimes.  Same.
71. S. 1846. One gulden, of WILLIAM II.  Obv. Head, "WILLEM
II. KONING. DER NED. c. H. V. S."  Reverse and edge same as No. 61.
Value 41 cts. (See Plate XVII. No. 5.)
72. S. 1852. 21 gulden, of WILLIAM III.  Same type as preceding. Value $1.04.2.
BELGIUM.
Belgium came under the dominion of the German emperors upon
the accession of MAXIMILIAN I., in 1493, who, as before stated, had
previously contracted a matrimonial alliance with the house of Burgundy, who at that time possessed the government of Belgium.
Upon the abdication of CHARLES V. it passed, by the person of his
son, PHILIP II., to the monarchy of Spain, where it remained until
the peace of Utrecht in 1713, which terminated the war of the
Spanish succession, upon which occassion it was ceded to Austria
who continued to retain possession until 1791, when the armies of
the French Republic overran the country, and in 1795 it was incorporated as part and parcel of France.




164l               MODERN COINS —BELGIUM.
After this date (1795) no coins of Belgium proper appear until
1829-30.  After its incorporation with France, its own coinage was
abolished and the French coins introduced; and upon the acquisi
tion of its independence in 1830 and the establishment of Belgium
into a kingdom, under LEOPOLD I., the monetary system of France
was continued, instead of the old Dutch system  of forins and
crowns, which had been previously used.
84. S. 1612. Six stivers, of the imperial City of CAIMPEN.  Obv.
Double-headed eagle. " MATTI(iaS) I D. G. RO. IMP. SEM. AUGU.":Rev. Crowned shield. "rFLOR. ARG. CIVI. IMP. CAMPEN."
85. S. 1616. Quarter crown, of ALBERT and ELIZABETH.  Obv.
St. Andrew's cross, with the badge of the golden fleece suspended
from the center; a crown suspended above; the royal cipher in the
second and third angles. "ALBERTUS ET ELISABET DEI GRATIA."  Rev.
"ARCHIID. AUST. DUCES BURG. BRAB."  Crowned shield, surrounded
by the order chain of the golden fleece.
86 and 87. S. 1619. Crown, of same.  Obv. Busts, in profile.
Rev. Two lions supporting a shield, the crown resting upon their
bowed heads; badge of the golden fleece beneath.  Same legends as
preceding.
88. S. 1626. Crown of the City of CONSTANTINE; FERDINAND II.
Obv. Double-headed eagle, surmounted by the imperial crown. "FERD.
II D. G. ROM. IMPER. SEMPER. AUG."  Rev. Shield, with the date;
" 16" at one side and "26" at the other. "MON. NO. CIVITAT. CONSTANTIENSI. "
89. S. 1631. Crown, of PHILIP IV. (Spain.)  Obv. Cross,
arranged as in No. 85, with "16" and "31" in the second and third
angles. "PHIL. IIII D. G. HISP. ET INDIAR. REX."  Rev. Device similar
to No. 85. "'ARCHID AUST. DUX BURG. BRAB."
90. S. 1636. Crown, of same. Obv. Bust. Rev. Crowned shield,
supported by two lions.  Legend same as preceding.
91. G. 1655. Double ducat, of the City of CAMPEN; FERDINAND
II. (Austria.)  Obv. Image of Ferdinand, with the imperial globe
and scepter. "FERD. II D. G. RO. I. UNGA. BO. REX.7' Rev. "MO. NO.
AUREA CIVITA. IMPERI. CAMPEN."  No device.
92. S. 1705. Crown, of PHILIP V. (Spain.)  Obv. Device simi



MODERN COINS-BELGIUM.                    165
lar to No. 85. "PHILIPPUS V. D. G. HISPANIARUM ET INDIARUM REX."
PRev. Crowned shield, surrounded by two order chains; the arms of
A^ijou on a shield of pretence. "BURGUND. DUX. BRABANT. 1705."
93. S. 1758. Florin, of FRANCIS I. (Austria.) Obv. Austrian
eagle, surrounded by the order chain of the golden fleece. "FRANCIS
D. GRATIA ROMAN IMPERAT. S. A."  Rev. "GERM. JERO. REX. LOTH.
BAR. MAG. I-. ET. DUX. 1758." Device, similar to No. 85, with crowns
in the second and third angles of the cross.
94. S. 1759. Florin, of MARIA THERESIA, (Queen of Hungary, and
wife of Francis I.)  Obv. St. Andrew's cross, with crowns in the
angles. "MAR. TtIERESIA D. G. R. IMP. GERM. HUNG. BEOI. REG.  I Rev.
"ARCH. AUST. DUX BURG. BRAB. COM. FLAND. 1759.1" Austrian eagle.
95. S. 1764. Crown, of same.  Same type as preceding, with' JUSTITIA ET CLEMENTIA,"I on the edge.
96 and 97. S. 1764. Crown, of FRANCIS I.  Same type as No. 93,
with "IN TE DOMINE SPERAVI,' on the edge.
98. S. 1780. Crown, of MARIA THERESIA. Same type as No. 95.
99. C. 1787. One kreutzer, of JosEPH II.  Obv. Bust, laureated.
"JOS. II. D. G. R. IMP. D. B."  Rev. "AD USUM BELGII AUSTR. 1787,"
inclosed in a wreath composed of two laurel branches, crossed.
100. S. 1788. Quarter crown, of same.  Obv. Bust, laureated.
"JOSEPHE 11 D. G. R. I. S. A. GER. HIE(rosolym:e) HUN. BOH. REX."
Rev. Device same as No. 93. "ARCH. AUST. DUX. BURG(undim)
LOTII(aringim) BRAB (antie) coM(es) FLAN(drim) 1788.7"
101. S. 1789. Florin.  Same as preceding.
102. S. 1790. Crown, of LEOPOLD II.  Same type as preceding,
with "PIETATE ET CONCORDIA," on the edge.
103. S. 1790. "Lion d'argent.1"  Obv. A lion rampant, carrying
a sword, and supporting an oval shield, bearing the word "LIBERTAS;"
the date, 1790,"7 beneath.  "DOMINI EST REGNUM."  Rev. Eleven
shields, bearing the arms of the different Belgian provinces, arranged
in a circle around a sun. Legend. "ET IPSE DOMINABITUR GENITUM."7
"LEONE QUID FORTIUS," on the edge.
104. S. 1790. Quarter florin.  Obv. Lion rampant. "MON. NOV.
ARG. PROV. FOED. BELG.......1790."  Rev. I-lands, clasped, with a
bundle of arrows. "IN UNIONE SALVUS."  "X SOLS."
12




166                MODERN COINS-BELGIUM.
The two preceding pieces belong to the "lion series," a set of coins
projected by the Belgian Provinces, in 1790.  The project was never
fairly carried into effect, only a few pieces appearing of the above
date.  It consisted of the gold lion, or piece of fourteen forins, the
silver lion, forin, half forin and quarter florin.
105. G. 1793. Sovereign, of FRANcIs II.  Obv. Head, laureated.
"FRANC. II D. G. R. IMP. S. A. GE. HIE HU. BO. REX.'  [Rev. Shield,
surmounted by the imperial crown; St. Andrew's cross appearing
from behind, with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece
suspended from the two upper limbs, and inclosing the shield. " ARCnL
AUST. DUX BURG. LOTH. BRAB. COM. FLAN. 1793."
106. S. 1793. Crown, of same, similar to No. 100.
107. S. 1795. Quarter crown.  Same.
108. G. 1829. Ducat. Obv. A knight, in armor, carrying a sword
in the dexter, and a bundle of arrows in the sinister hand. "coNCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT." nRev. "MO AUJR. REG. BELGII AD
LEGERN IMPERIIl."  No device.
New  System  of Francs.-110. G. 1835.  Forty francs, of LEOPOLD I.  Obv. Head, laureated. "LEOPOLD PREMIER ItOI DES BELGES."
Rev. "40 FRANCS, 1835,"' inclosed in a wreath of oak. "DIEU PROTEGE,
LA BELGIQUE," on the edge.
111. G. 1835. Twenty francs.  Same.
112. S. 1835. Five francs.  Same.
113. S. 1835. Two francs.  Same. (See Plate XVII. No. 6.)
114. S. 1838. One franc.  Same, with the edge grained.
115. S. 1835. Half franc.  Same as preceding.
116. S. 1835. Quarter franc.  Same.
117. C. 1835. Ten centimes.  Obv. An "L." in ornamlented text,
surmounted by a crown.  Same legend as preceding. 3rev. A lion
sejant, supporting a tablet, bearing' the inscription, "CONSTITUTION
BELGE, 1831."  Legend. "L'UNION FAIT,LA FORCE."
118. C. 1835. Five centimes.  Same type.
119. C. 1835. Two centimes.  Sare.
120. C. 1835. One centime.  Same.
121. G. 1839. Ducat.  Same as No. 108.




MOD ERN COINS -FRANCE.                   167
FRANCE.
The Franks, from whom ancient Gaul obtained the name of France,
were of German origin, and inhabited the country between the Weser
and the Rhine.  They originally consisted of several tribes, who,
upon the invasion of Germany by the Romans, united together for
the common defense, and assumed the name of Franks, or "free
zmen."  Their first irruption into Gaul took place in the middle of
the third century of the present era, or between the years 234 and
254. They experienced many repulses, however, firom the arms of
the Romans, and were not finally established until the beginning of
the fifth century.
The first king, of whom any authentic history remains, was Pharamond, who reigned from 417 to 428, when he is supposed to have
been killed in the war with  Ftius.  He was succeeded by his son
CLODIO.  Clodio, after extending his conquests as far as the River
Somme, died in the year 448, and was succeeded by Merovaeus, from
whom the first race of French kings received the appellation of
Merovingians.
The earliest coins of France represented in this collection are the
deniers of the Carlovingian kings, commencing with Charlemagne.
The coinage of money seems, however, to have had a much earlier
origin, and began under the Merovingian dynasty, at which time it
consisted almost wholly of gold pieces, which were imitations of the
Roman and Byzantine coins, the principal denomination being the
treraises, or third part of the sol d'or, or gold somt.  The denier,
which was the principal coin issued by the Carlovingian kings, was,
as its name indicates, derived from the Roman Denarius, and was
equal to the twelfth part of a sou.
Upon the establishment of a regular system of moneys, the livre
tournois was taken as the integral money of account, and was equiva
lent to twenty sous, or sols.  This system was continued until the
introduction of the present admirable system, in 1795, which takes
the franc as its integer, and which is based upon no less a founda



168                 MODERN COINS-FRANCE.
tion than the dimensions of the earth.  "First, the distance from the
equator to the pole, which was ascertained by certain computations,
being divided into ten million parts, gave the imetre or standard of
long measure, equal to 39.371 inches.  Next, a cube of pure water,
at the temperature of melting ice, measuring each way the hundredth.part of this metre (called a centimetre) gave a certain weight, which
was called the gramr.e.  This was the standard of weight, and is
equivalent to 15.435 Troy grains."  This was subdivided into decigramrmes, or tenths; centigrammnes, or hundredths; and milligrammnes, or thousandths; and the weight of the franc was placed
at 5000 milligrammes, or 5 grammes, equivalent to 77.1.75 Troy grains.
This system  was first introduced in the third year of the "French
[Republic" (1795), but was not fully established until eight years after.
Previous to 1772, there were no less than thirty.one lints in
France; but at that time the number was reduced to eighteen, and
at the present time there are six.  The coinage of each may be
known by its mint-mark; that of Paris being the letter A; Borqeaux, K; Lille, W; Lyons, D; -Rouen, B; and Strasbourg, B B.
Each coin also bears another small mark, or figure, such as an
anchor, lion, caduceus, etc., being the mark of the Superintendent or
Director.
-. S. Denier, of CHARLEMAGNE (A.n. 767-814.) Obv. A cross
potent.  Legend. "CARLUS REX. FCR." (Charles, King of France.)
Rev. An ornamented cross.  Legend. "VILO MET(Z)."  (City of
Metz.) (See Division XV., "Selections.")  The value of the denier
is about 7 cts.
18. B.S. Denier, of LouIs I., the Mieeh. (814-40.)
19. B.S. Denier, of CHARLES III., th.e Simple. (898-923.) Obv.
A cross. "CARL-JS REX. F."  Rev. " HET * ALO." 7
20. B.S. Denier, of Louis IV. (936-54.) Obv. A cross, with
pellets in the angles. "i-. LUDOVICUS Iu II."  Rev. A church. "xPIsTIANA (Christian) RELIGIO" (Religion.)  In fine preservation.
21. B.S. Denier, of LouIs V., the Slothiful. (986-87.)  Obv. A
cross. "LUDOVICUS REX."  LOUIS reigned only one year, and is supposed to have been poisoned by QUEEN BLANCHE.
22. B.S. Denier, of JOHN II., the Good. (1350-64.)  Obv. Two




MODERN COINS-FRANCE.                     169
lahels reversed, and inclosed in a circle composed of a series of pellets. "COMES GENOHANIS. "  Rev. A cross, with pellets in the angles,
inclosed as above. " SIGNUIM DEI VIVI."
23. B.S. Denier, of CHARLES VII. (1422-61.)  Obv. Crowned
shield, bearing the arms of An4jou (three fleurs de lis). " KAROLUS FRANCOtRUM REX."  1Rev. Cross, the limbs extending to the edge; fleur
de lis and crowns in the angles.
24. B.S. Denier, of CHARaLE  VIII. (1483-98.)  Obv. Shield
bearing the arms of Anjou. "KAROLUS FRANCOR. REX."  Rev. Cross
potent, with crowns and fleur de lis in the angles. "SIT NOMEN
D(omi)NE, BENEDICTUM."
25. B.S. Denier, of same.  Obv. The initial "iK." crowned between two fleurs de lis.  Rev. Cross, with each limb terminating in
a crown, fleur de lis in the angles.  Same legend as preceding.
26. B.S. Same.  Obv. Shield, bearing the arms of Anjou, inclosed in a trefoil compartment.  Rev. Cross potent, in a quarterfoil compartment, with Jflur de lis and crowns in the angles. Same
legends as preceding.
27. B.S. Denier, of Louis XII. (1498-1515.)  Obv. Device
same as preceding. "LUDOVICUS FRANCOR. REX.'"  Ieverse same as
preceding.
28. B.S. Same.  Obv. "LUDOVI D. G. FRAN.,'" etc.  Device and
reverse same as preceding.
29. G. Crown, of FRANCIs I., Count oJf Atngoul2ne. (1515-47.)
Obv. Arms of Anjou, and a dolphin, quartered, (borne dounble.)
"FRANCISCUS DEI GRACIA FRANCOR. REX;.)  Rev. A cross of fleur de
lis. "xIs(Christus): VINCIT: XPS: RENAT: XPS: IMPERAT."
30. B.S. Denier, of same.  Similar to No. 27.
31. S. 1550. Denier, of H-ENRY II.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Anjou; a crescent, surmounted by a crown at each
side, the initial " I-i." beneath. " IENRICUS 2. D. G FRANCORUM REX."
Rev. Cross of fleurs de lis, with " H's" and crowns in the angles.
Legend same as No. 24.  The first piece bearing a date. HIENRY
ascended the throne, at the death of his father, in 1547, and died of
a wound received at a tournament, in 1559.
32. S. Denier, of CHARLES IX. (1560-74.)  Same type as No.




170                MODERN COINS-FRANCE.
24.  CHARLES commenced to reign under the regency of his mother,
CATHERINE DE MEDICIS.
33. S. 1563. Quarter crown, of same.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS IX
DEI G. FRA. REX."  Rev. Crowned shield, with the initial C. surmounted by a crown at each side.  Same legend as No. 24.
34. S. 1578. Half crown, of HENRY III.  Obv. Bust, laureated.
"HENRICUS III D. G. FRANC. ET POL(oniarum) REX.  Rev. Cross
fiory, with "H.1" in the center.  Same legend as No. 24.
35. S. 1580. Quarter crown, of same.  Obv. Cross flory. Rev.
Crowned shield.  Same legends as preceding.
36. S. 1581. Two livres, of same.  Obv. "H." surmounted by a
crown; three Jteurs de lis, one beneath, and one at each side.  Reverse same as the obverse of preceding.  Same legends as preceding.
37. G. 1592. Crown, of CHARLES X., Pretender. Obv. Crowned
shield. "CAROLUS X D. G. FRANCOR. REX 1592."  Rev. Cross flory.
"CHRISTUS REGNAT. VINCIT ET IMPERAT. )
CHIARLES, Cardinal of Bourbon, and presumptive heir to the
throne, was supported by the Catholic League, a sect formed and
headed by the Duke of Guise, to oppose HENRY III.  IIENRY was
assassinated in 1588; and HENRY III. of Navarre succeeded him
as HENRY IV., and experienced the same opposition from the League.
The dominion of Charles, however, never extended farther than his
empty title.  Coins were struck by the League, in his name, six
years cafter his death.
38. G. 1641. Half louis d'or, of Louis XIII.  Obv. Head, laureated. "LUD. XIII D. G. FR. ET NAV. REX." Rev. Eight L's arranged
as a cross, with a crown surmounting the termination of each limb,
the mint-mark in the center, and fleurs de lis in the angles. "crnts.
REGN. VINC. IMP."'
39. S. Half crown, of Louis XIV. (restruck.) Obv. Bust, "LUD.
XIIII D. G. FR. ET NAV. REX."  Rev. Circular shield, surmounted by
a crown between sprigs of palhn, crossed.  Same legend as No. 24.
40. S. 1644. Livre, of same.  Obverse same as preceding. Rev.
Crowned shield, with same legend as preceding.
41. G. 1648. Louis d'or, of same.  Similar type to No. 38.
42. C. 1656. Liarcl.  Obv. Bust, crowned. "L. XIIII ROY DE FR.




MODERN COINS-FRANCE,                      171
ET DE NA." Rev. "tLIARD DE FRANCE,tv and three fleurs de lis. Half
a farthing of English money.
43. G. 1668. Louis d'or.  Same as No. 41.
44. S. 1680. Crown (louis d'argent).  Obv. Bust, "'LUD. XIIII
D. G. FR. ET NAYV. REX." BRev. Crowned shield.  Same legend as
No. 24.
45. S. 1680. Half crown.  Same as preceding.
46. S. 1690. Crown, of eight livres.  Obverse same as preceding.:Reverse similar to No. 38.
47. S. 1692. Half crown. Same type.
48. S. 1693. Same.  Reverse like No. 39.
49. G. 1694. Louis d'or.  Obverse same as No. 44.  Rev. Four
zeztrs de lis and crowns, in cross, with L's in the angles.  Legend
same as No. 38.
50. G. 170.3. Louis d'or (restruck).  Reverse like No. 38, with
scepters in the angles.
51. S. 1709. Crown.  Obverse same as No. 44.  Rev. Three
crowns and three fleurs de lis, with the mint-mark in the center.
Legend same as No. 24. "DOMIINE SALVUM  FAC REGEM.," on the
edge.
52. S. 1709. Half crown.  Same as preceding.
53. G. 1710. Double louis d'or.  Obverse same as No. 44.  Reverse same as No. 38.
54. S. 1710. Livre. Same as No. 51.
55. S. 1713. Quarter crown.  Same as No. 51.
56. S. 1713. Counter, or "Play-money," of the Province of Bretagne, used by gamblers.  The "banleer" or dealer issuing them at
an arbitrary valuation, and redeeming them at the end of the game,
in the same manner as gamblers of this country use ivory and conzposition counters.  Obv. "LvLDOvICUS MAGNUS REX," bust.  Rev.
Shield, surmounted by a crown, and draped with ermine. "JETTON
DES ESTATS DE BRETAGNE." 
57 and 58. C. 1715. One sou, of Louis XV.  Obv. Head, "LUDOV. XV. D. GRATIA. 7   Rev. "FRANCIUE ET NAVARnRE REX. " Crowned
shield.  Value 9.4 mills.
59. S. 1718. Crown, familiarly known as the "Petit Ecu," o1'




172                 MODERN COINS-FRANCE.
little crown, a title which it derives from the device. Obv. Youthful
bust of Louis, laureated. "LUD. XV D. G. FR. ET NAV. REX."  ROev.
Crowned shield.  Same legend as No. 24. "DOMIINE SALVUM FAC
REGEM, 011on the edge.
60. S. 1720. Quarter crown.  Obverse same as preceding.  Reverse same as No. 38.
61. S. 1728. Crown. Obverse same as preceding. Reverse same
as No. 39. Value $1.12.4.
62. G. 1728. Louis d'or.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Two oval shields, surmounted by a crown.  Same legend as ~No. 38.
Value $4.80.
63. S. 1729. Half crown.  Same as No. 61.  Value 54.1 cts.
64. S. 1744. Six sols, or sous. Same as preceding. Value 5 cts.
65. S. 1756. Counter, of Bretagne, (see No. 56.)  Obv. Bust,
laureated. "LU:D XV REX CHRISTIANISS."  Rev. Crowned shield,
draped with ermzine. "JETTON DES ESTATS DE BRtETAGNE. 1756."
66. S. 1766. Same.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "LuDovIcuS xv. REX
CHRISTIANISSIMUTS.'  Reverse similar to preceding.
67 and 68. S. 1768-74. Crown.  Same type as No. 61, with oak
branches substituted for the laurel.  Value $1.12.4.
69. G. 1777. Louis d'or, of Louis XVI.  Obv. Bust, "LUD. xVI
D. G. FR. ET NAV. REX."  Reverse same as No. 62.  Value $4.52.
70. S. 1780. Crown, of same. Sametype as No. 61. Value $1.13.4.
71 and 72. S. S. 1782. Counters, of Bretagne, (see No. 56.) Similar
type to No. 65.
73. S. 1782. Twelve sols.  Similar to No. 61.  Value 11.3 cts.
74. S. 1786. Crown.  Same type.  Value $1.13.4.
75. G. 1786. Double louis d'or.  Obverse same as No. 69.  Rev.
Double shield, surmounted by a crown.  Same legend as No. 38.
Value $9.11.9.
76. G. 1789. Louis d'or.  Same as preceding.  Value $4.52.
77. S. 1791. Half crown. Same type as:No. 61. Value 56.1 cts.
78 and 79. S. 1791. Thirty louis.  Obv. IHead, "LOUIS XVI nor
DES FRANCAIS...... 1791."  Rev. An angel, writiiag upon a tablet,
upon which is already inscribed the word "CONSTITUTION."' Beneath




MODERN COINS-FRANCE.                      173
is "L'AN 3 DE LA LIBERTE."  Above "REGNE DE LA LOI."  "30" at
one side, and "soLs" at the other.  Value 28.6 cts.
The coinage of this epoch, and of this type, is usually called the
Constittlional Currency, having been issued under the Constitution
which was extorted fronm  Louis XVI. by the revolutionists, in 1791.
80. S. 17191. Fifteen sons.  Same type.  Value 14.3 cts.
81 and 82. C. 1791. One son.  Same type as No. 57.
83. S. Medalet, of the unfortunate MARIA ANTONETTE, Queen of
Louis XVI., and daughter of the famous AMARIA THELEsIA, of Austria.  Obv. Bust of Maria. "MARIE ANT. JOS. I. REINE DE FR. ET DE
NAv."  Rev. Two shields joined, and surmounted by a crown; one
bearing the arms of Hapsburg, and the other of Anjou; beneath is
the inscription, "MAIso N DE LA REINE."
84. S. 1792. Crown.  Same type as No. 78, with a fasces surmounted by a liberty-cap to the right, and a cock standing upon one
leg, to the left of the device on the reverse. "LIBERTE, EGALITE," on
the edge.
85. B. 1792. Twvo sous (bell metal). Obv. Bust. Rev. Afasces,
surmounted by a liberty-cap, and inclosed between two branches of
oak, crossed.  They were, at this time, engaged in the demolition of
the churches, and the bells thus obtained were converted into money.
86. B. 1792. One sou (bell metal).  Same type.
87. C. 1792. Two sous.  Same type.
88 and 89. S. 1793. Six livres, of the Republic.  Obv. Same
device as the reverse of No. 84.  Rev. "SIX LIVRES," s and the mintmark inclosed in a cwreath of oak. "REPUBLIQUE FRANCATSE."  1Beneath is "LAN II.;" meaning the second year of the lRepublic.
Struck at Paris.  Value $1.13.6.
90. S. 1793. Same.  Struck at Bayonne.
91. C. 1795. Five centimes.  Obv. Bust of Liberty. "REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE."   Rev. " 5 CENTIMES  + —   LAN 4."
92. C. 1796. Five centimes.  Same type.  Made large.
93. S. 1797. Five francs.  Obv. H-TERCULES, uniting Liberty and
Equality. "oUNION ET FORCE."  RPev. "5 5 FRANCS --         L'AN 6," inclosed in a wreath composed of oak and laurel branches, crossed.




174                 MODERN COINS-FRANCE.
Legend. "REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE." "NATIONALE GARANTIE," Oil the
edge.  Value 96.8 cts.
94. B. 1797. Five centimes (bell metal).  Obv. A  wreath and
scales, surmounted by a liberty-cap. " LIBERTE, EGALITE.'........ "17 97.
Rev. A tablet. "REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE."......  "L'AN II."
95 and 96. C. 1798. One centime.  Same type as No. 91.
97. C. 1798. Ten centimes.  Same type.
98. C. 1799.  Same.
99. C. 1799. Five centimes.  Same type.
100. S. 1799. Five francs. Same type as [No. 93. Value 96.8 cts.
101 and 102. S. 1802-03. Five francs.  Obv. Bust of Napoleon.
"'BONAPARTE PREMIER CONSUL."  Rev. "5 FRANCS," inclosed in a
wreath composed of two laurel branches, crossed. Legend. "REBUBLIQUE FRANCAISE.......AN XI." "DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE, 7 on the
edge.  Value 96.8 cts.
103. G. 1803. Forty francs.  Same type as preceding.  Value
$7.68.5.
104. S. 1803. Half franc.  Same type.  Value 9.6 cts.
105 and 106. S. 1803. Quarter franc.  Same type.
107. G. 1803. Twenty francs, of NAPOLEON  EMPEROR.  Obv.
Head, " NAPOLEON EMPEREUR.'  Reverse same as No. 101. t  Value
$3.84.1.
108. S. 1804. One franc.  Same type.  Value 19.3 cts.
109. G. 1806.  Forty francs.  Same type.  Value $7.68.5.
110 and 111. S. 1806. Five francs.  Same type. Value 96.9 cts.
112. S. 1808. One franc.  Same type.  Value 19.4 cts.
113 and 114. B.S. 1808. Ten centimes.  Obv. "N," surmounted
by a crown; raised edge bearing a wreath of laurel.  Rev. "10
CENT.,"7 and the mint-mark in the field. "NAPOLEON EMPEREUR.......
1808," on the raised edge.
* This coin bears two dates, I'an ii being equivalent to 1794. The only way
to account for this is that they may have used an old die for the reverse. This
was often done in those times, even at our own Mint-the labor of producing
dies being much greater then than now.
I A strange state of affairs. We here find Napoleon claiming to be Emperor
of a ReZpublic!




MODERN COINS —FRANCE.                      175
115. S. 1808. Half franc. Same type as No. 107. Value 9.6 cts.
116. S. 1810. Same, with "EMPIRE FRANCAIS," substituted for
"REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE."  Value 9.6 cts.
117. G. 1811. Forty francs.  Same type as preceding.  Value
$7. 68. 5.
118. G. 1811. Twenty francs.  Same type.  Value $3.84.1.
119. B. 1814. Ten centimes (bell metal).  Similar to No. 113.
120 and 121. G. 1814. Twenty francs, of Louis XVIII.  Obv.
Bust, "LOUIS XVIII ROI DE FRANCE."  Rev. Shield, bearing the arms
of Anjou, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed between two branches
of laurel, crossed. "PIECE DBE 20 FRANCS.......1814." ""DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM," on the edge.  Value $3.84.1.
122 and 123. S. 1814-15. Five francs. Same type. Value 97 ets.
124. G. 1817. Forty francs.  Sanme as:No. 120, with "40" at the
left, and "F." at the right side of the shield, and no legend.  Value
$7.68.5.
125. G. 118. Twenty francs.  Same type.  Value $3.84.1.
126. S. 1820. Five francs.  Same type.  -Value 97 cts.
127. S. 1821. Two francs.  Same type.  Value 38.8 cts.
128. S. 1822. Half franc.  Same type.  Value 9.7 cts.
129. S. 1823. One franc.  Samte type.  Value 19.4 cts.
130. S. 1824. Five francs.  Samne type.
131 and 132. S. 1825-28. Five francs, of CHARLES X.  Same
type as preceding.  Value 97 cts.
133. S. 1828. Two francs.  Sanme type.  Value 38.8 cts.
134. S. 1828. One franc.  Samne type.  Value 19.4 cts.
135. S. 1827. Half franc.  Same type.  Value 9.7 cts.
136. S. 1828. Quarter franc.  Sanme, with the wreath on the reverse omitted.  Value 4.8 cts.
137. G. 1830. Forty francs.  Sanze type as No. 131.  Value
$7.69.
138. G. 1830. Twenty francs.  Samne type.  -Value $3.84.5.
139. S. 1831. Five francs, of LouIS PHILIPPE I.  Obv. Head,
"LOUIS PIILIPPE I ROI DES FRANCAIS."  Rev. 5 FRANCS, 1831," inclosed in a wreath, composed of two laurel branches, crossed. "DIEU
PROTEGE LA FRANCE," on the edge.  Value 96.9 cts.




176                 MODERN COINS-FRANCE.
140. S. 1831. Two francs.  Same as preceding, with the head
laureated, and the edge grained.  Value 39 cts.
141. S. 1831. One franc.  Same as No. 139, with the edge
grained. Value 19.2 cts.
142. G. 1833. Forty francs.  Similar to No. 139, with the head
laureated.  Value $7.70.5.
143 and 144. S. 1833. Five francs.  Same as No. 139, with the
head laureated.  Value 96.9 cts.
145. S. 1833. Half franc.  Samle as preceding, with the edge
grained.  Value 9.5 cts.
146. S. 1833. Quarter franc.  Same type.  Value 4.7 cts.
147. G. 1834. Twenty francs. Samle as No. 142. Value $3.85.2.
148. S. 1841. One franc.  Same as No. 145.  Value 19.2 cts..
149. S. 1846. Fifty centimes.  Same type.
150. S. 1848. Five francs.  Same as No. 143.
151. S. 1848. Five francs, of the REPUBLIC.  Obv. Hercutles
uniting Liberty and Equality.  Copied fiom the coins of the Republic of 1793. "LIBERTE EGALITE FRATERNITE.77   Rev. "5 FRANCS.
1848," inclosed in a wreath of oak and laurel branches, crossed,
Legend. "REPUBLIQIJE FRANCAISE."  "DIEU PROTEGE LA FRANCE,' on
the edge. Value 97 cts.
152. G. 1848. Twenty francs.  Obv. An angel writing upon a
tablet, which bears the inscription "24, 25 FEV. 1848," a fasces and
a cock at either side of the device, "REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE."  Rev.
"20 FRANCS. 1848," inclosed in a wreath of oak leaves. "LIBERTE
EGALITE FRATERNITE.'"  Edge same as preceding.  Value $3.84.5.
153. S. 1849. Five francs.  Same type as No. 151.  Value
97 cts.
154. S. 1849. Five francs.  Obv. Female head, encircled with a
heavy chaplet of cereals; the forehead bound with a band bearing the
letters "coxcon;7' hair tied in a roll behindl; neck encircled by a
string of beads. "REPUBLIQIJE FRANCAISE."  Rev. "5 FRANCS. 1849,"
inclosecl in a wreath composed of oak and laurel, mixed. "LIBERTE,
EGALITE, FRATERNITE7."  Edgle same as No. 151.  Value 97 cts.
155. S. 1850. Fifty centimes.  Same as preceding, with the edge
grained.




MODERN COINS-FRANCE.                     177
156. G. 1851. Twenty francs.  Obv. Female head, bound with a
chaplet of cereals; hair tied in a braid behind; a fasces at one side and
a laurel branch at the other.  Same legend as No. 154. Rev. "20
FRANCS," inclosed in a wreath composed of oak and laurel branches,
crossed.  Legend and edge same as No. 154.  Value $3.84.5. (See
Plate XVIII. No. 1.)
157. G. 1851. Ten francs.  Same type as preceding, with the
edge grained.  Value $1.92.1.
158. S. 1851. Two francs.  Same as No. 154, with the edge
grained.  Value 28.8 cts.
159. S. 1851. One franc.  Same as preceding.  Value 19.4 ets.
(See Plate XVIII. No. 5.)
160. S. 1851. Twenty centimes. Same type.
161. C. One centime.  Obv. Head of Liberty, wearing the cap.
"REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE."  Rev. "UN CENTIME. 1851."'
162. S. 1852. Five friancs.  Obv. Head of NAPOLEON. "LOUIS
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE."  Rev. "5 FRANCS. 1852," inclosed in a
wreath of oak aind laurel, mixed. "REPUJBLIQUE FRANCAISE.1"  Edge
same as No. 154. Value 9T cts.
163. S. 1852. One franc.  Same as preceding, with the edge
grained.  Value 19.4 cts.
164. C. 1852. Ten centimes, of NAPOLEON III.  Obv. HI-ead, inclosed in a beaded circle. "NAPOLEON III EMPEREUR...... 1852."'  Rev.
An eagle, inclosed as above. "EMPIRE FRANCAIS......DIX CENTIMES."'
165. S. 1853. Twenty centimes.  Obv. Head, "NAPOLEON III
EMPEREUIR."  Rev. "20 CENT. 1853," inclosed in a wreath composed
of two laurel branches, crossed. "EMPIRE FRANCAIS." (See Plate
XVIII. No. 8.)
166. S. 1854. One franc.  Same type.  Value 9.4 cts. (See
Plate XVIII. No. 7.)
167. G. 1854. Five francs.  Same type.  Value 97 cts. (See
Plate XVIII. No. 4.)
168. C. 1854. Ten centimes.  Same as No. 164.
169. S. 1855. Five francs.  Obv. Same as No. 165.  Rev. Two
scepters, in saltiere, through a circular shield, bearing an eagle, and
surrounded by an order chain; the drapery suspended from a crown,




178              MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
and forming a, canopy behind the shield and scepters. "5   rF."
6 EMPIRE FRANCAIS.......1855."t "DIEU  PROTEGE LA FRANCE," Ol thll
edge.  Value 97 cts. (See Plate XVIII. No. 6.)
170. G. 1855. One hundred francs.  Same as preceding, with the
shield made square.  Value $19.40.
171. G. 1857. Fifty francs.  Same type.  Value $9.70. (See
Plate XVIII. No. 2.)
172. G. 1857. Twenty francs.  Same as No. 165.  Value $3.85.
(See Plate XVIII. No. 3.)
GREAT BRITAIN.
The coinage of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, like its history, presents but a meager aspect.  In fact, very little is known in
regard to the metallic currency of Britain prior to that epoch, except
that the Britons had, at a very early period, used a kind of ring
money, which was very similar in its character to the ancient rings of
the Greeks, and from whom, it is highly probable, that the use of
such rings, as currency, had been borrowed.*  The Britons, however,
seem to have had some knowledge of the art of coining money, as is
evinced by various specimens of tin money, which have recently come
to light, and which are supposed to have been coined long before the
invasion, and also by numerous specimens of the coins of the British
sovereigns, who still held sway in the island after the first visits of
the Roman legions.  Coesar himself mentions the fact that the Britons
had coins of tin and brass rings, adjusted to a certain weight.  And
even an examination of the ring money itself, in its different stages,
clearly points to this fact.  Thus we find that from being made of
mere pieces of wire bent into the form  of a ring and plassingr by
weight, the practice of cutting them to a certain weight and passing
them  by tale followed soon upon their first introduction, and, as a
still further advance toward a perfect coin, the cast brass rings,
* The African rings, especially the larger one, contained in the Cabinet. collection, (see medals, "Aliscellanzeozs,") are very similar to the ~British'in7g money
here referred to.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  179
which are found in great abundance in Ireland and some parts of
Britain, (and which are solid rings, instead of being open at one side
as before,) appear to have been adjusted to a graduated system,
founded upon the pennyweight or half pennyweight as a unit.
Therefore it is easy to conceive that the transition from a system so
nearly resembling an actual coinage to the present form of metallic
money, must have followed in the natural course of events. But the
invasion of the Romans, and the consequent turmoil and continued
warfare, which resulted between the would-be conquerors and the
native Britons, and which was the cause of the final relinquishment
of the island by the former, seems to have swept away not only every
vestige of their history and religion, but their arts and sciences likewise. After the departure of the Romans (about A.D. 414) until the
commencement of the Saxon heptarchy, some doubt exists as to
whether the Britons had any coins at all; but it is quite probable
that they continued the coinage of money after the same style of the
Roman coinage.  But upon the commencement of the Saxon rule in
Britain an entire new system was introduced, which was very unlike
the coinage of the Romans, and which, it is thought, was brought to the
shores of Britain by the Saxons upon their first arrival in the country.
The earliest coin of the Saxons was called the "Slceattl,"* and is
supposed to have been an imitation of the Byzantine quinarius; the
latter finding its way through the east and north of Germany from
Constantinople.  After the slceattw came the silver penny, which
was the only coin of the country, with the exception of occasional
half pennies, up to the reign of EDWARD III., (1327-1377,) when the
first regular issue of groats, or four-penny pieces took place.  This
coin, however, was not originated in this reign.  In fact, a coin of
this denomination was contemplated full a century earlier, as appears
from the following extract from Grafton's Chronicle, published at
London in 1569: "Also about this time (1227, 11th year of Henry
IId.) a parliament was holden at London, in the which it was
* A term which Ruding derives from a Saxon word, meaning "a portion,"
and supposes that these coins were a portion of some merely nominal sum by
which large amounts were calculated.




180             MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
ordered that the English GROTE should be coyned of a certaine
weight, and of the one side the king's picture, and one the other side
a crosse as large fully as the grote, to advoyd clippyng."  And in the
time of the first Edward it is said a groat was coined, but not generally circulated, being intended as a pattern.  The latter piece, however, has long been much in dispute among numismatists, fronm the
fact that the coins of the three Edwards, whose reigns came in suce
cession, are so near alike as to require the most minute and ingenious
reasoning to make any distinction between them.  But the best
authorities, including Hawkins, IRuding, and Humphrey, concur in
the belief that the pattern groat belongs to the reign of Edward I.
The first coinage of gold took place in 1257, the forty-first year of
the reign of Henry III.,* and consisted of the gold penny, which was
ordained to be of the finest gold, to weigh two sterlings, and be current for twenty pence.  But this coinage met with so much opposition from the traders and others, as to cause its discontinuance; and
we have no further mention of a gold coinzage until the seventeenth
year of the reign of EDWARD III., 1334, when an extensive issue
took place, consisting of three different denominations, viz.: the
jflorin, h.alf fJorinz, and quarlter forin.  The Jtorin, according to the
indenture made between the king and his moneyers, was to be equal
in weight to two petit florins, of Florence, of good weight.  Fifty
pieces to be coined from the pound tower of London, the half and
quarter ill proportion, and all to be of fine gold, by which was meant
twenty-three carats three and a half grains, fine gold, and half a
grain alloy,t thus coining fifteen pounds sterling from  the pound
weight of gold.  No regular copper coinage was issued by the
government of Great Britain until the reign of CHARLES II., but
copper was previously coined by private individuals, under patents
from JAMiES I., ChARLES I., and the COMMONWVEALTHI, but were in
small quantities, and circulated principally in Ireland.  This deficiency was previously supplied from the smlall coins of the continent,
and from the issue of private "tokens" by individuals and towns.
Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, p. 186, vol. i.
t' lRuding, p. 217, vol. i.




MODERN COINS —GREAT BRITAIN.              181
In the arrangement of the coins in the latter portion of this division, it will be noticed that the strict chronological rule has been
partially laid aside, and the pieces arranged under their respective
monarchs, according to their denomination or value, the largest in
value taking the precedence.  This arrangement commences with the
coins of CHARLES II.
SCOTLAND, BEFORE THE ANNEXATION.
The earliest coins attributed to Scotland, with any degree of certainty, are those of ALEXANDER I., who reigned from 1107 to 1124;
Humphrey thinks it highly probable that a regular coinage was
known in Scotland at least a couple of centuries earlier.  This surmise is supported by the fact that the southern portion of Scotland
formerly belonged to the Saxon Kingdom of Northumberland, and
the coins of that kingdom circulated there, while the major portion
of the north was under the dominion of the kings of Norway, who
certainly coined money as early as the tenth century.  Coins have
recently, however, been attributed to MALCOLM III., (1055), a contemporary of WILLIAM, the Conqueror, and also to DONALD VIII.
(1093), but with what degree of certainty it is impossible to state.
Scotland was annexed to England upon the demise of ELIZABETH, in
1603, by the accession of JAMES VI. to the English throne.
1. S. Penny, of ALEXANDER I. (1107-1124.)  Obv. A crowned
head and a scepter. "ALEXANDER REX."  Rev. A cross with double
limbs, each terminating in a pellet, with stars in the angles.
2. S. Penny, of DAVID I. (1124-1153.) Obv. Crowned head and
a cross inclosed in a beaded circle. "DAVID DEI GRACIA I."  Rev.
" SCOTORUM REX. " A cross potent, (that is, a cross with crutch-shaped
limbs.)
3 and 4. S. Pennies, of WILLIAM  I. (1165-1214.)  Obv. Very
rude head and a scepter.  Rev. A cross with double limbs, and stars
in the angles.  In the name "WILIAM" in No. 3, the "Jiam" is in
monogram or cipher.
5. S. Penny, of ALEXANDER- III. (1249-1292.)  Obv. Crowned
13




182            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
head and scepter, inclosed in a beaded circle. "ALEXANDER DEI GRA."
Rev. " SCOTORUM REX."  Cross potent, with stars in the angles.
6. S. Penny, of JOHN BALIOL. (1292-1297.)  Obv. Head, surmounted by a crown, said to be an attempt at a real portrait of the
king. "JOHANNES DEI GRA."  Rev. "SCOTORUM REX."  Same device
as preceding.
-. S. Groat, of ROBERT BRUCE. (1306-1329.) Obv. Crowned bust
in profile, and a scepter, in a tressure of six arches. " ROBERTUS DEI
GRA. REX SCOTORUIoM.  Rev. A cross extending to the edge of the
piece, with mullets in the angles; these are surrounded by a double
circle in which is inscribed "VILLA DE PERTH."  Outside of this is
still another circle, containing a legend, which is partially defaced.'(See Division IV., " Selections.'")
7. S. Penny, of DAVID II. (1329-1331, and 1342-1370.)  Obv.
Bust, crowned, and a scepter. "DAVID DEI GRA. REX SCOTORUM."
Rev. Cross potent, with stars in the angles. "VILLA EDINBURGI." In
an outer circle is another inscription, but so nearly effaced from clipping as to be unintelligible.
8. S. Groat, of same.  Same type as preceding.
9. S. Groat, of ROBERT II. (1370-1390.)  Obv. Bust at full-face,
surmounted by a crown. "ROBERTUS DEI GRA. REX. SCOTORUIM." Rev.
Cross potent, with pellets in the angles. "DNS. PTECTOR. MS. Z. LIBATOR. MS.,"7 and in an inner circle " VILLA EDINBURGIH.' 10. S. Same.
11. S. Groat, of JAMES III. (1460-1488.)  Same type as preceding.
12. S. Groat, of JAMES IV. (1488-1513.)  Obv. Bust, at threequarter face, with long, flowing hair, and crowned.  Rev. Crowns,
and pellets in the angles of the cross.  Same inscriptions as before.
13. S. Groat, of JAMES V. (1513-1542.)  Obv. Bust, in profile.
"JACOBUS 5 DEI GRA. REX. SCOTORU~M. "  Rev. Shield, bearing a lion
ramlpant, the cross protruding from behind.
14. S. Half penny, of same.  Same type.
15. S. 1555. Shilling, of MARY.  Obv. "MARIA DEI GRA. SCOTOR.
REGINA. 1555."  Rexev. Same device as preceding. "DILICTE. DNT.
COR. HUMILIE. "
16. S. Half penny of same, (not dated.)  Obv. Thistle, sur



MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                 1]83
mounted by a crown, between "M." and "tR.' "MARIA D. G. R. SCOTORUM." 1Rev. St. Andrew's cross and a crown. "OPPIDU EDINBURG. "
17. S. 1510. Thirty-shilling piece, of JAMES VI.  Obv. Crowned
shield, with the initials "j." and " R. crowned, at either side. "JACOBUS 6. DEI GRATIA REX SCOTORUM." IRev. A sword supporting a
crown upon its point, a hand pointing toward "xxx.," (the denomination,) and the date "1570."  "PRO. ME. SI. MEREOR. IN. ME."
18. S. 1602. One-eighth piece, (one-eighth of the "thistle mark,"')
of same.  Obv. Crowned shield. "JACOBUS 6 D. G. Ra. SCOTORUiM."
Rev. A thistle, surmounted by a crown.
GREAT BRITAIN.
G. An imitation of the Greek "Stater."  Obv. A head of Minerva,
with the Greek helmet.  Rev. A female figure, very rude.  This
piece has no letters, or figures of any kind by which its exact date
can be ascertained.  It is probable, however, that it was not coined
before the first visit of C(esar with his Roman legion. (See Division
XV., "Selections. ")
1. G. Two small coins, about as old as the Christian era. They
bear no inscriptions.  The first has on one side a representation of
the sun, with three dots, or pellets, beneath.  The second, a fulllength figure of a man.  They are something after the Greek style of
coins, being dished, or concave at one side.
2. S. Skeattm, of ETHELBERT I., IKing of iKent. (560-616.)
"'A sceattm, of Ethelbert I., King of Kent, from 561 to 616, is the
earliest Saxon coin which has yet been appropriated.  It bears on
the obverse the name of the monarch, and on the reverse a rude
figure, which occurs on many of the sceattfe, and which is supposed
to be intended to represent a bird."-Ruding, p. 116, vol. i.
3. S. Penny, of BURGRED, last 1King of Mercia. (852-874.)  Obv.
An extremely rude attempt at a portrait. "BUrPGRED REX."' Rev.
Moneyer's name.
-. S. Penny, of ETHELBERT I., fourtlh "King of England," and
brother of Alfred the Great. (Reigned from A.D. 858 to 871.) Obv.
A rude bust. "AEDELTBEARnI(t) REX." Rev. A cross, upon which is




184             MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
inscribed "DUDVI."1 and "NE..o....  O." In the angles of the cross are
the initials "A. N. E. T." (See Division XV., " Selections.")
4. S. Penny, of EDRED. (946-955.) Obv. A small cross, pattee.
"EADRED REX."  IRev. "HYNSEDHO." (Moneyer's name.)
5. S. Penny, of EDGAR. (958-975.) Obverse same as preceding,
with " EDGAR REX."  Rev. "IHANAHN." (Moneyer's name.)
6. S. Penny, of WILLIAM, the Conqueror. (1066-1088.) Obv.
Bust, in full-face, surmounted by a helmet.- "PILLEM REX," (the Saxon
P. being used for W.) Rev. A cross, with small circles in the angles,
containing the letters respectively of " P. A. X. S.;" the moneyer's
name in the legend.  A fine duplicate of this will be found in Division XV., " Selections."
7. S. Same.  Coined at a different mint.
8. S. Penny, of HENRY I. (1100-1135.)  Obv. Rude face. "HENRICUS REX.t" Rev. Cross, with double limbs, and quarterfoils in the
angles.  Moneyer's name in the legend.
9. S. Penny, of HENRY II. (1154-1189.)  Obv. Head, crowned;
a scepter extending into the legend and forming a portion of the
"X" in "IIENRICUS REX."  Reverse same as preceding.
10. S. Same.  Coined at a different mint.
11. S. Two coins of JOHN, as Lord of Ireland. (1179-1199.)
Obv. Head, "JOHANNES DOM."  Rev. Cross, with double limbs;
rings in the angles.
12. S. Penny, of JOHN, after his accession. (1199-1216.) Obv.
IHead, inclosed in a triangle. "JOHANNES REX," a scepter forming a
portion of the "' X." Rev. A triangle, inclosing a crescent, stars, etc.
Struck in Dublin.*
13. S. Half penny.  Same as preceding.
14. S. Penny, of HENRY III. (1216-1272.)  Obv. Head, surmounted by a crown and a scepter. " HENRICUS REX III." Rev. Cross,
with double limbs; pellets in the angles.
* The triangle found on the Irish coins of John, Henry III., and Edward I.
are supposed to be a symbol of the Trinity; the ancient arms of Trinity Priory,
in Ipswich, being represented in a similar manner. It may have been an
allusion to the fact that the first English mint established in Ireland was in the
monastery of the Trinity, in Dublin.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                 185
15. S. Penny, of EDWARD I. (1272-1307.)  Obv. Head, with
flowing hair, surmounted by a crown. "'EDW. R. ANGL'A H. DNS."
Rev. Cross, with pellets in the angles. "CIVITAS LONDON."
16. S. Same, with the head inclosed in a triangle. "EDW. P.
ANGL'A. DNS. HYB."  Rev. Same as preceding, with "CIVIrAs  DUBLINIA. "
17. S. Penny, of EDWARD II. (1307-1327.) Obv. Head, crowned.
"EDWAR. R. ANGL. DNS HYB."  Rev. Same as No. 15, with "VILL
SCIEDMUNDI. "
18. S. Groat, of EDWARD III. (1327-1377.)  Obv. Bust, with
flowing hair, surmounted by a crown. "EDWAR. DI GRA. REX ANGL. E
FRANC."  Rev. Cross potent, with pellets in the angles. "VILLA
CALISIE,"' (Calais,) and in an outer circle, "POSUI DEUM AJUTOREM
MEUM."' (I have made God my help.)
19. S. Penny, of same.  Same type as No. 17, with "CIVITAS
EBORACI." (City of York) on the reverse.
20. S. Penny, of HENRY IV. (1399-1413.) Obv. Head, crowned.
"IIENRIC. DI GRA. REX. ANGL. D. H."  Reverse same as No. 18.
21. S. Groat, of HENRY V. (1413-1422.)  Same type as No. 18.
Calais.
22. G. Noble, of HENRY VI. (1422-1461.)  Obv. A vessel sailing upon the water, containing an image of the king, crowned, and
carrying a sword and shield, the latter bearing the arms of England
and France.  Rev. Fleur de leuced cross, with an "H." in the center; lions and crowns in the angles. Value $4.34.
23. S. Groat of same. Obv. Head, at full-face, surmounted by a
crown. "JHENRIC DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC."  Reverse same as
No. 18, with "CIVITAS EBORACI. " (York.)
24. S. Groat, of same.  Same as preceding, with "CIvITAs LONDON. "
25 and 26. S. Groats, of EDWARD IV. (1461-1483.) Same type
as preceding.
27. (4. Angel, of HENRY VII. (1485-1509.) Obv. St. George
and the Dragon. " HENRIC DI GRA. REX AGIE (Angliae) z. nR(anciT).
Rev. A vessel, upon which is suspended a shield bearing the arms
of England and France, quartered.  Above the shield is a cross,




186            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
(the mast,) with the initial "n." at one side, and a rose at the other.
"PER CRUCE TUA SALVA. NOS. XPL.,'1 (an abbreviation of the Greek
word XPITlTE, i.e. Christe.) RED.
28. S. Groat, of HENRY VII.  Same type as No. 24, with the
arched or imperial crown substituted for the open crown of fleur de
lis.
29. S. 1503.* Groat, of same.  Obv. Bust, in profile, surmounted
by a crown. "HENRIC VII DI GRA. REX ANG. Z. F."  Rev. Shield, with
the arms of England and France, quartered; a cross extending into
the legend.  Same legend as No. 18.  The bust on this piece is said
to be a very fair attempt at a portrait profile of the king.
30. S. Half groat, of HENRY VIII. (1509-1547.)  Same type as
preceding.
31. S. Half groat, of same.  Struck for Ireland.  Obv. Same device as the reverse of No. 29. "HENRIC VIII DI GRACIA ANGLIA." Rev.
" FRANCIA HIBERNIE REX."  A harp, surmounted by a crown, the letters "IiH. and "n." crowned, at each side.
32. S. AMedalet, of same.  Obv. Bust, at full-face, with a sword
and the imperial globe. " HENRY THE VIII."  Rev. Shield, bearing
the arms of England and France, surmounted by a crown, and encircled by the garter.
33 and 34. S. Shilling, of EDWARD VI. (1547-1553.) Obv. Bust,
in full-face, crowned, a rose to the left, and the denomination "XII."
to the right of the device. "EDWARD VI D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX."
Reverse same as No. 29.
35, 36, and 37. S. Half groats, of MARY. (1553-1558.)  Obv.
Bust, in profile, crowned. "MARIA. D. G. ANG. FRA. Z. HIB. REGI."!Reverse same as No. 29, with the legend "VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA."
(Truth is the daughter of time.)
38. S. Penny, of same.  Obv. Bust, crowned. "PHILIP Z. MARIA.
TD. G. REX Z. REGI."  Reverse same as No. 29.
39. S. 1555. Shilling. Obv. Busts of the king and queen facing
each other; a crown suspended above, and the date " 1555." "PHILIP
ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA ANG."' Rev. Shield, surmounted by
* Said to have been struck in this year. Not dated.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  187a crown, and the denomination "xiI."  Same legend as No. 18.
The first piece bearing a date.  The first English coin bearing a
date was a shilling issued in the year preceding the date of the
above piece (1554.)
40. S. 1557. Crown.  Obv. Bust of PHILIP. "PIIS.. G. IG.  SP.
ANG. Z. REX. COMES. FLAN.......  1557.    Rev. St. Andrew's cross behind a shield, surmounted by a crown; beneath is the badge of the
golden fleece. "DOMINUS MICHIA ADJUTOR.~
-G. G. Ryal or Royal, of ELIZABETH. (1558 to 1602.)  Obv. The
queen enthroned. "ELIZABETH D. G. ANG. FRA. ET HIB. REGINA." Re v,
A large rose, in the center of which is a small shield, bearing the
Danish arms of Britain, and the arms of Anjou, quartered. "A. DNO.
FACTU. EST ITUD. ET. EST. MIRAB. IN OCULIS NRS.'" ("A Domino facturn est istud et est mirabile in oculis nostris."' It is the work of
the Lord, and wonderful in our eyes.) B. R. R. (See Division XV.,
" Selections.") A fine proof.
41. S. Shilling, of ELIZABETH. (1558-1603.) Obv. Bust, crowned.
"ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FR. ET. HIB. REGI."  Reverse same as No. 29.
42 and 43. S. 1582. Groats. Same type as preceding, with a rose
accompanying the bust.
44. S. 1582. Penny. Same as preceding.
45 and 46. G. Twenty shillings, of JAMES I. (1603-1625.) Obv.
Bust, laureated. " JACOBUS D. G. MAG. BRI. FR. ET HIB. REX." RIev.
Crowned shield, with the arms quartered; cross fleury, extending
into the legend " FACIAM EAS IN GENTEM UNAM.') These pieces were
buried about 1630,* at Richmond's Island, Saco River, Maine, and
dug up in 1856.
47. S. Shilling, of same. Obv. Bust, crowned. Same legend as
preceding.  Rev. Shield, bearing the arms of England and France,
quartered, in the first and fourth quarters; Ireland and Scotland
in the second and third. "QQUE DEUS CONJUNXIT NEMO SEPARET.."
48. S. 1604. Sixpence. Same type as preceding, with the legend' EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI," and the date on the reverse.
X An interesting history of these pieces appeared in a New England paper
some time since, from which this fact is deduced.




188            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
49 and 50. S. 1606-11. Same.  Rev. Same legend asNo. 47.
51 and 52. S. Half crown, of CHrARLES I. (1625-1649.)  Obv.
The king on horseback, dressed in armor, with a sword. "CAROL-US
D. G. MA. BR. FR. ET HI. REX."'  Rev. Circular shield. "CRISTO AUSPICE REGNO. "
53. S. Shilling.  Obv. Bust, crowned.  Otherwise same as preceding.  The denomination "xII" accompanying the bust.
54. S. Same.  With same legend on the reverse as No. 47.
55. S. Threepence.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. Shield,
with same legend as No. 51.
56 and 57. S. Threepence.  Same as preceding, with a devmi-fleur
de lis, and the denomination accompanying the bust, and a shield like
No. 51.
58. S. Sixpence. Same type as No. 53.
59. S. Same. With a change in the shape of the shield on the
reverse.
-. S. 1642. Pound sterling, of CHARLES I.  Obv. The king on
horseback. "CAROLUS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRA. ET HIB. REX.'9 Rev.
"RELIG. PROT. LEG.-ANGL. LIBERT PAR." (English laws and liberties
of Parliament,) inscribed between two parallel lines. Above are
three fleurs de lis, and " XX" (20 shillings); and beneath, the date
"-1642.'"  Legend. " EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI.'" (Let God
arise, let his enemies be scattered.) B. R. B. (See Division XV.,
"Selections.")
60 and 61. S. 1654. Half crown and shilling, of the COMMONWEALTH.  Obv. Shield, bearing the cross of St. George, inclosed in
a wreath composed of a palm and olive branch, crossed. "THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. "  Rev. Two shields, joined, one bearing
the cross of St. George, and the other the harp of Ireland. "GOD
WITH US. 1654."
5. S. 1658. HIalf crown, of CROMWELL, Protector.  Obv. Bust of
Cromwell, laureated, facing to the left. " OLIVAR D. G. R. P. ANG. SCO
ET HIB. &C., PRO." (Protector of the Republic of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, etc.)  Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of the
Commonwealth; a shield of pretence, bearing a lion ramlpnant. "PAX




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  189
QUXERITUR BELLO. 1658."  On the edge are the letters "HAS. NISI.
PEBITURUS MIHI A DIMAT. NEMO.' R. R. (See Division XV., " Selections. ")
CHARLES II.-1660-1685.
62. G. 1679. Five guineas.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "CAROLUS II
DEI GRATIA."  Rev. Four crowned shields in cross, bearing the arms
of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France; scepters in the angles.
"MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX. 1679."  "DECUS ET TUTAMEN ANNO.
REGNI. TRICESIMO PRIMO,' 011 the edge.
63. S. 1672. Crown. Same type as preceding, with the star of
the garter in the center, and linked C's in the angles of the cross.
64. S. 1669. Half crown. Same as preceding.
65. S. 1677.  Same.
66. S. 1668. Shilling. Same type.
67. S. 1671. Scotch shilling.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Four shields in cross, with the denomination "XIII.1' (denoting the
value in Scotch money) in the center; linked C's, surmounted with
crowns, in the angles.  Same legend as before.
68. S. 1674. Sixpence. Same type as No. 63.
69. S. 1679. Fourpence. Obverse same as preceding. Rev. Four
C's linked together, and forming a cross, a harp, a fleur de lis, a
rose, and a thistle, in the angles; a crown suspended above. "MAG.
BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX. 16-79."
70. S. 1679 and 1681. Twopence (2 pieces).  Rev. Two C's
linked and surmounted by a crown; otherwise same as preceding.
71. C. 1678. Farthing.  Obv. Bust and titles (as above).  Rev..A thistle, surmounted by a crown.
JAMES II.-1684-1688.
The coins of this reign have the bust of the king turned to the left,
the reverse of that of his predecessor, a custom  which is hereafter
constantly adhered to.  They are, in other respects, similar to the
last of CHARLEs  II., having the bust and name on one side, and the
arms and titles on the other, with no other motto.  The arms are
arranged on four shields as a cross, but without linked letters in the
angles; the inscriptions on the edges are " Anno regni secundo,"




190            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
etc.  The lesser pieces, or Maundy-money,* are marked "'IIII" to
"It," with a crown above.
72. G. 1688. Guinea.  Value $4.88.
73. S. 1687. Crown.
74. S. 1685. Half crown.
75. S. 1687.  Same.  Reverse.
76. S. 1686. Fourpence. (Maundy-money.) Two pieces.
77. S. 1687. Threepence. (Maundy-money.)
78. S. 1686. Twopence. (Maundy-money.)
79. B. 1689. Shilling.  The famous "gun-money."  Obv. Bust,
laureated. "JACOBUS II DEI GRATIA."' Rev. Two scepters in saltiere,
through a crown, between "J' and "R." in decorative italic cipher,
with the date "1689,"  and the value "xiI.'" above. "MAG. BR. FRA.
ET HIB. REX."  After the revolution in 1688, a proclamation was
issued by James, in Ireland, for making shillings and sixpences from
mixed metal.  They were made from  old pieces of ordnance, etc.,
and have consequently obtained the name of " gun-vmoney."
WILLIAM  AND MARY, AND WILLIAM  III.-1688-1702.
80. G. 1692. Guinea.  Obv. Busts, in profile, one over the other.
"GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA."  Rev. Crowned shield; arms of
Nassau on a shield of pretence. "MAG. BR. FR. ET HIB. REX ET REGINA.
1692."  Value $5.00.
81 and 82. S. 1689. HIalf crown. Same type as preceding. "DECUS
ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI PRIMO.," on the edge.  Value about 57 cts.
83. S. 1693. Half crown.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Four crowned shields, arranged as a cross, with the arms of Nassau
in the center; the initials "w." and "~i." interlaced, and the numerals
"1. 6. 9 3." (date) in the angles.  Same legend as before. "DECUS
ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI QUINTO." on the edge.
84. S. 1689. Fourpence. (Maundy-money.)  Obv. Same as preceding.  Rev. Crowned numeral.  Same legend as before.  Value
7 cts.
85. S. 1689. Threepence. (Maundy-money.)  Same type.
* Small pieces distributed by the king to the poor on llMaundy-Tlhursday every
year. Each person receives a small white bag, containing as many pieces as
the king numbers years in age.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  191
86. C. 1691. Farthing.  Obv. Busts,,as in No. 80. "GGULIELMUS
ET MARIA." Rev. Figure of Britannia, seated. "BRITANNIA;" beneath
is the date " 1691."
WILLIAM III.-The queen died in 1795, and William continued to
reign as William III.
87. S. 1696. Crown.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GULIELMUS III DEI
GRA."  Reverse same as No. 83, without the initials and numerals
in the angles. "DECus  ET TUTAMEN ANNO. REGNI. OCTAVO." on the
edge.  Value $1.14.
88. S. 1701. Half crown. Same type.
89. S. -. Shilling. Same type.
90. S. 1696. Sixpence. Same type.
ANNE.-1702-1714.
The coins of this reign have the same devices as those of the preceding, with trifling variations.  The bust of the queen on the obverse is turned to the right, and the hair simply bound by a fillet;
the legend is "ANNA DEI GRATIA." The reverse has the four shields
arranged as a cross, with the star of the garter substituted for the
arms of Nassau of the last reign.
91. G. 1714. Guinea.  Value $5.05.
92. S. 1703. Crown.  Value $1.14.
93. S. 1707. Same.
94. S. 1708. Half crown.  Value 57 cts.
95. S. 1708. Shilling.  Value 23.4 cts.
96. S. 1711. Sixpence.
GEORGE I.-1714-1727.
The coins of this reign have the king's bust turned to the left, and
his titles as well as his name appear on the obverse, and for the first
time (as a permanent addition) "FIDEI iDEFENSOR." (Defender of the
Faith.)  On the reverse are his German titles. His own arms, or the
arms of the house of Hanover, occupy the fourth shield.  The
mnaundy-money has the bust, with "GEORGIUSS DEI GRATIA." and on
the reverse a crowned numeral, with the king's English titles only.
97. G. 1726. Guinea.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GEORGIUS D(ei)
G(ratia) M(agnus) BR(itanniue) FR(ancorum) ET HIB(ernie) REX F(idei)
v"(efensor.) Rev. Four shields arranged as a cross, with the star of




192             MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
the garter in the center, and scepters in the angles. " BRuN(svicensis)
ET L(uneburgensis) Dux. s(acri) R(omani I(mperii) A(rchi) TH(esaurius) ET EL"(ector.)  Value $5.00.
98. G. 1718. Quarter guinea.  The first issue of this denomination.  Value $1.25.
99. S. 1723. Shilling. Value 22.6 cts.
100. S. 1723. Sixpence.
101. S. 1723. Twopence. (M'aundy-money.)  Value 3.7 cts.
102. C. 1721. Half penny. Same type as the farthing of William
and AzMary, No. 86.
103. C. 1721. Farthing. Same type.
GEORGE II.-1729 —1760.
104. G. 1748. Double guinea.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GEORGIUS
II DEI GRATIA."  Rev. Crowned shield, with the arms of HI-anover in
the fourth quarter.'M. B. F. ET H. REX. F. D. B. ET L. D. S. R. I. A.
T. ET E." and the date.  Value $10.16.
105. G. 1751. Guinea.  Same type.  Value $5.00.5.
106. S. 1753. Crown.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. Four
shields arranged as a cross, with the star of the garter in the center,
ancd Jfeurs de lis and roses in the angles.  Same legend as preceding. "DECUS ET TUTAMEN." etc., on the edge.  Value $1.14.
107. S. 1743. Half crown.  Same type, with roses substituted for
the fleurs de lis. Value 56.7 cts.
108. S. 1745. Shilling.  Same type.  Value 23.4 cts.
109. S. 1733. One penny. (3laundy-money.) Obverse same as preceding.  PRev. Crowned numeral. "MAG. BRI. FR. ET HIB. REX." and
the date.
110. S. 1746. Half crown.  Same type as No. 107, with the roses
omitted.  Value 56.7 cts.
111. S. 1758. Shilling.  Same type.  Value 23.4 cts.
112. S. 1757. Sixpence. Same type. Value 11.7 cts.
113. C. 1752. Half penny.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GEORGIUS Il
REX.!"  Reverse same as No. 86.
114. C. 1742. Irish half penny.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Crowned harp, with "HIBERNIA"' above, and the date "1742"
beneath.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  193
GEORGE III.-1 760-1820.
115. G. 1774. Guinea, unworn.  Obv. Bust, laureated, facing to
the right. "GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA. "  Reverse same as No. 104.
These pieces were struck merely as pattern, or show pieces.  Value
$5.05.
116. G. 1787. "Spade guinea." (So called from the shape of the
shield on the reverse, which is very simple, and pointed like a spade.)
Obverse and legends same as preceding. Value $5.04.6.
117. G. 1801. Half guinea.  Obverse same as preceding.  lRev.
Shield, encircled by the garter, surmounted by a crown; a shield of
pretence surmounted by a crown, and bearing the arms of Hanover.
"BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR."  Value $2.52.3.
118. G. 1762. Quarter guinea (2 pieces.) Same type as No. 115.
Value $1.26.2 each.
119. G. 1813. Guinea.  Same pattern as the half guinea of 1801,
(see No. 117,) with the exception of the head on the obverse, which
is entirely different, and would scarcely be thought to represent the
same individual.  Value $5.05.9.
120. G. 1813. Half guinea. Same type.
121. G. 1813. Seven-shilling piece.  Rev. A  crown, with the
date "1813" beneath, otherwise same as preceding.  Value $1.65.6.
122. S. 1787. Shilling.  Obverse same as No. 116.  Rev. Four
shields arranged as a cross, with the star of the garter in the center,
and crowns in the angles. Same legend as No. 116. Value 23.8 cts.
123. S. 1787. Sixpence.  Same type.  Value 11.9 cts.
124. G. 1817. Sovereign.  Obv. Bust, like No. 119. "GEORGIUS
III D. G. BRITANNIA REX F. D......1817." R1ev. St. George and the
dragon, encircled by the garter.  Edge grained.  Value $4.83.
125. G. 1818 Same.
The name Guinea, which first came into use in the reign of
CHARLES II., now disappears.  It was first applied to the coin because the gold of which it was first made came from  Guinea, in
Africa.
126. G. 1817. Half sovereign.  Obv. Bust, same style as preceding. "GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA...... 1817."  Rev. Crowned shield,




194            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
with the arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence. "REX FID. DE'
BRIT ANNIARUIM.  Value $2.41.1.
127. S. 1819. Crown.  Same type as No. 124, with "DECUS ET
TUTAMEN,tX etc., on the edge. Value $1.12.
128. S. 1820. Same.
129. S. 1817. Half crown. Obverse same as No. 126. 1Rev.
Shield, encircled by the garter, and the order chain and badge of the
order of the garter, the whole surmounted by a crown; arms of
Hanover on a shield of pretence. "REX FID. DEF. BRITANNIARUM."
130. S. 1820.  Same, with the order chain and badge omitted.
Value 56.2 cts.
131. S. 1816. Shilling.  Same type as preceding, with the legend
on the obverse standing. "GEOR. III D. G. BRITT. REX F. D.," and the
legend on the reverse omitted.  Value 22.4 cts.
132. S. 1820. Sixpence.  Same type:. Value 11.2 cts.
133. S. 1820  Fourpence. (lMaundy-money.) Obverse same as
No. 126.  R1ev. A crowned numeral. "REX FID. DEF. BRITANNIARUM."
134. S. 1762. Threepence. (Maundy-money.) Same as preceding,
with the legend "MAG. BRI. FR. ET IIB. REX." on the reverse.
135. S. 1817. Threepence. (Maundy-money.)  Same as No.
133.
136. S. 1818. Twopence. (Micaundy-money.) Same type.
137. S. 1820. Penny. (ZJlaundy-money.) Same type.
138. C. 1775. Half penny.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GEORGIUS III
REX.'   Reverse same as No. 86.
139. C. 1773. Farthing.  Same type.
140. C. 1797. Two-penny piece.  Obv. Bust, laureated; raised
edge, bearing the legend "GEORGIUS III D. G. REX.'"  Rev. Britannia,
seated, holding a trident in her left, and an olive branch in her right
hand; raised edge, corresponding with the obverse, with "BRITANNIA" and the date " 17 97."
The copper of this date, and since, was coined by a MR. BOULTON,
at Soh7o, near Birmingham, who had a contract with the Government
for the purpose.
141. C. 1797. Penny.  Same type.
142. C. 1799. Half penny.  Obv. Bust, laureated. " GEORGIUS III




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                 195
DEIGRATIA REX."  Rev. Same device and legend as preceding. The
raised edge is omitted from both sides of this piece.
143. C. 1805. Irish penny.  Obv. Bust, laureated. " GEORGIUS III
D. G. REX."  Rev. Crowned harp, with " HIBERNIA" above, and the
date "1805" beneath.
144. C. 1799. Farthing.  Same type as No. 142, with "I FARTHING" beneath the device on the reverse.
145. C. 1806. Penny.  Obverse same as No. 143, with the date
" 1806" beneath the bust. Reverse same as No. 142.
146. C. 1806. Farthing.  Same type as preceding.
GEORGE IV.-1820-1830.
147. G. 1821. Half sovereign.  Obv. Head, laureated. "GEOR-GIUS IIII. D. G. BRITANNIAR. REX: F. D."  Rev. St. George and the
dragon, with the date beneath. No legend. Value $2.41.3.
148. G. 1825. Quarter sovereign. Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Crowned shield; arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence;
beneath is a rose, with branches of thistle and shamrock crossed
behind it. "ANNO 1825."  Value $1.21.
149. G. 1823. Sovereign. Obv. Head, without the laurel; otherwise same as No. 147. " DECUS ET TUTAMEN,"' etc., on the edge. Value
$4.84.
-   G. 1826. Pattern five-sovereign piece.  Obv. Head of the
king, facing to the left. "GEORGIUS Iv. DEI GRATIA7......" 1826."
Rev. A shield, bearing the arms of Great Britain, with the electoral
arms upon a shield of pretence, displayed upon a mantle of ermine,
draped from a crown. " BRITANNIARUM REX FID. DEF."  Upon the
edge is inscribed "DECUS ET TUTAMEN. ANNO REGNI SEPTIMUS."
R. R. R. (See Division XV., " Selections.")
150. G. 1826. Sovereign.  Obv. Head. "GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA...... 1826."  Rev. Finely engraved shield, draped with ermine, and
surmounted by a crown; arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence.
"BRITANNIARUM REX. FID. DEF."  Edge same as preceding.  Value
$4.84.
151. G. 1826. Half sovereign.  Same as preceding, with the
drapery around the shield omitted, and the edge grained.  Value
$2. 41.3.




196            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
152. G. 1826. Quarter sovereign.  Same type.  Value $1.21.
The four preceding pieces are of the new series begun in 1824.
In that year the king disapproved of the likeness on the coins, consequently a series of new dies were engraved, bearing a bust copied
from that of Chantrey,* which was said to be highly flattering to the
king.
153 and 154. S. 1822. Crown.  Same type as No. 147.
155. S. 1821. Half crown. Obv. Head, laureated. " GEORGUS IIII
D. G. BRITANNIAR REX r. D."  Rev. Crowned shield, with the arms of
Hanover on a shield of pretence, also crowned; a rose beneath; a
thistle at one side, and shamrock at the other. "ANNO-1821.1" Value
56.2 cts.
156. S. 1823. Half crown.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Device same as No. 129. "ANNO......1823. "
157. S. 1824. Shilling. Same type as preceding, with the order
chain and badge omitted.  Value 22.5 cts.
158. S. 1824. Sixpence. Same type. Value 11 cts.
159. S. 1826. Halfcrown.  Obv. Chantrey's head. "GEORGIUS IV
DEI GRATIA...... 1826." Rev. Shield, surmounted by a crowned helmet; arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence; beneath is a scroll,
bearing the motto "DIEU ET MON DROIT.7'  Value 56.2 cts.
160. S. 1825. Shillings (two pieces).  Obverse same as preceding. Rev. A sprig of rose, thistle, and shamrock, united beneath a
crown; the latter being surmounted by a crowned lion. "BRITANNIARUM REX: FIDEI DEFENSOR."  Value 22.5 cts.
161. S. 1830. Fourpence. (Matundy-money.)  Obverse same as
No. 155.  Rev. A crowned numeral, and the date "1830," inclosed
between branches of oak, crossed. Value 7.5 cts.
162. S. 1830. Threepence. (Maundy-money.) Same type as preceding.
163. S. 1828. Twopence. (Mlaundy-mroney.)  Same type.
164. C. 1827. Half penny.  Obverse same as No. 159.  Rev.
Britannia, wearing a Greek helmet; beneath are sprigs of rose, thistle, and shamrock, united. "BRITANNIAR REX FID. DEF."
165. C. 1826. Farthing. Same type.
* Humphrey.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                 197
166. C. 1827. Half farthing.  Same type.
167. C. 1822. Irish penny.  Obv. Head, (same as No. 155.)
"GEORGIUS IV D. G. REX."  Rev. Crowned harp, with "H IBERNIA"
above, and the date beneath.
168. C. 1822. Irish half penny. Same type.
WILLIAM IV.-1830-1837.
169. G. 1831. Sovereign.  Obv. Undraped bust, "GULIELMUS IIII
D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX. F. D. " Rev. Shield, with the arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence, and the order chain and badge of the
order of the galter, displayed upon a mantle of ermine, suspended
from a crown. "ANNO-1831."  Value $4.85.
170. G. 1831. Half sovereign.  Similar to preceding, with the
mantle of ermine omitted. Value.2.42.
171. G. 1831. Quarter sovereign.  Same type.  Value $1.21.
172. S. 1831. Crown.  Same type as No. 169.  Value $1.12.4
173. S. 1831. Half crown.  Same type.  Value 56.2 cts.
174. S. 1831. Shilling.  Obverse same as preceding. Rev. "ONE
SHILLING" beneath a crown, inclosed between branches of oak and
laurel, crossed; the date beneath.  Value 22.6 cts.
175. S. 1831. Sixpence. Same type.
176. S. 1831. Fourpence. (Jlfaundy-money.)  Obverse same as
preceding.  Rev. A crowned numeral and the date inclosed between
branches of oak, crossed.
177. S. 1831. Threepence. (Jfiaundy-money.) Same type as preceding.
178. S. 1831. Twopence. (Mlauncly-money.)  Same type.
179. S. 1831. Penny. (Maundy-money.)  Same type.
180. C. 1831. Penny. Obv. UTndraped bust. "GULIELMUS II1 DEI
GRATIA.......1831."  Reverse same as No. 164.
181. C. 1831. Half penny. Same type.
182. C. 1831. Farthing. Same type.
VICTORIA.-1837. Reigning Sovereign.
183 and 184. G. 1838. Sovereigns.  Obv. Head, engraved by
Wyon, -from a wax model taken by himself from the life.* "VICTORIA
A Humphrey, p. 144.
14




198             MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
DEI GRATIA...... 1838."7 Rev. Simple shield, surmounted by a crown,
and bearing the arms of Great Britain, quartered, (the arlms of Hanover being omitted; Queen Victoria, although the next heir to William IV., was prevented by the Saliqule law from assuming the scepter of Hanover-see Introduction to Hanover,) inclosed between two
sprigs of laurel, crossed. "BRITANNIARUM  REGINA FID. DEF.;" the
rose, thistle, and shamrock beneath. Value $4.86.1 each. (See Plate
XIX. No. 1.)
_. S. 1844. Crown. Obv. Wyon's head of Victoria. "VICTORIA DEI
GRATIA"......"   1844."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing  the arms, quartered, between two branches of laurel, crossed. "BRITANNIARIUI REGINA. FID. DEF."'  On the edge is "DECUS ET TUTAMEN,"7 etc. (See
Division Xi., "Selections.") Value $1.12.4.
185. S. 1847. Crown. Obv. A finely engraved bust of the queen,
crowned. "VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAR REG. F. D.77  Rev. Four
crowned shields arranged as a cross, with the star of the ga)rter in
the center, and the rose, thistle, and shamrock in the angles. "TUEATUR UNITA DENS. ANNO. DOM. MDCCCXLVII.' DECUS ET TUITAMEN ANNO
REGNI UNDECIMO,' on the edge.  VTalue $1.12.4. (See Plate XIX.
No. 2.)
186. S. 1840. Half crown.  Obv. TIToon7s head. "VICTORIA DEI
GRATIA.......1840."   Rev. Crowned shield inclosed between two
laurel branches, crossedc; the rose, thistle, and shalmrock beneath.
"BRITANNIARJUM REGINA. FID. DEF.  Value 56.2 cts.  (See Plate
XIX. No. 3.)
187. S. 1849. One florin.*  Obv. Bust, crowned. "VICTORIA REGINA. 1849."'.Rtev. Four crowned shields arranged as a cross, with
a rose in the center, and the thistle, rose, and shamrock in the angles.
" ONE FLORIN, ONE TENTH OF A POUND. 7  Value 45 cts.  (See Plate
XIX. No. 4.)
188. S. 1853. Florin. Obv. Bust, crowned. " VICTORIA D. G. BRIT.
REG. F. D. MDCCCLIII. IRev. Device similar to preceding. "ONE FLORIN,
ONE TENTH OF A POUND.7'
189. S. 1838. Sixpence.  Obv. TTVyon's head. "VICTORIA DEI, The issue of this piece was considered as the first step toward a decimal
system of money, a subject which has agitated the English mind for some time.




TMODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                199
GRATIA BRITANNIAR. REG. F. D.'  Reverse same as No. 174.  Value
11 cts.
190. S. 1838. Fourpence (2 pieces).  Obv. Same as preceding,
with the legend more abbreviated.  Rev. Britannia, as in the copper
coinage of the preceding reign. "FOUR PENCE,"7 with the date "1838"'
beneath.
191. S. 1838. Threepence. (Mlaundy-mozney.)  Obverse same as
preceding.  Rev. Crowned numeral, and the date inclosed between
two branches of oak, crossed.
192. S. 1838. Twopence. (llaundy-.money.)  Same type.
193. S. 1838. One-and-a-half pence. (lMazndy-money.)  Same
type.
194. C. 1839. Farthings (two pieces).  Obv. Wyon's head. "VICTORIA DEI GRATIA."......"1839."7 Rev. Same device as No. 190.
"B'RITANNIAR. REG. FID. DEF."  (See Plate XIX. No. 5.)
195. C. 1839. Half farthing.  Obverse same as No. 190. 1Rev.
"HALF FARTIING. 1839, " surmounted by a crown; the rose, thistle,
and shanmrock beneath.
196. C. 1839. Quarter farthing.  Same type.
197. C. 1848. Model quarter farthing.  Obv. Head, "VICTORIA
REG."' Rev. "MODEIL QUARTER FARTHING. 1848. 7  Much reduced in
size from the preceding piece (196).
198. C. 1848. Model eighth farthing.  Obv. Head, and the letters
"V......R."  Rev. "MODEI EIGHTH FARTHING 1848. "
199. B. 1848. Model quarter farthing.  Obverse same as preceding. Rev. "' " with the word "MODEL"7 at one side, and the date
" 1848" at the other.
200. C. and S. Model penny.  Made of copper, with a plug of
silver in the center.  On the copper is inscribed "ONE PENNY MODEL."
Reverse the same.  On the silver: Obv. Wyon's head. "VICTORIA
REG. " "Rev. The numeral "I. 7
201. C. and S. Model half penny.  Same as preceding.
COINS OF AUSTRALIA.
203. G. 1852 One pound. Obv. A crown, with the date beneath.
"GOVERNMENT ASSAY OFFICE, ADELAIDE. " Rev. "VALUE ONE POUND,"




200            MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
inscribed in three lines.  Legend. "WEIGHT 5 DWT. 15 GRS........"22
CARATS."  Edge grained.  Value $5.32.  (See Plate XX. No. 3.)
For a duplicate see Division XV., "Selections."
204 and 205. G. 1853. Two-ounce piece and half ounce of PORT
PIIILLIP.  ObV. A Kangaroo; beneath is the date "1853."' Legend.
" PORT PHIILLIP............ AUSTRALIA,") inscribed in sunken letters. Upon
the reverse of the larger piece is a large figure 2, upon which is inscribed "TWO OUNCES. " Legend. " PURE AUSTRALIA GOLD........... TWO
OUNCES."  The smaller piece is of the same type, with the fraction 2
substituted for the figure 2. They have grained edges. (See Plate XX.
No. 1.)
206. G. 1855. Sovereign, of the SYDNEY MIINT.  Obv. Head of
Victoria. "VICTORIA D. G. BRITANNIAR. REGINA F. D."'....."1855."
Rev. "AUSTRALIA," inscribed beneath a crown, and between two
branches of laurel, crossed. " SYDNEY MINT....... "ONE SOVEREIGN." 
Edge grained. (See Plate XX. No. 2.)
COINS OF CANADA.
The new coins of Canada, which are upon a decimal footing, are
the pieces of twenty, ten, and five cents, in silver, and one cent in
copper.  The silver coins have upon the obverse a head of her
majesty, laztreated, and the legend "VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA."......"CANADA."  On the reverse the denomination, in cents, and the
date, are inscribed between two branches of grape; above is suspended a crown.  The edges are grained.  The value of the larger
piece is about 182 cents.  The cent differs slightly in type from the
silver, having the head on the obverse inclosed in a beaded circle,
and on the reverse the denomination and date are encircled by a similar circle and a grape-vine. (See Plate XX. Nos. 4 to 7.)
BRITISH GUIANA.*
That section of country lying on the northern coast of South
America, and bearing the general name of Guiana, is now divided
* The coins of this colony have been temporarily placed in the Division of
"Oriental Coins," in the west room.




iMODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  201
into three sections, belonging respectively to Great Britain, Netherlands, and France.  There appears to be little if any coinage for the
two latter portions at the present (lay.  British Guiana has long enjoyed the use of a complete series of coins, issued by the mother
country.  This was based upon the guilder, as a unit, divided into
twenty stivers, up to the year 1839.  But by an ordinance of February of that year, it was "deemed advisable to establish dollars and
cents as the denomination of moneys of account of British Guiana, in
the place of guilders and stivers."*
British Guiana consists of the two countries or districts of Essequebo and Denmararar.  There appears to have been a distinction
made between them before the year 1816.  Up to that year there
was issued a series of coins consisting of the pieces of three, two, one,
one-half, and one-quarter guilder, in silver, and the half stivers in
copper.  These were all of the same type, and bore upon the obverse
a bust of George III., laureated, and adorned with drapery.  Legend. "GEORGIUS III. DEI GRATIA."'  On the reverse was a figure denoting the value in guilders, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed by
two oak branches, crossed.  Legend. "COLONIES OF ESSEQUEBO &  DEMARARY TOKEN." and the date.  The copper piece differed slightly
from the silver in having the legend, "GEORGIUS III D. G. REX,"' on
the obverse, and on the reverse the inscription, "HALF STIVER,"' was
placed beneath the crown. (See Nos. 1 to 6, Division IV. of Oriental
Coins.) In 1816 a new set of silver coins, consisting of the pieces of
two, one, one-half, and one-quarter guilder, were issued, of the same
-type as the previous coinage, but having the legend, "GEORGIUS III
D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX,"7 on the obverse, and the legend, "UNITED
COLONY OF DEIMARARY & ESSEQUIBO," on the reverse. These coins also
have the edge plain instead of grained, as in the previous issues.
(See Nos. 7 to.10.) After the accession of William IV. a third series
of coins was issued, embracing a full set, from the piece of three
guilders down.  These had upon the obverse a simple head of XWilliam, and the legend, "GULIELMIUS IIII D. G. BRITANNIAR. REX F. D."
The reverse remained unaltered, and the edges were plain as in the' Manual of Coins and Bullion.




2002             MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.
last coins of George III. (See Nos. 11 to 16.) mhether there have
been any coins issued under the ordinance of 1839, we are unable to
state, none having yet appeared at this AIint.
BRITISH TOKENS.*
1. S. 1812. Three shillings.  Obv. I-lead of George III., laurected. " GEORGIUS. III DEI GRATIA REX."   ROev. " BANK TOKEN. 3
SHILL. 1812." inscribed within a wreath of oak and laurel.
2. S. 1812. Three shillings.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "GEORGIUS III
DEI GRATIA REX.'  Rev. Same inscription as preceding, in a wreath
of oak.
3. S. 1812. One shilling-and-sixpence.  Same as No. 1.
4. S. 1815. Same.
5 and 6. S. 1804. Five shillings.  Obverse same as No. 2.  Rev.
Britannia seated, holding an olive branch in one hand and a spear in
the other, her left arm resting upon a shield, beneath which is a cornucop2ia; a bee-hive in the background;c the whole surrounded by an
oval band, bearing the inscription, "FIVE SHILLINGS...... DOLLAR."'
Outside is "BANK OF ENGLAND......1804. "
7. S. 1804. Six shillings.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
Britannia seated, holding a palm branch, extended, in her right hand,
her left arlm resting upon a harp. " BANK OF IRELAND TOKEN......
1804.....SIX SI-ILLINGS."
8. S. 1808. Thirty-pence.  Obverse same as preceding, with a
slight difference in the head.  tRev. Same device as preceding. "BANK
TOKEN..... XXX PENCE...... IRISH. 
9. S. 1813. Tenpence.  Obverse same as NO. 1.   ev. "BANK
TOKEN. 10 PENCE. IRISH. 1813," inclosed in a wreath of shamrock.
10. S. 1805. Fivepence.  Obverse same as TNo..  R1.    v. "BANK
TOKEN. FIVE PENCE. IRISH. 1805."1' The coins answering to the following description have been temporarily
placed in the Division of "Oriental Coins," in the west room, where will also be
foendl a quantity of Britisll copper tokens (forty-one pieces). These were struck
by trade.-s and others as advertisements, antd are of little consequence.




MODERN COINS-GREAT BRITAIN.                  203
11. S. 1811. Shilling, of YORK.  Obv. Shield, between branches
of palm and laurel, crossed; above "YORx," beneath "1811."  Rev.
"CATTLE AND BARBER. 77" ONE SHILLING SILVER TOKEN." 
12. S. 1811. Sixpence.  Same type.
13. S. 1811. Shilling, of BRISTOL.  Obv. A castle, and the prow
of a vessel, surrounded by a carter;, bearing the inscription " VIRTUTE
ET INDUSTRIA."'   Above.are two arms, crossed, one holding a pair of
scales, and the other a serpent. "BRISTOL TOKEN, FOR XII PENCE.77
1Rev.'"PAYABLE BY MESSRS FRANS GARRATT, WVM TERRELL, EDAVD
BIRD, SANT BECK & FRANS I-I. GRIGG." inclOSed in. a circular line.  "TO
FACILITATE TRADE. ISSUED IN BRISTOL AUGT. 12 1811."
14. S. 1811. Shilling, of BRISTOL.  Obv. Shield, supported by
tw\o unicorns; two arms, as ill No. 13. "ONE SI-ILLING TOKEN,
GENUINE DOLLAR SILVER, 3 DATWT."  Rev. "SOMERSET, WILTS, DEVON,
GLOUCIESTERSHIRE, NORTH AND SOUTH WVALES, AND BRISTOL TOKEN."
"ISSUED BY E. BRYAN, BRISTOL."7
15. S. 1811. Sixpence, of BRISTOL.  Obv. Line, bearing the denomination.  Legend. "R. TRIPP & CO. BRISTOL......1811.7" IRev.
"PAYABLE BY ONE DOLLAR FOR 1 0 TOKENS & 2D OR 20 TOKENS FOR 2
DOLLARS & 4D, AND 40 FOR A ONE POUND NOTE."
16. S. 1811. Shilling, of B RISTOL.  Obv. A bridge. "BRISTOL &
WILTSIHRE......1811..... TOKEN."  Rev. Same device as the obverse
of preceding. "PAYABLE BY NIBLACK & LATI-IAM AT THEIR WAREHOIUSE,
BRIDGE ST & TROWBRIDGE."'
17. S. 1811. Shilling, of BRISTOL.  Obv. Same device as No. 14.
"LET TRADE AND COMMERCE FLOURISH. BRISTOL. ISSUED BY WV SHEPPARD. EXCIIANGE........."SEPT. 6, 181.1.77  Rev. "VALUE 12 PENCE,"
in a wreath of oak. "SOMERSETSHIRE, WILTSHIRE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE,
SOUTHI WALES AND BRISTOL TOKEN.'7
18. S. 1811. Shilling, of FLINTSIJIRE.  Obv. A shield, surmounted
by the Welsh feathers, acnd bearing two keys in saltier7e. "FLINTSHIRE
BANK. AUGUST 12, 1811."  Rev. "FLINTSHIRE BANK TOKEN ONE SHILLING.77  The initials "I. o. S. & D."
19. S. 1812. ShillinCg, of LINCOLN.  Obv. A  shield, bearing the
cross of St. George, between two oak branches, crossed. "LINCOLN
SILVER TOKEN. 1812.' 1Rev. "MILLSON AND PRESTON.7" encircled by




204            MODERN COINS-GERMAN STATES.
a garter, bearing the inscription, "DOLLAR SILVER.' "A ONE POUND
NOTE WILL BE GIVEN FOR 20 OF THESE."
20. S. 1812. Shilling, of STOCKPORT.  Obv. The goddess of Commerce seated upon a cotton bale, and holding a pair of scales, extended, in her left hand, and a cornucopia in her right, a sword lying
at her feet, a ship in the distance. "ONE SI-ILLING SILVER TOKEN.
1812." Rev. A bee-hive and bees. "T. CARTWRIGHIT D. G. & R. FERNS...... STOCKPORT. "
21. S. 1811. Shilling, of the SIAFTESBURY BANK. Obv. Shield,
between two laurel branches, crossed. " SHAFTESBURY BANK......
LICENSED 14 MARCH, 1811."  Rev. "DORSETSIHIRE, WILTSHIRE, AND
SHAFTESBURY BANK TOKEN. VALUE ONE SHILLING."
22. S. 1811. Shilling, of SELWOOD.  Obv. Bust, at full-face,
crowned. "FRAME SELWOOD. TOKEN. FOR 12 PENCE."  Rev. Cross. "A
ONE POUND NOTE GIVEN FOR 20 TOKENS. 1811."
23. A  Spanish dollar, bearing the stamp of "I. & A. MIUIR,
GREENOCK. "
DIVISION XI.
GERMAN STATES.
In AD. 1500, the Empire of Germany was divided, under Maximilian I., into the six circles of Franconia, Bavaria, Suabia, Uopper
2hine, Westphalia, and Saxonzy; and twelve years later, the number
was increased to twelve, by dividing the circles of the Upper Rhine
and Saxony, and adding the circles of Austria and BurguncZy. Each
circle had, at its head, a lay and an ecclesiastical prince, who assembled the legislative bodies of the States of the circle, and commnnicated between them and the emperor.  In addition to these, they
also had a military chief, or Field Marshal, as he was called, who
commanded the military forces, and made all the necessary provisions
of stores, ammunition, etc., for their maintenance and support. With
somne modifications, this was the state of affairs up to 1806, when the
Empire was dissolved and transformed into the present Germanic




MODERN COINS-GERMAN  STATES.                    205
Confederation.   This Confederation was first composed of forty
different States or Sovereignties, including the four free cities of
Lubeck, Fralnkfort, Brenzen, and Ilamburgy; but was afterward reduced to thirty-five.  The government consists of a "permanent
Diet," of seventeen votes, which holds it sittings at Franlllfort, and
is presided over by the Plenipotentiary of Austria.  This body regulates all the affairs of the Confederation, which would properly
come under the jurisdiction of the Executive.  In the apportionment
of representatives to the Diet, Austria, Prussia, and the larger
States have one each; while only six are allotted to the smaller
States and cities.  Whenever any important measures or changes in
the existing laws are to be considered, they convene what is called
the General Assembly, a body consisting of sixty-nine votes,* of
which Austria and five of the larger States have jour each; five
others three each; three two each; and the rest one each.
Any one who has attempted to trace out the history of the German States in all its details, can possibly form some idea of the labor
attending the study of their coins.  There is not a State in Germany, in whose history divisions and subdivisions, and reunions of
these divisions, have not taken place to a greater or less extent, thus
producing a dire confusion among the titles and devices on the
coins; in fact, it not unfrequently requires as much ingenuity as industry, to be able to state, with any degree of accuracy, to what
Sovereign, or even to what State, a coin properly belongs.
Many of the northern German States have upon their coins a
figure emblematic of the "wild meen of the Hartz Mountains," as
they are called.  In the time of the first Roman emperors, the north
of Germany was peopled by many brave and hardy barbaric nations
or tribes, who paid but little attention to the arts of agriculture,
but appear to have derived their principal sustenance from the spoils
of the chase and of conquest.-  It is a curious fact that these hardy
* Including the votes of the two lohienzollerns and Saxe-Gotha, which houses
have become extinct.
t Cwesar, speaking of the Stuevians, whom he accounts to be by far the most
warlike and considerable of all the German nations, says: "They allow of no such
thing as property or private possession in the distribution of their lands; their
residence, for the sake of tillage, being confined to a single year. Corn is not




206(             MODERN COINS-GERMAAN  STATES.
people, though of such a warlike character that they were never
satisfied unless engaged in maling war upon their neighbors, possessed the crowning virtue of chastity to an elineint degree.  Infidelity amlong the wives of the warriors was a thing seldom known.
Polygamy was not permitted among the common people, and seldom
resorted to by the princes for the purpose of increasing their alliances.  And it is said that whenever the fortunes of war turned the
tide of conquest against theml, their wives and daughters, who always
accompanied them  in battle, usually resorted to the alternative of
self-destruction, rather than suffer the embraces of the victors.  For
these reasons the people of the northern States hold the memory of
their ancient and barbarous progenitors in much reverence; and the
princes have considered their image an emblem  of sufficient virtue,
stability, and prowess, to grace their coinage even in latter times.
At the Diet of Augsburg, in 1559, two standards were recognized
for the gold coins of Germany.  The first was 18- carats fine; and
fromm a mark weight of such gold 72 Jlorins, 36 mnaximilians, or 24
carolins were to be coined.  This standard was continued until
1740. - The second was 23o. carats, or 986 thousandths fine; 67
ducats to be coined from  a mark weight.  This would be equivalent
to 53.87 Troy grains per dclucat.  This coinage was continued in
Austria and other southern States until a very recent clate.
In 1740 a third standard originated in Brunswick, and soon became general through the northern States.  The fineness was at first
212 carats, or 903 thousandths fine; but was afterward reduced to
21- carats, or 896 thousandths fine; and fronm a mark weight of such
gold 17M  pieces of ten thalers, 35 pistoles or five-thaler pieces, or
70 half pistoles were to be coined.  This would place the weight of
much in use among them, because they prefer a milk or flesh diet, and are
greatly acddicted to hunting. Thus the quality of their food, their perpetual
exercise, and free unconfined manner of life (because being from their childhood
fettered by no rules of duty or education, they a.cknowledge no law but will and
pleasure), contribute to make them strong and of an extraordinary stature.
They have likewise accustomed themselves, though inlabiting a climate naturally very cold, to bathe in their rivers, and clothe themselves only with skins,
which, as they are very small, leave a great part of tileir bodies quite uncovered." (Cesar's Comnmeotaries, book iv. sec. 2.)




MODERN  COINS-GERMAN  STATES.                          207
the ten-thaler piece  at 206.26  Troy  grains; but they are seldom
found to weigh more than 205 grains.
Subsequent to the year 1819, pieces of ten and five gulden, ninetenths fine, have been coined in Baden; but these, with the other systems above noticed, have been superseded, as will be shown presently.
Most of the German States have conformed in their silver coinage
to the different conventions which have been held for the purpose of
equalizing the standards of German silver coins.  The first convention for this purpose was held at Leipsic in 1690.  The second was
convened in 1753, and its standards are known as the "Convention
rate."   The third was held at Dresden, in 183, at whlich 1meeting all
the  States were represented  except Austria, Hanover, B]runswick,
and a few  States of less importance.  Below  will be found a table
giving the weight, fineness, value, etc. of the principal pieces, according to each convention, together with the crown and  florin of the
southern  States.  The values here set down are the legal, and not
the current values, ancl are computed according to the present price
of silver ($1.21 per Troy ounce.)!No. of pieces to o Wt. in Troy  Finenes.
DI),ESC IPTI  N-the Coou WN.         I      y            Value.
rk, the Cologne   grains.   thos.
Leipsic   J Specie thaler............    9     451.1      889      1.l 2.3
rate, 1690.  Specie florin',.'        18        Various. Various.    56.1
Convention  (Specie thaler.           10         4.332      833      1.01.0
rate,      Specie florin............  20      216.6      8'33       50.5
~1'758     Half florin...............  40     108.3      833        25.2
Twenty kreutz. (B.S.)  60           103.2      583        16.8
Crown of Southern States............  9 8-100   456.       872      1.11.6
Florin      do      d(o............  24        200.6      7 50       42.1
['Two thaler, or three-I
and-a-half gulden...    7          52.        900      1.44.4
Thaler................... 14    343.8      750        72.1
Two-third thaler......   21        229.2      750        48.1
Dresden, One-third thaler..       42         114.6      750        24.0
rate,    0 One-sixth thaler........   96     72.2      521        10.5
at3e,      Florin.................  24   -               n03        41..2
Florin.                 24$         163.7      900        41.2
Half florm  i...............  49    81.8      900        20.5
One-tenth florin (six
kreutzers)............ 270        40.       333       03.7
One-twentieth florin
F  (three kreutzers)... 540          20.       333         1.9
" Called zsweyd'rittel, or two-third piece, because it was two-thirds of the thaler
of account, though only half of the specie thaler.  It was sometimes coined of
fine silver, sometimes only three fourths fine, the weight varying accordingly.




208            MODERN COINS-GERMAN STATES.
On the 24th of January, 1857, a convention was concluded between
the principal German States, including Austria and the free city of
Frankfort, by which a new system  of coinage was established.  It
was agreed that the half of one kilogram, (equal to 500 grammes, or
7717.5 Troy grains,) called "zollpfandd,   should serve as a standard
at the mints of all the States who were parties to the convention.
This zollpfunld, or half kilogram, was divided into 1000 parts, each
equivalent to one-half of a grammne.
The convention provided for the issue of two denominations of
gold, the crown and half crown.  These were to be nine-tenths fine;
forty-five crowns to be coined from the zollpfund of standard gold,
the half crown in proportion.  These were called "trade coins,"
being struck to facilitate trade between the different States.
Of the current silver coins there were to be five denominations,
(not including the two "union coins.") These were the pieces of two
and one florin, nine-tenths fine; the former to be coined at the rate
of 20k, and the latter at 401 pieces to the zollpfund of standard
silver; the quarter florin, 520 thousandths fine, 93,-f pieces to the
zollpfund; the piece of ten new kreutzers, 500 fine, 250 pieces to the
zollpfund; and the piece of five new kreutzers, 375 fine, 375 pieces
to the zollpfund.  The values of the latter pieces appear ridiculously
small to an American citizen.
The "union coins" which, like the two gold pieces, were intended
to facilitate commercial intercourse between the States, were the
pieces of two and one thaler, nine-tenths fine; the first to be coined
at the rate of 13-, and the latter at 27 pieces to the zollpfund of
standard silver.
The copper coins were of three denominations: the pieces of three,
one, and one-half new krentzers.  These were coined respectively at
the rate of 50, 150, and 300 pieces to the zollpfund, and were to be
of pure copper.
Annexed is a table in which the standards of the gold and silver
coins are set forth in a more clear and comprehensive manner.  We
also introduce a column containing the weight of the different pieces
in Troy grains, and another containing the values, in our money,
according to the legal standards.




MODERN  COINS-PRUSSIA.                             209
No. of pieces
No. of pieces to Standard  to the zoll-    Value in
the zollpfnnd  fineness  pfunid wt.   Veight in  U. S. curDESCRIPTION.        weight of ine  inl thous.  of standard Troy grains.  rency.
metal.              mietal.
Gold trade coins:                                                      $
Cro-wn....................  50       900      45        171.05  6.64.7
Ialf crown............     100       900      90         85.75  3.32.3
Silver "union"' coins:
Two th alers..............  15       900      1-         571.O  6  1.44.0
One taler...............     30       900      27        285.08    72.0
Silver current coins:
Two florins..............   22       900       0     i  38.01      09.6
One florin................. 45       900      40-        19.08    04.8
One-quarter florin 1.80.520                   93 6-10    8.24    01.2
Ten new kreutzers......    500       500    2.50          3.08      0.43
Five new lkreutzers.....    1000     3:)      375          2.05      0.21
SECTION I.-PRUSSIA.*
Prior to the fourteenth century Prussia was but an inconsiderable
duchy.  But since the accession of FREDERICK VI. of Nuremburg, in
1415, on which occasion it was raised to the rank of an electorate, it
has been steadily augmenting both in extent and influence, and now
rankLs aLmong the first powers of Europe.  It was raised to the rank
of a kingdom  during the reign  of FREDERICK  III., in  17 01, upon
which occasion FREDERICK dropped the " III." and assumed the title
of FREDERICK I., he being the first of the royal house.  It now  consists of several States, the principal of which are: the Dukedom  of
Prussia, which gives name to the whole; the Electorate of Brandenburg, which contains BERLIN, the capital; Silesia, and parts of Poland
and  Saxony.  FREDERICK, after his adoption  of royalty, continued
the title of Elector upon his coins, styling himself " King of Prussia
and Elector of hBrandenburg."   But upon the accession  of FREDERICK II., in 1740, the title of elector was omitted, and the sovereigns
have since used the simple title "King of Prussia."
I. S. 1688. Thaler, (dollar,) of FREDERICK II. (as elector.)  Obv.
Bust, "FRID. WILH. D. G.  M(arChio) B(randenb.) s(acri) R(omani)
* We have omitted the plates in this portion of the work.  The coins of the
German States are of such a multifarious character that we have found it impossible to do them justice without exceeding our limits, and therefore omit
them altogether.




210                 MIODERN COINS-PRUSSIA.
I(mperii) ARC(hithesarius) & EL"(ector)   Rev. Shield, surmounted
by a crown. "CHURF. BRAND. LANDMUNZ. 1688."
2. S. 1689. Tlhaler.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "FRIDER. III D. G.
MI. B. S. R. I. ARC. & EL."  Rev. Crownedl   shield. "IONETA NOVA
BRANDENB. 1689."
3. S. 1692. Same.
4. S. 1714. Thaler, of FREDERICK I. (kin). Obv. Bust, in armor,
larureated. "FRTID. WILH. D. G. REX. BORUSSIE. 7   Rev. Crowned
shield.  No legend.
5. S. 1720. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, in arnmor. "'RID. WILH. D. G.
REX BORISS. EL. BRAND."  Rev. Crowned shield.  [No legend.
6. G. 1750. Double frederick dc1or, or ten-thaler piece of FREDERICmi II.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "'t:RIDERICUS BORUSSORIJM RPEX.'
Rev. Eagle, surrounded by flags, etc.: a crown suspended above.
No legend.  Value $7.91.
7. S. 1750. Thaler.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. Flags
and martial emblems, surmounted by a crowned eagle; above is
"EIN REICHS TIHALER];" beneath, "1750.'"   Value 71.3 cts.
8. G. 1752. Frederick d'or.  Same type.  Value $3.96.
9. G. 1753. Half frederick d'or.  Obv. Undraped bust.  Same.
legend as No. 6.  Rev. An eagle in flight, carrying flags, etc.; the
date above.  Value $1.98.
10. G. 1763. Frederick d'or.  Same type.
11. S. 1764. Thaler.  Obverse same as preceding. Reverse same
as No. 7.  Value 71.4 cts.
12. S. 1764. Florin.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "FmRIDERICUS BORUSSORPbM REX.   Reverse same as No. 7, with "2 EINEN R. THALER."7
Value 35.7 cts.
13. G. 1767. Double frederick d'or.  Same type as No. 9. Value
$3. 96.
14. S.' 1771. One-third thaler.  Obvers6 same as No. 9.  Rev.
"3 EINEN REICIS THALER. 1771," inclosed in a wreath composed of
a palm and laurel branch, crossed.  Value 23.6 cts.
15. S. 1774. Same.
16. G. 1776. Frederick d'or.. Same as No. 9.  Value $3.96.
17. S. 1785. Thaler.  Same as No. 12.  Value 71.4 ets.




MODERN COINS-PRUSSIA.                      211
18. S. 1786. Same. (Frederick II. died in this year, and was succeeded by Frederick William II.)
19. S. 1791. Thaler, of FREDERICK WILLIAM II.  Obv. Bust, in
armor. "FRIED. WILHELM KOENIG VON PREUSSEN."  ERev. A crowned
eagle, with a scepter in the dexter, and the imperial globe, or mound,
in the sinister talon; above a pedestal, from which depends a portion
of a laurel wreath; beneath are two palm branches, crossed. "EIN
REICHS TI-IALER" above, and the date beneath.  Value 71.3 cts.
20. G. 1795. Half frederick d'or.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Martial emblems surmounted by a crowned eagle.  No legend.
Value $1.97.
21. G. 1796. Same.
22. S. 1796. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 19, with the bust in
civil dress.  RPev. Shield, bearing the Prussian eagle surmounted by
a crown and supported by two "wild vmern,"* each holdinog  a club3;
beneath is "EIN TI-IALER, 1796."  Value 71.3 cts.
23. S. 1796. Florin, of FREDERICK GEORGE.  Obv. A  crowned
shield, with the Prussian eagle on a shield of pretence. "F. G. REX.
BOR(russiM) IPR(inceps) suP(re1mus) NOVIE(astri) & VAL"(angilni).
Rev. Fleur de leuced cross, with a sun in the center. " SUUM CUIQUE.
1796."  Value 35.7 cts.
24. S. 1796. One-third thaler. Same as preceding. Value 23.6 ects.
25. S. 1799. Florin, of FREDERICK WILLIAM III.  Obv. Bust, in
civil dress. "F. W. III REX BOR. PR. SUP. NOVIE & VAL."7  Bev. Crowned
shield, with the Prussian eagle on a shield of pretence, supported by
two wild men. " SUUM CUIQUE.'7   Value 35.5 cts.
26. G. 1801. Double frederick d'or.  Same as No. 20.  Value
$7.93.
27. S. 1801. Two-third piece.  Obv. Crowned shield, between
branches of laurel. "'FRIEDR. WILH. KOENIG V. PR. M(arkgraf) zu
BRAND. D(anzig) l(aldenstein) it. R. E(lbing) K(Olnig) U(nd) KUJRF"
(urst).  Rev. "-3" "18 STUCK EINE MARK FEIN...... 1801."  Struck
for Brandenburg.  Value 55.6 cts.
* Emblematic of the ancient inhabitants of the Hartz Mountains, in the
north of Germany. (See Introdcluctiol to the German States.)




212                  MODERN COINS-PRUSSIA.
28. S. 1801. Same.
29. S. 1802. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 26.  Reverse same
as No. 22.  Value 71 cts.
30. S. 1803. Same.
31. G. 1803. Frederick d'or.  Sanme as No. 26.  Value $3.96.
32. S. 1814. Thaler.  Obv. Undraped bust.  Same legend as No.
26.  Rev. "EIN REICHS THIALER, 1814," inclosed in a wreath of two
oak branches, crossed. "VIERZEIIN  EINE FEINE  3MARK.":*   Value
71.4 cts.
33. S. 1815. Same.
34. G. 1817. Half frederick d'or. Obv. Bust, in uniform. "FRIEDR.
WILHELM III KOENIG V. PREUSSEN.") Reverse same as No. 20. Value
$1.98.
35. S. 1818. Thaler.  Same type, with "EIN THALER'7 above the
device on the reverse.  Value 71.4 cts.
36. S. 1819. Same.
37. S. 1822. One-sixth thaler.  Obv. Head. Same legend as No.
34.  Rev. Shield, surmounted by a crown and encircled by an order
Chain. "LXXXIV EINE F. M. VI EINEN THALER."  Value 12 cts.
38. S. 1826. Same.
39 and 40. B.S. 1821. One silver groschen. Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. "1 SILBER GROSCHEN 1821,"' occupying the field. "30
EINEN THALER.-SCHEIDE MIUNZE."  Value 3.3 cts.
41. S. 1824. Thaler.  Same type as No. 37, with "EIN THALER,
XIV EINE F. M.) Onl the reverse, and "GOT MIT UNS " on the edge.
42. S. 1829. Same.  Value 72 cts.
43. G. 1825. Frederick d'or.  Obverse same as No. 37.  Rev.
The Prussian eagle perched upon a cannon, the date beneath. Value
$3.96.
- The Colognze zmar/'c is a standard weight, and is equivalent to 3609.5 Troy
gr'ains; and the rate of coinage is usually expressed as so many pieces to the
fine,narlc, as in this case the thaler is coined at the rate of "14 to the fine n1arlc;"
that is, the tlealcr is equivalent inz value to the one-fourtteenth of the fine mark, or
standcard weight of pure silver, aside from the alloy of copper. The Cologne cnarle
weight of pure silver is worth at the present mint rate ($1.21 per ounce) $10.11,
lacking the twentieth of a mill.




MODERN COINS-BRUNSWICK.                   213
44. G. 1831. Double frederick d'or.  Same type.  Value $7.97.
45. B.S. 1831. Half groschen (2 pieces).  Same type as No. 39.
46. S. 1832. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 37. Rev. "SEGEN
DES MANSFELDER BERGBAUES" (seed of the Mansfield mines) occupying the field. "EIN THALER XIV EINE FEINE MARK......1832." Edge
same as No. 41,  Value 72 cts.
47. G. 1835. Frederick d'or. Same type as No. 43. Value $3.96.
48. S. 1840. Two-thaler piece.  Obverse same as No. 37. Rev.
Shield, surrounded by an order chain, a mantle of ermine suspended
from a crown and forming a canopy over the shield. " 2 THALER. VII
EINE F MARK. 31- GULDEN........... VEREINS~-MUiNZE," "GOTT MIT
UNS,"7 on the edge. Value $1.44.4.
49 and 50. S. 1841 and 42. Two-thaler piece, of FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.  Same type as preceding.  Value $1.44.4.
50. S. 1855. Thaler. Obverse same as preceding. Rev. Crowned
shield, encircled by a laurel wreath and an order chain.  Value
72.1 cts.
BRUNSWICK.
In the early part of the middle ages, Brunswick, with Hanover,
formed part of ancient Saxony.  And in the reign of HENRY, the
Lion-twelfth century-it comprised the united duchies of Bavaria
and Saxony; but Henry having refused to aid the emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, in his wars with the pope, he was deprived of both
duchies by a decree of the Diet in 1180, and only left the possession
of his alodial domains of 7Brunswick and Luneburg.  ERNEST, the
Confessor, who died in 1546, left three sons, the eldest of whom died
in 1559; whereupon the duchy was divided between the two surviving
brothers, Augustuls, the eldest, receiving Brunswick-Wolfenbtittel or
Brunswick, and William, Brunswick-Luneburg or Hanover. In 1806
the reigning prince-the Duke Charles William  Frederick —commanded the Prussian troops at the battle of Auerstadt, where he was
wounded and soon after died. His possessions were immediately seized
by the conqueror, and formed part of the kingdom of Westpehalia,
till 1813.  After the battle of Leipsic, the duchy was restored to its
15




214              MODERN COINS-BRUNSWICK.
rightful possessor, Frederick William, youngest son of the preceding
duke.
60. S. 1643. Crown.  Obv. "AUGUSTUS HERTZOG ZU BRAUNS. UND
LU." (Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg;) the duke
dressed in armor, with his head uncovered, and evidently in the act
of returning thanks to Heaven for his success.  Rev. "ALLES MIT
BEDACHT. 1643," (all is accomplished by prudence;) the device represents a broadsword, sheathed, leaning against a square block, the
former bearing the inscription "13 K. MAII,"7 and the latter "AP. 13.
XI. 10. IN. F.'
61. S. 1643. Crown.  Obv. "AUGUSTUS HERTZOG ZU BRAUNS. U.
LU." Shield surmounted by four helmets. Rev. "TANDEM PATIENTIA
VICTRIX. ANNO. 1643." (Perseverance is at last victorious;) the device represents the ringing of a bell, which bears an inscription
(abbreviated) to the effect that "THIS BELL FIRST PROCLAIMED THE
NEW PEACE."
These coins were probably struck to commemorate the battle of
Dutlingen, in which the Duke  George, of Brunswick, took part
against the imperialists; having joined the standard of GUSTAVUS
ADOLPHUS, of Sweden, soon after the battle of Lltner, in 1626.  It
was formerly the practice, in most of the German States, to strike
vmedallic coins of this description to commemorate any important
national event.:Many of the old German ducats are found to be of
this character.
62. G. 1661. Ducat, of CHRISTIAN LEWIS.  Obv. Horse courant.
"SINCERE ET CONSTANTER; 1661."  Rev. Crowned shield, the letter
" s." at one side, and "w." at the other. "CHRIST. LUD. D. G. DUX BR.
ET LUNEB.'7
63. B S. 1684. Two marien groschen, (two pennies,) of RUDOLPH
AUGUSTUS. Obv. The device represents a wild man in the act of lopping the limbs from a yew-tree. "D. G. RUDOLPH AUGUSTUS DUX BR ET
L."  Rev. "II MARIE GROS.,," occupying the field. "REMIGIO ALTISSIMI. 1684."
64. S. 1691. Crown, of AUGUSTUS and ANTHONY IJLRIC. Obv.
Shield, surmounted by five helmets. "RUD. AUG. & ANTH. ULR. D. D.
BRUN. & LUN."  Rev. Two wild men holding in their hands two olive




MODERN COINS-BRUNSWICK.                   215
branches intwined. "UT. FRONTIBUS ITA FRONDIBUS CONJUNCTISIMI."
(Thus face to face as the branches are intwined.)
65. S. 1692. Twenty-four marien groschen, of same. Obv. Horse
courant.  Same legend as preceding.  Rev. "FURSTL. BR. LUNEB.
LANDT MijNTZ. 1692.'" (Princes of Brunswick and Luneburg. Provincial coin;) the denomination occupying the field.
66. S. 1694. Twenty-four marien groschen, of same.  Obverse
same as preceding.  Rev. "NACH DEN LEIPZIGER FUS," (according to
the Leipsic rates;) the denomination occupying the field.
67. S. 1695. Florin, of same. Obverse same as preceding. Rev.
Shield, surmounted by a crown. "REMIGIO ALTISSIMI UNI."
68. S. 1698. Twenty-four marien groschen, of same. Same as
No. 66, with " FURSTL. BRUNS. LUNEB. MiUNTZ. 1698," on the reverse.
69. S. 1704. Twenty-four marien groschen, of ANTHONY UTLRIC.
Obv. Device same as No. 63. "D. G. ANTHON. ULRICH. DUX BR. & LUN.7"
Rev. "LABORE ET CONSTANTIA. 1704;" the denomination in the field.
70. S. 1712. Twenty-four marien groschen, of same. Obv. Device
same as No. 63. "CONSTANTER."  ReV. "D. G. ANTONI ULRIC DUX BR.
& LUN,~ with the denomination in the field.
71. G. 1749. Five thalers, of CHARLES, Duke of Brunswicc.
Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS D. G. DUX BR. ET LUN."  Rev. Horse courant.
"NUNQUAM RETRORSUM. 1749;" the denomination beneath.  Value
$3.97.
72. G. 1760. Ten thalers.  Same type.  Value $7.81.
73. S. 1764. Florin.  Same type.  Value 55.3 cts.
74. S. 1768. Twenty-four marien groschen. Obv. "D. G. CAROLUS
DuX BRUNSVIC & LUNEB. 1768," with the denomination occupying the
field. Reverse same as preceding.
75 and 76. S. 1790. Specie thaler, of CHARLES WILLIAM FERDINAND.  Obv. Crowned shield, hung with laurel; horse courant on a
shield of pretence. "CAROLUS GUIL. FERD. D. G. DUX BRUNSV. ET LUN.' 
IRev. "x EINE FEINE MARK. CONVENTIONS M.;" the denomination in
the field.  Value 99.8 cts.
77. G. 1795. Five thalers, of same. Obv. Device same as preceding. "CAROLUS GUILIELMUS FERDINANDUS."  Rev. "D. G. DUX BRUNSVICENS. ET LUNEBURG," and the denomination.  Value $3.97.




216             MODERN COINS-WESTPHALIA.
78 and 79. S. 1800. Twenty-four marien groschen. Same type
as No. 6 6.
WESTPHA LIA.
81. S. 1808. Two francs, of NAPOLEON. Obv. Bust, laureated.
"HIERONYMUS NAPOLEON."  Rev. "2 FRANCS," inclosed in a wreath
of laurel. "KOENIG V. WESTPHALEN FR. PR...... 1808."7 "GOTT ERHALTE
DEN KOENIG,"' on the edge. Value 38 cts.
82. G. 1810. Ten thalers.  Obv. Crowned shield, hung with an
order chain and badge. Same legend as preceding. Rev. Same type
as preceding, without the laurel wreath. Value $7.87.
83. S. 1810. Florin. Obv. Bust. Rev. "3 "in the field "N. D.
REICHS FUSS. FEIN SILBER. " Same legend as preceding. Value 55 cts.
84. G. 1811.  Ten thalers.  Same as No. 81, with the wreath on
the reverse omitted. Value $7.87.
85. S. 1812. Thaler.  Same type as preceding, with "x EINE
FEINE MARK. 1812," in the field of the reverse. Value $1.00.
86. S. 1813. Same.
87. S. 1813. Florin.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  Otherwise same as
No. 83.
88. G. 1813. Ten thalers.  Same type as No. 84.
89. G. 1813. Ten francs. Same as No. 84, with the legends more
abbreviated. Value $1.92.
*         *         *          *         *         *         *
91. S. 1813. One-sixth thaler. Obv. Horse couraWt. "FRIDERICUS
GUIL. D. G. DUX BR. ET L." Rev. PNo device. "LXXX EINE FEINE MARK.
CONV. M." "VI EINEN THALER. 1813," in the field. Value 12 cts.
92. G. 1813. Ten thalers.  Obv. Shield, draped with laurel and
crowned. "FRIDERICUS GULIELMUS."  Rev. "D. G. DUX BRRUNSVICENS.
ET LUNEBURG." "X THALER. 1813," in the field. Value $7.89.
93. G. 1817. Ten thalers.  Obv. Shield, same as preceding.
"GEORGIUS D. G. PRINC. REGENS. "  Rev. "TUTOR NOM CAROLI DUCIS
BRUNS. ET LUN."' "X THALER. 1817," in the field. Value $7.89.
FREDERICK WILLIAM fell, at the head of his troops, at Quatre
Bras, and was succeeded by CHARLES FREDERICK, his oldest son,
who, being a minor, was placed under the tutilage of George IV.,
then Prince Regent of England, who continued to act in this capacity




AMODERN COINS-BRUNSWICK.                      217
until October, 1823, when Charles assumed the reins of government
in his own right.
94. B.S. 1819. Three marien groschen.  Obv. "160 EINE FEINE
MARK.'"  "3 MARIEN GROSCIEN, 1819," in the field. Rev. Horse conrant. "KON. HANNOVERSCHE CONVENTIONS MUNZE." (Royal Hanoverian convention money.)
95. B.S. 1819. One marien groschen.  Obv. "GEORG. T. N. CAROLI.
D. BR. "
96. B.S. 1820. One twenty-fourth thaler. Obv. "GEORGIUS D. G.
R. T. N. CAROLI D. BR. ET. L."
97. B.S. 1823. Four pfenning. Same as preceding.
98. C. 1824. Two pfenning. Obv. Horse courant. "CARL. HERZOG
ZU BRAUNSCHW. U. L."  Rev. "II PFENNING SCHEIDE MUNZE. 1824."
99. G. 1825. Ten thaler.  Obv. "CARL. IIERZOG ZU BR. U. LUEN."
Same device as No. 92.  Rev. The denomination.  Value $7.91.
100. S. 1828. Six pfenning. Same type.
101. S. 1830. One-twelfth thaler, of CHARLES.  Same as No. 98.
102. G. 1831. Ten thalers.  Obv. " WILHELM  HERZOG V. BR. U,
LUEN." Horse courant.  Rev. The denomination.  Value $7.80.
103. G. 1834. Ten thalers, of WILLIAM.  Obv. Crowned shield,
supported by two wild men; horse courant, on a shield of pretence.
"WILHTELM HERZOG Z. BR. U. L. "  Rev. "x THALER. 1834." inclosed
in a wreath formed of two sprigs of oak, crossed.  Value $7.89.
104. S. 1838. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, without the laurel.
"WILHELM HERZOG. Z. BRAUNSCIIWEIG U. L."  Rev. Crowned shield,
heavily draped; a portion of the collar and the badge of the
Guelphic* order beneath the shield. "EIN THALER. XIV EINE F. M."
* The Royal Guelphic Order was a Hanoverian order of knighthood, established by George IV., Prince Regent of England, in 1815. It. probably derived
its name from the Gaelphs or Guelfs, a powerful faction of the middle ages, which
was opposed to the German emperors and their adherents, the latter of whom
were called Chibelines. The anto gonism between these two parties resolved
itself into a struggle between the secular and spiritual powers, the Ghibelines
sustaining the cause of the emperor, while the Guelfs stood by the pope. The
wars between the two contending parties deluged Italy with blood for nearly




218               MODERN COINS-HANOVER.
(One thaler, fourteen to the fine mark.) " NEC ASPERA TERRENT," on01
the edge. Value 72.2 cts.
105. S. 1838. Same as preceding, showing the reverse.
106. S. 1840. One-sixth thaler. Obv. Head, "WILHELM HERZOG,"
etc.  Rev. "VI EINEN THALER. LXXXIV. EINE F. MARIK.  "4 GUTE
GROSCHEN," (four good grosh-piece) in the field.
Of the groschen or grosh-piece, there are three different varieties:
1st. The good groschen, of 24 to the thaler, worth about three cents
in our money.  2d. The silver groschen, of 30 to the thaler, worth
about 2.7 cents.  3d. The marien groshen, of 24 to the florin, and
consequently worth about 2.3 cents.
E A NO V E R.
Since the division of the house of Brunswick in 1559 into the two
branches of Brunswick and Hanover, the systems of government have
been entirely distinct, although it would seem that the administration of both has, for a portion of the time, been vested in the same
individual; thus we find that from  1592 to 1648, the same persons
who reigned as Dukes of Brunswick proper, were also Dukes of Hanover. But in the latter year, upon the death of Frederick II., CHRISTIAN LEWIS succeeds in Brunswick, while ERNEST AUGUSTUS appears
as Duke of Hanover.  ERNEST was made an elector in 1692, and
continued to reign until his death in 1698, when he was succeeded by
GEORGE LEWIS, who, upon the death of his uncle, GEORGE WILLIAM,
in 1705, inherited the Dukedom of ZELL, and in 1714 ascended the
throne of England as GEORGE I.; since which time the house of
Hanover has continued to supply the throne of England with sovereigns; and the succession was the same in both countries until
the death of William IV., when, by the Salique* law, VIcTORIA was
prevented from assuming the crown of Hanover, and it consequently
descended to the next male heir, who was the Duke of Cumberland.
three centuries. The order consists of grand crosses, commanders, and knights,
and is both a civil and a military distinction. It is sometimes styled the "Order
of Merit."
* A fundamental law, which provides that males only shall inherit the throne.




MODERN COINS- HANOVER.                   219
Hanover was raised to the rank of a kingdom during the reign of
George III., in 1814.  It may be proper here to remark, that the
same titles are found on the coins of Hanover as on those of Brunswick, until a very recent period, the princes of both houses styling
themselves "Dulces of Brunswiclc and Lun1eburyg."  The name of
"Hanover" did not appear upon the coins until in the reign of
GEORGE IV., when it was added to the old title.  But in the following reign, of WILLIAM IV., the simple title "KIing of Hanover," was
adopted.
115. S. 1687. Crown, of ERNEST AUGUSTUS.  Obv. His bust,
"ERNESTUS AUGUSTUS D. G. EP. OSNAB. DUX BR. ET LUNEB." 1Rev.
"SOLA BONA QUX IHONESTA. 1687." (Honest things are the only good
things.) Shield surmounted by five helmets.
116. S. 1690. Florin, of same.  Obv. The wild man is here represented.grasping in his right hand a pine-tree, which has been denuded
of a portion of its verdure, and torn from the ground. Legend same
as the reverse of 115.  Rev. Sword and crosier in saltiere, through
a crowned shield. "ERNEST AUG. D. G. EPISC. OSN. DUX B. & L. "
117. S. 1713. Florin, of GEORGE LEWIS. (George I. of England.)
Obv. Horse courant. "IN RECTO DECUS."   " FEIN  SILB.'7  Rev.
Crowned shield, name and titles.
118. S. 1714. Two marien groschen, of same.  Obv. "IN RECTO
DECUS," horse courant, "1714."  Rev. "GEORG. LUD. D.. D. B. & L.
S. R. I. A. T. & E."  " II MARIEN GROS." in the field.
119. S. 1729. Crown, of GEORGE II. Obv. Horse courant. "NEC
ASPERA TERRENT."   Rev. The royal arms; the arms of England, Ireland, nd France occupying the first three quarters of the shield, and
the arms of the house of Hanover, the fourth. "GEORG. II D.G. GM.
BRIT. F. & H. REX. F. D. BR. & L. DUX. S. sR. I. A. TH. & EL." (Which,
in unadulterated English, means: "George II., by the Grace of
God,,King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the
Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, Arch Treasurer and
Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.")
120. S. 1733. Florin, of same. Rev. Crowned shield, bearing
the arms quartered as before.
121. S. 1737. Crown of same.  (Same as preceding.)




220                MODERN COINS-HANOVER.
122. G. 1758. Five thalers, of same.  Obv. Crowned shield;
name and English titles.  Rev. His German titles, with the denomination and date occupying the field.  Value $3.93.
123. S. 1760. Florin, of same.  Obv. Device same as 116, and
his German titles.  Rev. Crowned shield: Value 56 cts.
124. S. 1766. Crown, of GEORGE III.  Obv. Crowned shield;
name and English titles not so much abbreviated as in the former
reign. Rev. St. Andrew and his cross; German titles. Value $1.12.
125. S. 1776. Four marien groschen, of same.  Obv. Name and
English titles. "IIII MARIEN GROSCH.m" occupying the field.  Rev.
(See No. 116) German titles.
126. S. 1783. Twenty-four marien grosclhen, of same.  Obv.
Crowned shield, name and titles arranged as before; the denomination occupying the field of the reverse.
127. S. 1797. Same reverse.
128. S. 1801. Florin, of same.  Obv. Bust, laureated; name and
titles.  Rev. "18 STUCK EINE MARK FEIN. 1801." "2-3" in the field.
Value 56 cts.
129. S. 1807. Florin, of same.  Obv. Shield encircled by the
garter, and surmounted by a crown; arms of Hanover on a shield of
pretence. " GEORGIUS III D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX F. D."  Rev. The
fraction "2-3" and German titles. Value 56 cts.
130. S. 1814. Florin, of same.  Bust and English titles on the
obverse.  German titles on the reverse.  Value 56 cts.
131. G. 1814. Ten thalers, of same.  Obv. Horse courant.  Rev.
"X THALERS. 1814. "  English and German titles arranged as before.
Value $7.84.
132. G. 1814. Same reverse.
133. G. 1814. Two-and-a-half thaler, of same type. Value $1.95.
134. G. 1815. Five thalers.  Obv. Crowned shield, draped with
the gqrter; arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence. "GEORGIUS III
D. G. BRITANNIARUM. REX. F. D."  Rev. " BRUNSVICENS ET LUNEBURG DUX. S.. I. A. T. ET E.;" the denomination in the field. Value
$3.91,
135. S. 1828. Florin, of GEORGE IV.  Obv. Bust, "GEORG. IV




MODERN COINS —-IIANOVER.                 221
D. G. BRIT. & HANOV. REX. F. D. BR. & LUN. DUX."  Reverse same as
No. 128. Value 56 cts.
136. G. 1829. Ten thalers, of same.  Obv. Bust, "GEORGIUS IV
D. G. BRIT. & IIANOV. REX F. D.'"  Rev. "BRUNSVICENSIS & LUNEBURGENSIS DUX; the denomination in the field. Value $7.85.
137. G. 1832. Ten thalers, of WILLIAM IV.  Obv. Bust, without
the laurel. "GULIELMUS IV D. G. BRIT. ET HANOV. REX F. D.,' etc.
Rev. A crowned shield, bearing on its outward edge the legend
"NEC ASPERA TERRENT;" arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence.
"1832"...... "ZEHN THALER."  Value $7.89.
138. G. 1835. Five thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, "WILHELM IV
KOENIG V. GR. BRIT. U HANOVER."  Rev. Crowned shield, with the
sides made concave, encircled by the Gzelphic collar; sprigs of oak
and laurel in the concavities; arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence.  Value $3.91.
139. S. 1834. One-sixth thaler, of same. Same as preceding, with
"VI EINEN THALER. "LXXXIV EIN F. M.," for legend on the reverse.
"NEC ASPERA TERRENT," on the edge.  Value 12 cts.
140. G. 1838. Ten thalers, of ERNEST AUGUSTUS (Duke of Cumberland). Obv. Bust, without the laurel. "ERNEST AUGUST. V. G. G.
KOENIG V. HANNOVER."  Rev. Slightly modified from the preceding
reign. "NEC ASPERA TERRENT,' on the edge.  Value $7.90.
141 and 142. S. 1838. Thaler.  Obv. Head, "ERNST. AUGUST. V.
G. G. KOENIG VON HANNOVER."  Rev. Crowned shield and Guelphic
collar, arranged as in No. 138, with the oak and laurel forming a
wreath behind the shield. "EIN THALER. XIV EINE F. M."......"FEINES
SILBER." "NEC ASPERA TERRENT," 011 the edge.  Value 7(2 cts.
each.
143. B.S. 1838. One-twelfth thaler. Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. "CLXVIII EINE FEINE MARK."....."  JUSTIRT;" the denomination
in the field. Value 6 cts.
144. B.S. 1838. Four pfenning.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
a horse courant. "KON HANNOV. SCHEIDE M."  Rev. " 4 PFENN. 1838."
145. C. 1838. One pfenning.  Obv. A crowned monogram. Rev.
"' 1 PFENNIG 1838. "
146. G. 1839. Two-and-a-half thaler.  Obverse same as No. 140.




222               MODERN COINS-NASSAU.
Rev. " KOEN BR. V. GR. BRIT. U IRL; IH. V. CUMB. H. Z. BR. U L."7
(Prince Royal of Great Britain and Ireland; Duke of Cumberland,
Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg;) the denomination occupying
the field. Value $1.97.
147. S. 1839. Florin.  Obverse same as No. 140. Rev. "NAcII
DEN LEIPZIGER FUSSE;" the fraction " 2-3" occupying the field. Value
57 cts.
148. G. 1850. Ten thalers.  Obv. Head. "ERNST. AUGUST. IKOENIG VON HANNOVER."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the British
arms quartered, and the arms of Hanover on a shield of pretence.
"ZEHN THAL.'...... "1850.7"  Value $7.90.
149. S. 1852. Thaler, of GEORGE V. Obv. Bust, "GEORG. V. V.
G. G. KOENIG V. HANNOVER."'  Rev. Shield, same as preceding, surmounted by the imperial crown. "EIN THALER. BERGSEGEN DES
IIARZES. —-XIV EINE F. M."7 "NEC ASPERA TERRENT,"7 on the edge.
Value 72 cts.
NA SSA U.
The Duchy of Nassau is one of the southern States of Germany,
and derives its name from the Castle of Nassau, which is said to
have been built by the counts of Laurenburg, in the beginning of
the twelfth century.  Upon the death of Henry, the Rlich, in 1254,
it was divided between his two sons, WALRAM IV. and OTrIO, WXALRAM taking the earldoms of Nassau, Idstein, and Weilburg; and
Otho, the remainder.  The former was the founder of the house of
Nassau; and the descendants of the latter became earls of Dillenburg and Liegen, and founders of the house of Orange. WILLIAM III.
of England was a member of the latter family. After various changes
all the possessions of the Walramn line devolved upon LEWIS II., a
member of the Nassau- Weilburg family; but upon his death in 1625,
his possessions were again divided into the three branches of Laarbruck, Idstein, and Weilburg.  The former branches have since,
however, become merged in the latter; and since 1816 have formed
only one principality.
A 157. C. 1773. Quarter kreutzer.  Obv. "1-4 KREUZ. 1773."
[No device. Rev. Crowned shield, bearing a lion rampant between
"C" and "P."




MODERN COINSII-ESSE.                   223
B 157. S. 1805. One groschen.  Obv. Pointed shield, with the
lion ramnpant; a crown suspended above. Rev. "1 GROSCHEN F. R. P.
GREIZER. L. o. 1805. "
158. C. 1810. One kreutzer.  Obv. Crowned shield. "IIERZ. NASSAISCHE SCHEIDMUNZ.'"  Rev. "1 KREUZER. 1810;" wreath of oak.
159. S. 1813. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "FRIEDRICH AUGUST HERPZOG
zv NASSAU."  Rev. Crowned shield, between sprigs of laurel and
palmz. "ZEHN EINE FEINE MARK."
160. S. 1815. Same.
161. S. 1817. Thaler. Obv. Shield; a mantle of ermine suspended
from a crown, and forming a canopy over the shield. "HIERZOGTHUIJ
NASSAU." Rev. No device. "EIN KRONEN THALER," inclosed in laurel.
162. S. 1818. Thaler. Obv. Bust, "WILHELM HERZOG ZU NASSAU."
Rev. Same device as the obverse of preceding. "KRONEN THALER."
163. S. 1825. Same.
164. S. 1823. Three kreutzers.  Obv. Crowned shield. "HERZ.
NASS. SCHEIDMUNZ."  Rev. "'III KREUZER. 1823."'
165. C. 1834. Kreutzer.  Obv. Crowned shield. "HERZOGTIHUM
NASSAU.~"  Rev. "EIN KREUZER. 1834."
166. S. 1838. One gulden.  Obv. Bust, "WILHELM  HERZOG ZU
NASSAU. "  Rev. "1 GULDEN. 1838;" wreath of oak.
167. S. 1838. Six kreutzers.  Obv. Crowned shield. "IIERZOGTIHUM NASSAU. Rev. "6 KREUZER. 1838;" oak wreath.
168. S. 1839. Half gulden.  Obv. Bust, "WILHELM  HERZOG ZU
NASSAU."
169. S. 1840. Half gulden.  Obv. Bust, "ADOLPH HERZOG ZzU
NASSAU. "
SECTION II.-HESSE: HESSE-CASSEL, HESSE-IHOMBURG,
AND IHESSE-DARMSTADT.
The ancient principality of Hesse has undergone various divisions.
In the sixteenth century it was divided into several principalities,
the princes of each of which retained the ancestral title of Landgrave; and after various changes and divisions it has, at last, been
erected into the three sovereign States of-first, Kur-Hessen, or HesseCassel; second, Hesse-Darmstadt; third, Hesse —Homburg, titles which




224                 MODERN COINS-HESSE.
are derived from the names of their respective capitals. The coins,
however, can only be distinguished by the titles of their sovereigns,
the first being "Kurfurst" (Elector), the second "Grosherzog"
(Grand Duke), and the third "Landgraf" (Landgrave), of Hesse;
and this distinction will not apply to coins of an earlier date than
1803, the year in which Hesse-Cassel was erected into ah electorate.
1. S. 1636. Crown, of WILLIAM V.  Obv. Lion ramnpant. "WILHELM D. G. LANDGAVI HASSI.E COM. C. D. Z. ET N. "  Rev. A representation of a "water spout;" the wind, lightning, etc., issuing from
the clouds; the rays of the sun above; buildings in the background.
"JEHOVA VOLENTE HUMILIS LEVABOR."
2. G. 1761. Ducat, of FREDERICK II.  Obv. Eight L's and crowns
arranged as a cross, with "F. D." in the center.  Rev. Shield, bearing
a lion rampant, surmounted by a crown, and surrounded by seven
smaller shields, bearing the arms of the different houses of Hesse.
3. S. 1766. Thaler, of same.  OlMv. Bust, "FRIDERICUS II D. G.
HASS. LANDG. HAN. COM."' Rev. Shield, encircled by the garter, and
surmounted by a crown; supported by two lions. "x ST. EINE MARK
FEIN."...... "JUSTIRT."  Value $1.00.6.
4. B.S. 1767. One-fourth thaler, of same.  Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing a lion rampant. "531 ST. EINE MARK FEIN."  Rev. Shield,
with "IV EINEN REICHS THAL. 1767." inscribed upon it. "FURSTL HESS
LANDM."......" JUSTIRT. "
5. B.S. 1 767. One-sixth thaler. Obv. A lion rampant, supporting
a shield bearing the royal cipher. "30 STUCK. EINE MAPRK FEIN. "
Rev. Same legend as preceding, with the denomination in the field.
Value 11.4 cts.
6. B.S. 1768. One-fourth thaler.  Obverse same as No. 4.  Reverse same as preceding.
7. G. 1771. Pistole.  Obv. Head, "FRIDERICUS II D. G. HASS. L.
H. C. "  Rev. A sun with a lion in the center, and "VIRTUTE ET FIDELITATE;" the date beneath.  Value $3. 88.4.
8. B.S. 1772. One-fourth thaler.  Same type as No. 6.
9. G. 1785. Double pistole.  Same as No. 7, with "FRIDERICUS
II D. G. HASS. LANDG. HAN COMI."  Value $7.74.2.
10. S. 1785. Florin.  Obverse same as preceding.  Reverse same
as No. 3.




MODERN COINS-IIESSE.                    225
11. S. 1789. Thaler, of WILLIAM IX. Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Crowned shield, hung with laurel, with "EIN THALER." above,
and "1789" beneath.  Value 72.1 cts.
12. B.S. 1791. One-sixth thaler.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
a lion rampant. Rev. "80 STUCK EINE MARK FEIN;" with the denomination in the field.
13. G. 1799. Five thalers.  Obverse same as No. 11.  Rev. Martial emblems, with a lion couchant in front. " 5 THALER............ 1799."
Value $3.88.4.
14. B.S. 1804. One-sixth thaler.  Same type as No. 12.
15. B.S. 1807. Twenty kreutzers, of IESSE-DARMSTADT.  Obv.
Head. "LUDWIG GROSHERZOG VON HESSEN."  Rev. Crowned shield.
"60 STUCK EINE FEINE MARK;" the denomination "20." beneath the
shield.
16. S. 1809. Thaler, of HESSE-DARMSTADT. Obverse same as
preceding.  Rev. Crowned shield, between branches of palm  and
laurel, crossed. " ZEHN EINE FEINE MARK."......" 1809." Value $1.00.7.
17. G. 1817. Five thalers, of HESSE-CAssEL. WILLIAM I.  Obv.
Head, "WILHELMUS I. ELECT HASS LANDGR. M. D. FULD."  Reverse
same as No. 11.  Value $3.90.8.
18. S. 1819. Thaler, of HESSE-CASSEL.  Obv. Head, "WILHELM
I. KURF. SOUV. LANDG:RA. Z. HESSEN GR. H. U. FULDA."  Rev. "EIN
THALER, 1819," inclosed in a wreath of laurel. "KUR: HESS: LAND:
MUNZE,"' on the edge. Value 72 cts.
19. B.S. 1821. Six kreutzers, of HESSE-IDARMSTADT.  Obv.
Crownedl shield. "GROSHEIRZOGTHUM HIESSEN.'" Rev. "SCHEIDEMUNZE."...... "1821."  " 6 KREUZER,,7   in the field.
20. B.S. 1824. One-third thaler, of HESSE-CASSEL. WILLIAM II.
Obv. Bust, in uniform. " WILHELM II KURF. S. L. V. HESSEN G. H. U.
FULDA.'"  Rev. "3 EINEN THAL.ER, 1824," inclosed in a wreath of
laurel. VTalue 24.1 cts.
21. S. 1825. Thaler, of HESSE-DARMSTADT.  Obv. Undraped bust,
"LUDEWIG GROSHERZOG VON HESSEN."  Rev. Shield, surmounted by
a cuirass; a mantle of ermine suspended from a crown, and forming
a canopy over the shield. "EIN KRONEN THALER.....1825."  "EHRE
VATERLAND GOTT." on the edge.  Value $1.00.7.




226                 MODERN COINS- SAXONY.
22. S. 1825. Reverse of same.
23. B.S. 1831. One-sixth thaler, of HESSE-CASSEL.  Same as
No. 20. Value 12 cts.
24. B.S. 1835. One-sixth thaler, of same.  Obv. Crowned shield,
surrounded by an order chain. "WILH. II KURF. U. FRIEDR. WILE.
KURPR. U. MITREG." (William II. Elector, and Frederick William,
Electoral prince and Coregent.) Rev. "KURFURSTENTHUMI HESSEN...... 84 EINE FEINE MARK.'  "6 LINEN THALER, 1835," in the field.
Value 12 cts.
25. S. 1836. Thaler, of IHESSE-DARMSTADT. LUDWIG II.  Obv.
Head. "LUDWIG II GROSHERZOG VON HESSEN."  Reverse same as No.
21.  " EHRE VATERLAND GOTT." 011n the edge.  Value $1.00.7.
26. S. 1836. Thaler, of HESSE-CAssEL. WILrLIAM II. and FREDERICK WILLIAM.  Same type as No. 24.  "GOTT BESCHINNE UNS."
on the edge. Value 71.5 cts.
27. B.S. 1836. One-sixth thaler.  Same as preceding.
28. S. 1838. One gulden, of HLESSE-HOMBUR.G.  Obv. Bust, in
uniform. "LUDWIG. SOUV. LANDGRAF ZU HESSEN."  Rev. "1 GULDEN
1838" inclosed in a wreath of oak. Value 41.3 ets.
29. S. 1838. Half gulden, of IHESSE-DARn MSTADT. LUDWIG II.
Obv. Head, "LUDWIG II GROSHERZOG VON HESSEN."  Reverse same
as preceding. Value 20.6 cts.
30. S. 1839. Same.
31. S. 1839. Two thalers, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. "VEREINS MiJNZE. 1839." inclosed in a wreath of oak.  "3GULDEN.  2 THALER......VII EINE FEINE MARK.' "CONVENTION VOM
30 JULY 1838.1" on the edge. V alue $1.44.6.
32. G. 1840. Five thalers, of HESSE-CASSEL. WILTIAM II. Same
type as No. 26.
33. G. 1840. Five gulden, of HESSE-DARMSTADT. LUDWIG II.
Obverse same as No. 29.  Reverse same as No. 21.
SAXONY.
Saxony is one of the principal States of Germany. It was originally a duchy, but was raised to the rank of an electorate at the
accession of FREDERICK I., in 1423.  Upon the accession of OTrO




MODERN COINS-SAXONY.                    227
III., DUKE OF SAXONY, to the imperial throne of Germany in 936, he
resigned Saxony to the house of Stubenskorn, in which line it remained until 1106, but soon after passed, by marriage, to the house
of Bavaria, and with the latter was added to the Duchy of Brunswick, where it remained until 1180. But in the latter year Brunswick was curtailed of both duchies, and Saxony was divided between
BERNARD of Asconia, and the Bishop of Cologne; the eastern portion
being assigned to the former, and the western to the latter.  After
its advancement to the electoral rank it remained in the family of
Frederick until 1547, when JOHN FREDERICK, having joined the Protestant League of Smnalcalde against the Emperor Charles V., was
defeated and taken prisoner at Mauhlberg, and compelled to renounce
the electorate, and the Duke 3MAURICE, a descendant of ALBERT, the
brother of ERNEST, was presented with the electoral crown by the
emperor. (See Note to No. 45.) During the reign of FREDERIcK
AUGUSTUS II., in 1756, Saxony was invaded by the King of Prussia, and it remained under the Prussian yoke until the peace of
lIfubersburgh in 1763.  FREDERICK AUGUSTUS III.,* who ascended
the throne in the latter year, took part with Napoleon in his wars
against Austria, Russia, and Prussia, and was advanced by Napoleon, in 1807, to the rank of a king, and was also invested with the
newly created Duchy of Warsaw. But, after the downfall of Napoleon, he was compelled to renounce all claim to the Duchy of Warsaw,
and a portion of his kingdom was cut off and annexed to Prussia.
37. S. Crown, of JOHN, the Constant. (1525-1532.) Obv. Bust,
in armor. "JOAN ELEC. GEO. FIE. FE." RLev. Bust, " MONE NOVA
DUCUM SAXO. "
38. S. 1530. Crown, of GEORGE, Duke of Saxony.  Obv. Bust,
"NAW. MUNTZ. HERZOG GEORGEN ZU SAXE."  Rev. Five shields, in
cross, the central one bearing the arms of Saxony. "NACH. DEM
ALTEN SCHROT. UND KORN. 1530."
39. S. Crown, of AUGUSTUS, the Pious. (1553-1586.) Obv. Bust,
robed in ermnine and crowned, carrying a sword. "AUGUSTUS D. G.
* FREDERICK CIRISTIAN was the successor of FREDERICK II., but reigned
only two months and twelve days.




228                MODERN COINS-SAXONY.
DUX SAXONIE SA(cri) ROMA(ni) mI"(perii).  Rev. "'ARCHImARSCIAL
ET ELECTO"(r).  Shield bedecked with three helmets.
40. G. 1614. Ducat, of JOHN GEORGE I.  Obv. Four busts at fullface. "'JUL. CLIVI. ET MONTI. SINEE VINARI;" the date beneath the
device.  Rev. Same device as above. "MONETA NO. AUREA FRAT DUC
SAX."'It also has engraved upon it on one side "NAT 1672," and on
the other the initials "w. c. S,."
41. S. 1630. Florin, of same.  Obv. The elector, in armor, carrying his sword in one hand and his helmet in the other. " JOHIAN GEORG.
D. G. DUX SAX. JUL. CLIV. ET MONT. "  Rev. Shield, arms of Wettin
on a shield of pretence. "SACRI. ROMANI IMP. ARCHIMAR ET ELECT."
42. S. 1686. Crown, of JOHN GEORGE III.  Obv. Bust, as in preceding. "JOHAN GEORG. III D. G. DUX SAX. JUL. CLIV. ET MONT." Rev.
Shield, bedecked with eight helmets. "SAC. ROM. IMP. ARCHIM. ET
ELECT. "
43. S. 1696. Florin, of FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I.  Obv. Bust, in
armor. "FRID. AUGUST. D. G. DUX SAX. I. C. M. A. & W.  Rev. Crowned
shield, between two palm  branches, interwoven with flowers and
crossed; arms of Wettin and Saxony.  Same legend as preceding.
44. S. 1696. Florin.  Same type.
45. S. 1706. Florin, of same.  Obv. Bust, in armor; a sash over
the right shoulder. "D. G. FRID. AUGUST. REX POLONIARUM."  Rev.
Two shields, one bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania, and
the other the arms of Saxony, inclosed between palm branches and
surmounted by a crown. "DUX SAX I. C. M. A. & W. S. H. I. ARCII. &
EL. 1706."
In 1697 Frederick was elected King of Poland.  But in 1704 he
was deposed, through the influence of CHARLES XII. of Sweden, and
STANISLAUS SESZCYNSKI was elected, at the Diet of Warsaw, to fill
his place.*  After the celebrated battle of Pultowa, in 1709, Frederick was restored, and continued to reign until his death, in 1733;
and, after an interval of eight months, his son, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
II., succeeded him, and reigned until 1763, when he died, and another
- Frederick. however, continued to issue coins bearing the title of "IKinzg of
Polanid."




MODERN COINS-SAXONY.                     229
interregnum of eleven months intervened, at the expiration of which
STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS PONIATOWSKII was elected to succeed.  It
was during the latter reign that the shameful divisions of Poland
took place; and at the third dismemberment in 1795, when poor
Poland was finally apportioned out to the three powers of Russia,
Prussia, and Austria, STANISLAUS was forced to abdicate, and made
a formal resignation of his crown to the Russian minister at Grodno.
46. G. 1711. Ducat, of FREDERICK I.  Obv. Tihe king oni horseback; no legend.  Rev. Two altars, one bearing the imperial vest-,mtent, scepter, crown, and the imperial globe; while the other bears
the sword and Crvown, with the Icing's mtantle. "FRID. AUG. REX ELECTOR, VICARIUS, POSTMORT. JOSE IMPERAT. 1 Frederick claimed the
succession to the imperial throne upon the death of JOSEPHI I.; but
it was finally determined in favor of CHARLES VI., the brother of
JOSEPH.
47. S. 1755. Crown, of AUGUSTUS III., KIing of Poland.  Obv.
Bust, in armor, crowned. "1D. G. AUGUSTUS IIH REX POLONIARUM."'
Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania,
quartered; and a shield of pretence surmounted by the electoral
crown and bearing the arms of Saxony; the whole inclosed between
two palmn branches, crossed. "SAC.  OM. IMP. A-RCTIIM. ET ELECT
1755."
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II. assumed the title of AUGUSTUS III., as
did his father (Augustus I.) that of AUGUSTUS IT., as King of
Polan d.  This title did not, however, appear upon the coins of
Saxony.  They continued the simple titles of " FREDERICK AUGUSTUS,1" as Electors of Saxoay, upon their own coins.
48. G. 1756. Ten thalers, of same.  Same as preceding, with the
exception that "10 TiT." (the denomination) is substituted for the
initials "E. D. C. " beneath the shield.
49. S. 1763. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, "D. G. FRID. AUGUST.
REX POL. D. S. J. C. N. A. & W."  Rev. Double shield; arms of Saxony on one side, and those of Poland and Lithauania on the other,
surmounted by a crown. "SAC. ROMr. IMP. ARCHIM. ET ELECTOR 1763."
" X EINE FEINE MARCK. "
16




230                 MODERN COINS-SAXONY.
50. B.S. 1763. Twelfth thaler.  Obv. Double shield, similar to
preceding. "D. G. FRID. AUG. REX POL. EL. SAX."  Rev. "CLX ETNE
FEINE MARCK, 1763." " 12 LINEN THALER" ill the field; no device.
51. B.S. 1763. One-forty-eighth thaler.  Obv. Crowned  shield,
bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania, the arms of Saxony on
a shield of pretence.  No legend.  Rev. "48 LINEN TIALER. 1763.'"
52. S. 1763. Thaler, of FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN.  Obv. Bust,
"D. G. FRID. CHRIST. PR. R. POL. & L. DUX SAX." (Christian was regeznt
of Poland during his short term  as Elector of Saxony.)  Rev.
"JUL. CL. MIONT. A. & W. S. R. I. ARCHIMI & ELECTOR. 1763." Crowned
shield, bearing the arms of Saxony; a shield of pretence, and a heart
shield.  The first bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania; the
second, the arms of the younger or Albertine branch of the house
of HT'etiin, surmounted by the electoral crown.
53. S. 1764. Thaler, of FREDERICK AUGUSTUS III.  Obv. Bust,
"FRID. AUGUST. D. G. SAXONIA ELECTOR."  Rev. Shield, surmounted
by the electoral crown, bearing two fields, one containing the arms
of Wettlin, and the other the arms of Saxony; the whole inclosed
between two olive branches, crossed. "x EINE FElNE MARCK. 1764."
54. S. 1764. One-sixth thaler, of same.  Obv. "F. A  D.. SAX"
(for "Fred. Aulg., Duzlce of Saxony") in monogramn, surmounted by
a crown.  Rev. Crowned shield-; arms of Saxony oul a shield of pretence. "F. S. W. U. E. C. V. M., 1764." "80 EINE FmINE MARCK."
55. B.S. 1764. One-twelfth thaler.  Obv. Crowned shield, (same
aS No. 52.) "FRID. AUGUST D. G.. SAXONIE ELECTOR."  Riev. "CLX
lINE FEINE MARCK." "12 EINTEN TIHALER. 17 64," in the field.
56. B.S. 1764. One-twenty-fourth thaler.  Same as preceding.
57. S. 1765. Thaler.  Obo. "Mij~uD. AUTGT'ST. D. G. DUX SAX ELECTOR."  Rev. Device same as No. 52 "'DER SEGEN DES BIERGBAUES,"
(the art of mining.) "X EINT FEINanE MARCK. 1765."
58. S. 1766. Florin.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. Two
shields, each encircled with a wreath of laurel; one bearing the arms
of Wettin, the other of Saxony, surmounted by the electoral crown.
"XX EINE MARCK F."
59. S. 1767. Thaler, of XAVIER,  Prince Regent.  Obv. Bust,
"XAVERIUS D. G. REG rOL. & ITH. DIJX  SAX."  Rev. Crowned shield,




MODERN COINS-SAXONY.                   231
bearing the arms of the various houses of Saxony, Poland, etc., with
the arms of Wettin on a shield of pretence. "ELECTORATUS SAXONILE
ADMINISTRATOR." "X EINE MARCK F."
FREDERICK 111. succeeded to the throne in 1763, at the age of
thirteen years, and his uncle, FRANCIS XAVIER, assumed the regency
during  the minority of the young prince.  The titles and effigy of
Frederick were, however, placed upon the coinage as a general rule,
although some pieces seem to have been struck bearing those of
XAVIER.  This piece is the only specimen of the latter contained in
this collection.  Bonneville gives only one specimen of the date
of 1768; and it is highly probable that this coinage was continued
in small amounts during the whole of Xavier's regency.
60. S. 1776. Thaler, of FREDERICK III.  Obv. Bust, "FRID.
AUGUST D. G. DUX SAX ELECTOR."  Reverse same as No. 52. " x EINE
MARCK. F."
61. G. 1777. Five thalers, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.
Reverse same as No. 57. "5 THALER 1777."
62. G. 1783. Ten thalers.  Same type.
63. S. 1790. Thaler.  Samne as No. 59.
64. S. 1790. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "FRID. AUG. D. G. DUX SAX
ELECTOR & VICARIUS IMPERII."  Rev. The double-headed eagle, bearing upon its breast a crowned shield, with the arms of TVettin and
Saxony borne as in [No. 52. "x EINE MARCK F."
Like the two preceding monarchs of his name aid house, FREDERICK III., upon the death of JOSEPH II. in 1790, claimed the succession to the imperial throne of Germany, and was equally unsuccessful
in his efforts to attain that dignity.
65. G. 1794. Ten thalers.  Obv. "FRID. AUGUST D. G. C)UX SAX.
ELECTOR."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Telltin and
Saxony, hung with laurel and inclosed between two lCabn, branches.
"10 THALER. 1794."
66. S. 1806. Thaler.  Same type as preceding.
67. S. 1806. Same, with the addition of "DER. SEGEN DES BERGBAUES" on the reverse.
68. S. 1807. One-forty-eighth thaler.  Obv. Shield, surmounted
by the royal electoral crown as heretofore, and bearing the arms of




232                 MODERN COINS-SAXONY.
Saxony.  Rev. "48 EINEN THALER. 1807."  Froml this date up to
the present time, the arims of IWettin have been uniformly omitted in
the coinage of Saxony.
69. S. 1809. Thaler. Obv. H3tead, "FRID. AUGUST D. G. REX SAXONIEl.l" Rev. Shield, same as preceding. "ZEHN EINE FEINE MARK. 1809.'
70. S. 1813. Florin.  Same as preceding.  Rev. "ZWANZIG EINE
FEINE MARK. 181]3." 
71. G. 1817. Ten thalers.  Obv. I-ead,  "FRID. AUGUST D. G. REX
SAXONILE."  Rev. Same device as preceding. " 1817. ZEHIN THIALER."
72. G. 18. Ten thalers.  Obv. Bust, in uniform. "FRIEDRICI-I AUGUST KOENIG V. SACI-ISEN."  Reverse same as before, except that the
device is somewhat smaller.
73. S. 1819. Thaler.  Same pattern as preceding. "ZEHN EINE
FEINE MARK." "GOTT REGNE SACrISEN." (God reigns in Saxony) on
the edge.  This is the first inscription found upon the edge of the
coins of this kingdom, and has been continued upon all the larger
pieces up to the present time.
74. S. 1820. Same reverse.
75. S. 1821. Thaler.  Same type.  Rev. "DER SEGEN DES BERGBAUES."......."ZEI-IN LINE FEINE MARK. 1821."
76. S. 1823. Thaler.  (The face of the king appears considerably
older on the coinage of this date than in the former years; the style,
however, continues the same.)
77. S. 1824. Thaler.  The shield on the reverse, which has heretofore been of an oval shape, now undergoes a change and appears
nearly square, with the sides and top made concave; while the base
is arched or made con-vex. " ZEHN EINE FEINE MIARK."
78. S. 1824. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, slightly enlarged.  Rev. The
field containing the shield and date " 18241" (the latter being divided
by the shield, "18" appearing at one side and "12 " at the other,)
is inclosecL  by a circular line, outside of which is the motto "DER
SEGEN DES BERGBAUES," and " ZEIN LINE F. M."
79. S. 1827. Florin, of ANTHONY.  Obv. Head of Anthony.
"ANTON V. G. G. KOENIG. VON SACIISEN."  RIev. Crowned shield, like
that on the last coins of the preceding reign, inclosed between two
olive branches. "ZWANZIG EINE FEINE MARK.'"




MODERN COINS-SAXONY.                       233
80. B.S. 1828. One-twenty-fourth thaler. Obv. Same device as the
reverse of preceding. "ANTIHON V. G. G KOEN V. SACIS.."  Rev. " 320
EINE FEINE MARK." "24 EINEN THALER. 1828," in the field.
81. B. S. 1829. One-sixth thaler. Same as No. 78, with " ACITZIG
EINE FEINE MARK," on the reverse.  In the bust on this and the succeeding coins of this reign Anthony is represented as being considerably older than before; and for this reason it is probably a
much better likeness than that on his first coins, as Anthony was
seventy-two years of age at the time of his accession in 1827.
82 B.S. 1830. One-third thaler.  Same type.
83. G. 1830. Ten thalers.  Same type.
84. G. 1834. Five thalers.  Same type.
85. S. 1835. Thaler.  Same type.
86. S. 1836. Same.
87. B.S. 1836. One-twelfth thaler, of FREDERICK AUGUSTUS IV.
Obv. Crowned shield, (the olive branches omitted.) " FRIEDRICH
AUGUST KOENIG V. SACHSEN."  iRev. " 160 EINE FEINE MARK."' 12
EINEN THALER"' and the date occupying the field.
88. S. 1836. Thaler.  Obv. Head of FREDERICK. "FRIEDRICIt
AUGUST V KOENIG V. SACHSEN.7"  Same reverse as the coins of Anthony.
89. C. 1837. Three pfenningg.  Obv. Square shield, crowned.
"KONIGL. SliCHS SCIEIDE MUINZE."  Rev. "3 PFENNIGE. 1837."  No
device.
90. S. 1838. Thlaler.  Same as No. 87.
91 and 92. C. 1838. One pfenning.  Same as No. 88, with the
legend on the obverse omitted.
93. G. 1839. Five thalers.  Obverse same as No. 87.  Rev.
Square shield, crowned and inclosed in branches of laurel; denomination and date.  NTo legend.
94 and 95. S. 1839-41. Thalers. Obverse same as No. 87. Rev.
Shield, draped with the order-band and star of the order of the
"White Eagle" or "Polish Eagle;" a mantle of ermine suspended
from a crown, and forming a canopy over the shield. "EIN THI-ALER.
XIV EINE F. M. " and the date.
96 and 97. B.S. 1841. One-sixth thaler.  Same type as preced



231         MODERN COINS-DUKEDOMIS OF SAXONY.
ing, with "FUNF. N. GRP." (five Zew ygroschen,) and "6 EINEN THALER.
84 EINE F. M."1 on the reverse.
98. B.S. 1841. Two new groschen. Obv. Square shield, crowned.
"K.' S. SCHIEIDE MIUNZE.......1841.   1Rev. "2 NEW  GROSCHEN 20
PFENNIGE. "
99. B.S. 1841. One new groschen.  Same type.
100 and 101. B.S. 1841. Half new groschen.  Same type.
102 and 103. C. 1841. Two pfennings.  Same type.
104. S. 1856. Thaler, of JOHIN.  With the exception that the
bust is turned to the observer's left, this is of the same type as the
coins of this denomination in the preceding reign.
INDEPENDENT DUKEDOMS OF SAXONY.
Lying to the west of Saxony, but having no connection whatever
therewith, are several small "Dukedomls of Saxony," (as they are
commonly called,) consisting of Saxe-Alteenburg, Saxe- Coburg, Saxeleiningen, and Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. As a general rule, they
depend upon the coinage of Prussia for their currency, except in the
smaller denominations, or " Scheide niimnze," which each prince coins
within his own territory; Saxe-jieimnimgen and Weiinar are, however,
exceptions to this rule, having, at different periods, coined a few
pieces ot the larger denominations.  We have one coin of SaxeGotha (described hereafter), but this house, as before noticed, has
now become extinct.  It will be seen that the small coins of these
provinces are not represented in the cabinet collection.  They are of
very little interest either from a numismatic or commercial point of
view, except as they partake of the base character which attaches to
the lesser coins of most of the German States, and consequently would
only occupy space which can be much more profitably appropriated.
SAXE- MEINING EN.
110. S. 1854. Two thalers, of BERNARD.  Obv. Head of the
duke. " BERNARD HERZOG ZU SACIrSEN MEININGEN. "  Rev. Draped
shield, surmounted by six helmets, bearing the arms of various
houses; the arms of Saxony on a shield of pretence. "3w GULDEN.
VII EINE F. MIARI. 2 THALERS."......"VEREINS MijNZE."




MODERN COINS-DUKEDOMS OF SAXONY.                235
111. S. 1838. One gulden.  Obv. Bust, "BERNARD HERZOG ZU
SACHISEN MEININGEN.   I Rev. "1 GULDEN. 1838,"inclosed in a wreath
of oak.
112. S. 1829. Six kreutzers.  Obv. Crowned shield between "s."
and "M.'1 (for "Saxe-Meiningenl") and the date "1829."'  Rev.
"LANDMIUNZE. 6 KREUZERS." the " 6" occupying the field.
SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENA CH.
114. S. 1815. Thaler.  Obv. Pointed shield, crowned. "GROSHERZOGTIIUM SACUSEN.''.....1. 10 EINE FEINE MARK."  Rev. " DEM VATERLANDE. 1815." inclosed in a wreath, formed of two oak branches,
crossed.
115. S. 1841. Thaler.  Obv. Bust. "CARL. FRIEDRICH GROSHERZOG
Z. SACISEN. W. E."  Rev. Crowned shield, bedecked with the collar
and badge of the order of the Polish Eagle; a shield of pretence
surmounted by a crown, and bearing the arms of Saxony. "EIN
THALER. XIV EINE F. M.7" and the date.
SAXE- C OB UR G.
117. S. 1765. Thaler, of ERNEST FREDERICK, Dnuce of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.  Obv. Bust, in a cuirass. "ERNESTUS FRIDERICUS D. G.
D. s. COBURG S.AALFELD." Rev. Shield, surmounted by a crown; arms
quartered; a shield of pretence bearing the arms of Saxony.  SaxeCoburg was divided into four districts, consisting of Saxe-Saalfeld,
Saxe- lieiningen, Saxe- Gotha, and Saxe-Hildbu rghausen.
118. B.S. 1805. Six kreutzers.  Obv. Shield, inclosed between
branches of palmn and olive, crossed; a crown suspended above.  No
legend.  Rev. " H(erzogthum) s(achsen) COBURG. LAND. M"(iinze)....... "VI KRETUZER. 1805." in the field.
SAXE-GOTH A.
120. S. 1836. Twenty kreutzers, of ERNEST.  Obv. Bust, "ERNEST
HERZOG ZU SACHISEN COBURG GOTHIA."  Rev. Shield, bearing the arms
of Saxony, inclosed between branches of laurel; a crown suspended
above. " 60 EINE F. MARK.'" and the date and denomination together,
thus: "18-20-36. "




236             MODERN COINS- WURTEMBERG.
WV U R T E M BE 1R G.
Upon the decline of the PRoman Empire, Wfirtemberg was erected
into a dukedom, under the jurisdiction of the Franks; but near
the end of the eleventh century the dukedom  was dissolved, and
apportioned out to a number of counts, who declared themselves
independent.  One of these was the Count of Beutelsbach- Wiirtenmberg, whose family gradually absorbed all the other provinces,
until, at the end of the fifteenth century, WViirtemberg was again
united into a single duchy, under the Beutelsbach dynasty.  During
the reign of FREDERICK WILLIATI, who succeeded his father as Duke
of Tl7iirtemberg in 1797, the duchy became the theater of war, and
was overrun by the French armies.  WILLIA-m, however, afterward
gained the favor of the EMIPEROR, together with a large accession of
territory, and, in 1803, was raised, by Napoleon, to the rank of an
elector, and in 1806 was still further honored by the title of Iciny.
Upon the final arrangement of the German States by the Congress of
Vienna, the territorial accessions were confirmed, and the kingly title
finally recognized.
122. S. AMedallic coin, (probably current at about twenty kreutzers.)  Obv. Bust, in civil dress. "FRID). CARL. D. G. D(ux) WIRT(tembergensis) ET TALMIN. ET T"'(eCensis).  Rev. The device represents
St. George on foot,* fighting the dragon. " DURA PLACENT rORTIBUS."'
Not dated.
123. G. 1732. Quarter carolin, of EBERHARD LOUIS.  Obv. Bust,
in armor. "EBER. LUD. D. G. DUX WIJR. & T."  Rev. Shield, surmounted by a crown, and encircled with the order chain of the order
of the " Golden Eagles."  "cuM DEO ET DIE."  " 17......32."
124. B.S. 1759. Fifteen kreutzers, of CHARLES EUGENE.  ObV.
Bust, "cAROLUS D. G. DIUX wuR."  Rev. Crowned shield. "WURTETMBERG LANDMUNZE, 1759...... 5 K."
125. S. 1760. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, in armor, ornamented
with the band and star of the order of the goldenz eagles, and the
* I-Ie usually appears mounted.




MODERN COINS —WURTEMBlERG.                  237
badge of the golden fleece. "CAROLUS D. G. DUX WURT. & T."' Rev.
Shield, surmounted by the electoral crown, and inclosed between
branches of palm  and lalrel, crossed. "PROVIDE ET CONSTANTER."7...... 17*10 F. Mi.*60."7
126. S. 1781. Thaler, of same.  Obverse similar to preceding.
Rev. Oval shield, surmounted by the electoral crown, and draped with
the band and star of the order of the golden eagles, inclosed between
branches of palm and laurel, crossed.  Legend same as preceding.
127. G. 1790. Ducat, of same.  Obv. Bust, "cAROLUS D. G. Dux
wIRT & T."  Rev. Shield draped with the collar and star of the
golden eagles, and surmounted by the electoral crown. "PROVIDE ET
CONSTANTER......1790.'"
128. B. S. 1808. Six kreutzers, of FREDERICK WILLIAM.  Obv.
"F. R." (Frederick Rex) interlaced.  "KONIGL. WURT. SCHEIDE
MUNZE...... VI KREUZER. "  Rev. Circular shield, bearing the arms in
two fields, surmounted by the royal crown, and inclosed between two
branches of palm, crossed. "1808."7
129. S. 1810.'Thaler, of same.  Obv. Rlead, "FRIDERICJ  I.
KOENIG. VON WURTEMBERG."  Rev. Shield, surmounted by the royal
crown, and supported by a lion and stacy, each carrying a flag; the
date beneath. "KOENIGL. WURTTEMB. KRONEN TIIALER,7 on the edge.
130. S. 1817. Thaler, of WILLIAM, (son of the preceding monarch.)
Obv. Undraped bust. "WILHELM KOENIG. VON WiURTTEMBERG." Rev.
The denomination and date, surmounted by a crown, andC inclosed in
a wreath formed of a single branch of laurel.
131 and 132. G. 1818. Ducat, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.  11ev. Crowned shield, supported by a lion and stag; the
date beneath.
133. S. 1824. Gulden, of same.  Obverse same as No. 30.  1Rev.
Circular shield, surmounted by a crown and inclosed in a wreath of
oak. "'EIN-GULDEN ST. KION. WiJRTTEMIB." and the date.  "'URCHTLOs
UND TREU.7" (fearless andcl true) on the edge.  Value 39.4 cts.
134. G. 1825. Five gulden.  Obverse same as No. 30.  Rev.
Pointed  shield, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed  between
branches of oak and laurel, crossed. " FUNF GLUDEN.' 1...... 1825."
135 and 136. S. 1825-1837. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, "WIL



238                MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.
HELM KOENIG VON WVURTTEMBERG."  Rev. Same type as preceding.
"FURCHTLOS UIND TREU" Onl the edge.  Value $1.11.
137. S. 1833. Thaler.  Obverse same as preceding.  1Rev. Aquarius; the goddess of Trade; and a cornucopia. The former is in a
reclining posture, leaning upon his jug, from which the water is running, while the goddess is represented carrying a caduceus, or wand
of Mercury, in her left hand, and a sealed packet, extended, in the
other; the cornucopia appearing to the right of the field. "HANDELSFREIHEIT DURCH EINTRACHT.?' and the date.
Thus, taking the legend in connection with the device, it would
seenm to be a commemoration of, or rather an allusion to the Zollverein, or Cutstoms League, a treaty or compact which exists between
a portion of the German States, by which a freedom of trade is permitted between the different States of the League, no duties being
charged upon merchandise transported from one State to another,
after it has passed the frontiers of the first State, and having paid a
duty there.  The significance of the device being that "TRADE TVILw
PROSPER UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THIS TREATY, "-the treaty being
the document which the goddess holds in her right hand.
138. G. 1841. Ducat, of same.  Obv. Head, " WILHELM KOENIG.
V. WUITTEMBERG."1 Rev. An oval shield, surmounted by a crowned
helmet, and supported by a lion and stag, with their hind feet resting
upon a scroll, which bears the motto "FURCIITLOS UND TREU.'  Legend. "1 DUCATEN. 6[ EINE M. Z. 232 K,"'and the date.
SECTION III.-BAVARIA.
Shortly after the fall of the Roman Empire, which had swallowed
up nearly all of Germany, the government of Bavaria was assumed
by CHARLEMAGNE, who deposed THISSILO II. and governed Bavaria
by legates. In one of these (Leopold) the ducal title was restored;
and, after remaining three generations in his family, it was disposed
of at the will of the German emperors until 1180,* when OTIO I.
* In that year it was detached from the house of Brunswick, by a decree of
the Diet. (See Iztroclctiozn to Ssaxony.)




MODERN COINS —BAVARIA.                   239
succeeded to the ducal crown.  But a century later, upon the death
of Louis II. in 1294, his possessions were divided between RODOLPH I.,
the Stammerer, and Louis III.; the former receiving the Palatinate
of the Rhine, and the latter the Duchy of Bavaria.  After this date
it underwent various changes, and at one time comprised a number
of petty sovereignties, the principal of which were the Duchies of
Upper and Lower Bavaria (which were, however, soon united); the
Palatinate of the Rhine; the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Baireuth,
and various Bishoprics and Free Cities, all of which coined their
own money.  Upon the death of MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH, Elector of
Bavaria, in 177 7, without issue, his possessions passed over to CHARLES
THEODORE, Elector of the Palatinate. The latter likewise dying without issue in 1799, MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH, of Deux-Ponts, became sole
possessor of the Palatinate, Bavaria, and Deux-Ponets.  Bavaria
was made an Electorate in 1623, and was advanced to the rank of a
Kingdom, by Napoleon, in 1806, which rank it still retains.
B-RANDENBURG-BAIREUTH.*
1. S&  1550. Crown, of ALBERT.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "ALBERT
D. G. MARCIIIO BRANDENBU. "  Rev. An ornamented cross, with a
small shield bearing an eagle in the center, and four large shields in
the angles. "sI. DEg PRONOBIS QUIS CONTRA NOS."
2. G. 1601. Ducat, of FREDERICK ALBERT and CHRISTIAN. Obv.
Three busts in full-face, with "16 —1" beneath, (which is probably
intended for "1601," the cipher being omitted.) "D. G. FRID. ALB. ET
CHRISTI. FR. MARCH. BR. DUCES."  Rev. Shield, "PRUSs. ST. POM. CAS.
VAN. LAG. BURG. I. NURNB. PR. R."
3 and 4. S. 1766. Thaler, of FREDERICK CHRISTIAN.  Obv. Bust,
in armor. "FRID. CHRIST. D. G. M. B. D. B. ET S. B. N."  Rev. Shield,
surmounted by the electoral crown and supported by two lions.
"ZEHEN EINE FEINE MARK!" and the date.
* This province was at one time a dependency of Prussia, and was known as
Rhenish Pirussia. Numismatists and others are often apt to confound B3aireuth
with the Electorate of BSrandenburg, which constitutes a large portion of Prussia; whereas there is no connection between them.




~240               MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.
5. G. 1767. Ducat, of same.  Obv. Frederick, dressed in uniform
and mounted upon a horse salient. "FRlID. CHRIST. D. G. i. B. D. B.
ET. S.;" the date beneath.  Rev. An order-star, with a small eagle
in the center, suspended from an electoral crown. "SINCERE ET CONSTANTER. "
6. G. Ducat, of SCIIWABACI-I —FREDERICK and SIGISMUND. Obv.
Full-length figure of a saint. "FRID. & SIGISM. MARCH BRAND.!"  Rev.
An ornamented cross, with shields in the angles. "MONETA NOVA.
AUR. SWABACH."  No date.
7. S. 1754. Thaler, of SCNWABACII-CHAR1LES WILLIAM  FREDERICK.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "CAR. WILHI. FRID. D. G. M. B. D. P. & S.
B. N. C. S."  Rev. A crowned eagle, with a shield upon its breast.
bearing the arms of Zollern, with "SCrIWABACII"7 beneath. "ZEIIEN
EINE FEINE MARK."
ANSPACIH.
8. B.S. 1762. Twenty kreutzers, of ALEXANDER.  Obv. Bust,
inclosed in a wreath composed of two branches of laurel, crossed.
"ALEXANDER D. G. MARCH BRAND."  Rev. A pedestal, bearing the
denomination, with a palm branch at each side, and surmounted by
a crowned eagle, with a small shield upon its breast bearing the
arms of Zollern; the date beneath. "LX EINE FEINE MARK."'
9. G. 1769. Ducat, of same.  Obv. A knight dressed in armor,
placing a heart upon an altar on which a fire is burning. "PATRI
PATRIE I DICATISSIMUS. " Rev. " S. P. D. D. CHR. FRID. CAR. ALEXANDRO.
MARCH BR. PR. DUCI. BURG. NOR. SUP. A. 1769. TUT. LEG. TRANSLATA
ORD. EQU. C. W. R." inscribed in ten lines.  Value $2.24.
BRiANDENBUlRG-ANSPACH-BA IREUT H.
10. S. 17769. Thaler, of ALEXANDER.  Obv. Bust, "ALEXANDER
D. G. MARCH BRAND D. B. & S. B. N."  Rev. An eagle in flight, carrying a band, the ends of which are united in a bow-knot beneath; to
the band are suspended two shields, one at each side; the whole
forming a circle which incloses the date "MDCCLXIX,'7  inscribed in
three lines. "FELIX CONJUNCTIO."7  A series of coins of this type
were struck in 1769, to commemorate the union of the two houses of




MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.                    241
A-nspach and CalILbach (Baireuth), under ALEXANDER, of Ansepach.
Value $1.00.
11. S. 1774. Thaler, of SCITWABACII —ALEXANxDER.  ObV. Ulndraped bust, "ALEXANDER D. 0. MIARCH BRAND."'  Rev. Crowned
shield, surrounded by martial emblems and supported by a lion;
arms of Culmbach and Zollern in the second and thirci quarters,
and the Bavarian eagle in the fiyrst and fourtl. "SCHWABACH," and
the date beneath. "ZEHIEN EINE FEINE MAR.K."  Value $1.00.
BAVARIA  PROPER  (Ujzlper and Lower.)
12. G. Ducat, of LEWIS, Prince Regent. (1314-1349.)  Obv.
Three shields joined together and forming a triangle in the center,
which contains a star. "MONETA NOVA AUREA. BA."  ReV. A cross,
with its limbs extending to the edge; a shield in the center. "LUDWIG P?. R. (Prince Regent) DUX BAVAR."  Value $2.24.
LEWIS III. who succeeded in the Duchy of Bavaria in 1294, was
elected Emperor of Germany in 1314, and continued to reign in that
capacity until his death in 1349. This piece was consequently struck
under the regency.
A 13. G. 1500. Ducat, of ALBERT II., "the TWise."  Obv. The
duke, in a kneeling posture, praying to the Virgin:Mary. "MARIA
ORA PRO MEA."  Rev. Shield, surmounted by the date; the initial
H. at one side, and A. at the other. "ALBERTI AUTRUIM BAVARIE DUCIS.'7
Value $2.24.
B 13. G. 1674. Ducat, of FERDINAND MiARY.  Obv. Bust, "F(erdinandus) M(aria) U. B. & P. S. D. c. P. R. s. I. I. AR. & EL. L. L." Rev.
Shield, surmounted by the Virgin and child. "CLYPEUTS OMINTBUS INTESPERANTIBUS.  Value $2.24.
14. B.S. 1717. Fifteen 1kreutzers, of ATAXIMILIAN EMANUEL. ObV.
Bust, "MAX. EMA. H. I. B. C. D."  Rev. Shield, encircled with the
order chain of the golden fleece, and supported by a lion.  "LANDMUNZ," and the date and denomination (15.)  Value 9 cts.
15. G. 1734. Double Ducat, of CHARLES ALBERT.  Obv. Bust,
"c(arolus) A(lbertus) D(ei) G(ratia) u(triusque) B(avarioe) & P(alatinatus) s(uperioris) D(ux) c(omes) P(alatinus) ru(heni) s(acri) R(omani) I(mperii) A(rchidopifer) & E(lector) L(andgravius L"(euchten



24:2                MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.
bergs). iRev. Virgin and child; the former holding a scepter in
her left hand, and supporting a shield, which is encircled by the order
chain of St. George. "CLYPEUS OMNIBUS IN-TE-SPERANTIBUS," and
the date. Value $4. 48.
16. G. 1747. Ducat, of iMAXIMILIAN JOSEPH.  ObYv  Two busts
in profile, one over the other. "D. G. a(aximilian) J(oseph) U. B. & P.
S. D. C. P. R. s..R. I. A. & E. L. L. & M(aria) A(nna) R(egia) P(rinceps)
P(olonii) & s"'(axonie).  Rev. A landscape, with the sun rising in
the background. "DESIGNANT AMBO. SERENUM."'  Beneath the device
is inscribed "BAVAR. DUPL. CONNUBIO FELIX 1747.7"  Value $2.24.
17. S. 1755. Thaler, of MTAXIMILIAN JOSEPI.  Obv. Bust, bedecked with the order star of St. George. "D. G. MAX. JOS. U. B. & P.
s. D. C. P. R. S. R. I. A. & E. L. L.7"  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the
Bavarian arms, draped with the order chains and badges of St. George
and the golden fleece, and supported by two lions; the date belieath;
no legend. Value $1.00.
18 and 19. S. 1768-71. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, bedecked
with the order star of St. George and the badge of the golden fleece.
Same legend as preceding.  Rev. Virgin and child; the former with
her foot resting upon the crescent, and a scepter in her right hand;
the latter holding the imperial globe in one hand, and pointing upward
with the other, surrounded with clouds and diverging rays; the date
beneath. "PATRONA BAYVARIAE." Value $1.00.
20. B.S. 1773. Twenty kreutzers, of same.  Obv. Bust, inclosed
in a wreath composed of two laurel branches, crossed.  Same legend
as preceding.  Rev. A pedestal, surmounted by a crowned shield,
draped witl the order chains and badges of St. George and the golden Jleece; branches of palm and laurel at the sides. " IN DEO. CONSTITI,?U,' and the date.
21. B.S. 1774. Ten kreutzers.  Same type.
PALATINATE OF THE RHINE.
22. S. 1660. Florin, of CHIIARLES LEWIS.  Obv. Bust, in armor,
"CARL. LJu. D. G. C(omes) P(alatinatus) RH(eni) s. R. I. ARCHITH
(esaurius) ET EL(eCtOr) BA(vari) DU 7'"(x). Rev. The arms curiously




MODERN COINS —BAVARTA.                    243
arranged on three shields, above which is a helmet, surmounted by a
lion sejant. "PROVIDEBIT DOMINIS."
23. G. 1121. Ducat, of CHARLES PHIJLIP.  Obv. The count,
dressed in arnmor, and mounted; the initials "J. G. w." on the ground
beneathl the horse. "CAR. PIIL. D. G. C. P. R. S. R. I. ARCHIT ET EL."
Rev. A crowned shield, surrounded by an order chain, to which is
attached four other crowned shields, thus forming a cross, with " C  "
also crowned, in the angles, the whole surrounded and united by the
order chain of the golden fleece.  Value $2. 24.
24. G. 1113. Carolin, of same.  Obv. Undraped bust, "CAR.
PHILIP D. G. EL PALATINUS."  Rev. A  circular shield, with C's reversed, interlaced, and surmounted by crowns, placed at opposite
sides; P's similarly arranged at the two remaining angles, the whole
forming a cross. "MONE. NOVA. AUREA. PALATI.  Value $4.78.
25. S. 1758. Thaler, of CHARLES THEODORE.  Obv. Bust, "D. G.
CAR. TIHEOD. C. P. R. S. R. I. A. T. & EL." iRev. Two joined shields,
surmaounted by the electoral crown, and draped with the order chain
and badge of St. Hubert. "EX VISCERIBuS RODINAE WILDB3ERG, 1758.'
"FEIN SILBER,"' in italic scrip beneath.  Value $1.11.
26. S. 1765. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Bust, "CAR. THEODOR. D. G.
C. P. R. S. R. I. A. T. & EL."  Rev. Three shields, two connected by a
band, and the third hung from the connection by a ring, the whole
surmounted by the electoral crown, and the date; branches of palm
and laurel at the sides. "10 EINE FEINE MARCK.'"  Value $1.00.
27. S. 1765. Florin.  Same type as preceding.  Value 50 cts.
28. S. 1166. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 26.  Rev. A shield,
surmounted by the electoral crown and the date; a crowned lion at
one side and a stalk of maize at the other. "x EIN  FEINE MARK."
Value $1.00.
29. B.S. 1767. Ten kreutzers.  Obverse same as No. 26.  Rlev.
Crowned shield, between two branches of laurel, crossed. "AD NORMAM  CONVENTION;" the date and denomination beneath.  Value
7.5 cts.
30. S. 1714. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 26.  Rev. Highly
ornamented shield, between branches of palm and olive, surmounted
by the crown and date. "10 EINE FEINE MARC)."'  Value $1.00.




244                MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.
B A V A R I A (After the Ufnion.)
31. S. 1778. Thaler, of CHIARLES THEODORE.  Obv. Bust, ornamented with the order bands and badges of St. George and the golden
fleece. "CAR. TEi. D. G. C. P. R. U. B. D. S. I. I. A. & EL. D. J. C. & M."
Reverse same as No. 18.  Value $1.00.
32. S. 1792. Thaler, of same. Obv. Undraped bust, "CAR. THEOD.
D. 0G. C. P. R. U. B. D. S. R. I. A(rchi) D(apifer) & EL. PROV. & VICAR.":Rev. Double-headed eagle, bearing anl oval shield upon its breast,
surmounted by the electoral crown, and draped with the order chain
and badge of the goldenz feece; the imperial globe occupies one
field, and the arms of the Palatinate and Bavaria the other two. "IN
PART RHENI. SUEV. ET JUR. FRANCON." and the date.  Value $1.00.
33. S. 1799. Thaler.  Same as No. 31.
B A V A R I A  (KIingdom.)
34. S. 1807. Thaler, of MAiXIMILIAN JOSEPH.  Obv. Bust, in
11iform. "MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH. KONIG VON BAIERN."  Rev. Shield,
surmounted  by the royal crown, and supported by two lions; a shield
of pretence, bearing a sword and scepter in saltiere, surmounted by
a crown, the date beneath. "FUR GOTT UND VATERLAND."  "ZEHEN
EINE FEINE MARiK." on the edge.  Value $1.00.
35. S. 1809. Thaler, of same.  Obv. Undraped bust, "MAXIMILIANUS JOSEPHUS BAVARIAE REX.'"  Rev. A swordl and scepter in
saltiere, surmounted by a crown, the date beneath. "PRO DEO ET
POPULO." "BAIERISCHER KRONTHALER." on the edge.  Value $1.00.
36. S. 1818. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, laureated.  Same legend as
preceding.  Rev. A square block resting upon a tiled floor, and
bearing the inscription "CIARTA MAGNA BAVARIAE;" beneath is the
date "xxvI MAII MDCCCXVIII."  " MAGNUS AB. INTEGRO SECLORUM
NASCITUR ORDO.' "ZEHIEN FINE FEINE MARK." ill raised letters on
the edge. (Struck to commemorate the " Constitutional Act," passed
in May, 1818-an instrument of great length, which made material
changes, both in the form of government and the laws.) Value $1.00.
37. B.S. 1819. Six kreutzers, of same.  Obv. Undraped bust,




MODERN COINS-BAVARIA.                    245
"MAX JOSEPH KONIG VON BAIERIN."  Rev. Crowned shield, between
branches of laurel and palm, crossed; "6'" at one side, and "Kli." (six
kreutzers) at the other, and the date beneath. "LAND-MIijNZ."
38. B.S. 1819. Three kreutzers. Same type.
39. S. 1822. Thaler. Same as No. 34. Valtie $1.00.
40. S. 1825. Thaler.  Same as No. 35. Value $1.00.
41. S. 1826. Thaler, of LUDWIG I. Obv. Head, "LUDWIG KO1ENIG
VON BAYERN.7" Rev. The royal crown, inclosed in a wreath composed
of an oak and laurel branch, crossed. "GERECHIT UND BEHARRLICH.'I
and the date. " BAYERISCHER KRONTHALER. " on the edge. Value $1.12.
42. S. 1827. Thaler. Obv. Bust, " LUDWIG I K(ENIG VON BAYEPRN. "...... ZEIN EINE FEINE MARK."  Rev. Star of the order of Theresa,
inclosed in a wreath, composed of two branches of white lily, crossed.
" DIE KOI(NIGIN VON BAYERN STIFTET DEN THERESIEN ORDEN. 1 an11d the,
date.  Edge grained.  Value $1.12.
43. S. 1828. Thaler.  Same as No. 41.
44. S. 1833. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 42.  LRev. The god.
dess of Commerce leaning against a pedestal, and holding a caduceus
in her right, and a cornucopia in her left hand; an anchor at one
side and the prow of a galley at the other; the date beneath. "zoLLVEREIN MIT PREUSSEN SACHSEN. HIESSEN. U. THURINGEN."  (Bavaria
joined the Zollvereil, or Customs League, in this year.) Value $1.02.
45. S. 1834. Thaler.  Obverse sname as No. 42.  Rev. "'LANDTAG 1834." inclosed in a heavy wreath of oak, intwined with a band.'EHRE DEM EtIRE GEBIHIRT.'"  Finely engraved.
46. S. 1835. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 42. FIev. A cadilcecus, between two branches of laurel, crossed. "BEYTR-TT VON BAI)EN
ZUIJ  TEUTSCHEN ZOLLVEREIN."' and the date.
47. S. 1835. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 42.  tlev. A mornimenlt. " DENKM DER TRENNUNG DER KECN THERESE VON ILRtEN SOIINE
DEM K(EN. OTTO. ERRICITET BEI AIBLING BAYERISCHEN FRAUEN." ill
scribed in two concentric lines; the date beneath.
48. S. 1836. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 42.  IRev. A church.
"BAYERN ERRICHTETEN DIE HI. OTTOKOPELLE ZU KIEFERSFELDEN. ZUM
ANDENKEN AN K(EN OTTO'S ABSCHIED V. SEINEAMI VATEtLANDE. " illscribed in two concentric lines, with the date beneath.
17r




246                 MODERN COINS-BADEN.
49. S. 1838. Three gulden.  Obv. lUndrapod bust, "LTJDWIG I
KCONIG VON BAYERN.77 ROV. " DIE EINTHEILUNG D. KIONIGREICtIS AUF
GESCHICTII'L GRUINDLAGE ZURUCKGEFUHRT. 1858." inscribed in seven
parallel lines, and surrounded by a circle of eight small wreaths,
united by bands, and containing the names of the different provinces
of Bavaria. "DrL.Y EINITIALD. GULDLEN*"-:-ViI E. F. M." 011 the edge.
Value $1l.18.
50. B.S. 1838. One half gulden.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. "1-2 GULDEN. 1838." inclosed in a wreath of oak.'Value
20 cts.
51. B.S. 1839. Three kreutzers.  Obv. Crowned shield, arms of
Bavaria oal a shield of pretence. "KOCUSNIGr. BAYERN.:"  1 ev. "3
KRLEUZER. 1839." inclosed in a wreath of oak.  Value 2 -ts.
52. B.S. 1839. One kreutzer.  Same type as preceding.
53. B.S. 1833. One kreutzer, (2 pieces.)  Obverse same as No.
47.  Rev. Crowned shield, like [No. 34, between branches of palm
and laurel, crossed. "LAND-MuNZ." and the denomination and date.
54. C. 1839. One pfenning, (2 pieces.)  Obv. Crowned shield,
like No. 51, between two branches of oak, crossed. RPev. "1 PPENING.
1839."
55. C. 1839. One heller.  Same type as preceding.
56. S. 1841. One gulden.  Same type as No. 50.  Value 40 cts.
57. S. 1847. Two gulden.  Obverse same as No. 49.  1-ev.
Crowned shield, supported by two lions; arms of Bavaria on a shield
of pretence. " zwlY GULDEN. 7C and the date.  Value 7 9 cts.
58. S. I154. Two thalers, of IAXIMIL,,IAN II.  Obv. Undraped
bust,  "MAXIMILTA!N II KOINIG V BAYERN.27  tev. Same device as
preceding, with "3 1-2 GULDEN. VIi EINE  o MAiRKI...... 2 THALER.
above, and "VEREINS MUiNZE, 1854." beneath.  "CONVENTION VOM1
30 JULY, 1838." on the edge.
59. S. 1853. Two gulden.  Same type as preceding.
B AD E N.
Baden first came under the house of Zdhrzingen in 1052, by the
accession of IERIMAN, third son of BERTHOLD, (the founder of the




MODERN COINS-BADENo                      247
house of Zichringen,) who acquired the ducal crown by marriage,
and his son, HEnRMAN II., who succeeded him in 1073, and reigned
until 1130, assumed the title of mnargrave, but not, however, until the
last year of his reign.  Subsequent to this period Baden experienced
various changes, but the first permanent division took place in 1515,
when the Margyravc, CIIESTOPHE1R IT., who succeeded to the throne
in 1475, abdicated, having first divided his dominions among his
three sons, BERNHAiD, PHIL-IPJ ancd E RNNST, and died, in a state of
insanity, in 1527.  But Philip dying soon after, his two surviving
brothers divided the whole between themselves, BERNTHARD taking
Baden-Baden, and EtN LNsT Bade;i -Dotturle ach.  In this divided state
it remained until the death of AUGusTUs GEORGE, of Baden-Baden,
inI 1771, without issue, when his possessions passed over to CHARJLES
FnREDERIK, of Baden.Dourlach, by virtue of a treaty of mutual suecession which existed between them.  Baden was advanced to the
rank of an electorate in 1803, anid upon the formation of the present
Ge-rmanic Confeederation in 1806, the elector received the title of
GRAND DUKE (GCrsherzoy.)  Baden has also been much increased
in extent by several territorial additions since the treaty of Luneville in 1801.  Froum  1813 to 1816 Baden was in a very unsettled
condition, as will be readily seen by a reference to the coins of that
period. They bear neither the name, bust, nor title of any sovereign,
but merely the legend, " Grand Duch.  of Badcen," and the arms;
and again in 1819 coins of the same description appear.  The latter,
however, was probably caused by a short interregnum, occurring
between the death of CHARLEs LOUIS FREDEur CII and the accession
of his uncle Louis.
60. C. 1721. Twelve heller.  Obv. An eagle and the date.  Rev.
"XII HELLER REICIIS STADT. ACHIEM,"] inscribed in five parallel lines.
No device.
61. S. 1766. Thaler, of CHARLES FREI)ERICK.  Obv. Bust, in
armor, "CAROLUS FRID. D. G. MARCHIO BAD. ET. H."  Rev. Crowned
shield, with a griffin at each side, and an order star beneath; above
is "ADNORMAM CONVENTIONIS," and beneath the date and "x EINE r.
MARCK."  Value:1.00.
62. B.S. 1173. Twenty kreutzers.  Obv. Bust, "CAROLUS FRID. D.




248                 MODERN COINS-BADEN.
G.' MARCHIIIO BAD. & II." R1ev. Crowned shield, between branches of
palm and laurel. "LX EINE FEINE MARCK, 1773."  Value 12 cts.
63. S. 1778. Thaler.  Obv. Head, samne legend as preceding.
Rev. Oval shield, surmounted by a crown, and the date between
branches of palm and olive, crossed. "x EINE FEINE MARCK," beneath.'Value $1.00.
64. S. 1813. Thaler, of the INTERREGNUM.  Obv. Shield, bearing
the arms of Baden, displayed upon a mantle of ermine; the latter
being suspended from a crown. "GGROSIIERZOGTI-IiU  BADEN," and the
date.  Rev. "I KRONEN TI-IALER," inclosed in a wreath, composed of
two laurel branches, crossed.  Value $1.12.
65. S. 1816. Thaler.  Same type as preceding, with the obverse
somewhat improved in appearance, the mantle being draped in a
much more graceful manner.  Value $1.12.
66. S. 1819. Thaler, of the SECOND INTERREGNUMS.  Same type as
preceding.  This piece is four grains higher in weight than the one
preceding it.  The coins of both epochs, however, were doubtless of
the same standards and value, the difference in this case being easily
accounted for.
67. G. 1819. Ten gulden, of Louis.  Obv. HIead, "'LUDWIG GROSHERZOG VON BADEN."'  Rev. Crowned shield, between branches of
laurel, crossed, bearing the arms of Baden; the denomination; " 101"
at one side, and "G." at the other; the date beneath.  Value $4.09.
68 and 69. S. 1819. Thaler. Obverse same as preceding, with the
date.  Rev. Same device as No. 65, with "KRONEN THALER." beneath.  Value $1.12.
70. S. 1825. Two gulden.  Samne as No. 67, with "wrVM TRAUT
SCHAU." on the edge.  Value 83 cts.
71. G. 1826. Five gulden. Same as No. 67.  Value $2.05.
72. B.S. 1830. Ten kreutzers.  Obverse same as No. 67.  Rev.
" ZEJIN KREUZER 1830," inscribed in three lines between branches of
laurel. Value 5.6 cts.
73. B.S. 1830. Three kreutzers.  Same type as preceding.
74. S. 1831. Thaler, of LEOPOLD.  Obv. Undraped bust, "LEOPOLD GROSHERZOG vON BADEN."  Rev. Crowlned shield, bearing the




MODERN COINS-MECKLENBURG.                        249
arms of Baden, and supported by two griffins. "KRONEN THALER.'.
and the date. Value $1.09.
75. S. 1834. Same.
76. B.S. 1834. Six kreutzers.  Obverse same as preceding. Rev.
A 6 IKREUZER 1834," between branches of laurel, crossed.
77. C. 1835. One kreutzer.  Same type as preceding.
78 and 79. S. 1839. One gulden.  Obverse same as No. 74. Rev
"1 GULDEN, 1839," inclosed in a wreath  composed of two  oak
branches, crossed.  Value 41 cts.
MECKLENBUR G.
Mecklenburg is one of the most ancient States of Germany.  Its
first inhabitants were the Vandals, who abandoned the country and
migrated southward about the fifth century of the present era, and
the duchy passed  into the possession of the Obotriti and other
Sclavonic nations.  The ancestor of the present ducal family was
Viclot or Nicholas, who was killed in 1159, in a battle against HENRY
the Lion, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, who seized his possessions.  But in 1164, PRIBISLAS,* son of Nicholas, took advantage
of the absence of HENRY, who accompanied the Emperor FREDERICK
BARBAROSSA on his first expedition to Italy, to recover his dominions;
but Henry returned and defeated PRIBISLAS in a battle fought near
Demmin, in 1167.  The latter, however, afterward embraced Christianity and was restored, and continued to reign until his death in
- The Encyclopedia Britannica states, on page 420, vol. xiv., that "the ancestor of the present ducalfamnily of ilieclklenbury was Pribislav, who was made a prince
of the Empire by CHARLES IV. in 1340."  Upon reference to other authorities, it
appears, in the first place, that Charles did not accede to the imperial crown
until the death of Louis V. in 1347. And secondly, in the whole history of the
house of Mecklenburg since the death of NCICHOLAS, no person is found bearing
the name of "Pribislav;" and the only name which approaches it in the most
remote degree is that of Pribislas (above mentioned), who was doubtless the
person indicated. Thus, in the first instance making a discrepancy of at least
sevesn years in the time; and in the latter of nearly two centuries.  (This work
has been found to want accuracy in its historical statements.)




250             MODERN COINS —MECKLENBURGI
1178.  Mecklenburg is at present divided into the two divisions of
Schwerin and Stlrelitz.  This division, as it now exists, took place
upon the accession of FREDERICK WILLIAM ill 1692, to the Schwerin
branch, who, finding a competitor in ADOLPTlus FnvEDET ICK I., Dukcc
of Strelitz, a convention was entered into under the mediation of
the imperial commissaries, and the present arrangement effected.
Each branch has a distinct coinage, although it would appear that,
further than thle adminiisratiooL of the government, there is very little distinction between the two.  The legislative bodies of each are
annually convened together, and pass common laws and impose common taxes for the whole of Mecklenburg. During the reign of FREDERICK FRANCIS, the duchy was conquered by Napoleon.  But, upon
the downfall of the latter, it was again restored, andc in 1815, was
advanced to the rank of a grrand-duchy.  It appears to have had no
part in the conventions of 1753 and 1838, for the equalization of
silver coins; but the granctd-dulces continue to coin money at the old
Leipsic rate.  No coins of Strelitz have yet appeared at this mint.
85. B.S. 17164. One schilling, of FRED]ERICK. Obv. His initial letter, surmonuted by a crown.  Rev. "I SCII[LLING COURANT. MECKLENB: SCHWERIN: MUNZE. 1764."
86. B.S. 1790. Same, of FREDERICK FRANCIS.  Same type as
preceding.
87. S. 1808. Florin, of FREDERICK FRANCIS.  ObV. A  shield,
surmounted by a crown. "FRIED. FRANZ. V. G. G. I-IERZOG ZU MECKLENB. SCHWERIN. "  Rev. The fraction "2-37' occupying the field.' 18 STUCK EINE MARKf. F:EIN."' and the date.  Value 56 cts.
88. B.S. 1827. Eight schillinge, of same.  Obv. The initials
"F. F." interlaced and surmounted by a crown. "v. G. G. GR. HZ. v.
M. S." RPev. "8 SCHILLINGE MIECHL. SCIHW. LAND MUINZ, 1827.'7 inscribed in parallel lines.  ~No device.  Value 12.6 cts.
89. S. 1828. Florin, of same.  Obv. Head, "FRIEDR FRANZ. V.
G. G. Git. HERZOG V. liECKLENBURG ScIIW."7  Rev. Shield, surmounted
by a helmet, and displayedl upon a mantle of ernzinze, 7which is suspended from a crown; the fraction "2-3"' beneath. "18 STUCK FINE
MARK FEIN. 18283."  Value 56 cts.
90 and 91. B.S. 1830. Four schillinge.  Obv. HIead, "FRIEDR.




MODERN COINS —MISCELLANEOUS.                  251
FRANZ. V. G. G. G-ROSSIIERZOG. V. MECKLENBURG SC W."  Rev. " 4
SCIILLINGE. 1830' in the field; above is "12 EINEN THALEPr.7 beneath " LANDES-MiUNZE."'   Value 12 cts.
92. G. 1831. Ten thalers, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.:Rev. Crowned shield, supported by a gri'ffin and s8ag, upon a mantle
of errmize, clraped from a crown; above is the denomination "ZEIIN
THALER,' and beneath, the date "1831."  Value $7.89.
93. G. 1839. Ten thalers, of PAUL FaREDERICK. Obv. Head, "PALIUL
FRIEDR. GROSSHERZOG V. MECKLENBURG SCHWERIN."  Reverse same
as preceding.  Value $7.89.
94. B.S. 1839. One schilling. Obv. The initials "P. F.' interlaced
and surmounted by a crown. "v. G. G. GR. HERZOG V. MECK-LENBURG.
SCH."  Rev. " 1 SCrILLING. 1839."1 occupying the field; above is
"48 EINEN TIIALER,)" and beneath, "LANDES MUNZE."7
95. S. 1840. Florin, of same. Obv. Undraped bust. Same legend
as No. 93. Rev. Crowned shield, partially inclosed by a laurel
wreath. "XVIII STUCK EINE MARK FEIN SILBER." and the date. Value
56 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Under this head is comprised a number of coins belonging to
various States, together with a number of medallic ducats, etc., which
it is impossible to class under any particular division, as they were
struck as a kind of mzedallic mnoney to commemorate events of a
general character; thus rendering the place of coinage, if it were a
matter of importance, still one of great uncertainty.
WA L DE C K.
97. G. 1761. Quarter ducat, of CHARLES.  Obv. Head, "CAROL.
D. G. PR. WAALD.11 Rev. Crowned shield bearing a star. "ARDUA A-D.
GLORIAM VIA." and the date.  Value 56 cts.
98. S. 1810. Thaler, of FR-ED~ERICK.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of tWValdeclc and Pyrmont, (the former being a star
borne on a field or, and the latter a shin-bonie izn fess, surmounted
of another in pale on a field argen(,) inclosed between two branches
of laurel, crossed. "FRIDERICUS PR. WALDECCIAE COM. PYR."  Rev.




252            MODERN COINS-MISCELLANEOUS.
"X EINE FEINE MARK. 1810. T. T.W." inclosed in a beaded circle.
"VIRTUTE VIAM DIMETIAR."  Legal value $1.01.
99. S. 1824. Thaler, of GEORGE HENRY.  Obv. "EIN KRONEN
THALER. 1824," inscribed in four lines between two branches of palm,
crossed, surmounted by a crown. "GEORG HENR. FURST Z. WALDECK
U PYRMONT.  R1ev. A palm-tree with its top depressed by a weight;
a shield bearing the arms of W~aldeck and Pyrmont suspended against
its truink. "PALTMA LUB. PONDERE CRESCIT."7  Legal value $1.01.
SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.
100. S. 1812. Thaler, of FREDERICK GUNTHER.  Obv. Undraped
bust, "FRIEDRICH GUNTHER FURST ZU SCH WARZBURG RUDOLSTADT.7"
Rev. "EIN SPECIES TIHALER, 1812," inclosed in a wreath composed of
two oak branches, crossed. "X EINE FEINE MARK CONVENTIONS
IMUNZE.  Legal value $1.01.
101. S. 1841. -Two-thaler piece, of same.  Obv. Undraped bust,
"'RIEDR. GUNTHER FURST ZU SCHWARZBURG."  Rev. Shield, surmounted by six helmets, and supported by a wild man and a female,
each holding a lance. "VEREINS MMUNZE " and the date beneath. "2
THALER VII EINE F. MARK. 3- GULDEN."' "GOTT MIT UNS " on the
edge. Legal value $1.44.4.
ANHALT.
(Anhalt is composed of the three contiguous duchies of 4nhaltBernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, and Anhalt-fiothen.)
102. S. 1834. Thaler, of ALEXANDER CHARLES.  Obv. Shield,
suspended upon a mantle of ermine, draped from a crown. "ALEXANDER CARL. HERZOG ZU ANIIALT."   Rev. "LEGEN DES ANHALT BERGBAUES. 1834."' inscribed in four parallel lines. "EIN THALER XIV EINE
FEINE MARK;" beneath are two hammers, or sledges, crossed. "GOTT
MIT UNS,"' on the edge. Legal value $1.01.
BERNBURG.
103. C. L794. One pfenning.  Obv. A bear, with a collar upon
its neck, on a wall, with an arched doorway beneath. Rev. "1 PFENING 1794."'
104 and 105. B3.S. 1827-31. One-twenty-fourth thaler.  Obverse




MODERN COINS-MISCELLANEOUS.                 253
similar to preceding, the doorway fitted with a closely barred door,
and a crown upon the head of the bear. Rev. " 24 EINEN THALER,
1827," occupying the field. "IH(erzogthum) ANTI. BERN. LAND MijNZE."'
OLDENBURG.
106. B.S. 1816. One-third thaler.  Obv. Pointed shield, draped
as in No. 102, Rev. "3 EINEN THALER. 1816,7" inscribed in the field;
above is "OLDENB. cOUR(allt) MiUNZE."'
107. B.S. 1816. Twelve groschen.  Obv. Crowned shield, draped
with laurel. Rev. "12 GROTE. OLD. COUR. MUNZE 18136."
RE US S.
108. S. 1812. Thaler, of HENRY, Dukce of Reuss.  Obv. Shield,
draped as in No. 102. "HEINRICHI D. LI JUNG. LINIE FURST REUSS VON
EBERSDORF."  Rev. "EIN SPECIES THALER 1812 — + —  L." occupying
*the field. "X EINE FEINE MARK CONVENTIONS MUNZE."  Legal value
$1.01.
H O HE NLO HE.
109. S. 1770. Thaler, of Louis FREDERICK CHARLES. Obv. Bust,
in armor, bedecked with the order-band and star of the order of the
Polish Eagle. "LUD. FRID. CAROL. D. G. PRINC. AB. HOHENL. COM(eS)
DE GLEICH D(UX) IN. LANGENB. & CRANICOFELD."  Rev. Shield, bearing two lions current, bedecked with the order-band and star as
above, and draped as in No. 102. "x EINE FEINE MARCK,"1 and the
date. Legal value $1.01.
HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN.
110. S. 1839. One gulden, of FREDERICK WILLIAM  CHARLES.
Obv. Head, "FRIEDRICHI W. C. FURST ZU HOHIENZ. HECH."  Rev. "1
GULDEN 1839," inclosed in a wreath composed of two oak branches,
crossed. Value 41 cts.
tHOHENZOLLERN-SIGMARINGEN.
111. S. 1839. One gulden, of CHARLES.  Obv. Head, "CARL.
FUiRST ZU HOHENZOLLERN SIGMARINGEN. " Reverse same as preceding.
Value 41 cts.




254            MODERN COINS-MJISCELLANEOUS.
Both of these States have become extinct, having been purchased
by the King of Prussia.
LIPPE.
112. B.S. 17[0. One-sixth thaler, of SxMON AUGUSTUS.  Obv.
Head, "SIM. AUG. couR. & N. D. LIPP. S. D. V. & A."  Pev. "VI EINEN
THALER" in the field. "AD NOOItMAMi CONVENTIONIS, 17`70(."  Value
12 cts.
LOI{RAIN.
113S. -. Crowin, of CHARLES V., Dulce of Lorrain.  Obv.
Full-length figure, crowned; a scepter in one hand, and the imperial
globe in the other. " CAROLUS QUINT ROM. IMAPERATOR." Rev. Doubleheaded eagle, with a small shield (bearing al eagle) upon its breast.
"MONETA CIVIT IP-IER. BISUNTINi"E.   This is one of the most deceptive pieces in the collection.  It would be supposed at first glance
to be a coin of the EMiPEnon CHARLES V.; whereas Charles V. of
Lorrain was an entirely different person.
MEDALLIC DUCATS, ETC.
121. C-. 1659. Ducat, of GEORGE LoUIS and CHRISTIAN.  Obv.
Three busts in armor, at full-face. "D. G. GEORGIUS LUDOVIC. & CHRISTIA FRAT." IRev. "DUCES SILESIA LIGNBREG. & WOLAU. 1659."' Shield,
surmounted by three helmets.
122. G. 1779. Half ducat.  Obv. Shield, bearing a donkey. "nEG.
D. MAXIMILIANO CIESARE P. F. AUG.7'  Rev. A full-length image of the
body of St. Alban, carrying his own head in his hands, the head having been severed from the body. "SANCTUS ALBnANUS MARTYR," beneath; to the left is "MoGs,7 and to the right " 1779."
123. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. St. George slaying the dragon. "s.
GEORGIUS EQUITUMI PATRONUS. Rev. A ship blown by the winds.
"'IN TEMVIPESTATE SECURITAS. "
124. G. -. Ducat, of the SECRET OR-DER OF ROSICIRUCrANS.  Obv.
A cross, with a rose-bush in bloom, growing aroUnd it. "DAS CREUZ.
Z'UM I  ESTEN WENDE."7  Rev.'GOTT SEGNE DIS GErBx ENDE. "
125. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Profile bust of CIRIST. "IN EINEMS
STEIIET UNSER:E SE LGtKEIT." Rev. Impleml.ents of crucifixioln. "soLC
UNSERE SELIGKEIT ERWIRBT JESUS. "




MODERN COINS-BREMEN.                      255
126. G. -. Ducat. Baptismal token. Oby. A group performing
the baptismal ceremony. "WER~. GLAUBL. UND GEZARIFIKWIRD DER
wIRn FELIG WERDEN."'  Rev. A prayer in German verse.
127. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. The Baptism  of JOIIN.  No legend.
P.ev. " DIS WASSER BAD. GIBT HEIL UND GNAB,"7 inscribed in four lines.
128. G. 1617. Lutheran Centennial ducat-just one hundred years
after the beginning of the PReformation.  Obv. Bust, in a mantle of
ermine, carrying a sword; the lower portion being concealed behind
a shield bearing the arms of the house of Wettin and of Saxony.
"rID " at one side of the head, and "III" at the other. "SECUTUM
LUTIJERANUM," and the date "1517 " beneath.  IRev. Bust, as above,
with a shield, bearing the arms of the four houses of Saxony, quartered, and the arms of Welti'n on a shield of pretence. "JoH"7 at one
side of the head, and "GEOR" at the other. "VERBUMDNI MANET IN
CETERNUM," and the date " 1617 " beneath. Coined by JOHN GEOrGE I.,
Dulce of Saxony.
129. G. —. Ducat.  Obv. A  vessel containing fire and a heart.
"-BETHE -UND."  Rev. "ARBEITE GOTT WIRDS WOHL MACHEN." (Bees
and industry perform God's work.) A beehive and bees. This piece
was probably struck for distribution among the pupils of the royal
schools, as an incentive to assiduity in their studies.
130. G. -. Half ducat.  Obv. Sword and crosier, in saltiere,
through a crowned shield. "HIERBn: SOLA."  Rev. An upright sword,
draped with a sash, and a cord and tassels. "DEFENDIT NON LAElDIT."
131. G. -. Quarter ducat. Obv. Crowned shield. "OWLNIBUS VIRTUTIS LAUDANTUR.' ROev. "SOLA CONSTANTIA CORONATUR."'
SECTION IV.HA-IANSE-TOWNS: BREMEN.
The only characteristic for which the coins of the City of Bremen
are remarkable is their extreme baseness, as compared with the coins
of other governments, in the smaller denominations.  In fact, the
coins of Bremen, for this reason, are not current outside of the city
limits; a fact which explains their character without further comment, as it is notorious that the small coins of all t:le German States
are very base, being seldom as high as 550 thousandths fine.  How



256                 MODERN COINS-BREMEN.
ever, in the coins of the larger denominations, although the average
fineness is somewhat below the German standard, they compare very
favorably with other German coins, some of the pieces being coined
at a remarkably high standard, as will be found to be the case in the
piece 36 grote, of the new issue of 1840, which was coined at 15 loths
14 grains, or 986 thousandths fine; but at the same time the onegroten piece, of the same series, was only 281 thousandths fine, that
is to say, there was only 281 parts of pure silver to 719 parts of
base metal.  And as the principal coinage of money in Bremen consists of the smaller denominations, it is easy to conceive how the
city can soon be flooded with a coinage which is not current, at any
price, outside of its own gates; consequently the luckless traveler
who, in passing through Bremen, is compelled to step into its
shops and purchase any article necessary for his comfort or convenience while a sojourner in the city, and receives in change (as he will
invariably do if he is not posted) a quantity of its worthless
"sceheide-miinze," will find, the moment he turns his back upon the
Wreser, that his wallet is only depressed by a useless burden.  Bremen reckons by dollars of 72 grote, the groten consisting of five
schwaren.  In 1753 the principal coin was the piece of 48 grote,
which was coined at 750 thousandths fine, and worth 56.4 cents.
After that date, until 1840, there appears to have been but little
money coined.  At the latter time the new issue above mentioned
took place, consisting of the pieces of 36, 12, and 6 grote, and the
one-groten piece.  The small copper pieces have since been added.
The city formerly coined gold of the denominations of the ducat
and double ducat, but these were long ago discontinued.  Many of
the two and three grote pieces bear the numerals 24 and 36, respectively, which means so many pieces to the dollar of 72 grote, twentyfour three-grote pieces making a dollar, and thirty-six of the former.
The figures in question are usually inclosed in small brackets or
circles, and sometimes appear upon the eagle's breast.
1. G. Ducat, of FREDERICKl, Archbishop of Bremen. Obv. Image
of the bishop carrying a key; his lower extremities hidden by a
shield bearing a lion rampanlt. "FRuED DEI GRA A(rchi) EP(iscopus)
B"(remensis).  Rev. A shield, with a cross potent extending to the




MODERN COINS-BREMEN.                     257
edge, two keys in saltiere, and a lion rampant, (borne double).
"IMONE NOVA BREMEN.'
2. B.S. 1512. Six grote.  Obv. The bishop, seated; his lower
extremities hidden by a shield, bearing two keys in saltiere. "E. STAE.
D. G. ADMI(nistrator) s(anctus) T. B."  Rev. A key. "MONETA NOVA
BREIMENSIS, 157 2." 
3. B.S. Half groten.  Obv. Full-face bust of a saint, with a roll
of parchment and a key. "SANCT. PETRUS."  Rev. A key. "MO. NO.
REIP. BREM.'
4. B.S. 1635. Three grote.  Obv. Double-headed eagle, with the
imperial globe upon its breast, surmounted by a crown. "FERD(inandus) D. G. noi(man) IM(erator) s(emper) AU"(gustus).  Rev. A
shield, bearing a key and the date. "MON. NO. REIP. BREMENSIS."
5. B.S. 1640. One grotten.  Obv. A  cross pattie. "cRux cnn.
NOS. SAL."  Rev. A  key and the date, inclosed in a single circle.
" MONE. NO. REIP. BREM."
6. B.S. 1642. Two grote.  Obv. Double-headed eagle. "FERD.
III D. G. RO. IMP. SE. AU."  Reverse similar to preceding.
7. S. 1643. Forty-eight grote.  Obv. Same device as No. 4.'"FERDIN. III D. G. ROM. IMP. SE. AUGUS." lRev. A shield, bearing a
key, and supported by two lions; the date above. "MONE NOVA ARG.
REIPUB. BREMENSIS.?'
8. B.S. 1657. Twelve grote.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
A key, surmounted by a crown. "STAT. GELT BREMER." 1' XII GROT."
in the exerque.
9 and 10. S. 1660.  Thaler, of 72 grote.  Obv. Double-eagle, as
in No. 4. "LEOPOLD D. G. ROM. IMP. SEM. AUGUST."  Rev. Shield,
bearing a key, surmounted by a crown, and supported by two lions;
the date beneath. "MON NOVA. ARG. REIPUB. BREMENSIS.'
11. S. 1661. Forty-eight grote, of LEOPOLD.  Same type as preceding.
12. B.S. 1666. Twenty-four grote.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Crowned shield with the date, "16" at one side, and "66" at
the other; and the denomination "24 GROTE;"1 beneath "BREMER
STAT. GELT."
13. B.S. 1666. Twelve grote.  Same type as preceding.




258                AODERN COINS —REMEN.
14. G. 1667. Double ducat.  Obv. A fiull-length portrait of the
emperor, dressed ini armor and crowned; the imperial globe extended
in the loet hand and a scepter in the right. " LEOPOLD D. G. romr. ImP
SEM. AIUGUST."  IRev. Crowned shield, supported  by two lions.
"DUCAT NOV. AURE REIPUBL. BREM[ENSIS."
15. G. 1672. Ducat.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "LEOP. D. G. OG. 
IMP. SEMP AUG."  Rev. A  key, surmounted by a crown, with the
date inclosed in a wreath composed of two olive branches, crossed.
"DUCAT NOV. AURE REIP BREMENS."
16. B.S. 1671. Three grote.  Obv. Double-eagle. " LEOP. D. G.
ItOT. IMP. SErVMP. AUG.'  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing a key, and
the date; the dcno-mination be-neath. "BREMER STAT GELET."
17 and 18. B.S. 1733-1739. Two-grote pieces, of CHARLES VI.
Same type as No. 4, with the imperial globe omitted.
19 and 20. B.S. 1749. Twenty-four grote.  Obv. Double-eagle,
crowFned, a sword and scepter in the dexter, and the imperial globe
in the sinister talon, (the latter being omitted from  the breast.)
"FRANCISCUS D. G. RiM. IMP. SEMP. AUG."  IReverse same as TNo. 16.
21. S. 1753. Forty-eight grote.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. Croiwned shield, bearing a key, and supported by two lions.
"' MONETA NOVA REIPUBL. BREMENSIS." 
The following specimens were presented to the UNITTED 0STATES
A[INT by the City of BREMEN, and includes a set of the new issue of
1840, and many specimens of older dates, some of which have been
described in the preceding pages.
23. B.S. 1646. Fonr grote, of FERDINAND II.  Obverse same as
No. 4.  Rev. Shield, bearing a key, and the date; and backed by a
cross, with its limbs extending to the edge. "MONE. NO. REIP. BREMIENSISo "
24. B.S. 1657. Eighteen grote, of FERDINAND III. Obverse same
as No. 4.  Rev. Same device as No. 21. "MONE NOVA ARG. REIPUB.
BREMENSIS. "
25. B.S. 1657. Twelve grote, of same.  Same type as No. 8.
26. S. 1668. Double dollar, of LEOPOLD.  Obv. Same device as
No. 4. "LEOPOLD. D. G. ROM. IMP. SEM. AGUS." (Augustus.) Rev.




MSODERN COINS-  UREMBERG.                    259
Crowned shield, bearing a key, and supported by two lions; tile date
beneath. "MIONETA NOVA RtEIPUBLICJE BnEMENSIS."  Value $2.50.
If we except the pound sterling, of CHIrALEs II., (which can hardly
be considered as a regular coin, having been issued merely from
necessity, and therefore partaking of the character of a "siege piece,")
this is the largest of silver coins, aInd bears the evidences of a very
high standard of fineness. (It has not been assayed, the value above
stated beiLng assumed.) It is a very rare and curious piece.  lWeight
841.5 Troy grains.
27 and 28. B.S. 1671-1672. Six grote, of LEOPOLD.  Same type
as No. 4.
29. B.S. 1749. Twenty-four grote.  Same as No. 19.
30. C. 1781. One schwaren.  Obv. A key and the date.  Rev.
"I. SCHIWAREN."
31. B1.S. 1674. Olne groten, of LEOPOLD.  Same ty-pe as No. 17.
32 and 33. B.S. Two-schwaren pieces.  Same type as No. 3.
34. C. 1697. One schwaren.  Same type.
35 and 36. 1846. Thirty-six grote.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
a key anld supported by two lions. "TnREI  HIANSESTADT BIREMEN."
Rev. "36 GROTE 1846.  15 L(oths) 14 G"(rains) inscribed between
two oak branches, crossed.
37, 38, and 39. B.S. 1841-1846. Twelve grote.  Obv. Crowned
shield.  Same legend as preceding.  Reverse same as preceding,
with "12 GR{OTE 1841. 11 L. 15 G."
40 and 41. B3.S. 1840. Six grote.  Same type as preceding, and
same standard of fineness, (11 loths 15 grains.)
42. B.S. 1840. One groten.  Same type as preceding, with "I
GROTEN 1840," on the reverse; the fineness being omitted.
43. C. 1853. Two-and-a-half schwaren.  Obv. A  key, and the
date.  Rev. " 21 SCIIWAREN."
NUREM BE RG.
49. G. Ducat.  Obv Irnage of St. Lawrence. "SANCTUS LAURENcius.".  Rev. A rudely executed eagle, with the initial "N." upon its
breast. "MONETA COHUNIS D. NUREMBERG.'7




260              MODERN COINS-NUREMNBERG.
50 and 51. G. 1521, 1523. Ducats.  Obv. St. Lawrence, and the
date. "SANCTUS LAURENTIUS."  Rev. Same device as preceding.
" MONETA RIEIPU. NURENBERGENSIS. "
52. G. 1617. Ducat. Obv. St. Lawrence. "SANCTUS LAURENTIUS."
Rev. Shield. "MONE REIPUB. NURENBERG 1617."'
53. G. 1618. Ducat. Obverse same as preceding. 1Pev. A shield,
supported by a cherub. "IONETA NOVA. REIP. NORINBERG. 1618."7
54. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. An eagle. "DUCATUS REIPUB. NORIMBERG." Rev. Two shields, supported by a saint. "SIT )DEUS AUXILIUTM
TUTA SIT IPSE SALUS."!
55. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Three joined shields, with a dove, holding an olive branch in its beak, perched upon the top. "SECULUM
NOVUM CELEBRAT REsP(ublice) NORIBERGENSIS."  PRev. A  hemisphere, surmounted by a lamb, carrying a banner, which bears the
word "PAX." "TEMPORA NOSTRA PATER DONATA PACE CORONA."
56. G. -. Half ducat.  Same type.
57. G. 1700. Quarter ducat.  Obv. Crowned shield, between two
palm branches, crossed. "ION. REIP. NORIMB.......1700.'"  Rev. Same
device as preceding.  No legend.
58. G. 1700. Half ducat. Same as preceding. Struck on a square
planchet.
59 and 60. G. -. Quarter ducats.  Same as preceding.
61. S. 1611. Thaler, of ERUDOLPI II.  Obv. Double~-eagle, surmounted by a crown, with the imperial globe upon its breast, bearing the numeral "60." "RLuDOLPI II. lIOM(an) IMP(erator) AUG(ust)
P. F. DEC "(US).  Rev. Two shields, with " RESPUB. NURENBERG.F. F." above, and the date beneath.
62. S. 1621. Florin; of FERDINAND II.  Obv. Double-eagle, surmounted by a crown. "FERDINANDUS II D. G. ROMAN. IMPER. SEMP.
AUGUST."  1Rev. Three shields, and the date, inclosed in a beaded
circle.'MONETA ARGENTEA REIPUB. NURENBERG."7
63 and 64. S. 1757-59.  Thaler, of FRANCIS T. Obv. Bust, il
armor, bedecked with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece
and a sash; the head laureated. "FRANCISCIUS D. G. ItROM. IMP. SEMKP.
AUG."  Rev. A crowned eagle, in flight, grasping a scepter in the
dexter, and a sword in the sinister talon, two shields beneath, joined




MODERN COINS- HAMBURG.                    261
at the chef, and suspended from the talons of the eagle by ribbons;
beneath is inscribed "X EINE FEINE MARK." "MONETA NOVA REIP'BL.
NORIM~I  BERGENSIS. 7
65. S. 1765. Thaler, of JOSEPH II.  Obv. Double-eagle, with the
imperial globe upon its breast, a sword in the dexter, and a scepter
in the sinister talon. "JOSEPHUS D. G. ROAI. IMP. SEMP. AUG."  Rev.
The City of Nuremberg, with a Gloria Dei above. "x EINE FEINE
MARCK 1765."  Beneath is the word "NURNBERG," and the letters
"S. R."'
HAMB URG.
The coinage of this city is based upon the mark current, which is
divided into sixteen schillings.  The only gold coin is the ducat, at
the German rate; but these are very rare, and seldom seen, being
struck more for show (schaumiinze) than for general circulation. In
the silver coinage the specie dollar of the Leipsic basis was formerly
the principal piece, but it has been discontinued since 1764.  It was
reckoned at 33 marks current.  Since that time, until the year 1808,
the coinage consisted of the pieces of two marks current; one mark,
and eight, and four schillings.  Since 1833 the pieces of one schilling, half schilling, or seclsling, and the quarter schilling, or dreiling, have been added to the coinage.
73 and 74. S. 1789. One mark of JOSEPH II.  Obv. Same device
as No. 65, in the preceding section. "JOSEPHUS II. D. G. ROM. IMP.
SEMP. AUGUSTUS. 1789."'  Rev. A square shield, bearing the city arms
(a castle), and surmounted by a helmet. "16 SCHILLING HAMBURGER
COURANT."
75 and 76. S. 1795. Two marks, of FRANCIS II.  Same type as
preceding.
77. B.S. 1797. Eight schillings, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. A castle. "8 SCHILLING HAMBURGER (COURANT;7" the
initials "o. H. x,"' beneath the castle.
78. B.S. 1797. Same.  With the devices considerably reduced in
size.
79. B.S. 1797. Four schillings, of same.  Same type as No. 77.
80 and 81. S. 1808. Two marks.  Obv. Shield, bearing a castle,
18




262               MODERN COINS-FRANKFORT.
and surmounted by a helmet. "17 EFNE MARK FEIN."  Rev. "32
SCHILLINGE HAMBURGER COURANT. 1808." lNo device.
82. B.S. 1726. Two schillings, of CHARLES VI. Obv. Same device
as No. 73. "CAROLUS VI. D. G. ROM. IMP. SEMP. AUG.'" Rev. A shield,
bearing the denomination "11 SCHoLL:" above is a castle inclosed
between two branches of olive. "HAMBURGER CURRENT, 1726."
83. B.S. 1836. Secksling. Obv. A castle, with the initials "Is. S. K.'
beneath.  Rev. "1 SECKSLING 1836."
84. B.S. 1837. One schilling.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
"I SCHILLING HAMB. COUR. 1837."
FRANKFORT.
This city "reckons with the southern German States, in florins or
gulden of sixty kreutzers.  As late as 1796, ducats were coined of
the usual weight and fineness; but no gold coinage seems to have
been executed since that date.  Of the silver coins, the conventiondollar was the principal, of which, from 1763 to 1796, there are six
different impressions. Frankfort was a party to the southern convention of 1837, at which the rate of 24  florins to the fine mark
was agreed upon.  Consequently, since 1838 there has been a new
coinage of pieces of one gulden, one-half, six kreutzers, and three,
and one kreutzer." The gulden weighs 164 grains, and is nine-tenths
fine; value 41.1 cents. The six-kreutzer piece weighs 39 grains, is
333 thousandths fine; value 3.5 cents.
85. G. 1612 Ducat, of MATTHIAS.  Obv. The emperor, seated
upon his throne, with a male and female, standing at either side.
"MATTHIAS IM REGEM ROMA ELECTUS. A. 1612.11 Rev. A  winged
saint, seated upon a bank, and blowing a trumpet; above is an eagle
descending  with a chaplet in its beak, and a palm branch in its sinister talon. "MONETA NOVA AN. FRANCO-FURTENSIS.'
86. S. 1843. Three-and-a-half-gulden piece.  Obv. A view of the
River Main, with the City of Frankfort on the left shore, and the
bridge across the river; several vessels and small boats are seen in
different parts of the harbor, while the sun is just appearing beyond
the bridge; beneath are two cornucopias, crossed, with a caduceus,
and the engraver's name, "ZOLLMAN."'  Above is inscribed "FREIE




MODERN COINS-COLOGcNE.                    263
STADT FRANKFURT."  Rev. "3- GULDEN. 2 THALER. 1843," inclosed
in a wreath, composed of two oak branches, crossed; above are the
words "VEREINS MUNZE," and beneath, "VII EINE F. MARK. " CONVENTION VOM 30 JULY, 1838," on the edge.
87. S. 1838. One gulden.  Obv. Crowned eagle. "FREIE STADT
FRANKFURT." 1Rev. "1 GULDEN, 1838," inclosed in a wreath of oak.
88. B.S. 1838. Htalf gulden.  Same type.
89. B.S. 1838. Six kreutzer.  Same type.
90 and 91. B.S. 1838. Three kreutzer.  Same type.
92 and 93. B.S. 1838. One kreutzer.  Same type.
COLOGNE.
97. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Shield, backed by a cross, with its limbs
extending to the edge. "TIHEo (dia) ARCH(iepiscopus) COLONIEN "(sis).
Rev. Three shields joined and forming a triangle in the center, which
contains a crescent. " MONETA NOVA AUREA BI "(lensis).
98. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. The arms. "THEODIA AR(chi) EPI(SCOpus) COLONI."  Rev. A full-length figure. "MONETA BUINSIS."
99. G. -. Ducat. Obv. The bishop, seated in his chair of state,
with his feet behind a small shield. "ROPERTUS ARCHI. CO'(loniellsis).
Rev. A cross, with small shields'in the angles. "MONE NOVA AUR.EA
BURME. 
100. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Same device as preceding. "THIEODIA
AR. EPI. COL." iRev. Same device as preceding. "MONETA NOVA
RILENSIS. "
101. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Full-length figure of the bishop with
his crosier. "TIEODIA AR. EPI. CO."  Rev. The arms. "MONETA NOVA
AUREA BU.'
102 and 103. S. 1666-69. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "MAx(ililianus)
HAN (lHenricus) D. G. ARC. COL. PRIN(cepS) EL "(ector).  Rev. Crowned
shield, with the date "1666" above the crown. "EP(iscopus) ET
PRINC(eps) LEOD. DUX. BUL(ensis) MAR(Chio) FR(anciai) co(loniensis)
LO. HO." 7




264       MODERN COINS-BAMBERG AND WURTZBURGo
BAMBERG AND WURTZBURG.
104. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Bust, in a mantle of ermine. "AD. FRI.
D. G. EP(iSCOpUS) BAM(burgWe) ET wIR(ceburgi) s(acri)  (omani)
I(mpcrii) P(rinceps) F(rancie) o(rientalis) D "(ux).  Rev. A  fulllength figure crowned, and supporting a shield with the left hand; a
dove descending with a palm  branch in its beak. "F-LoREBoRE
DIITIVo. HOC GERMINE PACIS. "  Beneath is inscribed "s. P. Q. w."'
(meaning " Senatus populus-que Wirceburgensis. ")
A 105. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Shield, bedecked with three helmets,
and backed by a sword and crosier in saltiere. "JOAN PIIILIP. D. G.
EPISC. IHERB(ioplensis) S. R. I. P. FR. o. DUX. 9   Rev. Shield, bearing
a key. "ORE ET CORDE. S. P. Q. W. SUBM. OFFERT.'"
B 105. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Crowned shield, backed by a sword
and crosier in saltiere, and displayed upon a mantle bedecked with
five helmets. "ANSEL FRANC(iSCus) D. G. H. S. R. I. PR. FR. OR. DUX."
Rev. In the lower part of the field is a shield, bearing a key, above
which is inscribed at one side, "s. P.," and at the other, "Q. w.;9
while in the upper part of the field are two hands, issuing from the
clouds, and grasping three links, firom which a cross depends. "Lux
PATRIiE SIGNUMQUE SALUTIS. 7
106. G. -. Ducat. Obv. Bust, at three-quarter face; the lower
portion hidden by a small shield, surmounted by a crown, and backed
by a sword and crosier in saltliere. "Jo(an) PH(ilip) D. G. S. S. M.
A(rchi) E(pisCOpIS) S. R. I. AE. P. E. E. Ii(erbioplensis) F. o. DUX."
Rev. "ORE ET CORDE S. P. Q. W. SUBM. OFFERT," inscribed in four lines;
a divine glory above, and a shield, bearing a key, beneath; a laurel
and palm branch at either side.
107. S. 1693. Crown. Obv. A shield, bedecked with three crowned
helmets, and a sword and crosier. "JOIHANNES GODEFRID D. G. EPS (Episcopns) HERBIP. (Herbioplensis) FRANC. OR. DUX." Rev. A full-length
figure of the bishop in canonicals, a crosier in the left hand, and a
sword in the right; the initials "i. mI." appear to the right of the
field, and "w" to the left. " SANCTUS KILIANIUS," and the date "1693."
This piece has a ring attached to the edge, evidently for the purpose
of wearing it about the person as an ornament.  The custom  of




MODERN COINS-SALISBURG.                    265
wearing coins of a religious or irregular character (such as are here
termed "qmedallic coins") as ornaments or charms, has prevailed extensively, in times past, among the Germans, and was, doubtless,
handed down to them from the ancient Greeks, as we find that the
same custom was in vogue among the latter as long ago as the beginning of the MACEDON EMPIRE.
S A LI SB U R G.
109. G. 1640. Square ducat.  Obv. The bishop in canonicals,
seated in his chair, with the salt-basket on his right arm, and a crosier
in his left hand. "SANCTUS RUDBERTUS EPS. (Episcopus) SALISB. 1640. "
Rev. Shield and cross-staff, bedecked with the hat and tassels of the
bishopric. "PARIS D. G. ARCHI EPS. SAL(isburgensis) SE(dis) AP(OStOlicWe) L"(egatus).
110. G. 1668. Half ducat.  Obv. Same device as preceding. "s.
RUDBERTUS EPS. SALISBURG. 1668."  Rev. Shield, bearing the arms
of the bishopric in six fields, surmounted by the cross-staff and bedecked with the hat and tassels. " AX GAND D. G. AR. EP. SAL. SE.
A. L."  The fraction " 1-2 " (half ducat) beneath the shield.
111 and 112. G. 1714-19. Quarter ducat.  Obverse same as preceding, with the fraction "1-4"' beneath the bishop. Rev. Shield,
backed by a sword and crosier in saltiere, and surmounted by a
crown, and the cross-staff bedecked with the hat and tassels of the
bishopric. "FRAN. ANT. D. G. ARCHI. EP. SAIISB.'
113. G. 1776. Half ducat. Obv. Bust, "HIERONYMUS D. G. A(rChiEpiscopus) & P(rinceps)   (alisburgensis) A(postolicse) s(edis) L(egatus) N(atus) G(ermanihe) PRIMi"(as).  Rev. Shield, surmounted by
the cross-staff, and displayed upon a mantle draped from a crown;
a sword and crosier appearing at either side of the crown; the date
"17766" beneath.
114. G. 1794. Ducat. Obverse same as preceding. Rev. Shield,
surmounted by the cross-staff, bedecked with the hat and tassels, and
displayed upon a mantle arranged as in preceding; arms of the
bishopric quartered; a shield of pretence, bearing the family arms of
the bishop; the date "1794" beneath.
115. S. 1628. Crown. Obv. Eight bishops, carrying a catafalque.




266                MODERN COINS-RATISBON.
"S. S. RUPERTUS ET VIRGILIUS PATRONI TRANSFERUNTUR 24 SEPT."
Rev. The front of the cathedral at Salisburg, supported by two
bishops (St. Rupert and St. Virgil); beneath is a shield, surmounted
by a cross-staff, bedecked with the hat and tassels of the bishopric.
"ECCLES(iasticus) METROP(0liS) sALISB(urgensis) DEDICATUR 25 SEPT.
APARiDE ARCHIE."  The date "1628" in the field above the bishops.
116. S. 1785. Thaler.  Obverse same as No. 113.  Rev. Oval
shield, surmounted by the cross-staff, bedecked with the hat and tassels of the bishopric; draped as in No. 113, with the date beneath.
STRAL SUND.
118. S. 1707. Florin. Obv. Arms of the city, (a "broad arrow,")
with the fraction "2-3 " beneath. "MONETA NOVA STRALSUNDENSIS.
1707.1"  Rev. A cross vmoline. "IN TUO —  SALVA NOS DEUS."
nMETZ.
119. S. 1650. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, "s(anctus) STEPHANUS PROTO
MAIRTIR."  Rev. Arms of Metz. "MONETA CIVITA METENSIS. 1650."
M UN STE R.
120. S. 1693. Twenty-four marien groschen.  Obv. Crowned
shield, backed by a sword and crosier in saltiere. "FRIDER. CHRIST
O1. G. EP(iscopus) MONAST."  Rev. The denomination inscribed in
three lines. " BURGGR. STROMB. s(acri) R(omani) I(mperii) PRIN(ceps)
D(ominus) IN BORCK. 1693."
RATISBON.
121. G. -. Ducat. Obv. Bust in armor, laurceated, alid bedecked
with an order chain and sash. "FRANCISC(US) L. D. G. GROM. IMP(erator)
SEMP(er) AULG"(ustus).  Rev. A view of the City of Ratisbon, with
~a Gloria Dei, and the inscription "sIBI CONSCIA RECTI" above, and
the name "RATISBONA," beneath.
122. S. 1787. Thaler.  Obv. A vessel, sailing upon the water,
and containing a figure, seated, with two keys in his left hand, and
his right resting upon a book; beneath is a shield, bearing the city
arms (a dexter bend argent, on a field gules, red), surmounted by a
head bedecked with a cardinal's hat, and backed by a sword and




MODERN COINS-HENNEBERG.                    267
crosier in saltiere; the whole surrounded by fifteen small oval shields
arranged in a circle. Rev. "REGNANS CAPITULUM ECCLESIAi CATIIEDRALIS RATISBONENSIS SEDE VACANTE M.D.CCLXXXVII," inscribed in
seven parallel lines. "10 EINE F. MARK,7' beneath.
LOWENSTEIN.
123. S. -. Crown.  Obv. Shield, bedecked with four helmets;
the arms of Bavaria on a shield of pretence. "GEILDORF. & MONT S.
PR. IN CHASS. D(omrinUS) IN SE-IAR. BR. HERB. & NEUCH."  Rev. In
the upper half of the field is a tree with two branches, each branch
encircled by a crown, and grasped and held asunder by two arms;
above the tree is a scroll with " DUM SCINDITUR FRANCOR."  In the
lower half is the same tree, with its branches sustained and united by
a brace (formed by two bars united with pins at their ends), and a
crown; above is a scroll, with "ME CONJUNCTIO SERVAT."  These
devices are reversed; the one in the upper half of the field having
its top turned downward. "EUCH CASIM Co. IN LEWENST. WERTH.
ROCHEF. VIREB. "
124. S. 1769. Thaler.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "CAROL. D.. s(acri)
n(omani) I(mperii) PRIN(ceps) DE LEWENST. WERTH." Rev. Crowned
shield, draped with an order chain and star; a lion at each side. "x
EINE FEINE MARCK."1 Beneath is inscribed "w. —17 —w.-69. —E."
HIL DE S H E I M.
125. S. -. One-sixth thaler.  Obv. Shield, backed by a sword
and crosier in saltiere, and displayed upon a mantle of ermine,
draped from a crown. "FRID. WILH. D. G. EPISC HIIDES(heimi) s(acri)
R(omani) P"(rinceps).  Rev. "VI EINEN THALER 1764," inscribed in
the field. " 80 ELNE FEINE MARCK."7
HEN NEBERG.
126. S. 1693. Florin.  Obv. Shield, bearing the arms of Saxony,
and surmounted by the electoral crown. "SAXONIA MONETA COMMUNIS
IIENNEBERGENSIS." 1Rev. A  crowned hen, standing upon one leg.
" FELIX FODINARUM ILM-EN AVIENSIUM REPARATIO.'7




268              MODERN COINS —MAGDEBURG.
STOLBE RG.
127. B.S. 1673. Twelve marien groschen.  Obv. A stag. "GUSTAV. G(rafen) z(u) s(tolberg) w(ernigerode) u(nd) TONSTEIN I(erzog) z. H. u(nd) N. L(anterberg U(nd) CL"(ettenberg).  Rev. "xii
MARIEN GROSCH," occupying the field.
128. B.S. 1764. One-sixth thaler.  Obv. Shield bedecked with
three helmets. "FRID. BOTHO. U. CARL. LUDW. GR(afen) Z(u) ST(olberg)
K(onigstein R(ochefort) w(ernigerode) U. H"(ohenstein).  Rev. A
stag, standing beside a crowned pillar. "LXxx  EINE FEINE MARCK.
1764."
AUG SB U R G.
129. G. 1623. Ducat.  Obv. A  double-eagle, surmounted by a
crown; a small shield upon its breast. "FERDINANDUS II. ROM. IMP.
P. F. AUG. "  Rev. The arms of Augsburg, (a fir cone,) with the
date MDCXXIII. " beneath. "AUGUSTA VINDELIC. "
130. G. 1651. Ducat.  Obv. Bust, in armor, laureated, and bedecked with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece. "FERDINAND. III D. G. R. I. S. A. P. F."  Rev. Shield, bearing the city arms.
"AUGUSTA VENDELICORUM," and the date "1651."
TRE V E S.
131. G. 1619. Ducat.  Obv. A full-length figure, carrying a key.
"LOTHARIUS D. G. AR(chi-Episcopus) TR(evitis) PR(inceps) EL"(ector).
Rev. The arms, on four shields, inclosed in a trefoil compartment.
"MO. NO. A CON 1619."
MAGDEBURG.
132. G. 1677. Ducat.  Obv. Double-eagle, with the imperial
globe upon its breast, surmounted by a crown; the date above.
"FERINAND II. D. G. RO. I. S. A."  Rev. A man, in armor, upon the
city wall; the buildings of the city in the background. " Mo. NO. AUR.
CI(vitas) MAGnD"(eburgensis).




MODERN COINS-SPIRES.                     269
MEN T Z.
133. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. The bishop, in canonicals, seated in his
chair, with a crosier in his left hand. "JOHIS AR(chli) EP(iscopus)
MAGU."' Rev. A shield, bearing the arms of the city, and inclosed in
a trefoil compartment. " MONETA I. HOEST SUP. MOGEN."
134. G. -. Ducat. Obv. A full-length figure, with a cross-staff in
the left hand.  Rev. A shield, bearing the arms in two fields; small
shields suspended at each side.  Same legend as preceding.
135. G. 1730. Ducat.  Obv. Bust, "D. G. FRANC. LUD. ARCHIEP.
MoG(ensis) PR(inceps) EL"(ector).  Rev. A hand, issuing from.the
clouds, and leading a lion with a cord, thrown loosely over his head.
The date " 17 30'" beneath.  " DEO DUCE." 
136. S. 1766. Thaler. Obv. Bust, in a mantle of ermine. "EMERIC
JOSEPH D. G. A. EP. MOG. S. R. I. P. G. A. C. P. EL."'  Rev. Two joined
shields surmounted by a crown, and backed by a sword and crosier
in saltiere. " x EINE FEINE MARK 1766."
BACHERACH.
137. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. A full-length figure, with a double-eagle
perched upon the right hand, and a cross-staff in the left. " s(anctus)
JOHEIS BRAJATS.1"  Rev. Five shields in cross, and inclosed in a
quarterfoil compartment, the uppermost bearing the arms of Bavaria,
and the central one a lion rampant. " MONETA OPIDI BACHEItACH.'"
WE S ESEL.
138. G. -. Ducat. Obv. A full-length figure, with a cross-staff in
the left hand. "WERNER AR(chi) EP(isCOpUS) TRE"(vensis). Rev. The
arms, on three shields, inclosed in a trefoil compartment. " MONET.A
NOVA WESAL. "
SPIRE S.
139. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. Three joined shields, supported by two
wild men, displayed upon a mantle of ermine, draped from a crown,
and backed by a sword and crosier in saltiere. "AUGUSTUS D. G. EP
(iscopus) sP(irensis) s. R. I. P(rincepS) ET P(rsepositus) w(eissenburgensis) EL(ectus) 29 MAT. CONSECR(atus) 16 SEPT. 1770."  Rev.




270              MODERN COINS-JUNGSTEIN.
Minerva, helmeted, with a spear and laurel branch in her right hand,
and the shlield of JIedusa on her left arm.  To the right of Minerva
is a Genius holding a pair of scales in its right hand, and a plumet
line in its left.  To her left is another Genius carrying a cornucopia
on its right arm, and an olive branch in its left hand, a bee-hive and
bees appearing in the background; while a third Genius is descending toward the goddess; and the sun, with his diverging rays, surmounts the whole. "DEO o(ptimo.) mI(aximo) AUSPICE. SUAVITER ET
FORTITER SED JUSTI NEO SIBI SED SUIS."
COBLENTZ.
140. G. -. Ducat. Obv. A bishop, seated in his chair, his feet hidden by a shield. "WERNER AR(chi.) EP(iSCopUS) TR"(evensis).  Rev.
A shieldcl, bearing the arms in two fields, and inclosed in a trefoil
compartment, outside of which is a beaded circle "MONETA NOVA
COVELENSIS. "
"GOLD  MONEY  OF THE  SILVER  CITY."
141. G. -. Ducat.  Obv. The emperor, crowned, and seated upon
his throne, with a glory around his head, and both hands extended,
and grasping the beaded circle, which incloses the field; beneath is a
small shield. "URBaEM CHRISTE TUAM SERVA."'  Rev. A circular shield,
with.its edge indented, so as to form six sections, in each of which is
a skull; charged with an imperial globe. " AUREUS URBIS ARGENTINAE
NUMMIUS." (Gold money of the silver city.) This is one of the most
remarkable pieces in the collection, as it bears neither date, name, nor
other mark, from which its authorship can be deduced-the obverse
being a prayer to "Christ to save the city," which, as we are informed
on the reverse, is the Silver City.
JUNGSTEIN (Yuangstetn.)
142. S. 1516. Small piece. Obv. Two joined shields, above which
is the date "MDXVwI." and beneath, the letter "A."  "EBERHIARD COM
(es) IN JUNGSTEIN.'"  Rev. An eagle. (The legend is partially defaced.) "-AE MAXIMIILI.  UB. rAUG. DEF."




MODERN COINS-SARDINIA.                     271
ITALIAN STATES.
SECTION V.-SARDINIJA.
The nucleus around which the present kingdom of Sardinia has
been gradually formed was the Duchy of Savoy.*  In the year 933
Savoy was incorporated with the kingdom  of ARLEs, and with the
latter was annexed to the Empire of Germany; its different provinces
being governed by counts, who were appointed by the German emperors.  The Emperor SIGISMUND I. erected it into a duchy in 1417,
and annexed to it the territories comprised in the Principality of
Piedmont.  AMADmEUS VIII., who was the first duke of Savoy, abdicated in 1440, and the same year was elected pope by the Council of
Basil, with the title of FELIX V., but renounced the tiara in 1449,
to put an end to the schism,- and died two years after, (1451.)
During the reign of VIcTOR AMADJEUS II., who ascended the throne
in 1675, a war broke out between France and Germany, in which he
became involvedl, and in 1703 declared against France, in the war for
the succession of Spain, in which he lost Savoy and nearly all of
Piedmont. ~ But, afterward, in 1706, he defeated the French before
Turin, and reconquered Piedmont; and, by the peace of Utrecht, in
1713, recovered Savoy, and was, at the same time, created King of
Sicily; but, in 1718, exchanged the latter for the Island of Sardinia.
In the reign of VICTOR AMADIEUS III., Sardinia was again invaded
by the French, and by the treaty of Paris, in 1796, Savoy and Nice
were annexed to the French Republic, and Piedmont became the
Sub-Alpine Republic, or Eridania.  The king, CHARLES EMANUEL
* The origin of the house of Savoy has long been a controverted point among
genealogists. But the most reliable authorities seem to concur in deriving its
origin from the house of Saxony; and, it is asserted, that for this reason the
counts of Savoy always sat, in the imperial diets, upon the same bench with the
dukes of Saxony, and immediately after them. The first count of Savoy was
BAROALD, who was descended, according to the same authorities, from WHLTIKIND the Great.




272                MODERN COINS-SARDINIA.
IV.,* took refuge in the Island of Sardinia, which alone was left to
him.  In 1802 this prince was succeeded by EMANUEL V., and, in
the same year, the Sub-Alpine Republic was suppressed, and the territories annexed to France.  Upon the downfall of Napoleon, however, the king recovered his continental possessions, with the addition
of Genoa.
The French system of money was adopted for Eridania in 1800,
and since the restoration, in 1814, has been continued; the coins
being of 80, 40, and 20 lire, or francs, in gold; and 5, 2, 1, - and 4
lire, in silver.
The ancient Duchy of Genoa, which, as before stated, now makes
tip a portion of the Sardinian monarchy, was converted into the
Ligurian Republic in 1798, and issued gold and silver coins bearing
the new title.  The gold pieces were the genovine, of 96 lire, and its
half; the silver were the scudo, of 8 lire, and its half, with the smaller
denominations.  Genoa retained its right of coinage after its annexation to Sardinia in 1814; but the only specimens of the new coinage which have yet appeared here, are the pieces of ten and five
soldi, Nos. 14, 15, and 16.
1. S. 1755. Quarter scuclo, of CHARLES EMANUEL III.  Obv.
Bust, with the date "1755" beneath. "CAR. EM. D. G. REX SAR
(dinire) cY(prie) ET JER"(osalymtne).  Rev. Circular shield, surmounted by a crown, and encircled by the order chain of the order of
"the Prophecy of Maria."  The arms quartered; the arms of Sardinia occupying the first quarter, Cypria the second, Jerusalem the
third, and M/lontferrat the fourth; a shield of pretence, bearing an
eagle, with the cross of Savoy upon its breast. "Dux   SABAUD(ie) ET
MI:ONTISFER(rati) PRINC(eps) PEDEM(Ontii) &"(coetera).
2. S. 1757. Scudo.  Same as preceding.  Value $1.37.
3. S. 1795. Twenty sols, of VICTOR AMADJEUS III.  Obv. Bust,
with the date "1795" beneath. "VICT. AMED. D. G. REX SARD."  Rev.
Crowned shield, bearing the arms quartered, with a shield of pretence like preceding.
4. S. 1802. Five francs, of ERIDANIA.  Obv. Jaestice, leaning upon
* CIIARLEs EIANUEL IV. succeeded in 1796, in the midst of the troubles.




MODERN COINS-SARDINIA.                     273
and encircling Liberty with her left arm; an olive crown in her left
hand, and a palm branch in her right.  Liberty holds in her right
hand a staff, surmounted by the liberty-cap, and in her left a quadrant, her head surmounted by a helmet.  On the base, which supports
the device, is inscribed the engraverls name, "LAVY.~"  "GAULE SUBAIJPINE. 7  Rev. "5 FRANCS-+ —-L'AN 10,7 inclosed in a wreath,
composed of maize and laurel branches, crossed.  Beneath is inscribed the name "ERIDANIA, " and above "LIBERTE EGALITE."  This
piece was struck after the annexation of Piedmont to. France; the
inscription "L'AN 10," meaning the tenth year of the French Republic, and not the year of the Republic of Eridania, which did not
exist so long.  Value 97 cts.
The following pieces, Nos. 5 to 13, were struck by the Duchy of
Genoa, before its annexation in 1814.
5. S. 1653. Eight soldi.  Obv. The Virgin Mary, seated upon a
cloud, with a halo of stars around her head, and holding the infant
Jesus on her left arm, and a scepter in her right hand.  Beneath is
the number "vIII.'" "ET REGE EAS. 1653. I. A. B.7'  Rev. a cross
mnoline, with mullets in the angles. "DUX ET G UB(ernator) REIP(ublical) GENU"(ensis).
6. S. 1675. Half lira.  Obv. A full-length figure of Christ, holding in his left hand a cross-staff, around which a scroll is intwined,
and pointing upward with his right hand. "NON SURREXIT MAJOR,
1675."'  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing a cross. "DUx ET GUB. REIP.
GENU. "
7. G. 1792. Genovine, of 96 lire.  Obverse same as No. 5.  Rev.
Shield, bearing a cross, surmounted by a crown, and supported by
two griffins. "DUX ET GUB. REIP. GENU."  Value $15.17.
8. S. 1793. Two lire. Obverse same as No. 6. Rev. Crowned
shield, bearing a cross, and supported by two griffins. "DUx   ET GUB.
REIP. GEN."  Value 36 cts.
9. S. 1794. Two lire.  Obverse same as preceding, with "ECCE
AGNUS DEI,11 inscribed upon the scroll.*  Rev. Two griffins, support* The preceding pieces, Nos. 6 and 8, doubtless have the same inscription,
but being somewhat worn, it is rendered illegible.




274                MODERN COINS-SARDINIA.
ing a shield between them, and holding a crown above it. "DUx ET
GUB. REIP. GENU."
10. S. 1794. One lire.  Same type as preceding.  Value 16 cts.
11. S. 1795. Four lire.  Same type.  Value 64 cts.
12. S. 1796. Scudo, of eight lire.  Same type.  Valne $1.27.5.
13. G. 1798. Genovine, of the LIGURIAN REPUBLIC.  Obv. The
goddess of Liberty, with her head surmounted by the mural crown,
seated upon a stone block, her left arm resting upon an oval shield,
bearing the arms of Genoa, and grasping a spear in her right hand;
in front of and leaning against the block is a quadrant, immediately
beneath which is inscribed, on the base which supports the device,
the engraver's name, "E. VASSALLO."  Beneath is the denomination
"L. 96." (96 lire.) "REPUBLICA LIGTURE ANNO I."  Rev. A  fasces,
surmounted by a liberty-cap, and inclosed between two branches of
laurel; beneath is the date "1798.'" "NELL' UNIONE LA FORZA."
On the edge is inscribed the weight and fineness. "BONTA KAR. 22.
PESO OGANI 550."  (22 carats fine; weight 550 grains.)  Value
$15.17.
14. B.S. 1814. Four soldi.  Obv. A pointed shield, bearing the
arms of Genoa, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed between two
cornucopias, crossed; the initial "s." at one side, and the numeral
"4" at the other; beneath is the date "1814."  "RESPUBLICA
GENUENSIS. "  Rev. St. George and the dragon.. "EX PROBITATE
ROBUR. "
15 and 16. S. 1814. Ten soldi.  Obverse same as No. 8. Rev.
Same device as No. 9. "RESPUBLICA GENUENSIS."  Beneath is inscribed "soL. 10."
17 and 18. S. 1817. Five lire, of ViCTOru EMANUEL O. Obv. Undraped bust, with the date "1817" beneath. "VIC. E1M. p. G. REX
SAR. CYP ET JER."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Sardinzia in the first quarter, Cypria and Jerusalem  in the second,
Genoa in the third, the fourth being a cross or, on a field argyent,
surmounted of a label azure; a shield of pretence, bearing an eagle,
with the cross of Savoy upon its breast;' the whoJe encircled by the
order chain of the order of the Prophecy of lUaria; beneath is
"L -5." (5 lire.) "DUX SAB. JANVAE. (Genoa) ET MONTISF. PRINC.




MODERN COINS-LOMBARDY AND VENICE.              275
PED. D.e  On the edge is inscribed "FERT -—:+ —FERT* -.+-:FERT."1
Value 97.2 cts. each.
19. G. 1818. Twenty lire.  Same as preceding.  Value $3.83.
20. G. 1827. Eighty lire, of CHARLES FELIX.  Obv. Undraped
bust, with the date "1827" beneath. "CAR. FELIX D. G. REX SAR.
CYP. ET HIER"'(osolymm).  Rev. A  heart-shaped shield, finely engraved, and bearing the arms, arranged as in the preceding piece,
surmounted by a crown, and draped with the order chain of the preceding piece; the whole inclosed between two oak branches, crossed;
beneath is the denomination "L. 80."  "Dux  SAB. GENUAE ET MONTIS. PRINC. PED. D.'   Edge like No. 17. Value $5.39.
21. G. 1831. Forty lire.  Same type.  Vailue $7.66.
22. G. 1827. Twenty lire.  Same type. Value $3.83.
23 and 24. S. 1827-1828. Five lire. Same type. Value 97.2 cts.
25. S. 1825. Two lire.  Same type.  Value 31 cts.
26. S. 1828. Lira. Same type. Value 19.4 cts.
27. S. 1828. Fifty centimes.  Same type, with the shield charged
with the arms of Savoy, (the rest being omitted.)
28. G. 1836. Twenty lire, of CHARLES ALBERT.  Obv. Undraped
bust, with the date "1836" beneath. "CAR ALBERmTUS D. G. REX SARD.
CYP. ET HIER."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Savoy,
and draped with the order chain of the preceding pieces, the whole
inclosed between two branches of laurel, crossed. Legend same as
in the preceding reign.'Edge grained.  Value 3.85.
29. G. 1833. Ten lire.  Same as preceding.  Value $1.92.
30. S. 1833. Five lire.  Same type as preceding, with the edge
like No. 17. Value 97.2 cts.
LOMBARDY AND VENICE.
That region of country lying in the north of Italy, and bordering
upon the Tyrol, which has been known, until'recently, as the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, and which has so long been the battle-field
on which the political destinies of Europe have been decided, the
stage for the reception of those actors who, in times past, have been
so potential in Europe in overturning dynasties and setting up
usurpers, was acquired by the Austrian emperors at an early period,




276        MODERN COINS-LOMBARDY AND VENICE.
and soon after the extinction of the Western Empire. After its
annexation to the Austrian Empire, the portion comprised in the
division of Lombardy was ruled by viceroys appointed by the emperors, while the division of Venice was under the immediate jurisdiction of the doges of Venice.  But when NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
came upon the stage, as a competitor with Austria, for the domination in Italy, this state of affairs received an interruption which
threatened the extinction of the Austrian rule in the Italian provinces. In 1797 the armies of the French Republic, under Napo-.
leon, overran the State of Lombardy, and erected it into a separate
government, with the title of the CISALPINE REPUBLIC; and coins
bearing the new title were issued.  But Lombardy was destined to
undergo most rapid changes; and three years later, the "Cisalpine
Republic" found its grave, and Lombardy reverted to the Austrian
crown.  But two years after, in 1802, it again escaped from the
grasp of the HIapsburg dynasty, and became the ITALIAN REPUBLIC,
with NAPOLEON as its president, and in 1805 was erected into a kingdom, under the same person, who established his capital at Mantua,
where he was crowned "KIing of Italy," with the "Iron Crown," so
famous, from the supposition that it was fashioned from one of the
nails with which Christ was crucified.  With the addition, from time
to time, of Venice, Ragusa, and some of the Papal States, this was
the state of affairs up to 1814-15, when Napoleon descended, as
rapidly as he had before ascended, the wheel of fortune.  Amid
the rearrangement of Europe which then took place, Lombardy and
Venice were restored to the Emperor of Austria, and were consolidated into the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, and a series of coins
issued which were entirely distinct in appearance from the coins of
Austria proper. (See introduction to Austria.) But since the revolution of the past year, under the auspices of a second NAPOLEON,
there is likely to be another radical change in the coins of this territory; and, in anticipation of the changes which may take place, the
coins of Lombardy and Venice have been removed from the division
of Austria and placed among the "Italian States," this disposition
of them being considered the most proper under all circumstances, as
the Austrian provinces in Italy, although under the almost immediate




MODERN COINS-LO-MBARDY AND VENICE.               277
dominion and supervision of the emperor, have always had a coinage
which was as distinct from that of Austria as it was proper or practicable to make them, and being struck specially for circulation in
those dependencies, they thereby acquire an Italian character, which
it is hard to efface.  One can scarcely look upon an Austrian coin of
Lombardy without at the same time associating with it in his mind
the name of "Italy. "
The monetary unit of this country is the lira or livre, divided into
twenty soldi. This has been repeatedly changed in value. Before
1797, it was worth 14.7 cents; under NAPOLEON, 19.3 cents, and now
16.6 cents of our money.  The system of coinage, from 1804 to 1815,
was the same as that of France; the lira and the franc being interchangeable.
37 and 38. S. 1781-85. Thaler, of JOSEPH II.  Obv. Bust, laureated. " JOSEPH II. D. G. R. IMP. S. AUG. G(ermanime) H(ungariue) ET
B(ohemime) REX. A(rchidux) A"(ustrim).  Rev. Crowned shield, between branches of palm and laurel, crossed, quartered with eagles
and serpents; the arms of Austria and Lotharingia, on a shield of
pretence. " MEDIOLANI ET MANT. DUX 1785."  Values 88.5 cts.
39. G. 1814. Forty lire, of NAPOEON.  Obv. Head, with the date
"1814," and the mint-mark "M "(antua) beneath. "NAPOLEONE IMPERATORE E RE." Rev. The French eagle, with a shield upon its breast,
draped with an order chain and star; a shield of pretence, bearing
the iron crown of Mliantua. Behind the eagle are two spears in saltiere; the whole being displayed upon a mantle of ermine, draped
from a crown; beneath is the denomination "40 LIRE.." "REGNO
D'ITALIA."  On the edge is inscribed "DIO PROTEGGE LA ITALIA."
Value $7.70.
40. G. 1808. Twenty lire. Same type as preceding. Value $3.85.
41. S. 1814. Five lire.  Same type.  Value 97 cts.
42. S. 1811. Two lire. Same type. Value 38.8 ets.
43. S. 1810. Lira. Same type, with stars upon the edge. Value
19.4 cts.
44. S. 1810. Ten soldi.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. The
iron crown, with the denomination " 10 SOLDI," and the mint-mark
" M." beneath. " REGNO D'ITALIA.' Value 9.5 cts.
19




278        MODERN COINS-LOMBARDY AND VENICE.
45. S. 1811. Five soldi. Same type as preceding. Value 4.7 cts.
46. C. 1813. One soldi. Same type.
47. C. 1813. Three centimes. Same type.
48. G. -. Ducat, of ALOYSIUS MOCENIGO, Doge of Venice. Obv.
St. Mark, with the doge kneeling before him, and holding a flagstaff in his left hand, one end resting upon the ground; above the
doge are the letters "D ux," placed one under the other; while to
the right is the name "ALOY MOCENI. "  On the left edge, behind St.
Mark, and placed one under the other, are the letters "s. M. VENET"
(Sanctus Marcus Venetie).  Rev. A  shield, bearing a saint, surrounded with stars. "SIT T(ibi) XPE, (an abbreviation of the G-reek
name'XPlf7TE,' i.e. Christe). DAT(US) Q(uem) TU -    REGIS ISTE
DUCA"(tus).
49. G. -. Ducat, of LUDWIG MAANIN, Doge of Venice.  Same as
preceding, with "LLUDO MANIN" substituted for the name of "Aloy
lMoceni. "
50. G. -. Quarter ducat of VENICE.  Obv. Same device as No.
48, with the legend "PET. LAU. DUX. S. M. VYEN."  Rev. Same device
as No. 48, with "EGO. SUMV. LUX MUN "(di).
51. S. -. Crown.  Obv. A  cross moline, ornamented, and inclosed in a beaded circle. "ANTON PRIOL DUX VEN"(etioe); beneath
are the initials "v..G."  Rev. A shield, bearing a winged lion
(arms of St. Mark) inclosed in a beaded circle; beneath are the
numerals "' 140. " SANCTUS MARCUS VEN."
52. S. 1762. Lira.  Obv. The doge, in a kneeling posture, holding a staff, surmounted by a cap and tassels; the date "1762" beneath. "MARE.  - FASCARENUS D"(ux). Rev. The arms of St Mark,
or of Venice. "SANCT. MARCUS VEN."  Value 14.7 cts.
53 and 54. S. 1789-95.  Crown.  Obv. A female bust, enveloped
in a mantle of ermine. "RESPUBLICA VENETA."  Rev. The lion of St.
Mark; beneath is the date "1789." "LUDOVICO MANNIN DUCE."
55. C. 1822. Five centimes. Obv. A ducal crown, surmounted
by the imperial. "REGNO. LOMBARDO-VENETO." R1ev. "5 CENTESIMI.
—..+ — 1822."'
56. C. 1822. Three centimes.  Obverse same as preceding. Rev.
"3 CENTESIMI -,+ —  1822. "




MODERN COINS-LOMBARDY AND VENICE.               279
57. S. 1824. One lira, of FRANcIS I. Obv. Bust, laureated. " FRANCISCUS I D. G. AUSTRIE IMPERATOR."  Rev. Austrian double-eagle,
with a shield upon its breast, draped with the order chain and badge
of the golden fleece, and surmounted by the ducal crown.  Serpents
and winged lions quartered, with the arms of Austria on a shield of
pretence; beneath is the inscription "LIRA AUSTRIACA."' "LOMB. ET
VEN REX A(r1ChidIux) A(ustrioe) 1824."  Value 16.6 cts.
The following comprises a complete set of gold and silver coins
struck by the Austrian government for Lombardy and Venice, since
the re-establishment of the Austrian rule in these States in 1814.
58. G. 1838. Sovereign, of FERDINAND I.  Obv. Bust, laureated.
"FERD. I. D. G. AUSTR. IMP. HUNG(ariM) BOHI(emie) R(ex) H. N. V."
Rev. Austrian double-eagle, with a shield upon its breast, surmounted
by the ducal crown, and encircled with the order chain and badge of the
golden fleece, and the order band and badge of the order of iJIaria
Theresia. Under the shield, and inside of these, are three other order
chains with their badges. The arms are serpents and winged lions
quartered, with a shield of pretence, bearing the arms of Austria
and Lotharingia. "REX LOMB. ET VEN. DALM(atie) GAL(iciDe) Lon
(omerim) ILL(yrie) A(rchidux) A(ustrim) 1838."  On the edge is
inscribed, "TUERI RECTA.2"  Value $6.77.
59. G. 1839. Half sovereign.  Same as preceding, with the shield
draped with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece (the
others being omitted.) Value $3.38.
60. S. 1839. Scudo.  Same type as ~No. 58. Value $1.01.5.
61. S. 1839. Half scudo. Same type. Value 50.7 cts.
62. S. 1839. Lira.  Obv. Bust, laureated. "FERD. I. D. G. AUSTRUE IMPERATOR."  Rev. Same device as No. 59, with "LIRA AUSTRIACA" beneath. "LOMB. ET VEN. REX. A. A. 1839." Value i6.6 cts.
63. S. 1839. Half lira. Obverse same as preceding. Rev. Shield,
with the arms arranged as in No. 58, surmounted by the ducal and
imperial crowns, the latter surmounting the former; beneath is the
denomination "6  LTRA.?" "LOMB. ET VEN. REX A. A. 1839."  Value
8.3 cts.
64. S. 1839. Quarter lira.  Same type.  Value 4.2 cts.
65 and 66. S. 1848. Fifteen soldi, of the PROVISIONATr GOVERN



280                 MODERN COINS-ROME.
MENtT of Venice.  Obv. The lion of St. Mark, supporting an open
Volume. "GOVERNO PROVvISORIO DI VENEZIA." RIeV. The denomination "15." inclosed in a beaded circle. "CENTESIMI DI LIRA CORRENTE;'" the date " 1848 " beneath.
ROME.
The popes of Rome exercise not only spiritual, but temporal jurisdiction over that portion of the Italian territory which extends for
nearly half its length in an irregular strip northward along the borders
of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena, until it
strikes the southern boundaries of Lombardy and Venice, but comprising in its main portion a large part of the center of Italy —its -western
coast being washed by the waters of the Mediterranean, and the
eastern bordering upon the Adriatic Sea.  In times gone by, here
has been the seat of a power which has exercised a greater influence
over the destinies of the world than any mere temporal government
could ever hope to do. It has not only held within its grasp, and
moulded for its own purposes, the physical powers of men, but their
superstitions likewise; their spiritual and their worldly interests have
found a common center and a common head at Rome.
The papal government is hard to characterize under any title
which has yet been applied to governmental forms; but it approaches
nearer to an elective monarchy than any other-the pope, who
must be a cardinal in the church, being elected by his fellow-cardinals, and holding his office during life.
The year 1754 marked an epoch in the papal coinage.  Previous
to this time, the scudo or crown, which was the integer, was coined
at the weight of 491.89 Troy grains, and 913 thousandths fine; but
was then reduced to 408.48 Troy grains in weight, the same standard of fineness being retained.
The gold coins were the sequin, which was coined of fine gold, at
the rate of 99 to the libra or pound weight, (the libra weighing
5234 Troy grains,) and of the legal value of 2.15 scudi; there was
also the doppia d'oro, and its double and half, which were coined at
917 thousandths fine, and at the rate of 62 doppia to the libra.




MODERN COINS-ROMIIE.                    281
After the reduction in standard of 1754, the silver coins consisted
of the six denominations, of the scudo, which was divided into ten
paoli (pauls), or 100 bajocchi (cents); the half scudo; the testcon,
of three pauls; the piece of two pauls (called a quinto); the paul, of
ten bajocchi, and its half.  This was the state of the coinage up to
1798, the twenty-third year of the pontificate of PIus VI. This
pope took an active part in opposing the French Republicans, in
return for which his territories were invaded in 1797, and himself
taken prisoner the year following. Rome was erected into a republic,
according to the French order of the day, and gold and silver coins
issued, bearing appropriate devices and inscriptions.  These pieces
were a large gold coin called the scudo d'oro, weighing 910 grains,
and 833 thousandths fine, and a silver scudo, weighing the same as
the papal coinage, but reduced to the French standard of fineness.
This coinage, being short lived, has become quite rare.  The papal
government having been reinstated in 1800, in the person of PIus
VII., who held his office, by a precarious tenure, until 1809, when his
territories were wrested from him and annexed to the French Empire.  This state of things lasted until the overthrow of the EMPEROR
NAPOLEON in 1814, when PIus was restored to the pontifical chair,
and retained peaceable possession until his death in 1823. He was
succeeded by LEO X., who reigned until 1829. From this date there
was an interregnum of two years, until 1831, when GREGORY XVI.
was elected.  In this reign an important change took place in the
coinage, the old system having been cast aside, and the coinage
placed upon a decimal footing, both in its divisions and fineness.
The gold coins, under this system, were the pieces of ten, five, and
two-and-a-half scudi, the legal weight of the larger piece being 267. 7
Troy grains, the smaller in proportion, and all nine-tenths fine.  The
silver coins were of the same denominations as before, the weight of
the scudo being 415 Troy grains, the smaller in proportion, and
nine-tenths fine.
A portion of the papal territory is comprised in the- city and district of BOLOGNA, which enjoys the sovereign prerogative of coinage.
The coins are of the same denominations and value as the papal
coinage, being distinguished from  the latter by the abbreviations




~82                 MODERN COINS-DROME.
"BAN. " or "BANON." and sometimes by the Latin name "BANONIA"
in full.  For two or three years, however, subsequent to 1795, a
scudo was coined by the "PEOPLE AND SENATE OF BOLOGNA," which
was of a different alloy from the scudo of Rome proper, being somewhat higher in value, (see No. 134,) and weighing 449 grains.
73. S. 1620. Scudo, of PAUL V.  Obv. Bust, "PAULUS V. BURGHESTIUS P(ontifex) MiAX(imus) 1620.'"  Rev. St. George and the
dragon. "s(anctus) GEORGIUS. FERRARIA PROTECTOR."'4. S. 1675. Scudo, of CLEMENT X.  Obv. Shield, bearing the
papal arms, surmounted by two keys in saltiere, and the papal crown.
"CLEMENT X PONT MAX."  Rev. A tomb, with a cross upon its front;
at the right side is ST. PAUL, bearing a sword in his right hand, and
pointing backward toward the tomb with his left; on the left side
is ST. PETER bearing two keys; beneath is a small shield, bedecked
with a hat and tassels. "DABIT FRUCTUM SUUM IN TEMPORE."' Beneath is inscribed the date "MDCLXXV. "
75. S. 1685. talf paul, of INNOCENT XI.  Obv. Arms and insignia of the pope. "INNOC. XI. P. M."  Reverse not legible.
76. S. 1689. Half paul, SEDE VTACANTE.  Obv. Shield and crossstaff, backed by the cross of M3alta, surmounted by the cap and tassels, two keys, and the church-banner "SEDE VACAN(te) A(nno)
MDCLXXXIX."  Rev. The sacred dove, surrounded by diverging rays,
with the word "ROMA" beneath. "UBI V. V. ET SPIrAT.'9
77. S. 1690. Testoon, of ALEXANDER VIII. Obv. Bust, "ALEXAN
VIII PONT. M. A(nno.) I."  Beneath is the engraver's name, "HAMERANUS."'  Rev. A yoke of cattle drawing a plow amnong stalks of
grain; beneath is the date "cIDIocxc," and a shield bedecked with
the hat and tassels. "RE TRURUENTARIA RESTITUTA.'
78. G. 1709. Half sequin, of CLEMENT XI.  Obv. Bust of ST.
PETER, surrounded by diverging rays. "SANCTUS PETRUS. AP"(ostolUS).
Rev. Insignia and arms of the pope. "CLEM. XI P. M. A. IX."
79. S. 1710. Half paul, of same.  Obverse same as the reverse of
preceding. R.ev. A shield, bearing the inscription "DATE ET DABITUR."
80. C. 1723. Half bajocchi, of INNOCENT XIII.  Obv. A shield,
bearing an eagle, and surmounted by the keys and papal crown. "INN.
XIII P. M. A. IIT."  Rev. "MEZO BAJOCCO,"' inscribed in three lines.




IMODERN COINS —ROME.                   283
81. S. 1726. Half paul, of BENEDICT XIII. Obv. Same device
as No. 79. "BENE XIII P. M. A. II." Rev. A sepulcher. "ANNO JUBIL;"
beneath is the date "1725."
82. S. 1735. Testoon, of CLEMENT XII.  Obv. Bust, "CLEMENS
XII P. M. AN vo"  Rev. Insignia and arms of the pope, with the date
"1735" above.
83. S. 1735. Testoon, of same.  Obv. Arms and insignia of the
pope. "CLEMENS XII PONT. M. AN. V."  Rev. A shield bearing the
inscription, "URBE NOBILITATA MIDCCXXXV."  Above is a cherubim,
and beneath a, small shield, bearing a castle, and surmounted by the
hat and tassels.
84. S. 1735. Paul, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
The inscription "A. A. A. F. F. RESTITUTUX COMMERC," in four lines,
between two palm branches.  Beneath is a small shield, bearing a
castle, and bedecked with the hat and tassels.
85. S. 1735. Half paul.  Obverse same as No. 83.  Rev. Bust of
ST. PETER, with his head surrounded by a glory. " S. PETRUS AP.'"
86. S. 1736. Testoon   Obverse same as No. 83. Rev. "URE
NOBILITATA MDCCXXXV." inscribed between two palm branches; a
small shield beneath.
87. S. —. Paul. Obverse same as No. 83. "CLEMENS XII PONT. M.
AN-" (not legible).  Reverse same as No. 84.
88. S. 1738. Half paul. Obverse same as No. 83. Rev. "IN
CIBAS PAUPERUM, 1738," inscribed between two branches of palm.
89. S. 1740. Half paul. Obverse same as No. 83. Rev. Shield,
bearing the inscription, "tIABETIS PAUPERES, 1739."
90. S. 1740. Half paul. Obverse same as No. 83. Rev. Shield,
bearing the inscription, "IMPLETI ILLUSIO NIBUS, 1739."
91. G. Quarter sequin, of BENEDICT XIV. (1740 to 1758.)  Obv.
"BEN. xIv." inscribed beneath the papal crown, and two keys in saltiere; beneath are two palm branches, crossed.  Rev. Bust of St.
Peter. "s. PETRUS."
92. G. 1744. Sequin, of same.  Obv. The Virgin Mary, seated
upon a cloud, and holding two keys in her right hand, and a lantern
in her left. "BENED. XIV P. M. 1744.7"  Rev. Arms and insignia of
the pope, surmounted by the sacred dove. "REPENTE DE C(mLO."




284                  MODERN COINS-ROME.
93. S. 1744. Half paul.  Obverse same as No. 83, with "BENED.
XIV PONT. M. A. IV."  ]Rev. "OCULI EJUS IN PAUPER.EM, 1744,7 inscribed in five lines, between two branches of laurel.
94. G. 1746. Half sequin. Same as No. 92.
95. S. 1754. Ihalf paul.  Obverse same as No. 93.  Reverse not
legible.
96. S. 1756. Two pauls. Obv. Bust, " BEN XIV. PON. M. A. XVII."'
Rev. Same device as No. 92, with the date "MDCCLVI." Value 20 cts.
97. S. 1763. Paul, of CLEMENT XIII.  Obv. A shield, bearing
the pope's family arms, surmounted by the papal crown and keys.
"CLEM. XIII PONT. M. A. V."  Rev. "ABLECTAT JUSTOS MISERICORDIA,
1763, " inscribed in five lines; beneath is a small shield, surmounted
by the hat and tassels, and bearing two batons in saltiere; the whole
surrounded by a wreath of laurel. Value 10 cts.
98. S. 1765. Half paul.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. The
inscription, " UTERE QUASI MOMO FUIGI, 1764."  Value 5 cts.
99. S. 1774. Testoon, of CLEMENT XIV.  Obv. The arms and
insignia of the pope. "CLEMENS XIV PONT. MAX A. V."  Rev. St.
Peter and St. Paul confronting each other, the former holding his
keys aloft in his right hand, and the latter supporting a sword, with
the point resting upon the ground, in his right hand, and carrying a
volume under his left arm; above is the sacred dove, and beneath is a
small shield, bedecked with the hat and tassels, and the date "1773."
Above, to the left, is inscribed "s. PETRUS," and to the right "'s.
PAULUS."  Value 30 cts.
100. S. 1774. Two pauls.  SEDE VACANTE.  Obv. Shield and
cross-staff, backed by the cross of Malta, and surmounted by the hat
and tassels, two keys, and the church banner. " SEDE VACANTE.
MDCCLXXIV."  Rlev. The sacred dove.  Beneath is inscribed "QUINTO
DI scu"(do), and above, "VENI LUMEN CORDIUM;"  Value 20 cts.
101 and 102. S. 1775. Paul, of PIUS VI.  Obv. The insignia and
arms of the pope. "PIUS VI. PONT. M. A. I."  Rev. A sepulcher, with
the date "1775"' beneath.*  "MUNDI REVER TUNTUR.7" Value 10 cts.
* This piece bears upon its face an acp areent discrepancy. PTus VI. succeeded in 1774, and, upon examining the obverse of this piece, we find that it




MODERN COINS-ROME.                          285
103. S. 1777. Half scudo.  Obv. Bust, "PIUS SEXTUS, PONT. M.
A. III."  Rev. The Virgin ]Mary, seated upon a cloud, and holding
two keys in her right hand, and a lantern in her left; beneath is a
small shield, bedecked with the hat and tassels. "AUXILIUM DE SANCTO,
177 7."  Value 52 cts.
104. S. 1780. Scudo. Obv. Arms and insignia of the pope. "PIus
SEXTUS PONT. M. A. VI."   Reverse same as preceding.  Value
$1.04.4.
105. S. 1784. Two pauls.  Same type as preceding.  Value
10 cts.
106. S. 1788. Half paul.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev.
The inscription, "AUXILIUM DE SANCTO.' No device.  Value 5 cts.
107. S. 1796. Testoon.  Obverse same as No. 104.  Rev. St.
Peter and St. Andrew, the latter leaning upon his cross and weeping,
while St. Peter stands by his side holding the keys in his left hand,
and pointing upward with his right; the sun's diverging rays above;
beneath is the date "1796," and a small shield, bedecked with the
hat and tassels. "SANCTUS PETRUS. SANCTUS ANDREAS."  Value 30
cents.
108. S. 1796. Two pauls.  Same type as No. 104.  Value 20
cents.
109. S. 1801. Half scudo, of PIus VII.  Obv. Arms and insignia
of the pope. "PIUS VII PONT. M. A. II."  IReverse same as No. 103.
Value $1.04.4.
110. G. 1803. Doppia.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. St.
Peter seated upon a cloud, holding the keys in his left hand, and
purports to be struck in the first year of his reign, whereas upon the reverse it
bears the date 1775, which is the true date of the coin. The explanation is
found in the fact that Pius did not succeed until the latter part of the year, his
predecessor having died September twenty-second, after which a short interregnum ensued, as will be seen by referring to No. 100. Therefore the year of his
pontificate did not expire until the latter part of 1775; and a coin which was
actually struck in 1774, and another struck in the year following, can both be
of the first year of his reign. Most of the papal coins bear no other date than the
year of the reign, but where the contrary is the case, this discrepancy will often
be noticed.




286                 MODERN COINS-ROME.
pointing upward with his right. "APOSTOLOR PRINCEPS;"1 beneath is a
small shield, bedecked with the hat and tassels. Value $3.28.
111. S. 1816. Half paul.  Obverse same as No. 109.  Rev. The
inscription, "PAUPERI PORRIGE MANUMI," in three lines; beneath
which, and divided from it by a sectional line, is the date " MDCCCXVI,"
and the initial "B."  Value 5 cts.
112. S. 1818. Scudo.  Same type as No. 103, with the inscription "IN TERRA PAX" on the edge.  Value $1.05.8.
113. C. 1826. Half bajocchi, of LEO XII. Obv. Arms and insignia of the pope, with two olive branches, crossed; beneath, "LEO
XII P. M. A. III."  Rev. The inscription, "MEZZO BAJOCCO. ROM.
1826," in four lines.
114. C. 1826. Quatrino (quarter bajocchi).  Same type as preceding.
115. S. 1830. Testoon. SEDE VACANTE. Obv. A shield, bearing
a cock and a star, and surmounted by a cross-staff, hat, keys, and
tassels, and the church banner; beneath is the name "ROMA."7 " SEDE
VACANTE MDCCCXXX."  IRev. The sacred dove, with "BAJ. 30" (30
bajocchi) beneath.  "VENI LUMEN CORDIUM."  Value 31.6 cts.
116 and l17. C. 1831. Bajocchi, of GREGORY XVI.  Obv. Arms
and insignia of the pope. "GREGORIUS XVI PONT. MAX. AN. I."  Rev.
"BAJOCCO ROMANO, 1831," inclosed in a wreath of laurel.  Value one
cent.
118 and 119. C. 1831. Half bajocchi.  Same type.
120. S. 1834. Scudo.  Obv. Bust, with the date "1834," and the
engraver's name, "NIC. GERBARA,"1 beneath; "GREGORIUS XVI PON.
MAX A. IV."  Rev. The circumcision of Jesus, Simeon receiving the
infant Jesus from the hands of his mother, the Virgin Mary.  In the
background, to the right, is Joseph, carrying a basket containing
two doves. ("To offer a sacrfice according to that which is said in
the law of the Lord, a pair of turtle doves, or two young pigeons."
Luke, ii. 24.) To the left is the prophetess, Anna, with clasped
hands, looking upon Jesus. ("And she coming in that instant gave
thankcs likewise unto the Lord, and spalce of him to all them that
looked for redemltion in Jerusalemn."-Luke, ii. 38.) Beneath is
the word "ROMA,"' and above, "LUMEN AD REVELATIONEM GENTIUM."




MODERN COINS-CITY OF BOLOGNA.                287
This sentence is rendered in the Protestant Bible as "A light to lighten
the Gentiles," (Luke, ii. 32); while the Catholic Bible renders it, as
in the inscription above, "A light to the revelation (or enlightenment)
of the nations." (See the Gospel of ST. LUKE, chapter ii., 21st to
39th verses.)  Value $1.05. 7.
121. G. 1835. Five scudi. Obv. Bust, with the letter "R.9' (Ronza)
and the initials of the engraver, "N. G." beneath. "GREGORIUS XVI
PON. MAX AN V." IRev. The denomination and date, "5 SCUDI, 1835,"
inclosed in a wreath of laurel.  Value $5.19.4.
122. G. 1836. Ten scudi. Same type. Value $10.36.8.
123. G. 1836. Two-and-a-half scudi. Same type. Value $2.59.7.
124 and 125. C. 1848-1849. Bajocchi, of Pius IX.  Obv. Arms
and insignia of the pope. "PI-US IX PON. MAX. ANN. III.'"  Rev. the
inscription, "BAJOCCO, 1848," inclosed in a wreath of laurel.
126. S. 1850. Piece of two pauls.  Obv. Bust, with the engraver's
name, "N. GERBARA," beneath; "rIUS Ix PONT. MAX. ANN. IV." Rev.
"20 BAJOCCIII, 1850," and the initial "R." inclosed in a wreath of
laurel. Value 20 cts.
127 and 128. C. 1850. Half bajocchi.  Same type as No. 124.
129. C. 1851. Two bajocchi. Same type.
130. C. 1854. Five bajocchi.  Same type.
131. S. 1856. Five bajocchi.  Obv. Arms and insignia of the
pope. "PIus IX PON. MAX ANN X."  Rev. "5 BAJOCCHI, 1856, R.'"
inscribed within a wreath of laurel.
CITY OF BOLOGNA.
132. S. 1778. Half paul.  Obv. Shield, with the arms quartered,
the abbreviated word "LIBER"(tas) occupying the second and third;
beneath is the date "1778. "  Rev. A lily, with the letter "B"(ologna)
and the numeral "5'" in the exerque. "PIUS VI PONT. MAXIM."'  Value
5 cts.
133. S. 1783. Half scudo. Obv. Bust of the pope. "PIUS sEXTUS
PONT. MAX. AN. VIII. " Rev. A chapel, with a shield at each side,
one surmounted by the hat and tassels, and the other by a lion's
head; beneath is the name and date, "BONONIA, 1783," and the




288                MODERN COINS-TUSCANY.
numeral "50," (50 bajocchi,) and above, "ADVENTUS OPTI MI PRINCIPIS. 7'
134. S. 1796. Scudo. Obv. Shield, bearing the arms quartered;
a cross in the first and fourth, and the word "LIBERTAS" in the
second and third quarters, inclosed between branches of laurel, and
surmounted by a lion's head; beneath is "P. 10, (ten pauls,) 1796,"
and above, "rPOPULUS ET SENATUS BONON. "  Rev. The Virgin and
child, upon a cloud, floating above the city. "PRIESIDIUM ET DECUS."
Value $1.13.
134. S. 1796. Half scudo.  Same type as preceding.
135. S. 1797. Scudo.  Same type.
SECTION VI. —TUSCANY.
The territory embraced in the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany at one
time formed a large portion of ancient Etruria.  Etruria was composed of several different divisions or tribes (twelve in number),
which  were all leagued together for the common defense, each
being governed by a king, or lucumo.  One of these was PORSENA,
so famous from the league into which he entered for the purpose of
restoring TARQUIN to Rome.  The Etruscan territories afterward
fell successively under the Romans, the Goths, the Lombards, and
the government of Charlemagne.  After the extinction of the Western Empire, Tuscany underwent various changes until the year 1531,
when the whole became united under ALEXANDER DE MEDICIS, (at
which time it was called Florence, the name of its capital city,)
whose successor, CosMo I., assumed the title of grand-duke.  The
Medicis family remained in undisturbed possession of the throne
until 1737, when the family became extinct by the death of JOHN
GASTON, and the Grand-DIuchy passed to the Emperor CHARLEs VI.,
who conferred it upon his son-in-law, FRANCIS, Duke of Lorrain,
with the title of FRANCIS III.  Upon the accession of the latter to
the throne of the German Empire in 1745,* he retained the sovereignty of Tuscany, adding his new titles to the legend on the
* Francis claimed the succession in 1740, hut was not the actual emperor
until the death of his competitor, CHARLES VII. of Bavaria, in 1745.




MODERN COINS-TUSCANY.                    289
Tuscan coins.  In 1792, FERDINAND III., a grandson of Francis,
succeeded to the throne of Tuscany, and at the same time the French
Revolution, which afterward involved all Europe, broke out.  By
the treaty of Luneville, in 1801, FERDINAND was deposed, and the
State erected into a Kingdom, with its ancient title of Etruria, and
Louis, a son of the Duke of Parina, placed upon the throne.  This
prince died in 1803, and his infant son succeeded, under the regency
of the queen-mother, MARIA LOUISA.  In 1808, the kingdom  was
dissolved and the territory annexed to the French Empire, though
subject to the nominal rule of ELIZA, the sister of NAPOLEON.
This was the condition of the State up to the overthrow of the latter, when the Grand-Duchy was restored, and FERDINAND recovered
the throne of which he had been deprived for thirteen years, and continued in possession until his death in 1824, when he was succeeded
by LEOPOLD II.
The gold coins of Tuscany are the ruspone, and the zeech.ino
gigliato, or sequin.  They are both meant to be of fine gold; the
ruspone being coined at the rate of 324 pieces to the libra, or
pound, which would place it at the weight of 161.5 Troy grainsthe Tuscan libra weighing 5240 Troy grains.  The sequin is onethird of the ruspone in weight and value.
The silver coins are somewhat intricate, from the fact that they
have three different units or integers.  The first series is based upon
the paul; the second upon the lira; and the third upon the florin.
The first series originated in 1738, and consisted of five pieces; the
largest being the scudo, or crown of ten pauls, which was called after
the names of the grand-dukes, first Franciscone, and afterward
Leopoldone.  The smaller pieces were of five, two, one, and one-half
paul; the latter being divided into 40 quattrini; the legal fineness
was 917 thousandths, and the weight of the scudo, 424.7 Troy
grains; the others in proportion.
The second series was introduced in 1803, and consisted of the
pieces of ten, five, one, and one-half livre; they were coined at 958
thousandths fine; the piece of ten livres weighing 608.8  Troy
grains; the others in proportion.  Coins of this series are now
rare.




290                 MODERN COINS-TUSCANY.
The last series was commenced in 1826, and consists of the florin,
with its half and quarter. There are also the base silver, or billon
piece, called a crozia, and the piece of ten quattrini.  The copper
coins are the pieces of five, three, and one quattrini.  There are also
the larger silver pieces of the double and quadruple florin.
1 and 2. S. -. Pontine coins, of the middle ages.  The first has
on its obverse a full-length -figure, holding a staff in one hand and a
truncheon in the other, and on the reverse, a figure of St. John
the Baptist; and the second, on the reverse, a fleur de lis, and the
name "FLORENTIA" (Florence), and on the reverse, St. John, with
his cross-staff, and his name "s. JOHANNE. B"(aptista).
3. S. -. Testoon,* or piece of three pauls, of ALEXANDER DE
MEDICIS, head of the ducal line in Tuscany; acquired the crown in
1531.  Obv. Bust, "ALEXANDER M(edici) R(omanus) P(rinceps) FLOREN(tiOt) DUJx."  Rev. St. Cosmus and St. Damianus, conferring together; the latter holding an open volume in his hand. "s(anctus)
COSMUS. S. DAMIIENUS."
4. S. -. Testoon, of Cosmius II.t  Obv. Bust, "cosMius  MED.
R. P. PFLOREN DUX. II."  1Rev. St. John the Baptist, seated, and holding a cross-staff in his left hand, and pointing upward with his right.
"S. JOANNES BAPTISTA." 
5 and 6. S. -. Same. Obv. Bust, "COSMUs  MED. FLOREN ET SENARUM DUX. II."  Rev. The City of Florence, with the Virgin Mary
upon a cloud above it. "SENAVETUS CIVITAS VIRGINIS."
7. S. 1567. Same. Obverse same as preceding. Rev. St. John,
with the date " 156" beneath. "s. JOANNES BAPTISTA."
8 and 9. S. 1575-77. Testoon, of FRANcIS II.  Obv. Bust, "FRAN
(CiSCUS) MED(iCi) MAGN(us) DUX ETRURTUE II."  iReverse same as preceding.
10 and 11. S. 1621-36. Testoon, of FERDINAND Ii.  Obv. Bust
in armor. "FERD. 11. MAGN. DUX ETR. V."'  (The latter number indi* This name is used for the purpose of brevity.
t The successor of Alexander was Cosmus I.
J Kelly states, on page 211, in his "Explication of Coin," that this number,
placed at the end of the legend, means the year of the reign; and gives us as an
example a piece of CosMus IiI. (See Nos. 13 to 17.) Upon examining a num



MODERN  COINS-TUSCANY.                         291
cates that Ferdinand was the fifth of his name in the family.)  Rev.
St. John, holding a cross-staff in his left hand, and pointing upward
with his right. "s. JOANNES BAPTIST."'
12. S. 1665. Scudo, (pezza della rosa.) Obv. Crowned shield,
bearing the arms of Tuscany, with the date- " 1665 " beneath.  Rev.
"FERDINANDUS II. MAG. D. ETR. V."
13. S. 1677. Testoon, of CosMus III.  Obv. Bust, "cosMUS III
D. G. MAG. D. ETRU VI."  Rev. St. John, with a lamb reposing at his
feet. "S. JOANNES BAPTIST." 
14. S. 1680. Scudo.   Obv. Bust, "cosMus  III D. G. MAG. DUX
ETRURI VI;"' beneath is the date "1680."  IRev. The baptism  of
John, with the date "1681"  beneath; above is the sacred dove.
"FILIUS MIENS DILECTUS.' 
15. S. 1692. Scudo, of same  Obv. Bust, surmounted by a crown.
"COSMIUS III D. G. MAG. DUX ETRUR VI." Beneath is the date "1692."
Rev. A harbor, with shipping, lighthouse, etc., and a city in the background. "ET. PATET ET FAVET. 7
16 and 17. S. 1706-18. Scudo (pezza della rosa.) Obv. Crowned
shield, with the date "11706 " beneath. "cosMUS III D. G. M. DUX
ETRURI2E."  Reverse same as No. 12.
18. G. 1725. Sequin, of JOHN GASTON. Obv. A feur de lis. "JOAN.
GASTO I. D. G. M. DUX ETR. "  Rev. St. John. "S. JOANNES BAPTISTA.'
Beneath is the date "1725."
ber of coins of the same monarch: of different dates, the fact appears that the
same number was used upon all; thus proving conclusively that Kelly is wrong.
Referring to No. 13 above, we find a coin of Cosmus III., bearing the date 1667,
with the number VI. at the end of the legend. We also find another coin, of 1680
-three years later-with the same number; and still another, of the date 1692,
with the same number, and all struck during the reign of Cosmus III. And as
a still further proof, to show that. this could not have occurred through any
mistake or accident, we have three coins of FERDINAND II., bearing the several
dates of 1621, 1636, and 1665, (see Nos. 10, 11, and 12,) all of which have the
number "V." at the end of the legend. From this state of facts, the most
probable conclusion, and the one which is adopted above is, that it was intended to signify that FERDINAND was the fifth Ferdinand of the Medicis family;
and second, as Duke of Tuscany.




292                MODERN COINS-TUSCANY.
19 and 20. S. 1748. Scudo, of FRANCIS II., Duce of Lorrain.
Obv. Bust, latureated. "FRANCISCUS D. G. R(omnanus) I(mperator)
s(emper) A(uguStus) G(ermani e) H(ungarise) REX, LoT(haringie)
BAR(ri) M(agnlUS) D(ux) ETR"(urise).  Rev. The Austrian doubleeagle. "IN TE DOMINE SPERAVTr.  Beneath is the date " 17485," and
the name "Pisis" (meaning Pisa.  This is the mint-mark, and appears on all the coins struck at the Pisa Mint).  Value $1.08 each.
21. S. 1767. Scudo, of LEOPOLD. Obv. Bust, "PETRUS LEOPOLDUS
D. G. P(rinceps) R(omani) Ii(ungarim) ET B(ohemite) A(rchidux)
A(ustrite) m(agnus) D(ux) ETRUR."  Rev. Shield, backed by the
cross of Malta, and surmounted by a crown; arms of Austria,
Lotharingia, and Tuscany, on a shield of pretence. "DIRIGE DOMINE
GRESSUS MEAS.'  Beneath is the date "1767."  Value $1.08.4.
22. S. 1769. Same.  The date on this piece has been altered so
as to read " 1100."
23 and 24. S. 1770-74. Scudo.  Same type as preceding  Value
$1.08.4.
25. S. 1782. Piece of two pauls.  Obverse same as preceding.
IRev. Small oval shield backed by the cross of Malta, surmounted by
a crown, and encircled by the order chain and badge of the golden
fleece, bearing the arms of Austria, Lotharingia, and Tuscany.
Same legend as before. Value 21.6 cts.
26. S. 1783. Paul.  Same type.  Value 10.8 cts.
27. S. -. Half paul.  Same type, with the shield displayed upon
a mantle of ermine draped from a crown. (The date is illegible, and
the legends nearly so.)  Value 5 cts.
28. S. 1784. Scudo.  Same as No. 21.  Value $1.08.4.
29. S. 1795. Scudo, of FERDINAND III.  Obv. Undraped bust,
"FERDINANDUS III D. G. P. R. H. ET B. A. A. M. D. ETRUR."  Rev.
Crowned shield, backed by the star of Malta, and encircled by the
order chain and badge of the golden fleece. "LEX TUA VERITAS."
Value $1.08.
30. S. 1798. Scudo. Same type.
31. S. 1803. Seudo, of LouIs I.  Obv. Undraped bust, "LUDOVICUS I. D. G. 1msP(aniarum) INF(ans) REX ETRURIM  & "(cmtera).
Rev. Crowned shield, backed by the star of Malta, and bedecked




MODERN COINS-TUSCANY.                    293
with the order chain and badge of the golden fleece, and three order
stars; a shield of pretence and a heart shield; the first bearing the
arms of Spain, and the second those of Anjou and Tuscany. "vIDEANT PAUPERES ET L2ATENTUR. "  Value $1.07.8.
32. C. 1804. Two soldi, of CHARLES LouIS.  Obv. Crowned
shield, backed by the star of Malta, and bearing the arms of Anjon
and Tuscany. "CAR. LUD. R(ex) ETR(urie) & M(aria) ALOYSIA It. RECTRIX."  IRev. "UN DECIMO DI LIRA. 9 " 2 SOLDI 1804."
33 and 34. S. 1806-07. Scudo, of same.  Obv. Busts of Louis
and Maria, placed vis-d-vis, or facing each other. "CAROLUS LUD.
D. G. REX ETR. & M. ALOYSIA R. RECTRIX I. I. H. H."  R{ev. Salle
device as No. 31. "DOMINE SPES MEA A JUVENTUTE MEA.'  Value
$1. 07. 8.
35. S. 1820. Five pauls, of FERDINAND III.  Obv. Undraped
bust, " FERD III D. P. P(rinceps) I(mperii) A(ustrise) P(rinceps) R(egalis) H(ungariOe) ET B(Ohenlife) A(rchidux) A(ustrie) mi(agcnus
D(ux) ETR"(uriue).  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Austria, Lotharingia, and Tuscany, and draped with the order chain and
badge of the golden fleece, the order band and star of Mlaria Theresia, and the order band and star of the Tuscan order of St. Stephen.
"LEX TUA VERITAS."  Beneath is the name of the mint, "PrsIs," and
the date.  Value 54 cts.
36 and 37. S. 1823. Half lira.  Obv. A  shield like preceding,
draped with the order band and star of Mlfaria Theresia. "FERD. III
A(rciduca) D'A(ustria) G. D. (Granduca) DI TOSC"(ana). Rev. "MEZZA
LIA.  -10 SOLDI,7" and the date "1823."  Value 7.6 cts.
38. G. 1824. Sequin, of LEOPOLD II. Obv. Afleur de lis. "LEOPOLDUS II D. G. A(rchidux) A(ustriae) M(agnus) D(ux) ETR."  Rev. St.
John, seated, holding a cross-staff in his left hand, and pointing upward with his right. "s. JOANNES BAPTISTA.'"  Beneath is the date
" 1824."  Value $2.30.
39. S. 1826. Florin.  Obv. Undraped bust, "LEOPOLDO II. A. D'A.
GRANDUCA DI TOSCANA."  Rev. A fleur- de lis, with the words "FLoRINO " beneath, and  "QtrATTRINI CENTO, 1826,"7 above.  Value
27.3 cts.
40. B.S. 1826.  Ten quattrini. Obv. Circular shield, surmounted
20




294         MODERN COINS-LUCCA AND PIOMBINO.
by a crown, and backed by the star of Malta. "LEOP. II A. D'A. GRAND.
DI TOSC." Rev. The inscription, "10 QUATTRINI, 1826." Value 3 cts.
41. S. 1827. Half florin.  Obv. Pointed shield, surmounted by a
crown, and backed by the star of Malta. "LEOP. II A. D'A. GRAND. DI
TOSC.' lRev. "QUATTRINI 50. - FLORINO, 1827."  Value 13.5 cts.
42. S. - 1829. Double florin.  Obv. IJndraped bust, "LEOPOLDUS II
D. G. P. I. A P. R. I ET B. A. A. I.AGN DUX ETR. " Rev. A pointed shield,
suspended upon the cross of Malta, which is surmounted by a crown,
and backed by two flag-staffs in saltiree, encircled by the order chain
and badge of the golden fleece, and the banners depending from the
flag-staffs. " SUSCEPTOR NOSTER DEUS."  Beneath is the mint-mark
"PISIS," and the date; on the edge is inscribed "DUB. FLORIN. CINQUE
PAOLI."  Value 55 cts.
43. C. 1829. Five quattrini.  Obv. Crowned shield. "LEoP. IT. A.
D'A. GRAND. DI TOSC."  Rev. "5 QUATTRINI, 1829."
44. C. 1832. Three quattrini.  Same type.
45. C. 1832. One quattrini.  Same type.
46. S. 1834. Quadruple florin.  Obv. Undraped bust, "LEOPOLDUS
II. D G. P. I. A. P. R. H ET B. A. A MAGN. DUX ETR."' Rev. Shield, surmounted by a crown, backed by the cross of Malta, and encircled by
the order chain of the golden fleece; a shield of pretence, crowned,
and bearing the arms of Austria, Lotharingia, and Tuscany. "susCEPTOR NOSTER DEUS."  Beneath is the mint-mark and date, "PISIS1834."  On the edge is inscribed "IQUATTRO FLORINI-DIECI PAOLI."
Value $1.09.3.
47. S. 1843. Half florin.  Obv. Undraped bust, "LEOP. II. D. G.
P(rinceps) R(egalis) HI. ET B. A. A. M. D. ETR."  Rev. An oval shield,
surmounted by a crown, backed by the cross of Malta, and encircled
by the order chain and badge of the golden fleece. "SUSCEPTOR NOST
DEUS."  Beneath is the date " 1843."  Value 13.5 cts.
LUCCA AND PIOMBiNO.
48. S. 1743. Scudo.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the word
" LIBERTAS; " two palm branches, crossed. "RESPUBLICA LUCENSIS."
Beneath is the date "1743."  Rev. A man, in ragged attire, beside a




MIODERN COINS-PARMA.                     295
mounted knight, who is in the act of throwing his mantle over the
formi-er. "SANCTUS MARTINUIS. "
49 and 50. S. 1807-08. Five francs, of FELICE and ELISA. Obv.
Their busts in profile, the latter upon the former. "FELICE ED ELISA
P. P. DI LUCCA E PIOMBINO.'  R11ev. "5 FRANCS," inclosed in a wreath
of laurel. "PRINCIPATO DI LUCCA E PIOMBINO.'  Beneath is the date
"1807."  Value 97 cts.
51. S. 1807. One franc.  Same type.  Value 19.4 cts.
PAR MA.
56. S. 1628. Scudo, of ODOARDUS V.  Obv. Bust in armor.
"ODOARDUS. FAR(nese) PL(acentiL) ET PAR(1m1e) DUX V." 1Rev. St.
Anthony, supporting a flag-staff. "s(anctus) ANTONINUS M(ajOr) PROT
(ector) PLAC"'(entie).  Beneath is the date "1628,'" and the initials
"L.    X" (ten lire).
57. G. 1786. Doppia, of FERDINAND I.  Obv. Head, "FERDINANDUS I. IISPANIAR(u11) INFANS,"  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing
the arms of Parma, -with  a shield of pretence; and a heart shield,
bearing the arms of Spain and Anjou; branches of laurel at either
side. "D. G. PARMA PLAC(entirc) ET VASTAL(ime) DUX 1786."
58. G. 1815. Forty lire, of MARIA LUCIA.  Obv. Bust, with the
date "1815" beneath. "MARIA LUICIA PRINC. IMP. ARCID. D'AUSTRIA. "
Rev. Shield, bearing the ducal arms, with the arms of Austria on a
shield of pretence, displayed upon a mantle of ermine draped from a
crown, and encircled by the order chain and badge of St. George.
"PER. LA GR. DI DIO DUCH. DI PARMA. PIAC(en1Za) E GIJAST "(ala).
Beneath is a scroll, bearing in indented letters the denomination "40
-LIRE." On the edge is inscribed "DIRIGE ME DOMINE." Value $6.66.
59. S. 1815. Five lire.  Same as preceding.  Value 97 cts.
60. S. 1815. Lira nuova.  Same type.  Value 19.4 cts.
61. S. 1815. Ten soldi.  Obv. Bust, "M. LUICIA PRIN. IMP. ARCID
D'AUS.'"  Rev. The initials "M. L." interlaced, and surmounted by a
crown. "PER. LA GR. DI DIO DI PARMA P. G."  Beneath is the denomination "10 SOLDI."'
62. S. 1815. Five soldi.  Same as preceding.




296          MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.
NAPLES AND SICILY.
In order to gain a thorough knowledge of the coins of the two
Sicilies, it is highly necessary to be perfectly familiar with their history. The various changes and divisions and reunions which they
have experienced has produced a confusion in the devices and inscriptions on their coins which is well calculated to mislead the
young numismatist; while at the same time it would appear that
the relative value and relation of the pieces to one another has been
but little affected by their political vicissitudes. The legend IIISPANIARUM INFANS, which has always found a place upon the coin whenever the house of Aragon has found a seat on the throne, has, doubtless, often led unskillful persons into the error of classing Neapolitan
coins among those of Spain.
The first division between the Island of Sicily and the Peninsular
territory occurred near the end of the reign of CHARLES, of Anjou,
who reigned from 1266 to 1285. In the year 1282, PETER III.
of Aragon, invaded Sicily, on account of the massacre, called the
Sicilian VESPERS, and was crowned Kiing of Sicily at Palermo.
They remained in this state, under the two houses of Anjou and Aragon, up to 1435, when ALPHONSO I-who inherited the crowns of
Aragon and Sicily from FERDINAND, of Castile, in 1416-succeeded
JANE II. in Naples. He was opposed, however, by RENATUS, of Anjot,
but appealed to arms, and finally triumphed over his rival. Upon his
death, in 1458, his dominions were divided, according to the provisions
of his last will and testament, between his natufal son FERDINAND, and
his brother JOHN; the former receiving Naples, and the latter, Aragon
and Sicily.  This distinction lasted until 1504, at which time FERDINAND, the Catholic, King of Spain, whose reign commenced in Sicily
and Aragon in 1479, also took possession of Naples, driving FERDINAND III. from the throne, and compelling him to take refuge in
France, where he died. FERDINAND, the Catholic, died in 1516, and
was succeeded by CHARLES I. of Spain.  The latter afterward became the famous Emperor CHARLES V., and through him Naples and
Sicily passed into the house of Austria, where they remained until
1700, when, by the will of CIHARLES V., King of Spain, it passed,




MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.             297
in common with the rest of the Spanish monarchy, to PHILIP IV.
of Bourbon, grandson to LouIs  XIV. of France.  This movement, however, met with a determined opposition from the house
of Hapsburg.  The "war of the Spanish succession"' ensued;
and in 1707, a conspiracy procured the throne of Naples for PRINCE
CHARLES, Archduke of Austria, and son of the Emperor LEOPOLD.
By the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, Charles was confirmed as King
of Naples, and VICTOR AMADEUS II., Duke of Savoy, was made
King of Sicily, under the protection of QUEEN ANNE, of Great
Britain. But the King of Spain having invaded the island, a treaty
of peace was made in 1718, by which'AMADEUS exchanged the
Island of Sicily for that of Sardinia, and Sicily again returned to
the house of Bourbon. Soon after, Naples fell to the same house,
the ARCH}IDUKE having been deposed by CHIARLES, second son of the
King of Spain, in 1735, who ascended the throne of Naples and
Sicily, with the title of CHARLES VII.  In 1739, CHARLES being.
called to the throne of Spain, vacated that of Naples, and was succeeded by his son FERDINAND. This monarch bore the two titles of
FERDINAND IV. of Naples, and III. of the Island of Sicily. The
latter title did not, however, appear upon the coins before his first
deposal by Napoleon in 1799, but simply the name FERDINAND.
But this difference serves to distinguish the coins of Sicily from those
of the Peninsula; the latter having always borne the title FERDINAND IV. up to the time of his second restoration.  Having joined
in the alliance against France, FERDINAND was expelled from Naples
in 1799, and his kingdom erected into the Neapolitan, or Parthenopian Republic, and silver coins of the denominations of the ducat
froyal of twelve carlini, and its half were issued, bearing appropriate
devices, but were not dated, having merely the year of the French
Republic, as " ANNO SETTIMO DELLA LIBERTA." ( The seventh year of
liberty.)  In 1801, Ferdinand made a treaty, by which he recovered
his dominions, thus putting a period to the republican coinage. The
currency having now become somewhat depreciated, Ferdinand determined to call it in for recoinage; but before the work had been
fairly commenced, he again made war upon France, and, in 1805, was
a second time driven from the Neapolitan throne and compelled to




298          MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.
retire to the Island of Sicily, where he established his court, and was
permitted to continue in power; JOSEPH NAPOLEON being placed
upon the throne o.f Naples.  The latter made no alteration in the
composition of the coins, contenting himself with a change in the
devices; his head being placed upon the obverse, with his name and
a portion of his titles; and on the reverse the remainder of his titles
and his family arms. In 1808, this prince was transferred to the
throne of Spain, and JOACHIM, PRINCE MURAT, was placed upon the
Neapolitan throne.  The old system of money was retained until
1813, when the French standards were introduced, (the lira corresponding with the franc.)  Two years after, the power of Napoleon
came to an end, and the re-arrangement of Europe, which then took
place, not only deprived JOACHIM of his transitory title, but of his
life also.
FERDINAND, finding himself again reinstated upon the throne of
the Two Sicilies, assumed the title of FERDINAND I.; doubtless intending thereby to consolidate the two governments into one, and
by rendering the union between the two parts more intimate, to
strengthen his own title; thus the coins of this monarch are found
to bear the several titles of FERDINAND, and FERDINAND III.,* IV.,
and I. He abolished the French system of moneys, and in 1818 a
new system was established, restoring the former standards, with some
modifications in the gold.  Since this time no material change has
taken place.  In 1826, Ferdinand was succeeded by FRANCIS I., who
reigned until 1830, when he was succeeded by FERDINAND II.  The
latter continued to exercise a tyrannical rule until 1859, when he
died amid the rejoicings of his subjects, and was succeeded by his
son FRANCIS II., the reigning monarch.t
The Neapolitan coins at present under consideration commence
with those of CHARLES II. of Spain (or V. of Naples), who reigned
* A Sicilian coin of 1810 bears this title.
t The latter prince, who has proved to be as great a tyrant, without half the
firmness and discretion of his father, is now threatened with expulsion from his
throne at the hands of his outraged subjects, led on by GARIBALDI; having
already lost his dominion over Sicily.




MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.                 299
from  1665 to 1700.  At this time the gold coins consisted of the
pieces of 6, 4, and 2 ducats. The principal silver piece was the
ducat royal, or ducato di regno (the gold pieces being the multiples
of this), which was divided into 12 carlini, the carlini consisting of
10 grani or grains, making the different denominations of the ducat
and its half, or piece of six carlini, and the pieces of five, three, two,
one, and one-half carlini.  There has also been a ducat of 10 carlini
issued.  The ducat of 12 carlini is found to weigh about 442 grains
Troy, as taken from the circulation.  The smaller pieces appear to
have been in proportion.  This system, with various modifications in
the weight and fineness of the pieces, was continued up to the time
of the introduction of the French system before mentioned.
On the island the principal gold piece was the onzia of 30 tari, the
tara being equivalent to the carlino of the peninsula. The silver
was of the same denominations as the peninsular coinage, but are
easily distinguished from them, as the different pieces bear the marks
T. 12, T. 6, T. 2, etc., meaning so many tari, whereas the peninsular
coins are generally found to bear the amount of their value in grains,
as so many gyrana —the ducat royal being marked "G. 120."'
67. S. 1680. Two carlini, of CHARLES V. (I. of Spain.)  Obv.
Crowned shield, with the arms of Spain in the first quarter, encircled
by the order chain of the golden fleece. " CAROLUS II. D. G. HISP NEAP.
REX."7 Rev. The world, with the date "1680"' upon its lower edge;
above is a fasces and a cornucopia, the whole being surmounted by a
crown. " HIS VICI ET REGNO. "
Charles, although the Fifth of Naples, struck coins for his Italian
possessions bearing his Spanish title of CHARLES II.  He was the
last of the house of Austria upon the Spanish throne, Spain having
passed, npon his death, in 1700, into the house of Bourbon.
68. S. 1789. Two carlini, of same.  Obv. Bust, "cAROLJS II D.
G. REX HIS.."  Rev. Crowned shield, with the badge of the golden
fleece beneath. "UJTRIUS(que) sIc(ilihe) I-rIERus(olymde) G(rana) xx."
69. S. 1691. Two carlini, of same.  Obv. Bust, surmounted by a
crown. "CAR. II. D. G. REX I-IISP. ET NEAP."  Rev. A shield, bearing
the badge of the golden fleece, and the date and value, "16-91," and'
"G. XX."




300          MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.
70. S. 1693. Five carlini.  Same type.
71. S. 1696. Two carlini.  Same type.
72. S. 1734. Half ducat, of PRINCE CHARLES, Archduke of Austria (Naples).  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Naples,
Castile, Aragon, Parma, and Tuscany, with the arms of Anjou on
a shield of pretence. "CAR. D. G. REX. NEAP. HISP. INFANS. ETC.'"
Rev. Aquarius, with water, and a volcano in the background. "DE
SOCIO PRINCEPS."  Beneath is the date " 1734."
73. S. 1735. Ducat. Same as preceding.
74. S. 1736. Ducat. Same type.
This coin, from its date, appears to have been struck by the Archduke CHARLES, after his deposal by the Spanish prince, CHARLES
VII., which occurred in 1735...... It is curious to note the various
charges upon the shield of CIARLES (Archduke). IHe seems to have
considered his claims to a throne, as well as the actual occupation of
it, a sufficient reason for the adoption of the family arms. Thus, he
places upon his Neapolitan coins the arms of Aragon and Castile,
together with the title.HISPANIARUM INFANS, because CLEMENT XI.
had acknowledged his right to the crown of Spain (through compulsion).  He assumes, upon the same coin, the arms of Tuscany, be-,ause he bad conquered the sea-coasts of Tuscany.  But why he.should assume the arms of Anjou, is somewhat inexplicable, as he
tclaimed descent, in the direct line, from CONTRAN, Colunt of Hapsburg, and therefore could have little claim to a Bourbon pedigree.
At the same time, it is still more strange that on no Neapolitan coin'which has yet been noticed here, does this prince acknowledge his
iXapsburg descent, although he was afterward indebted to that
descent for the emperorship of Germany.
15. S. 1736. Ialf ducat, of CHARLES VII. Obv. Bust, laureated.
"'CAROLUS D. G. SIC. ET HIER(OSOl1Yme) REX Tms(paniarum) INr"(ans).
Rev, A double cross moline; three limbs surmounted by crowns;
fleur de lis in the angles. "FAUSTO CORONA-TIONIS ANNO...... 1736."
76. S. 1738. One tara (Sicily).  Obv. Bust, laureated. "CAR. D.
G. SIC ET HIER REX HIS. IN,"  Rev. A crowned eagle. "FAUSTO CORONAT. ANNO..... 1738."
77. 8. 1750. DPucat. (Naples.)  Obv. Bust, bedecled with the




MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.                 301
cross of Malta. "CAR. D. G. UTR(iusque) SIC. ET HIER REX.'"  Rev. A
crowned shield, charged as in No. 72. " HISPANIAR INFANS, 1750.7"
78 and 79. S. 1750. Half ducat (Naples).  Same type as preceding.
80. G. 1751. Ouzia. (Sicily.)  Obv. Bust, laureated. "CAROLUS
D. G. SIC. ET HIE. REX. 7  Rev. A phoenix issuing from the flames;
above are the sun's diverging rays. "RE-SU-RCIT.'7 Beneath the phcenix is the date " 1751."
81. G. 1768. Piece of six ducats (Naples), of FERDINAND IV.
Obv. Bust, bedecked with the badge of the golden fleece. " FERDINAN.
IV D. GC. SICIL. ET HIER. REX."  Rev. An oval shield, surmounted by
a crown, and inclosed between branches of palm and laurel, crossed;
the badge of the golden fleece and the star of Malta suspended beneath. " HISPANIAR INFANS."  At either side of the shield, beneath
the crown, are the initials C. R. and C. Beneath is the date " 1768,"
and at one side, above the date, is the initial D., and at the other,
the numeral "6,7" meaning six diucats.  Value $5.19.
82. C. 1780. Grana.  Obv. Bust, "FERDINAN. IV SICILIAR. REX."
Rev. " UN GRANO CAVALLI, o.-12-c —1780.'"
83. S. 1785. Ducat, of 100 grani.  Obv. Bust, "FERDINAN. IV D.
G. SICILIAR. ET IIE. REX."1 Rev. Crowned shield, between branches
of palm and laurel, crossed. " HISPANIAR. INFANS 1785." Beneath is
the denomination. "DUCATO G(rani) 100.7"  Value 82 cts.
84. S. 1791. Carlin.  Obv. Bust, "FERDINAN IV SICIL. REX."
Rev. A cross rayonant botone (that is, a cross botone, or budded,
with rays issuing from its angles). "IN HoC SIGNO VINCES.' Beneath
is the date "1791."  Value 8.2 cts.
85. S. 1795. Ducat.  Obverse same as No. 83.  Rev. A shield
like No. 77, draped with laurel. Beneath is the value "G. 120,7" and
a palm and laurel branch, crossed. "HISPANIAR. INFANS. 1795." Value
98.6 cts.
86. S. 1795. Two carlini.  Obverse same as No. 83.  1Rev. A
crown, inclosed between branches of laurel, crossed; above are the
initials "A. p." and beneath, the value, "G. 20."  "HIISPANIAR. INFANS. 1795."  Value 16.4 cts.
87. S. 1795. Carlin.  Same type as No. 84.




302          MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.
88. S. 1796. Three tari. (Sicily.)  Same type as No. 15.  Value
24.6 cts.
89. S. 1798. Ducat. (Sicily.) Obv. Bust, "FERDINAN. D. G. SICIL.
ET HIER. REX."  Rev. An eagle, with the shield upon its breast.
"'HISPANIARUM INFANS.'" Beneath is the date " 1798."'  Value 98.6
cents.
90. C. 1798. Ten tornesi.  Obv. Undraped bust, "FERDINAN. IV
SICILIAR. REX.   I Rev. " TORNESI 10," and the initials "." and " C.
surmounted by a crown. Beneath is the date "1798."'
91. S. -. Ducat, of the REPUBLIC. (1799-1802.) Obv.'rhe goddess of Liberty, holding in her right hand a staff, surmounted by the
liberty-cap, and supporting a fasces with her left. "REPUBLICA NAPOLITANA."  Rev. "CARLINI DODICI, " inclosed in a wreath composed
of two oak branches, crossed. "ANNO SETTIMO DELLA LIBERTA."
Value 98.6 cts.
92. S. -. Half ducat. Same type. (Rev. "CARLINI SEI.") Value
49.3 cts.
93 and 94. S. 1805. Ducats, of FERDINAND.  Obv. Bust, with the
date " 1805"' beneath. "FERDINANDUS IV D. G. REX." Rev. A pointed
shield, charged as in No. 72, and surmounted by a crown. Beneath,
at one side of the shield, is the initial L. and D. at the other. " UTR.
SIC. HIER. HISP. INF.7"......C"G. 120." The rim of the pieces, bearing
the legends, value, and date, is slightly raised above the surface of
the field.  On the edge is inscribed "[PROVIDENTIA OPTIMI. PRINCIPIS. " Value 98.6 cts.
95 and 96. S. 1808. Ducats, of JOSEPH NAPOLEON.  Obv. Head,' JOSEPH NAPOL. D. G. UTR. SICIL. REX."  Rev. A crowned shield, with
two fields; two cornucopias, crossed, and a dolphin in the upper field,
and three legs in the lower; a shield of pretence, surmounted by a
crown, and bearing the French eagle; at either side is a mermaid,
one holding an anchor, and the other the paddle or rudder of AquarinUS. "PRINC. GALLIC. MAGN. ELECT. IMP.'  Beneath is the date "1808, "
and the value " G. 120.,"  On the edge are six dolphins, and the inscription " uSTrUS REGNI DEUS."  Value 98.9 cts.
97 and 98. S. 1809-1810. Ducat, of JOACHIM NAPOLEON.   Obv.
Undraped bust, "GIOACCHINO NAPOL. RE DELLIE DUE SICILIE."   Rev.




MODERN COINS-NAPLES AND SICILY.                30.3
"DODICI CARLINI 1809," inclosed in a wreath composed of wheat and
laurel. "PRINCIPE E GRAN. D'AMMIRAGLIO DI FRANCIA."  Value 98.4
cents.
99. S. 1810. Ducat, of FERDINAND. (Sicily.) Obv. Bust, "FERDINANDUS III D. G. REX." Beneath is the value "TARI 12."7 The legend
is on a raised rim as in Nos. 93 and 94.  Rev. An eagle, inclosed in
an olive wreath. "UTR. SIC. HIER. INFANS HISP.'"  Beneath is the date
"1810. "  Value 98.2 cts.
100. C. 1810. Two grani, of JOACHIm NAPOLEON.  Obv. Head,
1"GIOACCHINO NAPOLEONE RE DELL. DUE SICIL."  Rev. "GRANA 2,"
inclosed in a wreath of laurel. "PRIN. E GRAN D'AMMI. DI FRAN.7  Beneath is the date " 1810. "
101. G. 1813. Twenty lire.  Obv. Head, with the date "1813"
beneath. "GIOACCIHINO NAPOLEONE."  Rev. "20 LIRE," inscribed between branches of olive and laurel, crossed. "REGNO DELLE DUE
SICILIE."' Value $3.84.8.
102. S. 1813. One lira.  Same type as preceding.  Value 19.4
cents.
103. C. 1815. One tara, of FERDINAND. (Sicily.) Obv. Head,
surmounted by a crown. "FERD. III. P. F. A. SIC. ET HIER. REX."  Beneath is the date " 1815.1" Rev. A bunch of grapes, the initial V.
at one side, and B. at the other.  Beneath is the value " G. 1."7
104 and 105. S. 1818. Ducats, of FERDINAND I.  Obv. Head,
surmounted by a crowln. "FERD. I. D. G. REGNI SICILIARUM ET HIER.
REX."  Beneath is the date " 1818.7"  Rev. Crowned shield, draped
with eight order chains. "HISPANIARUM INFANS," and the value "G.
120. "  On the edge is inscribed "PROVIDENTIA OPTIMI PRINCIPIS."
Value 99.2 cts.
106. S. 1818. Half ducat.  Same type as preceding.  Value 49.6
cents.
107. S.' 1818. Carlin.  Obverse same as preceding.  Rev. A
crowned shield, with a stalk of wheat at each side, and bedecked with
the order chains and badges of the golden fleece, St. George, and
Malta, (the others being omitted.)  Same legend as preceding.
Value 8.2 cents.
108. C. 1825. Ten tornesi, of FRANCIS I.  Obv. Head, "FRANCIS



304           MODERN COINS-ISLAND OF MALTA.
CUS I. D. G. REGNI UTR. SIC. ET HIER. REX."7  Rev. "TONESI DECI,"
surmounted by a crown.  Beneath is the date "1825."
109. C. 1827. Five tornesi.  Same type as preceding.
110. G. 1831. Piece of six ducats, of FERDINAND II.  Obv. Head,
with the date " 1831" beneath. "PERDINANDUS II. DEI GRATIA REX."
Rev. An angel standing beside an altar, on which she is placing a
crown with her right hand, while she supports an oval shield, bearing
three floeurs de lis, with her left. "REGNI UTR. SIC. ET HIER.." Beneath
is inscribed "ACINI 170. TITOLO MILLESIMI 996. DUCATI 6.'7
111 and 112. S. 1831-1837. Ducat, of same.  Obverse same as
preceding.  Rev. Crowned shield, with the value "G. 120"1 beneath.
"REGNI UTR. SIC. ET HIER."  On1 the edge is inscribed " PROVIDENTIA
OPTIMI PRINCIPIS.""  Value 98.8 cts.
113. S. 1840. Two carlini.  Same type.  Value 16.4 cts.
114. S. 1857. Ducat.  Same as No. 111.  Value 98.8 cts.
ISLAND OF MALTA.
This island was formerly under the dominion of the Knights of
Malta, CHAnRLEs V. of Naples and Sicily having granted it, in 1522,
to the "Or-der of St. John of,Jerusalem.."  The Knights continued
in possession until 1798, when it was seized by NAPOLEON. It was
afterward conquered by Lord NELSON, and annexed to the crown of
Great Britaip, to which it now belongs.
115. S. 1737. Scudo, of 12 tarins, of FRANCIS XIMENES, Grand
Master.  Obv. Bust, "FR(ater) D(on) FRANCISCUS XIMENEZ DE TEXADA M"(agister).  Rev. Crowned shield, with the arms quartered;
above, at one side of the crown, is "17,'" and at the other side "73,'"
and beneath, at one side, the letter S., and, at the other, J. (Sanctzts
Johannes.)
116. S. -. Half scudco, of 6 tarins, of EMANUEL DE ROHAN. Obv.
An eagle, with his head and body hidden by a crowned shield, bearing the arms quartered. "F(rater) EMANUEL DE ROLIAN. M(agnus)
M(agister) H(ospitalis) s"(ancti).  Rev. The denomination "T. VI."
(six tari,) and the date, (illegible,) inclosed in a wreath composed of
palm and laurel branches, crossed.




MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.                     305
DIVISION XII.
RUSSIA.
It seems a little singular that a nation whose dominion extends
over a greater area than any other power, and which is now ranked
as one of the first of the great nations of the world, should have little or no ancient history. In fact, the authenticated history of Russia extends no farther back than the middle of the twelfth century.
It is true, that glimpses of earlier periods are presented by various
authors, but their statements and surmises are so much in dispute
as to be of little credit.  The only point in which all seem to concur
is, that RURICK was "Prince of all Russia" about the year 862 of
the present era. From this time until the accession of ANDREW I.,
who commenced the dynasty of the Princes of Wladimir in 1157,
some seven generations elapsed, during which time the number of the
princes and the order of their succession is so much in dispute that
chronologers usually omit the whole period.
Before the accession of ][VAN BASILOWITZ IV. in 1534, the different sovereigns bore the title of Welilce Knex, "Great Prince;" but
IVAN added the title of Tsar or Czar, " King. " The title of emperor
was first assumed by PETER I., the Great, near the close of his reign,
in the year 1721.
The house of Romanow ascended the throne in 1613, and continued in possession until 1762, when the house of Holstein acquired
the crown by the person of PETER III.  The reign of this prince,
however, was of short duration, lasting only six months, when he was
succeeded by his wife, CATHERINE II., who had caused PETER to be
murdered.  The succession since this time has been as follows:
CATHERINE II., from 1762 to 1796; PAUL I., to 1801; ALEXANDER I.,
to 1825; NIcHoLAS, to 1855; ALEXANDER, reigning sovereign.
The unit of value in Russia is the rouble, which is divided into 100
cents, or copecles.  The gold coins are the imperial, of ten roubles;
the half-imperial, or piece of five roubles; the piece of three roubles,
and the one-rouble piece.  Formerly there was a still smaller piece




306                 MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.
called a poltina, or half rouble.  The piece of three roubles, however, is the only piece found in circulation.*  The legal standards of
the imperial are 917 thousandths fineness, and 201.75 Troy grains
in weight; the smaller pieces in proportion.
The silver coins are the denominations of the rouble and its
subdivisions, which are the pieces of 75, 50, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and
5 copecks; and, since 1832, the piece of one-and-a-half roubles.
Formerly there was also the double rouble, but this was long since
discontinued.  The legal standards of the coined silver rouble are
875 thousandths fineness, and 319.6 Troy grains in weight; the other
denominations in proportion.
The copper coinage comprises the pieces of 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, ~, and 4
copecks.
In the third year of the reign of Nicholas (1828), a decree was
issued, authorizing the coinage of platinum in pieces of three roubles;
and in the following year the piece of six roubles, and in 1830, a
third piece of the denomination of twelve roubles were ordered.
This experiment in the art of coinage was looked upon at the time
with much interest, as heralding the advent of a new circulating
medium; the metal being at that time comparatively new, although
its existence had long been known.  It was first discovered by an
assayer named WOOD, in Jamaica, in the year 1741. The experiment,
however, proved a failure, from the fact that platinum, although containing all the properties which should class it as a precious metal,
is insensible to furnace heat, and could only be worked by welding,
which facts rendered it quite unsuitable for the purposes of coinage.
Another difficulty was also found in the scarcity of the metal, which
rendered its market value very unsteady. The platinum for this coinage was obtained from the mines in the Ural Mountains.  No coins
of this metal have appeared here of a later date than 1837, about
which time its use was doubtless discontinued.
In 1832 a new series of silver coins was decreed, which were intended for circulation both in Russia and her dependency, Poland.
* Letter of JOnN RALLI, Esq., U. S. Consul at Odessa, to the Treasury Department, May, 1859.




MODERN COINS-R-TSSIA.                    307
The Russian rouble and the Polish zloty are in such a relation to
each other that one-and-a-half roubles are equivalent to ten zloty;
a relation which is not arbitrary or forced, but which, on the contrary, has long existed. In order to strengthen the union and render
the intercourse between the two countries more intimate and simple,
a series of coins were struck, of which the ten-zloty piece was the
principal, bearing both their Russian and Polish value; the former
being inscribed in Russian, and the latter in Roman characters.
The principal difficulty experienced by the American numismatist
in the study of Russian coins, will doubtless be found in the fact that
the inscriptions are all in Russian characters; and as the Russian is
a language which is little known in this country, or, in fact, even in
Europe (outside of the Russian Empire), it is difficult to nunderstand
the most interesting as well as the most necessary portion of the
study in question.  In the present instance, we have been relieved
from this embarrassment, through the kindness of the IHoN. VTM. D.
LEWIS, formerly Minister to Russia, who has generously assisted us
by translating the inscriptions; and as MR. LEWIS is known to be a
thorough Rnssian scholar, the reader may rest assured that the translations given in the following pages are perfectly reliable.
1. S. -. Rouble, of PETER I., the Great.  Obv. Bust, in armor,
partially enveloped in a military mantle, laureated. "TSAR. (Czar)
PETER ALEKSAIEVICHI. (son of Alexander) AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE
RUSSIAS.'  Rev. The imperial Russian eagle, surmounted by a
crown, and grasping a scepter in the dexter, and the imperial globe
in the sinister talon. "NEW COIN; VALUE OF ONE ROUBLE."  This
piece was struck prior to the year 1721, as all the coins of PETER
since that date bear the title of Enmperor.  Value 88 cts.
2. S. 1722. Double rouble, of PETER, the Great.  Obv. Bust in
armor, as in the rouble (No. 1). "PETER A(leksaievich) EMPEROR AND
AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."7  Rev. Four Russian P's and four
crowns, arranged as a cross, with l's in the angles; the date " 1722;"
(the 17 being inscribed in one P, and the remainder 22 in another.)
"NEW COIN; VALUE OF TWO ROUBLES."'  Value $1.76.
3 and 4. S. 1725. Roubles, of PETER, the Great.  Obv. Bust, in
armor, as on the rouble No. 1. "PETER A. EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT




308                MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.
OF ALL T-IE RUSSIAS. " Reverse same as the reverse of the double
rouble (No. 2). "NEW COIN; VALUE OF ONE ROUBLE."  Value 88 cts.
each.
5. S. 1729. Rouble, of PETER II. Obv. Bust, in armor, laureated.
6"PETER II EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."  Reverse
same as the reverse of the roubles of PETER, the Great (Nos. 3 and
4). "NEW COIN; VALUE OF ONE ROUBLE."  Value 88 cts.
6 and 7. S. 1732 and'34. Roubles, of ANNA.  Obv. Bust of the
empress, surmounted by a small crown. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD,
ANNA, EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."' Rev. The imperial Russian eagle, with a shield upon its breast, bearing the arms
-St. George and the dragon. "MONEY; ROUBLE, 1732-4."  Value
88 cts each.
8. S. 1735. Ten copecks, or "Grevenneek," of ANNA. Obv. The
imperial Russian eagle. Rev. Ten pellets, and the Russian name
"GREVENNEEK."  Beneath a sectional line is the date "1735."
The pellets found on many of the small coins of Russia, and which
denote the value of the piece in copecks, are for the enlightenment
of the serfs, and others who are unable to read.  They can ascertain
the value of the piece by counting the pellets.
9. S.. 1739. Fifteen copecks, of ANNA. Obv. Bust of the empress. "ANNA, BY THE GRACE OF GOD, EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL
THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. Martial emblems, standards, cannon, etc., upon
which is an eagle with expanded wings, holding in its beak a laurel
wreath; above is inscribed, "GLORY TO THE EMPIRE;" and beneath
are the mint-marks and date "1739."
10. S. 1747. "Grevenneek," of ELIZABETH I.  Obv. Bust of the
empress. " BY THE GRACE OF GOD, ELIZABETH I. EMPRESS, AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. A shield, between sprigs of laurel,
surmounted by a crown, and bearing the Russian name "GREVENNEEK, " and the date "1747."
11. S. 1752. Rouble, of ELIZABETH I. Obv. Bust of the empress.
" BY THE GRACE OF GOD, ELIZABETH I. EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL
THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. The imperial Russian eagle, with a shield upon
its breast, bearing the arms. "MONEY; ROUBLE, 1752." Value 88 cts.
12. G. 1756. Two roubles, of ELIZABETH I.  Obv. Bust of the




MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.                    309
empress. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD, ELIZABETH I. EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. The imperial Russian eagle, as in
the rouble (No. 11). "COIN; VALUE OF TWO ROUBLES, 1756." Value
$1.97.
13. Silver medalet.  Struck to commemorate the death of ELIZABETH. Obv. A cenotaph, upon which is deposited the imperial
crown, beneath a canopy of ermine; above, upon the front of the
canopy, is the monogram of Elizabeth, being a Russian E reversed,
and containing the numeral "I."  Rev. A crown, beneath which is
the inscription, in seven parallel lines, "ELIZABETH TIE FIRST, EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, DIED 25 DECEMBER, 1761."
14. S. 1762. Rouble, of PETER III.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "PETER III BY THE GRACE OF GOD, EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE
RUSSIAS."7  Rev. Same type as the reverse of the double rouble of
PETER I. (No. 2). "NEW COIN; VALUE OF ONE ROUBLE.'"
15. Silver medalet. Struck upon the occasion of the coronation
of CATHERINE  II.  Obv. The imperial crown, suspended in the
diverging rays of the sun; above is inscribed, "FOR LOVE TO COUNTRY;" and beneath a sectional line, "SEPT. 22d."7  Rev. A small
crown, beneath which is inscribed, in seven parallel lines, "CAT-IERINE II. EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, CROWNED IN
MOSCOW, 1762."
16. S. 1769. Quarter rouble, of twenty-five copecks, of CATHERINE II.  Obv. Bust of the empress. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD, CATHERINE II. EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. The
imperial Russian eagle; above is the date "1769," and beneath, the
Russian name of the coin, "POLUPOLTINICK."7
17. G. 1777. Half rouble, or poltinia, of CATHERINE II.  Obv.
Bust of the empress. "CATHERINE II EMP"(ress). Rev. The letters
"E. A.7" interlaced and surmounted by a crown." POLTINA 1777."
Value 38 cts.
18. G. 1778. Imperial, of CATHERINE II.  Obv. Bust of the empress, crowned with laurel. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD, CATHERINE II.
EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. " Rev. A circular shield,
bearing the imperial Russian eagle, with four other shields, each surmounted by a crown, arranged around the first, in the form of a cross.
21




310                 MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.
The first bears St. George and the dragon, and is surmounted by the
imperial crown, the remaining three being surmounted by royal
crowns.  The angles of the cross thus formed contain the numerals
composing the date "11778,"' and four roses. "IMPERIAT RUSSIAN COIN
OF TEN ROUBLES."  Value $7.84.
19. G. 1779. Rouble, of CATHERINE II.  Obv. Bust of the empress, crowned with laurel. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD, CATHERINE II.
EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. 7' Rev. The imperial
iRussian eagle, bearing a shield upon its breast. "MONEY: ROUBLE,
1779."' Value 75 cts.
20. S. 17i9. Fifteen copecks, of CATHERINE II.  Obv. Bust of
the empress, crowned with laurel. "BY THE GRACE OF GOD, CATHERINE
II. EMPRESS AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS."7 Rev. The imperial
Russian eagle, with a shield upon its breast, bearing the value ""15."'
Beneath is a scroll, bearing the date " 1779."'  Around the edge are
fifteen pellets. Value 12 cts.
21 and 22. S. 1784-1795. " Grevenneek,' of CATHERINE Il. Same
type as the grevenneek of Elizabeth.'(See No. 10.)
23 and 24. C. 1]90-1795. Pieces of ten copecks,.of CATHERINE II.
Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, with the shield upon its breast.
Beneath is a scroll bearing the denomination of the coin, "TEN COPECKS. "  Rev. The letters "T. E." and the number " II "  interlaced,
and surmounted by a crown.  The first two figures of the date are
inscribecl-to the left of the monogram, and the last two to the right.
The whole inclosed between branches of palm and laurel.
25. S. 1799. Rouble, of PAUL I.  Obv. Four Russian P's and
four crowns, arranged as a cross, with the numeral I. in the center.
"COIN; VALUE OF ONE ROUBLE, 1799."  Rev. A square compartment
or shield, containing the inscription, "NOT TO US! NOT TO US! BUT TO
THY NAME."  Value 79 cts.
26. S. 1807. Rouble, of ALEXANDER I.  Obv. Bust in uniforml.
" BY THE GRACE OF GOD, ALEXANDER I. EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT OF
ALL THE RUSSIAS."  Rev. The denomination and date, "ROUBLE,
1807," occupying the field; "COIN OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE."  Value
78 cts.*
* The silver coins both of Alexander and Nicholas are very unsteady in
weight and fineness. —Janual of Coins and Bu1llion.




MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.                     311
27. S. 1808. Rouble, of ALEXANDER I.  Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, with a shield upon its breast, bearing the arms, encircled
by the order chain and badge of the military order of St. Andrew.*
Beneath are the initials "M. —K.'  "MONEY. ROUBLE,7' and the date
"1808."  Rev. The imperial crown of Russia, beneath which is inscribed "IMPERIAL RUSSIAN COIN;77 and beneath a dash line the Russian letters "s. P. B.,7 inclosed between branches of oak and laurel,
crossed. Value 78 cts.
28. S. 1810. Ten copecks, of ALEXANDER I.  Obv. The imperial
Russian eagle, as on the rouble (No. 27).  Beneath are the Russian
initials F.-G."   Rev. The denomination and date, "10 COPECKS,
1810," and the Russian initials "s. P. B." in four lines.  Value 8
cents.
29. S. 1811. Ten copecks, of ALEXANDER I.   Obv. The imperial
Russian eagle, as in the rouble (No. 27).  Beneath are the initials
"F.-G." and the date "1811."  Rev. The imperial crown of Russia,
beneath which are inscribed the denomination, "10 COPECKS,"' and
the initials "s. P. B." inclosed between branches of oak and laurel,
crossed. Value 8 cts.
30. S. 1813. Rouble, of ALEXANDER I.  Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, as in the rouble of 1808 (No. 27).  Beneath is the date
"1813," and the Russian initials "P. —G.7  "MONEY*ROUBLE."  Rev.
The imperial Russian crown, beneath which is inscribed "PURE SILVER
4 ZOLOTNIK 21 DOLYAI,,"t and the Russian initials "s. P. B." between
branches of oak and laurel, crossed.  Value 78 cts.
31. C. 1813. Two copecks, of ALEXANDER I.  Obv. The imperial
Rtussian eagle, as in the rouble (No. 27).  Beneath is the date
"'1813,"7 and the initials "P. s."  Rev. The imperial crown, beneath
which is inscribed the denomination "2 COPECKS," and the Russian
initials "E. M.,"7 between branches of oak and laurel, crossed.
32. S. 1819. Half rouble, or polina, of ALEXANDER.  Obv. The,
* This order was established by Peter the Great in 1698.
f The zolotnile is the ninety-sixth part of a Russian pound, and the dolyah the
ninety-sixth part of the zolotnilc. The Russian pound is one-tenth less than the
pound avoirdupois.




312                 MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.
imperial Russian eagle, as in the rouble (No. 27).  Above is inscribed "MONEY*-POLTINA," and beneath, the date "1819"' and the initials "P.-s."  Rev. The imperial crown, beneath which is inscribed
"PURE SILVER. 2 ZOLOTNIK 10- DOLYAHII, and the initials " s. P. B."
between branches of oak and laurel, crossed.  Value 39 cts.
33. Platina. 1828. Three roubles, of NICHoLAS.  Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, with a shield upon its breast, bearing the arms,
encircled by the order chain and badge of the military order of St.
Andrew.  On each wing of the eagle are three smaller shields.  No
legend.  Rev. The value "3 SILVER ROUBLES," inscribed in three
lines, and beneath an ornamental dash is the date "1828," and the
tussian initials "s. P. B." "2 zoL(otnik) 41 DOL(yah) OF PURE URAL
PLATINA.."  Value $2.39.
34 and 35. C. 1830. Pieces of ten copecks, of NIcIOLA.s.   Obv.
The imperial Russian eagle, with a pointed shield upon its breast,
bearing the arms and grasping a thunderbolt in the dexter, and a
laurel crown and scroll in the sinister talon.  Beneath is the date
"1830."  Rev. The denomination "10 COPECKS,"  and, beneath an
ornamental dash, the initials " s. P. B."
36 to 39. C. 1830. Pieces of five, two, and one copecks, of NICHoLAS.  Same type as the ten-copeck piece (No. 34).
40 and 41. Plalina. 1831-1832. Six roubles, of NICHoLAs. Same
type as the piece of three roubles (No. 33).  Rev. "6 SILVER ROUBLES, 1831. S. P. B.  "4 ZOL. 82 DOL. OF PURE URAL PLATINA."
Value $4.78.
42. S. 1835. Piece of one-and-a-half roubles, or ten zlotych of
NIOI-OLAS. Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, as in the platina coins.
(See No. 33 )  Beneath are the initials "N. —G." inclosed in a beaded
circle. "PURE SILVER 6 ZOLOTNIK 312 DOLYAH."  Rev. "1k ROUBLE,'
in Russian characters, and 10 ZLOT," in Roman characters, beneath
which is the date "1835;" the whole inscribed between branches of
oak and laurel.  Value $1.19.
43. S. 1837. Piece of three-quarter roubles, or five zlotych, of
NICHOLAs.  Obv. Same type as the obverse of the ten-zlotych piece
(No. 42), with the Roman characters "M. —w." substituted for the
Russian initials "N.-G."  "PURE SILVER 3 ZOLOTNIK 15 DOLYAH."




MODERN COINS-RUSSIA.                     313
Rev. "4 ROUBLE,', in Russian, and "5 ZLOT." in Roman characters,
with the date, between branches of oak and laurel.
44. S&  1837. Half rouble, or poltina, of NICHOLAS.  Obv. Same
type as the piece of ten zlot. (No. 42). "PURE SILVER. 2 ZOLOTNIi
10- DOLYAlI-."'  Rev. The imperial Russian crown, beneath which is
inscribed "MONEY. POLTINA. —+*-1837. S. P. B." between branches
of oak and laurel. Value 40 cts.
45. Platina. 1837. Piece of three roubles. (See No. 33.) Value
$2.39. (See Plate XXI. No. 5.)
46. G. 1838. Piece of three roubles, or twenty zlot.* of NIcHOLAs.
Obv. The imperial Russian eagle, as in the platina coins. (See No.
33.) Beneath are the initials "P.-D.." Rev. "PURE GOLD. 81 DOL —
YA[I.*- 3 * ROUBLE,'7 in Russian, and "20 ZLOTYCH" in Roman characters.  The dlate "1838," and the initials "s. P. B."  Value $2.39.
47. S. 1838. Rouble, of NIcHoLAs.  Obv. Same type as the piece
of ten zlot. (No. 42). "PURE SILVER 4 ZOLOTNIK 21 DOLYARH." Rev.
The imperial Russian crown, beneath which is inscribed "MONEY.
RouBLE+ —— 1838. s. p. B." between branches of oak and laurel,
Value 79 cts.
48. S. 1838. Thirty copecks, or two zlot., of NNIcHoLAS.  Obv.
Same type as the platina coins. (See No. 33.) Beneath the eagle
are the initials "M. —W.7"  Rev. "PURE SILVER 1 ZOL(otnik) 252 DOL
(yah) 30. coPEcKS," in Russian, and "2 ZLOTE~"in Roman characters,
with the date "1838."  Value 23 cts.
49. S. 1838. Fifteen copecks, or one zlot., of NICHOLAS.  Obv.
Same type as the platina coins. (See No. 33.) Beneath the eagle
are the initials "N.-G."  Rev. "'PURE SILVER 6003 DOL(yah) #15* COPECKS,"' in Russian, and "1 ZLOTY." in Roman characters, with the
ldate "1838."1 Value 11.5 cts.
50. S. 1838. Five copecks, of NICIOLAS. Obv. Same type as the
platina coins. (See No. 33.)  Rev. The imperial Russian crown,
beneath which is inscribed "5 COPECKS —+-1838. s. P. B." inclosed
in a wreath of oak and laurel.  Value 4 cts.
51. G. 1839. Five roubles, or half imperial, of NICHoLrAS.  Obv.
- This piece was added to the coinage in 1834.




314                MODERN COINS-POLAND.
Same type as the platina coins. (See No. 33.)  Beneath the eagle
are the Russian characters "A-CH. "  Rev. " 5 ROUBLES —+. —-1 83 9.
S. P. B." inclosed in a beaded circle.  "PURE GOLD. 1 ZOLOTNIK 39
DOLYAH."' Value $3.97. (See Plate XXI. No. 1.)
52. S. 1839. Twenty-five copecks, or quarter rouble, of NIcHOLAS. Obv. The imperial eagle, as on the platina coins (see No. 33),
inclosed in a beaded circle. "PURE SILVER. I ZOLOTNIK 54 DOLYAH."
Rev. The imperial Russian crown, beneath which is inscribed "25
COPEcKs+ —— 1839. s. P. B. between branches of oak and laurel.
Value 20 cts.
53. S. 1839. 20 copecks, of NICHOLAS. Same type as the quarter
rouble, No. 52. Value 16 cts.
54. S. 1851. Rouble, of NICHOLAS. Obv. The imperial eagle, as
on the platina coins. (See No. 33.) Beneath are the Russian initials
"P.-A." inclosed in a beaded circle.  "PUTRE SILVER. 4 ZOLOTNIK 21
DOLYAH."  Rev. The imperial crown of Russia, beneath which is inscribed "MONEY. ROUBLE —+ —1851  S. P. B." between branches
of oak and laurel.  Value 79 cts. (See Plate No. XXI. No. 4.)
55 to 59. S. 1847 to 1853. Pieces of 50, 25, 20, 10, and 5 copecks.
All same type and relative value of the rouble, No. 54.
PO LAND.
69. G. 1697. Half ducat, of FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, Elector of
Saxony.  Obv. A mounted knight, grasping a baton.  Rev. Two
branches of palm, crossed, and surmounted by a crown. "D. G. F. A.
E. S. EL. IN. REG: POLONIARUM D 7 JUN: A? 1697."  (Bythe grace of
God, Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, elected in the Kingdom
of Poland on the 17th or 27th [old or new style] of June, Anno 1697.)
70. S. 1761. One-third thaler, of ELIZABETH I. of Russia. Obv.
Bust of the empress, enveloped in a mantle of ermine.  "ELISAB. I.
D. G. IMP. TOT. RUSS.  (Elizabeth 1. by the grace of God, Empress of
all the Russias.)  Rev. The Polish eagle, "17-61," (seventeen at
one side of the eagle, and sixty-one at the other.)  Beneath a sec



MODERN COINS- POLAND.                   315
tional line is inscribed the denomination, "3 EIN R(eichs) THI(aler)
COuR "(ant), (three to the rixdollar, current.)
71. S. 1776. Thaler, of STANISLATJS ACUGUSTUS PONIATOWSKI.
Obv. Bust, with the head encircled by a band. " STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS D. G. REX PoL(onlie) M(agnus) D(ux) LITU." (Lithauanie). Rev.
A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania, quartered, with a shield of pretence bearing the arms of Poniatowski
inclosed between two branches of palm and laurel, crossed, and intwined with the order band of the Polish or white eagle, from which
depends the star of the order.  The order band bears the motto,
"GREGE ET PRO FIDE LEGE.". Beneath are the initials "E-B," "x
EX MARCA PURA COLONIEN, 1776," (ten from the mark fine Cologne
weight). On the edge is inscribed "PIGNUS FIDEI PUBLICM."'  Valne
$1.00.
72. S. 1817. Two zlotych, of ALEXANDER I. of Russia.  Obv.
Ulndraped bust, "ALEXANDER I CESARZ SA W. RUS. KIROL POLSKI,77
(Alexander I. Czar of all the Russias, and King of Poland.)  Rev.
The imperial Russian eagle; upon its breast is a mantle of ermine
surmounted by a crown, and forming a canopy; beneath which is displayed a shield bearing the Polish eagle; above is inscribed "2 ZLOTE
POLSKIE" and the date "18-17," and beneath "43 x-?  z. GRZ CZ. KOL."'
(43 1430 pieces to the fine mark.)
73. S. 1831. Five zlotych, of INDEPENDENT POLAND.  Obv. A
crowned shield bearing the arms of Poland and Lithauania in two
fields, "KROLESTRO POLSKIE," (Kingdom of Poland). Rev. "5 ZLOT.
PoL." inscribed between two branches of oak, crossed.  Beneath is
the date "uROKU 1831" (year 1831) and the initials "K. —.," and
above "117 2   z. GRZYW. CZYST KOL."  On the edg-e is inscribed
"BOZE ZBAW POLSKE,'? (God save Poland).  Value 59 cts.
74. S. 1832. One zlotych, of NICHoLA   IObv. b. Bnst of ALEXANDER I. of Russia, laureated, brother of Nicholas, (died in 1825).
"ALEXANDER I CES ROS WSKRZESICIEL KROI. POLS. 1815."  Rev. "1
ZLO. POL. 1832," inscribed between two branches of oak, crossed.
Beneath are the initials "K. G."  "MIKOTAY (Nicholas) I. CES wsz.
ROSSYI. KROL. POLSKI PANULACY."




316                MODERN COINS-GREECE.
GREE C E.
A particular interest attaches to the coins of Greece, from the fact
that, if she were not the actual mother, she at least played foster-dam
to the infant art of coinage, and was the first to start it upon its high
mission into the wide world.  She it was who first gave it that impulse, from which it has gradually developed itself, until it has risen
from an obscure and rude art into an almost absolute science.
But Greece, notwithstanding the fact that she once produced and
fostered the arts and sciences to a greater extent than any other
country of a contemporaneous period, has sadly fallen from her high
place among the nations of the world.  From holding a position in
the East, which was not surpassed, at a later time, in brilliancy by
the extensive power of Rome, she has so far fallen, that her total
annihilation would leave but a small gap in the present history of the
world.  During the time that Greece remained beneath the Turkish
yoke, her existence was as little felt as though she had been submerged beneath the Egean wave.  Although scholars in all portions
of the globe were busily engaged in the perusal of her ancient authors, and in studying her ancient sculpture, it was almost impossible
to realize that she still formed a portion of the world.  But, happily,
the present century has marked the first step in advance of this utter
nothingness; and the success with which Greece emancipated herself,
after a revolutionary struggle of nine years, from the Turkish rule,
and assumed her place as an independent kingdom, in 1829, once
more brought upon her the eyes of the world, and revealed the fact
that, though fallen, she still retained a portion of that vitality which
once made her so famous.
After the termination of her struggle for freedom, in 1829, some
four years elapsed before any form of government was settled upon.
But, in 1833, OTHO of Bavaria was called to the throne, and honored
with the title of "King of Greece."
The unit of Greek money is the dracc1hm, which is divided into 100
lepta.  It appears to be about the value of the ancient coin of the
same name, from which it was, doubtless, derived.
The gold coins are the pieces of 40 and 20 drachm&.  Only the




MODERN COINS-GREECE.                       317
smaller piece has yet appeared here.  The legal fineness is ninetenth7s, and the weight of the twenty-cldrachm  piece 89 Troy grains.
The silver coins are the pieces of five, one, one-half, and one-fourth
drachnmS.  The fineness is nine-tenths, and the weight 69 Troy grains
to the single drachm_ —the others in proportion.
The gold and silver coins are quite rare. Greece produces none of
the precious metals, and is, therefore, dependent upon importation to
supply her coinage; and from this cause, coupled with the fact that
most of her coinage very soon finds its way to the melting-pot after
its issue, has conspired to produce a scarcity, even within her own
borders, which has rendered it necessary to adopt various coins of
other countries, in order to supply the demand. Thus, various foreign
coins have been legalized, at certain rates: such as the five-franc
piece of France, at 5.58 dr.; the Austrian rixdollar, at 5.78 dr.; the
Holland ducat, at 13 dr., etc.
The copper coinage consists of the pieces of ten, five, two, and one
lepta.  The latter coin may be said to represent the ancient lepton,
more popularly known as the "wicdow's zite," but only so in name, as
it is, in fact, a much larger piece.
89. G. 1833. Twenty drachmne, of OTHO.  Obv. Ullndraped bust,
"0091N BAVlAE)IEf TH1E ElAAAJO," (Otho, King of Greece).  Beneath is the engraver's name, "(OllrTT7 " (TVoight).  Pev. A crowned
shield bearing the arms (azure; a cross ar'gent), with the arms of
Bavaria in the center of the cross (Btarry bendy, azure and argent),
inclosed between two branches of laurel.  Beneath is inscribed the
denomination and date, "S20 JPAXMl1I' (drachmhe) 1833".  Value
$3.45. (See Plate XXI. No. 2.)
90. S. 1833. Five drachmue, of OTHO.  Same type as the twentydrachme piece (No. 89), with a slight alteration in the reverse, the
denomination and date being divided from the shield, etc. by a sectional line.  Value 87 cts.
91 to 94. S. 1833-4. Pieces of one, one-half, and one-quarter
drachmb, all the same type andc relative values of the five-drachmte
piece (No. 90). (See Plate XXI. No. 5.)
95 and 96. C. 1837. Ten lepta, of OTHO.  Obv. Crowned shield
bearing the arms, as in the twenty-drachnme piece (No. 89). "'BAI



318               MODERN COINS-DENMARK.
AEIA  TIlU EAAA1JO.," (Kingdom of Greece).  Rev. "10 AEliTA
(lepta) 1837" inclosed in a wreath of laurel.
97 to 102. C. 1837 to 1841. Pieces of five, two, and one lepta, all
same type as the piece of ten lepta (No. 95).  The name on the
reverse of the smallest piece is in the singular, as-"1 AE1ITON,"
(1 lepton).
DIVISION XIIIo
DENMARK.
The house of Holstein, which now occupies the throne of Denmark, acquired the crown in 1448 by the person of CHRISTIAN, third
son of the Count of Oldenburg, since which time it has continued
in possession, and, in fact, furnished monarchs for several European
thrones. At the time of the accession of CHRISTIAN, Denmark comprised the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; for
this reason, the Danish coins of the Holstein family always bear the
arms of Sweden upon the same shield with those of Denmark, even
at the present day, notwithstanding the fact that Sweden has never
been under the Danish rule, since it was acquired by the venturesome
and fortunate GUSTAvus  WASA, and totally severed from Denmark,
in the year 1528. A branch of the Holstein family, however, has
since occupied the Swedish throne.
Some confusion is occasioned among the coins of Denmark, from
the fact that there have been three contemporary series of coins
struck within its borders: one series being for Denmark proper;
another for Holstein; and a third for Norway-the latter kingdom
appears to have exercised the right of coining money at a remote
period, and has retained it through all its political changes down to
the present time. Its coins, however, have always borne a close resemblance to those of the country to which it belonged. During the
time that it existed under the Danish sway, its coins were to be distinguished by the difference in the shield, which was only charged
with the arms of Norway, to the exclusion of those of Denmark and
Sweden; the arms of Norway being a lion rampant surmounting a




MODERN COINS-DENMARKo                     319
battle-ax;*  there were also beneath the shield two hammers, crossed;
but the latter is not a safe mark by which to distinguish, as many
of the pieces struck at Copenhagen bear the same mark.  The hammers are the regular mint-mark of Norway, and are significant
of the silver mines at Konigsberg, from which all the metal for the
silver coinage is obtained. This may account for their use upon the
Copenhagen coins; this mark having served to distinguish the Norway silver from that obtained from other sources. Some of the Norway
coins had a legend on the reverse in the Norwegian language.  The
old riksdaler of Norway had, on the reverse, the lion rampant, with
a battle-ax, and the following legend inscribed in two concentric circles: "MOD TRASKAB DAPPERHED. OGHVAD DER,ERE GIVER DEN HEELE
VERDENRAND BLANT NORSKE KLIPPER LOERE;" meaning, " Spirit,
loyalty, valor, and whatever is honorable, let the whole world learn
among the rocks of Norway."  On the same piece of a later date,
the legend is: "TROE LOVE MOD OGHVAD DAN KONGENS GUNST KAND
VINDE, MENS NORGE KLIPPE HAR MAND SKAL HAS NORMAND FINDE;"
meaning, " True lion's heart and whatever can win a Danish monarch's
love, whilst Norway has rocks, shall be found among Norwegians."
The coins of Holstein are easily distinguished; and being interchangeable with those of Denmark, require no further notice in this
place.
The earliest coins of Denmark, now under consideration, are those
of CHRISTIAN IV., who reigned from 1588 to 1648. At this time
the gold coinage consisted of the specie ducat of the German standards; the current ducat, 875 thousandths fine; and the Christian d'or,
at 903 thousandths fine, and weighing 103 grains Troy per piece.
The silver was based upon the old species daler, as a unit, which
was coined in each section of the monarchy, but was differently rated;
its legal standards were: 875 thousandths fine, and weighing 445.8
Troy grains.  This standard is said to have been adopted in the be* The lion of Norway, as at present depicted upon the coins, is somewhat
different from the old lion. Formerly the lion was represented upon the handle
of the ax, which was long and curved; but latterly the handle is shortened, so
that he appears *" rampant, grasping a battle-ax."




320                MODERN COINS-DENMIARK.
ginning of the sixteenth century, by FREDERICK I., who reigned from
1523 to 1533.*  The smaller denominations were the pieces of onehalf, two-thirds, and one-third of the same standards; the two last
were coined for Holstein, being the pieces designated as forty and
twenty schillings. The one-sixth piece was only 687 thousandths
fine; and the pieces of one-twelfth, and one-twenty-fourth were still
lower in fineness, the last being only 375 thousandths.
This was the state of the coinage up to the year 1813, when a
royal edict was promulgated, making an entire change.  Under this
system the gold coinage comprises only the double and single Fredericlc d'or, or pieces of ten and five thalers; their legal fineness is
896 thousandths, and the weight of the ten-thaler piece 205 Troy
grains; the other in proportion.  The integer established by the
provisions of this edict for the silver coinage is the rigsbank daler,
or dollar of the National Bank, which is just half the weight and
value of the old unit, the specie daler.  The smaller denominations
of 32, 16, and 8 rigsbank skillings, are equivalent to the 1,,, and 1
pieces of the old system.  In 1836 the pieces of 4, 3, and 2 skillings
were added to the coinage, and are coined at the fineness of 250
thousandths; the one-skilling piece has since been added. The specie
daler, although no longer the unit, or integer, still exists as a coin
at its formner standards.
Denmark holds sway in the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and
St. John in the West Indies, and coins are issued for circulation in
these possessions. But a division having been established, containing all the coins of the West Indies, those of Denmark will be found
under that head.
1. S. 1608. Eight skillings, of CHRISTIAN IV.  Obv. Bust, surmounted by a crowrn. "CHRISTIANUS IIII D. G. DAN. 1608."  Rev.
" VIII   SKILLIN +- K. DANSK,," inscribed in three lines; beneath is a
shield, bearing the arms of Denmark (or three lions current, and
nine hearts argent), a branch of laurel at one side, and palm at the
other. "NORVE. VAND(alorum) GOTo(rum) Q. REX."
2. S. 1619. Specie daler, of same.  Obv. Full-length image of
N* Note in " Manual of Coins and Bullion."




MIODERN COINS-DENMARK.                     321
the king, crowned, and attired in armor, grasping a scepter in his
right hand, his left resting upon the hilt of his sheathed  sword.
"CHRISTIANUS ITII D. G. DANI.'"  Rev. A crown, above which are the
numerals composing the date "1619."  Beneath are the initials
"I. F. P.;" the whole inclosed in a beaded circle. "NORVEGI. VANDAL. GOTORU. Q. REX."
3. G. 1645. Ducat, of same.  Obv. Image of the kinig, crowned,
and attired in armor, a scepter in his right hand, and the imperial
globe in his left. "CHRISTIANUS 4 D. G. D. N. V. G. Q. R.'7  Rev. The
inscription " IUSTUJS   IUDEX. 16-45. 7
4. S. 1660. One-third daler, or piece of two marks, of FREDERICK III.  Obv. An F. and a 3. interlaced and surmlounted by a
crown. "11*'MARCK-DANSIE* 1660."  Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, suspended upon a cross potent. "DOMINUS
FROVIDEBIT. "
5. S. 1666. One-sixteenth thaler.  Obv. Bust, surmounted by a
crown. " FRIDERIC 3. D. G. D. N. V. G. REX."  Rev. "XVI E REICHS
TIHA. 1666." inscribed in four lines within a beaded circle. "MONETA
NOVA GLUCKSTADI."'
6. S. 1676. One mark, of CHRISTIAN V.  Obv. The initial "C."
and a "5" interlaced and surmounted by a crown. "PIETATE ET JUSTITIA.'"  Rev. "*1s  MARCK DANSKE 1676," inscribed in four lines.
7. S. 1695. Eight skilling.  Obv. Bust, "cHRIsT(ianus) V. DEI
GRA"(tia).  Rev. A crown, with the numeral "8 " at one side, and
the initial "s." at the other (8 skilling). "DAN. NOR. VAN. GOT. REX,'
and the date "1695. "
8 and 9. S. 1703-08. Eight skilling, of FREDERICK IV.  Same
type as preceding.
10. S. 1711. Twelve skilling, of FREDERICK.  Obv. The royal
cipher (F's and 4's interlaced), surmounted by a crown. "DEI G. REX
DAN. NORV. G"(othorum).  Rev. "TOLF SKILLING DANSKE 1711," inscribed in four lines.
11. S. 1712. Eight skilling.  Obv. Bust, "FRID. IIII DEI GRAT."
Reverse same as No. 7.
12. S. 1715. Sixteen skilling.  Obv. Bust, "FRID. I11 D. G. REX




322               MODERN COINS-DENMARK.
DAN. NOR. V. G."  Rev. "*XVI* SKILLING DANSKE 1715; " two hammers, crossed, the initials "H. c. M,"g and a sprig of olive.
13. S. 1716. Two skilling.  Obverse same as No. 10. Rev.
Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark. "II SKIL. DANSKE
1716."
14. S. 1716. Sixteen skilling.  Obv. Bust, "FRID. IIII. D. G. REX
DAN. NOR. V. G."  Rev. "*XVIT SKILLING DANSKE 1716;" with a
heart and the initials "c'" and "w. "
15. S. 1724. Twelve skilling, of FREDERICK IV.  Obv. The royal
cipher or monogram, crowned. "DOMINUS MIHI ADJUTOR."  Reverse
same as No. 12.
16. S. 1729. Eight skilling.  Same type as No. 14.
17. S. 1733. Twenty-four skilling, of CHRISTIAN VI.  Obv. The
royal monogram, surmounted by a crown (two C's and two 6's interlaced). "]D. G. REX DAN NORV. VAN. G."  Rev. A shield, bearing
the arms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (three crowns) suspended upon a cross, the upper limb surmounted by a crown; to the
left is inscribed "17," and to the right "33." "24 SKILLING DANSKE
COUR. M. "
18. G. 1749. Specie ducat, of FREDERICK V. Obv. An equestrian
image of the king. "rFID. V. D. G. DAN. NOR. V. G. REX."  Beneath
is the date "1749."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Den-mark, Norway, and Sweden; beneath is a trident, caduceus, globe,
etc., and the initials "v.." "" PROVIDENTIA ET CONSTANTIA. " Value
$2.28.
19. G. 1757. Current ducat, of same.  Obv. Bust, in armor, surmounted by a laureated helmet. "FRIDERICUS V. D. G. DAN. NOR. V. G.
REX."' Rev. A royal crown, beneath which is inscribed "xII M(arck)
17 —57," and the initials "v. Ii." "PRUDENTIA ET CONSTANTIA."
Value $1.82.
20. G. 1761. Current ducat.  Same as preceding, with a simple
uncovered head substituted for the bust. Same value.
21. S. 1762. Twenty-four skilling, of same. Obv. The royal
monogram, surmounted by a crown. "D. G. DAN. NOR. VAN. GOT. REX."
Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden, draped with the order band and badge of the elephant




MODERN COINS-DENMARK.                    323
order. "'24 SKILLING DANSKE COUR. M."  Beneath are the initials
"IH. S. K."  Value 44 cts.
22. G. 1775. Christian d'or, of CHRISTIAN VII.  Obv. Bust,
"CHRIST. VII D. G. REX DAN. NORV. V. G." Beneath is the date "1775."
Rev. A Gloria Dei, with three royal monograms, each surmounted
by a crown. "GLORIA EX AMORE PATRIi.."  Value $4.01.4.
23 and 24. S. 1776-77. Specie daler, of same.  Obv. The royal
monogram, crowned. "D. G. DAN. NORV. VAND. GOTH. PREX."7  Rev.
Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden,
inclosed between branches of olive, crossed; beneath are the two
crossed hammers, the date, and the initials "H. J.-A. B." "GLORIA
EX AMORE PATRIJ."  Value $1.09 each.
25. S. 1798. One-third daler, of same.  Obv. Head, "CHRISTIANUS VII D. G. DAN. NORV. V. G. REX. " Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; beneath are the two
crossed hammers, the date " 17-98,'" and the initials " c. M." "3 RIGSDALER SPECIES."' Value 36.4 cts.
26. S. 1798. One-fourth rigsdaler courant, of same. Obv. The
royal monogram, crowned. "5 STYKER. 1 RIGSDALER SPECIES."  Rev.
"*4* STYKER. I RIGSDALER COURANT.'" The date " 1798," two crossed
hammers, and the initials "J. G. M."  Value 21 cts.
27. B.S. 1800. Two skilling, of same.  Obv. The royal monogram, crowned.  Rev. "2 SKILLING DANSKE SKILLEMYNT, " the date
"1800," the two crossed hammers, and the initials "J. G. M."
28. S. 1801. One-fourth rigsdaler courant, of same.  Same type
as No. 26.
29. G. 1802. Specie ducat, of same.  Obv. A wild man, leaning
with his right hand upon an oval shield bearing the arms of Denmark, and supporting with his left hand a club, the large end resting
upon the ground; at one side is inscribed "18," and at the other
"02."" "MONETA AUREA DANICA."  Rev. A square compartment, or
shield, containing the inscription "1 SPECIES DUCAT. 231  KARAT. 67.
STYKKER 1 MARK BRUTO."'  Value $2.26.4.
30 and 31. S. 1808. One-sixth daler, of FREDERICK VI.  Obv.
The royal monogram, surmounted by a crown. " GANGBAR FOR ~ RIGSDALER DANSK. COURANT." 1Rev. "FRIVILLIGT OFFER TIL F(EDRENE=




324               MODERN COINS-DENMARK.
LANDET. 1808, MI. r." inscribed in seven lines, and inclosed in an oak
wreath.  Value 17.4 cts.
32. C. 1809. Two skilling. Obv. EIead, "FRIDERICUS VI DEI GRATIA".  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden.  At one side is the numeral "2," and at the other the
initial "s," and beneath, the date "1809." "DANILE NORWEGILE VAN.
GOTH. REX.'
33. C. 1810. Two skilling courant, of same.  Obv. The royal
monogram, crowned.  iRev. "*2* SKILLING COURANT, 18-10," inscribed in four lines.
34. S. 1813. Rigsbank daler.  Obv. I-Iead, "FRIDERICUS VI DEI
GRATIA REX."  Rev. A crowned shield, quartered by a cross, and
bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Sehleswick, Gothen,
and Wenden.  Upon the cross is suspended a smaller shield, bearing
the arms of Holstein, Stormarn, and Ditmarsen, with a shield of
pretence, bearing the arms of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst.  Value
55 cts.
35. C. 1815. Four skilling.  Obv. A heart-shaped shield, surmounted by a crown, and bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, and
Holstein. No legend. Rev. "RIGSBANKTEGN FOR 4 SKILLING 1815.'
36. C. 1815. Two skilling. Obv. An oval shield; otherwise same
type as No. 35.
37 to 39. 1818. Two and one rigsbank skilling, all of the same
type.  The two-skilling piece has, on the obverse, an oval shield,
bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, surmounted by
a crown; above is inscribed "1 I RIGSBANK DALER." IRev. The inscription "2 RIGSBANK SKILLING 1]818.
40. B.S. 1819. Eight rigsbank schilling. Obv. The royal monogram, crowned.  eNo legend   iRev. "*-8* REICHSBANK SCHILLING
1819." inscribed in five lines, with the initials "I. F. F."~ beneath.
41. S. 1820. Specie daler. Obv. UTndraped bust, "FRIDERICUS VI
D. G. DAN. V. G. REX."N  Rev. The crowned shield and arms of No. 34.
Above is inscribed "EN RIGSDALER SPECIES," and beneath, the date
"1820" and the initials "F F."  Value $1.09.
42. S. 1820. Thirty-two rigsbank skilling. Obv. The royal monogram, surmounted by a crown.  No legend.  Rev. "x-32 RIGSBANK




MODERN COINS-DENMARK.                    325
SKILLING 1820,'7 inscribed in four lines, and the initials "I. F. F."
Value 18 cts.
43. G. 1827. Double Frederick d'or.  Obv. Head, "FREDERICTJS
VI REX DANILE..'  Rev. "2 FREDERICKS D'OR 1827," and the initials
"I. F. Fi."  No device."  Value $7.88.
44. G. 1831. Frederick d'or.  Obverse same as No. 43. Rev.
The crowned shield and arms of No. 34, with " 1 FR." at one side and
"D'oR" at the other.  Beneath are the initials and date "F. 1831. F."
Value $3.93.
45. B.S. 1831. One-twelfth daler.  Obv. The royal monogram,
crowned.  At one side is the fraction " 1," and at the other
"SP.l" (one-twelfth species).  Rev. "*16* REICHISBANK SCIIILLING
1831." inscribed in five lines; the initials "I. F. F."7 beneath.  Value
8.7 cts.
46. G. 1835. Double Frederick d'or.  Same type as No. 43.
Value $7.88.
47 to 49. B.S. 1836. Pieces of four, three, and two skilling, all
same type. Obv. The royal monogram, crowned. Reverse of No. 47.
"'*4* RIGSBANK SKILLING 1836," and the initials "I. F. F."
50. G. 1837. Double Frederick d'or.  Obv. Undraped bust,
"FREDERICUS VI REX DANIr.M"  Beneath the bust are the initials of
the engraver, "G. G."  Rev. The shield and arms of No. 34.  At
either side is a wild man, each carrying a club, and leaning upon the
shield; the whole displayed upon a mantle of ermine, draped from a
crown.  Above is inscribed the denomination, "2 FR. D'OR," and beneath, the initials and date, "F. 1837. F."  Value $7.88.
51. S. 1837. Specie daler.  Same type as No. 41. Value $1.09.
52. G. 1838. Double Frederick d'or.  Same type as No. 50.
Value $7.88.
53. S. 1.838. Rigsbank daler. Same type as No. 41, with the
fraction "I' at one side of the shield, and "sP" at the other, (half
species);:and beneath, the initials "w. s." substituted for "F. F."
Value 54.7 cts.
54. C. 1838. Half rigsbank skilling.  Obv. The royal monogram, crowned; the date beneath.  Rev. "RB. 2 SK."  No device.
55 and 56. S. 1840. Specie dalers, of CI-RISTIAN VIII.  Obv.
22




326               MODERN COINS-DENMARIK.
Undraped bust, "CHRISTIANUS VIII D. G. DANI2E V. G. REX." Reverse
same as No. 50, with the mantle suspended fiom a dome, studded
with small crowns, and surmounted by a larger one, the shield encircled by the order chain and badge of the elephant order.  On the
base which supports the device is the name of the designer, "H. CONRADSEN.1'  Above is inscribed "1 SPECIEdS,' and beneath, the initials
"F. F." and the date.  Value $1.09.
57. S. 1848. Specie daler, of FREDERICK         ObII v. b UnCldraped
bust, "FREDERICK VII KONGE OF DANMARK FOLKETS KIiJESLIGHED MIN
STYRKE.1" Beneath is the date "1848." Rev. Bust of the preceding
monarch, Christian VIIl. (father of Frederick), the head bound with
a chaplet of oak and laurel. "CHRISTIAN VIII KONGE AF DANMARK
DOD DEN 20 JANUAR, 1848."  Beneath is inscribed the denomination
"1. SPECIES."  Value $1.09.
58. S. 1854. Specie daler, of FREDERICK.  Obv. Head, "FREDERICUS VII D. G. DANIFE V. G. REX." Beneath is the date "1854." Rev.
",2 RIGSDALER —9 ST:-1 M. F. S." (9~ to the one mark [weight] of
fine silver) inclosed in a wreath of oak.  Value $1.09.
59. G. 1857. Two Fredericks dcl'or, of same.  Obv. Head, "FREDERICUS VII D. G. DANI2E V. G. REX."  Rev. A shield, bearing the arims
of No. 34, surmounted by a crown, and supported by two "wild men,"
displayed upon a mantle of ermine, draped from a crown.  Above is
inscribed "2 FR. D'OR,' and beneath, the date.  Value $7.88. (See
Plate XXI. No. 3.)
60. S. 1855. Two rigsdaler.  Same as No. 58. Value $1.09.
61. S. 1854. One rigsdaler. Same type. (See Plate XXI. No. 6.)
62. S. 1855. Half rigsdaler.  Same type.
63 and 64. S. 1856-57. Pieces of 16 and 4 skilling.  Same type.
(Rev. "16 SKILL-ING R(igS) M"l(ont).
65 and 66. B.S. 1856-57. Pieces of one and one-half skilling.
Same type. Obv. The royal monogram  (F. VII.), surmounted by a
crown between two branches of oak, crossed.  Beneath is the date.
Rev. A circular shield, bearing the denomination.  Legend. "SKILLING...... RIGSMONT." (See Plate XXII. No. 5.)




MODERN COINS-HOLSTEIN.                    327
NORWAY.
67. S. 1695. Piece of four marks, CHRISTIAN V.  Obv. The royal
monogram, crowned. "PIETATE ET JUSTITIA.'"  Rev. The arms of
Norway, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed between two branches
of laurel, crossed, and draped with the band and badge of the elephant
order. "IIII MARCK DANSKE. 1 695;" two hammers, crossed.  Beneath
are the initials "H. C. M."
68. S. 1740. Twenty-four skilling, CHRISTIAN VI.  Obv. The
royal monogram, crowned. "D. G. REX DAN. NORV. VA. GO." Rev.
Same device as No. 68. "24 SKILLING DANSKE 1740."  Beneath are
the crossed hammers, and the initials "T. L."7
69. S. 1750. Twenty-four skilling, of FREDERICK V.  Same type
as No. 68.
HOL STEIN.
71. S. 1153. Thaler, of PETER, Grand-Duke of Russia.  Obv..
Bust, in armor. "PETRUS D. G. MAGNUS DUX TOTUS RUSSIAE. "  Rev.
The Russian double-eagle, surmounted by the imperial crown, two
shields upon its breast, one bearing the arms of Russia (St. George
and the dragon), and the other the arms of Norway, IIolstein, Stormarn, Ditmarsen (a mounted knight*), Oldenburg, and Delmenhorst;
arms of Schleswick (two lions current, proper) upon a shield of pretence, the order chain and badge of the Russian military order of St.
Andrew suspended from the wings of the eagle. " HRE(es) NORw(egie)
DUX SLESV(iCi) HOLS(atise) sT(ormarime) & DITM(arsioe) coM(es) OLI)
(enburgi) & DELM(enhorstii). 1753," (heir to Norway; Duke of Schleswick, Holstein, Stormarn, and Ditimarsen; Count of Oldenburg and
Delmenhorst).  Value $1.09.
72. S. 1787. Forty-schilling, or two-third piece, of CHRISTIAN VII.
of Denmark.  Obv. Head, "CHRISTIANUS VII D. G. DAN. NORW. V. G.
REX." Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden; the fraction "3" at one side, and "sP." at the other;
"40 SCHILLING SCHLESW. HOLST. COURANT."  Beneath is the date and
initials, "17 —M. F.-87."  Value 72.5 cts.
* Similar to the arms of Lithauania.




328                MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.
73. S. 1787. Ten schilling, of CHRISTIAN VII.  Obvo The royal
monogram, crowned; the fraction "'" at one side, and "sP." at the
other.  lRev. "f10A SCHILLING SCHLESW. HOLST. COURANT, 1787,'
inscribed in five lines.  Value 17.5 cts.
74. S. 1787. Two-and-a-half schilling, of CIRISTIAN VII.  Same
type as No. 73.
75 and 76. S. 1788 and 1794. Specie dalers, of CHRISTIAN VII.
Samne type as No. 72; the legend on the reverse being "6' 60 SCIILLING
SCHLESW. HOLST. COURANT. "  Value $1.09.2 each.
77 and 78. S. 1789-94. Pieces of ten and five schilling.  Same
type as No. 73. Value of the ten schilling 17.5 cts.
79. S. 1808. Twenty-schilling, or one-third piece.  Same type as
No. 72. Value 36.5 cts.
80. S. 1812. Two-and-a-half schilling, of FREDERICK VI.  Same
type as No. 73.
SWEDEN.
As before noticed, Sweden formerly constituted a portion of the
Danish territory, having been conquered in 1389 by the armies of
MARGARET, Queen of Denmark.  In 1396, MARGARET caused her
grandnephew to be acknowledged "Sovereign of the three kingdoms;"* and this title was confirmed by the treaty of Calmar, in
1397.  This union subsisted until 1528.  In 1518, GUSTAVUS WASA
was sent as a hostage into Denmark; but, upon hearing of the treacherous seizure and execution of the ninety-four senators, who were
beheaded at the order of the tyrannical CHRISTIAN II. —one of whom
was ERICK WA'SA, the father of Gustatvus-he made his escape, and
arrived at Dalecarlia, in 1523.  Here he harangued the people, on
a Fair Day, and induced them to support his claims to the crown.
From this time he experienced a series of triumphs, which ended, at
last, in his being crowned King of Sweden, at Stockholm, in 1528.
The family of Wasa continued in possession of the throne until 1654,
when CHRISTIANA, daughter of GUSTAv US ADOLPHUS, abdicated in
* Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.




MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.                      329
favor of her cousin, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, of Deux Points, who assumed
the crown, with the title of CHARLES X.  The house of Deux Ponts
was, in turn, succeeded by the house of Holstein Huttin, in 1751.
ITLRICA ELENORA, having married FREDERICK, son of the Landgrave
of Hesse, resigned the throne to her husband, in 1720; and upon his
death, in 1751, the house of Holstein commenced to reign, by the
accession of ADOLPHUS FREDERICK. CHARLES XIII., brother of GusTAVUS III., was the last prince of this house upon the Swedish
throne. He was called to the throne upon the deposal of his nephew,
GUSTAVUS IV., in 1809; and, soon after, the heir-apparent suddenly
died, (1810).  Consequently, BERNADOTTE, Prince of Ponte Corvo,
and Marshal of France, was elected Crown Prince.  He succeeded,
upon the death of CHARLES, in 1818, without opposition.  It was
during the reign of CHARLES (in 1813) that Norway was annexed to
the Swedish crown.
The unit of Swedish money, from ancient times, has been the riksdaler* (government dollar), of 48 schillings. It was formerly coined
at 878 thousandths fine, and at the weight of 451.7 Troy grains, and
was subdivided into the pieces of two-thirds and one-third, of the
same fineness; and the pieces of one-sixth, one-twelfth, and onetwenty-fourth, at a lower standard. But, in 1830, a law was enacted,
by virtue of which the riksdaler is now coined at 750 thousandths
fine, and at the weight of 525 Troy grains.  This change, it will be
noticed, makes no apparent difference in the value.'The lower denominations are the pieces of one-half, one-quarter, one-eighth, and.
one-sixteenth, of the same standard of fineness.
The only gold coin, prior to 1840, was the ducat, coined at 97'6-'thousandths fine, and of the usual weight; but since 1840 theme has
been issued a four-ducat piece, which appears to be of tie same
standard of fineness as the ducat. In addition to these, the,National
Bank is said to be issuing gold of the denominationl o f' the dueat.t
It is a curious fact, however, that gold is not a legal tender in thel
* Report of American Consul at Stockholm to the. Department of State,
March 15, 1858.
f Letter of A. W. Frestadius, U. S. Consul at S;tejckhoalm, to the Trem srr
Department, July, 1859.




330                MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.
payment of debts, being merely considered as bullion, and is bought
and sold at fluctuating prices, the value being' regulated by the price
of gold in England and Hamburg.*
The copper coinage was formerly represented by a piece called an
5re, or aere. This piece bore the same relation to the riksdaler that
the United States cent does to the dollar, the dater having consisted
of one hundred 5re.  This was superseded by the skilling and its
subdivisions, which were, doubtless, the half and quarter, although
only the quarter skilling has yet appeared here.  At the present
time, copper is issued in large quantities by the National Bank, and
consists of the pieces of two, one, two-thirds, one-third, and one-sixth
s/cilliny.  The skilling of this series, it will be noticed, is only half
the size of the government skilling.  This discrepancy is accounted
for by the following reasons: The government or mint skilling represented the specie standard, being a subdivision of the specie daler,
or riksdaler; while the sfcilling banco represents the standard of
paper money, its intrinsic valuation depending upon the nominal
value of the paper daler, which is about half the value of the specie
daler.
The parliament of 1854, however (as appears from the report of
MRu. FRESTADIUS), abolished the slilling system, and reinstated the
(ld 6re and its subdivisions, the half and quarter, so that the riksdaler is now subdivided into one hundred 6re, instead of 48 schillings,
as before.  Whether this law makes any alteration in the copper
coins of the National Bank, which is an institution distinct from the
Royal Mint, being under the control of persons appointed by the
parliament, we are unable to say; but the copper coinage of the bank
being based upon the paper circulation, instead of the specie basis,
as before noticed, would render very little change necessary, as the
skilling banco would naturally be nearly equivalent to the 5re, or
one-hundclredth part of the specie daler.
Norway, as before noticed, still continues to exercise the prerogative of coinage.  The coins, however, are easily distinguished from
those of Sweden proper, not only by the arms, but by the legend
* Letter of A. W. Frestalius, before quoted.




MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.                       331
on the obverse.  In the former the word meorges comes before Sveriges, whereas in the latter this order is reversed.  No changes having
taken place in the composition of the Norway coins-either upon
its change of masters in 1813 or the revision of Swedish coins in
1830 —they still retain the ancient Danish standard.  (For which see
Denmark:.)
81. S. 1610. IRiksdaler, of CHRISTIAN IX. Obv. The king, attired
in regal robes and crowned; a drawn sword in his right, and the imperial globe in his left hand. To the left of the king is a table, upon
which are deposited a scepter and a key. Beneath, to his right, is a
small shield, bearing the arms of Sweden, and to his left a similar
shield, bearing the arms of Gothland (bendy, azure and argent, a
lion;-ampant proper); above each is inscribed the abbreviations
" SVER.' and " GoTt."'  Between his feet is a still smaller shield, bearing the arms of Vandalia.  Above is a glory, containing, in Hebrew
characters, the word "JEHOVAH."  "CAROLUS Ix  D. G. SVEGOR(nim)
GOTHOR(rnm) VANDALOa(Um) &C. REX."'  Rev. An image of Christ,
carrying the imperial globe. " SALVATOR MUNDI SALVANOS," inclosed
in a circle, outside of which is inscribed "JEHOVAH SOLATIUM MEUM."
82. S. 1617. Four marks* of GUSTAVTJS ADOLPHUS.  Obv. Bust,
in armor, laureated.  Above is a glory, containing the Hebrew word
" JEHOVAH. "  "GUSTAVUS ADOLF. D. G.  -- REX SVECIE PRINCEPS
IHAIR.;"9 and in an inner circle "GLORIA ALTISSEMO SUORUMI REIUGIO.'
Rev. Three shields, beneath a crown, one bearing the arms of Sweden,
another of Gothland, and the third of Vandalia. "11II  SVENSKE
MIARKR. 1617. "
83. S. 1632. Two mareks, of GUSTAVUS ADOLPHIUS.  Obv. Portrait profile of the king, attired in the robes of state, holding a baton
in the right, and the imperial globe in the left hand.  Above is a
glory, containing the Hebrew word "JEHOVAH."  "D. G. GUSTAVUS
ADOLPHIUS SVE(Ciff) GOT(horumll) VAN(dalorulm) REX." Rev. A crowned
shield, bearing the arms of Sweden and Gothland quartered, with the
* Anciently the Swedish daler was divided into six nmarkcs, and each mark into
sixteen schillings, after the example of the Danish daler of account, which is
subdivided in a like manner.




332                MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.
arms of Vandalia on a shield of pretence, inclosed between branches
of laurel, crossed.  Above is inscribed "GOTT MIT lUNS."
84. G. 1633. Ducat, of GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS.  Obv. Bust, in
armor, at three-quarter face, laureated. "GUSTAV. ADOLPH. D. G.
SVEGo(rum) GOTHO. VANDALO. REX MAG"(1us). 1Rev. A  crowned
shield, bearing the arms of No. 83. "PRINC(eps) FINLAND DUX ETHO.
CAR. DOM(inUS) ING."
Gustavus was killed at the battle of Lutzen in 1632, so that this
piece must have been coined after his death.  It bears the same
legends and is of the same type as the last coins of his reign.  His
specie daler of 1732 was exactly the same pattern.
85. S. 1642. Riksdaler, of CHRISTIANA. Obv. Bust of the queen,
at full-face. "CHRISTINA D. G. SVE. GOT. WAN(vanda1orum) Q DE REGE
HA."  Rev. An image of Christ, with the imperial globe.  To the
left of the field is a crowne'd shield, bearing the arms of Sweden,
Gothland, and Vandalia, in three fields. "SALVATOR MIUNDI SALVANOS
MDCXLII. "
86. B.S. 1688. One marck, of CI-ARLES XI.  Obv. Bust, in armor,
partially enveloped in a military mantle. " CAROLUS XI D. G. REX SVE."
Rev. The three golden crowns of Sweden, with the date "16 —88,"
and the denomination "1 —m."
87. S. 1695. Riksdaler, of CHARLES XI.  Obv. Bust, as in No.
86. "CAROLUS XI D. G. REX SVE."  Rev. Crowned shield, bearing the
arms of Sweden.  At one side is the numeral "8," and at the other
the letter "M."  "DOMINUS PROTECTOR MEUS 1695."  Ou the edge is
inscribed "MANIBUS*'NE-'-***LEEDAR*AVARIS. "
88. B.S. 1701. One marck, of CHARLES XII.  Obv. Bust, as in
coins of CHARLES XI.' CAROLUIS XII D. G. REX SVE."  Reverse same
as No. 86.
89. S. 1718. Rliksdaler, of CHARLES XII.  Obv. The royal monogram, surmounted by a crown. Beneath is the date "1718." "DOMINUS PROTECTOR MEUS. "  Rev. Four crowned shields, bearing the
arms of Sweden and Gothland, arranged as a cross, with the arms of
Vandalia in the center, and the characters "Q. —D. —s. —M.," each
surmounted by a crown in the angles. "CARO —LI NER —FYRA.1"
90 and 91. S. 1736-1740. Riksdalers, of FREDERICK, of Hesse



MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.                     333
Cassel. Obv. Bust, "FRIDERICUS D. G. REX SV~ECLI."  Rev. A
crowned shield, supported by two lions, and bearing the arms of
Sweden and Gothland, quartered, with a shield of pretence, and a
heart shield, the latter bearing the lion rampant of IlHesse, upon a
blue field. An oval compartment, in the pedestal which supports
the device, contains the date. Beneath are the initials "G. z."
Above is inscribed "GUD MITT HOPP."  Value $1.10 each.
92. C. 1758. One ire, of ADOLPHUS FREDERICK, of Holstein. Obv.
The royal monogram, crowned; the three golden crowns of Sweden,
one at each side, and one beneath the monogram.  Rev. Two arrows
in saltiere, beneath a crown. "1 OR6.. M." (one 6re, specie coin.)
93 and 94. S. 1781-1782. Riksdalers, of GUSTAVUS III.  Obv.
Undraped bust, "GUSTAVUS III D. G. REX SVECIL."' Rev. The arms
of Sweden upon a circular shield, surmounted by a crown, and encircled with the order chain and badge of the order of the Seraphim.
1' —'?." (1 riksdaler.) Beneath are the initials "o. L." and the date.
Above is inscribed " FADEMES LANDET.' (The land of our fathers.)
Value $1.10 each.
95. S. 1797. Riksdaler, of GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IV.  Obv. Undraped bust, "GUSTAF. IV. ADOLPH SV. G. OCH. W. IKONUNG."' (Gustavus Adolphus IV., King of Sweden, Gothland, and Westmanland.)
Rev. Same type as No. 93, with the inscription, above the shield,
"GUD OCH. FOLKET.." (God and the people.) Value $1.10.
96. S. 1804. One-sixth riksdaler, of GUSTAVUS ADOIPHUS IV.
Obv. Bust, in armor, bedecked with an order band. "GUSTAF. IV.
ADOLPH. SV. G. OCHR VV.KONUNG.'" Rev. Same type as No. 95.
Value 18.3 cts.
97 and 98. C. 1819. Skilling and quarter skilling, of CHARLES
XIV. Obv. The royal monogram, crowned.  The three crowns of
Sweden, arranged as in No. 92. "FOLKETS KARLEK MIN BELONING."
(The people's love is my recompense.) Rev. Two arrows in saltiere.
"1 SKILLING, 1819."
99 and 100. G. 1838-1843. Pieces of one and four ducats, of
CHARLES XIV.  Both of the same type.  Obv.'Undraped bust,
"'CARL. XIV. SVERIGES NORR. G. OCI-I. V. KONUNG.'  Rev. The three
crowns of Sweden upon an oval shield, encircled by the order chain




334                MODERN COINS-SWEDEN.
and badge of the order of the Seraphim, and displayed upon a mantle
draped from a crown.  Beneath are the initials "A. G." and the date.
"FOLKETS. KA.RLEK MIN BELONING.'" Edge grained.  Value of the
four-ducat piece $9.07, and of the ducat $2.26. (See Plate XXII.
No. 1.)
101. S. 1838. Piksdaler species, of CHARLES XIV.  Obv. Same
type as the ducat (No. 100). Rev. A crowned shield, encircled by
the order chain and bakldge of the order of the Seraphimn, and bearing
the arms of Sweden, Norway, and Gothland, in three fields, with a
shield of pretence, bearing the arms of Vandalia and Bernadotte.
Beneath is the denomination "1 R. —sP.' (1 riksdaler species), the
initials "A. G.," and the date " 18-38."  "FOLKETS. KAIRLEK MIN
BELONING. " On the edge is inscribed "T75100 DELAR FIN SILFVER."
Value $1.10.
102 to 104. 1830-1832. Half, quarter, and eighth riksdalers, of
the same type aid relative value as the riksdaler No. 101.
105 to 107. C. 1837-1839. Pieces of two, one, and two-thirds
skilling banco, of CHARLES XIV.  Obv. Bust enveloped in a Roman
mantle. "CARL. XIV. SVERIGES NORR. G. O. V. KONUNG."  Rev. Two
arrows in saltiere.  Above is inscribed the denomination, as "2
SKILLTNG BANCO," and beneath the date, inclosed in a wreath of oak.
108 and 109. C. 1837 and 1836. Pieces of one-third, and one-sixth
skilling banco, of CHARLRES XIV.  Obv. The royal monogram,
crowned.  The three crowns of Sweden, arranged as in the 5re, No.
92. "FOLKETS KARLEK MIN BELONING."  Rev. Same type as No. 105.
110. S. 1844. Riksdaler, of OscAR.  Obv. Undraped bust, "OSCAR
SVERIGES NORR. GOTI. OCI. VEND. KONUNG."  Rev. A crowned shield,
supported by two lions, and bearing the arms of Sweden and Gothland, quartered, with a shield of pretence, bearing the arms of Vandalia and Bernadotte.  On the base which supports the shield is the
date "1844," and the denomination "1 n. —SP." (1 riksdaler species).
Beneath are the initials "A. —G."  Above is inscribed "RhiTT OCIH.
SANNING," and on the edge " 75 —100 DELAR FIN SILFVER."  V'alue
$1.10. (See Plate XXII. No. 2.)




~MODERN COINS-SWITZERLAND.                  335
NORWAY.
119. S. 1831. Specie daler, of CIIARLES XIV.  Obv. Bust, enveloped in a Roman mantle. "CARL. XIV. JOHAN NORGES SVER. G. OG.
v. KONGE."  Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Norway.
"1-sp." (one species). Beneath is inscribed "94 sT. I MK. F. S."
(nine and a quarter to one mark of fine silver), the date "18 —31,"
and the mint-mark.
120 to 122. B.S. 1827 and 1825. Pieces of twenty-four and eight
skilling, all of the same type as the daler (No. 119), with the inscription, denoting the number to the fine mark, omitted.
123. B.S. 1825. Four skilling.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
the arms of Norway. "CARL. XIV. JOIHAN NORGES SVER. G. OG. V.
KONGE."  Rev. " B4%  SKILLING SPECIES. 18 —25. J. M. iK." inscribed
in five lines.
124 and 125. C. 1833 and 1827. Pieces of two and one skilling.
Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Norway. " c. XIV. —JOHI."
(Charles John XIV.)  Rev. "~2.~ (or "1.") SKILLING SPECIES,
1833," inscribed in four lines.
126. S. 1850. Specie daler, of OSCAR. Obv. Undraped bust,
"OSCAR NORGES SVER. G. OG. V. KONGE.+RET OG SANDIIED."'  Rev.
The arms of Norway, upon a crowned shield; and the denomination
1-SPSj..," inclosed between two branches of oak, crossed.  Above is
inscribed "9k ST. I rIK. F. S.," and beneath, the date "18-50." (See
Plate XXII.:No. 3.)
DIVISION  XIV.
S WIT Z E RLAND.
Before the year 1798 the Republic of Switzerland consisted of a
confederacy of nineteen different States, or Cantons.  But in that
year they were consolidated into one government, called the HIELVETIAN REPUBLIC (Re)uablile Iielvetische). This constitution, however,
did not survive the French Republic, under whose example and influence it had been established, but was dissolved in 1803 by what is




336             MODERN COINS —SWITZERLAND.
known as the Act of Mediation, and reduced to a kind of French
Protectorate.  They remained in nearly this state until 1815, when
the Congress of Vienna re-established the old Confederacy, at the
same time adding three new Cantons to it, so that it now consists of
twenty-two Cantons, as follows:-1. Bern. This is one of the most
populous, as well as the largest of the Cantons.  2. Zurich.  3.
Vaud.*  4. Lucerne. 5. St. Gall. 6. Ticino.t 7. Basel.  8. Friburg.  9. Soleure (Solothurn).  10. Uri.  11. Schweitz (Schwyz).
12. Grisons (Graubiindten).  13. Aargau.  14. Unterwalden.  15.
Glarus. 16. Thurgau. 17. Schaffhausen. 18. Appenzell. 19. Zug;
with the following three added by the Congress of Vienna: 20. Geneva, before 1815 a separate republic.  21. Valais (Wallis).  22.
Neufchatel (Neuenburg).  The latter is under the dominion of the
King of Prussia, but forms no part of that kingdom.
Prior to the union of 1798, each Canton exercised the right of
coinage; from that date until the fall of the Republic in 1803, coins
were issued only in the name of the Helvetian Republic; but in 1803
the Cantons regained the right of coinage, which they retained until
the formation of the Federal Constitution of 1847-48.
Previous to the year 1798, the gold coinage consisted of the denominations of the ducat and pistole.  The ducat was not accurate
or very regular in its value, but approached to the German standard.
The pistole was coined at the standard of the French loutis d'or of
the lawsr of 1785 (916.7 thousandths in fineness, and weighing 118
grains Troy to the piece).
The principal silver coin was the ecu, or crown of four Swiss
francs, which was further subdivided into forty batzen.  The smaller
pieces were the half crown., the franc of ten batzen, and the pieces of
five and one batzen.  After the formation of the Helvetian Republic
and the transfer of the right of coinage to the central administration,
by the law of March 19th, 1799; a uniform  currency was agreed
upon, making the Swiss franc of ten batzen or ten rappen the unit.
After the dissolution of the Republic in 1803, in consequence of the
* The legends on the coins of this Canton are inp French.
t Legends in Italian.




MODERN COINS-SWITZERLANDo                     337
Mediation Act, the right of coinage was restored to -the sovereign
Cantons, subject to the regulations of the Senate as to fineness;
but after the restoration in 1815 the latter restriction was removed.
In the year 1819, nineteen Cantons made a concordat for the regulation
of the coinage, re-establishing the Swiss franc as the unit.  But this
regulation seems not to have been well observed; and "at several
conferences afterward for the better regulation of Swiss mint matters,
no resolutions could be agreed upon, and even existing actual resolutions and concordats were not strictly adhered to. It was only at
the new federal organization (1847 to 1848), that the realization of
a long-looked-for uniform and secure mint system found hope of success.  Article thirty-sixth of the Federal Constitution withdrew the
right of coinage from the Cantons, and conferred it exclusively upon
the Federal Council; on the 7th of May, 1850, the Assembly framed
a law which constitutes the French standard the lawful standard of
Switzerland."*  As some time was necessary to accomplish the redemption of the old coins, this law was not established in full force
until the end of 1852.  The new coinage, however, appeared in small
quantities soon after the passage of the law.  lUnder this system the
coinage consists of the pieces of 5, 2, 1, and - francs at 900 thousandths fine.  The billion, or small coins, are the pieces of 20, 10,
and 5 rappen, or centimes; the latter pieces are very base, the 20
rappen piece being only 150 thousandths; the 10 rappen only 100
thousandths; and the 5 rappen only 50 thousandths fine-in fact,
making the proportion of silver so small as to render them no longer
silver coins, the silver being merely lost in a proportionate amount of
copper, zinc, and nickel.  The coppert coins are the pieces of two
and one rappen, or centimes.. No gold coins were provided for by
this law, as Switzerland depends entirely upon France and the Italian
States for her gold currency.  There appears to have been no gold
coins issued by any of the Swiss Cantons since the dissolution of the
Republic of 1798.
* Letter of JOIIN ENDLICH, ESQ., U. S. Consul at Basel, to the Treasury Department, Mlay 23, 1859, from which most of the data for this article are
obtained.
t Strictly speaking, these are not copper coins, being an alloy of copper, zinc,
and nickel. The term copper is used for the sake of convenience.




338                 MODERN COINS- BERN.
BERN.
1. B.S. 1756. Twenty kreutzers.  Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of the Canton (Gules; a bear on a bend or, proper).
"MIONETA REIPUB. BERNENSIS."  Rev. A shield, bearing the denomination and date, "20 KREUTZER, 1756," inscribed in four lines.
"DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT."
2. G. 1794. Ducat.  Obv. The arms of the Canton. "RESPUBLICA
BERNENSIS.'"  Rev. The inscription "1 DUCAT, 1794," inclosed in a
wreath of laurel. "BENEDICTUS SIT JEHOVA DEUS."  Value $2.20.
3. S. 1795. Crown.  Obv. The arms of the Canton. "RESPUBLICA
BERNENSIS."  Rev. A Swiss soldier,* armed and plumed, holding a
long sword, the point of which rests upon the ground; beneath is
the date " 1795." " DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT. "  Value $1.14.
4. S. 1796. Two franken, or francs, of the same type as the crown
(No. 3). Value 57 cts.
5. S. 1797. One franc.  Obv. Crowned shield, draped with laurel,
and bearing the arms of the Canton (the color of the metals omitted);
beneath is the date "1797.'" "RESPUBLICA BERNENSIS. "  Rev. Eight
B's interlaced and arranged as a cross, each limb surmounted by a
crown; a Gloria Dei in the center. "DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT."  Value
28.5 cts.
6. S. 1798. Crown. Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton, inclosed in an oval compartment. "nRESPUBLICA BERNENSIS."  Rev. A Swiss soldier, armed and plumed, supporting a long
sword as in No. 3; beneath is the date "1798."'  The whole inclosed
in an oval compartment as on the obverse. "DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT."
Value $1.14.
7. S. 1811. One franc. Obv. The arms of the Canton, upon an
oval shield, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed between two
branches of palm, crossed; beneath is a scroll bearing the inscriptiOll "DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT." Beneath the scroll is the date "1811.9"
"'CANTON BERN."1 Rev. A Swiss soldier, holding a long sword in his
* One of the three chieftains who were the founders of ancient fIelvetia, called
by the Swiss peasantry the three Tells.




MODERN COINS-VAUD.                     339
right hand, and supporting with his left an oval shield, bearing the
inscription "XIX CANTONE." "SCHWEIZ EIDSGENOSS."  Value 28.5 cts.
8. B.S. 1818. Four kreutzers.  Obv. Arms of the Canton upon a
shield inclosed in a beaded circle; beneath is the value "cR.-4."
"6MONETA REIPUB. BERNENSIS.~'  Rev. A  cross-flory, with double
limbs. "DOMINUS PROVIDEBIT," and the date "1818."
Z U R I C H.
10. S. 1727. Crown.  Obv. Two lions rampant, combatant, one
grasping a sword, and the other a palm branch, supporting an oval
shield bearing the arms of the Canton (party, per bend, proper;
azure and argent). "MONETA REIPUBLICM TIGURIN.'" "Rev. The City
of Zurich; above is the legend "DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN PACE."
Beneath, upon a small oval, is the date "1727." rValue 93 cts.
11. S. 1736. Half crown.  Obv. A  lion rampant, wielding a
sword, and supporting a shield bearing the arms of the Canton.  On
the ground, beneath the lion, is a small oval containing the fraction
"'1-2" ~ "MONETA REIPUBLIC(E TIGURINE. "  Rev. The City of Zurich;
above is inscribed the Latin name "TIGURUMI,' and on a scroll beneath
is the date "17 36."  Value 46 cts.
12. S. 1776. Half crown.  Obv. Same device as No. 11, with the
legend "MONETA REIPUBLICME TURICENCIS."  Rev. The inscription
"JUSTITIA ET CONCORDIA 1776 " encompassed by palm branches and
flowers; beneath are two cornucopias, crossed.  Value 46 cts.
13. S. 1810. Eight batzen.  Obv. Shield, bearing the arms of the
Canton, between branches of palm  and laurel, crossed. "CANTON
ZURICH."  Rev. "8 BATZEN, 1810," inclosed between two branches
of laurel, crossed.
VAUD.
15. S. 1810. Five batzen. Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton (party per fess; argent and vert, "LIBERTE ET PATRIE,"'
inscribed upon the first,) surmounted by a chaplet of oak, and inclosed between two branches of laurel; beneath is the date "1810."
"CANTON DE VAUD9."  Rev. "5 BATZ." inscribed within a wreath of
grape and wheat.  Value 12 cts.




340               MODERN COINS-LUCERNE.
16. B.S. 1831. One batzen.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton, inclosed between branches of laurel; beneath is the
denomination "1 BATZ.'" "CANTON DE vAUTD. 1831"? Rev. A cross,
with the initial "c." in the center. "LES CANTONS CONCORDANTS DE LA
SWISSE. "  Value 1.8 cts.
LU I C E RN E.
18. S. 1193. Ten batzen. Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the arms
of the Canton (party per pale; azure and argent), draped with
laurel, and inclosed between branches of laurel and palm. "MON(eta)
Nov(a ) REIIP(ublice) LUCERNENSIS."  IRev. Eight L's interlaced, and
arranged as a cross, with the number "40" in the center. "DOMINUS
SPES POPULI SUI," and the date " 1793."  Value 28 cts.
19. S. 1793. Five batzen.  Same type as No. 18. Value 14 cts.
20. S. 1795. Twenty batzen.  Obv. Arms of the Canton, upon a
crowned shield, between two branches of laurel.  Beneath is the denomination "20 BAZ." " RESPUBLICA LUCERNENSIS." Rev. Eight L's
arranged as a cross, with a small wreath of olive in the center. "DOMINUS SPES POPULI SUI," and the date.  Value 57 cts.
21. B.S. 1808. One batzen.  Obv. Arms of the Canton upon an
oval shield, draped with laurel.  Beneath is the date "1808."  "CANTON LUCERN."'  Rev. The inscription "1 BATZEN X RAPPEN,' between
two branches of oak.
22. S. 1812. Ten batzen. Obv. Arms of the Canton upon a
crowned shield, between two branches of palm, crossed. Beneath is
the date "1812."  "CANTON LUZERN.S"  Rev. A Swiss soldier, armed
with a sword and spear, and supporting a shield, bearing the inscription "xIx CANTONE."  Beneath is the denomination " 10 BATZ.' 7
"SCI-WEIZERISCHE EIDSGENOSSENSCHAFT."  Value 28 cts.
23. S. 1814. Four franken.  Obv. Arms of the Canton upon a
crowned shield, between branches of palm. "CANTON LUZERN," and
the date.  Rev. A Swiss soldier, supporting a spear with his right
hand, and leaning with his left upon a shield, bearing the inscription "XIX CANT."  Beneath is the denomination "4 FRANKEN."
"SCHWEIZERE EIDSGENOSSENT.  Value $1.14.*
* Assumed.




MODERN COINS  BASEL.                    341
ST. GALL.
27. S. 162-. Crown.  Obv. A bear. "lo(neta) No(va) CIVIT(aS)
SAN GALLENSIS 162-." 7Rev. A double-eagle, surmounted by the imperial crown. "SOLT DEO OPT: MAX: SANS ET GLORIA. 7
28. S. 1777. Twenty batzen.  Obv. A bear carrying a log of
wood, with the date beneath, inclosed between branches of palm and
olive. "ABB. s(an) G(allensis) E. S. J. A. V. E."  Rev. A shield, bearing the arms of the bishopric, bedecked with the regalia of the church.
Beneath the shield is a scene representing a female surmounted by a
glory, and seated upon an altar, to whom a winged angel is presenting an olive branch. (The spirit of God bringing peace to the church.)
Branches of palm and laurel at either side. "BEDA D. G. s(acri) R
(omani) I(mperii) P"(rinceps).' Value 58 cts.
29. B.S. 1813. One batzen.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton (a fasces upon a green field) between two sprigs of oak.
"CANTON ST. GALLEN," and the date.  Rev. "  BAZEN," and the mintmaster's initial "K.," inclosed in an olive wreath.  Value 2 cts.
T I C I N O.
31. B.S. 1835. Three soldi.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton (party per pale, gules and azure), surmounted by a
laurel wreath. "CANTONE TICINO.7" Rev. "SOTLDI TRE.-1835,'" inclosed
in a wreath of oak and lily.
B A SE L.
33. G. 1702. Quarter ducat.  Obv. A lion rampant, wielding a
sword, and supporting a shield. "DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN PACE."
Rev. "ANNO DOMINE 1702,'" inscribed in three lines.  No legend.
34. G. -.  Ducat.  Obv. Two palm  and two laurel branches,
crossed, with a staff surmounted'by a liberty-cap. "FLORENUS AUREUS
REIPUB. BASIL.e'  Rev. A  shield, bearing the arms of the Canton.
"DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN PACE."  Value $2.15.
35. G. 1795. Pistole.  Obv. The arms of the Canton upon an
oval shield, draped with laurel, and surmounted by a hat and plume.
23




342                 MODERN COINS-SOLEUREo
"RESPUBLICA BASILIENSIS."  R1ev. "DOMINE CONSERYA NOS IN PACE,"
inscribed in four lines, between branches of oak, crossed.  Value
$4.50.
36. S. -. Crown. Obv. The City of Basel; on a scroll above is
inscribed the name "BASILEA."  1Rev. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton, supported by two griffins. "DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN
PACE. "
37. S. 1740. Quarter crown.  Obv. The City of Basel.  Above
are eight small shields in an arch, and the name "BASILEA.7"  Beneath is the date, a cornucopia, and an olive branch.  Rev. A cockatrice supporting a small shield, bearing the arms of the Canton.
" DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN PACE. "
38 and 39. S. 1765. Thalers.  Obv. A cockatrice supporting a
shield, bearing the arms of the Canton. "DOMINE CONSERVA NOS IN
PACE."  Rev. The denomination "1I TIALER," inclosed in a wreath of
laurel. "MONETA REIPUB. BASILENSIS,"9 and the date.  Values 83.2
cents.
40. S. 1765. Half thaler.  Same type as No. 38.  Value 42 cts.
41. S. 1765. Three batzen.  Obv. The arms of the Canton.
"DOMINE CONSERVA," etc.  R1ev. The inscription'"'III BATZEN, 1765."
" MONETA REIPUB. BASILENSIS."
42. S. 1766. One-third tl-aler.  Same type as No. 38.  Value 28
cents.
43. S. 1766. One-sixth thaler.  Same type as No. 38.  Value 14
c"ents.
44. B.S. 1810. One batzen.  Obv. A shield, bearing tWe arms of
the Canton, between two laurel branches, crossed. "CANTON BASEL."
Rev. The inscription "1 BATZEN, 1810,": between two oak branches,
crossed. Value 2 cts.
SOLE URE.
46. S. 1794. Ten batzen.  Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the
arms of the Canton (party per fess, gules and argent), between two
branches of laurel. "RESPUBLICA SOLODORENSIS."  Rev. The initial
"s." interlaced with a cross. "CUNCTA PER DEUM,'" and the date.
Value 20 cts.




MODERN COINS-UNTERWALDEN.                  3843
AARGAU.
48. S. 1809. Twentybatzen.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton (party per pale, sable and azure; a fess wavy azure, of
the first, and three mullets argent, of the second), between branches
of laurel and palm, crossed. "CANTON ARGAU. "  Rev. A Swiss soldier,
seated upon a stone block, holding a palm branch extended in his
left handl, supporting a spear, and leaning with his right arm upon a
shield, bearing the inscription "XIX CANT." From behind the shield
protrudes a branch of oak. Beneath is the denomination "20 BATZ."
"SCHWEIZERISCHE EIDSGENOSSENSCHAFT, 1809."  Value 57 cts.
49. S. 1811. Five batzen.  Obv. (See No. 48.) 1Rev. The inscription "5  sATzEN*1811*'" between two branches of oak, crossed.
Value 13 cts.
50. S. 1826. Five batzen.  Obverse same as No. 48, with the denomination "5 BATZ."g beneath the shield. "CANTON AARGAU, 1826.":Rev. A cross, with the initial "c. " in the center, inclosed in a wreath
of laurel. "DIE CONCORDIER CANTONE DER SCHWEIZ.9'
APPENZELL.
52. B.S. 1808. One batzen.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms of
the Canton (argent, a bear sable, erect, proper), between branches
of palm and laurel, crossed. "CANTON APPENZELL,," and the date, and
initials "v.-R."' Rev. The inscription "1 BATZEN —+ 10" (rappen)
inclosed in a wreath of olive. "JEDEM DAS SEINIGE.."
UN T E RWALDEN.
54. S. -. Twenty kreutzers.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms
of the Canton. "MONETA REIP. SUBSYLVANILE  SUPERIORIS. "  Rev.
A double-eagle, surmounted by a crown. An oval shield upon its
breast, upon which is inscribed the value "20."  "DILEXET DOMINUS
DECORUM JUSTITIA." 
55. S. 1726. Same, with the date "11726" on the obverse.




344                MODERN COINS-GENEVA.
G L AR U S.
57. B.S. 1812. Three schilling.  Obv. A shield, bearing a saint,
with a staff and book, upon a red field, draped with laurel. "CANTON
GLARTUS," and the date.  Rev. "III SCHILLING-9 RAPPEN,"' inclosed
in a wreath of laurel.
GENEVA.
59 and 60. B.S. 1590. Six sols, or sons.  Obv. A suin, with the
arms of the Canton in the center (party r~er pale; a demi-eagle of
the first, and a Iey of the second field). Rev. " SIx-SOLS * POUR LES
SOLDATS DE GENEVE, 1590."
61 to 67. S. 1677-1685. Pieces of six, five, and three sols.  Obv.
Arms of the Canton, and the legend "CIVITAS (or "RESPUB.") GENEVENSIS."  Rev. A cross and a sun, the latter containing' the letters
"I.. s." (Jesus Hominnum  Salvator.)  Legends "PosT TENEBRAS
LUX."
68. S. 1723. Crown.  Obv. A  shield, bearing the arms of the
Canton, surmounted by a sun containing the letters "I. I. s." "RESPUBLICA GENEVENSIS." Rev. A double-eagle, surmounted by a crown.
"POST TENEBRAS LUX," and the date.  Value $1.12.
69 to 71. S. 1710-1714. Pieces of one, and one-half livre, of the
same type as the crown. (No. 68.)
72 to 74. S. 1794. Pieces of fifteen sols. Obv. The French eagle,
between branches of oak, crossed. "POST TENEBRAS LUx," and the
date. Rev. "15 soLs," surrounded by diverging rays. "EGALITE*
LIBERTE*JiNDEPENDANCE."
75 to 77. B.S. 1795-1797. Pieces of three and six sols.  Obv.
Arms of the Canton. "GENEVE REPUBLIQUE"-+"L'AN 6 DE L'EGALITE.' 
Rev. "THREE (or "SIX") SOLS," inscribed between two branches of
oak. "POST TENEBRAS LUX," and the date.
78 to 81. B.S. 1819-1833. Pieces of one sou.  Obv. Shield, bearing the arms of the Canton. Above are the letters "I. H. S.," surrounded by diverging rays. "REP. ET CANTON DE GENEVE."  Rev.
The denomination, and the legend "POST TENEBRAS LUX."
82 to 88. B.S. 1839. Pieces of 25, 10, 4, 2, and I centimes. Obv.




AMODERN COINS-REPUBLIC OF 1798.               345
Arms of the Canton, witl the legendC "POST TENEBRAS LUX."I Rev.
"'REP: ET CANT. DE GENEVE,' and the denomination and date, as "25
CENTIMES, 1839. 2
NEUFCHATEL.
90. C. 1807. Half batzen.  Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the
French arms, encircled by the order chain of the Legion of lHonor.
"ALEXANDRE PR. T& DUO DE NEUFCHAL."1 Rev. ", BATZ.,' inscribed
between branches of oak and laurel. "PRINCIPAUTE DE NEUCIHATEL,"
and the date.
R3EPUBLIC  OF  1798.
92. S. 1801. Franc, of ten batzen.  Obv. A Swiss soldier, carrying a standard. "HELVETISCHE REPUBLIK," and the date "1801."
Rev. The denomination and mint-mark, "10 BATZEN-B." (Bern),
inscribed within a hoop intwined with oak.  Value 28.2 cts.
93 and 94. C. 1799. Half batzen.  Obv. "IELVET. REPUBL. 5,"
inscribed between two branches of oak, crossed.  FBev. ":BATZEN,
1799," inclosed in a wreath of lily.
The pieces above described were not the only coins issued by the
Republic of 1798.  Full sets of the coins, provided for by the law of
1799, were issued, but, as the coinage was short lived, they have now
become so scarce as to be seldom met with except in the cabinets of
coin collectors.  For -the benefit of coin collectors, and others feeling
an interest in the subject, the remaining pieces are noticed below,
although not falling within the prescribed limits of the present work.
The gold coinage consisted of the thirty-two and sixteen franken
pieces, both of the same type.  On the obverse was a Swiss soldier,
at front face, attired in armor and plum1ed, grasping a standard in
his right hand, the end of the flagstaff sticking in his belt.  Beneath
was the mint-mark "B." (Bern), and above, the legend "IIELVETISCRE
REPUBLIK.'"  On the reverse, inclosed in a wreath formed of a series
of hoops, or concentric lines, bound together with a band, and intwined with oak, was inscribed the denomination and the date,
divided by a dash line.  The silveer coins were the pieces of four
franzfena, or one thaler (commnnonly designated "the new thaler," or
new dollar), and its half of two fra~ncen.  They were, of nearly the
same pattern as the fran/sen piece described above (which see).




346                MODERN COINS-MEXICO,
H E L V E T I A.
CONSTITUTION OF 1848.
96 to 99. S. 1850. Pieces of five, two, one, and one-half franken,
all of the same type.  Obv. A device, emblematic of Helvetia; a
female seated amid emblems of agriculture, with her right arm extended, and supporting with her left hand a pointed shield bearing
the arms (gules, a cross argent). Above is the name "HELVETIA."
Reverse of the five franken.  The denomination "5 FR.,7" and the
date "1850,"1 inclosed in a wreath, composed of oak and white lily
branches, crossed.  Values same as the French coinage of this date.
(See Plate XXII. No. 4.)
100 and 101. B.M. 1850. Ten centimes or rappen.  Obv. A shield,
bearing the arms, backed with oak branches. Above is the name
"6 HELVETIAi" and beneath, the date "1'750."  Rev. The value "10,"
inclosed in a wreath of oak.  Contain only fifteen per cent. silver.
102. B.M. Five centimes.  Same type.  Only one-tenth silver.
103. C. 1850. Two centimes.  Obverse same as No. 100.  1Rev.
The nunmeral " 2" inscribed between two branches of laurel, crossed,.
Contain no silver; an alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. (See Plate
XXII. No. 6.)
DIVISION  XVI.
MEXICO.
The regular coins, as well as the history of Mexico, are so familiar
to the American reader as to require, in this place, but a passing
notice. The unit of value being the same in IMexico as in the lUnited
States, our dollar having, in fact, been derived from  the Spanish
dollar, and the fact that the coinage of Mexico has formed so large a
iportion of our currency, has served to render them nearly as familiar,:among our dealers and traders, as our own lawful coins, especially in
the smaller denominations.  The quarters, eighths, and sixteenths of
the Mexican dollar, the two last being known by the various names
of "shilings, levies, ninepence, sixleence, filps, bits," etc., according




MODERN COINS-MEXICO.                      347
to locality, have, in former times, had more effect upon our prices of
small articles than our own small coins, which are much more simple
in their subdivisions.  Thus, until quite a recent date, our postages
were regulated to the awkward sums of 61 and 12- cents, instead of
five and ten; and, even at the present time, notwithstanding the fact
that recent legislation has nearly banished these coins from our circulation, our small dealers find it much more convenient, from long
usage, to speak of "shillings, fips," etc., than of dimes and cents.
Mexico has always been a large producer of silver, and, in former
times, it was always the practice to convert the silver into coins, prior
to exportation, a custom which was, in fact, compelled by law, until
within the last quarter of a century.  This policy has served to give
the currency of Mexico a great prominence abroad. The bulk of the
famous coinage known as the pillar dollar emanated from Mexico;
and before the revolution of 1821-22, by which she freed herself from
Spanish thraldom, a large portion of the Spanish coins, bearing the
effigy and insignia of the King of Spain, were actually executed in
Mexico.  For this reason, all Spanish coins which have been minted
in Mexico, although conforming pretty nearly to the lawful standards
of the mother country, and having been coined by the royal authority, have been comprised in the present division, as it would be difficult to draw a distinction between the Spanish and Mexican coins
proper, without thereby confusing the reader.
The "cob" money of Mexico, which first claims our attention, not
only in point of time, but also in style of execution, consists both of
gold and silver, and is an unsig'htly coinage, of so rude a character
as to scarcely deserve the name of coin.  The larger portion of this
coinage appears to have been issued before the year 1740, but a few
specimens are found to bear date as late as 1768 and 1770.  In the
date, the thousandth place is usually omitted, so that the characters
738 (for example) are intended to signify 1738.  It is evident, from
their appearance, that they were struck with a hammer, as they are
generally found to be of any form except that of a true circle; thus
presenting a standing invitation for the practice of clipping.  In
Mexico these coins are known as " nmzquina de papalote y crt-z," or
"windmill and cross money;" the cross which appears in the impres



848                 MODERN COINS-MIEXICO.
sion being thought to bear a striking resemblance to the fans of a
windmill.*  There were full sets of these coins, from the doubloon
down, differing, however, in type.  They appear to have conformed
to the lawful standard, or nearly so, as is evinced by the fact that
they are found, even at the present time, to be within a few grains of
the proper weight, notwithstanding their liability to clipping, before
mentioned.
From 1810 to 1822, while the revolution was in progress, various
coins appeared, among which were the well-known cast and hatmmnered dollars, and the Vargas and ]Iorelas pieces.
The zazmmered dollars appeared about the close of the year 1810.
The communication between the capital and the interior being cut
off, it was found necessary to establish mints at some of the provincial towns.  As these could not be furnished with the necessary
machinery, they were obliged to prepare the _planchets by hand, and
give them the impressions by means of a hammer. To the latter
circumstance they are indebted for their name.  They are found to
be much inferior to the regular coinage, and are easily distinguished
therefrom by their crude appearance.
The cast dollars are said to have been issued at Chihuahua, in the
years 1811,'12, and'13; some of them, however, bear the mint-mark
of the National NMint ( M~?), and are of various dates, ranging from
1804 to 1813.t  But this circumstance is readily accounted for by
the fact that they are casts, andc that the molds were made from any
Spanish dollars which happened to be at hand, without much regard
to their dates or places of mintage. The fact of their being cast, renders it quite easy to distinguish them from the genuine struclc dollars,
as the impressions have a blurred or coarse appearance, which proceecds from the fact that silver, like gold, always contracts while cooling in the mold, and, therefore, presents anl imperfect proof, wanting
the fullness and sharpness of outline which is always observable in a. The cross in question is usually designated "a cross potent" (crutchshaped).
t Many of them bear the effigy and titles of CHARLES IV., who abdicated in
1808, in fLayor of his son, FErnDINAnD VII.




MODERN COINS- M-EXICO.                      349
stamped coin.  The cast dollars are very irregular in their weight,
but the fineness averages about 916 thottsandths.  They range from
94 to 127 cents in value.
The Vargas dollars were coined at Sombrerete, by the republican
general VARGAs, whose name appears in the impression.  They bear
the dates of 1811 and 1812, and are struck with a hanmmer.  They
are now quite rare, and are only to be met with in the cabinets of
coin collectors.  They were somewhat higher, both in weight and
fineness, than the hammered dollars, noticed above.
The Jilorelas coins were issued by General Morelas, another general of the patriot forces.  The pieces were cast in molds, and are
very rude.  There was a complete set of these coins, from the dollar
to the sixteenth, but they are now  extremely scarce.  They were
about the same standards as the hazmmerecd dollars.
There is another kind of currency (which may be classed as "irregular") at present circulating in Mlexico, with which the reader is
doubtless more familiar as an application in his daily ablutions than
as a circulating medium.  "In the small interior towns, and among
the laboring people, soap is held as a legal tender, of which there is
a large amount in circulation.'"*
The standards of Mexican coins issued since the revolution are the
same as those adopted for the Spanish coins in 1772. The gold coinage consists of the doubloon, of sixteen dollars, and its subdivisions,
the half, the quarter, or pistole, the eighth, or escudo, and the sixteenth, or gold dollar; the fineness, which is always inscribed upon
the piece, should be 21 quilates (karats), or 895 thousandths, and
the weight of the doubloon 418 Troy grains; the smaller pieces in
proportion.
Of the silver there are six denominations: the dollar, or peso, of
eight reals, and the pieces of four, two, one, and one-half reals (the
latter being called a medio), and the quarter real, or half medio.
* Letter of ED)AARD CONNOR, U. S. Consul. at Mazatlan, to Ihe Treasury Department, July 29, 1259. Rather a sad commentary upon the present state of
civil society in Mexico! If report speak truly, we should judge this to be the
only use to which soap is ever applied among the lower classes.




850                MODEIRN COINS-MEXICO.
These are professedly 10 dineros, 20 granos, or 903 thousandths
fine; and the dollar, or peso, should weigh the same as the doubloon;
the others in propoi'tion.
The National Mint of Mexico, which is located at the capital, was
established in 1535; the mint-mark is M~ (the o. surmounting the
M).  After the breaking out of the revolution in 1810, several mints
sprung into existence; whether these are all continued to the present
time we are unable to say, but deem. it expedient to state, in this
connection, the location of each, with the dates at which they comnmenced operations-as far as practicable-and the marks by which
their coins are to be distinguished.
The Mint of ZACATECAS appears to have commenced in 1810;
markl Z. Mint of DURANGO, 1811; mark D1~.  Mint of GUANAXUATO, 1812; mark G. Mint of CHIIIUAiUA, 1811 to 1814, recommenced in 1832; mark C~.  Mint of GUXADALAXARA, 1814;
mark GW. Mint of SAN LUIS POTOSI,* 1829; mark Pi. The Mint
of the State of Mexico, at TLALPAN, the date of the original establishment of which is unknown, appears to have been discontinued, and
revived again in 1829, and finally abolished about two years after;
the mint-mark is ME.  Mint of GUADALUPE Y CALAO, 1844; mark
G.C.  Mint of CULIACAN, in Sinaloa, 1840; mark C.
"COB" MONEY.
1. G. 1738. Doubloon, of PHILIP V. Obv. TWo crowned columns
standing in the water, the initials "L.-N." and "PI-U-JA7 (plus
ultra) and "7 —3 —8  (1738) are inscribed promiscuously at the
sides and between the pillars.  Rev. The arms of Spain, quartered
by a cross potent. Value;1G6.00.
2-4. G. -. Pieces of one-half, one-quarter, and one-eighth of the
doubloon; upon the obverse is a shield, bearing  the arms of Spain
and the royal arms.  Rev. A cross potenzt, inclosed in a quarterfoil
compartment.  These pieces bear no dates.
5-11. S. 1693 to 1P68. Cob dollars, and pieces of four, two, and
* This should not be confounded Avith the Mlint of POTOSI, in Bolivia., which
has a different mark.




MODERN COINS-MEXICO.                      351
one real. These coins are all of the same pattern; the dollars have
on the obverse two crowned columns rising out of the water, as in
the doubloon. The denomination "8." (meaning 8 reals) is inscribed
between the crowns, and between two parallel lines are the letters
" P L U S U L T It A" (plus ultra), crowded in without much attention
to order; beneath is the date, inscribed as in the doubloon, omitting
the thousandths place.  Value of the dollar $1.05.
SPANISH - MEXICAN  COINS.
12. S. 1629. Dollar, of PHILIP IV.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing the royal arms. "PHILIPUS II1I DEI G. 1629."  Rev. The arms of
Spain, quartered by a cross-Jfory, inclosed in a tressure of eight
arches. "HISPANIARUM: ET INDIARUM3I REX."?
13. S. 1637. Dollar, of same.  Obv. The royal arms upon a
crowned shield. "PHILIPUS IIII D. G. I-IISPANIAR."  lReverse same as
No. 12, with the legend "ET INDIAaRU  REX. ANNO 1637."
This piece has been washed with gold, which accounts for its brassy
appearance; the mint-mark is T.  It is doubtful whether it belongs
to Mexico.
14. S. 1714. Dollar, of PHILIP V. -Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the royal arms; the arms of Anjou on a shield of pretence.
"PHILIPPUS V. DEI G. 1714."'  Reverse same as No. 12.
15. S. 1733. }Half dollar, or four reals, of PIILIP V.  Same type
as No. 14.  This piece has been badly clipped.
17-20. S. 1737-44. "Globe" dollar, and its half, quarter, and
sixteenth, or medio, all of the same type.  Obv. A crowned shield,
bearing the arms of Spain, with a shield of pretence bearing the
arms of Anjou. "P-IILIP V. D. G. eISPAN. ET IND. HEX.)"  Rev. Two
crowned pillars, encircled with scrolls, bearing the letters " " L u s" and
"U L T R" (plus ultra). Between the pillars are two hemispheres, surmounted by a single crown; above is inscribed "vUTrtQUE UNUAi." Beneath is the date and mint-mark (the latter being repeated, one appearing before, and the other after the date). Value of the dollar $1.04.
21. G. 1745. Pistole, or quarter doubloon.  Obv. Bust, in armor.
"PHILIP V. D.,'. GHTSPAN. ET IND. REX," and the date "17:45,"  lRevo
A. crowned shield, bearing the arms of Spain, quartered; a shield of




352                 MODERN COINS-MEXICO.
pretence bearing the arms of Anjou. "INITIUM  SAPIENTIA TIMOR
DOMINI. "  Value $4.03.2.
22 and 23. S. 1749-57. "Globe" dollars, of FERDINAND VI.
Same type as No. 17.  Value $1.04 each,
24. S. 1749. Medio, or sixteenth.  Same type as No. 22.
25. G. 1759. Half doubloon. Obv. Bust, in armor. "FERDINAND.
VI D. G. HISPAN. ET IND. REX........... 1759."  Rev. Crowned shield,
bearing the arms of Spain, with the arms of Anjou on a shield of
pretence. "NOMINA MAGNA SEQUOR."  Value $8.13.
26 and 27. G. 1762-69. Half -doubloon and pistole, of CHARLES III.
Same type.  Obv. Bust, in armor. "CAROLS III D. G. HISPAN. ET IND.
REX,7" and the date.  Rev. Same type as No. 25.
28 and 29. S. 1762-71. "Globe" dollar and quarter dollar, of
CHARLES III.  Same type as No. 17.  Value of the dollar $1.04.
30 and 31. S. 1779-85. "Pillar" dollar and quarter dollar, of
CHARLES III.  Obv. Bust, laureated, and enveloped in a Roman
mantle. "CAROLUS III DEI GRATIA,&" and the date.  Rev. A crowned
shield, bearing the arms of Spain, quartered, the arms of Anjou on
a shield of pretence, between two pillars, around which floats a scroll
bearing the motto "PLUS ULTRA."' "IIISPAN. ET IND. REX.'" Value of
the dollar $1.03.7.
On the pillar dollar and its parts, after this time, the mint-mark, the
denomination in reals, and the initials of the mint-master, are placed
immediately after the legend on the rever-se; the mint-mark coming
first, the denomination next, and the initials last.  This is not the case
with the gold coinage, the mint and mint-master's initials being inscribed
beneath, while the denomination appears at the sides of the shield.
32. G. 1805. Doubloon, of CHARLES IV.  Obv. Bust, in armor,
bedecked with the badge of the golden fleece, and partially enveloped
in a military mantle. "CAROL. IIII D. G. IIISP. ET IND. R." and the date.
Rev. A crowned shield, encircled by the order chain of the golden
fleece, and bearing the royal arms in ten fields, with a shield of pretence bearing the arms of Spain, and a heart shield bearing the arms
of Anjou. "AUSPICE DEO. UTROQ. FELIX."  Value $15.57.
33. G. 1789. Escudo.  Same type as No. 32.
34 to 38. S. 1791-1809. Pillar dollar and its parts (the half, quar



MODEIRN COINS-M-TEXICO,                 353
ter, eighth, and sixteenth), of CHARLE-I S IV. Obv. Bust, laureated, and
enveloped in a Roman mantle. " CAROLUS IIII DEI GRATIA," and the date.
Rev. Same type as Nos. 30 and 31. Value of the dollar $1.03.7.
39 and 40. G. 1809-11. Doubloon, and eseudo or eighth, of FERDINAND VII.  Same type.  Obv. Bust, in armor, bedecked with the
badge of the golden fleece, and draped with a military mantle. "PERDIN. VII D. G. IIISP. ET. IND. It.'  Reverse same as No. 32. (The
legend on the reverse of the smaller piece is much abbreviated.)
Value of the doubloon $15.57.
41. S. 1810. Dollar, of thIe I3:INT OF THE STATE OF MTEXICO (at
Tlalpan).  Obv. Bust of Ferdinand, enveloped in a Roman mantle,
and laureated. Poorly executed. "FERDIN. VII DEI GRATIA,7' and the
date.  Reverse same as No. 30. Value $1.04.
42. S. 1814.  Half pillar dollar, of GUADALAXARA.  Same type
as No. 41, with a somewhat different head-not much of an improvement, as far as the likeness is concerned.  Value 51.5 cts.*
43 and 44. C. 1814-16. Pieces of two and one quartino.  Same
type.  Obv. The royal monogram, crowned. "FERDIN. VII D. G. HISP.
REX,"' and the date.  Rev. The arms of Spain and Anjou, encircled
by a wreath of laurel.  Struck at the National Mint.
45. C. 1820. Quartino.  Obv. The word " PROVISIONAL," with the
fraction "j," and the date.  Rev. A sun.
46. G. 1821. Doubloon, of GUADALAXARA.  Obv. Bust of Ferdinand, laureated. "FERDIN. VII D. G. G1SP. ET IND. R.," and the date.
Rev. Same type as No. 39.  Value $15.57.
HAM MERED COINS.
47 and 48. S. 1812. Hammered dollars, of ZACATECAS.  Obv.
Bust of Ferdinand, laureated. " FERDIN. VII.-8 R(eals)-DEI GRATIA. "  Rev. A device similar to the pillar dollar. "MONEDA PROVISIONAL DE ZACATECAS."
49. S. 1811. Quarter dollar, of ZACATECAS.  Obv. A crowned
shield, between two pillars. "FERDIN. VII. —2 R.-DEI GRATIA.. " Rev.
Device not legible. "MONEDA PROVISIONAL DE ZACATECAS."?
50. S. 1822. Hammered dollar, of DURANGO.  Obv. Bust of Fer* The coins of this mint are very unsteady in value.




354                MODERN COINS-MEXICO.
dinand, laureatect. "FEIRDIN. VII DEI GRATIA," and the date.  Rey.
Same type as the pillar dollar of the regular series.
51. S. 1814. Half dollar, of the same type as the regular coinage;
place of mintage not known.  All the hammered dollars are very
rude, the devices and legends being but half visible.
CAST DOLLAR.
52. S. 1812. This dollar is of the same type as the regular pillar
dollar.  It bears at the end of the legend, on the reverse, the mintmark "cA.," which is doubtless intended for Chihuahua, at which
place this coinage is said to have been executed.
VARGAS DOLLARS.
53 and 54. S. 1811-12. Dollars, of GEN. VARGAS. These pieces
are very imperfect, the only visible portion of the obverse being the
name "VARGAS," which appears in the legend, and the date which
occupies the center of the piece. The reverse is somewhat more
plain, being a crowned shield, bearing' the arms of Spain and Anjou,
as in the royal coinage; and in a circle around the shield, the legend
"R'.. A X A. DE SOMBRETE."  These have the appearance of having
been struck over a former impression, as portions of various letters
appear around the edge of the piece.
MORELAS COINS.
55 to 58. S. 1812-13. Dollar, and pieces of two, one, and onehalf real, of GEN. MORELAS. Obv. A bow and arrow, between two
palm branches, and the word "suD," meaning "the aqrmvy of the
South,." RPev. The mint-mark "M~. " and the denomination and date,
as "8 n(eals) 1813."  This is inclosed by a rude wreath; the two
smaller pieces vary somewhat from this description, but not enough
to tender a separate, description necessary.
CONSTITUTIONAL COINAGE.
59. G. 1823. Half doubloon, of ITURBIDE, or AUGUSTIN I. Obv.
Undraped bust, "AUGUSTINUS DEI PROVIDENTIA," with the date and
mint-mark.  Rev. A shield, bearing the Mexican eagle; beneath are
the emblems of authority. "MEX. I IMPERATOR CONSTITUT.'"  The




MODERN COINS-MEXICO.                     355
denomination (in escudos) appears at the end of the legend.  Value
$7.74.9. (See Plate XXIII. No. 1.)
60 and 61. S. 1822. Dollars, of AUGUSTIN.  Obv. Same type as
the half doubloon.  1lev. An eagle perched upon a cactus plant, and
crowned. "MEX. I. IMPERATOR CONSTITUT.'"  Value $1.04.6 each.
62 to 66. S. 1822-23. Dollar, and pieces of two, one, and onehalf real.  These are all of the same type as Nos. 60 and 61, with
the exception of a material improvement in the style of the eagle on
the reverse.
REPUBLICAN COINAGE.
67 to 70. G. 1824-48. Doubloon, and its half, eighth, and sixteenth, all of the same type.  On the obverse is an open book, upon
which is inscribed the word "LEY."  Upon the book rests a hand,
which grasps a staff surmounted by a liberty-cap. "LA LIBERTAD EN
LA LEY."  Beneath is inscribed (on the doubloon) "8 E(scudo) M.
(Mexico) 1824. J. i.-21 Q "'(uilates).  Rev. An eagle perched upon
a cactus plant, and holding a serpent with its beak and one talon;
beneath are branches of oak and laurel. "REPUBLICA MEXICANA. " (See
Plate XXIII. No. 2.)
71 and 72. S. 1824. Dollar and quarter dollar.  Obv. A libertycap, bearing the word "LIBERTAD" surrounded by diverging rays;
beneath is inscribed (on the dollar) "8 R(eals) G~ (Guanaxuato) 1824
j. M. 10 D(ineros) 20 Go"(ranos).  Rev. An eagle perched upon a
cactus plant, and grasping a serpent; beneath are branches of oak
and laurel. " REPUBLICA MEXICANA."
These piece were coined at Guanaxuato and Durango, respectively,
and are known as agachados, or "hooked," a name which they derive
from  the position of the eagle's head, which is bent downward.
Pieces of the same type are said to have been coined at the Mint of
Mexico.  An impression formerly prevailed in Mexico, that these
pieces were of less value than the coins of a different type.  Assays
made at the Philadelphia Mint have proved this to be a fallacy.*
73 to 78. S. 1826-39. Dollars, and their subdivisions, the half,
* See "Manual of Coins and Bullion."




356                AIODEIRN COINS —MEXICO.
quarter, eighth, and sixteenthl, all of the same type.  Obv. A libertycap surrounded by diverging rays, as in the agachaclos; beneath is
inscribed the denomination, mint-mark, date, mint-lnaster's initials,
and the fineness, "10 D(ineros) 20 G"(ranos).  Reverse same as the
gold coinage, the head of the eagle being erect.  Value of the dollar $1.04.6. (See Plate XXV. No. 3.)
79. S. 1820. Half medio, or quarter real.  Obv. A castle, with
the letter "L." at one side, and "" Iat the other; beneath is the date
"1820.'  BRev. A lion rampant.
80. S. 1845. Half medio.  Head of Liberty; beneath is the mintmark GA (Guanaxuata) and the initials of the mint-master.  Rev.
",.-i "REPUBLICA MEXICANA,11 and the date " 1845."
81. C. 1830. Quartino.  Obv. ". - M~ -A —18307" inscribed
between two branches of palm. Rev. Same type as the silver coinage.
82. S. 1858. A proof dollar, of the JMint of le-xico.  Same type
as No. 73. Value $1.04. (See Plate XXV. No. 1.)
MiINT  OF "N. R."
99 to 103. These pieces-consisting of the doubloon, three-quarter doubloons, and a quarter dollar —are all of the same type as the
regular coinage, and bear dates ranging from 1759 to 1816; they
bear the mint-mark "N. R." Where this mint is located, we are not
prepared to say; but, judging from the dates on the different pieces,
it has evidently been in operation for a long series of years.  They
are, undoubtedly, an American  coinage, but whether of Mexico or
South America, is uncertain.  They have been placed under Mexico,
for want of a more certain arrangement.
PRO CLAMIATION PIECE.
105. S. 1790. Proclamation quarter dollar, of ORIZAVA.  Obv. A
device similar to the reverse of the pillar dollar. "CARLOS IV. REY.
DE ESPANA Y D LOS YNDIAS.'?  Rev. "LA MIUI LELA VILLA DE ORIZAVA
EN 11 D'ABRIL DE 1190," inscribed in five lines. "ENSU PROCLAMACION. "




MODERN COINS-CENTRAL AMERICA.                 357
DIVISION XVII.
CENTRAL AM E RI C AN.
Central America comprises all that narrow neck of land which
connects North and South America, but which properly belongs to
the former, extending from Mexico to the territories of New Granada,
and comprising the following States: Guatemala, San Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
Up to 1821 this country all belonged to Spain, but by the revolution which terminated in that year, by which most of its American
colonies were lost to the crown of Spain, it became an independent
province.  During the reign of Iturbide it was incorporated with
Mexico, but upon his deposal in 1823, became a distinct government, consisting of a confederation of the States above named, and
began to coin money in that capacity in 1824.
This Confederacy lasted until 1839, since which time the country
has been continually embroiled in internal as well as external trouble,
which has had the effect to overturn the Confederacy, so that it now
consists of several distinct parts.  In the present chapter, however,
these different parts are all included under the common head of "Central America," as it is neither easy nor desirable to arrange them
under distinct heads.
The monetary system continues the same as that of Spain (which
see), and, until recently, the coinage was executed at Guatemala,
the mint-mark of which is N. G.  The coins of this mint are never
seen here in any quantity, a few specimens only now and then finding
their way into this market.
The doubloon of the Guatemala Mint is found to be considerably
below the Spanish standard, so much so as to reduce its value to about
$14. 96,* the fineness being about 833 thousandths, and the weight 417
grains. The dollars, before 1836, average 415 grains in weight, and are
896 thousandths fine, and are consequently worth about $1.04.1, at the
X And since 1838 still lower.
24




358            MODERN COINS-NEW  GRANADA.
present rate for silver. Since 1836, however, the coinage has been
very much depreciated, the dollars of recent coinage averaging only
85 or 86 cents in value. In fact, it is almost impossible to keep
track of the different changes in either the monetary or political system of this country, as nearly every year brings some unlooked-for
change.
1 to 4. G. 1828-1848. Doubloon and its parts-the half, quarter,
and sixteenth.  All of the same type.  Obv. A range of mountain
peaks, from behind which the sun is just risen. "REPUBLICA DEL CENTRO DE AMERICA," and the date.  Rev. A tree, and the denomination
"8 —E"(scudo), inclosed by a circular line. "LIBRE CRESCA FECUNDO."
Beneath is the mint-mark, and the fineness, "21 Q." (21 quilates).
(See Plate XXIII. No. 3.)
5. S. 1825. Piece of two reals.  This is similar in type to the
gold, but is rather rude in appearance, and the legends are much
abbreviated.  The circular lines inclosing the fields are omitted.
6 to 10. S. 1824-1839. Dollars, and pieces of two and one real.
All of the same type as the gold coinage, except that the sun, instead
of being fully risen, just appears above the mountain to the left of
the field. (See Plate XXV. No. 2.)
COSTA RICA.
11. G. 1842. One escudo.  Obv. A star surrounded by diverging
rays. Beneath is a palm and laurel branch, crossed. "EST D'COSTA
RICA."  Rev. A tree. Above is inscribed the fineness, "21 Q"(quilates), and beneath, the mint-marks and date.  Value about $1.76.
(See Plate XXIII. No. 5.)
12 and 13. S. 1846. Pieces of two reals.  These are somewhat
after the pattern of the Guatemala coinage.  They are very rude, and
appear to have been fashioned with the hammer and punch.  It is a
curious fact that, while the gold coinage is very perfect, the silver is
no better than the Mexican cob money.
NEW GtRANADA.
This country was formerly a vice-royalty of Spain, but in the
year 1819 it declared independence and united with Venezuela, under




MODERN COINS-NEW  GRANADA.                  359
the name of Colombia.  After a struggle, which terminated in 1822,
New Granada succeeded, with the assistance of Venezuela, in throwing off the royal authority.  This union continued until 1831, when
it was dissolved, and divided into the three republics of New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador.  New Granada, however, continued
the name of Colombia upon its coins up to 1836.
In the following classification, the coins of Colombia struck during
the union are included under the head of New Granada, although
many of them were actually coined in the adjoining State.
The mints of New Granada are at BOGOTA and POPAYAN, which
have been long established. The coins usually have the name of the
mint in full. The coins of Bogota, however, are occasionally marked
B".
Their system of money is the same as that of Spain, and therefore
requires no further notice here. But it may be remarked that the
gold coinage of Popayan was formerly very irregular in fineness,
being very much below the Bogota standards.  There have also been
several changes in the types, as will appear by the following description:19. S. —. One real, of FERDINAND VII.  Obv. Bust of Ferdinand, with the characters "F. —."  Rev. A crowned shield, bearing
the arms of Spain and Granada* in five fields, and the denomination
20. S. 1819. Dollar, or peso, PATRIOT. Obv. Bust of an Indian
chief, surmounted by a double crown of feathers. "LIBERTAD AMERICANA," and the date "1819."  Rev. A pomegranate, and the denomination "8-R."  "NUEVA GRANADA." Value 74.2 cts.
21. C. 1820. Quartino, PATRIOT.  Obv. A cross potent, with the
letters "S.-M." in the upper angles, and the arms in the two lower
angles.  Rev. A rude crown, beneath which is inscribed the denomination "i,"  and the date "1820," with the arms.  This piece bears
no other marks indicating its origin.  It is probably a coin of the
Revolutionary party.
* Argent, apomegranate, in pale slipt, proper. These were the arms of the City of
Granada, in Spain, and were probably adopted, along with the name, by the
American colony.




360.MODERN COINS-NEW  GRANADA.
22 to 26. G. 1823-1836. Doubloons and their subdivisions-the
quarter, eighth, and sixteenth. All of the same type.  Obv. A
female bust-Liberty.  The hair is confined by a band, on which is
inscribed "LIBERTAD."  "REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA," and the date.
Rev. A fasces in pale, crossed by a bow and arrows in saltiere, between two cornucopias. The name of the mint is inscribed in full
above the device, and the denomination (in escudos) and the initials
of the mint officers beneath. Value of No. 22, $15.61.7. The second
doubloon was struck at POPAYAN, and is worth only $15.39.
27 to 29. S. 1820-1821. Dollars, and piece of two reals.  Same
type. Obverse same as No. 20. Rev. A pomegranate, and the denomination "8I-."  "CUNDINAMARCA."  The mint-mark is B'.
Value of the dollar 74.2 cts.
30. S. 1827. One real. Obv. Same device as the reverse of the
gold coinage. "REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA," and the date "1827."
Rev. "B(ogota) I REAL R. R.," inscribed beneath a scroll bearing the
word "TLIBERTAD, " and between two branches of laurel, crossed.
31 and 32. S. 1835. Dollars.  Same type as No. 30, with the inscription "B, COLOMBIANO OCHO REALES R. S." on the reverse. Value
74.2 cts.
33. G. 1837. Doubloon.  Obv. A female bust, enveloped in a
Roman mantle. The hair confined with a band, bearing the name
"LIBERTAD.'  "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA," and the date
"1837."  Rev. A pointed shield, bearing the arms in three fields.
Above is a condor and a scroll, upon the latter is inscribed "LIBERTAD L ORDEN."  "DIEZ I LEIS PESOS. BOGOTA R. S."  Value $15.61.7.
34. S. 1837. Dollar. Obv. A pointed shield, bearing the arms in
three fields. "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA, " and the date.
Rev. "8 REALEs," inscribed within a wreath of laurel. "BOGOTA."
Value 74.2 cts.
35. S. 1839. Dollar. Obv. A cornucopia, above which is a condor
volant, holding in its beak a scroll, bearing the inscription "LIBERTAD
L ORDEN." "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA," and the date "1839. "
Rev. "LEI OCHO DINEROS," inscribed within a wreath of laurel. "VALE
OCHO REALES."......" BOGOTA."  Value 67.8 cts.
36. S. 1846. Half real. Obv. A pomegranate between two cor



MODERN COINS-CARTAGENA.                  361
nucopias. "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA," and the date. Rev.
e" REAL,"  inscribed within a wreath of laurel. "POPAYAN."
37. S. 1847. One real. Obv. A pomegranate between two cornucopias. "NUEVA GRANADA," and the date. Rev. "TUN REAL," inclosed
by a heavy wreath of laurel, intwined with a scroll or ribbon. Above
is inscribed "BOGOTA," and beneath, "LEY 0,900. "
38. S. 1848. Dollar. Obv. A shield, suspended upon four. standards, and surmounted by a condor, with expanded wings. "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA," and the date "1848."  Rev. "DIEZ
REALES, " inscribed within a wreath of laurel. Beneath is inscribed
"LEY 0,900."  Value 67.8 cts. (See Plate XXV. No. 4.)
39. S. 1849. Two reales.  Obv. A shield, bearing the arms, between branches of laurel, crossed. "REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA," and the date "1849."  Rev. Same type as No. 37. ("Dos
reales. ")
40 and 41. G. 1849-56. Doubloon, and its half. Both of the
same type.  Obv. A female head-Liberty, encircled by a band bearing the word  "LIBERTAD.)   "aREPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA, t
and the date.  Rev. The arms, upon a pointed shield, suspended
upon four standards. Upon the top of the shield is perched a condor, holding laurel in its beak. Beneath the condor floats a scroll,
bearing the words "LIBERTAD L ORDEN."  "BOGOTA:PESO —25,8064
G(rames, equivalent to 398.31 Troy grains). LEI 0,900."  The value
of the doubloon No. 40 is about $15.31, and is alloyed almost
entirely with silver. Large quantities will yield $15.36.* (See Plate
XXIII. No. 4.)
C ARTA GE N A.
42. C. 1813. Small piece, of the City of CARTAGENA. Very rude.
On the obverse is a figure seated beneath a tree; a building appears
in the background.  On the reverse are various inscriptions, including
the value, date, etc., all of which are nearly obliterated.  The name
" CARTAGENA" appears in the legend.  This piece was evidently struck
by hand, and appears to have been an irregular and unauthorized
* Coins, Coinage, and Bullion.-Dubois.




362              MODERN COINS-VENEZUELA.
coinage, probably called forth by the scarcity of small change, a want
which is seriously felt by many of the South American States and the
WVest Indies.
VENEZ UE LA.
When Ojeda and Vespucci approached the coast of South America
in 1499, they were greeted with the sight of an Indian village, apparently built upon the waters of the Lake Maracaybo. The houses
or huts having been built upon piles set in the water some distance
from the shore of the lake, they called this insular village-which
was so much of a novelty in the eyes of Vespucius that he allowed
it to remain unmolested-Venezuela (the diminutive of Venezia, or
Venice), and this name was afterward extended to the lake, and
finally to the surrounding country.
After its conquest and settlement, Venezuela was established as a
Captain-Generalship of Spain, and afterward included the Kingdom
of Quito (now Ecuador). The country continued subject to the
crown of Spain' until 1811, when it gained its independence. In
1819 it united with New Granada, in the Republic of Colombia, and
became a party to the Constitution adopted by the Congress of
Rosario de Gcteuta in 1821; but upon the dissolution of this Constitution in 1831, Venezuela regained its former position as an independent Republic.
Down to 1824 there was issued at CARACAS, the capital, a rude
coinage, consisting of the peseta of two reals, and its half. These
were issued both under the royal and the republican authority.
Specimens of the former are found to bear date from 1781 to 1821;
while the republican coinage appears to have commenced in 1815.
They were very much after the style of the AMexican " cobs," and are
much below the lawful standards both in weight and fineness. In
1829 and 1830, there was also coined at Caracas, a half medio,
or -.' of the dollar.
Venezuela has no regular coinage at the present day, and the only
coins which we have ever seen of that Republic are the copper
pieces —the cent and its subdivisions the half and quarter. They
have a nominal dollar, or peso, in which accounts are kept, which is
divided into reals and cents; ten cents making one real, and ten




MODERN COINS-ECUADOR.                    363
reals one dollar.  This dollar, however, is only worth about 74.4
cents of our money. The coins of various countries, including the
United States, England, and France, are made current there at certain rates, which are established by law.*
57. S. 1821. Two reals, cob money, of FERDINAND VII.  Obv.
The arms of Spain, quartered by a cross potent; the initials of the
king, "F.-7."  Rev. Two upright pillars, with the inscription "2
(2 reals) PLU-SUL-TRA. B.-1821. —S."   Beneath is the name
" CARACAS. "
58 and 59. S. 1824. Pieces of two and one real, of the PATRIOTS.
Obv. Arms of Spain, quartered by a crosspotent.  Rev. Two upright pillars, with the characters " 2.-u-sui-TRm.-'24  (1824).
The cobs of the Patriots appear to be much more rude than those
of the Royalists; the latter having made some pretensions to a definite form in the execution of their pieces, if not a higher value.
60 to 63. C. 1843. Pieces of one, one-half, and one-quarter centavo, all of the same type.  Obv. A female bust, surmounted by a
cap, on the band of which is inscribed "LIBERTAD."''"REPUBLICA DE
VENEZUELA."  Rev. (of the larger piece) "1 CENTAVO, 1843," inscribed between branches of laurel, crossed.
ECUADOR.
Ecuador, under the name of Quito (which it derived from its
principal city, now the capital), having formerly been a part and
parcel of Venezuela, was a sharer in the political changes of the
latter province, and, after the union of 1819, which was effected
between New Granada and Venezuela, Quito was incorporated as a
portion of Colombia. But this incongenial and poorly organized
union having come to an untimely end in 1831, the door was opened
for Quito to acquire its independence and step into the world of
petty nations as a sovereign power-an opportunity which was not
disregarded.  By the terms of the agreement through which this dissolution was effected, Colombia was divided into three republics,
* Letters of E. A. TURPIN, Consul at Caracas, and A. T. SmITE, Consul at
Laguayra, to the Treasury Department, Mlay 20 and 21, 1859.




364                 MODERN COINS-ECUADOR.
each of which was to assume one-third of the Colombian debt.  The
province of Quito being one of the three parties to this agreement,
immediately organized itself into a republic, under the name of
Ecuador,* and established its capital at Quito.
A mint was soon after established at the capital, and in 1833 coins
were issued, conforming in their divisions to the Spanish, the unit
being the dollar of eight reals. Of the gold, there was the doubloon,
and its half, quarter, and eighth; the gold coinage appears, however
(by recent letters from that Republic), to have been discontinued, or
nominally so.t  The latest date we have seen is a doubloon of 1847,
bearing the head of Bolivar.
The silver dollar has never been issued in any quantity, and is,
consequently, seldom seen.  The smaller coins are the pieces of four,
two, one, and one-half reals.  The four-real pieces are scarce, only
making about three per cent. of the entire circulation; the two
smaller pieces being used merely for change, are also issued in small
quantities.  The two-real piece is the principal coinage, composing
nearly one-half of the circulation.  The legal fineness is 666 thousandths; and the weight of the two-real pieces, which is very unsteady, averages about 92 Troy grains.
The remainder of the circulation is supplied from the coinage of
adjoining States.  The dollars and two-real pieces of Colombia,
issued in 1821 and previously, are circulating in small quantities,
making about three per cent. of the circulation.  New Granada silver dollars, and two-real pieces issued at Bogota and Popayan, of
the dates from  1839 to 1846, which are now  uncurrent in New
Granada, make about thirty per cent. Bolivian two-real pieces, all
deeply cut, with a round hole in the center, make about three per
cent.  The latter bear the effigy of Bolivar, and are of the same
standard of fineness as the Quito coins (666 thousandths), and average
about 92.5 grains in weight, their value being about the same as the
Quito pieces of the same denomination.  The remainder of the cir* Its territories lie immediately beneath the equator.
t Gold doubloons have occasionally been coined, but were all sent off, and
form no part of the circulation, which is exclusively of silver coins. (Statement
of 1Dr. 1Wm. Jctaeson, Assayer of thie Quito.Yint, to ioeu. UClas. I-..Blckalewz.)




MODERN COINS-PERU.                      365
culation consists of the Spanish "cut quarters."  These, however,
are merely a local currency, circulating only at Quito and some portions of the interior.*
The coinage of the Quito Mint is seldom seen in this country, the
coins never finding their way here unless by the hands of travelers or
visitors from that Republic to this.
67 and 68. G. 1835. Pieces of one-quarter and one-eighth of the
doubloon. Same type. Obv. A female bust, the hair confined by a
band, on which is inscribed " LIBERTAD." "EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA. "  Beneath is the name of the mint "QUITO."  Rev. Two mountain peaks, upon each of which is perched a condor; above is a sun.
"EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION," and the date. (See Plate XXIII.
No. 6.)
69. G. 1836. Half doubloon.  Obv. Bust, same as No. 67. "EL
PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION."  Beneath is inscribed "21 Q(uilates)
1836. 4 E"(scudo).  Rev. Two mountains; upon one is a castle, and
upon the other a condor; in the background appears a volcano;
above is the sun, with the signs of the zodiac, and seven stars. "REPUBLICA DEL ECUADORn, and the name of the mint " QUITO."
70. S. 1838. One real.  Obv. A fasces, crossed by a bow and
arrows, between two cornucopias. "REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR.7......
"QUITO."  Rev. Same type as the gold pistole No. 67.
71. G. 1847. Doubloon. Obv. Bust of Bolivar, with his name inscribed immediately beneath. "EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION..'......
"1847.-21. QS..  Rev. The arms and ensigns of the Republic. "REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR. 7......" QUITO. "
PERU.
This country declared its independence in 1821, but was not entirely freed from the Spanish yoke until the close of the year 1824.
The Republicans began the coinage of money about the year 1822;
but the Spanish monarch, still claiming dominion there, also issued
coins, and, in fact, restruck many of the pieces issued by the Patriots.
* For the foregoing data we are largely indebted to an excellent statement
made by IHoN. CHAS. R. BUCKALEW, U. S. Minister resident at Quito, to the Treasury Department, dated June 16, 1859.




366                 MODERN COINS —PERU.
This circumstance often tends to confuse the young searcher after
numismatic knowledge.  Patriot dollars of the year 1822 are frequently found impressed with the insignia of royalty-the crown-and
the date 1824, which render their character rather ambiguous at first
sight.
In 1836, the Republic was divided into the two nations of North
and South Peru.  This change was for some time exhibited in the
coinage, but afterward entirely disappeared.
The coinage is executed at three different mints.  The Mint of
Lima is situated in North Peru, and has been long in operation;
the mark is -s  / an involution of the letters L I MIA.*  The Mints of
Cuzco and Arequipa are in South Peru; the mint-mark of the first
is Cuzco, or Cuz., and of the latter, the abbreviation AREQ.
The coinage of Peru was formerly of the same standards as the
Spanish, but the National Convention passed an act in September,
1851, providing for a decimal system, which, with the exception of
one or.two pieces, was the same as our own.  The largest gold piece
was called a "SOL" (sun), and was to weigh 569 Spanish grains;
value $20.  This was divided into pieces denominated respectively
"MEDIO SOL,"'"DOBLIN," "ESCUDO," and the " MEDIO ESCUDo," of proportionate value.  All nine-tenths fine.
The silver was to consist of the dollar, half dollar, peseta (20
cents), dinero, and the medio dinero. The dollar was to be ninetenths fine, and to weigh 475 Spanish grains; the smaller pieces in
proportion.  The dollar, which was to be considered as the unit,
was to consist of one hundred centavo (cents); the latter piece and
its half were to be represented in the copper coinage.
In order to carry out the provisions of this act, the Government
of Peru entered into contracts with parties in this country for the
necessary machinery and the dies.  These were all completed in due
time and forwarded to Peru; but it is exceedingly doubtful whether
the dies or machinery were ever brought into active use. The proof
set of these coins contained in this collection were struck at this, In former times the mark of this mint was L  [. 




MODERN COINS-PERU.                       367
mint prior to tile shipping of the machinery, in order to test its
capabilities, being merely trial pieces.
The actual coinage of Peru, at the present day, is very small, consisting only of half dollars. The bulk of the currency is represented
by the Bolivian half dollar, though the coins of other States are also
current. *
78. S. 1693. Dollar, of CHARLES II.  Obv. The arms of Spain,
quartered by a cross potent. "CAROLUS II D. G. HISPANI."  Rev. The
device is the same as the Mexican cobs, with the same inscriptions,
and the legend "EL PERU —ANNO 1693."  This piece has been struck
with a hammer, and presents rather a curious appearance, especially
on the obverse, from the fact that after having received one blow
from the hammer, the position of the die has been slightly changed;
so that the obverse has received two distinct impressions from the
same die, the letters in the legend and the device being repeated.
79. G. 1851. Doubloon, of FERDINAND VI.  Obv. Bust in armor,
bedecked with the order chain of the golden fleece. "FERDND VI D.
G. HISPAN ET IND. REX."7..... "151.l"  Rev. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Spain and the royal arms in eight fields, with the
arms of Anjou on a shield of pretence, encircled by the order chain
and badge of the golden fleece. "INITIUM SAPIENTIAi TIMOR DOMINI,"
and the mint-mark iLm   (repeated.)  Value $16.26.5.
80. S. 1822. Patriot dollar, re-stamped by the Royalists.  Obv.
The arms and ensigns of the Republic, on which has been stamped a
crown and the date " 1824." "PERU LIBRE. ],{/. 8 R. J. 8S......."1822." 
Rev. A pillar encircled with a scroll.  Upon one side is Virtue with
a branch of olive, and upon the other the goddess of Justice, with
the scales and sword. " POR LA VIRTUD Y LA JUSTICIA. "
81 and 82. S. 1823. Patriot dollars.  Same type as preceding,
but not re-struck.  Average values $1.05.
83. S. 1826. Dollar.  Obv. The goddess of Liberty, in a Roman
helmet, supporting a staff, surmounted by a liberty-cap, with one
* Letters of J. gRANDOLPH CLAY, U. S. Minister resident at Lima, and CHAs.
II. LAY, U. S. Vice-Consul at Callao, to the Treasury Department, July 18th,
and September 1st, 1859.




368                 MODERN COINS-PERU.
hand, and a shield, bearing the inscription "LIBERTAD," with the
other. "FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION.7"  Rev. The arms of the Republic, quartered upon a shield, surmounted by an oak wreath, between branches of palm and laurel. "'REPUB. PERUANA. M. 8 Pn. J. M."..... "1826," and the mint-mark.
84. G. 1827. Doubloon.  Same type as the dollar No. 83, except that the position of Liberty is slightly changed. Value $15.55. 1.
85. S. 1826. tHalf medios. Obv. "LIMA.j.1826." Rev. The
lama. (This animal appears in the arms of the Republic.)
86 to 89. S. 1826-1829. Dollar, and pieces of two, one, and onehalf real.  All of the same type as No. 83.
90. S. 1829. Half mnedio.  Obv. "4," and the letters "c —s" inclosed in a wreath of laurel.  Rev. A cornucopia and the date.
91 and 92. S. 1835-1836.  Pieces of four and two reals.  Both
of the same type as No. 83.  Struck at Cuzco.
NORTH PERU.
93. S. 1836. Dollar. Same type as No. 83, with the legend "EST
NOR-PERUANO. "/A 8 R. T. M." on the reverse.
SOUTH PERU.
94. S. 1838. Dollar.  Obv. A sun and four stars. "REPUB. SUD
PERUANA."......"8 R. CUZcO, 1838."  Rev. A volcano, ~ castle, and a
cornucopia, with water in the background, and a ship sailing in the
distance; the whole inclosed in a laurel wreath. " FIRME POR LA
UNION....... "10 D(ineros) 20 G(ranos) CONFEDERACION R. A."
95. S. 1837. Piece of two reals.  Obv. Same type as No. 94.
Rev. "2 REALES B. A.," inscribed between two branches of laurel,
crossed.
96 and 97. S. 1850-1855. Pieces of one and four reals.  Same
type as No. 83, with the legend "REP. PERUANA (mint-mark and denomination) 10 D! 20 G. sl. B.,' and the date on the reverse.
98. S. 1855. Dollar. Obv. The goddess of Liberty, supporting a
spear in one hand, and a shield, bearing the word "LIBERTAD," in
the other. "FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION."  Rev. The arms of the




MODERN COINS-BRAZIL.                  369
Republic upon a shield, crowned with oak, between branches of palm
and laurel, crossed. "REPUB. PERUANA.. 8 R. 10 DS. 20 G. M. B........
"1855."
The following are the trial pieces mentioned in the introduction
as having been struck at this mint. They are exceedingly rare.
100 to 103. G. 1855. The "sol," and its subdivisions-the half,
quarter, and eighth.  All of the same type. Obv. A beautiful statue
of Liberty, with the head at side-face, supporting the staff and libertycap in one hand, and a shield, bearing the word "LIBERTAD," in the
other. "FIRME Y FELIZ PORP LA UNION,  and the denomination in
pesos.  Rev. The arms and ensigns of the Republic, surmounted by
an oak crown. "REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA. 9 DECIMOS FINO. M. B."...... "1855." (See Plate XXIII. No. 7.)
104 to 108. S. 1855. Dollar, and pieces of 50, 20, 10, and 5 centimos. All of the same type.  Obv. A statue of Liberty at front-face,
supporting a spear in one hand, and a shield, bearing the word'LIBERTAD,'7 in the other. "FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION...........UN
PESO. (On the smaller pieces the value is in "centimnos.") Rev. The
arms of the Republic on a shield, crowned with oak, between branches
of palm and laurel. "REPUBLICA PERUANA. LIMA. 9 DECIMOS FINO.
M. B."...... "1855." (See Plate XXV. No. 5.)
109 and 110. C. 1855. Centimo and medio, or half centimo.
Both of the same type. Obv. A sun. "REPUBLICA-PERaUANA."7  Rev.
S"UN CENTITMO," or "MEDIO CENTIMO,7" inscribed within a wreath of
laurel. "LIMA —1855. "
DIVISION XVIII.
BRAZIL.
This country was first visited by VINCENT YANKEZ PINCON, a
Spaniard, in 1499, and in the year following by the Portuguese commander PEDRO ALVAREZ CABRAL, who took formal possession of the
country in the name of the Portuguese monarch.  lie erected an




370                MODERN COINS-BRAZIL.
altar, performed mass, in the presence of the natives, on Easter day,
and set up a stone cross in commemoration of the event.  Soon
after this, settlements were commenced by the Portuguese, who
thereby obtained absolute possession of the country, together with
its rich deposits of gold, notwithstanding the prior visit of the
Spaniards.
This acquisition afterward had rather a peculiar effect upon the
condition of Portugal, which, from having been the colonizer of
Brazil, became its dependency.  This state of things was brought
about during the reign of JOHN MARIA, as' regent for the imbecile
queen, MARIA I., who, upon the invasion of Portugal by the French,
in 1807, removed his court from Lisbon to Bio de Janeiro.  In 1816
JOHN became king, by the death of Maria, and assumed the title of
JOHN VI.
The removal of the court to Brazil gave great dissatisfaction to
the Portuguese, who little relished the idea of changing places with
their colony.  This feeling afterward became so strong that John
found it necessary to return to Lisbon in 1821, leaving his son, DON
PEDRO, as regent.
Some historians assert that the private instructions of the departing king to his son were, to oppose Brazilian independence (of Portugal, an event which he considered as imminent) as long as it was
prudent, but, in the event of the tide becoming too strong, to place
himself at its head, and thereby retain the scepter in his own hands
rather than see it pass to the possession of an adventurer.  However,
be this as it may, it is certain that, upon the breaking out of the
revolution, he made but little hesitation in adopting this line of
policy.  He immediately threw himself into the ranks of the independent party, and was proclaimed "Emperor of Brazil" in 1822
only one year after the departure of his father. DON PEDRO continued to reign in this capacity until the year 1831, when he was
compelled to abdicate the throne, leaving his infant son, PETER II.,
then only six years of age, as his successor.  The rights of the latter
were respected, and a regency immediately appointed to conduct the
affairs of state during his minority.  PETER assumed the reins of
government upon arriving at his fifteenth year.




MODERN COINS-BRAZILo                       371
The mode of keeping accounts is the same in Brazil as in Portugal,
both countries reckoning by reis.  But there has long been a difference in the valuation of the rei, in the currency of the two countries.
As long ago as 1747 it was decreed that a mark of such silver as was
coined into 7500 reis in Portugal, should make one-tenth more in
Brazil, that is, 8250 reis.*
At the present time, and since 1850, the unit of Brazilian money
has been the millrei, of one thousand reis.
The moidore, of 4000 reis, and its half, constituted the gold coinage of Brazil up to 1822, but in that year a new coinage was instituted, to consist of the piece known as the half joe, of 6400 reis. This
was to weigh 221.4 Troy grains, and to be 917 thousandths fine.
By the law of October, 1833, another modification took place in the
coinage; the only effect of this law upon the gold coinage, however,
appears to have been to fix the value of the half joe at 10 millreis.
The pieces of seventy,t twenty, and fivet millreis appear to have
been adopted at a more recent date.
The silver coins previous to 1833 were the pieces of three patacs,
or 960 reis, and the two, one, one-half, and one-quarter patac,~ —all
professedly 917 thousandths fine.  But by the law of 1833, these
were displaced by a new series, consisting of the pieces of 1200, 800,
400, 200, and 100 reis, the largest piece being equivalent to the old
960 rei piece; they were all intended to be nine-tenths fine.  This
coinage was in turn superseded by the present series (apparently introduced about the year 1850 or 1851), which takes the mnillrei as its
unit, and consists, as far as we are able to learn, of the two, one, and
one-half millrei (or pieces of 2000, 1000, and 500 reis). There are
doubtless other smaller pieces belonging to this series, but how many
or of what value we are not yet advised. The legal standard of fineness
* Manual of Coins and Bullion.
- Letter of GEO. F. UPTON, U. S. Consul at Rio Grand de Sul, to the Treasury
Department, June 20, 1859.
5 Ibid.
& For the sake of convenience these pieces are designated, in the following
description, by the number of reis represented in the several pieces; thus the twopatac piece is called "640 reis."




372                 MODERN COINS-BRAZIL.
of all the new coins, both gold and silver, is eleven-twelfths, or 91623
thousandths. *
A major portion of Brazilian currency consists of paper and copper, the latter being used principally for household purposes.  Small
ingots of gold, assayed and stamped at the government offices, are
also used in the circulation, and are forbidden to be exported.
1 and 2. S. 1695-1699. Pieces of 640 reis, of PETER II.  Obv. A
crowned shield, bearing the arms of Portugal. "PETRUS II D. G. PORT.
REX ET BRAS D"(Ominus).....". 640."  Rev. A  cross potent, upon
which is a globe encircled by a belt. "SUBQ(uo) SIGN(o) NATA STAB"
(it).
3 and 4. S. 1700. Pieces of 320 and 160 reis.  Both same type
as Nos. 1 and 2.
5. C. 1746. Twenty reis, of JOHN V. Obv. A crown, beneath
which is inscribed the denomination and date. "JOANNES V. D. G. P.
ET BRASIL REX."  Rev. Belted globe. "PECUNIA TOTUIM CIRCUMIT
URBEM.'
6. G. 1749. Moidore, of JOHN V.  Obv. A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Portugal. "JOANNES V. D. G. PORTUG. REX."......
"4000.'" Rev. A cross, with double limbs, inclosed in a tressure of
four arches. "ET BRASILIIE DOMINUS ANNO 1749."'
7-9. S. 1749-50. Pieces of 640 and 320 reis, of JOHN V.  All
of the same type as Nos. 1 and 2.
10. S. 1751. Piece of 320 reis, of JOSEPH I. Same type as No. 1.
11. S. 1752. Piece of 300 reis, of JOSEPH. Obv. A crown, beneath which is the initial "J." and the denomination and date. Rev.
A cross potent, upon which is a globe, encircled by a belt, and bearing the initial "B." "SUBQ. SIGN. NATA STAB."
12. C. 1760. Forty reis, of JOSEPH. Same type as No. 5.
13 and 14. S. 1771. Pieces of 640 and 160 reis. Both same type
as No. 1.
15. G. 1779. Moidore, of MARIA I. and PETER III.  Same type
as No. 6.
16 and 17. S. 1780. Pieces of 640 and 320 reis, of MARIA and
PETER.  Same type as No. 1.
* Report on the Finances, 1857, and letter of GEO. F. UPTON, before quoted.




MODERN COINS-BRAZIL.                     373
18. C. 1790. Forty reis, of MARIA.  Same type as No. 5, with
the legend "MARIA I D. G. ET BRASILI}E REGINA," Upon the obverse.
This piece has been restamped with the arms of Portugal.
19 and 20. S. 1802-04. Pieces of 320 and 640 reis, of MJARIA.
Same type as No. 1.
21. S. 1810. Piece of 960 reis, of JOHN, regent. Same type as
No. 1.  Obv. "JOANNES D. G. PORT P. REGENS. ET BRAS. D." (Prince
Regent of Portugal, and Lord of Brazil.)
22. G. 1811. Mloidore, of same.  Same type as No. 6, with the
legend "JOANNES D. G. PORT. E. ALG. P. REGENS," on the obverse.
23. S. 1812. Piece of 320 reis, of same.  Same type as No. 21.
24 and 25. C. 1816. Ten reis, of same.  Same type as No. 5, with
the legend "JOANNES D. G. - BRAS. P. REGENS,"1 on the obverse.
26-28. S. 1818. Pieces of 960, 640, and 80 reis, of JOHN VI.
All of the same type.  Obv. A crown, beneath which is inscribed
the denomination and date, between branches of olive, crossed. "JoANNES VI D. G. PORT. BRAS ET ALG. REX."  Rev. Same type as No. 1,
with the arms of Portugal stamped upon the globe.
29. G. 1819. M[oidore, of sanme.  Obv. A cross, with double limbs,
inclosed in a tressure of four arches. "JOANNES VI D. G. PORT BRAS
ET ALG. REX."......."1819."  Rev. The arms of Portugal, suspended
upon a globe, surmounted by a crown, and inclosed between branches
of olive and laurel, crossed. "4000."  NYo legend.
30 and 31. S. 1820-21. Pieces of 320 and 640 reis, of same.
Same type as No. 26.
32 and 33. C. 1821-22. Forty reis, of same. Obv. The denomination and date, inscribed beneath a crown. "JOANNES VI D. G. PORT
BRAS ET ALG. REX."  Rev. A belted globe, bearing the arms as in
No. 26. "PECUNIA TOTUM CIRCUMIT ORBEM.'7
34 and 35. S. 1824-25. Pieces of 640 reis, of PETER I., emperor.
Obv. The arms of Brazil, surmounted by the imperial crown, and
inclosed between branches of olive and laurel, crossed. "IN HOC SIGNO
VINCES."  Rev. The denomination inclosed in a wreath of laurel.
"PETRUS I. D. G. CONST. IMP. ET PERP. BRAS. DEF." (Peter I., by the
grace of God, Constitutional Emperor, and Perpetual Defender of
Brazil)...... "1824 r "(io).
25




374         0        IODERN COINS —BRAZIL.
36. C. -. Forty reis. Same as No. 34.
37 and 38. C. 1824-25. Pieces of forty and twenty reis.  Same
type as preceding, but much reduced in size.
39 and 40. S. 1826. Pieces of 960 reis, of same.  Same type as
SNo. 34.
41 and 42. C. 1826-29. Pieces of twenty and eighty reis.  Same
type as No. 34.
The latter piece (eighty reis) appears to have been added to the
copper coinage after the establishment of the empire.
43. G. 1833. Half joe, of PETER II.  Obv. Head of the youthful
emperor. "PETRTUS II. D. G. CONST. IMP. ET. PERP. BRAS. DEF.......'1833. R."  Rev. The arms of Brazil, surmounted by the imperial
crown, and inclosed between branches of laurel. "IN HOC SIGNO
VINCES. "......" 6400."I
The law of October, 1833, placed the value of the half joe at ten
millreis; the old figtires (6400), however, appeared upon that coin
for several years after.  But this piece may have been, and probably
was struck before the passage of the law referred to.
44-49. S. 1837-38. Pieces of 1200, 800, 400, 200, and 100 reis.
All of the same type.  Obv. Arms of the empire, as in No. 43. "IN
H-OC SIGNO VINCES."'  Rev. The denomination inclosed in a wreath of
laurel. "PETRUS II D. G. CONST. IMP. ET PERP. BRAS. DEF......." 1837."'
50. G. 1838. Half joe.  Same pattern as No. 43.  Somewhat
reduced in diameter, with a proportionate increase in thickness.
51. G. 1852. Piece of twenty millreis.  Obv. Head of the emperor. "PETRUS II D. G. C. IIMIP. ET PERP. BRAS. DEF......."1852."  Rlev.
Same type as No. 50.
52. S. 1852. Half millrei.  Obv. The arms, etc., with the inscription "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES,"7 in a straight line above.  Rev. The
value in reis, inclosed in a wreath of laurel. "PETRUS II D. G. CONST.
IMP. ET PERP. BRAS. DEF......... 1852."7
53-55. S. 1854. Pieces of two, one, and one-half millrei.  Same
type as [No. 52, except that the motto "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES" constitutes the legend. (See Plate XXVI. [No. 1.)
56. G. 1857. Twenty millreis. Same as NTo. 51. (See Plate XXIV.
No. 1.)




MODERN COINS-BOLIVIA.                    375
BOLIVIA.
This republic was established in 1825, from the five provinces of
Upper Peru, which formerly belonged to the vice-royalty of Buenos
Ayres, and which are known by the names of Charcas, Potosi, La
Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.  These provinces,
after having conquered their independence under the leadership of
the famous SIMON BOLIVAR, assembled, by their delegates, at Chuquisaca, the capital, in August, 1825, and determined upon the
establishment of the confederacy into a republic (it having been a
question with the people whether they would take this course or
annex themselves to the Argentine Confederacy), issued a declaration of national independence; and in order to display their gratittude to GEN. BOLIVAR for his eminent services in securing the liberties
of the people, they decided upon calling the new republic Bolivia,
in honor of his name.
Bolivia is a large producer of the precious metals, particularly of
silver; and it is from the extent of the latter product that the country has attained a notoriety abroad. The famous Argentiferous mountain of Potosi alone is said to have yielded, from the time of its discovery in 1545 to the year 1800, a period of 255 years, the sum of
$1,647,901,018.  In the years 1846 and 1850, the entire yield of silver amounted respectively (by approximation) to $2,227,324.*
The coinage is not very important, consisting mostly of half dollars.  The monetary system is nominally the same as that of Spain.
At the present time no gold coins are issued for general circulation,
and the largest silver piece is the half dollar mentioned above.  This
piece is two-thirds fine, and is valued at about thirty-three cents.tThe smaller pieces, the two, one, and one-half real, are of the same
standard of fineness, and of proportionate value. This standard of
two-thirds fine was first adopted in 1830; previous to that time the
coinage was of the Spanish standards.
* Ure's Dictionary.
t Letter of HoN. J. COTTON SMITH, U. S. Minister at Chuquisaca, to the
Treasury Department, June 13, 1859.




83 76             MODERN COINS-LA PLATA.
The mint is at Potosi, the mint-mark of which is a monogram representing the letters P T S I.
77 and 78. S. 1825. Dollar, and one-real piece, of FERDINAND VII.  Both of the same type as the lMexican "pillar dollar,"
(which see.)
79-82. S. 1827-28. Dollar, and piece of four, one, and one-half
real.  All of the same type.  Obv. Bust of Simon Bolivar, in uniform, and laureated.  On the lower portion of the bust is inscribed
the name "BOLIVAR."'"LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUCION."  Rev. A tree,
beneath which are reposing two lamas; above are six stars in an arch.
"REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA," and the date, mint-marks, etc.  Value of
the dollar $1.05.2.
83 and 84. S. 1830. Half and quarter dollar, of the depreciated
standard, two-thirds fine.  Same types as No. 79, with the exception
of the quarter dollar, which has on the obverse the legend "FIRME
POR LA CONSTITUCION."  Value of half dollar 33 cts.
85. G. 1831. Doubloon.  Obv. Bust of Bolivar, in uniform, with
his name inscribed beneath. "LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUCION."  RKiev. A
representation of the Argentiferous mountain of Potosi, above which
the sun is rising; at one side is a lama, and at the other a sheaf of
grain; beneath are six stars. "REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA," and the date,
mint-marks, etc.  Value $15.58. (See Plate XXIV. No. 3.)
86. S. 1841. Dollar. Obv. Bust of Bolivar, laurealed. "LIBRE
POR LA CONSTITUCION.'......" BOL1VAR.'"   Rev. Same type as No. 79.
The dollars of this period are very unsteady in value, varying three
or four cents, from 103 cents upward. (See Plate XXVI. No. 3.)
87. S. 1850. Half dollar.  Obv. Bust of Belzu. "M. Y. BELZU
PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIO1- DE BOLIVIA."....."  1850."' Rev. A HIercules, with his club and a flambeau, treading upon a hydra-headed
dragon. "LA FUERZA NATIONAL TRIUMFO DE LA ANARQUIA."  V alue
33 cts.
LA PLATA, OR ARGENTINE CONFEDERACY.
La Plata, formerly a vice-royalty of Spain, consists, at present, of
a confederacy of fourteen States, including Buenos Ayres, which for
some time has been independent of the Confederacy, but was united




MODERN COINS-LA PLATA.                    377
thereto in the latter part of the past year (1859). The government
is very similar to our own, each State having a distinct constitution,
and the whole being united under a central administration consisting of a congress and executive.  The President, who is elected indirectly by the people, holds his office for six years.
Formerly the province of Potosi was included within the limits of
this Confederacy, and it was from this silver-producing district that it
first acquired the name of "La Plata," and afterward that of the
"Argentine -Republic."  The boundary line, however, has long been
laid over on the La Plata side of this region; consequently these
names are not as apropos as formerly.  The whole country is more
commonly known by the name of its principal sea-port city " Buenos
Ayres. "
The monetary system is the same here as in Spain, but the standards are found to be much below those of the mother country, which
renders it unsafe to take their coins at the professed valuation by
count, as they usually range much lower.  In fact, it is hard to
determine the intrinsic values except by actual assay.
The principal mint appears to be located at IRIoJA, capital of a
State of the same name. The mint-mark is "R. A.," sometimes simply
the initial "a."  There is also a mint at Buenos Ayres, but as yet
we have seen only one or two specimens from this mint.  Some of
the coins struck before 1817 bear the mark of the Potosi mint. (See
Bolivia.)
101. S. 1815. Dollar of the Potosi mint.  Obv. A sun. "PROVINCIAS DEL RIO DE LA PLATA."  Rev. The arms of the Confederacy.
"EN UNION Y LIBERTAD, P" and the date, mint-marks, etc.  Value
about 92 cts.
102 to 104. S. 1813-1815. Pieces of one and one-half real, of the
Potosi mint. Same type as No. 101.
105. C. 1822. "Decimo," of Buenos Ayres.  Obv. Arms of the
Confederacy, between two branches of laurel, crossed. Rev. "BUENOS
AYRES. —122. —UN DECIIO,"7 inscribed within a wreath of laurel.
106. S. 1826. Two reals, of RIOJA.  Same type as No. 101.
107. C. 1827. Ten decim, of the National Bank of Buenos Ayres.
Obv. A phcenix, encircled by a hoop or band, on which is an inscrip



378                MODERN COINS-URUGUAY.
tion, but so much defaced as to be unintelligible.  RPev. " 10 DECIM,"
inscribed upon a shield, inclosed between branches of laurel. "BANCO
NACIONAL.'......" BUENOS AYRES, 18 2. 
108. S. 1828. Half dollar, of RIOJA.  Same type as No. 101.
109. G. 1828. Doubloon, of RIIOJA.  Obv. A sun. "PROVINCIAS
DEL RIO DE LA PLATA."'  Rev. The arms of the Confederacy decorated
with martial emblems. "EN UNION Y LIBERTAD R. A. P. 8 s"(cudo)......
" 1828.7"  Value $15.51.
110. G. 1836. Doubloon, of RIOJA.  Obv. Bust of Rosas, Governor of Buenos Ayres. "REPUB. ARGENT CONFEDERADA........' ROSAS."
Rev. The Argentiferous mountain of Potosi, with martial emblems
beneath. "POR LA LIGA LITORAL SERA FELIZ. l. 8 S...."..." 1836."
Value about $15.50. (See Plate XXIV. No. 2.)
111 and 112. S. 1838. Dollars, of RIOJA.  Obv. The mountain
of Potosi, with martial emblems beneath. "REPUB. ARGENTINA CONFEDERADA R.7......" 1838."7  Rev. The arms of the Confederacy.
"ETERNO LOOR AL RESTAURADOR ROSAS. " Values, average $1.04. (See
Plate XXVI. No. 2.)
URUT GfUAY.
By a treaty made between Brazil and Buenos Ayres in 1825, the territory bordering upon the Rio de la Plata and the River Uruguay,
and lying at the southernmost extremity of the Brazilian empire, was
erected into an independent Rtepublic, with the sea-port city of Nlfontevideo as its capital.  The coinage, which is not important, appears
to be executed at the latter place.
120. S. 1844. Dollar, or peso.  Obv. The arms inclosed between
two branches of oak, crossed. "REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY.'
" 1844.7 RIEev. " UN PESO FUERTE," surrounded by nine stars.
"LITIO DE MIONTEVIDEO....... "10 Ds 7' (See Plate XXVI. No. 4.)
121. C. 1854. Twenty centesimos.  Obv. A  sun. "REPUBLICA
ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY........... 185:4."  Rev. A shield, bearing the
figure "20," above which is a scroll, inscribed " CENTESIMOS," inclosed
between branches of maize.
122 and 123. C. 1857. Forty and twenty centesimnos.  Same type
as No. 121.  There appears to have been a reduction in the size of
the latter piece.




MODERN COINS-CHILI.                      379
DIVISION  XIX.
CHILL
This country became all independent republic in 1817 (having
previously been a dependency of Spain), and commenced the coinage
of money in its new capacity in the same year.
Formerly the monetary system was the same as that received from.
the mother country; but in January, 1851, a law was passed establishing a decimal system.  The gold coins were to consist of the
condor, or ten-dollar piece, and its half and quarter, or esceudothe unit being the silver 1peso, or dollar of 100 centavo, which was
subdivided into the half dollar, the twenty-cent piece, and the ten
and five cent pieces, with the two copper coins, the centavo and its half,
being in fact the same as the system  adopted for Peru in the same
year.  The twenty-dollar piece, however, was not included.  The
standards of the gold coinage appear to be much below the standards
of the United States, so much so, that the gold condor now sells in
California for nine dollars.*
The mint is at Santiago, the mark of which is an S. surmounted
by a small o.
Although Chili is a producer.of the precious metals, the coinage
has but little importance abroad, as the policy of that country is to
export bullion unwrought. t
1. S. 1811. Two reals, of FERDINAND VII.  Obv. Bust, in uniform, laureaied. "TFERDIN. VII DEI GRATIA......." 1811."  RPev. Same
device as the Mexican "pillar dollar." "HISPAN. ET IND REX."7 "S. 2
R(eals) F. I."
2. S. 1822. Dollar.  Obv. A volcano; above is inscribed, within
a wreath of laurel, the value, "UN PESO." t"CHILE INDEPENDENTE."7...... "SANTIAGO."  Rev. A pillar, supporting a globe, above which
* Letter of G. RL. BYCKINAN, U. S. Vice-Consul at Santiago, to the Treasury
Department, July 20, 1859.                              t Ibida




380                 MODERN COINS-CHILI.
is a star and a scroll, the latter bearing the word "LIBERTAD." "UNION
Y FUERZA F. I........"1822."
3. G. 1823. Doubloon, or "ounce."  Obv. A pillar, crossed by
two standards in saltiere, and surmounted by a globe and a star; the
whole inclosed in a wreath of laurel. "POR LA RAZON, O LA FUERZA
s. 8 E(scudo) F. I......."1823."1 Rev. Two smoking volcanoes and
a sun; beneath which is inscribed " A. D. 1818;" the whole inclosed
in a wreath of laurel. "EL ESTADO D CHILE CONSTIT. INDEPENDIENTE."
Value $15.57.
4. S. 1834. Two reals.  Same type as No. 2.
5 and 6. C. 1835. Centavo, and a half centavo, both of same type.
Obv. A star. " REPUBLICA DE CHILE........... 1835."  Rev. "UN CENTAVO" or "MEDIO CENTAVO," inscribed within a wreath of laurel.
"ECONOMIA ES RIQUEZA. "
7. G. 1836. Doubloon.  Olv. A hand resting upon a book, on
the back of which is inscribed "CONSTITUCION."  Above are the diverging rays of the sun. "IGUALDAD ANTE LA LEI. 8 E. I. J...."2...21, QS 2
(Quilates).  Rev. A shield bearing the arms of Chili (parity per
fess, azure and gules; a star argent), surmounted by a plume, and
supported by a horse ramnpant and a condor, each crowned. "REPUBLICA DE CHILE S. "......" 1836."  Value $15.66.
8. G. 1838. Two escudo.  Same type as No. 7.
9. G. 1839. Doubloon.  Obv. A statue of Liberty clad in mail,
with her right hand resting upon the constitution, and supporting
with her left the fasces; a cornucopia in the background. " IGUALDAD
ANTE LA LEI. 8 E. I. J-.1......"21 QS 7" Rev. The arms, etc., as in No. 7,
but much more artistic in appearance. Value $15.66. (See Plate
XXIV. No. 4.)
It will be noticed that the color of the doubloon of 1836 (No. 7)
is very different from that of the last piece, though the values are the
same.  This does not emanate, as might be supposed, from a difference in the standard of fineness, but from the fact that in the former
the alloy is nearly all of silver, while in the latter copper is the principal metal used in alloying.
10. S. 1839. Dollar.  Obv. A condor striving to break a chain
by which lie is confined. "POR LA RAZON Y LA FUERZA."......"10 rDS
20 oGs.  Rev. The arms of the Republic, surmounted by a plume,




MODERN COINS-WEST INDIES.                  381
and inclosed between branches of laurel, crossed. "REPUBLICA DE
o
CHILE. S. I. J."......"1839." The denomination "8. R." appears within
the wreath. Value $1.05.
11. S. 1853. Dollar. Obv. A condor, with pieces of broken chain;
one piece being attached to its leg, and the other held in its beak,
supporting an oval shield (azure, a fasces, and thirteen mullets
argent). "POR LA _RAZON O LA FUERZA......... "1853."  Rev. The arms
of the Republic, inclosed in a wreath of laurel. "REPJUBLICA DE CHILE
S......." UN PESO.  Value 97 cts.
12 and 13. S. 1856. Half dollars.  Obv. A condor, in flight; one
piece of chain in its beak, and another dangling from its talon. "r Po
LA RAZON O LA FUrERZA....... "1856.  1 Rev. The arms of Chili, between branches of laurel. "REPUBLICA DE CHIILE. S'."......"50 C "(entavo.) (See Plate XXV1I. No. 1.)
14. S. 1852. Piece of twenty centavo.  Same type as Nos. 12
and 13.
15. S. 1857. "'Un decimo," or piece of ten centavo.  Same type.
WEST INDIES.
With the exception of the Island of Hayti, or San Domingo, all
the West India islands are dependencies of European nations.  To
Great Britain belong Jamaica, Bahamas, Barbadcloes, Trinidad, and
several smaller islands; to Spain, Cuba and Porto lRico; to Prance,
Guadaloupe, Martinique, etc.; to the netherlands, Curapoa, etc.; to
Sweden, St. Bartholomew; to Demarlc, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and
St. John.  These comprise the main portion of the islands.  There
are, however, some thirty other small islands, which are mostly owned
by Great Britain; a few by France, and two or three by the Netherlands.
These islands have no gold coins of their own, and but a small
amount of silver.  They depend almost entirely upon the coinage of
foreign nations for their metallic currency. The coins of Spanish
countries especially, such as Colombia, Mexico, etc., are a large ingredient, and are a legal tender in most of the islands in payment of




382              MODERN COINS-WEST INDIES.
debts.  United States coins, both gold and silver, are also current
there, and in some localities are legal tenders; but are generally held
at a discount against the Spanish.
The British, French, and Danish governments have, at times, issued
coins of small denominations for circulation in their West India possessions.  These issues, however, are very insignificant in their proportions, and deserve but little attention.
Some of the islands, including lHayti, Porto Rico, etc., have issued
large quantities of paper, which is now circulating at very heavy
discounts-the Haytian paper dollar being at 75 per cent. below par.
Formerly, and probably to some extent at the present day, "cut
money" was extensively used.  This currency consists of Spanish
dollars cut into "bits;" each piece being stamped by the government
authorities.  This practice was first instituted by the government to
supply the great lack of small change, a want which interfered very
materially with the convenience of the people in their retail transactions.  But very soon after its first commencement, the law began
to be much abused by dishonest persons, who commenced the practice of cutting more pieces from the dollar than the law allowed and
passing them at the government rates; frequently cuttilng the dollar
into five pieces and passing them for quarters.  A number of these
pieces, bearing the marks of authority, will be found in the Cabinet
collection. (See Nos. 37 to 44.)
In the Island of Trinidad, to prevent the exportation of dollars,
the government resorted to the expedient of cutting a piece out of
the center, equal to a real or one-eighth of the dollar, more or less,
thus keeping the dollars at home and making them yield nine reals,
which was a government profit, as the cut pieces were made current
at their nominal values by the force of law.  Such pieces are commonly called cut dollars; the whole pieces being denominated round
dollars. (See Nos. 35 and 36.)
HAYTI.
Hayti, which is the second island in size, and ranks next, if not
equal, to Cuba in population, was formerly a dependency of France
and Spain, but is now an independent republic.  On the breaking




MODERN COINS-IWEST INDIES.                  383
out of the French revolution in 1791, Hayti was thrown into a commotion which lasted for many years.  In 1804 the French part of it
became a kingdom or military despotism, consisting entirely of negro
citizens, who had previously been slaves, with DESSALINES, a black
man, for its monarch.  Dessalines was succeeded, in the southern part
of the island, by CHRISTOPHE, or HENRY I., who put an end to his
own life in 1820, in order to save himself from the vengeance of his
subjects.  In the mean time in the northern part of the island a republic had been established upon the death of Dessalines, under the
presidency of PETION, a rival of Christophe.  He was succeeded by
J. P. BOYER, who, upon the death of Christophe, in 1820, seized his
dominions, and thus became master of the entire island.  In 1842 a
revolution broke out, and PRESIDENT BOYER was compelled to flee
to Jamaica; and in 1844 tlhe inhabitants of the Spanish portion of
the island rose, overpowered their Haytian oppressors, and formed
themselves into tlhe Republic of Santo Domingo.
After various individuals had for short periods occupied the executive chair of the HIaytian Republic, the election fell upon general
SOLOUQUE, who, in the latter. part of the year 1849 ascended the
throne as Emperor, with the title of FAUSTIN I.  Solouque persisted,
after his elevation from the presidential to the imperial. dignity, in
laying claim to the sovereignty of the San Domingo portion of the
island, which led to much difficulty, and at last to a revolution, in
which Solouque was deposed, and compelled to take flight to Europe
in 1859.  He was succeeded by PRESIDENT GEFFRARD, who is now
at the head of the administration.
The coinage of Hayti apparently consists of the dollar of 100 centimes, which is worth about twenty-five cents of United States currency, and its subdivisions, the half, or piece of 50 centimes, and the
pieces of 25, 12, and G centimes.  "The subdivision is not mathematically correct, but there is more precision in that particular than
in weight and fineness."*  There is also a copper coin of two centimes, as will appear presently.
17. S. 1814. Twelve centimes.  Obv. 1Martial emblems, and a
* Manual of Coins and Bullion.




384             MODERN COINS-WEST INDIES.
tree, surmounted by a liberty-cap. Rev. "12xc.,"' encircled by a serpent.
" REPUBLIQUE D'HIAYTI....... " AN XI. " (Eleventh year of the Republic.)
18 to 24. S. 1817. Pieces of twenty-five and twelve centimes, of
PETION. All of the same type.  Obv. Head of the president. "A
PETION, IPRESIDENT."...... "AN  14. "  Rev. TMartial emblems, and a
tree surmounted by a liberty-cap. " REPUBLIQIUE D'HAYTI," and the
denomination.
25 to 31. S. 1818-1833. Dollars, and pieces of 50, 25, and 12
centimes, of J. P. BOYER. All of the same type.  Obv. Head of the
president. "J. P. BOYER, PRESIDENT,'7 and the year of the Republic,
(as "An 27"). Reverse same as Nos. 18 and 24. (See Plate XXVII.
No. 2.)
32. C. 1831. Two centimes.  Obv. A fasces surmounted by a
liberty-cap. "LIBERTE EGALITE.......". AN 28."' Rev. "DEUX CENTIMES, 1831," inscribed between two branches of palm. "REPUBLIQUE
D HAYTI.'
35 and 36. Cut dollar and piece, of TRINIDAD. (See page 382.)
37 to 44. Cut money of various islands. (See page 382.)
BRITISH  POSSESSIONS.
45 to 50. S. 1822. Pieces of one-quarter, one-eighth, and onesixteenth, of the Spanish dollar.  All of the same type.  Obv. The
arms of Great Britain. "CEORGUS IV D. G. BRITANNIAIRUAI REX F(idei)
uD"(efensor).  Rev. An anchor and a crown, with the denomination.
("IV., VIII.,") or "XIV.7") "COLONIAR. BRITAN. MONET."......" 1822."
FRENCH POSSESSIONS.
55 and 56. C. 1825-1828. Ten and five centimes, of CiHARLES X.
Obv. Bust of Charles, laureated. "CHARLES X ROI DE FRANCE.'" Rev.
"10"' or "5 CENT.,"7 inscribed within a wreath of laurel. "COLONIES
FRANCAISES,"7 and the date.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: MARTINIQUE, ETC.
57 to 60. S. 1731-1732. Small pieces, of LOUIs XV. All of the
same type.  Obv. Bust of the king laureated. "LUD. XV D. G. FR. ET
NAV. REX. "  Rev. "ISLES DU VENT......." 17 31-1732,7 77 and the three
fieurs de lis.




MODERN COINS-AFRICA.                    385
DANISH  POSSESSIONS.
63 and 64. S. 1763-1765. Pieces of twenty-four skilling, of FREDERICK V., King of Denmark. Obv. The royal monogram, crowned.
"D. G. DAN. NOR. VAN. GOT. REX." (See Denmarlc.)  Rev. A ship,
beneath which is the date. "XXIIII SKILL. DANSKE. AMERICANSK
M"(ynt).
65 and 66. S. 1767. Pieces of twelve skilling, of CHRISTIAN VTII.
Same types as iNos. 66 and 67.
67 to 71. S. 1816-1837. Pieces of 20, 10, and 2 skilling.  Obv.
A crowned shield, bearing the arms of Denmark.  Rev. (of No. 70.)
"XX SKILLING DANSK AMERIKANSE  MYNT, 1816," inscribed in six liles.
72. S. 1859. Twenty cents, of FREDERICK VII. Obv. Head. "FREDERICK VII KONGE AF DANMARK........"1859."   Rev. A vessel under
sail. "DANSK VESTINDISK MONT......... 20 CENTS."  Edge grained.
(See Plate XXVII. No. 3.)
73. S. 1859. Ten cents, of same.  Obverse same as preceding.
Rev. A sugar cane. "DANSK VESTINDISK MONT........... 10 CENTS."
74. S. 1859. Five cents, of same.  Same type as No. 72.
75. S. 1859. Three cents, of same.  Obv. Same as No. 72, without the date.  Rev. "3 CENTS, 1859."1 "DANSK VESTINDISK MONT."
Edge plain.
76. B.S. 1859. One cent, of same.  Obv. Crowned shield, bearing
the arms of Denmark. "FREDERIK VII KONGE AF DANMARK."?  Rev.
" 1 CENT.," inscribed between two branches of oak, crossed. "DANSK
VESTINDISK MONT......... 1859." 
AFRICA.
SIERRA LEONE.
This colony was founded in 1787, on the western coast of Africa,
by a company acting under a charter from the British government.
Silver coins were struck for it in 1791 and 1796, consisting of the
dollar, of 100 cents, or ten mnacutas; the half dollar, and the pieces
of twenty and ten cents, or one macuta.  In weight these correspond




386                 MODERN COINS-AFRICA.
pretty nearly to the usual dollar standard (418 grains), but fall much
behind in the standard of fineness.  A half dollar assayed at this
mint was found to be only 838 thousandths fine; value about fortyeight cents.*  Copper coins were struck at the same time, the denominations being the one-penny piece and the one-cent piece —the
latter being the half of the former.  It is doubtful whether there has
been any coinage for this colony since the time above mentioned
(1796).
77 to 79. S. 1791-1796. Dollar, half dollar, and ten-cent piece.
All of the same type.  Obv. A lion. "SIERRA LEONE COMPANY."......
"AFRICA."'  Rev. Two hands clasped in friendship.  Above and beneath the hands are inscribed "100." (One hundred cents.) "ONE
DOLLAR PIECE...... "..'791.  (The half dollar is inscribed "falif dollaqr piece," and the macuta "ten cenzt Bpiece.") (See Plate XXVII.
No. 4.)
80 to 84. C. 1791. One-penny and one-cent pieces. All of the
same type as the silver coinage. The "one-cent piece," No. 82,
appears to have been much larger than the other two pieces of the
same date, which makes two varieties of that coin.
REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA.
This Republic was founded in 1820 by the American Colonization
Society, as a colony of free blacks, and the enterprise, though at first
laboring unuder great disadvantages, has been eminently successful.
The capital is at MONROVIA.  The government is modeled after that
of the United States, the senate consisting of six members, and the
house of representatives of twenty-eight.  It was declared an independent State in 1847, and immediately inaugurated a coinage of
copper, consisting of the pieces of one and two cents, which is the
only regular coinage of the country.
86 and 87. C. 1847. Pieces of two and one cent.  Same type.
Obv. A head of Liberty, with the liberty-cap; upon the latter is impressed a star. "REPUBLIC OF LIBE RIA.   Rkev. A palm-tree. "TWO
CENTS," or "ONE CENT,7 and the date.  The inscriptions or legends
on both sides are impressed, in sunken letters, into a raised rim,
similar to that on the huge copper two-penny pieces of England.
* Manual of Coins and Bullion.




MIODERN COINS —AFRICA.                  387
MAU R ITIUS.
This island, situated in the Indian Ocean, was under the dominion
of the French up to the year 1810; in that year it was captured by
the British, and has since remainecl in their possession.
In 1810 a silver piece of ten livres was struck by the French
government for this and the adjoining Island of Bourbon.  These
were about 833 thousandths fine, and weighed 414 grains; value about
96 cents —thus placing the colonial livre at half the value of the
national.
89 and 90. S. 1810. Ten livres.  Obv. The French eagle, surmounted by a crown. "ISLES DE FRANCE ET BONAPARTE." RIev. "'DIX
LIVRES," inscribed between two branches of laurel.
ISLAND OF ST. HELENA.
92. C. 1821. Half penny.  Obv. A shield, surmounted by a helmet, upon which is a lion carrying a crown, and supported by two
lions racmp9ant, each carrying a flag.  [Rev. "ST. HELENA, 1821. HALF
PENNY," inscribed within a wreath of laurel.  A particular interest
attaches to this coin from the fact that the first NAPOLEON spent the
last days of his life in exile upon the island which it represents.
HAW AIIAN ISLAND S.
It will be something of a stride for the imagination to transport
itself from the west coast of Africa, across oceans and continents, to
the Sandwich Islands, but such is the present necessity; and then we
have but little to show, our " collection" of Hawaiian coins amounting
only to duplicates of one piece, the cent, or " one-hundredth."  This,
be it known, however, is the only coinage of that region.  They have
the American system of moneys, and use United States coins, with
the exception of this piece, which is coined there.  The legends and
inscription are in the language of the country.  On the obverse (see
Nos. 94 and 95) is a full-face bust of the king, attired in uniform,
with the legend "IKAMEHiAMEH-IA III KO MOI," and the date.  On the
reverse is the inscription "HAPA  IANER.I" (one-hundredth), inclosed
in a wreath of laurel, and the legend "AUPUNI HAWAII."




388            MiIODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINSo
ORIENTAL COINS.*
The coinage of Oriental countries, with one or two exceptions,
bear no devices, and as a detailed catalogue or description of the
very complete collection of the coins of this character contained in
the Cabinet would be very uninteresting, to say the least, we have
adopted the alternative of laying before the reader certain rules and
explanations by which he may the more readily distinguish such coins
as are impressed with Oriental characters, for which a knowledge of
the language is not requisite.
Almost the only character inscribed upon Oriental coins is the
Arabic, variously modified; in Java and Morocco, the letters are
drawn as rudely as possible; in Turkey and Egypt, with more precision; in Persia they are in the flowing taleele, which appears to
bear something of the relation to the nisclhi, or strict Arabic, that
our Italic letters do to the Roman. The universality of this character
on Eastern moneys is due to the extension and domination of the
Mohammedan faith.
But a person may be versed in Arabic and Persian, as he finds
them ill books, and yet not be able to read these inscriptions.  The
reasons are the following:-first, the letters are not in the form of
1         printing, but of writing; as, for instance, the dashing character (fig. 1.) so conspicuous on all Turkish, Egyptian, and Barbary coins (except Morocco),
is, in type, the preposition, in, or at.  As this character affords
a good clew to those classes of coin, it is to be again noticed.  The
second reason is that the arrangement of the words is often irregular
or fanciful.  For example, if we instance a Turkish silver coin, we
find that if the inscription on the reverse were altered from Arabic
to English script, it would appear nearly as in fig. 2. It is meant to
read " Struck at Constantinople, year 24 of the Sultan's reign, which
* For this article we are largely indebted to Mr. Du Bois, Assistant Assayer,
and the " Manual of Coins and Bullion."




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                     389
commenced 1223 of the hegira.."  Again, a sicca rupee of Calcutta
will be found still more at variance with our ideas of order.  Fig. 3
represents the reverse side; that is, "Struck at lJlorshedabad in
the 19th year of the happy accession to the throne."   Stars or
rosettes are frequently put in by way of ornament.
2                       3                       4
24             /  cessionl to the thlr c   \  Saltans of the two iaends
Str                in te 19 of the ppy  \  vereign of the twuo seas
Confa tinole o                               Sutatn by inheritalnce
CPonitonti f         thcinalge  o trie                      the
1223.                 or/  \    oshtedcabad  Son of a Saltan
This irregularity (as we call it) is still more embarrassing in Persian coins; but, not to multiply such examples, one must be given in
which the inscription is in good consecutive order-the reverse of
a silver coin of Tripoli is shown as an instance (fig. 4).  This
inscription was formerly very common on Turkish coins; it is now
confined to those of Tunis and Tripoli.
Proceeding to identify the coinage of different countries, the
reader will take notice that the character already given, equivalent to
the preposition in or at, is found on all coins of Turkey and of
States really or nominally dependent on that empire.  The toghra,
or monogram of the sultan, is generally on those coins, but the dash
universally; its place in the inscription is thus explained: " Struck
in Constantinople," Egypt, Tripoli, or otherwise, as the case may be.
This mark affords a general distinction between the moneys west and
east of the Euphrates. Supposing it to be found on any given spe..
cimen, the possessor will desire to know to what particular State it
belongs.  For this purpose he has only to acquaint himself with the
word indicating the place of coinage, which, be it observed, is always
directly under the elongated preposition-sometimes a little entangled
with it. The following are the characters proper to the respective
Ottoman mints:26




390       0     MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
IENGLISIH NABME. ICHARACTER ON THE  TYPOGRAPHIC. EQUIVALENT IN
COIN.           FORM.        OUR LETTERS.
Constantinople |        4J,0 >           -        iSLAMBOUL. *
do..                                         K iOSTANTINIEHI.
Egypt                                               M ISR.
Tripoli                           UYE)- Ii ~~U" p'  TRABLOUS.
| Tunis    0    D     e e       j    Ad            TUNIS.
Algiers              P                             JEZAIR.
Some allowance is to be made for variations, as the engravers use
the license of penmen; but the above will be satisfactory guides in
all cases.
Having thus ascertained the place of coinage, an interesting point
remains, to decide the date and reign.  The date is always that of
the hegira, or Mohammedan era, and (with one exception) is in Arabic
figures. These are as follows: —
1    2    3      4t   5    6       7     8      9      0
V    V    r               I                 q A
These are written from  left to right (according to the European
order), but letters and words in Arabic run in the opposite direction.
The method of arriving at the date of the coin (for most Ottoman
coins bear two dates, that of the hegira and of the sultan's reign)
is as follows: Having first ascertained the year of the hegira in
which the sultan ascended the throne (which appears upon all the
* The usual name for Constantinople in the East is Stamboul, an easy corruption of the original Greek name. The Turks appear to have intended a play
upon this word, and at the same time to commend the Mohammedan religion, by
stamping on their coins Islamboul, which means " the fullness of the true faith."
(See JIarsden, 409.) This title was last used in the reign of Selim III., which
commenced 1203 (A.D. 1789).
-t The figure for 4 is sometimes in the form of our 3, reversed, especially on
Ottoman coins.




MODERN  COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                     391
coins of Turkey), upon another portion of the coin the year of his
reign will be found; this being added to the former, gives the date
of the coin according to the year of the hegira, which is readily
transformed to the Christian date.
The accession of the sultans for the past century has been as follows:
Mahmoud I............................... A.H. 1143*    A.D. 1730
Othman III.............................    "  1168      "  1754
Mustapha III............................. "  1171       "  1757
Abdul Hamid............................."  1187'           1774
Selim III...................................  "  1203   "  1789
Mustapha IV..............................  "  1222      "  1807
IMahmoud II...............................  "  1223     "  1808
Abdul Mejid..............................  "  1255      "  1839
The coins of Morocco are the exception to the foregoing explanations. They may be known by this unique characteristic; the date
is that of the hegira, but the figures are European. All other coins
which do not bear the distinguishing marks already stated, but are in
the Arabic or Persian character, belong either to Hindostan, Java,
or Persia.
The coins of Hindostan, of which we speak more at large further
on, are coined at the mints of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. Those
of Calcutta bear the name of the neighboring City of Morshedabad;
those of Madras are stamped as of Arcot; and those of Bombay as
of Surat.  The imprints of the mint are found in the lower portion of
the reverse; they are as follows:CHARACTER ON THE   TYPOGRAPIIIC   EQUIVALENT IN
ENTGLISII NAME.
COIN.            FORM.       OUR LETTERS.
Morshedabad                           0 [          M< D  liORSHEDABAD.
Arcot           b~J, f                             ARCOT.
Surat                                              SURAT.
* The Mohammedan year is lunar, and therefore shorter than ours about eleven
days. This makes a difference of one year in every thirty-three.




392            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
Some of these coins are dated, others not; but the dates are not
to be depended upon.  The gold pagodas and silver fanams of the
south of India may always be known by their shape, being small and
lumpy.
The coins of the Dutch East India Company in Java bore Arabic
impressions previous to the restoration in 1816; they may be known
by the anomaly of bearing a Christian date, and in European figures.
The coins of Persia may generally be recognized by the heavy
semicircular characters in close succession, which bear an unmeaning
aspect to the American eye; the date (when not omitted) is in exceedingly small characters.
I.-OTTOMAN EMPIIRE.
There is no system of money so uncertain and fluctuating as that
of Turkey (called the Ottoman Emplire, after its founder, Othman).
The piastre, or ghersh (otherwise spelt grouch*), which is the unit,
was worth, in 1764, (reign of Mustapha III.), sixty cents in our
money, but in less than three-quarters of a century it was so far depreciated in value that, in 1830, it was worth only three cents intrinsically, although in commerce it was at eighteen to the Spanish dollar, or a fraction over five cents to the piastre.
The gold coins of Turkey are, the pieces of 100 piastres, at 915
thousandths fine, and 111 grains weight; value $4.37.4; and the
yirmilikc, of twenty piastres, the onlikc of ten, and the allunli beshlic,
of five piastres, at the fineness of twenty carats, or 833 thousandths;
the largest weighing twenty-four and one-half grains Troy.
The silver coins are, the pieces of twenty piastres, at 828 thousandths fine, and 371- grains weight; value eighty-two cents; and the
five piastre, and its half, and the piece of one piastre, with its half
and quarter, the latter consisting of ten paras.  Besides these they
also have the pieces of 6, 3, 1~ piastres, and the single para.  The
pieces of 1~ piastres and upward are forty-three and forty-four per
cent. of silver, the others are much lower.
Our series of Ottoman coins is unusually extensive and complete,
* Marsden derives it from the German groshen.




MODERN COINS- ORIENTAL COINS.                393
through the aid of JOHN P. BROWN, ESQ., now, and for many years,
dragooman to the American Legation at Constantinople.  The suite
consists of 123 pieces, of which twenty-seven are gold, the remainder
silver (mostly base) and copper.  The earliest date is that of Murad
I., who died in 1389.  The coins of the present sultan, Abdul Medjid, conclude the series.
II.-EGYPT.
This country was reduced to the condition of a Turkish province
in 1517, but at the present day, through the vigorous administration
of its pacha, this dependence has been rendered merely nominal;
since 1839 it has existed as a vice-royalty and fief of the Ottoman
Porte.  Its coins always bear the name of the sultan of Turkey;
and the system of moneys is the same in both countries, both using
the piastre as a unit.
The gold coins of Egypt are the pieces of 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5
piastres.  The last two or three seem inconveniently small, and remind us forcibly of the "California quarters."  The principal coin is
nearly equal in value to our half eagle; hence the Egyptian piastre,
in gold, is worth five cents.
In 1801 the silver piastre of Cairo was worth twenty cents of our
money, less than that of Constantinople, which was then worth
twenty-six cents.  Under the new system of Mehemet Ali, which is
based upon the Austrian standards, the real, equivalent to the Austrian rix dollar, is rated at twenty piastres, making the silver piastre
worth 5.02 cents.  There are six denominations of silver coins, 20,
10, 5, 1, 2, and 4 piastre; the piastre or unit is divided, nominally,
into forty paras.  The coins of Egyptian caliphs of the middle ages,
and the still more ancient pieces of the Ptolemies, are mentioned
under the head of "Greek Monarchies."
III.-T R I P O L I.
This country, one of the Barbary States, is nominally a regency of
the Ottoman Empire.  It formerly had a distinct coinage, in no respect assimilated to that of the sultan, except that it bore his name




394            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
and titles in the impression, to the exclusion of those of the reigning
bashaw.  The coins were of little commercial importance, and of still
less value as specimens of art, but at the present day, being extremely
scarce on this side of the ocean, they are proportionably curious.
The mint law, or rather the instruction of the bashaw to his coiners,
as to the alloy and composition of the moneys, was, as in most Turkish countries, a State secret, and the issue of coin as often an expedient to raise money for the government as to provide a currency
for the people.  A considerable parcel of coin having been struck at
the mint, public criers proclaimed the value at which it must be received; and the people were compelled, under severe penalties, to
accept the coin at its arbitrary valuation, until the issue in the possession of the bashaw had been expended, when the money was suffered to fall to its intrinsic value.
A notable instance of this policy was that of a pretended gold
coin, issued by Youssuf Bashaw. In 1827, pieces called adlea, having
a gold exterior, and weighing about forty grains Troy, were forced
upon the people as the equivalent of a dollar.  In a few days they
declined to the one-thirtieth of that amount, which was considered to
be their real value.  These oppressive measures of Youssuf were the
principal cause of the revolution which led to his overthrow and
abdication in 1832.
The gold coin of Tripoli has for a long time disappeared, even
rom its own capital city.  The latest date is A.l. 1233 (A.D. 1820),
though the dies with this date were said to have been continued in
use until 1829, with a view to impose an inferior coin into circulation.
Of the silver or billon coin, there are two series of modern date.
The first is that of Youssuf Bashaw, of the twenty-fifth year of Sultan
Mahmoud II. (1832), consisting of the ghersh or piastre, and its
divisions.  The weight of the ghersh was 2k meticals; the alleged
fineness was one-third, but our assays prove an habitual endeavor at
one-fourth.  The second series is that of Nedgib, his successor, consisting of the utchlik of 1- piastres, or 120 paras, and its divisions.
The utchlik weighs 3~ meticals, and its fineness is about the same as
the ghersh.  It therefore appears that the value of the piastre was




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                  395
increased; Youssuf's was worth ten cents in our money, that of Nedgib twelve and one-half cents; nearly the same as in Tunis.
At the present day no money is coined in Tripoli, their currency
being chiefly derived from Turkey.*
IV.- T -UN IS.
This country is nominally a dependency of Turkey, and allegiance
is acknowledged, as in Egypt and Tripoli, by the inscription of the
sultan's name and titles upon the coin, without mention of the reigning bey.  The system of money is entirely distinct from that of the
mother country.
While this regency is reported to have made considerable advances
in civilization, it must be owned that'the coinage is an exception; its
fluctuations of value and baseness of composition show that it belongs to Barbary.  The coins are scarcely seen in our part of the
world, and are but slightly noticed in. standard treatises.
The old piastre of Tunis (say of Selim III.) was of the intrinsic
value of twenty-five cents, or one-fourth of a Spanish dollar.  In
1828 the bey ordered a new coinage, of which the piastre was to pass
for one-fifth of a dollar; but its real value was not more than fourteen cents.  The coins have since declined somewhat, so that at present the piastre is scarcely worth thirteen cents.  In fact, the coinage
is regulated by no declared standard, but varies according to the
secret instructions of the government.
The arbitrary value set upon the piastre of 1828 gave rise, as
might have been expected, to a profitable speculation for private
coiners beyond the Mediterranean, as well as for the bey himself.
Quantities of counterfeit Tunisian piastres-if it be right to stigmatize them as such, since they were fully equal to the bey's in valuewere coined in Europe, and introduced into Tunis; where, being exchanged at the rate of five to the dollar, they had the effect of driving
good foreign coins out of circulation, and obliged the government to
annul its decree.  The piastres then fell to their true valuation, and
* Letter of M. J. GAINES, Consul at Tripoli, to the Treasury Department, May
21, 1859.




396            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
so continue, except that the course of trade sometimes attaches to
them a variable rate in commerce. For example, a failure in the
crops of corn, oil, etc., will reduce the piastre to seventy or eighty
French centimes, or thirteen to fifteen cents of the United States;
but when the harvests are abundant, the value (against foreign money)
rises to seventeen cents.
Y.-A L GIE R S,
In the north of Africa, was formerly a Turkish regency, but had a
system of coins distinct from the mother country. In 1830 it came
under the dominion of the French, and has since been supplied with
a coinage executed by that power.  The coins belonging to the old
system are seldom or never seen in this region, especially at the present time. We have but five specimens in the Cabinet, one of gold,
three of silver, and one of copper. These are of little importance,
except as curiosities; they bear inscriptions in Oriental characters,
but no devices. (See Nos. 20 to 24.)
VI.-MO R O  C o.
This country is one of the Barbary States, in the north of Africa,
and is usually complimented with the prefix of Empire.
The coins of the neighboring country of Spain are current here,
but Morocco has also a coinage of her own, executed in a truly barbarian style. The monetary system is as follows: six filse (copper)
are equal to one blankieel, formerly a coin, but now imaginary; four
blankeels make one silver ounce, ukiah or dirhem; and ten of these
are equal to one miscal, a money of account.  A Spanish dollar of
the Peninsula passes for fifteen ounces; a pillar or Spanish-American dollar is held at sixteen. (This is purely a commercial distinction; intrinsically, one dollar is as good as the other.) A Peninsular
dollar is also equal to one and one-half miscals.  There was formerly
a dollar or real coined in Morocco, of full value; but it is now almost
out of circulation.  The only gold coin is the buntagui, equal to two
dollars.
Many years ago, a service of gold plate was sent by the king of




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                 397
Spain as a present to the sultan.  His religion did not permlit him
to accept it; but, not willing altogether to decline the courtesy, he
sent it back with a request that it might be made into coin.  The
Spanish monarch accordingly converted it into half doubloons, or
eight-dollar pieces, impressed with Moorish characters, but with the
designation " Struck at Madrid."  These are now very scarce, having
generally been carried away to other countries, as curiosities.
VII.-PERSIA, BOKIHARA, AND  GEORGIA.
In this series we include only modern pieces, coined within a century past, those of an ancient date being noticed in another place.
The two latter sections are of little importance to any except the
curious, but the former will require a more extended notice.
Previous to the reign of Fatha Ali, which commenced in 1797, the
most usual coins of Persia were the gold rupee, or mohur, and the
silver rupee, or ten shahee. These corresponded pretty nearly with
the India coinage, of the same era. There were other pieces, of
which the ducat or ashrafi was the most important, and of which
there is a notice as early as 1724.  This was of the European ducat
or sequin weight, being three-fourths of a rniscal, which is the normal
money-weight of Persia.* Amid the various changes in the coinage, it has retained its place and character, though now known by
the name of toman.  In the long reign of Fatha Ali, extending to
1834, there were some changes in the monetary system.  During the
earlier years the toman was issued weighing ninety-four Troy grains.
From 1814 to 1824 the toman seems to have been reduced to seventyone and one-quarter grains, or about one miscal in weight.  The
ducat was then a distinct coin.
Of the silver coinage in his reign, the sahib-coran or real, until
1807 inclusive, weighed 159 grains. In the next year it was reduced
to 143 grains, or two miscals, and so continued, probably, to the close
of his government.
* The miscal is variously rated at seventy-one to seventy-five and one-half
Troy grains; probably it is accurate enough to assume seventy-two, which is
exactly three dwts.




398            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
In 1834 Mohammed Shah, grandson of Fatha All, succeeded
to the throne. He reduced the weight of the toman to fifty-three
and three-quarters grains, so that it corresponds with the former
ducat.  The toman and its half are now the only gold coins: of the
silver, the sahib-koran now weighs eighty-three grains; its half, the
penebad, in proportion; the copper coins are the shahee and its half.
The present relations of the coins are as follows: ten shahees equal
one penebad; two of these, one sahib-koran; ten of these last, one
toman.  Persian coins seldom stray into this quarter of the world.
VII. -C CUFIC  COINS.'Under this technical title (originating from the town of Cupah,
where was the first mint of the successors of Mohammed), collectors
generally place all the coins of Arabic inscription of the middle ages.
They form an extremely rare and curious series, not much studied as
yet in our Western world.  The earliest is the silver dirhem  of
WAILID, the famous caliph of Damascus, A.D. 713.  There are pieces
of HARouN ALRAScHID, (see Division XV., "Selections,") ALMAHDI,
and other caliphs of Bagdad, various caliphs and Mameluke sultans
of Egypt, princes of Diarbeklir and Mosul, and Tartar conquerors of
Persia, down to A.D. 1316.  There are thirty pieces in this suite, of
which six are gold, the remainder silver and copper.
IX.-EHIND 0 STAN.
The coins of this country, almost wholly under British dominion
and familar to us by course of trade, may be noticed more at large.
Gold Coins —1. Mohur of the East India Company.  Struck at
Calcutta in the name of the Mogul emperor, Shah Alum; dated in
his year 19, or A.D. 1789.
2, 3. Half and quarter mohur, of the same.
4. Mohur of Bombay.  Persian legend on one side, and English
on the other.  No date.
5. One-third mohur.  Same.
6. Piece of two pagodas. Southern India.
7. Star pagoda, of Madras.
S. Farouki, or pagoda, of TIPPOO SAIB.  Southern India.




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                 399
Silver Coins. —9, 10, 11, 12. Sicca rupees, of the Great Mogul,
SHAH JEHAN, dethroned A.D. 1660.  Different types.  Nearly fine
silver.  Legends in the Persian-Arabic character.
13, 14. Old octagonal Mahratta rupees.  Hindoo legends.
15, 16. Old sicca rupees, of the Mogul Empire.
17, 18, 19. Square rupees. Old Mogul dynasty.
20, 21. Half rupee and eighth, of the Punjab region.
22 to 28. Sicca rupees of Northern India.  Eighteenth century.
29. Mahratta rupee; circular.
30, 31. Rupees of Delhi; latter part of the Mogul dynasty.
32, 33, 34. Two rupees and half, of petty princes in Northern India;
inferior silver.
35. Rupee, of Cashmere.
36, 37. Rupees of Calcutta, or Morshedabad.  Coined by the East
India Company in the name of the Mogul Emperor, SrIAR ALUAM.
Persian legends.  The edges are reeded, the lines inclining.
38, 39, 40. Rupee, half, and quarter.  Same type as preceding,
with perpendicular lines on the edge.  More recent than the last
numbers.
41, 42, 43. Rupee, half, and quarter.  Same type, but of reduced
diameter and smooth edges, probably coined after 1818; but they all
bear the date " 19th of Shah Alum," corresponding to 1779.
44, 45, 46. One half, and two quarter rupees, of the East India
Company, without the 19.  Struck at Morshedabad.
47. Double rupee, of ARcOT (Madras), dated A.H. 1172, (A.D. 1758.)
The Shah Alumghir.  Really coined in 1811.
48, 49, 50, 51. Two rupees, and half and sixteenth, of the Madras
Presidency of the East India Company, bearing the same date and
legends as No 47 in Persian-Arabic.  Really coined in 1818.
52. (Left vacant for a Bombay rupee.)
53, 54. Two quarter pagodas, of Madras.  Not dated, (1811.)
55. Rupee, of Cabul.
56. (Left for a rupee of WILLIAM IV.)
57, 58, 59. Two, half and one quarter rupee, of WILLIAM IV., 1835.
Calcutta mint. Legends in English.
60, 61, 62. (Left for VICTORIA pieces.)




400            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
63. Piece of two annas, or one-eighth rupee. VICTORIA, 1841.
64 to 67. Small silver fanams, of Southern India.
68. IRix dollar, of Ceylon.
71. Square piece, partly of lead. Said to bear the date A.H. 100,
(A.D. 722.)
72. Pice of ALADDIN MOHAMMED SHAH, A.H. 695, (A.D. 1295.)
73. Do. of MOHAMMED SHAH, A.H. 725, (A.D. 1324.)
74. Do. of MOAZIrM FIRUG SHAH, 752, (A.D. 1351.)
75. Do. of NASREDDIN MOHAMMED SHAH, 796, (A.D. 1393.)
76. Do. (Square) of MOHAMMED SHAH, A.D. 1435.
77. Do. (Square) of GHIASEDDIN, A.D. 1469.
78. Do. of SEKANDER, 894, (A.D. 1488.)
The foregoing, from  72 to 78, are of the AFGHAN SULTANS of
Northern H1indostan, whose dynasty was overthrown by the descendants of TIMOUR, commonly called the Great Moguls, about the middle of the sixteenth century, who maintained their seat at Delhi until
the Empire was gradually wrested fromn them by the East India Company.
79. Double pice, of AKBAR, Great Mogul, 963, (A.D. 1556.)
The next pieces, 80 to 90, are old pice, not identified, but presumed
to be of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
91 to 102, are the more recent copper coins of the East India
Company, from a half anna to one pie (or peisah, or pice, as above),
with a mixture of languages in the legends-Persic, Bengalee and
English.
X.-CIIINA AND COCHIN-CHINA.
The great bulk of Chinese currency consists of Spanish dollars.
It was formerly* the practice among Chinese traders to cut the dollars into halves, quarters, etc., for the purpose of making change;
this practice produced the necessity of weighing the coins or bits
whenever a transfer took place.  In fact, this operation is said to
accompany all exchange of metallic money in China, each merchant
being provided with a pair of scales and the other necessary ap* Latterly, we believe, discontinued.




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                 401
pliances.  The native traders have also become, from long practice,
adepts in distinguishing the different qualities of metal, merely from
sight and touch.  They have another curious custom, long in vogue,
as follows: each merchant, upon receiving a new Spanish dollar,
stamped it with his private mark; in this way, before the piece in
question had been long in circulation amlong them, it acquired the
sobriquet of "chopped dollar."  The effect of this custom will be
readily seen by referring to the pieces in the Cabinet.  After the
Spanish coins have become so much defaced as to be no longer fit for
currency, they are melted and cast into an oblong bar called a tael.
(These are usually denominated "dollar taels," to distinguish them
from the tael of sycee, or pure silver —commercially fine.)  These
are valued respectively at $1.50 and $1.65. (See Division XV., " Selections. ")
The Chinese also have a gold bar of ten taels. This has a peculiar
wavy appearance upon its upper surface, produced by shaking the
mould in which it is cast while the metal is cooling; after the casting has been accomplished, the inscriptions are impressed upon it
with small punches. The specimen in the Cabinet (see Division XV.,
" Selections,") has inscribed upon it several Chinese characters, translated as follows: "SHIH TSUIHI* (ten touches), referring to quality;
commercially fine gold.  Next we have the word "WING " (everlasting); and last, "ZIH-TAE" (virtuously great).  The last is said to
be the title of the imperial house.  This is found to be 966 thou-'sandths fine; value $235.50.
The tael, applied above, appears to designate the unit of Chinese
money, and is the translation adopted by the Portuguese, the Chinese word being "LEUNG."
The only regular coins struck by the Chinese are the small copper and brass pieces known as "cash;" these are about equal in size
to our half eagle, and have a square hole in the center, with the
Chinese characters inscribed on both sides; they are used in all the
petty transactions among the natives, who string them on long strings
and wear them slung about the neck. The value, which is almost
too insignificant to be computed, is very nearly one-fifth of our cent.
- This is upon the upper side, and is five times repeated.




402            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
From  Cochin-China, we have a specimen of a more decided attempt at a regular coinage-the silver dollar. This has upon one
side the Chinese dragon (from which it derives the appellation of
"dragon dollar"), and upon the other, a sun, and the inscriptions in
the Chinese characters; translated "tong pao," (current money).
The edge is reeded, the lines inclining, and both the obverse and
reverse are deeply indented around the edge. The fineness is 750
thousandths, and the value 90 ets. (See Division XV., " Selections.")
XI.-BUiRMAHI AND SIAM.
Of Burmah we have a specimen of their ancient currency. This
is merely a gravel-stone incased in brass; a forced value was placed
upon it by the government. (See Division XV., " Selections.")
The coins of Siam, of which we have a full set, are the most remarkable of any which have yet fallen under our notice.  These
consist of mere lumps of silver and gold, fashioned into a shape well
calculated to remind one of the restless character of a true circulating medium. Of the gold there are three pieces, coined about the
year 1830, of the respective values of $3.88, $2.10, and 60 cents;
the fineness being 800 thousandths.  The silver consists of seven
pieces: the tecal, valued at sixty cents, and its parts-the smallest
piece being worth only one-third of a cent.  The tecal, though
modern, appears to be equivalent to the ancient tecal or shekel of
Western Asia; all the pieces, both gold and silver, are stamped with
Siamese characters. (See Division XV., "Selections.")
XII.-JAP AAN.
This insular empire, shut out from all intercourse with mankind by
its own act, has a system of metallic moneys the peculiarities of
which cannot fail to interest the American reader, especially at the
present time, when the attention of the commercial world is being
attracted to that quarter of the globe. The Cabinet contains a full
set of these coins, recently received, and which have been fully tested
and examined by the Assayers of the Mint.  The subjoined extracts,
taken from their report to the Director of the MAint, contain all that




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                  403
it will be necessary to say on this subject. (See Plate XXVII. Nos.
5 and 6.)
"The series of Japanese coin consists of three sizes of gold, two
of silver, and three of an alloy of inferior metals.  In their shape,
composition, and relation to each other, they present some striking
features, which set them apart from every other system of coinage in
the world.
"The principal gold coin, known as the cobang or cobanlc, is of
an oval shape, about two and a half inches long, and half as wide.
It is very thin, soft, and easily bent, having no elasticity; its appearance is that of fine gold, and its surface is marked by sundry figures
not well understood as yet, although it is said that the flowery
ornaments are'the arms of the spiritual emperor,' and that a certain
central cipher is the special imprint of the'Inspector General of
Money.' The weight, two specimens agreeing, is 362 thousandths of
an ounce, or nearly 174 grains.  Next is a gold piece of one-fourth
that weight, and intended as a quarter of the preceding, called the'gold itzebu;' but its form is entirely different.  It is four-sided, rectangular, and very thick; three-fourths of an inch long, and half that
in width. The smallest gold coin is the half itzebu, of proportional size.
We have then the silver itzebu, and its quarter of the same domino
shape; the larger piece weighing.280 of an ounce, or 134- grains.
Passing to the third division, there is the'hundred p'senny,' a casting
of red brass, oval and thick, measuring two inches long, and a little
more than half as wide, with a hole in the center.  Finally, there
are pieces of four, and one p1'senzy circular, with holes in the center,
and scarcely to be distinguished from the well-known Chinese cash.
"The composition of these coins, a subject falling within our particular province, has been to some extent examined.  The cobang
and itzebu, as was observed, have the appearance of fine gold; and
it is said are regarded at home as being of high quality.  But it is
only necessary to scratch away the surface, to discover that the
Japanese understand the process of pickling, well known to workers
in jewelry, whether in America or Asia, or even in the center of
Africa.  Trusting to the som-ewhat permanent effects of'hard biting,' they have not even added copper to mitigate the whitening




404             MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
effect of silver alloy; the mixture being gold and silver, and not far
from equal proportions.  The cobang, two pieces assayed, gave 567k
and 5682 thousandths fine; the itzebu resulted 566.  These figures
indicate, a designed, though probably a secret standard.  The consequent intrinsic values are, according to our mint rates, and allowing for silver contained, $4.44* for the cobang, and $1.11 (nearly) for
the itzebu.
"It is interesting to observe that, although so ignorant of the
meth.ods of other nations, Japan has imitated, and even exceeded
them  in the process of deterioration of moneys.  About the beginning of the last century, the cobang, quite similar in shape and device
to the present piece, weighed 272 grains, was 854 fine, and worth
just ten dollars. A century later, it had fallen to 196 grains, 667
fine, and worth (including silver) five dollars and seventy-eight cents.
"<The smallest gold coin has not been assayed; it evidently contains but little gold, and has therefore a forced valuation.  The
transition to the next piece in order, the largest silver coin, affords
a fresh surprise.  It is found to be of almost absolute fineness; that
is, 991 thousandths, and is worth 37 cents.  While this proves that
the Japanese possess the art of refining, it does not explain why they
debase the gold and refine the silver. The smallest silver piece is
apparently not inferior in fineness.
"The foregoing details will be interesting to the numismatist and
metallurgist; but the fact which remains will excite a more popular
attention —it is in regard to the legal relation which these coins bear
to each other.  Insulated from  the rest of mankind, the Japanese
have proportioned gold to silver according to their own ideas of
use and state of supply.  The gold and silver itzebu are, as is stated,
interchangeable; that is, a piece which is worth in our eyes 111 cents
* The assay conducted at the Mint, in the presence of the Ambassadors, resulted in placing the value of the present cobang at about $3.45, or, including
silver, $3.57. The full value by this assay gave a fraction over $3.58, and so
near to $3.60, or 90 cents to the itzebu, that it was proposed by the Japanese to
make that the round estimate for purposes of commerce, which the officers of
the Mint considered reasonable; and their written views, sent afterwards to the
Embassy through the Treasury Department, may be considered as a settlement
of that point.




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                405
(and to a Japanese, worth nearly as much as two of our gold dollars,
because he supposes it to be much better gold than it is), buys no
more than a piece which with us would be 37 cents.  The Spanish
or Mexican dollar they consider equal to three itzebu, which is
three-fourths of a cobang, or $3.33.  The abundance of gold, or
scarcity of silver, which creates such a strange ratio, would no doubt
be promptly corrected by. foreign traders for the sake of the enormous
profit. But, unfortunately, there is a stringent law against the exportation of coin, which makes it very difficult even to get a few
pieces for assay. For our facilities in this respect, we are indebted
to the perseverance of a gentleman who is interested in the collection of rare coins, and to his correspondent abroad.
"What relation the oval piece of brass, which passes for'one hundred,' bears to the itzebu, we are not informed. It weighs only about
six times as much as the piece of one p'senny, and therefore bears an
arbitrary value; unless brass is there held to be vastly more valuable
than an alloy of copper and lead, which appears to be the composition of the coin which stands at the bottom of the scale."
We have since received another piece, like the last, of iron, of which
it takes 7000 to make a Spanish dollar. (See Division XV., " Selections. ")
XIII.-MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.
Of this extensive group of islands, Sumatra and Java are under
the dominion of the Netherlands, and the Philippines under that of
Spain.  Some of the other islands are settled by the Dutch, and
over others the English claim dominion.
The only coinage of any great extent for these possessions is that
for the Island of Java.  For this island there has been three distinct
series of coins. The first was issued by the Holland, or Dutch East
India Company, and was continued until the capture of their possessions by the English in 1811. This series consisted of the gold rupee
and its half, and the silver rupee, with its half and quarter; they are
all impressed with Oriental characters, but have a Christian date.
Besides these there was a copper piece of the denomination of a
27




406            MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.
quarter stiver. Of these there were several types: first we have two
specimens of the date 1790; they both have upon one side the letters "o. v. c.;" the v. being much larger than the other letters, and
so arranged as to overlap them; this side bears the date.  On the
other side they differ in type: the first having the arms of the province of Utrecht (party per bend, proper; argent and gules); and
the other a crowned shield, bearing two lions rampant-combatant,
and the legend "IN DEO EST SPES NOSTRA" (in God is our trust).
We have also two other specimens of a later date, bearing upon one
side a cock, with Oriental characters; one has an inscription on the
reverse in Oriental characters; while the reverse of the other is distinguished by a device resembling a sun, and the year of the hegira
in European figures, 1250, (A.D. 1834.)
IUpon the expulsion of the Dutch in 1811, the English issued a
new series of coins bearing inscriptions in Oriental characters as in
the former series. In 1816 the island was restored to the Dutch;
since which time a third series of coins have been issued differing
very materially from the former. These consist of the gulden, and
its half and quarter, with two copper pieces of the respective values
of two kreutzers and quarter stiver.  The gulden has upon the
obverse a head of William I., King of the Netherlands, and the
legend, in Dutch, "WILLAM KONING DER NED. G. II. V. L.;" and on
the reverse, a crowned shield, bearing the arms of the Netherlands;
the value "1......G;"  and the inscription (beneath the shield) " NEDERLANDSCIH INDIE."  Legend, "MUNT VON HET KONINGRYK DER NEDERLANDEN. 1821."  The smaller pieces have the same obverse, but a
different reverse; the value "HALVE GULDEN,"7 or "KWVART GULDEN,"7
being inscribed within a wreath of palm; above is inscribed " NEDERLANDSCH INDIE,," and beneath, the date. These all have grained edges.
The copper pieces have the arms upon the obverse, and the inscription "NEDERL INDIE," and the date upon the reverse. (See Division
of Oriental Coins.)
Of other islands, we have several specimens of copper coins, as
follows: Two small pieces of the same type and date (1804)-one
for the Island of Sumatra, and the other for Saltana; they are both




MODERN COINS-ORIENTAL COINS.                  407
inscribed with the name of the island to which they belong.  A copper piece of the Philippine Islands, bearing the arms of Spain and
the legend "YEAB. (Isabel) II. D. G. HISP ET IND. R." 7upon the obverse, and a crowned lion upon the reverse.  A small copper piece
(size of a farthing), struck for one of the British islands; the inscriptions are Oriental; but the date, which denotes the year of the
hegira, 1250 (A.Do 1834), is in European characters,








INDE X.
PAGE
PREFAC...................................................................................                           3
List of Directors of the United States Mint........................................    5
Introduction............,,......,.........,                        7.............                         7
Abbreviations..............,,0,,,...........................................                 20
ANCIENT COINS.
Greek   Republics..............................................................................                              21
Greek  Monarchies.......................................................................                                        27
Roman  Family  Coins........................................................................                                                                          34
Roman   Empire.........................................................................                                                                     41
Rom an   Byzantine.............................................................................                                                                    7
MODERN COINS.
Africa...........................................................................................  385
Liberia....................................................................................   386
Sierra Leone......................................................385
Am erica,  North.............................................................................                           83
Canadian............................................................................... 200
Colonial, United  States.............................................                              83
Maryland............................................................   87
M assachusetts.....................................................................                                                               85
"Rosa Americana" Coins............................................  88
Virginia..............,.................................................    87
Confederacy...................................................   88
Connecticut.......................................................................   89
Federal  Coinage................................................................                                  92
Massachusetts.................................................   89
New    Jersey....................................................                                            89
Private  Issues and  Importations............................................    90
Vermont......,,,..,., 88
National Coinage of the United States.......................................  96
Standard of 1792..................................................................  98
History of first United States Mint Operations..........................   98
Standards since 1792............................................................  100
History  of United  States Coins...........................................  101
Gold..........................................................................   02
Silver..........................................................................   107
Copper....................................................................                                                          112
Branch Mints...................................... 115
Experimental Coins..............................................................  116
Private Issues.................,.................,. 121
North  Carolina......................................................  121
Georgia.................................................  123
(409)




410                                                     INDEX.
America, North-(continued.)                                                                                             PAGE
California.................................................................... 124
Utah............................................................................  128
Mexico.....                                                         8 346
America, Central and  South............................................................... 357
Bolivia.................................................................................... 875
Brazil...................................................................................... 369
Cartagena.................................................................................. 361
Chili....................................................................................... 379
Costa  Rica............................................................................... 358
Ecuador................................................................................... 363
New   Granada............................................................................ 358
Venezuela............................................................................... 362
Guiana,   British........................................................................   200
La Plata (i.e. Argentine Republic)..8.......................... 376
Peru....................................................................................... 365
North  and  South  Peru..............................  368
Uruguay..................................................................................  378
Australia...................................................................................... 199
Austrian  Empire..............................................................................  148
Hungary............................................15.........  154
Ragusa.................................................................................... 156
Belgium................................................................... 163
Denmark....................................................................................... 318
Holstein.................................................................................. 8327
Norway................................................................................... 327
France.........................................................................................  167
German  Empire.....................................................................    143
German  States.................................................................................  204
Anhalt.................................................................................... 252
Baden......................................................... 246
Bavaria..................................... 238
Brandenburg-Anspach..........................................................  240
Brandenburg-Baireuth......................................................... 239
Branclenburg-Anspach-Baireuth....................................                           240
Dukedoms of Bavaria  (Upper and  Lower).................................  241
Kingdom...................................... 244
Palatinate  of the  Rhine........................                                                        242
Union  of the  Dukedoms and  Palatinate................................... 244
Bernburg..........................................          252
Brunswick.............................................................................  213
Hanover...............................                                                 218
Hesse...................................................................................... 2253
Hohenlohe................................................................................ 253
Hohenzollern    (Hechingen  and  Sigmaringen)....................................                               253
Lippe.................................                                                                         254
Lorrain............................................................... 254
Mecklenburg................ 249
Medallic  Ducats, etc.......................................                                     254
Nassau.................................................................................... 222
Oldenburg........................................................                       253
Prussia......................................................................... 209
RLeuss...................................................................................... 253
Saxony..................................................... 226
Saxe-Coburg.....................................................................   235
Saxe-Gotha........................................................................ 235
Saxe-Meiningen.............................................................. 234
Saxe-Weimar-Eissenach........................................................   235
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt....................................................... 252
Waldeck................................................................................... 251
Westphalia...............................................................................  216
Wiirtemburg............................................................................. 236




INDEX.                                                                  411
PAGE
Great Britain...........................................................................                        178
Scotland before the Annexation.................................................... 181
Australia.................................................................................  199
Canada.................................................................................... 200
British   Guiana.........................................................................    200
British Tokens......................................................................... 202
Greece...........................................................................................   316
Hanse Towns, or Free Cities.............................................................. 255
Augsburg...........................     268
Bacherach........................................................         269
Bamberg and Wurtzburg.............................................. 264
Bremen...................................................................................  255
Coblentz....... 270
Cologne...................................................................................  263
Frankfort..........................................................................  262
"Gold   Money  of  the  Silver  City.................................................  270
Hamburg.................................................................................  261
Henneberg....267.... 2G7
Hildesheim..............................................................................    267
Jungstein.......................................................... 270
Lowenstein............................................................................. 267
Magdeburg....................................                                                268
Mentz...... 269
Mentz.                                                                                                            266
MvIetz.......................................................................................  266
Munster................................................................................... 266
Nuremberg................................................ 259
Ratisbon..............................................................  266
Salisburg.......................................................................                                                   65
Spires...................................................................................... 269
Stolberg................................................................................  268
Stralsund...............................................................................  266
Treves.....................................................................................  268
Wesel......................................................................................  269
Islands:
Malta......................................................................................  304
Mauritius............................................................  387
Sandwich................................................................................. 387
St. Helena...............................................................................  387
West Indies..............................................................................   381
British  Possessions...............................................................  384
Danish  Possessions...............................................................385
French Possessions.............................................................                   384
Hayti................................................................................  382
Mlartinique, etc......................................... 384
Italian  States.................................................................................    271
Lombardy   and  Venice......................................................   275
Lucca and Piombino.................................................................. 294
Naples  and  Sicily.....................................................                                                          296
Parma....................................................................................  295
Rome...........................................................................  280
City  of  Bologna..................................................................  287
Sardinia.................................................................................  271
Tuscany.................................................................................  288
Netherlands...................................................................................  157
Poland.......................................................................................... 314
Portugal........................................................................................                                         137
African  Colonies.........................................................................  143
Russia...........................................................................................                        05
Spain............................................................................................  129
Sweden.........................................................................      328
Norway....................................................................................   335




412                                                                  INDEX.
PAGE
Switzerland................................................................................... 335
Aargau,   Canton of...................................................................  343
Appenzell,                  ".................................................................... 343
Base    l,....................................................................   341
Bern, " ~............................................. 338
Geneva,                     ".................................................................. 344
Glarus,..                                                                                               344
Glarus, "....................................................................  344
Lucerne,    u                 c....................................................................  340
Lucerne,                    "..340
Neufchatel,.................................................................... 345
Soleure,                     "................................................................... 342
St. Gall,                   "...................................... 341
Ticino,.................................................................... 341
Unterwalden,..........                                                                                                                     343
Vaud,....................................................................  339
Zurich.................................................................... 339
Republic of 1798..........................................................                         345
Constitution   of  1848.................................................................  346
ORIENTAL.
Explanations..................................................................................  388
Algiers.........................................................................................   396
Burmah..40.....................................................                                                                                    402
China, and Cochin-China.................................................................                                                             400
Cufic  Coins....................................................................................  398
Egypt............................................................................................  393
Hindostan.....................................................................              98
Japan.................................................................................   402
Malay Archipelago...........................................................................                405
Morocco........................................................................................ 396
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)................................................................ 392
Persia, Bokhara, and Georgia..3....................................................... 397
Siam....................................................................................  402
Tripoli.................................................................................  393
Tunis.........................................................................................    395