Xit It lg A TINY of QL 5o0.2 ~._R52...... 550.710 7 "'L '4 I j 4, V k 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I E~"i~.PS Ir.TNIVEK 11 *?ii a~d v Al Ps" BI^KIIS T. TlifflLH I44545'. 4%..W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''.II' *'f'w i::!& ^iy. 1 '%: C1 O ^^It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y^^^'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sl s 1^ 1:~!i IS9SIS is Ia ^;'^:^^ ^;:^ 11~ pl;;^;?:t*: l;^.; , I., 4 ** -! -,.t 4%.? r/ 7.47b -1 Z9!"Oelli-I 14-.W4pS K THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS:::: By SStillman Berry From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume XXXII, 1912 Document No. 789::::::::: Issued June 24, I914..-::. 0 WASHINGTON:::::: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:::::::: 1914 11I "...,:0. 0: -...: a0 THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS By S. Stillman Berry 255 THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. S By S. STILLMAN BERRY, INTRODUCTION. The ensuing monograph was originally projected as a report on the collection of cephalopod mollusks taken by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross during her Hawaiian cruise of 1902. It was found, however, that the pages required to be only slightly amplified to become practically a monographic survey of the entire Hawaiian region, and this has accordingly been done. Wherever possible a full description is given from Hawaiian material of each species under consideration. This is succeeded by a brief discussion of the further range of the species, tables of dimensions, a short critical comparison with other nearly allied forms, and such other items as seemed relevant. In some cases, especially where a species has been known to the writer only through the descriptions of other authors, it has been thought well to reprint the diagnosis of the original author in full. The work was commenced at Stanford University in the autumn of 1908, and, with the exception of the season of 1909-o10, was prosecuted more or less continuously in the zoological laboratories there from that time to November, 1912. a SOURCES OF MATERIAL. The great bulk of the material upon which this report is based is the property of the United States Bureau of Fisheries and was obtained during the explorations of the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross on her extensive investigation in 1902 of the waters adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, which constitute, zoologically speaking, what is known as the Hawaiian region. The principal part of the specimens have been turned over to the United States National Museum, but a set of the duplicates is deposited in the Stanford University collections. I have further had for study the small series of shore forms already in the collections of Stanford University, most of them obtained by Dr. 0. P. Jenkins during his visit to the islands in 1889, or by Dr. D. S. Jordan and Dr. B. W. Evermann in 1901. These a As on a former occasion, I must express my gratitude to Dr. Walter Kenrick Fisher, of Stanford University, for the kindly interest with which he has constantly followed the progress of this work in his laboratory. It is of interest to note, also, that Dr. Fisher was a member of the Albatross staff during the Hawaiian explorations, and the occasional color and habit notes which appear in his handwriting on the labels of some of the specimens are of more than ordinary interest, especially when we consider how few data of the sort are available for even the commoner species of this group of animals. To Dr. Harold Heath I am once more under obligation for the opportunity to work up an important collection originally placed in his own hands for study. It is also due to him that the series of drawings prepared by Mr. R. L. Hudson came into my hands at the same time with the specimens, so that the major portion of them could be utilized in the presentreport. Other illus. trations in thesepages are the work of Miss Lora Woodhead, Mr. Henry Varnum Poor. andMr. John Howard Paine, all of Stanford University. 257 286105 258 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. collections include one species (Onychoteuthis banksii) which was not taken by the Albatross. In addition to the above there have constantly been available the collections of cephalopods made by the Albatross during the Alaska salmon investigations of 1903 and the dredgings off the California coast in 1904, together with the considerable series of west American and Japanese specimens owned by Stanford University. Although all of these have already been made the subject of reports (Berry 19I2a, 19I2b), their value for comparative study in the present consideration has been inestimable. The type specimens of new species together with certain others have already been assigned catalogue numbers by the authorities of the National Museum, and such numbers are carefully cited in the proper paragraphs of the following pages. In referring to the Stanford University material, I have for the sake of brevity adopted the University initials-L. S. J. U.-immediately succeeded by a catalogue number which has reference to the invertebrate series in the University collections. As will be seen, the material thus utilized lacks only Polypus hawaiiensis, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, and the clearly erroneous Loligo gahi and Polypus fontanianus, to embrace all the species known or reported from the islands, the great bulk of the records being nevertheless entirely new. The total number of specimens which I have personally examined is 210. These are distributed among 24 genera and include somewhat more than 29 species, only 4 of which have been previously recorded from the region. Some 15 of these species it has been found advisable to describe as new, and it is quite probable that several of the io or more forms represented by specimens too immature or too poorly preserved for accurate determination belong to species not yet described. The Albatross collection has already formed the basis of two brief preliminary papers (Berry 1909, 1913), in which the majority of the new species were tersely described and in the first of which a provisional check list of all the species was also given. HISTORICAL SURVEY. With the exception of the two papers which have been just referred to as preliminary to the present report, no work specially devoted to Hawaiian Cephalopoda has ever been published. Even the scattered references contained in volumes of wider scope are not numerous and only to. be found by dint of the most exhaustive searching. Despite its brevity, therefore, the following cursory survey of the literature is thought to be practically complete. I have been unable to determine to what author belongs the honor of first bringing a Hawaiian member of our group to the public notice, since Gould in America and Souleyet in France both published in the same year. The latter author, reporting in 1852 on the mollusks taken during the voyage of the Bonite, describes only a single species from the islands, the Octopus hawaiiensis, a form which would naturally be expected to be abundant, but which has not been recognized with any certainty since. In the magnificent memoir by Gould (1852) on the Mollusca of the Wilkes exploring expedition, two Hawaiian species are described for the first time, both of them common littoral forms, namely, Octopus ornatus Gould, and Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 259 In 1879 Tryon published a monograph of the Cephalopoda as the first volume of his Manual of Conchology. In addition to the three species just noted, two other forms are accredited to our region, namely, Loligo gahi d'Orbigny and Polypus Jontanianus d'Orbigny. Both of these, however, are characteristic South American types and the Hawaiian record in each case seems almost certainly to be an error. The Challenger steamed through the very heart of the region and made a brief call at Honolulu, yet took but a single species of cephalopod. This was a common reef Polypus, three specimens of which reached England and were there described by Hoyle (1885) as Octopus marmoratus. In 1899 Schauinsland reported the occurrence of the following species in the neighborhood of Laysan Island, his identifications being based on determinations by Dr. G. Pfeffer: a Octopus sp. Ommastrephes oualaniensis. Onychoteuthis Banksii. Ommastrephes Sloanei. In 1909 the present writer published preliminary diagnoses of seven supposedly new forms from the Hawaiian Islands, and as an appendix to the same paper added a simple check list of all the species known to occur in the region (Berry, 1909, p. 418). In this list some 22 species are named and i i other forms are recorded without precise determination. This list, which follows herewith, should now be regarded as entirely supplanted by the present paper: Cirroteuthis (?) sp. Semirossia (?) sp. Argonauta b6ttgeri. Stoloteuthis iris n. sp. Argonauta (argo?). Sepioteuthis arctipinnis. Tremoctopus (near quoyanus). Ommastrephes sagittata near sloanei. Alloposus mollis. Ommastrephid (young). Bolitaena sp. Onychoteuthis banski. Polypus hawaiiensis. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Polypus hoylei n. sp. Teleoteuthis appellofi. Polypus ornatus. Abralia astrosticta n. sp. Polypus marmoratus. Abralia sp. Polypus a. Abraliopsis sp. Polypus jP. PterygioteiUthis giardi. Polypus r. Tracheloteuthis riisei. Scaeurgus sp. Chiroteuthis famelica n. sp. Stephanoteuthis hawaiiensis xn. gen. and Cranchia (Liocranchia) globula n. sp. sp. Cranchiid sp. Euprymna morsei. Helicocranchia fisheri n. sp. Three years later Naef (I912, p. 247) proposed the new genus Iridoteuthis, basing it upon the Hawaiian Stoloteuthis iris Berry as its type and single known representative. a Although fragmentary, Schauinsland's notes are of considerable interest, and in view of their inaccessibility to most students it may be worth while to repeat them here. (P. 25) ".. nicht selten hat man das Glick, hier auch einen der abenteuerlichen Tintenfische (Octopus) zu erbeuten, und zwar bisweilen in solcher GrBsse, dass man sich vor seinen Saugarmen und scharfen Kiefern zu hilten hat." (P. 92) "Neben den haufig bei Laysan sich findenden Octopus-Arten kommendort an Cephalopoden (det. Pfeffer)nochvor: Ommastrephes oualaniensis Less. und Omm. Sloanei Gray, sowie Onychoteuthis Banksii Fdr. Die drei letztcn Arten bilden iiberwiegend die Nahrung der Albatrosse, wenigstens in der Zeit, in welcher sie ihre Jungen f ittern. Die Exkremente derselben be. standen fast ausschliesslich aus Cephalopoden-Kiefern. Auch die Sul4aArten fittern anfangs ihren Nachwuchsmitverdauten Cephalopoden, spiater allerdings mit Fischen." 260 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU Of FISHERIES. The same year a brief note was published by the writer (Berry, i912b, p. 434) in which the Hawaiian Ommastrephes was awarded separate recognition as 0. hawaiiensis n. sp. and a very brief definition given. At about the same time (Berry, 1912c, p. 645) the identity of Stephanoteuthis with Heteroteuthis Gray i849 having been recognized, the subsequent name was abandoned as a synonym (for this also see Naef, 1912, p. 246). In 1913 the writer described the following new forms from the present material: Latmoteuthis lugubris n. gen. and sp. Teleoteuthis compacta n. sp. Scaeurgus patagiatus n. sp. Abralia trigonura n. sp. EIuprymna scolopes n. sp. Pterygioteuthis microlampas n.. sp. In the present monograph all the species diagnosed in I909 and 1913 are redeScribed in better detail and figured throughout. Identifications corrected from the list of 1909, together with the few changes in nomenclature which have been found necessary since that time, will be made readily apparent by a glance at the following synopsis of the fauna. No additional new species are here described. SYNOPSIS OF HAWAIIAN CEPHALOPODS.a ORDER DIBRANCHIATA OWEN. SUBORDER OCTOPODA LEACH. Family Cirroteuthidae Keferstein. Genus Iaetmoteuthis Berry. Laetmoteuthis lugubris Berry (2). Family Argonautide (Cantraine). Genus Argonauta Linne. Argonauta b6ttgeri Maltzan (i+). Argonauta sp. (i). Genus Tremoctopus delle Chiaje. Tremoctopus violaceus delle Chiaje (3i). Family Alloposidae Verrill. Genus Alloposus Verrill. Alloposus mollis Verrill (i). Family Bolitenidae Chun. Genus Eledonella Verrill. Eledonella sp. (i) Family Polypodidae Hoyle. Genus Polypus Schneider. Polypus hawaiiensis (Souleyet) (o). Polypus marmoratus (Hoyle) (r3). Polypus omatus (Gould) (3). Polypus hoylei Berry (4). Polypus a (4). Polypus P (I5). Polypus r (4). Polypus a (I). Polypus e (2). Genus Scaeurgus Troschel. Sceeurgus patagiatus Berry (7). a The number of specimens of each species examined is given in parenthesis after the specific name. CEPHALOPODA OI? THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 26I ORDER DIBRANCHIATA OWEN-Continued. SUBORDER DECAPODA LEACH. Division Myopsida d'Orbigny. Family Sepiolidae Keferstein. Genus Euprymna Steenstrup. Euprymna scolopes Berry (64). Genus Stoloteuthis Verrill. Stoloteuthis iris Berry (i). Genus Heteroteuthis Gray. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis (Berry) (4). Family Loliginidae (d'Orbigny). Genus Sepioteuthis de Blainville. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould (4). Division CEgopsida d'Orbigny. Family Onychoteuthidae Gray. Genus Onychoteuthis Lichtenstein. Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach) (i)., Genus Teleoteuthis Verrill. Teleoteuthis compacta Berry (i). Family Enoploteuthidae Pfeffer. Genus Abralia Gray. Abralia astrosticta Berry (i). Abralia trigonura Berry (i). Genus Abraliopsis Joubin. Abraliopsis sp. (i). Genus Pterygioteuthis Fischer. Pterygioteuthis microlampas Berry (2). Family Histioteuthidae Verrill. Histioteuthid, young (3). Family Brachioteuthidae Pfeffer. Genus Brachioteuthis Verrill. Brachioteuthis riisei (Steenstrup) (8). Family Ommastrephidae Gill. Genus Ommastrephes d'Orbigny. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis Berry (7). Genus Symplectoteuthis Pfeffer. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson) (o). Genus Rhyncoteuthion Pfeffer. Rhyncoteuthion a (II). Rhyncoteuthion p (i). Family Chiroteuthidae Gray. Genus Mastigoteuthis Verrill. Mastigoteuthis (?) famelica Berry (I). Family Cranchiidae (Prosch). Genus Liocranchia Pfeffer. Liocranchia globulus Berry (3). Genus Megalocranchia Pfeffer. Megalocranchia fisheri (Berry) (i). Genus Helicocranchia Massy. Helicocranchia sp. (i). 262 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CHARACTER AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HAWAIIAN FAUNA. From the foregoing it will be seen that so far as is known the Hawaiian fauna includes about 25 named species of cephalopods, together with half as many more uncertain forms, some of which are doubtless worthy of recognition but which are only familiar to us by specimens either too young or too poorly preserved for a positive determination of the species. The total number of genera represented is 24, or about two-thirds as great as the total number of species. This is due to the fact that the genus Polypus with 9 forms listed (at least 5 of them doubtful), Argonauta with 2 species, and Abralia with 2 species, are the only genera which appear more than once in the list. (Owing to various facts which are to be summarized on another page, Rhyncoteuthion should obviously be excluded from the present discussion.) The apportionment of the fauna among higher groups is conveniently shown in the following table: TABLE I. Number of Named Unnamed Divisions. genera rep- or doubtresented. speces. ful species. Octopoda........................................................... 7 9 7 Myopsida.4 4 0 Oegopsida........,..............5................. I I _ Total............................................................................... 24 24 12 One very striking feature which is brought out with particular emphasis in such a table is the surprising weakness of the myopsid element in the fauna. Of the four myopsid genera, one is Sepioteuthis, the remaining th ree are Sepiolidae, and even of each of these but a single species has come to hand!' The total absence of any representatives whatsoever of the great genera Loligo and Sepia in any of the collections was entirely unexpected. Of course Hawaiian species of one or both of these groups not improbably may yet come to light, but in any case I feel that the series of specimens collected by the Albatross is so representative that we may assert with confidence that neither genus attains any very great development in these waters, or even the prominence which we might reasonably expect when we consider what a dominant element they compose in the fauna of the Malaysian Archipelago as well as of Japan. Loligo especially is so abundant a genus and so cosmopolitan that it would be hazardous with our present knowledge to deny its occurrence anywhere. In the case of Sepia, however, it should be remembered that with the exception of a solitary and ill-authenticated record from the West Indies, not a single species is known from the waters adjacent to the American Continent nor indeed from the entire Western Hemisphere. The group being mainly a littoral one, we thus have a priori grounds for suggesting that wide oceanic areas may in some way form a special barrier to its dispersion. If this be true we should perhaps expect other littoral forms, such as the Polypi, to be distributed in accordance with the same principle; but this, as we shall see later, does not appear to be the case. An explanation of this anomaly may be found in the hypothesis that the dissemination of these other forms took place at a more ancient period. That the rise and dissemination of a It should be remembered, however, that to one of these species, El4prynsna scolopes, belongs the distinction of being by far the most abundant Hawaiian cephalopod. Nearly one-third of the total number of specimens examined are referable here. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 263 the Sepiida actually is of comparatively recent occurrence receives distinct support from the circumstance that the dominion occupied by them is almost perfectly continuous and very symmetrically populated, with an extraordinarily rich development of species in the Indo-Malayan and Japanese regions, the apparent center of dispersion. TABLE II.-DISTRIBUTION OP HAWAIIAN CEPHALOPODS. Bathy- Further distri- Bathy- Nearest ana- DistBathy-bution t re Hawaiian species. metric bution. c logue. Distribution. metric Apparent degree rbuie.rne of relationship. range. range. range. Fathoms. Laetmoteuthis lu- 258284 gubris. Argonauta bottgeri. Surface. Argonauta sp....... Surface. Tremoctopus viola- Surface. ceus. Mauritius; Philippines; Australia. (?) Eastern M i d - Pacific; IndoMalayan; Japan; Mediterranean. North Atlantic.................... Ceylon, Rotuma, Amboina. Fathomns.....urface. Surface. (?) (}) Argonauta argo. Argonauta pacifica. Mediterran e a n to Japan. Southern California to Galapagos Islands...................I Surface. Surface. (?) (?) Fathoms........... Surface. I.................. Alloposus mollis.... Polypus hawaiiensis. Polypus marmoratus. Polypus ornatus.... Polypus hoylei..... Scaeurgus patagiatus. Euprymna scolopes. Stoloteuthis iris..... Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis. Onychoteuthis banksii. Teleoteuthis compacta. Abralia astrosticta.. Abralia trigooura... Abraliopsis sp...... Pterygioteuthis microlampas. 286290 Shore. Shore. 197-715 Shore. Shore............................. 257-460 127-I78 0-138 142-153 385-733 Shore. Alloposus pacificus. (?) Polypus bimaculatus. Polypus macropus. Scaurgus unicirrus. Euprymna stenodactyla. Stoloteuthis leucoptera? Heteroteuthis dispar. Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Southern California to Panama. Mediterranean; Indian Ocean; Japan. Mediterraneaean.. Mauritius; South Pacific. New England... Mediterranean.. Red Sea to Japan and New Zealand................... Red Sea........ Bay of Bengal... Mascarene Island; west coast Middle America. Morocco; Indian Ocean; west coast of middle America. Shore. Shore........... o-? 94-388 500-700.......... Japan............. Close. Fairly close. Fairly close. Close. Very close. Not very close. Fairly close. Close. Close. Close. Close. Close. Surface. 385-733 192-352 306-308 Surface. Cosmopolitan... Surface................... (?) Abralia steindachneri. Abralia andamanica. Abraliopsishoylei 188-320 1200-2200 551-1250 314-335................. Pterygioteuthis ]....... giardi. Brachioteuthis riisei j Surface. Nearly cosmo- Surface. oolitan..Japan..................... Japan..................... Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. Symplectoteu t h i s oualaniensis. Mastigoteuthis (?) famelica. Liocranchia globulus Megalo c r a n c h i a fisheri. Helicocranchia sp... I I 220-312.......... 385-733 Surface. 277-284 230-277 Red Sea to Japan; Australia; Cocos Is............................. Ommastrephes pacificus........................ Fairly close. Chiroteuthis pellucida? Liocranchia reinhardtii. Megalocranchia maxima. Helicocranchia pfefferi. Bay of Bengal.. Atlantic; I n d oMalayan. Cape of Good Hope. Ireland......... 922 Surface.......... 350 Fairly close (?). Close. Close. Fairly close. (?).................. 264 BULLETIN Of THB BUREAU OF FISHERIES. This brings us to a consideration of the relationships of the Hawaiian cephalopod fauna with that of other regions and an inquiry as to which of the great Pacific areas can be brought most closely into correlation with it. In Table II (p. 263) I have endeavored to present in compact form.a summary of the more essential data to which we must look for an answer to the question. Although admittedly our knowledge is still little more than fragmentary, certain facts seem to be brought out with sufficient prominence to demand consideration. Of the 24 named species listed in the first column, it will be seen that i6, or about two-thirds and including all but one of the shore species, are unknown from any other region. Two others may be eliminated from the discussion as being practically cosmopolitan. Another (Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis) occurs very generally throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Of the remainder four are inhabitants also of the Indo-Malayan region. One species is shared with the north Atlantic, but this one (Alloposus mollis) appears to be of oceanic habit, so that a wide distribution is in a way to be anticipated. It is evident therefore that we must turn to the species which are peculiarly Hawaiian in order to gain any proper idea of the true elements which enter into the composition of the fauna. In one of the succeeding columns of the table I have accordingly listed the species which appear to be most closely allied to these, and in yet another column the regions where such analogues are known to occur. The parallel with the IndoMalayan fauna here appears very striking and again, as in the latter region, a very respectable assemblage of species possesses decided Mediterranean affinities. Indeed one genus, Scaceurgus, is now known for the first time outside the bounds of the Mediterranean, and, although the species from the two sources appear to be separately nameable, they are nevertheless surprisingly close. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis is another species which finds its nearest ally no nearer than the Mediterranean and here again the relationship is close. The widespread stock of Polypus macropus, which ranges in great abundance from the Mediterranean through the Red Sea, around southern Asia to the Malaysian Archipelago, and even to Japan, with practically no change in any of its characters throughout this entire area, also manages to reach the Hawaiian Islands, for it seems obvious that P. ornatus, though very distinct in itself, must have had its primary origin as an isolated outpost of this group. Of distinctly Indo-Malayan affinities, but not Mediterranean, are Euprymna scolopes, Polypus marmoratus, Abralia astrosticta (apparently near to A. steindachneri of the Red Sea), and perhaps Mastigoteuthis(?) famelica. Polypus marmoratus appears to be allied to the common P. bimaculatus of southern and Lower California, but aside from this somewhat anomalous example the fauna has little in common with that of western America.a With the Japanesefauna likewise, outside of theinvading Indo-Malayan element shared by both, the Hawaiian cephalopods exhibit no particular relationship. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis is doubtless to be regarded as an offshoot of the same stock which gave a So little is at present known regarding the teuthology of the south Pacific that the Australian region has not here been cuiosidered as separate from the Indo-Malayan, although the reported presence of Dosidicuv gigas in those waters would tend to show a certain relationship with the South American fauna. CEPHALOPODA OF THb HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 265 origin to 0. pacificus (and sloanii?), and Sepioteuthis arctipinnis is similar or identical with S. lessoniana, but without exception all the species most truly characteristic of the one area are conspicuous only by their absence in the other. We are able to correlate at least a portion of the Japanese fauna with that of western North America much more successfully. In summing up, then, it may be said that, although the ensemble of Hawaiian cephalopods shows many features peculiar to itself, it appears reasonable to regard it as an offshoot, now largely isolated, of the great Indo-Malayan fauna, and therefore impossible of any definite or satisfactory correlation with that of other regions of the north Pacific. That this statement is in substantial accord with the conclusions reached by students of other groups of animals is readily seen by a glance at almost any of the monographs dealing particularly with the fauna of the archipelago. Nutting (Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xxiii, for 1903, p. 934, 1906) in discussing the hydroids says that they " have unmistakable relationship with the Australian region," although (p. 935) " as would be expected from the isolated position of the Hawaiian Islands, the preponderance of peculiar species is very exceptionally large." Miss Rathbun reaches similar conclusions from a study of the decapod crustaceans. She says that "the Hawaiian fauna is almost entirely Indo-Pacific, the islands forming the northeastern, as the Indian Ocean is the southwestern, limit for the majority of the species" (t. cit., p. 830, I1905). She finds but few species peculiar to the islands, however. Fisher (t. cit., p. 999, 1906) finds the distribution of the starfishes indicative of entirely similar phenomena. He writes that "we are at once struck by the fact that the Hawaiian fauna bears more resemblance to that of the distant Indian region than it does to the fauna of America, notwithstanding that all the ocean currents which pass the Hawaiian Islands are coming from America and not from the west." In the case of the shore fishes Jordan and Evermann (t. cit., p. 32, 1905) have found the fauna to be "frankly and entirely tropical, all the species belonging to genera characteristic of the tropical Pacific," but most of the species themselves seem to be peculiar to the islands. The conclusions of Gilbert (t. cit., p. 578, 1905), after his critical examination of the deep-sea fishes collected by the Albatross, are especially full of interest: "An analysis of the list of species recorded in the present paper shows conclusively that the bathybial fishes of Hawaii, like those of its reefs and shores, have been derived as a whole from the west and south, and not from the east or north. In its entire facies, the fauna is strikingly unlike that of the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, and resembles strongly the assemblage of forms discovered by the Albatross and the Challenger off the coasts of Japan and the East Indies. Some of its members find their nearest known affines in the Bay of Bengal." On the other hand, Mayer (t. cit., p. 1133, i906) in his report on the Medusa writes that" it appears the majority of the Hawaiian forms are of wide distribution," a conclusion entirely harmonious with what we know regarding such cephalopods as are of similar habit. 266 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. BATHYMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION. The data accompanying the lists of specimens taken by the Albatross as given in this paper are partial. extracts from the records of the voyage as given in the Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1902 (p. 397-432, Washington, 1903). For more full and detailed stational observations reference may be had to the original paper. It is worthy of note that no truly abyssal forms were captured unless we so consider the two specimens of Lctmoteuthis, the mangled condition of which may perhaps be partly due to their having gotten considerably "out of their depth" when taken, as well as to rocks in the dredge. A glance at the table of stations given in the appendix of this report shows that the greatest depths from which any specimens of cephalopods were obtained were those sounded at stations 3989 (385-733 fathoms, Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, Teleoteuthis compacta, Mastigoteuthis(?) famelica), 4039 (67o-697 fathoms, Eledonella sp.), and 4110 (449-460 fathoms, Polypus hoylei). In no other instances was a member of the class obtained at a greater depth than 400 fathoms, and even in the cases above cited it seems by no means improbable that some of the actively nectonic species may have become ensnared in the dredge during its transit to the surface. Altogether it must be admitted that even the archibenthal regions have been scarcely drawn upon, and it is only concerning the reef and pelagic fauna that we can presume even a fair degree of knowledge. The two latter habitats have each their characteristic group of species, although certain of the smaller free-swimming forms are not uncommon in the reef pools, and both attain the richness customary in tropical regions. As is well known in the case of the fishes and other groups, many of the reef species are truly regal in their brilliantly variegated coloring and other ornamentation. Polypus entirely fulfills expectations in being the group most conspicuous on the reefs both in species and in number of individuals, but Euprymna and Sepioteuthis are also to be captured there. In the plankton we find the usual run of more delicate, less actively swimming forms-Argonauta, Tremoctopus, Tracheloteuthis, larval ommastrephids, histioteuthids, andoctopods of various species and genera, Liocranchia, and the omnipresent Euprymna-nearly all warm-water species of wide dispersion. As is shown in the table following, five species, mainly of very active habit, are found between the surface and the ioo-fathom mark, the richest and by far the most varied fauna of all occurring in the deeper water down to a depth of 400 fathoms. The most remarkable bathymetric range exhibited by any single species is that of Euprymna scolopes, which, though very abundant at or near the surface, is frequently met with in all depths down to 130 or 140 fathoms and therefore appears in no less than four columns of the table. Polypus hoylei is recorded from 257 to 460 fathoms. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 267 TABLE III.-BATHYMETRIC DISTRBUTION OF HAWAIIAN CEPHALOPODS. Shore. Surface. Surface to zoo fathoms. zoo to 5oo fathoms. Over 0oo fathoms. OCPD. OTOPODA. OCTOPODA. OCTOPODA. OCTOPODA. Polypus hawaiiensis. Argonauta bhttgeri. Polypus s. Laetmoteuthis lugubris. Eledonela sp. Polypus marmoratus. Tremoctopus violaceus. Alloposus mollis. Polypus ornatus. Polypus a. Polypus hoylei. Polypus r. Polypus i. Polypus s. Polyphus 0. Polypus r. Scueurgus patagiatus DECAPODA. DICAPODA. DICAPODA. DECAPODA. D!CAPODA Sepioteuthis ar c t i- uprymna scolopes. Euprymna scolopes Euprymna scolopes. Heteroteuthis hawaiipinnis. Onychoteuthis banksii. Onychoteuthis banksii. Stoloteuthis iris. ensis (?) Euprymna scolopes. Abraliopsis (young). Ommastrephes hawaii- Heteroteuthishawaiien- Teleoteuthis compacHistioteuthid (young). ensis. sis. ta(?) Brachioteuthis riisei. Symplectoteuthisousla- Teleoteuthis compacta. Mastigoteuthis(?)fameRhyncoteuthion a. niensis. Abralia astrosticta. lica(?) Rhyncoteuthion l. Abralia trigonura. Liocranchia globulus. Pterygioteuthis microlampas. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. Mastigoteuthis (?) famelica. Megalocranchia fisheri. Helicocranchia sp. COMPARATIVE ABUNDANCE. The comparative abundance of the different species in the collection is readily appreciated by a glance at the figures appended to the synopsis on page 260. It is remarkable that out of a total of 210 specimens examined, 64, or nearly one-third, are Euprymna scolopes. Of the remainder, 31, or nearly one-sixth of the total, are Tremoctopus violaceus; S5 are the immature Polypus designated as P; 13 are Polypus marmoratus; eleven are the larval ommastrephids known as Rhyncoteuthion; 8 are Brachioteuthis riisei, while Scacurgus patagiatus and Ommastrephes hawaiiensis are represented by 7 specimens each. The most notable catch of cephalopods made by the Albatross in any single haul was in the surface nets at station 3926, between Oahu and Laysan Islands, where i specimens representing i species each of no less than 5 genera were obtained. LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. Regarding the distribution and relative frequency of the littoral and shallowwater species among the respective islands of the archipelago, little or nothing can be said at the present time. As would be expected, most of the collecting has been done on Oahu in the neighborhood of Honolulu; a few specimens have occasionally come to hand from Maui, but almost nothing from the other islands. The remote islands of the Midway Group ought to prove particularly interesting in this respect, since their oceanic extent is large and we are completely ignorant concerning the cephalopods of their littoral fauna. 268 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. In conformity with my "Review of the Cephalopods of Western North America" (Berry, 1912a) I have followed the general lines of cephalopod classification laid down in the various works of Hoyle, with certain modifications adapted from Pfeffer's "Synopsis" (1900) and the masterly monograph of the Valdivia CEgopsida by Chun (1910io). The present material has afforded few bizarre forms and, although highly important from a distributional and local standpoint, accomplishes very little toward the elucidation of the wider evolutionary problems. Of decided importance, however, is the discovery of an otherwise typical member of the family Cirroteuthidac, which is remarkable not only for being the second species in the entire group known to possess an odontophore, but also for its apparently total lack of the alternating rows of cirri along the arms, hitherto thought to be a characteristic as invariable as it is puzzling. The occurrence of a Pacific Scwurgus and a new sepiolid having affinity with the Atlantic Stoloteuthis leucoptera is also noteworthy. The presence in the collection of a large series of young ommastrephids comprising at least two Rhyncoteuthion-like forms specifically distinct from one another indicates that the occurrence of the curious Rhyncoteuthion stage is an exceedingly widespread ontogenetic character in this family and one by no means confined to the typical genus. The primary division of the Dibranchiata of Owen into the Octopoda (devilfishes) and Decapoda (squids a), as proposed by Leach in 18I7, is here adhered to, although the latter term is very confusing in view of the prior use of the name for a well-known group of Crustacea (Decapoda Latreille i806). In many respects the restoration of Blainville's Octocera and Decacera would be much more satisfactory, an excuse for discarding the complementary term Octopoda being possibly available because of the existence of Octopodia Schneider 1784, which was proposed as a general term for the entire class over a decade before Cuvier called them Cephalopoda. I have found myself quite unable to accept the various major divisions into which some authors have grouped the Octopoda, but on the other hand I have been unable to formulate any more natural arrangement of my own which could be utilized in their stead. In regard to the Decapoda, however, the anciently recognized bifurcation into Myopsid and Cgopsid forms seems very convenient and on the whole a natural separation. Chun's further division of the latter group into CEmgopsida libera and CEgopsida consuta appears to me cumbersome and but little superior to the nearly or quite synonymous Teuthidea and Taonidea of Verrill. For the purposes of the present paper it is not, however, necessary to adopt either system. In the arrangement of the families themselves scarcely any two authors are in entire agreement, so that the sequence herein followed can be regarded as in no way more than provisional. A word should be said in regard to the sort of morphological characters chiefly depended upon by the author in distinguishing species; that is, beyond such conspicuous differences in bodily structure and general form as obviously require no explanation a In the Hawaiian Islands the term "'squid " is colloquially employed to include nearly all cephalopods, especially theedible fonnrms such as Polypus, even though the usage is not scientific nor accurate Bnglish. CEPHALOPODA Or THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 269 or apology even to the layman. This is particularly needful concerning the Octopoda, as in this group it is often very difficult to lay down on paper a hard and fast line respecting a given character which will invariably serve to separate a species from some other perhaps very closely allied. Here, in the absence of direct comparison between specimens, a sort of average of the entire physiognomy is largely depended upon, taking into consideration the relative length of the &rms, the shape and extent of the umbrella, the presence or absence of ornamental processes of various sorts upon the integument, and the more evident conditions of preservation, which frequently affect the features already stated to a degree which can scarcely be too strongly emphasized. When the specimens are males, however, the structure of the hectocotylized arm is variously modified, usually constant in its peculiarities, and hence a criterion of the highest importance; perhaps no other single feature so well maintains its value in preserved material. I am also inclined to treat with respect any decided peculiarities of color, particularly when the various pigments appear to be disposed after the manner of a definite pattern. Frequently the so-called "funnel organ" exhibits tangible modifications in shape, though whether these latter are more valuable than confusing as a key to interrelationship is not yet apparent. Among the Decapoda some of the above-mentioned features are of very minor specific significance. Here I have frequently given considerable weight to relatively minute differences in the form and arrangement of the suckers (or hooks) on the sessile arms and more particularly, on the terminal clubs of the tentacles, as these characters, even though small, are definitely to be apprehended and usually little affected by the action of the preserving medium. Nevertheless, there is certainly need for a greater quantity of comparative data showing the range of variation in these organs and until this is available there is constant danger that too much emphasis has been placed upon their details. Among the luminous forms, particularly the UMgopsida, the arrangement and structure of the photogenic organs is nearly always subject to important modification, both specific and generic or even of higher significance. The funnel organ appears to be of less practical systematic value in the Decapoda than in the Octopoda, for although it undergoes considerable modification among different genera (particularly the various Cranchiida), the differences between those of closely allied species are apt to be too slight to be appreciable. On account of their easy preservation as "hard parts," the gladius and radula have occupied a dominant position in the schemes of classification of many of the older authors as well as a few of the more recent ones, but the undesirable mutilation of the specimen entailed by their examination, coupled with the writer's belief that their relative importance has been greatly overrated, has in the present work prevented their receiving the attention to which they are perhaps more justly entitled. Other "hard parts" which are ofttimes very useful to observe are the horny rings which arm the apertures of the suckers in most if not all Decapoda and which often show interesting modifications, chiefly depending upon the varying degrees of smoothness or denticulation of their outer margins. 17311~-14 ---2 270 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Wherever a specimen appeared to possess definable characters of its own, however minute, the present writer has ranked himself frankly with the "splitters," especially in cases where the nearest known ally of such a form has been described from a far distant region. This procedure has not been resorted to from any desire to describe "new species," but because of a conviction that wherever a given animal from a definite locality can be referred to a previously named species only with considerable doubt, the exigencies of systematic zoology are much better to be subserved by the provisional use of a separate name. To many a student of geographical distribution the possible evil of one more synonym does not seem nearly so repugnant as the improper listing of a species, through imperfect or incorrect knowledge of its totality of characters, from a region where it does not (often even remotely) belong. In matters of taxonomy the writer has unreservedly sought strict literal obedience to the published rules of the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature. Thanks to the careful work of previous authors, notably Hoyle, this procedure has not resulted in the demolition of very many teuthologic landmarks. It is possible that additional changes ought in some instances to be made, but wherever any given case did not clearly appear to be governed by some definite rule in the code, the current prevailing usage was adhered to. It might be well to call attention to the fact that in the verbal orientation of specimens for purposes of description, the terms anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral have been used in their usual physiological sense (i. e., with relation to the normal activities of the adult animal) rather than in their strict morphological (and embryological) significance, which latter would necessarily result in a more complete reformation of the current anatomical nomenclature than could well be attempted at the present time. It must be admitted, however, that to the student of molluscan comparative anatomy recourse to a system of topographic names based on the latter system would have much to commend it. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. In the Hawaiian Islands, as in most other maritime countries, the common littoral cephalopods form a very important source of food. Both Polypus (particularly P. marmoratus and ornatus, to judge from the market specimens before me) and Sepioteuthis are frequently offered for sale in the Honolulu markets. The Hawaiian word denoting the Polypus, and perhaps other forms as well, is "hee." Cobb (1905, pp. 734, 736, 740) gives the following interesting account of some of the various modes of procedure resorted to by the natives for their capture: Spears are frequently used in fishing for the hee (octopus), principally by women. This animal generally makes its home in small circular holes ii the rocks on the reefs. When the fisherwoman finds a hole that she thinks is occupied she runs the spear into it gently. Should a hee be there it comes out to see what is the matter, the spear is run through it, and it is brought to the surface. The woman usually carries a smaller spear also, and with this she pricks or hits the animal in the head until it is stunned or killed, otherwise it might twine around her arms or legs and cause serious difficulty. * * * * * * * CEPHALOPODA Or THB HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 271 In fishing for hee. (octopus) the native dives to the bottom, and, with a stick, pokes around in the small holes in which the animal lives. When he touches one it seizes the stick and allows him to draw it out of the hole. On reaching the surface the native seizes his captive with his hands and bites into its head, thus killing it. * * * * * * * The native is a great lover of the hee and has a number of methods of capturing it, one of the most interesting of which is with the cowrie shell. One or more cowrie shells of the Mauritiana or Tiger varieties are attached to a string. When only one is used, an oblong pebble about the size of the shell is tied to the face of it, a hole is pierced in one end of the back of the shell, a line is passed through, and after being fastened here, allowed to hang a few inches below the shell, to which a hook, whose point stands almost perpendicular to the shaft or shank, is attached. Only shells with small red spots breaking through a reddish-brown ground have an attraction for the hee, and it will not rise to any other kind. Shells which have suitable spots but unsuitable background are given the desired hue by steaming them over a fire of sugar-cane husks. On arriving at the fishing ground the fisherman in pursuit of hee either chews up and spits upon the water a mouthful of candlenut meat, to render the surface glassy and clear, or he uses the water glass, which is described below. He drops the shell into the water, and by means of the line swings it back and forth over a place likely to be occupied by a hee. The greedy animal perceives the shell, shoots out an arm, and seizes it. If the bait is attractive, after a few moments' hesitation another arm is placed around it, and then another, until at last the animal withdraws itself entirely from its hole and hugs the shell closely to its body, oblivious of everything else. The fisherman then draws it rapidly up through the water, and when it raises its head at the surface, pulls it over against the edge of the canoe and delivers a blow between the eyes with a club which is generally fatal. Owing to the hee's quickness with its eight tentacles or arms, the fisherman has to be very rapid in his movements, as the animal would be no mean antagonist should it have an opportunity to seize him with its arms. The natives say that a number of persons have lost their lives in struggles with the octopus. This method of fishing is called by the natives "Lawaia hee me ke leho" (squid catching with cowrie). Nearly all squids and a good many octopods possess a further economic value in that they comprise one of the chief articles of diet for such birds as the albatross and shearwater, as well as for many of the more important food fishes. KEY TO THE CEPHALOPODA KNOWN TO INHABIT THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND ADJACENT WATERS. I. Arms normally eight in number, tentacles being absent; suckers sessile, without a horny ring (OCTOPODA). i. A pair of lateral oar-shaped fins present; suckers in a single row. (Family Cirroteuthida.) 2. Radula present; suckers not flanked by paired cirri............... Letmoteuthis lugubris, p. 275. V/. No fins, 3. Hectocotylized arm of male involving the entire third arm of one side, developed in a specialized sac, and separable at maturity; animals pelagic. (Family Argonautidae.) 4. Dorsal arms of female with terminal winglike expansions modified for the secretion of an external "shell;" left third arm of male hectocotylized; no aquiferous pores present on head. (Genus Argonauta.) 5. Shell relatively small, compactly coiled, without auricular expansions at sides. Argonauta bottgeri, p. 277. 5'. Shell large, more or less auriculate at the sides....................A rgonauta sp., p. 280. 272 BULLETIN Of THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 4'. Dorsal arms of female connected by a broad velum, but without terminal expansions; no external shell; right third arm of male hectocotylized; aquiferous pores present on head. Tremoctopus violaceus, p. 28I. 3'. No aquiferous pores; no external shell; dorsal arms normal. 6. Body soft and gelatinous; suckers in two rows; hectocotylus of male involving entire right third arm, which is presumably separable.............. Alloosus mollis, p. 287. 6/. Body soft; suckers in a single row; hectocotylized arm not separable (family EBolitanid).................................................... Eledonella sp., p. 289. 6". Body comparatively firm; suckers in two rows; hectocotylus of male confined to tip of one third arm, to which it forms a spoon-shaped extremity. (Family Polypodidoe.) 7. Hectocotylus affecting third arm of right side. (Genus Polypus). 8. A conspicuous pigmented oculation obliquely in front of each eye; hectocotylus minute.............................................Polypus marmnoratus, p. 291. 8'. No definite ocular markings in front of the eyes. 9. Adult brightly colored, the pigment conspicuously arranged in longitudinal bands or series of spots; arms very long and attenuate...Polypus ornatus, p. 294. 9'. No definitely arranged color pattern. io. Body smooth, without cirri; second arm pair longest; color dark. Polypus hawaiiensis, p. 290. 10'. Body finely papillose, rather soft, with blunt cirri over the eyes; mantle opening small; color uniformly pale................. Polypus hoylei, p. 296. 7'. Hectocotylus affecting third arm of left side; body bounded by a conspicuous peripheral fold............................................Sc urgus patagiatus, p. 305. II. Arms normally 10 in number, one pair being greatly modified to form the "tentacles"; suckers distinctly pedunculate, their apertures usually bounded by a chitinous ring (DcuAPODA). i. Eyes covered by a continuous membrane (division Myopsida). 2. Adult small; body short, rounded posteriorly, with round or ovate lateral fins; gladius much reduced or wanting. (Family Sepiolidae.) 3. Dorsal margin of mantle fused with head in nuchal region. 4. Fins of moderate size; suckers in four rows on the arms and i6 or more on the tentacle club; left dorsal arm hectocotylized........................ Euprymna scolopes, p. 3I2. 4'. Fins very broad and longer than the mantle; suckers on the arms in two rows; a conspicuous shield-shaped patch on the ventral surface of the mantle......... Stoloteuthis iris, p. 316. 3/. Dorsal margin of mantle free; funnel covered by a conspicuous forward prolongation of the m antle................................................. H eteroteuthis hawaiiensis, p. 3x 9. 2/. Adult relatively large; body elongate, pointed posteriorly; fins marginal, extending the entire length of the mantle; gladius well developed, its texture horny throughout. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis, p. 308. I/. Eyes with a perforated lid (division (Egopsida). 5. Part of the suckers with their chitinous rings transformed to hooks. 6. Sessile arms with true suckers only; one or more rows of hooks on tentacle club. 7. Adult moderately large; two rows of hooks on the tentacle club. Onychoteuthis banksii, p. 322. 7/. Adult small; hooks and suckers of tentacle club in four rows. Teleoteuthis compacta, p. 324. 6/. Sessile arms with part of the suckers modified into hooks. (Family Enoploteuthidae.) 8. All suckers of sessile arms modified into hooks except at the extremity; hooks also present on tentacle club; ventral surface of mantle ornamented with numerous photogenic organs. 9. Buccal membrane pale in color; tips of ventral arms normal. io. Photophores of mantle distinctly of two types and showing a definite bilateral arrangement; fins comparatively small............ Abralia astrosticta, p. 326. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 273 Io'. Photophores not conspicuously differentiated into two main types; their bilateral arrangement obscure; fins half as long as the mantle. Abralia trigonura, p. 329. g'. Buccal membrane dark reddish or violet in color; ventral arms with a series of three conspicuous heavily pigmented beadlike organs at their tips. Abraliopsis sp., p. 33I. 8'. Tentacle club with suckers only, but few hooks on sessile arms; numerous photogenic organs on the eyeball and within the pallial cavity, but none on the outer aspect of the mantle......................... Pterygioteuthis microlampas, p. 332. 5'. None of the suckers with their chitinous rings transformed to hooks. II. Mantle free all round anteriorly (not true of Symplectoteuthis, as see below). 12. Numerous photogenic organs on the body, head, and arms. (Family Histioteuthide), p. 335. I2/. Photogenic organs few in number or absent. 13. Funnel articulating with the mantle by a j-shaped groove. (Family Ommastrephidae.) 14. Sucker bearing portion of tentacles greater than half the total length; fixing apparatus poorly developed. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis, p.338. i4/. Sucker bearing portion of tentacles less than half the total length. I5. Mantle fused with the funnel on at least one side; fixing apparatus a distinct carpal group of pads and suckers. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, p. 341. I5'. Animal small; clubs of tentacles fused to form an X-shaped or proboscis-like organ................. Rhyncoteuthion", p. 341. i3/. Funnel articulating with the mantle by a simple pit or groove. x6. Mantle delicate, membranous, transparent; fins sagittate; pelagic...................... Brachioteuthis riisei, p. 336. x6'. Mantle fleshy, produced to a delicate point posteriorly; fins lanceolate, over half as long as the mantle; ventral arms much the longest............... Mastigoteuthis (?)famelica, p. 344. II/. Mantle fused with the funnel on either side and with the head in the nuchal region; mantle ample, thin, transparent; viscera confined to a very small proportion of the pallial cavity. (Family Cranchiidae). 17. Mantle ornamented with several series of cartilaginous tubercles; mantle greatly inflated..Liocranchia globulus, p. 346. 17'. Mantle smooth; only moderately inflated. x8. Eyes enormous, rounded, sessile. Megalocranchiafisheri, p. 348. 8'. Eyes much smaller, oval, upon short stalks. Helicocranchia sp., p. 350. Now.-Except in the case of one or two well-known and widely distributed species, it has been my endeavor in the following pages to make the list of references preceding the description of each species as'nearly complete as possible, and it is hoped that the occasional parenthesized comments regarding the nature of particular citations will prevent the confusion which might otherwise accrue through the promiscuous cataloguing of trivial and important references in the same tables. An attempt has been made to economize the time of the reader by printing all citations of special present importance in bolder type than the remainder. Phylum MOLLUSCA. Class CEPHALOPODA Cuvier 1798. Octopodia Schneider 1784, p. io8. Cephalopoda Cuvier I798 (fide Gray). Cephalopodia Rafinesque I815, p. 139 (fide Binney and Tryon, p. 14). Cephalophora de Blainville i825, p. 364. 274 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Order DIBRANCHIATA Owen 1836." Antepedia Rafinesque x8I5, p. 139 (fide Binney and Tryon, p. 14). Cryptodibranchiata de Blainville I824, p. I72 (fide Verrill). Acetabuliftres d'Orbigny I835, p. i. Dibranchiata Owen i836, p. 127. Acetabulifera d'Orbigny 1845, p. I57. Antepedia Gray I849, p. 2. Dibranchia Pelseneer I906, p. 336. Arms eight or (inclusive of the tentacles when present) ten in number; furnished with longitudinal rows of acetabulse or suckers along their inner surfaces. Funnel a closed tube. Normally but a single pair each of ctenidia and renal organs present. Visceral mass naked; shell much reduced and embedded in the tissues of the mantle, frequently absent. Eyes highly developed and with closed cavities; a crystalline lens present. Characteristic and intricately constructed dermal pigment cells called "chromatophores" are developed in the integument. This order includes all living cephalopods except Nautilus. Suborder OCTOPODA Leach 1817. Octopia + Argonautea Rafinesque 1815, p. 139 (fide Binney and Tryon, p. I4). Octopoda Leach iSI7, fide Gray. Octocera de Blainville x824 (fide Verrill); 1825, p. 365. Octopoda d'Orbigny 1845, p. I63. Octopia Gray I849, p. 2, 3. Octopoda Verrill i88x, p. 360. Arms normally always eight in number and similar (with the exception of the hectocotylized arm in the male); tentacles absent. Suckers sessile, usually with thickened bases; their apertures not equipped with horny or chitinous rings. Body usually short; always rounded posteriorly; finless, or rarely with one or two pairs of weak oar-shaped lateral fins. Head and mantle broadly continuous in the nuchal region. Ccelom greatly reduced. No gladius. Wherever hectocotylization occurs it is one arm of the third pair which is affected. With the exception of the recently described Melanoteuthis Joubin I9I2, specialized photogenic organs are unknown in the entire suborder. Family CIRROTEUTHIDAg Keferstein x866 em. Pteroti Reinhardt and Prosch 1847, p. 38. Cirrhoteuthide Keferstein x866, p. I447. Cirrhoteuthidcs Verrill z88i, p. 382. Cirroteuthidce Hoyle x904, p. 3. Adult animals commonly of large size. Body equipped with one or sometimes two pairs of lateral oar-shaped fins. A well-developed internal skeleton, comprising a broad saddle-shaped or horseshoeshaped dorsal cartilage and a few lesser elements. Suckers in a single row which usually alternate with two flanking rows of paired cirri. Radula usually absent. Genus L^,TMOTEUTHIS Berry 1913. Laetmoteuthis Berry 1913, p. 563. Adult of large size. Body rounded, with a small, weakly supported, transversely elongate fin attached to either side of the mantle. Arms moderately long; connected for the greater part of their length by an ample umbrella; intermediate web lacking. Suckers large, little elevated, in a single slightly zigzag row; paired cirri absent, or at best greatly reduced (possibly confined to the tips of the arms). Radula neither wanting nor reduced, but generously developed and with seven rows of teeth. a Date often given as 1832, but the paper upon which such quotation is based is unknown to me. ....................................................................................................... w H..................................................................................................................................... 276. BULLETIN OF THU BUREAU OF FISHBRIUS. Type.-Catalogue No. 214385, United States National Museum. [S. S. B. No. 211.] Type locality.-Albatross station 3904, surface, off Mokapu Islet, north coast of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands; one fragmentary specimen, April o30, 1902. Distribution.-Vicinity of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Specimens examined.-In addition to the type but one other even more fragmentary specimen has been seen. This was taken in the Pailolo Channel near Molokai, from a depth of 258 to 284 fathoms, Albatross station 3898 [S. S. B. No. 212]. Remarks.-Both the specimens mentioned are in extremely fragmentary and indeed partially decomposed condition. In the larger example, which has been chosen for the type, only the mouth parts, fortunatelytogetherwith a large part of the umbrella and the inclosed portions of the arms, remain in a recognizable state. The tips of the arms are missing, and the viscera as well as the eyes have been entirely torn from the body. What remains of the head and mantle is tangled and lacerated beyond repair. The lateral fins still adhere and are fortunately more or less intact. The funnel is present, but there is no trace of the funnel organ. Large fragments of the:;.. ~ internal cartilages remain but defy any accurate description at W ~~~my hands. g^S: * ^~The smaller specimen is even more mutilated, so that here i ffi:- ~only the buccal mass and those portions of the umbrella and arms. OX,,,i~.,,^Si. M ' which immediately adjoin it are left to us.:^s>^~^% ^ |Even from these wrecks, however, enough has been made out.4 '^rz.!..;' ~to render it evident that a species is represented which, though ^^^t^^^>^^ ^S^^. closely allied to Cirroteuthis and Stauroteuthis, differs very markedly in the apparently total absence of cirri on any of the arms as ^~t^.p well as the presence of an odontophore, a structure reported to " exist in no species of the two genera named except the recently described C. macrope Berry from the coast of California. Perhaps, FIG. 2.-Lostmoteuthis luuris, dorsal as- sgeneric pect of left fin of type [2I3], natural size. deed, it is not impossible that the latter species is congeneric. Drawn by R. L. Hudson. In addition to the supposed absence of cirri, this species is distinguishable from Cirroteuthis magna Hoyle, C. umbellata Fischer, C. megaptera Verrill, C. milleri Eschricht, and Stauroteuthis meangensis Hoyle, by the relatively smaller and differently shaped fins, which are obovate and in outline more nearly like those of C. pacifica Hoyle. From the last species, however, the present form differs in the larger, much less numerous suckers,a lack of cirri, and less prominent differentiation of the arms from the web. It differs, moreover, from C. magna, C. milleri, and S. syrtensis Verrill in the lack of an "intermediate web" joining the arms to the umbrella. Correlation of the Albatross specimens with the descriptions of C. caudani Joubin, C. plena Verrill, C. macrope Berry, C. grimaldii Joubin, or S. hippocrepium Hoyle is equally out of the question. The tendency to a zigzag displacement exhibited by many of the suckers might be regarded as a characteristic feature, were it not for the possibility that it is due to distortion. All the basal suckers are relatively very distant from one another, the space between those of the same row being about 25 millimeters, but they gradually become more closely ranked distally. Of course the possibility must not be overlooked that the apparent absence of cirri may be due to their restriction to the extremities of the arms as above suggested, but to the unfortunate state of preservation of the material. However, the appearance of the specimens in question is such that I have felt obliged to regard the possibility as a remote one, so that the erection of a new group seems expedient. It is extremely unfortunate that the condition of both specimens is so unsatisfactory, but they belong to a family of abyssal octopods of such elusive habit and tender structure that almost all the described species have been founded upon similar fragmentary material. We have a really complete knowledge of scarcely any of these forms, and it may be that the number of nominal species will have a An appearance which perhaps may be partially due to the loss of the distal portions of the arms, as in quite a number of forms the basal suckers are less crowded than their successors. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 277 to suffer a certain reduction when better methods, better appliances, and more extensive researches have further enriched our museums, but for the present there seems no way of dealing with them except to carefully describe each apparently divergent specimen as it comes in. The dimensions attained by L. lugubris should often be considerable, as when living the larger of the specimens in hand must have had a total arm spread of over 80 centimeters. Although neither of the Hawaiian specimens was actually obtained from an abyssal depth, there is every reason to believe that such was in reality their place of origin. Family ARGONAUTIDAE (Cantraine 1840) Gray 1847. Argonautides Cantraine 1840, p. 20. Philonexidcu d'Orbigny 1845, p. 199. Ocythoina Gray 1847, P. 204. Ocythoidcs (Argonautida?) Gray 1849, p. 3, 28. + Philonexidac Gray, op. cit., p. 3, 29. Argonautidae H. and A. Adams 1853, vol. 2, p. 23. Argonautidc (pars) Naef Ig12b, p. 197, 198. Octopods of small to moderate size and pelagic habit. Body rounded or slightly elongate; without fins. Sexes conspicuously dimorphic. Males much smaller than the females; hectocotylization affecting one of the ventro-lateral arms, which, having its origin in a specialized sac, becomes developed into a highly modified and detachable copulatory organ, which persists separately for a certain length of time in the mantle cavity of the female. Suckers in two rows on all the arms. Subfamily ARGONAUTINE s. s. Third right arm of male hectocotylized; outer aspect of hectocotylus smooth. Dorsal arms of female furnished with broadly expanded glandular membranes at their extremities, which serve to secrete and hold in embrace a delicate involute calcareous shell, which latter functions as an ovarium as well as a partial retreat for the animal itself. Articulation between mantle and funnel cartilaginous. Funnel organ comprising a A-shaped dorsal cushion and a pair of ventro-lateral pads. Genus ARGONAUTA Linne 1758. Argonauta Linnd 1758, p. 708. Nautilus Schneider 1784, p. I20 (not of Linnd 1758). Ocythoe Leach 1817, p. 295 (not of Rafinesque i814). Hectocotylus (pars) Cuvier i829, p. 147. Todarus Rafinesque I840, p. 64 (fide Binney and Tryon, p. 94). Argonauta d'Orbigny I845, P. 210. For the characters of this genus see above under the subfamily, of which this is the only known group. Here are included the familiar argonauts or "paper nautili. ' At least two species are inhabitants of the Hawaiian region. Type.-Argonauta Argo Linn6 1758 (the species first mentioned), a characteristic Mediterranean type. Argonauta bottgeri Maltzan I88I. (PI. xLVII, fig. 5.) Argonauta Bottgeri Maltzan 188I, p. 163, pl. 9, fig. 7. Argonauta bottgeri Smith I887, p. 409, pl. 17, fig. 1-6. Argonauta Bottgeri Hidalgo i905, p. 9 (fide Hoyle g199). Argonauta boettgeri Dall 1908, p. 226, 229. Argonauta bottgeri Berry 1909, p. 4i8 (locality record only). Animal small, pelagic. Male (with the exception noted below) unknown. Body of female smooth, elongate, in general cylindrical, twice as long as broad; posterior part of body with a sharp upward torsion, at least in animals preserved in situ within the shell; rounded below, elevated and bluntly pointed posteriorly, widest in front, much elevated just back of the nuchal region. Mantle margin thin; pallial opening very wide, reaching well above the eyes on either side. i;;ii.................... '" ~ i....: iliijiiiii i il iillil~~iiiiiiiiliii8;ililiii i CEPHALOPODA Of THU HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 2_79 modified extremities of the dorsal pair, on which latter only the basal 15 to i6 are at all well developed. The funnel is connected to the head dorso-laterally by a pair of delicate bridle-like connective membranes, which are continuous with a delicate keel running along the lower aspect of each ventral arm; otherwise the arms are rounded and devoid of keels or swimming membranes. Dorso-laterally the integument of the head is connected with the dorsal arms by a delicate vertical membrane bridging the sulcus which otherwise separates the arms and head, and two similar but smaller membranes bridge the constriction between the anterior boundary of the eyeball and the lateral arms. /t A Shell small for the genus, coiled very compactly in an even plane, | j \\ laterally compressed; the sides ornamented with some 30 or more conspicu-. |E \ ous ridges radiating from the shallow depression which is the outward / \\ mark of the shell axis; periphery flattened, each angle decorated with a row of bluntly squared tubercles, 17 to i8 of which can be made out on each side; margin of aperture simple, without any trace of lateral expansions or "auricles;" surface finely and quite evenly granulose, the granules IG. S.-Argonauta bottgeri, outmost numerous on either side of the shell near the axis and visible without line drawing of funnel laid the aid of a lens (fig. 4). open medioventrally to show General surface color of animal in alcohol everywhere a pale brown- the funnel organ [x6s, X a. ish buff, dotted more or less impartially with numerous fairly large bluish black chromatophores, which are nowhere crowded save on the outer aspect of the dorsal,f""^y/ 1~ ~ arms and in less degree the dorsal integument of the eyeball. f~~~f { \ ^ Beak coal black. V^/^>-I V\^'. As no male animal of this species has come to hand the above ~\ Lt- Idsf.4fi. description applies only to the female. However, the mantle of ~\ tT L^^ X/ the specimen before me was carefully laid open along the medio\ M^U \ \ ~ventral line; lying within the cavity, its thickened basal portion r^ ^ z \. z lodged snugly just above the left gill between the latter organ hec+.. — -; A s and the viscera, was found the detached hectocotylus of a male. l^ //'//^ WA'X This condition is well shown in the accompanying sketch, which \^S /.// x ~indicates the position of the structures in question in situ (text ov<-. /^.^></g sea4r fig. 6); see also the more detailed representation of the hecto~\ ^^^^<:;^ ~ cotylus in figure 7. The organ comprises a thickened basal por~\ V I/ br. tion curved in the shape of a horseshoe about 6 mm. in length by \,~ /f~ ~ a little more than 4 in breadth, with the inner or sucker bear\_ ~/ ~ ing aspect outermost; widest between the middle and the base, FIG. 6.-Argonauta bttgeri 61, ventral tapering slightly to a rounded point posteriorly, and more graduaspect of female, with mantle laid par- ally to the acute distal extremity which terminates in a very long tially open to show the detached hecto- and slender thread-like process, lying in a loose coil; the basal cotylus of the male in situ within the portion broadly flattened on its inner surface, the margin of the pallial chamber, X a: br., gill; hect., hec- latter armed with a closely placed row of minute much elevated tocotylus of male; 1. app., locking carti-, a 2 o e lages of left side; mb., thickened band suckers, about 22 on each border, which are connected by a deliof muscular tissueborderingmantle mar- cate hyaline membrane; the outer aspect (i. e., inner curve of gin; ov., gonad; sept., median septum of the horseshoe) is keeled and bears a conspicuous marginal mempallial chamber. brane, which even continues along the terminal thread, though there becoming extremely thin and delicate. The diameter of the basal portion is 2 mm.; the length of the flagellum about I3 mm. The shell of this specimen was partly full of eggs and young embryos connected into a loose mass by fine filaments and representing various early stages of development. The total number is several hundred at least, the largest scarcely a millimeter in length. .......... l. lll.ll.....~l..........................................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................. xX X X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ _... _jj...xX_ x | ll i~sR~liiilillii. E x..x. X~~~~~~~~~~~~.........l. j.X............ x. g-x........................... xxxxxxx...... xl xxx 1................. X0x X........ XXX.x........................... XXX0XXXxXXXXXXX xx~~~~~xx xxxxxxx ~~~~~~~~~~~...x............. xx x x......xxlxx. x -.. -- xxt....... x. ii........i..........- - x.....................X..X.....X Ss~~~~~~~~~~l~~ ~.............X.. 00.......................xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ii lilill irxxl xl xllliliiiililiilili..xxxxx,..x.xg x..... xx~ x....................................................... _............x.i _X..... r l i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l 1 111 1 CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 28l Subfamily TREMOCTOPODINE. Philonexidme H. and A. Adams I858, Pol. I, p. 21. Tremoctopidcz Tryon i879, p. 130. TremoctopodidcB P. Fischer i882, p. 334. Tremoctopodince Berry 1912b, p. 386. Adult small. Third left arm of the male hectocotylized; its outer surface ornamented with fringelike papillae. Dorsal arms of female connected at base by a broad veliform membrane, which extends along their margins, leaving only the very attenuate and frequently decollated extremities free. Remaining arms webbed only at the base, their suckers larger and better developed than those of the dorsal pair. No calcareous egg case or shell. Two large aquiferous pores on the dorsal aspect of the head and a smaller one at either side ventrally just in front of the funnel. Mantle articulating with the funnel by membranous folds; no definite locking cartilages. Funnel organ poorly developed and represented only by a series of longitudinal lamellae. Genus TREMOCTOPUS Delle Chiaje 1829. Tremoctopus Delle Chiaje i829, T. 70, 7x (fide Wiilker). Octopus (Philonexis) d'Orbigny 1835, p. 14. Philonexis d'Orbigny i845, p. 200. Tremoctopus Naef I9i2b, p. 199. Since only the single genus of the group is known, its characters are entirely those of the subfamily. Type.-Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje i829 (monotypic), a species originally described from the Mediterranean. Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje x829. (P1. xIX, fig. 3, 4.)'? Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje 1829, T. 70, 71 (fide Wulker). Octopus gracilis Souleyet in Eydoux and Souleyet 1852, p. 13, pI. I, figs. 8-9.? Octopus dubius Souleyet in Eydoux and Souleyet i852, p. 15, pI. i, figs. 10-14.? Tremoctopus dubius Tryon 1879, p. 131, pl. 43, fig. 8o, 8I (after Souleyet). Tremoctopus gracilis Tryon 1879, p. 131, pl. 43, fig. 82, 83 (after Souleyet). Tremoctopus quoyanus Hoyle 190o4, p. 12, fig. A. Tremoctopus sp. (near quoyanus d'Orbigny) Berry 1909, p. 4i8 (locality record only). Animal small, pelagic. The sexes are so conspicuously dimorphic that a separate description is necessary. Female: Mantle short; width about equal to length; pouch-shaped, widest anteriorly, and either simply rounded behind or rapidly narrowing to a rounded point; a sharp median longitudinal groove on the ventral surface indicates the position of the median septum of the mantle cavity. Mantle opening very wide and full, extending to a point just above the center of the eye on either side, but well behind it; mantle of scanty extent below, so that its margin barely meets the posterior edge of the funnel. Head large, flattened; extremely short and broad, the large prominent rounded eyes rendering it usually wider than the body. Eyes not at all pedunculated. Entire surface covered by a loose smooth delicate skin or cuticle of hyaline consistency and unpigmented, which is perforated by four small oval openings-the so-called aquiferous pores-a pair on the dorsal aspect being situated one at the base of each dorsal arm just a little outside the axis of the latter, and another pair about half as large situated one at the base of each ventral arm at either side of the tip of the funnel. Funnel large, compressed, very broad at the base, its outline almost that of an equilateral triangle; only the narrow apex free. Funnel organ composed of a number of longitudinal lamellae or folds, terminated near the apex by a small acutely pointed valve-like flap. (P1. xux, fig. 4.) The base of the funnel just over the retractor muscles articulates with pocket-like grooves on the inner surface of the mantle by means of a thickened and recurved fold of the posterior margin. 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HHHHH - -H. ... HIIIIIIII.................................................... H- M MOM M H gg ER................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. o lap 284 BULLETIN Of THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. with swollen bases; at first small, they reach their maximum at about the twelfth to fourteenth pairs, whence they again suffer a gradual diminution in size. The apertures of the first i7 pairs are slitlike and so laterally compressed that the openings are scarcely evident; the next so pairs smaller and with more open apertures, the aperture of the twenty-seventh where the papillae cease being wide open. The following 19 pairs are very differently modified: at this point the interspace between the rows widens, the suckers becoming ultramarginal and facing much more laterally; they are smaller, lower, regularly and gradually diminish in size, and have wide, simple, outwardly flaring apertures. The tip of the arm is occupied by a small bulbous expansion devoid of any armature save a slender pointed filiform process extending distally from its pointed tip. Just proximal to the bulb and about three pairs of suckers from the end, the inner surface of the arm gives rise at its middle to a very long delicate colorless thread, which is so coiled upon itself that it can not be entirely straightened out without danger of breaking. This thread appears to be incased in a tenuous hyaline skin, is thickest beyond the coiled portion, and thence tapers to an attenuate and pointed extremity (fig. so). Several of the females were examined to ascertain the possible presence of a free hectocotylus, within the mantle cavity, but without success. The dimensions of the hectocotylus above described are as follows: mm. Total length, exclusive of thread........................................... 44 Length of papillated portion.2........................... 28 Length of terminal bulb and process.......4............. 4 Length of thread......................................................... I+ Maximum diameter..................................................... 3 Young: The series at hand is replete with immature specimens comprising all the later stages of development, the smallest having a mantle length of about 6 mm. Great variation is evident, especially in the shape and general proportions of the arms and body, but all maintain with great constancy the arm formula I, 2, 4, 3. The third arms in the smallest specimen (station 3799) are so little developed as to be hardly distinguishable. All the arms are relatively much shorter than in the adult, the suckers fewer and larger in comparison, the umbrella very rudimentary and about equally developed all round, and the eyes rendered more conspicuous through their dark coloration. A slightly later stage (station 3878) shows the arms to have grown rapidly and to be already longer than the body. In males of this size the hectocotylized arm is already well advanced, but in the female the extraordinary development of the umbrella and attenuation of the dorsal arms does not become apparent until the animal has attained a much larger size. Color of specimens preserved in alcohol everywhere a very pale brownish buff, the eyes with a silvery metallic sheen beneath the integument. Chromatophores fairly numerous, especially just above and behind the eyes, but usually more or less indistinct except in the younger specimens where they are fewer in number and much more conspicuous. A single row of three to five large rectangular chromatophores commences along the base of each dorsal arm, but is soon superseded by a double series of much smaller roundish ones. There is also a pair of rather large chromatophores placed transversely between the eyes, a pair of similar but more widely separated ones behind them, and a single small one near the center of the group. Young specimens show in addition a single line of small dark chromatophores bordering the ventral mantle margin, and sometimes an aggregation of similar chromatophores forms a conspicuous spot on each side of the body just behind the eyes (e. g., the individuals from station 3799, where both males and females appear almost different enough in this and other particulars to constitute a different species; the single individual from station 3929 is the only other specimen seen which shares the foregoing peculiarity). Type locality.-Of violaceus, the Bay of Naples, Italy; of gracilis, long. io60 W., lat. 8~ N., Pacific Ocean (fide Tryon). Distribution.-Of violaceus, Mediterranean (Delle Chiaje, Jatta, etc.); middle Atlantic; Japan (Wiilker). Of gracilis, eastern mid-Pacific (Souleyet); neighborhood of the Hawaiian and Midway Islands (Albatross); eastern tropical Pacific (Hoyle, as quoyanus); between Papua and Japan (Hoyle); near Mauritius (Souleyet, as dubius). CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. MEASUREMENTS OIr TREMOCTOPUS VIOLACEUS. 285 Number in author's register......... a21 221 218 219 a28 ax8 217 223 225 2i8 224 217 ax8 Station where taken................. 3930 3930 3878 3926 3878 3878 3799 4010 4086 3878 4011 3799 3878 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 e 6 6 mm.l tnm mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.. mm. m m. mTm. mmm. mm. mm. Total length... 64+ 5+ 48 44+ 33 30 6 30 24+ 25 2 5 14 Length of mantle (dorsal)................. 6 3 0 10 9 8 3 8 7.5 6 6 4. Width of mantle.......5 2 10.o I0 9 7 3 7 Io 7 6.5 7 4 S Width of neck............................. 13 o10 8 8 8 6......7 8 5......... 4 Width of head............................. 5.5 12 1 10o 8 2.5 8 9 75 7 6 4-5 Length of funnel.......................... 45 3.. 4 5 3.5...... 2 2 Length of right dorsal arm.......... 40 37+ 34 28+ 22 8 2. 5 8 o+ 6 14 9 9 Length of left dorsal arm.................. 40+ 27+ 31 3i+ 22 20 5... o+ 6...... 9 Length of right secondarm................ 33+ 37 28 27 20 6 1.5 6...... 14 2 8 6.5 Length of left second arm.......4...... 45 34+ 17.....20 8 '5...... 14...... 8 6.s Length of right third arm............... 20 15 7....... 42........................ Length of left third arm................... 5 o......8 7 4.5 4 3 i.5 Length of right ventral arm................ 32 25 6 19 14 12...... 14 9 6 3 S Length of left ventral arm................. 32 25 i6...... 14...... 12......9 6 2 3-5 Length of umbrella between dorsal arms... 14 13 9 7 3. 6 6 3.5 4-5 2.5 Length of umbrella between ventral arms. 3 3 2...... 3...... 3 I..... Length of umbrella between dorsal and second arm s............................ 2 7 I I 1 9 4...... 6 5 3.5 4............ Material examined.-The 31 specimens examined are of various ages but almost equally males and females: No. Author's sped- ocality. Depth. station Sex. register mens. No. No. 4 Lat. N. 29~ 22', long. W. x39' 31', between Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel... Surface.... 3799 ic?39 227 5 Off Molokini Islet, Kahoolawe................................................ do....... 3878 26 3 ai8 3 Lat. N. 21' 13', long. W. W. 58 43', between Honolulu and Laysan Island....... do...... 3926 9 219 i Lat. N. 23 o 19', long. W. x66~ 54', between Honolulu and Laysan Island......... do...... 3929 6c 220 3 Lat. N. 25' 07'. long. W. 170' 50', between Honolulu and Laysan Island......... do....... 3930 ic229 221 a Lat. N. 25~ 27', long. W. i7i o8', between Honolulu and Laysan Island...... do...... 3931 6 222 4 Between Kauai and Oahu......................................... do....... 400 3 223 7.....do................................................................... do....... 4011 3 224 2 Off Puniawa Point, M aui............................................ do....... 4086 cd 225 Remarks.-Owing to the great confusion which prevails in the various published accounts of the species of this genus, the identification of even so excellent a series of specimens as the present is not an easy task and the final conclusion attained is not altogether satisfying. It must be admitted that the temptation is very great to unite practically all the alleged species of Tremoctopus under the oldest name of which we chance to have knowledge as applied to a member of this group-the Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje 2829. This is in effect what has been done by Jatta a (1896, p. 204) and more a Jatta includes all the following in the synonymy of T. violaceus: Octopus velifer Fdrussac 283o0. Philonexis Quoyanus d'Orbigny x835. Philonexis atlanticus d'Orbigny x835. Philonexis microstomus d'Orbigny x835. Philonexis hyalinus d'Orbigny x835. Octopus (Philonexis) brevipes d'Orbigny x835. Octopus semipalmatus Owen 1836. Octopus velatus Rang x837. Octopus KoUikeri VWrany 1847. 173110-14 3 286 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. recently by Naef (1912b, p. i99). Wfilker has likewise reported under the same name a species of the genus from Japan (1910, p. 5). Not having any material from other regions available for comparison, I have felt constrained to follow the precedent thus made for me, especially since I have not been able to seize upon any characters of sufficient definiteness to separate the Pacific species from the Atlantic. Nevertheless it should be remembered that our knowledge of the group is still woefully incomplete, and a careful account is needed of all the diverse stages which specimens from the various regions pass through during their life history, before absolute confidence can be felt in such wholesale relegation to the synonymy. Should it eventually appear that there are more species of Tremoctopus than recent writers are inclined to admit, I have no doubt whatever that the Hawaiian specimens are identical with the form described by Souleyet as Octopus gracilis. Tryon (1879, p. 13I) gives the following brief paraphrase of his very inadequate description: "Body rounded, smooth; head small; eyes large, prominent; arms graceful, the upper very long, lower short, connected by a web. Phosphorescent and with metallic reflections when living. Length 24 mm. " Certainly these few lines contain little which can serve either to prove or to disprove the identity of Souleyet's specimen with those obtained by the Albatross, but upon turning to the figure we find a representation which accords very well with Hawaiian specimens of the same size, and as both are from the same general oceanic region and the habit of the animals is admittedly pelagic, we find at once a strong a priori reason for uniting them. From the present specimens the figure of 0. gracilis differs most strikingly in its more inflated body (a character of trifling importance) and somewhat wider web between the ventral arms. The eyes are also represented as being semipedunculate, but I suspect that this appearance may be due to the loss of the delicate integument which usually envelops the head. The proportions of the arms are, however, much the same, and it is further noteworthy that a specimen presumably of this species taken by the Challenger in the western Pacific differs in no described character from the Albatross specimens (Hoyle i886, p. 7 ). With the same form I would be also disposed to unite the Octopus dubius, also of Souleyet, especially since the most immature of the specimens before me is almost a counterpart of his figure and is of similar dimensions (6 mm.). The two female specimens dredged by the A lbatross in the tropical Pacific, which Hoyle (i904, p. I2) referred with some doubt to T. quoyanus, likewise agree perfectly in all the characters stated, have the same curious arrangement of the chromatophores, and are surely conspecific. The single poorly preserved individual taken by the Challenger in the south Pacific (Hoyle i886, p. 70) also is probably identical, so that on the whole it can be affirmed with certainty that few Hawaiian cephalopods exhibit a wider distribution. The species is one of the most beautiful and graceful of all cephalopods. Family ALLOPOSIDA$ Verrill 1881. Alloposidce Verrill I881, p. 365. Argonautidcs (pars) Naef i9x2b, p. 197, ig8. Sexes dimorphic, the female larger than the male and often attaining considerable dimensions. Body soft and gelatinous, aquiferous pores lacking. Arms united throughout the greater portion of their length by an extensive umbrella; suckers in 1-2 rows. Hectocotylization affects the whole of the right third arm, which has its origin in a specialized sac in front of the eye, and when mature is most probably caducous. Genus ALLOPOSUS Verrill 1880. Haliphron Steenstrup I859, p. x83 (nomen nudum, fide Hoyle). AlIoposus Verrill x88o, p. 393. Alloposus Verrill 188i, p. 365. Alloposus Hoyle x886, p. 72. Altoposus Naef Xzg9b, p. x98. This being the only known genus, its characters are entirely those of the family. Type.-Alloposus mollis Verrill i88o (monotypic), originally described from off the New England coast. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 287 Alloposus mollis Verrill x880.? Haliphron atlanticus Steenstrup 1859, p. 183 (fide Hoyle). Alloposus mollis Verrill I880, p. 394. Alloposus moltlis Verrill 188t, p. 366, 420, 434 P. p50, 51, figs. 3-4. Atlopossus mthOis Hoyle x886, p. 7, 72. Alloposus mollis Joubin 2895, p. 4, 13, 55, pl. 5, fig. I, 3, s10, iI, pl. 6. Alloposus mollisJoubin 1900, p. 1, 30, 127, pl. 5, fig. 14, s15; pl. II, fig. i. Alloposus matollis Berry 1909, p. 418 (locality record only). Body large, soft, smooth, semigelatinous in consistency, in shape ovoid, widest in front, narrower and rounded posteriorly. Head short and very broad; when contracted the lids of the large prominent eyes appear to have distinct openings. Mantle opening very wide and full, extending in two broad pouchlike curves from the median point of union with the ventral commissure to a point just past the eye on either side. Medio-ventral septum or commissure well developed, extending nearly to the anterior margin of the mantle, and thence reaching its dorsal attachment through a sinus in the posterior margin of the funnel. Funnel enormous and almost entirely exposed; its apex reaching slightly past the eyes; fused with the ventral integument of the head for almost its entire length. Funnel organ extremely anterior in position and very large, comprising a broad W-shaped pad of a conspicuous brown ochre color; posterior lobes rounded; anterior lobes acute and almost meeting in the median line below (fig. 12). Arms moderate, decreasing in length and degree of attenuation from the dorsal to the ventral pair (in the present specimen their extremities are badly mutilated); connected at the base by a broad membranous umbrella, the latter attaining its greatest extent between the arms of the dorsal pair which it interwebs for much the greater portion of their length. Suckers large, elevated, deep, their rims of somewhat more massive consistency than the other tissues of the animal; they are in two rows, or rather in a single more or less zigzag row which most conspicuously approaches the two-rowed condition after reaching the margin of the umbrella (at about the thirteenth sucker on the dorsal arms). The entire integument is of a somewhat stringy semigelatinous consistency. It does not preserve well and is badly torn away from the right side of the present specimen. Color of specimen preserved in formalin and alcohol a muddy buff, numerous brownish chromatophores are distributed over the dorsal surface and to a considerably less extent below. MEASUREMENTS OF ALLOPOSUS MOLLIS. mm. Length of- mm. Total length............................................ 147+ Left second arm.................................... 72+ Tipof-body to base of umbrella between dorsal arms..... 65 Right third arm.................................... 65 Length of body......................................... 50 Left third arm...................................... 51+ W idthof body.......................................... 46 Right ventral arm.................................. 6o+ W idth across eyes...................................... 51 Left ventral arm.............................59+ Length of- Umbrella between dorsal arms...................... 54 Right dorsal arm................................... 82+ Umbrella between ventral arms.................... 44 Left dorsal arm..................................... 6o+ Funnel.............................................. 38 Right second arm................................... 90 Diameter of one of largest suckers....................... 4 Type.-In the United States National Museum. A cotype (from Fish Hawk station 893) is in the Yale University Museum. Type locality.-Fish Hawk station 880, 252 fathoms, off Newport, Rhode Island, September I3, iS880, three specimens. Distribution.-Off Newport, Rhode Island (Verrill), off Chesapeake Bay (Verrill); north Atlantic (Hoyle, Joubin); off Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts (Verrill); off Delaware Bay (Verrill), off the Azores (Joubin). Pailolo Channel, Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Verrill gives the bathymetric range of the species as 236 to 1,346 fathoms. Fragments of this species have been obtained from a depth of 1,735 fathoms and likewise from the surface. XX Xjj l ~ ~l l ~ l l l 1 0 1 1i 11 1 ii i ilI Xjllllll l l illl llll ii 1111111111111111111111111111111111i1111111111 11111111|1111111111111i1111'ii11i111111i11111111111i111111111111 1 *xxXX.ll.............................. x. xjx.. -......... j........ ____ Gx_ S: x......... X X X E.X_.'.'''.'.'.'.''''''''''''''''''ffi'''' '-'''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...........' -' 1[1 _ 1111111111i r111i11 _11111111111111_1 -X i..x..x....x. -.. H k. ~~~~~~~~~~~~............. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....x...-... j....w. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.g.......... g..... X X.........................................X......-.. X[gX>> ~j~g~...X......................... gX0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.X.X.j............ '''''''.'.'. XXX>>XXXXXX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..X.................................. x~~~~~~~xx~~~~~~~~~x~~~~~~xXE ~~~~~~~~~~......................... _ ExX_ ~~~~~~~~~~~.........................r........ E_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............................. ' ' ''..... ' ' '............. gE S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~x~~~~~~~~~x~~~........ gx~~~~~~~~~x>>X_~~~~~~................ xxX~~~~~~~xX~~~~~~x- ~~~~...................x '''''''....-, gxglx.Xx x XX...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............ WIxx lll_- iiiii'''1''1''1 xxgxX x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... _<...................... g x x 1xx 11 lll 1lllx ll. 1 11111111111111111111111111111111 -..................................... x ~~~~~l_ M.._.._._._. _ M - _ - _~~~~~~~~~..................................... xx X_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. -.......... _..... gj............._. xxxxX XXS.....~~~~~~~~~~...._..W................................ _......._ gX~~rlllllllllllllllliiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiillliii ilililii illllili ~ iiiiiii la 11i11^il ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................... xx ffi _ j - _ - - - - _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~...... _............................. iii11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 g x xx.................... xx>xx.................... x>xx................................... 1iii1111i i 1 111~~ ~ CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 289 Family BOLITAENIDAR Chun 19n. Bolitenidca Chun irg, p. 2o. Body semigelatinous. Third arms much the longest and largest; suckers on all the arms in a single row. Right third arm hectocotylized, the chief modification consisting in the enlargement of a part or even all of the suckers. Olfactory organ papilliform. Genus ELEDONELLA Verrill 1884. Eledonella Verrill 1884, p. x44. Eledonella Chun xg9I, p. 16. Body gelatinous, weakly pigmented, semitransparent. Hectocotylization affecting only the distal suckers of the arm. Type.-Eledonella pygmaea Verrill i884 (monotypic), a species of the New England region. Eledonella species (young). Bolitcna species Berry 1909, p. 418 (locality record only). Mantle saccular, much wrinkled, longer than broad. Arms short, incompletely webbed; the 4 to 6 large suckers arranged in a single series. Funnel small, little projecting. Head small. The single specimen obtained is too young for safe determination. It is badly contracted and chiefly characterized by its large eyes, wide mantle opening extending well past the eyes, and short arms, the third and fourth pairs being the longest. The specimen was at first referred to Bolitcena, but is more probably an Eledonella. mm. T otal length............................................................... 15 Length of mantle (dorsal)............................................... From Albatross station 4039, 670 to 697 fathoms, off Kawaihae Light, Hawaii [S. S. B. 210]. Family POLYPODIDAH Hoyle 1904. Octopidae (pars) d'Orbigny z838, p. 3; I845, p. 164. Octopodida H. and A. Adams 1853, vol. r, p. i8. PolypodideE Hoyle 1904, p. 14. PolypodidB Naef 1912b, p. 197. Animals of small to gigantic size. Body short, thick, and usually firm and muscular. Sexes nearly similar. Ventral mantle connection consisting of a pair of shallow folds on the hinder margin of the funnel, with shallow grooves to correspond on the inner surface of the mantle. No aquiferous pores. Arms with one or two rows of suckers and a more or less well-developed basal web. Hectocotylus confined to the extreme tip of either the right or left third arm; a narrow groove or fold in the edge of the marginal membrane terminates in a roughly spoon-shaped copulatory organ at the extremity. Genus POLYPUS Schneider 1784. Polypus Schneider 1784, p. ii6. OctoPus Lamarck 1799, p. i8 (fide Hoyle). Octopus d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and F!russac 1838, p. 17. Octopus Hoyle I886, p. 74. Polypus Hoyle 1901, p. 1-5. Body short, thick, rounded posteriorly; surface smooth to warty, usually with one or more tubercular cirri over either eye. Arms and umbrella very variable; suckers in two alternating rows, which are perhaps better to be regarded as a single extremely zigzag row. Third right arm hectocotylized. Type.-Sepia octopodia Linne 1758, a European species perhaps identical with P. vulgaris (Lamarck 1799). Schneider designates no type and does not even name a species, but the inference seems clear that the Sepia octopodia of Linn6 is the form which he had in mind, especially since at that time this was the only species of the group which had been characterized by a binomial name. Hoyle, however, arrives at the conclusion that Octopus vulgaris Lamarck I799 is available as the generic type. 290 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OI FISHERIES. Polypus hawaiiensis (Souleyet 1852). Octopus hawiiensis Souleyet in Eydoux and Souleyet x852, p. 9, pi. r, fig. r-5. Octopus Hawaiiensis Tryon 1879, p. 118, pl. 34, figs. 44, 45 (after Souleyet). Octopus hawaiensis Hoyle x886, p. 9, 220 (merely listed). Polypus hawaiiensis Berry I909, p. 418 (merely listed). The original description of this species by Souleyet is verbatim as follows:a "Octopus, corpore rotundato, lanvi; capito magno; brachiis crassis, basi palmatis. "Corps petit, globuleux, lisse dans toute son etendree, l'ouverture anterieure du sac ne comprenant pas tout a fait la moiti6 de la circonf6rence; 1 'entonnoir assez long et grele. "Tete volumineuse, aussi large que le corps. "Bras tres-forts, proportionellement au volume du corps, et l6grement palmer a leur base; ceux des premiere, troisieme et quatrieme paires (I), presque egaux en longueur (quatre fois la longueur du sac); ceux de la deuxi/me paire, d'une longueur un plus grande; les ventouses atternes peu elevees et tres-rapproch6es. " Ce poulpe offere partout une teinte d'un gris bleuatre, tres-finement pointillee de noir, ce qui fait paraitre sa couleur noirAtre; cette couleur est moins foncee en dessous du sac et surtout A la partie inf6rieure de la tete. "I1 provient de Hawaii, l'une des iles Sandwich; il ne parait pas trks-commun das cette localite, car nous n'en avons rapporte qu'un seul individu. Dimensions. Centimetres. "Longueur totale......................................................... 13 d u sac......................................................... 2 d e la t te....................................................... I des bras (ire, 3e, et 4e paires)..................................... 8 des bras (2e paire)............................................... I "Les charactres qui nous ont paru distinguer surtout cette espece sont: la petitesse, et la forme arrondie du sac, le volume et la longueur mediocre des bras, enfin l'absence de rugosites et d'eminences sur la peau qui est partout parfaitement lisse. Les especes dont elle se rapproche le plus sont: le poulpe tehuelche (0. tehuelchus), de M. d'Orbigny, et le poulpe brevitentacule (O. brevitentaculatus), de M. de Blainville; mais elle differe de la premiere de ces especes par la grosseur et la brievet6 des bras, et de la seconde, par la palmature moins considerable de ces appendices et par leur proportion que est tout A fait differente." Type locality.-Island of Hawaii (Souleyet). Distribution.-The species has not been again recorded since its discovery. Remarks.-I am unable to refer any of the numerous specimens of Polypus in either the Albatross or Stanford collections to this species. Its special characters seem to be the smooth globose body, without cirri or other tubercles, large head, short umbrella, and short robust arms, the second pair of the latter being longest, the others equal. Of the described Hawaiian species, P. ornatus and P. hoylei are certainly sufficiently distinct, as is also P. mnarmoratus if the description by Souleyet is to be relied upon. The view that the last-named species may really be identical with P. hawaiiensis has been suggested by Ortmann (I891, p. 672), and the fact that in the very large series of the genus before me there are no specimens whatever which approximate to the combination of characters alleged to be diagnostic may indicate that an error has somewhere crept in. On the other hand, Tryon regarded P. hawaiiensis as very close to or identical with the Octopus punctatus Gabb of California, but I think the resemblance is entirely imaginary. a As the original volume has only once been accessible to me, I must here mention my obligation to Dr. E. J. Nolan, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for sending me the copy of the above description which is here transcribed. CZPHALOPODA OF THU HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 291 Polypus marmoratus (Hoyle i885).a (PI. XLv; pI. XLvnI, fig. 6.) Octopus marmoratus Hoyle 1885, p. 227. Octopus marmoratus Hoyle x885a, p. 102. Octopus marmoratus Hoyle z886, p. 8, 85, 220, pl. 6. Octopus marmoratus Brock 1887, p. 6i0, 6ix. Octopus marmoratus Ortmann 189I, p. 671. Octopus marmoratus Joubin? 1894, p. 35 (fide Wuilker). Polypus marmoratus Hoyle 1905, p. 978. Polypus marmoratus Berry 1909, p. 4i8 (locality record only). Polypus marmoratus Wilker I913, p. 457. Body of moderate size, rounded pyriform in shape, broadest toward the posterior; not flattened, but with a distinct median longitudinal depression or sulcus on the ventral surface. Integument as a rule quite smooth, but apt to be much wrinkled above, and with a few large, low, longitudinally elongate tubercles on the dorsal surface; notably more conspicuous than the remainder are one of these tubercles at the base of each dorsal arm, one in advance of the center of the head, and a diamond-shaped quadrilateral of four on the dorsum, besides several lateral onesb. A series of smaller ridges tends to extend distally from the large tubercles at the base -- of the dorsal arms out upon the arms, and all show a distinctly bilateral arrange- / A \ ment. In addition to the ridges there is a large conspicuous bluntly conical / \ tubercle just above and behind the center of each eye opening, supplemented ) \ -V by a smaller, more elongated excrescence just in front of the eye, and one other / \ placed diagonally behind. This ornamentation appears to be a reasonably constant feature, atleastin the material examined. The mantle opening is not \ especially wide, extending rather less than halfway from the funnel to the eye. -- Head rather small, narrow, rounded, separated from the body by an often F 3-Polypus marora slight constriction. Eyes prominent. Funnel small, conical, reaching little tus [1I751s, outline drawing more than a third of the distance to the umbrella margin. The funnel of funnel laid open medioorgan is well developed and comprises a broad bilobate W-shaped pad on the ventrallytoexposethefuninner wall of the funnel cavity a little forward of the center. (Fig. 13.) ne organ, natural size. a The principal portion of the description of this species given by Hoyle in the Challenger Report (I886, p. 85) is as follows: "Habitat.-On the Reefs, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. Three specimens, one c, two 9. "Sandwich Islands (Copenhagen Museum). " The Body is round, not depressed, and a little longer than wide. The mantle-opening extends somewhat less than halfway round the body, terminating nearer to the siphon than to the eye, and considerably behind the latter. The siphon is small and acutely conical, and extends about one-third the distance to the umbrella-margin. " The Head is narrow, and the eyes are prominent, where they have not suffered from compression. " The Arms are subequal, eight times as long as the body; they are very long and slender, the last character being more marked in the females than in the male; they taper more rapidly at first than near the extremities, which are much attenuated. The umbrella is very wide, especially in the male, where it extends almost one-third up the arms; in the females its extent is only one-sixth. The suckers are rather large, and closely set; in the male a few suckers opposite the umbrella-margin are slightly, but not markedly, larger than the others. The extremity of the hectocotylized arm is small, and has about Io small transverse ridges. "The Surface appears to have been smooth, except for a few short ridges placed longitudinally on the back and sides; but the skin is shriveled by the action of the spirit, so that it is difficult to be certain. A conical cirrus is situated above and slightly behind each eye; but in some cases this has been destroyed. "The Colour is a stone-gray, with dark pigment disposed in veins like those of marble on the dorsal surface of the body, head, and umbrella; the male is much darker, so that the marbling is almost concealed. Traces of an oval spot are seen in front of and below the eye on both sides of one femalespecimen and on one side of the other; but this spot is concealed by the dark colouring in the male even if it exist. * * * * * * * " This species presents in some respects a resemblance to Octopus bimaculatus, Verrill, namely, in the general form and proportions, in the enlargement of one or more suckers on the lateral arms, and in the small size of the hectocotylus of the male, as also in the presence of the dark spot on either side in front of the eye. Each, too, has a supra-ocular cirrus, but the conspicuously warted upper surface of Verrill's form and the equally marked smoothness of the Challenger specimens, as well as the seemingly constant difference of coloration necessitate their separation. * * * * * * * "It approaches Octopus hawaiensis B. and S., in general form, but differs in the presence of cirri over the eyes." b These structures may very likely represent the "few short ridges placed longitudinally on the back and sides" which are mentioned by Hoyle. 292 BULLETIN OF THS BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Arms stout and muscular, apt to be heavily recurved and coiled in alcoholic specimens; at first rapidly tapering, but attenuate at the extremities; length moderate, perhaps three to four times that of the body; on the average probably subequal, but variable, in the adult the ventral pair usually a little the longest. Umbrella only moderately developed in the specimens seen; about equal all round, and continued as a prominent contractile web along the outer margins of all the arms. Suckers large, rather flattened, and closely set except along the distal portions of the arms, where the two rows become relatively much more widely separated, a character not shown by the figure in the Challenger report; first four suckers at the base in a single row. In the male from two to four suckers opposite the umbrella margin on each arm undergo a slight enlargement. The third right arm in the male is not very much shorter than its mate and the hectocotylized portion is very small. The calamus is poorly developed and does not show the usual papilliform structure; ligula extremely small, its inner surface excavated and provided with about Io easily obscured transverse ridges. (P1. xiivi, fig. 6.) Color of preserved specimens everywhere a dull drab or stone gray, lighter below and on the inner surface of the umbrella and arms; dorsally the surface is so heavily clouded with a dark slate as to be almost unicolored, but in the lighter areas and when the folds of the skin are stretched apart the dark pigment is seen to be disposed in narrow anastomosing veins which are here and there very conspicuous.a A series of confluent blotches of similar tint extends along the flattened sides of the arms just outside the suckers and in rough alternation with the latter. In well-preserved material there is a large roundish oculation a little way in front of and below the eye on either side; the very dark center issurrounded by a broad ring of lighter tint which is not always easy to make out; the entire spot is often somewhat obscured owing to the heavy pigmentation generally, but as it is conspicuously present in at least one of the male specimens examined, it is clearly not to be looked upon as a sexual character. The color in life is not known. Beak and radula not examined. MEASUREMENTS OP POLYPUS MARMORATUS. Nuwnber in author's register................................................ 174 175 183 183 i83 183 185 S e c......................................................................... 9 juv. mn. m m ie. mt. mm. "s. m itn. Total length..........................................................? a27I 59 68 62 59 45 Tip of body to dorsal base of umbrella............................................ 95 56 I7 20 i6 I6 13 W idth of body.................................................................... 6i 38 I 14 I3 I2 10 L ength of body............................................................................... I2 15 12 II...... Width of neck.................................................................... 38 a6 8 8 7 W idthacross eyes................................................................. 4 29 0 It 5 0 9 M outh to tip of right dorsal arm..................................................? azx2 37 42 41 40 22 Mouth to tip of left dorsal arm.................................................... a s310 85 24+ 40 4 40 21 Mouth to tip of right second arm.................................................. a340 a188 4o0+ 43 46 43 27 Mouth to tip of left second arm................................................... a33 190a 38 48 45 43 29 M outh to tip of right third arm................................................... a28o a 65 24...... 43 31 Mouth to tip of left third arm.................................................... a295 a195 42 47 46 42 32 Mouth to tip of right ventral arm................................................. a345 a2i0 37 35 43 40 29 Mouth to tip of left ventral arm................................................... a340 a215 39 41 45 40 30 Length of hectocotylus........................................................... 4 1.5............... Length of umbrella between dorsal arms....................................... 25 6+ 13 I 10 4 Length of umbrella between ventral arms............................................... 2 5 8 8 7 10 4 Length of funnel................................................................... 40 20 5 6 5 5 45 a Largely estimated, but figures given for what they may be worth. mm. Total diameter of ocular spot, right side (S. S. B. 175)...................... I2 Total diameter of ocular spot, left side (S. S. B. 175)........................ II Diameter of dark center of spot, right side (S. S. B. 175).................... 8 a From this feature arises the significance of the name marmoratus. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 293 Type.-In the British Museum (Natural History). Type locality.-" On the Reefs, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands;" three specimens (Challenger expedition). Distribution.-Honolulu Reef, Oahu (Challenger, Albatross, etc.); Hilo, Hawaii (Stanford University collections); Rotuma (Hoyle); Rimatara (Wilker); Buka, Solomon Islands (Wlilker); Stewart Islands (Wiilker); Amboina (Joubin); Ceylon (Ortmann). Material examined.-The following 13 specimens have been examined, the majority of them being rather immature: No. of Author's spedci- Locality. Collector. Sex. Where deposited. register. mens. I Honolulu, Oahu................... Market..... d....... Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 2089...... I74 iHonolulu, Oahu................... Jordan and Evermnann d e....... Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 2088...... 175 6 Honolulu Reef. Oahu............. Albatross............... 2 4Juv...................................... 85 4 Honolulu Reef, Oahu................ Albatross............ I 39......................... 1 83 Henshaw's Road, Hilo, Hawaii..................... Juv.. Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 2090..... X8 Although P. marmoratus appears to be a well marked, even if in no way an extraordinary species, it nevertheless exhibits a considerable measure of variability. The four young individuals from Honolulu Reef (S. S. B. 183), which I have assumed to be referable here, indicate this to a remarkable degree, and it may be possible that they are incorrectly determined; they possess a wide flattened head, pale coloration, no ocular markings, and the skin varies from a nearly smooth state to one where the scattered papillae are erect and bristling. The numerous small chromatophores render the surface finely punctate, and a single slightly zigzag row of somewhat larger chromatophores extends along the outer surface of each arm. The male in this lot is readily distinguishable by its small but welldeveloped hectocotylus, and by the rather conspicuous enlargement suffered by the seventh and eighth suckers on each of the lateral arms. The remaining suckers are rather small, a little elevated, and equidistant as in the females. The measurements are surprisingly constant, as shown in the above table. Hoyle compares this species with the Californian P. bimaculatus (Verrill) and apparently with justice, although he is undoubtedly correct in regarding the two as distinct. Specimens of the two species placed together have an entirely different aspect and are not likely to be confounded. The divergent pigmentation alone is entirely sufficient for the ready separation of most specimens, and so far as my very limited experience shows the elongate cirri of many P. marmoratus do not appear on the Californian form, although the symmetrical arrangement of the tubercles is much the same. Ortmann (i891, p. 672) has suggested that Hoyle's species may after all be identical with 0. hawaiiensis Souleyet, in which case the latter name has many years priority and would of course take precedence, but for the present the matter must go over unsettled. One of the Challenger specimens, which is the largest example of the species so far recorded, has a total length of 630 mm. The species is apparently an abundant littoral form occurring in large numbers on the reefs, and.is one of the most important. of the species used as food. As the most common of the Polypi it is likely to be met with in almost any general collection from the region. It is readily distinguishable from the species which usually accompany it by its somber coloration, ridgelike cirri, moderate arms, small hectocotylus, and wide funnel organ, as well as the presence of the three cirri over the eyes and the oculations at the base of the third arms. Being a solid and muscular species, the tissues, particularly of the arms, are apt to undergo a powerful contraction when preserved in alcohol. 294 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Polypus omrnatus (Gould 1852).a (PI. XLVI.) Octopus ornatus Gould I853, p. 476, figs. 590, 590oa. Octopus ornsatus Tryon 1879, p. 112, pI. 30, figs. 29, 30 (after Gould). Polypus ornatus Berry i909, p. 418 (locality record). Body of moderate size, subglobose, more expanded and rounded posteriorly. Mantle opening simple, moderately wide, extending on either side to a point about halfway between the eye aperture and the funnel. Head fairly large, rounded, not excavated above or below; the eyes fairly prominent, with small openings; head and body separated in the nuchal region by a decided constriction. Funnel long, extending for about two-thirds of the distance to the ventral margin of the umbrella, conical and tapering, with a broad base; adherent to the ventral surface of the head for more than half its length; aperture small. Funnel organ well developed, comprising a large W-shaped pad lying nearly midway of the dorsal wall; the median lobe is decidedly longer than the lateral wings. (Fig. 14.) Arms extremely long, very graceful (pl. XLVI, fig. x), dorsal pair perhaps as much as seven times the length of head and body taken together, extremely slender and attenuate, the tips almost filiform; disproportionately unequal, the order of length I, 2, 3, 4; dorsal arms conspicuously the stoutest and longest, the remaining arms exhibiting a decided but very regular decrease in size as we progress ventrally; the ventral arms very slender, less than three-fifths as long as the dorsal pair. Umbrella of small extent; best developed between the dorsal arms and least ventrally, thus giving the mouth the apparent position noted by Gould; it is continuous with a loose, very narrow fold of membrane which runs distad along the outer margins of the arms for a short distance, soon becoming nearly or quite obsolete. Suckers of moderate size, somewhat elevated, and with discoid but fairly deep cups; very numerous and somewhat crowded, 312 being counted on the left dorsal arm of the medium-sized specimen without the aid of a lens, less than a third of them occurring on the distal half of the arm; they are consistently in two rows even at the base near the mouth and at the extreme tip as well; a conspicuous maximum in size is attained a little distance beyond the margin of the umbrella. Third right arm in the male about a third shorter than its mate of the opposite side; on this arm a shallow marginal fold incloses a groove running along the outer ventral angle of the arm; this fold is barely distinct from the main body of the arm itself and is the sole remaining vestige of the marginal web; beginning at the umbrella margin, it terminates in the hectocotylus as the median groove of the flattened conical basal papilla (calamus) of the latter; the principal portion of the hectocotylus (ligula) is a conspicuously thicka The original description of Gould (1852, p. 476) is as follows: '"Body subglobose, the length exceeding the breadth about one-twelfth. Head two-thirds as long as the body, and about half its breadth, of nearly equal width throughout, the eyes being but very slightly prominent. Inferior opening broad, the lip transverse and simple; eyes small, the pupil black, with a silvery iris. Mouth small, situated at the lower third of the umbrella, which is rather small, but well-marked, the membrane not prolonged up the arms. Arms compressed, long and slender, attenuated to a thread, comparative length 2, 4, 3, I, differing much in size, the upper ones being very robust, the second, third, and fourth pairs being successively more slender, the latter being remarkably slender, not half the size of the upper ones. Cupules of medium size, nearly sessile, crowded, very numerous, extending to the tips of the arms; they commence in a double series on the upper arms, while on the lower ones the first six are in a single series. The surface is coarsely reticulate-papillose, with a series of oblong-oval, smooth, and colorless patches along the back of the arms and around the sac, somewhat resembling bullze. The ground color is deep orange; beneath somewhat clouded with white; above variegated with five longitudinal, buff stripes, the median one extending to between the eyes, the two lateral ones curving on each side, like meridian lines, and extending only to the neck; between these lines, around the middle of the sac, are deep brown patches, and also between the bases of the arms; there are also brown mottlings along the back of the arms. These, with the pale, bubble-like patches around the base of the sac and along the arms, give a very gay and diversified coloring. " Length of sac to inferior opening, one and a half inches; length along the back to the umbrella, two and a half inches; breadth of sac, one and three-fourths inches; breadth of neck, one inch; breadth of umbrella from side to side, three inches; breadth above mouth, two inches; below mouth, one inch; length of arms, upper pair, twenty inches; upper lateral, twenty-four inches; lower lateral, about twenty inches, lower pair, twenty-one inches. "Obtained at the Sandwich Islands at Oahu and Maui. "No other described species approaches [to] this in form and coloration, except 0. stacropus Risso. The comparative length of arms is different (i, 2, 3, 4), the body is more elongated, and there are no cirrhi about the eyes in the latter species, besides a sufficienjtly well-marked distinctness of coloration. Described from specimens preserved in spirits, and from a coloured drawing." CZPHALOPODA OF THU HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 295 ened and expanded spoon-shaped organ, its inner surface broadly but not abruptly excavated and ornamented with numerous irregular transverse wrinkles or grooves. (PI. XLvI, fig. 2, represents the hectocotylus of an immature specimen.) The surface ornamentation is very distinctive. Body nearly smooth below; above coarsely and irregularly papillose, the papillae ordinarily arranging themselves in fairly distinct longitudinal lines, most noticeable on the nuchal region, but extending anteriorly over the umbrella and posteriorly over the dorsum before becoming obsolete. Certain of these papillae are larger than the others, and in preserved specimens they often become confluent with one another in certain regions of the body to form narrow elongate ridge-like folds of great permanency; along the median line are three of these folds, one extending back from the nuchal region for about a third the length of the body, the second some distance posterior to it in the same line, but much shorter, and a third still farther back and representing but little more than a single large papilla. Lateral to these are three series of similar ridges; two short ones, which, in conjunction with the two chief median ridges, inclose a dark quadrangular area in the middle of the dorsum; two longer folds external to these and paralleling the anterior median fold; and outside these, two still longer but more or less interrupted ridges extending from the upper FIG I4.-PoIyedges of the mantle opening well past the middle of the body. There are three pus ornatus rather small bluntish cirri just above each eye opening. 13791, outline Color of specimens preserved in alcohol a dull buff, much clouded above with a drawing of funnel laid open more or less washed out reddish chocolate, and below with dull ocher or a livid brown. medioventrally Each of the integumentary ridges which have been described is inclosed in a promi- to expose the nent band of buff, and a conspicuous series of areolae or reticulations of the same pale natural size. tint are disposed in pairs along the outer surfaces of the four dorsal arms for the greater portion of their length. Gould states the general ground color of the living animal to be orange, but in alcoholic material this fades, and in some specimens the buff bands and areolae may appear not lighter (as in the specimen to which particular reference is had above), but actually darker and brighter than the surrounding integument. The chromatophores are excessively small and copiously distributed. MUASURIEMENTS OF POLYPUS ORNATUS. Number in author's register.................................................................... 382 79 79 Sex.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sex......................................................................................... mm. mm. mm. Total length.................................................................................... 650+ 526 263 Tip of body to dorsal base of umbrella................................................................. 97 6i 38 Length of body (dorsal).............................................................................. 68 40 24 Width of body..................................................................................... 57 40 25 Width of neck................................................................................... 35 2...... 37 25 S Width of head............................................................................35 28 19 Length ofRight dorsal arm................................................................................. 540 305+ 224 Left dorsal arm................................................................................. 553+ 465 225 Right second arm................................................................................. 435 360 175 Left second arm...........480......................... 375 x86 Right third arm............234......................... 175 112 Left third arm..................................................................................... 380 310 155 Right ventral arm................................................................................ 365 260 126 Left ventral arm...380.....270.....32 Lef vetra ar............................................................................ 380 270 3 Umbrella between dorsal arms..................................................................... 56 27 2I Umbrella between ventral arms.................................................................. 34 15 13 Hectocotylus................................................................................... 9 2 0. 5 Diameter of largest sucker............................................................................. 9 5 3 Length of funnel...................................................................................... 40 28 17 Width of mantle opening............................................................................. 38 23 I5 296 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Type locality.-Oahu (first locality mentioned), Hawaiian Islands (Wilkes expedition). Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands: Oahu (Gould); Honolulu Reef, Oahu (Albatross); Maui (Gould). Material examined.-Three specimens, all males, are in the Albatross collection. All are in an excellent state of preservation. No. of Author's SpeS Locality. Collector. Sex. register. mens. 2 Honolulu Reef, Oahu..................... Albatross expedition...................I........ d I 79 a Honolulu market............... do.........................................38. 2 38 Remarks.-The above description is drawn throughout from the specimens taken by the Albatross, special reference being had to the larger of the two individuals collected on the reef, as the large market specimen did not come into my hands until afterward and has been chiefly utilized in preparing the description of the hectocotylized arm. It will at once be noted that there are several rather astonishing discrepancies between these specimens and Dr. Gould's description. Perhaps the most important of these is the relative length of the arms, which Gould states to be 2, 4, 3, I, an utterly different formula from that shown by the present material. As the quantitative differences between the arms of the respective pairs seem altogether too great for such variations to be due to inequalities in the methods of preservation, I am at a loss to account for the discrepancy. It is of course possible that an error has crept in somewhere, for the Albatross specimens show not the slightest evidence of any abnormality, while Gould's account of the consecutive diminution in bulk of the arms is entirely in accord with the condition I have described, though not at all what would be expected were his statement of their relative order of length correct. It may be that the type specimen was possessed of some unobserved defect, for where the arms are so slender as in the present species a mutilated and regenerating extremity might be readily overlooked were not special care taken to the contrary. The peculiarly definite color pattern is in all the specimens as striking as Gould's careful description would imply and is so utterly unlike that of any other Polypus known to me that I think there can be no doubt as to the correctness of the identification. Granting this correction in the arm formula, it is interesting to note that the resemblance of this species to the Polypus macropus (Risso) becomes even more close than Gould supposed and extends even to such structures as the hectocotylus and funnel organ. (Cf. Jatta, I896, pI. 23, fig. 8.) A comparison with the figures cited shows that the two species are throughout essentially similar in structure and indicates a very close degree of relationship. The geographical distribution of both forms yields additional strong evidence toward the same conclusion and further supports the idea that P. macropur is in fact the parent form. Although ornatus is thus far known only from the Hawaiian Islands, macropus has a remarkably wide and continuous range, extending from the Mediterranean, on the one hand, through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to the Malay Peninsula and even to Japan, where it is still a hardy and abundant species Small differences between the two are numerous and constant, but perhaps are in no way different from the inevitable changes which should be expected to take place in the island species during the long sojourn which it must have had in so isolated an environment. It is curious that the color pattern and surface ornamentation are the features which have undergone the most extensive modification. Polypus hoylei Berry i909 (P1. XLVII, fig. I; PI. XLVrn1, fig. 2-4; PI. LV, fig. X.) Polypus hoytei Berry a9og, p. 407, 418, text fig. I. Body pouch shaped, rounded, more or less depressed above and below, about as long as broad, widening posteriorly and with an obscure longitudinal groove forming an incipient superficial division of the ventral region into halves. Mantle loose and semigelatinous, very soft to the touch; at CEPHALOPODA Of THB HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 297 first sight nearly smooth, but upon careful examination revealing a fine regularly granulose papillation, most obscure ventrally. Some examples show indications of low tubercles or cirri on the body, but the only structures of this nature which appear to be at all constant are two soft prominent papilla-like excrescences situated over each eye, one placed just in advance of the eye opening, the other at a slightly greater distance behind this point; when in a state of retraction these eminences are reduced to rounded tubercles having a pore-like pit or indentation at their apex. (P1. XLVIn, fig. 3.) Mantle opening very small, semicircular, closely embracing the base of the funnel, from which, however, it tends in preserved material to contract away, exposing even the basal folds of the latter. (P1. XLVII, fig. i.) Head large, broad, flattened; separated from the body in the nuchal region by a slight lateral constriction. Eyes large, the integument covering them being usually much puckered about the rather small opening. Funnel large and of robust outline, but short, broad, compressed; broadly adherent above to the head and bound to the latter by loose folds of the integument even as far forward as the basal portion of the umbrella; its extremity is free and reaches a little less than half way to the margin of the latter. Funnel organ well developed and of a very distinctive type; it comprises two narrow but conspicuous V-shaped pads lying on the dorsal inner wall of the funnel cavity, near the tip; they are entirely similar to one another and unconnected. (Text fig. 15, also pi. XLVIII, / fig. 4.) Arms quite short for a Polypus, only about two to two and / \\ one-half times as long as the head and body; stout, rapidly / \ tapering, the extremities little attenuate; dimensions nearly / \ equal, but exhibiting considerable variability, the third pair / \ apt to be slightly the shortest; connected at base by a wide \ semitransparent membranous umbrella, extending between the arms about equally all round for from one-third to nearly | one-half of their length, but usually of slightly less extent ventrally; this interwebbing is continuous with a conspicuous fleshy fold which extends along the outer margins of all the IfIG us-Polypus hoyle [1761. outline drawing,.,..... ^i i. <,of funnel laid open medioventrally to expose arms to their extremities. Suckers moderately large, numer- the funnel organ, X 2. ous, closely set; regularly alternating in two rows, except at the base, where the first three appear in a single row; soft, but well separated; moderately elevated. According to my observations none of the suckers in the male show any appreciable enlargement or other differentiation one from another. (PI. LV, fig. i.) Third right arm in the male notably shorter and stouter than its mate of the opposite side and prominently hectocotylized, the modification affecting only the tip of the arm and the usual sperm canal formed along the edge of the marginal membrane. The organ at the tip is bluntly conical, somewhat spoon shaped, and the broad excavation on its inner face scarcely or not at all ridged; such ridges, if they occur at all in the larger specimen are rendered very obscure by the loose consistency of the integument, and in the smaller male one or two transverse grooves only may be made out. The relative measurements of the hectocotylus are given in the table of measurements below. With age the ligula becomes apparently somewhat more elongate, as in the smaller male it is very short and pyramidal. The sperm canal terminates distally in the usual basal papilla or calamus, which is here acutely conical, with its inner surface deeply grooved. (P1. XLVIII, fig. 2.) Color of preserved specimens a brownish red above, slightly paler or more pinkish below and on the inner surface of the umbrella; no definite color pattern or even any mottlings or other ornamentation of the sort. Entire surface closely punctate with small round reddish brown chromatophores, especially on the dorsal aspect, where they are largely distributed in veins or obscure cloudings, the interstices between which appear as pale reticulations or marblings against a darker background, a feature scarcely to be distinguished without carefully and firmly smoothing out the skin by the fingers. 298 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF POLYPUS HOYLEI. A uthor's register...........................66............................................ 66 176 178 177 ex.......................................................................... Cr7 $X..... (type.) d 7 'mm. mm. mm. mm. Total length......................................................................... 233 127 io8 148 Tip of body to base of um brella................................................................... 6 41 41 54 Width of body............................................................................... 45 3I 28 26 W idth of neck................................................................................ 36 2 7 26 22a W idth of head................................................................................ 41 30 27 24 Length ofRight dorsal arm......................................................................... 109 89 7 91 L eft dorsal arm........................................................................... 3I + 88 76 49+ R ight second arm........................................................................ a I6i+ 89 76 105 Left second arm.......................................................................... 172 82 75 62+ R ight third arm.......................................................................... sn6 75 2+ 86+ Left third arm 6....................................................................... 15878 66 93 Right ventral arm........................................................................ 104+ 85 74 8o L eft ventralarm......................................................................... 159 85 75 79 Hectocotylus............................................................................. 6.5 2........... Umbrella between dorsal armns....................................... 0.................. '. 4 so 0 Um brella between ventral arm s.......................................................... 41 36 15 I7 D iam eter of largest sucker.................................................................... 3 2 2 2 Length of funnel............................................................................. 18 17 a2 15 W idth of m antle opening..................................................................... 22 18 i6 16 a Through an inadvertence the length of this mutilated arm was given in the original description as that of the second arm pair. In the above table the measurements of all the arms were taken along the inner surface from themouthto the tip. The umbrella was measured externally. Type.-Cat. no. 214310 United States National Museum [S. S. B. i66]. Type locality.-I-Iawaiian Islands (Albatross); the exact locality and other data are unknown as this specimen was unfortunately not accompanied by any label when it came into my hands. Distribution.-Among the Hawaiian Islands, in the archibenthal region (Albatross). SPECIMENS or POLYPUS HOYLEI EXAMINED. No. of Depth Author.'s speci- Locality, in Collector. Sex. Where deposited. Author's mens. fathoms. register. aI Hawaiian Islands.......................? Albatross.................... U.S.N.M. Cat. x66 214310. I Kaiwi Channel, between Molokai and 449-460 Albatross station 4110.......?.................... 178 Oahu. I Vicinity of Kauai Island................ 283-309 Albatross station 4130....... cr.................... 176 I..... do.................................. 257-312 Albatross station 4132....... 9.................... I77 a Type. Remarks.-P. hoylei appears to be a characteristic member of the deeper water fauna of this region. Finding no close ally among its neighboring congeners, it is conspicuously characterized by its pale color, soft consistency, unusually small mantle opening, fine surface papillation, short arms, stout hectocotylized arm, and the very unusual shape of the funnel organ. I had originally thought that this species might be a near relative of P. januarii (Steenstrup), but a reconsideration of the admirably full description of the latter in the Chiallenger Report has led me to believe that the alliance is not especially close. Both are of deep-water habit and such resemblance as exists between them may well be due to coordination with a similar environment. P. hoylei bears a certain resemblance to some of the published figures of P. sponsalis (P. and H. Fischer) and one or two similar fornms, but it is, I think, sufficiently distinct. Altogether it is an unusually attractive and interesting species. 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Oahu...............Surface............ Albatross station 3921................. 59I I Off South coast of Molokai................... do............ Albatross station 3843................. I92 Remarks.-The long, graceful arms give this curiously shaped little Polypus a most characteristic spidery appearance. As already indicated, the specimens bear all the evidences of immaturity, and I think there is good evidence that they are but the young of P. ornatus, the adult of which they resemble in their arm formula and short umbrella. However, as this is not quite certain and they have so unique a facies of their own, it has seemed best to give them provisional consideration by themselves. In recalling the discussion I have given on a preceding page regarding the relationships of P. ornatus, it is interesting to note that these young individuals are exceedingly suggestive of the young of P. macropus (Risso) as figured by Jatta in his Naples monograph (1896, pI. 24, fig. 2). Should my belief that these are juvenile ornatus be correct, another striking bit of evidence of the close affinity of that species with P. macropus is afforded. Polypus Pt (young). (PI. XLVIIIr, fig. 7,8.) Polypus $ Berry 1909, p. 418 (merely listed). Body compact, slightly longer than broad, little tapering, squarely rounded posteriorly; flattened above, more inflated below, with a distinct longitudinal sulcus in the middle, and sometimes a curved constriction or groove nearly paralleling the mantle margin and just behind it. Surface almost smooth, but the dorsum very faintly and regularly papillose, especially between the eyes; just above and a little posterior to each eye opening is a small blunt tubercle, with one or two fainter ones sometimes to be distinguished near it. Mantle opening wide, reaching nearly to the eyes..Head short, broad, compressed, flattened above. Eyes moderately large and prominent. Funnel short, bluntly conical; barely reaching to the base of the arms; broadly adherent above to the head for a large part of its length. Arms robust, little attenuate; very short, but about half again as long as the head and body; nearly equal, the dorsal pair as a rule slightly the shortest. Umbrella well developed, but only about half as long dorsally as ventrally and attaining its maximum between the arms of the third and fourth pairs, along which it reaches for about one-third of their length; marginal membranes present on the arms as continuations of the umbrella, but much reduced and almost keel-like. Suckers numerous, large, slightly elevated; closely placed, the first two to four in a single row, the remainder alternating and biserial. Ground color everywhere a brownish buff, rather pale, but closely dotted above with numerous minute slate-colored chromatophores. A double row of very large, irregular, chevron-shaped chromatophores extends from the base along the outer surface of all the arms, but early becomes obscure on the two ventral pairs. In very young individuals (of a length of 12 mm. or less) the ventral surface of the mantle is ornamented by a number of large irregularly ovoid chromatophores arranged in transverse rows, and there is a single very distinct dark-colored series bordering the nuchal constriction. Such specimens are apt to be a little more globose than those further advanced. . CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. MEASUREMENTS OF POLYPUS P. 301 Author's register........... 9go 196 '93 197 Author's register............ 190 g96 193 197 mm., mm. mm. mm. Length of- mm. mm. mm. mm. Total length........................ Si 36 24 10 Left second arm.,..,......... 29 19 13 4 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms.. 59 15 i 6 Right third arm................ 29 g19 14 4 Length of body (dorsal)............ 5 2 9 5 Left third arm............ 32...... 3 21 14 4 Width of body..................... 12 2 9 3- 5 Right ventral arm.............. 31 19 14 4 Width of neck...................... n 50 8 3- 5 Left ventral arm............3..... 3 19 14 4 Width of head...................... i I 9 3- 5 Umbrella between dorsal arms.. 5 4...... I Length of- Umbrella between ventral arms. io 8...... 2 Right dorsal arm............... 28 sI 13 3 Diameter of largest suckers......... i.5 i+ I...... Left dorsal arm................. 28 20 13 3 Diameter of mantle opening........ o..5 9...... 3 Right second arm.............. 29 19 14 4 Length of funnel.................... 7 5............ Material examined.-Specimens exhibiting essential accord with the above description were very commonly taken by the Albatross in surface hauls. In all some I5 individuals are to be recorded. SPECIMENS OF POLYPUS P EXAMINED. No. of Author's speci- Locality. Depth. Collector. register. mens. I Off Lae-o Ka Laau Light, Molokai.............................. Surface... Albatross station 3821 '....... 194 I.....do............................................................... do.. A lbatross station 3837....... 202 2 Off Kalaupapa, Molokai............................................ do.... Albatross station 3905....... 200. Off Diamond Head, Oahu............................................ do. Albatross station 3907....... 201...do......do.... Albatross station 3911 '...................... 193.... do.............................................................. do.... A lbatross station 3912....... 196 2. do....................... do.. Albatross station 3921....... 195 I Honolulu Reef, Oahu. So..................................... Shore.... Albatross expedition........ 184 Between Honolulu and Laysan Island................................ Surface.... Albatross station 3926....... 199 I.....do..............................................................do... A lbatross station 3930....... 190 I Between Honolulu and Kauai........................................do... Albatross station 3980....... 198 2 Between Kauai and Oahu............................................do.. Albatross station 4011....... 197 Remarks.-The series of small Polypi now under discussion has been the occasion for no little perplexity, especially since it seemed natural to suppose that a species of such apparent abundance ought to be represented in a collection of this size by adults as well, even though I have been utterly unable to bring about such an identification. The more salient characters which separate these specimens, even ata glance, from the other juveniles before me, are the comparative shortness and equality of the arms, the great development of the umbrella, faint papillation, and the prominent chevronlike chromatophores on the arms. It might be safe to propose a new specific name for this form, but in view of the lack of adult material and the unfortunate uncertainty which attaches to P. hawaiiensis, it seems the part of wisdom to refrain from adding another name to this already overburdened genus. Polypus r7- (young). Polypus r Berry 1909og, p. 418 (merely listed). Several specimens have a different aspect from anything thus far dealt with. The largest of these is the best preserved and may be briefly described as follows: Body bag-shaped, rather elongate, widest near the middle, without any very prominent ventral groove; length exceeding the width by about one-half. Surface densely papillose above, but nearly smooth below; the papillae extend thickly over the dorsal aspect of the mantle, head, and umbrella as well as the outer surface of the first two pairs of arms and the dorsal half of the outer surface of the third; they are nearly equal in size, but on the body become longitudinally elongate and appear to be ranked in more or less irregular longitudinal rows, some of them occasionally tending to coalesce to form short 17311~-14 — 4 302 BULLETIN OF THB BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ridges which are usually bilaterally arranged on either side of the body. The most conspicuous of these ridges are two median and two lateral ones, which between them inclose a diamond-shaped space on the dorsum similar to that already described for P. marmoratus. There is also a large blunt tubercle above and just behind the center of each eye opening, but this is often so flattened in preserved specimens as to be quite obscure. Mantle opening wide, extending for a little more /^ ^\ ~~than half the circumference. ^ A\,/^ IHead large, elevated, rounded, slightly flattened above. Eyes prom/ ~\ A\\ ~ inent, with rather large openings. Funnel small, conical; aperture narrow. I\\ 1 a /\ ~Funnel organ W-shaped (fig. 17). / \ { A / \ Arms moderate, about twice as long as the head and body together; ~/ \e / \ fconnected at the base by a fleshy umbrella which is best developed between ~/ 85' ^ ^ the ventral arms, extending between them for about a quarter of their length; i~ vJ ~ ~subequal, except the dorsal pair, which are a little the shortest, the order of length 3=4=2, i; marginal membrane well developed. Suckers rather large, _ ^-^"", -L elevated, the first two or three in a single line, the remainder placed moderFIG. 17.-PolyPUS r [I801, out- ately close together in two alternating rows. line drawing of funnel laid Chromatophores few below; extremely numerous on the dorsal surface open medioventrally to ex- where they appear as exceedingly fine dark punctations. Color in alcohol pose the funnel organ, X 2. brownish gray, heavily clouded above with a somewhat darker shade. A very dark stripe borders the upper margin of each arm, while a broad triangular area of a pale color just includes the ocular aperture within its apex and is bounded dorsally by a dark wedgeshaped stripe in front of the eye and a similar one just behind, an arrangement which may be roughly represented by the use of a diagram (fig. i8). There are no ocular markings. The youngest specimen seen (station 3849) differs from that just described.::.. in that a few scattered chromatophores are evident on the ventral as well as:* the dorsal surface, and certain others are evident as two extremely regular rows.K$'. * a; of distinct round dots extending along the outer surface of each of the four. *. ^..^ ventral arms; on the arms of the third pair, however, the dorsal row is almost \ -'. completely hidden by the prevailing dark coloration. In a somewhat larger; i individual (station 3905) this peculiar arrangement of the chromatophores is still FPIG. I.-Polypus r, diato be made out but has become much more obscure. Both these specimenshave grammatic representaa wider head and more globose body than the larger one above described. tion of color pattern in reAnother specimen taken on the reef at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins is probably gion of left eye of speci~ ~<.^...,<.... ~~~~~~~~~~men from Honolulu [180]. the same, the numerous small differences being apparently due to the better menfrom Honolulu [io]. preservation of the Albatross material. The papillae are here considerably less prominent so that their arrangement is more difficult to determine, and the umbrella is considerably shorter between the ventral arms than it is above. MEASUREMENTS OP THRii LARGEST INDIVIDUALS OF POLYPUS r. Author's register..................zio 18o 8 203 Author's register................... I80 188 203 Sex..9 9 9Sex................................ 9 S e.................................... V mm. mm. mm. Length of- mm. mm. mm. Total length.............................. i43 I20 77 Left second arm.......................92 95 48 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms.........46 25 25 Right third arm.......................94 91 s50 Length of body...........................30 I7 i8 Left third arm........................97 92 47 Width of body.............................22 I7 6 Right ventral arm....................93 88 52 Widthofneck............................ I7- 5 I4 I3 Left ventral arm......................96 90 52 Width of head............................20 17 I4 Umbrella between dorsal arms........6 I8 6 Length of- Umbrella between ventral arms.......22 15 IX Right dorsal arm......................87 84 31 Diameter of largest suckers................ 3 5 3 2 Left dorsal arm....................... 57+ 82 40 Diameter of mantle opening............. I6. 5 13 I. Right second arm.....................95 90 51 Length of funnel..........................13 II CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. SPECIMENS OP POLYPUS r EXAMINED. 303 Numsbper of Locality. Depth. Collector. Sex. Where deposited. eutiors speci-reit. mens. i Honolulu, Oahu........... Shore.. Wood i898.................. Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 180 2091.? I Honolulu Reef, Oahu.........do.. 0.. P. Jenkins...............9 Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 188 2092. I Off Kaluapapa, Molokai... Surface.... Albatross station 3905....... U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. 214384. 203 I Off Lae-oKa Laau, Molokai...do...... Albatross station 3849.......9 Not preserved............... 172 Remarks.-These specimens are obviously not the young of either Polypus ornalus or P. hoylei. In some respects they approach P. marmoratus, but differ decidedly in coloration, in shape, the absence of ocular markings, and the double row of small chromatophores on the ventral arms of the very young. The funnel organ also appears to be a little different, being narrower and more deeply cleft in the median line. Were it not for the papillated surface and the cirri over the eyes, a relationship with P. hawaiiensis might be suggested, but even here these are not the only difficulties. The most conspicuous features of possibly diagnostic importance in addition to those just noted are the short dorsal arms, the subequal dimensions of the remainder, the elongate body, and the relative shortness of the umbrella dorsally. Some of the specimens have a superficial resemblance to Scaeurgus patagiatus in a general way, but of course lack the marginal fold and other distinguishing features. As in the latter species, the body is remarkable for its compactness and solid consistency in alcohol. Polypus a (young). A single badly mutilated Polypus taken on the reef at Honolulu by Dr. 0. P. Jenkins and now in the Stanford University collections does not seem clearly identifiable with any of the other forms which have been discussed. It is chiefly characterized by its small ovoid body, smooth save for a few small isolated papillae; broad head; protruding eyes, ornamented above by two or three minute cirri; the very scanty umbrella, which is much shorter than in any other Hawaiian Polypus, not even excepting P. ornatus; short dorsal arms, and the extremely stout and long arms of the third and fourth pairs. The arms of the second pair are both mutilated, but with this exception the order of relative length is 3 =4.1. The suckers are fairly large, very numerous, and close set. The color is cloudy black above, pale beneath. In some respects this specimen recalls P. ornatus, but in most ways the aspect is notably different. It is No. i86 of the author's register. MEASUREMENTS OP POLYPUS 8. mm. Total length............................................. 162 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms...............2....... 2 Length of body......................................... I5 W idth of body......................................... 14 W idth of neck..............................0............ l W idth of head.......................................... 12 Length ofRight dorsal arm................................... 17+ Left dorsal arm..................................... 71 Right second arm.......................... 17+ Length of- mm. Left second arm.................................... 32+ Right third arm.................................... 37+ Left third arm...................................... 137 Right ventral arm.................................. 33 Left ventral arm....................................1 40 Umbrella between dorsal arms...................... S Umbrella between ventral arms.................... 9 Diameter of largest suckers............................. 3 Diameter of mantle opening............................ 9.5 Length of funnel........................................ 304 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Polypus e (young). Polyfius ornatus (pars) Berry, 1909, p. 418 (locality record only). Two small Polypi taken from a depth of 53-230 fathoms, Albatross station 4002, vicinity of Kauai Island, constitute catalogue no. 214,383 of the United States National Museum (S. S. B. 182). They agree in the following characters: Body small, globose, elevated dorsally; surface obscurely and distantly papillose. Head short and very broad; wvell separated from the body by a rather deep constriction. Eyes prominent, the aperture to each surmounted by a small conical cirrus and surrounded by a number of more or less distinct smaller papillae. Funnel of moderate length and width, not quite reaching to the base of the arms. Arms attenuate; fairly stout, but in appearance slender owing to their great length; in preserved specimens often much tangled and twisted; decidedly unequal, the order of length being 3, 4=2, i; the third pair vastly the stoutest, largest, and longest, attaining a length of over six times that of the head and body. Suckers small, elevated, little flattened; numerous and closely crowded in each row, but the two rows themselves placed quite distantly from one another along the margins of the arm, the inner surface of which between them is broad and flattened. The first four or five suckers appear in a single row, but distal to these the biserial condition prevails. Umbrella of moderate width, but thin; continuing along the outer edge of each arm to its extremity as a delicate contractile membrane. Ground color of preserved specimens dull buff, heavily mottled above with dark brown, which, except for a very irregular blotch or spot on either side of the body, does not appear to be distributed with any special regularity. The outer aspect of the arms is mottled and reticulated. Chromatophores small and numerous. MEASUREMENTS OF POLYPUS S. mm. Length of- mm. Total length............................................. 88 R ight second arm.................................... 52 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms....................... 12 Left second arm..................................... 53 Length of body.......................................... 7.5 R ight third arm..................................... 59s + W idth of body.......................................... 9 Left third arm....................................... 76 W idth of neck........................................... 6 R ight ventral arm................................... 57 W idth of head........................................... 8 Left ventral arm..................................... 52 Length of- Umbrella between dorsal arms....................... 4 Right dorsal armn.................................... 37 Umbrella between ventral arms..................... 6 Left dorsal arm...................................... 37 Funnel.............................................. 5 Remarks.-Upon the first hasty glance these specimens were thought to be young P. ornatus and they were originally so reported. Further study has, however, persuaded me that they represent not that species but some other form, the adult stage of which has not yet been obtained. The most distinctive features are the mottled coloration, the extraordinary development of the third arm pair, the wide separation of the two rows of suckers, and the small size of the latter. Polypus species? A single specimen obtained by the A Ibatross party from a fish market in Honolulu is represented only by the body and part of the head. It is too mangled for safe determination [S. S. B. 331]. Genus SCEURGUS Troschel 1857. Scceurgus Troschel 5857, p. 5S. Sceurgus Troschel i858, p. 298. Scceurgus Jatta i896, p. 53,'230. Animal very similar to that of Polypus, but in the male the third arm of the left side is hectocotylized Type.-Scwurgus titanotus Troschel I857 (first species named), a Mediterranean species. 1- I I. r.1. I. CePHALOPODA O THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 305 Scaurgus patagiatus Berry 1913. (PI. XLVII, fig. 2, 3 p1. XLVIII, fig. I.) Scaeurus, sp. Berry 1909, p. 4i8 (locality record only). Scaeurgus Patagiatus Berry 1913, p. 564. Body short, rounded, firm, compact, nearly or quite as broad as long; widest anteriorly or near the middle, evenly rounded behind; much flattened ventrally, with a conspicuous median longitudinal groove; dorsum arched; sides rounded, often flattened or sunken above the periphery in preserved material giving an angular appearance. Mantle opening wide, reaching a little more than halfway between the funnel and eye. Surface (except on the funnel and ventral aspect of the.head and arms) everywhere thickly covered with small distinct rounded papillae or tubercles; on the ventral surface of the mantle they are in the main separate and irregularly but evenly distributed; on the dorsal surface they have a tendency to run together and arrange themselves in more or less irregular longitudinal series, occasionally forming short low ridges similar to those which have been remarked in Polypus marmoratus. These ridges also recall those of P. marmoratus in their position and frequent bilateral symmetry; four of them form the usual quadrilateral on the dorsum, besides various others more laterally situated. A conspicuous series of similar but less obscure ridges begins a short distance from'the base of the arms (affecting all of them except the ventral pair), and extends along their outer surfaces, reaching its maximum on the third pair, where it results in a nearly continuous fold. A narrow keel-like ridge or fold bounds the periphery of the body from a point on either side opposite the base of the funnel nearly to the /A A posterior; in the gap where the resulting lateral folds are discontinuous onthe l \ extreme posterior point of the body is a large soft vertical papilla of elongate- \ \ conical shape. A large warted or branched papilla is situated obliquely above // \/ \/ \ and behind each eye, with a smaller one just in front and directly over the eye opening. Head broad, but considerably narrower than the body, from which it is separated by a decided but variable constriction; short, rather small. Eyes FIG 39-Scaurguspatagiatus large and prominent. Funnel large, conical; broadly adherent above to the [205]. outline drawing of head for over half its length, the free extremity reaching about halfway to the funnel laid open medioumbrella margin. Funnel organ well developed as a broad W-shaped band cen- ventrally to expose the fulntering on the dorsal wall of the interior cavity anterior to its center (fig. 19). Arms robust, squarish, rapidly tapering; of moderate length, but over twice that of the body and head taken together; subequal, the second pair usually a very little the longest. Umbrella well developed, especially between the dorsal arms, where it reaches for nearly one-fourth of their total length; it is continued along the outer margin of each arm to the extremity as a narrow contractile webbing; this membrane appears on both dorsal and ventral angles of the arm, but is invariably widest and most persistent ventrally. Suckers numerous and fairly large; the first two to four in a single row, the remainder quite closely ranked in a double series. In the male one of the suckers on each third arm opposite the margin of the umbrella is obviously larger than the rest. Third left arm in male a little shorter than its mate of the opposite side and prominently hectocotylized; the conspicuous and ample sperm canal in the margin of the ventral membrane terminates in a long slender acutely conical calamus, over one-half as long as the entire hectocotylus; ligula copulatoria spoon shaped, its inner surface deeply excavated, nearly smooth, and protected by the heavily incurved margin, which may almost completely inclose the cavity. (PI. XLVII, fig. 3; pi. XLVm, fig. I.) Color of alcoholic specimens, in general a pale brownish buff, clouded or lightly marbled above with a light chocolate of somewhat varying intensity. Chromatophores small and very numerous, indistinguishable ventrally. Specimens preserved in formalin lose every vestige of pigmentation. The following notes in regard to the color of this beautiful species during life appear on the reverse of the station label accompanying the type specimen, in the handwriting of Dr. W. K. Fisher: " Ventral surface of body opalescent blue and pink. Light emerald green about eyes. Reddish brown chromatophores on dorsum and sepia ones over eyes. General color of animal when chromatophores are contracted is very pale green." 306 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OP SCZAURGUS PATAGIATUS. Number in author's register................................... 207 206 207 S ex........................................................... 9 9 9 mm. m. mm mm. mm. Mm. mm. Total length........................................................ 152 136 30 104 97 63 6o Tip of body to base of dorsal arms.................................. 46 40 40 31 27 21 23 Length of body..................................................... 34 31 30 22 2 14 13 W idth of body...................................................... 3 31 28 26 19 15 14 W idth of neck...................................................... 20 20 21 i8 13 I W idth of head...................................................... 4 20 22 19 13 13.5 12. 5 Length ofRight dorsal arm............................................... 103 92 87 71 59 40 37 Left dorsal arm................................................. 93 82+ 73 6o 40 36 Right second arm............................................... 106 93 go90 73 59 42 37 Left second arm................................................ Io + 96 87 72 52+ 30+ 36 Right third arm.......................................... 105 88 68 58 42 34 Left third arm.................................................. 9 89 89 70 55 38 33 Right ventral arm.............................................. 00o 86 84 68 53 40 36 Left ventral arm................................................ 100 88 87 69 57 27+ 35 H ectocotylus..8e...................................................................................75 Umbrella between dorsa arms..................................................6 25 22 9 6 12 10 Umbrella between ventral arms................................. 13 18 13 2 8 8 8 D iam eter of large sucker............................................ 4 3 3 5........ Diameter of mantle opening............................................7 8 20 6 11.5.0 9.S Iength of funnel........................................... 20 13 5 14 10 8 Type.-Catalogue No. 214379 United States National Museum [S. S. B. 204]. Type locality.-Albatross station 4079, 143-178 fathoms, bottom of gray sand and foraminifera, off Puniawa Point, Maui, July 22, 1902; one adult male. Distribution.-Among the Hawaiian Islands in depths of 125 to x65 fathoms as follows: Off Puniawa Point, Maui (Albatross); Pailolo Channel (Albatross); vicinity of Laysan Island (Albatross). SPECIMENS OF SCZURGUS PATAGIATUS EXAMINED. No. of Depth Author's speci- Locality. infath- Collector. Sex. Where deposited. register. mens. oms. i t Pailolo Channel............. 127 Albatross station 3856....... 9................................ 2054.... do...................... 128-138 Albatross station 38s58..................................... 2o6 3.... do............... 132-14 Albatross station 4103....... 2 9.............................. 207 Off Puniawa Point. 143-78 Albatross station 4079....... U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. 214379.. 204 a i Vicinity of Laysan Island... 148-163 Albatross station 3938.................................... 208 a Type. Remarks.-This superb species is the first representative of the circumscript genus Schaurgus to be noted from outside the Mediterranean and the immediately adjacent waters of the Atlantic, so that its occurrence as a common species in the Hawaiian Islands occasioned no little surprise. Not only does the present form belong unmistakably to this genus, but it presents so close an approximation to one of the Mediterranean species-S. unicirrus (delle Chiaje)-that the separation of the two has only been accomplished by attention to very small details. I have unfortunately not been able to see any actual specimens of S. unicirrus, but to judge from the figures given by Jatta (i896, p. 234, pi. 3, fig. 2; pI. 25, figs. I4-22; pI. 26, figs. i-3) the body of the latter species is a little more elongate; the funnel organ is somewhat different in shape; and the ornamentation of the integument shows certain dissimilarities, notably in that no ridgelike folds are shown to occur on the dorsum and arms, although indications of such a fold on the third arms of the example figured on plate 26, figure 2, suggests the possibility that their absence in the other figures may be due to insufficient representation. The Hawaiian form also appears CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 307 to be slightly the superior in size. The widely separated habitat of the two leads one to believe that as both species become better known numerous other differences will undoubtedly be discovered to exist between them. Dr. Fisher informs me that when living the animal is an object of great beauty, the sheen of its delicate opalescence approaching that of mother-of-pearl. If it is so common a species in this region, it seems rather remarkable that no member of the genus has been brought to light from any other part of the Pacific. LARVAL OCTOPOD. There is a very curious but undetermined larval octopod in the Albatross collection from station 3802, 150 fathoms, between the Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel [S. S. B. 386]. Suborder DECAPODA Leach I817. Sephinia Rafinesque x815, p. 139 (fide Binney and Tryon, p. If). Decapoda Leach 1817 (fide Gray). Decacera de Blainville 1824 (fide Verrill). Decacera de Blainville 1825, p. 366. Decapoda d'Orbigny 1845, p. 236. Decapoda Gray 1847, p. 205. Sephinia Gray 1849, p. a, 35. Decapoda H. and A. Adams 1853, vol. I, p. 25. Decapoda Keferstein 1866, p. 1438. Decacera Verrill x88r, p. 426. Arms normally io in number; the fourth pair originating in special pouches into which they may be more or less completely retractile, and greatly modified to function as highly specialized prehensile organs. Suckers distinctly pedunculate; their apertures equipped with horny or chitinous rings, which may be perfectly smooth, more or less dentate, or with the upper margin greatly enlarged and produced into a long incurved hook. Body short to elongate, rounded or pointed posteriorly, and always with well developed terminal or lateral fins. Head and mantle sometimes continuous in the nuchal region, but more often free and with a cartilaginous articulation. Gladius calcareous or horny; rarely absent; in one genus (Spirula) there is an internal coiled and chambered shell. Wherever hectocotylization occurs one or both of either the dorsal or ventral arms undergo the modification. Highly specialized photogenic organs of many types are of frequent occurrence. DIVISION MYOPSIDA (d'Orbigny i845). Decapoda Myopside d'Orbigny 1845, p. 237. MyopsidaB Keferstein i866, p. I44r. Myopside Verrill i881, p. 432. Myopsida Hoyle x886, p. X6, IIo. Myopsida Pfeffer i908, p. 15, 24. Eyes almost invariably covered by a continuous imperforate membrane or foldlike lid. Horny rings of suckers either smooth or dentate, but never falciform. There are also numerous important visceral characters such as the symmetrically bipartite liver, genital artery springing directly from the heart, etc. Family LOLIGINIDJE (d'Orbigny 1845 em.). Loligidao d'Orbigny I845, p. 318. Loligidce Gray 1849, p. 36, 66. Loliginidc H. and A. Adams 1853, vol. I, p. 35. Loliginidce Verrill i88I, p. 433. Loliginidce Pfeffer i908, p. 24. Loliginide Naef 1912, p. 243; i9I2a, p. 741. Body elongated and cylindric or cylindro-conical. Mantle free from head in the nuchal region but with a cartilaginous articulation. Eyes without lid-folds, the lens uninterruptedly covered by the outer skin. Fins rhombic to sagittate and terminal, or nearly as long as the mantle and marginal; more 308 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. or less acute posteriorly. Left ventral arm of male hectocotylized. Tentacle club with four rows of suckers on the median portion. Horny rings of the suckers usually toothed. Funnel supported dorsally by free muscular bridles; its aperture with a large internal valve. Shell a horny, uncalcified, feathershaped gladius, comprising a thickened midrib and broad lateral wings. Genus SEPIOTEUTHIS de Blainville 1824. Sepioteuthis de Blainville 1824 (fide Hoyle). Sepioteuthis d'Orbigny i845, p. 319. Sepioteuthis Wiilker 19I3, p. 460. Fins very elongate and marginal, bordering the mantle for nearly or quite its entire length. The outline of the entire animal thus becomes elongate-oval, oval, or elliptical. Type.-Sepioteuthis sepiacea de Blainville I824 (fide Hoyle)=S. sepioidea (de Blainville 1823), a species of the West Indian region. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould 1852.a (P1. LIV, fig. I.) Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould x852, p. 479, fig. 93. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Tryon 1879, p. 152, pl. 62, fig. 211 (after Gould). Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Berry i909, p. 4i8 (merely listed). * Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Wuiker 1913, p. 452, 475, 482. Adult of moderately large size. Body massive, elongate-conical, compressed dorso-ventrally, tapering to a blunt point behind. Mantle very thick and heavy, its anterior margin free, produced forward to a very obtuse and evenly rounded point in the nuchal region; D o broadly emarginate below the funnel, the emargination bounded by rather acute prominent angles. Fins enormous; attached along the mantle for almost its entire length; widest at about the posterior third, thence gradually tapering anteriorly but ending rather abruptly just before reaching the mantle margin; posteriorly they narrow very rapidly, being not quite continuous around the hinder tip of the body; each fin at its widest point about three-fourths as wide as the body at the same point; thick at base, but with quite thin margins. Entire outline of body, including fins, a very regular ellipse, anteriorly truncate, smoothly curved behind, and broadest at the posterior third as indicated. Cartilaginous articulations of head and mantle as usual in FIG. 20.-SePioteuthis arctipinnis the genus; large and very prominent. 42 horny ring of sucker from Head squarish, of moderate size. Eyes large and prominent; in third arm, camera outline, X 12. third arm, camera outline, X12 front of the orbit a pore; behind it the integument is raised into a conspicuous bilobate angled crest, somewhat excavated in front, and with the "olfactory pore" shela The original description of this species is as follows: "Body elongated, ovate lanceolate, tapering gradually backwards to a blunt point. Fins broadest at about the posterior fourth, where, together, they equal the width of the body, thence tapering in each direction gradually, and without any angle or dilatation. Color dark purple brown above, paler beneath, everywhere finely punctate with dark brown dots. Head narrower than the body, longer than broad. Sessile arms rather short and stout, armed with two rows of cupules; the superior pair shorter than the head; the first lateral pair a third longer than the superior, and somewhat longer than the head; the second lateral pair a little longer than the first; the inferior pair nearly equal to the second lateral; tentacular arms nearly as long as the body, compressed, the distal third having a lanceolate dilatation, bearing four rows of delicately pedunculated cupules, armed at the margin with delicate black crochets. Mouth large, lip folded and projecting, with two or three minute cupules at each fold. "Length of body, six inches; of head, two inches; of superior arms, two and a half inches; of inferior lateral arms, three inches; of tentacular arms, eight inches; of cup-bearing portion, two and three-fourths inches; greatest width, two and a half inches. " From the island of Maui, Sandwich Islands. "It closely resembles S. loliginiformis, D'Orb., from the Red Sea, which has a much more decided expansion of the fins at its posterior half, and the tentacular arms are much shorter. The narrow and regularly tapering fin is its distinguishing character. Described from specimens in spirits." (Gould I852, p. 479.) CIBPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 309 tered within the bay of the ventral angle.a Funnel very large; broad at the base and tapering bluntly to the wide-valved aperture. Funnel organ enormous, comprising a very large deeply bilobate pad occupying most of the posterior two-thirds of the dorsal wall of the funnel, and a pair of much shorter bean-shaped ventro-lateral pads. FIG. 2I.-Sepioteuthis arctipinnis [45], hectocotylized portion of left ventral arm of male, X 3. Arms of moderate length, stout, squarish, unequal, the order of length 3, 4, 2,. All the arms are outwardly keeled and have a broad trabeculated marginal membrane bordering the sucker-bearing area, this membrane reaches its maximum on the central portion of the third arms and is least developed on the ventral pair. Both outer margins of the ventral arms conspicuously keeled, the dorsal keel developed as a broad thickened membrane ensheathing the base of the tentacle. Suckers large, regularly alternating in two rows; the horny rings of the largest armed with 25 to 26 stout acute teeth (fig. 20). The hectocotylization is as usual in the genus; for about 19 pairs the suckers of both rows are normal; at this point on the left ventral arm the cups become suddenly reduced (although persisting to about the twenty-second pair) and the pedicels correspondingly enlarged; the latter continue as stout conical papillae to the tip of the arm, those of the dorsal row being considerably larger than their ventral companions (fig. 21). t Tentacles of variable length, laterally compressed; both outer and inner faces I subcarinate at the base, the inner becoming flattened and transversely striate distally; * on the distal half of the club the outer carina becomes expanded to form a heavy % I fleshy keel. Club large, expanded; its margins bordered by a crenulate membrane \ t strengthened by rather flattened and illy-defined transverse trabeculae. Suckers \ ' crowded, in four rows; largest at about the middle, especially those of the two cen- \ / tral rows, diminishing toward either end; distally all the suckers become very minute, V those of the ventral row becoming the largest, of the dorsal smallest; horny ring of a FIG- 22.-Sepioteuthis arctilarge median sucker armed with I7 to 19 strongly incurved teeth. teuhis arcti Buccal membrane 7-lobed, the lobes pointed and bearing a few very minute suckers dorsal aspect near their tips. of gladius of Gladius lanceolate; with a heavy midrib and distinct submarginal thickenings male from, ~ & & Honolulu, (fig. 22).Honolulu, Color of preserved specimens a brownish buff everywhere beneath the large slatecolored chromatophores. The latter very variable in size; very numerous and much run together dorsally, fewer and more scattered on the ventral aspect; absent from the ventral surfaces of the fins. a My previously published account of this structure in S. lessoniana (192lb, p. 402) is ambiguous and very misleading respecting the position of the olfactory pore. The pore is not really dorsal in position, but sheltered within the ventral lobe of the crest as stated above. * r f t i s *, s 310 BUL LETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS OF SEPIOTEUTHIS ARCTIPINNIS. Number in author's register............ 45 42 Number in author's register........... 45 42 Sex....................9............... Sex..................................... 9p Sex.................................... cr 9 mm. mm. Length of- mm. mm. Length of mantle (dorsal).................... s87 z63 Third arm............................... 87 8x W idth of mantle anteriorly................... 54 55 Ventral arm.............................. 73 77 Width across fins at widest point............. 2o 90 o Hectocotylized portion................... 23....... W idth of fin at widest point (ventral)....... 38 5 Tentacle...................................... 184 Width of head.................... 41 38 Tentacle club........................ 60 Length of- Diameter of largest suckers on tentacle......... 3 4 Dorsal arm............................... 58 48 Diameter of largest suckers on third arms...... 3 3 Second arm............................... 71 72 Type locality.-Island of Maui (Gould). Distribution.-Honolulu, Oahu (Albatross, Jenkins, et al.); Maui (Gould); Bertrand Id., north coast of Papua? (Wilker). SPECIMENS OF SEPIOTEUTHIS ARCTIPINNIS EXAMINED. No. of Author's speci- Locality. Collector. Sex. Where deposited. register. mens. I Honolulu, Oahu............. Jordan & Evermann....... dC Stanford Univ. Coil., Cat. 2098...... 4......do....................... Brandt..................... Stanford Univ. Coll., Cat. 2099...... 44 I Honolulu Reef.............. 0. P. Jenkins............... Juv. Stanford Univ. Coll.. Cat. 2100...... 43 Honolulu Market.Albatross expedition........ U. S. Nat. Mus...................... 43 Remarks.-The large male from Honolulu, which is the subject of the major portion of the preceding paragraphs, shows certain differences from the description of Gould. Its fins are proportionately wider (the two taken together considerably more than equaling the body in width at their widest point), and the ventral arms are longer, considerably exceeding the head in length. These divergencies do not seem important, however, and on the whole the specimens indicate that S. arctipinnis is probably to be regarded as a good species, even though not a very strongly differentiated one. As compared with male specimens of a near ally, S. lessoniana Ferussac, from Wakanoura, Japan, the following differences are presented: The animal is smaller, the body a little more slender, more regularly tapering, and the posterior extremity somewhat more acute. The fins do not extend quite so far forward, they do not possess so symmetrically curving an outline, and the point of their widest expansion is at the posterior third instead of at near the middle. The "olfactory crest" is less developed and its lobes angled rather than rounded. The minutime of the hectocotylized arm are slightly different, although this may be due to the method of preservation. Lastly, the suckers of the sessile arms have a decidely fewer number of teeth on their horny rings; the variance between the horny rings of the tentacular suckers is very slight but in the same direction. The marginal thickenings of the gladius are also worthy of note, but these have already been called to attention by Tryon. On the whole the relationship between the species is exceedingly close, but so far as my material goes the two may be readily separated by means of the characters noted. This is another important edible form. Genus LOLIGO Schneider 1784. Loligo Schneider 1784, P. 110. Loligo Lamarck 1798 (fide Hoyle); 1799, p. 11 (fide Jatta). Loligo Verrill 1881, p. 307. Body elongate, tapering posteriorly. Fins terminal; rhomboidal in the young, in the adult more or less sagittate.., CEPHALOPODA Of THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3II Type.-Sepia Loligo Linn6 1758. As in the case of Polypus, Schneider mentions no type or other species, but the clear inference is that Sepia loligo Linn6 was what he had in mind, a conclusion supported by the fact that this was the only species of true Loligo which was at that time possessed of a binomial name. Because of the great uncertainty attaching to Linn6's species, Hoyle considers L. vulgaris Lamarck I798 to be the type of Schneider's genus as it is that of Lamarck. [Loligo gahi d'Orbigny I835.] Loligo gahi d'Orbigny z835. p. 60, pfr 3, fig. 1-2. Loligo Gahi Tryon 1879, p. 144. Tryon gives us an alleged record of this species from the Hawaiian Islands in the following words: "Specimens in Mus. Phila. Acad., said to come from the Sandwich Islands, agree well in the dentition of the rings with this species. " As this is a characteristic Peruvian and Chilean species there is no doubt that the citation is an error. Strangely enough the above is the only record I have been able to find of the presence of any member of the cosmopolitan genus Loligo in Hawaiian waters, and I am unable even with the aid of the large collection now in hand to affirm its occurrence there. Family SEPIOLIDAE Keferstein i866. Sepiolini Steenstrup x86i (ide Hoyle). Sepiolidae Keferstein x866, p. 1443. Sepiolidea Verrill 1881, p. 347, 416. Sepiolidca Joubin x902, p. 8o, etc. Sepiolidce Pfeifer I908, p. 24, 31. Sepiolida Naef gia2, P. 243, 244. Body short, thick, rounded posteriorly. Fins large, separate, ovate or rounded, attached laterally near the middle of the body. Eyes with a thickened ventral fold or false lid, and sometimes a dorsal fold as well. Median septum of mantle cavity reenforced by a pallial retractor muscle joining the mantle to the body. Internal shell a very rudimentary uncalcified gladius, often entirely absent. Eggs large and few. A photogenic gland is often present in the pallial cavity overlying the ink sac; from it a luminescent secretion is emitted. Subfamily SEPIOLINI Naef I912. Sepiolini Appellof r898, p. 623. Sepiolince Naef 1912, p. 246, 247. Mantle margin united with head in nuchal region by a band-like commissure. Left dorsal arm hectocotylized. Photogenic glands often absent; when present of elongate form, well separated, and more or less lateral in position. Genus EUPRYMNA Steenstrup 1887. Euprymna Steenstrup r887, p. 66. Euprymna Steenstrup 1887a, p. 88-90 C42-44). Euprymna Hoyle 2904, p. 24. Euprymna Wiilker 9Igo, p. 9, 26, etc. Euprymna Naef I9I2, p. 247. Suckers of sessile arms in four rows, except at tip and extreme base; on tentacle club long stalked, very minute, urceolate, and in very numerous (more than I6) rows. Nuchal commissure over one-third as broad as the body. Left dorsal arm of male hectocotylized, the distal suckers closely palisaded together and of very characteristic structure; the remaining arms differ from those of the female in the possession of certain peculiarly enlarged suckers. Large elongate photogenic glands present. Gladius wanting. Type.-Inioteuthis Morsei Verrill I88I (species first mentioned), a common Japanese species. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... CEPHALOPODA OF THU HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 313 are in two rows; at the point where the 4-rowed condition commences the ventral series contains two (sometimes apparently only one) modified papillae, usually differentiated from the ordinary sucker pedicels, with which they are undoubtedly homologus, by their more slender shape and oblique position. Distal to this point occur about Io quartets of small globular suckers similar to those of the female, except that those of the dorsal row are a little the largest. Beyond its basal third the arm becomes much swollen, while the suckers of the two ventral rows suddenly give place to a compactly crowded, rather irregular series of massive transversely elongate ^ and compressed papillae, bearing a mouth-like aperture in place of a true sucker at their inner apex, and continuing in constantly diminishing size to the tip. The suckers of the two dorsal rows continue normally for two or three pairs farther than the ventral, X when they too undergo modification, appearing as a crowded alternating double series of /f0 swollen tubercles, their pedicels not transversely compressed nor so closely palisaded as b those of the ventral papillae. As in the case of the latter, the suckers themselves are l reduced to mere lip-like slits at the apices. In all cases these apertures appear to be \ guarded by a highly modified very minutely toothed horny ring. Except in minute Aid details, the whole structure is thus seen to offer a close parallel to that which has been ^ described for E. morsei. a^ The right dorsal arm is more slender than the left and approaches more closely a than any of the other arms to the condition observed in the female; all the suckers crowded, minute, but those of the median rows rather the more so; the suckers of the 'G 25s-E esrymfti scolopes: a, ventral row in their turn slightly smaller than those of the dorsal series. On the arms sucker from tenof the second pair the suckersof the outer rows are larger than those of the inner; about tacle club [323], from a mount in six of the basal suckers of the dorsal row are notably larger than the remaining members balsam, greatly of the series; in the ventral row about eight suckers along the distal two-thirds of the arm enlarged; b, oral are greatly enlarged (though not to such an extent as in E. morsei) and occur in alter- aspect of horny nation with other suckers of the same row having scarcely a third the diameter. The ring from same, third arms likewise have their marginal suckers larger than the inner, 8 to io alternating suckersof the ventral row being much enlarged. The same condition prevails on the ventral arms and is only a little less conspicuous; here three or four suckers of the dorsal series are similarly affected, though in less degree. Tentacles very variable in length, elastic, compressed; keeled near the extremity, inner surface flattened. Club little expanded; closely recurved and coiled upon itself at the tip; inner aspect villous in appearance, due to the exceeding minuteness of the numerous suckers. Individual suckers deeply urceolate, slightly oblique, the so-called papillary area very d o\S ^ ~wide, so that the inner aperture is much reduced; pedicels very long, their basal gy-^~ ~portions columnar and closely packed together, so that the suckers are mobile only;8^^ ^ ~by virtue of a much shorter constricted peduncle, which serves to join the cupules 'J to the main stalk. ^S~a&- ~Buccal membrane seven-pointed; thickened, with rugose edges. FG. 26.-EuPrymna Gladius, nlone. scoloPes [323], dia- Color of preserved specimens a pale brownish buff, sometimes spotted above graxamatic repre-' sentation of papil- with conspicuous well-defined dark dots, sometimes heavily clouded (especially over lary area of tentac- the dorsal surface) with dark bluish slate, depending upon the state of expansion ular sucker, greatly or contraction of the chromatophores. There is an especially conspicuous series of enlarged. large transversely elongate chromatophores ranked in close succession along the outer aspect of each of the sessile arms, and a very similar series of smaller chromatophores extends along the distal portion of the tentacle stalk. The following note as to the color of this species during life appears in Dr. Fisher's handwriting on the reverse of one of the original labels: "Sepia: Chromatophores brown yellow and sepia eyeballs and visceral sac tinged with iridescent Nile green and blue." Larval or young specimens differ most conspicuously from the adult in their shorter more inflated mantle, larger head, and the fewer and more definite chromatophores. The secondary sexual characters begin to become conspicuous at least as early as the stage with an average mantle length of about IO mm. 314 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. MEASUREMENTS Or EUPRYMNA SCOLOPES. Numberin author's register............................ x87 319 321 312 320 323 323 308 sex.~ 9 9 9 (type) Se.................................................... 99 (t ype) cr ~ c mm. mm. mm. mm. min. mm. mmn. mm. Total length.................................. 128 54 50 20 63 74 52 44 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms.......................... 41 35 32 13 35 36 31 i8 Tip of body to tip of second arms........................... 71 54 47 20 59 6i 49 32 Tip of body to mantle margin.............................. 28 25 23 9 25 24 22 ia Width of mantle........................................... 1 0o 8 9 i6 18 14 22 Length of fins. total........................................ 20 13 22 5 2 5 3 20.5 7 Length of fins along plane of attachment................... 8 9 8 3 8 g 6.5 4- 5 Width across fins.......................................... 38 35 33 24 29 36 26 19 Width of dorsal commissure................................ 9.5 i20 lo. 5 5.5 I0 12 0. 5 7 Length of head............................................. 13 s I 4 20 13 10 6 W idth of head............................................. 28 17 s6 8 25 28 15 22 Length ofRight dorsal arm....................................... 28 x6 5 7 o20 20 x6 22 Left dorsal arm........................................ 27 i6 24 5.5 20 20 i6 8.5 Second arm............................................ 38 23 o20 9 27 27 2 i5 Third arm............................................. 34 21 19 8 23 23 20o 3 Ventral arm............................................ 31 i8 15 7 o20 21 i8 2.5 Tentacle............................................... 92 22 22 8 31 43 24 28 Tentacle club.......................................... x6 6 7........ 5. 5 6 5 4 F un n el................................................. i6 11.5................................ 12ra........ Total length of smallest specimen examined 8 mm.; of mantle of same 3 mm. Type.-Catalogue No. 214380, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 320]. Type locality.-A lbatross station 3905, surface, off Kalaupapa, Molokai, April 30, 1902; 13 specimens. Distribution.-Known only from the region of the Hawaiian Islands (Albatross, Jenkins, Bemrndt). Material exiamined.-The 64 specimens of this species which have been examined are to be catalogued as follows: Number * Number Depth in Author's of sped- Locality. fathoms. Collector. Sex. Where deposited. r tr mens. register. I Off Lae-o Ka Laau Light, Surface. Albatross station 382........ 309 M olokai................. Off Avalu Point, Lanai..... Surface. Albatross station 3829....... 321 Off Lae-o Ka Laau Light, 60-64 Albatross station 3846.............. 8 Molokai. 2 Pailolo Channel............ 227 Albatross station 3856................ 31.....do..................... 127-128 Albatross station3857..................... 31.... do...................... 138-140 Albatross station 3859............................... 305o Off Mokapu Islet, Molokai.. Surface. Albatross station 3889.......9........... 312.....do...................... Surface..... do...................... juv......................... 307 Auau Channel.............. 226-130 Albatross station 3896................. 322 Off Kalaupapa, Molokai.... Surface. Albatross station 3905....... U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat 320 224380; type. 22.....do...................... Surface.....do...................... 6 Paratypes.. 2.......... 3 21~ 23' N. lat.. x18~ 43' W. Surface. Albatross station 3926.............................. 04 long. 2 25~ 27' N. lat., x7x* o8' W. Surface. Albatross station 3931....... juv........................ 302 long. 6 Between Oahu and Kauai.. Surface. Albatross station 3980....... juv........................ 317 3.....do...................... Surface..... do...................... juv........................ 300 5.....do...................... Surface. Albatross station 4010....... juv............30............. z Off Puniawa Point, Maui.. 52-56 Albatross station 4071....... 9........................ 306 i..... do..................... 69-78 Albatross station 4073......................... 303 z Pailolo Channel............ 122-232 Albatross station 4102....... 6........................ 308 2.....do...................... 12 2-132.....do...................... 9........................ 313 X..... do...................... 232-241 Albatrossstation 410o 3....... c........................ 301 x Vicinity of Modu Manu..... Surface. Albatross station 4152....... juv........................ 34 i.... do...................... Surface. Albatross station 4253....... juv........................ 36 i Honolulu Reef. Oahu....... Shore. Albatross expedition........ 9......................... 187......do...................... Shore...... do...................... 9........................ 32 9.....do...................... Shore 0..P. Jenkins............... 4 e 5 9 Stanford Univ. Coll., 299 Cat. 2094. x Honolulu Market....................... Louis Berndt............... 6 Stanford Univ. Coll., 298 Cat. 2095. x Honolulu, Oahu............ Shore..... do...................... d Stanford Univ. Coll.. 297 Cat. 2096. x..... do...................... Shore..... do...................... x c 2 9 Stanford Univ. Coll., 296 Cat. 2097. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3I5 Remarks.-The specimens which have been made the subject of the foregoing detailed description do not appear to offer any features in essential disagreement with Grant's brief account of his Sepiola stenodactyla from Mauritius, but with the recent more careful description by Hoylea of some south Pacific specimens which he referred to Grant's species they are not in complete accord. The observed differences are admittedly trivial, but they maintain themselves persistently and with great constancy throughout the large series of specimens which has been examined and hence seem worthy of recognition. As in the case of most closely related sepiolids the chief difference is in the structure of the hectocotylized arm. In Hoyle's figure of S. stenodactyla the modified papillae begin about halfway up the arm. Those of the ventral row are comparatively stout, fairly regular, not very closely appressed, and the figure shows only about fifteen of them. The conspicuous thickening of the arm at the point where the papillae begin and the strongly recoiled tip exhibited by the Hawaiian specimens do not appear. In E. scolopes, moreover, the modified papillae extend over a much greater proportional area (two-thirds) of the arm, are much more numerous (35 to 40 in the ventral row), and so tightly palisaded together that many of them are squeezed quite out of place. The details regarding the modified suckers of the remaining arms are also different from Hoyle's description, especially in the case of the third pair, where in E. scolopes about twice as many of the suckers in the ventral series undergo enlargement. Unfortunately this comparison has been hampered by the lack of actual specimens of E. stenodactyla or any other Indo-Malayan representatives of the genus, so that the separate recognition of the Hawaiian race should perhaps be regarded as somewhat provisional. It is interesting to note that the differences separating the Japanese E. morsei from either stenodactyla or scolopes are not very conspicuously greater than those just dwelt upon, but they appear equally constant, and I regard my original reference of the Hawaiian material to E. morsei as clearly erroneous. The males of the last-named species may be distinguished at a glance by the much more conspicuously enlarged suckers of the outer rows on the sessile arms, especially those of the second pair. Apart from secondary sexual characters, however, a description of one species, however detailed, would, so far as I am aware, serve almost equally well for either of the others, and I am at a loss to name any satisfactory criterion for the separation of any of these puzzling forms when represented by females alone. E. scolopes is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous cephalopods of the Hawaiian Islands. Not only is it a common surface form throughout the surrounding waters but it is to be captured on the reefs and even at considerable depths, as may be seen from the accompanying table. It is, however, a surprisingly constant species, the greatest variation observed being in the general form and proportions of the body, and even this is more probably due to the varying stresses of preservation than to any inherent differences in the animals themselves. It doubtless possesses luminous properties as glandular organs similar to those described by Meyer (1906) for Sepiola, and more especially by WUlker (1910, p. 26) for E. morsei are very conspicuous in a corresponding position within the mantle cavity. The specific name scolopes has been adopted in reference to the stockade-like appearance of the outer papillae on the hectocotylized arm. Subfamily STOLOTEUTHIN4E, new subfamily. Mantle and head united in the nuchal region by a commissure. Suckers in two rows, for the most part very small. Both dorsal arms hectocotylized, but the modification weak, consisting chiefly in the greater or smaller size and more crowded condition of the suckers. Eyes with a completely circular lidlike fold. Gladius, none. Genus STOLOTEUTHIS Verrill 1881. Stoloteuthis Verrill 1881, p. 417. Stototeuthis Verrill z882, p. 375 [165) Body short and thick, bluntly rounded behind. Fins large. Arms short; all except the ventral pair united by a wide delicate basal web. Suckers for the most.part minute.. Mantle ornamented ventrally by a sharply delimited and specially pigmented shield-shaped area of the integument. Type.-Sepiola leucoptera Verrill 1878 (monotypic); a species of the New England region. a Hoyle, 1904, p. 24, fig. B-D. 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The ventral surface is further ornamented by a dark bluishgray band bordering the heart-shaped shield. The following note appears on the reverse of the original station label in the handwriting of Dr. W. K. Fisher and affords important information regarding the appearance of this species in life (colors according to Ridgway's "Nomenclature of Color"): "Tentacles, chromatophores burnt sienna, yellow ocher, and light red. Eye: pupil transparent, iridescent purple, blue, and emerald green; iris reddish burnt sienna. Body (except wings and outer test) iridescent orange, yellow, solferino, green, crimson, purple. Chromatophores of outer test burnt sienna and sepia." MEASUREMENTS OP STOLOTEUTHIS (IRIDOTEUTHIS) IRIS. mm. tnM. Total length exclusive of tentacles...................... 16 Length of head.......................................... 4 M edio-dorsal length of m antle.......................... 7 W idth of head.......................................... 8 Medio-ventral length of mantle.......................... I Length ofW idth of body......................................... 7 D orsal arm......................................... 4 W idth across fins...................................... 18 Second arm....................................... 5 Extrem e length of fin................................... 9 Third arm......................................... 6 Length of same fin at base of attachment................ 4 Ventral arm........................................ 5 Median length of ventral shield......................... 7 Right tentacle (left tentacle missing)................ 21 Dorsal-ventral diameter of body........................ O10 Type.-Catalogue No. 214312, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 31]. Type locality.-The type and only specimen of the species known was taken in 153 to 142 fathoms, Albatross station 3832, off the island of Molokai, bottom of brown mud and sand. Remarks.-The sex of the single specimen is unknown, as owing to the brittle texture of its tissues it was deemed inadvisable to attempt to pry the arms far enough apart to ascertain any further details of structure or possible evidences of hectocotylization. It is very possible that the specimen is not quite adult, but its characteristic features have nevertheless attained a high development. Perhaps the most distinctive features are the extreme development of the dorsal commissure uniting the mantle to the head, and the immense ventral lobe. The former feature is carried to a much further extreme in this species than in either S. leucoptera or in S. nipponensis, which are the only other described species of the genus, while in the latter respect the only near approach is the Nectoteuthis pourtclesii of Verrill. According to information furnished me by Dr. Ad. Naef, S. nipponensis differs from the other species mentioned in important anatomical characters, as well as in its size and general aspect, and must henceforth be known as Sepiolina Naef. Its exact systematic position still seems a matter of more or less uncertainty, although Naef refers it to the Sepiolinw. All three of the remaining species, S. leucoptera, S. iris, and N. pourtelesii, are characterized by the possession of a conspicuous pigmented shield on the ventral surface similar to that above described, have large fins, and are delicate gaily colored creatures of doubtless similar habits. N. pourtelesii, however, stands quite alone in having the dorsal border of the mantle entirely free, and S. iris likewise is in many ways very different from its congener. Because of this fact it also has recently been made by Naef the type of a separate genus, Iridoteuthis, but because its most important characters (nuchal commissure, ventral shield, webbed arms, etc.) are shared equally with Stoloteuthis s. s., I believe their probable relationships are for the present expressed better by grouping them together. The distinctive features adduced by Naef are the integumentary fold in the nuchal region, the large head, protruding eyes, immense fins, ventral protraction of the mantle, and unequal arms, but none of these features seem sufficient of themselves to be regarded as of more than subgeneric value. 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Sx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~................. SX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... j..........iI '..' g'. ' ' ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... x.X..i...._. _' 'S '' '....................... j.. xxxx ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.................. X X - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~._._._........................._.-. Xii_,,,,,,,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~...,....... _......................... X.xx —........................................................................,1~~~~~~............. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 32I In addition to the specimen above described, the Albatross collection contains three other individuals which are so badly macerated (as though taken from the digestive cavities of larger animals, as was undoubtedly the case) that their true identity was not ascertained for a considerable length of time. One of these is a male and has been made the subject of the following notes: Male: Third arm pair very much larger than the others, bearing two or more very greatly enlarged basin-shaped suckers (pl. L, fig. 4) at their distal ends. No evidence of hectocotylization visible except that the left dorsal arm is much smaller than the right and is closely united with its neighbor of the second pair by a very narrow basal webbing; no true fusion of the arms on either side can be made out after the fashion described for H. dispar. The firm adherence of the mantle and body just back of the nuchal cartilage is very clearly evident in this specimen. The extremely desiccated condition of the specimen precludes the giving of more accurate or complete details. Type.-Catalogue No. 214311, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 30]. Type locality.-Albatross station 3989, 733 to 385 fathoms depth, in the vicinity of the island of Kauai, coral sand and rock bottom, June iI, 1902; I 9. Distribution.-Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). SPCIMENS Or HETEROTEUTHIS HAWAIINSIS EXAMINED. No. of Depth in Author's spe- Locality. fathoms. Collector. Sex. Rearks. register. mens. I Vicinity of Kauai............ 385-733 Albatross station 3989....... 9 U. S. Nat. Mus.; type, Cat. 30 214311. I Pailolo Channel.............. 28-283 Albatross station 3900....... Fragmentary............... 34 I... do....................... 297-306 Albatross station 4088............ do...................... 33 I........................... 297-304 Albatross station 4o89.......?..... do 333 Remarks.-The only other species of this genus which are at present recognized are the H. dispar (Ruippell) of the Mediterranean region and H. wzeberi Joubin from the Dutch East Indies, from each of which H. hawaiiensis appears clearly distinct. Its nearer relationships are certainly with H. dispar, but it is to be differentiated on the following grounds: I. Indications of the presence of a ventral shield similar to that already familiar in Nectoteuthis and Stoloteuthis, but much less clearly defined. 2. The complete concealment of the funnel by the ventral lobe of the mantle. 3. The heavy oblique folds on the under surface of the head which apparently function to secure a more perfect application of the mantle margin to the head and thus serve as a secondary locking apparatus. 4. The curious nonconformity between the dorsal and ventral halves of the body in mature females. 5. The shorter arms. The adults of this species are very neat, compact little creatures of pleasing appearance, and like all their near allies are probably quite brilliantly colored when living. They also possess luminous properties, the photogenic glands overlying the ink sac in the present species being in all respects closely similar to those described for H. dispar and very conspicuous even in the macerated specimens. DIVISION CEGOPSIDA (d'Orbigny 1845). Decapoda Oigopsidcs d'Orbigny 1845, p. 367. Chondrophora Gray (pars) 2849, p. 36, 37. 21gopsidce Keferstein x866, p. 1444. Oigopsids Verrill 1881I, p. 427. (Egopsida Hoyle 1886, p. 32, I62. CEgopsides Pfeffer g900oo, p. i5I. (Egopsida Chun 1gio, p. 3. (Egopsida Pfeffer 1912, p. I. Eyelids perforate over the cornea; their margins free all around and continuous except for the usual presence of a notch or sinus in front. Suckers on either the sessile arms or tentacles or both frequently ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ H M 'M M R S......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... -..................................... CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 323 the broad marginal membrane; armed with two rows of g to 12 hooks each, those of the ventral row in the main conspicuously the larger. Fixing apparatus a compact rounded group of suckers and pads in approximately equal numbers on the carpus. There is a compact cluster of minute suckers at the tip of the club. Color in alcohol a brownish buff, mottled with slate; a very irregular dark streak on the dorsal aspect marks the position of the gladius. MEASUREMENTS o Ow1YCHOTEUTHIS BANKSI. mm. Length of- mm. Total length........................................... 315 R ight second arm................................... 69 Tip of body to dorsal margin of mantle................. 150 Left second arm.................................... 69 W idth of m antle........................................ 33 R ight third arm.................................... 71 W idth across fins....................................... 112 Left third arm...................................... 68 Extrem e length of fins.......................87............ 87 Right ventral arm.................................. 70 Length of fins at plane of attachment................... 80o Left ventral arm.................................... 43+ Length of head......................................... 6 R ight tentacle...................................... 141 W idth across eyes...................................... 30 Right tentacle club................................. 34 Length of- Left tentacle........................................ 125+ Right dorsal arm................................. 57 Left tentacle club................................... 27+ Left dorsal arm..................................... 54 Carpal fixing apparatus............................. 5 Distribution.-" Distribution nearly universal; collected in all the oceans at numerous localities, equally in Arctic and tropical waters." (Tryon 1879, p. i68.) Neighborhood of Laysan Island (Schauinsland; Stanford University collection). Material examined.-But a single Hawaiian specimen of this species has been examined. This is no. 2101 of the Stanford University invertebrate series and was taken off Laysan Island by Mr. Max Schlimmer [S. S. B. 227]. Remarks.-I can not find that this Laysan Island specimen exhibits any particular differences from the 0. banksii I have seen from the Atlantic and elsewhere. So far as can be determined, there appear to have been ix hooks in each row on the right tentacle club and more than likely on the mutilated left tentacle as well. The fixing apparatus of each tentacle contains Io suckers and an exactly equal number of pads, a feature which appears to be subject to great variation in this species. It seems clear that the original spelling of the specific name was the result of an accidental transposition of type, so that the emended version seems preferable. 0. banskii, 0. banski, 0. banksii, and 0. banksi are abundantly appearing variants in the extensive literature. This is one of the species of squid preyed upon by the Laysan albatross, and has been previously reported in this connection by Schauinsland. Genus TELEOTEUTHIS Verrill 1882. Onykia Lesueur 2822, p. 98. Onykia Lesueur 1822, p. 296. Onychia Latreille 2825 (fide Gray), not Onychia Hubner i8s6. Teleoteuthis Verrill 1882, p. 279, 280. Teleoteuthis Pfeffer 1900, p. IS, Is56; 1912, p. 42, 43. Animals of small or very moderate dimensions. Tentacle club of young with four rows of suckers, the two median of which become typically modified into hooks in the adult, but in some cases only one of the median rows is noticeably modified, and one of the marginal rows is often very weakly developed. Gladius with broad wings as in Loligo. Type.-Onykia Carriboea Lesueur i821 (species first named); a widespread species originally described from the West Indies. 324 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Teleoteuthis compacta Berry 1913. (Pl. L, fig. 4, 5.) Teleoteuthis appelltfi Berry 1909, p. 419 (locality record only), not of Pfeffer 1900. Teleoteuthis compacta Berry 1913, p. 565. Animal small, loliginiform. Mantle almost cylindrical anteriorly; slightly swollen a little in advance of the middle, thence tapering rapidly to a very acute point. Fins enormous, broadly sagittate in outline, their total width about equal to the length of the mantle; length a little more than half that of the mantle. Mantle margin slightly A i/y~ A Sproduced in the medio-dorsal line to form an *tf.3MiJ1 obtuse point, and a little more prominently in Pfe~i^^^ ^J; J^^f the same way on either side of the funnel; emarJfkd & ~ ~ XZ^ l ginate below the funnel. Head squarish, narrower than the mantle, /^iy l| i^^^minto which it may be almost completely with^S~~~y 1^*^%~ ^^ |: drawn. Eyes little prominent; their lid openings n e^Sv~~. ^iiSS Rsmall, notched in front. ".H _B Arms short, stout, little attenuate; unequal, * fy; ^Htheir order of length 3, 2, 4, i; the dorsal arms 1^'~ a'^ ^^H ~clearly shorter than those of the second and third tt-th-Jl _^I ~ pairs. Suckers on all the arms small, rotund, BK~ 4Y~#^H ~ -closely ranked in two widely interspaced series. _-^t?.^ ^IS j _ (P1. Li, fig. -5). Umbrella wanting, but all the arms.. ^5 P} } ^... ^\.well angled, and the third pair furnished exter/ y $*.': ^. I....1:'. \ ^nally with a strong membranous keel. / * '@-;ts. J ^' K * 'w - s. <Tentacles short, stout, but little exceeding /. * *l..^~~: -.... -th e arms; clubs not thickened, but broadly keeled \ '.* ^l^'':^.^ *'. >~ )above and slightly so along the ventral margin; ~~\.: *." *: ~ 3i..::. / both suckersand hooks present on the club; hooks \ -:. -:.^(;::;:: *A /....sessile, 10 to ii in number and in a single longit tudinal series, comprising the more ventral of the;s,,:^^'' ^t^:;two median rows of acetabula; first five hooks ^.^.^v~ ~ ~quite small, the next three much larger, the distal FIG. comacta, dorsal view of type ones diminishing again; the two dorsal rows of FIG. 32.-Teleotethis compacta, dorsal viewv of type [238], X 3. -. i ii^. 1 - suckers irregular, the first five pairs small and closely placed, the succeeding ones slightly larger and more distant, becoming smaller again distally; the suckers of the inner dorsal row persist in alternation with the hooks to the tip of the club, but the marginal row becomes obsolete distally and comprises only about eight suckers in all; suckers of the ventral row exceedingly minute, especially distally where they are placed very far apart. The extreme tip of the tentacle is occupied by a group of excessively minute suckers, which are scarcely visible as such with an ordinary hand lens. Fixing apparatus well developed, comprising a quadruple series of small suckers and pads in alternation; about 8 pads and 12 suckers can be made out. (P1. LII, fig. 4.) Gladius delicate, the expanded wings greatly narrowing in front of the hollow terminal cone. Color in alcohol a brownish buff. Chromatophores light brown, scarcely visible below. MUASURUMUNTS OF TsniOTWUTHIS COMPACTA. mm. Length of- mm. Total length including tentacles........................ 28 Dorsal arms........................................ 4. 5 Tip of body to dorsal mantle margin.................... 21 Second arms........................................ 5 5 W idth of body.......................................... 6 Third arm s......................................... 6 W idth across fins....................................... 20 V entral arm s....................................... 5 Extrem e length of fins.................................. I2 Left tentacle........................................ 7 Length of fins at base................................... Tentacle club....................................... 3. 5 W idth across eyes...................................... 5 CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 325 Type.-Catalogue No. 2I4381, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 238]. Type locality.-A lbatross station 3989, 385 to 733 fathoms, vicinity of Kauai Island, coral, sand and rock bottom, June i, i902; one specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Specimens examined.-The type is unique. Remarks.-It was at first thought that this specimen might be referable to the T. appellofi of Pfeffer and was indeed so listed in a preliminary paper, but a more careful study of details, particularly those of the tentacular armature, has convinced me that the present species is distinct and stands rather nearer to M. Joubin's 7. caroli (1900oo, p. 64), from which it differs in the relatively larger fins and shorter and differently armed tentacle club. The latter structure is a curious affair and is better to be understood from the figure than from my description. It offers several apparent divergencies from that of T. caroli as figured by Joubin (i900, pl. ii, fig. io), especially in the fixing apparatus, for T. caroli is represented as having but seven suckers (pads are omitted from the drawing but mentioned in the text). Furthermore, the suckers of the club itself are very different in number and arrangement, although the two forms agree in the presence of but a single series of hooks.a In T. caroli the fifth hook from the base attains the maximal proportions, while in our species it is the sixth, and the change in size at this point is conspicuously more abrupt. It is, however, not at all impossible that the single row of hooks and the broad fins are juvenile characters, the former being intermediate between the hookless condition described by Pfeffer as Steenstrupiola (cf. Pfeffer i900, p. I56) and the normal adult, in which case the Hawaiian specimen may after all prove to be closer to the T. peratoptera d'Orbigny, a Chilean species which was indeed originally figured with three rows of suckers and but one series of hooks (d'Orbigny i835, pl. 3, fig. 6), though since united by d'Orbigny himself with the T. platyptera of the same region. T. appellofi has fins of somewhat similar proportions, but the structure of the tentacle club is totally different. Family ENOPLOTEUTHIDIE Pfeffer i900. Enoploteuthide Pfeffer i900, p. 152, 163. Enoploteutlidaw Chun 1910, p. 52. Enoploteuthidce Pfeffer 1912, p. i18. Animals of small to moderate size. Arms with two rows of suckers, part of which typically are modified into hooks. Tentacles with clubs little or not at all expanded; their suckers in four rows (one or more of these often suppressed in the adult) and usually part of them transformed into hooks; a carpal fixing apparatus present comprising a few suckers and pads. Buccal membrane eight-pointed. Gladius feather-shaped; with broad somewhat angular wings and no end cone. Photogenic organs are almost invariably present on the ventral aspect of the eyeball, and in addition may occur within the mantle cavity or scattered over the ventral surface of the outer integument. Subfamily ENOPLOTEUTHINA (Chun 1910) Pfeffer 19I2. Enplomnorphbk Chun 9o08, p. 86. Enoploteuthince Tribus Enoplomorphae Chun 1910, p. 56, 78. Enoploteuthinc Pfeffer x912, p. 124, 125. Body more or less pointed posteriorly but not spitlike. Fins large and usually sagittate. Buccal membrane free; dorsal lappets well separated. Photogenic organs occur, often in large numbers, on the ventral aspect of the mantle and usually the head and arms as well; in most genera a conspicuous single series of large organs is found on the ventral periphery of the eyeball; no luminous organs in the pallial chamber. a Joubin (op. cit.. p. 65) states that the hooks of T. caroli are in two rows, but it seems to me that the "premiere sdrie" described as " tres petits, longuement ptdonculds" are better interpreted as suckers as I have done. 326 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Genus ABRALIA Gray 1849. Abralia Gray 1849, p. 46, o50. Abralia Pfeffer x9oo. p. 166, I67. Asteroleuthis Pfeffer 9go8a, p. 292. Abralia Chun 1910, p. 57. Asteroteuthis Pfeffer 1912, p. 124, 128. Abralia Pfeffer 1912, p. 762. Fins large, sagittate; more or less pointed posteriorly, and not exceeded by the tip of the pointed body. Arms with two rows of hooks throughout the greater part of their length, but with true suckers at their tips; extremities of ventral arms normal. Left ventral arm hectocotylized. Dorsal row of suckers on proximal portion of tentacle club suppressed in adult, leaving one row of hooks and two rows of suckers which give way to four rows of suckers distally. Buccal membrane in preserved specimens pale and scattered over with reddish chromatophores. Type.-Onychoteuthis armata Quoy and Gaimard 1832 (species first mentioned); described from near the island of Celebes. Abralia astrosticta Berry 1909. (P1. LI.) Abralia astrosticta Berry 1909, p. 412, 419, fig. 4-7. Abralia astrostricta Weindl 1912, p. 27I-275. Abralia (Compsoteuthis) astrosticta Pfeffer 1912, p. 149, 151. i63. Animal of small size. Mantle firm, fleshy, cylindrical in shape, little compressed; tapering at first gradually, then more abruptly to a bluntish point posteriorly. Anterior edge of mantle smooth, emarginate below the funnel, and with a very slight obtuse medio-dorsal angle. Fins moderately large and very wide in proportion to their length; about one-third as long as the mantle, and each one about as broad as long; subterminal, triangular; attached firmly along the inner margin for most of their length; anterior lobes prominent, but posterior nmargins nearly straight and converging at a very obtuse angle. Head rather large, but decidedly narrower than the body, squarish, flattened above and below; "olfactory crest" comprising a series of four oblique fleshy folds behind the eye on either side. Eyes large; the circular lid opening with a minute rounded sinus in front. Funnel large, subtriangular, very firm and thick-walled, its center rounded and conspicuously swollen ventrally. Funnel organ well developed, posterior in position; comprising a V-shaped median pad on the interior dorsal wall, and a small elongate-ovate pad placed ventro-laterally to it on either side. The tip of the funnel is furnished with a wide shallow flaplike valve. (PI. LI, fig. 8.) On its inner surface the edge of the mantle articulates with the head in the nuchal region and with the base of the funnel on either side by cartilages of the form usual in the genus. The dorsal apparatus consists of a simple longitudinal ridge on the mantle and a corresponding plate on the neck. The funnel cartilages are elongate, slightly widest near the base, have a thickened, raised and reflexed margin, and their grooves are simple, narrow, deep, and elongate (pI. LI, fig. 7); they fit over a slender linear ridge on either side of the inner surface of the mantle. Sessile arms stout, little attenuate; nearly of a length, but the second arms slightly the longest and stoutest, and the dorsal pair a little shorter and more slender than the others, so that the formula of their relative length is in general 2, 4,3, I; outer edge of arms angled and furnished with a keel, membranous and poorly developed on the four dorsal arms, but increased to a fleshy carina on the arms of the third pair and more particularly along the outer aspect of the ventral arms, where it is so heavy and conspicuous as to cause these arms to appear almost twice their true diameter when viewed ventrally. For the greater part of their length all the arms are armed with two widely spaced alternating rows of small hooks which are replaced on the extreme distal portions by a double series of minute crowded suckers; the tips of the ventral arms bear suckers similar to those of the other arms and are indeed entirely normal in every particular; the number of pairs of hooks on the ventral arms is about eight. Tentacles slender, over half as long again as the arms, cylindrical, little tapering. Club but little expanded, armed with four rows of acetabulse which respectively may be described as follows: (1) On the distal half of the club all four rows consist of small suckers of about equal size at any given transection CEPHALOPODA OF THS HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 327 of the arm, but regularly diminishing to the tip; (2) the two dorsalmostrows continue down the club proximally for its entire length, attaining their maximum dimensions near the middle; the two ventral rows on the other hand abruptly cease and are replaced on the proximal half of the club by (3) a single series of five rather large hooks which stand opposite the five proximal pairs of suckers in the dorsal rows; (4) at the base of the club, upon the carpus, is a very definite fixing apparatus comprising a double row of some four to five suckers alternating with a similar number of small whitish pads. (P1. LI, fig. 2, 6.) Buccal membrane eight-pointed (as correctly surmised by Pfeffer, my original assertion that there are but seven lappets is erroneous); coarsely papillose within. Photophores of the outer integument exceedingly numerous and readily perceivable to be in two main sizes, the grouping of the larger of which is distinctly bilaterally symmetrical and varies on different regions of the body as follows: (i) On the ventral aspect of the mantle appear about ten rather ill-defined longitudinal series of these organs, including (a) two nearly median rows of relatively large organs extending without interruption from the anterior mantle margin to the posterior extremity; (b) two similar series succeeded laterally by two or three others, composed of organs constantly diminishing both in size and number, occur parallel to these anteriorly, but all converge posteriorly in such a way that in addition to the two central series but one other row persists on each side to the tip. The organs of the various series are very regularly and equally interspaced so that there is a certain tendency evident for the grouping to occur in a transverse as well as a longitudinal direction. Aside from the effect which might well be expected to result from such a tendency, no specially definite line of photophores is found bordering the margin of the pallial aperture. The smaller organs are much more numerous than the larger and occur scattered between and among them in a much more irregular fashion. On the dorsal surface of the mantle photogenic organs are almost entirely wanting, but there is a fairly regular series of about seven small distant organs close to the median longitudinal line on either side, and some distance lateral to these a few (3 to 4) isolated organs, perhaps representing the rudiments or forerunners of other longitudinal series. (2) The ventral aspect of the funnel exhibits a little in front of its middle a transverse line of four large organs of equal size, in front of and behind which occur a number of smaller ones in such a way as to form four longitudinal series containing one of the large organs and two to three of the smaller ones each. A few scattered organs occur in addition, but all are bilaterally arranged. A clear space down the center of the funnel separates the photophores of each side into two triangular patches. This space, like the extreme tip of the funnel, is colorless and devoid of organs. (3) There are no photophores upon the upper surface of the head, but upon the lower aspect they appear with perfect symmetry in five longitudinal rows with an additional series bordering each ocular aperture. Here also the larger organs are relatively few in number compared with the smaller, there being only two of the former in the median row, and two to three in each of the lateral series. The median row bifurcates at the apex of the funnel groove (one large organ on either side), and also anteriorly, where either branch parallels a continuation of the first lateral series along each ventral arm to its extremity. The outer lateral series continues for a distance along the border of the membranous keel, so that the basal half of each ventral arm bears in all three rows of photophores. The arms of the third pair have a series of these organs near the base along their ventral aspect, and there are evidences of a second row of smaller ones along the dorsal margin as well. No such structures have been identified upon any of the other arms or upon the tentacles. All of the photophores appear as minute, but definite, faintly elevated, circular, bluish rings, surrounding a white dotlike center, and having much the appearance of minute eyes. The bluish rings are relatively heavier and more conspicuous in the larger organs, while the smaller organs are by this means again separable into two types, the one much less heavily pigmented than the other. In addition to photogenic organs of the general type described above, there are to be observed a very conspicuous series of five large reddish bead-like structures upon the ventral periphery of each eyeball. They are placed very close together, are of circular outline and subequal in size (p1. LI, fig. 3). The two terminal organs are considerably lighter in color than the three median ones. 328 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Prevailing color of animal preserved in alcohol, a pale buff brown; the gladius showing through the dorsal integument as a very prominent medio-longitudinal line. Chromatophores brownish; most numerous on the upper surface of the head, which is thus rendered very dark in color; much less numerous on the dorsal aspect of the mantle and below largely replaced by the bluish photophores which are strongly contrasted with the chromatophores in color. Buccal membrane almost uniformly pale, with only a few scattered chromatophores. Gladius with a thickened midrib; wings unthickened, very delicate, and with distinctly angular margins. MEIASUREMENTS OF ABRALIA ASTROSTICTA. mm. Length of- mm. Total length............................................. 65 Left dorsal arm...................................... I Length exclusive of tentacles........................... 56.5 Right second arm.................................... 13 Length of m antle, dorsal................................. 34 Left second arm..................................... 15 Extrem elength of fins................................... i Right third arm..................................... i2 Length of fins at base.................................... 9 Left third arm....................................... I 2 W idth across fins........................................ 2 Right ventral arm................................... 13 W idth of m antle............................o............. Left ventral arm.................................... 3. 5 W idth of head........................................... 9 T entacle............................................. 23 Length of- Tentacle club........................................ 4 H ead................................................ 8 F unnel.............................................. 6. Right dorsal arm.................................... i Type.-A female; catalogue No. 214313, United States National Museum [S. S. B. I711]. Type locality.-Albatross station 4122, 192 to 352 fathoms depth, off Barbers Point Light, Oahu, bottom of coarse coral sand and shell, July 26, 1902; one 9 specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Material examined.-No other specimens than the type are known. Remarks.-This very beautiful little squid is a member of a rare and exceedingly curious group of cephalopods which have been sparsely taken at divers times and in many widely separated localities, and the interrelationships of which are by no means as yet clearly understood. They are Enoploteuthids chiefly characterized by the double row of hooks on the arms supplanted distally by suckers, and the extensive development of photogenic organs over the entire ventral surface of the head and body, though not within the mantle cavity, as in the case of certain forms similar to some which will be described later. The peculiar features of the group were first recognized (although only partially) by Gray, who in 1849 founded the genus Abralia for their reception. Many years later (Joubin I896) a second genus, Abraliopsis, was erected for the reception of certain Abralia-like forms, unique in the possession of a conspicuous series of pigmented swellings at the tips of the ventral arms, and further distinguished by the deep violet color of the buccal membrane, somewhat different structure of the tentacle club, bilaterally symmetrical arrangement of the photophores, and the presence of three instead of two series of these organs upon the ventral arms. A few years ago Pfeffer, on the supposition that the type species of Gray (A. armata Quoy and Gaimard) would be found congeneric with Abraliopsis, replaced that term by Abralia and advanced the new name Asteroteuthis for the group thus left without a cognomen. More recently, however, he has once more returned to the older and more familiar arrangement, for upon examination the type specimen of A. armata proved that species to be after all an Asteroteuthis or true Abralia in the accepted sense. The position of the Hawaiian species now under consideration is in many respects anomalous. Since the tips of the ventral arms are entirely normal, bear suckers at their extremities, and lack all indications of terminal pigmented organs, it is most decidedly not an Abraliopsis and Pfeffer's suggestion that the specimen represents a very large Compsoteuthis stage of that genus is quite untenable. This is further borne out by the fact that the buccal membrane is not deep violet in color, but pale and dotted with chromatophores, while the main features of the armature of the tentacle club are those of a typical Abralia. On the other hand no previously described Abralia shows so strikingly symmetrical an arrangement of the photogenic organs on the mantle, or possesses more than two series of these structures on the ventral arms, or has such extremely short and wide fins. In almost every respect, therefore, CUPHAIOPODA OF THB HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 329 A. astrosticta is a remarkably distinct species and is not closely approached by any other known form excepting possibly the very recently described A. steindachneri Weindl 1912 of the Red Sea, which is thought by its author to be somewhat nearly related. A complete account of the latter species has not yet reached me, but from the preliminary notice above cited it would seem that this is the case, although the two forms differ in enough particulars to be sufficiently distinct. In Weindl's species the fins are not quite so short and wide, there are seven to eight hooks on the tentacle club, and the median photophore on the eyeball is said to be much the smallest. It has seemed worth while to make the account of this species as full as possible, firstly on account of the special interest attaching to forms of this group, and secondly because of the unusually fine condition of the present specimen which renders the chance for misinterpretation correspondingly slight. Abralia trigonura Berry I913. Abralia species Berry 1909, p. 419 (locality record only). Abralia trigonura Berry 1913, p. 565. There is a second specimen of Abralia in the Albatross collection, which, although not very well preserved, is clearly not referable to A. astrosticta, but belongs rather to the typical section of the genus. Animal of small size, in general loliginiform, but the mantle rather short, wide, inflated, and rapidly tapering to a point posteriorly. Fins large, a little over half as long as the mantle; their total width about approximates the length of the mantle. Head rather small, squarish; olfactory crests low (crushed, and not distinct). Eyes large and prominent. Funnel large, trian- \ gular, compressed. Funnelorgan well developed; similar in general / arrangement to that of A. astrosticta, except that the lobes of the F median (dorsal) pad are broader, and the ventro-lateral cushions / \\ are ovate and conspicuously larger (fig. 33). The funnel has a /{ ^ delicate foldlike valve at the tip. I \ Arms quite long, over two-thirds the length of the body; sub- equal, but the dorsal pair distinctly the shortest; order of length in general 2, 4, 3, 1. The arms bear two rows of small alternating FIG. 33 —Abralia trionura, outline drawhooks, which are replaced by suckers at the extremities. ngo fnnel organ 275] X 3. Tentacles very long and slender, the clubs little expanded. The armature is almost entirely effaced, but a single hook persisting on one of the clubs is much longer, more slender, and much more curved than those of A. astrosticta. Buccal membrane large; eight-pointed; papillose and uniformly pale within; its outer surface conspicuously dotted with many small, distinct, dark reddish chromatophores. The gladius as compared with that of A. astrosticta is similar in general shape, but is relatively much flatter and less slender, with, however, a wider and more robust midrib; the lateral expansions are conspicuously broader and their angles more pronounced and more anterior in position. The photophores of the ventral integument are of a very different aspect than those of A. astrosticta, but here also they are apparently of two main types. The larger appear as small whitish tubercles, which, under the microscope, show a lenslike core of chalky white color inclosed by a pale bluish gray ring. The smaller organs are either (i) conspicuously darker, comprising a light bluish core surrounded by a narrow dark ring distinctly composed of separate bodies of pigment, or (2) but slightly darker and resembling the large organs in miniature. The integument of the mantle has mainly sloughed away, but from the portions remaining there appear to have been two very definite parallel rows of the larger organs running down the medio-ventral line, with at least two other series on either side more or less parallel to them. The smaller organs are exceedingly numerous and heavily distributed among the larger all over the ventral surface. 33o BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The funnel shows two large triangular groups of numerous organs symmetrically disposed. As in A. astrosticta four of these only are of the larger type, but in this species they do not lie in a single transverse line. The tip of the funnel is colorless and devoid of photophores. The number of these organs on the head and arms is no longer to be made out. Subocular organs are present, but the eyes are so damaged that their exact number and position can not be made out with certainty. They appear, however, to be relatively small and distant from one another. Color everywhere a brownish buff, heavily clouded with dark reddish chromatophores which are numerous even over the ventral surface. These combine with the bluish photophores to give a purplish cast to the entire animal. MEASUREMENTS OF ABRALIA TRIGONURA. rm. Length of- nm. T otal length............................................ 93 H ead............................................... i Length excluding tentacles............................. 68 Dorsal arm......................................... 8 Length of m antle, dorsal................................ 28. Second arm......................................... 22 Extrem e length of fins.................................. 17 Third arm.......................................... 20 Length of fins at base................................... 5 Ventral arm........................................ 21 W idth acrpss fins....................................... 29 Tentacle............................................ 49 W idth of m antle........................................ 3 Tentacle club....................................... 8? Width of head.......................................... x Funnel............................................. 9 Type.-Catalogue no. 214387, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 275]. Type locality.-A Ibatross station 4087, 306 to 308 fathoms, off Mokuhooniki Islet, northeast entrance to Pailolo Channel, fine gray sand bottom, July 21, 1902; one specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Material examined.-The unique type is the only specimen known. Remarks.-Although in a rather badly macerated condition, as though taken from the stomach of some larger animal, the single specimen seen still retains enough of its original appearance to show features which forbid its reference to any of the previously described species of either Abralia or Abraliopsis. The lack of terminal organs on the ventral arms and the pale red-dotted buccal membrane alone serve to establish its identity as an Abralia, while the large fins indicate that it will prove to belong to the typical section of that genus. The species to which A. trigonura most closely approximates seems to be the A. andamanica Goodrich from the Bay of Bengal. The mantle of the Hawaiian species, however, appears to be relatively shorter and much more rapidly tapering, and such of the photogenic organs as can be made out fail to coincide in their arrangement with the description given by Goodrich, who fails to mention the definite series of these organs which here adorn the ventral aspect in so conspicuous a fashion that they can scarcely have been overlooked. From the other known Hawaiian species, A. astrosticta, it is widely different. The short conical body, larger fins, more numerous small luminous organs on the ventral surface, and much smaller subocular organs are sufficient to distinguish it at a glance. As the specimens obtained of the two species are not very far from one another in size, it is evident that one can not be regarded as but a younger stage of the other. Genus ABRALIOPSIS Joubin 1896. Abraliopsis Joubhin 896, p. xg. Abratiopsis Pfeffer 900oo, p. x66, x68. Abralia Pfeffer i9o8a, p. 289-292. Abraliopsis Chun 1910, p. 57, 78. Abralia Pfeffer 19I2, p. 124, 137. Abraliopsis Pfeffer 1912, p. 764. juv.- Compsoteuthis+Micrabralia Pfeffer 900oo, p. z65, x67. juv.=Nepioteuthion+Prodromoteuthis Pfeffer 19I2, p. 149, xIS, i65, 167. Fins large, sagittate; acutely pointed posteriorly, and not exceeded by the tip of the equally pointed body. Arms with two rows of hooks throughout the greater part of their length, but with true suckers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Xj_._......... _.._._..........._.......__X_ Sx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......... i. _... 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Sx r l l l W~~~~~................ * l l iiiiiiililiilll lll ""''''"'''''''''''' j jj xxx j j..._...X _.._._............._............ * I I l. i i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i lillli i-__i ii i i - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................. X _ r * l l t~~~~~rrS jx. jgl..j..j j j jj i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i i...i '.......i..'. X. 11............ __._. -..g.............................................................................. CEPHAILOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 333 much more slender, more acutely tapering; hooks entirely lacking; suckers exceedingly minute, occurring in two distant narrowly spaced rows of Io to 14 suckers each, which are confined to the more distal portion of the arm. Tentacles short, stout, cylindrical, but little longer than the arms; near the base of the stalk a conspicuous circular constriction, beyond which the stalk swells out again, attaining a diameter even greater than that of the proximal portion, thence tapering gradually to the short blunt unexpanded club. Suckers on inner surface of club minute, in four rows; the five proximal members of the dorsal row distinctly the largest, even exceeding - in size the two suckers on the carpus, which together with two small pads constitute the fixing apparatus. (P1. LII, fig. 3.). \ Subocular photophores numerous, at least 14 on each eyeball, but in ^ \ the present material exceedingly difficult to locate with certainty, due to [ ^ ) the ease with which they become detached upon the removal of the outer 4 / lid. Most conspicuous are two very large circular organs situated one just < - behind the other on the ventral periphery of the eyeball, just in front of " *7 q/ the funnel (fig. 36, no. 8 and 9). Well anterior to these and more or less in line with them are four very much smaller organs (nos. 11-14). Just pos- terior to the lens is a large conical organ (no. io), while a conspicuous series FIG. 36.-Pterygioteuthis microof seven moderately large organs form an oblique curve in front (nos. 1-7). Iampas, diagram to show arOf the latter the three upper (nos. I-3) are very large and conical in outline: rgaang Of elneft ef e tball277, X the next two and the last one are smaller, but the next to the last one (no. 6) is large flattened, of ovate outline, and pale in color, very different in appearance from any of the other organs. (See also pI. LII, fig. i.) Color in alcohol a grayish buff, the chromatophores somewhat darker. Buccal membrane purplish, with paler trabeculae. The gladius shows through the dorsal integument as a prominent median line. MEASUREMENTS OF PTERYGIOTEUTHIS MICROLAMPAS. Number in author's register........... 277 278 Number in author's register........... 277 278 Sex.................................... 9 Sex................................... 9 Total length......................... 31......... Length of- mm. mm. Tip of body to tip of arm s................... 28......... H ead..................................... 4........ Length of mantle, dorsal..................... 18......... Dorsal arm.............................. 6.5 7 W idth of m antle............................. 6 6 Second arm.............................. 7.- 5 8 Extreme length of fins....................... 8......... Third arm............................... 5 8 8 Length of fins at base........................ 3-5......... Ventral arm............................. 7 s.5 7-.5 W idth across fins............................ 14......... Tentacle................................ 12........ Width across eyes........................... S- 5 7 Type.-Catalogue No. 214386, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 277]. Type locality.-Albatross station 4105, in 314 to 335 fathoms, Kaiwi Channel, bottom of fine coral sand and foraminifera, July 24, 1902; one 9 specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). SPECIMENS OF PTERYGIOTEUTHIS MICROLAMPAS EXAMINED. No. of Depth Ato' sped- Locality. in Collector. Sex. Where deposited. Areustoer's mens. fathoms. rir. a i Kaiwi Channel............... 34-335 Albatross Sta. 4105......... 9 U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 214386.. 277 I No locality................... (?) Albatross Sta. (?)........... Fragmentary................ 278 17311~-14-6 a Type. 334 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Remarks.-Only two species of Pterygioteuthis have been recognized previous to the present one. The first of these and type of the genus is the P. giardi Fischer, originally described from a specimen taken by the Talisman at a depth of II05 meters off the coast of Morocco. In 1904 Hoyle published a much more detailed account of some specimens thought to represent the same species which were captured by the Albatross in the eastern tropical Pacific at depths ranging from 55I to 1,201 fathoms. In i908 Chun issued a brief diagnosis of a second species, P. gemmata, which was secured by the Valdivia expedition in the South Atlantic. When the present specimens from the Albatross Hawaiian collections were first being examined by the writer, Chun's paper had not yet come to hand, so that they were, after a little hesitation, referred to P. giardi and were indeed recorded under this name in a preliminary publication. Since that time the appearance of the great monograph of the Valdivia Oegopsids by Chun has greatly increased and simplified our understanding of the genus, so that upon a reexamination of the specimens and a patient working out of the details (often seriously obscured by the woeful preservation of the material) the conclusion was reached that a new species is represented, which though in many respects very close to P. giardi, in some ways shows an approach to P. gemmata, and in others is somewhat different from either. The relationship of the three species is well shown by a consideration of their more important diagnostic characters grouped in parallel columns. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF THE SPECIES OF PTERYGIOTEUTHIS. P. giardi. P. microlampas. P. gemmata. Is subocular organs; the 5 small anterior ones 14 subocular organs; arrangement 14 subocular organs; arrangement very nearly in line with one another.............. similar to P. giardi, but 4 instead of different. S5 small anterior organs, and the last of these not in line with the others. Dorsal arms with 3 hooks near middle of arm Dorsal arms with 3 hooks near middle Dorsal, ad, and 3d arms with 4-5 hooks (both rows affected) and about 5 pairs of of ventral row, with 6-7 pairs of near middle of ventral row. suckers proximally; 2d and 3d arms with suckers proximally; ad and 3darms 2-3 hooks (both rows). No suckers at tips with 3 hooks in ventral row and 7 of any arms save dorsal pair. suckers proximally; suckers continuing distally to tips. Ventral arms devoid of both hooks and suckers. Ventral arms with no hooks; suckers Ventral arms with no hooks; but with minute and confined to distal halt small suckers throughout their of arm. length. Two suckers in fixing apparatus................Two suckers in fixing apparatus....... Three suckers in fixing apparatus. Chitinous plate between the glandular ridges of Hectocotylus unknown................Chitinous plate between the glandular the hectocotylus bidentate. ridges of the hectocotylus finely toothed. It is an unfortunate but curious fact that practically all of the specimens of this genus which have been obtained have been defective in one way or another. As a rule either the eyes have burst or the arms are badly damaged or both types of mutilation have occurred. This appears to be due to the fragile and incoherent nature of the tissues, which seem unable to withstand the great changes in pressure which they are forced to undergo in being pulled up from the depths in which they live. According to present evidence it appears that even in a preserving medium they are apt to gradually disintegrate, and despite the utmost vigilance and care the handling necessarily incidental to a thorough examination is often fatal. This was the case with the specimen which was the subject of Mr. Hudson's excellent drawing, for though evidently perfect at that time, it was in such fragmentary condition when it came into my hands that no accurate description.of it could be given and it became necessary to utilize the second individual as the type, although the account of the photogenic organs of the eye has been mainly drawn from the former specimen. I can not forbear adding that there are certain discrepancies in the various descriptions given by Fischer, Joubin, Hoyle, and Chun for P. giardi which cause me to feel some doubt as to whether all their specimens are really referable to the same species, an uncertainty which is by no means diminished when the localities furnishing the respective specimens are taken into consideration. CEPHALOPODA OF THB HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 335 Family HISTIOTEUTHIDIE Verrill 188i. Histioteuthidcm Verrill 1881, p. 431. Histioleuthidw Pfeffer 1900o, p. 152, i68. Histioteuthida Pfeffcr 1908, p. 75. Hislioteuthidce Chun 1910, p. 147. Histioteuthidc Pfeffer 1912, p. 243. Body short, barrel-shaped; mantle thickened and fleshy. Fins relatively small, subterminal. None of the suckers on either arms or tentacles modified into hooks; two rows of suckers on sessile arms; on tentacle club more than four rows. Fixing apparatus a series of small suckers and pads extending across the carpal region of the tentacle and well down its stalk. Funnel locking cartilages simple linear grooves and ridges. Gladius simple, loliginiform, with broad wings. Photogenic organs of very characteristic structure plentifully developed over almost the entire outer surface of the mantle, head, and arms. Histioteuthid species (young). Ommastrephid (young) Berry igo909 (pars), p. 419 (mere locality record). Body small, ovate, considerably over half as broad as long. Fins very small, subterminal, and decidedly dorsal in position, with a nearly circular outline; practically continuous posteriorly. Anterior margin of mantle obtusely angled in the median line above; slightly emarginate below the funnel. Head about half as large as the body; flattened above and below. Eyes rounded, prominent; their apertures small, angled in front but otherwise entire. Funnel rather large, little projecting. Mantle connectives a pair of simple grooves with thickened and reflexed margins at the base of the funnel articulating with narrow linear ridges on the inner surface of the mantle. Arms over half as long as the mantle; rather stout; unequal, the order of length 2, 3, I, 4. Suckers minute, spherical, biserial; homey rings well developed. Tentacles but little longer than the arms. Club slightly expanded and armed with four rows of minute crowded suckers, the two outermost of which continue down the stalk nearly to its base. Color in alcohol a dull brownish buff. The chromatophores are large, slate colored, thickly distributed above, but not without certain hints of a symmetrical arrangement in seven to eight more or less obscure transverse rows; much paler and less crowded below. Pigmentation on dorsal surface of head extremely dense. A single series of large chromatophores extends along the outer surfaces of all the arms, dark in color on the dorsal pair, but so pale as to be scarcely visible below. There are two distinct chromatophores placed opposite one another on the ventral aspect of the funnel not far from the middle. Total length of largest specimen, ii mm.; of mantle, 5 mm.; of head, 2.5 mm.; of arm of second pair, 3 mm.; of tentacle, 3.5 mm.; width of mantle, 3 mm. Length of smallest specimen, 9 mm.; of mantle, 4 mm. Three specimens of this curious larval form were taken by the A Ibatross in the surface net at station 4190, latitude 34~ 39 i8" N., longitude 132~ 04! W. [S. S. B. 254]. Although minute and offering no very conspicuous characters of their own, the above specimens undoubtedly represent larval stages of some Histioteuthid, perhaps Calliteuthis or some nearly related form. Although in all essential features they resemble the young Histioteuthid described by Pfeffer in Hoyle 1907, p. 1-2, sufficient minor differences are evident to render it probable that they belong to another species, even if referable to the same genus. From the young Ommastrephids with which they were at first confounded, the strong pigmentation, larger head, and longer arms are sufficient for their ready separation. 336 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Family BRACHIOTEUTHIDAN Pfeffer I908. Tracheloteuthidc Pfeffer 1900, p. 152, 174. Brachioteuthide Pfeffer 1908, p. 62, 78. Tracheloteuthidas Chun 910o, p. 205. Brachioteuthidce Pfeffer 19I2, p. 345. Body slender, loliginiform. Fins large, rhombic. None of the suckers on either arms or tentacles transformed to hooks; arms with two rows of suckers; tentacles with four or more rows. No fixing apparatus. Funnel locking cartilages simple and linear. Gladius slender, consisting for the most part of little but the rhachis; terminating in a long pointed cone. Genus BRACHIOTEUTHIS Verrill 1881. Brachioteuthis Verrill x88I, p. 405. Brachioteuthis Pfeffer 1900, p. 174, 176. Brachioteuthis Chun 19I0, p. 206. Brachioteuthis Pfeffer I912, p. 346. Characters af genus identical with those of the family, for the latter becomes monogeneric upon the union of Tracheloteuthis with Brachioteuthis, as is now very generally advocated. Type.-Brachioteuthis Beanii Verrill i88i (designation); a species of the New England region. Subgenus TRACH1LOTEUTHIS Steenstrup 1882. Tracheloteuthis Steenstrup 1882, p. 294. Verrilliola Pfeffer 1884, p. 22. Entomopsis de Rochebrune 1884, p. 15. Tracheloteuthis Hoyle I886, p. 163. Tracheloteuthis Pfeffer 1900, p. 174, I75. Tracheloteuthis Pfeffer 1908, p. 78. Brachioteuthis (pars) Chun I910, p. 206. Brachioteuthis (Tracheloteuthis) Pfeffer I912, p. 355. Mantle very thin, membranous. Entire animal nearly colorless except for a few chromatophores on the head and a very few scattered ones on the body. Fins large, rhombic, but never as long as half the mantle length. Type.-Tracheloteuthis Riisei Steenstrup 1882 (species first mentioned); a species of almost cosmopolitan distribution. Brachioteuthis (Tracheloteuthis) riisei (Steenstrup 1882). Tracheloteuthis Riisei Steenstrupx882 p. 294. Tracheloteuthis Behnii Steenstrup 1882, p. 294. Tracheloteuthis riisei Hoyle x886, p. 36, 164, 213, 221, pl. 28, fig. 6-12. Tracheloteuthis Behnii Weiss i888, p. 85, pl. o0, fig. 1-4. Tracheloteuthis riisei LIonnberg 1897, p. 603 (account of funnel organ). Tracheloteuthis riisei Pfeffer 1900, p. 175. FIG. 37.-Brachioteuthis Tracheloteuthis Riisei Hoyle xgo5a, p. 93, pl. 14, fig. I-5. (Trachelateuthis) riisei, Tracheloteuthis riisei Pfeffer 1908, P. 79, fig. 93-95 -dorsalview of specimen Tracheloteuthis Riisei Massy I909, p. 30. [280], from station3878, Tracheloteuthis riisei Berry 1909, p. 419 (mere locality record). X a. Drawn by R. Brachioteuthis Riisei Chun Ix90, p. 207. L. Hudson. Brachioteuthis (Tracheloteuthis) Riisei Pfeffer 191x, p. 355, pl. 26, fig. 1-20; pl. 27, fig. 1-9. Animal small, pelagic, hyaline, extremely slender and graceful. Mantle very thin, inflated, elongate-cylindrical; swollen at the middle and tapering to an acute slightly attenuate point posteriorly; pallial chamber capacious, very scantily occupied by the delicate viscera. Mantle opening very wide, due.largely to the extreme length and narrowness of the neck; anterior margin sharply angled in the medio-dorsal line, the ventro-lateral projections also well marked but somewhat less pronounced. CUPHALOPODA Of THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 337 Fins fairly large, a little over one-fourth as long as the mantle; each one taken singly, a little longer than broad; barely separated in the medio-dorsal line by the narrow membrane covering the slender gladius, which extends past them as an acute point. Head small, flattened, elongate, distinctly wider than the stalklike neck. Eyes large, little projecting; their apertures ample, with a slight obtuse anterior sinus. Funnel large, thin-walled, only its tip protruding beyond the mantle margin; valve minute. Funicular locking cartilages simple, with nearly straight grooves. Arms conspicuously unequal, their order of length 2, 3, 4, I; the lateral arms not only immensely longer than those of the dorsal and ventral pairs, but also more robust in every way; dorsal arms exceedingly short and weak, slightly recurved; the length of the second arms is about 5 to 6 times that of the dorsals, the third arms about 42 times, and the ventrals 23 to 32 times; lateral arms usually a little more than half as long as the body, exceedingly slender and graceful, with a delicate narrow membrane or keel along their outward aspect. Suckers small, not crowded; pedicels conical; horny rings toothed. Tentacles more robust, thicker, and much longer than any of the arms, attaining approximately twice the length of the second pair. Club little expanded; distal portion tapering and with a conspicuous dorsal keel; at this region the inner face of the club bears four rows of minute suckers (horny rings toothed), which increase regularly in size from the dorsal to the ventral row, the latter suckers long pediceled and with a diameter about three times that of the dorsal ones; distally all the acetabula regularly diminish in proportion, but proximally to this region those of the dorsal row about maintain their size, the remaining rows diminishing in size but greatly increasing in number so that we henceforth find at least eight closely crowded series of minute subequal suckers extending for perhaps a third the length of the tentacle, after which they again thin out; two of the rows continue down the stalk in distantly placed alternating series for another third of its length. Gladius long, slender, consisting chiefly of the rhachis, and terminating in a delicate hollow cone; midrib visible through the dorsal integument as a narrow horn-colored line. Color in alcohol everywhere a very pale brownish buff, the head and eyes darker; head brown, eyes with a slaty tone. Chromatophores sparse, pale, indistinct; a longitudinally-arranged series extends along the dorsal aspect of the mantle on either side of the gladius. MEASUREMZNTS OF TRACHELOTBUTHIS RIISEI. Number in author's register..................................28 8 280 280 280 280 280 2 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Total length........................................................ 60 59 58 58 5 5 55 45 Length, excluding tentacles........................................ 46 45 46 45 41 41 33 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms.................................. 32 31 32 312 31 30 26 length of mantle, dorsal............................................ 25 24 25 23 23 323 17 Extrem e length of fins.............................................. 6. S 6.5 7 6 6 5.5 3 W idth across fins................................................... I10 10 In IO 9'.5 8.5 7 W idth of m antle.................................................... 7- 5 6 7.5 7 7 7 6 W idth of head...................................................... 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 length ofH ead........................................................... 4 3.5 4.5 3.5 3.5 4 3 Dorsal arm..................................................... 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 2 I.5 Second arm........................................... 15 14 14 13 12 II 7 Third arm...................................................... 1 12 1 9 9.5 6 Ventral arm.................................................... 7 7 7 8 7 5 3 Tentacle........................................................ 27 25 28 27 24 24 2I Type.-In the Copenhagen Museum. Type locality.-Latitude 34~ 4o' S., longitude 7~ W. (fide Hoyle). Distribution.-North Atlantic (LJnnberg); off coast of Ireland (Hoyle, Massy); Faeroe Channel (Fowler); Messina, Sicily (Weiss, Hoyle); Gulf of Naples (Jatta); coast of Morocco (Joubin); St. Paul Island (de Rochebrune); Zanzibar (Pfeffer); Indian Ocean (Hoyle); west coast of New Guinea (Hoyle); Solomon Islands (Pfeffer); Hawaiian Islands (A Ibatross); between Honolulu and San Francisco, California (Albatross); Chile (Pfeffer). 338 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SPECIMENS OP TRACHELOTEUTHIS RIISEI EXAMINED. No. of Au speci- Locality. Depth. Collector. Author's mens. Imens....register. 7 South of Lanai................. Surface.... Albatross station 3878......................... 280 I 34~ 39k 18" N. lat., 13a3 o4' W. long......... do..... Albatross station 4190......................... 28 Remarks.-These specimens, all of which are of approximately the same size and developmental stage as the one selected for figuring, are of interest here chiefly because they serve to extend the known range 'of this curious pelagic species over a much greater area of ocean it was previously reported to inhabit. There is small doubt that it will eventually prove to have an almost universal dispersion in the warmer currents of the ocean. Family OMMASTREPHIDiE Gill 1871. Ommastrephini Steenstrup z861, (fiide Hoyle). Ommastrephidce Gill 1871, p. x. Ommastrephida Verrill 188r, p. 428. Ommastrephini Hoyle 1886, p. 32, I6a. Ommatosrephidce Pfeffer 900o, p. 153, 176. Ommatostrephidaw Pfeffer 9go8, p. 62, 87. Ommatostrephidae Pfeffer I912, p. 369. Animal usually of moderate size, but often of considerable dimensions; loliginiform. Fins large, sagittate, subterminal. Suckers in two rows on the arms, usually four rows on the clubs of the tentacles; none of the suckers modified into hooks. Fixing apparatus a single series of modified suckers and pads at the base of the club. Funicular cartilages highly developed, complex; their major outlines l-shaped. Gladius consisting of little but the rhachis throughout the greater portion of its length; terminating posteriorly in a deep hollow cone. The occurrence of photogenic organs has not been described in any of the genera except Hyaloteuthis. Genus OMMASTREPHES d'Orbigny 1835. Ommastrephes d'Orbigny x835, p. 45. Ommastrephes d'Orbigny I845, p. 412. Ommatostrephes Lovdn 1846 (fide Hoyle). Ommastrephes (pars) Verrill i88oa-I88I, p. 267,385. Todarodes Steenstrup i880, p. 83 (13). Ommatostrephes Pfeffer i9oo, p. 178, I79. Ommastrephes Hoyle 1902, p. 198. Ommatostrephes Pfeffer 90o8, p. 89, 92. OmmatostrePhes Pfeffer 1912, p. 388, 438. Funnel groove with a foveola. Horny rings of large tentacular suckers with the teeth either nearly subequal, or with one or more of the apical denticles somewhat enlarged. Fixing apparatus very poorly developed. Sucker bearing portion of tentacle extending for more than half the total length. Type.-Loligo sagittata Lamarck rx799 (species first mentioned); a common Atlantic species. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis Berry 19I2. (PI. LIV, fig. 2.)?Ommastrephes sloanei Schauinsland x899, p. 92 (listed from Laysan Island). Ommastrephes sagittata near sloanei Berry 1909, p. 418 (mere locality records).?Ommatostrephes Sloanei Sloanei (pars) Pfeffer gx29, p. 458. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis Berry igx2b, p 434, 437. Animal loliginiform, moderate in size. Mantle cylindro-conical, widest somewhat in advance of the middle, thence tapering very rapidly to an acute point between the fins; margin smooth and entire above, slightly emarginate below the funnel. Fins only moderately large, triangular when taken .................................................................................................................................................................................................... HERE..................................................... NMI................................................................................................................... SM....................................................................................................................................................................................................... mmmum m............................................................................................................................ MR.......................... 340 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. deeper above and bear about 20 teeth, which are very long, slender and acute on the upper margin (obtuse and reduced below) and occur in alternation with minute bluntish denticles; none of the teeth in these suckers notably larger than the others. I can not make out any pads or specially differentiated suckers which could be construed as constituting a fixing apparatus. Color in alcohol the usual brownish buff dotted with brown chromatophores. MEASUREMENTS OF OMMASTREPHES HAWAUENSIS. Number in author's register.................................................... 242 (ty4pe) 244 245 248 nn. mm. M mm..MM'. mm. Total length.......... 285............................................................... 285 195 I5 207 Tip of body to tip of arm s.......................................................... 249 239 179 131 272 Length of mantle, dorsal........................................................... 147 138 107 8i 105 W idth of m antle near m iddle......................................................... 31 33 33 2 22 W idth across fins.................................................................... 76 76 54 42........ Extreme length of fins............................................ 56 5 37 27........ Length of fins at base................................................................ so 45-5 33 22........ Length of head.................................................................... 35 28 22 8 i8 W idth of head....................................................................... s 37 235 22 23 Length ofRight dorsal arm......................................6............... 6o 62 41 26 35 R ight second arm................................................................ 76 77 so50 33 42 R ight third arm................................................................. 78 76 48 32 so50 R ight ventral arm............................................................... 58 6o 41 26 41 R ight tentacle................................................................... 1 8 i8 67 48 8o Sucker-bearing portion of right tentacle.......................................... 8 80 43 32 43? Left tentacle......................................................................... 119 66 so50 7 Sucker-bearing portion of left tentacle................................................... 81 44 35 43 Type.-Catalogue no. 214382, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 243]. Type locality.-Albatross station 4177, 253 to 282 fathoms, off Kahuku Point, northwest coast of Oahu, bottom of coral sand and foraminifera, July 25, 1902; one specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian and Midway Islands (Albatross). SPECIMENS OF OMMASTREPHES HAWAIIENSIS EXAMINED. No. of Depth in C Author's sped- Locality, fathoms. Collector. Remarks. register. mnens. Honolulu..................Albatross expedition........ Young; badly desiccated.... 247 Honolulu market.............................. do.................................................... 383 Pailolo Channel................. 256-283 Albatross station 3865.................................. 242 I Off Kahuku Point, Oahu....... 253-282 Albatross station 417.......Type; U..S Nat. Mus., Cat. 943 214382. 1 Off Hanamaulu, Kauai............. 257-312 Albatross staion 4132.................................... 244 Off Puniawa Point, Maui....... 220-238 Albatross station 4082 \.....................I.... 245 I Laysan Island.............................. Albatross hydrographic sta- From stomach of Sula pis- 248 tion 4353. cator. Remarks.-This is one of the commonest Hawaiian squids and probably a species of considerable economic value in its food relations to many sea birds and the larger fishes. Because it is so abundant and characteristic a member of the fauna of this region, I have little doubt that the specimens listed by Schauinsland and more recently Pfeffer from Laysan Island as 0. sloanei are the same form. The true 0. sloanei, however, appears to be a somewhat different creature, as Gray expressly states that the horny rings of the suckers have the "higher side with regular acute teeth, lower smooth" (italics mine), while the remainder of Gray's diagnosis is so sadly incomplete or even silent regarding what should prove to be features of the highest importance, that there seems every likelihood that other even more striking differences will eventually appear. 0. hawaiiensis is undeniably a near relative of the Japanese 0. pacificus Steenstrup, considered by many to be a synonym of 0. sloanei (cf. Berry i9I2b, p. 436-437), but the specimens before me differ consistently in their more rapidly tapering body, slightly shorter fins, much larger and wider head, very much fewer and larger suckers on the sessile arms (especially CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 34I the second and third pairs), and the fact that the teeth of the latter are not subequal but the middle tooth on the upper side is conspicuously larger than its neighbors, showing in this last character an approach to the condition prevailing in the Atlantic 0. sagittatus. From this resum6 it would appear that 0. hawaiiensis is in some respects intermediate between 0. sagittatus and 0. pacficus, while in a few particulars it is somewhat different from either. The position of 0. sloanei I am now disposed to regard as more doubtful than ever, for undoubtedly the union of 0. pacificus with it was more premature than the meager evidence would justify. The habitats of all three of the Pacific forms are still widely separated, and further material, particularly from southern localities, is an important desideratum. Genus SYMPLECTOTEUTHIS Pfeffer 1900. Symplectoteuthis Pfeffer 1900, p. 178, i8o. Symplectoteuthis Pfeffer 1912, p. 388, 50x. Funnel groove with a foveola. Funicular locking cartilages fused with those of mantle on at least one side. Horny rings of large tentacular suckers with one tooth in each quadrant much enlarged. Sucker-bearing portion of tentacle comprising less than half the total length. Fixing apparatus composed of a few heavy pads and smooth-ringed suckers. Type.-Loligo oualaniensis Lesson i830 (monotypic); a species of the tropical Pacific. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson I830) Pfeffer i900. Loligo oualaniensis Lesson 1830, p. 240, pl. x, fig. 2. Ommastrephes oualaniensis d'Orbigny i845, p. 427. Ommastrephes oualaniensis Tryon i879, p. x8o, pi. 81, fig. 368 (after d'Orbigny). Ommastrephes oualaniensis Schauinsland 1899, p. 92 (listed from Laysan). Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Pfeffer igoo, p. i8o. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Hoyle I904, p. 32, fig. F. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Berry 1909, p. 419 (merely listed). Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Pfeffer 1912, p. 502, pi. 40, 41; pi. 42, fig. 1-4. I have seen no specimens of this species, but include it here on the authority of Schauinsland, who found it one of three species of squid which compose a chief food for the Laysan albatross. It is an abundant species of wide distribution, having been reported from the Red Sea, Laccadive Islands, Japan, Australia, the Cocos Islands, and Laysan. It may be readily recognized by the compressed arms, short tentacle club, and the fusion of the ventral mantle locking cartilages with those of the funnel. Genus RHYNCOTEUTHION Pfeffer 1908. Rhyncoteuthis Chun x903, p. 716 (not of d'Orbigny x847). Rhyncoteuthis Hoyle 1904, P. 32. Rhyncoteuthion Pfeffer x9o8, p. 88. Rhyncoteuthis Chun 1910, p. 201. This is a name which has been applied to various larval Ommastrephidce during the curious stage when the tentacles are fused along a portion of their inner faces, to form in some cases an elongate proboscis-like organ, or in others a pincer-shaped organ. The development and relationships of the different forms which have been described is still so insufficiently known that it is impossible to refer them to the proper adult form, so that it is convenient to give them provisional consideration by themselves. Type.-No type has ever been given and but one species (R. chuni Hoyle i904) has received a specific name. Rhyncoteuthion a. (PI. Lin, fig. x.) Cf. Rhyncoteuthis chuni Hoyle 1904, p. 32, fig. G. Ommastrephid (young) Berry i909 (pars), p. 419 (mere locality records). Animal small, pelagic. Body rather short, robust, cylindrical, tapering to a blunt point posteriorly; width of mantle in largest specimens less than half its length, in smaller examples considerably more than half its length. Fins extremely short and broad in the larger specimens (mantle length of 20 mm.), more rounded and very minute in the smaller, with all variations between; subterminal to terminal. Locking cartilages typically Ommastrephid. 342 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Head short, broad, flattened, averaging about the same width as the mantle. Eyes large and in all but the largest specimens prominently protruding; lid openings with a small sinus in front. Arms very short and stout; second and third pairs longest, ventrals shortest, a condition especially apparent in the more minute specimens; lateral arms (especially the third pair) outwardly keeled, but true umbrella wanting. Suckers minute, spherical, in two series. Tentacles but little longer than the arms, but their appearance very variable. In the smallest specimen seen (mantle length of 5 mm.) they are slender, fused along their inner faces for the greater portion of their length, but free at the extreme base and at the extremities, which bear a few suckers (3 to 4 each), one of the latter being so conspicuously larger than the remainder as to be barely visible to the unaided eye. In slightly larger specimens (mantle length of 6.5 to 7 mm.) the tentacles are more completely separated but are yet fused for a short diatance near the base of the small recurved pointed club (this is the condition typical of Hoyle's R. chuni), and minute swellings, the rudiments of future suckers, are now visible on the club distal to the large sucker and group of smaller ones mentioned above. Soon after this (mantle length of 9 mm.) the tentacles become entirely free of one another, though still bent strongly inward and with the tips still recurved. Further development is now rapid and the largest specimens show four longitudinal series of extremely minute suckers, those of the two outer rows much smaller than the central ones and already extending down onto the short robust stalk. The four carpal suckers are still separately distinguishable, but are now no larger than the median ones farther distad. Color in alcohol a pale brownish buff, the chromatophores brown. The latter show a very constant disposition, forming (x) a broad transverse girdle around the middle of the body, shading paler at its anterior and posterior margins, and (2) an irregular dotting over the dorsal surface of the head, with a tendency to concentrate into two dark roundish spots, one over either eye. MBASUREMENTS oP RHYNCOTEUTHION a. Number in author's register... 255 255 253 Number in author's register... 255 255 253 mmn. mm. mm. Length of-Continued m. MM. mm. Total length........................ 35 23 Dorsal anns................. 7 5.5 2 Length of mantle, dorsal............ 21.5 s15 6 Second arms.................... 8+ 6. 5 2+ Length of fins....................... 4. 5 3 1. 5 Third arms..................... 8- 6 2 -W idth across fins................... II. 5 8.5 3 Ventral arms.................... 6 4 i W idth of m antle.................... 7. 9 7 s 5 Tentacles....................... 10 7........ Width of head...................... 9.5 8 4 Sucker bearing portion of tenLength of- tacles......................... 6.5 5........ H ead........................... 5 4 2 SPECIMENS or RHYNCOTEUTHION a EXAMINED. No. of Author's speci- Locality. Depth. Collector. Remarks, register. mens. 2 Off Mokapu Islet, Molokai...... Surface.... Albatross station 3889....... Tentacles of I fused; others 249 free. I Off Diamond Head, Oahu........... do.... Albatross station 391....... Tentacles free............... 250 5 Between Honolulu and Laysan. do.... Albatross station 3926............ do..................... 255 i Between Oahu and Kauai........... do... Albatross station 3980............ do..................... 251.....do.............................. do. Albatross station 40I0....... Tentacles fused............. * 252 i Off Modu Manu.....................do. Albatross station 4152.............. do.............. 253 Remarks.-This is a very interesting series and very beautifully shows the ontogenetic transition from the small larva with proboscidiform tentacles similar to that originally figured by Chun to the normal juvenile stage with free tentacles. Originally fused throughout practically their entire length, these organs begin to separate at the base as growth ensues, and then gradually split apart, the carpal region of the clubs marking the point of most persistent adhesion. Microscopical preparations show that the integument is truly continuous at the area of junction and that therefore the union is not merely a mechanical one. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 343 Individuals of the corresponding stage in the degree of separation of the tentacles approximate very closely to the brief account and figure of R. chuni as given by Hoyle, and may very well be congeneric with it, although only the identification of the adults will show whether they are referable to the same species. The fact that the suckers extend more than half way along the tentacles of the largest specimen affords a certain suggestion that the present series are larval Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. Rhyncoteuthion P9. Animal small, pelagic; mantle elongate, less than half as wide as long; nearly cylindrical, slightly tapering, bluntly pointed posteriorly. Fins almost continuous above, minute, rounded, subterminal. Anterior margin of mantle with a faint medio-dorsal angle; very weakly emarginate below the funnel. Locking appartus typically Ommastrephid. Head small, flattened; a little wider than the body. Eyes large, rounded; apertures angled in front. Funnel short, broad, not reaching to the eye openings. Arms very short, unequal, the ventral pair decidedly the shortest; suckers moderately large, biserial, obliquely placed on short pedicels; horny rings minutely toothed. Tentacles shorter than the arms, and remarkable in that their inner faces are fused with one another for only a short space below the free recurved tips. When examined with a high-power lens each tentacle is seen to be furnished with a number of small suckers just distal to the point of fusion, one of which is greatly larger than the others, hood shaped, distinctly pediceled, its homrny ring minutely toothed, median in position, and placed in close opposition to its mate of the other tentacle. Color in alcohol a pale brownish buff, the chromatophores considerably darker. There is a pair of large rather conspicuous chromatophores transversely placed on the dorsal aspect of the head. MEASURZMZNTS OF RHYNCOTEUTHION j. mm. m Total length..........................,,........5 W idth across fins....................................... 3 Length of mantle, dorsal................................ 8 Length of fins............................................ W idth of m antle........................................ 3 Length of second arms.................................. 5 W idth of head.......................................... 3-s Length of tentacles......................................5 Length of head......................................... 2 Material examined.-The single specimen was taken from the surface Albatross station 3930, latitude 25~ o7' N., longitude 170~ 50' W., between Honolulu and Laysan Island (S. S. B. 246). Remarks.-The unique specimen forming the subject of the foregoing account is a minute squid at once distinguishable from the preceding by its elongate more pointed body and entirely different arrangement of the chromatophores. The curious pair of large opposite suckers on the tentacles may merely represent the first of these structures to becomefullydifferentiated, but their entire aspect is rather that of some temporary larval adaptation. Family CHIROTEUTHID&E Gray 1849. Chiroteuthides Gray I849, p. 36, 42. Chiroteuthide Verrill 1881, p. 430o. ChiroteuthidaB Pfeffer s900, p. 153, I83. Chiroteuthide Chun 1910o, p. 2V6. Chiroteuthidcs Pfeffer 1912, 539. Body soft and semigelatinous or somewhat membranous. Mantle elongate, terminating in an acute and often slender point. Fins large. Head elongate; "olfactory tubercle" stalked. Arms with two rows of suckers, the ventral pair usually conspicuously the longest and largest. Tentacles very long, the stalk without suckers; club with four or more rows of suckers; none of the suckers on either arms or tentacles modified into hooks. Funicular locking cartilages broad, deeply grooved, usually more or less ear-shaped. Gladius slender, with weak narrow wings and a long cone. Photogenic organs may occur over the outer surface of the body, on the eyeball, or within the pallial chamber; frequently absent. 344 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Subfamily MASTIGOTEUTHINA (Verrill i88i) Chun z9o8. Mastigoieuthidac Verrill z88ia, p. 1oo. Mastigoteuthimn Chunm 9o8, p. 87. Mastigoteuthinc Chun 1910o, p. 219, 220. Al asligoteuthinm Pfeffer 1912, p. 540, 6o8. Olfactory tubercle or papilla short-stalked. Tentacles long and slender; club not expanded and without glandular swellings at tip. Photogenic organs in some cases numerously developed over the entire integument, sometimes lacking; no photophores upon the eyeball or within the pallial chamber. Genus MASTIGOTEUTHIS Verrill 1881. Mastigoteuthis Verrill x88ia, p. zoo. Mastigoteuthis Pfeffer i900, p. 184, x87. Mastigoteuthis Chun 1910, p. 220. Mastigoteuthis Pfeffer 1912, p. 6og. The characters of this genus coincide with those of the subfamily of which it is the only known representative. Type.-Mastigoteuthis Agassizii Verrill i88i (monotypic); a North Atlantic species. Mastigoteuthis (?) famelica (Berry z909) Pfeffer I912. (PI. Li, fig. 6-8.) Chiroteuthisfamelica Berry igo9, pp. 414, 419, fig. 8. Mastigoteuthis () famelica Pfeffer 1912, p. 624. Animal small, graceful, its outlines attenuate. Mantle cylindrical, extremely long and narrow; gradually tapering for a little more than half its length, then becoming suddenly constricted to continue as an exceedingly slender and delicate spit extending between the fins and somewhat exceeding them posteriorly; anterior margin sinuous, inflated, projecting in an obtuse point in the medio-dorsal line. Fins enormous, leaflike, not lobed; at the base relatively thick and fleshy, but thin at the margins; each one about three times as long as wide and extending for a little more than half the length of the mantle; separated only by that portion of the slender posterior extension of the mantle which covers the delicate gladius; in front the attached margins extend well forward on the dorso-lateral surfaces of the main body. Head small, narrower than the body except across the eyes, whence it rapidly tapers to the narrow elongate neck (the neck is rather longer than wide); dorsal and ventral surfaces flattened. Eyes large, rounded, conspicuous, somewhat protruding; very anterior in position. "Olfactory papilla" short, but possibly not well represented in the present specimen. Funnel small, broadly conical, not quite reaching to the eyes. Funicular locking cartilages deep, ear-shaped, with ridges to correspond on the inner surface of the mantle. Arms, except the ventrals, extremely short in proportion to the length of the body; decidedly unequal, the order of relative length being 4, 2, 3, x. Ventral arms enormously developed, about three times as long as the others and half as long as the body; squarish; sucker-bearing surface very narrow in proportion to the total diameter of the arm and furnished with two alternating rows of distant minute slender pediceled suckers, the horny rings of the latter minutely toothed. Remaining arms more nearly of a length, the dorsal pair a little the shortest and weakest; their suckers slightly larger and more crowded. All the arms obscurely keeled. Umbrella and lateral membranes wanting. Tentacles missing. Gladius extremely long and slender, the posterior cone terminating in a long needle-like point; visible through the dorsal integument as a dark medio-longitudinal line. Color in alcohol a pale brownish buff; chromatophores brown but very sparsely distributed. Such portions of the outer integument as remain intact are devoid of photogenic organs, and I have not succeeded in identifying any of these structures upon the eyeball. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 345 MEASUREMENTS OP MASTIGOTEUTHIS (?) FAMELICA. mm- mm. Tip of body to tip of ventral arms....................... 64 W idth of head........................................... 4 Tip of body to base of dorsal arm........................ 44 Length ofTip of body to medio-dorsal margin of mantle............ 39 Head................................................ 5 Extrem e length of fins.................................... 21 Dorsal arm.......................................... 5 Length of fins at base.................................... 21 Second arm.......................................... 6.5 W idth across fins........................................ 4. Third arm........................................... 5. W idth of m antle......................................... 4 Ventral arm......................................... 20 Type.-Catalogue no. 214314, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 260]. Type locality.-Albatross station 3989, 385 to 733 fathoms, bottom of coral sand and rock, vicinity of Kauai Island, June II, 1902; a single specimen. Material examined.-The type is unfortunately unique. Remarks.-Although the whole aspect of this species is suggestive of Chiroteuthis rather than Mastigoteuthis, the short olfactory papilla and the apparent absence of photophores on either the eyes or the ventral arms preclude its reference to that genus as I had originally placed it. On the other hand, it seems to have little in common with the remarkable M. agassizii Verrill, which is the type species of the latter genus. Verrill's species is notable for the extremely rich development of photogenic organs over the entire outer integument, and possesses other features which induce me to believe that it will eventually prove generically distinct from almost all the more recently described species usually associated with it. Even from the latter forms the present species is strikingly different, and as the condition of the single specimen is confessedly not all that might be desired, besides being very likely immature, it may be that better material may after all accomplish its restoration to Chiroteuthis. In purely superficial characters M. famelica seems nearer to C. pellucida Goodrich of the Bay of Bengal than to any other form of either genus known to me, but differs in the much larger fins, shorter neck, more poorly developed arms, and a number of other characters. Both species are remarkable for their gaunt slender body, and to this feature is due the specific name of the Hawaiian form. Family CRANCHIIDAE (Prosch 1847). Cranchidce Prosch 1847, p. 19. Cranchiadee Gray 1849, p. 37. Cranchiaeformes Steenstrup x86i (fide Hoyle). Desmoteuthidce Verrill z88i, p. 300. Cranchiidc P. Fischer 188a, p. 340. Cranchiidc Pfeffer 1900, p. 154, i88. Cranchiidce Chun x906, p. 82. Cranchiida Pfeffer 9go8, p. 63, 1Oi. CranchiidaB Chun 9gIo, p. 299. Cranchiidw Pfeffer 1912, p. 636. Mantle border firmly fused with the head in the nuchal region and with the base of the funnel on either side. Body usually membranous and transparent; nearly colorless. Eyes usually large, often pedunculate. Sessile arms with two rows of suckers only; tentacles with four rows of suckers, which frequently extend down the stalk for the greater portion of its length; hooks may occur on the tentacle club, but only in one or two genera. Photogenic organs may be numerously developed on the ventral aspect of the eyeball, may occur within the pallial chamber, or may be entirely absent. Genus LIOCRANCHIA Pfeffer 1884. Liocranchia Pfeffer 1884, p. 25. Liocranchia Chun 19o6, p. 84. Liocranchia Chun 1910O, p. 303, etc. Liocranchia Pfeffer 1912, p. 644, 665. Mantle thin, saccular; often much inflated. Fins of rounded outline, terminal, small to moderate in size. Two diverging series of small conical cartilaginous tubercles extend back from the ventral point of fusion of the mantle and funnel on either side; in some forms a similar series may be present 346 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. along the medio-dorsal line of the mantle. Eyes large, sessile; a row of four large oval photophores on the ventral aspect. Left ventral arm hectocotylized. Type.-Liocranchia Brockii Pfeffer i884 (species first named)=L. reinhlardtii (Steenstrup), a species of very wide distribution. Liocranchia globulus Berry 1909. (P1. LIII, fig.2-4.) Cranchia (Liocranchia) globulea Berry 1909gog, p. 415, 419, fig. 9. Liocranchia reinhardiii (pars) Chun 1910o, p. 336, 337. Liocranchia globslus Pfeffer 1912, p. 666, 674. Animal small, pelagic. Body almost completely spherical; short, rounded, the maximum diameter almost but not quite equal to the length; mantle truncate in front, suddenly constricted posteriorly dnd tapering rapidly to an acute point which forms the base of attachment for the fins. Mantle mainly smooth; very thin and membranous; anterior margin passing in three even nearly equal curves from each point of attachment to the next; the latter three in number and about equidistant, the ventral points of fusion with the base of the funnel being about as far separated from one another as either is from the nuchal attachment. At the extreme mantle margin the position of each point of attachment is marked externally by a series of small projecting cartilaginous tubercles of acutely conical shape; the dorsal series is a close succession of at least 48 tubercles in single file, forming a narrow cartilaginous ridge along the anterior two-thirds of the medio-longitudinal line, a wedge-shaped area forming the posterior continuation of this ridge being hyaline and bare; the ventral series are each double, forming a A-shaped ridge having its apex at the margin, and with about 20 minute tubercles of two sizes in more or less irregular alternation in each line, flanked at the anterior end by parallel rows of two or three smaller tubercles on each side (pl. Lmi, fig. 2). The divergence between the diverging arms of these ventral series is somewhat less than go90 degrees. Fins small, thin; very short and broad, so that the outline of each is roughly circular; separated only by the minute posterior protrusion of the mantle, beyond which they extend for perhaps a third of their length; base of attachment only about one-half the total length. Head minute; exceedingly short and broad; little projecting beyond the mantle. Eyes large, prominent; lid apertures very small, constricted; a series of four rather large oval photophores is visible on the. inner ventral periphery upon the removal of the outer integument; they are subequal in size, very closely placed, and to all appearances essentially similar under a low power lens. A very large transparent fingerlike "olfactory papilla" has its origin from the outer integument just back of the eyelid opening. Funnel short, broad, well projecting beyond the mantle, and with a noticeable ventral flexion not far from the tip. Arms short, poorly developed; unequal, the relative order of length 3, 4, 2, i; dorsal pair decidedly the shortest and weakest, bearing only 6 to 8 pairs of suckers (largest near the base); second and fourth pairs more nearly equal, each second arm with about 9 pairs of suckers; third pair much the largest and longest, bearing 12 or more pairs of suckers. Umbrella present but poorly developed; extending between the dorsal arms for nearly half their length, and not exceeding this width between any of the arms; apparently absent between the arms of the ventral pair, and nearly so between these and the third pair. Suckers exceedingly minute, pedunculate; in two regularly alternating rows; horny rings apparently smooth, but this feature is somewhat difficult to ascertain. Tentacles stout, smoothly cylindrical, much thicker and heavier than the arms; nearly as long as the mantle. Clubs little expanded, tapering to a bluntish point, lightly keeled, and furnished with a narrow delicate swimming membrane along each margin. Suckers minute, pedunculate; on the club in four rather crowded rows; largest near the middle of the club, very minute distally, and also proximally, where they gradually become more widely spaced, each row in the meanwhile tending to press in toward the center, so that there soon appear to be but two rows which continue down the stalk for about two-thirds of its entire length; a aperture of suckers small; horny rings apparently smooth, but surrounded by radial papillae. a In the smallest specimen these suckers extend practically to the base of the stalk. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 347 Color of preserved specimens a semitranslucent grayish white, probably colorless or opalescent in life. Chromatophores light brown in color; few in number; minute; most evident are a number of very small ones scattered over the posterior portion of the ventral surface of the mantle in advance of the fins; there is also a transverse series forming a slightly irregular semicircle on the ventral aspect a little distance back of the mantle margin. Two longitudinal series of distantly placed chromatophores extend along each tentacle. MEASUREMENTS Op LIOCRANCHIA GLOBULUS. Number in author's register............ 262 282 Number in author's register............ 262 282 mm. mm. mm. mm. Total length (mantle distended)............. 45 22 Width across fins............................ 7 4 Tip of body to tip of third arms (mantle dis- Width of head............................... 4- 5........ tended)............................. 26 14 Length ofDorsal length of mantle, exclusive of fins Head.................................... 2........ (distended) 20........I....................... 20 D orsal arm s.............................. I........ Dorsal length of mantle, exclusive of fins (not Second arms............................. 5........ distended).................. 2........ Third arm s.............................. 3........ Maximum width of mantle (distended)...... 19 10 Ventral arms............................ 2........ Extreme length of fins....................... 4 2 Tentacle................................. 19 9 Length of fins at base........................ 2........ Tentacle ub............................ 4........ Type.-Catalogue No. 214315, United States National Museum [S. S. B. 262]. Type locality.-Albatross station 3878, surface, south of Lanai and west of Kahoolawe, April I4, 1902; two specimens. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). SPECIMENS OP LIOCRANCHIA GLOB3ULUS EXAMINED. Numspecif Locality. Depth. Collector. Remarks. Author'ste mens. I Off Molokini Islet, south of La- Surface.... Albatross station 3878....... U. S. Nat. Mus.. Cat. 214315; 262 nai and west of Kahoolawe. type......do.......................... do........... do....................... Cotype..................... 282 I Between Kauai and Oahu........ do....... Albatross station 4009............................... 263 Remarks.-Should this curious form prove to be a valid species, it adds one further member to the very remarkable group of aberrant squids which comprise the family Cranchiidce. The inflated saccular mantle here reaches practically the greatest attainable maximum of rotundity, so that a specimen looks not unlike a bubble having a few appendages of small size at either pole. The nearest ally of our species is self-evidently the L. reinhardtii (Steenstrup), with which indeed it is united by Chun, but the latter possesses the characteristic inflation only in vastly less degree. tonnberg (1897, p. 6ii) has considered rotundity to be a condition in L. reinhardtii attendant upon immaturity and has given figures of an unusually large specimen which is almost loliginiform. However, the largest of the Albatross specimens is no whit less spherical than the youngest, and in this feature no figures or measurements of L. reinhardtii which I can find on record show close approach to any of them. On the other hand our knowledge of the limits of variation in these forms, either living or after preservation, is still very far from complete, and Chun's suggestion that this extreme state of inflation is due to a sharp contraction of the circular muscles around the mantle opening at the moment the animals were killed may prove to be the true explanation. Should this be so, it is somewhat curious that all three of the specimens before me chanced to be overwhelmed by the preserving fluid at exactly the same moment of contraction. It is believed that the drawings show the true condition with a very fair degree of accuracy, as in each case the mantle of the specimen was carefully distended by means of a pipette without the exertion of undue pressure, and an attempt was even made to keep the specimens so inflated suspended freely in the alcohol while the more important measurements were being taken. 348 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In all other respects the Hawaiian form is essentially similar to L. reinhardtii except that (i) the number of cartilaginous tubercles in the dorsal series is somewhat less than given by LUnnberg for the specimen described by him, although more numerous in the ventral series; (2) the fins are conspicuously smaller; and (3) according to Pfeffer the statement that the latter are "flanked near the anterior end by parallel rows of two or three smaller tubercles on either side" does not hold with respect to the older species. Genus MEGALOCRANCHIA Pfeffer 1884. Megalocranchia Pfeffer 1884, p. 24. Desmoteuthis Pfeffer 1900, p. 191 (not of Verrill x88r). Desmoteuthis Chun I906, p. 85. Desmoteuthis Chun 1910o, p. 304, 356. Megalocranchia Pfeffer 1912, p. 645, 711. Meogalocranchia Berry 1912C, p. 644 Body cask-shaped, membranous, transparent, very weakly pigmented. Fins oval, longer than broad, overreaching the extremity of the body. Byes large, rotund, protruding, sessile; on the ventral surface of each a very large semicircular photogenic organ, with a smaller crescent-shaped organ just in front. Arms with two rows of suckers; tentacles with four rows of suckers which extend along the greater portion of the stalk; none of the suckers modified into hooks; no fixing apparatus. Photogenic organs wanting except on the eye as stated. Type.-Megalocranchia maxima Pfeffer 1884 (monotypic); described from the Cape of Good Hope. Megalocranchia fisheri (Berry 1909) Pfeffer 1912. (Pi. III, fig. 5, 6; pi. Lv, fig. 2.) Helicocranchiafisheri Berry 1909, p. 417. Xenoteuthisfisheri Berry 1909, p. 419 (error). Megalocranchtiafisheri Pfeffer 9gs2,p. 718. Megalocranchia fisheri Berry 191i2C, p. 644. Animal small, body somewhat barrel-shaped. Mantle smooth, tough, membranous, saccular, thin, very much inflated; largest at a point nearly midway between the head and fins; somewhat tapering anteriorly and to a greater degree posteriorly, where it becomes at last suddenly constricted, terminating in a short, slender, spitlike point extending between the fins and serving as their base of attachment; maximum width of mantle probably about half its length.a Fins rather small, thin; each semicircular, almost exactly half as wide as long, and a little over a quarter the length of the mantle; almost continuous posteriorly and separated along the median line only by the thread of integument covering the slender hinder extremity of the gladius. Head very short and broad; slightly concave above and below; relatively very large, due to the enormous globular eyes which are only faintly constricted at the base; lid openings very small, puckered, so elevated as to appear almost papilliform. Mantle attached firmly to the head in the nuchal region and also to the base of the funnel on either side. Funnel large, thin-walled, conical, broad at the base; extremity not quite reaching the base of the ventral arms; aperture ample, with a caplike upper lip. Funnel organ difficult to distinguish with certainty. Arms short, robust, fleshy, the longest less than one-third the length of the mantle; unequal, the order of length 3=4, 2, i; umbrella wanting; all the arms outwardly keeled and provided with a very delicate trabeculated marginal membrane, which attains by far its best development on the arms of the third pair; the latter in every way larger than the others and with larger suckers. Suckers biserial, closely placed, regularly alternating to the tip; oblique, hood-shaped; apertures wide; horny rings (at least on third arms) scarcely dentate, but very minutely and beautifully crenulate on the upper border, nearly smooth below. a The mantle is much wrinkled and contracted in this specimen, especially ventrally (where the distance from the tip of the body to the mantle margin is much less than it is dorsally), thus precluding the possibility of accurate measurement or exact statement of relative proportions. This condition is probably wholly due to the action of the preserving fluid. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 349 Tentacles rather short, stout, about twice as long as the arms, as compared with which they are larger and heavier in every way; stalks nearly cylindrical. Clubs large, well expanded; bordered by a narrow frill-like web or keel along either margin of the sucker-bearing area, supplemented dorsally by a wider gracefully crenulate membrane which has its origin outside the former and lies parallel to it along the distal two-thirds of the club. Suckers small, in four distinct but rather crowded rows on the club; the two median series slightly the larger, but the suckers in all four rows attaining their maximum near the middle of the club; distally they gradually diminish in size, and also proximally, where they steadily become more widely spaced, extending down the flattened inner surface of the stalk for about half its length (exclusive of the club); the four-rowed condition really persists throughout, but on account of the tendency of the various series to press in toward the center at the same time with the increase in interspacing of the suckers, the arrangement soon appears to be.biserial and maintains this appearance throughout most of the length of the stalk. Proximal to the point where the marginal membrane of the club comes to an end some 20 to 23 of these alternating pairs of suckers may be counted. Homrny rings of the larger suckers minutely dentate on the upper margin with 12 to 14 sharp-curved elongate teeth, which become nearly or quite obsolete below. Color of preserved specimen a soiled semitranslucent white. Chromatophores very minute and sparsely distributed; they apparently exhibit no very definite arrangement. Two large photogenic organs form a conspicuous brownish patch nearly covering the ventral surface of each eyeball and visible even through the outer integument which overlies them. The larger is roughly semicircular ini outline, its flatter anterior margin somewhat concave, and with the convex side of the crescent-shaped smaller organ closely applied within it. The outline of both organs is in the main similar to those of D. pellucida as figured by Chun, but considerably more elongate. MEASUREMENTS OF MEGALOCRANCHIA FISHZRI. mm. Length of- mm. Total length............................................. 73 R ight second arm.................................... 8 Length of m antle (dorsal)................................ 47 Left second arm...................................... 8 M aximum width of mantle.............................. 23 Right third arm...................................... 13 Extrem e length of fins....................'............... 5 Left third arm....................................... xa W idth across fins....................z.................... Right ventral arm................................... 12 Length of head (m edian)................................. 4 Left ventral arm.................................... 12. S W idth of head across eyes................................. i Tentacle............................................. 27 Length of- Sucker-bearing area of tentacle....................... 18 Right dorsal arm.................................... 6 Tentacle dclub........................................ 8 Left dorsal arm...................................... 6 lunnel.............................................. 8 Type.-Catalogue No. 214316, United States National Museum (S. S. B. io6). Type locality.-Albatross station 3883, 277 to 284 fathoms, bottom of globigerina ooze, off Mokuhooniki Islet, Pailolo Channel, April 16, 1902; one specimen. Distribution.-Hawaiian Islands (Albatross). Material examined.-The type is unique. Remarks.-This species is a typical Megalocranchia, showing exceedingly close affinity to both the M. maxima Pfeffer and the more recently described M. pellucida (Chun). The latter species is peculiar in that the horny rings of the tentacular suckers are bluntly toothed, lacking the long acute teeth which are characteristic of both the other species. The following rather trivial features distinguish M. fisheri from M. maxima: (i) The longer tentacles. (2) The longer ventral arms. In his description of M. maxima Pfeffer says regarding the arms that "4 und 2 sind wenig verschieden," while in the present species the disproportion between the arms of these pairs is conspicuous. In my first diagnosis I gave the arm formula as 4, 3, 2, I. In reality this is true of the left side only, the right arms standing 3, 4, 2, I, but in both cases the difference between the third and ventral arms is so slight as scarcely to be worth 17311~-14 — 7 350 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. mentioning, so that the formula is perhaps preferably stated as 3=4, 2, i. (3) The horny rings of the tentacular suckers have 12 to 14 instead of Io teeth on the upper margin. These are none of them very great differences, but seem sufficient, together with the widely separate habitats of the two forms, to render their union unjustifiable until a better representation of each is available for study. My original reference of this species to Helicocranchia was certainly ill advised, our species differing conspicuously in the larger, more elongate nonpedunculate fins, spitlike posterior continuation of the mantle, much smaller funnel, and very much larger unstalked eyes. The discovery of this species very greatly extends the known geographical range of the little group of typical Megalocranchia, but even yet the distribution of the various species is of interest because of the continuity of the respective regions occupied by them. Beginning with M. pellucida in the south Atlantic, the remaining species form a geographic chain extending more than halfway around the globe. M. maxima is known only from the Cape of Good Hope, M. abyssicola Goodrich from the waters of the Indian peninsula, and the present species from the Hawaiian Islands. Because of its occupancy of so distant and isolated a region, the Hawaiian species might be expected to be the most highly.\:.:,':. H differentiated member of the group, but such is very far from being the '- 3 case. On the other hand M. abyssicola seems in many ways peculiar and not so closely allied to any of the other three forms as they are to one another. It has been a pleasure to associate with this interesting species the name <;.,:. A:of my friend, Dr. Walter K. Fisher, who, as a member of the staff of the Albatross during the Hawaiian explorations, had no small part in the ~,,;::.:. S duties of caring for and preserving the present material. '~.l:?it' |Genus HELICOCRANCHIA Massy 1907. ^^HBN^ *; B''S~~~I Helicocranchia Massy 1907, p. 382. Helicocranchia Massy 1909, p. 34. Desmoteuthis (pars) Chun 1910, p. 302, 357. Teuthowenia (Ielicocranchia) Pfeffer x912, p. 742, 750. Body elongate, bag shaped. Fins small, oval; narrowed or even pedunculate at base; little or not at all united posteriorly. Eyes large, FIG. 4o.-Helicocranclhia sp., elevated on short stalks. Arms rather long, with two rows of suckers; no ventral view of specimen [2611 hooks. Funnel enormous, extending well past the head and eyes. from the vicinity of Kauai, partially restored. X 2. In Type.-Helicocranchia Pfefferi Massy 1907 (monotypic); described from this figure the mantle is off the coast of Ireland. scarcely represented as suffi- Chun has referred this genus to Desmoteuthis (i. e., Megalocranchia), ciently elongate and the arms but it seems to me to be rather nearer to Owenia (Teuthowenia Chun), are probably shown as much too short and stocky. from which it differs most conspicuously in the more rounded eyes and enormous development of the funnel. Helicocranchia species? Cranchiid species, Berry 1909, p. 419 (mere locality record). A single sadly dilapidated specimen of some cranchiid approaching very close to this genus was taken at Albatross station 4001, 230 to 277 fathoms, off Kapuai Point, Kauai [S. S. B. 26i]. It is too fragmentary for satisfactory determination, but has been made the subject of the following notes: Mantle much wrinkled and distorted; its outline in general elongate, swollen, cask-shaped; tapering behind to a point; anterior margin fused with head in the nuchal region and on either side of the funnel as usual in the group; 'width of, mantle about a third the length. Fins very small, separate, delicate; attached for the anterior half of their inner margins to the minute and sharp membranous point which forms the posterior termination of the mantle. Head small. Eyes moderately small, projecting forward upon very short club-shaped stalks. Funnel enormous, reaching far beyond the head and more conspicuous than any other structure in the anterior region of the body; heavy walled and inflated; aperture large. CEPHALOPODA Or THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 35I Sessile arms very slender and delicate; the third pair much the longest, the second pair next in length, and the dorsal and ventral pairs very minute. Suckers small, but not in relation to the size of the arms; biserial; umbrella and swimming membranes absent. Tentacles decollated; the stumps heavy, fleshy, brittle, without traces of suckers. MEASUREMENTS Op HmicOCRANCHIA SPECIES? mm, mm. Length of m antle, dorsal................................. 36 Length of dorsal arm.................................... 4 W idth of m antle......................................... iI? Second arm.......................................... 9 Extrem e length of fins................................... 4 Third arm........................................... I Length of fins at base.................................... 2 Ventral arm......................................... 4 W idth across fins........................................ 7 Funnel along medio-ventral line..................... 9-5 The specimen is minus the major portion of both tentacles, the eyes and arms have become detached (although preserved in the bottle), and the remaining portions otherwise mutilated, so that it does not seem wise to attempt to attach any specific name, although a new species is undoubtedly represented. The great resemblance in general form to Helicocranchia pfefferi as described and figured by Miss Massy (1909, p. 34) is such that I have little hesitation in assuming that the present specimen is referable to the same genus, although the more broadly attached fins, lack of suckers on the stumps of the tentacles, and various minor details indicate that at any rate the two are not conspecific. If this identification be correct, the genus is now reported for the first time from the Pacific, the type species being known only from a single specimen dredged off the coast of Ireland. Were it not for the immense funnel the aspect would be almost that of an Owenia. The accompanying drawing is very unsatisfactory because of the difficulty and uncertainty pursuant to any endeavors to straighten out the wrinkled mantle and reconstruct fragmentary parts, but it seems worth while to offer it for whatever it may be worth. The mantle is probably not represented as sufficiently elongate, and the arms are considerably too short and stout. LARVAI, OEGOPSID. An undetermined larval oegopsid of minute size is in the collection from Albatross station 3803, from a depth of 50 fathoms, between the Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel [S. S. B. 387]. -s.... BIBLIOGRAPHY. In the following bibliography the endeavor has been made to give a complete list of works dealing in any way with the cephalopods of the Hawaiian Islands (exclusive of purely popular articles) and also to present complete titles and references for the many works more briefly cited in the text. A number of the latter references have been copied from other authors without opportunity of verification; in the bibliography such titles are inclosed in parentheses. ADAMS, HENRY and ARTHUR. I853-1858. The genera of recent Mollusca. 3 vol., 8vo. London. APPELLOF, A. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate. Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo, etc., ausgeftihrt von Dr. Willy Kikenthal. Zweiter Tell: Wissenschaftliche Reiseergebnisse, bd. u, heft vi, p. 561-637, fig. 1-2, taf. xxxI-xxxiv, Frankfurt am Main. BERRY, S. STrLLMAN. I909. Diagnoses of new cephalopods from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. 37, p. 407-419, text fig. i-9.' December 1909. 1912. On a cephalopod new to California, with a note on another species. First Annual Report of the Laguna Marine Laboratory, p. 83-87, text fig. 44-48. May 1912. 19I2a. A review of the cephalopods of western North America. Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, p. 267-336, text fig. I-I8, pi. xxxI-vI. July I912. 9gI2b. A catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I9I2, p. 380-444, text fig. 1-4, pl. v-ix. October I912. 19g2c. Some necessary changes in cephalopod nomenclature. Science (N. S.), vol. xxxvi, p. 643-646. November 1912. 19I3. Some new Hawaiian cephalopods. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. 45, p. 563-566, June, I913. BINNEY, WILLIAM G., and TRYON, GEORGE W., JR. 1864. The complete writings of Constantine Smaltz Rafinesque on recent and fossil conchology. 96 p. (+ index), 3 pl., several figures in text. New York. DE BLAINVILLU, H. M. D. 1825. Manuel de malacologie et de conchyliologie. 664 p. and atlas, 8vo. Paris and Strasbourg. BROCK, J. 1887. Indische Cephalopoden. Zoologische Jahrbticher, bd. n, p. 591-614, taf. i6, fig. I-4. Jena. CANTRAINE, F. 1840. Malacologie m6diterran6ene et littorale. Nouvelles Memoires Acad6mie Royale Bruxelles, t. xi, pt. I, 173 P., 6 pl. CHUN, CARL. I903. Rhyncoteuthis. Eine merkwiirdige Jugendform von Cephalopoden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. xxvi, p. 716-717, 3textfig. September 1903. i906. System der Cranchien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. xxxi, p. 82-86. December 1906. x908. Uber Cephalopoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger,bd. xxxtir, p. 86-89. May I9o8. 910o. Die Cephalopoden. i. Teil: Oegopsida. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse deutschen TiefseeExpedition Valdivia, bd. i8, 402 p., 2 pl. and 32 fig. in text, atlas of 6I pl. I9Ix. Cirrothauma, ein blinder Cephalopod. Promotions-Renuntiations-Programm der Philosophi. schen FakultAt der UniversitAt Leipzig, I9xo-Ii, p. 1-21, fig. I-8. Leipsig. 352 CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 353 COBB, JOHN N. 1905. The aquatic resources of the Hawaiian Islands. Section III.-The commercial fisheries. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission 1903, vol. xxmn, pt. II, p. 715-765, text fig. 231-240, pl. I02-106. August 1905. Washington. CUVIER, GEORGE C. L. F. D. I829. M6moire sur un ver parasite d'un nouveau genre (Hectocotylus octopodis). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (i), t. i8, p. I47-156, pi. iia. Paris. DALL, WILLIAM H. I908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America.. by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," etc. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. XLIII, no. 6, p. 205-487, pl. i-xxn. October I908. Cambridge. DELLE CHIAJE, STEPANO. (1828-1830. Memoria sulla struttura e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Naples.) EYDOUX, -, and SOULEYT, -. 1852. Voyage autour du monde ex.cut6 pendant les ann6es 1836 et I837, sur la corvette la Bonite, commandde par M. Vaillant. Zoologie, t. II. Paris. (P. 7-36, and pi. I-In, deal with cephalopods. This portion of the work appears to have been written by Souleyet alone.) FISCHER, HENRI. (1895. Note pr6liminaire sur le Pterygioteuthis Giardi, cephalopode nouveau recuelli dans le cours de l'expedition scientifique du Talisman (I883). Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 43, p. 205-2 11, p. IX. Paris.) FISCHER, HENRI, and JOUBIN, Louis. 1907. C6phalopodes. ExpEditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman" pendant lesannees I88o, i88I, 1882, 1883, t. VI, p. 313-353, text fig. 1-8, pi. 22-25. Paris. FISCHER, PAUL. 1882. Manuel de conchyliologie et de palEontologie conchyliologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivants et fossiles. P. I-xxiv, 1-1369, 1138 fig. in text, 23 pl., large 8vo. Paris, 1880-1887. GILL, THEODORE. 1871. Arrangement of the families of mollusks. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, February 1871, p. I-xvI, I-49. Washington. GOODRICH, E. S. 1896. Report on a collection of Cephalopoda from the Calcutta Museum. Transactions Linnean Society London (Zoology, 2d series), vol. vii, pt. I, p. 1-24, pi. i-v. London, December, I896. GOULD, AUGUSTUS A. 1852. United States Exploring Expedition, etc., under the command of Charles Wilkes. Vol. xiI: Mollusca and shells, p. I-xv, 1-5Io, atlasof 52 pi. Philadelphia. GRAY, J. E. 1847. A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings Zoological Society, London, 1847, p. I29-219. London. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum. Part I: Cephalopoda antepedia, p. I-vni, 1-I64, small 8vo. London. HIDALGO, J. G. (1904. Catalogo de los moluscos testaceos de las islas Filipinas, Jol6 y Marianas. I. Moluscos marinos. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias, Madrid, t. I-ml, p. i-xvI, I-408, June I904-July 1905. Madrid.) 354 BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. HoYLE, WILLIAM EVANS. I885. Diagnoses of new species of Cephalopoda collected during the cruise of H. M. S. Challenger. Part I: The Octopoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xv, p. 222-236. March i885. London. (i885a. Preliminary report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. "Challenger." Part I: The Octopoda. Proceedings Royal Society Edinburgh, vol. xm, p. 94-II4, cuts. August 885. Edinburgh.) i886. Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. "Challenger " during the years x873-I876. In: Voyage of the " Challenger," vol. xvI, p. i-vi, 1-246, 9 text fig., pi. I-xxxm. London. z886a. A catalogue of recent Cephalopoda. Proceedings Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, x886, p. 205-267 (1-63). I897. A catalogue of recent Cephalopoda. Supplement, i887-i896. Proceedings Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, I897, p. 363-375 (I-I3). i9o0. On the generic names Octopus, Eledone, and Histiopsis. Memoirs and Proceedings Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 45, p. 1-7. 1902. British Cephalopoda: their nomenclature and identification. Journal Conchology, vol. Io, p. 197-206. July 1902. 1904. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America... by the... "Albatross." VI: Reports on the Cephalopoda. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. XLII, no. I, p. 1-71, pl. i-xn. March 1904. Cambridge. 9go4a. A diagnostic key to the genera of recent dibranchiate Cephalopoda. Memoirs and Proceedings Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 48, no. 21, p. 1-2o. June 1904. I905. The Cephalopoda. Fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, vol. II, sup. I, p. 975-988, text fig. I44-I53, pl. xcv. r9osa. On specimens of Tracheloteuthis and Cirroteuthis from deep water off the west coast of Ireland. Annual Report on the Fisheriesof Ireland, 1902-3, pt. n, app. in (1905), p. 93-98, pl. xIv, fig. I-5. Dublin. 1907. Mollusca.-Cephalopoda. National Antarctic Expedition, Natural History, vol. n, 2 p., i text fig. 1908. Address to the zoological section, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Leicester, I907. Report British Association Advancement Science, I907, p. 520-539 (I-20), text fig. A-D. I909. A catalogue of recent Cephalopoda. Second supplement, 1897-I906. Proceedings Royal Physical Society Edinburgh, vol. xvii, p. 254-299. October i909. 191o. A list of the generic names of dibranchiate Cephalopoda with their type species. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, bd. 32, p. 407-413. Frankfurt. IJIMA, I, and IKEDA, S. 1902. Notes on a specimen of Amphitretus obtained in the Sagami Sea. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, vol. IV, pt. III, p. 85-Io1, 3 text fig., pl. II, August 1902. Tokio. JATTA, GIUSEPPE. I896. I cefalopodi viventi nel Golfo di Napoli (Sistematica). Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, monog. xxix, 268 p., 31 pl. Berlin. JOUBIN, Lots. (1894. Cephalopodes d'Amboine. Revue suisse de Zoologie, t. II, p. 23-64, pi. I-Iv.) I895. Contribution a 1'etude des cephalopodes de l'Atlantique nord. R6sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques, Prince de Monaco, I889, fasc. Ix, 63 p., 6 pl. col. I896. Observations sur divers cephalopodes. Premiere note: Abraliopsis Pfefferi (nov. gen. et spec.). Bulletin Societe Scientifique Ouest, Rennes, t. v, p. 19-35, xo text fig. 900o. C6phalopodes provenant des campagnes de la Princesse-Alice (I89I-1897). R6sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques, Prince de Monaco, I889, fasc. xvii, I35 p., pl. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 355 JOUBIN, Louis-Continued. 1902. Revision des Sepiolidae. Memoires Societe Zoologique de France, t. xv, p. 80-I45, 38 text fig. Paris. KEFERSTEIN, WILHELM. I862-1866. Weichthiere (Malacozoa). Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, bd. i-n, I862-1866. Leipzig und Heidelberg. (Cephalopoda on p. I307-I464, pi. cx-cxxxvI.) LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE. (I799. M6moires de la Societ6 d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, t. I, p. 13.) LEACH, WILLIAM ELFORD. (I8I7. Synopsis of the orders, families and genera of the class Cephalopoda. Zoological Miscellany, vol. in, article xxx, p. I37-141. London. LESSON, R. P. I830. Mollusques. In: Voyage autour du monde ex6cute sur la corvette de S. M. "La Coquille," pendant les ann6es I822-I825, etc., Zoologie, t. I, pt. I. Paris. (Cephalopods on p. 239-246, pi. I-n.) LESUEUR, C. A. 1821. Descriptions of several new species of cuttle-fish. Journal Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia, vol. II, p. 86-IOI, pi. 1822. On the Onykiaangulata. Ibid, vol. n, p. 296-299,I pi. ~ September 1822. LICHTENSTEIN, K. M. H. (i8I8. Onychoteuthis, Sepien mit Krallen. Isis, i8I8, p. 159I-I592, pl. 19.) i8I8a. Von den Sepien mit Krallen. Abhandlungen der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1818-19, Physiologische Klasse, p. 211-226, pi. Iv. LINNA, CARL VON. 1758. Systema naturae. Ed. x. Holmiae. LONNBERG, EINAR. I897. Notes on some rare cephalopods. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens F6rhandlingar I896, p. 603-612, text fig. I-4. Stockholm. MALTZAN, H. VON. i88I. Description de deux especes nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie, t. xxIx, p. 162-163, pl. vi. Paris. MASSY, ANNE L. I907. Preliminary notice of new and remarkable cephalopods from the south-west coast of Ireland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, vol. xx, p. 377-384. London. 1909. The Cephalopoda dibranchiata of the coasts of Ireland. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Fisheries Branch. Scientific Investigations, 1907, no. I, p. I-39, pi. I-II. Dublin. MEYER, WERNER THEODOR. I906. Uber das Leuchtorgan der Sepiolini. Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. xxx, p. 388-392, 3 text fig. July 1906. NAEF, ADOLF. 1912. Teuthologische Notizen. i. Die Familien der Myopsiden. 2. Die Gattungen der Sepioliden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. xxxix, p. 241-248. March 1912. I9g2a. Teuthologische Notizen. 4. Die Gattungen der Loliginidae. 5. Die Arten der Gattung Teuthis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. xxxix, p. 741-749, fig. 3a-3g. August 1912. i9I2b. Teuthologische Notizen. 8. Die Familien der Octopoden. 9. Gattungen und Arten der Argonautidae. o1. Larven der Octopoden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. XL, p. 194-204, fig.. 7a-7e. September 19I2. D'ORBIGNY, ALCIDE. 1826. Tableau methodique de la classe des cephalopodes. (With introduction by de F~russac). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. I, t. VIi, p. 95-I69. Paris. 356 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. D'ORBIGNY, ALCIDE-Continued. 1835. Mollusques. Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale. Paris et Strasbourg, 1835-I843. (Cephalopods on p. I-64, pi. I-Iv.) I845-I847. Mollusques vivants et fossiles ou description de toutes les especes de coquilles et de mollusques class6es suivant leur distribution geologique et geographique. 8vo, 605 p., atlas of 35 pl. Paris. D'ORBIGNY, AILCID, and FARUSSAC, A. DE. (1835-I848. Histoire naturelle g6n6rale et particulire des cephalopodes acetabuliferes, vivants et fossiles. 4to. Paris (1825) I835-I848.) ORTMANN, A. i89g. Cephalopoden von Ceylon. Zoologische Jahrbficher, bd. v, p. 669-678, pl. XLVI. Jena. PELSENEIR PAUL. z906. Mollusca. In: Lankester, A treatise on zoology, pt. v, 355 p., 301 fig., 8 vo. London. PFPIFFR, GEORG. I884. Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, bd. vmi, abth. I, p. I-3o, p1. i-m. g9oo. Synopsis der gopsiden Cephalopoden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, xvii. jg., p. 147-198. 90o8. Die Cephalopoden. Nordisches Plankton, 9. lief., p. 9-116, 120 text fig. Kiel und Leipzig. i9o8a. Teuthologische Bemerkungen. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorische Museum in Hamburg, xxv. jg., p. 289-295. 1912. Die Cephalopoden der Planktonexpedition. Zugleich eine monographische Ubersicht der oegopsiden Cephalopoden. Ergebnisse Planktonexpedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, bd. rI, p. I-xxI, i-8I5, atlas of 48 pl. 4to. PROSCH, VICTOR. 1847. Nogle nye cephalopoder beskrevne og anatomisk undersogte. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5te raek., Iste bd., p. I-20, I pi. Kj0benhavn. 'RAFINISQUE, CONSTANTINE SAMUEL. (I8I4. Precis des d6couvertes somiologiques ou zoologiques et botanique. Palermo.) (I840. On the three genera of cephalopodes, Ocythoe, Todarus and Anisoctus. The Good Book and Amenities of Nature, or Annals of Historical and Natural Sciences, p. 63-65, fig. 50-53. Philadelphia.) RmINHARDT, J. T., and PROSCH, VICTOR. i846. Om Sciadephorus Mulleri (Eschr.) Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, xII, p. I65-224 [I-40], pl. I-Iv. Kjobenhavn. DE ROCHEBRUNE, A. T. I884. ftude monographique de la famille des Loligopsidae. Bulletin Societ6 Philomathique de Paris (7), t. VIn, p. 7-28, pi. I-n. SCHAUINSLAND. 1899. Drei Monate auf einer Koralleninsel (Laysan). 8vo., o14 p. Bremen. SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLOB. 1784. Charakteristik des ganzen Geschlechts und der einzelnen Arten von Blakfischen. Sammlung vermischter Abhandlungen zur Aufkliirung der Zoologie und der Handlungsgeschichte, p. 105-134. 8vo. Berlin., SMITH, EDGAR A. 1887. Notes on Argonauta B6ttgeri. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. xxI, p. 409-411, pi. xvn, fig. i-6. December. 1887. London. STEENSTRUP, JAPETUS. (I859. Tvende nye cephalopodslaegter. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjobenhavn, I858, p. I83.) (I86x. Overblik over de i Kj6benhavns Museer opbevarede blaeksprutter fra det aabne Hav (I860 -61). Oversigt Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingar, p. 69-86. Kj0benhavn.) CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISIANDS. 357 STEXNSTRUP, JAPETUS-Continued, i880. De ommatostrephagtige blaeksprutters indbyrdes forhold. Oversigt Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingar i88o, p. 71-110 (I-40), taf. m, 12 text fig. Kj0benhavn. 1882. En ny blaecksprutterslaegt: Tracheloteuthis. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjobenhavn (4) n, 1881, p. 293-294. x887. Notae teuthologicae, 6. Species generis Sepiolae Maris Mediterranei. Oversigt Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingar, I887, p. 47-66 (i-20). Kjobenhavn. I887a. Notae teuthologicae. 7. Oversigt Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingar I887, p. 67-I26 (2I-80). Kjobenhavn. I9oo. Heteroteuthis Gray, med bemaerkninger om Rossia-Sepiola-Familien i almindelighed. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 6 raek., afd. ix, p. 285-300, i pi. Kjobenhavn. TROSCHEL, F. H. I857. Bemerkungen fiber die Cephalopoden von Messina. - Archiv ffir Naturgeschichte, jahrg. xxm, bd. i, p. 41-76, taf. iv-v. I858. Nachtragliche Bemerkung fiber die Gattung Scaeurgus. Ibid., jahrg. xxiv, bd. I, p. 298-302. TRYON, GBORGE W., JR. 1879. Cephalopoda. Manual of Conchology, vol. I, 3I6 p., 112 pl. Philadelphia. VRRILL, ADDISON E. I88o. Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England. American Journal Science, ser. 3, vol. xx, p. 390-403. November, i880. New Haven. i88oa-i88i. The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America. Part n: The smaller cephalopods, including the squids and the octopi, with other allied forms. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Sciences, vol. v, p. 259-446, pl. xxvi-LVI, June, i880-December, i88. New Haven. i88ia. Reports on the results of dredging... on the east coast of the United States... by the... Blake... x: Report on the cephalopods, and on some additional species dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Fish Hawk," during the season of i880. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. vI, p. 99-116, pi. i-vin. March, i88i. Cambridge. 1882. Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America. Report U. S. Commission Fish and Fisheries, 1879, p. 2II-455 (I-245), pi. I-XLVI. Washington. 1883. Supplementary report on the "Blake" cephalopods. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, vol. xi, p. o10-II5, pl. I-rI. October, I883. Cambridge. 1884. Second catalogue of Mollusca, recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep sea species, with notes on others previously recorded. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Sciences, vol. vi, p. 139-294, pl. xxvm-xxxn. April-July, 1884. New Haven. WiINDL, THEODOR. I9I2. Vorliufige Mitteilung fiber die von S. M. Schiff " Pola " im Roten Meere gefundenen Cephalopoden. Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse Wien, jahrg. I912, nr. xvn, p. 270-275. July, 1912. WEISS, F. ERNEST. x888. On some oigopsid cuttle fishes. Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science, vol. xxix, p. 75-96, 3 pl. WOLKER, GERHARD. 1910. Uber Japanische Cephalopoden. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Systematik und Anatomie der Dibranchiaten. Abhandlungen der II. Klasse der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in suppl. ed., i abh. Doflein, Beitrige zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens, p. 1-72, taf. I-v. Miinchen. 1913. Cephalopoden der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Anhang: Revision der Gattung Sepioteuthis. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, bd. xxxiv, p. 451-488, text fig. 1-7, taf. 22. Frankfurt-a-M. TABLE IV. STATIONS AT WHICH CEPHALOPODS WERE TAKEN DURING THE 1902 HAWAIIAN CRUISE OF THE "ALBATROSS", WITH AN INVENTORY OF THE SPECIES COLLECTED AT EACH. Sta- Surface Bottom tion Locality Date Depth Characte tr of bottom. Species taken and numnum- (01902). pera- pera- ber of specimens. ber. ture. ture. _ ~ | _ _. _ _|, _- - _I _ __ 3799 3802 3803 3821 3829 3832 3837 3843 3846 3849 3856 3857 3858 3859 3865 3878 3883 3889 3896 3898 3900 3904 3905 3907 39z" 3912 392r 3926 3927 3929 290 22' N., I390 31' W., be tween Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel. 27~ 4' I5" N., 144~ i8' 30" W., between Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel. 25~,9' 45" N., 147 4I' 45 W., between Erben Bank and Kaiwi Channel. South coast of Oahu...... Off Avalu Point, Lanai.... South Coast of Oahu...... South coast of Molokai..........do..........................do..........................do.................... Pailolo Channel between Maui and Molokai......do.........................do..........................do.........................do.................... South of Lanai and west of Kahoolawe. Pailolo Channel between Maui and Molokai. North coast of Molokai..... Auau Channel between Maui and Lanai. Pailolo Channel between Maui and Molokai......do..................... North coast of Molokai..........do.................... South coast of Oahu............do.........................do.........................do.................... 21'~ 3' N., I58~ 43' W., between Honolulu and Laysan. 2z~ 3i N., z6I~ 5s' W., between Honolulu and Laysan. 23~ 19' N., x66~ 54' W., between Honolulu and Laysan. 358 Fathoms. Mar. I8 Surface. F. F. 65................................ 4 Tremoctopus violaceus. Mar. ao Mar. 2 I Mar. 31 Apr. i Apr. Apr. 3 Apr. 4 Apr. 8...do..... Apr. 9...do.......do........do..... Apr. Io Apr. 14 Apr. I6 Apr. 17 Apr. 29..do........do..... Apr. 30...do..... May 5...do........do..... May 6 May o0 May ii May 13 150 I........I................................. I lar a l Octopod. 50 Surface. Surface. 153-142 Surface. Surface. Surface. Surface. 127 127-128 128-138 138-140 256-283 Surface. 277-284 Surface. 126-130 258-284 283-280 Surface. Surface. Surface. Surface. Surfaoe. Surface. Surface. Surface. Surface............................ I Ilarval Decapod. 76 75 76 76 75 76 76 74 74 74 74 76 77 76 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 75 75 66.5 62. 5 6i. 5 60.2 45........ Brown mud, sand....... Fine sand, yellow mud........do.................. Fine sand, gray mud.... Fine sand, mud......... Fine volcanic sand, rock. 45- 2 Globigerina ooze........ 63. 1 44- 1 43-9 Sand, pebbles, broken shells. Brown globigerina mud, fine sand......do................ I Polypus,, z Euprymna scolopes. i Euprymna scolopes. x Stoloteuthisiris. I Polypus f. I Polypus a. x Euprymna scolopes. I Polypus r. i Euprymna scolopes, r Scaeurgus patagiatus. x Argonauta sp., z Euprymna scolopes. z Sceurgus patagiatus. i Euprymna scolopes. i Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. 5 Tremoctopus violaceus, 7 Brachioteuthis riisei 2 Liocranchia globula. i Megalocranchia fisheri. 3 Euprymna scolopes, 2 Rhyncoteuthion a. I Euprymna scolopes. i Laetmoteuthis lugubris. x Heteroteuthis hawaiensis. x Laetmoteuthis lugubris. 2 Polypus f., x Polypus r, 13 Euprymna scolopes. I Polypus P. x Polypus f. i Polypus f, x Rhyucoteuthion a. 3 Polypus a, 2 Polypus f. 3 Tremoctopusviolaceus, I Polypus, x Euprymna scolopes, i Abraliopsis (juv.), 5 Rhyncoteuthion a. I Argonauta bSttgeri. I........................................................................................................ 76.......................... 75 I.................................. I Tremoctopus violaceus. CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 359 TABLE IV-Continued. Stations at which Cephalopods were taken during the 1902 Hawaiian cruise of the "Albatross ", with an inventory of the species collected at each-Continued. Sta- Surface Bottom tion DtDLocality Date Depth. tem- tem- Character of bottom. Species taken and numnum- Localy. (I902). pera- pera- ber of specimens: ber. ture. ture. ~~~~~I i I I~~Fahos 3930 3931 3938 3980 3989 25~ 07' N., 170o 50' W., between Honolulu and Laysan. 25~ 27' N., I71~ 08' W., between Honolulu and Laysan. Vicinity of Laysan......... Between Honolulu and Kauai. Vicinity of Kauai.......... May I5...do..... May x6 June 9 June xx Fathoms. Surface. Surface. I48-163 Surface. 733-385 277230 230-53 Surface. Surface. ~F. F. 74........ 74 I................................. 76 77 78 78 78 76 76 60. 3 White sand, broken shells................................. 37- 5 Coral sand,rock......... 4001....do.................... June 16 4002 d.... do.......................do... 4009 Between Kauai and Oahu. June 17 4010.... do.......................do.... 44-3 47-.............. Coral sand.............. Fine coral sand, globigerina, coral..................................................... 40II 4039 4071 4073 4079 4082 4086 4087 4088 4089 4095 4102 4103 4105 4110 4117 4122 4130 4132 4152 4153 4190..... do..................... do..... Surface. 77 Honolulu Reef, Oahu...... (?)................... Honolulu market.......... West coast of Hawaii...... Northeast and north coast of Maui......do..........................do..........................do..........................do..................... Northeast approach to Paiolo Channel......do..........................do.........................do.................... Pailolo Channel between Maui and Molokai......do.................... Kaiwi Channel between Molokai and Oahu......do.................... Northwest coast of Oahu.. Southwest coast of Oahu... Vicinity of Kauai............. do.................... Vicinity of Modu Manu.........do............... 34~ 39' l8" N., 132~ 04' W., between Honolulu and San Francisco, Cal. (?) July loII. July 19...do..... July 21..do........do........do..... do........do..... July 22 July 23..do..... July 24...do..... July 25 July 26 Aug. i..do........do.... Aug. 27. 670-697 52-56 69-78 143-178 220-238 Surface. 308-306 306-297 297-304 290-286 I22-132 I32-141 314-335 449-460 282-253 192-352 283-309 257-312 Surface. Surface. Surface. 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 76 79 78 76 76 77 79 77 77 38.7 72.9 71.9 60. 8 48.8 43.6 43.8 43.89 43- 9 61. 7 43.8 40-3 45.6 64.6 46.1 46.8 Gray mud, foraminifera. Fine coral, volcanic sand foraminifera. Coarse coral sand, foraminifera. Gray sand, foraminifera. Gray sand...................................... Fine gray sand...............do.......................do.................. Brown mud, fine sand, globigerina. Fine gray sand, foraminifera. Fine gray sand.......... Fine coral sand, foraminifera. Gray sand.............. Coral sand, foraminifera. Coarse coral sand, shells. Fine gray sand.......... Fine gray sand, mud.... 3 Tremoctopus violaceus, x Polypus 0, i Rhyncoteuthion a. 2 Tremoctopus violaceus, 2 Euprymna scolopes. i Scaeurgus patagiatus. I Polypus P, 9 Euprymna scolopes, i Rhyncoteuthion a. x Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, x Teleoteuthis compacta, I Mastigoteuthis (?) famelica. i Helicocranchia sp. 2 Polypus e. i Liocranchia globula. 4 Tremoctopus violaceus, 5 Euprymna scolopes, I Rhyncoteuthion a. 7 Tremoctopus violaceus, i Polypus P. Io Polypus marmoratus, 3 Polypus ornatus, I Polypus, 2 Euprymna scolopes. I Polypus sp., i Sepioteuthis arctipinnis, 2 Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. I Eledonella (juv.). i Euprymna scolopes. I Euprymna scolopes. x ScEeurgus patagiatus. I Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. a Tremoctopus violaceus. I Abralia trigonura. r Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis. x Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis. x Alloposus mollis. 3 Euprymna scolopes. 3 Sceurgus patagiatus, x Euprymna scolopes. I Pterygioteuthis microlampas. I Polypus hoylei. x Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. x Abralia astrosticta. I Polypus hoylei. x Polypus hoylei, I Ommastrephes hawaiiensis. a Euprymna scolopes, I Rhyncoteuthion a. I Euprymna scolopes. 3 larval histioteuthids, I Brachioteuthis riisei. 79............................... I 79................................. 69.......................... EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Except where otherwise stated in the context, all the drawings were prepared by Miss Lora Woodhead, of Stanford University. The photographs were made by J. H. Paine. The numbers in brackets have reference to the author's register of examined specimens. PLATI XLV. Polypus marmoratus, dorsal view of large male from Honolulu, X/i; [I74]. Drawn by R. L. Hudson. PLATE XLVI. Fig. I. Polypus ornatus, dorsal view of a medium sized male from Honolulu, [179]. XK. Fig. 2. Polypus ornatus, tip of hectocotylized arm of same specimen [I79]; as yet not well developed, X 2. PLATr XLVII. Fig. I. Polypus hoylei, ventral view of male, type, X4; [i66]. Drawn by R. L. Hudson. Fig. 2. Scaeurgus patagiatus, dorso-lateral view of male (type), X i~; [204]. Drawn by R. L. Hudson. Fig. 3. Sceurgus patagiatus, tip of hectocotylized arm of same specimen, X2Xr; [204]. Drawn by R. L. Hudson. PLATE XLVIII. Fig. I. Sceurgus patagiatus, hectocotylized portion of left third arm of male (type), X7; [204]. Fig. 2. Polypus hoylei, hectocotylized portion of right third arm of male (type), X4; [I66]. Fig. 3. Polypus hoylei, region surrounding right eye of same specimen, showing the supraocular cirri, considerably enlarged; [x66]. Fig. 4. Polypus hoylei, funnel of male from the vicinity of Kauai, laid open along the medio-ventra line to show the funnel organ, X2X; [176]. Fig. 5. Argonauta bottgeri, inner aspect of left second arm of female, Xz23; [x65]. Fig. 6. Polypus marmoratus, hectocotylized portion of right third arm of large male from Honolulu, X7; [I74]. Fig. 7. Polypus 9, left dorsal arm of small specimen from off the south coast of Oahu, XS; [I94]. Fig. 8. Polypus P, dorsal view of specimen from off the south coast of Oahu, considerably enlarged; [x95]. PLATE XLIX. Fig. i. Lcttmoteuthis lugubris, lateral view of mandibles of specimen from the Pailolo Channel, nearly natural size; [212]. Drawn by J. H. Paine. Fig. 2. Lwtmoteuthis lugubris, apical view of same, same scale. Drawn by J. H. Paine. Fig. 3. Tremoctopus violaceus, inner aspectof all arms of left side of female not quite adult, X3; [221]. Fig. 4. Tremoctopus violaceus, funnel of same specimen laid open along medio-ventral line, X4; [221]. Fig. 5. Euprymna scolopes, left tentacle club of male (type), inner aspect, greatly enlarged; [320]. Fig. 6. Euprymna scolopes, outer aspect of left dorsal arm of male (cotype) showing hectocotylization, much enlarged; [323]. The suckers of the innermost row along the basal portion of the arm are considerably larger than they should be in the figure. 360 CEPHALOPODA OF THS HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 36I Fig. 7. Euprymna scolopes, inner aspect of middle portion of same arm of same specimen, showing modified suckers, greatly enlarged; [323]. Fig. 8. Euprymna scolopes, right lateral arm of same specimen (several suckers missing from ventral row and not supplied in drawing), X4; [323]. PLATE L. Fig. i. Stoloteuthis iris, dorsal view of type, X3; [31]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 2. Stoloteuthis iris, tentacle club of type, inner aspect, greatly enlarged; [31]. Fig. 3. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, tentacle club of type (female), greatly enlarged; [30]. Fig. 4. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, large sucker from third arm of male from station 4088, greatly enlarged; [333]. Fig. 5. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, inner aspect of second right arm of type (female), X42; [30]. Fig. 6. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, photogenic organs of specimen from station 4089, X22; [333]. Drawn' by J. H. Paine. Fig. 7. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, lateral view of type (female), XIX; [30]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 8. Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, ventral view of type (female), with mantle partially laid open to expose the locking cartilages and funnel, X2; [30]. PLATr LI. Fig. i. Abralia astrosticta, ventral view of type (female), X2; [I17]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 2. Abralia astrosticta, inner aspect of right tentacle club of type, XI5; ['7I]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 3. Abralia astrosticta, ventral view of right eye of type and surrounding region, X3; [M7I]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 4. Abralia astrosticta, dorsal view of type, Xi"; I[x7]. The extremities of the fins are represented as curved under, their true outline being more as indicated by the dotted line. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 5. Abralia astrosticta, ventral aspect of funnel, showing the distribution of the photogenic organs, X5; [I7I]. Fig. 6. Abralia astrosticta, fixing apparatus of left tentacle club of type, much enlarged; [x71]. Fig. 7. Abralia astrosticta, lateral aspect of head and funnel of type, showing locking cartilage of left side of funnel, X4; [I7I]. Fig. 8. Abralia astrosticta, funnel of type laid open medio-ventrally to expose the funnel organ, X4; [I7I]. PLATEi LII. Fig. i. Pterygioteuthis microlampas, ventral aspect of right eye of type and surrounding region, X6; [277]. Fig. 2. Pterygioteuthis microlampas, funnel locking cartilage, much enlarged; [278]. Fig. 3. Pterygioteuthis microlampas, inner aspect of left tentacle club of type, much enlarged; [227]. Drawn by J. H. Paine, from a mount in balsam. Fig. 4. Toleoteuthis compacta, inner aspect of left tentacle club of type, XI6; [238]. Fig. 5. Toleoteuthis compacta, inner aspect of right third arm of type, Xx3; [238]. Fig. 6. Mastigoteuthis (?)famelica, ventral view of head of type, XS; [260]. Fig. 7. Mastigoteuthis (?)familica, ventral arm of type, inner aspect, X5; [260]. Fig. 8. Mastigoteuthis (?)familica, dorsal view of type, X22; [260]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. PLATS LIII. Fig. i. Rhyncoteuthion a, dorsal view of well advanced specimen with free tentacles, from station 3926, X2; [255]. Fig. 2. Liocranchia globulus, anterior (apical) portion of left latero-ventral seriesof tubercles, showing the small flanking tubercles (type), much enlarged; [262]. 362 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Fig. 3. Liocranchia globulus, tentacle of type, X8; [262]. Fig. 4. Liocranchia globulus, dorsal view of type, X2K; [262]. Drawn by H. V. Poor. Fig. 5. Megalocranchiafisheri, inner aspect of right tentacle club of type, X4; [xo6]. Fig. 6. Megalocranchiafisheri, lateral aspect of same, X4; [io6]. PLATE LIV. Fig. i. Sepioteuthis arctipinnis, ventral viewof male from marketat Honolulu, X%; [42]. Photograph. Fig. 2. Ommastrephes hawaiiensis, inner aspect of right third arm of type, X IS3; [243]. Photograph. PLATE LV. Fig. i. Polypus hoylei, inner aspect of arms and umbrella of type (male), Xfr; [166]. Photograph. Fig. 2. Megalocranchia fisheri, ventral view of type, XI3; [xo6]. Photograph. ................... I I I I ................................. tiiT i N F;ii. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E I I I ............... ~ ~1 I ' I N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N............... c.. ), j " I I, 14; t-! d,.11 I *~~~~ *. IlS L..... MixHMVl A. 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