NOTI CE. Engineers and Superintendents of Gas Works will confer a favor on HARRIS & BRO., by acknowledging the receipt of the "Pocket Companion." GAS SUPERINTENDENT'S POCKET COMIPANION FOR THE YEA' COMPILED BY DR. WM. H. M'FADDEN, OF HARRIS & BROTHER, GAS METER MANUFACTURERS, No. 111t CHERRY STREET, PHITLADELPHIA. - -- - I - - l 5 6 7 i JAN 12 4 5 6JULY. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 1011 12 13 8 9 10 1112 1314 14 15 16 17 18 1920 1516 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 2627 2223 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 2930 31 FEB. 1 2 3AUG. 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 8 91011 11 1211314151617 126 13 1415 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 26 27 28 29 30 31 MAR. 1 2 3 SEPT. 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 910 11 12 13 14 15 18 19120 21 22 23 24 1617 1.8 19 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 APRIL. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OCT. 1 2 34 56 8i 9 1011 12 13 14 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 1]8 19 20 21 1415 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 2425 26 27 28 21 22 23 24 25126 27 29 30 2829 30!31 [AY. 1 2 3 4 5NOV. 123 6 7 8 9 1011 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 1819 1112 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25126 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 JUNE. 1 2 DEC. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 10 11 1213 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 16 17 18119 20 21 22,'s 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 vr1 30 31 3 ECLIPSES FOR THE YEAR 1866. There will be five Eclipses this year; three of the Sun, and two of the Moon. I. A partial Eclipse of the Sun, March 16th. This is a small Eclipse, visible only in the extreme northeastern part of Asia and northwestern part of America. II. A total Eclipse of the Moon, March 30th. This Eclipse is visible in this country. III. A partial Eclipse of the Sun, April 15th. A small Eclipse, visible in Australia only. IV. A total Eclipse of the Moon, September 24th. This Eclipse will not be visible in this country. V. A partial Eclipse of the Sun, October 8th. This Eclipse is not visible in this country, except in the northeastern portion of it, where it will be seen as a small partial Eclipse. It will also appear as such in the western part of Europe and the northwestern part of Africa. EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES. D. H. M. Vernal Equinox.. March 20, 2 46 mo. Summer Solstice.. June 21, 11 26 aft. Autumnal Equinox.. Sept. 23, 1 43 mo. Winter Solstice.. Dec 21, 7 42 aft. 4 TO GAS ENGINEERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS OF GAS WORKS. GENTLEMEN:Our house commenced the manufacture of gas meters eighteen years ago, and was among the first in the business in this country. We had to contend with the prepossessions for the English made meter, and with the prejudices against those made in our own land. Our practical and mechanical knowledge of meter making, with industry, energy, and close attention to business, soon enabled us to enter into competition, the result of which was a reduction in the cost of meters to gas companies. The price of a 5-light meter, which is the average selling size, at that time was $13 50. By degrees we succeeded in bringing it down to $10-our price previous to the breaking out of the war. So far we have been successful in preventing a monopoly of the business, and have honorably endeavored to thwart every attempt tending to a consolidation of the trade. Efforts have been made to render subservient to one combination the only meter dial maker in this country. We think it will be hard work to persuade those interested in gas companies that these repeated efforts to monopolize the trade and crush out competition are made only for their benefit. While the names of other firms have either passed out of the business, or changed forms, we still retain our name, and remain at this day the oldest firm in the meter trade in the United States. We think you will agree with us that the 5 gas interest will insure a better meter and fairer prices by keeping up a healthy competition than by fostering a combination whose influence may control the trade and dictate terms. It will hardly be necessary to say that our meters have long enjoyed the highest reputation. They have been subjected to the severest trials. Repeated tests have been made of their accuracy, durability, the workmanship, and of the materials used in their manufacture. After frequent comparisons with those of other meter makers, John C. Cresson, Esq., late Engineer of the Philadelphia Gas Works, gave us, in 1857, a certificate which will be found in our circular. From these facts we have the confidence to bespeak a portion of your trade, and hope you will extend to us the hand of encouragement, and at least a portion of your patronage. Our long experience, aided by skilful and competent workmen, and the supervision given to the factory by one of the firm, a practical meter maker, enables us to warrant our meters and guaranty their giving entire satisfaction. If not found satisfactory upon a fair trial, we only ask their return. Our primary object in issuing the Pocket Companion is to advertise our house, and prevent a monopoly of the business. Our secondary object is to furnish such hints as may be useful to those engaged in the management of gas works. Any hints from engineers or superintendents which will add to its value will be thankfully received by DR. W. H. M'FADDEN, OF HARRIS & BROTHER, No. 1117 Cherry Street, Philadelphia. 6 EXPLANATION OF THE GAS METER INDEXES. DIAGRAM OF THE FACE.'s\%1-1 0UsW \IXAO USA40 8 10.00.0 1. 0 1000.EACI-I Each figure in the right hand circle denotes hundreds. When the hand completes the circle it denotes ten hundred, which is registered by the hand of the centre circle pointing to one. Each figure in the centre circle denotes one thousand. When the hand of the centre circle completes the circle it denotes ten thousand, which is registered on the left hand circle by the hand there denoting for each figure ten thousand. The register always shows the quantity that has passed through since the meter was first set, from which deduct the amount paid for, and the difference shows the quantity remaining unpaid. The diagram indicates 9,900 Previous observation, dotted lines 42,500 7,400 STATION METERS. All gas works will find it to their advantage to use a station meter. By means of it the amount of leakage or loss can be determined by a comparison of the amount made with the amount used. We make them of capacity to record from 20,000 to 1,500,000 cubic feet in 24 hours, furnished with pressure and water-line gauges, and either with a plain index or with clock and tell-tale movements complete. We would call particular attention to the improvements we have introduced, whereby the capacity is largely increased. fi " a~ I::'B OR' \, 1111 I 1111LIMU itI _l WET METERS. The many certificates of Gas Engineers and Superintendents who have used our wet meters, the frequent analyses and examinations which we have made of other manufacturers' work, and the confidence which our many years' practical experience imparts, give us reason to believe our wet meters are equal, if not superior, to any made, as well in accuracy and durability as in workmanship. Many of which have been in constant use for fifteen years in the Philadelphia and other gas works, and are in good working order to-day. A sworn inspector tests and seals each meter before it leaves the factory. None but the best workmen are employed, and we use the very best material, as the certificate of N. Trotter & Co.-the largest importers of our materials in this citywill show. THE DRY METER. We manufacture the two standard dry meters; the 3 diaphragm with a rotary valve, and the 2 diaphragm with a slide valve. Many advantages are justly claimed for the dry meter. It requires no fluid, as in the wet, to operate it, which is so liable to freeze during the winter months, giving constant annoyance, and slubjecting consumers to frequent inconvenience and expense to furnish alcohol. It is cleaner, and I i iiI!10I iA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1llq 7lil~iilii l 1 I I i r llX lo I I I j I 21 11 IL I no unpleasant odor attends upon its use. It does not demand constant attention to keep up the water level, thus incurring expense to companies. Nor are consumers put to the inconvenience of light going out for want of filling up, or because too much of the fluid has evaporated Having less occasion to open and examine it, it is not so liable to accidents nor to be tampered with by dishonest customers. Some Engineers prefer the 3 diaphragm, yet the simplicity of the 2 diaphragm with the slide valve, and the general 2 10 satisfaction it affords, have a tendency to bring it into more general use. In our manufacture of the dry meter we give great care in selecting the cape-skins from which we make the bellows, and upon which its durability depends, and the preparation to which we subject it renders it such as cannot be surpassed for meter purposes. The small and accurate rubbing surface of the valves has enabled us, after repeated experiments, to overcome its lifting, which was heretofore such a serious objection to its accuracy. As we make them they can be certainly depended upon, and we warrant both varieties of our dry meter to give entire satisfaction. In purchasing the dry meter, its capacity should receive the attention of Companies as well as the quality of the leather used in them, and the character of the rubbing surface of the valves, upon which depends the value of the meter. A good meter prevents loss to the Company, and its accuracy inspires the consumer with confidence. We feel no better security can be offered to Companies than our practical knowledge, long experience, and established reputation. 11 GLAZED iMETERS. Consumers generally doubt the accuracy of their meters. To remove this prejudice, every company should have a glazed meter which exhibits the internal structure and working apparatus. Its operation satisfies consumers anld renders their intercourse more agreeable and pleasant. Test or Experimental Meters are of value to test the amount of gas consumed by burners. By observations of one minute you can tell how much any burner will consume in one hour. Thus testing the statements of those interested in the sale of patent burners, and quieting the complaints of consumers subjected to such cases of imposition. i I 11 i I S 12 PRESSURE REGISTER. The pressure register, which is of great value to many gas works, we get up in the neatest manner and after the most approved style. The pressure in the street mains varies with the locality and during the several hours of the day and night. This instrument gives a claily record of this variation. They are finished either plain or ornamenltal, and are made for various ranges. I!,! 13 PHOTOMETER. The photometer, invented by Count Rumford and improved by Bunsen and others, is an instrument for measuring the intensity of gas light as compared with any other standard. We keep this instrument constantly on hand, and furnish all the necessary apparatus for conducting such experiments. The chemical method of testing the intensity of light depends upon the amount of oxygen necessary to its combustion. This plan was used by Dr. Henry, and has been lately introduced into this country. This latter is called the chemical method, while the former was the optical method made by a comparison of shadows. I II l| II':I,........................... I.ii.. Jo 1 _ 14 METER PROVIER. The cubic foot measures of the U. S. Assay office is the standard by which the accuracy of provers is regulated. The pressure varies with the raising and lowering of the prover holder. To overcome this and insure a uniform pressure throughout, that is, from top to bottom, we have adopted the compensating balance with its adjustment, thuls securing a prover of acctiracy and leliability for gas or air~ jii iiii j~ljlli l iii{{~ i lli i i~ i ~i~ii{i-ill lil l {l'l )iii }i{iiiiii iiiii ii! K____________ 15 We would suggest to gas companies the propriety of having a meter prover. It would afford satisfaction not only to the Company but also to the consumers. The many disputes arising about the unfaithfulness of the meter could thus be readily met and overcome. PRESSURE INDICATOR. The pressure indicator is a very sensitive and reliable instrument. They are used in many works to detect leaks and as a substitute for large pressure gauges. We make two sizes, one of 6 inches the other of 9 inches, and finished either plain or ornamental..i ll... li.........li...li..lll.li........ill- lll - 11 t ill ii ilili IlI 1.6 TESTING METERS. To prove a meter is a very nice and delicate operation. To insure accuracy, certain rules are essential, and the strictest attention should be given to observe them. 1st. The prover should be mathematically correct. 2d. For a uniform pressure from top to bottom, the meter prover should be carefully counterpoised and adjusted with a compensating balance. 3d. The air in the proving room, also the air or gas, and the water in the holder, should be kept uniformly of the same temperature. 4th. A thermometer in the air or gas-holder and one in the proving room will always indicate the uniformity of the temperature or any variation which arises. Due attention paid to these points, connect the meter to the holder. Then try your connections if they be tight. To do this you require a pressure gauge between the meter prover and meter. Place your hand tightly upon the outlet of the meter, turn on the air or gas from the holder, then turn it off, and if the pressure gauge stands at its initial point, you are ready to go on with the proving; after having brought the hand on the index of the meter to a designated point and the holder starting from 0 or any other fixed point, observe carefully these two points, the one on the holder and the other on the index of the meter. Thus prepared, turn on to the meter the gas or air from the holder and make one or more complete revolutions of the pointer on dial, alwzays stopping exactly on the point started fcom. If the meter and holder exactly correspond, the meter is correct; if any variation, the percentage of error is easily calculated. To prove wet meters the only additional observations 17 are to set them on a level plate and allow the water to run as low as it will from the water line or side screw-the true water level. Meters are usually proved under from 1 to 12 inch pressure at inlet pipe, which should be well supplied with air or gas, and the outlet reduced to a given quantity per hour, according to the English standard as per table below. English standard of outlet openings when tested. 2 light Meter = 12 feet per hour. 3 " " 18 " 5 " " 30 " " 10 "' 60 " " 20 " " 120 " 30 " " 180 " " 45 " " 270 " " 60 " " 360 " " 80 " 480 "' 100 " " 600 " " The lighting of the public lamps is either partial or during the absence of sunlight. The calendar will serve as a guide, and will be found very useful. CALCULATOR OF PUBLIC LIGHTING. Light I hour after sun sets, 1" 1 before moon sets. Extinguish 1 hour before sun rises, 1 "' after moon rises. 3 JITU -Y T, y 186G _ P. UBLIC LAM1PS. GAS.;1 q R P Light.!Exting'h. iMade. Consumed. Ou hand. H. M. H1I. M. 1 M. Full TMooon. - 2 T. 5 15 6 45 7 W. 3 13 7 45 4 T. 5 15 8 45 F. 5 15 9 45 6 S. 5 15 10 45 7 5 15 11 4 S M. 5 L. Q. 15 lMorin. 9 T. 15 12 45 10 W. 5 30 2 30 11 T. 30 3 30 12 F. 5 30 4 15 i 13 S. 5 30 5 15 14 S 5 30 5 30 3 M. 5 30 5 30 16 T. 5 N. M. 30 5 30 17 W. 1 5 30 0 1S T. 35 30 30 19 F. 30 5 3 20 8. 5 30 5 30 21 9. 9 30 5 30 22 M. 10 45 5 30 23 T. 11 F. Q. 45 5 30 24 W. Morning. 5 30 1 2 T. 1 -_ 5 30 26 F. 2 - 5 30 27 S. 2 - 5 30 28 S. 4 30 29 M. No Ligting i 30 T. Full Moon. 31 NV No lighltilg. _ Is COAL. COKE. Carbonized. atle. e OnE A haInd.:I 1 19 :F~"lBR'.T. FY:, 1866... PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. p p Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. H. M. 1 T. 5 45 7 30 2 F. 5 45 8 30 3 S. 5 45 9 30 4 S. 6 - 10 30 5 M. 6 -- 11 30 6 T. 6 - Morn. 7 W. 6 L. Q. - 12 15 8 T. 6 - 1 - 9 F. 6 - 2 - 10 S. 6 - 2 45 11 S. 6 - 3 45 12 M. 6 _ 4 45 13 T. 6 - 5 15 14 W. 6 - 5 15 15 T. 6 N.M. - 5 15 16 F. 6 - 5 15 17 S. 6 15 5 15 18 S. 6 15 5 15 19 M. 9 30 5 15 20 T. 10 45 5 15 21 W. 11 F.Q. 45 5 15 22 T. Morning. 5 15 23 F. 1 - 5 15 24 S. 2 - 5 15 25 S. 2 45 5 15 26 M. 3 45 5 15 27 T. 3 45 5 15 28 W. No Lighting. - - 20 COAL. COKE. MEMORANDUM. On Carbonized. Mde. Used. and. 21 15A AF{ Q —, 18~66. PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. ~ ~ Light. Exting'. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. H1. H. M. 1 T. Full MIoon. - - 2 F. No Lighting. - _ 3 S. 6 30 S 15 4 S. 6 30 9 13 o 1MI. 6 30 10.15 6 T. 6 30 11 7 WV. 6 30 12 S T. 6 30 Morn. 9 F. 6 L. Q. 30 2 - 10 S. 6 30 3 30 11 S. 6 30 4 15 12 M. 6 30 4 30 1.3 T. 6 30 4 30 14 W. 6 30 4 30 15 T. 6 33 4 30 16 F. 6 N. M. 45 4 30 17 S. 6 45 4 30 1i S. 6 45 4 15 19 M. 6 45 4 13 20 T. 6 45 4 15 21 W. 10 45 4 15 22 T. 11 45 4 15 23 F. F. Q., Morn. 4 15 24 S. 12 45 4 1.5 25 S. 1 30 4 15 26 M. 2 15 4 15 27 T. 3 - 4 15 28 W. 3 - 4 15 29 T. No Lighting. - - 30 F. Full Moon. - - 31 S. No Lighlting. 22 COAL. COKE. O MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used hnd. hand. . PUBLIC LAMIPS. GAS. oM p Light. Exting h. Made. Consuned. On hand. H. M. H. M. 1 S. 7 -- S 2 M. 7 -- 9 3 T. 7 - 10 4 W. 7 - 10 45 5 T. 7 -- 11 45 6 F. 7 -- Morn. 7 S. 7 2 - 8 S. 7L.Q. - 2 45 9 M. 7 - 3 30 10 T. 7 - 3 45 11 W. 7 - 3 45 12 T. 7 - 3 45 13 F. 7 - 3 45 14 S. 7 - 3 45 15 S. 7 N. M. 15 3 45 16 M. 7 15 3 30 17 T. 7 15 3 30 1S W. 7 15 3 30 19 T. 10 45 3 30 20 F. 11 30 3 30 21 S. F. Q. Morn. 3 30 22 S. 12 15 3 30 23 M. 1 - 3 30 24 T. 1 30 3 30 25 W. 2 - 3 30 26 T. 2 30 3 30 27 F. 2 30 3 30 28 S. No Lighting. - - 29 S. Full Moon. 30 M. No Lighting. 24 COAL. COKE. MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. MIadIe. Used. h4 and. 4 25 . PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. p Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. 11. M. 1 T. 7 30 8 45 2 W. 7 30 9 45 3 T. 7 30 10 30 4 F. 7 30 11 15 5 S. 7 30 12 - 6 S. 7 30 Morn. 7 M. 7 L. Q. 30 12 45 8 T. 7 30 1 15 9 W. 7 30 2 - 10 T. 7 30 2 30 11 F. 7 30 3 15 12 S. 7 30 3 15 13 S. 7 30 3 15 14 M. 7 N. M. 45 3 15 15 T. 7 45 3 15 16 W. 7 45 3 15 17 T. 7 45 3 15 18 F. 10 15 3 15 19 S. 11 - 3 15 20 S. 11 30 3 15 21 M. F. Q., Morn. 3 15 22 T. 12 15 3 15 23 W. 12 45 3 15 24 T. 1 15 3 - 25 F. 1 45 3 - 26 S. 2 - 3 - 27 S. 2 - 3 28 M. No Lighting. - - 29 T. Full Moon. 30 W. No Lighting. - - 31 T. 7 45 9 15 26 COAL. COKE. — MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. On hand. 27 PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. P P Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. I. I. 31. 1 F. 7 45 10 - 2 S. 7 45 10 45 3 S. 8 - 11 30 4 M. 8 - Morn. 5 T. T 8 -- 12 15 - 6 W. L8. Q. - 12 45 7 T. 8 - 2 - 8 F. 8 - 2 301 89. s - 310 S. S - 3 - 11 M. 8 3- 3 12 T. S N.M. - 3 - 13 W7. S 3 I 14 T. 3 -- la F. 8 - 3 -I 16 S. S -- 3 - 17 S. 10 15 3 - is MN. 10 45 3 19 T. 11F. Q. 15 3 20 W. 11 45 3 21 T. Morning. 3 - 22 F. 12 15 1 3 23 S. 12 45 3 - 24 S. 1 15 3 - 25 MN. 2 - 3 - 26 T. No Lighting. - - 27 W. Full Moon. - - 25 T. No Lighting. - - 29 F. 8 - 9 - 30 S. 8 - 9 30 28_. COAL. COKE. On MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. hand. 29 JUTTIY, 1866. PU. BLIC LAM3PS. GA6S. H o - R Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. IH. M. H. M. 1 S. 8 - 10 15 2 I. 8 - 10 45 3 T. S - 11 30 4 WV. S - 12 - 5 T. 8 L. Q. - Morn. 6 F. S - 12 30 7 S. 8 -- 1 45 8.4. 8 - 2 30 9 3l. 8 -- 3 15 10 T. 8 - 3 15 11 WV. 8 3 1 5 12 T. 8N.M.- 3 1i5 1.3 F. S 13 14 S. S - 3 15 15 S 3 15 16 8 - 3 15 17 T. 9 45 3 15 18.T 10 15 3 15 19 T. 10 F Q 45. 3 1. 20 F. 11 15 3 15 21 S. 12 -- 3 15 22 S. Morning. 3 1)5 23 iM. 12 30 3 1 5 2 1 T. 1 1;5 3 15 2 WNV. 2 - 15 26 T. No Lighting. - 27. Full Moon. 28 S. No Lighting. 29. 7 45 8 45 30 M. 7 415 9 30 31 T. 7 4.5 10 - 30 COAL. COKE. MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. hand. I 1. 31 A T ~CU-TST7 1866. PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. p 9 Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. R. M. 1 W. 7 45 10 45 2 T. 7 45 11 15 3 F. 7 L.Q. 45 11 45 4 S. 7 45 Morn. 5 S. 7 45 12 30 6 M. 7 45 2 15 7 T. 7 30 3 S W. 7 30 3 45 9 T. 7 30 3 45 10 F. 7 N. M. 30 3 45 11 S. 7 30 3 45 12 S. 7 30 3 45 13 M. 7 30 3 45 14 T. 7 30 3 45 15 W. 7 30 3 45 16 T. 9 15 3 45 17 F. 9 45 3 45 18 S. 10 F. Q. 30 3 45 19 S. 11 15 3 45 20 M. 12 - 3 45 21 T. Morning. 3 45 22 W. 12 45 3 45 23 T. 1 45 3 45 24 F. No Lighting. - - 25 S. Full Moon. 26 S. No Lighting. - - 27 M. 7 15 8 30 28 T. 7 15 8 45 29 W. 7 15 9 15 30 T. 7 15 10 31 F. 7 15 10 30 32 COAL. COKE. M1EMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. On hand. ~5 ~ 33 SET]PT BEt:-D7 1866_. PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS.:R Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. H. M. 1 S. 7 L. Q. - 11 15 2 S. 7 - 12 - 3 M. 7 - Morn. 4 T. 7 - 1 30 W5 W. 7 -2 30 6 T. 7 - 4 7 F. 7 -- 4 8 S. 6 N. M. 45 4 9 S. 6 45 4 |10 M. 6 45 4 11 T. 6 45 4 - 12 W. 6 45 4 13 T. 6 45 4 15 14 F. S 30 4 15 15 S. 9 -- 4 15 16 S. 9F.Q. 45 4 15 17 M. 10 45 4 15 18 T. 11 30 4 15 19 W. Morning. 4 15 20 T. 12 30 4 15 21 F. 1 15 4 15 22 S. 2 30 4 15 23 S. No Lighting. - - 24 M. Full Moon. 25 T. No Lighting. - - 26 W. 6 15 7 45 27 T. 6 15 8 30 28 F. 6 15 9 15 29 S. 6 15 10 - 30 S. 6 15 11 - 34 COAL. COKE. ___MEIMOlRAN~DUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. On hand. 35 OCTOB:ER, 18G66 PUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. E-1 R Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. H. M. 1 M. 6 L.Q. 15 11 45 2 T. 6 15 Morn. 3 W. 6 15 12 45 4 T. 6 15 1 45 5 1F. 6 - 2 45 6 S. 6 - 3 45 7 S. 6 - 4 4 4 8 M. 6 N. M.- 4 45 9 T. 6 - 4 45 10 WV. 6 - 4 45 11 T. 6 - 4 45 12 F. 6 - 4 45 13 S. 6 - 4 45 14 S. 8 30 4 45 15 M. 9 15 4 45 16 T. 10F. Q. 15 4 45 17 W. 11 - 4 45 18 T. 12 - 4 45 19 F. Morning. 5 - 20 S. 1 - 5 - 21 S. 2 15 5 - 22 M. No Lighting. - - 23 T. Full Moon. 24 W. No Lighting. - - 25 T. 5 30 7 - 26 F. 5 30 7 45 27 S. 5 30 8 45 28 S. 5 30 9 45 29 M. 5 30 10 45 30 T. 5 L. 30 11 45 31 W. 5 30 Morn. 36 COAL. COKE. On P MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. land hnd. 37 TOTED:VEI31ER, 1866 m.:IPUBLIC LAMPS. GAS. ~ Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. H. M. 1 T. 5 30 12 45 2 F. 5 30 1 45 3 S. 5 30 2 45 4 S 5 30 3 45 5 M. 5 30 4 45 6 T. 5 30 5 15 7 W. 5 N. M. 15 5 15 8 T. 5 15 5 15 9 F. 5 15 5 15 10 S. 5 15 5 l1 11 S, 5 15 5 15 12 M. 5 15 5 15 13 T. 9 - 5 15 14 W. 10 - 5 15 15 T. 0IOF.Q. 45 5 15 16 F. 11 45 5 15 17 S. Morning. 5 15 18 S. 1 - 5 15 19 M. 2 - 5 15 20 T. 3 15 5 15 21 W. No Lighting. - - 22 T. Full Moon. - - 23 F. No Lighting. - - 24 S. 5 - 7 30 25 S. 5 - 8 30 26 M. 5 - 9 30 27 T. 5 - 10 30 28 W. 5 L. Q. - 11 30 29 T. 5 - Morn. 30 F. 5 - 12 30 38 COAL. COKE. O IEMOIRANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. I hnd. 39 DCCTEEIT~1CF3 18366 U. PBLIC LAMPS. GAS. Light. Exting'h. Made. Consumed. On hand. H. M. HI. M. 1 S. 5 - 2 30 2 S. 5 -- 3 30 3 M. 5 - 4 30 4 T. 5 - 5 30 5 W. 5 - 5 30 6 T. 5 -- 5 30 7 F. 5 N. M. - 5 30 S S. 5 - 5 30 9 S. 35 - 5 30 10 M. 5 -- 5 30 11 T. 5 - 5 30 12 W. 5 - 5 30 13 T. 9 45 5 30 14 F. 10 F.. 45 5 30 15 S. 11 45 5 30 16 S. Morning. 5 30 17 M. 12 45 5 30 18 T. 2 - 5 30 19 W. 3 15 5 30 20 T. No Lighting. - - 21 F. Full Moon. - - 22 S. No Lighting. - - 23 S. 5 15 7 -- 24 M. 5 15 8 15 25 T. 5 15 9 15 26 W. 5 15 10 15 27 T. 5 15 11 30 28 F. 5 L. Q. 15 Morn. 29 S. 5 15 12 30 30 S. 5 15 2 - 31 M. 5 15 3 15 40 COAL. COKE. MEMORANDUM. Carbonized. Made. Used. hand. hand. ~6 ~41 42 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GAS. THE tables, formulae, and calculations in the Compan?ion have been carefully examined and compiled from such authors as Haswell, Clegg, Hughes, and others, to which authorities we refer you for their accuracy. Inflammable gas, a natural product of decomposition, was known to the ancients. Its source pointed out, in 1667, by Mr. Shirley, who traced it to the coal-beds under the burning Spring of Wigan, in Lancashire, England, on the surface of which the gas collected. He suggested the possibility of procuring gas from the combustion of coal. Dr. Hale's experiments, published in 1726, demonstrated the making of gas from the distillation of coal. Dr. Clayton's experiments, proving the same, were, however, of an earlier date. Mr. Spedding, in 1765, proposed to light the streets of White Haven with gas conveyed through pipes. His proposition was rejected, though he proved its practicability by lighting his own office. Dr. Watson made known, in 1767, that gas retains its illuminating power after passing through water. This fact gave us the water-joint, which facilitates all the manipulations of gas works. Mr. Wm. Murdoch first applied artificial made gas to purposes of lighting. In 1792, he lit up his house and office with it. He experimented upon the gas from various substances, different coals, gas-burners; knew the necessity of purifying the gas, passed it through water, but did not use lime. He lit up, in 1798, part of the Soho factory, and gave, probably, the first public exhibition of gas illumination in 1802, in honor of the peace of Amiens. Dr. Henry and Mr. Clegg introduced the use of lime to purify the gas. 43 The erection of private gas works was commenced in 1805, by Mr. Murdoch and Mr. Clegg. The latter introduced a separate lime purifier. To him we are indebted for wet lime purifiers, hydraulic main, its dip-pipes, mode of attaching mouth-pieces, the governor, and the gas-meter in its earliest and most novel form. The formation of chartered companies began in 1809, and has since extended over the civilized world. All attempts to profitably make gas from oil, resin, wood, &c., seem to have failed. Nature has furnished in coal the elements of gas, in the form most suitable, whence to generate it for public use, and afford sufficient profit to make the manufacture of it a business, now, one of prime necessity. The products from the distillation of coal are thus classified:1st. The light-giving elements, as olefiant gas and the hydrocarburets. 2d. The heating elements, as hydrogen and carbonic oxide. 3d. The injurious elements, as carbonic acid, ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, &c. It is of the first importance to remove the injurious elements from gas. To effect this, the process of purification is essential, and consists of the following steps:1st. Washing with water to remove the ammonia. 2d. A scrubber or breeze condenser which does the same, and hence is often dispensed with. 3d. Air or water condenser to cool the gas and deposit other impurities, as tar. 4th. Wet or dry lime purifiers to remove the carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen gases. Soda adds to the efficiency of the lime. 44 COALS. For information on this subject consult R. C. Taylor's "Statistics of Coal." In choosing gas coals avoid sulphur. The best for coke has a splintery fracture and a bright lustre. This coke gives out a great heat in furnaces. The varieties possessing the most resinous lustre, and fracture compact at right angles to the lamellke, contain most bitumen, and are best for gas. RETORTS. Which are the better, iron or clay retorts, is still an unsettled question. Clay are at present in fashion, and being cheaper are likely to continue so. An exhauster seems essential to the efficient and successful working of clay; hence their absence from small works. Their modes of setting, shapes, and sizes vary with the views and tastes of engineers. Each one's own. experience gives the best results and the greatest satisfaction. Too low a heat diminishes the yield of gas and increases the tar; a too long continuation of the distillatory process lessens its illuminating power. Both these should be especially avoided in the manufacture of gas. The average yield of coke per ton of 2000 lbs. is from 30 to 32 bushels, weighing from 1000 to 1300 lbs., of which from one-half to two-thirds is used under the retorts. The average charge for a retort is from 120 to 175 lbs. Charges are made every 4, 6, or 8 hours. The usual charge is a 4 hour one. A bench should be fired up gradually. An irregular heat is very destructive upon retorts. For iron a cherry red is a good heat. For clay an orange red or white heat. Small gas works charge with a shovel; large works use a scoop. Before drawing a charge, to prevent accidents from an ex 45 plosive mixture of the gas with air, the lids should be loosened and the escaping gas lighted. Spent lime, with clay mixed into a mortar, is used for luting the lid. Four feet of gas for each pound of coal is the standard yield. The extremes of yield are from 31 to 5 feet. To prevent the collection of tar and ammonia, which impedes the action of the lime, the gas should be thoroughly cooled, and condensed before reaching the purifiers, otherwise vapors pass which corrode the cocks, fittings, &c. The tar produced per ton is 100 to 140 lbs. Of ammoniacal liquor 10 to 13 gallons. One bushel quicklime makes two slaked, which will purify 5000 feet of gas, and covers 25 square feet 21 inches thick. Test every day each purifier with a piece of white paper dipped into water, in which sugar of lead is dissolved. The nitrate of silver is a more delicate test, but requires to be kept in an earthen bottle, or one lined with tin foil, to exclude the light. An elevation of 100 feet increases the pressure 1 inch; a depression of 100 feet diminishes it 1 inch. A good superintendent always saves his salary: that is, the right man in the right place is economy for any company. The leakage of a gas works varies from 10 to 50 per cent.; overcoming this would save much to companies. A leakage of 10 per cent. is allowable, including condensation, &c. &c. Mains leak either from imperfect pipe or faulty joints. Pipes are generally proved by the manufacturer. A perfect pipe rings when struck; a cracked one jars. They should be tested when laid, by an air-pump and pressure gauge, which, allowing the mercury to fall, denotes a leak. At the same time joints might be tested with soap-suds-a bubble forming where there is a leak. If tested with gas, a light would detect the leak. The former is a more delicate test, and one generally used by gas-fitters. Where a 2- mile of main, of 3 inches diameter, deposits in the drips more than 2 a gallon in the year, a leak may be suspected, to correct which is economy. 46 HINTS ON SERVICES, METERS, &c. This table is the standard of the Philadelphia Gas Works. It governs the size of pipe used by gas-fitters for consumers, and will be found of value. From it small works can determine the size of their mains, which should never be under size, as the difference in cost is not proportionate to the advantages. Size of Tubing. Greatest length allowed. Greatest No. of Burners., inch 6 feet 1 burner ~3 620'" 3 burners Y 30 " 6 " 5 44 40 " 12 " 4- " 50 " 20 " 1 " 70 " 35 " I I 44 100 " 60 " 12- " 150 " 100 2 " 200 " 200 " Size of Meters. Greatest No. of Burners. 3 light 5 burners 5 " 10 " 10 " 20'.20 " 40 " 30 " 60 " 45 " 100 " 100 "' 250:" An expression of the relative cost of illuminating agents:Gas equal to... 1 Sperm oil burnt in argand... 8 Mould tallow candles 6 to the lb. 12 Sperm oil burnt in an open lamp 17 Sperm candles 6 to the lb.. 24 Composition ".... 29 Wax.... 30 47 OF CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. izr Feet and 10ths of a Foot, or in Inches and 10ths qf an Inch. (From Haswell, p. 91.) Diam. Circum. Area. Diam. Circum. Area. Diam. Circum. Area. 0'000'000 3 0 9-424 7-068 6 0 18-849 28 274 1 3314'007.1 9'737 73457 1 19'163 29'224 *2 628 031 2 100 )51 8 042'2 19'477:30190.3 942 070.3 103366 85.3 3 19'792 31 172 /4 1.256 125.4 10680 9.079 4 20.106 32.169.9 1-571'196'6 100994 9 621'3 20'420 33 183 96 1SS4'282'6 11.308 10-1785 6 209734 34'212 7 2-199'384 7 11-622 10-752.7 21'04S 352,56'S 2-513 502 S 11'936 11'341 S8 21-362 369316 9 25S27'636 9 12 231 11945.9 210677 37 412 1 0 3'141 785 4'0 12'566 123566 7 0 21'991 38484 q1 3'4561 950 1 12'880 13'202'1 22 305 39'592'2 3'769 1.130'2 13194 13.854'2 22.619 40.715. 4-084 1'327'3 13'508 14-622 3 22-933 41'853 44 4'399 1'539 4 13'822 15'205' 4 23'247 43'008, 4'713 1'767'5 14137 15 904 5 233562 44'178'6 5 027 2'010'6 14'451 169619'6 23'876 45 364'7 5'341 2-269'7 14-765 17'349 7 24'190 46'66 S 5'6533 2-544 8 153079 18-095 8 243504 47-783 99 5 999 2-835'9 163393 18-857 *9 24,815 49 016 2'0 66283 3-141 5 0 15-708 19'635 8 0 25'132 50'265 ~1 6'596 3'463'1 16'022 20-428 1 25-446 513530 92 6'910 3'801'2 169336 21'237'2 235760 52'810 ~3 7'224 4.1534 3 169650 22061'3 26'074 54'106 ~4 7 53S 4 523'4 16 964 22902 *4 26-388 553417 ~5 7-853 4-9085 5 17'27S 23'7585. 26 702 56'745 ~6 S-167 5'309'6 17-692 24-630'6 27'016 5S3082 47 8 481 35725 7 17 906 253517'7 27'331 59 446 ~ 8'795 6-157 *8 18 221 26-420'S 276435 605821 ~ 9[109 69605'9 1S'535 27'339'9 27'959 62'212 48 Diam. Circum. Area. Diiam. Circum. Area. Diam. Circum. Area. 9.0 28274 63-617 14-0 43-982 153 938 19o0 59 690 2833529 ~1 283597 653038 1 44'296 1566145 1 60'004 286 521 ~2 28-901 66-476 *2 44. 610 158'368 2 60-318 I2398329 *3 29 215 67'929 3 44'924 160'006'3 60'632 292'553 ~4 29 530 69 397.4 45) 238 162.860 4 60'946 29.56593 95 29'844 70'882 *5 45'5522 165.130'5 61'260 298'69S 6 3016S8 72-387 *6 453S66 167-415 *6 613574 301 719 ~7 30'472 73'898 7 46'180 169'717'7 61S888 30'1805 ~8 30'786 735429 *8 46,495 172'034 8 62'203 307'908 9 31100 76 977 *9 46S809 174 366 *9 623517 311 026 10'0 31'416 783540 15'0 47'124 176'715 20' 0 62'832 314-1.60 1 31-730 80118 1 47 438 179 079 1 631.45 1 317 309 *2 32:044 81-713 2 47.752 181358 2 63'459 320'474:3 32'358 S3 323 3 48S066 183'854'3 63'7'73 3231655 *4 32'672 841948 *4 48'380 186-265 4 64'088 326'S52.5 32'986 863590.5 48'694 1S88692 35 64-402 330'064 *6 33.300 SS248 *6 49 008 191 134 6 64L716 333*292'7 33'614 89'920 *7 49-323 193 593 7 653030 3363536 *8 33 929 91'609 *8 49'637 196'067 8 63 344 339 793 9 34243 93313 3 9 49.951 198.556 9 63*65S 3L43070 110 34,557 95.033 16 0 50.265 201.062 21-0 653793 346,361'1 34'871 96.769 1 503579 203aS3 1 66'287 349'667 *2 33 1S3 98.520.2 50893 206 120 2 66601 352990 *3 35349 9 100.287 *3 51-207 208'672 3 66-915 356'328 "4 353814 102.070:4 513522 211'241 4 67'229 35968S]. 5 36128 103.860 35 31 836 213 S25 3 5 673543 363 051:6 36'442 103.683 6 52-150 216 424 6 67 857 366 433 *7 36 756 107.513 *7 52'464 219 040 7 68'171 369 837 S 37 070 109.339 8 52-778 221.671 *8 684S86 373-253 *9 3738S4 111.220.9 533092 224.318.9 6S8800 376.683 12.0 37 699 113.097 17.0 53.407 226.980 22.0 69.115 380.133.1 38013 114'990 91 5387 1 229658 1 69.429 383597 *2 38 327 116 898 *2 54 035 232'332 *2 69.743 3875076 *3 38'641 118 823 3 54'349 2353062 *3 70.057 390'571 34 38'955 120'763'4 54 663 237 787 4 70.371.394'082 5 39 269 122'718'5 54977 240'528.' 70.686 397'608 6 39.583 124.690 *6 559291 243 285 6 71.000 401s150 7 39 898 126'677 7 539606 246'057 *7 71.314 I 404'708 *8 409 212 128679 *8 55 920 248846 8 71.629 408-282 *9 409526 130'698.9 56*234 251.650 *9 71.943 411 S71 13 0 40 840 132'732 18-0 563548 254'469 23'0 72'256 4153476 1 41 154 134 782 1 56 862 257 324 1 72 570 419 097 2 41-468 136848 *2 57 176 260'155:2 72885 422'733.3 4178S2 13S8929 *3 57 490 263 022 3 73199!426 385 *4 42 097 141-026 *4 57 805 263-905 *4 73-513 430,0.33 45 42'411 143'139'5 58 119 268'803'5 73'827 433'737 6 42 723 143-267 6 3 8433 271 716 6 74 141 437 436 7 43 039 147'411 7 58 747 274'646 7 74'455 441'151 S 433353 1493571 8 59 061 2773691 8 74 770 4448S81 9 43'667 151.747'9 59 375 280 552.9 75 08O4 44S628 49 Diam. Circum. Area. Diam. Circum. Area. Diam. Circum. Area. 24 0 75*398 452.390 27.0 84 823 572.,56 30-0 94.248 706 860.1 756-712 456'168 1 85'137 576'805 1 94.561 711'580 *2 6 76 026 459'961 2 85'451 581'070 *2 94.875 716'316 *3 76 340 463'770'3 85765 585'350.3 95.189 721'067.4 76 655 467 595 4 86'079 589'646'4 95.504 725'835'5 76 969 471'436 5 86'393 593 938 5 95.818 730*618.6 77284 475'292'6 86'707 598'286'6 96.132 735'417 *7 77 598 479'164 7 87'021 602'729'7 96.446 740'231 *8 77 912 483'052 *8 87 335 606'988.8 96.760 745'061.9 78 226 486 955.9 87 649 611.363'9 97 074 749 907 2530 78 540 490875 28.0 87-964 615753 31, 0 97.389 754.769 1 788 55 494 809'1 88-277 6200159.1 97.703 759 646 2 79*169 498 760'2 88591 624-581'2 98.017 764.539.3 79*483 502 726 -3 88 905 629 019'3 98.331 769'448 -4 79 797 506'708 *4 89 220 633'472'4 98.645 774'372'5 80 111 510'706 *5 89 534 637 941 5 98.959 779'313.6 80 425 514-71.9 6 89'848 612-425'6 99.273 784'269'7 80 739 518'748 7 90'162 646-926'7 99.588 789'240 *8 81 033 522'793 *8 90'476 651442'8 99.902 794227'9 81-367 526 854'9 90 790 655'973 9 100.216 799 230 60 81-681 530 930 29 0 913106 660.521 320 1()00531 804 249.1 81 995 535 022'1 91'420 665084 1 100844 809 284 2 82 309 539 129'2 91734 669 663 2 101,158 814 334'3 82 623 543 253'3 920148 674 258 3 101472 819 399'4 82 937 547 392'4 92 362 678 867'4 101 787 824 481'5 83 237 a51547'5 92 676 683 494 5 102*101 829 578'6 833556 555-717'6 92 990 6883136 6 102 415 834-691.7 83 880 5.59903 *7 93 305 692 793 *7 102-729 839-820'8 84294 564-105.8 93'619 697'466.8 103043 844'964.9 84 508 568'323.9 93933 1702-155'9 10357 850 124 7 50 TABLE SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS OF NUMBERS. (From Haswell, p. 99.) No. Squares. Cubes. Square Roots. Cube Roots. I 1 1 1.0000000 1.0000000 2 4 8 1'4142136 1'2599210 3 9 27 1-7320508 1-4422496, 4 16 64 2'0000000 1'5874011 5 25 125 2 2360680 1'7099759 6 36 216 2 4494897 1'S171206 7 49 343 2'6457513 1 9129312 8 64 512 2-8284271 2'0000000 9 81 729 3'0000000 2 0800837 10 100 1000 31622777 2-1544347 11 121 1331 3'3166248 2'2239801 12 144 1728 3'4641016 2'2894286 13 169 2197 3'6055513 2'3513347 14 196 2744 3-7416574 2'4101422 15 225 3375 3'8729833 2'4662121 16 256 4096 4'0000000 2-5198421 17 289 4913 4'1231056 205712816 18 324 5832 4'2426407 2'6207414 19 361 6859 4'3588989 26684016 20 400 8000 4'4721360 2'7144177 21 441 9261 405825757 2 7589243 22 484 10648 4'6904158 2'8020393 23 529 12167 4'7958315 2'8438670 24 576 13824 4'8989795 2'8844991 25 625 15625 5'0000000 2'9240177 26 676 17576 5'0990195 2'9624960 27 729 19683 5'1961524 3'0000000 28 784 21952 5'2915026 3'0365839 29 841 24389 5'3851648 3'07231.68 30 900 27000 5'4772256 3'1072325 31 961 29791 5-5677644 3-1413806 32 1024 32768 5'6568542 3'1748021 33 1089 35937 5'7445626 3'2075343 34 1156 39304 5'83095]9 3'2396118 35 1225 42875 5 9160798 3'2710663 36 1296 46656 6'0000000 3'3019272 37 1369 50653 6'0827625 3'3322218 38 1444 54872 6'1644140 3'3619754 39 1521 59319 6'2449980 3'3912114 40 1600 64000 6'3245553 3'4199519 41 1681 68921 6'4031242 3'4482172 42 1764 74088 6'4807407 3-4760266 43 1849 79507 6'5574385 3'5033981 41 1936 85184 6'6332496 3 5303483 No. Squares. Cubes. Square Roots. Cube Roots. 45 2025 91125 6-7082039 3'5568933 46 2116 97336 6'7823300 335830479 47 2209 103823 6'8556546 3'60S88261 48 2304 110592 6-9282032 3'6342411 49 2401 117649 7'0000000 3-6593057 50 2500 125000 7-0710678 3'6840314 51 2601 132651 7.1414284 3.7084298 52 2704 140608 721i1026 3' 7325111 53 2809 148877 72801099 3-7562858 54 2916 157464 7-3484692 3'7797631 55 3025 166375 7-4161985 3 S029525 56 3136 175616 7'4833148 3'8258624 57 3249 185193 735498344 3'8485011 58 3364 195112 7-6157731 3'8708766 59 3481 205379 7'6811457 3'8929965 60 3600' 216000 7'7459667 3'9148676 61 3721 226981 7'8102497 3-9304972 62 3844 238328 7'8740079 3'9578915 63 3969 250047 7'9372539 3'9790571 64 4096 262144 8'0000000 4'0000000 65 4225 274625 8.0622577 4'0207256 66 4356 287496 8'1240384 4'0412401 67 4489 300763 8'1853528 4'0615480 68 4624 314432 8'2462113 4'0816551 69 4761 328509 8'3066239 41015661 70 4900 343000 853666003 4 1212853 71 5041 357911 8'4261498 4 1408178 72 5184 373248 8'4852814 4.1601676 73 5329 389017 8'5440037 4'1793390 74 5476 405224 8'6023253 4'1983364 75 5625 421875 8'6602540 4'2171633 76 5776 438976 8-7177979 4'2358236 77 5929 456533 8-7749644 4'2543210 78 60S4 474552 8'8317609 4'2726586 79 6241 493039 8-8881944 4'2908404 80 6400 512000 8'9442719 4'3088695 81 6561 531441 9'0000000 4'3267487 82 6724 551368 9'0553851 4'3444815 83 6889 571787 9-1104336 4'3620707 84 7056 592704 9'1651514 4'3795191 85 7225 614125 9'2195445 4'3968296 86 7396 636056 9'2736185 4-4140049 87 7569 658503 9'3273791 4-4310476 88 7744 681472 9'3808315 4'4470692 89 7921 704969 9'4339811 4-4647451 90 8100 729000 9'4868330 4-4814047 91 8281 753571 9 5393920 4-4979414 92 8464 778688 9 5916630 4-5143574 93 8649 804357 9-6436508 4 5306549 94 8836 830584 9'6953597 435468359 95 9025 857374 9,7467943 4'5629026 96 9216 884736 9'7979590 435788570 97 9409 912673 9'8488578 4'5947009 98 9604 941192 9'8994949 4'6104363 99 9801 970299 9'9498744 4'6260650 100 10000 1000000 10'0000000 4'6415888 52 CLEGG'S TABLES OF ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN BITUMINOUS COAL. ANALYSIS. State and Designation of By whom. _ - County. ocaliy. Coal Beds. Analyzed.' o: [ KENTUCKY Hawsville Splint or Cannel coal Dr. Jackson 1.250 48.40 4.80 2.80 Caseyville Bituminous coal Johnson 1.392 44.49 3.82 23.69 Fat Bituminous Coals in Western Virginia.-State Reports. ANALYSIS. County. Locality. Designation of, Coal Beds. o 0 R [Upper Coal Series.] Clarksburg Main seams 56.74 41.66 1.60 c" " 4 49.21 45.43 5.36 Pruntytown t 157.60 39.00 3.40 Morgantown 60.54 37.30 2.14 Kanawha 1, Coal Creek Judge Summers's Bank 355.55 41.85 2.60 e" 2, Grand Creek " 2.75 43.20 4.05. Logan 3, Wolf Creek, Big |S Kanawha ~ Sandy River Burning Spring 47.15 48.00 4.85 I, Kanawha 4, Big Coal River (Lewis's) 50.20 47.10 2.70 Fi, Three-mile Creek Cartrell's 45.95150.30 3.75' zL c; 6, Elk River Friend's Mines 55.90 39.90 5.20 Logan 7, Logan Court-house Lawson's 58.351 39.50 2.15 " S8, Guyandotte Traa Fork 56.50 42.00 1.50 " 9, Big Sandy River Pigeon Creek 55.00 41.00 4.00 53 Moderately Bituminous Coals in Western Virginia. ANALYSIS. County. Locality. Designation By whom F of Coal Beds. Analyzed. o od En Big Sewell Mount rain, W. flank Tyree's bed W. B. Rogers 67.S4 30.OS 2.08.~o >,; Deem's bed " 71.73 27.13 1.14't Fayettel Mill Creek Paris's bank 71.88 26.20 1.92 Scrabble Creek 63.36 29.04 7.60 Bell Creek 32.16 Keller's Creek Hansford's W. B. Rogers, State Report 60.92i37.08 2.00 Second seam Storkton's mine " 74.55 21.13 4.32 Campbell's Creek Ruffner's second seam 55..76 32.44 11.80'c ~ " r s Noyes's seam 64.16 32.24 3.60 "s, t <( 6 5.64 31.2S 3.08'. ~ Cox's Creek Third seam 51 41142.55 6.04,n R ) Faure's Bank Upper seam 53.20 35.04 11.76 L. RUffner's Bank 49.84,44 28 5.88 Bream's Bank Third seam 57.76 33.68 8.56 Smither's Bank 54.52 29.76 15.76 Hughes's Bank 62.32 32.88 4.80 D. Ruffner's Bank Upper seam 57.28 35.08 7.64 Cq Warth's Bank 54.00 39.76 6.24.. ~ Preston Kingswood Fairfax's State Reports 53.77 31.75 14.48.'.,. " Middle seam 65.32 27.77 6.91 Forman's baDeck Hollow, c. sin 73.68 21.00 5.32 Deck Hollow, c. Martin's 65.42 23.42 11 16 Buffalo Lech run Beatty's 62.56 29.60 7.84 1'> t > N. Brandonville Morton's 65.28 30.80 3.92 sat3 P3 X'L Cheat River, near 8 f | S Kingswood Price's 60.36 25.00 14.64 Big Sandy, W. side Seaport's 66.64 27.12 6.24 a S B Kingswood Ha-an's 68.32 26.48 5.20 67.28 29.68 3.04.S Big Sandy Basin W. side Cheat 60.04 26.88 13.08 Kingswood Cresaps 64.24 30.24[ 5.32 54 Bitnuminous Coals in Eastern Virginia, in the Chlesterfield, Powhatan, Goochland, and Henrico Basins. ANALYSIS. Designation By whom M of Coal Beds. Analyzed., _ South side of James River 1 Stonehenge Chesterfield 58.70 36.50 4.80 Chesterfield 2 Maidenhead Engine shaft 63.97 32.83 3.20 "6 3 Heth's Pit 62.35 37.65 2.80 (s 4 Mill's and Reid's Creek pit 57.80 38.60 3.60 " 5 Will's Pit 62.90 32.50 4.60 " 6 Green-hole shaI ft 167.83i30 17 2.00 7 Heth's Deep Shaft Bottom seam 3.36:35. 82 10. 82 5iliddle seam 6 itO285.40 1.10'Top seam 61.68128 80 9.52 8 Powhatan Pits Finney 59.87;32.33 7.80 9 Winterpock Creek Cox's mine 565.52i29.12 5.36 Cloverhill, Appomattox R. Slate coal G. W. Andrews, M. D..55.00 38.50 6.50'~ IMean of four species Johnson 54 83i33.04 10.13 Richmond coal Andrevs 59.25 32.001 8.75 Mid Lothian Wooldridge's pit Johnson 61.08 28.45 10.47 49 Mean result, average size coal 1i 53.01 33.21 14 74 Creek Coal Co. Mean of six trials [6 60.30 31.13 8.57 Black Heath Pits MIean of four species 44; 158.79 32.57 8.64 Tippecanoe Pits " " 4.62136.01 9.37 Nolrth side of James R. 10 Randolph's W. B. Rogers, State Report 66.15 30.50 3.35 11 Coalbrook Dale Second seam " 66.48 29.00 4.52 12 Anderson's Pit First seam "c 66.78 28.30 4.92 17 Crouche's Lower Shaft Upper seam, 110 ft. from surface 64.60 30.00 5.40 18 Scott's Pit Johnson, State Report 60.86 33.70 5.44 19 Waterloo Shaft [155.20 26.80 18.00 20 Deep Run Pits. [69.84 25.16 5.00 Wills's Pit Upper vein T. G. Clemson 66.60 28.80 4.60 Anderson's Pit Bottom seam R. C. Taylor 64.20 26.00 9.80 Fat Bituminous Coals in the State of Ohio. ANALYSIS. Coulnty. |Locality. Designation By whom > Locality. of Coal Beds. Analyzed.. Z.Q R o Portland Talmadge Upson's mine W.W.lMather 1.264!53.404 44.298 2.288 Jackson Lick Township 1.283 49.882 47.327 2.221 M Iadison Township J. L. Cassels 1.560[39.950 44.800 14. 620,(, cL Cannel coal " 1.410 Carr's Run R. C. T. 1.270, Pomeroy i Dr. J. Percy i76.70 18.70 4.60 Fat Bituminotus Coals in Pennsylvania. ANALYSIS. Designation By whomn c. of Coal Beds. Analyzed. 0..'o.'.. c~3 c3a oc3 1 Venango Shippensville Sandy Ridge H. D. Rogers, State Report 49.80 43.20 7.00 *s; 6. M. F. of Franklin " 29.54 52.78 17.68 Beaver Greersburg c 30.12 36.00 33.88 Crawford Conneaut Lake' ~ 59.45 38.75 1.80 Mercer Greensville: 57.80 40.50 1.70 "& 9R. C. T. 1.25 Orangeville State Report 53.45 43.75 2.80 56 Bituminous Coals. ANALYSIS. State and Designation By whom o a,. County. of Coal Beds. Analyzed.'. o' INDTANA. Vermilion Brouillet's Cr'k D. D. Owen 1.270 52.00 39.00 9.00 Vigo Honey Creek i" 1.240 70.00 27.50 2.50 Sullivan Busseron Lick Fork " 1.240 70.00 28.00 2.00 Fountain Wabash Coal Creek month 1.260 60.00 25.00 15.00 Spencer Anderson Cr'k 1.270 45.00 White River " 1.270 156.40 Terre Haute " t 1.240 50.80 Cannelton Cannel coal W. R. Johnsou 1.272 59.47 36.59 3 94 ILT,iTNOIS Rock River Coal Dr. D. D. Owen 1.340 45.50 44.50 10.00 Vermilion Danville A. Morfit 48.50 47.20 4.30 Western Port Johnson 1.290 32.80 Ottowa J. F. Frazer 62.60 35.50 1.90 Rockwell C. U. Sheppard 1.273 46.50 47.50 6.00 IOWA Duck Creek West bank of the Mississippi River Dr. D. D. Owen 1.270 48.50 44.00 7.50 Mastodon Booth & Boye 46 83 40.05 13.12 vein, 46 ft. J. R. Chilton, thick ( M.D. 1.252 50.81 34.06 15.13 MISSoURI CMte sans dessein, Callaway County Mammoth vein, 24 feet i 1.250 50.78 34.20 15.02 Osage River. V. RI. Johnson 1.200 51.16 43.50 5.34 ARKANSAS Johnson Co. Spaldre's bluff J. F. Frazer 1.396 62.60 28.90 8.50 MATNE Peat Dr. Jackson 21.00 72.00 7.00 Miscellaneous Analysis. Isle of Cuba Near Havana Asphaltum T. G. Clemson 1.190134.97 63.00 2.03 Near Matanzas Asphaltuin m 13.50 South America Peru Coxitambo M. Bousingault Chili Arauco W. R. Johnson 1.324 67.62 30.00 2.38 Brazil Karsten 1.289 57.90 40.50 1.60 1.483 38.10 33.50 28.40 Madeira Island Brown coal. Or lignite Johnstoue 20.05 Brit. America, Bitumn. Coal. r Cunard's Nova Scotia Picto j ample Johnson 1.325 60.73 26.76112.51 Mining AssoL ciation ]' 1.318 56.98 29.63 13.39 Cape Breton Sydney Mean of two species " 1.338 67.57 26.93 5.50 57 LINEAR MEASUREMENT. 12 inches = 1 foot. 3 feet - 1 yard. 1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet = 63,360 inches. Lineal feet multiplied by.00019 =-miles. "' yards ".000568 =miles. 1. In a right angled triangle the sum of the squarest of the two shorter sides = The square of the hypothenuse: the square of the hypothenuse less the square of one side = the square of the third side. 2. The diameter of a CIRCLE X 3.1416 — the CIRCUMFERENCE.3. The circumference of a circle X 0.31831 -- the DIAMETER. 4. Given a chord and versed sine - to find the DIAMETER of the circle. Divide the square of half the chord by the versed sine, and add the versed sine to the product =the, diameter. 5. To find the length of an arc of a CIRCLE, when the chord of the whole arc and the chord of one-half of the arc are known-from eight times the chord of one-half of the arc, subtract the chord of the whole arc: one-third of the remainder will be the length of the arc nearly. 6. PERIPHERY of an ellipse. Multiply the square root of the sum of the squares of the axes, by 2.22. 8 58 SURFACE MEASUREMENT. AREAS. Product of two Linear Dimensions (proportioned to the squares of similar sides. ) 144 square inches = 1 square foot. 9 " feet =1 I yard. Acre = 43,560 square feet = 4,480 yards = (660 feet X 66 feet.) Square mile = 640 acres. 1. PARALLELOGRAM —(Square, rectangular or rhomboidal)= the product of the length of one side X by perpendicular height. 2. TRIANGLE — product of base X by one-half the perpendicular height. 3. TRIANGLE-Area from three sides given. From the half sum of the three sides subtract each side separately; multiply the half sum and the three remainders together, and the square root of the product will be the area. 4. TRAPEZOID = the sum of the two parallel sides X by half the perpendicular height. 5. CIRCLE = the square of the diameter X *7854, or square of the circumference X'07958. 6. SECTOR OF A CIRCLE -- radius of the circle X by one-half the arc of the sector. 7. SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE. - Find the area of a sector of a circle having the same arc, and deduct the triangle formed between the two radii and the chord of the arc. SUPERFICIAL AREA OF SOLIDS. 8. Cube. 9. Parallelopipedon. -- Sum of areas of sides and bases. 10. Prism. 11. Cylinder.=Circumference of baseXheight+area of bases. 12. Cone. I_ Circumference of base X one-half 13. Pyramid. J - slant height - area of base. 14. Sphere. = Square of diameter X 3.1416. 59 SOLID MEASUREMENT. CUBIC CONTENT. Product of three Linear Dimensions, (proportional to cube of similar sides.) Cubic foot.... 1,728 cubic inches. "' yard. = 27 cubic feet = 46,656 " Barrel.. = 4'8125 = _ 8,316 " Bushel.. = 1'2438 " = 2,150'" Gallon (wine).. 231 " 1 lb. avoirdupois = 27'7015 cubic inches of water at 39 830 Fah. and barometer 30 = 16 ounces - 256 drachms = 7000 grains. 1 lb. troy = 12 ounces = 96 drachms - 288 scruples = 5760 grains. Ton = 2,240 lbs. avoirdupois. 1 gallon of water weighs 58372'1757 grains troy = 11'34 lbs. troy. Cylindrical inches X'0004546 = cubic feet. "4 feet X'02909 " yard. Cubic inches X'00058 = " feet. " feet X'03704 - " yard. feet X 7'48 = United States gallons. " inches X'004329 _ " " Cylindrical feet X 5'874 = " " " inches X'0034 = " " " Content of Cask.-Add into one sum 39 times the square of the bung diameter, 25 times the square of the head diameter, and 26 times the product of the two diameters; then multiply the sum by the length, and the product again by o o 34 for wine gallons. General Rule for Finding Cubic Content contained between two parallel planes. Let A and B be areas of ends of solids, and C the area of a section parallel to, and equidistant from the ends, and L the distance between the ends. Solidity- + B - X 6 L. — 6 60 1. CUBE = side X side X side, or = area of base X by perpendicular height. 2. PARALLELOPIPEDON. 2. PARALELO. = - r Area of base X by perpendicular CYLINDER. height. 3. Cone. ) = Area of bases X by 3 the perpendicular PYRAMID. height. 4. FRUSTRUM OF CONE OR PYRAMID = sum of the areas of the two ends + the square root of their product X by 1 of the perpendicular height. 5. SPHERE = cube of the diameter X 0'5236. 6. SPHERICAL SEGMENT = 3 times the square of the radius of its base-the square of its heightXby the heightx0'5236. WEIGHT OF BAR IRON. The table gives the weight of a flat bar -1 inch thick, one foot long, and of width in table. Multiply the weight in table by number of sixteenths the iron is thick for weight desired. (Prepared from Raswell, p. 246.) ROLLED IRON. FLAT IRON. Weight of one foot Weight of one foot Size. in length. Size. in length. Inch. Inch. T X -l- 0'0132 T6 X T9 0'1188 X 0'0264 X 0'1320 " X - 0-0396, X 0-1452 x; X 0o0528 X a 0o1584:' X 15s 0-0660 " x 0-1716 x 8 0-0792 X 7 0'1848 x I 00924 v X 0'1980 46 X 2 0'1056 " X 1 0-2112 61 ROUND IRONo (Haswell, p. 251.) Weight of one foot Weight of one foot Size. in length. Size. in length. 1 inch.' 041 lb. a inch. 1-043 lb. s,,'119 " _, 1-255" 4' 165" " " 1'493 ~5,,, I o -261 " l~ 1-752" " 2'0373 " 72'032 o ".,508 " 1 "4 2-654 6, "2't663" " 1 3-360" -96 It'840" 1 4'-172" BIRMINGIHAM GAUGE FOR WIRE, SHEET-IRON, AND STEEL. (Haswellc p. 247.) Wt. per sq. Wt. per sq. Thickness Thickness foot in lbs. Thickness Thickness foot in lbs. by in inches. Sheet and by in inches. Sheet and the Gauge. Boiler Iron. the Gauge. BoilerIron. No. 0 0-340. 13-7 No. 19 0-042 1-69 1 0 300 12 1 /" 20 0.035 1 41 2 0.284 114 " 21 0032 1 29 3 0259 104' 22 0.028 1 13 " 4 0o238 9.60 I" 23 0.025 1.00 " 5 0o220 8.85 " 24 0 022 0 885 " 6 0.203 8/17 " 25 0 020 08805 7 0o180 7.24 "' 26 0, 018 0'724 " 8 0s 165 665 " 27 0o016 0 644 9 0 148 5.96 "4 28 0 014 0.563 "10 04134 5.40 " 29 0 013 0.523 11 04120 4'83 "' 30 0'012 0'483 " 12 0.109 440 " 31 0.010 0 402 "13 0'095 3'83' 32 0'009 0.362 " 14 0.083 3.34 " 33 0'008 0.322 15 0 072 2.90 " 34 0007 0.282 C4 16 0'065 2-62 " 35 0'005 0 230 "17 0.058 2.34 6" 36 0o004 0'170 18 0.049 1.97 62 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. FOR TENSION ON EACH SECTION OF ONE SQUARE INCH. Safe Weightfor Ordinary Materials. Steel.... 25,000 lbs. Lead.... 200 lbs. Wrought Iron 10,000 " Brass.... 1,000" Cast ". 2,0(0 " Oak Wood. 1,800 " Copper, cast. 5,000 " Yellow Pine.. 2,000" " rolled. 8,000 " White Pine.. 1,500 " FOR COMPRESSION. Iron, wrought... 8,000 lbs. cast. 30,000 Oak.....1,800 6 Stone, hard... 3000 6 Sandstone... 1,200 " Brick... 60 " Compression estimated for a column 6 diameters long. If length = 12 diameters... deduct -. 24 " 2 = 48 6 a HEMP ROPE. Multiply the square of the circumference by 100 for the safe weight in pounds. Circumference 1 inch... = 100 lbs. " 12... - 225" 2 "... 400 2 2".. 625 " 3 ".- 900 321 = 1,225 " 4 ".. = 1,600 4v "... - 2,025 5 ". - 2,590 " 63 CHAINS. (Haswell, p. 258.) Weight per SafeWeightin Weight per Safe Weight in Inch. foot. pounds. Inch. foot. pounds. 8 0-17 250 4'0 6,250 I 61, 0'38 560 - - 4-84 7,550 4 0-67 1,000 4 5-75 9,000 T -s 1'08 1,560 1 S 60 10,500 8 1-55 2,250 8 7-83 12,250 I7, 2211 3,050 1 94 14,000 2 2'7 4,000 1 107 16,000,-9~ 3'42 5,050 WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON PIPES. (Haswell, p. 252.) Diameter. Length. Weight. Diameter. Length. Weight. Inch. Feet. Inch. Pounds. Inch. Feet. Inch. Pounds. 60 12 5 10,900 10 9 500 48 12 6,500 8 9 400 36 12 5,400 6 12 340 30 12 4,000 6 9 280 30 9 3,000 4 12 240 24 9 2,100 4 9 180 20 9 1,400 3 9 112 16 12 5 1,450 3 9 105 16 9 1,000 2 6 45 12 9 600 1~ 6 35 WEIGHT OF LEAD AND GASKET REQUIRED FOR STREET MAINS. EACH JOINT REQUIRESLead. Gasket. Lead. Gasket. 2 in. pipe, 3'25 lbs. 0.050 lbs. 10 in. pipe, 15' lbs. 0'30 lbs. 3 " 4'75 " 0.075 " 12 " 20' " 0.35 " 4 " 6' " 0.115 " 16 " 25 " 045 " 6 " 9 " 0.175 " 18 " 29 0.52 " 8 " 12. " 0.250 " 20 " 43' " 0.60 " 64 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. (Haswell, p. 145.) Mercury. 13,600 Lead... 11,325 Copper..... 9,000 Cast Brass... 8,000 Steel... 7,850 Wrought-iron.... 7,780 Cast-iron.... 7,207 Tin. 7,300 Marble.. 2,690 Common Stone... 2,520 Brick.. 1,900 c 2,000 Soil... 1,984 Coal, anthracite.. 1,436 ~ 1,640 " bituminous. 1,270 Sand......1,520 Sea-Water......1,030 COMMON WATER. 1,000 Oak, (dry) 925 Ash, ".. 800 Maple, ". 755 Elm, ".. 600 Yellow Pine, "..... 660 White Pine, ".554 Cork....... 240 Carb. Acid...... 1'9 Air...... 125 Coal Gas...06 Hydrogen.. 0'0848 The specific gravity in table also represents the number of ounces in each substance in 1 cubic foot - 16 = lbs. 1 cubic foot of Cast-Iron.. -450 lbs. 1 " " White Pine. - 34'6 " 1 " " Water.. 62'5 " 10'9 cubic feet of Air... 1- " 22 " " Coal Gas. -." 65 GROSS TON IN BULK. Anthracite Coal, 1 cubic foot = 53 lbs.-1 ton = 42'3 cu. ft. Bituminous " " -50 " 1 " = 44-5 Charcoal 1 " - 182" 1 " = 123- " 70'82 lbs. Pittsburg Coal make 1 bushel of Coke. + Breeze and waste ( = 11 per cent.) 1 cord of wood = 8 X 4 X 4 cubic feet. 1 Ton (2,240 lbs.) Pittsburg Coal - 31 ~ bush. coke + 31 bush. Breeze Q( 38 lbs. per. bush. FOR BALLOONS. Coal-Gas —specific gravity 0'625 water. Each 13 cubic feet of air.. = 1 lb. " 13 " " coal-gas. 2 - " 13 " ". buoyancy =- ~ For 1,000 cubic feet coal-gas, 40 lbs. buoyancy nearly. hydrogen, 75 " " TABLE OF EXPANSION BY THERMOMETER. Solids heated from 320 to 2120 (Fahrenheit) expandFrom 1 to For each degree. Wrought-Iron... 1'00122045 000000680 Cast-Iron. 1'00111120 0'00000618 Hardened Steel. 1' 00123956 000000689 Copper.. 1'00171820 0'00000955 Lead... 1 00284836 0'00001580 Brass (common cast) 1'00187821 0'00001043 Brass Wire.. 100193333 0'00001075 Tin, hammered... 1' 00270000 0.00001500 " cast.1. 1 100217298 0'00001207 Marble.. 1.00110410 0'00000613 LIQUIDs. Mercury.. 1 00018433 0'00001025 Water... 100046600 0'00002595 Oil (common)... 100080000 0'00004444 Alcohol.. 1' 00100000 0'00005555 9 66 (From FARADAY'S CHEMICAL MANIPULATIONS.) TABLE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR CONTAINED IN 1000 CUBIC FEET OF GAS AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE. Temp. Volume. Temp. Volume.'remp. Volume. DEGREES. A. V. DEGREES. A. V. DEGREES. A. V. 40 9-33 54 15'33 68 24'06 41 9-73 55 15'86 69 24'83 42 10(13 56 16'40 70 25'66 43 10'53 57 16'93 71 26'53 44 10'93 58 17'53 72 27'40 45 11'33 59 18'10 73 28'30 46 11-73 60 18-66 74 29-23 47 12'13 61 19'23 75 30.20 48 12'53 62 19 80 76 31'20 49 12'93 63 20'50 77 32'20 50 13'-33 64 21'20 78 33'23 51 13'80 65 21'90 79 34'23 52 14'26 66 22'60 80 35'33 53 14'80 67 23'30 67 FLOW OF GAS THROUGH MAINS. [PER HOUR.] With loss of -105 of anl inch pressure. Diameter. 50 ft. 100 ft. 500 ft. 1,000 ft. 2 inch. 2,000 1,600 700 500 3 " 4,700 3,750 1,600 1,200 4 " 8,500 7,000 2,900 2,200 6 "4 19,000 15,000 6,500 5,000 8 4 36,000 29,000 13,000 10,000 10 6" 65,000 52,000 23,000 18,000 12 " 100,000 80,000 36,000 30,000 TWithl loss of 1 inch pressure. Diameter. 50 ft. 100 ft. 500 ft. 1,000 ft. 2 inch. 3,500 2,800 1,250 875 3 " 7,900 6,300 2,800 2,000 4: 14,000 11,500 5,000 3,600 6 "' 32,000 26,000 12,000 9,000 8 4' 58,000 47,000 22,000 15,000 10 " 90,000 75,000 33,000 23,500 1.2 C" 135,000 113,000 50,000 36,000 EFFECT OF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE UPON GASES. Additional Pres Relation to sure. Feet of Original Total Pressure in feet of Water Water. 0....... 1'............ 33 + 0 =33 1 33+-.34...... 2.s 33 + 2 = 35 4- 33 + 4= 37 3'........ 3 3. 33 + -3 36 41....................... 33 + 4= 37 5'. 33 5'- 38 10'....... 33 -+. 10 = 43 20'. a..... 33 + 20 = 53 30'........... 33 + 30 - 63 33................... 33 -+33 = 66 =.6 —- volunle for 1 attllospllere additional. PHOTOMETRY. 1 Wax Candle, 4 to a pound, biurmrs 13 ouirs. 1 Spermaceti Candle, 6 " " 8 " 1 Tallow 46 6 6 40 iln. RELATIVE LIGHT FOR UNIT OF GAS. Batswing..... consuming 5 feet, 1'000 Large Patent Argand Burner. "' 6' 2'880 Boston Argand.. " 54 " 2-132 Single jet... " 2'2 "' 1'191 Solliday's Patenlt 5'7 " 1' Fish-tail (Union-jet) 4.5'j 1'513 Large Batswing " 11'3 "' 2'(13 Wax candle, 4 to lb. 0. 143 Sperm (;,.. (' Tallow. 96 1. 1 69 TABLE. Showing the number of canddles any other light is equal to, the centre of candle being 10 inches from centre of Photometer, and the gas (or other light) at any distanceffrom 5 to 50 inches. Distance of Number of Gas Burner Caindles Dis- Ca- Dis- C- Dis- (Cnfrom Gas Burner tance. dies. tance. dles. tance. lles Photom'r. is e(qual to. 5 in. -25 16 i. 2 -5 7i ill. 7-56 39 in. 15l21 5,"'30 16 " 2-72 28 " 7-84 39 " 15-60 6 "'36 17' 2'80 281 " 8-12 40 " 16'00 6e "- 4 a2 17 - 3 06 29 " 8 41 40' " 1 6 40 7 "'49 18 " 324 291 " 8-70 41 " 16'81 74 " *56'182 3'42 30 " 9 00 41~ " 17-22 8 " *64 19 3 61 30' " 9'30 42 " 17-64 ~8 " 7'72 19- " 3-80 31 " 9-61 42- " 118'06 9 " 81 20 " 4'00 31~ " 9-92 43 " 18-49 94".90 201': 4.20 32 " 10-24 431 " 18-92 10 " 1 00 21 " 441 32 " 10-56 44 " 1936 10~g " 1*10 21~ " 4032 33 " 1089 444- " 19-80 11 " 1 21 22 484 334 " 11-22 45 6 2025 114-'"| 1-32 224 " 5 06 34 " 11-56 454 2" -70 1-2 " 1'44 23 " 5'29 34 11-90 46 21016 124 4" 1'56 23 " 552 35 ]1 12-25 46- 2"162 13 " 1'69 24 " 5-76 351 64 12-60:47 " 22'09 13' " 1 82 24' 1" 6-00 36 12-9f6 147 " 2 5(; 2 2 2 2 14 1" 1 9 25 " 1 625 " 36' " 13-32 4 " 23' 04 141 " 2'10 251 " 6'50 37 13.69 48- " 23-52 15 " 2-25 i26 " 676 137 " 14'06 49 " 24-01 154 " 240 126 " 702 138 6' 14'44 49, " 24-50......... 2.7......... "27" 7-29 38 14'82 50 " 25'00 382 70 If the distance be in inches and tenths, square the number, and point off four decimals. Example:- ]1.35 13 5 675 405 135 1.8225 candles, In these tests, the English sperm standard candle is to be preferred, on account of steadiness of flame and uniformity of consumption. CIRCLES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, BY 1. Diam. Circumf. Area. Diam. Circumf. Area. 32 0981'00076 2-748'6013 1~6'1963'00306 ij 2-945'6902'3926'01227 1 3-141'7854 1-36'5890'02761 1 k 3-534'9940 7854'04908 1 3927 1'227 9817'07669 1 A 4-319 1-484 1 178 -1104 1 4-712 1-767, 11 374'1503 1 5 5'105 2'073 1-570'1963 1 A 5-497 2-405 96 1 -767 *2485 1 5'890 2'761 1963'3067 2 6'283 3-141 6 2-159'3712 2 7'854 4-908 a 2'356'4417 3 9-424 7-068 T6 2'552'5814 71 MEASUREMENT OF STONE-WORK. 1 Perch, Masons' or Quarrymen's Measure. 161 feet long, ) 16 inches wide, - 22 cubic feet. To be measured in wall. 12'6 high, 16~ feet long, 18 inches wide, = 24'75 cubic feet. To be measured in pile. 12 " high, 1 Cubic Yard- 3 feetX3 feetX3 feet-=27 cubic feet. The cubic yard has become the standard for all contract work of late years. Stone walls less than 16 inches thick count as if 16 inches thick to mason; over 16 inches thick, each inch additional is measured. BRICKS REQUIRED FOR WALLS OF VARIOUS THICKNESS. Number for Each Square Foot of Face of WTall. Thickness Thickness of Wall. of Wall. 4 inch.. 7~ 24 inch.. 45 8 ".... 15 28 "... 522 12.... 22 - 32... 60 16 ".... 30 36.... 67 2 20 "... 37 42.... 75 Cubic Yard = 600 bricks in wall. Perch (22 cubic feet) = 500 bricks in wall. To pave 1 square yard on flat requires 41 bricks. " " 1 " " edge " 68 " 72 GAS-HOLDERS. A gas-holder 50 feet diameter, weighing 28,896 pounds, will rise with a pressure of 2'8 inches. FORMULE FOR DETERMINING WEIGHT, PRESSURE, AND DIAMETER. LetD = diameter; P -=pressure in inches of water; W = weight of holder in pounds: ThenD2XPX4-128 - weight in pounds. Id = pressure in inches of water. D2 X 4'128 iN12__ _ = diameter in feet JPX4'128 Apply the above example: W = 502X 28 X 4128 = 28,896 pounds. P 28'896 2'8 inches. 2500X4.128 1 28,896 D =28X4-128 = 50 feet. From diameter and pressure the first formula gives the weight. From diameter and weight the second gives pressure. From pressure and weight the third gives diameter. The weight of a cubic foot of river or distilled water is 62'5 pounds =-1000 ounces, and gives this pressure on a square foot of surface. A column of water one inch deep weighs 5'2 pounds, and gives this pressure on a square foot of surface. RULE.-To ascertain the power necessary to overcome the friction of water through a horizontal pipe. Cube the number of gallons to be discharged per second, 73 and multiply by the length of pipe in inches-divide the resuit by 140 times the 5th power of the diameter of the pipe in inches, the result is the number of H. Power. ExAMPLE.-What power is required to overcome the friction through a pipe 18 inches diameter, 3000 feet long, discharging 50 gallons per second. Ans. 17 H. P. 350X 3000X 12=4,500,000,000 518X140=264539520 =17 RULE. —To find the Horse Power of a Steam Engine. Multiply the area of piston in square inches by effective pressure in lbs., and multiply by the velocity of piston in feet per minute, and divide by 33000 —17T of the result gives the Horse Power-the -- allowed for friction. RULE.-TO determine the velocity of discharge, of water through a pipe in feet per second. Multiply 2500 times diameter in feet, by height in feet, divide by length in feet, added to 50 times the diameterthe square root of the quotient is the velocity in feet per second. RuLE. —To determine the quantity of discharge in cubic feet per second. Multiply the area of the pipe in feet by the velocity in feet per second. -" Eytelwein's Formulas." RULE.-To ascertain the height due to the friction of water through a pipe. Square the velocity in feet per second, and multiply by the Co-eff. 13.88-and divide by diameter in inches, and multiply by length in feet, and divide by 2500. RULE.-To determine the capacity of any size pipe. Square the diameter in inches, and point off the right hand figure —} of this sum is the content in ale gallons of each foot in length. 10 74 Hydraulic Mortar. Lime, slaked I. 1 bushel. Calcined Clay... 14 Washed Sand.o 1 " Concrete. Unslaked Lime o.. 3 bushelso Sand... o 3 " Gravel. O 2 Broken Stone.. 4 " Cement. Hydraulic Cement, 6 bushels, or 2 New York barrels. Sand.. 6'4 This will lay 1,000 bricks- or two perches of stones. Mortars. Stone Lime (unslaked).. 1 bushel. Sand o o o. 3 " Stone Lime (unslaked) 1 " Gravel.. 10 Cementfor Leaks in Gas-holder. Red Lead in oil.. 1 part. White" ". o.. 1 Litharge "... 1 Intimately mixed and pushed into crevices with wooden spatula. For Leaks in Iron ]Retorts. 1. Fire-clay, 15 lbs.; Saleratus, 1 lb., made into paste with water. Applied inside to the broken part whilst the retort is at a good working heat; cover with fine coal dust and charge the retort for working. 75 For Outside. 2. Calcined fire-clay 1 4 1! gallon. Copper or brass filings I.. pint. Gas tar (boiled)... 3 gallons. To be mixed, warmed, and worked into rolls about 1 inch thick. Apply to the crack outside. For Mending Iron Retorts. 3. 15 lbs. fire-clay, 1 lb. saleratus, with water to make a thick paste. This must be applied to the broken part of the retort, when at a good working heat; after this, cover it with a fine coal dust, and charge the retort for working. To Stop Leaks in Clay Retorts when at working heat. Five parts fire-clay. Two " nfe white sand. One " (fused, and fine ground) borax. Mix with water to the consistency of putty; take a lump of any convenient size, roll it in the hand to a proper length, and apply it:over the crack, pressing upon it with a heavy force so as to drive it into the crack. Use a long spatula. The borax fused as follows:: Put:an iron pot over the ire, into which drop pieces of borax, adding small portions at intervals, so as to prevent Jt flowing over the sides of the vessel; let it fuse until it becomes a glass in a liquid form, pour it off to cool, and then grind it fine. This mixture should be kept on hand where clay retorts are used.'Cements for Cast-Jron. 1. One ounce of sal ammoniac to each hundrel weight of borings, and use withoat heating. 76 2. In 100 lbs. of iron borings mix one ounce of flowers of sulphur, and add one pound of sal ammoniac, dissolved in hot water. To preserve for use.-Put in an iron vessel, and cover with water. To Remove the Deposit of Carbon zfiom Clay Retorts. Take out the stopper from stand pipe, so as to allow a current of air to pass through the retort and oxidize the carbon. Use no bar. Put in a charge of coal after the retort has lain idle the number of hours required, and when it is withdrawn the carbon comes with it. Iron Cement. For securing mouth-pieces the iron cement is very valuable, or where heat is present. 1 ounce sal ammoniac. I " flowers of sulphur. 32 " clean cast-iron borings. Mix well and keep dry. When wanted for use mix into a paste with wrater, then apply to the joints and screw them together. Or, as some prefer, 2 ounces sal ammoniac. 1'" flowers of sulphur. 16's cast-iron borings. Mix well and keep dry. When wanted for use take of this I part, to which add 20 parts iron filings or borings;. mix to a paste with water and apply to joints. These are improved by adding a little fine grindstone saund..An Econom01tic Cezme t/ob l Moutii-Piecc."' I part iron cement. f5 "' ine clay. 77 Parts not exposed to heat may be joined with putty spread upon pasteboard, canvas, or woollen cloths. Joints requiring to be separated often may be made of red and white lead mixed, and spread upon woollen cloths or canvas. To Renzove the Crust of Carbon foomz Claty Retorts. Take out plug from stand-pipe, put a pipe through lid of mouth-piece, or leave a space open at bottom of lid to allow a current of cool air to pass, which oxidizes and crumbles the carbon, which is renewed with the following charge. A bar is injurious. 79 APPENDIX. THROUGH the kindness of Henry P. M. Birkinbine, Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works, we are enabled to furnish the following:1 Rod of Brickwork = 272 sup. ft., 11 bricks thick. = 11~ cub. yds. = 306 cub. ft. = 4000 bricks average work. = 5300 " laid dry. 36 bricks flat, or 52 on edge - 1 yard paving. No. of bricks in 1 cubic yd. = 384 1 load of Mortar - I cubic yard. 1 " " Sand =1 "'" 1 bag" Cement = 3 bushels. 1 sack " 4 5 6 1 cubic yard brickwork re- 6~ cubic feet sand. quires about 2~ "a " lime. Mortar, Cement, &c. Mortar.-1 of lime to 3 or 3. of sharp river sand, or 1 " 2 sand and 1 bIacksmith's ashes, or coarsely ground coke. Coarse Mortar.-1 of lime to 4 of coarse gravelly sand. Concrete.-1 of lime to 4 of gravel and 2 of sand. Hydraulic Mortar.-1 of blue lias lime to 21 of burnt clay; ground together; or 1 of blue lias lime to 6 of sharp sand, 1 of puzzolana, and 1 of calcined ironstone. 80 Beton.-1 of Hydraulic Mortar to 121 of angular stones. Cement.-1 of sand to 1 of cement. If great tenacity is required, the cement should be used without sand. Waterproof Mastic Cement. — of red lead to 5 of ground lime and 5 of sharp sand, mixed with boiled oil; or I of red lead to 5 of whiting and 10 of sharp sand, mixed with boiled oil. Portland Cement is composed of clayey mud and chalk ground together, and afterwards calcined at a high temperature; after calcining it is ground to a fine powder. Plastering. I in. thick. 3 in. thick. ~ in. thick. 1 bushel of cement, I d. 1 yd 21 or 1.28 cub. feetwillcover s yd s yd 2 s. yd 1 cement and 1 sand 24 4" 3 " 4~ " 1 cub. yd. of lime, 2 yds. of < and1 cub. and 3 bushels of 75 yds. sup. render and set on sand, and 3 bushels of hair will cover ) brick, or 70 yds. on lath. Asphalte Flooring. 8 lbs. of asphalte composition will cover 1 sup. foot, - inch thick. Water Works. 1 gallon of water = 0.16 cub. ft. approximately. 1 cube ft. " - 64 gallons Consumption of water in towns:16 gallons per head per day in non-manufacturing towns. 20 " " " "manufacturing towns. The main should be large enough for double the average quantity. Impounding reservoirs to contain above 120 days' supply in the rainy districts, and 200 days' supply in the less rainy districts of England. Service reservoirs to contain 3 days' supply. 81 On the average about T6O of the rain fall is available for storage. Loss from overflow of storm-water about 10 per cent. Evaporation 50 per cent. less on flat country than on an undulating rocky country. Cast Iron Pipes-Pressure in. Let H = Head of water, in feet. P = Pressure of water, in lbs. per square inch. D= Internal diameter of pipe, in inches. t- Thickness of metal, in inches. P - 0.433 H. t 0.0000054 H d J x. or t -.000125 P.d + x. x = - inches for pipes, less than 12 inches diameter. 21 " " " from 12 to 30 inches. 5 4 4 "4 " 4" 30 to 50 t " Rule for finding the Weight of Cast Iron Pipes:D - Diameter outside, in inches. d — " inside, or bore, in inches. W = Weight of 1 yard of pipe, in lbs. W - 7.35 (D2_-d2) Let the diameter of a pipe = 3 inches bore, and let the metal be 2 inch thick. Then the outside diameter is 4 = D. Then W = 7.35(D —d2) = 7.35(16-9 ) = 7.35 X 7 51.45 = 1 yard of pipe in lbs. =-17.15 —1 foot " " The weight of two flanges = about 1 foot of pipe. Delivery of Water in Pipes. D = Diameter of pipe, in inches. H = Head of water, in feet. L = Length of pipe, in feet. 11 82 W = Cubic feet of water discharged per minute. W = 4.72~ D-.538 Gas Works. Each Lamp consumes 5 cubic feet per hour. In winter each lamp consumes from 1800 to 2500 cubic feet per month. In summer each lamp consumes from 1000 to 1800 cubic feet per month. Average consumption for each lamp = 21000 cub. ft. per year. Private burners about _ 5000 " "' " Motion of Gas in Pipes. Q = Quantity of Gas, in cubic feet per hour. L = Length of pipe, in yards. D =- Diameter of pipe, in inches. H = Head of water pressure, in inches. (G = Specific gravity of Gas. /H D Q=1350 D24 G L 5IQ1 G L D =.056/ H G May be assumed =.42 for ordinary calculations. H " " " = an inch to 1 inch. Services for Lamps. 2 Lamps 40 feet from main require bore of pipe. Seldom 4 i' 40'' 6.. - I... 4 use less 6 " 50 " "' " 5 8 4. 44 than 4 in. 10 " 100 3C" ". ".. ( 15 " 130 " " " " 1 " " " 20 " 150" " " " 1' " ".. 25 " 180 "' " " 1!. ". 30' 200 " " " " 1 i's " 83 Light. Velocity of light 192,000 miles per second, nearly. Decomposition of Light:Violet = maximum chemical ray. Indigo. Blue. Yellow = light ray. Orange. Red = " heat " Sound. Velocity of sound in air - 1142 ft. per second. te" " " "(( Vwater = 4900 " " " " "LL tiron - 17,500 " " " " " " copper= 10,378 " " "' ~' " " "wood — 12,000 " " to=16,000""' Distance Sounds may be heard on a still day:Human voice. 150 yards. Rifle... 5300 " Military band. 5200 " Cannon. 35,000 Specific Gravity. To find the Specific Gravity of a Substance:W = weight of body in air. X=- " " " " water. G = specific gravity. w-x If the substance be lighter than water, sink it by means of a heavier substance, and deduct weight of heavier substance. To find the weight of a cubic foot of any substance when the specific gravity is given:Weight of a cubic foot, in lbs. = — 62.5 XG. 84 Rust Joint Cement (Quickly Setting). 1 Sal ammoniac in powder (by weight). 2 Flower of sulphur. 80 Iron borings made to a paste with water. Rust Joint Cement (Slowly Setting). 2 Sal ammoniac. 1 Flower of sulphur. 200 Iron borings. The latter cement is the best if the joint is not required for immediate use. Red Lead Cement for Face Joints. 1 of white lead. 1 of red lead, mixed with linseed oil to the proper consistency. Fuel. Average Evaporative Power:1 lb. of coke evaporates 9 lbs. of water. I " coal "(average) 9 { 13 have been in practice. 1 " " slack " 4 " " " 1 " "oak (dry) " 42 " " 1 " " pine 6 2~" " Coal loses about 3 of its weight in coking, but increases in bulk al. Stationary expansive condensing engines use from 5 to 7 lbs. of coal per horse power per hour. Locomotive (passenger) from 25 to 30 lbs. per mile. 9" (heavy goods) " 45 to 55 " " " Wood-burning locomotives will run 24 miles with 1 cord of wood. A cord of wood = 4:feet X 4 feetX 8 feet. Navy allowance of stowage of coal= 2700 lbs.; 48 cubic feet per ton. The bulk of wood is about 6 times as much as an equivalent of coal. 85 Memorand. Connected with Water. 1 cubic foot of water = 62-4 lbs. 1 " inch - 036 " 1 gallon =- 10' "or 70,000 grs. imperial gal. or - 0'16 cubic feet. 1 cubic foot of water = 6*2355 gallons. or approximately = " 1 cwt. of water - 1-8 cubic feet = 11'2 gals. 1 ton " -35-9 " - 224- " Pressure of Water per sq. inch at different heads:P = pressure in lbs. per square inch. H - head of water in feet. P —H X'4333. H- P X 2-31. Pressure per square foot = H 62'4. Cubic foot of water X 0F557 = cwt. approximately. 4" "'~4 X 0'028 -= tons " 1 cubic foot of sea water = 64.14 lbs. Weight of sea water = weight of fresh water X 1'028. 1 gallon in wine, ale, or dry measure = 2771 cub. inches = -16 cub. feet. = 10 lbs. of distilled water. Cubic feet X 6'232 = gallons English. 7.481 - rAmerican. " inches X'003607 " 1 bushel - 2218'19 cub. inches. 128 cub. feet. Decimal Equivalents of Inches, Feet, and YFards. Fractions Deems. Deems. Inches. Feet. Yards. of an of an of a inch. inch. Foot. 1 -=.0833 --.0277 -.0626=.00621 2 -.166 —.0555. 125 =.01041. 3 =.25 =.08.3.8.1875=.01562 4-.113333 11 3.312n5=n02604 5= 4166=.1389.375 =.03125 5 4166 1389 8 4375=.03645 6.5 =.1666.5 -- -.04166 2 _._ 56 -0468s 7=.5833=.1944.625 =.05208 8=.6666=.2222 c8 6.6875=.05729.75 =.06250 9-.75 =.25 __ 3875 100=-.08333 =.2778 I inch -9375= 07812 11.9166 =.3055 0833 12=- 1.000 =.3333 86 Decimal Equivalents of lbs., qrs., and cwt. qrs. lbs. cwt. qrs. lbs. cwt. qrs. lbs. cwt. qrs. lbs. cwt. 0 0 —=.0044 1 0-.25 2 0=.5 3 0=.75 0 1.0089 1 1.2589 2 1.5089 3 1.7589 0 2.0178 1 2.2678 2 2.5178 3 2.7678 0 3.0268 1 3.2768 2 3.5268 3 3.7768 0 4.0357 1 4.2857 2 4.5357 3 4.7857 0 5.0446 1 5.2946 2 5.5446 3 5.7946 0 6.0535 1 6.3035 2 6.5535 3 6.8035 0 7.0625 1 7.3125 2 7.5625 3 7.8125 0 8.0714 1 8.3214 2 8.5714 3 8.8214 0 9.0803 1 9.3303 2 9.5803 3 9.8303 0 10.0892 1 10.3392 2 10.5892 3 10.8392 0 11.0982 1 111.3482 2 11.5982 3 11.8482 0 12.1071 1 12.3571 2 12.6077 3 12.8571 0 13.1160 1 13.3660 2 13.6160 3 13.8660 0 14.125 1 14.375 2 14.625 3 14.875 0 15.1339 1 15.3839 2 15.6339 3 15.8839 0 16.1429 1 16.3929 2 16.6429 3 16.8929 0 17.1518 1 17.4018 2 17.6518 3 17.9018 0 18.1607 1 18.4107 2 18.6607 3 18.9107 0 19.1696 1 19.4196 2 19.6696 3 19.91]96 0 20.1786 1 20.4286 2 20.6786 3 20.9286 0 21.1875 1 21.4375 2 21.6875 3 21.9375 0 22.1964 1 22.4464 2 22.6964 3 22.9464 0 23.2054 1 23.4554 2 23.7054 3 23.9554 0 24.2143 1 24.4643 2 24.7143 3 24.9643 0 25.2232 1 25.4732 2 25.7232 3 25.9732 0 26.2321 1 26.4821 2 26.7321 3 26.9821 0 27.2411 1 27.4911 2 27.7411 3 27.9911 Properties of the Circle. Diameter X 3-14159 = circumference. X'8862 - side of an equal square. X'7071 -- " inscribed " Diameter2 X'7854 - area of circle. Circumference. 3'14159 = diameter. Radius X 6'28318 = circumference. Circumference = 3'54 v/area of circle. Diameter = 1'128 v/area of circle. 87 Mensuration of Surfaces. Area of triangle = base X - perperndiculaI. Area of circle - diameter2 X'7854. Area of sector of circle = are X I radius. Area of sector of circle o. of deg. in arc X area of the circle. Area of sector of circle- - 360. Area of parabola = base X 2 height. Area of ellipse = transverse axis X'7854. Conjugate axis. Area of cycloid = area of generating circle X 3. Surface of cylinder = area of both ends + length X circumlference. Surface of cone = area of base +- circumference of base X 2- slant height. Surface of sphere = diameter2 X 3'1415 = diameter X circumference. Surface of frustrum = sum of girt at both ends X ~ slant height +- area of both ends. Mensuration of Solids. Cylinder = area of one end X length. Sphere - diameters X 0'5236. Segment of sphere =- 0'5236 H (H2 + 3 R2) where H = height of segment and R = radius of the base of segment. Cone or pyramid = area of base X 3 per perpendicular height. Frustrum =- H (A +- a + -/A X a). When A and a = areas of the ends, H = perpendicular height. Frustrum of Cone = 0-2618 H (D2 - d2 + D. d). When D and d = the diameters of each end and H = perpendicular height. Wedge - area of base X 1 perpendicular height. Frustrum of wedge = H (A + a). When A and a = area at each end, HI = perpendicular height. Properties of Metals. W't of a Weight of a Tenacity in Crushing Melting Expansion Conductcubic inch Specific cubic foot lbs. per force in lbs. point. between MIetals. in lbs. Gravity. in lbs. square inch. per sq. inch. Fahr. 32o & 212 ing power. Aluminium..092 2.56 160...... 118000 Antimony, cast..242 6.7 418 1066... 810.0011 Bismuth....35 9.82 615 3250 497.0014 Brass, cast..3 8.4 525 17,978 10,300 1800.002 Brass, wire.. 8.5 531 49,000 Copper, cast..32 8.89 555 19,072 11,700 1996.0017 - Copper, sheet 8.95 559 33,000......... 898 Copper, wire 9. 562 61,000... Gold...7 19.25 1203 20,400... 2016.0016 1000 Gun metal.. 3 8.4 525 36,000......... - Iron, wrought bar.28 7.7 481 60,000 38,000....0012 347 Iron, Swedish... 7.6 475 70,000.... Iron, wire.... 85,000 Iron, cast...26 7.18 448 19,000 92,000 2786 *0011 - Lead, cast..41 11.35 709 1824 7,000 612 *0028 180 Lead, sheet.......... 3328......... Mercury...49 13.56 847...... 39.016 Silver....38 10.47 654 41,000... 1873.0019 973 Steel....282 7.8 487 120,000...... 0011 - Steel, puddled... 7.78 485 80,000... Tin...263 7.29 455 5000 15,000 442.0021 304 Zinc.....253 7. 437 8000... 773.0029 363' Approximate; no well authenticated experiments on aluminium. 89 W't in Tenacity in Crushing Timber. Specific lbs. per lbs. per sq. force in lbs. gravity. cub. ft. inch. per sq. in. Ash...8 50 17.200 9.000 Beech...69 43 11.000 9.000 Birch..71 44 15.000 5.500 Cedar...48 31 11.000 5.600 Deal, Christiana..7 44 12.000 6.000 Elm.....6 37 13.000 10.000 Hornbeam..75 47 20.000 7.000 Larch....55 35 9.000 5.500 Memiel....6 37 Mahogany, Spanish..8 50 16.000 8.000 Oak, English..93 58 17.000 10.000 Oak, Canadian..87 54 10.000 6.000 Pine, red... 65 41 12.000 5.800 Pine, yellow.. *45 29 11.000 5.400 Teak, Moulmein. *65 41 15.000 12.000 Yew....5 50 8.000 JMi:iscellan eous. Asphaltum.. 9 56 Gutta percha...98 61 India rubber...94 60 Ivory... 1.8 112 Specific Weigbt Boiling Expansion.' ~Fluids. gravity. per cube point. Fluids. gravity. fooet. Alcohol... 8 50 1730.11 Ether....74 46 100.07 Oil.90 56.08 Water, fresh 1.000 62.4 212.047 Water, sea. 1.028 64.1 213 Gases. Water 1. Weight (air Weight of cube being 1). foot in grains. Air...0012 1.000 527 Carbonic acid..0018 1.524 800 Carburetted hydrogen.0005.420 220 Hydrogen..00008.069 43 Oxygen...00125 1.103 627 1 Expansion of fluids is calculated between 320 and 2120. 12 90 Specific Weight Tenacity Crushing Description. gravity, per cub. ft. in lbs. per force in lbs. in lbs. sq. inch. per sq. inch. Artificial Substances. Brick... 2.0 124 290 1500 Brickwork, in mortar 1.6 100 50 Brickwork, in cement 1.8 112to94 290 1000 Concrete, ordinary. 1.9 119 Concrete, in cement. 2.2 133 Cement, Portland. 1.3 81 290 100 Cement, Roman 1. 63 Glass.. 2.5 156 9000 Lime, quick.8 50 Mortar 1.7 106 50 Tile.. 1.8 112 Stolses, Earths, ~c. Chalk... 2.3 143... 400 Clay.... 2. 125 Coal.... 1.3 82 Coke..8 50 Earth, rammed. 1.6 100 Flint... 2.6 163 Gravel... 1.9 120 Graanite... 2.6.1.64... 8,000 Grindstone. 2.1 [131'~~~~~~~~~ 3 000 t Limestone 2. 2.5 156 8. 000 to { 8000o Marble... 2.7 168 6000 6000 Sand... 1.9 120 Sandstone. 2.5 156... 5000 Stone, Bath. 1.8 112 Stone, Portland. 2.1 131 3700 York flag.. 2.3 143 Slate... 2.8 175 9000 11,000 Shingle. 1.4 90 91 Weight and Strength of Round Ropes of Hemp and Wire. Equivalent Hemp. Iron Wire. Steel Wire. Strength. Ibs. s. lbs. Work- BreakCircum- weight Circum-i weight Circum- weight ing ing ference. per ference. per ference. per load. strain. fathom. falhom. fathem. per cwt. per ton. 24 2 1 1.... 6 2 2 1- 1 1 9 3 34 4 1 5 2..... 12 4 - 13 2 14 14i 15 5 44 5 14 3 T i 18 - - 2 34 1. 2 21 7 5- 7 24 4 14 24 24. 6 9 24 5 14 3 30 10 2. 2a 11 64 10 24 6 2 34 36 12 -2 646 241 4 39 13 7 12 2-1 7 24 44 142 14 - - 3 7...... 45 15 72- 14 38 8 23 5 48 16 _- 3 84. 51 17 8 16 33 9 24 54 54 18 32 10 24 6 60 20 - 33 12...... 72 24 94 22 3' 13 34 8 78 26 10 26 4 14... 84 28 -41 15 3I 9 90 30 11 30 48 16.... 96 32 ~- 4 1 18 3 10 108 36 12 34 4- 20 33 12 120 40 92 Weight and Strength of Flat Ropes of Hemp and Wire. Elqnivalent HIemp. Iron Wire. Steel Wire. strength. lbs. lbs. lbs. Work- BreakSize in weight Size in weight Size in weight ing ing inches. per inches. per inches. per load. strain. fathom. fathom. fathom. per cwt. per ton. XI'4 20 2XX )1 11.. 44 20 5 X14 24 22 X - 13...... 52 23 52xI 26 2IX -1 15... 60 27 5-4X1~ 28 3 X - 16 2 X1 10 64 28 6 X 1-2 30 3X A 18 21X- 11 72 32 7 xlJ7 36 3X 8 20 so80 36 8 X28 40 3iX -' 22 2; >x 13 88 40 44'T 26 2 88 8s X 2 45 4 X -4- 25 2X 3 15 100 45 9 X2l 50 4 X - 28 3 X8 16 112 50 91x2-a 55 4g X a 32 34X3 18 128 56 10>X2 60 485X 34 32 20 136 60 Weight and Strength of Hemp Ropes. W=-Weight of rope, in lbs. per fathom. C=Circumference, in inches. B=Breaking weight, in tons. W= —C2 X.26. B=Cl X.28 for hempen ropes. B-C2 X.2 for common cables. Rule for t7he Weight of Pipes. D=Outside diameter of pipe in inches. d —=Inside diameter. w=Weight of a lineal foot of pipe in lbs. w=lc (D2 —d2). k —2.45 for cast iron. =2.64 for wrought iron. -2.82 for brass. =3.03 for copper. = —3.87 for lead. 93 Weight of a lineal foot of Cast-Iron Pipes int lbs. 2 flanges =1 foot of length in weight. Thick- Thick- ThickBore ness of Weight. Bore ness of Weight. Bore ness of Weight. inch. imetal. inch. n etal. iuch. metal. 3 8 12.4 9 3 " 4.4 15 1 156.8 3 2 17.1 9 2 46.6 15 1R 177.7 3 8 22.2 9 58.9 16 4 123.1 4 3 16.1 9 A 71.7 16 8 144.7 4 2 2.1 o8 4 1 22.1 10 1 51.4 16 1 166.6 4 8 28.3 10 65.1 16 11 188.7 5 3 19.8 101 79.0 1.8 137.9 5 2 26.9 10 7 93.3 18 7 161.8 5 34.4 11 2 56.4 18 1 186.2 5 4 42.3 11 8 71.0 18 18 210.8 6 3 23.4 11 3 86.4 20 178.9 8 8 6 2 31.9 11 7 101.8 20 1 205.8 6 8 40.6 12 8 77.3 20 1 232.9 6 4 49.7 12 93.7 20 1- 260.3 7 8 27.1 12 I 110.4 22 1 225.4 7 2 36.8 12 1 127.4 22 18 254.9 7 8 46.7 14 5 89.6 22 14 284.8 7 3 56.8 14 3 108.4 24 1 245.0 8 3 30.8 14 7 127.5 24 18 276.9 8 2 1 41.6 14 1 147.0 24 14 319.3 8 52.8 15 115.7 8 3 64.3 15 87 136.1 4. 7 1 8 9 62 94 Weyight of Lead Pipes in Weight of Copper Pipes in lbs. lbs. per foot lineal. per foot lineal. Com- Bi d- Thickness in parts of inch. Bore mon. dling. Strong. Bore inch. lbs. lbs. lbs. inch. g 1.07 - _ TT; _ I~~~~~8 16 4~ 1.07 3 1.6 1.8 2. I.42.94.60 2.27 1 2.0 2.6 2.8 -3.62 1.33 2.17 3.02 4 3.0 3.7 4.4 1.79 1 1.69 2.66 3.77 - 4.0 4.7 5.6 1- 1.15 2.4 3.85 5.30 2 5.0 6.0 7.0 2 1.55 3.21 5.00 6.80 2l 7.0 1 8.6 1 0.0 21, 2 1.94 3.97 6.13 S.31 2.3 4.73 7.24 9.84 Birminyghzanm W7ire Gacuye, comcpared with inc7zes. B.W.G. =ins. B.W.G. ins. B.W.G. — ins. B.BW. G. ins. No. 1 = —.31 No. 10 =.137 No. 19 —.042 No. 28-.014 2.28 11.125 20.035 29.013 3.26 12.109 21.032 30.012 4.24 13.095 22.028 31.01 5.22 14.083 23.025 32.009 6.2 15.072 24.022 33.008 7.187 16.065 25.02 34.007 8.166 17.056 26.018 35.005 9.158 18.049 27.016 36.004 95 Weight of a Lineal Foot of Flat Bar Iron in Pounds. Thickness in fractions of inches. I. _ _ _. _. _ _ _ 1.83 1.04 1.25 1.46 1.67 2.08 2.50 2.92 3.34 18.93 1.17 1.40 1.64 1.87 2.34 2.81 3.28 3.75 14 1.04 1.30 1.56 1.82 2.08 2.60 3.13 3.65 4.17 13 1.14 1.43 1.72 2.00 2.29 2.87 3.44 4.01 4.59, 1~ 1.25 1.56 1.87 2.19 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00.35 1.69 2.03 2.37 2.71 3.39 4.07 4.70 5.43 14 1.46 1.82 2.19 2.55 2.92 3.65 4.38 5.11 5.84 17 1.56 1.95 2.34 2.74 3.13 3.91 4.69 5.47 6.26 2 1.67 2.08 2.50 2.92 3.34 4.17 5.01 5.86 6.68 24 1.77 2.21 2.66 3.10 3.55 4.43 5.32 6.21 7.10 24 1.87 2.34 2.81 3.28 3.76 4.69 5.63 6.57 7.52 23 1.98 2.47 2.97 3.47 3.96 4.95 5.95 6.94 7.93 21 2.08 2.60 3.13 3.65 4.17 5.21 6.26 7.30 8.35 25 2.19 2.74 3.28 3.83 4.38 5.47 6.57 7.67 8.77 24 2.29 2.87 3.44 4.01 4.59 5.74 6.88 8.03 9.18 27 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 3 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.01 6.26 7.51 8.76 10.02 34 2.71 3.39 4.07 4.74 5.43 6.78 8.14 9.49 10.86 31 2.92 3.65 4.38 5.11 5.84 7.30 8.76 10.23 11.69 34 3.13 3.91 4.68 5.47 6.26 7.82 9.39 10.95 12.52 4 3.34 4.17 5.00 5.84 6.68 8.35 10.02 11.69 13.36 44 3.54 4.43 5.32 6.21 7.09 8.87 10.64 12.42 14.19 42 3-.75 4.69 5.63 6.57 7.51 9.39 11.27 13.15 15.03 44 3.06 4.95 5.94 6.94 7.93 9.91 11.89 13.88 15.86 5 4.17 5.21 6.26 7.30 8.35 10.44 12.52 14.61 16.70 54 4.38 5.47 6.57 7.67 8.76 110.96 13.14 15.34!17.53 52 4.59 5.73 6.88 8.03 9.18 11.48 13.77 16.07 18.37 54 4.80 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 12.00 14.40 16.80119.20 6 5.01 6.25 7.51 8.76 10.02 12.53 15.03 17.53120.05 96 1Weiyght of a Lineal Foot of Rozund and Square Bar, Iron, in Ibs. Diam. Square Round Square Round Square Round or bars. bars. b bars. bars. C bars. bars. side.;O 1.209.164 1 3.34 2.62 27 27.61 21.68 -56.326.256 1 4.22 3.32 3 30.07 23.60 8.470.369 14 5.25 4.09 3 35.28 27.70 T-76.640.502 10 6.35 4.96 32 40.91 32.13.835.656 1 - 7.51 5.90 34 46.97 36.89 g1- 1.057.831 1 8.82 6.92 4 53.44 41.97 ~ 1.305 1.025 14 10.29 8.03 44 60.32 47.38 4 1.579 1.241 17 11.74 9.22 44 67.63 53.12 L 1.879 1.476 2 13.36 10.49 44 75.35 59.18 f 2.205 1.732 2' 15.08 11.84 5 83.51 65.58 2.556 2.011 2 116.91 13.27 5k 92.46 72.30 2.936 2.306 24 18.84 14.79 54 101.03 79.35 22 20.87 16.39 54 114.43 86.73 25 23.11 18.07 6 120.24 94.43 24 25.26 19.84 To convert into weight of other metals, multiply tabular No. for cast iron by.93, for steel X 1.01, for copper, X 1.15, for brass X 1.09, for lead X 1.48, for zinc X.92. Weight of Nuts and Bolt Heads, in lbs. Diameter of bolt in inches k 8 1 1 Weight of hexagon nut and head...017.057.128.267.43.73 Weight of square nut and head.. 0021.069.164.320.55.88 Diameter of bolt in inches.... 1 1k 1- 14 2 2~ 3 Weight of hexagon nut and head. 1.10 2.14 3.78 5.6 8.75 17 28.8 Weight of square nut and head.11.31 2.56 4.42 7.0 10.5 21 36.4 97 TI/eight of a Square Foot of Sheet Metals in lbs. —Thickness Birmingham Wire Gauge. Thick- Thickness Iron. Copper. Brass. ness Iron. Copper. Brass. B.W.G, B.W.G. 30.5.58.5 15 2.82 3.27 3.10 29.56.64.61 14 3.12 3.60 3.43 28.64.74.70 13 3.75 4.34 4.12 27.72.83.79 12 4.38 5.08 4.81 26.80.92.88 11 5.00 5.80 5.50 25.90 1.04.99 10 5.62 6.50 6.18 24 1.0 1.16 1.10 9 6.24 7.20 6.86 23 1.12 1.30 1.23 8 6.86 7.90 7.54 22 1.25 1.45 1.37 7 7.50 8.70 8.25 21 1.40 1.62 1.54 6 8.12 9.40 8.93 20 1.54 1.78 1.69 5 8.74 10.10 9.61 19 1.70 1.97 1.87 4 10.00 11.60 11.00 18I 1.86 2.15 2.04 3 11.00 12.75 12.10 17 2.18 2.52 2.40 2 12.00 13.90 13.10 16 2.50 2.90 2.75 1 12.50 14.50 1 13.75 7Weight of a Saperficial Foot of Plates, Different Metals, inl lb7s. E.f:. IIper. 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.7 2.3.0625 in.=16 B.W.G 5. 1 5.5 5.8 7.4 4.7.125 =11 7.5 8.2 8.7 11.1 7.0.1875o -7 10. 11.0 11.6 14.8 9.4.25' - 4 5~o 12.5 13.7 14.5 18.5 11.7.3125 = 15. 16.4 17.2 22.2 14.0.375 17, 17.5 19.2 20.0 25.9 16.4.4375 2 20.0 21.9 22:9 29.5 18.7.5 9 22.5 24.6 25.7 33.2 21.1.5625 25. 27.4 28.6 36.9 23.4.625 —'6 27.5 30.1 31.4 40.6 25.7.6875 l 30. 32.9 34.3 44.3 28.1.75 Ti' 32.5 35.6 37.2 48.0 30.4.8122 356. 38.3 40.0 51.7 32.8.875 8..o.. _ 37.5 41.2 42.9 55.4 35.1.9375 1 40. 43.9 45.8 59.1 37.5'1.000 13 98 Weight of Cast- fron Balls and Solid Cylinders, in Pounds. Diameter in inches, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cast-iron balls,.136 1.10 3.70 8.7 17.1 29.5 47. 70. 100. Cast-iron cylinder footlong 2.4 9.9 21.9 39.0 61.0 89.0 120 156 198 Weight of Ordinary Angle Iron, in lbs. per lineal foot. Breadth, in inches, 1{ 1 1 1 2 2{- 21 2B 3 31 3~ Weight per foot,inlbs. 1.8 2.7 3.3 3.9 5 6.5 8.3 10.4 11.7 14. Strength and Weight of Chains. Chains. Chain cables. Diameter |Weight per Proof Diameter Weight per Proof strain in inches. fathom strain in in inches. fathom in cwt. in lbs. cwt. in lbs. -5 q 2 3 8 3622 120 14 65 a 30 200 22 102 42 260 4 32 147 1 55 360 i 43 200 1~ 68 520 81 56 268 14 84 640 1~ 71 334 1-3 102 760 11 87 408 14 120 880 1 106 498 13 148 1200 2 180 1600 99 CI RCIUJLA R TO GAS: LIGHT COMPANIES AND GAS; ENGINEERS. HARRIS & BROTHER, GAS: METER MANUFACTURERS, iNo. 1117 Cherry Street, n H IL -AD E LP H A. Among the many, we subjoin a few of our CERTIFICATES OF RECOMMENDATION, PHILADELPHIAi GAS WORKS, February 14, 1857. MESSRS. HARRIS & BROS. DEAR SIRS: I take great pleasure in stating that we have found your meters to register with entire correctness, and to be generally of very good quality. The number furnished by you to these works is over 5,000. Very truly, JOHN C. CRESSON, Engineer. OFFICE CAMDEN GAS COMPANY, CAMDEN, N. J., March 4, 1858. MESSRS. HARRIS & BROS. DEAR SIRS: In answering your inquiry, I will say that your meters first came under my notice in 1850. At that time I was Superintendent of the Northern Liberties Gas 100 Company; and as there were a large number of manunfacturers urging their meters for our patronage, I instituted a thorough investigation of their various claims to our confidence for correct registration and mechanical construction. The investigation satisfied me of the good quality of your meters, so much so that a large portion of those purchased for the Company while I was with them, were from your manufactory. We have your meters in use here in Camden now that have been in use about five years, and give entire satisfaction. In fact, I can say with pleasure that I consider your meters in all respects as good as any that have come under my notice. Yours, truly, O. W. GOODWIN, Superintendent Camden Gas Company. PHILADELPHIA, March 11, 18,58. THIS IS TO CERTIFY, that we have, since they commenced business, mainly furnished Harris & Brothers with the materials which they consume in the manufacture of meters, and it affords us pleasure to state that in every sale made them, quality was the first consideration, they invariably insisting upon having none other than the choicest brand of tin plate and the primest quality of block tin; and for the first named articles we have imported for them a very heavy and exceedingly high cost article where strength of material is required in the manufacture of their meters. NATHAN TROTTER & CO., No. 36 North Front Street. 101 OFFICE OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANY OF AUGUSTA, GA., March 6, 1858. MESSRS. HARRIS & BROS. CENTS: Yours of the 1st inst. has just reached me. I cheerfully comply with your request. This is to certify that having used meters manufactured by Messrs. Harris & Bros. for the last nine years, we do not hesitate to state they have given entire satisfaction in point of workmanship and accuracy of registration; they are surpassed by none, and equalled by few manufactories in the Union. We have used meters made by other establishments, but our preference is in favor of those made by Harris & Bros. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. G. S. HOOKEY, Sup't of the Gas Light Company of Augusta, Ga. PHILADELPHIAT, March 4, 1858. To HARRIS & BRos. GENTLEMEN: In regard to the questions you ask me of my opinion respecting your meters, I can only answer as far as my practical experience in the business has taught me, having worked for Code, Hopper & Co. some six years, and yourselves about two years; my position has been such as to acquire the knowledge of the different mixtures of the metals used in the manufacture of meters and the quality of material. I most honestly believe your meter to be equal, if not better than any manufactured in this city. I have also visited several Gas Works where your meters were in use, and upon inquiry, found that they give entire satisfaction. Yours, respectfully, DANIEL P. VANDEGRIFT, 1508 Filbert Street. 102 Ma~rch 14, 1857, MESSRS. HARRIS & BROS. GENTLEMEN: For the last ten years we, have used, in the Philadelphia Gas Works: meters made in your factory, and take pleasure in expressing my opinion as to. their correctness. On several occasions I have taken your meters apart, and found the materials used in the manufacture of the. same to be of as fine a quality as. is used in those imported from Europe, or made by any of the manufacturers in the United States. Respectfully yours, GEORGE WIEGAND, Inspector of Gas Fittings, Philadelphia Gas Works. October, 1864. MESSRS. HARRIS & BROS. Your Gas Meters were first used by me in 1852, when building the Gas Works in Germantown, now 22d Ward of this city. Many of these meters are still in use and in good working order. This is the best evidence and the highest testimony of their durability. In 1855 I ordered 250 for the Gas Company in West Philadelphia, now the 24th Ward. The Gas Company demanded their inspection by, and the approval of, the Chief Engineer of the PhiladelphiaGas Works, Jno. C. Cresson, Esq. That none of the 250 should be rejected, neither running too fast nor too slow, became a subject of remark among the Provers-so much for their accuracy. To this nothing need be added. Your late invitation to examine the mate. rials used in your establishment satisfies me that you still maintain the same high character of your meters. From a personal acquaintance with the members of your firm, I can commend them to the confidence and patronage of Gas Companies. Yours, respectfully, H. P. M. BIRKINBINE, Chief Engineer Philadelphia 4Water Works. 103 We manufacture and keep constantly on hand the following articles, viz:Wet and Dry Consumer's Meters; Station, Experimental, and Glazed Meters; Pressure Registers, Indicators, and Gauges; Meter Provers and Photometers; Governor Drums and Centre Seal Drums. We furnish all articles appertaining to Gas Works. Our long experience and practical knowledge, and the constant supervision of our factory guarantee durability, accuracy, and excellence of workmanship. Orders for any articles not in our line, which Gas Engineers or Superintendents of Gas Works may want, will be furnished with pleasure without any additional cost or expense. We respectfully solicit your patronage, and think you will agree with us that the interests of Gas Companies will be better served by keeping up a competition in the trade, than by allowing its monopoly. Prompt attention given to all orders addressed to HARRIS & BROTHER, Gas Meter Manqzf'rs, No. 1117 Cherry St., Phila.