A CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, LtESIGNED FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES. Jn Zmo Parts: PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE. PART II. THE NATURAL ORDERS. ILUISTRATED BY A FLORA OF THE NORTHERN, MIDDLE, AND WESTERN STATES; PARTICULARLY OF THE UNITED STATES NORTH OF THE CAPITOL, LAT. 38W~. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A. M. And he spake of trees, from the cedar in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that spretneth out of the wall. i Erxno, 4: I. Conslder the lilies of the fel.: * * * even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one cf these. MATT. 6: 28, 2. ebcnteentb 3nttlftfon, rebfse!b anb eflIargelt. CLAREMONT, N. H. MANUFACTURING COMPANY. SIMEON IDE, AGENT. 1851. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, By ALPHONSO WOOD, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshire. TO THE REV. CHESTER DEWEY, M. D., D. D., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE BERKSHIRE AND OTHER MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, AUTHOR OF THE REPORT ON THE HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS, MONOGRAPH ON THE CARICES, ETC. ETC. THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. THE science of botany is as eminently progressive as it is delightful and ennobling. By recent discoveries it has been established on the basis of inductive philosophy, and elevated almost to the rank of an exact science. The theory of the floral structure which refers each organ to the principle of the leaf, now enters into almost every department of botany, and gives a new aspect- to; the whole=; revealing more clearly than any other discovery has ever done, the beauty and simplicity of the plan on which Creative Power is exerted in the production. of the countless forms of vegetable existence. The present treatise contains; first, the Elements of Botany, according. to the latest authorities, written- in the form of simple propositions, briefly illustrated, and broken into short paragraphs, with direct reference to the convenience of the learner. Brief as it is,; it is hoped that it will be found to embody all the established principles of the science contained in former school treatises, together with those newly discovered principles in Organography and Physiology, by which botany has been really enriched and advanced.* The Flora is adapted particularly to that section of the United States which lies north of the Capitol, that is, of the 39th parallel, including essentially the States lying north of the Ohio river and Maryland.t It comprehends all the Phmnogamia, or flowering plants, with the Ferns, &c. which have hitherto been' discovered and described as indigenous in these States, together with the naturalized exotics, and those which are more generally cultivated either as useful or ornamental. The descriptions are'The student who almsiat the highest attainments will by no means rest satisfied with mere outlines, such as our limits here admit of. It affords us pleasure to be able to recommend to all such as would advance beyond first principles, the full and elaborate " Text Book " of Dr. Asa Gray, - an American work of the highest merit. t With some exceptions, therefore, this Flora will answer for the adjacent States of Delawavri Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and the Canadas. 1* 4 PREFACE. as extended and minute as appeared to the author necessary for the complete recognition of the plants, and for imparting a knowledge of whatever is peculiar or interesting in their habit, culture, or use. With regard to the sources of information from which this part of the work has been prepared, it is proper to state, that I have for several years been engaged in the collection of materials, during which I have made extensive tours with this object in view, in nearly every section of country which this Flora represents, and have had access to numerous and extensive herbaria. By these means, I have been able to draw the description of about nine tenths of the species mentioned from the living or dried specimen. For additional information, I have availed myself of the best authorities within my reach, among which are the botanical works of Bigelow, Eaton, Wright, Pursh, Michaux, Smith, Nuttall, Torrey, Beck, Loudon, Elliott, Darlington, Dewey, Barton, Hooker, Decandolle, and Torrey and Gray. With few exceptions, I have adopted, for our native and naturalized plants, the nomenclature of the "North American Flora" of the two last distinguished authors; and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of the "Prodromus" of Decandolle, (that is, so far as these floras at present extend,) regarding these, as they truly are, standard works. The present Flora is accompanied with numerous Analytical Tables, designed to facilitate the hitherto tedious process of botanical analysis. The object aimed at in their construction is to exhibit at one view the most striking characteristics of each group to which they respectively relate, so arranged as to conduct the mind from a single radiating point to any desired genus contained in the volume. That we have fully realized this plan, or that the tables are free from error, is not to be expected; yet we do hope that they will afford facilities for analysis greater than any system hitherto available. To Dr. EDWARD E. PHELPS, Lecturer on Medical Botany, &c. in Dartmouth College, I am indebted for many highly valuable suggestions, particularly in regard to the tables above mentioned. In this department of the work, I would gratefully acknowledge his aid. A few tables under the Natural Orders were originally of his construction, although necessarily much altered in this edition, by the admission of additional genera. He has also granted me free access to his botanical books and specimens. To the Rev. Professor CHESTER DEWEY, to whom I am permitted to dedicate this volume, I am indebted for that part of the Flora which relates to the difficult yet deeply interesting family of the Carices. He has not only granted me access to his former excellent monograph of that genus, but has prepared the article for the present work with his own hand. PREFACE. 5 It gives me pleasure to be able also to introduce in this connection the name of Dr. JAMES W. ROBBINS, - a name long since enrolled among American botanists. Our Flora has been recently in part reviewed by him; and he has communicated to me, in relation to this work, the results of his extensive and accurate observations, as will be seen by the frequent recurrence of his name in the following pages. Grateful acknowledgments are also due to Dr. JOSEPH BARRATT. He has kindly communicated his unequalled monograph of the willows,," Salices Americanae;" also that of the "Eupatoria verticillata;" both of which, abridged, I have adopted in this work. Among other friends and correspondents, from whom I have received specimens and highly valuable information, and whose kindness will be held by me in most grateful remembrance, are the following: viz. Dr. ALBERT G. SKINNER and Dr. JOHN PLUMMER, Indiana; Dr. SAMUEL B. MEAD and Rev. E. JENNEY, Illinois; Mr. WM. S. SULLIVANT, Professor LOCKE, and Mr. JOSEPH CLARK, Ohio; Dr. I. A. LAPHAM, Wisconsin; Dr. WM. DARLINGTON, Pennsylvania; President HITCHCOCK, Professor ASA GRAY, and Dr. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, Massachusetts; Mr. TRUMAN RICKARD, New Hampshire; Dr. SARTWELL and Mr. BROWNNE, New York; Mr. S. T. OLNEY, Rhode Island; &c. &c. In the present edition, a chapter on the principles of Agricultural Chemistry has been added to the "Elements," and some important alterations introduced. The Flora has been to a great extent rewritten, and enlarged, not only by the addition of such plants as were necessary to adapt it to a wider section of country, as mentioned above, but by many plants recently discovered within our former limits. At the end is appended a synoptical view of the lower orders of the Cryptogamia, with their genera; and the whole is now illustrated with numerous engravings. Finally, the present work is again submitted to the public with the assurance that, on the part of the author, it shall still be his constant care to detect and rectify its imperfections in future editions; and with the earnest hope that his labors may serve to awaken in the minds of others as deep an interest in this branch of the study of Nature as they have done in his own. MERIDEN, N. H., APRIL, 1847. IN the present edition, the "'SyNOPSIs OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM," Pp. 131-136, is thoroughly reconstructed and much improved. THE GREEK ALPHABET, &c. Liarge Small. oro. letters. Names. Numerals. A a a Alpha. B /3 b Beta. 1. ec, puovaC. r y g Gamma. 2. dve, 6&1. A 6 d Delta. 3. rpetf. E e d Epsilon. 4. reaaapea, raepag. Z' z Zeta. 5-. revTe. H e Eta. C. E. O 9, 0a th Theta; 7. trTra. I t i Iota. 8. O1C. K IC e (k) Kappa. 9. Evvea. A XR 1 Lambda. 10. dera. M p inm Mu. 11. tvdEca. N V n Nu. 12. 6Wdoea., f x Xi. 20. etlcoat. 0 o 6 Omlkron. Many, 7roXvt. II sr, w p Pi. P p r Rho. Z; C s Sigma. T T t Tau. T v y Upsilon. *4 ph Phi. Upon, earw. X X ch Chi. Around, irept. k Q IP ps Psi. Under, Vrro. it l 5a Omega. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels and diphthongs. 2. The penult (last syllable but one) is always accented in words of two syllables. In words of more than two syllables, the penult, if long in quantity, is accented; if short, the antepenult (last syllable but two) is accented. A word may have, also, a secondary accent, &c. 3. A vowel before another vowel, or the letter h, or marked with this (') character, is short in quantity. A diphthong, a vowel before two consonants, or a double consonant, or the letter j, or marked with this (-) character, is long in quantity. 4. A vowel has its short, English sound, when followed by a consonant in the same syllable; otherwise its long sound, without regard lo quantity: a at the end of an accented syllable, has an indistinct sound, as in Columbia. 5. A single consonant or a mute and liquid between the vowels of the penult and final syllables, is joined to the latter; in other cases, the vowel of the accented syllable takes the consonant before and after it, except u, and the vowels a, e and o, before two vowels, the first of which is e or i; when it takes the former only. 6. Pronounce es final with the e protracted; ch like k; ci, ti, si, before a vow-, el, like sh; a, as, like e; qu like kw; gu, sit, before a vowel in the same syllable, like gw, sw. CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS. CHAPTER I. -INTRODUCTION. -Page 13. 1, BOTANY defined. -2, Its departments. Organography. 3, Vegetable Physiology. 4, Glossology. 5, Systematic Botany. 6, Relation to man- ultimate aim. 7,Its merits and claims. 8, Natural world —its divisions, -a, mutual relations. 9, Mineral defined. 10, Plant defined. 11, Animal defined, -a, the three kingdoms blend in one. 12, Vegetation universal -a, effects of light upon it-and heat, - b, elevation above the sea - Peak of Teneriffe, - c, soil, - d, moisture, - e, extremes of heat - illustrations, -f, extremes of cold - illustrations, -g, light — illustrations. 13, Variety of the vegetable kingdom. 14, Causes which affect it, - a, plants adapted to localities. 15, Cultivation, - 16, Cabbage, &c., for illustration. 17, Species dependent on cultivation, -a, conclusion. CHAPTER II. -PLAN OF VEGETATION. ELEMENTARY ORGANS. -18. 18, Embryo. 19, Axis,-ascending —descending. 20, Bud,- its development, &c. 21, Axillary buds, -universal. 22, Bud a distinct individual, -a, illustration. 23, Branches,-a, plant compound,-b, reproductive. 24, Flower, origin of, -25, its nature and end, -a, illustration. 26, Decay,-a a leaf the elementary organ. 27, Leaf consists of, -a, elementary tissues. 28, Chemical basis of the tissues-organic bases,-a, illustration. 29, Cellular tissue - parenchyma, -a, pith of elder, - b, c, cellular tissue how colored, -d, size of cells, - e, they become solid, -f, Raphides. 30, Woody tissue - its design, -a, illustration. 31, Glandular fibre - fossil coal. 32, Vasiform tissue, - a, articulated - continuous, - b, illustration. 33, Vascular tissue, - a, spiral vessels, - b, spiral thread, -c, its size, - d, situation of spiral vessels, - e, what they contain, -f, ducts, -g, closed - annular- reticulated - the office of these ducts. 34, Laticiferous tissue,- a, size, &c. 35, Epidermis - where it is not found. 36, Structure, -a, illustration. 37, Stomata. 38, Form. 39, Position, -a, size. 40, Surface. 41, Hairs - simple - branched, - a, position - downy -pubescent - hirsute - rough - tomentose - arachnoid - sericeous - velvety - ciliate. 42, Stings. 43, Prickles. 44, Glands - sessile - imbedded, -a, glandular hairs. 45, Receptacles of secretion. CHAPTER mI. —PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM- 26. 46, Phanogamia - Cryptogamia, -47, their distinctions of tissue, - 48, of cotyledons. 49, Further distinctions. 50, A species,-a, illustration -number of species known. 61, Varieties, -a, where they occur. 52, A genus, —, illustration, —b, summary. CHAPTER IV.- OF THE FLOWER. ~1. OF ITS PARTS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT.-28. 53, Parts of the flower enumerated, -a essential organs - perfect flower, --, im perfect flower - sterile - fertile - neutral. 54, Perianth consists of- calyx - corolla- achlamydeous flowers. 55, Calyx defined - sepals. 56, Corolla defined — petals. 57, Stamens - definition of- office - andmecium. 58, Pistils - office of -gyncecium. 59, Receptacle - order of the organs upon it. 60, Specimens. 61, A complete and regular flower, - a, theoretical number of the parts, - - their 8 CONTENTS AND theoretical position, - c, summary -correspondence between a flower and a leafy branch. 62, Apparent exceptions -examples of symmetrical flowers. 63, a, First cause of deviation, the development of one or more additional whorls —examples. -b, Second cause, the suppression of entire whorls - examples. -c, Third cause, the suppression of parts of whorls - examples. - d, Fourth cause, the union of parts of the same whorl - examples.-e, Fifth cause, the union of organs of different whorls —examples. -f, Sixth camse, anequal' development of similar organsexamples. — g, Seventh cause, reconversion of organs-examples. —k, Eighth cause, development of axis - examples. CHAPTER V. —OF THE FLOWER. 12. STAMENS AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES.-34. 64, The stamens, basis of a classification —why. -65, Definition -66, parts — which essential 67, Filament. 68, Anther —when sessile-connectile-analogy,- a, cells - debiscence,- b, connectile;- c stamen abortive. 69, Modes of thment of anther to filament, let, innate; 2d, adnate; 3d, versatile; 4th, intrrse —extrorse. 70, Pollen-forms,-a, structre —molecules. 71, Physiological structure -of the filament- oonnectlo —anther - pollen. 72 Theoretical tructure - proof from the transitions of stamens into pistils - examples. 73, Circumstances in which stamens ary-twentry-four Linnean Classes. 74, Number,Etme olog of the names of the Classes. Class 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th 9tF, lOth, 11th. 2nd,.osition -12th, 13th. 3d, Relative length, -14th, 15th, 4tb Connection, —81th1 17th, h19t, 21th, 5th, Absence,-21st, 22d, 23d, CHAPTER VI-THE FLOWER. f. OF THE PISTIL AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS.-.S9, 75, The pistil, its position —structure. 76, Ovary — ovules. 77 Ovary simplecomnpound- wrpels. 78, The style-number -- connection. 7, Stigma- simple —compound. 80, Number of styles, orders founded upon. Order 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4l, 5t, 6thl, 7thr, th, 1, Qt, 11th, 12th. 1Vote - Orders of tho class Didynami —Tetraynamia -Orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes. Ordrs. of Syngenesia, Equalis-Superflua — Frustranea-Necessaria- Segre_ar- Orders of Polygamis, Moneeia —Dioecia. Orders of the 24th, class. 81, vules. 82,Placenta -structure-dimction. 83 Physiological structure -of the eoy — style -stigma-without epidermis. 84, Theoretical structure explained, -.utUTre -ventral — dsa,. —a. illstration-, c, illustrations continued. 85, Protions, — first - ond- third- frth. 886, These propositions when true. 87, iintr4l plaeenta, -Pa etal placenta 88, Free central placenta,-.-explanation.-, Ovules proved to be analogousto buds. 89 Ovules enclosed- naked,-a, erect _seadi.C-pend lous — suspended. 90, oramen- primine — secundine.- nu-;leua —a,ltration.a, 1i n umculu —aalaza. I4 OF THEU MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS.-44. 9 Their specifi office-how accomplished, —, illustrations,- tulip- Kalmia, &. 93, A n of aieu upon the stigma-tnbes. 94, Molecules-their destinatioa. CHAPTER VI —THE FLOWER. I6. OF THE CALYX. —45. 95, Caly-. etymology-color. -96, Sepals-monosepalous-polysepalous. — 97, Calyx-inferior-superior, -98, caducous - deciduous - persistent — 99, reduced- wanting- o, Pappus - pilose - plumose - setose - paleaceous. 16- OF THE COROLLA.-46. 100, The corolla-etymology. 101, Petals-polypetalous-monopetalous. 102, Claw —lasin,- 103, tube -limb, — 104, regular- irregular. 1, Corolla campanulate. 2, Infundibuliform. 3, Hypocratiriform. 4, Rotate. 5, Labiate -ringent — personat — galea. 105, Forms of Dolypetalous corollas,-1, Cruciform. 2, Rosa ees. 3, Iceous. 4, Cyophyllaous., F Pap'ionace - vexillum — a — su~md 06,?;BB,1~geQIogaa sltruotu~~~rs-. —el0xs ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. 9 17. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. —49. 107, Definition,-a, Nectary- labellum-spur, -b, Disk-hypogynous-epigynous, - c, true character. ~ 8. OF ~ESTIVATION.- 50. 108, Definition - vernation, -a, illustration. 1, Estivatlon valvate,-2, Convo. lute, -3, Quincuncial, - 4, Contorted, — 5, Alternate, - 6, Vexillary, -7, Indupl. cate, — 8, Supervolute, CHIAPTER VYIL.- THEI FRUIT.-51. 109, Its importance — design, -a, utility,- 6, in respect to time —defined. 110, Analogous to ovary - changes, - a, examples. ~1. OF THE PERICARP.-52. 111, Fruit consists of, —a, naked seeds. 112, Pericarp defined —epicarp — sarcocarp,-a illustration. 113, Physiology of growth, —114, of ripening, —a, acidification, -, maturity. 115, Dehiscence - indehiscent — valves, — 1, Dehiscence loculicidal, — 2, Septicidal, - 3, Septifragal,- 4, Sutural, — 5, Circumscissile. 116, Forms of pericarp.- 1, Capsule, - a, cells —columela. -- 2, Silique. —3, Silicle. - 4, Legume. -5, Foicle. - 6, Drupe. -7, Nut. -8 Caryopsis. -9, Achenium. - 10, Samara. -11, Pyxis. - 12, Pome. - 13, Pepo.- 14, Berry - strawberry - blackberry. — 15, Strobile. CHAPTER IX.-THE FRUIT.-57. 2. OF THE SEED. 117, The seed defined, - a, its parts, 118, integuments - testa- mesosperm - endopleura, - a, Testa, its substance - surface - form - appendages, - b, Coma distinguished. 119, Aril. 120, Hilum. 121, Seed orthotropous — anatropous. 122, Albumen - where most abundant- where wanting. 123, Embryo - 124, its arts, - a, radicle, - b, plumule - its direction. 125, Cotyledon, - a, the number, &c. 126, Monocotyledons - endogens. 127, Dicotyledons - exogens distin guished. 128, Cotyledons many - none. 129, Embryos, number of.- Spores f 3. OF GERMINATION.-60. 130, The embryo, its importance, -, germination defined- 131, the process ex plained. 132, The cotyledons. 133, Conditions of germination, —a, heat —b, water —c, oxygen - d, darkness. 134, Duration of the vitality of seeds. Note, Two examples of. ~4. OF DISSEMINATION. -61. 135, Remark- examples, Erigeron - a, Wings, hooks -6, Impatiens - Streams and oceans - Squirrels, birds. CHAPTER X.-THE ROOT.-62. 136, Its definition- origin, -a, divisions. 137, Prone direction, —a, horizontal direction. 138, Number and extent. 139, How distinguished from stems. 140, Exceptions - adventitious buds - subterranean stems. 141, Collum - a, stationary. 142, Parts of the root, - a, caudex - b, fibres - c, spongioles. 143, Forms of roots. 144, Ramose - a, analogous to branches - illustration, -b, further illustration, - c, extent of roots. 145, Fusiform root - forked - tap root - premorse - napiform. 146, Fibrous, - a, fasciculated. 147, Tuberous - a, palmate —b, granulated. 148, Use of fleshy roots. 149, Floating root. 150, Epiphytes -parasites. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT.-660 151, Internal structure. 152, Fibrilsi structure - function. 153, Growth of root. 154, Its most obvious function - most important one — a, illustration. 155, Activity of absorption dependent on. 156, Part which absorbs, &c. —a, illustration, - transplanting. 157, Force of absorption, - a, illustration. 158, Cause of absorption - not capillary attraction, - a, experiment in philosophy - exosmose - endosmose. 159, Requisite conditions, - a, how they exist in the root, - application. 160, Use of absorption, - a, power of choice - illustration. 10 CONTENTS AND CHAPTER XI —TEE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. —69. 161, Definition,- a, cause of its ascent. 162, Direction horizontal - erect - procumbent - ascending - subterranean. 163, Annual — perennial. 164, Distinction in regard to size &c. - a, tree —b, shrub- c, herb. 165, Most distinctive property of stem. 166, Buds. 167, Leaf-bud. 168, The scaly envelopes. a, Scales not formed in hot climates, &c. — their design. 169, Bud terminal, develops a simple axis, —a, axillary, developes branches, -, adventitious. 170, Branch. 171, Thorn, - a, its nature, &c. -, distinguished from prickles. 172, Node - internode, - a, how formed - why the axis diminishes upwards. 173, Arrangement of branches, - 174, spiral, -a, modifications -circular, how caused. 175, Alternate-opposite- whorled. 176, Same of the branches. - a, Two classes of stems. 177, Subterranean - stemless plants - varieties. 178, Bulb, - a, tunicated - scaly, -b, how renewed, - c, bulblets. 179, Corm. 180, Tuber. 181, Rhizoma. 182, Creeper, -a, repent stems, their use. 183, Varieties of aerial stems. 184, Caulis. 185, Runner. 186, Scape — a culm. 187, Vine -a, tendril. 188, Twining stems-their direction. 189, Trunk - a, its dimensions. Note, Illustrations, b, ltsduration. Note, Illustrations. 190, Sucker. 191, Offset. 192, Stolon. 193, Plurality of trunks - a, Banyan — Mangrove. 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOUS STEM.-77. 194, Structure of herbaceous stems - 195, of the first year's growth of perennial stems,- a, basis of the distinction of Exogens and Endogens. 196, Exogens. 197, Endogens. 198, Parts of the exogenous structure. 199, Pith. 200, Medullary sheath. 201, Wood —number of layers. 202, Layer consists of, — a, arrangement of its parts. 203, Alburnum - duramen. 204, Medullary rays. 205, Bark,,- its parts. -206, its structure - cork - liber. 207, New layer, how formed, - a, outer layers, why shaggy - horizontal fibres, - b, qualities resident in, —c, its peculiar vessels. 12. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. —80. 208, Conveyance of sap, -209, through what portion - its course - elaboration - descent. 13. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE.-81. 210, Its peculiarity. 211, Composition. 212, Each bundle consists of, -a, mode of increase. CHAPTER XII.-THE LEAF..- 82. 213, Its importance - character. 214, How distinguished. 215, Color —autumnal hues, - a, due to what - chlorophyll - changes, - b, color of flowers. 1. VERNATION.-82. 216, Meaning of the term —leaf-bud how compacted, —, illustration. 217, Forms of vernation, -1, Equitant -2, Obvolute -3, Involute -4, Revolute -5, Convolute — 6, Plaited - 7, Circinate. ~ 2. ARRANGEMENT. -83. 218, In the bud- after the axis is developed, - 1, Scattered - 2, Alternate - 3, Opposite - 4, Verticillate - 5, Fasciculate. 219, How these forms may be reconciled With the spiral, - a, illustration,- b, Alternate explained, - c, Opposite or whorled explained. 220, Leaves radical - cauline - ramial. ~3. ORGANOGRAPHY. - 84. 221, Nature of the leaf-lamina - sessile - petiolate. 222, Petiole - its form - 1, Compressed -2, Winged -3, Amplexicaul. 223, General form of the lamina — base - apex. 224, Leaf simple - compound. 225, Physiology. 226, Venation — its organs. 227, Midrib —nerves. 22S, Veins — veinlets. 229, Modes of venation. 1, Reticulate -2, Parallel -3, Forked. 230, Varieties of reticulate venation, - 1, Feather-veined - 2, Radiate-veined - 3, Varieties of parallel venation. ~ 4. FORM OR FIGURE. - 86. 231. Theory of —form dependent on venation. 232, Forms resulting from the ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS, 11 feather venation - 1, Orbicular -2, Elliptic -3, Oblong -4, Ovate - 5, Lanceolate - 6, Obovate - 7, Spathulate - 8, Cordate - 9, Aurlculate - 10, Hastate - 11, Sagittate - 12, Reniform- a, Forms dependent on the development of the tissue - 13, Runcinate- 14, Lyrate -15, Pinnatifid - 16, Sinuate. 233, Forms resulting from radiate venation - 17, Palmate - 18, Digitate - 19, Pedate -20, Lacinate - 21, Peltate- 22, Reniform, &c. 234, Forms of parallel-veined leaves - 23, Linear24, Oval, &c. - 25, Cordate -26, Acerose. ~ 5. MARGIN.-90. 235, How modified- 1, Entire- 2, Dentate- 3, Serrate -4, Crenate — 5, Erose - 6, Undulate - 7, Spinous - 8, Incised — 9, Laciniate — 10, Crisped — 11, Repand. ~ 6. APEX.- 90. 236, Termination of leaf —1, Acute —2, Obtuse —3, Acuminate —4, Emarginate - 5, Retuse — 6, Mucronate. ~7. SURFACE, —90. 237, Terms descriptive -:f tahe epidermis on the leaf or elsewhere - 1, Glabrous - 2, Pubescent — 3, Rougr -- 1i, Pilose —5, Hoary —6, Villose —7, Woolly —8, Tomentose -9, Rugose - 10, PlInctate. ~8. COMPOUND LEAVES.-91. 238, Leaf becomes compound on what principle. 239, Leaflets —articulated. 240, Forms resulting from the feather-veined arrangement - 1, Pinnate- 2, Equall1 pinnate - unequally - cirrhose -3, interruptedly —4, Number of leaflets —tnfoliate —single-5, bipinnate-6, tripinnate —7, biternate —8, triternate. 241, Forms resulting from radiate venation-9, Quinate-10, Septinate. 242, Leaf with regard to insertion —i, Amplexicaul —2, Perfoliate —3, Decurrent —4, Connate. 243, Combined terms, -a, the preposition sub. ~9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. —93. 244, Leaves of Teazel- Tillandsia-Arum. 245, Ascidia,-a, of the Sarracenia, how formed, &c. 246, Nepenthes. 247,Dischidia. 248,Dionaea. 249, Stipules,varieties - positions. 250, Their nature. 251, Leaves stipulate - exstipulate - stipels. 252, Bracts, - 253, their nature. 254, Involucre — involucel, -255, of the Compositse. 256, Glume - awn — palae - valves. ~10. DURATION. -96. 257, Leaves temporary —i, Fugacious -2, Deciduous —3, Persistent. 258, Fall of the leaf — previous changes. 259, Cause of defoliation. ~11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.-96. 260, Of the frame-work,- a, of the lamina. 261, Parenchyma disposed in two layers, —a, how covered. 262, Internal structure of the parenchyma. 263, Arrangement of the cells, —a, chlorophyll. 264, Stomata communicate with what — found on which surface. 265, Vessels of the latex-their course. 266, Leaf of Oleander - air cells. ~ 12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.-98. 267, Enumerated —result —latex. 268, Crude sap consists of. 269, Exhalation-270, distinguished from evaporation —271, takes place through the stomata-occurs only in the light —why —a, illustration. 272, Exhalation dependent on absorption - quantity - illustration. 273 Absorption, - a, illustration. --- 274, by their lower surface - illustration. 275, Respiration —276, consists in -277, constant - the result -278, illustration -279, two periods of its greatest activity - a, in germination, - b, flowering - proportion of oxygen evolved. - Note, illustration. - 280, Life of the plant dependent on. 281, Digestion-the process. 282, Carbon —its sources, -a, illustration. - Plants blanched in the dark. 23, Fixation of carbon - relative amount absorbed and evolved. - Experiments of Dr. baubeny. 284, Relation of animal to vegetable kingdom in regard to carbon - Reflections. q 12 CONTENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS. CHAPTER XIII.-INFLORESCENCE.- 102. 285, Definition. 286, Position, - a, exceptions. 287, Peduncle — flower sessile. 288, Peduncle simple — branched - Pedicel. 289, Scape. 290, Rachis. 291, Infio rescence solitary, -292, centrifugal — centripetal, resulting from what. 293, Cen tripetal,-294, centrifugal, —a, how indicated-all the flowers terminal, why. 295, Both modes combined - examples. 296, Varieties of centripetal inflorescence. 297, Spike —298, Raceme —299, Ament.300, Spadix —301, Corymb —302, Umbel-303, Head - a, of the Compositce - compound flowers - 304, Panicle - 305, Thyrse - a, Compound umbel - Umbellet - Compound raceme, &c. 306, Varieties of centrifugal inflorescence, - 307, Cyme —a, its normal structure and devel opment-b, inference, —308, Fascicle-'309, Verticillaster.-a, Peduncle con verted into a tendril. CHAPTER -XIV. - PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. - 106. 310, Four simple organic elements —their proportion. 311, Carbon. 312, Mineral ingredients - Agricultural Chemistry. 313, Sources of the simple elements, 314, Air. 315, Soil. 316, Water. 317, Ammonia. 318, Air plants, -three conditions requisite. 319, Irrigation - Draining. 320, Tillage - Amendments. 321, Fallow ground - Rotation of crops. 322, Light and Heat. 323, Digestion, &c. 324, Proper juice. 325, Products first developed. 326, Three general nutritive products- composition. 327, Sugar- Diastase. 328, Mutual transformations. 329, Secretions. CHAPTER XV. - SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. -111. I OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 330, Systematic Botany defined. 331, Remarks on the extent of the field of botanic research. 332, Folly of studying individuals only. 333, Individuals grouped into species, - a, illustrations - clover - pine. 334, Species groulpeed into genera,illustration. 335, Genera resolved into orders and classes. 336, Two methods of classifying the genera, - artificial - its basis, - natural - its basis. - 337, Comparative merits of the two —use of the artificial. 338, Value of the natural — obscurities now removed. 339, Remaining difficulties -artificial method how and why retained in this work. 340, Artificial arrangement consists of. CHAPTER XVI. —~ OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. —113. 341, Its aim, - 342, distinguished from the Artificial - what characters employed,- 343, advantages, - 344, yet to be fully consummated - some artificial characters yet necessary. 345, The first two grand divisions - Phxnogamia - its characters,- Cryptogamia -characters, - 346, uncertainty of these characters, - approximation of groups. 347, Sporogens. 348, Subdivision of PhtenogamiaExogens - characters - Endogens - characters. 349, Classes, six - Exogens divided into two — Angiosperms - characters - Gymosperms - characters. 350, Endogens divided int o - Aglumaceous, characters - Glumaceous, characters. 351, Cryptogamia divided into two- Acrogens, characters - Thallogens, characters. 352, Affinities of the classes. 354, Sub-classes - Polypetalse, characters — Monopetalae, characters — Apetaloe, characters. 355, Orders —356, how formed. 357, Alliances, groups, &c. 358, Extent of the orders. 359, Summary. CHAPTER XVII. —~ 1. NOMENCLATURE, &c. —118. 360, Names of the orders Latin adjectives - derivation, — a, exceptions. 361, Etymology of generic names. 362, Of specific names, - 363, derivation -rules. ~ 2. BOTANIC ANALYSIS. 364, defined, - 365, proper state of plants for, - 366, importance of. 367, Process, —368, with the learner. - Analytical tables. ~ 3. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369, Importance of, -a, hortus siccus. 370, Apparatus. 371, Directions for gathering, - 372, pressing, - 373, changing. 374, Arrangement of the specimens. 375, Genera arranged —how preserved. 376, Fruit, seed, and wood, how preserved. BOTA N Y. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. BOTANY is the science which treats of the Vegetable Kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the habits, structure, and uses of plants, together with their nomenclature and classification. 2. Like its kindred sciences, it is resolved into distinct departments, according to the nature of the subjects to which it relates. That part which investigates the organic structure of vegetables, is called ORGANOGRAPHY, corresponding to Anatomy, in the science of Zoology. 3. That part of botany which relates to the phenomena of the vital functions of plants, is called VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY; including, the consideration of their germination, growth, and reproduction. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the labors of husbandry, in the propagation and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 4. Another department, of essential importance, is GLOSSOLOGY, which relates to the explanation and application of botanical terms, whether nouns or adjectives, by which the organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are designated. 5. A fourth department, called SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, arises from the consideration of plants, in relation to each other, their mutual affinities, and their endless diversities, whereby the 100,000 species, supposed to exist, may be arranged, classified, and designated, by distinctive characters and names. 14 INTRODUCTION 6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also, the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other departments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is, the development of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and enjoyment; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation of our wants and woes. 7. This extensive department of Natural History, therefore, justly claims a large share of the attention of every individual, not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the employments of rural life, and to the healing art, but also for the intellectual and moral culture, which, among other kindred sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree. a. No science more effectually combines pleasure with improvement, than Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure of spring, and the bloom of summer; -to th~ charming retreats of Nature, in her wild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. 8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is divided into three great departments, commonly called the MINERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMS. a. Vegetables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and minerals: while they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinct of the former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle, whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter; they constitute the ultimate nourishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the other. 9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential characters of the original body, so that each fragment will still be a stone. 10. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is essential to the completeness of its being. A geranium is composed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi THE DIFFUSION OF VEGETATION. 16 nitely, but no one of the fragments, alone, will still be a complete plant. 11. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies, endowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is complete in itself; but they are raised above either plants or minerals, by the power of perception. a. These distinctions, long since suggested by the immortal Linnaeus, are perfectly obvious and definite, in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms; but, in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual and constant approach, in both, to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other; so that, in the lowest forms of life, all traces of organization disappear, and the three great kingdoms of nature, like three converging radii, meet, and blend in a common centre. 12. Vegetation, in some of its forms, appears to be coezten sive with the surface of the earth. It springs up, not only from the sunny soil, moistened with rain and dew, but even from the naked rock, amidst the arid sands of the desert, in thermal and sulphurous springs, in arctic and alpine snows, and from the beds of seas and oceans. a. Among the multitude of natural causes which affect the growth of vegetation, the action of the sun, through the light and heat which it imparts, is the most efficient. This is most powerful at the equator, and gradually diminishes in intensity, as we proceed from thence towards either pole. Vegetation, therefore, arrives at its highest degree of luxuriance at the equator, and within the tropics. In the temperate zones it is less remarkable for the beauty and variety of its flowers, and the deliciousness of its fruits, than in the torrid; yet it is believed to be no less adapted to promote the arts of civilized life, and the well-being of man in general. In still higher latitudes, plants become few, and of stinted growth, until finally, within the arctic circles, they apparently, but not absolutely, cease to vegetate. b. Since climate is affected by elevation above the level of the sea, in the same manner as by increase of latitude, we find a similar diminution of vegetable activity, in ascending high mountains. Thus, the peak of Teneriffe, situated on a fertile island, within the tropics, is clothed, at different elevations, with plants peculiar to every latitude, in succession, from the torrid to the frigid zones, while the summit, being always covered with snow, is as barren as the region of the poles. So also the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, exhibit upon their summits a vegetation similar to that of Labrador, or even Greenland. c. One of the first requisites for the growth of plants, is a soil, from which, by means of roots, they may derive their proper nutriment and support. But numerous species of lichens and mosses find their most congenial habitations upon the bare rock. The coral island no sooner arises to the surface, than it arrests the 2* 16 INTRODUCTION. floating germs of vegetation, which soon clothe the rough rock with verdure of a humbler kind, and ultimately, by the growth and decay of successive generations, form a soil for the sustenance of the higher forms of vegetable life. d. Another important requisite is moisture. But the arid sands of the great African desert are not absolutely destitute of vegetable life. Even there, certain species of Stapelia are said to flourish, and those dreary regions, where neither rain nor dew ever falls, are occasionally enlivened by spots of verdure, like islands in the ocean, composed of these and kindred plants. e. Extremes of heat are not always fatal to vegetation. In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara has been found, in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring at the Island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187~, has plants growing in it and on its borders. But the most extraordinary case of all, is one recorded by Sir J. Staunton.' At the Island of Amsterdam a spring was found, the mud of which, far hotter than boiling water, gave birth to a species of liverwort.' Other similar instances are on record. f. Nor are the extremes of cold fatal to every form of vegetation. The reindeer lichen, of Lapland, grows in vast quantities among almost perpetual snows. And far in the arctic regions, the eternal snows are often reddened, for miles in extent, by a minute vegetable of the Algae tribe, called red snow, of a structure the simplest that has yet been observed, consisting of a single round cell containing a fluid. g. Light is also a highly important agent in vegetation; yet there are plants capable of flourishing in situations where it would seem that no ray of it ever entered. Mushrooms, and even plants of higher orders, have been found growing amidst the perpetual midnight of deep caverns and mines. Sea weeds of a bright green color have been drawn up from the bed of the ocean, from depths of more than 100 fathoms. 13. The vegetable kingdom is no less remarkable for its rich and boundless variety, than for its wide diffusion. Plants differ from each other in respect to form, size, color, habits, structure, and properties, to an unlimited degree, so that it would be difficult, indeed, to find two individuals, even of the same species, which should perfectly coincide in all these points. a. Yet this variety is never abrupt, never capricious; but here, as in other departments of nature, uniform resemblances are so blended with it, as to lay an adequate foundation for Systematic Botany. 14. The same causes which affect the general increase of plants, exercise, also, an important influence in determining their character. Hence, every climate has not only its owln peculiar degree of vegetable activity, but also its peculiar species. a. Other causes. besides temperature, are efficient in determining the species of GERMINATION. 17 any given locality, such as the qualities of the soil, the degree of moisture both of the earth and skies, the inclination of surface, rocks, shades, and winds, the combined action of which often becomes an exceedingly complicated matter. Now to each of these innumerable combinations of circumstances, the Creator has adapted the constitution of certain species of plants, so that each given locality may be expected to produce its own appropriate kinds. But since some species are also endowed with the power of accommodating themselves to a wide range of circumstances, these are found more extensively diffused, while others, without this power. are comparatively rare. 15. Vegetation is susceptible of important changes by cultivation. Many plants are improved, in every desirable quality, by accommodating themselves to the conditions of soils enriched and enlivened by art. Examples are seen in almost every cultivated species. 16. The cabbage, in its wfid state, is a slender, branching herb, with no appearance of a head. The potatoe, in its native wilds of tropical America, is a rank, running vine, with scarcely a tuber upon its roots. All the rich and delicate varieties of the apple have sprung, by artificial means, from an austere forestfruit. The numerous and splendid varieties of the Dahlia are the descendants of a coarse Mexican plant, with an ordinary yellow flower, of a single circle of colored leaves. The tulip and the geranium afford similar examples. 17. Changes, not only in the qualities of vegetation, are effected by culture, but also in the species themselves, through the substitution of the useful or the ornamental for the native products of the soil. Thus, in agricultural districts, almost the u Iole face of nature is transformed, by human skill and industry, from the wilderness to the fruitful field. a. Hence it appears that there is scarcely a spot on earth which is not caused, by the quickening energy of the Creator, to teem with vegetable existence, in some of its numberless forms, while his goodness is conspicuous in rendering those tribes which are most subservient to the wants of man capable of the widest diffusion. 18 PLAN OF VEGETATION. CHAPTER II. PLAN OF VEGETATION.-ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 18. THE earliest and simplest state of the plant is an embryo contained in a seed. This consists essentially of two parts, the radicle and plumule; the former about to be developed into the root, the latter into the ascending plant with its appendages. 19. As soon as the process of germination commences, the radicle begins to extend itself downwards in the direction of the earth's centre, constantly avoiding the air and the light, forming the descending axis, or root. The plumule, taking the opposite direction, extends itself upwards, always seeking the light, and expanding itself, to the utmost extent of its power, to the influence of the atmosphere. This constitutes the ascending axis, or trunk, around which the leaves and their modifications are arranged. 20. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is merely a bud, that is, a growing point, enveloped in rudimentary leaves, or scales, for its protection. As this growing point advances, the enveloping scales expand into leaves below, while new ones are constantly appearing, in succession, above. Thus the axis is always terminated by a bud. 21. By this process the axis is elongated, simply in one direction. But, besides this, there is also a bud (or buds), either visible, or in a rudimentary state, formed in the axil of each leaf. a. These axillary buds are generally visible, either before or after the leaf has fallen. In some plants, however, they seldom appear; but their existence is inferred from the fact, that even in such cases, they are occasionally developed in extraordinary circumstances. 22. Each bud is a distinct individual, capable of an independent existence, in favorable circumstances, although severed from the parent stock. a. The common practice of propagation by layers, offsets, engrafting, and budding, is both a result and a proof of this principle. A plant may be, and FORMATION OF THE FLOWER. 19 often is, in this manner, multiplied indefinitely, by the dissevered parts of itself, as well as by the seed. 23. But, remaining connected with the parent stock, axillary buds, a part or all of them, according to circumstances, are developed into branches, each of which may again generate buds and branchlets in the axils of its own leaves, in the same manner. a. Thus, by the repetition of this simple process, the vegetable fabric is reared from.the earth, a compound being, formed of as many united individuals as there are buds, and as many buds as there are branches and leaves, ever advancing in the direction of the growing points, by the deposition of matter derived from the cellular tissue, clothing itself with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diamn eter of its axis by the deposition of matter elaborated by, and descending from, the leaves already developed, until it reaches the limits of the existence assigned it by its Creator. b. But the plant, reared by this process alone, would consist only of those parts requisite to its own individual existence, without reference to the continuance of its species beyond its own dissolution.. It would be simply an axis, expanded into branches and leaves. But the Divine command, which first caused the tribes of vegetation, in their diversified beauty, to spring from the earth, required that each plant should have its'seed within itself,' for the perpetuation of its kind. 24. At certain periods of its vegetation, therefore, a change is observed to occur in the plant, in regard to the development of some of its buds. From the diminished or altered supply of sap, received from the vessels below, the growing point ceases to lengthen in the direction of the axis, but expands its leaves in crowded and concentric whorls; each successive whorl, proceeding from the outer to the inner, undergoing a gradual trans formation from the original type (a leaf), according to the purpose it is destined to ful-fil in the production of the seed. Thus, instead of a leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of a bud, a flower is the result. 25. A flower may, therefore, be considered as a transformed branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-development of the axis, and moulded into more delicate structures, and tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adorn and beautify the face of nature, but to fulfil the important office of reproduction. a. In the common peony, for example, as the leaves approach the summit of the stem, they gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and, at length, just 20 PLAN OF VEGETATION. below the flower, become simple bracts, still retaining every essential mark of a leaf. Next, by an easy gradation, they appear in the sepals of the calyx, the outer envelope of the flower, still essentially the same. Then, by a transition rather more abrupt, they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla, retaining still the form and organization of the leaf. To the petals next succeed those slender organs called stamens, known to be undeveloped leaves from the fact of their being often converted into petals. Lastly, those two central organs, termed pistils, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the midrib and the united edges being yet discernible. 26. When the flower has accomplished its brief but important office in reproduction, its deciduous parts fall away, and the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the development of the germ into the perfect fruit. This being accomplished, the whole plant speedily perishes, if it be an annual, or, if not, it continues to put forth new branches, from other growing points, which, in their turn, are to be terminated by flowers and fruit the following year. a. Such is a very brief outline of the plan of vegetation, or the process of nature in the germination, growth, fructification, and decay of plants. And it is impossible to contemplate it, without admiring that simplicity of design in the midst of the most diversified results which every where characterizes the works of God. Every part of the vegetable fabric may be ultimately traced to one elementary organic form, of which the leaf is the type. The lamina, or blade, in various stages of transition, constitutes the several organs of fructification, while the united bases of all the leaves constitute the axis itself. 27. When we more minutely examine the internal organization of plants, we find their different parts, however various in appearance, all constructed of the same materials. The leaf, for example, consists of a foot-stalk prolonged into a framework of veins, a fleshy substance filling up the interstices, and a cuticle, or skin, covering the whole. Now this framework is composed of woody fibre, aqtcducts, and air-vessels, all of which may be traced through the foot-stalk into the stem, where they equally exist,- this part of the leaf being only a prolongation of the stem. The fleshy substance is of the same nature with the pith of the stem, or the pulp of the fruit; and, finally, the cuticle corresponds exactly to the thin covering of the newly formed branches, of the various parts of the flower, and even of the roots. a. These several kinds of structure, of which the various organs are composed, are called the elementary tissues. They are five in number; - cellular tissue, woody tissue, vasiform tissue, vascular tissue, and laticiferous tissue. 28. The chemical basis of the vegetable tissues is proved by CELLULAR TISSUE. 21 analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, with an occasional addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal substances. The organic basis is simple membrane and fibre Of one, or both, of these two forms, all the tissues are constructed. a. If the fleshy portion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the fruit be closely examined, they will be found composed of numerous vesicles of extreme minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders, consist of a delicate membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls of the cells or vesicles, is one of the elementary forms of vegetable tissue. Again, if the stalk of a strawberry or geranium leaf be cut around but not through, and the two parts be thus pulled asunder for a short space, a number of glistening fibres will be seen running from one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, partially straitened by being thus drawn out from the membranous tubes in which they were lying coiled up. Thus are we able to distinguish the elementary membrane and fibre, of which the variqus forms of vegetable tissue are composed. 29. CELLULAR TISSUE is SO called, from its being composed. of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. This kind of tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many being entirely composed of it. The form of the little cells which compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped, but afterwards, being flattened at their sides, by their mutual pressure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided, the cross-section being six-sided; each cell assuming a form more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted upon it by those adjacent. It is also called PARENCHYMA. a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembling those of a honeycomb. (Fig. 1, a.) b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores. c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the brilliant hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter contained within the cells. d. The vesicles of this tissue are extremely variable in size. They are usually ~ 1 about E-m of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from I- to Aw~r of an inch. e. Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes acquires considerable hardness by the deposition of solid instead of fluid matter in the cells. 22 LEMNIENTARY ORGANS. This occurs in the prickles of the rose, the stones of the plum, peach, &c., and in the albumen of seeds. f. In some plants, as in the Turkey rhubarb, &c., little bundles of crystals called raphides (from the Gr. paptder, sewing needles,) are formed in the cells. f c d c b FIG. 1. - Forms of tissue; a, cutting of elder pith — cellular; b, cells from the gritty centre of the pear; c, from the stone of the plum -both strengthened by solid matter; d, woody fibre; e, spiral vessel with a single fibre partly drawn out; f, vessel with a quadruple fibre. 30. WooDY TISSUE, called also FIBRE, consists of slender, transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point each way, and adhering together by their sides, the end of one tube extending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous threads. It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater strength, and, at the same time, the greater tenuity, of its membrane. It seems designed for the transmission of fluid, as well as for giving firmness to those parts which need support. (Fig. 1, d.) a. Tissue of this form constitutes the fibre of flax, hemp, &c., the ligneous substance of the stems and roots, the petioles, and veins of leaves, &c. 31. The most remarkable modification of the woody fibre, is that called glandular. It consists of little glandular points, arranged along the walls of the woody tubes. It occurs only in resinous wood, chiefly of the fir tribe (Conifera). It has frequently been detected by the microscope, in fragments of fossil coal, whence it is inferred that coal-beds orignated from buried forests of the Coniferas. Witham on fossil vegetables, f c. 32. VASIFORM TISSUE consists of large tubes, called dotted ducts, having numerous little pits, sunk in the thickness of its DUCTS. 23 lining. When viewed by transmitted light, it appears as if riddled full of holes. a. It is of two kinds; 1st, articulated, having its tubes interrupted by joints and partitions, as in the oak, vine, and in the monocotyledonous stems; 2d, continuous, without joints or partitions; often found in the roots of plants. b. These are the largest vessels in the vegetable fabric; and their open mouths are particularly discernible in the cuttings of the oak, cane, &c. It is through these that the sap arises to the stem, and is conveyed to the leaves. 33. VASCULAR TISSUE consists essentially of spiral vessels, with their modifications. a. The true spiral vessel much resembles the woody fibre in form, being a long, slender tube, tapering each way, but is thinner and weaker. Its peculiar mark is an elastic, spiral fibre, coiled up within it, from end to end. b. The spiral thread is usually single, sometimes double, triple, &c. In the Chinese pitcher plant, it is quadruple. (Fig. 1,f.) c. In size, spiral vessels are variable. Generally their diameter is about 1 of an inch; often not more than Aji. d. The situation of spiral vessels is in the medullary sheath, that is, just around the pith; also in every part which originates from it, such as the veins of leaves, petals, and other modifications of leaves, and especially in the petioles, from which it may be uncoiled, in the manner above described. (28, a.) e. In their perfect state they contain air, which they transmit, in some way, from one to another. f Ducts are membranous tubes, with conical or rounded extremities, their sides being marked with transverse bars, rings, or coils, incapable of being unrolled without breaking. FIG. 2 Forms of tissue, &c.; a, annular ducts; b, spiral and annular at intervals; FIG. 2. —Forms of tissue, &c.; a, annular ducts; b, spiral and annular at intervals; c, laticiferous tissue; e, stomata of iris —vertical section, d, d, green cells at the orifice; f, f, cells of the parenchyma, e, air-chamber; g, g, view of epidermis and stomata of yucca, A, stomata closed; small, luminous bodies in the cells. C, 24 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. g. In this modification of spiral vessels the tube is much lengthened, and the coil within it is either closed, that is, will not unroll, as in the ferns; or it is anrwlar, that is, broken into distinct rings, as in the garden balsam; or it is reticulated, that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to form a net-work. The office of all these ducts is the same, - that of conveying fluid. It is only in the spiral vessel that we find air. (Fig. 2, a, b.) 34. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE is so called, from latex, the true nutritious sap, which it is destined to elaborate and convey. It consists of branched anastomosing (a'a, to and fro, auroya, a passage) tubes, lying chiefly in the bark, and the under side of leaves. (Fig. 2, c.) a. These tubes are very irregular in form, direction, and position. They expand and contract at intervals, cross and recross the other tissues, and, proceeding from the inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. Their average diameter is about r-y of an inch. - They are largest in plants which have a milky latex, or juice. 35. The EPIDERMIS, or skin, is a form of cellular tissue externally enveloping the plant. It is found upon every part exposed to the air, except the stigma of the flower, and the spongioles of the roots. These it does not cover, nor is it found upon those. parts which habitually live under water. And, where the bark of the stem is rugged with seams and furrows, this organ is not distinguishable. 36. It consists of a tissue of flattened cells of various figures, filled with air. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. The Oleander has four. Its office, in the economy of the plant, is, to check the evaporation of its moisture. a. The delicate membrane, which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of the house-leek or the garden iris, is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorless, and, under the microscope, reveals its cellular structure. 37. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues beneath it from the external air, but is perforated by certain apertures, called STOMATA (mouths), which open or close under the influence of the light. (Fig. 2.) 38. Stomata are usually of an oval form, bounded by a pair of kidney-shaped cells, containing a green matter. Sometimes they are round, and bounded by several cells. Many other varieties of form have been noticed EPIDERMIS. 25 39. Stomata are always placed over, and communicate with, the intercellular passages, that is, the spaces between the cells of the tissue. They are never found on the midrib, or veins, of the leaf, or over any ligneous part of the structure. They are most abundant over the soft, green tissue of the leaves, young shoots, and the parts of the flower. a. These organs are of a size so minute, that more than 100,000 of them have been counted within the space of a square inch. The largest known are about 5-~ of an inch in length. Their function is intimately connected with respiration. a FIG. 3. — Hairs and glands; a, c, simple hairs; b, branched hair of the mullein; d, gland surmounted by a hair; e, gland at the top of a hair; f, prickles of the rose. 40. The surface of the epidermis is either smooth, or furnished with numerous processes, originating from itself, or from the cellular substance beneath it. These are of several classes, namely, glands, hairs, prickles, stings, &c. 41. HAIRS are minute expansions of the epidermis, consisting each of a single lengthened cell, or of a row of cells, placed end to end, containing air. They are simple or branched. (Fig. 3.) a. Hairs are occasionally found upon the leaves, stem, and indeed upon any other part. In the cotton plant (Gossypium) they envelope the seed. They give various names to the surface, to which they are appended, according to their nature and appearance; thus it is said to be downy, or pubescent, when clothed with soft, short hairs; —hirsute, with longer hairs;-rough, with short, stiff hairs; —tomentose, when they are entangled and matted; arachnoid, when like cobwebs;-sericeous, when silky; —velvety, when they are short, soft, and dense; —ciliate, when long and fringed, like the eyelash. 42. STINGS are tubular and acute hairs, fixed upon minute glands in the cuticle, which secrete an acrid fluid. By the 26 PRIMARY DIVISIONS, ETC. slightest pressure this fluid is injected through the tube into the wound made by its point. Ex. nettle. 43. PRICKLES (Fig. 3) are also expansions of the epidermis, consisting of hardened cellular tissue (29, e). They are appended to the cuticle alone, and are stripped off with it. Unlike the thorn (171), they have no connection with the wood, nor do they disappear by cultivation. Ex. rose, bramble. (Rubus.) 44. GLANDS (Fig. 3) are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resinous, saccharine, acrid, &c. a. They are either sessile, as in the cassia; or mounted upon a stipe, as in the passion flower; or imbedded in the leaf, causing it to appear puwnctate, as in the leaf of the lemon. Often the gland appears to be merely the expansion of a hair, either at its base or its summit. Such are called glandular hairs. 45. Analogous to glands, are those cavities formed in the cellular tissue, to serve as receptacles of secretion. Examples are seen in the rind of the orange and lemon, containing minute drops of a fragrant volatile oil. The turpentine of the fir balsam is stored up in large reservoirs of this kind. CHAPTER III. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 46. THE vegetable kingdom has long been considered by botanists under two great natural divisions, namely, PHAENOGAMIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS, and CRYPTOGAMIA, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 47. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence or the absence of the flower, these divisions are further distinguished by their structure. The Phlenogamia abound with the ligneous and vascular tissue, while the Cryptogamia consist more generally of the cellular. Hence, the former are also called VrASCULARES, and the latter CELLULARES. SPECIES - GENUS. 27 48. Again, the former are distinguished for producing seeds composed of determinate parts, as cotyledons (~125) and embryo, while the latter produce certain minute bodies, called spores, having no such distinction of parts. Thus the Phenogamia are also called COTYLEDONOUS and the Cryptogamia ACOTYLEDONOUS plants. 49. Lastly, we find in the Phanogamia, a system of compound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, and flower, successively developed on a determinate plan (418 -26), while in the Cryptogamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become simple expansions of cellular tissue, without symmetry or proportion. a. In the following pages we shall first direct our attention exclusively to the compound organs of FLOWERING PLANTS; and since, in our descriptions of these organs, frequent references will be made to particular species and genera, for illustrations and examples, it seems proper to subjoin, in this place, a brief notice of these fundamental divisions also. 50. A SPECIES embraces all such individuals as may have orginated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. a. Thus the white clover, (T ihfoliwn repens) is a species, embracing thousands of contemporary individuals, scattered over our hills and plains, all of a common descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. The innumerable multitudes of individual plants which clothe the earth, are, so far as known, comprehended in about 80,000 species. 51. To this law of resemblance in plants of a common origin, there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in flavor, or.leaves differing in form. Such differences are called VARIETIEs. They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to their original type. a. Varieties occur chiefly in cultivated species, as the apple, potatoe, tulip, Geranium, &c., occasioned by the different circumstances of soil, climate, and culture, to which they ace subjected. But they continue distinct only until left to multiply spontaneousiy rrom seed, in their own proper soil. 52 A GENUS is an assemblage of species, with more points of agreement than of difference, and more closely resembling each other than they resemble any species of other groups. 28 THE rLOWER. a. For example, the genus hifoliun includes the species T. repens, T. pratene, &c., agreeing in structure and aspect so obviously, that the most hasty observer would notice their relationship. Also in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate to include the white pine and the pitch pine (P. strobus and P. rigida), any more than he would fail to observe their differences. b. Thus, the whole vegetable kingdom is, by the most obvious characters, distributed into species, and the species, by truly natural affinities, grouped into genera. These divisions constitute the basis of all the systems of classification in use, whether by natural or artificial methods. ** * To the admirer of nature, flowers are among the first subjects of attention, as mere objects of taste. They are conspicuous for their superior beauty, even in the vegetable kingdom, where all is beautiful. Yet, as objects of science, they merit a still higher regard, whether we consider the Creative skill displayed in their construction, or their important agency in the reproduction of the plant But, to the practical botanist, an intimate knowledge of their organic structure is one of his first requisites, on account of the indispensable use of the floral organs in classificatiou. CHAPTER IV. THE FLOWER t1. OF ITS PARTS, AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 53. A FLOWER may consist of the following members:1. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, called, collectively, the PERIANTH, (TrQet, around, av9o;, a flower); 2. The STAMENS; 3. The PISTILS; and, 4. The RECEPTACLE, or TORUS. a. Of these, only the stamens and pistils are regarded in science as essential parts. These, together with the receptacle, are said to constitute a perfect flower, even when one or all other parts are wanting; because these two organs alone are sufficient for the perfection of the seed. In a popular sense, however, a perfect flower must possess all the organs above mentioned. b. If the stamens or the pistils, either or both, be wanting, the flower is said to be imnperfect. An imperfect flower is either sterile, having stamens only, or fertile, having pistils only, or neutral, having neither organs complete. PISTILS. 29 4 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 FIG. 4. - No. 1, Lily (Lilium Japonicum); 2, pink (Dianthus); 3, a stamen; 4, a pistil. 54. The FLORAL ENVELOPES, or PERIANTH, consist of one or more circles or whorls of leaves, surrounding the stamens. The outer of these whorls is called the calyx, and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the.corolla cannot exist without the calyx. If neither of them exist, the flower is said to be naked, or achlamydeous (a, privative, and x)a.uv;, a cloak). 55. The CALYX (xzauv, a cup), therefore, is the external envelope, the cup, of the flower, consisting of a whorl of leaves,'with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx-leaves are called SEPALS. 56. The COROLLA (Lat. corolla, diminutive of corona, crown) is the interior envelope of the flower, consisting of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct, or united by their edges, usually of some other color than green, and of a more delicate structure than the calyx. Its leaves are called PETALS 57. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, situated just within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred, but the most common number is five. Their office is, the fertilization of the seed. They are collectively called the andvracium (arqes;,* stamens, olto;, a house). * The plural of ~tv5g, a man, a term applied to the stamen, by Linnaus, in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term'Lwv, woman, is, on the same grounds, applied to the pistil. .30 THE FLOWER. 58. The PISTILS OCCUpy the centre of the flower. They are sometimes numerous, but often only one. They are destined to bear the seed. Collectively, they are called gynaecium (yvar, pistil, otxos, a house). 59. The RECEPTACLE is the summit of the flower-stalk, out of which the floral organs grow, and upon which they stand in concentric whorls, the gyncecium in the centre, the andrcecium encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing the whole. 60. The principal parts of the flower are shown in the cuts (Figs. 4, 6, 7, &c.), or better by specimens, with which, both here and throughout the work, the student should always be provided. The slender, thread-like organs seen at a (Fig. 4, No. 1), are the stamens, surrounding the pistil b; c is the perianth, consisting of two similar whorls, the outer one a calyx of three sepals, the inner a corolla of three petals, surrounding or enveloping the stamens and pistil; at d is the receptacle. At a (No. 2) is the inner envelope, the corolla; at b is the outer envelope, the calyx or cup, which seems to contain the rest of the flower like a cup; at c, below the calyx, are certain leafy appendages called bracteoles or bracts. a. ZJet the pupil compare specimens of these and other flowers, whose parts are well developed, until he becomes familiar with the appearance of each organ, and can instantly apply its name. 61. A complete and regular flower, therefore, is made up of four sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. In regard to the number and position of the individual organs composing these whorls, it is important to observe, a. First, that each set consists, theoretically, of the same number of organs, that is, if the sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils; or, if 3 sepals, there should be 3 petals, 3 stamens, and 3 pistils, &c. b. Secondly, the position of the organs in each set alternates with those of each adjacent set, that is, the sepals alternate with the petals, the petals with the stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. c. Thus, in a word, the normal structure of the truly symmetrical flower, divested of all irregularities, consists of four concentric whorls of organs, the organs of each whorl being equal in number, and alternate in position with those of the other whorls (Fig. 5; 1). This structural arrangement, as will hereafter be seen, exactly coincides with that of the leafy branch, agreeably to the beautiful ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 31 theory of the' transformation of the leaves into the floral organs,' * to which allusion has already been made (~ 25). When the bud is developed into a branch, instead of a flower, the leaves are usually arranged in a simple spiral line. This spire may be broken up into equal circles or whorls, from causes to be hereafter explained. In either case the leaves of one spire, or circle, do not issue from the stem at points exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the intervals between them. 62. This simple normal structure of the flower is, however, subject to many apparent exceptions, so that few, comparatively, are found perfectly conformable to it. Of these few the order Linaceas affords good examples. In the flax (Linum) the flower is built upon the normal plan, consisting of 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 5 pistils (each with 5 double carpels), all alternating with each other, according to the diagram (Fig. 5; 1). 1 2 3 6 5 4 FIG. 5.- Plan of flowers; 1, ora regular and symmetrical flower, as the flax (Linum); 2, of the cherry, showing the four whorls of stamens; 3, of the primrose, showing the position of the suppressed row of stamens; 4, of the Samolus, showing the position of the 5 abortive stamens; 5, of a labiate flower, as the hemp-nettle (Galeopsis), where one stamen and one carpel is wanting; 6, of a cruciform flower, as mustard, where the stamens are in two whorls, two of those in the outer whorl and two carpels being suppressed. 63. If, with this adopted standard, we compare the numerous * This theory was first suggested by Linnaeus, the founder of Systematic Botany, and sub. sequently by Wolff and Goethe. After having been long unheeded by botanists, it has at length been revived by modern writers of the highest merit, and shown to be perfectly coilcident with facts.' The adoption of this theory, accordingly, has given a new aspect to botany, and rendered it one of the most philosophical and inductive of the natural sciences.' See Gray's Bot. Text-Book, Chap VIII, where this theory is clearly stated, and richly illustrated. 32 THE FLOWER. forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to trace out the features of the general plan, even among the widest deviations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations. Some of them are the following. a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trimerous (~,g,, three, and /uzgo, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur to the student. b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5; 3, 4). c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiatae but one stamen is wanting (Fig. 5; 5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbellifere, the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. Thus the sepals may be united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &c. Or the petals may be thus united, as in the morning glory: or the stamens, as in the mallows tribe; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturbances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so that it seems to stand upon it. It is then said (but improperly) to be superior. Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to grow out of them; they are then said (improperly) to be inserted into the corolla. In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in opposition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. f. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. This is the ease in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labitm, a lip). g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral structure. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel ITS NORMAL STRUCTURE. 33 oped branch very obvious. Nay, in some cases, the whole flower-bud, after having given a slight indication of a floral character, is transformed into a leafy branch, showing that all parts of the flower are formed out of the same elements as the leaves. h. Sometimes the flower-stalk is not effectually checked in its growth by the development of the flower, but is prolonged through it, and produces secondary flowers in the midst of the organs of the first. This is not unfrequent in the rose. Several instances of these malformations are exhibited below. (Fig. 6.) k. This mode of studying the floral structure is deeply interesting and instruc tive, but our limits will not permit us to dwell upon it, nor is it necessary. The intelligent student will be able to extenc' the above illustrations by an examination of almost any flower,with reference to its deviations from the normal plan. FIG. 6.- 1, From Lindley,- a flower of white clover, reverting to a leafy branch; 2, here drawn from a living specimen, - a tulip, b, a leaf arising from the peduncle, takes the position, form, and color (in part) of a sepal; 3, here drawn from a living specimen, — a rose (R. damascena) with- the axis prolonged into secondary rose-buds. *** In our detailed description of the flower, we shall commence with those organs which are deemed essential, their mysterious agency being indispensable to the perfection of the seed. 34 THE FLOWER. CHAPTER V. THE FLOWER. ~2. OF THE STAMENS, AND THE ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 64. THE stamens and pistils are situated within the floral envelopes, and since one or both are always present, in every species, at least, of the Phaonqgamous plants, they were seized upon by Linnaeus* as the basis of his beautiful arrangement, called the Artificial System. 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 * 121 ) T:.5 10 12 13 14 17 18 1 FIG. 7. - Forms of stamens, anthers, pollen, &c. 1. Stamens and pistil of a flower (Rhododendron Lapponicum), in their natural position; a, stigma, b, anthers, c, style, d, filaments, c, ovary, f, calyx and receptacle; 2, stamen of ginger; 3, sage; 4, Berberis; 5, Vaccinium amcenum, with the terminal pores; 6, cucumber, with the sinuous lobes of the anther; 7, Polygonum; 8, Lemna, anther bursting vertically; 9, lily; 10 Magnolia; 17, a four-celled anther; 18, anther of Alchemilla, bursting transversely. Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, various (magnified) forms of pollen-grains. * Carl Von Linn6, or Linneus, the most eminent of naturalists, was the son of a clergyman, born in 1707, at Rhceshult, in the province of Smaland, Sweden. In his 24th year, while a member of the University of Upsal, he conceived the idea of that system of plants which bears his name. In 1741 he became professor of medicine in the same University, and in 1761, on account of his great literary attainments, was elevated to the rank of nobility. He died in 1778. To him the natural sciences are under incalculable obligations, all of which he classified and arranged anew. But the science of botany, especially, is indebted to him for those discoveries and classifications, which have, more than any others, contributed to its general diffusion. In his' immortal work,' Sipecies Plantarum, he enriched the language of botany by a new nomenclature of species, and many new terms in the technology of plants, for their more accurate description. POLLEN. 35 65. The STAMENS are those thread-like organs, seen in the midst of the flower, situated around the pistils and within the corolla, or the calyx, constituting the androecium. 66. The stamen (Fig. 4, No. 3) consists of three distinct parts; namely, the filament, a; the anther, b; and the pollen, c. The filament is sometimes wanting, the two latter are essential. 67. The FILAMENT (Lat. filum, a thread) is the stem, supporting the anther at or near its top, and is analogous to the stem of a leaf, or to the claw of a petal. When it is wanting, the anther, like a leaf or a petal in a similar case, is said to be sessile. 68. The ANTHER is generally situated at the summit of the filament, and is composed of two parallel lobes or cells, connected to each other and to the filament by the connectile. It is analogous to the blade of the leaf, each half blade being transformed into a lobe, and the midrib into the connectile. a. Each cell of the anther usually opens by a longitudinal fissure, called the dehiscence, but sometimes, as in the potato, Pyrola, &c. by an aperture (pore) at the summit. In the Polygala, mallow, &c. the two cells are reduced to one. b. The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament terminating, not at the base, but at the summit of the anthers. In some cases it is prolonged above them, into a sort of appendage, as in the violet, silk-weed, &c. c. The anther is sometimes wanting, and the filament in such cases cannot constitute a stamen, but is said to be abortive, or sterile. 69. In regard to the modes of attachment between the anther and the filament, we find the following variations; the anthers are said to be, 1. Innate, when they are attached to the filament by the base of the connectile. 2. Adnate, when they are attached to the filament by their back, so as to appear lateral; as in the Anemone, water-lily. 3. Versatile, when fixed by a single point to the connectile, from which they lightly swing; as in the grasses. 4. When the anthers are attached to the inside of the filament, or connectile, so that the'line of dehiscence faces the pistils, they are called introrse (turned inward). But when they are attached to the outside of the connectile, so that the dehiscence faces the petals, they are called extrorse (turned outward). Examples of the former are seen in the violet; of the latter in the larkspur. These distinc. tions are of importance, as will hereafter be seen. 70. The POLLEN is, in appearance, a small, yellow dust, contained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with a microscope, it appears to consist of grains (granules) of various forms, 4 36 THE FLOWER. usually spherical, but in some plants cubical, in others triangular, in others still, polygonal, &c., always being of the same form in the same species. (Fig. 7.) a. Each grain of pollen has been ascertained to consist of a membranous sack containing a fluid. In this fluid are suspended molecules of inconceivable minuteness, possessed of a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed to moisture, it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. (Fig. 12.) 71. Physiological structure. The filament consists of a bundle of delicate ligneous tissue, with spiral vessels, surrounded by cellular tissue, the same tissues which compose the stem of the leaf (260). The same tissues have also been traced into the connectile. The anther consists almost wholly of cellular tissue, corresponding to the fleshy substance (parenchyma) of the leaf. The pollen consists of disintegrated bladders of the same tissue. 72. Theoretical structure. Thus it is evident, as we have already seen, that however much the stamen may differ in aspect from a leaf, they both have the same original plan. This is further evident, from the gradual transition of stamens into petals, as seen in the water-lily or the double rose. In the former, the process is so gradual that the outer whorls exactly resemble petals, except in having the tops developed into yellow anthers, while in the rose we find organs in every conceivable state of transition from stamens to petals. That the petals are modified leaves, will hereafter be more definitely shown (106). FIG. 8. -Stamens of the water-lily gradually passing into petals. 73. The stamens vary in the different kinds of plants, in respect to their number, position, relative length, connection, and presence. Upon these five different conditions of the stamens, the TWENTY-FOUR ARTIFICIAL CLASSES of Linnmus are founded. 74. 1st. Number. The first eleven classes are founded upon the -number of the stamens-the stamens being also free (63, c.), and of equal length. Their names are derived from the Greek numerals combined with arcvqe; (57, note), as follows:Class I, MONANDRIA (iuovo;, solitary,) includes all genera (52) of plants with one stamen to each flower. LINNEAN CLASSES. 37 Class II, DIANDRIA' (6&S, twice), with two stamens to each flower. III, TRIANDRIA (etls, thrice), with three stamens. IV, TETRANDRIA (TETIQ, four times), with four stamens. V, PENTANDRIA (7rEYvE, five), with five stamens. VI, HEXANDRIA ( si, six), with six stamens. VII, HEPTANDRIA (6'ica, seven), with seven stamens. VIII, OCTANDRIA (OrxIm, eight), with eight stamens. IX, ENNEANDRIA (SvvEa, nine), with nine stamens. X, DECANDRIA (s&xa, ten), with ten stamens. XI, DODECANDRIA (wS&xa, twelve), with twelve stamens. 2d. Position. The next two classes depend upon the position of the stamens, — the stamens being free and equal. XII, ICOSANDRIA (etxoU&, twenty), includes those genera of plants which have twenty or more stamens to the flower, seated on the calyx (perigynous). XIII, POLYANDRIA (nOVS;, many), twenty or more stamens, seated on the receptacle (hypogynous). 3d. Relative length. The two following classes are founded upon the relative length of the stamens, together with their number. XIV, DIDYNAMIA (&s, twice, 6vac, two, v7,uac, a filament), includes plants with four stamens, of which two are long, and two are short. XV, TETRADYNAMIA (IEOaE, four times, 8vw, vrsao), with six stamens, of which four are long, and two are short. 4th. Connection. The five succeeding classes depend upon the connection of the stamens, in various ways. XVI, MONADELPHIA (0iovog, acsqgos, a brother), includes plants with the filaments united into one set or fraternity. XVII, DIADELPHIA (8vw, acs~e)o;), into two sets or fraternities. XVIII, POLYADELPHIA (noSVg, ahqoogS), into many sets or fraternities. XIX, SYNGENESIA, (uvv, together, YEVEsag, origin), stamens united by their anthers, into a tube. XX, GYNANDRIA (yvvrv, ~ 57, note, avr,), stamens consolidated with the style. 38 THE FLOWER. 5th. Absence. The four remaining classes depend upon the absence of the stamens in a part or all of the flowers of the same species. XXI, MONCECIA (povo;, o0xo;, an abode), includes plants where the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers, on the same individual. XXII, DIcEcIA (S&;, o&xos), in separate flowers on different individuals. XXIII, POLYGAMIA (nzolvg, many, yatuo;, marriage), where the stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers, and united in others, either on the same or two or three different plants. XXIV, CRYPTOGAMIA (xqvirwog, concealed, ryauos), includes those genera of plants where the stamens and pistils are wanting, or at least invisible, commonly called FLOWERLESS PLANTS. (46-49.) a. Such are the twenty-four Linnean classes, in which all the genera of the vegetable kingdom gre included. Nothing could have been more simple than the first eleven. To distinguish them, we have only to count the stamens. The other classes are founded upon distinctions less simple, though in general easy to be understood. A good specimen flower of each class should here be closely examined, to illustrate the definitions, and fix them in the memory. The following simple figures are emblematic of each class, to which the pupil is required to apply the appropriate numbers and names. FIG. 9.- Stamens. CARPELS. 39 CHAPTER VI. THE FLOWER. j3. OF THE PISTIL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. a 3 9 l*r FIG. 10. — 1, Pistil of a whortleberry (Vaccinium amcanum); b, the stigma; c, style; a, the epigynous disk; e, perpendicular section of the ovary combined with the adherent (superior) calyx; d, the placenta with the ovules; 2, the gyncecium of a flower with 5 pistils, showing the carpels and styles distinct; 7, cross section of the same; 3, the carpels united and the styles distinct; 6, cross section of the same; 4, both carpels and styles united; 5, cross section of the same; 8, leaf of Bryophyllum, putting forth buds from its margin; 9, carpel of the garden cherry, reverting to the form of the leaf; 10, two such carpels; 11, two perfect carpels. 75. THE pistil (or pistils) occupies the centre of the flower, at the termination of the axis. It consists of three parts, the ovary, or germ, a, (Fig. 4.) the style, b, and the stigma, c. The style is sometimes wanting, and the stigma then becomes sessile upon the ovary. (See also Figs. 10, 11.) 76. The OVARY (Lat. ovarium, a depository, from ovum, an egg) is the tumid and hollow part of the pistil, situated at its base, containing the ovules, or young seeds within its cavities. and destined to become the fruit. 77. The ovary is either simple or compound. When compound, it consists of two or more lobes or divisions, called CARPELS (XcrooX, fruit), united together more or less closely 4* 40 THE FLOWER. Sometimes these divisions are very evident, being but slightly connected, while in other cases, all external marks of them disappear. When simple, it of course consists of a single carpel. (Fig. 10.) 78. The STYLE is that prolonged columnar part of the ovary, or rather of each carpel, which bears the stigma at its top. The number of the styles, when they are not wanting, always equLals the number of carpels: but when the carpels are closely united, the styles may be united also, into a single compound column, or they may even then remain distinct. 79. The STIGMA iS the upper portion, or extremity, of the style, extremely various in form, but usually globular. Like the ovary and style, it is either simple or compound. When it is compound it consists of as many united lobes as there are carpels. 80. The number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, when the styles are wanting) constitutes the basis of the artificial orders, into which the first thirteen classes of Linnmeus are subdivided. They are named from the Greek numerals prefixed to the termination gynia, (yvvs, 57, Note,) as follows. Order 1. Monogynia, includes all the genera of plants in either of the first thirteen classes, with one style to the flower. 2. Digynia, with two styles to the flower. 3. Trigynia, with three styles. 4. Tetragynia, with four styles. 5. Pentagynia, with five styles. 6. Hexagynia, with six styles. 7. Heptagynia, with seven styles. 8. Octogynia, with eight styles. 9. Enneagynia, with nine styles. 10. Decagynia, with ten styles. 11. Dodecagynia, with eleven or twelve styles. 12. Polygynia, with more than twelve styles.* *The orders of the remaining classes are founded upon characters not depending upon the pistil, and are as follows:The orders of class 14, Didynamia, are only two; 1. Gymnospermia, with seeds apparently naked. 2. Angiospermia, with seeds evidently in a seed-vessel, or pericarp. THEORETICAL STRUCTURE. 41 81. The OVULES are certain little globular bodies, produced in the cells of the ovary, destined to become the seeds in the matured fruit. (Fig. 10; 1.) 82. The PLACENTA is that part of the ovary from which the ovules arise, and to which they are attached. It consists of a line, or fleshy ridge, placed in some angle of the cell. Its direction is always vertical, that is, parallel with the axis of growth. (Fig. 10; 1, d.) 83. Physiological structure. The ovary and style are composed chiefly of one or more bundles of vascular tissue, imbedded in cellular tissue. The stigma consists of a loose cellular substance, called the conducting tissue, communicating with the placenta through the centre of the style. It is the only part of the ascending axis which is destitute of the epidermis (35). 84. Theoretical structure. The pistil, as before stated (25, a), is the modification of a leaf, or of a whorl of leaves, each leaf constituting a carpel. Each carpel has its own style and stigma, and is formed of a leaf folded together in such a way that the upper surface becomes the inner, and is turned towards the The 15th class, Tetradynamia, is divided into two orders, which are distinguished by the form of the pod: — 1. Siliculosa, the fruit a silicle, or short pod. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique, or more or less elongated pod. The orders of the 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22d classes are of the same name and character as the first 13 classes themselves, that is, they are founded upon the number of the stamens to the flower, thus: — Order 1, Monandria, includes all Monadelphous plants, Diadelphous plants, &c. with one stamen to each flower. 2, Diandria, with two stamens to each flower, and so on. The orders of the 19th class, Syngenesia, are five:Order 1. Equalis (equal), with the florets (flowers) of the head all perfect. 2. Superflua (superfluous), florets of the rays, or margin of the head pistillate, the rest perfect. 3. Frustranea (frustrated), florets of the margin neutral, the rest perfect. 4. Necessaria (necessary), florets of the margin pistillate and fertile, the rest staminate and.sterile. 5. Segregata (separated), each floret having its own proper calyx. The orders of class 23d, Polygamia, are two, founded upon the same characters as the two preceding classes:1. Moncecia, where both separated and perfect flowers are found in the same individual. 2. Dicecia, where the different flowers occupy different individuals. The orders of class 24th, Cryptogamia, are nine, the same as the natural orders of this grand division, as Filices, the ferns, Musci, the mosses, &c 42 THE FLOWER. axis, while the lower surface becomes the outer. By this arrangement the two edges of the carpel often appear like sutures (Lat. sutura, a seam), of which the outer, formed by the midvein, is called the dorsal, and the inner, formed by the united margins, the ventral. a. This view of.the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, reverting towards the form of the leaf. This carpellary leaf (Fig. 10; 9) stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded towards each other, the midvein greatly prolonged, and a little dilated at the apex. b. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry, seen in the figure, no- doubt can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and the lengthened summit of the leaf to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower contains two such leaves, which always present their concave faces towards each other, as seen in the figure. This corresponds with the position of the true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of each are contiguous. c. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranunculus, &c. exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, so that there can be no doubt that the carpel is formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the blade of a leaf; the style, the lengthened apex; and the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the leaf: 85. From this doctrine of the structure of the single carpel, the student will be able and expected to demonstrate many propositions like the following. a. First. A compound ovary consists of a whorl of carpellary leaves, their united edges all meeting in the centre, and the cohering sides forming a kind of radiation from it (Fig. 9). b. Second. There must be as many cells as there are carpels. c. Third. The partitions between the cells, that is, the dissepiments (dissepio, to separate,) must each be double; they must be vertical; they must be equal in number to the carpels, and alternate with the stigma, which is also double. d. Again, the single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever occur, it is regarded as an anomaly, and called spurious Ex. flax (Fig. 11). 86. These propositions are true only when each carpellary leaf appears in its normal condition, that is, with its two edges mutually united. But cases occur where only the margins of adjacent leaves are united (Fig. 11; 1, 2, 3). Il this case there will be no dissepiments, and the compound ovary will, of course, become one-celled. Ex. Primula, Gentiana. OVtILES. 43 87. The placenta, are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary leaf. If these edges be in their normal conditions, that is, united, there will be apparently but one placenta to the carpel, and that central. But if the edges be separate, there will necessarily be two placentae to each carpel, the one to the right and the other to the left of the dorsal suture and style. They are then said to be parietal (paries, a wall). 4 FIG. 11. - 1i, Cross section of a one-celled, three-carpelled ovary with parietal placentae, the dissepiments partially obliterated; 2a, dissepiments wholly obliterated; 3, dissepiments obliterated, showing a free centlal placenta; 4, a five-celled ovary with 5 false dissepiments, as in the flax; 5, vertical section of an ovary with parietal placentae; 6, with free central placentae; 7, an amphitropous ovule; 8, vertical section of the same; a, funiculus; b, raphe; c, chalaza; d, nucleus; e, secundine; f, primine; g, micropyle; 9, anatropous ovules attached to the ovary. 88. But the placentae are sometimes found in the common centre when there are no dissepiments (Fig. 11; 3, 6). This anomaly, which is called a free central placenta, is thus explained. The dissepiments were at first actually formed in the usual manner, but afterwards, by the rapid expansion of the shell, they were torn away and obliterated. a. As the ovules are always developed by the placentae, they, of course, grow out of the margins of the carpellary leaf, and are, therefore, understood to be analogous to buds. For, in the Bryophyllum, and some other plants, the true leaves do habitually develop buds at their margins (Fig. 10; 8), and in the mignionette the ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. 89. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. In the mignionette they are partially naked, and in the fir tribe, Coniferte, entirely so, the carpellary leaf being open or wanting. Q44 THE FLOWER. a. The ovule is said to be erect when it grows from the base of the ovary ascending, when it grows from a little above the base; pendulous, when it hangs from the summit of the cavity, and suspended, when it hangs from a little below the summit. 90. In their early state, the ovules are quite soft, consisting of two sacks or integuments, containing a pulpy mass. and open only at their apex, where there is a passage left through both, called the foramen. The outer integument is called the prinine, the other the secundine, and the central pulpy mass the nucleus. (Fig. 11; 8.) a. The foramen may be detected even in the perfect seed, by soaking it in water, and then pressing out the fluid thus absorbed, which will be seen to issue from this little orifice. It has an important agency in the fertilization of the seed, which at this early period has no traces of the embryo (18). 91. The stalk by which the ovule is connected to the placenta, is called the funiculus, and its point of attachment to the nucleus of the ovule, the chalaza. Through these the ovule receives its nourishment from the placenta. (Fig. 11; 8, 9.) 4. OF THE MUTUAL ACTION OF THE STAMENS AND PISTILS. ON 4 92. The specific use of ~~3'~ the stamens and pistils is the fertilization of the l t 1 l 6 H seed (57, 58). This appears to be effected ih the of 4he 1nap-dragon, following manner. At the lldischarge the pollen cons n te ts 6, tained in their cavities I through their dehiscence FIG. 12. — 1, Section of the upper part of the style Or pores, into the air. Some of the snap-dragon, the pollen tubes passing down of it thus falls upon the between the cells; 2, 3, 4, 5, various forms of pollen, showing the tubes; 6, pollen of the (Enothera biennis, stigma. one of its tubes descending among the cells of the style. a. The Author of nature makes special provision for the accomplishment of this function. Thus the anthers are generally placed above the stigma, the stamens being longer than the pistils when the flower is erect, as in the tulip, and shorter, when it droops, as in several species of the lily. In the mountain CALYX. 45 laurel (Kalmia), the anthers are confined in ten cavities in the corolla; at the proper season they are disengaged, and thrown forcibly against the stigma, by the elasticity of the filaments. In Moncecious and Dicecious plants, where the stamens are placed apart from the pistils in different flowers, the pollen is often conveyed to the pistil by insects in going from flower to flower in search of honey. 93. Soon after the pollen falls upon the stigma, the outer coat of each granule bursts (70, a) at one or more points, allowing the inner coat to pass through it in the form of a tube. This tube insinuates itself between the cells of the stigma, and passes down between the loose cells of the style, extending itself until it reaches the ovary, even when the style is of considerable length. When these, tubes reach the ovary, they direct themselves towards the ovules in different parts, and enter the foramen, which at this time is tturned towards the base of the style, and brought in contact with its conducting tissue (83). 94. As to the further action of the pollen grains, it is conjectured that the molecules which they contain (69, a) are conveyed by the tubes into each ovule, and that there developing themselves into new cells, and becoming fixed in their places, they constitute the embryo of the future plant. All that is certainly known, however, is, that the embryo first appears in the ovule shortly after the pollen tube enters it. CHAPTER VII. THE ~FLOWER. ~5. OF THE CALYX. 95. THE term calyx comes from the Greek, and signifies a cup. It is applied to the outer whorl of the floral envelopes, in reference to its common form and position. It is generally green, but is sometimes colored, that is, it is of some other coloi than green. It seems designed for the protection of the more delicate organs of the flower in oestivation (in the bud). 96, The divisions of the calyx are called sepals, which are 46 THE FLOWER. sometimes distinct, but generally cohere by their edges, to a greater or less extent, forming a cup as in the rose, or a tube as in the pink. The calyx is then said to be monosepalous, a term which must never be literally applied, since no true calyx can consist of merely a single sepal; when the sepals are not united in any degree, the calyx is said to be polysepalous. 1 2 3 97. If the calyx is free, that is, distinct from the ovary, as in the pink, it is said to be inferior, while the ovary is superior; but if the calyx be adhe1W ~$ rent to the sides of the ovary, so as to appear to grow out of its summit, as in the rose, it is 6 5 4 said to be superior. (Fig. 13; FIG. 13.-3, Ovary, with adherent (superior), 1, 3.) persistent calyx; 1, vertical section of the same, showing the epigynous (Gr. upon the pistil) sta- 98. In respect to duration, mens; 2, calyx free (inferior), stamens hypogy- it is caducous when it falls off nous (Gr. under the pistil); 4, stamens on the calyx, that is, perigynous (Gr. around the pistil); as soon as the flower is ex5, stamens on the corolla (perigynous); 6, sta- panded, Ex. poppy; deciduous, men with the connectile continued beyond the.' f X anther. when it falls off as the fower decays, Ex. water lily; and persistent, when it remains upon the germ after the corolla has fallen; Ex. rose, apple. 99. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a mere rim, and sometimes, when there is no corolla, the calyx is entirely wanting (54). a. Again, the calyx is reduced to a whorl of mere hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of calyx is peculiar to the Compositme, as the Asters, sunflower, &c., where the flowers are collected in heads so compact that the calyx has no room to develop itself in the usual manner. If the pappus consists of simple hairs, it is said to be pilose; if the hairs are feathery, plumose; if they are stiff, like bristles, setose; if dilated, so as to become chaffy, paleaceous. ~ 6. OF THE COROLLA. 100. Corolla is a Latin diminutive, signifying a chaplet or MONOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 47 crown. It is fitly applied to that whorl of the floral envelopes situated between the calyx and the stamens, upon the delicate texture and hues of which chiefly depend the beauty of the flower. 101. The divisions of the corolla are called petals. Like the sepals of the calyx, they are either distinct, or united by their adjacent edges to a greater or less extent, as in the morning glory. When they are distinct, the corolla is said to be polypetalous; otherwise, monopetalous, a term which is as greatly misapplied in this case as monosepalous is to the calyx, since no true corolla can consist simply of a single petal. 102. A petal consists of two parts; the claw, which is the narrow part at the base,' answering to the stalk of a leaf, and the lamina, which is the expanded portion supported by the claw, and answers to the blade of the leaf. The claw is sometimes very long, as in the pink, and often is wanting, as in the rose. 103.'When the petals are confluent into a monopetalous corolla, the united claws form that part of it which is called the tube, and the lamina constitute the upper, expanded portion of it, which is called the limb or border. Both of these parts are exhibited in the Phlox. 104. Monopetalous corollas are regular when all the parts correspond to each other in shape, size, and cohesion; and irregular when they do not. Both these kinds assume various forms (Fig. 14), which have received appropriate names, as follows: 1. Campanulate (bell-shaped), having the tube wide, and swelling abruptly at the base, as in the bell-flower (Campanula). 2. Infundibuliform (funnel-form), tubular at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border. Ex. morning glory, tobacco. 3. Iypocrateriform (salver.form), the tube ending abruptly in a border spreading horizontally. Ex. Phlox. 4. Rotate (wheel-form), limb regular, or nearly so, spreading, with a very short or imperceptible tube. Ex. mullein. 5. Labiate (lipped). This corolla has its limb deeply cleft 5 48 THE FLOWER. into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower lip. If the lips be widely separate, they are said to be ringent (ringo, to grin). Ex. monkey-flower. If the upper and lower sides are pressed together, personate (persona, a mask); Ex. snap dragon. If the upper lip is arched, it is termed the helmet or galea. Ex. Lamium. This form of the corolla almost universally characterizes the plants of the large and important natural order Labiata. 110 FIG. 14. —Forms of corollas; 1, Campanula rotundifolia; 2, tobacco; 3, Convolvulus; 4, Veronica; 5, sage; 6, Gaultheria procumbens; 7, Phlox; 8, cabbage; 9, rose; 10, Lathyrus. 105. Several forms of polypetalous corollas have also received appropriate names, and are described as follows. The last only is irregular. 1. Cruciform (crux, a cross), consisting of four petals spreading at right angles to each other. Plants with this corolla constitute the large natural order Cruciferm, which corresponds to the 15th class in the artificial arrangement. Of this kind is the mustard (Sinapis). 2. Rosaceous, like the rose. A regular corolla, consisting of five or more petals, spreading horizontally, attached to the receptacle by very short claws. Ex. rose, apple. 3. Liliaceous, like the lily. The Perianthconsists of six parts, each gradually bending outwards in such a manner as to resemble the campanulate. Ex. lily, tulip (Fig. 4). NECTARY. 49 4. Caryophyllaceous, like the pink. This corolla consists of five petals, having long claws immersed in a tubular calyx. Ex. pink, cockle (Fig. 4). 5. Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped. This corolla consists of five dissimilar petals, which have received names as follows; — the upper and largest is called the banner (vexillum); the two lateral ones beneath this, the wings (alk); and the two lower ones cohering by their lower margins, the keel (carina). Examples, pea, bean, locust. Plants with this kind of corolla constitute the greater part of the Leguminosae, one of the most extensive and useful of the natural families. 106. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. The floral envelopes are found, in their physical organization, to agree with leaves, of which they are only modifications. They consist of thin expansions of cellular tissue, traversed by veins of delicate spiral vessels, all covered with an epidermis often having stomata. Their various colors are produced by secretions contained in the little bladders of the cellular tissue. 7. OF THE NECTARY AND DISK. 107. These are terms which have been applied to certain anomalous forms of the floral organs, and are very variable in structure and position. a. The NECTARY (nectar, honey) is properly an apparatus for the secretion of honey. In the violet, larkspur, columbine, &c., it consists of a prolongation of the petal into a spur. In the nasturtium it is a similar prolongation of the sepal. In the passion flower, grass parnassus, gold-thread, &c., the nectaries are merely abortive stamens passing into petals. In the lady's slipper and other Orchidaceous plants, the lower petal being inflated and larger than the rest of them, was called nectary by the Linnean school, but by modern writers the labellum, or lip. b. The DISK is a term applied to certain little projections situated between the bases of the stamens and the pistils. Its more common form is that of a raised rim, either entire or variously lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary, that is, hypogynous ('vrZ, under, u~vvS, the pistil), as in the peony, or it appears at the top of the ovary when the calyx is superior, and is then said to be epigynous (Nrt, upon, yuvv,), as in the Cornus. c. The true character of the disk is little understood. It is supposed by Lindley to consist of stamens in a rudimentary state, as it is sometimes separated into a circle of glandular bodies, alternating with the true stamens. 50 THE FLOWER. ~8. OF,dSTIYATION. 108. 2ESTIVATION (castivus, of summer) is a term used by botanists, to denote the relative arrangement of the several organs of the flower while yet undeveloped in the bud. It is the same to the flower-bud as VERNATION (vernus, of the spring) is to the leaf-bud. a. The different modes of estivation may be best observed in sections of the bud, made by cutting it in a horizontal direction. The most common varieties are the following. 1. Valvate; applied to each other by the margins only; as the petals of the Umbelliferve, the valves of a capsule, &c. 2. Convolute; when one is wholly rolled in another, as in the petals of the wall-flower. 3. Quincuncial; when the pieces are five in number, of which two are exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with one margin, and has its other margin covered by the exterior, as in Rosa. 4. Contorted; each piece being oblique in figure, and overlapping its neighbor by one margin, its other margin being, in like manner, overlapped by that which stands next it, as the corolla of Apocynum. 5. Alternative; when, the pieces being in two rows, the inner is covered by the outer in such a way that each of the exterior rows overlaps half of two of the interior, as in the Liliaceae. 4 3 2 1 6 FIG. 15. —Estivatlon of the corolla; 1, Hydrangea; 2, Cheiranthus; 3, Rose (single); 4, Oxalis; 5, Lilium; 6, Pisum; 7, Lysimachia; 8, Solanum; 9, calyx of the Rose. The last form, with 4 and 5, are also termed imbricae. THE FRUIT. 61 6. Vexillary; when one piece is much larger than the others, and is folded over them, they being arranged face to face, as in papilionaceous flowers. 7. Induplicate; having the margins bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these edges applied to each other without any twisting; as in the flowers of some species of Clematis. 8. Supervolute; when one edge is rolled inwards, and is enveloped by the opposite edge rolled in an opposite direction; as the leaves of the apricot. Of these forms of estivation, the 4th, 5th, and 9th, are frequently designated by the general term imbricate, that is, edge overlapping edge. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT. 109. THE fruit appears to be the ultimate object and aim of the whole vegetable organization; accordingly, when this is perfected, the process of vegetation ceases, the foliage withers, and the whole plant, if it be an annual, soon dies. But in the fruit, provision is made for the reproduction of the species, so that it is justly said to be' the termination of the old individual, and the beginning of the new.' a. The fruit is, therefore, the most important part of the plant. Although it does not, like the flower, serve to adorn the face of nature by the beauty of its form and color, yet, besides its own peculiar office of perpetuating vegetable life, it affords one of the principal means of subsistence to animals and to man. b. The fructification, in respect to time, is subsequent to the flower, is always preceded by it, and, as has been sufficiently shown, is dependent upon it for its maturity and perfection. After having imbibed the pollen from the anthers, the pistil, or its ovary, continues to enlarge, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly spealking, the ovary brought to perfection. 110. Such being the case, it follows that the fruit is constructed on the same general plan as the ovary, and its structure may be inferred with much accuracy, by the examination of the latter at the time of flowering. In many cases, however, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary, as to disguise its real structure; so that an early examination would be even more safe in its results than a late one. a. For example, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and six ovules. The change is produced by 52 THE FRUIT. the non-development of five of the ovules, while the sixth grows so rapidly ae to obliterate the dissepiments and occupy the whole space. The same change.also takes place in the hazle-nut. The ovary of the birch is two-celled and twoovuled, but, by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes one. celled. i 1. OF THE PERICARP. 111. The FRUIT consists of the pericarp and the seed; the former may be wanting, but the latter is essential a. Truly naked seeds are found in few plants, except the Conifere, where the pollen falls directly upon the ovules without the intervention of the pistil. The seeds of the sage and the borage, with their respective tribes, generally said to be naked, are not so in fact, for each seed being the product of an ovary with one ovule must necessarily be a one-seeded pericarp. 112. The PERIcARP (rVeQ, around, xarogS, fruit) is the covering or envelope of the seeds, of whatever nature it may be. It consists of three different parts. 1. The epicarp (E7r, upon) is the outer integument, or skin. 2. The endocarp (ErvJo, within) called also putamen or shell, is the inner coat, and the sarcocarp (aaW, flesh) is the intervening fleshy substance. a. Thus, in the peach, the skin is the epicarp, the fleshy pulp the sarcocarp, and the shell of the stone the endocarp. In the apple or pear, the endocarp forms the glazed lining of the cells, the epicaxp the epidermis, any the sarcocrp the intervening pulp. 113. The growth of the fruit depends upon the absorption of sap from the parts below. This fluid, finding no growing axis to be prolonged in the usual manner into a branch, is accumulated in the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by evaporation, and elaborated into cellular matter by the external surfaces, which still perform the functions of true leaves. Thus these parts become gradually distended into the form and dimensions of the fruit. 114. The process of ripening consists of certain chemical changes, effected by the combined action of heat, light, and air. In its earliest stages, the pericarp consists of a structure similar to that of leaves, being composed of cellular ana ligneous tissue, with an epidermis and stomata (35, 37). a. Secondly, the fleshy pulp, or sarcocarp, is developed, and becomes sour-by absorbing from the air an excess of oxygen, which is the proper acidifying prin ciple. b. Lastly, when the fruit has attained its full growth, the pulp becomes gradu ally sweetened and softened, by the formation of sugar at the expense of the acids and of the ligneous matter, which before rendered it both sour and hard. These transitions are exemplified by the apple, plum, currant, &c., where the greater portion of nutritive matter is stored up in the pericarp; but in the fruit of CA:PSLS, 5 the oak, chestauut, some of the grasW, &Ws it is 6iefiy: or e ir'4elydoo'd it the seed. FIG. 16.- Modes of dehiscenca; 1, LoondcicQl; i, Septicidda; 3$ Septifragal. The straight lines represent the dissepiments. 115. Dehiscence. When the pencarp has arrived at maturity, it either remains permanently closed (indehiscent) as the acorn, or it separates into parts forming openings. These parts are called valves, and these openings, the dehiscence. Regular dehiscence is always vertical, and is called, 1. Loculicidal (loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when it, takes place by the opening of the dorsal suture of each carpel directly into the cell. Ex. lily. 2, Septicidal (septum, a wall, and caedo), when it takes place through the dissepiments (which are doubled, {85, c). Ex. mallows. 3. Septifragal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves separate from the dissepiments, which remain still united in the axis. Ex. Convolvulus, 4. Sutural (sutura, a seam), when it takes place at one or both sutures, in a fruit with a simple carpel. Ex. pea. 5. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile (circumscindo, to cut around), occurs in the plantain, verbena, henbane, &c., where the top of the pericaxp falls off like a lid. (Fig. 18; 16.) 116. The forms of the pericarp are exceedingly diversified, and have been studied by botanists with great attention. The following varieties are generally described in elementary works. 1. CAPSULE (a casket), is a term applied to those pericarps which are of a hard and woody texture, proceeding from a compound ovary, dehiscing at the side or top, by valves, or sometimes by pores only. a. The capsule consists of only one cell, or is divided within 64 THE FRUIT by dissepiments (85, c) into many cells. The central pillar, or substance formed by the united placenta is called the columella. To this the seeds are generally attached. The seedvessels of the Lobelia, mullein, pink, poppy, bloodroot (Sanguinaria), are capsules. FIG. 17.-Forms of fruit: 1, capsule of Rhododedron; 2, Ncotana; 3, chicum; FIG. 17. —Forms of fruit: 1: capsule of Rhododendron; 2, Nicotiana; 3, Colchicum; 4, (Enothera; 5, silique of Raphanus; 6, silicle of Capsella; 7, legume of the pea; 8, jointed legume (loment) of Desmodium; 9, follicle of Apocynum; 10, nut of oak; 11, drupe of Cerasus. 2. SILIQUE (a pod). This is a long, narrow pericarp of two valves, divided into two cells, by a false dissepiment formed by the extended placentae. The seeds are attached to the edges of this dissepiment, alternating with its opposite sides. Ex. mustard, wallflower, and other Cruciferwe. 3. SILICLE (a little pod), differs from the silique, by being shorter, and more nearly oval. Ex. pepper-grass, shepherd's purse (Thlaspi). The silique and silicle are peculiar to plants with cruciform corollas. 4. LEGUME (also a pod), two-valved, one-celled, consists of a simple carpel, and thus differs essentially from the silique. It bears its seeds attached to the margin of each valve alternately, along the ventral suture only. Ex. pea, and all other plants of the great natural order Leguminosm. The legume, therefore, accompanies the papilionaceous corolla. 5. FOLLICLE (a bag) is a pericarp wilh one valve and one PEPO. 55 cell, opening by a sutural dehiscence on the inner side, and bearing seeds at the base, or along the suture. Ex. peony, columbine, silk-weed. 6. DRUPE (stone-fruit) is one-celled, one or two seeded, indehiscent, with a hard and bony endocarp (stone), and a moist and pulpy epicarp and sarcocarp. Ex. plum, cherry, peach. It also includes those fruits which have a fibro-fleshy, or even coriaceous epicarp, as the walnut, butternut, which kinds of fruit are called drupaceous. 7. The NUT is a hard, dry, indehiscent shell, proceeding from an ovary which is two or more celled, and two or more ovuled, but becoming by suppression one-celled, and one-ovuled (110, a). It differs from the Drupe, in wanting the soft, succulent covering. Instead of this it is seated in a kind of persistent involucre, called a cupule. Ex. chestnut, oak, beech, hazle. 8. CARYOPSIS (kernel). This is a thin, dry, one-celled pericarp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses. Ex. maize, wheat, Carex. When it is not inseparable from the seed, it is called a utricle, as in the pig-weed (Chenopodium). 9. An ACHENIUM is a small, dry, hard, one-celled pericarp, distinct from the seed which it contains. Ex. Borago, Ranuncultus, Aster, and the Composita, generally. 10. SAMARA (winged fruit). It consists of a dry, indeliscent, one-seeded pericarp, with a wing-like appendage. Ex. birche maple. 11. A PrXIS (box) is a capsule which opens by a circumsessile dehiscence (1 15; 5), so as to appear like a little cup with a lid. Ex. plantain (Plantago), purslane (Portulaca). 12. POME (apple). This is a fleshy, indehiscent perioarp, formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous carpels, or cells, which enclose the seeds. Ex. apple, pear, quince. 13. The PEPO (gourd) is an indehiscent, fleshy fruit, proceeding from a compound ovary, either one-celled, or entirely filled with pulp. Ex. cucumber, melon, pumpkin. 14. Berry (Bacca), a succulent, pulpy pericarp, holding the seeds loosely within, with no other covering than its own soft 56 THE FRUIT. mass. Ex. currant, whortleberry. The orange and lemon answer this definition, and are therefore berries. FIG. 18.- Forms of fruit; 13, naked achenia of Fragaria on the surface of the enlarged, fleshy receptacle; 14, drupaceous achenia of a Rubus on a fleshy, deciduous receptacle; 15, samara of Acer; 16, pyxis of Hyoscyamus; 17, pome of Pyrus (pear); 18, berry of Ribes (gooseberry); 19, section of the same enlarged; 20, strobile of Pinus; 21, cremocarp of the Umbelliferae, as Conium. a. This definition cannot include the strawberry, which consists of an enlarged, fleshy receptacle, bearing numerous achenia upon its surface. Nor does it include the blackberry, which, like the other species of the Rubus, is an aggregate fruit composed of united drupes. These fruits are called Eteeria, by Mirbel. (Fig. 18; 13, 14.) 15. STROBILE (cone). This is an aggregate fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, with naked seeds on their mner side, at base. Such is the fruit of the fir tribe, which is on this account called Coniferae. HILUM. 57 CHAPTER IX. THE FRUIT. ~2. OF THE SEED. 117. THE seed is the ultimate product of vegetation, and contains the rudiments of a new plant, similar in all respects to the original. a. The seed consists of three principal parts; -the INTEGUMENTS, the ALBUMEN, and the EMBRYO. 118. The INTEGUMENTS, or coverings, invest the seed immediately exterior to all its other parts. Although apparently single, they consist of several membranes, to each of which an appropriate name has been applied. The first, or outer membrane, is the TESTA; the second, the MESOSPERM; the third, the ENDOPLEURA, corresponding -with- the primine, &c. (90) of the ovule. a. The testa is either paperyr (membranous), leathery (coriaceous), horny (crustaceous), bony, fieshy,'or woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully polished, a~ in the Indian shot (Canna), or columbine, and often highly colored, as in varieties of the bean, &c. It is sometimes expanded into wings, as in the'Arabis, and sometimes into a tuft of hairs at one end, called coma, as in the silk-weed, or it is entirely enveloped in hairs, as in the cotton. b. The' coma must not be confounded with the pappas (99, a), which is a modification of the calyx, appended -to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composite. 119. The aril is an expansion, proceeding from the summit of the funiculus, or seed-stalk (91), (or from the placenta when the funiculus -is wanting) either partially or wholly investing the seed. A fine example is seen in that gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace. In the celastrus it completely envelops the seed. In other seeds it is a mere scale, and often it is wanting. 120. The HILUM, or scar, is that point or mark left on the coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculLs (stalk). It is commonly called the eye, as in the bean, pea, maize, &c. (Fig. 11; 8, a.) 121. The hilum of the seed sometimes corresponds with the chalaza of the MR aTHE I-attrIT. ovule. In this case the ovule, or seed, is said to be orthotropous (erect), Ex. candleberry (Myrica). More generally, however, the funiculus (91) extends beyond the hilum, passing under the integuments partly around the nucleus, before it is joined to it. The point of this final juncture is always the chalaza, and that part of the funiculus which then intervenes between the hilum and the chalaza is called the raphe. This form of the ovule, or seed, is called anatropous (inverted), and is exemplified in the apple. The raphe can, therefore, exist only in the anatropous seed, and serves to distinguish it. (See Fig. 11; No's 8 and 9.) 122. The ALBUMEN. Next within the initeguments, there is a white substance called the albumen, consisting chiefly'of starch. It constitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as maize, wheat, rye, and serves to nourish the embryo in its nascent state. It abounds chiefly in those seeds which have but one cotyledon. It is wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. The albumen in some seeds is entirely-wanting, particularly in the bean, pea, &c., the nutritious matter being all absorbed in the Cotyledon. 123. The EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiment~ of the young plant, situated within the integuments. To the growth of this all other parts.of the seed are subservient. In some seeds the embryo is distinctly visible. Ex. bean, Convolvulus. 124. The embryo is divided into three parts; the radicle, the p~asmlUe, and cotyledon. a. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, destined to form the root (radix). In respect to position, it always points towards the foramen. b. The PLUMULE is the ascending part of the embryo, or the rtrniment of the ascending axis of the future plant. It is usually directed towards the chalaza. 128. The COTYLEDON is the bulky, porous, and farinaceous part of seeds, destined to form the first or seminal leaves of the young plant, as well as to afford nourishment to the plumule and radicle, before they can obtain it from the earth. In the bean, squash, cucumber, and most other plants, the cotyledons are conspicuous in rising above the ground. a. The number of cotyledons is variable; and upon this circumstance is founded the most important and distinct division of the PHAENOGAMIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS. 126. Monocotyledonous plants are those whose seeds have but one cotyledon, SPORES. 59 or, if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called ENDOGENS (vJ0ov, inside, pyvoaut, to originate or grow), because their stems increase by internal accretions (197). Such are the grasses, the palms, the Liliaceae, &c., whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 127. Dicotyledonous plants are such as bear seeds with two cotyledons These are also called EXOGENS (e9w, outside), because their stems increase by external accretions, including the bean tribe, the melon tribe, all our forest trees, &c. These are also distinguished at a glance, by the structure of their leaves, which are reticulate-veined, that is, with veins dividing and uniting again, like network. 11/ ~ ~ ~ 1 FIG. 19.- Structure of seeds and germination; 1, seed of a garden bean; 2, the same after germination is commenced and the skin thrown off; 3, seed of Triglochin (magnified); a, fungous chalaza, b, raphe, c, hilum; 4, embryo; a, cotyledon, b, radicle, c, fissure, beneath which lies the plumule'; 5, vertical section of the same; d, the radicle seen beneath the fissure; 6, germinating seed of Alisma; a, cotyledon, b, plumule, c, radicle; 7, seed of Canna lutea, vertical section, a, albumen, b, embryo; 8, fruit of Mirabilis, showing the commencement ofgermination, the embryo protruding the radicle; 9, the same, having thrown off the pericarp and become a young plant; 10, germinating seed of Calla Ethiopica; a, seed, b, first leaf of plumule, c, radicle; 11, section of the fruit of a grass with the embryo at base; 12, the same after germination has commenced; 13, the germination completed, and the young plant formed; 14, embryo of Pinus, showing the numerous cotyledons; 15, the same after germination has commenced; 16, embryo of Cuscuta, having no cotyledon. 128. The pine and fir have seeds with from two to three cotyledons, while the dodder (Cuscuta) is almost the only example known of an embryo with no cotyledon. 129. A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferse, &c., occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the CRYPTOGAMIA, or flowerless plants, have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from SPORES, (48) bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants. C 6o THIE FRUIT. ~3. OF GERMINATION. 130. The embryo is the most important part of the seed. It is to the protection and nourishment of this alone, that all other parts of the seed, and even of the whole plant, are subservient, and if this be injured or destroyed, the ultimate object of the whole vegetable economy would seem to be defeated. a. GERMINATION is a term denoting the first stages of vital action in the seed; the process is briefly described as follows: 131. When the seed is planted in a moist soil, at a moderate temperature, the integuments gradually absorb water, soften, and expand. The water is decomposed, its oxygen combines with the carbon of the starch which had been stored up in the tissues, carbonic acid is evolved, and the starch, at lengh converted into sugar for the nourishment of the embryo, which now begins to dilate and develope its parts. Soon the integuments burst, the radicle descends, seeking the damp and dark bosom of the earth, and the plumule arises, with expanding leaves, to the air and the light.* (See Fig. 19, explanations.) 132. As to the cotyledons, they either remain under ground at the centre of motion, as in all Monocotyledonous plants and in the oak, or, as in almost all Dicotyledonous plants, they arise above the surface with the ascending axis, become green, and perform the functions of digestion and respiration, like leaves, for the nourishment of the young plant. 133. The conditions requisite for the germination of the seed are heat, moisture, oxygen, and darkness. a. Heat is a requisite condition of all vital actions, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg, and if it be not supplied from a source within, *The phenomena ofgermination, in all its stages, may be observed in an interesting experiment. Let a few seeds, as of the flax or the pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton, float. ing upon water in a bulb-glass. In a few days, the plumule ascends in its genial air, while the radicle shoots downwards in long silky fibres. The ascent of the plumule in a direction contrary to gravely is a law in vegetation, as universal as the law of attraction in matter, and no less difficult to explain. From the two following experiments, it would seem to result both from the influence of the light and the law of gravitation. Professor Shultz planted some seeds of cabbage, mustard, and beans, in moss, and so arranged them that the only light which they could receive was from a mirror. reflecting the solar rays upwards; they sent their stems downwards, and their roots upwards Mr. Knight placed vessels, containing earth with germinating seeds, upon the circumfer ence of a large horizontal wheel, which was kept constantly and rapidly revolving for seve ral days. The seeds grew, but instead of ascending perpendicu!lrly, the axis of each plant was inclined at an angle of 45', or more, towards the centre of the wheel, in accordance with the eombined aetion of the eentrifugal force of the wheel, and the attraction of the earth. DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 61 must be obtained from without. Different degrees of heat are required by different plants, but a temperature from 50~ to 80~ is most favorable to those of the temperate zones. Such is the genial warmth supplied by the sun. b. Water is also requisite for softening the integuments, and for dissolving the dry nutriment stored up in the albumen, or the cotyledons. This is supplied in showers of rain and dew. c. Oxygen is requisite, as seen above, for the conversion of starch into sugar; a process always depending upon the formation and evolution of carbonic acid, as well in the seed as in the laboratory of the chemist. This is supplied by the water and by the air. d. And, finally, darkness is favorable, because it is through the influence of light, as will hereafter be shown, that plants absorb carbonic acid from the air, decompose it, retain the carbon itself, and give back the oxygen only. Light would therefore tend to increase the quantity of carbon, rather than diminish it. Hence the seed should be buried in the soil. 134. The ripened seeds of most plants have the power of retaining their vitality for many years, if they are placed in circumstances which will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a low or moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. Thus the seeds of maize have been known to grow when 30 years old, rye 40 years, kidney beans 100 years, and the raspberry and beach plum after many centuries.* ~4. THE DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS 135. Is a subject highly curious and interesting; and when attentively considered, serves, like a thousand other cases in the works of Nature, to illustrate the wisdom and design of its great Author. By means of the coma, or pappus, already described, the seeds of the thistle, dandelion, and numerous other plants, are wafted by winds to considerable distances, across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. The Erigeron Canadense, a weed now common on both sides the Atlantic, was supposed by Linnaeus to have been transported to Europe from Canada, of which country it is native. a. Seeds are also furnished with wings for the same purpose. Others are provided with hooks, or beards, by which they lay hold of men or animals, and are thus scattered far and wide. b. Some seeds, as the Impatiens, which are destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to some distance by the bursting of the elastic pericarp. Rivers, streams, and the currents of the ocean, are all means of transporting seeds from country to * No instance of the longevity of seeds is more remarkable than that related by. Dr. Lindley.' I have before me,' says he,'three plants of raspberries, raised from seeds which were taken from the stomach of a man whose skeleton was found 30 feet below the surface of the earth. He had been buried with some coins of the emperor Hadrian, and it is therefore probable that the seeds were 1600 or 1700 years old.' Several years ago, in the State of Maine, about 40 miles from the sea, some men, in digging a well, threw up some sand from a remarkable layer, about 20 feet below the surface, and placed it by itself. A year or two afterwards several shrubs sprung up from this sand, grew, produced fruit, and proved to be the beach-plum. 62 THE ROOT. country. Thus, the cocoa, and the cashew-nut, and the seeds of the mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages, without injury to their vitality. Squirrels, laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds, migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same important end. CHAPTER X. TIIE ROOT. 136. THE ROOT IS the basis of the plant, and the principal source of its nourishment. It originates with the radicle of the seed; the tendency of its growth is downwards, and it is generally immersed in the soil. a. When the radicle has burst the integuments of the seed, and penetrated the soil, its body becomes divided into branches, or fibres; each of these is again divided and sub-divided into fibres, often exceedingly numerous and minute, ever extending and multiplying, until the vegetable has attained its full growth. 137. The prone direction of the root is accounted for by the extreme delicacy of the fibres, which renders them averse to the air and light, by their avidity for moisture, and by the effects of gravitation. a. Although the primary direction of the roots is downward, they are not known to extend to any great depth. After having descended to a certain distance beneath the surface, they extend themselves horizontally, keeping at about a uniform depth, however great the irregularities of the surface. 138. The number and extent of the roots must always correspond to the demands of the vegetable, both for affording it nourishment, and for maintaining it in its erect position. It follows, therefore, that for every expanding leaf, or extending twig, there must be a corresponding increment of the roots and fibres beneath the soil. 139. Roots are generally distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibres, by the constantly irregular arrangement of their branches, and by the absence of buds, stomata, and pith. 140. To all these characteristics there are, however, exceptions. Thus, buds, in peculiar circumstances, are developed by the roots, sending up shoots, or suckers, around the parent stem. This does not happen in the natural or healthy state of the plant, but only when the life of the upper axis is partially or wholly destroyed, the roots remaining in full vigor, and elaborating more nourishment SPONGIOLES. 63 than there is now demand for. Such buds are, therefore, merely adventitious. On this account it would seem that those roots, commonly so called, which do naturally and uniformly produce buds, are with propriety described by modern writers as subterranean stems; as the root-stalk of the sweet flag (Calamus), the bulb of the tulip, or the tuber of the potato. 141. The summit of the root, or that part which connects it to the ascending axis, is designated as the collum, or neck. a. Strictly speaking, this is the only stationary part of the plant. Occupying the centre of motion between the ascending and descending axis, every enlargement that takes place upon its upper surface arises into the air, while all below it descends into the earth. 142. The parts of the root which require especial notice, are the caudex, fibrils, and spongioles. a. The CAUDEX (stock) is the main body of the root. b. The FIBRILS are the finer branches of the root, sent off from the caudex. These are the true roots. c. The SPONGIOLES are the tender and delicate extremities of the fibrils; and, since the latter lengthen only by accretions made to these extremities, these are their growing points. 143. The form of the root is much diversified in different plants, but the principal varieties which have received distinctive names, are the following:144. Ramose (branching). This root consists of ramifications sent off from the main root, like the branches of a tree, but in no determinate order. Such are the roots of most trees and shrubs. (Fig. 20.) a. There is a strong analogy between the roots of a tree and its branches. In many instances they may be made to perform, each the functions of the other; that is, the tree may be inverted, and the branches will become roots and the roots put forth leaves like the branches. The willow and the maple may be thus inverted without injuring their vitality. b. A branch may often be made to put forth roots instead of leaves. If a branch (offset) of the willow or currant (Ribes) be inserted into the ground, either by the lower or the upper end, or by both at once, it will take root and flourish. Other trees, as the mulberry (Morus) may be multiplied by layers. A branch is bent and inserted into the ground by the apex. When it has taken root it is severed from the parent stock, and becomes a perfect tree. c. The roots of a tree extend in all directions, and to considerable distances. This distance is at least equal to the extent of the branches, and often much greater. Those of the elm embrace an area of 300 feet diameter, of the poplar, 64 THE ROOT. 400. Forest trees, being less exposed to the assaults of the wind, are much less firmly rooted than those in open situations. 145. Fusiform (spindle-shaped). It consists of a thick, fleshy caudex, tapering downwards, and also, for a short space, upwards. It sends off from the sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are in fact its true roots, since they alone absorb nourishment from the ground. Ex. parsnip, radish. FIG. 20. -Forms of the root; 7, branching roots of a tree; 8, root of Daucus; 9, Oxalis; 10, Orchis. a. When the fusiform root divides into two principal branches, it is said to be forked. When it tapers from the collum downwards its whole length, it is called a conical or tap root. But its most remarkable variety is the b. Premnorse, in which the caudex terminates abruptly below, as if it had been bitten off (prmmorsus). This is due to the fact that the lower extremity perishes after the first year. Ex. Viola pedata, and Scabiosa succisa. c. The napiform (turnip-shaped) loot is another variety of the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the diameter is greater than the length. Ex. turnip. 146. The _fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divisions, sent off directly from the base without any caudex. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceedingly in a light sandy soil. a. A fasciculated root is a variety of the fibrous, with some of its fibres thickened, as in the crow-foot (Ranunculus), peony, Dahlia, &c. 147. A tuberous root consists of one or more fleshy knobs, or ROOTS. 65 tumors, situated at the base among the fibres. Ex. Orchis. This root must be distinguished from the tuber, which, like the potatoe, uniformly bears buds, and is now classed among stems. a. A palmate (hand-shaped) root is a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is separated below into short, thickened processes, as in some species of the Orchis. b. A granulated root consists of many small tubercular knobs, connected by fibres, as seen in the common wood sorrel. Some writers call this variety noniliform (tnonile, a necklace). 3 6 2 4 5 FIG. 21. — Forms of the root; — 1, Raphanus; 2, Brassica rapa; 3, Scabiosa; 4, Poa; 56, Ponia; 6, Dahlia. 148. All the above forms of fleshy roots appear to be reservoirs where the superabundant nutriment secreted by the plant, is accumulated and kept in store for the following year, or for the time of flowering. a. To the varieties already mentioned, we may add several others, which are remarkably distinguished by their not being fixed in the soil. 149. The floating root is peculiar to plants which float loosely upon the surface of the water. Ex. Lemna, Callitriche. The latter, called water starwort, floats upon the surface only until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, fixes its roots in the mud, and there ripens its seeds. 150. Aerial roots are those which, instead of originating from portions of the plant beneath the surface of the ground, are produced from some portion in the open air. Of these roots, several varieties are remarkable. 1st, Those which are sent forth 66 THE ROOT. from the joints of creeping or prostrate plants; as the groundivy, and the twin-flower (Linnma). 2d, The roots of certain erect plants of the endogenous structure, originating from the stem high in air, descending and entering the soil. Of this class the screw-pine (Pandanus) is a remarkable example, whose aerial roots are often several feet in length before reaching the earth. Such roots, a few inches in length, are also seen in the common maize (Zea). b. A third class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epiphytes (8en, upon, pvrov, a plant). These plants are fixed upon the trunk and branches of other species, and derive their nourishment chiefly from the air. Such are the long moss (Tillandsia), pendent from lofty trees, and many of the Orchidace at the south. 4th, The roots of parasites are usually aerial. These are not only attached to other vegetables, but, penetrating their tissues, they derive nourishment from their juices. The Cuscuta and Mistletoe are examples. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT 151. The internal structure of the root is similar to that of the stem (q. v.), except that there is often a greater proportion of cellular, fleshy matter, as in the beet. In Endogens the root is endogenous, in Exogens it is exogenous, but in the latter case it is always destitute of a pith. 152. The fibrils are in fact but subdivisions of the caudex, or main root. They consist of minute bundles of vasiform tissue (32), enclosed in a loose, cellular epidermis, except at the extremities (35), where the tissue is naked and becomes exceedingly loose and spongy. These (spongioles) have the property of powerfully absorbing water. 153. The growth of the root does not take place by the expansion of the parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the extremities, and by the formation of new layers upon the surface. This accounts for the facility with which it penetrates the crevices of the soil, and forces its way into the hardest earth. 154. The most obvious function of the root is the purely mechanical one of fixing the plant in the earth, and maintaining ABSORPTION. 67 its posture. But its peculiar and most important function is ABSORPTION, or drawing from the soil that food and moisture which its growth absolutely requires. a. Let any small growing plant be taken from the earth, and immersed by its roots in a glass of water. If it be then exposed to the light of day, or especially to the sun, the water will disappear from the glass more rapidly than could be expected from evaporation alone. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb water at the rate of more than twice its own weight per day. The water thus absorbed by the roots is mostly sent off again, or exhaled through the leaves (a process called EXHALATION), only a small part of it, together with the salts which it held in solution, being retained for the use of the plant. 155. The activity of absorption must, therefore, depend upon the activity of exhalation; and since the latter is dependent upon the presence of light and heat, it follows that absorption will, in general, be more active by day than by night. 156. The root does not absorb moisture by its whole surface, indiscriminately, but only by the spongioles at the extremities of the fibrils, where the pores are not obstructed by the epidermis. From the spongioles it is conducted by the vasiform tissue of the fibril'to the vessels of the main root, and immediately carried up the stem, and distributed to all parts of the plant. a. If a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibres at the end may be immersed in water, the plant will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall be curved up to the leaves, and only the curved body of the root be immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will soon be again revived, if the fibres be relaxed and again submerged. b. Hence, in transplanting trees, too much care cannot be taken to preserve, uninjured, as many as possible of these tender, absorbing fibres. 157. The force with which plants absorb fluids by their roots is very great, as is proved by experiment. a. If the stem of a vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap, even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to 26 inches of mercury, or 13 lbs. to the square inch. 158. The causes of the absorption of fluids, by the roots, have been the subject of much inquiry. It has generally been said to be due to capillary attraction; but, unfortunately for this theory, there are no capillary tubes in the vegetable structure, but only closed cells, more or less elongated, through the membranous walls of which the fluids must force their way. There is, however, a phenomenon 68 THE ROOT. in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resemblance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in explaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows: a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other Esos5mosE (flowing outwards). 159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever these conditions exist, the current exists also. a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous septum; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must be the counter current, the exosmose, also. That this is actually the case, is proved by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is immersed. 160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the introduction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those mineral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part of its food. a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a certain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid parts of its stem; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, — the rootlets, being deep in the ground, below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumulation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. CHAPTER XI. THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 161. THAT part of the plant which originates with the plum. ule (124, b), and arises above the surface, expanding itself to the influence of the air and the light, is called the ASCENDING AXIS or STEM. a. The cause of its upward tendency is unknown (131, note), but is supposed to be in some way due to the principles of light and gravitation. 162. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is vertical, there are many plants in which it does not continue so, but extends in an oblique or horizontal direction, either just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. When the stem continues to arise in its original direction, it is said to be erect. When it gr6ws horizontally upon the surface, it is said to be procumbent, creeping, trailing, &c. When it arises obliquely it is an ascending stem, and when it continues buried beneath the soil it is a subterranean stem. a. The subterranean stem, and some varieties of the creeping, have usually been described as roots. 163. In regard to duration, the stem, like the root, is said to be annual when it lives but one season, afterwards dying, at least down to the root, and perennial when its existence is continued beyond one season, to an indefinite period of time. 164. In regard to the size and duration of the stem, plants are distinguished into trees, shrubs, and herbs. a. A TREE is a plant with a perennial, woody stem, or trunk, which does not divide into branches for a certain distance above the ground. Ex. elm, palm. b. A SHRUB is a plant of smaller dimensions than a tree, having a perennial, woody stem, which divides into branches at or near the ground, like the alder. A shrub of diminished size is tenrmed an undershrub. Ex. whortleberry. ci An HERB is a plant with an annual or perennial root, pro 70 THE STEEM. ducing stems which, above the ground, are of annual duration only, and do not become woody. Ex. the grasses, mullein. 165. The most distinctive property of the stem is the formation and development of BsDs. At the commencement of its growth, the ascending axis is itself a bud. 166. BUDs are of two kinds, namely, the leaf-buzd, containing the rudiments of a leafy branch, and the flower-bud, containing the same elements transformed into the organs of a flower, for the purposes of reproduction. 167. The leaf-bud consists of a minute, tender, growing point of cellular tissue, originating with the pith, surrounded and protected by a covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. (Fig. 22; 1.) 168. These scaly envelopes of the bud appear to be the rudimentary leaves of the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in-their development by the frosts and scanty nutriment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the maple or horse-chestnut (2Esculus) be examined, when swollen in spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the evident leaves within. a. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom, that buds are furnished with scales only in wintry climates. In the torrid zone, or in hot-houses, where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develope their buds into foliage immediately after their formation, without clothing them in scales. In annual plants, also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the winter..Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of nature, to protect the young shoots, in their incipient stages, from cold and moisture, —an office which they effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds, and their insoluble coat of resin. * 169. The original bud (plumule) of the embryo is at first developed into a simple stem, and being itself continually reproduced, is always borne at the termination of that stem; that is, the axis is always terminated by a bud. a. Besides this, the axis produces a bud (21, a) in the axil of each leaf, that is, at the point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. If these axillary buds remain inactive, the stem will still be simple, as in the mullein. In general, however, * In many trees the scales of the buds are clothed with a thick down. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid and aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. NODE AND INTERNODES. 71 some or all of them are developed, forming leafy divisions of the axis, which thus becomes branched. b. Buds are said to be adventitious when they are neither terminal nor axillary. Such buds generally result from some unnatural condition of the plant, as maiming or disease, and may be formed in the internodes, or upon the roots (140), or from the trunk, or even from the leaves, as in the Bryophyllum. 170. A BRANCH, therefore, is a division of the axis, produced by the development of an axillary bud. 171. A THORN, or spine, is a leafless, hardened, pointed, woody process, with which some plants are armed, as if for selfdefence. Ex. Cratagus, locust. a. The thorn appears to be an abortive growth of a bud, resulting from the imperfect development of the growing point only, while its leafy coverings perish. Some plants which naturally produce thorns become thornless by cultivation. In such cases the buds are enabled, by better tillage, to produce branches instead of thorns. Ex. apple, pear, gooseberry. b. The thorn is distinguished from the prickle (43) by its woody structure, and its connection with the wood of the stem, while the prickle, as of the rose, consists of hardened cellular tissue, connected with the bark only. 172. That point in the stem where the leaf, with its axillary bud, is produced, is called the NODE, and the spaces between them the INTERNODES. a. In the internodes the fibres of the stem are parallel, but at the nodes this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres being sent off laterally into the leaf-stalk, occasioning, more or less, a jointed appearance. Hence, also, each internode contains fewer fibres, and is of a less diameter than those below it, so that the axis gradually diminishes upwards. 173. Since the branches arise from axillary buds, their arrangement lupon the stem will depend upon that of the leaves, which, in all young plants, at least, are arranged with great symmetry and order. 174. It is a general law in the arrangement of the leaves and indeed of all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, that is, in a line which winds around the axis like the threads of a screw. a. But this arrangement is often so much disguised by disturbing causes that it can scarcely be recognized. The most common modification of it is the circular, which is readily explained. The spiral line is formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the longitudinal. The latter is produced in the growing plant by the advancement or lengthening of the axis. Now, if the latter be 7 72 THE STEM. interrupted from any cause, a circular arrangement is the consequence, — an arrangement so conspicuous in the organs of the flower (61, a, b, c), and in the leaves of the Stellatne, and other plants. 175. When a single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right angles to the adjacent pairs. When three or more arise at each node they are disposed, of course, in a circle, and are said to be verticillate, or whorled. 176. In like manner, the arrangement of the branches, when divested of all disturbing causes, is found to be SPIRAL; that is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the ash, &c., or verticillate in the pine, &c. FIG. 22. -1, Buds, terminal and lateral, with their scaly envelopes; 2, the scaly bulb of the lily, showing its analogy to the bud; 3, vertical section of the same. a. The ascending axis is exceedingly various in form, size, position, and structure, existing in every plant under some one or other of its modifications. It has already been stated, that although its tendency is at first upwards, it does not always arise above the surface. Hence the primary division of this organ into subterranean and aerial. 177. The SUBTERRANEAN STEM was deemed a root by the earlier botanists, and those plants which possessed such stems only were called acaulescent or stemless, terms still in use, denoting merely the absence of aerial stems. The principal modifications are the bulb, corm, tuber, rhizoma, and creeper. TUBER: 73 178. The BULB partakes of the nature of the bud. It consists of an oval mass of short, thickened scales, closely compacted in concentric circles and layers, emitting a stem from their midst, and roots from the base or collum (141). a. Bulbs are said to be tunicated when they consist of concentric layers, each entire, and enclosing all within it, as in the Onion. But the more common'variety is the scaly bulb, consisting of thickened concave scales, connected together at the base, as the lily, tulip. b. The bulb is renewed annually, at the approach of winter, by the development of new bulbs in the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old. c. Bulblets are small, aerial bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves upon the stem, which, when matured, fall to the ground, take root, and produce a perfect plant. The tiger-lily (Lilium bulbiferum) is an example, also several species of the onion. Such plants are termed bulbiferous. FIG. 23.- Forms of the stem;- 1, Allium; 2, Arum; 3, Solanum tuberosum; 4, Sanguinaria; 5, a spinous branch. 179. The coRM is the dilated, subterranean base of a stem, resembling the bulb in form and position, but differing in structure, being composed of a uniform and solid mass, without distinction of layers or scales. It has been improperly called a solid bulb. Ex. Arum, or Indian turnip. 180. The TUBER is an annual, thickened portion of a subterranean stem, provided with latent buds (called eyes), from which new plants arise the succeeding year. It is the development of buds, and the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The potatoe is an example. 74 THE STEM. 181. The RHIZOMA, or rootstock, is a prostrate, thickened, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often covered with scales, which are the rudiments of leaves, or marked with scars, which indicate the insertion of former leaves, and yearly producing both shoots and roots. Such is the thickened, horizontal portion of the blood-root (Sanguinaria), sweet flag (Calamus), and the bramble (1Rubus). 182. The CREEPER differs from the above only in size, consisting of slender branches, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions, and to considerable distances beneath the surface, sending out roots and branches at intervals. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be torn and cut in pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. a. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They frequently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind down and secure against the inroads of water, and even of the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores are apparently bound together. Much of the surface of that country is well known to be even below the level of the sea. To protect it from inundation, dikes of earth have been built, with immense labor, along the coast. These dikes are overspread with a thick growth of such plants as the mat-grass, or Arundo arenaria, the Carex arenaria, and the Elymus arenarius, by the innumerable roots and creepers of which they are enabled to resist the washing of the waves 183. To AERIAL STEMS belong the following varieties; —caulis, runner, scape, vine, trunk, sucker, offset, and stolon. 184. CAULIS (stem) is the term commonly applied to the aeirial stems of herbaceous plants, which are annual in duration, and destitute of woody tissue. Caulescent and acaulescent are con venient terms, denoting, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis, or aerial stem. 185. RUNNER. This is a prostrate, filiform stem, or shoot, extending itself along the surface of the ground, and throwing out roots and leaves at its extremity, which become a new plant, soon putting forth new runners in its turn. Ex. strawberry. 186. The SCAPE is a stem which springs from the summit of the root, or rootstock, and bears the inflorescence of the plant, but not its foliage. Ex. Sarracenia, dafibdil, several species of the Orchis, &c. The foliage of such plants is usually radical, that is, springing from the root or subterranean stem. TRUNK. 75 a. CULM (culmus) is a term by which the peculiar stems of the grasses, and similar plants are usually designated in descriptive botany. It seems, however, an unnecessary distinction. 187. VINE. This is a term denoting those stems which, being too weak to stand erect, creep along the ground, or any convenient support, and do not throw out roots like the runner. The vine sometimes supports itself on other plants, or objects, by means of tendrils, as the gourd, and most of its tribe (Cucurbitaceam); the grape-vine, &c. Such plants are called climbers. a. The tendril is a leafless, thread-like branch; or an appendage growing out of the petiole of the leaf; or it is the lengthened extremity of the midrib of the leaf. Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it immediately winds and coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitaceae and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosa), where it is appended to the leaves. 188. The twining vine, or stem, having also a length greatly disproportionate to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects, by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop (Humulus) ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its windings is always the same, namely, with the sun, from right to left; nor can any artificial training cause it to reverse its course. This appears to be a general law among twining plants. Every individual plant of the same species revolves uniformly in one direction although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the Convolvulus revolves from left to right, against the sun. 189. TRUNK. This is the name given to the peculiar stems of trees. It is the central collum, or axis, which supports their branching tops, and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great firmness and strength of the woody or ligneous tissue in which it abounds. a. The trunk often attains to great dimensions. The white pine (Pinus strobus) of the American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, sometimes attains the height of 180, or even 200 feet, with a trunk straight, erect, and without a branch for more than two thirds its length. ** At the first establishment of-Dartmouth College, there was felled upon the college plain a tree of this species, measuring 210 feet in length. A Bombax of the South American forests, measured by Humboldt, was 120 feet in height, and 15 in diameter. The Dagon tree on the island of Teneriffe, is said to be 16 feet in diameter. Trees of the genus Adansonia, in Senegal and the Cape Verd Islands, have been found of more than 34 feet in diameter. The famous Chestnut tree on Mt. Etna, often mentioned by travellers, is 64 feet in diameter, and consequently near 200 feet circumference. 7* 76 THE STEM. b. In regard to duration, trees differ much, some attaining their growth in a few years and immediately decaying, while on the contrary, the ordinary age of trees is beyond the age of man, and some outlive many generations, as the oak, pine. * 190. The SUCKER iS a branch proceeding from the stem, or root, beneath the surface, producing leaves, &c., and throwing out roots from its own base, becoming an independent plant. Ex. rose, raspberry. 191. An OFFSET iS a short, lateral branch, terminated by a cluster of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant. Ex. house-leek (Sempervivum). 192. A STOLON iS a branch which proceeds from an elevated part of the stem, and afterwards, descending to the earth, takes root, sends up new shoots, and finally becomes a new plant. It differs from the sucker, in originating above the ground and not below it. b I, FIG. 24. - Forms of the stem; 1, Fragaria; 2, Vitis; b, tendrils; 3, cirrhose leaf of Pisum; 4, Pyrola; 5, sucker. 193. A plurality of stems, or trunks, is observed in a few species of trees growing in tropical regions. The Banyan (Ficus * It is recorded that a live oak, in Louisiana, lived 1000 years; a sycamore in Palestine, 1050 years; a pine in Asia Minor, 1800 years; a cedar on Mt. Lebanon, 2120 years, and the great chestnut on Mt. Etna, 2600 years. It is also supposed that there are yet living, in the " garden of Gethsemane," some of the olives which witnessed our Saviour's passion; and at Terni, Italy, is an olive plantation supposed to have existed since the age of Pliny. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS. 77 Indica), and the black Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) are mentioned as examples of this singular conformation. a. The former originally arises with a single trunk. From the principal branches, when they have become so widely extended as to need additional support, long, leafless shoots are sent down. When these shoots reach the earth, they take root, and become new trunks, in all respects similar to the first. The branches thus supported still continue to advance, and other trunks to descend, until a single tree becomes a grove or forest. There is, in Hindostan, a tree of this kind, called the Banyan, which is said by travellers to stand upon more than 3000 trunks, autd to cover an area of 7 acres. The Mangrove tree is a native of the West Indies. The new trunks of this tree are said to be formed from the seeds which germinate without becoming detached from the branches, sending down remarkably long, tapering radicles to the earth. 1. OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EXOGENOQS STEM,. 194. The substanoe of herbaceous stems is soft and succulent, consisting almost wholly of cellular tissue, traversed longitudinally by some few bundles (strings) of woody fibre and vascular tissue, which diverge from the main stem into the leaves. 195. This is essentially the structure of the first year's growth of perennial plants also. Cellular tissue constitutes the framework of the yearly shoots of the oak, as well as of the annual pea, but in the former it becomes strengthened and consolidated by the deposition of ligneous fibre in subsequent years. a. Plants differ in respect to the arrangement of these fibres and vessels, and in the mode of their increase; on this difference is based that first grand distinction of Phlenogamous plants into Exogens and Endogens, to which allusion has already been made (126-7). 196. The division of EXOGENS (outside growers) includes all the trees and most of the herbaceous plants of temperate climates, and is so named because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made externally to the part already formed. 197. The division of ENDOGENS (inside growers), including the grasses, and most bulbous plants of temperate regions, and the palms, canes, &c. of the tropics, is named from the accretions of the stem being made within the portions already formed. 198. In the exogenous structure, the stem consists of the pith, wood, and bark. 78 THE STEM. 199. The PITH (medulla) occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of a light, spongy mass of cellular tissue, is chiefly abundant in young plants, and appears to be serviceable only in the earlier stages of growth. It is then pervaded by fluids; but as the plant advances in age, it becomes dry, being filled with air only, and much diminished in volume. FIG. 25.- Exogens, -oak, fir, &c.; Endogens, palm (American), Agave, &c. 200. Immediately around the pith is formed the MEDULLARY SHEATH, which. is a thin, delicate membrane of vascular tissue (33), sending off a portion of its spiral vessels to the stalk and veins of each leaf. This, with the leaves, is the only part of exogenous stems which usually contains spiral vessels. 201. The WOOD is composed of concentric zones, or layers, pervaded and intersected by the medullary rays (204). The first, or inner layer, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant; hence the whole ALBURNUM AND DUIRAMEN. 79 number of layers, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 202. Each woody layer is composed of ligneous fibre, vasiform tissue, and ducts (33,f). The first gives strength and solidity to the trunk, and determines the direction of the cleavage. a. The ducts are always first formed and lie in the inner part next the centre, while the fibres are produced towards the end of the season, and are deposited in the outer parts of the zone. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the woody fibres are more minute and compact. This circumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section of the stem. 6 c c c cc do 4 a b c dcdcd e FIG. 26.- Sections of wood; 1, 2, 3, horizontal, 4, 5, vertical. 1, Exogenous stem of one year's growth; a, pith, b, bark, c, medullary rays, d, woody bundles of fibre and vessels; 2, stem of three years' growth, a, pith, e, bark, b, c, d, successive annual layers; 4, a, pith, b, spiral vessels of the medullary sheath, c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre, e, bark; 3, Endogenous stem, exhibiting the bundles of woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts, irregularly disposed in the cellular tissue; 5, a, cellular tissue, b, spiral vessels on inner side of c, dotted ducts, d, woody fibre on the exterior side. 6, Laticiferous vessels of the bark. 203. The outer and more recent portion of the layers constitutes the ALDURN-UM (albus, white), or sap-wood. This is usually of a softer structure and lighter color than the rest of the wood, and it is through the vessels of these layers alone, that the sap ascends. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by the deposition of solid secretions in their vessels, until they can no longer allow the passage of fluids through them. Thus the DURAMEN (durus, hard), or heartwood is formed, the texture of which is firnm and durable. It is only the dlra. men which is useful in the arts. 80 THE STEMR 204. The MEDULLARY RAYS are those fine lines which appear in a cross section of the stem, radiating from the pith to the bark, intersecting all the intervening layers. They consist of thin, firm plates of cellular tissue; being, like the pith, the remains of that tissue, which at the first constituted the whole of the stem. a. These rays are quite conspicuous in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are sometimes called the silver grain. 205. The BARK is the external covering of the stem, consisting of several integuments, of which the outer is the epidermis (35), that next within the cellular integument, and the inner the liber. 206. The structure of the two outer integuments is chiefly cellular, and that of the inner, or liber, is both cellular and woody. The cellular integument is very thick in Quercus suber, and constitutes that useful substance cork. The liber (Lat. the inner bark, hence a book, because it was manufactured into parchment) is usually thin, delicate, and strong, and has been often applied to useful purposes, as in those trees of Polynesia from which cloth, mats, and sails are made. 207. At the end of the spring a portion of the sap, now transformed into a viscid, glutinous matter called cambiurn, is deposited between the liber and the wood, becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon each. Soon afterwards, the new layers are pervaded by woody tubes and fibres, which commence at the leaves and grow downwards. Thus the number of layers formed in the bark and wood will always be equal. a. Since the growth of the bark takes place by internal accretions, it follows that the older layers must be carried outwards and continually expanded. Thus, although smooth and entire at first, they at length become shaggy and rough, with longitudinal furrows and ridges, and finally they are cast off, as in the hemlock, spruce, walnut, &c. Not unfrequently, however, the older layers are extended in horizontal grains, or fibres, encircling the stem, as in the white birch (Betula papyracea). b. The peculiar virtues or qualities of the plant reside in the bark rather than in the wood; hence this is the part chiefly used for medicine, dyes, tannin, &c. c. That vascular system which is peculiar to the bark, serving for the circulation of its fluids, is called the laticiferous tissue (34). It exists in the form of a complete network of vessels, through which the sap moves in all directions. ~2. FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM. 208. We have already stated (156) that the stem serves to convey the sap from the roots to the opposite extremities of the plant. ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 81 209 That portion of the stem which serves this important purpose is the alburnum (203). Through its ducts and fibres the sap is elevated to the leaves, with the vessels of which they communicate. Having been there elaborated by exhalation and decomposition into a certain nutritious fluid called latex, it descends by the laticiferous tissues of the liber. Of this descending sap a part is carried inward from the bark by the medullary rays, and thus diffused through the whole stem; the remainder descends to the roots, and is in the same manner diffused through their substance, both for their nourishment, and for the purpose of maintaining the conditions requisite for endosmose (159, a). ~3. OF THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. 210. In the endogenous stem there is no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, nor does a cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of annual layers. (Fig. 26; 3, 5.) 211. It is composed of the same tissues and vessels as that of the exogen, that is, of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral vessels, and ducts; the first existing equally in all parts of the stem, and the rest imbedded in it in the form of bundles. 212. Each bundle consists of one or more ducts, with spiral vessels adjoining their inner side next the centre of the stem, and woody fibres on their outer side, as in the exogen. a. A new set of these bundles is formed annually, or oftener, proceeding from the leaves and passing downwards in the central parts of the stem, where the cellular tissue is most abundant and soft. After descending awhile in this manner, they turn outwards, and interlace themselves with those which were previously formed. Hence the lower and outer portions of the palms, and other endogens, become exceedingly dense and hard, even so as to resist the stroke of the axe. b. The age of most endogenous trees, as the palms, would seem to be limited by this peculiarity of growth. The stem at length becomes incapable of further increase in diameter, and the lower portions of it so densely filled with the descending fibres as to become impervious to all succeeding ones, and the tree languishes and dies. c Endogenous stems, both herbaceous and woody, are often hollow, with solid joints; as in the grasses and bamboo. 82 THE LEAF. CHAPTER XII. THE LEAF. 213. THE leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 214. The leaf is characterized by a thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air and the light, which agents are indispensable to the life and increase of the plant. 215. The color of the leaf is almost universally green, which of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye; but its intensity varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, and splendor of coloring, which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass. a. The color of the leaf is due to minute globules, or grains, called chlorophyll (green leaf), adhering to the insides of the cells, just beneath the cuticle, and composed of carbon and hydrogen, with a small proportion of oxygen. Their change of color in autumn, is stated by Macaire to depend upon their oxydation. As the leaves in autumn absorb more oxygen by night than they evolve by day, an excess is gradually added to the chlorophyll, which changes the green first to yellow, then to orange, red, and crimson successively, according to the quantity absorbed. The same effect may be produced by acids. b. As flowers are modifications of leaves, it is probable that their various and splendid coloring is due to the same source, namely, the modifications of the chlorophyll by various degrees of oxydation, or by the presence of acids or alkalies in the cells. 1. VERNATION. 216. A leaf-bud contains a collection of undeveloped leaves, folded together in such a manner as to occupy the least possible space. The particular manner in which the young leaves are folded in the bud, varies in different species, and is called vEitNATION. ARRANGEMENT. 83 a. The vernation of the leaf is exhibited in a most interesting manner, by making, with a keen instrument, a cross-section of the bud in its swollen state, just before its expansion; or it may be well observed by removing the scales. 217. The forms of vernation are mostly similar to those of mestivation (108), and are expressed by similar terms. Some of the principal are the following: 4 3 1. Equitant, overlapping each other in a parallel manner, without any involution, as in the leaves of the Iris. of each leaf interior and the I2 other exterior to the margin of the leaf opposite. Ex. sage. FIG. 27. —Forms of vernation. The numbers agree 3. Involute, having the edges with the corresponding paragraphs. rolled inwards. Ex. apple, violet. 4. Revolute, the margins rolled outwards or backwards. Ex. willow, rosemary 5. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. 6. Plaited, each leaf folded like a fan. Ex. vine, birch. 7. Circinate, when rolled downwards from the apex. Ex. sundew, fern. ~2. ARRANGEMENT. 218. In regard to their insertion upon the axis, the arrangement of the young leaves in the bud is nearly or quite circular, but by the development of the axis, this arrangement is modified in various ways, and the leaves are then said to be 1. Scattered, or irregular, as in the potatoe. 2. Alternate, one above the other, on opposite sides. Ex. pea. 3. Opposite, two against each other at the same node (172). Ex. Hydrangia. 4. Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each node. Ex. meadow lily. 5. Fasciculate, or tufted, in crowded whorls, or spires. Ex. Callitriche. 219 We have formerly shown how some of these modes of arrangement may be reconciled with the spiral (174, a), and we here add, that, in general, when the leaves are said to be scattered or alternate, they will be found, by the attentive observer, to be strictly, though perhaps irregularly, spiral;-always so in the annual shoot. a. Thus in the potato-vine, above cited, or in the house-leek, poplar, &c., if we commence at the lower leaf, and draw a line to the next above it, thence to the next and so on to the sixth leaf, we shall have gone just once around the stem, 84 THE LEAF. describing one turn of an elongated spire, so that each sixth leaf only is placed exactly above the first. b. In the strictly alternate arrangement, we shall have made one complete turn on arriving at every third leaf. But this is rare. More commonly the third leaf is a little to the right or left of the perpendicular line on which the first is inserted, so that several turns must be made before we arrive at one which is exactly in that line. c. The opposite, or whorled, arrangement may be referred to the non-development of some of the internodes; but a better theory is that which supposes several coordinate spires arising side by side: two, when the leaves are opposite, and three, or more, when they are whorled. For the leaves of the second pair, or whorl, are never placed exactly above those of the first, but above their intervening spaces, in accordance with the alternation of the petals with the sepals, &c. (61, b). 220. In regard to their position upon the plant, leaves are radical, when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the surface of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots; cauline, when they grow from the stem, and ramial (ramus, a branch) when from the branches. ~3. ORGANOGRAPHY. 221. A leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark (205) extended into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework, or skeleton, proceeding from the medullary sheath (200). This broadly expanded part is called the LAMINA, or BLADE of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, connected to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, connected to the stem by a foot-stalk called the PETIOLE. 222. The petiole, therefore, where it exists, is the unexpanded part of the leaf, but like the claws of the petals (102), it is not an essential part, and is often wanting. Its form is rarely cylindric, but is usually flattened or channeled on the upper side. It is said to be 1. Compressed, when it is flattened in a vertical direction, so that it is agitated by the slightest breath of air, as in the aspen (Populus). 2. Winged (margined), when it is flattened or expanded laterally into a border. Ex. orange. 3. Amplexicaul (sheathing), when it is dilated at the base into a margin which embraces or surrounds the stem, as in the Umbelliferae. VEINS. 85 22. The lamina is generally of a rounded oval outline, longer than wide, with equal sides but unequal ends. It is, however, subject to variety almost infinite in this respect. The end of the blade next the stem is the base, and that most remote, the apex. 224. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided; and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 225. The frame-work, or skeleton, of the lamina above mentioned, consists of the ramifying vessels of the petiole, while the lamina itself is, of course, parenchyma (29). These vessels are collectively called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 226. The manner in which the veins are divided and distributed is termed venation. The organs of venation, differing from each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein, veins, veinlets, and veinulets. (The old terms midrib and nerves, being anatomically absurd, are here discarded.) 227. The midvein is the principal prolongation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina to the apex; as in the leaf of the birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately termed the veins; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, fiveveined, &c. Ex. maple. 228. The primary branches sent off from the midvein or the veins we may term the veinlets; and the secondary branches, or those sent off from the veinlets, are the veinulets. 229. There are three principal modes of venation which are, in general, char. acteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom. 1st. Reticulate or net veined, as in Exogens. The petiole is prolonged into the leaf in the form of the midvein, or several primary branches, dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again, and by their frequent inosculations form a kind of network. Ex. maple, bean. 2nd. Parallel-veined, as in Endogens. In this kind of venation the veins are all parallel, whether proceeding from the base of the leaf to the apex, or sent off laterally from the midvein,and 86 THE LEAF. are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. Ex. grass lily. 1 2 3 4 FIG. 28.-Forms ofvanation. 1, 2, Exogens; 3, Endogen; 4, acrogen. 3d. Forked-veined, as in the Cryptogamia, when the veins divide and subdivide by forked divisions which do not unite again. Ex. ferns. 230. Of the first kind of venation, the reticulate, there are two varieties which deserve the most careful attention. The feather-veined and the radiate-veined. 1. The feather-veined leaf is that in which the venation consists of a midvein, giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 2. In the radiate-veined, the venation consists of several veins ( 227) of nearly equal size, radiating from the base towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets and veinulets. Ex. maple,crow-foot. 3. In parallel venation, the veins are either straight, as in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaves of the Orchis, or transverse, as in the Canna, Calla, &c. ~4. FORM OR FIGURE. 231. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is distinguished, becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will be the greatest extension of outline where the veins are largest and most numerous. Consequently, the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins, and the vigor of their action, in developing the intervening tissue. For this interesting theory we are indebted to Alphonse De Candolle. VEINS. 87 a. In our description of individual forms, we shall select only the most remarkable, leaving others for explanation in the Glossary. The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes of the veining; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise to the same outline. 232. Of FEATHER-VEINED leaves, the following forms depend on the length of the veinlets in relation to each other, and to the midvein. If the middle veinlets are longer than the rest, the leaf will be 1, Orbicular (roundish), as in Pyrola rotundifolia. 6 FIG. 29.- Figures of feather-veined leaves. The numbers refer to paragraphs. a, deltate leaf of Populus. 2. Elliptical (oval), as in Lespedeza prostrata; or S. Oblong (narrow-oval). Ex. Arenaria lateriflora. If the lower veinlets are longer than the rest,the leaf will be 4. Ovate (egg-shaped), as in the Mitchella repens, or 5. Lanceolate (lance-shaped), narrow, and tapering to each end. Ex. sweet-william. When the veins are most developed towards the summit of the leaf, it becomes 6. Obovate (inversely egg-shaped), as in the walnut; or 7. Spathulate (shaped like a spathula), as in the daisy. Again, if the lowest veinlets are longest, sending ofTveinulets backwards, the leaf will be 8. Cordate (heart-shaped), like the ovate fcrm, with a hollow (sinus) at the base, as in the lilac. 9. Auriculate, having ear-shaped lobes at the base. Ex. sage. 8* 58 THE LEAF. 10. Irastate (halbert-shaped), hollowed out at the base and sides. Ex. Bitter-sweet. 11. Sagittate (arrow-shaped), with pointed, descending lobes at base. Ex. Polygonumr sagittatum; Sagittaria; &c. 12. Reniform (kidney-shaped), broad, rounded at the apex, and hollowed at the base, as in the Asarum Canadense. a. The following forms depend less upon the proportion of the veinlets than on the imperfect development of the tissue between them. 13 ~t~ 1;4 m4 1i 1 17 18 12' i FIG. 30.- 12 - 16, figures of feather-veined leaves, the remainder of radiate-veined. 13: Runcinate (re-uncinate), having the margin extended at the veins into pointed segments, which curve backwards. Ex. Taraxacum. 14. Lyrate (lyre-shaped), with several deep, rounded sinuses, occasioned by deficiency of tissue between the lower veinlets; water-cress (Sisymbrium). 15. Pinnatificl (feather-cleft), with deep sinuses between the veinlets, separating each margin of the leaf into oblong, parallel segments. Ex. Lepidium. 16. Sinuate, having deep, rounded openings between the veinlets, seen in the leaves of the white oak. 233. RADIATE-VEINED leaves assume many forms, depending upon the direction of the veins, and the quantity of the intervening tissue. Some of them are the following. 17. Palmate (palm-shaped), having five lobes, with as many veins (227) separated by deep divisions, so as to resemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. passion-flower. PARALLEL-VEINED LEAVES. 89 18. Digitate (finger-shaped), having narrower and deeper segments than the palmate, as in the hemp. 19. Pedate (foot-shaped). The same as palmate, except that the two lateral lobes are themselves subdivided, as in the peony and passion-flower. 20. Laciniate (gashed), the veins and veinlets separate, as ii the blade were cut and gashed with scissors. Ex. Ranunculus. 21. Peltate (shield-like), the veins radiating in all directions, and all connected by intervening tissue. This form is gener ally also orbicular, and appears to result from the union of the base-lobes. Ex. Podophyllumn peltatum, Tropeolum, Brasenia. 22. Reniform, broad-ovate, broad-cordate, &c., may also result from the radiate veining. 234. The form of PARALLEL-VEINED leaves is less diversified than that of the preceding classes, being 23. Linear, when the veins (and fibres) are straight, as in the grasses. This form may also occur in the feather-veined leaf by an equal development of all the veinlets as in Linaria vulgaris, &c. *~'- 23 22 X FIG. 31.-23, 24, 25, figures of leaves. with parallel veins; 2-10, margins of leaves. 24. Oval, lanceolate, oblong, or some kindred form, when the veins are curved, as in Carex, Cypripedium, Orchis, &c., or it may be 25. Cordate, when some of the lower veins are curved backwards and then upwards, as in Pontaderia, and even sagittate, when they are directed downwards at the base, as in the Sagittaria. 90 THE LEAF. 26 Acerose (needle-shaped), when there is little or no distinction of lamina, petiole, or veins, as in the leaves of the pine. ~ 5. MARGIN. 235. The margin of the leaf is also modified chiefly by the same causes which affect the form. It is said to be 1. Entire, when even-edged. This may result from the full development of the tissue, or from a vein running parallel with the margin. Ex. lilac, lily. 2. Dentate (toothed), the tissue incomplete, having teeth with concave edges, pointing outwards from the centre. Ex. hawkweed. If the teeth are very fine, the margin is said to be denticulate. If the teeth are themselves toothed, it is doubly dentate. 3. Serrate, having sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw Ex Rosa. If the serratures are very small, it is serrulate. If they are themselves serrate, it is doubly serrate. 4. Crenate, notched with rounded or convex teeth, as in Glechoma. If such notches are very small, it is crenulate. 5. Erose (gnawed), having the margin irregularly toothed, or jagged, as if bitten by animals. 6. Undulate (wavy), the margin rising and falling like waves. Ex. Amaranthus. 7. Spinous, when the veins project far beyond the tissue in sharp spines, as in the thistle. Such leaves are said to be armed, and the opposite corresponding term is unarmed. 8. Incised (cut), margin divided by deep incisions. 9. Laciniate (torn), divided by deep and irregular gashes. 10. Crisped, margin much expanded and curled by a superabundance of tissue, as in the mallows. 11. Repand, having the margin slightly concave between the projecting veins. Ex. Solanum nigrum. ~6. APEX. 236. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it is said to be 1..Jcute, when it ends with an acute angle. 2. Obtuse, when it ends with a segment of a circle. 3. Acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point. 4. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. 5. Retuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 6. Mucronate, abruptly terminated by a short, hard, bristly point, &c. ~7. SURFACE. 237. The following terms are employed in descriptive botany, chiefly to denote the modifications of the surface (epidermis) LEAFLETS. 91 of the leaf. They are, however, equally applicable to the surface of any other organs. (41, a.) 1. Glabrous, smooth; denoting the absence of all hairs or bristles. Hydrangea. 2- Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down. LoniceraXylosteum. 3. Rough, with hard, short, even points. Borago officinalis. 4. Pilose, with short, weak, thin hairs. Prunella vulgaris. 5. Hoary, white, with very short, dense hairs. Gnaphalium. 6. Villose, with long, thin hairs. Solidago altissima. 7. Woolly, with long, dense, matted hairs. Mullein. 8. Tomentose, with dense, short, and rather rigid hairs. Spirea tomentosa. 9. Rugose, the tissue between the reticulated veins convex, from its superabundance. Sage. 10. Punctate, dotted with pellucid glands (44, a). Hypericum punctatum. ~S. COMPOUND LEAVES. a, a FIG. 32.- Compound leaves. 4, Trifoliate leaves; a, pinnately, as of the bean; b, palmately, clover 238. When a simple leaf becomes a compound one, the division takes place upon the same principle as the separation of an entire leaf into segments, lobes, and teeth, namely, from a deficiency of parenchyma; the number and arrangement of the leaflets will therefore, in like manner, depend upon the mode of veining. 239. The divisions of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS, and the same distinctions of outline, margin, &c., occur in them as in simple leaves. In the truly compound leaf, each leaflet 92 THE LEAF. (which is usually supported on a distinct stalk), is articulated (articula, a joint), with the main petiole, and separates from it in decay. 240. From the feather veined arrangement may result the following forms of compound leaves: 1. Pinnate (winged), where the petiole (midvein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, generally equal in number and opposite, as in the Acacia. 2. A pinnate leaf is said to be equally pinnate where the petiole is terminated by neither leaflet nor tendril, as the Cassia Marilandica, and unequally pinnate when it is terminated by an odd leaflet or by a tendril. Ex. rose, locust, pea. In the latter case the leaf is called cirrhose. 3. An interruptedly pinnate leaf has the leaflets alternately small and large, as in the potato, avens. 4. A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty or thirty pairs of leaflets, as in the Astragalus. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and the leaf becomes ternate or trifoliate, as in the ash; and, finally, it is sometimes, by the nondevelopment of the pinnee (pairs) reduced to a single terminal leaflet, as in the lemon. Such a leaf is known to be compound by the articulation of the leaflet to the petiole. 5. A bipinnate leaf (twice pinnate), is formed when the leaflets of a pinnate leaf themselves become pinnate. Ex. Fumaria officinalis. 6. A tripinnate leaf (thrice pinnate), is formed when the leaflets of a bipinnate leaf become pinnate, Ex. Aralia spinosa. In the leaf of the honey-locust (Gleditschia), we sometimes find all these three degrees of division, namely, the pinnate, bipinnate, and tripinnate, curiously combined, illustrating the gradual transition of the simple to the most compound leaf. 7. A biternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of the ternate leaf become themselves ternate, as in Fumaria Iutea. 8. A triternate leaf is formed when the leaflets of a biternate leaf become again ternate. Ex. Aquilegia. 241. The following forms of compound leaves may result from the division of a radiate-veined leaf; the ternate, biternate, &c., already mentioned; ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 93 9. Quinate, when there are five leaflets radiating from the same point of the petiole, as in Potentilla argentea. 10. Septinate, when there are seven leaves from the same point in the petiole, and so on. 242. With regard to insertion, the leaf is said to be 1. Amplexicaul, when its base surrounds or clasps the stem. 1 2 4 3 5 FIG. 33.- Modes of insertion. 2. Perfoliate, when the base lobes of an amplexicaul leaf are united together, so that the stem appears to pass through the leaf. 3. Decurrent, when the base lobes of the leaf grow to the stem below the point of insertion, so that the leaf seems to run downwards (Lat. decurro). 4. Connate, when the bases of two opposite leaves are united. 5. Stellate, verticillate, or whorled, when several leaves are arranged around the stem at the same node. 243. It is often found necessary, in the description of a plant, to combine two or more of the terms above mentioned, to express some intermediate figure or quality; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying between ovate and lanceolate, &c. a. The Latin preposition sub (under), prefixed to a descriptive term, denotes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly sessile, subserrate, somewhat serrate, &c. ~9. ASCIDIA, STIPULES, AND BRACTS. 244. In the teazel (Dipsacus) of our own fields, and in the Tillandsia, or wild pine of South America, there are hollows at the point of union between the leafstalk and the stem, capable of holding a.eonsiderable amount of water. The midrib and petiole of the leaves of the Arum, also, are'channeled out in such a manner as to convey water to the axil. 245. But the most remarkable of all leaves are those which are hollowed out into the form of pitchers, called ascidia. a. In the Sarracenia, a plant common in our own peat-bogs, these pitchers are evidently formed by the very deep channeling of the petiole, and the uniting together of the involute edges of its winged margin so as to form a complete vase, with a broad expansion at the top, which may be regarded as the true leaf. 94 THE LEAF. The ascidia thus formed are always full of water, in which insects are drowned. being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 246. The Nepenthes is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are sessile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex, like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hollow vessel similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure water. It is furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament which expands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cup is open in damp weather to receive moisture from the air, and closed in dry weather to prevent its evaporation. i 2 3 FIG. 34. - Ascidia. 1, Sarracenia purpurea; 2, Nepenthes distillatoria; 3, Dischidia Rafflesiana. 247. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall trees to the distance of 100 feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near its top. These cannot, therefore, it would seem, derive much nourishment from the earth. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with its edges rolled towards each other, and adherent, and its upper end, or mouth, is open to receive whatever moisture may descend into it, of which there is always a considerable quantity. But the greatest marvel in its structure is yet to be described. Several bundles of absorbent fibres, resembling roots (142, b), are sent out from the nearest parts of the stem and enter the pitchers and spread themselves through the cavity. The design of this apparatus scarcely needs be mentioned. 248. The leaf of Venus' fly-trap (Dionsea muscipula), native at the south, is also of a very curious construction. At the extremity of each leaf are two lobes. bordered with spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive to insects. But when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 249. STIPULES are certain leaf-like expansions situated on each side of -the petiole, at its base. They are membranous, leathery, or spiny. They do not occur in every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in each plat+ of the same natural order. Ex. pea, rose, Viola tricolor. 250. Stipules are generally supposed to be accessory leaves, although their INVOLUCRE. 93 nature is certainly obscure. They are subject to the same laws of venation and form, perform the same functions, and are sometimes almost undistinguishable from the leaves themselves. They also (very rarely) develop buds in their axils. a. When they grow from the stem itself, they may, therefore, be regarded as rudimentary leaves, but when from the base of the petiole, as is most common, they are the undeveloped leaflets of a pinnate leaf, as in the rose. 251. When leaves are furnished with stipules they are said to be stipulate, and when without them they are exstipulate. The stipules which are situated at the base of leaflets are called stipels. 4 5 6 7 - d. a 1. 3 2 FIG. 35. - Stipules, Bracts, &c. 1, a, stipule of grass; 2, b, of rose; 3, c, bract of Tilia; 4, d, of a Campanula; 5, Sium, a, involucre, c, involucel; 6, Comrnus Canadensis, a, colored involucre, c, flowers; 7, Arum, a spathe, c, spadix. 252. BRACTS, called also floral leaves, are leaf-like appendages, intermediate between leaves and tlhe floral organs. From leaves they are generally distinguished by their being placed near the flower, their smaller size, their difference in form, and often in color. 253. That bracts are of the same nature as leaves is perfectly evident, for so gradual is the transition between them that no absolute limits can be assigned. That they have a common origin with the sepals of the calyx also, is equally evident,-so imperceptibly do the latter pass into bracts; affording one of the strongest proofs of the doctrine of floral metamorphosis. a. Bracts have received different names, according to their arrangement and situation. They constitute an 254. Involucre, when they are arranged in a whorl, and sur round several flowers. Il the Phlox, and generally, it is green, 9 96 THE LEAF. but sometimes, as in the Comus, it is colored like petals. Situated at the base of a compound umbel (305, a) it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel a partial involucre, or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferae. 255. In the Compositte the involucre consists of imbricated bracts, often in several whorls surrounding the base of the heads (compound flowers), as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. 256. In the grasses, the bracts subsist under the common name of husk or chaff, to which is attached the awn or beard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flowers, are called the glume, corresponding to the involucre. Those situated at the base of each separate flower are paleie, answering to the calyx, oi corolla. The pieces, of which each glume or palea is composed (generally two) are called valves. ~10. DURATION. 257. Leaves, although so universal an accompaniment of vegetation, are only temporary appendages. They rapidly attain their growth, and in a great majority of cases flourish but a single season, at the end of which they perish, although the plant on which they grew may continue to flourish for ages. To mark their duration more accurately, leaves are said to be 1. Fugacious, when they fall off early, before the end of summer. 2. Deciduous, when they endure for a single season and fall in autumn. 3. Persistent, or evergreen, when they remain through all seasons, retaining their color until the new leaves of the following spring appear, so that the plant is always verdant. In accordance with the last two distinctions, plants are said to be DECIDUOUS, or EVERGREEN. 258. The fall of the leaf in temperate climates, occurs near the end of autumn, and marks an important era in the year. The first symptoms of decay are seen in the changes of color from green to various shades of gold and crimson. These gorgeous hues, gradually fading, at length give place to a pale russet, the common color of the faded leaf. 259. Defoliation, or the separation of the leaf from the stem, is due to several causes. During the latter part of the summer, the vessels become clogged by the deposition of earthy and solid matter contained in the sap, until they can no longer admit the free circulation of the fluids through them. The whole structure consequently loses its vitality, dries up, and withers, and is finally cast off at the point of articulation, as a dead part is from the living body of an animal. ~11. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 260. Since the frame-work of the leaf is merely a divergent portion of the medullary sheath (200), it must consist essentially of the same tissues, namely, spiral vessels accompanied by woody fibre, that is, fibro-vascular tissue. PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 97 a. The tissue of the lamina, in like manner, must essentially correspond with the outer integuments of the bark, of which it is but an extension. That peculiar form of cellular tissue of which it is composed is called parenchyma. 261. The parenchyma of the leaf exists in two layers, as might be inferred from the manner in which it is produced (221). In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upwards and the other downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure; but in those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the iris, they do not materially differ. a. The whole structure is, of course, clothed with the epidermis. 262. The internal structure of the parenchyma is more complicated than would be at first supposed. A powerful microscope is necessary for its examination. Let an exceedingly thin paring be taken from a vertical section of the lamina and submitted to the solar (or compound) microscope, in such a manner that the rays shall pass from section to section. Fig. 36 represents a magnified view of such a paring of the leaf of the lily, which may be regarded as characteristic of leaves in general. 2 1 C FIG. 36. - 1, Magnified section of a leaf of the lily; 2, of the epidermis with stomata. 263. The upper surface (a, a) is thus seen to consist of the flattened cells of the epidermis, arranged in a single layer. Just beneath this (b, b) is the more compact part of the parenchyma, consisting of a layer of oblong cells placed in such a position that their longer axis is perpendicular to the leaf's surface. Next below we meet with the parenchyma of the lower surface (c, c), composed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely compacted as to leave larger empty spaces between. Lastly, we find again the epidermis (d, d) of the under surface with stomata (e, e), opening into air-chambers. a. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls, the green globules (chlorophyll) which give color to the parenchyma,-dark 98 THE LEAF. green above, where it is more compact; but paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 264. The empty spaces between the cells, called intercellular, communicate with the external air by means of the stomata (37 -39), which are generally found only in the lower smurface. In those leaves, however, whose position is naturally vertical instead of horizontal, stomata are found equally on both surfaces. In other leaves, as in the Nymphaea, they are found upon the upper surface alone, the lower being in contact with the surface of the water. 265. The vessels of the latex (34) are distributed through the under layer of the parenchyma. These are prolongations of the ramified veins, which, having reached the edge of the leaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower surface, and are again collected into the petiole, through which they are finally returned into the bark. 266. A singular structure occurs in the Oleander of Barbary, and other plants of hot and arid regions. The epidermis on the upper surface is double and very compact, and there are few if any stomata on the lower surface, their places being supplied by cavities within its substance, opening outwards by a small aperture, and covered within by minute hairs. These peculiarities are adapted to the conditions of the air and soil in which the Oleander flourishes. The hairs absorb moisture from the air, which the cavities readily retain, while the double epidermis effectually restrains its evaporation. ~12. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES 267. These are exhalation, absorption, respiration, and digestion, and the result of their combined action is the conversion of the crude sap, absorbed from the soil by the roots, into the proper juice or latex, for the nourishment and increase of the plant, with its various products. 268. The crude sap consists of water holding in solution minute quantities of various kinds of solid and gaseous matter derived from the soil. In its passage from the root to the leaves, its composition is somewhat modified by dissolving the previously formed secretions, which it meets with on its way. 269. EXHALATION is the process by which the superabundant water of the sap is given off to the atmosphere, so that the remaining sap is reduced, as it were, by concentration, and contains a greater proportion of solid matter. It is analogous to perspiration in animals. 270. It is to be distinguished from evaporation; the latter depending solely upon heat and the state of the air, and being, in plants, almost wholly restrained by the epidermis. 271. Exhalation appears to take place through the stomata RESPIRATION. 99 alone. But since these are opened by the influence of the light and closed in its absence, it follows that exhalation can proceed only in the presence of the light (155). a. If a plate of glass be held near the under surface of an active leaf of the Hydrangea, in a still air, it will soon be covered with dew; but if the experiment be repeated by holding the glass over the upper surface, it will remain dry. Again, if the light be suddenly excluded from the plant in a state of active growth, it will immediately cease to transpire, whatever be the temperature; and if the stomata be then examined they will be found closed. 272. That exhalation and absorption by the roots are mutually dependent upon each other, has already been stated (155). The quantity of fluid discharged by the former may therefore be inferred from that of the latter. This has also been confirmed by experiment. A sunflower 3j feet high, was ascertained by Hales to transpire from 20 to 30 oz. of water daily; a cabbage from 15 to 25 oz., &c. Experiments have also been made upon single leaves, recently plucked, with the petiole immersed in water. Thus a leaf of the sunflower, weighing 31 grains, absorbed and exhaled its own weight of water in 6 hours. 273. ABSORPTION is primarily the office of the roots (154), but m certain circumstances it is performed by the leaves also. a. When the roots are imperfect, or wanting, or serve merely to fix the plant in its position, as in some aerial parasites, and in some of the Orchidacese, it is evident that the plant must derive its nourishment chiefly from the absorption performed by the leaves. Experiment also proves that the leaves of plants in general are capable of this function. Every one knows how plants, when parched and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which does not reach their roots, but only moistens their leaves. 274. The lower surface of the leaf appears to be chiefly instrumental in absorption. This is readily shown by experiment. Leaves with their lower surfaces in contact with the water, remain fresh much longer than others with their upper surfaces thus placed. Leaves of the white mulberry, with the upper surface only in contact with water, faded in six days, while others, reversed in position, lasted as many months. 275. RESPIRATION in plants is analogous to respiration, or breathing, in animals. In both it is equally constant and equally necessary. It is performed principally by the leaves, but is not confined to them, being partially performed by other parts also, even by the roots. 276. Respiration consists of the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, accompanied by the evolution of carbonic acid. a. This process must not be confounded with another which occurs, of a con trary nature, treated of under the head of digestion. 9* 100 THE LEAF. 277. Respiration appears to be going on constantly, by day and by night, during the life of the plant, even while it is actively engaged in the contravening process of the fixation of carbon. The result of it is, the removal of a certain superfluous portion of carbon, in a state of combination with oxygen,* from the nutritive substances of the plant, just as the same deleterious acid is removed from the blood of animals by breathing. 278. Let a few healthy plants be placed under a bell-glass containing air from which all the carbonic acid has been previously removed. After a few hours let the air be tested by shaking it with lime-water, and it will be found to contain carbonic acid, rendering the lime-water turbid. This effect will be produced, whether the bell-glass stand in the sunshine or in darkness, but the quantity of acid evolved will be found to be much greater in the darkness. 279. Respiration is carried on with peculiar activity during the two periods of germination and flowering. a. In germination pure oxygen is absorbed, either from the air or water, or both, in the absence of light (133, d), and returned to the air combined with the superfluous carbon of the starch, which thus is converted into sugar for the nourishment of the young plant. b. It is also equally active at the time of flowering, a large quantity of oxygen being converted into carbonic acid by the flower. By this process it seems that the starch previously contained in the disk (107), or receptacle (59), is changed into saccharine matter for the nutrition of the pollen and ovules (70, 81), the superfluous portion flowing off in the form of honey. And it has been ascertained that the quantity of oxygen evolved bears a direct proportion to the development of the disk. t 280. The life of the plant depends upon the continuance of respiration, for if it be surrounded by an atmosphere with too great a proportion of carbonic acid, or in a confined portion of air, which has become vitiated by its own action, and excluded from the light, its respiration is necessarily soon suspended, and it speedily perishes. t 281. DIGESTION, in plants, consists properly of all those changes effected by the leaves in rendering the crude sap fit for the purposes of nutrition. But that process which is more par* Carbonic acid is composed of 6 parts (by weight) of carbon, combined with 16 parts of oxygen. t Thus Saussure found that the flower of the Arum, while in bud, consumed 5 or 6 times its own volume of oxygen in 24 hours; during the expansion of the flower, 30 times, and during its withering, 5 times. WNThen the floral envelopes were removed, he found that the quantity of oxygen consumed by the stamens and pistils in 24 hours, was, in one instance, 132 times their own bulk. CARBON. 101 ticularly described under the head of digestion, consists in the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissues of fthe leaves, under the stimulus of the light, the fixation of the solid carbon, and the evolution of pure oxygen. 282. Carbon is one of the principal ingredients in the vegetable structure. The chief source from which plants obtain it is the atmosphere, which always contains it in the form of carbonic acid, evolved by combustion, by the respiration of animals, from the earth, &c. a.' Now if we place some fresh leaves in an inverted bell-glass, containing air charged with 7 or 8 per cent. of carbonic acid, and expose them to the direct light of the sun for a few hours, it will be found that a large proportion of the carbonic acid will have disappeared, and will be replaced by pure oxygen.' But this change will not be effected in the dark, or by any degree of artificial light. Accordingly we find that plants which grow in the dark become blanched from the want of the proper supply of carbon, on which their green color depends. 283. We have before stated that this fixation of carbon in the substance of the plant, contravenes the process of respiration, in which carbon is given off. The former occurs only in the light of day, the latter by night as well as by day. But as to the relative amount of carbon thus absorbed by the former process, and evolved by the latter, there can be no reasonable doubt; for when we consider how large a portion of the tissues of every plant is solid carbon, and that too, derived chiefly from the atmosphere, it is evident that much more carbonic acid is, on the whole, consumed by vegetation than is evolved. In accordance with this are the results of the experiments of Dr. Daubeny, who has recently shown, that' in fine weather, a plant, consisting chiefly of leaves and stems, if confined in a capacious vessel, and duly supplied with carbonic acid during sunshine, as fast as it removes it, will go on adding to the proportion of oxygen present, as long as it continues healthy.' 284. Thus are the two great kingdoms of nature rendered mutually subservient, each to the well-being, and even the existence, of the other. Animals require an atmosphere comparatively pure, although, by their respiration and decay, they are continually adding to the proportion of its deleterious gases. Plants, on the other hand, thrive by the decomposition of these gases and the restoration of pure oxygen to the air in their stead. It is impossible not to admire this beautiful arrangement of Providence, by which, as in a thousand other cases, the means and ends are rendered reciprocal, affording the highest proof of wisdom and design. 1 Another view of respiration, different from the above, has been ably maintained; viz. that it is not a vital action, but only a necessary result of a temporary suspension of vital action. During the absence of the vivifying stimulus of the light, a part of the carbonic acid absorbed by day is lost, from the want of power to retain it, and a small quantity of oxygen is absorbed to recombine with some of the carbon recently set free. But as this theory does not account for the loss of carbonic acid by day as well as by night, and moreover supposes imperfection in the original design of the Creator, I have not yet seen fit to adopt it. 102 INFLORESCENCE. CHAPTER XIII. INFLORESCENCE. 285. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of the flowers upon a stem or branch. 286. In regard to position upon the stem, the inflorescence, like the leaf-bud, of which we have shown it to be a modification, is either terminal or axillary. a. It is, however, in some plants, particularly in the potatoe tribe (Solanaceae), situated opposite to a leaf. This irregularity is accounted for, if we suppose, with Lindley, that the flower-stalk, originating in the axil of the leaf next below, adheres to the internode (172) in its lower part, and does not separate from it until it is opposite the succeeding leaf. 287. The PEDUNCLE (flower-stalk) is that part of the stem on wvhich.the inflorescence is immediately supported. It bears no leaves, or, at most, only such as are reduced in size, and altered in form, called bracts (252). If the peduncle is wanting, the flower is said to be sessile. 288. The peduncle, like the stem of which it is a portion, may be either simple or branched. When it is simple it bears, of course, a single flower, but when it is divided into branches it bears several flowers, and its final divisions, each bearing a single flower, are called PEDICELS. 289. A SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subterranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless (177). Ex. Sarracenia, Taraxacum, Hyacinthus. Like the peduncle, of which it is a modification, it is leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or branched. 290. The RACHIS (oaXLt;, the spine) is the axis of the inflorescence, or the main stem of a compound peduncle, along which the pedicels are arranged, as seen in the Plantago, currant, grape, and grasses. 291. The inflorescence is said to be solitary when it consists of a single terminal flower, as in Erythronium, or when but a single axillary flower is developed at the same node, as in Petunia, Convolvulus. CENTRIFUGAL INFLORESCENCE. 103 292. In regard to the evolution of the inflorescence, that is, the mode of succession in the development of the flowers, botanists have recently observed two important distinctions, namely, the centripetal and the centrifugal, the former resulting from axillary,and the other from terminal flowers. 293. In CENTRIPETAL inflorescence the evolution (blossoming) of the flowers commences with those of the circumference (or the base) and proceeds towards the centre (or the summit), as in the Umbelliferve and the Cruciferae. a. The student will readily perceive that the circumference of a depressed (flatteled,inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis, or rachis, is lengthened, it is the centre which it bears along with it at its apex, leaving the circumference at the base. 294. In CENTRIFUGAL inflorescence the blossoming commences with the terminal and central flower, and proceeds towards the lateral flowers, or those of the circumference. Ex. Hydrangea, elder, and the pink tribe. a.'This mode of inflorescence is generally indicated by the presence of a solitary flower seated in the axils of the dichotomous (forked) branches.' All the flowers are considered terminal, because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateral branches successively produced at the node next below the primary flower. This is beautifully illustrated in Spergula. 2 FIG. 37. — Modes of inflorescence; 1, centrifugal inflorescence (cyme) of Cerastium maximum; 2, fascicle; 3, centripetal inflorescence (corymb); 4, spike. 295. Sometimes we find these two modes of inflorescence combined in the same plant. In the Compositae, as Dr. Gray remarks, the heads, which may be called the partial inflores 104 INFLORESCENCE. cences, are centripetal, while the general inflorescence is centri. fugal, that is, the central head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiatie the partial inflorescences (verticilasters, 309) are centrifugal, while the general inflorescence is centripetal. 296. Of centripetal inflorescence the principal varieties are, the spike, raceme, ament, spadix, corymb, umbel, head, panicle, and thyrse. 297. The SPIKE is an inflorescence consisting of several sessile flowers arranged along a common peduncle (ratcis). Ex. Plantago, Verbascum. 298. The RACEME is the same as the spike, but having the flowers raised on pedicels, each being axillary to a bract, and blossoming in succession from the base upwards. The raceme may be either erect, as in Hyacinthus, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in the currant and black cherry. 299. The AMENT, or catkin, is a spike whose flowers are covered each with a scaly bract, instead of a calyx and corolla, and fall off together, all remaining still connected with the rachis. Ex. Salix, Betula. 300. The SPADIX is a spike with a fleshy rachis enveloped in a large bract, called spathe. Ex. Arum, Calla. 301. The CORYME is the same as the raceme, having the lower pedicels so lengthened as to elevate all the flowers to nearly or quite the same level. Ex. wild thorn (Cratalgus). 302. An IYMBEL resembtes the corymb, but the pedicels are of nearly equal length, and all arise from the same point in the common peduncle. Ex. Asclepias, Aralia hispida, onion. 303. A HEAD or CAPITULUM is similar to an umbel,:but the flowers are sessile or nearly so upon the summit of the peduncle. Ex. button-bush, clover, globe-amaranth (Gomphrena). a. But the more common kind of capitulum is that where the summit of the peduncle (rachis) is dilated into a broad disk (receptacle) bearing the sessile flowers upon its surface. This is the kind of inflorescence peculiar to the vast family of the Compositre, and is equivalent to the compound flowers of the earlier botanists. b. In the capitalum there is a general resemblaace to the simple flower, the criz. 105 rays answering to petals, and the involucre (254) to the calyx. The flowers are calledflorets, those in the outer circle, florets of the ray, and those of the central portions, florets of the disk. 304. The PANICLE is a compound inflorescence, formed by an irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme. Ex. oats, Poa, and many other grasses. 305. The THYRSE is the same as the panicle, having the lower branches rather shorter than those in the midst, and all of them very compact, as in the lilac (Syringa), horse-chestnut. a. The umbel becomes compound when each pedicel becomes itself an umbel, as in most of the Umbelliferee. In these cases the secondary umbels are called UMBELLETS, and sometimes partial umbels. See 4 254. By a similar decomposition, a raceme becomes a compound raceme, a corymb a conmpound corymb, &c. "~I ~ FIG. 38. — Modes of inflorescence; 1, raceme; 2, ament; 3, spadix; 4, head; 5, panicle; 6, vertcillaster; 7, thyrse. 306. Of the centrifugal inflorescence, the following varieties are described; namely, cyme, fascicle, and verticillaster. 307. CYME. This inflorescence has the general aspect of the corymb, but is remarkably distinguished from it by its centrifugal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2-forked and 3-forked, as exemplified in Hydrangea, Viburnum, chick weed. a. The cyme is found only in plants with opposite leaves, and its normal struc tWre and develooment are as follows The terminal flower, which is the first to 106 INFLORESCENCE. be opened, is borne upon a peduncle of two or more nodes, which are, of course, transverse to each other (219, c). From one, or two, or all of these nodes, pairs of secondary, opposite peduncles arise, each of which, like the first, is binodal or multinodal, and terminated by a flower. Again, in the nodes of these secondary peduncles, may arise, in the same manner as before, pairs of tertiary peduncles, each to be terminated by a flower, and perhaps to bear still other peduncles, and so on. b. Hence it is evident, that in each axil of the forked branches there should be a solitary flower. This, however, is often wanting. Irregularities may also be occasioned by the absence of other parts. 308. FASCICLE. This is a modification of the cyme, in which the flowers become crowded, and nearly sessile, as in sweet william, and other species of Dianthus. 309. VERTICILLASTER or VERTICIL, called also, though improperly, whorl, is a term denoting those reduced cymes which are peculiar to the Labiatme, where two such cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of leaves. a. Sometimes the peduncle, instead of producing flowers, is changed into a te.dril, as in the vine. CHAPTER XIV. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 310. It has already been shown, in the preceding chapters, that plants consist chiefly of four simple organic elements; viz. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The first mentioned exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller, than either of the others. These four elements constitute about 94 per cent of all vegetable matter. 311. CARBON (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture of the wood after the other ingredients have been expelled by heat. On this element chiefly depends their solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. NITROGEN, although perhaps equally essential, is less abundant in the tissues, and exists largely only in certain important vegetable products; as gluten, legumine, albumen. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LNUTRITION. 107 812. Besides these four universal elements, many other substances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species: thus forest trees and most other inland plants contain potassa; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c.; the grasses, silex and phosphate of lime; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime; the Leguminosoe, carbonate of lime. Now all these ingredients, being found in plants, are inferred to be essential elements in the food which they require for healthy vegetation; and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied, constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry. 313. It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter, and therefore do not originate in themselves any of the ingredients which compose them; consequently they must obtain them from sources without. These sources are obviously air, earth, and water. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid which the atmosphere contains, and from the decaying vegetable matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the water, and from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere; hydrogen, from water and ammonia; and nitrogen, from ammonia alone, either drawn from the air or the soil. 314. The ATMOSPHERE contains about IS-u part of carbonic acid, diffused throughout the whole extent; and, as this gas contains 27 per cent. of carbon, it may be demonstrated, that the whole atmosphere contains at least fourteen hundred billions of tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources mentioned in ~ 282, - an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless drain made upon it by the vegetable kingdom. 315. SOIL consists of two classes of materials; viz. mineral and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated and decomposed rocks, -all the various mineral substances which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as potassa, soda, silica, lime, &c., all of which are more or less soluble in water. The organic materials consist of the remains of former tribes of plants and animals, mingled with the earths, which, having access to air, are decomposed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both to the air and the water. 316. WATER is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, in the proportion of 8 to 1 by weight. Having pervaded the atmosphere 10 1308 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. m the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil, it holds in solution carbonic acid, ammonia, and many of the various minerals above mentioned. 317. AMMONIA consists of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the proportions of 14 to 3 by weight. It arises from decaying animal and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is also generated in the atmosphere, during storms, by the flashes of the electric fluid. 318. Thus it appears that the three compounds, water, carbonic acid, and ammonia, may yield to plants their four essential organic elements. And, since all of them are contained in the air, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone, but most species are dependent on water, earth, and air, and demand a copious supply. The external circumstances, therefore, first requisite to healthy vegetation are, - 1. Free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by winds. 2. A proper supply of rain or river-water. 3. A soil possessing the peculiar minerals required by the species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion of vegetable mould. 319. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agriculture. By irrigation, streams of water are turned from their natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched with drought; while, by drainage, the inundated bog is converted into a luxuriant lawn. 320. The object of tillage is to pulverize and lighten the too compact soil, and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the air in order to hasten its decomposition. The object of manuring is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter. By various amendments, as gypsum, lime, and pulverized charcoal, ammonia is powerfully attracted from the air, and yielded again to the water. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and ashes add to the potassa which exists naturally in it being derived from the decomposition of the rocks which contain it, as granite, clay-slate, basalt, &c. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109 321. Soils are often improved by lying fallow for a season, thus allowing time to form by decomposition a fresh supply of that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects of a rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances in their composition. 322. But when all these materials have been supplied to the plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great work of vegetation will not go on. These life-giving principles are light and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. Under their influence the raw material is received into the vessels of the plant, and assimilated to its own substance, - a process which can be fully comprehended only by HIM whose power is adequate to carry it on. 323. Under the influence of solar light, and a temperature above the freezing point, water is imbibed by the roots and raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving, as it passes, small portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this state it is crude sap. But passing on it enters the leaves, and is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (215, a), which chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is concentrated by exhalation and evaporation, sending off quantities of pure water. Meanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic acid, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure oxygen to the air. 324. Thus elaborated, the sap is now termed the PROPER JUICE, and consists of course of carbon and water, with a little nitrogen, and minute portions of the mineral substances mentioned above. From this juice are elaborated the building material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and secretions. 325. First, by the aid of light, chlorophylle is developed, clothing the plant in living green. Next lignin is produced, the peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, or woody, consisting of carbon with the exact elements of water, viz. oxygen and hydrogen. 326. Meanwhile gum, starch, and sugar, nutritive products common to all plants, are also developed from the proper juice, — 110 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues, but mostly to be stored away in reserve for future use. Such deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fruit of almost all plants. These three products, with lignin, are all composed of carbon with the elements of water, - gum and starch containing them in the same proportions. 327. Sugar is sometimes produced directly from the proper juice, as in the root of the beet, stalk of the maize and sugarcane; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited in the seed. Its composition differs from that of starch, only in containing a larger proportion of the elements of water, or (what is the same thing) a smaller proportion of carbon. The transformation of starch into sugar appears to be dependent on the presence of a certain substance called " diastase; minute quantities of which exist in seeds, and about the eyes of the potato." 328. The similarity of these four general products, in chemical constitution, accounts for the facility with which they are converted into each other in the growing plant. Thus gum is converted into starch (in which state it is best adapted for preservation), and starch is converted into sugar (131). In flowering, sugar is rapidly consumed by the flower, -a portion of it being reconverted into starch, and deposited in the seed. Both gum and sugar appear to be converted into lignin during the growth of the tissues; and this substance, in the laboratory of the chemist, has been changed again into gum and sugar. 329. Among the numerous secretions of plants which our limits forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids, containing more oxygen than exists in water; and the oils and resins, containing less than exists in water, or none at all. These substances vary in the different species almost to infinity, taking into their constitution, in addition to the four organic elements, minute portions of the mineral substances introduced by rain-water. Their peculiarities of flavor, odor, color, properties, &c. although so obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences in constitution often so slight as to elude the most delicate tests of the chemist. SPECIES AND GENERA. 111 CHAPTER XV. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. ~1. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 330. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, properties, and uses. 331. The student in botanical science is introduced into a boundless field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step: they clothe the hill and the plain, the mountain and the valley. They spring up in the hedges and by the wayside; they border the streams and lakes, and sprinkle over its surface; they stand assembled in vast forests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean; they are innumerable in multitude, infinite in variety. Yet the botanist proposes to acquaint himself with each. individual of this vast kingdom, so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either interesting, instructive, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is presented to his view. 332. Now it is obvious, that if the student should attempt the accomplishment of this task by studying each individual plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely be sufficient to make a beginning. 333. But such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these myriads of individuals into, SPECIES (50). When he called them into existence in -their specific forms, he endowed each with the power of perpetuating its own kind and no other, so that they have descended to us distinguished by the same differences of character and properties as at the beginning. When, therefore, the student has become acquainted with any one individual plant, he is also equally acquainted with all others belonging to the same species. a. Thus a single stalk of white clover becomes a representative of all the millions of its kind that grow on our hills and plains, and a single description of the white pine will answer, in all essential points, for every individual tree of that ancient and noble species, in all lands where it is found. 334. Again, the species themselves, although separated from each other by obvious differences, still are found to exhibit many constant affinities, whereby they are formed into larger groups, called GENERA (52). Thus the white clover and the red (Trifolium repens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as of different species, but of the same genus; and a single generic description of any 10* 112 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence, to a certain extent, concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 335. Thus the whole vegetable kingdom is grouped into species, and the spe. cies themselves into genera. But natural affinities do not stop here. The genera are still too numerous for the purpose of clear and systematic study. The naturalist would therefore generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and larger tribes or groups. Accordingly he finds, on comparing the genera with each other, that they still possess some characters in common, although, perhaps, of a more general nature than those which distinguish them among each other. These general characters, therefore, serve to associate the genera into a systematic arrangement of Classes and Orders. 336. There are two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera, which have generally been approved, namely, the Artificial System of Linnaus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. The former has for its basis those characters which are derived from the organs of fructification, leaving all other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, is founded upon all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants, by which Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. 337. In regard to the relative merit of these two arrangements there is now no longer room for comparison. That of Linnmus is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes, perhaps, the readiest means for determining the names of plants which has ever been devised; but this must be regarded as its principal use. Indeed, its author himself did not design it for any higher end, or claim for it any higher merit. 338. But, in acquiring a thorough and accurate knowledge of the vegetable kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but it is the only method which can be relied upon for this purpose. The obscurity and misconceptions which formerly embarrassed the science of the vegetable structure, so as to render this system unavailable, have now been so far removed by the labors of De Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Torrey and Gray, of our own country, that it is brought generally within the scope of the ordinary mind, and shown to be founded in true philosophy. Accordingly, it is now generally adopted. 339. Still, the difficulties attending analysis * by the Natural System alone, are confessedly too great to be successfully encountered at the threshold of the science, by him who has it yet to learn. These arise, partly from the obscurity of the characteristic distinctions employed, and partly from the remaining inaccuracies of their definitions. On this account it has been thought best to retain, in this work, the artificial characters of the Linntean Classes and Orders, in the *Analysis, as used in botany, denotes the dissection and examination of the organic structure ofplants, in order to learn their characters, affinities, names, &c. See ~ 344-348. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 113 form of analytical tables, to be used simply as a guide in the analysis of plants, to point the learner to the place in the Natural System which his specimen occupies. 340. The artificial arrangement consists of classes, orders, genera, and species. The two latter are the same as in the natural system (50, 51), and the two higher divisions, classes and orders, have already been seen (74, 80) to be founded upon the number, situation, and connection of the stamens and pistils. CHAPTER XVI. OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 341. IT is the aim of the Natural System to associate in the same divisions and groups, those plants which have the greatest general resemblance to each other, not only in aspect and structure, but also in properties. 342. While the artificial arrangement employs only a single character in classification, the natural seizes upon every character in which plants agree or disagree with each other. Thus, those plants which correspond in the greatest number of points will be associated in the smaller and lower divisions, as species and genera, while those corresponding in fewer points will be assembled in divisions of higher rank. 343. By an acquaintance, therefore, with the characters of each of the families of the Natural System, we may at once determine to which of them any new plant belongs, what are its affinities with others, and what are its poisonous or useful properties. 344. Although the aim of this System is as above stated, yet the full consummnation of it is still reserved for a future age. At present, though greatly advanced, we are still obliged to call in the aid of artificial characters, where Nature is as yet too profound for ordinary skill. Such aid is, for example, employed in the first subdivision of Angiosperms. 114 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 345. The first and highest division of the vegetable kingdom, namely, into the Phcenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed, and its distinctions explained, in Chapter III., and elsewhere. These grand divisions lie at the foundation of both the System of Linnaeus and of Jussieu, and are truly founded in nature; for The PHANOGAMIA 1. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages. 2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 3. They develope flowers, and 4. They produce seeds. On the other hand The CRYPTOGAMIA 1. Are destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves. 2. They possess a cellular structure only. 3. They do not develope flowers, and 4. They produce SPORES (129) instead of seeds. 346. These distinctive characters must not, however, be regarded as decisive in all cases; for the higher Cryptogamia, as the ferns, give indications both of a regular woody axis and of a vascular structure, while some of the lower Pheenogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And, universally, so gradual are the transitions from family to family and tribe to tribe, that it is impossible to fix upon characters so definite as to completely circumscribe any one group, while at the same time, they exclude every member of surrounding and approximating groups. 347. There is a small and curious order of plants of comparatively recent discovery, native chiefly of the East Indies, which appear, from the most authentic accounts of them, to form the connecting link between the Flowering and Flowerless plants, combining a part of the characters of each, so that botanists are at a loss to which it belongs. They possess a cellular structure, develope flowers immediately from the root, whence they are called Rhizanths (0qtt, a root, deveor, a flower}; but their ovaries are said to be filled with spores instead of seeds, and hence they are also called Sporogens. Ex. Rafflesia. 348. Again, the Pharnogamia are very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, depending upon their manner of growth, called EXOGENS and ENDOGENS, whose distinctions are briefly as follows: - EXOGENS, 1. Growing by external accretions (196). 2. Bearing leaves which have reticulated veins (229) and which fall off by an articulation. 3. Seeds with two or more cotyledons (127) or dicotyledonous. ACROGENS. 115 ENDOGENS, 1. Growing by internal accretions (197). 2. Leaves parallel-veined (229) and decaying without falling off. 3. Seeds with one cotyledon (126) or monocotyledonous. 349. Classes. The groups above mentioned, comprising the whole vegetable kingdom, are again subdivided into six classes. The first two are formed from the subdivision Exogens, and are founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp; namely, Class I. ANGIOSPERMS, (as the oak, rose,) 1. Ovules produced within an ovary, and 2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma. 3. Becoming seeds enclosed in a pericarp. 4. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. Class II. GYMNOSPERMS, (as the pine, yew,) 1. Ovules produced naked beneath a scale-like carpel. 2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the stigma. 3. Becoming truly naked seeds, that is, destitute of a pericarp. 4. Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. 350. The next two classes are formed from the subdivision Endogens, and are founded upon the presence and absence of glumes or husks; namely, Class mII. AGLUMAGCEAE or AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure with flowers constructed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. Ex. lily, orchis, rush. Class IV. GLUMACEME or GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS, Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a calyx; as the grasses, grains, sedges. 351. The Cryptogamia are separated into two great classes, called Acrogens and Thallogens; the former including those tribes which make some approximation towards the Phaenogamia, and the latter including the lowest tribes of the vegetable kingdom. As their names indicate, they are distinguished from each other by their manner of growth; thus, Class V. ACROGENS (growing from acxgoc, the summit or point) have a regular stem, or axis, which grows by the extension of the point, or apex only, without increasing at all in diameter, generally furnished with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and ducts. Ex. ferns, mosses, clubmosses, and the Equisetaceae. 116 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. Class VI. THALLOGENS, consisting merely of cellular tissue, with a tendency to grow into a flat expansion called thallus, but having no distinction of root, stem, leaves, or flowers. Ex. Lichens, seaweeds, liverworts, fungi. 352. Affinities of the Six Classes. These may be represented to the sight by the following arrangement Angiosperms. Gymnosperms. Aglumaceae. Acrogens. Glumaceae. Thallogens. Angiosperms stand in the highest rank, as they justly merit, by their superior organization. These are nearly allied to Gymnosperms by their mode of growth; and, on the other hand, to Aglumacese by their mode of flowering. Gymnosperms are intimately connected with Acrogens through Equisetaceme of the latter, which stands intermediate; and the Aglumacee approach the Glumaceae, almost indefinitely, through the Junceme (rushes). Between the Acrogens and Thallogens a close relationship is established through the Musci (mosses), while the sporogens form the connecting link between the Endogens and the lowest tribes of vegetation, as the Fungi. Thus, from the highest rank we descend to the lowest, through Gymnosperms and Acrogens on the one hand, and through Aglumaceae and Glumaceme on the other, forming a circle of affinities. 353. The mutual relations of the six classes with the higher divisions, are presented in the following synopsis: Class I. ANGIOSPERMS. Pt OG ( XIaS{; Class II. GYMNOSPERMS. VEGETABLE [ ENDOGENS; Class IV. GLUMACEOUS. CRYPT MIA;NG...o........; Class V. ACROGENS. KCRYPTOGAMIA;.*~~~~ ~ A**eeClass VI. THALLOGENS. 354. SUB-CLASSES. The classes are next to be broken up into smaller divisions. In effecting this object most writers have employed artificial methods, since no natural one, founded upon clear and comprehensive distinctions, has yet been devised. Thus Angiosperms, which class is by far the largest of the six, is divided into three sub-classes. POLYPETALIE, or POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS, flowers with distinct petals; MONOPETALLE, or MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS, flowers with united petals; APETALE, or APETALOUS EXOGENS, flower with no floral envelopes, or with a calyx only. 355. ORDERS, or FAMILIES, are the most important of all the natural associations. On the accuracy and distinctness of the ORDERS. 117 characters of these, botanists have bestowed the highest degree of attention, and the student's progress will depend chiefly upon his acquaintance with them. 356. Orders are formed by associating together those genera which are the most nearly allied to each other, or to some one genus previously assumed as the type. Therefore, as the species form genera, so genera form orders. 357. In systematic works, the orders are also associated on natural principles into alliances, groups, &c., which are intermediate between these and the sub-classes, and are designated numerically, thus, group 1st, group 2d, &c., or by names derived from a leading order. 358. In regard to their extent,the orders differ very widely, some consisting of a single genus, as Sarraceniaceme, while others comprehend hundreds of genera, as Composite. For convenience' sake the larger orders are broken up into suborders, or tribes. 359. The Natural System, with its classes and subordinate divisions, may be exhibited in one view; The VEGETABLE KINGDOM is separated Ist, into Grand Divisions and Subdivisions. 2nd, " Classes. 3d, " Sub-classes, Alliances, and Groups. 4th, " Orders and Sub-orders. 5th, " Genera and Sub-genera. 6th, " Species and Varieties, and 7th, " Individuals. 118 NOMENCLATURE. CHAPTER XVII. ~ 1. NOMENCLATURE. 360. THE names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, (feminine, plural, to agree with plante, plants, understood,) usually derived from the name of the most prominent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination into acee,, as Rosacec, the rose tribe, Papaveracee, the poppy tribe, from Rosa and Papaver. a. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the Order, and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composite, with compound flowers; Labiat&e, with labiate flowers. 361. Generic names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the genus; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 362. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gender with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucousstemmed Gerardia; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia; G. tenuifolia, slenderleaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. delphinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia. 363. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of distinguished persons. The rules given by Lindley, for the construction of such names, are, 1st, If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular number; as, Lobelia Kalmii, Kalm's Lobelia; Pinus Fraseri, Fraser's pine. 2d, If the name is merely conferred in honor of the person to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending in nus, na, num; as Erica Linneana, Linnaus's heath; Rosa Lawrenciana, Miss Lawrence's rose. In these cases, and in all others where the specific name is derived from proper names, or where it is substantive, as it often is, it should begin with a capital letter. ~2. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 364. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, &c. is called botanical analysis. 365. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of examination plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that is, not with PRESERVING PLANTS. 119 ered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the examination of the minute parts of the structure,or of the flower. 366. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit with the'practical botanist. Without this exercise,the study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate descriptions found in books. During the flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 367. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, &c., the experienced botanist, who has at his command the characters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to which of them the plant belongs. 368. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, we are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTICAL TA.BLES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost immediately, to the object of their research. See the directions. ~3. OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 369. The student in botanical science should give an early and persevering attention to the collection and preservation of specimens of as many species of plants as he can procure. The advantages to be derived from such collections, either in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in instituting a more thorough examination at one's leisure, are such as will afford an abundant compensation for all the labor requisite in preparing them. a. Such a collection of dried specimens of plants is called an HIERBARIUM, or by the more significant title, hortus siccus (dry garden). 370. The apparatus requisite for the accomplishment of this object is, 1st, a close tin box, 20 inches in length, and of a portable form; 2d, a portable press, consisting of two boards of light material, 12 by 18 inches, opening and shutting by hinges, like the cover of a book, and secured by springs (even a large book is a good substitute); 3d, a quantity of smooth, bibulous paper, of large size (a dozen or more quires of printing paper); 4th, eight or ten boards of the same size as the paper; 5th, a small screw-press, or several lead weights of various sizes, from 15 to 30 pounds each. 11 120 NOMENCLATURE. 371. In gathering plants for this purpose, or specimens, as they are called, the smaller and herbaceous plants should be taken up with a portion of the roots, while from larger plants there should be selected a shoot, with complete representations of the leaves and flowers. They may be preserved for several days, without withering, in the tin box, or they may at once be laid between several thicknesses of the paper, and enclosed in the portable press. It is always desirable that they be gathered in a dry day; if not, they should be freed from dampness before being committed to the paper and press. 372. In drying the specimens, great care is required, that they may preserve well their natural appearance, form, and color. It is generally recommended that they be carefully spread out, as nearly in their natural position as possible, between 8 or 10 thicknesses of paper, and then submitted to pressure between the boards. The degree of pressure should never be such as to crush their parts, and may be easily regulated by the screw, or by the number and size of the weights used. Cotton batting may be used to equalize the pressure. 373. As often as once a day they should be taken from the press, transferred to fresh and dry paper, and returned, until they are thoroughly dried, when they are ready to be transferred to the cabinet. The true secret of preserving specimens with all their colors is to extract the moisture from them by pressure in an abundance of dry, bibulous paper as soon as possible. 374. The next object with the collector is the arrangement of his specimens. For this purpose, each one is first to be fastened to a sheet of firm white paper, about 10 inches by 18, either by glue or with loops of paper of the same kind, or they may be stitched to the paper with a fine needle. The latter mode, if done skilfully, is preferable. Then let all those specimens which belong to the same genus be collected together and placed within a folded sheet of colored paper, with the name of the genus and each species written on the outside. Each sheet should also be labelled with the names of the plant, the locality, time of gathering, habits, &c. 375. The genera are next to be collected together into orders, each order being wrapped or folded in a still larger sheet, of a different color from that which enfolds the genera, having the name of the order, with a catalogue of its genera on the outside. Thus arranged, the orders are to be laid away upon the shelves of a cabinet, or packed in a chest. To protect the plants from the attacks of insects, pieces of camphor gum are to be placed among them, or a piece of sponge saturated with the oil of turpentine. To save them from decay, they should be kept dry, and well ventilated. 376. Fruits and seeds which are too large to be pressed with the plants, and also truncheons of wood, are to be preserved separately, in a cabinet. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. *~% The figures refer to paragraphs. A; (c, privative) in composition signifies Androgynous; with both stamens and without. pistils. Abortion; an imperfect development of Angiosperms, 349. any organ. Abbreviations, 128. Anthelmintic; expelling or killing worms Absorption, 157, 158, 272, 273, 274. Animal, definition of, 11. Acaulescent, 184. Antiseptic; efficacious against putrefac Accessory; something added to the usual tion. parts. Anther, 68. Accretion; the growing of one thing to Apetalae, 354. Apetalous, without petals. another. Appressed; pressed closely upon someAccumbent; lying upon. In the Cru- thing else. ciferte it denotes the radicle lying upon Apterous; without wings (or margins). the edges of the cotyledons. Aquatics; growing in or belonging to the Acerose, 234, 26. water. Achenium, 116, 9. Arachnoid; 41, a. Achlamydeous, 54. Arboreous; tree-like. Acicular; needle-shaped. Arborescent; belonging to a tree. Acine; a separate grain or carpel of a col- Areolse; having the surface divided into lective fruit. little spaces, or areas. Acotyledonous, 48. Aridity; dryness. Acrogens, 351. Aril, 119. Aculeate; armed with prickles. Aristate; bearded, as in the glumes of Acuminate, 236, 3. barley. Acute, 236, 1. Armed, 235, 7. Adherent, 97. Aroma; the spicy quality of a thing. Adnate; growing to or upon, 69, 2. Articulation; a joint; the place where tEstivation, 108. one thing is joined to another. Aggregate; assembled closely together. Artificial Classes, 73. Aglumaceous, 350. Artificial Orders, 80. Alse, 105, 5. Ascidia, 245. Alburnum, 203. Ascending; arising obliquely, assurgent. Albumen, 122. Assurgent; arising in an oblique direcAlternative, 108, 5. tion. Alveolate; with partitions like a honey- Attenuate; rendered slender or thin. comb. Auriculate, 232, 9. Ament, 299. Awn, 256. Amplexicaul, 222, 3. Axil (arm-pit); the angle between the Anastomosing; the uniting of vessels; petiole and branch, on the upper side inosculating. Axillary; growing out of the axils. Anatropous, 121. Axis, ascending, 19. Ancipital; two-edged. Axis, descending, 19. Andrcecium, 57. 65. 122 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Baccate; berry-like, covered with pulp. Caulescent, 184. Banner, 105, 5. Cauline, 220. Bark, 205. Caulis, 184. Beak; a hard, short point, like the beak Cellular; composed of cells. of a bird. Cellular tissue, 29. Bearded; with long awns or hairs. Cellulares, 47. Berry, 116, 14. Cernuous; nodding. Bicuspidate; with two points. Chaffy; with chafflike processes. Bidentate; with two teeth. Chalaza, 91. Biennial; of two years' duration. Chemical basis of vegetable tissue, 28. Bifid; two-cleft. Chlorophyll, 215, a. Bifoliate; with two leaves. Chromule; green coloring-matter or par Bilabiate; two-lipped. ticles. Bifurcate; two-forked. Cilise; hairs like those of the eyelash. Binate; growing two together. Ciliate, 41, a. Bipinnate, 240, 5. Circinate, 217, 7. Bipinnatifid; twice pinnatifid. Circumscissile, 115, 5.:Bisaccate; with two tumors or sacks. Cirrhose, 240, 2. Biternate, 240, 7. Clavate; club-shaped. Bivalved; two-valved. Claw, 102. Botany defined, 1. Climbers, 187. Brachiate; with opposite spreading Cochleate; resembling the shell of a branches (arms). snail. Bracteate; having bracts. Cohering; connected. Bracteolhe; little bracts. Collum, 141. Bracts, 252. Columella, 116, a. Branchlets; small branches. Colored; not green. Branch, 170. Columnar; formed like columns. Bristles; rigid hairs. Column; the consolidated stamens and Bud, 20, 22. 165-169. pistils of Orchidacese. Bulb, 178. Coma, 118, a. Bulbiferous, 178, c. Commissure; the inner face of the car Bulblets, 178, c. pels of Umbelliferve. Bulbous; having bulbs. Compound leaves, 238. Comose; a kind of inflorescence, having Caducous, 98. a tuft of sessile bracts on the top of it. Csespitose; turfy, growing in tufts. Compound leaves; consisting of several Calycine; of a calyx. leaflets. Calyculated; having bracteoles resem- Compressed, 222, 1. bling an external or additional calyx. Concave; hollow. Calyptra; (an extinguisher) applied to Concentric; points or lines at equal disthe cover of the theca of some mosses. tance from a common centre. Calyx, 55, 95. Concrete; hardened, or formed into one Cambium, 207. mass. Campanulate, 104, 1. Confluent; running into one another. Campylotropous; denotes that the ovule Conjugate; joined in pairs. is curved upon itself. Connate; Joined together at the base, Canaliculate; channelled, or furrowed. 242, 4. Canescent; hoary, approaching to white. Connectile, 68,'. Capillary; very slenderhair-like. Connivent; converging. Capitate; growing in a head. Conoid; like a cone. Capsule, 116, 1. Contorted; 108, 4, twisted. Carina, 105, 5. Carinate, keel-shaped. Convolute, 108, 2. Caryopsis; a small, 1-celled, indehiscent Convex; rising spherically. pericarp, adhering.to the seed which it Coral Islands, 12, c. encloses, as in the grasses. 116, 8. Cordate, 234, 25. Carpels, 77. Coriaceous; leathery, thick, and'tough. Carpophore; the axis of the fruit in the Corm, 179. Umbelliferse. Cornute; horned. Cartilaginous; gristly. Corolla, 56, 100. Caryophyllaceous, 105, 4. Corona (a crown); the expanded cupCathartic; purgative. like disk of the Narcissus, &c. Catkin, 299. Corymb, 301. Caudate; with a tail-like appendage. Corymbose; arranged like a corymb Caudex, 142, a. Costate; ribbed. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 123 Cotyledon, 125. Dissepiment; the partitions by which Cotyledonous plants, 48. the cells of the pericarp are separated. Creeper, 182. Dissemination of seeds, 135. Crenate, 235, 4. Distichous; leaves or flowers in two opCrenulate, 235, 4. posite rows. Crisped, 235, 10. Distinct, 63, e. Cruciform, 105, 1. Divaricate; spreading in a straggling Cryptogamia, 345. manner. Cucullate; hooded, cowled. Dodecandrous; having twelve stamens. Culm, 186, a. Dorsal, 84 (on the back). Cultivation, effects of, 15. Drupe, 116, 6. Cuneate; wedge-shaped. Ducts, 33, f. Cupule; the cup, or involucre, of the Duramen, 203. acorn, and of all amentaceous plants. Cuspidate; like the point of a spear. A Echinate; beset with prickles. leaf is cuspidate when suddenly con- Elementary organs, 29, &c. tracted to a point. Elliptical, 232, 2. Cuticle; the epidermis; scarf-skin. Elongated; exceeding the commonlength Cyathiform; cup-shaped; concave. Emarginate, 236, 4. Cylindraceous; like a cylinder in form. Embryo, 123, 124, 130. Cyme, 307. Cymose, like a cyme. Emollient; softening. Cyanic, of the blue series; i. e. white, red, Endocarp, 112. blue,anv color save yellow or ochroleuc. Endogenous structure 210, 211. Decandrous; with 10 stamens. Endogens, 126, 197, 348. Deciduous, 98. Endopleura, 118. Declinate; turned towards one side. Endosmose, 158, a. Decompound; more than once compoun- Endostome; inner mouth or perforation. ded, as bipinnate, &c. Ensiform; sword-shaped, two-edged. Decumbent; lying down, or leaning on Entire, 235, 1. the ground. Epicarp, 112. Decurrent, 242, 3. Epidermis, 35. Decussate; crossing each other at right Epigynous, 107, 6. angles. Epiphytes, 150, b. Deflexed; bent downwards. Equitant, 217, 1. Defoliation, 259. Erose, 235, 5. Dehiscence, 68, a, 115. Esculent; eatable. Deltoid; shaped like the Greek letter A. Etiolated; blanched or whitened. Dentate, 235, 2. Exhalation, 269, 271. Denticulate, 235, 2. Exogenous structure, 198, 199, &c. Depressed; pressed inward or flattened Exogens, 127, 196, 348. from above. Excsmose, 158, a. Diandrous; with two stamens. Exotic; foreign; not native. Diadelphous; having the stamens united Exserted; projecting or extending outof in 2 sets., the flower or sheath. Diaphanous; transparent. Exsiccated; dried up. Dichotomous; branching by two equal Exstipulate, 251. divisions; forked. Extrorse, 68, 4. Diclinous; (stamens and pistils) in sepaF rate flowers. Fecula; the nutritious part of wheat and Dicotyledonous plants, 127. other fruits. Didymous; two united. Falcate; sickle-shaped; linear and curved Didynamous; having two long stamens Farinaceous; mealy. and two short ones in the same flower. Fascicle, 308. Diffuse; wide-spread, scattered. Fasciculated, 146, a. Digestion, 281. Fastigiate; having a flat or level top. Digitate, 233, 18. Favose; > Cotyledons conduplicate. ) 5 A naturalized plant. t A plant cultivated for ornament. $ A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work: — f (without the period) A foot. I (a single accent) An inch. It (a double accent) A line (one twelfth of t). I The note of exclamation now common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation (i). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal observation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the writer-has examined specimens supplied by him. In this work the note of affirmation is used only where the fact stated or implied is somewhat new, or might otherwise have been regarded as doubtful. Authors' names, when of more than one syllable, are usually abbreviated by writing the first syllable and the next following dr last consonant. The following are nearly all the names thus abridged in this work: — Adans. -Adanson. Engel. Engelman. Nutt. Nuttall. Agh. Agardh. Forsk. Forskahl. Pers. Persoon. Alt. Aiton. Froel. Frcelich. Pall. Pallas. Am. Ardott. Gsert. Gaertner. Pav. Pavon. Bart. Barton. Ging. Gingins. Poir. Poiret. Benth. Bentham. Gmel. Gmelin. Ph. Pursh. Berl. Berlandier. Gron. Gronovius. R. Br. Robert Brown. Bernh. Bernhardi. Hedw. Hedwig. Raf. Rafinesque. Brongn. Brongniart. Hoffmr. Hoffmann. Rich. Richard. Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. Hook. Hooker. Schw. Schwenitz, Boehm. Boehmer. Juss. Jussieu. Scop. Scopoli. Bong. Bongard. Lam. Lamark. Ser. Seringe. Br. Brown. Lec. Le Conte. Schk. Schkuhr. Cass. Cassini. Lindl. Lindley. Sm. Smith. Cav. Cavanilles. Linn.* Linnueus. Spr. Sprengel. Darl. Darlington. Lk. Link. Sw. Swartz. DC. De Candolle. Lehm. Lehmann. T. & G. Torrey & Gray. Desf. Desfontaines. Mart. Martius. Torr. Torrey. Desv. Desvaux. Mentz. Mentzel. Tourn. Tournefort. Dew. Dewey. Michx. Michaux. Traut. Trautvetter. Duhb. Duhamel. Mill. Miller. Willd. Willdenow. Endl. Endlicher. Mirb. Mirbel. Walt. Walter. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Mcench. Moen'chausen. Ell. Elliot. Muhl. Muhlenberg. ANALYTICAL TABLES. The object of scientifc tables is usually twofold. First, philosophical; - to exhibit in one condensed view the affinities and differences of the several subjects to which they relate, by bringing them into immediate comparison and contrast. Second, practical; - to aid the student in his researches by affording him an abridged method of analysis. The analytica. tables which accompany this flora may subserve both these purposes, but they are designed chiefly for the latter; viz. * In this flora, wherever no authority is added to the generic or specific name, Linn. it to be understood. 180 ANALYTICAL TABLES. as an expeditious method of botanical analysis. They are the result of much labor and investigation, since each character employed required a previous examination of all the species included under it. The process of analysis by these tables consists of a simple series of dilenmas or alternatives; the decision being, in almost all cases, to be made merely between two opposite or obviously distinct characters. These decisions or dilemmas being, moreover, few in number, conduct the student with absolute precision (provided the tables be free from error, and the specimen a good one) to the order or genus to which his plant belongs, by once or a few times reading across the page. The advantages thus afforded will be duly appreciated, at least by those who have hitherto been subjected to the drudgery of reading through whole pages of dry generic descriptions, and that too, often, without arriving at any satisfactory conclusion. In regard to the generic characters employed in the tables, it will be observed that they are drawn from weaves, fruit, /ower, or any portion of the plant which suited our convenience, - our only inquiry being after those which appear to us the most obvious and constant. It should be remarked, however, that in many instances these characters are not strictly applicable to all the known species belonging to those particular orders or genera, but only to those which are described in this work; that is, found in the United States,:north of lat. 38'~. In our choice of-terms we have always, of necessity, studied the:utmostbrevity of expression, but have used none but such as are explained in the glossary or in the body of the work. Although the manner in which these tables are to be used will in general be obvious at a glance, yet it may not be unprofitable to attend to the following directions and illustrations. -We will suppose the student to be in possession of an unknown plant which he wishes to study by the aid of the Flora,.in other words to analyze. Tothis end,.he first-determines to which of the six great classes of the natural system it belongs, - either by his previous knowledge of their characters, whichiphoyId be thoroughly understood, or by an appeal to the first synoptical tview, page 130. Thus he inquires, - 1. Is the plant aflowering or flowerless one? Ans. Flowering. It.belongs therefore to Phmenogamia. Turn next to the 2d couplet. 2. Are the leaves net-veined, &c. or parallel-veined, &c. Ans. Net-veined, and the flowers are not wholly trimerous; that is, the petals, sepals, and stamens, are in in threes, but the carpels are single. The plant belongs, therefore, to Exogeis. Turn to the 3d couplet. 3. Stigmas present, &c. or stigmas 0, &c. Ans. Stigmas present. The planu therefore belongs to Class I. Angiospermous Exogens. Next ascertai' to which of the sub-classes it belongs, by synopsis 2d. 4. Are the petals distinct, or united, or 0, &c.? Ans. Distinct. The plant will be found therefore among the Polypetalons Exogens. Now turn to the Conspectus of the Orders of this subdivision, and inquire, - 7. Is the plant an herb or a shrub? gAns. A shrub. Turn then to couplet 54. 54. Leaves opposite, or leaves alternate? Ans. Alternate. Turn to 65. 65. Stipules present, or stipules none? Ans. Stipules none. 70. 70. Flowers' 9, or o? Ans. 0. Turn then to couplet 72.'72. Stamens (00) indefinite, or 6, or 4, or 5? Ans. 6; and the plant belongs there. fore to the natural order Berberidaceae. The pupil now turns to Order VI. and inquires in the Conspectus, - Is the- plant -an herb or a shrub? Ads.-A shrub, ad therefore belongs to Berberis, genus 1st. lTurn finally to that genus, and study the species. Again, suppose the plant to be an herb. Turn to couplet 8. 8. Leaves alternate, &c. or opposite?- Ans. All radical. 9. 9. Stipules present or 0? Ans. Present (radical). 34. 34. Flowers regular or irregular? Ans. Regular. 35. 35. Stamens monadelphous or distinct? Ans. Distinct, and the order sought is Rosaceas. Then turn to Order XLVIII. and inquire,Ovaries free or adherent? Ans. Free. Nlaked or enclosed, &c.? Ans. Naked. Are they 3 —50 in number or 1 only? Ans. 3-50. Are they in fruit follicles, a compound berry, or achenia? Ans. Achenia.. On a dry receptacle or juicy? Anrs. Dry. Caudate with the persistent style or not? Ans. Not caudate. Leaves simple or compound? Ans. Compound. Is the plant caulescent or acaulescent? Ans. Acaulescent, and the genus is Waldsteinia. Turn lastly to that genus, and learn the species. Further illustrations are perhaps unnecessary. 131 A SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM; BEING A KEY TO THE CLASSES AND ORDERS, FOR THE READY ANALYSIS OF ANY PLAINT EMBRACED IN THIS FLORA. ~ 1. Classes and Subclasses. 1 Flowering plants, or PHENOGAMIA... 2 1 Flowerless plants, or CRYPTOGAMIA.... 5 2 Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted. EXOGENS.... 3 2 Leaves parallel-.(rarely net-) veined. Flowers 3-parted. ENDOGENS.... 4 3 Stigmas present. Sds. enclosed in seed-vessels...: 6. ANGIOSPERMS. I. 3 Stig.0. Sds.nak. (Pine,Fir,&c.) CONIFEaRx.CXXXI.GYMNOSPERMS. II. 4 Fls. with no glumes. Perianth whorled or wanting.... 127. AGLUMACEAE. III. 4 Fls. with green glumes, no perianth and 1-seeded fr.... 147. GLUMACE.E. IV. 5 Stems and leaves distinguishable.... 149. - ACROGENS. V. 5 Stems and leaves confounded together.... 151. - -THALLOGENS. VI. 6 Corolla with distinct petals.... 7 - - - - - - Polypetalous Exogens. 1 6 Corolla with united petals.... 69 - Monopetalous Exogens. 2'6 Corolla (and often the calyx also) wanting...97 - - Apetalous Exogeas. 3 ~ 2. Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens, 7 Herbs (~ 164).... 8 7 Shrubs, trees or under-shrubs.... 48 8 Leaves alternate or all radical.... 9 8 Leaves cauline, opposite, at least the lower ones.... 35 9 Leaves furnished with stipules.... 32 9 Leaves destitute of stipules.... 10 10 Polyandrous-stamens 17-200, indefinite.... 11 10 Oligandrous-stamens few and definite... 16 11 Stamens hypogynous-situated on the receptacle.... 12 11 Stamens perigynous-situated on the calyx or corolla... 15 12 Sepals 3-5. Leaves centrally peltate, in water.... 13 12 Sepals 3-9. Leaves neither peltate nor tubular... 14 12 Sepals 5, persistent. Leaves tubular, pitcher-form. - - SARRACENIACEZ. X. 12 Sepals 2, deciduous. Juice usually colored. - - - - PAPAVERACEZ/. XI. 13 Petals 3 or 4, in one row. Lvs. oval, floating. - - CABOMBACEZ. VII. 13 Petals many, in several rows. Lvs. round, erect. - NELUMBIAOCEZ. VIII. 14 Pistils (or pistil) simple and distinct, few or many. - - - RANVNCULACEX. I. 14 Pistil compound, large 12-30-celled. (In water.) - - - NYMPHEACEZE. IX. 15 Petals 5. Styles several, distinct. - - RosAcEl. XLVIII. 15 Petals 5. Styles united into one. - - - - - - - LOAACE. LVI. 165 Petals numerous, in several rows. Styles united. - - CACTACEE. LXI. 16 Flowers very irregular, one-sided or two-sided.... 17 16 Flower regular or nearly so.... 19 17 Filaments 6-8, united below into 2 sets.... 18 17 Filaments 5, united only at top. - - BALSAMINACEM. XXVIII. 17 Filaments 8, distinct. Leaves simple, peltate. - TROP&OLACES. XXIX. 17 Filaments 8, distinct. Lvs. biternate, with tendrils. SAPINDACErz. XLIV. 18 Leaves much dissected and divided. - - - - - - - FUMARIACEE. XII. 18 Leaves simple, entire. - - - - - -POLYGALACEME. XVI. 19 Ovary superior-free from the calyx or nearly so.... 20 19 Ovary inferior-wholly adherent to the calyx... 30 20 Sepals 2. Fleshy herbs. - - - PORTULACACE.E. XXIV. 20 Sepals 3 or more. Herbs leafy, green.... 21 - 20 Sepals 3-or more., Herbs leafless and not green.... 87 - - - (LXXVIII.) 21 Stamens hypogynous-situated on the receptacle.... 22 21 Stamens perigynous-situated on the calyx or corolla.... 28 22 Sepals, petals and stamens symmetrical.... 23 22 Sepals, petals and stamens unsymmetrical. Fruit a pod.... 26 132 SYNOPSIS OF THEI NATURAL SYSTBM. 23 Leaves simple.... 24 23 Leaves compound....25 24 Petals persistent. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical. - - DROSERACEA.. XVIII. 24 Petals fugacious. Ovary 5-10-celled. Leaves cauline. - LINACEx. XXVI. 24 Petals deciduous. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves cauline....87 - - (LXXVIII.) 25 Juice acrid. Sepals valvate in the bud. - - IIMNANTHACEME. XXX. 25 Juice acid. Sepals imbricate in the bud. - - - - OXALIDACEA. XXXI. 25 Juice bitter Leaves pinnate, dotted. - - - - - RUTACER. XXXIV. 26 Flowers cruciform, regular. Stamens tetradynamous. - - CRUCIFER]a. XIII. 26 Flowers rather irregular. Stamens not tetradynamous.... 27 27 Calyx closed in the bud. Pod closed until ripe. CAPPARIDACE2M. XIV. 27 Calyx open in the bud. Pod open before ripe. - - - RESEDACEME. XV. 28 Stamens 5, opposite to the five petals.... 78 - - - - (LXXXV.) 28 Stamens alternate with the petals when of the same number.... 29 29 Styles 3-20, as many as the sepals. - - - - CRASSULACEM. LXIV. 29 Styles 2, fewer than the sepals. - - SAXIFRAGACE.E. LXV. 29 Styles 4, fewer than the sepals. Parnassia. - - DaOSERACEZ:. XVIII. 30 Flowers 5-parted, in simple or compound umbels.... 31 30 Flowers 1, 2, 3 or 4-parted, not in umbels. - - ONAGRACEzE. LV. 31 Styles 2, forming a 2-partible, dry fruit. - - - UMBELLIFERMe. LXVII. 31 Styles 3 or 4 (rarely 2), forming a berry or drupe, - AaRALIACEA. LXVIII. 32 Flowers both regular and perfect.... 33 32 Flowers either irregular or moncecious.... 34 33 Stamens 00, united into a column with the 5 styles. MALVACEA:. XXXVII. 33 Stamens 10, united only at base, free from the styles. OXALIDACE.E. XXXI. 33 Stamens many or few, distinct, perigynous. - - - ROSACEi. XLVIII. 34 Ovary free, 3-celled, forming a capsule. - - -VIOLACE:. XVII. 34 Ovary free, 1-celled, forming a legume.- LEGUMINOSY.- XLVIL. 34 Ovary adherent, 3-celled. Flowers monoecious.J - - - BEGONIACEZE. LVIII. 35 Leaves furnished with (either large or small) stipules.... 3635 Leaves destitute of stipules.... 37 36 Petals 5, twisted in the bud, larger than the sepals. - GERANIACEMZ. XXVII. 36 Petals 5, not twisted in the bud, very small. - - ILLECEBRACEZ. XXII. 36 Petals 2 or 3, not twisted - - - - - ELATINACES. XXV. 37 Flowers very irregular. - - - - - - - - - - POLYGALACE~A. XVI. 37 Flowers regular, or but slightly unequal.. 38 38 Ovary or ovaries superior-free from the calyx....39 38 Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx tube.... 40 38 Ovary adhering to the calyx tube by the angles only. - MELASTOMACE&M. LI. 39 Ovaries many, distinct, simple, caudate. - - - - RANUNCULACE2. I. 39 Ovary 1, simple. Leaves 2 only in Podophylltum. - BERBERIDACE.A. VI. 39 Ovary compound.... 41 40 Involucre 4-leaved, white, subtending the small cyme. - CORNACEr. LXIX. 40 Involucre none. Leaves numerous, simple. - - - - ONAGRACEIE. LV. 40 Involucre none. Leaves 3 only, compound. Panax. ARALIACEBA. LXVIII. 41 Sepals 2; fewer than the petals. - - - - PORTULACACEM. XXIV. 41 Sepals 3-5. Style and stigma 1.... 42 41 Sepals 3-5. Styles and stigmas several....43 42 Sepals equal, combined into a tube. - - - - - - - LYTHRACE. LII. 42 Sepals unequal, nearly distinct.- - - - - - CISTACE. XIX. 43 Stamens hypogynous-on the receptacle....44 43 Stamens perigynous-on the calyx.... 45 44 Stem tumid At the nodes. Leaves not punctate. - CARYOPHYLLACEME. XXIII. 44 Stem often ancipital. Lvs. with pellucid and black dots. HYPERICACEME. XX. 45 Stamens 20 or more, indefinite. Exotic. - - - MESEMaBRYACE. LXII. 45 Stamens fewer than 20, definite.... 46 46 Pistils (follicles) distinct, as many as the sepals. - - CRASSULACEM. LXIV. 46 Pistils 2-5, partly or completely united.... 47 47 Styles 3-5. Embryo coiled. - - CARYOPHYLLACEM. XXIII. 47 Styles 2. Embryo straight. - - - - - - SAXIFRAGACEr. LXV. 48 Leaves opposite... 49 48 Leaves alternate.... 58 49 Flowers irregular. -. HIPocASTANACEM. XLIII. 49 Flowers regular.... 60 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 133 60 Stamens 4,-as mnany as the sepals and petals... 57 50 Stamens 5,-as many as the sepals and petals.... 55 50 Stamens 6-100, more than the sepals and petals.... 51 51 Ovary. free (or half-free and 4-carpelled).... 52 51 Ovary adherent to the calyx tube.... 56 52 Stamens perigynous. Stigmas 2 or 4.... 54 52 Stamens hypogynous. Stigmas 1 or 3.... 53 53 Stigmas distinct. Leaves not punctate. - - - CISTACEZ. XIX. 53 Stamens polyadelphous. Leaves punctate. - - - HYPERICACES. XX. 54 Leaves palmate-veined (or compound). Fruit a samara. ACERACE.ZM. XLII. 54 Leaves feather-veined, simple. Fruit a capsule. - - SAxIFRAGaACEa. LXV. 55 Stamens opposite to the petals. Vines with tendrils. - - VITACEZ. XLI. 55 Stamens alternate with the sepals. Tendrils none. CELASTRACER. XLV. 56 Sepals, petals and stamens 00. - - - - - - - CALYCANTHACEME. XLIX. 56 Sepals and petals 4, stamens 8. Fuchsia. - - ONAGRACEe. L V. 66 Sepals and petals 5, stamens 00. - - - - - - - - - - MYRTACEA. L. 57 Flowers in cymes. Large shrubs or trees. - - CoRNAcEsz. LXIX. 57 Flowers in spikes or fascicles. Small parasites. LORANTHACEE. LXX. 58 Oligandrous-stamens few and definite... 63 68 Polyandrous-stamens 20 or more.... 59 59 Sepals 5 (rarely more), as many as the petals.... 61 59 Sepals 3, petals 6-9....60 60 Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules membranaceous. - MAGNOLtACES. II. 60 Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. - - - - - ANONIACEM. IV. 61 Filaments united into a tube. - - - - - MALVACEE. XXXVII. 61 Filaments distinct, perigynous. - - - - - - - ROsAcE. XLVIII. 61 Filaments distinct, hypogynous... 62 62 Leaves with stipules, dotless, cordate. Flowers small. TILIACEE. XXXVIII. 62 Leaves without stipules, dotless. Flowers large. TERNSTR(EMIACEE. XXXVI. 62 Leaves without stipules, pellucid-punctate. - - - - AURANTIACEE. XXXV. 63 Ovary free from the calyx-superior.... 64 63 Ovary adherent to the calyx-inferior. (Flowers symmetrical).... 68 64 Corolla more or less irregular. Fruit a pod (legume). LEcruMINosE. XLVIL 64 Corolla regular. Fruit not leguminous.... 65 65 Climbing without tendrils. Stamens 12-18. - - MENISPERMACEE. V 65 Climbing without tendrils. Stamens 5. - - - - CELASTRACEE. XLV. 65 Climbing with tendrils. Stamens 5, with a crown. PASsIFLORACErE. LVII. 65 Erect shrubs or trees.... 66 66 Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals. - - RHAMNACEE. XLVI. 66 Stamens 6, opposite the petals. - - - - - - - BERIDACEE. VI. 66 Stamens 2-10, alternate with the petals if the same in number.... 67 67 Lvs. pinnate, punctate. Ov. separate or 2-celled. ZANTHOXYLACEE. XXXII. 67 Lvs. (mostly) pinnate, dotless. Ov 1-celled,with 3 styles.ANAcARD.XXXIII. 67 Leaves simple. Seeds 4 or 5. Ncmopanthes.....81 - - - (LXXIX). 67 Leaves simple. Seeds 8-12.- - - - - ~ ESCALLIONEE. LXV. 68 Flowers (in late autumn) 4-parted: petals linear. - - HAMAMELACEAC. LXVI. 68 Flowers (in June) 4-parted: petals lanceolate. - - CORNACER. LXIX. 68 Flowers 5-parted. Styles 2. - - - - - - - - GOSSLAcE. LX. 68 Flowers 5-parted. Styles 5. - - - -AAA - - - - ARALIACE. LXVIII. ~ 3. Orders of the Monopetalous Exogens. 69 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.... 70 69 Stamens 6-12,-more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.... 87 69 Stamens 2-4,-fewer than the lobes of the corolla.... 88 70 Flowers in dense heads (compound) surrounded by an involucre.... 71 70 Flowers separate, or not furnished with an involucre... 72 71 Stamens 4, distinct. - - - - - - - - - - DIPSACEE. LXXIV. 71 Stamens 5, united by the anthers. - - - - - - COPOSIT. LXXV. 72 Calyx superior-adherent to the ovary.... 73 72 Calyx inferior-free from the ovary.... 76 73 Stamens cohering by the anthers.... 74 73 Stamens distinct.... 75 74 Flowers regular. Vines with tendrils. - - - - - CUCURBITACEES. LIX. 74 Flowers irregular. Tendrils none.- - - - - - LOBELIAC. LXXVI 134 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 75 Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted. - CAMPANULACER. LXXVII. 75 Leaves opposite. Flowers 5-parted. - CAPRIFOLIACEZA. LXXI. 75 Leaves opposite. Flowers 4-parted. R- - - - UBIACE. LXXII. 76 Plants with a mrilky juice. Ovaries 2, follicular.... 86 76 Plants with a watery juice. Ovaries not follicular... 77 77 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla.... 78 77 Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla.... 79 78 Ovary with 5 styles and but one seed. - - - PLUMBAGINACEs. LXXXV. 78 Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. - - PRIMULACEaz. LXXXII. 79 Shrubs, trees or under-shrubs.... 80 79 Herbs. Leaves opposite or all radical.... 82 79 Herbs. Leaves alternate, cauline.....84 79 Herbs (vines) leafless. - - - ~ CUSCUTINEr!. XCVIII. 80 Stamens hypogynous orslightly cohering to the base of the corolla.... 81 80 Stamens inserted on the corolla tube inside. - - - - SOLANACEM. XCIX. 80 Stamens inserted on the summit of the corolla tube. DIAPENSIACExE. XCVII. 81 Ovary forming a dry, many-seeded capsule. - - ERICACE&.. LXXVIII. 81 Ovary forming a fleshy, 4-6-seeded drupe. AQUIFOLIACE2E. LXXIX. 82 Leaves with stipules. Corolla bud yalvate. RUBIACEMz. LXXII. 82 Leaves without stipules.... 83 83 Ovary 1-celled, opening by a lid. Lvs. radical. PLANTAGINACEAE. LXXXIV. 83 Ovary 1-celled, opening by 2 valves. Leaves cauline. GENTIANACErE. C. 83 Ovary 3-celled, opening by 3 valves. Lvs. cauline. POLEMONIACEA.. XCVI. 84 Ovary 4-parted, separating into 4 achenia. - - - BORRAGINACEME. XCIV. 84 Ovary compound, not separating, 1-celled. - - - HYDROPHYLLACESE. XCV. 84 Ovary compound, not separating, 2- or 3-celled.... 85 85 Cor. bud twisted-imbricate. Embryo less than albumen. POLEMON. XCVI. 85 Cor. bud twisted-plicate. Embryo larger than albumen. CONVOLV. XC VIII. 85 Corolla bud imbricated, not twisted. Verbascum. SCROPHULARIACE.. XCI. 85 Corolla bud plicate or induplicate-valvate. - SOLANACEE.. XCIX. 86 Flowers (in umbels) with a 5-lobed corona. - - - ASCLEPIADACEME. CII. 86 Flowers (in cymes, &c.) with no corona. - - - - - APOCYNACE. CI. 87 Stamens distinct. Style 1. - - - - - - - EacAcE. LXXVIII. 87 Stamens distinct. Styles4 - - - - - - - - EBENACEz. LXXX. 87 Stamens united, all into one set. - - - STYRACACE.. LXXXI. 87 Stamens united into 2 equal sets (3 & 3)... 18 - - - - - - (XII.) 87 Stamens united into 2 unequal sets (9 & 1).... 34 - - - - (XLVII.) 88 Herbs. Calyx adherent to the ovary... 89 88 Herbs. Calyx free from the ovary.... 90 88 Shrubs or trees. Calyx free from the ovary.... 94 89 Stamens 4. Linna a-. - CAPRtIFOLIACE.. LXXI. 89 Stamens 3. - - - - - VALERIANACEEs. LXXIII. 90 Plants brown, leafless. - - - - - - - - OROBANCHACErE. LXXXVII. 90 Plants verdant, leafy.... 91 91 Leaves all radical and the corolla spurred. - LENTIBULACEA. LXXXVI. 91 Leaves cauline, or if radical the corolla spurless.. 92 92 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming 4 achenia. - - - - - - LABIATZ. XCIII. 92 Ovary entire, but splitting into 1-4 little nuts. - - - VERBENACEE. XCII. 92 Ovary entire, capsular, 2-carpeled.... 93 93 Corolla bud valvate. Capsule (falsely) 4-celled. PEDALIACEE. LXXXIX. 93 Corolla bud convolute. Capsule 2-celled. - - -- ACANTHACEES. XC. 93 Corolla bud imbricate. Capsule 2-celled. - - SCROPHULARIACE.S. XCI. 94 Flowers regular, diandrous.... 96 94 Flowers irregular..... 95 95 Shrub climbing or tree diandrous. - - - BIGNONXIAcE. LXXXVIII. 95 Treetetradynamous. Paulownia. - - - - SCROPHULARIACEE. XCI. 96 Corolla imbricated and twisted in the bud. - - - - - JASMINACEE. CIII. ~96 Corolla valvate in the bud. - - - - - - - - OLEACE.E. CIV. ~ 4. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 9*?erbs with alternate leaves, or leafless... 98 97 Herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves.... 106 97 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate.... 115 97 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.... 125 98 Stipules sheathing the stem. Lvs. simple, 6ntire. - - POLYGONACEI. CX. 98 Stipules not sheathing, serrate. Leaves pinnate.... 15 - (XLVIII.) 98 Stipules 0, or if any, not sheathing or serrate.... 99 99 Flowers with a regular calyx or an involucre.... 100 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 186 99 Flowers with no calyx or involucre.... 105 100 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stamens 6-12. - - AUISTOLOCHIACEz. CV. 100 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stamens 5. - - - - SANTALACE.S. CXIII. 100 Calyx free from the ovary.... 101. - 101 Pistils entirely distinct. Stamens 00.... 14 - - (I.) 101 Pistils united into a compound ovary.... 102 102 Ovary 1-celled with 1 seed..... 103 102 Ovary 3-celled with 3 seeds. - EUPHORBIACEZ. CXXI. 102 Ovary 5-celled with 00 seeds.... 29- - - - - - - - - - (LXIV.) 102 Ovary 6-10-celled with 6-10 seeds. - - - - - PHTOLACCACI. CXI. 103 Pistil 1. Embryo straight. - - - - - - - URTICACE. CXXX. 103 Pistils 2-5. Embryo coiled.. 104. 104 Calyx and imbricated bracts dry and scarious. - AMARANTACEA. CVIII. 104 Calyx (and bracts also if any) green. - - - - - CHENOPODIACE. CVI. 105 Flowers on a spadix with a spathe..... 130 - (CXXXIV.) 105 No spadix or spathe. Stamens 6 or 7. - SAURACES. CXVII. 105 No spadix or spathe. Stamens 2 or 3. - PODOSTEMIACE.M. CXX. 106 Calyx adherent to the ovary.... 30 -...- -(L V.) 106 Calyx (or involucre) free..... 107 106 Calyx 0. Involucre 0. Aquatic. - - - CALLITRICHACE. CXIX. 107 Leaves verticillate. - - - CERATOPHYLLA.CEME. CXVIII. 107 Leaves opposite.... 108 108 Herbs with a milky juice. Fruit 3-seeded. - - - EUPHORBIACar.. CXXI. 108 Herbs with a watery juice.... 109 109 Stipules present. Leaves lobed or compound. ~ CANNABINES. CXXX. 109 Stipules present. Leaves simple, entire... 36 - (XXI,) 109 Stipules none.... 110 110 Stamens 00, several times more than the sepals... 14... (I.) 110 Stamens 8-10, twice more than the sepals.....1'11 110 Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer.... 112 111 Calyx tubular, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. - SCLERANTHACEe. CVII. 111 Calyx spreading; capsule 00-seeded..... 30 - (LV.) 112 Calyx large, colored, funnel-form, limb entire. - NYCTAGINACEEZ. CIX. 112 Calyx small or minute, 3-5-lobed.... 113 113 Calyx and imbricated bracts dry and scarious. - AMARANTACEz. CVIII. 113 Calyx not.scarious nor bracted.... 114 114 Stamens alternate with the sepals. Flowers perfect.... 78 - (LXXXII. 114 Stamens opposite to the sepals. Flowers perfect.... 44 - - - (XXIII. 114 Stamens opposite to the sepals. Flowers dikecious. - URTICACEe. CXXX. 115 Flowers not in aments, with a calyx and mostly perfect.... 116 115 Flowers imperfect, the sterile only in aments.... 120 115 Flowers imperfect, both the sterile and fertile in aments.... 121 116 Stamens alternate with the sepals, of the samd number..... 117 116 Stamens opposite to the sepals, or more numerous... 118 117 Leaves serrate.... 66 - - - - - - - - (XLVI.) 117 Leaves entire, covered with whitish scurf. - - ELEAGNACEE. CXV. 117 Leaves entire, smooth, evergreen. - - - - - EMPETRACEs. CXXII. 118' Sepals 3, with 6 stamens. Avine. - - - - - - ARISTOLOCHIACE. CV. 118 Sepals 4, with 8 stamens. Erect shrubs. - - - - THYMEL~XCEE. CXIV. 118 Sepals 6, with 9 stamens in 3 rows. - - - - - - - - LAURACEE. CXII. 118 Sepals 5-9, with 5-9 stamens in one row.... 119 119 Leaves pinnately compound, punctate....67 - - (XXXII.) 119 Leaves simple. Calyx adherent to the ovary. - - SANTALACEZ. CXIII. 119 Leaves simple. Calyx free from the ovary. - - - ULMACEM. CXVI. 120 Leaves simple. Nut or nuts in a cup or burr. - - CUPULIFERMa. CXXIV. 120 Leaves pinnate. Nut naked. - JUGLANDACEA2. CXXIII. 121 Plants with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy. - - ~ MoaE.e. CXXX. 121 Plants with a watery juice. Fruit dry.... 122 122 Aments globular, pendulous......123 122 Aments cylindrical, or oval.... 124 123 Aments racemed. Nutlet 2-celled, several seeded.BALsAxIF-Lu. CXXVIII. 123 Aments solitary. Nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded. - PLATANACEE. CXX1X. 124 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded in fruit. - - - - MYRICACEaE. CXXVI. 124 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded in fruit. - BETULACEMe. CXXV. 124 Ovary many-ofuled, many-seeded in fruit. - - - SALICACEAE. CXXVII. 125 Calyx 3- or 4-parted.... 126 125 Calyx 5-parted: fruit a double-samara.... 54 (XLII.) 126 Stamens 2. Fruit a single samara..,. 96 - - (CIV.) 136 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 126 Stamens 4. Shrub evergreen, in soil. Buxus. - EUPHORBIACuE2. CXXI. 126 Stamens 4.i Parasite on trees, evergreen....7 - - - - - - (LXX.) 126 Stamens 8. Shrubs with scurfy leaves. - - - - ELEAGNACEZ. CXV. ~ 5. Orders of the Aglumaceous Endogens. 127 Shrubs (climbing).... 140 127 Herbs.... 128 128 Perianth complete, of 6 parts (or 4, white), never on a spadix.... 132 128 Perianth complete, but obscured in a small roundish head.... 146 128 Perianth none or incomplete, mostly on a spadix.... 129. 129 Plants terrestrial (or on a thick scape).... 130 129 Plants growing in water.... 131 130 Spadix with a spathe, or on a scape. - - - - - - ARACE. CXXXIV. 130 Spadix? with no spathe and on a leafy stem. - - TYPHACE.. CXXXVI. 131 Root floating in water, plant on the surface. - - LEMNACEAZ. CXXXV. 131 Root fixed in the mud. Plant submersed. - NAIADACE-Z. CXXXVII. 132 Perianth adhering to the ovary (in the perfect flowers).... 133 132 Perianth free fromn the ovary... 138 133 Fls. moncecious or dicecious. Aquatic. HYDROCHARIDACEME. CXXXIX. 133 Flowers perfect. Plants terrestrial.... 134 134 Flowers irregular.... 135 134 Flowers regular.... 136 1s Stamens 1 or 2, adhering to the pistil (gynandrous). ORCHIDACEz. CXL. 135 Stamens 1, free from the pistil. Indian shot. - CANNACEE. CXLIV. 135 Stamens 3, anthers extrorse. - - IRIDACTE. CXLIX. 136 Stamens 3.... 137 136 Stamens 6. - - - AMARYLLIDACEZ. CXLVII. 137 Anthers introrse. Perianth woolly outside. HzMODORACEax. CXLVIII. 137 Anthers extrorse. Perianth smooth outside. - - IRIDACEE. CXL1X, 138 Petals and sepals similarly colored.... 139 138 Petals and sepals dissimilarly colored.... 145 139 Styles and stigmas 3, distinct.... 141 139 Styles or sessile stigmas united into 1.... 142 140 Flowers in spikes or panicles. Capsule 3-cornered. - - DIoscoaEACEz. CL. 140 Flowers in umbels. Berry globose. 141 Leaves net-veined, petiolate. Fruit a berry. - - SILACACE CLI. 141 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 00-seeded. - - MELANTHACEr. CLV. 141 Lvs. rush-like. Fruit splitting into 1 or 2-seeded parts. ALISM. CXXXVIII. 142 Perianth colored, juicy and withering.... 143 142 Perianth dry, green; or if colored, scarious. - - - - JUNCACEMr. CLVI. 143 Flowers regular, hexandrous.... 144 143 Flowers irregular or triandrous. Aquatic. - PONTIDERIACEM. CLIV. 144 Perianth woolly or scurfy outside, tubular. - - HZMODORACErE. CXLVIII. 144 Perianth smooth outside, mostly 6-parted. - LILIACE.s. CLIII. 145 Styles or stigmas 3. Leaves net-veined. - - TRILLIACEES. CLII. 145 Style and stigma 1. Leaves parallel-veined. - COMMELINACEAE. CLVII. 145 Styles many. Leaves somewhat net-veined. ALISMACEM. CXXXVIII. 146 Petals conspicuous, yellow. - - - - - - - - - XYRIDACE. CLVIII. 146 Petals inconspicuous, white. - - - ERIOCAULONACEM, CLIX. ~ 6. Orders of the Glumaceous Endogens. 147 Stems mostly solid. Sheaths of the leaves entire. - CYPERaAcrE. CLX. 147 Stems hollow. Sheaths split to the joints. - GRAMINEt. CLXI. ~ 7, Orders of the Cryptogamia. 148 Plants consisting of woody and vascular tissue.... 149 148 Plants consisting of cellular tissue only.... 150 149 Fruit terminal, cone-like. Leaves sheath-like. - - EQUISETACE-. CLXII. 149 Fruit axillary or in spikes. Leaves 1-veined. - LYCOPODIACEr. CLXIII. 149 Fruit borne on the veiny, often contracted leaves. - - FILICES. CLXIV. 149 Fruit radical or nearly so, of two kinds. - - - MARSILEACEE. CLXV. 150 Leaves veinless, distinct from each other and from the axis. Musci. 150 Leaves veiny, mostly confluent into one expansion. HEPATIC.a. 161 Plants with no distinct axis of growth.... 152 151 Plants having a distinct axis with whorled branches. CHARAAc E. CLXVI. 152 Aerial, dry, crustaceous, on trees, rocks, &c. LICHENS. 152 Aerial, succulent, often ephemeral, never green. FUNGr. 152 Aquatic, consisting of simple vesicles or lobed fronds. ALGZ. FIRST GRAND DIVISION, PHMENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants consisting of a regular axis of growth with leafy a/ppendges; compcsed of a cellular, vascular and ligneous structure; developing flowers and producing seeds. SUBDIVISION FIRST. EXOGENS, OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. STEM composed of distinct bark and pith, with an intervening layer of woody fibre and vessels. GROWT by annual, concentric, external zones or layers. LEAVES mostly with reticulated veins, and falling off by an articulation. SEPALS and PETALS in 5s and 4s much oftener than in 3s. EMBRYO with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. OVULES produced within an OVARY and fertilized by the pollen through the medium of the PISTIL, becoming SEEDS enclosed in a PERICARP. EMBRYO with two opposite cotyledons. SUBCLASS I. POLYPETALA. Floral envelops usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals. ORDER I. RANUNCULACE.-. CReWFOOTS. Herbs, with an acrid, colorless juice. Leaves mostly alternate&nd much divided, with half-clasping petioles. Calyx. —Sepals mostly'P, sometimes 3, 4 or 6, mostly deciduous, andimbricated in aestivation. Corolla.-Petals 3-15, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or 0. Stamens oo, distinct, hypogynous. Antthers, adnate or innate. Ovaries 00, rarely solitary or few, distinct, seated on the torus. Fruit either dry achenia, or baccate, or follicular. Embryo minute, at the base of horny or fleshy albumen. Genera 41, species about 1000 (Lindley), mostly natives of cold, damp climates. Europe is supposed to contain one.fifth of the species, North America one-seventh, India one-twenty-fifth, South America one-seventeenth, Africa very few, and New Holland hut 18. Properties.-Almost all the genera contain an acrid juice highly prejudicial to animal life, but easily decomposed and deprived of its activity by a heat of 212 deg. They also lose their poisonous qualities in drying. This orderis rich in ornamental cultivated plants. 138 I. RANUNCULACEE. CLBUTIM. l1t FlIG. 99.-1. Ranunculus bulbosus. 2 A petal with the nectariferous scale. 3. A carpel with its beak. 4. Vertical section, showing the erect ovule. 6. Aquilegia Canadensis. 6. Torus, with the stamens and pistils, and a petal attached. 7. Follicle. 8. Seed. 9. Its vertical section, showing the funiculus and minute emkbryo. 10. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of the 5 ovaries, the 20 stame in 4 series, &c. Conspectus of the Genera.; Pet. I-lipped. Trollius. 7 rFlowers $ cauline. Pet. 2-lipped. Telleborus. 8'solitary, radical. Coptig. 9 1 _ ~~ I ~~ white.. Cimicifuga. 15 Pet. small. l Flowersra. cemose, dark purple. Zanthrhiza. 19 Calyx white..... I.op/n-um. 10 Petals 0. Calyx bright yellow... Caltha. 6 Sepals 5 plane, 3-lobed... Ngella. 22 equal.. Petals conspicuous, all spurred behind.. Adquilegia. It s upper one large, vaulted. -. Aconitum. 13 S S3epals colored,.. upper one spurred behind... Delphinium. 12 follicular. unequal,. ( green and foiaceous. Petals plane... Ponia. 21 palmate.. Trautvetterla. 16 Leaves alternmae, {2-3-ternate. Thalictrum. 1? (Invo. 0.. Leaves opposite. Mostlyclimbers. Clematie. 1 Petals 0, or Involucre calyx-like, near the flower... Hepatica. a inconspicu. Involucre leaf-like, remote from flower.. Anemone. 2 ( with no nectary, scarlet... Adonis. 4 with nectariferous, tubular claws. Myosurus. 18 acheniate. Petals conspicuous... with a nectariferous scale at base. Ranunculus. 5 solitary, many-seeded. Flowers racemose..... Acta. 14 Carpels baccate, aumerous, l-2-seeded. Flowers solitary. Hydrastis. 20 1. CLEMATIS. Gr. sX7t/1a, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petides instead. Calyx 4-(rarely 5, 6 or 8-) sepaled, colored, pubescent; corolla 0, or smaller than the calyx; filaments 00, shorter than the sepals; ovaries 4-20; styles longer than the stamens; achenia caudate with the long, plumose, permanent style. —2 Mostly climbing. Leaves mastly compound and opposite. ANEMONE. I. RANUNCULACEJE. 139 ~ Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. ATRAGENE. DC. 1. C. VERTICILLARIS. DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) Whorlleave4 Virgin's Bower. Climbing; Ivs. in 4s., verticillate, ternate; Ifts. erdate, nearly entire: ped. I-flowered; sepals very large, acute.-A handsome climber in highland woods, Vt., (Dr. Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem ascending trees 15f by means of its twisting petioles. At each node is a whorl of four 3-foliate leaves, and 2 large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1-2' by -l1'. Sepals thick, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals?) dilated, spatulatei tipped with imperfect anthers. May, Jn. ~~ Petals 0. CLEMATIS proper. 2. C. VIRGINIANA. Virgin's Bower. St. climbing; lvs. ternate; Ifts., ovate, cordate, acuminate, lobed and cutdentate; ls. often9c, paniculate.-A common, hardy climber in hedges and thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8-15 f. in length, supporting itself on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles. Leaflets 2-3' by 1*-2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oval-oblong, obtuse. Stamens 28-36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with long, plumose tails (caudi), appearing in large, downy tufts. Aug. t 3. C. VIORNA. Leather Flower. St. climbing; Ivs. pinnately divided; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or 3-lobed; fls. solitary, campanulate; sep. thick and leathery, acuminate.-In woods, Penn. to Ill. (Jenny) and Ga. Stem 10-15f in length, cylindrical, striate. Leaves opposite, decompound, consisting of 9-12 leaflets, Flowers axillary, purple, large, nodding. Peduncle 3 —6 long, with a pair of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with long, plumose tails, Jn. J1. t 4. C. OCHROLEUCA. Ait. (C. sericea. Michx.) Erect Clematis. St. herbaceous, erect, simple, silky-pubescent; lvs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath; fis. pedunculate, terminal, solitary, inclined to -one side; cal. silky outside. —Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. An erect species, 12-18 high. Leaves subsessile, 2-4' long, two-thirds as wide, with prominent veins, upper surface becoming glabrous. Flowers yellowish white (ochroleucous), camDanulate in form. May, Jn. 5. C. cRIspA. Crisp-flowered Clematis. St. climbing; lvs. pinnate and ternate; /fts. ovate-lanceolate, very acute, 3-lobed or entire; fls. solitary; sep. acuminate,.revolute, thick, with undulate and crisped margins.-Va. to Flor. Stem striate, 6-8f long. Flowers a third smaller than in C. Viorna, pale-purple, campanulate. Sepals spreading or revolute at the end. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Achenia with naked (not plumose) candle. J1. t 6. C. FLAMMILA. Sweet Virgin's Bower. —Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. smooth, entire, orbicular-oval, oblong or linear, acute.-From France. A fine climber fox arbors, &c., very ornamental and sweet-scented. Flowers white. J1.-Oct. t 7. C. FLORIDA. Large-flowiered Virgin's Bower. Lvs. 2-foliate and decompound; segments ovate, acute, entire; sep. acuminate, glabrous;4 involucre O.From Japan. Vine 12f long, with large, white and yellow flowers. Jn. -Sept. t 8. C. VITICELLA. Lvs. 3-foliate and decompound, lobes or segments entire; sep. obovate.-From Spain. This, as well as the preceding species, is often double-flowered. Vine 20f long. Flowers purple. t Observation.-All the species are ornamental, and of easy culture. They require only a common soil and are propagated by layers, cuttings, or from the seed. 2. ANEMONE. Gr. avcgof, wind; most of the species grow in elevated or windy places. Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; calyx regular, of 5 —1'5 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals; ovaries 00, free, collected into a roundish or oval 140 I. RANUNCULACE.E. ANEMONS. head; achenia 00, mucronate. —% Lvs. radical. Scapes with leaflike involucres. 1. A. NEMOR6SA (and quinquefolia. Linn.). Wood Anemone. Lvs. ternate; Ifts. undivided, or with the middle one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 2-parted, incisely dentate; invol. similar to the leaves, petiolate; st. 1-flowered. -A common and interesting little plant, found in old woods, hedges, and sometimes in open fields. Root creeping. Stem 6 —9 high, erect; The involucre consists of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside. Apr. May. 2. A. CYLINDRiCA. -Gray. Whole plant pubescent; lvs. ternate, lateral Ifts. 2-partedto the base, middle one deeply 3-cleft, segments all linear, cuneate below, cut-dentate and lobed at apex; lvs. of invol. petiolate; ped. 2-6, rarely 1, all naked; sep. 5; ach. woolly, in a long, cylindric head.-Dry, hilly places, Mass. W. to Ia. Not common. Scape about 2f high. Leaves about 2-3' wide, and similar in their divisions to those of Ranunculus acris. Naked flower-stalks 8-10' long, umbellate, but little diverging. Flowers large, solitary. Petals pale yellow, obovate, obtuse. Heads of fruit 1' long. May, Jn. 3. A. VIRGINIiNA. Virginian Anemone. ivs. ternate; Ifts. subpetiolate, ovate-lanceolate, cut-dentate, acuminate, lateral ones 2-lobed, middle ones 3-lobed; invol. foliaceous, petiolate; fr. in oblong heads.-A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures. Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2-3 f. high, round, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long, parallel peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of 2 bracts. Leaves 2 —3' by 3-4', on radical petioles 6-10' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green. Fiuit woolly, in heads 1' long. July. 1. albha. Oakes. F/s. larger; sep. white.-Ledges, Vt. Dr. Robbins. 4. A. HUDSONIINA. Rich. (A. multifida, DC. and 1st edit.) Hairy; lvs. 3-5-parted to the base, segments cuneate, laciniately dentate; scape 1, 2 or 3-flowered; invol. and involucels similar, 2-leaved, on short petioles; sep. 5-8, oval, obtuse.-On rocky ledges, shores of Onion River, Colchester a/nd Burlington, Vt.'Dr. Robbins. Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Rare. Scape 6-10' high, simple, or dividing below the middle. Leaves mostly in 5 segments distinct to the base, about 1' diam., each segment j' long, in 3 linear lobes, petioles 1 —2' long. Flower small, white, varying to purple. Heads of fruit oval or globose. Jn. 5. A. PENNSYLVANiCA. (A. aconitifolia. Michx. A. dichotoma. Linn.) St. dichotomous; Ivs. 3- 5-parted and incisely dentate; invol. and involucels leaf-like, sessile, 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate; acute, incisely serrate; sep. 5; fr. in globose heads. —Shores and rocky places, Penn. N. to Arctic Am. Rare. Scape 15-20' high, dividing above the middle into about 3 shortish peduncles, the middle one naked, the other 2 each with a 2-leaved involucel, the involucre at their base. Flowers white, 12-14" diam. Carpels hairy, compressed, as long as the curved style. Jn. J1. 6. A. PATENS. (A. Ludoviciana. Nutt.) Silky-villous; Ivs. 3-parted or divided, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft and incised, lobes lance-linear; invol. subulately dissected; sep. 5-6, erect.-Dry hills, Ill. 1 W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 6-10' high. Leaves smoothish above, segments 1-3' long, 1-2" wide. The dissected involucre concave or cup-shaped. Sepals 1' long, silky outside, pale dull purple. Tail of the carpels near 2' long. 7. A. CORONARIA. Poppy-leaved Anemone. —Lvs. ternate, with multifid segments and linear, mucronate lobes; sep. 6, oval, close.-From Lcvant. A hardy, flowering plant, with large, single or double variegated flowers. May. t 8. A. OaRTEaNSI. Star Anene. —vs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentate lobes; invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets; sep. 10-12, oblong. RANUNCUL3X. I. RANUNC ULACEME. 141 From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white and blue flowers. May. t Observation.-Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They a.1 prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 3. HEPATI CA. Dill. Gr. inTartKos, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf. Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower; calyx of 5 —9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows; corolla 0; achenia awnless. H TRILOBA. Chaix. (Anemone Hepatica. Lirt.) Liverwort. Lvs. trilobate, the lobes entire; scape I-flowered, hairy.-Woods, Can. to Car. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snowbank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibres. Leaves all radical, on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into 3 lobes, which suggests all its names. Flowers on scapes 3 —4 long, solitary, numerous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh-color. In cultivation they become double. In respect to the form of the leaves there are two varieties:a. obtusa, lobes obtuse, rounded.-Prefers the south side of hills. 8. acuta, lobes acute.-Prefers the north side of hills. 4. ADONIS. Feigned to have sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by the boar. Sepals 5, appressed; petals 5-15, with naked claws; achenia in a spike, ovate and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. A. AUTUMNALIS. Pheasant's Eye. St. branching; fis. 5-8-petaled; carpels crowned with a very short style, and collected into an ovate or subcylindric head; pet. longer than the calyx.-A fine, hardy annual, from Europe, naturalized in some parts of N. Y. Stem thick. Leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Flowers crimson, 1i' diam. Seeds to be sown in autumn, in a light soil.' f 5. RANUNCCTLUS. Lat. rana, a frog; from the aquatic habitat of some species. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals; corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale or pore at the base inside; filaments 00. much shorter than the petals; achenia 0O, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. —Herbs mostly'4, with yellow flowers. *Leaves all Undivided. 1. R. FLAMMUiLA. Small Spearwort. St. declinate; Ivs. smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones petiolate; ped. opposite the leaves.-An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps, Can. to N. Car. W. to Ill. Root fibrous. Stem 6-18' long, more or less decumbent, succulent. Leaves 3 —6 in length, i-1' wide, entire or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Flowers solitary, of a golden yel. low, on peduncles J as long as the leaves. It abounds in a very acrid juice. Jn.-Aug. 2. R. REPTANS. Creeping Crowfoot. Very small, smooth; st. creeping, geniculate, rooting; nodes I-flowered; Ivs. subulate, smooth, entire, remote.-A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Hanover, N. H., (Mr. T. Rickard,) W. to Oregon. Stem 6-10' long, round, rooting at the joints. Leaves fleshy, 6-12" in length, mostly very narrow, and acute at each end. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary Covered by a scale. Achenia very smooth. J1. A. ovalis. Bw. Lvs. oval and lanceolate; pet. 5-10. 142 1. RANUNCULACEiE. RANUNCnU,#. y. filiformis. DC. (R. filiformis. Michx) St. filifbrm, very long, with linear leaves and small flowers. 3. R. PUSILLUS. Poir.,f. muticus. T. & G. Puny Crowfoot. Erect; Ivs. all petiolate, lower ones ovate, upper ones linear lanceolate; pet. mostly but 3, scarcely longer than the calyx; carpels ovate, pointless, smooth, in small globose heads.-In wet grounds, N. Y. and Penn. Stems slender, weak, 6-12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower leaves subcordate, j-1-' long, j as wide, petioles 1-3" long, upper ones 1 —11" long, i as wide, with minute, remote teeth. Flowers very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May. 4. R. CYMBALARIA. Ph. Sea Crowfoot. Very small, smooth; st. filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints; Ivs. reniform-cordate, crenate-dentate; ped. solitary. mostly 2-flowered; pet. spatulate; acA. oblong.-In salt marshes on the sea-coast, N. J. to Arctic Am. and at Salina, N. Y. Stem round, sending out runners from the joints. Leaves radical, i-1' diam., on long petioles. Scapes 2-6' high, each with 2 or 3 small, bright yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked. Jn. * * Leaves divided. 5. R. ABORTIVUS. Round-leaved Crowfoot. Smooth; radical Ivs. roundish, cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; cauthne ivs. ternate or pedate, angular, with linear segments, upper ones sessile; cal. a little longer than petals, reflexed.-A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8-16' high, nearly naked. Root leaves 8-18" diam., quite regularly margined with crenate divisions, and on petioles 2-5' long. Lower stem leaves pedate, with a pentangular outline; upper in 3 deep segments. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit in globose heads. May. Jn. 6. R. SCELERiTUS. Ph. Celery Crowfoot. See also Addenda, p. 638. Smooth; lower Ivs. 3-parted, segments 3-lobed, crenately subitfcised; stem Ivs. 3-parted, segments crenately incised, upper ones simple, lanceolate, entire; carpel in an oblong head.-Grows in wet places, Can. to Car. Stem rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1 —1f high. Lower petioles 3-5' long, with rather large, palmately 3-5-parted leaves. Floral leaves or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Flowers numerous, small, yellow. Calyx deflexed. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters upon the skin. Jn. J1. 7. R. RECURVATUS. Wood Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles, covered with spreading hairs; Ivs. 3-parted. hairy, segments oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones 2-lobed; cal. recurved; pet. linear-lanceolate; ach. uncinate.-About 1 f. high, in damp woods, Lab. to Ga., pale green, branching above. Leaves 1-2' long, 2-3' wide, on petioles 3 —6' long. Upper leaves subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carpels ovate, tipped with minute, hooked beaks. May.-Jl. 8. R. ACRIS. Butter-cups. CrowMfoot. Yellow Weed. St. erect, many flowered; lvs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, the segments laciniate, upper ones with linear segments; ped. round; cal. hairy, spreading; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved.-This is the most common species from Penn. to Hudson's Bay, in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. Stem-l-2f. high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 —3' diam., upper ones in 3 linear segments. Flowers large, golden yellow. Jn.-Sept. f. Fis. double, the pet. excessively multiplied.-Gardens. 9. R. BULBSUS. /Bu/lbous Crowfoot.' (Fig. 39.) Hairy; st. erect, bulbous at the base; radical Ivs.- ternate, ifs. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed; cal. reflexed.-This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Root fleshy. Stem leafy, furrowed, 6 —18 high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden-yellow flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals, and its furrowed CASTRA. 1. RANUNCULACEE. 143 peduncles. The lobes of the root leaves are also rounded rather than acute at apex. May, Jn. ( 10. R. FASCICULRItS. Muhl. Early Crowfoot. St. erect, branched; lvs. pubescent, ternate, the middle segments deeply 3cleft, lateral ones remotely 3-lobed; cal. villous, spreading, shorter than the petals.-Rocky woods and hills, Penn. to Wiscon. N. to Can. Root a fascicle of fleshy fibres. Radical leaves on petioles 3-8' long, so divided as to appear almost pinnate; upper leaves 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large. Petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, with a scale at base as broad as the transparent claw. Apr. May. 11. R. PENNSYLVANICUS. (R. hispidus. PA.) Bristly Crowfoot. St. erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff, spreading hairs; Ivs. villous, ternate, lfts. subpetiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the roundish petals; carpels tipped with a short, straight style.-A very hairy species, in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 —3f high. Leaves 2-3' diam.; leaflets strongly veined and with spreading segments. Flowers numerous, small,,bright yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or cylindrical heads. Jn.-Aug. 12. R. REPENS. (R. intermedius. Eaton. R. Clintonii. Beck.) St. branching from the base, prostrate, radicating at the joints; vs. trifoilate, Ifts. petiolate, cuneiform, 3-lobed, cut-dentate; ped. furrowed; cal. spreading; c:arpels with a broad, not recurved point.-In moist or shady places, Can. and U. S. Stems 1-3 or 4f long, generally hairy at base, the early flowering branches erect. Petioles hairy, long, Leaves hairy on the veins, dark green. Flowers middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. May —J1.,8. linearilobus. DC. St. very long, floriferous; lobes of Ivs. very narrow. y. Marilandicus. T. & G. St. and petioles densely hirsute with soft hairs; Yfts. distinctly petiolulate. 13 R. R. PURSII. Richardson. Floating Crowfoot. Floating;: st. long; submerged lvs. cleftinto numerous capillary segmenits, emersed ones reniform, 3-5-parted, the lobes variously divided; sep. reflexed, half as long as the petals; carpels smooth, with a short, straight, ensiform style; lids. globose.-Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy places,. Can., U. S. Stem 1-2f or more in length, fistulous. Leaves pentangular in outline, i-1-' diam., those below most finely divided; petioles j-2' in length. Flowers bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. a. (R. fiuviatilis. 11w. R. lacustris. Beck.) Lvs. all capillaceous-multifid; fls. as large as in R. acris. 14. R. AQUATILIS. /. capillaceus. River Crowfoot. St. floating; submersed Ivs. filiformly dissected; pet. obovate, larger than the calyx, white; carpels transversely rugose.-Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to S. Car. W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1-2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous, hair-like segments, in outline roundish and — 1' diam. Peduncles thick, 1-11' long. -Flowers smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, eicept the yellow claws. J1. Aug. Observaton7: —Several of the above mentioned species are double-flowered in cultivation, as Nos. 8, 9, and 12: Of foreign species, R. Asiaticus, the garden Ranunculus, with large double flowers varying to every hue, and R. aconitifolius, with white double flowers, are sometimes, but not generally, found in our gardens. 6. CALTHA. Gr. KaXaosg, a goblet; the yellow calyx may well be compared to a golden cup. Calyx colored, of 5 orbicular sepals, resembling petals; corolla 0; stamens 00, shorter than the sepals; follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded. —4 Aquatic and very glabrous. C. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Marigold. Cowslip<. St. erect; lvs. cordate, suborbicular, crenate.-Wet meadows, Can.to Car. W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem abcut It high, hollow. round. 13 144 1. RANUNCULACESE. CoPTrS. dichotomous. Lower leaves 2-4' wide, on long semicylindric petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark shining green, veiny and smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, 13' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row of filaments clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in great request in spring, for greens. May. B. integerrima. (C. integerrima. Ph.) Lvs. entire; sep. obovate, obtuse. y. plena, with double flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 7. TROLLIUS. Germ. trol or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flowers. Sepals 5-10-15, roundish ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 525, small, linear, tubular at base; stamens 00, much shorter than the sepals; follicles 00, subeylindric, sessile, many-seeded. —% Smooth, with palmate leaves. 1. T. LAXUS. Salisb. (T. Americanus Muhl.) American Globe Flower. Sep. 5, oblong, spreading; pet. 15-25, shorter than the stamens.-In swamps, Can. to Penn. Not common. About If high. Leaves deeply cleft into 5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Sepals yellow, resembling petals, -— 5" long. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn. 2. E. EUROPIEUS. Ewropean Globe Flower.-Erect, branched, leafy; Ivs. deeply cleft or divided, segments cuneate at base, acute, incisely lobed and toothed; jls. solitary, erect, large, globular; ped. long, naked; sep. closely converging; pet. equaling the stamens. Native of Europe. Stem 2-3f high. Flowers of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.t 3. T. AsIATicus. Asiatic Globe Flower. —Erect; ivs. deeply divided into 5 broad segments; segments laciniately lobed and toothed; ls. terminal, solitary, pedunculate; sep. spreading; pet. longer than the stamens.-Native of Asia. Plant about 2f high, with ample foliage and large, deep orange-colored flowers-yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.t 8. HELLEBORUS.-Adans. Easv, to cause death; flopa, food; the poisonous qualities are well Known. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8-10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped; stamens 00; stigmas 3-10, orbicular; follicles cohering at base, many-seeded.-t _4-vs. coriaceous, divided. Fls. large, nodding. H. VIRIDIS.-Green Hellebore. Glabrous; radical Ivs. pedately divided, segments lanceolate, acute, serrate; cauline Ivs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile; peds. often in pairs; sep. roundish ovate, acute, green.-A European plant, ~ on Long Island. Stem 2-3 f. high, thick. Apr.t 9. C O P T I S.-Salisb. Gr. Korrw, to cut; from the numerous divisions of the leaves. Sepals 5-6, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous; petals 5-6, small, cucullate, obconic; stamens 20-25; follicles 5-10, stipitate, rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4-6-seeded.-Low herbs. with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. C. TRIFOLIA. Goldthread. Lvs. 3-foliate; scape 1-flowered; pet. much smaller than the sepals.-Penn.' N. to Arctic Am. Stem subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very bitter and tonic. Leaves all radical, leaflets sessile, 4-8" long, crenate-mucronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1-2' long. Peduncles 3-4' high, with a single, minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white starlike flower. The 5 or 6 yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among the white stamens. May. Medicinal. DELPHINIUM. I. RANUNCULACEJE. 145 10. ISO PtRUM. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0; stamens 10 —40; ovaries 3-20; follicles subsessile, acuminate with the style, 2-several-seeded.-Delicate herbs, with leaves 2-3-ternate, segments 2-3-lobed. FIs. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. 1. BITERNXTUM. Torr. and Gray. (Enemion. Raf.) Low, erect, glabrous; petioles auricled at base; lvs. membranaceous; pet. 0: carpels 3-6, broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded; sds. obovatc, compressed, smooth and shining. —4 Damp shades, Western States. Root fibrous. Stems several, 4-10' high. Leaves mostly biternate, petiolules longer than the petioles, segments cuneate-obovate, 4 —6" long. Flowers on slender peduncles 1-2' long. May. 11. AQOUILEGIA. Lat. aquila, the eagle; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous; petals 5, tubular, dilated at the mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the torus, extending behind into a long, spurred nectary; stamens 30-40, the inner ones longer and sterile; styles 5; follicles 5, many seeded. —4 Fis. nodding. 1. A. CANADENISS. Wild Columbine. (Fig. 39.) Glabrous; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate; sep. rather acute, longer than the corolla; spurs straight, longer than the limb; sta. and sty. exserted.-This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the greatest ease, and is much more delicate in foliage and in the hues of its flowers, than the common blue Columbine. Stem branching, a foot high, with ternate, lobed leaves. Flowers terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. Fruit erect. May. 2. A. VULGXRIs. Common Columbine.-Spurs incurved; sts. leafy, manyflowered; Ivs. nearly smopth, glaucous, biternate; sty. a little longer than the stamens.-From Europe. Stem 1-2f high, with a profusion of handsome, smooth foliage, and large purple flowers. Leaflets bifid and trifid, with rounded lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double by the multiplication of the hollow, spurred petals. Theyr'also vary in color through all shades from purple to white. Jn.t 12. DELPHINIUM. Gr. JzAbtv, a dolphin; from the fancied resemblance of the flower. Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred; petals very irregular, the two upper ones terminating behind in a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed in the spur of the calyx; styles 1-5; follicles 1-5. — Showy herbs, with leaves much divided. Fls. blue, red or purple, never yellow. 1. D. CONSOLIDA. Branching Larkspur. St. suberect, smooth, with spreading branches; fis. few, loosely racemed; ped. longer than the bracts; sty. 1; carpel solitary, smooth.- The common larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Leaves in numerous linear divisions. Jn. J1. It has numerous varieties of double and semi-double flowers of various colors.~ t 2. D. EXALTiTUM. American Larkspur. Petioles not dilated at base; lvs. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often 2-lobed; rac. straight; spur longer than the calyx.-Native of the Middle States, rarely of the Northern. Stem 3 —4f high, straight, erect. Flowers of a brilliant purplish 146 1. RANUNCULACEiE. AcTra. blue. It is deservedly esteemed in the flower-garden, and is of the easiest culture. J1. Aug. t 3. D. TRIC6RNE. Michx. Three-fruited Larkspur. Petioles slightly dilated at base; Ivs. 5-parted, divisions 3-5-cleft, lobes linear, acutish; pet. shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded inside; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx; carpels 3, spreading in fruit.-Uplands, Penn. to Mo. and Ark. Plant 6-18' high, nearly smooth. Leaves roundish in outline, on long petioles. Flowers 6-8, light blue, in a rather loose panicle. 4. D. AZUREUM. Michx. Azure Larkspur. Pubescent or nearly smooth; st. erect; Ivs. 3-5-parted, many-cleft, with linear lobes; petioles some dilated at base; rac. strict; pet. shorter than sepals, lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft; spur ascending.-Native in Wis. and Ark. A very variable species, cultivated in gardens. Stem 2-4 f. high. Flowers azure-colored.t 5. D. GRANDIFLORUM. Large Blue Larkspur.-Lvs. palmate, many-parted, lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than bract; pet. slorter than calyx.-A superb perennial species, from Siberia. Flowers double or single, in racemes, of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple.t 6. D. ELiTUM. Bee Larkspur. —Lvs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base, trifid, cut-dentate; spur inflexed.-Native of Siberia. Stem 5 or 6f high. Flowers blue, and when viewed at a little distance, resembling the bee in fobrm.t Observation.-A few other species may perhaps be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the easiest culture. 13. ACONITUM. Gr. axosttrog, without dust; because the plants grow on dry rocks. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted; petals 5, the 3 lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex; styles 3-5; follicles 3 —-5, —Lvs. digitate or palmate. Fls. in terminal spikes. 1. A. UNCINITUM. American Wolf's-Bane. St. fiexuose; particle rather loose, with divergent branches; Ivs. palmate, 3-5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; galea (upper sepal) exactly conical, rostrate; spur inclined, somewhat spiral; ova. villous.A cultivated, poisonous plant, also native N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2f high. Leaves coriaceous, dark green, 4 —5 wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. JI. Aug. 2. A. NAPELLUS. (A. delphinifolia. DC.) Monk's-Hood.-St. straight, erect; Ivs. deeply 5-cleft, cut into linear segments, furrowed above; upper sep. arched at the back, lateral ones hairy inside; ova. smooth.-A poisonous plant, cultivated among flowers. It is a tall, rank perennial, making quite a consequential appearance. Stem 4f high, with a long spicate fiflorescence at its termination. Flowers dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if hooded in a monk's cowl. Aug.-There are varieties with flowers white, rosecolored, &e. 14. ACT2EA. Gr. aKro, the elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage. Calyx inferior, of 4 roundish, deciduous sepals; corolla of 4- 8 spatulate, unguiculate petals; filaments about 30, dilated above; anthers 2-lobed, introrse; stigmas sessile; ovary ovoid; berry globose, with a lateral furrow, 1-celled; seeds many, smooth, compressed.-% with ternately divided lvs. Fls. white. 1. A. RUBRA. Bigelow. (A. Americana. Ph.) Red Bane-berry. _L/s. twice and thrice ternate; rac. hemispherical; pet. acute; pedicels of the fru'it slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong.-Not uncommon in rocky woods, Penn. to Lab. W. to Rocky Mts. Stem 1 —2f high, dividing into 2 branches, one of which usually bears leaves only, the other leaves and a cluster of flowers. T'HIALICTRUM. 1. RAN 1NCULACEiE. 147 Leaves 2 or 3-ternate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets, variously lobed and cut. Petioles 4-7' long, smooth, and slightly glaucous, like the whole plant. Flowers 20-40, in a short dense raceme. Berries bright red, on slender pedicels. May. 2. A. ALBA. Bw. (A. Americana. B. alba. PA.) White Bane-berry. Lvs. twice and thrice ternate; rac. oblong; pet. truncate; pedicels of thefruit thicker than the peduncles; berries white.-Grows in rocky woods, common, Can. to Ga., much like the last in foliage. Plant 1 —2 f. high, bearing 2 compound leaves and a cluster of flowers. Leaflets 1 —2' long, i as wide, acuminate. Raceme 1 —3 long, 1i' thick, the pedicels *' long, at length purple, and about as thick as the purple peduncles,-characters which, as well as the miikwhite fruit, readily distinguish this species from the last. May. 15. CIMICIFOGA. Lat. cimex, a bug, fugo, to drive away; alluding to its offensive odor. Sepals 4-5; petals 3-8, sometimes wanting; stamens 00, anthers introrse; follicles 1-8, oblong, many-seeded. —% Lvs. ternately divided. Fls. white, in long slender racemes. 1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. (Actsea. Linn. Macrotys. Raf.) -Black Snake-root. Lvs. ternately decompound; ifts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate; rac. very long; pet. 2, forked, slender; sty. 1; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate.Al tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actmea, found in upland woods. Stem 4 —8 f. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepaled and monogynous flowers. Petals 4-6, small. Stamens about 100 to each flower, giving the raceme the appearance of a long and slender plume. Flowers very fetid. Jn. J1. 2. C. AMERICANA. Michx. (C. podocarpa. Ell. Actaea podocarpa. DC.) Glabrous; lvs. triternate, segments ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base, 3-parted or 3-cleft and incised; pet. concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at base; ova. 2-5, stiped, obovate and pod-shaped in fruit; sds. flat, scaly.Woods, Penn. to N. Car. Stem 3-6f high. Leaflets 2-4' long, with coarse, unequal, mucronate serratures. Flowers smaller than in C. racemosa, in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles abruptly beaked, 6 —-seeded. 16. TRAUTVETTERIA. Fisch. and Meyer. Named in honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist. Sepals 4-5; petals 0; stamens 00, petaloid; anthers introrse; carpels 15-20, membranaceous and indehiscent, 3-carinate, 1-seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style. —4 Lvs. palmately lobed. T. PALMATA. Fisch. and Meyer. (Cimicifuga. Hook.) St. slender, terete, smooth, branched above; lvs. few, rugose and reticulateveined, palmately 5-9-lobed, upper ones sessile, lower on long petioles, lobes lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate; *is. cymose.-Prairies, Ia. S. to Tenn. Plant 2 —5f high. Radical -leaves 4 —6 wide, 3-5' long, the petioles twice as long. Stem leaves 2-4, remote. Flowers many. Sepals orbicular, concave, caducous, white. Stamens conspicuous, white. Jl. Aug. 17. THALICTRUM. Said to be from a XXco, to be green. Calyx colored, of 4-5 roundish, concave, deciduous sepals; corolla 0; filaments 00, compressed, dilated upwards, longer than the calyx; ovaries numerous (4-15), with sessile stigmas; achenia awnless, ovoid.- - Lvs. ternately divided. Fls. often 9 3c. 1. T. DIOICUM. Early Meadow Rue. Very smooth; lvs. decompound; f Is. roundish, with obtuse lobes; filaments filiform; fis. 9 3'. —Herb 1-2f high, meadows and woods, British Am. to Car. Stem striate, jointed. Leaflets paler beneath, with 5-7 rounded lobes or teeth. Flowers in long-stalked panicles. Sepals 5, obtuse, purplish. The 13* 14 1. RANUNCULACE. HYDm s. barren fowers with numerous slender filaments and yellow anthers, the fertile ones smaller, with shorter stamens. Fruit oval, striate. M.ay. 2. T. CORNTrI. (T. CorSnellum. DC.) Meadow Rue. Lfts. obtusely 3-lobed, paler underneath; fis. 9 c<; filaments clavate; fir. sessile, striate.-A handsome herbaceous plant, common in meadows. Stem 3-4f high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Leaves resembling those of the columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compoundedL Leaflets 1-2' long, i as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large and diffuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with oblong yellow anthers. Fertile flowers smaller and less crowded. Jn. J1. 3. T. ANEMONOiDES. Michx. (Anemone thalictroides. L/in.) Rue Akeenmone. Floral Ivs. petiolate, simple, whorled, resembling an involucrum; radical lv.s. biternate; fis. umbeled. —Woods and pastures, Northern, Middle, and Western States. The root of this little herbaceous plant consists of several oblong tubercles. Stem erect, 6 —8 high, slender, bearing several white flowers at top in a sort of umbel. Leaves j-1' long, f as wide, cordate at base, 3-lobed, on petioles — 1i' long; radical common petioles 2-4' long. Apr. May. 18. MYOSIYRUS. Dill. Gr. lJa, ihag, mouse, oupa, tail; alluding to the long spike of eamels, Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertion; petals 5, with slender, tubular claws; stamens 5-20'; achenia very Closely spicate on the elongated torus. —) Lvs. linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered. M. MmNYMUS. (M. Shortii. Raf.) Mouse-tail. Prairies and bottoms, Ill., Mead! to La. and Oreg., Nuttall. A diminutive plant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often an inch long. Leaves 1 —3 long, 1-2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a single minute pale-yellow flower at top. Apr. 19. ZANTHORHtZA. Gr. favyog, yellow, AtMa, root. Sepals 5; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes, raised on a pedicel; stamens 5 —10; ovaries 5-10, beaked with the styles, 2-3-ovuled; follicles mostly 1-seeded, seed suspended.-Suffruticose; st. and bark yellow and bitter. Lvs. pinnately divided. Rac. axillary, compound, _Fls. small, dark purple, often Y U d'. Z. APIIFOLlA. IGHer. (Z. simplicissima. Michx.) River banks, Penn. to Ga. Root thick. Stem short, woody, leafy above. Leaves glabrous, about 8' long, including the long petioles. Leaflets 5, 2 —3 long, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate. Racemes many-flowered, appearing with the leaves. Follicles spreading, li" long. March, April. 20. HYDRASTIS. CGr. iocop, water; the plant grows in watery places. Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, equal; corolla 0; stamens 00, a little shorter than the sepals; baccate fruit composed of numerous, aggregate, 1-seeded acines. —[ with 2 Ivs. and flouwer. H. CANADENSIS. Turmreric-root. The only species. It grows in bog meadows, Can. to Car. and Ky.! Rare. Root of a deep yellow color internally. Stem 6-9t high, becoming purplish, hairy above. Leaves 2 only, alternate, on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, emarginate at base, palmate, with 3-5 lobes. Peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Sepals reddish white, of short duration. Fruit red, juicy, resembling the raspberry. Seeds nearly black. May, Jn. 11. MJAGNOLIACEE. 149 21. PE ONIA. The physician Peon, according to mythology, first. used this plant in medicine, and cured Phto with it. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent; petals 5; stamens 00 (mostly changed to petals by cultivation); ovaries 2-5; style 0; stigmas double, persistent; folicles many-seeded —-% Rt. fasici ate. Lvs. biternate. IFs. large, terminal, solitary. 1. P. oPFrIrINLIS. Common Peony. —St. erect, herbaceous; lower lvs. bipfsnately divided; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised; fr. downy, nearly straight.-The splendid pwony has long been cultivated in every part of Europe and in this country. This species is said to be native of Switzerland. It is a hardy perennial, requiring very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is the most common. The white is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are also favorites. May, Jn. 2. P. ALBnILRA. White-flowered Prony; —Lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth; follicles recurved, smooth.-Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark, shining-green and smooth. Flowers smaller than the last, but truly ele. gant and fragrant. Petals white. Calyx brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties with flowers single and double, white, rosecolored, &c., are now mentioned in the catalogues of American gardeners. 3. P. ANOMXLA. Jagged-leaved Siberian Pronly.-Lfts. with many lanceo. late segments, smooth; follicles depressed, smooth; cal. bracteolate.-From Siberia. Distinguished by the long, narrow segments of the leaflets. Flowers concave, rose-colored. Follicles usually 6. 4. P. MoUTAN. Chinese Tree Paeony.-St. shrubby,'4; Ifts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminar one 3-lobed; ova. 5, distinct, surrounded by the very large disk.-From China. The woody stem branches into a bush 3-4f high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very large, always double in cultivation, fragrant and truly splendid. This plant is remarkable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 5. P. PAPAVERACEA. Chinese Poppy-flowered P&eony.-St. shrubby,'4; lfOs. oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one 3-lobed; ova. about 5, closely united into a globose head.-From China. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in cultivation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, amounting to about 150 in all. 22. NIGELLA. Lat. Niger; black; the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery. Calyx of 5 sepals, colored; corolla of 5 3-cleft petals; styles 5; capsules 5, follicular, convex. —-( European herbs. Lvs. in many linear and subulate segments. 1. N. DAMASCENA. Fennel Flower.-Fls. in a leafy involucre; anth. obtuse; carpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose capsule.-Native of S. Europe. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have been applied the gentle names of "ragged lady," " devil in a bush," &c. Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the Fennel. Flowers terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided like the rest. They are often double, white or pale-blue. Jn.-Sept. 2. N. SATiVA. Nutmeg Flower.-St. hairy, erect; fis. naked; anth. obtuse; capsules muricate.-From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn.-Sept. ORDER II. IMAGNOLIACEE- MAGNOLIADS. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed, never serrate. St/p. membranaceous either convolute in the leaf-bud, or placed face to face. Fie. solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect. 150 II. MAGNOLIACEM. LRIODENDRON. Ca. —Sepals 3-6, deciduous, colored like the petals. Cor.-Petals 6-12, hypogynous, in several rows, imbricate in &estivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct, with short filaments, and adnate anthers. Ova. several, in many rows upon an elongated torus. Fr. follicular or baccate, 1-2-seeded. &ds. attached to the inner suture of the carpels, from which (in Magnolia) they are suspended by a long, delicate funiculus. An order consisting of 11 genera and 65 species, including some of the most splendid and majestic forest trees. The southern and western states seem to be the region of the most of them. China, Japan, and the Indies contain a few, Properties.-The bark of the species mentioned below contains an intensely bitter principle, which is tonic and stimulating, and the corollas are aromatic beyond almost all other flowers. Genera. Carpels dehiscent by the dorsal suture, seeds pendulous....... Magnolia. 1 Carpels indehiscent, seeds enclosed, not pendulous........ Liriodendron. 2 1. MAGNOLIA. In honor of Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, author of' Botanicum Montpeliense,' &c. Sepals 5, often 0 or petaloid; petals 6-12, caducous; carpels 2-valved, 1 —2-seeded, imbricated into a cone; seeds baccate, subcordate, and suspended, when mature, by a long funiculus. —A superb genus, consisting mostly of large trees with luxuriant foliage, and large, fragrant flowers. 1. M. GLAUCA. Wtite Bay. Lvs. oval, glaucous beneath; pet. obovate, tapering to the base.-This species is native in N. Eng., particularly at Gloucestef, Mass., thence to La. and Mo. The tree is about 25f in height, remarkable only for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. The leaves are smooth, entire, of a regular, elliptical form, remarkably pale beneath. Flowers terminal, white, solitary, of 3 sepals and several concave petals, appearing in July. 2. M.' ACUMINATA. Cucumber Tree. Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneatJt; pet. obovate, obtusish.-Grows near the Falls of Niagara, but is more abundant in the Southern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4-5f diam., 60-80f high, bearing an ample and regular summit. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers 5-6' diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely contrasted with the rich dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric, bearing some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 3. M. UMBRELLA. Lam. (M. Tripetala. Linn.) Umbrella Tree. Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, silky when young; sep. 3, reflexed; pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute.-A small tree, 20-30f high; common in the Middle and Southern States, extending north to southern N. Y. Branches irregular. Leaves 16-20' by 6 —8, often appearing whorled at the ends of the branches in the — form of an numbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7-8' diam. Fruit conical, 4-5' long, of a fine rose-color when ripe. The wood is-soft mnd porous, and of little use in the arts. May, June. 4. M. GRANDIFLORA, Native of the Southern States, is the noblest species of the genus. Its great neight (80 f.), its shining, dark-green leaves, its fragrant, white flowers a foot in diameter, form a combination of rare magnificence.t 2. LIRIODENDRON. Gr. Xrtptov, a lily; deyvpov, a tree. Sepals 3, caducous; petals 6; carpels imbricated in a cone, 1-2seeded; seeds attenuated at apex into a scale. — Trees, with large and fragrant flowers. L. TULIPIFERA. Tulip Tree. WhMie Wood. Poplar. A fine tree, one of the most remarkable of the American forests. Can. to La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers it grows much larger. Near Bloomington, Ia., I measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its circumference, 4 feet from the ground, MENISPERaMLM. V. MVIENISPERMACEAE. 151 was 23f; 30 feet from the ground its diameter was 5f'; the whole height 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides rather abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Leaves dark green, smooth, truncate at the end, with two lateral lobes, 3 —5 in length and breadth, on long petioles. In May and June it puts forth numerous large and brilliant flowers, greenish-yellow, orange within, solitary, 4-6' diam. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine. ORDER IV. ANONACE-E. ANONADS. Trees or Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, simple entire, without stipules. Fls. usually green or brown, axillary, large, shorter than the leaves. Cal.-Sepals 3-4, persistent, often united at base. CoT.-Petals 6, in two rows, hypogynous, aestivation valvate. Sta. indefinite, densely crowded. Fil. short. Anth. adnate,extrorse. Ova. numerous, closely packed. Sty. short or o. Stig simple. Fr. dry or succulent, 1-many-seeded, distinct or aggregated. Sds. anatropous. Genera 20, species 800, chiefly native within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four species are found in the United States, all of the following genus. Plants generally aromatic in all their parts. UVARIA. Lat. uva, grape; from the resemblance of the frut of some species, Sepals 3, united at base; petals 6, in 2 rows; carpels oblong, baccate, often torulose, pulpy within; seeds several.-Aromatic shrubs or trees. U. TIRILOBA. Torr. and Gr. (Anona. Linn.) Pauwpaw. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate; pet. dark-purple, exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals. —A small and beautiful tree, 15 —20f high, on banks of streams, Middle, Southern and Western States. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous, the latter 8-12' by 3 —4, very smooth and entire, tapering to very short petioles. Fruit about 1' thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Flowers in March, Apr. ORDER V. MENISPERMACE.E.-MENIsPEREA1Am. Sarub twining or climbing, with alternate, entire leaves. PI. small, in panicles or racemes, usually diocious. Ca. —Sepas 3-, in a double series 2-4 ineach, imbricated in astivatial, hypo., deeiduoul. Cor.-Petals 1-8, hypogynous, usually as many as the sepalS rarely 0. [many. sta. distinct or monadelphous, equal in number to the petals and oppoasite to them, or 3 or 4 times as Anth. innate and consisting of 4 globose lobes. Ova. usually solitary, sometimes 2-4. Fr. a drupe, globose-reniform. Genera 11, species 175, mostof them natives of tropical Asia and Amnerica. The only northern genus is Menispermum. Properties. —A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A foreign 9pecies of Menispermum yields the colurnbo of the shops, which is a valuable tonic; another genu, Ansaita Coicculus, of India, furnishes the Indian cockle, so intoxicating to fishes. MENISPERMUM.Gr. nlis, the moon; orrspa, seed; from thecrescent form of the seed. Flowers 9Qd; sepals 4-8, in a double row; petals 4-7, minute, retuse; 8' Stamens 12-20. 9 Ovaries and styles 2-4; drupes 1-seeded; seeds lunate and compressed. M. CANADENSE. —-Mo-seed. St. climbing; lvs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted near the base; rac. compound; pet. 6-7, small.-in woods and hedges near streams, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Stems round, striate, 8 —1Y ltong. Leaves 4-5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 —5' long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam., black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the properties of a tonic. J1. B. ki, has the leaves lobed. 152 VI. BERBERIDACE.E. JEFFERSONIA. ORDER VI. BERBERIDACEAE. —BERBERIDS. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. Fls. solitary, racemose or panicled, perfect. Cal.-Sepals 6 —4 —6, imbricate in 2 rows, often reinforced by petaloid scales. Cor. hypogynous. Pet. 1-3 times as many as the sepals and opposite to them. Sta. as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Anth. generally opening by recurved valves extrorse. Ova. 1-celled, solitary, simple. Sty. often lateral. Stig. often lateral or peltate. Fr. berried or capsular. Sds. one or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many, attached to lateral placenta. Genera 12, species 100, inhabiting the temperate zones. Some genera, as the Podophyllum and Jefllrsonia, possess cathartic properties. Others, as the Berberis, contain-in their fruits malic and oxalicacid. Conspectus of the Genera. Petals 8, flowers on a scape. Jeffersonia. 8 Leaves not peltate. t Petals 6, with a scale at base.. Leontice. 4 Herbs perennial.? Leaves peltate; stamens oo...... Podophyllum. 2 Shrubs, with yellow flowers and irritable filaments....... Berberis. 1 1. BERBPRIS. Calyx of 6, obovate, spreading, colored sepals,with the three outer ones smaller; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the base of each; filaments 6, flattened; anthers 2 separate lobes on opposite edges of the connectile; style 0; berry oblong, 1-celled; seeds 2 or 3.-Fine hardy shrubs. B. VULGARIS. Berberry Bush. Spines 3-forked; Ivs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles; rac. pendulous, many-flowered; pet. entire.-A well known bushy, ornamental shrub, in hard, gravelly soils, Northern States. Grows 3-8f high. Leaves l —2' long, I as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering at base into the petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn. 0 2. PODOPHYLLUM. Gr. rots, rosos, a foot; OvXXov, a leaf; alluding to the long, firm petioles. Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, concave, caducous; petals 6-9, obovate, concave; stamens 9-18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma. —% Low, rather poisonous herbs. Lvs. 2. Fl. solitary. P. PELTATUM. May Apple. Wbild Mandrake. In woods and fields, common in Middle and Western States, rare in N. Eng. Height about if. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. Stem round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower. Leaves oftener cordate than peltate, in 5-7 lobes, each lobe 6' long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Flowers pedunculate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Petals curiously netted with veins. Fruit ovoid-oblong, large, yellowish, with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. 3. JEFFERSONIA. Bart. In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science, Sepals 4, colored, deciduous; petals 8, spreading, incurved; stamens 8, with linear anthers; stigma peltate; capsule obovate, stipitate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence.-Scape simple, 1-flowered. Lvs. 2-parted or binate. J. DIPHYLLA. Barton. A singular plant, 8-14' high, Middle and Western States. Rhizoma horizontal Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate leaves, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, glaucous NELUMBIUM. VII[. NELUMBIACEX. 153 beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Flowers large, regular, white. The capsule opens only half round, and has therefore a persistent lid. Apr.-This plant has in Ohio the reputation of a stimulant and antispasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 4. LEONTICE. Gr. Xcwv, a lion; the leaf is likened to a lion's foot-track. Calyx free from the ovary, of 3-6 green sepals; corolla of 6 petals, each bearing a scale attached to the claw at base within; stamens 6; cells of the anther dehiscent at edge; pericarp membranaceous (caducous), 2-4-seeded; seeds erect, globose. L. THALICTROIDES. (Caulophyllum. Michx.) Poppoose Root. Smooth; Ivs. biternate and triternate; Ifts. oval, petiolate, unequally lobed, the terminal one equally 3-lobed.-A smooth, handsome plant, in woods, Can. to Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. Stem 1-2if high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemose panicle of greenish flowers. Leaflets paler beneath, 2-3t long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquilegia. Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin pericarp, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. ORDER VII. CABOMBACEIE.-WATERSHIELDS. Herbs aquatic, with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, small. Sep. 3-4, colored inside. Cor.-Petals 3-4, alternate with the sepals. Sta. hypogynous, either 6, or more than 17. Anth. adnate. Ova. 2 or more. Sti,. simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species s. American water-plants, extending from Cayenne, S. America, to N. England. Property-Slightly astringent. BRASENIA. Schreb. Calyx of 3-4 sepals, colored within, persistent; corolla of 3-4 petals; stamens 18 —36; ovaries 6-18; carpels oblong, 2-(or by abortion 1-)seeded. —% Aquatic. The stem, peduncles, and under sur face of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. B. PELTiTA. Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea. Mx.) Water Ttrget. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water-lily, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Leaves peltate, elliptical, entire, 2-3' by 1 —1', with the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the centre, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Flowers arising to the surface, on long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. July. ORDER VIII.-NELUMBIACEAE.- WATER-BEAs. Herbs aquatic, with peltate, fleshy, radical lvs. Rhizome prostrate. Fls. large, solitary, on long, erect scapes. Sep. 4-5. Cor.-Petals 00oo, in many rows, arising from without the disk. Sta. 00, in several rows; filaments petaloid; anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. 00, separate, each with a simple style and stigma. Fr.-Nuts generally 1-seeded, half sunk in hollows of the very large torus. Sds. destitute of albumen, and with a highly developed embryo. This order comprises but a single genus with 3 species, two of which inhabit the still waters of tropical regions, and the other, of the U. S. The nuts are eatable, and indeed all the other parts of the plant. NELUMBIUM. Juss. Characters of the genus the same as those of the order. N. LUTEUM. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, entire; anth. with a linear appendage.-A magnificent flowering plant, peculiar to the stagnant waters of the south and west! 154 IX. NYMPHIEACEM.. NUPRAR. out occasionally met. with in Ct. and N. Y. Rhizoma creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6 f. From this arise the simple scapes and petioles to the surface. Leaves 10-18' diam., the petioles inserted on one side of the centre. Flowers several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata, and without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white, becoming yellow towards the base. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and are used for food by the Indians. June. ORDER IX. NYMPHAEACEAE. -WATER LmLns. Herbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhiz oma. FPis. large, showy, often sweet-scented. Cal. — Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Cor. — Pet. inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. Sta. numerous in several rows upon the disk. Fi/. petaloid. Anth. adnate, introrse. Ova. many-celled, many-seeded, surrounded by a fleshy disk. Sds. attaehed to the spongy placentae, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. Genera 5, species 50, inhabiting the northern hemisphere. Their general aspect is that of anendogen. out they have two foiaceous cotyledons. The stems of Nymphsaa contain a powerful astringent principle, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless and may be used for frod. Genera. Flowers white or rose-color,........ Nympaa. 1 Flowers yellow,........,..... Nupshar. 2 1. NYMPHJEA. The Greek Nymph or Naiad of the waters. Sepals 4-5; petals 00, inserted on the torus at its base; stamens gradually transformed into petals; stigma surrounded with rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. —- Aquatic. N. oDoRIAA. Water Lily. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, entire, with veins prominent beneath; cal. 4-sepaled, equaling the petals; stg. 15-20-rayed.-One of the loveliest of flowers, possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and sluggish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizoma thick, in mud where the water' is of 3 —8 or 10f in depth, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5 —6 diam., dark shining green above, cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the long petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals lanceolate, 1 —f2' long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged with purple. Filaments yellow, dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into petals. (' 72.) July.,. rosea. Ph. Petals stained with purple. Mass. 2. NUP H-AR. Smith. Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, truncated, linear stamens on the torus; stigma discoid, with prominent rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. —2 Aquatic. 1. N. ADV~NA. Ait. (Nymphea Adv. Mx.) Yellow Pond Lily. /Lvs. ovaf, rounded at apex, with rounded, diverging lobes at base; sep. 6; pet. 00; stig. 12-15-rayed, margin crenate.-Very common in sluggish streams and muddy lakes, Can. to Ga. W. to Oreg. A well looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with some justice, the frog lily. The rhizoma is large, creeping extensively. Leaves large, dark green, shining above, and, when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. J1. #. tomentosa. T. & G. (N. tomentosa. Nutt.) Lvs. canescently tomert. tose beneath. SANaUINARIA. Xl. PAPAVERACEIE. 155 2. KALMIINA. Ait. (Nymphlea Kalmiana. Michx. Nuphar lutea. B. Kalmiana. T. 4- G.) Kalm's Pond Lily. "Floating Ivs. oblong, cordate, lobes approximate; submersed Ivs. membranaceous, reniform-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse;" stig. 8-12-rayed, somewhat crenate.-A smaller species, with small yellow flowers, growing in similar situations with the last, N. States. —Dr. Robbins, from whose MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. lutea, Smith, or any other species. Petiole subterete; upper leaves 2-3' long 1 —2J' wide, lower leaves 3-4' diam. J1. ORDER X. SARRACENIACEE.- WATER PITCHERS. Herbs aquatic, perennial in bogs, with fibrous roots. Ltv. radical, with a hollow, urn-shaped petiole and lamina articulated at summit. FIs. large, solitary, or several on scapes. Cal.-Sepals 5, persistent, with a 3-leaved involucel at base. aEst. imbricate. Cor. —Petals 5, unguiculate, hypogynous, concave. Sta. 00, hypogynous. Anth. oblong, adnate, introrse. Ova. 5-celled, placenta central. Sty. single. Stig. dilated, peltate, 5-angled. Pr. capsular, 5-celled, 5-valved, crowned with the broad persistent stigma. lds. o0, minute. An order consisting of only 2 genera, (one inhabiting the bogs of N. America, the other in Guiana,) and 7 species. SARRACENIA. Tourn. In memory of Dr. Sarrazen of Quebec, the discoverer of the genus. Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small-bracts at base; petals 5, deciduous; stigma very large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. S. PURPUREA. Side-saddle Flower. Lgvs.(ascidia) radical, decumbent, inflated, contracted at the mouth,winged on the inner side, ending in a broad-cordate, erect lamina.-One of the most curious of plants. Grows in wet meadows and about mud lakes, Lab. to Flor. Leaves 6-9' long, rosulate, ever-green, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole (.) swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole length inside, from — 1' wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a lamina (.), covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a wine-glass, and they are generally full of water with drowned insects. Scape 14-20' highi terete, smooth, supporting a single large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. f?. heterophylla. Torr. (S. heterophylla. Eaton.) —Scape rather shorter; sep. yellowish-green; pet. yellow.-Northampton, Ms. Mr. R. M. Wright! Leaves scarcely different. ORDER XI. PAPAVERACEA. -PoPPYWORTS. Plants herbaceous, generally with a colored juice. Lvs. alternate, simple or divided, without stipules. Fls. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue. Cal.-Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous, imbricated in eestivation. Cor.-Petals 4, rarely 5 or 6, hypogynous. Sta. often 00, but some multiple of 4, rarely polyadelphous. Anth. innate. Ova. solitary. Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. Fr. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placenta, or capsular with several. Sds. oo00, minute, Embryo minute, at the base of oily albumen. An order consisting of 38 genera and 130 species, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterized by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juices. The seeds are commonly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamental in cultivation. Conspectus of the Genera. Stigmas concave.. Argemone. 3 Leaves armed with prickly teeth. Stigmas convex... Meconopsis. 4 yellow. Leaves unarmed, entirely green, cauline.. Chelidonium. 2 orange-red. Leaves radical, reniform. Capsule terete. Sanguinaria. 1 white. Leaves unarmed, cauline. Capsule globose.. Papaver. 5 Juice (colorless. Leaves multifid with linear segments. Capsule terete... Eschscholtzia. 6 1. SANGUINARIA. Lat. sanguis, blood; all parts abound in a red juice. Sepals 2, caducous; petals 8, in 2 series, those of the outer series 14 156 XI. PAPAVERACEE. Mmcoiowas. longer; stamens 00; stigma 1-2-lobed, sessile; capsule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. —% Juice orange red. S. CANADENSIS. Blood-root. An interesting flower of' woods, groves, &c., appearing in early spring. Rhizoma fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes a blood-colored fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the rootstalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Flower of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr. May. 2. CHELIDONIUM. [its departure. Gr. Xe(cov, the swallow; being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with Sepals 2, suborbicular; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base; stamens 24-32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1, small, sessile, bifid; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, I -celled; seeds crested.% with yellow juice. C. MAJUS. Celandine. Lvs. pinnate; efts. lobed, segments rounded; fis. in umbels.-A pale green, fleshy herb found under fences, by road-sides, &c., arising 1-2f high. Leaves smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2-4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Leaflets 1 —-2j' long, j as broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the par. tial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals elliptical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The abundant bright yellow juice is used to cure itch and destroy warts. May.-Oct. Q 3. ARGEMONE. Or. apyepta, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate, caducous; petals 6, roundish, larger than the sepals; stamens 00, as short as the calyx; stigma sessile, capitate, 6-lobed; capsule obovoid, opening at the top by valves.- O Herbs with yellow juice. A. MEXICiNA. Horn Poppy. Lvs. repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth; ft. solitary, erect, axillary; cal. prickly; caps. prickly, 6-valved.-A weed-like plant, native at the south and west, Q at the north. Stem 2-3f high, branching, armed with prickly spines. Leaves 5-7' or 8' long, sessile, spinose on the margin and veins beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal; on short peduncles, about 2' diam., yellow. The juice becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundice, cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, &c. July.J B. TFs. ochroleucous.-y. DF. larger, white. 4. MECONOPSIS. Viguier. Gr. UrKcowv, a poppy; oeits, resemblance. Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 00; style distinct; stigmas 4-6, radiating, convex, free; capsule obovate, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves at apex.-Q-Herbs with a yellow juice. M. DIPHYLLA. DC. (Chelidonium. Micax. Stylophorum. Nutt.) Lvs. pinnately divided, glaucous beneath, segments 5 —7, ovate-oblong, sinuate, cauline 2, opposite, petiolate; ped. aggregated, terminal; caps. 4-valved, echinate-setose.-Woods, Western States! Plant 12-18' high. Leaves large, 8' by 6', on petioles about the same length; terminal segments somewhat confluent. Peduncle about 3' long. Petals deep yellow. May. XII. FUMARIACER 157 5. PAPA VER. Celtic, papa, pap; a soporific food for children, composed of poppy-seeds, &c: Sepals 2, caducous; petals 4; stamens 00; capsule l-celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent stigma. —Exotic herbs, mostly (, with white juice abounding in opium. 1. P. SOMNIFPERUM. Opium Popp y. Glabrous and glaucous; Ivs. clasping, incised and dentate; sep. glabrous; cap. globose.-A plant with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in curtivation. Stem l —3f high. Leaves 4-8' by 2-3', with rather obtuse dentures. Every part, but especially the capsule, abounds with a white juice powerfully narcotic, and which when hardened in the sun, forms the oplum of the shops. For this drug, it is extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia. Jn. J1. t 2. P. DUBItJM. Dubious Poppy. Caulescent; st. hispid with spreading hairs; Ivs. pinnately parted, segments incised; ped. clothed with appressed hairs; sep. hairy- caps. obovoidoblong, glabrous.-Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds, Penn. Stem about 2f high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Jn. J1. ~ 3. P. RHEAAS. Common Red Poppy.-St. many-flowered, hairy; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid; capsules smooth, nearly globose.-Distinguished from the last spe. cies chiefly by its more finely divided leaves and its globular capsule. About 2 f high. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet red. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and particolored flowers, more or less double. Jn. J1. t 4. P. ORIENTILE. Oriental Poppjy.-St. 1-flowered, rough; Ivs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate; capsules smooth. —Native of Levant. Stem 3 f high. Flowers very large, and of a rich scarlet color, too brilliant to be lookede upon in the sun. Jn. t 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Named for Eschscholtz, a German botanist, well known for his researches ln Calibfornia Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous; petals 4; stamens 00, adhering to the claws of the petals; stigmas 4-7, sessile, 2-3 of them abortive; capsule pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, manyseeded.- )0 Leaves pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, whic/h is colorless, exhales the odor of hydrochloric acid. 1. E. DOUGLASIH. Hook. (Chryseis Californica, of Lindi. and of 1st edit.)St. branching, leafy; torus obconic; cal. ovoid, with a very short, abrupt acumination; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base.-A very showy annual, common in our gardens. Native of California, Oregon, &c. The foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice pinnatifid manner into linear segments. Flowers 2! broad. t 2. E. CALIFORNiCA. Hook. (Chryseis crocea, Lindl. and of 1st edit.) —t. branching, leafy; torus fu-nnel-form, with a much dilated limb; cal. obconic, with a long acumination; fls. orange-yellow.-From California. Leaves and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter are more of a reddishorange. hue. t ORDER. XII. FUMARIACE2E.-FUMEWORTS. Plants herbaceous, with brittle stems and a watery juice. L". usually alternate, multifid, often furnished with tendrils. F/s. irreguLar, purple, white or yellow. Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor.-Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering.at apex. Sta. 6, diadelphous; fil. dilated; anth. adnate, extrorse, 2 outer l-celled, middle 2-celled. Ova. superior, i-celled; sty. filiform; stig. with one or more points. Fr. either an indehiscent nut1 —-2-seeded, or a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. Albmrn fleshy. Genera 15, species to0,-5-some of them beautiful and delicate, inhabiting thickets min the temperate regions of the northern henisphere. They posses no remarkable action upon- t1 animal ecanoul. 158 XII. FUMARIACEE. CORYDALIS. Conspectus of the Genera. S Fruit a pod-shaped capsule,.. Corydlis.. only 1 of the outer, sace. or spurred. Fruit a subglobose nut... Fwssarea. 4 P distinct, 2 outer equally saccate or spurred. Delytra. I Petals united, base bigibbous, apex 4-lobed. Climbing herbs. AdIumia. 2 1. DIELYTRA. Borkhausen. Gr. st;, double; AXvrpov, wing-case; in allusion to the two spurs, Sepals 2, small; petals 4, the 2 outer equally spurred or gibbous at the base; stamens united in 2 sets of 3 in each; pod 2-valved, many-seeded.-i-. 1. D. CUCULLARIA. DC. (Corydalis Cucullaria. Pers.) Dutchman's Breeches. Rt. bulbiferous; rac. 4-l10-flowered, secund; spurs divergent. elongated, acute, straight.-Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizoma bearing triangular, small, pale-red bulbs under ground. Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender, 6-10' high. Flowers scentless, nodding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, andt with 2 minute bracteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. April, May. 2. D. CANADENSIs. DC. (D. eximia. Beck. Corydalis Canadensis. Goldie.) Squirrel Corn. Dutchman's Breeches. St. subterranean, tuberiferous; tubers globose; rac. simple, secund, 4-6 flowered; spurs short, rounded, obtuse, slightly incurved.-A smooth, pretty plant common in rocky woods, Can. to Ky. The rhizoma bears a number of roundish tubers about the size of peas, and of a bright-yellow color. Leaves radical, subglaucous, biternate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, segments linearoblong, obtuse, 5 —8 long. Scape 6-8' high, bearing a few odd-looking flowers. Corolla white, tipped with yellow, 5" long. Calyx minute. Stamens 3 on each lip. May, Jn. 3. D. EXIMIA. DC. (Corydalis formosa. Ph.) Choice Dielytra. Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous; Ivs. numerous; rac. compound, the branches cymose; spurs very short, obtuse, incurved; stigma 2-horned at apex. —A fine species, on rocks, &c., found by Dr. Sartwell, in Yates Co., N. Y. (S. to N. Car.) Leaves radical, 10-15' high, somewhat triternate, with incisely pinnatifid segments, but quite variable. Scape 8-12' high, with several (4-8) cymes, each with 6-10 purplish, nodding flowers. Corolla 8 —10" long, broad at base. Bracts purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn. —Sept. t 2. ADLUMIA. Raf. Named for John Adlum, Washington, D. C., a cultivator of the vine. Sepals 2, minute; petals 4, united into a fungous, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bigibbous at base, 4-lobed at apex; stamens united in 2 equal sets; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. —- Climbing. A CIRRHOSA. Raf. (Fumaria fungosa. Willd. Corydalis. Pers.) Mountain Fringe. A delicate climbing vine, native qf rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. Stem striate, many feet in length. Leaves decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, ultimate divisions 3-lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. Flowers very numerous, in axillary, pendulous, cymose clusters, pale-pink. Calyx minute. Corolla slightly cordate at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering-upwards, 2-lipped. Fine for arbors. Jn.-Aug4. 3. CORYDALlS. DC. Greek name of the Fumitory, from which genus this was taken. Sepals 2, small; petals 4, one of which is spurred at the base; xC RU CtiFER 59 stamens 6, diadelphous; filaments united into 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary; pod 2-valved, compressed, manyseed. —Lvs. caluline. Pedicels racemose, bractless. 1. C. Gk-*UCA. Ph. (Fumaria glauca. Curtis.) Glac6r1zs Corydalis. St. erect, branched; Ivs. glaucous, bipinnate, segments cuneate-obovate, 3lobed; pods linear, as long as the pedicels. —g. A smooth, delicate plant, in mountainous woods, Can. to N. Car., covered with a glaucous bloom. Root fusiform. Stem 1 —4f high. Leaflets nearly 1' long and i' wide, cut into 3 obtuse lobes. Flowers terminal, on the subpaniculate branches. Calyx of 2, ovate, acuminate sepals, between which, placed crosswise, is balanced the cylindrical, ringent corolla, beautifully qolored with alternating shades of red and yellow. May —Aug. 2. C. aURRA. Willd. (Fumarla aurea. Muhl.) Coldee lotjdalis. St. branching, diffuse; lvs. glaucous, bipinnate, lobed, the lobes oblonglinear, acute; bracts linear-lanceolate, dentate, 3 times as long as the peduncle; rac. secund, opposite the leaves and terminal; pod terete, torulose. —(I In rocky shades, Can. to Mo. S. to Ga. Stem 8-12' high, with finely divided leaves. Flowers bright yellow, about half as long as the torulese pods which succeed them. May-Aug, 4. }FUMARIA. Lat. jistnr, smoke; from its disagreeable smell. Sepals 2, caducous; petals 4, unequal, one of them spurred at the base, filaments in 2 sets each with 3 anthers; nut ovoid or-globose, l-seeded and valveless. —Lvs. cauline finely dissected. F. OFFICINiLIS. Fumitory. St. subereet, branched, and spreading; sips. bipianate:; -, s. lanceolate, cut into linear segments; rac. loose; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the globose, retuse nut. —A small, handsome plant, in sandy fields and about' gardens, introduced from Europe. Stem 10-15' high, smooth as well as the leaves. Leaflets cut into segments dilated upwards. Flowers small, rosecolored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long as the bracts. July, Aug.. ORDER XII. CRUCIFERAE.-CRucIrERs. Plants herbaceous, very rarely suffruticose, with alternate leaves. Fls. yellow or white rarely purple, without bracts, generally in racemes. Cal.-Sepals 4, deciduous. [a cross. Cor. of 4 regular petals, their claws inserted into the receptacle, and their limbs spreading in the form of Sta. 6, 2 of them upon opposite sides, shorter than the other 4. [sepiment,-stig. two. Ova. composed of two united carpels, with two parietal placenta united by a membranous false disFr. a silique or silicle usually 2-celled. Sd,. attached in a single row to each side of the placqntas -albumen 0. Embryo, with the two cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Genera 173, species 1600.-This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. Properties. —The Cruciferae as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several alimentary articles which are very nutricious, as the turnip, cabbage, cauliflower- several others are used as condiments; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. They are also remarkable for containing more nitrogen than other vegetables, for which reason ammonia is generally evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tiuctoria affords a blue coloring matter. 14* 160 XII1. CRUCIFERE. TLAusPI. 1' FIG. 40.-1. A flower of Sinapis nigra. 2. The stamens (4 long and Ishort) and pistil. 3. Plan of the flower, —stamens in 2 rows, outer row half wanting. 4. A silique,-5, partly open, showing the septum with seeds attached. 6.Cross section ofa seed, cotyledons conduplicate (O >>). 7. Flower (enlarged) and leaf of Capsella. 8. A silicle,-9, open, showing the narrow septum with seeds. 10. Cross section of a seed, cotyledons incumbent (o 1). 11. Section of a winged seed of Arabis Canadensis, cotyledons accumbent 0o. Conspectus of the Genera. * Ornamental exotics not culinary. ( Silicle S Some of the stamens toothed. Alyswn. 8 2-celled. t Stamens all toothless. Lunaria. 9 Petal s equal. Silicle i-celled, I-seeded.. Isatis. 11 Fruit siliculose; Petals unequal, the 2 outer ones larger. Iberis. 10 S Stigma capitate....... Cheiranthus. 21 Seeds flat(O-). ) Stigmas cornute....... Matthiola. 22 Fruit siliquose; Seeds ovoid (01). Calyx furrowed at base..... Heear.s. 18 ** Plants native or naturalized, and culinary exotics., 4-o0-seeded... Thlaspi. l fovate and eremarginate, ( 2-seeded... Lepidi 3 1 compressed, (entire at the apex.. Draba. 4 ovoid or Leaves cauline.... Cochlearia. 5 Silicle I globose. Leaves radical.. Subularia. 6 Fruit jointless, Ltriangular, cuneate at base..... Capsella. 2 siliculose. Silicle with 2 joints, upper joint ovate or ensiform... Cakile. 2 ( ds. not 0-... Cardamine. 16 Sbordered, e 0... Sisymbrium. 19 i (Seeds in a 5 Pods linear. Seeds bordered. Cheiranthus. 21 single row. Pods lanceolate. Leaves few. Dentaria. 17 (Valves Seeds in a wingless...... Nasturtiumn. 12 veinless.. double row, t winged on the margin.. Turritis. 14 Flowers Fruit Valves with one central vein, flat, linear...... Arabis. 15 cyanic. siliquose. Valves 0. Silique indehiscent, transversely celled... Raphanus. 26 Pods dehiscent. Bramsca. 24 ( globose. t Pods indehiseent. Raphanu. 26 Seeds in a oblong (0). Leaves lyrate.. Barbarea. 13 Calyx erect single row, oblong (011 ). Leaves undivided. Erysimnum. 20 or closed. Seeds in a double row..... Turritis. 14 fFruit ]- s Seeds ovoid or oblong (0O )... Sisynbrium. 19 siliquose. Calyx spreading.. Seeds globose (O>)... Sinapis. 23 Flowers - S oblong or somewhat terete.. Nasturtium. 12 yello. LFruit siliculose,.. obovold or subglobose....... Camelina. 7 SECTION I. SILICULOSXE. (5 80, note.) 1. THLASPI. Dill. Gr. &kXa&o, to compress; on account of tfie compressed or flattened silicles. Calyx equal at base; petals equal; -silicle short, flat, emarginate at the apex, many-seeded; valves carinate, often winged on the back;- cotyledons accumbent (o=).-Lvs. undivided. Fls. white. 1. T. ARVENSE. Penny Cress. Lvs. oblong, coarsely dentate, smooth; silicle roundish-obovate, shorter than the pedicel; stig. subsessile.-In cultivated, stony fields,Can. and Northern States. The whole plant smooth, 8-12' high, branched. Leaves 1 —2 long, i as wide, the cauline slightly arrow-shaped with small obtuse auricles, wavy and toothed isPIDIM,. XIII. CRI.CI FERUI.. 1.1 at margin. Flowers smalls in terminal racemes. Silicles large, fiat, with dilated wings. The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. June.~ 2. T. ALLIACEUM. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, somewhat dentate, upper ones sagittate-amplexicaul, with acute auricles; silicles ovate-ventricose; stig. subsessile.-In cultivated fields, Western States, not common, Stems 6-10' high. Lower leaves petiolate. Flowers smaller than in T. arvense, in terminal racemes. This also savors of garlic. May-J1. ~ 3. T. TUBER(SUM. Nutt. Rt. tuberiferous and fibrous; st. pubescent, simple, short; Ivs. rhomboidovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile, radical ones petiolate; silicle suborbicular.-2- Penn. Stem not more than 4-5' high. Flowers rather large, rose-colored. Apr. May. 2. CAPSELLA. Vent. Diminutive from capsa, a chest or box; alluding to the fruit. Calyx equal at base; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, com pressed laterally; valves carinate, not winged on the back; septum sublinear; style short; seeds 00; oblong, small, 0Il.-(D Fls. white. A troublesome weed. C. BURSA-PASTORIS. Maench. (Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris. L/inn.) Skeplherd's ~purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and roadsides. Stem 6-8 —-12' high, nearly smooth in the upper part, hirsute below, striate, branching. Root-leaves rosulate, 2 —— 8' long, i as wide, cut-lobed, on margined petioles; segments about 13. These leaves are sometimes wanting, (when the weed is crowded,) or only dentate. Stem-leaves much smaller, very narrow, with two small, acute auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 3-12' long Silicle smooth, triangular, emarginate at the end, and tipped with the style. April-Sept. Q 3. LEPIDIUM. R. Br. Gr. XEnrL, a scale; from the resemblance of the silicle. Sepals ovate; petals ovate, entire; silicles oval-orbicular, emarginate; septum very narrow, crossing the greater diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent; cells 1-seeded, O11 or O-.-Fls. white. 1. L. VIRGINiCUM. Wild Pepper-grass. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate, smooth; st. paniculately branched above; sta. 2-4; silicles orbicular, emarginate; seeds 0=. —( In dry fields and road-sides, U. S. Stem rigid, round, smooth, If high. Leaves 1-2' by 1 —3", acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones sessile, lower pinnatifidly cut. Flowers and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of racemes. FIs. very small, mostly diandrous; silicles lens-shaped, 14" diam., with a notch at the end. Taste pungent, like that of the garden pepper-grass. Jn.-Oct. 2. L. CAMPESTRE, R. Br. (Thlaspi campestris. Linn.) Yellow Seed. Cauline lvs. sagittate, denticulate; silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scalypunctate. —-l In waste places and dry fields, especially among flax. Stem strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6-10' high, branching. Leaves 1' long, i as wide, acute, with 2 lobes al base, upper one clasping the stem, all minutely velvety. Flowers small. Silicles 14" long, numerous, in long racemes. Jn. J1.~ 3. L. RUDERALE. Lvs. cauline, incised, those of the branches linear, entire; fis. apetalous, and with but 2 stamens; silicles broadly oval or suborbicular, emarginate, wingless; cotyl. 011.-Dry fields, Mich., Ia., Mo. Stem 10-15 high. Racemes many. Flowers remarkable for wanting the petals, which are always present in our other species. 4. L. SATivUM. Peppergrass.-Ls. variously divided and cut; branches without spines; silicles orbicular, winged. —-D Native of the East. Stems 1-31 162 ] li CRCERE DaI high, very branchi. Silicles 2 —3 broad, very numerous. A well kaown garden salad July. t-~ 4. DRABA. Gr. ypaf/ln acrid, biting; from the tnste of the plant Calyx equal at base;. petals equal; filaments without teeth; silicle oval-oblong, entire, the valves flat or convex; cells 2, many-seeded; seeds not margined. 1. D. VERNA. (Eriophila vulgaris. DC) Wtlittow Grass. Scape naked; Ivs. oblong, acute, subserrate, hairy; pet. bifid; tig. sessile; eiiek oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. —()A little early-flowering plant in grassy fields, Can. to Va. Leaves all radical, lanceolate, j-1f' long, I as wide, with a few teeth towards the end. Scape a few inches high, with a raceme of 5-15 small, white flowers. Calyx spreading. Petals cleft half way down. Silicles about a line wide and 3 —4" long, with deciduous valves. Apr. May. 2;. D. ARtnISANS. Miehx. (Arabis, PA.) St. leafy, somewhat branched and pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acutely dentate; silicle oblong-lanceolate, smooth, longer than the pedicel; sty. very short.Lake shores, among rocks, Vt., N. Y., Mich. Stems several from the same root, 6-8' high. Radical leaves I' or more in length, attenuate at base, with a few slender, spreading teeth; cauline leaves somewhat clasping. Flowers white, in a short raceme. Silicte elongated (1I' long), acuminate, contorted, and might be called a silique. May. 3. D1. CAROLImNINA. Walt. (D. hispidula. Mdcrx.) St. leafy at base, hispid, naked and smooth at the top,; /s. ovate-roundish, entire, hispidt; sieles linear, smooth, longer than the pedicels, eorymbose. —d -Sandy fields, Conn., Dr, Robbirs, R. I., M1r. G. Hazt, S. to Ga. Stem 1 —3 high, very hairy. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. Petals white, twice as long as the sepals. Silicle j' long, lance-linear, manyseeded. Stigma subsessile. Apr. Jn. 4. D. RAMOSISSiMA. Desv. (Alyssum dentatum. Nutt.) Minutely pubescent; sts. numerous; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with remote and slender teeth, upper ones entire; rac. corymbosely paniculate; siic/e lanceolate, about the length of the pedicel, and tipped with the style i as long.-'-q On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., west to Ky. Stems slender, 4-10' long, with tufted leaves at top. Leaves about 1' long, with I or 2 teeth on each side. Flowers white. Silicles 3 —5/" in length, ascending. Apr. May. 5. D. NEMORIALIS. Ehrh. St. pubescent, branched; lvs. oval, hirsute, cauline lanceolate, toothed; pet. emarginate; silicles oblong-elliptical, the length of the pedicels; sds. nearly 30.-4 Mich. Mo. Plant slender, 8-10' high. Stem with few branches. Leaves mostly radical. Racemes much elongated in fruit, with very long pedicels. Flowers minute, yellowish white. May. 6. D. CUNEIFOLIA. Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent; st. branching and leafy below; Ivs. sparingly toothed, radical spatulate-oblong, cauline few, oblong, ovate, somewhat attenuate at base; rac. rather elongated in fruit; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedicels; pet. emarginate. T. 4- G. —4 Grassy places about St. Louis, &c., Nuttall. Plant 3 —8' high. Flowers much larger than in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice longer than the sepals. Silicles about i' long and 30-seeded. March, Apr. 7. D. BRACHYCARPA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent; radical lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate; cauline oblong or linear, slightly dentate or entire; rac. many flowered, straight, elongated in fruit; pet. obovate, entire; silicle oval, glabrous, about as long as the pedicels, 10-12-seeded. —% Grassy places near St. Louis. Stem much branched and leafy. Silicles 2-3" long, March, Apr. ALYSSUM. XII1. CRUCIFERLE. 163 5. COCHLEARIA. Tourn. Lat. cochlear, a spoon; refering to the concave leaves. Calyx equal at base, spreading; petals entire; stamens without teeth; silicle sessile, oblong or ovoid-globose, with ventricose valves; seeds many, not margined; O=. —Fls. white. 1. C. ARMORACIA. Horse Radish.-Radical lvs. oblong, crenate; cauline long, lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile; silicle elliptic. —4 A common garden herb, native of Europe. Root fleshy, large, white, very acrid. Stem 2-3f high, angular, smooth, branching. Radical leaves near a foot long, j as wide, on long, channeled petioles. Lower stem-leaves often cut in a pinnatifid manner, upper toothed or entire. Flowers small, in corymbose racemes. The root is a well known condiment for roast beef and other viands. Jn. Bl. aquatica. (C. aquatica. Eaton and 1st edit.) Lvs. all pinnatifid, the lower ones doubly and finely so. Wet places,.oftcn submerged.Q 2. C. OFFICINILIS. Scurvy Grass.-Radical lvs. cordate, petiolate, cauline ovate, angular or dentate; silicles oval-globose, half as long as the pedicel.Q4 Native of Europe and of Arctic Am. Stem 8-12' high. Root leaves 4-18' long, i as wide. Flowers racemed. Occasionally cultivated for its powerful antiscorbitic properties. Jn. 6. SUBULARIA. Named in reference to the linear-subulate leaves. Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded; stigma sessile; cotyiedons linear, curved. —( Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. S. AQUATiCA. Aliwort. A small plant growing on the muddy shores of ponds in Maine, Nutt., _nd near the White Mts., Pickering. Leaves all radical, entire, subulate, an:.ach in length. Scape 2-3' high, racemose, with a few minute, white flowers, en slender pedicels only 2" in length. J1. 7. CAMELINA. Crantz. Gr. Xapat, dwarf; )tvov, flax. Calyx equal at base; petals entire; silicle obovate or subglobose, with ventricose valves and many-seeded cells; styles filiformu, persistent; seeds oblong, striate, not m argined, 0 I. C. SATiVA. Crantz. (Myagrum. Linn.) Gold-of-pleasure. False Flaz. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire; silicle obovate-pyriform, margined, tipped with the pointed style.-(- In cultivated fields. Stem 1 —2h f. high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves roughish, 1-2' long, clasping the stem with their acute, arrow-shaped lobes. Flowers small, yellow, in paniculated racemes. Silicles 2-3/" long, on pedicels 2-3 times as long.-Said to be cultivated in Germany for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. Jn.~ 8. ALYSSUM. Gr. a. privative; )varaa, rage; supposed by the ancients to allay anger. Calyx equal at base; petals entire; some of the stamens with teeth; silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the centre; seeds 1-4 in each cell. 1. A. SAXATILE. Rock Alyssum. Madwort.-St. suffruticose at base, subcorymbose; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, downy; silicle ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded; sds. margined.-An early-flowering garden perennial, native of Candia. Stem If high, with numerous yellow flowers in close corymbose bunches. Apr. May.t 2. A. MARITiMUM. Tam. Sweet Alyssum.-St. suffruticose and procumbent at base; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat hoary; pods oval, smooth.1 A sweet-scented garden plant, with fine leaves and small white flowers. Stem a foot in length. Flowers from Jn. to Oct.-All the species of Alyssum are of easy culture in common loamy soils. t lW XIII. CRUCIFER.E. NAsTURTIBM. 9. LUNARIA. Lat. luna, the moon; from the broad, round silhcles. Sepals somewhat bisaccate at base; petals nearly entire; stamens without teeth; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate, with flat valves; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment. I. L. REDIVIVA. Perennial Satin Flomer or HEonesty.-St. erect, branching; lvs. ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate; silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. — From Germany. Stem 2-3f high. Flowers light purple. Jn. t a L. BIENNIS. DC. Honesty.-St. erect; lvs. with obtuse teeth; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends.-(- These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany. Stems 3-4f high. Leaves cordate. Flowers lilac-colored. The broad, round, silvery silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Jn. t 10. IBERIS. Most of the species are native of Iberia, now Spain. The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner; silicles compressed, truncate, emarginate, the cells 1-seeded.-N-one of the species are NV. American. 1. 1. UMBEL1,iTA. Purple Candy-tuft.-Herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed.-This and -the following species are very popular garden annuals, very pretty in borders, and of very easy culture. I. umbellata is from S. Europe. Stem If high. Flowers purple, terminal, in-simple umbels, and like the rest of the genus remarkable for having the 2 outer petals larger than the 2 inner ones. Jn. J1. t 2. 1. AMARA. Bitter Candy-tift.-Herbaceous; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, somewhat toothed; fis. corymbed, becoming racemed; silicles obcordate, narrowly emarginate. — Native of England. Stem If high. Flowers white. Jn. Jl.4 3. 1. PINNiTA. Winged-leaved Candy-tuft.-Herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid; rac. corymbose, but little elongated after flowering.-0) From S. Europe. Plant If high. Flowers white. Jn. —Aug.': 4. I. SAXATiLIS. Rock Candy-tuft. —Shrubby; Ivs. linear, entire, somewhat fieshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate; fis. in corymbs.-() From S. Europe. Nearly If high. Flowers white. Apr.-Jn,. t Obe.-Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are equally ornamental with those above pnentioned. 11. ISATIS. Gr. to to, temake equal; supposed to remove roughness from the skin. Silicle elliptical, flat, i-celled (dissepiment obliterated), 1-seeded, with carinate, navicular valves, which are scarcely dehiscent.-None of the species are N: American. I TINCTORIA. Woad.-Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatulate at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. —() The Woad is native ef England. It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which ed a dye that may be substituted for indigo. The plant grows about 4 f. high, with large leaves clasping the stem with their broad bases. Flowers yellow, large, in terminal racemes. May-J1. $ SECTION 2. S ILIQUOSE. (Q 80, note.) 12. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. Lat. nass tortus; from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose. Sepals equal at base, spreading; silique subterete, mostly curved upwards, sometimes short so as to resemble a silicle; valve&_veiness; seeds in a double row, O=-.-Aquatic herbs. Titirn. XIII. CRUCIFERiE. 165 1. N. OFFICINILE. R. Br. (Sisymbrium Nast. Linn.) English WaterCress. Ljvs. pinnate; Ifis. ovate, subcordate, repand; pet. white, longer than the calyx. —4 Brooks and ponds. Stems decumbent If long, thick, with axillary branches. Leaves of 3-7 leaflets; leaflets broad, often cordate, rather acute, obtusely toothed, terminal one largest. Flowers corymbed. Siliques less than 1' long. Jn.-It is beginning to be cultivated in the vicinity of our cities as a salad.:t 2. N. AMPHIBIUM. R. Br., (Sisymbrium. Linn.) Amphibious Water Cress. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or serrate; rt. fibrous; pet. longer than the calyx; silique elliptical, acute at base, tipped with the mucronate style.-' Banks of the Mohawk, Dr. Robbins. Rare. Stem 1-2f high, furrowed. Leaves variable, immersed ones pinnatifid or pectinate, upper ones serrate. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long, dense raceme. Silique h1lf as long as the spreading or reflexed peduncle, pointed with the short style. Jn. J1. 3. N. PALUSTRE. DC. MarsA Water Cress. Lv-s. pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes confluent, dentate, smooth; rt. fusiform; pet. as loug as the sepals; silique spreading, turgid, obtuse at each end. —' In wet places. Stem 1-2f high, erect, branched above. Leaves 2 —3' long, all more or less pinnatifid, smooth, except a few cilia at base. Flowers numerous, minute, yellow. Silique 3 —4" long, on pedicels of equal length. Jn. —Aug. 4i N. siriSPiDm. DC. (Sisymbrium. Pairet.) Hispid Water Cress. St. vrilous; Ivs. somewhat villous, runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes rather obtusely dentate; siliques (rather silicles) ovate, tumid, pointed with the style, scarcely more than half as long as the pedicels; pet. scarcely as long as the calyx. —. Banks of streams, Walpole, N. H., Conn. to Penn. Stem angular, branched, 1. —3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Leaves 3-6' long. Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles 1" long, on pedicels 2-3" long and somewhat spreading. 5. N. NATANS. DC. H. Anericanwvt. Gray. Floating Water Cress. Emersed lvs. serrate, oblong-linear, undivided, immersed ones doubly pinnatifid, with capillary segments; pet. twice as long as the calyx; siliques obovate, twice as long as the style.-34 In water, Can. and U. S.'Stem long, submerged. Flowers white, middle size. J1. 6. N. SYLVESTRE. (Sisymbrium vulgare. Pers.) Creeping Water Cress. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments lanceolate, incisely serrate; pet. longer than the calyx; siliques oblong, torulose; sty. very short.-Baniks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. Nuttall. 5 13. BARBAREA. R. Br. In honor of St. Barbara, who discovered (what no one has since perceived) its medicinal virtues. Sepals erect, subequal at base; silique columnar, 2 —4-cornered; valves concave-carinate; seeds in a single series; O-. —Lvs. lyra~tely pinnatifid. Fls. yellow. B. VULGIRIs. R. Br. (Erysimum Barbarea. Linn.) Winter Cress. Lower Ivs. lyrate, the terminal lobe roundish, upper ones obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate or repand-defitate; siliques obscurely 4-cornered. -- In old fields, also brook-sides, Northern States, W. to Oregon, common. Whole plant glabrous. Stem furrowed, 1-2f high, branching above. Leaves 1-3-4' long, dark green, shining, on clasping petioles, the terminal lobe 1-1k' diaam., upper ones sessile, all with obtuse teeth. Flowers on pedicels *' long, in terminal racemes. Siliques slender, I' long, curved upwards. May, Jn. 14. TURRITIS. Dillon. Lat. tun-itis, turreted; from the pyramidal form of the plant. Sepals erect, converging; petals erect; silique long, linear, 2-edged; valves plane; seeds in a double series, O=. —Fls. cyanic. 166 XIII. CRUCIFERME. ARAMs, 1. T. GLABRA. Smoota Tower Mustard. St. erect; radical Ivs. petiolate, dentate, with ramose hairs, cauline ones broad-lanceolate, sagittate, half-clasping, glaucous, smooth; siliques erect.Shores of Lake Superior, W. to the Rocky Mts. Naturalized about New Haven. Eaton. Stem round, simple, lifhigh. Leaves 1-2' long. Siliques 2-3' long, very narrow. Flowers pale sulphur-yellow. May. B? T. & G. Lvs. all linear-lanceolate and glabrous, radical ones remotely repand-denticulate, cauline entire.-Watertown, N. Y., on rocks. Torrey 4. Gray. 2. T. BRACHYCARPA. Torr. & Gray. Glabrous and glaucous; radical lvs. spatulate, dentate, cauline ones linearlanceolate, sagittate and subamplexicaul; siliques short, linear-oblong; pedicels pendulous in flower, spreading in fruit. —( Lake shores, Mich. Stem 1 —2f high, often purplish, as well as the foliage. Flowers rather large, pale purple. Siliques 1' long, spreading. 15. ARABIS. Said to derive its name from Arabia, its native country. Sepals erect; petals unguiculate, entire; silique linear, compressed; valves 1-veined in the middle; seeds in a.single row in each cell.Fls. white. 1. A. CANADENSIS. (A. falcata. Michx.) Sickle Pod. Cauline lvs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, narrow at base, pubescent; pedicels pubescent, reflexed in the fruit; silique subfalcate, veined, pendulous; sds. winged. —4 On rocky hills, Can. to Ga. W. to Ark. A plant remarkable for its long, drooping pods, which resemble a sickle blade, or rather a curved sword blade. Stem 2-3f high, slender, round, smooth. Leaves 1 —3 long, i as wide; the lowest early marescent, middle and upper ones sessile or clasping, with narrow bases, remotely denticulate. Flowers small, white. Pods slender, flattened, nearly 3' long. Jn. 2. A. LYRITA. (Sisymbrium arabidoides. Darl.) St. and upper Ivs. smooth and glaucous; radical Ivs. lyrately pinnatifid, often pilose; st. branched at base; pedicels spreading; siliques erect. — On rocky hills, Can. to Va. Stems often many, united at base, 6-12' high. Rootleaves numerous, rosulate, 1 —3' long, i as wide, petiolate, lower stem-leaves pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, upper ones sublinear and subentire. Flowers middle size. Siliques when mature 11 —2' long, less than 1" wide. Apr. May. 3. A. LXEVIGATA. DC. (Turritis levigata. Muhl.) Smooth and glaucous; radical lvs. obovate and oblong, tapering to a petiole, dentate, stem lvs. linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, obtuse, upper ones entire; pedicels about as long as the calyx, erect; siliques very long, likear, at length spreading and pendulous; sds. winged. —4 In rocky woods and low grounds, Can. to Ark. Stem 1-2f high, round, smooth, simple or branched above. Root-leaves often purplish, — 1' long, * as wide, with acute teeth. Stemleaves 2-5' long, - as wide, upper ones entire. Flowers in long racemes. Siliques 2-3' long, scarcely 11" wide. May. 4. A. HIRsfJTA. SCOP. (Turritis. Linn.) Erect, branching; Ivs. mostly dentate, hirsute, radical ones oblong-ovate tapering to a petiole, cauline ones oval or lanceolate, sagittate; siliques straight, erect. —) Found in low, rocky grounds, Can. to Va. W. to Oregon. Stems 2 or more from the same root, round, hairy at base, near a foot high, dividing into very slender and parallel branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped bases, upper ones acute. Flowers greenishwhite. Siliques straight, 1-2' long. Jn. 5. A. HETEROPHYLLA. Nutt. Nearly smooth; radical lvs. spatulate, toothed, uper ones linear, sessile, entire; silique long and spreading; pet. linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx.Near Paris, Me., and the White Mts., N. H. Radical leaves somewhat pilose with simple hairs, upper ones linear, about 2' long, and 1 —2" wide. Siliques about 3' long. Nuttall. DENTARIA,. XII. CRUCIFERAE. 167 6. A. DENTiTA. Torr. & Gray. Plant somewhat scabrous; radical Ivs. obovate, petiolate, unequally and sharply dentate; cauline ones oblong, amplexicaul; pet. minute, spatulate, as long as the sepals; stig. subsessile; silique short. —) River banks, Western States! Stem slender, ascending, 1-2f high. Petals white, with a purplish tinge. Siliques 1' in length. Apr. 16. CARDAMINE. Gr. Kap&a, heart, atuaw, to strengthen; from its stomachic properties. Calyx a little spreading; silique linear, with flat, veinless valvep, narrower than the dissepiment, and often opening elastically; stigma entire; seeds not margined, with a slender funiculus, O. —Mostly'4. Fls white. 1. C. HIRSfUTA. (C. Pennsylvanica. Muihl.) Pennsylvanian Cardamine. Lvs. pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid; Ifts. entire,4or sparingly repand-denticulate, those of the radical leaves oval-oblong, of the cauline linear-oblong, the terminal one longest, about 3-lobed; pet. oblong-cuneate; siliques erect, with a very short style. —( or % A variable plant common in wet places throughout the U. S. Stem 8-16' high, mostly smooth. Leaflets 2-5 pairs, 4-12" long, smoothish. Fls. small. Siliques about 1' long, 12-18 seeded. Jn. 2. C. VIRGINiCA. (C. hirsuta. A. Hook.) Virginian Cardamine. Lvs. lyrately pinnate; lfts. with a single tooth on one or both sides; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx; rac. strictly erect; stig. sessile; silique long, incurved, erect. —( A small and delicate species, much resembling the last, but probably distinct. Found on dry hill-sides, Vt. Ct. to Ky. and Mo. Stem 4 —8 high, slender, leafyr. Leaflets 2-4 pairs with a trilobate odd one, oval, 1 —2" in length, those of the upper leaves 3-5" long, but very narrow. Petals small. Siliques filiform, 1' long. Jn. 3. C. PRATENSIS. Field Cardamine. St. erect or decumbent, simple; lvs. pinnately 7 —15-foliate; lfts. petiolate, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate; sty. distinct.-'4 Swamps, N. Y. to Arctic Am. Whole plant smooth. Stem round, striate, 10-16' high. Leaves few, 1~-2' long including the petiole. Leaflets of the root-leaves 1 —3" diam., of the cauline 3 —6" by I". Flowers large, few, in a terminal raceme. Petals white or rose-color. Siliques nearly 1' in length, erect. Apr. May. 4. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Michx. (C. rhomboidea. DC. Arabis. Pers. Nutt.) Glabrous or somewhat hairy; Ivs. entire or repand-toothed, radical ones orbicular-ovate, on long petioles, cauline oval or oblong-lanceolate, petiolate below, sessile above, dentate. —4 Another variable species with rather large, white or reddish flowers. Stems 6-12' high, angular or striate, mostly erect. Leaves of root 10-18" diam., on petioles 2-A' long. Racemes about 3' long, 12-20-flowered. Petals 2 —4 times as long as the calyx. Siliques spreading, — 12" long. Apr. May. a. T. & G. Rt. mostly tuberiferous; st. erect; lower stem Ivs. rhomboid-oval; pet. large.-Wet meadows, Conn. Vt. Dr. Robbins.,B. T. &. G. Rt. mostly fibrous; st. decumbent, branching; Ivs. all petiolate; pet. smaller, purplish.-Shaded springs and rivulets, N. Y. 4. C. BELLIDIFOLIA. (C. rotundifolia. Bw. not Michx.) Lvs. smooth, radical ones orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate; cauline ones entire or 3-lobed; siliques erect.-A minute species on the summits of the White Mts. Abel Storrs! &c., also Arc. Am. to Calif. Stem 1 —3' high. Leaves mostly radical, broadly oval or ovate, i' long, on petioles as long as the stems. Fascicles corymbose, each of 3 or 4 white flowers. Petals oval, obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx. J1. 17. DENTARIA. Lat. dens, a tooth; from the tooth-like projections of the rhizoma. Sepals converging; silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless, revolute 15 XfII. CRUCIFERJE. SISYMBRIUM. valves, opening elastically; placentae not winged; seeds in a single row, ovate, not bordered; funiculus slender, O=.-Rhizoma'%. Lvs. divided, often but 2 or 3. Fls. white or purplish. 1. D. DIPHYLLA. Pepper Root. St. 2-leaved; Ifts. ternate, subovate, unequally and incisely dentate; rhiz. dentate.-In woods and wet meadows, Can. to Car. and to the Miss. Stem about If high, round, smooth, with 2, nearly opposite, ternate leaves above the middle. Leaflets on very short stalks, the lateral ones oblique, all with rounded, mucronate, unequal teeth. Flowers racemed, large, white; the petals much larger than the calyx. The rootstock is long and large in proportion tc the plant, beset with teeth, with a pungent, aromatic taste. May. 2. D. LACINIATA. Muhl. (D. concatenata. Michx.) Rhiz. moniliform; cauline lvs. 3, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate or linear-oblong, incisely toothed or pinnatifid, lateral ones lobed. —In woods, Can. and U. S. The rootstock consists of several tubers of a pungent taste. Stem If high, smooth, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up, the segments with very irregular, mucronate teeth, rarely subentire, lateral ones cut nearly to the base, rendering the leaf almost quinate. Root-leaves sometimes 0. Flowers racemed, purplish. Apr. May. 3. D. MAXIMA. Nutt. St. tall; Ivs. alternate, 5-7, remote, the margin a little roughened; Ifts. somewhat oval, incisely and acutely dentate, lateral ones lobed.-Western N. Y. and Penn. Tubers of the rhizoma concatenate. Stem often nearly 2f high. Flowers pale purple. 4. D. HETEROPHYLLA. Nutt. Rhiz. moniliform, with oblong tubers; radical lvs. on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenate-dentate with abruptly mucronate teeth, cauline Ivs. 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, ternately divided, segments linearlanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough-edged.-Woods, Penn. to Ky. Stem 8-12' high. Cauline leaflets 1-2' long, 2 —3" wide. Corymb with about 9 pale purple flowers. Jn. 18. HESPRRIS. Gr.'alrepgS, evening; when the flower is most fragrant. Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than the claws of the petals; petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate; silique 4-sided, 2-edged or subterete, seeds not margined; stigmas forked, with the apices converging. 1. H. MATRONILIS. Rocket. St. simple, erect; lvs. lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; pet. emarginate, mucronate; pedicels as long as the calyx.-A fine garden perennial, said to be found native about Lake Huron. Stem 3-4f high. Flowers purple, often double, and white in B. hortensis. f 2. H. APRICA. Siberian Rocket.-St. erect, simple, pubescent; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate-hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx.-1- From Siberia. Stem a foot high. Flowers purple. May. Jn. t 19. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni. Calyx mostly spreading, equal at base; petals unguiculate, entire; silique subterete; valves concave; style very short; seeds in a single series, ovoid; cotyledons j11, sometimes oblique. 1. S. OFFICINALE. SCOp. (Erysimum. Linn.) Hedge Mustard. Lvs. runcinate; rac. slender, virgate; siliques subulate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. —( A common and troublesome weed, in fields, roadsides, rubbish, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem 1 —3f high, round, more or less hairy, with spreading branches. Lower leaves 3 —8 by 1 —3, the lower segments placed at right angles to the midvein, or pointing backwards, the terminal seg CMBIRawTIUS. XIII. CRUCIFER/E. 169 ment largest. Upper leaves in 3 lanceolate segments placed at right angles. Flowers small, yellow, terminating the raceme, which becomes 1-2f long and environed by the appressed, sessile pods. Jn.-Sept. Medicinal. ~ 2. S. THALIANA. Gay. (Arabis. Lirnn.) Thalian Hedge Mustard. Lvs. subdentate and pilose, radical ones numerous and petiolate, oblong,:auline ones lanceolate; cal. much shorter than the pedicels; siliques ascending, wice longer than the pedicels. —() Rocks and sandy fields, Vt. to Ga. W. to Ky. Stem 4-12' high, erect, with slender, erect branches, striate, pilose, often purple at base. Root leaves rosulate, 1-2' long; cauline.denticulate, ciliate, sessile, 6-12" by 1-3". Pedicels spreading, 3 —5" long. Flowers small, white. Siliques slender, straight, 7-10" long. Styles scarcely any. May. 3. S. TERES. T. & G. (Cardamine.- Michx.) St. erect, branched; Ivs. all somewhat lyrately pinnatifid; siliques short, linear, acuminate, on very short peduncles; 0 II. —( Shores of Lake Champlain, Vt. Plant about 8' high, slightly scabrous with very short hairs. Siliques erect, terete, 4" in length, beaked with the short, slender style. Seeds 00. 4. S. CANESCENS. Nutt. Lvs. bipinnately divided, canescent, lobes oblong or lanceolate, subdentate or obtuse; pet. about equaling the calyx; siliques oblong-linear, shorter than the pedicels. —T Arctic Sea to Flor. Plant 1-2f high, often nearly smooth. Leaves about 3' long, sessile, segments 5-7 pairs, finely divided. Fls. very small. Siliques often erect, on spreading pedicels. Variable. 20. ERYStMUM. Gr. epvo, to cure; from its salutary medicinal properties. Calyx closed; siliques columnar, 4-sided; stigma capitate; seeds in a single series; cotyledons oblong, 011. 1. E. CHEIRANTHOiDES. Pubescence minute, appressed, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, denticulate or entire; silique erect, spreading, twice longer than the pedicels; stig. small, nearly sessile. —I) By streams and in wet grounds, U. S. and Can., not common. Stem erect, 1-2f high, often branched, and, with the leaves, scabrous. Leaves acute at each end, 1-2' long, I as wide. Flowers small, yellow, in long racemes. Siliques i' to near 1' in length, linear, and somewhat spreading. J1. 2. E. ARKANSjNUM. Nutt. Yellow Phlox. False Wall-Flower. Scabrous, with an appressed pubescence; st. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, remotely dentate, sessile, lower ones runcinate-toothed; inflorescence racemose, corymbed at summit; siliques long, 4-angled, suberect; stig. capitate.l A fine plant with large, showy flowers, resembling the wall-flower. Banks of Scioto, Sullivant. Arkansas, Nuttall. Bluffs of the Wabash! Wood. Ill. Mead! Stem 1-3f high, slender. Leaves 2 —3 by 3-6". Sepals straw-color. Petals large, bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3' long. Jn. J1. 21. CHEIRANTHUS. Arabic kheyry, the name of a certain plant, and Gr. avcom, flower. Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base; petals dilated; silique terete or compressed; stigma 2-lobed or capitate; seeds flat, in a single series, often margined, 0-. 1. C. HESPERIDOiDES. T. & G. (Hesperis pinnatifida..Michx.) Glabrous; lower Ivs. lyrate-pinnatifid, upper lanceolate, attenuate at base, unequally and sharply serrate-dentate, acuminate; pedicels as long as the calyx; pet. obovate-spatulate, obtuse; silique terete; stig. capitate; sds. margined.1. Penn. to Ill.! S. to Ark. Stem slender, furrowed, 2-3f high. Leaves thin, 3-5' long, i as wide, those of the stem scarcely petiolate. Racemes terminal and axillary. Calyx shorter than the claws of the violet-colored petals. Siliques torulose, 15 —20" long; seeds oblong, plano-convex, with a narrow border. May, Jn. 170 XIII. CRUCIFER.E. SINXP&s. 2. C. CHEIRI.- Wall-Flower.-St. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at base; lvs. entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth; branches angular; pet. obovate; siliques erect, acuminate. —[ From S. Europe. A popular garden flower, admired for its agreeable odor and its handsome corymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowers. Plant 1-2f high. Jn. 22. MATTHIOLA. R.Br. In honor of P. A. Matthioli, physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author. Calyi closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base; petals dilated; siliques terete; stigmas connivent, thickened or cornute at the back.Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed with a hoary, stellate pubescence. 1. M. ANNUUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Ten-weeks Stock.-St. herbaceous, erect, branched; lvs. hoary-canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate; silique subcylindrical, without glands. —( A fine garden flower from S. Europe. Stem 2f high, and, with the leaves, covered with a soft, stellate pubescence. Flowers variegated. Jn. t 2. M. INCiNUS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Purple July Flower.-St. shrubby at base, erect, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, hoary-canescent; siliques subcylindrical, truncate and compressed at apex, without glands.-eOne of the most popular flowers of the genus, native of England, &c. Stem 2f high. Flowers purple.-Several varieties are enumerated, as the Doubleflowered, Brompton Stock, and Brompton Queen. Jn. t 3. M. FENESTRALIS. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn-.) Window July Flower.St. suffruticose, erect, simple; lvs. crowded, recurved, undulate, downy; siliques downy, without glands, broadest at base.-From S. Europe. Plant If high. Flowers numerous, large, purple. J1. Aug. t 4. M. GRgEcus. R. Br. (Cheiranthus. Linn.) Grecian, Stock.-St. herbaceous, erect, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous; siliques somewhat compressed, without glands.-< From Greece. Plant about if high, distinguished from the remainder of the genus by its smooth foliage. Flowers white, appearing all summer. t 23. SINAPIS. Sepals equal at base, spreading; petals ovate, with straight claws; siliques subterete; valves veined; style short and subulate, or ensiform; seeds in a single series, subglobose, 0 >>.-Fls. always yellow. 1. S. NIGRA. Black Mustard. Lower Ivs. lyrate, upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth; silique smooth, somewhat 4-angled, appressed to the rachis of the raceme.-(< In cultivated grounds and waste places. Stem 3-6f high, round, smooth, striate, branching. Leaves all petiolate, lower ones variously lobed and dentate, upper ones pendulous and entire. Sepals and petals sulphur-yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1' long, beaked with the 4-sided styles. Seeds 00, small, globose, nearly black, well known as a condiment. Jn. J1. t0 2. S. ARVENSIS. Field Mustard. St. and lvs. hairy; silique smooth, many-angled, torose, about 3 times longer than the slender, ancipital style. —( Naturalized in N. Y., T. 4- G., and in Vt., Dr. Robbins. Lower leaves large, sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones oblong-ovate, all repand-toothed. Silique somewhat spreading, lf' long. Seeds large and black. Jn.-Aug. ~ 3. S. ALBA. White Mustard. —Lvs. lyrate, smoothish; siliques hispid, torose, shorter than the ensiform beak; sds. large, pale yellow. —( Native of Europe. Stem 2-5f high, thinly hirsute. Leaves all lyrately pinnate, dentate,.petiolate. Siliques spreading, about 4-seeded. The seeds are used for about the same purposes as those of S. nigra, much esteemed in medicine. Jn. J1. i RIaPANug. XIII. CRUCIFERAE. 171 24. BRASSICA. Celtic, bresfc, the cabbage. Sepals equal at base, (mostly) erect; petals obovate; filaments without teeth; silique subcompressed, valves concave, with a central vein; styleshort, subterete, obtuse; seeds globose, in a single (often double) row; 0 > >. —Fls. yellow. 1. B. CAMPESTRIS. Cale. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, upper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. —) Native of Sweden, naturalized in cultivated fields and waste places. Stem 1l-3f high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered, reversed hairs below. Lower leaves 3 —7 long, i as wide, the terminal lobe greatly exceeding the lateral ones; upper smaller, entire, with rounded, clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Racemes 1-2f long. Sepals erect, spreading. Corolla yellow, 4-5" diam. Siliques 1' long, with the style i'. Seeds small, dark brown. Jn. Jl. Q -a. Rutabaga. (Swedish Turnip.)-Rt. tumid, napiform, subglobose, yellowish.-Cultivated like the common turnip; but after a thorough experiment it is conceded by farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to an enormous size.:t 2. B. RAPA.-Radical lvs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, upper entire, smooth.:,. depressa. (Commown Turnip.)-Rt. depressed-globose or napiform, contracted below into a slender radicIe.-(- Long cultivated for the table, &c., in gardens and fields. Stem 2-4f high, and, with the leaves, deep green. Upper leaves amplexicaul. Pods 1' long. Seeds small, reddish-brown. Jn.: 3. B. OLERACEA. (Cabbage.)-Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repandtoothed or lobed.-<4 Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cultivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no encomium. f B. bullata. (Savoy Cabbage.) —Lvs. curled, subcapitate when young, finally expanding. y. botrytis-caulifiora. (Cauliflower.)-St. low; Ads. thick, compact, terminal; gfs. abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. t d. botrytiz-asparagoides. (Broccoli.)-St. taller; hds. subramose; branches fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. $. capitata. (Head Cabbage. York Cabbage.)-St. short; Ivs. concave, packed in a dense head before flowering; rac. paniculate. t SECTION 3. —LOMENTACEME. 25. CAKILE. Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform; seed in the upper cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive. — Maritime herbs. C. MARITiMA. Scop. (Bunias edentula. Bw.) Sea Rocket. Uplper joint of the silicde ensiform or ovate-ensiform.-Native of the seacoast! and of the lake shores of N. Y. A smooth, succulent plant, branching and procumbent, 6-12' long. Leaves sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, caducous. Flowers on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, corymbosely arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, lower joint clavate-obovate upper with one elevated line on each side. J1. Aug. 26. RAPHANUS. Gr. pa, quickly, 0 atvco, to appear fom its rapid growth Calyx erect; petals obovate, unguiculate; siliques terete, torose, not opening by valves, transversely jointed or divided into cells; seeds large, subglobose, in a single series, O >>. 15* 172 XIV. CAPPARIDACEME. PoInaie. 1. R. RAPHANISTRUM. Wild Radislh. L/vs. lyrate; silique terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style. —-( Naturalized in cultivated fields and by road-sides, but rare. Stem glaucous, branching, 1-2f high, bristly. Leaves rough, dentate, petiolate or sessile. Calyx bristly. Pods yellow, blanching as they decay. Jn. J1. ~ 2. R. SATYVA. Garden Radish.-Lower lvs. lyrate, petiolate; silique torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. —() A well-known salad root, from China. Stem 2-4f high, very branching. Lower leaves 6 —10' long. Flowers white or tinged with purple. Pods 1-2' long, thick and fleshy. The principal varieties are the turnip radish, root subglobose; common radish, root oblong, terete; black Spanish radish, root black outside. Jn. Aug.: ORDER XIV. CAPPARIDACEAE.-CAPPARIDS. Herbs shrubs or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Lws. alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately divided. Fls. solitary or racemose. Sep. 4. Cor.-Petals 4, cruciate, unguiculate, hypogynous, more or less unequal. Sta. 6-12, or some multiple of four, almost perigynous. Torus small, often elongated, bearing a single gland. Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sty. united into one. Stig. discoid. Fr. either pod-shaped, and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placentas usually 2. Sds. many, reniform. Albvumen o. Embryo curved. Cotyl. foliaceous. Genera 28, species 340,-chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Crucifesm, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge. Conspectus of the Genera. S Stamens.......... Cleome. 2. Torus minute Stamens 8-32.......... Polaniss 3. Torus linear and elongated like a stipe. Stamens 6....... ynandrops. 1. 1. GYNANDROPSIS. DC. fynandria, a Linnean class, otpSg, appearance. Sepals distinct, spreading; petals 4; stamens 6, the filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated torus its whole length; pod linearoblong, raised on a long stipe, which rises from the top of the torus. -- Lvs. digitate..Fls. racemed. G. PENTAPHYLLA. DC. (Cleome. Linn.) Middle Ivs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate; lfts. ooovate, entire or denticulate.-In cultivated grounds, Penn., &c. Stem simple, 2-3f high. Flowers of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1' long, slender. Calyx small. Petals white, * as long as their filiform claws. Stamens 1' long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid torus. Pod 2t long. Q 2. C LEO ME. Sepals sometimes united at base; petals 4; torus minute or roundish; stamens 6-4; pod subsessile or stipitate. —Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or digitate. Fls. racemed or solitary. C. PUNOENS. Spiderwort.-Glandular-pubescent; st. simple, and with the petioles, aculeate; Ivs. 5 —9-foliate, on long petioles; lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, obscurely denticulate; bracts simple; fis. racemed; sep. distinct; pet. on-filiform claws; sta. 6, twice longer than the petals.-A common garden plant, with curious purple flowers. Stem 3-4f high. J1. Aug. t 3. POLANISIA. Raf. Sepals distinct, spreading; petals 4, unequal; stamens 8-32; filaments filiform or dilated at the summit, torus minute; pods linear.0( Strong-scented herbs. POLYG'ALA. XVI. POLYGALACEAI. 173 P. GRAVEOLENS. Raf. (Cleome dodecandria. Michx.) Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. ternate; lfts. elliptic-oblong; fis. axillary, solitary; sta. 8-12; capsule oblong, lanceolate, attenuate at base.-A strong-scented plant, found on gravely shores! Vt. to Ark. Stem If high, branching, striate. Leaf. lets 1 —1' long, i as wide, nearly entire and sessile; common petiole 1' long. Flowers in terminal racemes. Petals yellowish-white, narrowed below into long claws. Filaments slender, exserted. Pods 2' long, glandular-pubescent, siliquose, viscid like every other part of the plant. J1. ORDER XV. RESEDACEIE.-MIGNIONETTES. Herbs with alternate, entire or pinnate leaves. Stip. minute, gland-like. Fls. in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant. Cal.-Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green. Cor.-Petals lacerated, unequal. Sta. 8-20. inserted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-sided, glandular. Ova. sessile, 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Placentae 3, parietal. Fr. a capsule, 1-celled, opening between the stigmas before maturity. Genera 6, species 41, inhabiting the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, having no very remarkable properties. Reseda Luteola contains a yellow coloring matter, and other species are very fragrant. RE SE D A. Lat. resedo, to calm; the plants are said to relieve pain. Sepals many, petals of an equal number, each bearing one or more stamens; torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary, with several stamens and styles. 1. R. LUTE6LA. Dyer's Weed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, with a tooth on each side at base; cal. 4-clefl. —Nearly naturalized in Western N. Y. Stem about 2f high. The flowers are without petals, arranged in a long spike, which, as Linnaeus observes, follows the course of the sun, inclining east, south and west by day, and north by night.-It affords a useful yellow dye, also the paint called Dutch-pink. ~ 2. R. ODORATA. Mignionette.-Lvs. entire, 3-lobed; sep. shorter than the petals.-A well known and universal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. The flowers are highly fragrant and no boquet should be considered complete without them. The variety frutescens is by a peculiar training raised to the height of 2 feet with the form of a tree. The species phyteuma, native of Palestine, has a calyx longer than the petals. ORDER XVI. POLYGALACEAE.-MILKWORTS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes twining. Lves. alternate, or rarely opposite, mostly simple, always without stipules. Fls. perfect unsymmetrical. Pedicels with 3 bracts. Cal.-Sepals 5, very irregular, 3 exterior, 2 interior (wings) larger and petaloid. Cor.-Petals 3, hypogynous, the anterior (keel) larger than the others. [the claws of the petals Sta. —6-8. Fil. combined in a tube which is split on the upper side, and coherent to some extent with Ova. superior compressed, 2-celled, one cell often abortive. Sty. curved and often cucullate. Fr. loculicidal or indehiscent. Sds. pendulous. Genera 19, species 495, very equally distributed, each division of the globe having two or three genera peculiar to it. The properties of the Polygalacete have not been well determined. Some of the genera possess a bitter matter and a milky juice which is emetic, expectorant and diuretic. Polygala is the only northern genus. POLYGALA. Tourn. Gr. roAv, much, yaXa, milk, said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals. Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid; petals 3, cohering by their claws to the filaments, lower one carinate; capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded; seeds carunculate. —The N: American species herbaceous. Lower petal (keel) mostly tipped with a crest. * Spikes ovate, globose or oblong, dense, obtuse. 1. P. SANGUINEA. (P. purpurea. Nutt.) Caducous Polygala. St. branching at top; lvs. linear, alternate; fis. beardless, in alternate, ob 174 XVI. POLYGALACEiE. POLYGALA. long spikes; calycine wings obovate. —( An erect plant, 6-12' high, found in meadows and wet grounds, Mass. to La., and known at once by its short, reddish, cylindric spike of flowers. Stem angular, with fastigiate branches, each ending in a smaller spike than that of the main stem, but rising above it in height. Flowers purple, caducous. J1.-Oct. 2. P. NUTTALLN. T. & G. (P. sanguinea. Nutt.) Nuttall's Polygala. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate; Ivs. linear; spikes rather loose, ovoid-globose; calycine wings elliptic-obovate, attenuate at base, twice longer than the fruit; crest minute.-(- Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. R. I. Olney! to La. Stem 6-10' high. Leaves 6-8" by 1-2", acute. Spikes 5 —10" long, 4-6/' diam. Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black. Aug. 3. P. CRUCIATA. Cross-leaved Polygala. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles; lvs. verticillate in 4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or nearly so; crest minute.-(I) In sphagnous swamps and other low grounds. Stem 3-12' high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Leaves 2-10" or more long, 1-2" wide (upper ones the largest), obtuse, tapering to the base, with small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, about the size of the last. Wings of calyx greenish-purple, much dilated at apex. Aug. 4. P. LUTEA. Yellow Polygala. St. simple or branching; root Ivs. spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base, cauline ones lanceolate, acute; rac. ovate, obtuse, dense; fs. pedicellate; wings ovate, mucronate; keel with a minute crest.-( Sandy plains, N. J. to Flor. Stem 8-12' high, generally with a few long spreading branches. Flowers bright yellow, longer than the bracts. Style dilated in the middle and with a stipitate gland. Jn.-Oct. 5. P. INCARNATA. Flesh-colored Milkwort. Glaucous; st. erect, slender, mostly simple; lvs. few, scattered, linearsubulate; spike oblong, terminal; wings lanceolate, cuspidate; claws of the petals united into a long, cleft tube.-(I) Dry soils N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 4-6" long, remote. Spikes I-li' long. Flowers pale rose-color or flesh-color. The slender corolla tube nearly twice as long as the wings, the keel with a conspicuous crest. Jn. J1. * * Spikes elongated or racemose. 6. P. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Polygala. St. branched, erect; lvs. linear, verticillate; spikes linear, stalked; fis. alternate, crested; calycine wings roundish.-() Found on dry hills, U. S. and Can. Stem very slender, square, 6 —8/ high. Leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, 4-10" long, 1" wide, alternate on the branches. Flowers small, greenishwhite, in very slender racemes 5-10" long, which are higher upon the branches than upon the main stem. J1. —Oct. 7. P. AMBIGUA. Nutt. Dubious Polygala. St. erect, with virgate branches; Ivs. linear, lower ones verticillate, upper alternate; spikes dense, on long peduncles; calycine wings roundish. —( Dry fields and woods, Mass. to Va. Stem 9-15' high, angular, smooth, much branched. Leaves sessile, tapering to the base, 4-10" by 1/'. Racemes spicate, acute, about 1' long, 20-30-flowered, on peduncles 11-2J' long. Flowers small, greenish-white, tinged with purple. JI.-Nearly allied to P. verticillata. 8. P. SEN.GA. Seneca Snake-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy; lvs. alternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal, spike-fbrm, slender raceme. —' Woods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched, contorted, about J' thick, ash-colored. Stems 8-14' high, several from the same root. Leaves 1-3' long, i as wide, numerous, scattered. Flowers white, in a filiform spike 1-3' long. Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a sweetish, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. J1.-A valuable stimulating expectorant. 9. P. POLYGIMA. Walt. (P. rubella. Willd.) Bitter Polygala. Sts. simple, numerous; lvs. linear, oblong, mucronate, alternate below; VIOLA. XVII. VIOLACEIE. 175 rac. terminal and lateral; fis. sessile, those of the stem winged, those of the root apterous. —[ Fields and pastures, Can. to Flor. and La. Stems crowded, many from the same root, angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers, crested, purple, smaller than the last. Wings of the calyx obtuse. Anthers 8, in 2 equal parcels. Bracts small, subulate, caducous. Terminal racemes with perfect flowers, radical racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn. J1.Bitter and tonic. ** * Flowers large, few. 10. P. PAUCIFOLIA. Pringed Polygala. St. simple, erect, naked below; Ivs. ovate, acute, smooth; terminal fws. large, crested, radical ones apterous.-Q- A small, handsome plant, with a few rather large purple flowers. Woods and swamps, Brit. Am. to Ga. Stems 3-4' high, with its acute leaves mostly near the top, 2-4 flowers above them. Calyx of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple, with a purplish crest on its middle lobe. The radical flowers are either close to the ground or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings of the calyx. May. ORDER XVII. VIOLACE2E.-VIOLETS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. simple, alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, involute in vernation. Cal.-Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. Cor.-Petals 5, commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Sta. 5, usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. Fil. dilated, prolonged beyond the anth. Ova. of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placentae. Sty. 1, declinate. Stig. cucullate. Fr. a 3-valved capsule. Sds. many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. Genera 11, species 300, mostly inhabitants of the Northern Temperate Zone. The roots of almost all the Violacede possess emetic properties, and some are valued in medicine. The Ipecac of the shops is partly the product of certain Brazilian species of Ionidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. Of the 4 genera found in North America, only 2 are found in the Northern States. Genera. Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base........ Vola. 1 Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base.......... Soea. 2 1. VIOLA. Sepals 5, oblong, acute, equal, auricular at base; petals 5, irregular, the upper one (lower by resupination) -broadest, spurred at base. the 2 lateral equal, opposite; stamens approximate; anthers connate, the lobes diverging at base; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to the valves.-4- Low herbaceous plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved at the summit so as to beat the flowers in a resupinate position. * Acaulescent. Flowers blue. 1. V. SELKIRKII. Goldie. Selkirk's Violet. Lvs. cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hirsute above, smooth beneath; the sinus deep and nearly closed; stig. triangular, margined, distinctly beaked; spur nearly as long as the lamina, thick, very obtuse.-Grows on woody hills and mountains, Mass;, N. Y., Can. A small, stemless violet, with small pale blue flowers conspicuously spurred. The radical, heart-shaped leaves are rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. The lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one striate with deep blue. 2. V. CUCULLATA. Ait. (V. affinis. Le Conte.) Hood-leaved Violet. Smooth, sometimes more or less pubescent; Ivs. cordate, cucullate at base, crenate; stip. linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded.-This is one of the more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods, from Arctic Am. to Flor. Leaves on long petioles, heart-shaped, remarkably rolled at the base into a hooded form. The late leaves are crenate-reniform. Flowers light blue or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted, 17.6 XVII. VIOLACEiE. VIoLA. veiny, entire, white at the base, the lateral and upper ones marlked with a few blue strie. Very variable in respect to pubescence. May. B. sororia. T. & G. (V. sororia. fWilld.) Nearly smooth; lvs. exactly cordate; fis. small. y. reniformis. Pubescent; Ivs. broadly reniIorm. d. alba. T. & G. Nearly smooth; fis. white.-R. I. Olney! 3. V. SAGITTATA. Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often incisely dentate at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent; ped. longer than the leaves; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded.-On dry hills, Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, on margined petioles, acute or not. Scapes 3- 5' long. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals entire, veiny, purplish-blue, white at base. Stigma rostrate, margined. Apr.-Jn. 4. V. OVATA. Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet. Lvs. ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, pubescent; lateral pet. bearded; stig. a little rostrate.-On dry hills, N. J. Leaves many, mostly hairy on both sides, sometimes nearly smooth, I as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones often laciniate-dentate at base. Sepals ciliate, oblongovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, pale-purple, obovate, the lateral ones with dense white beard. Spur broad. Apr. May. 5. V. PALMATA. Palmated Violet. Pubescent; Ivs. cordate, lobed in a hastate or palmate manner, the lobes crenate and toothed, the middle one much the largest; lateral pet. bearded.-In upland pastures, Can to Ark. Stem 3-6' high. Root-stock scaly. Petioles hairy. The early leaves are ovate, entire, the later and perfect are often purple beneath, variously lobed and cleft, the middle lobe always the largest and longest, with 2 or 3 each side. Peduncle sub-4-angled, 3 —6 long. Stipules lanceolate. Petals purple, entire, veiny, white at the base, upper ones smaller, lateral ones densely bearded, and marked with blue strike. May. 6. V. PEDiTA. Pedate Violet. Nearly glabrous; rt. premorse; lvs. pedate, 5-9-parted, segments linearlanceolate, mostly entire; stig. large, obliquely truncate; beak obscure.-Dry woods and pastures, Can. to Ill. and to Flor. Rhizoma fleshy, ending abruptly as if cut or bitten off. Leaves thick, divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow segments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules at base. Peduncles sub-4-angled, much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Apr. May. 7. V. DELPHINIPOLIA. Nutt. Larkspur-leaved'Violet. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. pedate, 7-9-parted, with linear 2-3-cleft segments; stig. thick, distinctly beaked; 2 uqpper petals pubescent, 3 lower emarginate; spur. saccate, short.-2- Prairies and bottoms, Ill.! and Mo. Root thick. Leaves often finely diryided with many dissected segments. Stipules acuminate, subentire. Peduncles a little longer than the leaves. Flowers rather smaller than n the last, of a rich blue. Mar. Ap. 8. V. PALUSTRIS. Mountain Violet. Lvs. reniform-cordate; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate; stig. margined; sepals ovate, obtuse; caps. oblong-triangular; sds. ovate, dark green.-Summits of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Leaves crenate, 1' by 1'. Flowers small, pale blue, on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate near the middle. Rhizoma creeping, scaly. Jn. 9. V. ODORiTA. Sweet or English Violet.-Stolons creeping; Ivs. cordate, crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse; lateral pet. with a hairy line.-wNative of England. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. The leaves are truly heart-shaped. Stipules lanceolate, toothed. Peduncles longer than the leaves, bracted. Flowers small, fragrant.-Several garden varieties are known, distinguished by the form and color of the flowers; viz. the purple, white, and blue flowered, the double white, double purple, and double blue flowered, and the Neapolitan with pale blue flowers. Apr. May. t VIOLA. XVII. VIOLACEJE. 177 * * Acaulescent. Flowers white. 10. V. BLANDA. Willd. (V. clandestina. Ph. V. amoena. Le Con te.) Bland or Sweet-scented Violet. Lvs. cordate, slightly pubescent; petiole pubescent; fls. white.-Found in meadows, Can. to Penn. The rhizoma is slender and creeping. Leaves close to the earth, nearly round, cordate or ovate, and sometimes with a rounded sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, fragrant. May. 11. V. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Violet. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtusish, subcrenate. Found in wet meadows, Can. to Tex. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves very narrow, and, with the stalk, 3-5' long. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with blue lines, generally beardless. Flowers small. May. 12. V. PRIMULrEFOLIA. Primrose Violet. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly decurrent at base; bracts lance-linear; pet. acute, nearly equal, beardless.-Found in damp soils, Mass. to Ky. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, mostly smooth, longer than their stalks. Petals obovate, acute, flat, marked with purple lines at base, generally beardless, as long as the bracts. Flowers small, white, on sub-4-sided stalks. May, in N. Eng. /1. acuta. T. & G. (V. acuta. Bw.)-Smooth; Ivs. ovate; pet. acute, lateral ones nearly beardless. Mass. * * * Acaulescent. Flowers yellow. 13. V. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Michx. Round-leaved Violet. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, nearly smooth, with the sinus closed; petiole pubescent; cal. obtuse. -A small yellow violet, found in woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Leaves nearly round, with a deep, narrow sinus at base, obscurely and remotely serrated. Veins and petioles pubescent. Peduncles as long as the claws, sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yellow, marked at base with brown lines. Flowers small. * * * * Caulescent. 14. V. CANADENSIS. Canadian Violet. Smooth; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, serrate; ped. shorter than the leaves; stip. short, entire.-A large species, found in woods, British Am. to Car., often a foot in height. Stem subsimple, terete, with lance-ovate, membranaceous stipules. Leaves alternate, the lower on very long petioles, acute or obtuse. Peduncles sub-4-sided, teuIninal, with minute bracts. Flowers large, nearly regular. Petals white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purple without and marked wlth blue lines, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 15. V. PUBESCENS. Ait. Common Yellow Violet. Villous-pubescent; st. erect, naked below; lvs. broad-cordate, toothed; stip. ovate, subdentate.-A large yellow violet, found in dry, stony woods, Can. to Ga. and Mo. Root fibrous. Stem simple, more or less pubescent, somewhat triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top, leafless below. Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, or deltoid; obscurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Stipules large, ovate, wavy. Flower-stalks rather shorter than leaves, downy, axillary, solitary, with 2 subulate bracts. Petals yellow, lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pubescence, sometimes even glabrous. Height very variable, 5-20'. May- Jn. g. eriocarpa. Nutt. (V. eriocarpa. Schw.) Capsule densely villose. y. scabriuscula. T. & G. (V. scabriuscula. Schw.) St. decumbent, branching from the root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. 16. V. HASTATA. Michx. Smooth, simple, erect, leafy above; Ivs. deltoid-lanceolate, hastate or broadly ovate-acuminate, dentate; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate, dentate; lower pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, lrteral ones slightly bearded; sep. lanceolate, with 178 XVII. VIOLACEAE. SOLEA. a very short spur.-Pine woods, Penn. to Flor. Stem —10' high. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers yellow. May. 17. V. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. Muhlenberg's Violet. St. weak, assurgent; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones crenate, rather acuminate; stip. lanceolate, serrate, ciliate.-A spreading, slender species, in swamps, &c., U. S., N. to Lab. Stems branched below, 6-8- long, with large stipules cut into fringe-like serratures. Leaves 6 -10" diam., younger ones involute at base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary peduncles. Bracts linear, alternate, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals entire, pael purple, the lateral ones bearded. Spur porrected, very obtuse. Stigma rostrate. May. 18. V. ROSTRATA. Beaked Violet. Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect; lvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, upper ones acute; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed; pet. beardless; spur longer than the corolla.-A common violet in moist woods, Can. to Ky., well characterized by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the large flowers similar to those of the larkspur. Stem 6-8' high, branching below. Petioles much longer than the leaves. Stipules almost pinnatifid. Peduncles slender, very long, axil!ary. Flowers pale blue. May. 19. V. STRIATA. Ait. (V. ochroleuca. Schw.) Striped Violet. Smooth; st. branching, nearly erect; Ivs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the upper ones somewhat acuminate, crenate-serrate; stip. large, ciliate-dentate, oblong-lanceolate; spur somewhat porrected.-Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 6 —12 high, half round. Leaves 1 —1' wide, on petioles 1 —2 long. Stipules conspicuous, laciniate. Peduncles axillary, often much longer than the leaves. Corolla large, yellowish-white or ochroleucous, lateral petals densely bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stigma tubular. Jn. 20. V. ARVENSIs. Ell. (V. tenella. Muhl. V. bicolor. Ph. V. tricolor. B. arvensis. DC.) St. 3-angled, erect; Ivs. orbicular-spatulate, smooth, subdentate, upper ones ovate-spatulate; stip. foliaceous, pinnatifid, very large; pet. longer than the'calyx, bluish-white. —) A rare species, though widely dispersed from N. Y. South to Ga., and W. to Mo., on dry hills. Stem pubescent on the angles, 2-4' high. Leaves 3 —5" diam., shorter than the petioles, with about 5 obtuse teeth or angles; cauline ones more narrow, sometimes entire. Stipular segments linear-oblong, as long as the leaves. Peduncles 4-angled, twice longer than the leaves. Petals twice longer (scarcely longer -T. 4- G.) than sepals, lateral ones bearded, lowest with 5 striEe. May. 21. V. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Violet. Pansey. Heart's-ease. —St. angular, diffuse; Ivs. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, d:ceply cremate; stip. runcinately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segment as large as the leaves; spur short, thick. —Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring, and latest in autumn. Flowers variable in size, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the 2 lateral white and with the lower, striate, all yellow at base, t 22. V. GRANDIFLORA. Great Purple Violet.-St. 3-cornered, simple, procumbent; Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles; stip. lyrate-pinnatifid; fls. large.-Native of Switzerland. A large and beautiful species, with dark purple flowers, 1 —2' diam. Whole plant smooth, 6-12' long. Stipules — 1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter. t 2. SOLEA. Gingins. Sepals nearly equal, not auriculate; petals unequal, the lowest 2lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate; stamens cohering, the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle; capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus; seeds 6-8, very large. —X Lvs. can. line, alternate. S. CONCOLOR. Gingins. (Viola concolor. Ph.) Gr'een Violet. A strictly erect plant, in woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., S. to Car. Stem DROSERA. XVIII. DROSERACE2E. 179 1 —2f high, simple, and, with the leaves, somewhat hairy. Leaves 4 —6 by 1~-21', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioTes. Peduncles very short, 1-5-flowered, axillary. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Capsule nearly 1' in length. Apr. May. ORDER XVIII. DROSERAOEAC. —SuNDEWS. Plarsts herbaceous, delicate, often covered with glands. Lvs. alternate, with stipulary fringes, circinate in vernation. Ped. when young, circinate. Sep. 5, persistent, equal, imbricate in aestivation. Cor.-Petals 5, hypogynous, marescent. Sta. distinct, marescent usually equal in number to the petals. Ova. single. Sty. 3 —5, either wholly distinct or slightly united, bifid or branched. Fr. a capsule, i-3-celled, usually many-seeded. Sds. sometimes ariled. Genera 7, species 90, scattered over the whole globe, wherever marshes are found. Their leaves are usually furnished with glandular hairs, and are entire, alternate or crowded. Attached to this order is the genus Parnassia, regarded by some as forming a separate order. It is variously located by different botanists. We follow Torrey and Gray, after De Candolle, in placing it here. Some peculiarity exists in the arrangement and structure of the stamens in this genus, which will be mentioned farther on. No remarkable properties have been discovered belonging to plants of this order. Conspectus of the Genera. 5 in number. Styles 3-5..... Drosera. 1 hypogynous, all perfect and 10-15 in number. Style 1..... Diodnea. 2 Stamens t perigynous, inner row 5 perfect ones, outer row 5 groups of imperfect ones.. Parnzassia. 1. DROStRA. Gr. Jpooaos, dew; from the dew-like secretion. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5; stamens 5, with adnate anthers; styles 3-5, each 2-parted; capsule 3-5-valved, 1celled, many-seeded. —Small aquatic herbs. 1. D. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-leaved Sundew. Lvs. radical, nearly round, depressed; petioles hairy; scapes erect, bearing a simple raceme. —4 This curious little plant is not uncommon in bogs and muddy shores of ponds and rivers. It is at once distinguished by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset, and which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, appearing like dew glistening in the sun. Leaves small, lying flat on the ground, narrowed into the elongated petiole. Scape 5 —8 high, at first coiled inward. Flowers arranged on one side, very small, white. Aug. 2. LONGIFOLIA. Long-leaved Sundew. Lvs. radical, spatulate and obovate, tapering at base into a long, smooth petiole; scape bearing a simple raceme. —2 A more slender and delicate species, in similar situations with the last. Leaves slender, ascending, cuneiform, oblong, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops,-length including the petiole 1-3'. Scape ascending at base, bearing a cluster of small, yellowish-white flowers, and arising 3-8'. Jn.-Aug. 3. D. FILIPORMIS. Thread-leaved Sundew. Lvs. filiform, very long; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, many-flowered; pet. obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular calyx; sty. 2-parted to the base. —% Grows in wet sandy places, much larger than the preceding species. The leaves are destitute of a lamina, are suberect, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs except near the base. Scape about a foot high, with large, purple flowers. Aug. Sept. 4. D. LINEAR1S. Goldie. Linear-leaved Sutndew. Lvs. linear, obtuse; petioles elongated, naked, erect; scapes few-flowered, about the length of the leaves; cal. glabrous, much shorter than the oval capGule; sds. oval, shining, smooth. —D Borders of lakes, Can., Mich. to the Rocky Mts. Hooker. T. 4. G. Scape 3-6' high, with about 3 small flowers. Leaves about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. J1. Aug. 16 180 XIX. GISTACELE. LcNa. 2, DIONE A. Ellis. Dionaea is one of the names of Venus. Sepals 5, ovate, oblong, spreading; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins; stamens 10-15; style 1; stigmas 5, connivent, many-cleft; capsules indehiscent, breaking irregularly, 1-celled, many-seeded.% glabrous. Lvs. radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when touched. Scape umbellate. D. MUSCIPUiLA. Ell. Venus' Fly-trap.-Native of the Southern States. Sometimes cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Leaves rosulate, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. (See Part 1. Q 248.) Scape 6-12' high, with an umbel of 8-10 white flowers. Apr. May. t 3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. Named for Mount Pamassus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c. Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous; stamens perigynous, in 2 series, the outer indefinite in number, united in 5 groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1celled, 4-valved; seeds very numerous, with a winged testa. —2 herbs with radical lvs. and 1-flowered scapes. 1. P. CAROLINIUNA. Grass of Parnassus. Sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted with little spherical heads; pet. much exceeding the calyx, marked with green veins; Ivs. radical or sessile on the scape, broad-oval, with no sinus at the base.-An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Root fibrous. Leaves about 7-veined, broad-oval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, cauline ones sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes about If high, with a handsome regular flower about 1' diam. J1. Aug. 2. P. PALUSTRIS. Lvs. all cordate, the cauline one (if any) sessile; scales (bundles of sterile stamens) smooth, with numerous slender, pellucid setae.-Bogs and lake shores, Mich. to Lab. and W. to the Rocky Mts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with a single clasping leaf near the base. Flowers white. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals marked with 3-5 green or purple veins. Each scale is distinguished by 10-15 whitish hair-like bristles. ORDER XIX. CISTACEE. -RocK RosEs. Plants herbaceous or shrubby. Branches often viscid. Lis. entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-veined. FPs. white, yellow, or red, very fugacious, in one-sided racemes. Cal.-Sepals 5, unequal. the 3 inner with a twisted mestivation. Cor.-Petals 5, hypogynous, crumpled in westivation. Sta. indefinite, hypogynous, distinct. Anth. innate. Ova. distinct, or many-celled. Sty. single. Stig. simple. teeeding from the middle of the valves. FPr. capsular, either i-celled with parietal placente, or imperfectly 3-5-celled, with dissepiments proGenera 7, species 185, found most abundant in the north of Africa or south of Europe. They possess no interest on account of their properties. Conspectus of the Genera. large and showy, or wanting.. Helianthemum. 2 Petals 5, minute. Delicate shrubs.. HUdsonia. 3 Petals 3, lnear-lanceolate..Lechea. 1 1. L E C H A. In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist. Sepals 5, the 2 outer minute; petals 3, lanceolate, small; stamens 3-12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; placentie nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1-2-seeded.-4&Sfruticose, branching plants. Stipules 0. HUIIPSNIA. XIX. CISTACEAE. 181 1. L. MAJOR. Michx. (L. villosa. Eli. L. minor. Linn.) Larger Pinweed. Erect, hairy; branches villous, radical ones prostrate; cauline Ivs. elliptical, mucronate, those of the radical branches roundish, minute; fis. small, numerous, in fasciculate racemes, somewhat 1-sided.-In dry woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 1-2f high, rigid, brittle, hairy, purple, paniculately branched. Leaves of the stem about 1' long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Flowers brownish-purple, inconspicuous. Capsule roundish, about the size of a large pin-head. J1. Aug. 2. L. MINOR. Lam. Smaller Pinweed. Erect, smoothish, branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle leafy, its branches elongated; fils. in nearly simple racemes; caps. rather large.-Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 8-12' high, often decumbent at base. Stem leaves, 6-10" by 2-3", alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the margin, those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers nearly twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownishpurple, cohering atapex. Capsule also rather larger than in L. major. Jn.-Sept. 3. L. THYMIFOLIA. Ph. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. Frutescent; sts. decumbent at base, hoary with appressed hairs, very branching and leafy; root Ivs. on the short radical branches, imbricate, elliptical, very small; cauline lvs. linear or oblanceolate, often whorled. Sea-coasts, Mass.! to N. J. Stem about lf high, rigid and very bushy. Upper leaves about 1' long, erect and crowded. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Capsules globose. J1.-Sep. 2. HELIANTHkMUM. Gr. IJaLOs, the sun, aaoc, a flower. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller; petals 5, or rarely 3, sometimes abortive; stamens 00; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule triangular, 3-valved, opening at top; seeds angular. —Fls., yellow. 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (Cistus Canad. Willd.) Frost Plant. Rock Rose. St. ascending; branches erect, pubescent; lvs. alternate, without stipules, lanceolate, acute, hairy; petaliferousfis. few, large, terminal, apetalous ones lateral, solitary or racemose.-In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. Stem about if high, at length shrubby at base. Leaves 8-12" long, i as wide, entire, subsessile. Flowers with large bright yellow petals, in a terminal corymb. The axillary flowers later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Stamens declinate. Capsule smooth, shining, those of the apet. ifs. not larger than a pin's head. Seeds few, brown. Jn. —Sep. 2. H. CORYMBOSUM. Michx. (Heteromeris cymosa. Spach.) St. branching, canescent, erect; lvs. lance-oblong, canescently tomentose beneath; fis. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous-canescent, outer ones linear, obtuse, inner ovate, acute.-Sterile sands, N. J. to Ga. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentose when young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary flowers about 1' diam. Secondary ones small, apetalous. Jn.-Aug. 3. HUDSONIA. In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of " Flora Anglica." Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones at dase; petals 5; Stamens 9-30; style filiform, straight; capsule 1-celled, 3valved, many-seeded.-Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute exstipulate Ivs. 1. H. TOMENTOSA. Nutt. Downy Hudsonia. Hoary-tomentose; lvs. ovate, imbricate, acute, shorter than the intervals of the stem; fis. subsessile; pet. obtuse.-Shores of the ocean and lakes, N. J. to N. H.! and Wisc., &c. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending 182 XX. HYPERICACEE. HYPERICURM. stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Leaves about 1-2" in length, closely appressed to the stem. Flower small, yellow, on pedicels not longer than the leaves. May. 2. H. ERICOiDES. Heath-like Hudsoqnia. Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. acerose-subulate; ped. longer than the leaves, filiform, hairy; sep. acutish.-A very delicate shrub, found in pine barrens, Mass. to Va. Stem if high, erect, with numerous short, compound, procumbent branches. Leaves needle-like, scattered, 2-4" long. Flowers yellow, shorter than the peduncles. Capsule oblong, pubescent. May. ORDER XX. HYPERICACEAE.-ST. JOHN'S-WORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with a resinous juice, and often with angular branches. Lvs. opposite, entire, mostly punctate with pellucid dots, and black glands. Stip. O. Fts. perfect mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. ~ Cal.-Sepals 4-5, distinct or cohering, persistent, unequal, dotted. Cor.-Petals 4-5, hypogynous, aestivation twisted, veins oblique, dotted. Sta. hypogynous, indefinite, in 3 or more parcels. Anthers versatile. Ova. single, superior. Style slender. Stigma simple. Fr. a capsule or berry, many-celled. Seeds indefinite, minute. Genera 13, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a very great variety in habit, and flourishing in all kinds of localities. Thejuice of many species is considered purgative and febrifugal. Conspectus of the Genera. ~.... He. 2. s and sep 5. Hypogynous glands J 3..::.Hsver/oca. 3. Petals and sepals 4. Hypogynous glands..... As8cyrum. 1. 1. ASCtRUM. Gr. a, privative, xKvpos, roughness; i. e., a smooth plant. Sepals 4, the 2 outer usually larger; petals 4; filaments slightly united at base into several parcels; styles 2-4, mostly distinct; capsule l-celled. —Plants suffruticose. Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. yellow, 1-3, terminal on each branch. Pedicels bibracteolate. 1. A. CRUX-ANDREaE. (A. multicaule, Michx.) St. Peter's-wort. St. much branched at base; branches suberect, ancipital above; Ivs. obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse; inner sep. minute, roundish; pet. linear-oblong; sty. 1-2.-Sandy woods, N. J. to La. Stem about If high, thickly clothed with leaves which are i-1;' long, of very variable width. Flowers pale-yellow, on very short pedicels, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx. Petals exceeding the sepals and stamens. July. 2. A. STANS. Michx. (A. hypericoides. Linn.) St. straight, erect, ancipltal or winged, branched above; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, sessile; outer sep. cordate, orbicular, longer than the 2 lanceolate, interior ones; sty. 3.-Swamps in pine barrens, N.J. to La. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 1 —1' long, J as wide, somewhat glaucous. Flowers usually 3 together, much larger than in the preceding. Yellow. J1. Aug. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5, connected at base, subequal, leaf-like; petals 5, oblique; Stamens 00 (sometimes few) united at base into 3-5 parcels, with no glands between them; styles 3-5, distinct or united at base, persistent. —Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate, with pellucid dots, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymose panicles, yellow. * Stamens 20-100, polyadelphous. Herbs. 1. H. PYRAMIDITUM. Ait. (H. ascyroides. Willd.) Giant Hypericum. St. branching, somewhat quadrangular; Ivs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute, smooth; sty. as long as the stamens.-Q A large flowering species, found on dry hills, also on river banks, Ohio -and Penn. to Car. Stem 3-5f high, scarcely angular, smooth, rigid, herbaceous. Branches corymbose and erect, or late LYPEL.RICUM. XX. IYP ERICACEiE. 183 hal, axillary, opposite. Leaves acute, not acuminate, those of the stem 2 —5' ong, j as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. Flowers 1J' diam. Petals obovate, i-1' wide. Stamens capillary, 100 or more. Capsules 1' long, ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Seeds 00. J1. Aug. 2. H. PERFORATUM. Common St. John's-wort. St. 2-edged, branched; Ivs. elliptical, with pellucid dots; sep. lanceolate, half as long as the petals. —4 A hardy plant, prevailing in pastures and dry soils, Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. Stem 1-2f high, brachiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the nodes. Leaves 6-10" long, i as-wide, ramial ones much smaller, all obtuse, the dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Flowers numerous, deep yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sepals bordered with fine dark colored glands. Jn. J1. ~ 3. H. CORYMBOSUM. Muhl. (H. punctatum. Beck.) Spotted St. John's. St. erect, round, smooth, branching; Ivs. clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered with black dots; cymes terminal, brachiate, dense-flowered, corymbose; sep. ovate, acute. —4 In wet meadows and damp woods, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 1 —2f high. Leaves 1-2' long, nearly j. as wide, with pellucid punctures besides the black dots. Flowers small, numerous, pale-yellow, petals nearly 3 times as long as the sepals, with oblong black dots. Stigmas orange-red, on distinct styles. Jn. J1. 4. H. ANGULOSUM. Michx. St. simple below, corymbosely branched above, sharply 4-angled; Ivs. somewhat ovate, closely sessile, scarcely punctate; cymes leafless, compound; Jls. alternate, solitary on the ultimate branches; sep. lanceolate, acute, half as long as the petals.-94 Cedar swamps, N. J. to Flor. Stem nearly 2f high. Leaves nearly 1' long, - as wide, rather distant. Petals obovate, brownish-red, with a single lateral tooth near the apex. Jn.-Aug. 5. H. ELLIPTiCUM. Hook. (HE sphaerocarpon. Bart.) St. quadrangular, simple, cymose at summit; lvs. elliptical, obtuse, somewhat clasping, pellucid-punctate; cyme pedunculate; sep. unequal; sty. united at base. —Q4 Low grounds, Uxbridge, Ms., Rickard! R. I. Olney, to N. Y. and Penn. Stem 8-16' high, slender, colored at base. Leaves 8-13" by 2-4", somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen flowers, generally 1-2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central flowers subsessile. Petals acutish, orange-yellow, 2-3" long; sepals shorter. Stigmas minute. July. * * Stamens 20-100, polyadelphous. Shrubs. 6. H. KALMIiNUM. Kalm's St. John's-wort. St. corymbosely branched; branches somewhat 4-sided, two of the angles slightly winged; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse, attenuate at base; cymes 3-7-flowered, fastigiate; sep. half as long as petals.-Rocks below Niagara Falls! &c. A shrubby species a foot or more in height. Leaves an inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and thickly punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate. Flowers yellow. Stamens very numerous. Aug. 7. H. PROLIFiCUM. Branching; branches ancipital, smooth; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge; cynmes compound, leafy; sep. unequal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; pet. obovate, a little larger than sepals; sty. at length distinct.-A highly ornamental shrub, 2 —4f high, prairies and creek shores, Mid. and West. States! Leaves 2-2j' long, 4 —6" wide. Flowers' diam., orange-yellow, in an elongated inflorescence. Stamens 00. Jl. Aug. t A. T. & G. Lvs. much smaller; ca vsule attenuate at summit. 8. H. ADPRESSUM. Barton. St. shrubby at base, 2-winged above; Ivs. oblong-linear, sessile, with pellucid punctures; fis. 15-20, in a leafless cyme; sep. unequal, half as long as the oblong-obovate petals; sty. united; caps. 3-celledl.-Swamps, R. I.! Pa. 16* 184 XX. HYPERICACEIE. ELODEA. to Ark. About 2f high. Leaves 1-2' by 2-4", often somewhat lance-shaped. Flowers about 6" diam., with very numerous stamens. Aug. Sept. 9. H. AUREUM. Bertram. (H. amcenum. Ph.) Golden Hypericum. Branches spreading, ancipital; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base, glaucous beneath; fis. few together, subsessile; pet. coriaceous, reflexed; sty. 3, connate, persistent on the ovoid-conic capsule.-A beautiful shrub, 2-4f high, native of S. Car. and Ga. Flowers large, orange-yellow. Stamens 100 or more. Capsule red. Jn.-Aug. 10. H. NUDIFLORUM. Michx. St. shrubby at base; branches winged; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse; cymes leafless, pedunculate; centralfls. shortly pedicellate; pet. obovate, longer than the linear sepals; sty. united.-Wet grounds, Penn. to La. Plant 1-2f high, with numerous 4-sided branches. Leaves thin, about 2' long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small and rather loose in the cyme. Aug. t * * * Stamens 5-20, distinct. 11. H. MUTiLUM. (H. quinquenervium. Walt.) Small St. Jokn's-wort. St. erect, usually much branched, often subsimple, quadrangular; Ivs. obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely punctate; cymes leafy; pet. shorter than the sepals; sta 6-12. —0 Damp, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. W. to Ia! Stem 3-6 —9 high. Leaves closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 —8" by 2 —5", outer veins obscure. Flowers minute. Jl. Aug. 12. H. CANADENSE. Canadian St. John's-wort. St. quadrangular, branched; lvs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse; sep. lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals; sta. 5-10. —0 Wet, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. Stem 8 —15 high, slightly 4-winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Leaves about 1' by 1-2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. Flowers small, orange-colored. Ovary longer than the styles. Capsule red, longer than the sepals. J1. Aug. 13. H. SAROTHRA. Michx. (Sarothra gentianoides. Linn.) St. and branches filiform, quadrangular; Ivs. very minute, subulate; fis. sessile.-Dry fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem 4-8' high, branched above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches, apparently leafless, from the minuteness of the leaves. Flowers very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical, brown capsule which is twice the length of the sep. J1. Aug. 14. H. DRUMMONDII. Torr. & Gray. (Sarothra. Grev. 4. Hook.) Branches alternate, square above; Ivs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer than the internodes; fis. pedicellate; sta. 10-20; sep. lanceolate, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovate capsule. —Near St. Louis, &c. Plant more robust than the last, nearly If high, very branching. Leaves i' long. Flowers about 4" diam. 3. ELODfiA. Adans. Gr. eXolsJg, marshy; fibm the habitat of the plants. Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base; petals 5, deciduous, equilateral; stamens triadelphous, the parcels alternating with 3 hypogynous glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-celled.-]-% Herbs with pellucid-punctate leaves, the axils leafless. 1. E. VIRGINiCA. Nutt. (E. campanulata. Ph. Hypericum. Linn.) St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching; lvs. oblong, amplexicaul; sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set.-Swamps and ditches, U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9-20' high. Leaves 11-2-' long, j as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, glaucous beneath. Cymes terminal and axillary. Flowers 5" diam., orange. yellow. Petals about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange. colored. Capsules ovoid-oblong, acutish. J1. Sept. 2. E. PETIOLATA. Pursh. (Hypericum. Walt.) Lvs. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole; Jfs. mostly in 3s, axillary, SPERtGULA. XXII. ILLECEBRACEiE. 185 nearly sessile; fil. united above the middle; capsules oblong, much longer than the sepals.-Swamps, N. J. to Ky. Stem about 2f high. Leaves 1-3' long, rounded-obtuse. Flowers smaller than in the last, of a dull orange-color Aug. Sept. ORDER XXII. ILLECEBRACEAE. —KNoTwo RTs. Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, branching. Lvs. sessile entire. Stpules and bracts scarious. Fls. minute. Cal. —Sepafs 5, distinct or coherent at base, persistent. Cor.-Petals minute, inserted between the sepals, often wanting, Sta. equal in number to the sepals (sometimes less or more) inserted into the perigynous disk. Ova. superior, i-celled. Sty. 2-5, either partially or wholly combined. Fr. a utricle, sd. solitary, attached to base of cell; or a many-seeded capsule. Genera 24, species 100, found mostly around the Mediterranean. Seven of the genera have been found in N. America. A slight astringency is their only known property. Conspectus of the Genera. I or sterile filaments none........... Anychia. 1 minute, resembling sterile filaments. Paronychia. 2 Petals conspicuous, white or rose-colored.... Spergula. S 1. ANYCHIA. Michx. Gr. ov4a, the finger nail; a supposed remedy for the maladies of that organ. Calyx of 5, ovate-oblong, connivent sepals, callous, subsaccate at the apex; corolla 0; filaments 2-5, distinct; stigma subcapitate; utricle enclosed in the sepals. —( Small herbs, with dichotomous branches. Lvs. stipulate. A. DICHOTOMA. Michx. (Queria Canadensis. Linn.) Forked Chickweed. St. at length much branched, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline ones opposite, ramial ones alternate; ]ls. about as long as the stipules, terminal ones subfasciculate.-Dry woods and hills, Can. and N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 4-10' high, round, slender, pubescent above, with dichotomous, filiform branches. Leaves 2-8" by — 2", acute or obtuse, with ovate-acuminate, scarious stipules at base situated at each fork of the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in terminal clusters of 3 or more, very small, white. Jn.-Aug. ft. capillacea. Torr.-Smooth;/ranches capillary; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, cuneiform at base. Ia.! Ill.! 2. PARONYCHIA. Tourn. Etymology similar to the foregoing. Sepals united at base, acuminatecuspidate at apex, the lining membrane colored and cucullate or saccate at summit; petals (sterile il.?) very narrow and scale-like; stamens 5; styles more or less united; stigmas 2; utricle 1-seeded included in the calyx. 1. P. JAMESII. Torr. & Gray. Cespitose, much branched; lvs. linear-subulate, scabrous; fJs. few, in small, dense, dichotomous cymes, the central ones sessile; pet. (or setee) alternate with the fertile filaments; sep. linear, with a minute cusp.-Prairies, Mason Co., Ill. Mead. R. Mts. James. Nutt. Stems about if long. Flowers small. 2. P. DICHOT6MA. Nutt. (Achyranthes. Linn.) Coespitose, densely branching; Ivs. acerose-mucronate, glabrous, 2-grooved each side; cymes compound, diffuse, without central fis.; setae much shorter than the stamens.-Rocks, Harper's Ferry. Stems 6-12' high. Leaves 1' by 4", crowded. Style bifid 4 its length. Jl.-Nov. 3. SPERGVLA. Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds. Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire; stamens 5-10; styles 3 —5 capsules superior, ovate, 3-5-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs with flowers in loose cymes. Lvs. stipulate. 186 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEIE. 1. S. ARVENSIS. Coffr Spurry. Lvs. verticillate, linear-subulate; sta. 10; sty. 5; ped. reflexed in frut; sds. reniform, angular, rough.-A common weed in cultivated grounds, Can. to Ga. Root small. Stem round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with copious whorled leaves, somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice as long. Seeds many, with a membranous margin. May-Aug. Q 2. S. RUBRA. T. & G. (Arenaria rubra. Linn.) St. decumbent, much branched; Ivs. linear, slightly mucronate; stipules ovate, membranous, cleft; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins; pet. red or rose-color; sty. 3; sds. compressed, angular, roughish.-A common and variable species, fobund in sandy fields! Can. to Flor. &c. Stems a few inches in length, slender, smooth, spreading on the ground, with small, narrow leaves and dry, sheathing stipules. Flowers small, on hairy stalks. May-Oct. ORDER XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE2E.- CLOVEWORTS. Herbs, with the stems swelling at the nodes. Lve. opposite, entire, destitute of stipules. Fls. regular; Cal.-Sepals 4-5, distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent. Cor. —Petals 4-5, (sometimes none) either unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk. Sta. twice as many as the petals, rarely equal or few; anthers introrse. Ova. often stipitate. Styles stigmatose the whole length of their inner surface. Fr. a 1-celled capsule or imperfectly 2 —5-celled, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are stigmas. Seeds numerous. Genera 53, species 1055. Eleven of the genera are North American, the remainder are found in the temperate and frigid climates of the Eastern Continent. Properties unimportant. The order is noticeable chiefly for the beauty of a few of the cultivated species. % d44vb s FIG. 41.-1. Lychnis diurna. 2. Vertical section, exposing the 5 styles, the placenta and seeds of the 1-celled capsule. 3. A petal, with its long claw, its bifid lamina, and its 2-toothed crown. 4. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 5. Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. 6. A flower enlarged-calyx not tubular. Conspectuzs of the Genera. g Sepals partly united.. Adenarisum. 4 entire. Z Sepals entirely distinct. Arenaria. 3 Petals 5, bifid. Stellaria. 1 ( Styles 3. Petals 0. Mollugo. 6 not Styles 4. Petals 4-5 or 0, entire.... Sagina. 5 tubular. Styles 5. Petals 5, bifid. Cerastisem. 2 Calyx calyculate with 2-4 scales at base. Dianthus. 10 Styles 2. ( Calyx without scales at the base. Saponarza. 9 Styles 3........... Silene. 7 Calyx tubular. Styles 5............ Lychnis. 8 CEBRASBTIU. XX1II. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. 187 TRIBE 1.-ALSINE2E. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk. 1. STELLARIA. Lat. stella, a star:-from the stellate or star like flowers. Sepals 5, connected at base; petals 5; 2-parted; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule superior, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. —Small grass-like herbs, in moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes. 1. S. MEDIA. Smith. (Alsine. Linn.) Chickweed. Lvs. ovate; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line; sta. 3 —5 or 10.-A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mex., flowering from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn. Stems prostrate, branched, brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge extending from joint to joint, in an alternate manner. Flowers small, white. The seeds are eaten by poultry and the birds. ~ 2. S. LONGIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. graminea. Bw.) Lvs. linear, entire; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanceolate, scarious bracts; cal. 3-veined, about equal to the petals.-U. S., N. to Arc. Circ. The stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other plants and bushes. Leaves alternate at base. Flowers in a divaricate, naked cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. Three acute, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn. J1. 3. S. PUBERA. Michx. St. decumbent, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate; fis. on short, filiform, recurved pedicels.-'4 In rocky places, Penn. and Ky. to Ga. Stem 6-12' long, often diffusely spreading. Leaves 1-2-' by 4-10", with minute, scattered hairs. Flowers J' diam., axillary and terminal, large, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. Apr.-Jn. 4. S. LONGiPES. Goldie. (S. palustris. Rich. Micropetalon. Pers.) Smooth and shining; st. more or less decumbent, with ascending branches; lvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base, acute; peduncles and pedicels filiform, cymose, with ovate, membranous bracts at base; sep. with membranous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals.-94 Lake shores, N. Y.! and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Flowers in loose cymes, the terminal peduncle, or the middle one, the longest. Jn.-Aug. 5. S. BORELIS. Bigelow. (S. lanceolata. Torr. Micropetalon. Pers.) St. weak, smooth; lvs. veinless, broad-lanceolate, acute; ped. at length axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; pet. 2-parted (sometimes wanting), about equal to the veinless sepals. —( Wet places. N. H., N. Y., N. to Artic Am. A spreading flaccid plant. Stem 6-12-15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and axillary. Leaves 8-15" long, 1-veined. Petals when present white, small, at length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Capsules longer than the calyx. Jn. J1. 6. S. AQUATICA. Pollich. (S. borealis. Darl.) Nearly glabrous; st. slender, decumbent; lvs. oblong, acute, with manifest veinlets; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid petals; caps. ovoid, about equaling the calyx; sty. 3. —4 Swampy springs, Penn. ID. Darlington. Md. Dr. Robbins. Also Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 6-12' long, with inconspicuous flowers. Leaves 6" by 2-3". May. 2. CERASTIUM. Linn. Gr. Kerpac, a horn; from the resemblance of the capsules of some of the species. Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals; corolla of 5 bifid petals; stamens 1ff8i XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. ARENARIA. 10, sometimes 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsule superior, cylindrical or roundish, 10-toothed; seeds numerous. * Petals scarcely longer than thle calyx. 1. C. VULGATUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Hairy, pale green, cnespitose; Ivs. attenuated at the base, ovate, or obova e-obtuse; fls. in subcapitate clusters; sep. when young, longer than the pedicels. —() Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flowering all summer. Stems 6-12' long, ascending, mostly forked. Leaves 5-8" by 3-5"', mostly very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Flowers in dense, terminal clusters, the terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Sepals mostly green, a little shorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 2. C. visc6SUM. (and C. semidecandrum. Linn.) Sticky Chickweed. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; fis. in loose cymes; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedicels.-Q- Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant more deeply green than the last. Stems many, assurgent, dicehotomously-cymose. Leaves 5-9"1 long, t — as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Flowers white, in diffuse cymes. Petals hardly as long as the sepals, obovate, bifid. Jn.-Aug. f. semidecandruam. T. & G. Stamens 5.-Mass. to Ia.! ** Petals much longer than the calyr. 3. C. ARvENsE. (C. tenuifolium. Ph.) Field Chickweed. Pubescent, somewhat ceespitose; lvs. linear-lanceola te, acute, often longer than the internodes; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, few flowered; pet. more than twice longer than the calyx; cap. scarcely exceeding the sepals.Rocky hills. Stems 4-10' high, decumbent at base. Leaves 9-15"-long, 12" wide. Flowers white, rather large. Capsule usually a little longer than the calyx. May-Aug. 4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM. Torr. (C. villosum. Muhl.) Villose, viscid above; st. erect or declined; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes; jls. numerous, in a spreading cyme; pet. twice as long as the sepals; cap. about twice as long as the calyx. —q Rocky places. Stems 6-10' high, thick. Leaves 9-129" by 3-5", tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers larger than either of the foregoing, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr.-Jn. 5. C. NUTANS. Raf. Viscid and pubescent; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect; lvs. lanceolate, narrow, shorter than the internodes; fis. many, diffusely cymose, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx. —!) Low grounds, Vt. to Ill.! and La. Pale green and very clammy. Stems 8-15' high, branched from the base. Leaves 1-2' long, i as wide. Flowers white. Capsules a little curved, nearly thrice longer than the calyx. May. 3. ARENARIA. Lat. arena, sand; in which most species grow. Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3; capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded.-Fls. terminal. Sty. rarely 2 or 4. 1. A. sQARROSA. Michx. Caespitose; st. few-flowered; lower lvs. squarrose-imbricate, crowded, tpper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth; pet. obovate, three times longer than the obtuse, veinless sepals. —% In sandy barrens, N. Y. Robbins, to Ga. Stems 6-10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple branches. Leaves about i' long, obtuse, sessile. Flowers white, in small terminal cymes. Sepals green. Capsules obtuse. Apr.-Sept. 2. A. sTRICTA. Michx. Straight Sandwort. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the base; Ivs. subulate-linear, erect; pet. much longer than the calyx; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; cymes SAGINA. XXIII. CARYOPHYLLE J 20E. 189 lew-flowered, with spreading branches. —4 Sterile grounds, Are. Am. to Car. Stem 8-10' high. Leaves 5 —8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veined, much fasicled in the axils. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the sepals, white. May, Jn. 3. A. GREENLANDiCA. Spreng. (A. Glabra. Bw.) Greenland Sandwort. Glabrous; sts. numerous, low, filiform, suberect; Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, spreading; pedicels 1-flowered, elongated, divaricate; sep. veinless, ovate, obtuse, membrane-margined, much shorter than the petals. —4 Summits of high mountains, N. H! N. Y., N. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses, consisting of exceedingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over with large (8" diam.) white flowers with yellow stamens. Aug. 4. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyne-leaved Sa'ndwort. St. dichotomous, spreading; lvs. ovate, acute, subciliate; cal. acute, substriate; pet. shorter than the calyx; caps. ovate, 6-f6-tthed. —( By roadsides, and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, a few inches in length. Leaves 2-3"' long, j as wide. Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. Petals white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 35-veined, acuminate, hairy sepals. Jn. 5. A. LATERIFL6RA. Side-)fowering Sandwert. Erect., slightly pubescent; lvs. oval, obtuse; ped. lateral, 2-3-flowered. -Q A slender, upright species, found in damp, shady grounds, N. States, and Brit. Am. Stem 6-:-10' high, nearly simple. Leaves elliptical, rounded at each end., 6-10" long, i as wide, on very short petioles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 2-3' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels, one of them with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Flowers 4" diam., white. Petals more than twice as long as sepals. Ja. 3. ADENARIUM. Raf. Sepals 5, united at base; petals 5, unguiculate, entire; stamens 10, inserted into a glandular disk; styles 3 —5; capsule 3-5-valved, many-seeded. —0 Herbs of the sea-coast, with fleshy leaves. A. PEPLoiDEs. DC. (Arenaria. Linn. Honckenya. Ef&r]i. and 1st. edit.) Sea Chickweed.-Very fleshy; st. creeping, with erect, subsimple branches; ivs. ovate, obtuse, veinless, exceeding the petals. —Abundant on the Atlantic coast! N. J. to Lab. Upright stems a foot high. Leaves 5-7-10" long, J as wide, abruptly pointed, clasping at base, shorter than the internodes. Flowers small, white, axillary, on short pedicels. J1. 5. SAGINA. Lat. 8agina, any kind of food or nourishment, Sepals 4-5, united at base; petals entire, 4 or 5, or 0; stamens 4-10; styles 4-5; capsule 4-5-valved, many-seeded.-PFls. solitary. 1. S. PROCUMBENs. Creeping Pearlwort. St. procumbent; glabrous; pet. very short; sta., sep. and pet. 4 or 5& — A small weed, with slender, creeping stems 3 or 4' long, found in damp places, R. I.! N. Y. to S. Car., W. to Oregon. Leaves very small, linear, mucronatepointed, connate or opposite. Flowers white and green, axillary, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Jn. 2. S. DECUMBENS. T. & G. (Spergula saginoides. Linn.) Pearlwort. St. decumbent, ascending, mostly glabrous; lvs. linear-subulate, very acute; ped. much longer than the leaves; pet. and sep. 5; sta. 10. —I) Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Stem 2-3' long. Flowers axillary and. terminal. Petals white, hardly as large as the sepals. J1. Apparently a variety of S. procumbens. 5 3 3. S. APET.LA. Erect and pubescent; Ivs. linear-subulate; ped. elongated, ascending in fruit; sep. and sta. 4; pet. very minute or 0.-(v Sandy fields, N. J., Penn. 190 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEE. SILENE. Stems numerous, filiform, 2-4' high. Sepals acute, shorter than the capsule. May Jn. 6. MOLLVGO. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; filaments setaceous, shorter than, and opposite to the sepals; anthers simple; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds reniform.-Lvs. at length apparently verticillate, each whorl consisting of 1 or 2 large, substipulate leaves, with several axillary, smaller ones. M. VERTICILLATA. Carpet-weed. Lvs. cuneiform, acute; st. depressed, branched; pedieels 1-flowered, subumbellate; sta. mostly but 3. —0 A small, prostrate plant, in dry places throughout N. Am. Stems slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground. At every joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually five in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk which is very slender and shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, white. J1.-Sep. TRIBE 2.-SILENE2E. Sepals united into a cylindrical tube. Petals clawed, inserted wztth the stamens upon the stipe of the ovary. 7. SILRNE. Silenus was a drunken divinity ofthe Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion. Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed; petals 5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2-cleft; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. * Calyx vesicular, inflated; petals scarcely crowned. 1. S. ACAULIS. Stemless Campion. Low and densely caespitose; lvs. linear, ciliate at base; ped. solitary, short, I-flowered; cal. campanulate, slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned. - 4 A little turfy plant, 1 —3 high, on the White Mts., N. H., and throughout Arctic Am. Stems scarcely any. Leaves numerous, i' long. Flowers purple. 2. S. STELLATA. Ait. (Cucubalus stellatus. Linn.) Stellate Campion. Erect, pubescent; lvs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acuminate; cal. loose and inflated; pet. fimbriate.-r4 An elegant plant, woods and prairies, Can. to Car., W. to Ill.! and Ark. Stem 2-3fhigh, paniculately cymose. Leaves 2-3' long, j as wide, tapering toma long point, sessile. Calyx pale-green, with more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed at base. J1. 3. S. NIVEA. DC. (Cucubalusniveus. Nutt.) Snowy Campion. Minutely puberulent, erect, simple or dichotomous above; Ivs. oblonglanceolat acuminate; fis. few, terminal; cal. inflated, with short and obtuse teeth; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown; caps. stiped. —4 in moist places, Penn., Ohio, near Cincinnati, (Clark!) Ill. Stem slender, leafy. 1 —3f high, generally forked near the top. Leaves 2-3' by — i, tapering to a very slender point, floral ones lance-ovate. Flowers 1-3. Calyx reticulated. Petals white. 4. S. INFLUTA. Smith. (CucubalusBehen. Linn.) Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; fis. in cymose panicles, drooping; cal. ovoid-globular, reticulated with veins.-i- in pastures about fences, Charlestown, Ms.! &c. Stem erect, about 2f high. Leaves 1-3' long, i as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half-way down. Calyx remarkably inflated, and reticulated with pale purple veins. J1.-The young shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for asparagus. ** Calyx not inflated. Petals crowned. 5. S. ANTIRRHINA. Snap-dragon Catch-fly. Nearly smooth; st. erect; lvs. lanceolate, acute, sub-ciliate; ped. trifid, LTCHNis. XXII1. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. 191 3-flowered; pet. emarginate; cal. ovate. —% Road-sides and dry soils, Can. and U. S. Stem slender, branching, with opposite leaves about a foot in height. Leaves about 2' long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile and scabrous on the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their middle. Flowers small, red, in loose, erect cymes. J1. 6. S. NOCTURNA. Nocturnal Catch-fly. St. branching, hairy below; lvs. pubescent, with long cilite at base, lower ones spatulate, upper lance-linear; Jls. appressed to the stem, in a dense onesided spike; cal. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins; pet. narrow, 2-parted. —() Near New Haven, Ct., Robbins. to Penn. Va. Flowers white, greenish beneath. J1. ~ t 7. S. NOCTIFLORA. Night-flowering Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branching; lower lvs. spatulate, upper linear; cal. cylindrical, ventricose, the alternate veins veinleted; teeth subulate, very long; pet. 2parted.-From Europe, introduced into our cultivated grounds! Flowers rather large, white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy weather. ~ t 8. S. PENNSYLVANiCA. Michx. Pennsylvanian Catchkfly. Viscid-pubescent; sts. numerous; lvs.from the root spatulate or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate; cyme few-flowered; pet. slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. -2r Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng.! to Ky. and Ga. Stem decumbent at base, nearly If high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flowers. Calyx long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Petals wedge-shaped, red or purplish. Jn. 9. S. VIRGINiCA. Virginian Catch-fly. Viscid-pubescent; st. procumbent or erect, branching; fis. large, cymose; cal. large, clavate; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. —i Gardens and fields, Penn. to to Ga. Stem 1-2f high, often procumbent at base. Leaves oblong, a little rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Stamens and pistils exserted. Petals red, large. Jn. t 10. S. REGIA. Sims. Splendid Catch-fly. Scabrous, somewhat viscid; st. rigid, erect; vfs. ovate-lanceolate; cyme paniculate; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end; sta. and stig. exserted.94 A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio, Sullivant! to La. Stems 3 —4f high. Leaves 2-3', by 8-15". Flowers very large, numerous. Calyx tubular, 10-striate, 1' long. Petals bright-scarlet, crowned. Jn. Jl. t 11. S. ARMERIA. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous; st. branching, glutinous below each node; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; fis. in corymbose cymes; pet. obcordate, crowned; cal. clavate, 10-striate. —K Introduced from Europe. A popular garden flower. Stem 1-l1f high, many-flowered. Leaves 1l-2-' long, * as wide; internodes elongated. Calyx ]' long, a little enlarged above. Petals purple, lamina half as long as calyx. J1.-Sept. 5t 8. LYCHNIS. Gr. XoXvos, a lamp: some cottony species having been used as lamp-wicG. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, ovoid or cylindrical; scales 0; petals 5, unguiculate, limb slightly cleft; stamens 10; pistils 5; capsule 1celled, or 5-celled at the base, with a 5-toothed dehiscence.- Corolla sometimes crowned. 1. L. GITHXGO. Lam. (Agrostefhma Githago. Linn.) Corn Cockle. Hairy; st. dichotomous; ped. elongated; Ivs. linear; cal. longer than the corolla; pet. entire, without the corona. —() A well known handsome weed, growing in fields of wheat, or other grains, and of a pale green color. Stem %-3f high. Leaves 3-5' by ~ —i', fringed with long hairs. Flowers few, large, of a dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Seeds roundish, angular, purplishblack. J1. 17 191 XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACELE. DIANTIUS. 2. L. CiALCEDONICA. Scarlet L(ychnis or Swveet William.-Smoothish; fis. fasciculate; cal. cylindric, clavate, ribbed; pet. 2-lobed.-4 A fine garden-flower, native of Russia. Stem 1-2f high, with dark-green, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaves, and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers. It has varieties with white flowers, and also with double. Jn. J1. t 3. L. FLOSCUCtLI. Ragged Robbin.-Smoothish; st. ascending, dichotomous at summit; fJs. fascicled; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed; pet. in 4 deep, linear segments. —4 Native of Europe. Stem 1-2f high, rough-angled, viscid above. Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angular, smooth calyx. Capsule roundish, 1-celled. Jl. —Sept. t 4. L. CORONATA. Chinese L/ychnis. —Smooth;./s. terminal and axillary, 1-3; cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed; pet. laciniate. —Native of China. Stem 1-2f high. Petals of lively red, remarkable fbr their large size. There are varieties with docble red, and double white flowers. t 5. L. DiURNA.-St. dichotomous-paniculate; fis.' 9Q; pet. half-bifid, lobes narrow, diverging; caps. ovoid-globose.-Native of Britain, almost naturalized! Stems about 2f high, pubescent. Leaves 1-3' long, elliptic-ovate, acute. Flowers light-purple, middle size. J. —Sep. t 6. L. CORONARIA. DC. (Agrostemma coronaria. Linn.) Mullein Pink. Rose Campion.-Villose; st. dichotomous; ped. long, 1-flowered; cal. cempanulate, veined.-4. Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wool. Stem 2t high. Flowers purple, large. Varieties are whkite-jlowered, red-double-fiowered, &c. t Obe —Other species rarely found in collections are L. fulgns with scarlet flowers; L.'c rta, with pink flowers; L. acc/nd, low, with pink flowers, &c. 9. SAPONARIA. Lat. sapo, soap; the mucilaginous juice is said to make soap. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales; petals 5, unguioulate; stamens 10; styles 2; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often crowned. 1. S. oFFICI'sALIS. Commonr Soap-wort. LuVs. ianceolote, inclining to elliptical; fis. in paniculate fasicles; cal. cylindirical; crown of the petals linear. —% By roadsides, New Eng. to Ga. A hardy, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pink-like flowers. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 2-3' long, t or more as wide, very acute. Flowers many, fleshcolored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, with a saponaceous juice. Ji. Aug.' 2. S. VACCARIA. Fly-trap. Lrvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile; fls. in paniculate cymes; cal. pyramidal, 5-angled, ltnooth; bracts membranaceous, acut". —-) Gardens and cultivated grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Leaves broadest at base 1-2' long, i as wide, tapering to an acute apex., Flowers on long stalks, palered. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds globose, black. J1. Aug. t 10. DIANTH US. Gr. Atos avg&a, the flower of Jove, alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance. Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imibricated scales at base; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched; stamens 10; styles 2, tapering, with tapering, revolute stigmas; capsule cylindric, 1-celled. 1. D. ARMERIA. Wild Pink. Lus. linear-subulate, hairy; Jis. aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx lanceolate, subulate, as long as the tube. —( Our only native species of the pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass. to N. J.! Stem erect, 1-2f high, branching. Leaves erect, 1-2' long, 1-3" wide at the clasping base, tapering to a subulate point. Flowers inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more. PORTULACA. XXIV. PORTULACACEXE. 193 Calyx and its scales a' long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with white, crenate. Aug. 2. D. BARBAITUS. Sweet William or Bunch Pink. —Lvs. lanceolate; fis. aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube. —4 An ornamental flower still valued as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beauty to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure." Stems lif high, thick. Leaves 3-5' by — 1', narrowed to the clasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May.-J1. t 3. D. CHINENSIS. China Pink.-St. branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; fi. solitary; scales linear, leafy, spreading, as long as the tube. —( Native of China. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like the other species, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer. t 4. D. PLUMARIUS. Single Pink. Pheasant's-eye.-Glaucous; st. 2-3-flowered; fis. solitary, calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; Ivs. linear; rough at the edge; pet. many-cleft, hairy at the throat. —% Native of Europe. From this species probably originated those beautiful pinks called pheasant's eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties. Flowers white and purple. Jn. —Aug. t 5. D. CARYOPHYLLUS. Car'wation. Bizarres, Picotees, Fakes, ~c. —Lvs. linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous; fis. solitary; scales very short, ovate; p et. very broad, beardless, crenate.-Stem 92-3f high, branched. Flowers white and crimson; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the splendid varieties of the carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes, and angles. 6. D. SUPERBUS. Su0perb Pink. —Lvs. linear-subulate; fls. fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; pet. pinnate.-2- A singularly beautiful pink, native of Europe. Stem 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. J1.-Sept. Obs.-Other species of this admirable genus are occasionally cultivated, but the varieties of Nos. 4 and 5 are by far the most common. The " Monthly Pink," common in house cultivation, with bright green, channeled, linear leaves, short, c.aspitose stems, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a rinety of D. Carthsianorunh. ORDER XXIV. PORTULACACEA2E.-PU sLLNES. Herbs succulent or fleshy with entire leaves and no stipules. Cal. —-Sepals 2, united at base. Cor.-Petals 5, sometimes more or less, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. variable in number. Filaments'distinct. Anthers versatile or intromse. Ova. superior l-celled. Sty. several, stigmatose along the inner surface. Fr. a pyxis, dehiscing by alid or capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. Genera 12, species 184, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarkl ble properties. Conspectus of the Genera. Capsule 3-valved....... 2., Talin 3 8 —20. ( Pyxis dehiscing transversely. Portulaca. i Stamens 5, opposite the petals.. Claytonia. 2 1. PORTULACA. Tourn. Sepals 2, the upper portion deciduous; petals 5 (4-6), equal; stamens 8-20; styles 3-6-cleft or parted; pyxis subglobose, dehiscing near the middle, many-seeded.-Low, herbaceous, fleshy. Fls. expanding only in sunshine. 1. P. OLERACEA. Purslane. Lvs. cuneate; fis. sessile. —( A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common in our gardens than desirable. Stem thick and succulent, much branched, and spreading, smooth. Leaves fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Flowers yellow. The herbage of the plant is of a reddish-green color. Sometimes used as a potherb, Ju.-Aug. 5 194 XXV. ELATINACE8E. 2. P. PILOSA, f. Scarlet-nloUered Purslane.-Sts. ascending, much branched; branches suberect, enlarged upwards; lvs. linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long, woolly hairs; fis. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of wool; pet. obovate; sta. about 15.A very delicate plant, with purple stems, and large, bright purple flowers.P. australis, with broader leaves and scarlet fis. is also popular in house cultivation. The species are mostly natives of S. Africa. t 2. CLAYTONIA. In memory of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. Sepals 2, ovate or roundish; petals 5, emarginate or obtuse; stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals; stigmas 3-cleft; capsule 3-valved, 2 —5-seeded.-Small, fleshy, delicate, early-flowering plants. 1. C. CAROLINIINA. Michx. Spring Beauty. Levs. ovate-lanceolate; sep. and pet. obtuse; rt. tuberous. —j. A delicate little plant, flowering in April, common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. W. to the Miss. Root a compressed, brown tubercle, buried at a depth in the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-leaves very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 2-3' high, with a pair of opposite leaves half-way up, which are 1-2' by i-1', entire, tapering at base into the petiole. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white, with a slight tinge of red, and beautifully penciled with purple lines. Apr. May. 2. C. VIRGINiCA. Virginian Spring Beauty. Lvs. linear, or lance-linear; sep. rather acute; pet. obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse; ped. slender, nodding.-?. In low, moist grounds, Mid. and S. States. W. to Mo., Everett! rare in N. Eng. Tubercle or cormus as large as a hazelnut, deep in the ground. Stem 6-10' long, weak. with a pair of opposite, very narrow leaves 3 —5 long. Flowers 5-10, rose-colored, with deeper colored veins, in a terminal cluster. Sepals acute or obtuse. Petals often elliptical, subacute. Apr. May. 3. TALINU M. Adans. Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous; petals 5, sessile; stamens 10 -20, inserted with the petals into the torus; style trifid; capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded. 1. T. TERETIFOLIUM. St. simple or branched, short and thick; Ivs. terete, subulate, crowded at the summit of the stem, on short branches; ped. elongated; fls. in a dichotomous cyme; pet. purple.-4- An interesting little plant, on rocks, Penn. Dr. Darlington! to Ark. Rhizoma or perennial stem firm and fleshy, with fibrous roots. Branches 1-3' long. Leaves l-2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovatelanceolate, minute. Peduncles 5 —8 high. Flowers small, ephemeral. Stamens about 20. Jn.-Aug. 2. T. PsTENs.-Spreading-jlowered Talinum.-St. erect or decumbent at base, sl nder; Ivs. ovate, flat, fleshy; panicle terminal, with spreading, dichotomous peduncles. —Q Native in S. America. A handsome plant, sometimes cultivated. Stem 1-2f high, round, purple, terminating in a naked, spreading panicle of small purple flowers. Leaves 2-3' long, tapering to the base. Aug.-Oct. ORDER XXV. ELATINACEAE. -WATER PEPPERS. Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranaceous stipules. Fls. minute, axillary. Cai.-Sepals 2 —6, distinct or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Cor.-Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals. Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse. Ova. — 6-celled. St!gmans 2-5, capitate; placentae in the axis. Fr. capsular. Seds numerous. Genera 6, species 22, found in every part of the globe, growing in marshes. The following is the only northern genus: IINUM. XXVI. LINACEAE. 195 EL A TINE. Gr. cXar-l, fir; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some species. Stigmas sessile, minute. E. AMERICINA. Arn. (Crypta minima. NuZtt. Peplys Americana. Ph.) M/d. Psurslane.-St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, with assurgent branches; lvs. cuneate-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; sty. 0; sep., pet., sta. and stig. 2-3, as well as the cells and valves of the capsule; stip. very minute.-A small mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers! U. S. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Corolla minute, closed. J1.-Sep. ORDER XXVI. LINACE.. —FLAXWORT8. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lms. entire, sessile alternate, sometimes nearly opposite without stipules. FLs. terminal, usually in corymbs or panicles, regular and symmetrical. Cal.-Sepals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, or more or less united; aestivation strongly imbricated. Cor. -Petals equal in number to sepals, hypogynous, unguiculate; sestvation twisted. Sta. 3, 4 or 5, united at base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed, opposite the petals. Ova. of as many cells as sepals or styles. Stig. capitate. Sd. Solitary in each cell, compressed, suspended. Albumen 0. Genera 3, species 90. A very important order in the arts. The Linum has a very tenacious fibre in its bark, which is wrought into thread and cloth, forming the linen of commerce. Some species are cathartic,.nd yield from their seeds a fine mucilage. Only one genus need be mentioned here, viz.: LINUM. Celtic llin, a thread; hence XILvoy, Eng. linen, flax. Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 5, the latter rarely 3; capsules 5-celled; cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment. (Fig. 11., No. 4.) 1. L. RIGIDUM. Stif-leaved Flax. St. angular, branching; lvs. alternate, rigid, linear, acute; fis. panicled; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and with the bracts, glandularly fimbriateserrate on the margins; caps. globose, shorter than the calyx.-() Near New Haven, Conn., Robbins! R. I., found by the Prov. Bot. Assoc. Stem 10-16' high, erect, with many suberect branches above. Leaves 4-7" by — 1", scabrous on the margin. Sepals 3-veined. Flowers 6 —8" diam., sulphur-yellow. 2. L. VIRGINIINUM. Virginian, Flax. St. branching above, erect; lvs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, those of the root oblong, upper ones acute; panicles corymbose, terminal, with the flowers racemose on the branches; sep. broad-ovate, mucronate; caps. depressed, scarcely longer than the calyx. —) Woods, hills, &c., U. S. and Can. Stem about 2f high, slender, leafy, terete, glabrous. Leaves 6 —10" by 1-2", with one distinct vein. Flowers 4 —6" diam., yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1veined. J1.,8.? diffusum. Wood.-St. angular, diffusely branched; branches and lanceolate lvs. spreading; fis. very small (scarcely 2" diam.)-Wet prairies, Ia.! QOuite different in habit and may prove a new species. 3. L. USITATISSiMUM. Common Flax. St. branching above; lvs. alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle corymbose; sep. ovate, acute, 3-veined at the base, membranaceous on the margin; pet. crenate. —( Introduced and somewhat naturalized in fields. Stem 1-2f high, with 3-veined leaves, and many large, handsome, blue flowers. Jn. J1.This important plant has been cultivated from remote antiquity, (see Gen. xli. 42 ) for the strong fibres of the bark, which are manufactured into linen. The seeds yield linseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printers' ink, &c. They are also medicinal.: 4. L. PERENNE. Perennial Flax.-Glabrous, with virgate branches; lvs. linear, acute, scattered; fis. supra-axillary and terminal; sepals oval, margins membranaceous, shorter than the globose capsule; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals. —q Native West of the Miss. (perhaps not within the 17* 196 XXVI1. GERANIACEAE. GERAMUM. limits of this Flora), also of Europe and Asia. Not uncommon in gardens. Flowers large, blue. t ORDER XXVII. GERANIACEE. -G GER. Stemsherbaceous or sulffrutescent, tumid and separable at the nodes. L8s. opposite (at least the lower ones,) mostly stipulate, petiolate, palmately veined. Fls.-Peduncies terminal or opposite the leaves, sometimes axillary. Cal.-Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred at base. Cor.-Petals 5, hypogynous or perigynous, unguiculate; astivation twisted. Sta. usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or thrice as many as the petals. Ova. ( of 3 united carpels, 2-ovuled alternate with sepals, upon an elongated axis, from which they sepaFr.- rate in fruit, curving upwards on the persistent style. Genera 4, species 600. The Cape of Good Hope is the favorite habitation of some of the most importan, genera. Most species of the beautiful Pelargonia are native of that region alone. Conspectus of the Genera. all perfect........... Geraniun. 1 5 perfect, with 5 shorter and inperfect........ odium. 2 Stamens 10, 7 perfect; corolla irregular.. Pelargonium. 8 1. GERANIUM. Gr. yepavos, a crane; the beaked fruit resembles a crane's bill. Sepals and petals 5, regular; stamens 10, all perfect, the 5 alternate ones longer, and each with a nectariferous gland at its base; fruit rostrate, at length separating into 5 long-styled, 1-seeded carpels; styles smooth inside, at length recurved from the base upwards and adhering by the point to the summit of the axis.-Herbaceous, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 1, 2 or 3-flowered. 1. G. MACULATUM. Spotted Geranium. St. erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely pubescent; Ivs. 3-5-parted, lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radical ones on long petioles, upper ones opposite, on short petioles; pet. entire; sep. mucronateawned.-Woods, &c., U.O S. and Can., but rare in N. Eng. A fine species, worthy a place among the parlor "geraniums." Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 2-3' diam., cleft I way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostly in pairs, on unequal pedicels, often somewhat unlbeled on the ends of the long peduncles. Root powerfully astringent. Apr.-Jn. 2. G. ROBERTtINUM. Herb Robert. St. diffuse, hairy; Ivs. 3-5-parted to the base, the segments pinnatifid, and the pinnye incisely toothed; sep. mucronate-awned, half the length of the entire petals.-i_ Smaller and less interesting than the preceding, in dry, rocky places, Can. to Va. and Ky. It has a reddish stem., with long, diffuse, weak branches. Leaves on long petioles, somewhat hairy, outline lj —3' diam, with pinnatifid segments. Flowers small, pale purple. Capsules small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth. The plant has a strong disagreeable smell. May.-Sept. 3. G. PUSILLUM. Weak Crane's-bill. St. procumbent; Ivs. reniform or roundish, deepiy 5-7-parted, lobes 3-cleft, linear; sep. hairy, acuminate, about as long as the emarginate petals.(j A delicate, spreading species, growing in waste grounds, pastures, &c., L. I. and Western N. Y. Torr. Stem weak, If long, branching, covered with short deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base into 5 or 7 lobes, these again variously cut. Peduncles axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers in Jn. and Jl. 4. G. CAROLINIiNUM. Carolinian Crane's-bill. St. diffusely branched; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes incisely toothed; ped. rather short and clustered on the ends of the branches; rep. mucronate-awned, as long as the emarginate petals.-(- Fields and hills throughout Can. and U. S. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8-15' long, swelling at the joints. Leaves t —l' diam., hairy. Flowers small, rose-colored, in pairs, and somewhat fasciculate. Seeds minutely reticulated, reddish brown, I in each hairy. beaked carpel. J1.-Perhaps too near the following species. PELARGOONIUM. XXVII. GERANIACE/E. 197 5. G. DISSECTUM. Willd. Wood Crane's-bill. St. diffuse, pubescent; Ivs. deeply 5-parted, lobes 3-cleft, inciselydentate; ped. dichotomous; pedicels hairy; sep. mucronately awned, scarcely as long as the emarginate petals; beak hairy; carp. rugose. —) rocky places, N. Sts.! A small spreading plant, 8-12' long. Leaves pentagonal in outline, l —2' diam., divisions and their segments oblong-linear, submucronate. Peduncles 6-10" long, with 4 bracts at the fork. Pedicels 6-10" long. Sepals 3-veined. Petals purplish, deeply notched, a little longer than the sepals. Jn. J1. 6. G. SANGUINEUM. Bloody Geranium.-St. erect, diffusely branched; ped. longer than the petioles; Ivs. opposite, 5-parted, orbicular in outline, lobes trifid, with linear segments; carpels bristly at top.-A beautiful species native of Europe, deemed worthy of culture by many a florist. Grows about a foot high. Leaves orbicular, deeply divided into 5 or 7, 3-fid lobes. Flowers large, round, of a deep red or blood-color. t 2. ERODIUM. L'Her. Gr. eparoso, a heron; from the resemblance of the beaked fuit to the heron's bill. Calyx 5-leaved; petals 5; scales 5, alternate with the filaments and nectariferous glands at the base of the stamens; filaments 10, the 5 alternate ones abortive; fruit rostrate, of 5 aggregate capsules, each tipped with the long, spiral style, bearded inside. 1. E. MOSCHRTtYM. L'Heritier. (Geranium moschatum. Linn.) Musk Geranium.-St. procumbent; lvs. pinnated with stalked, ovate, unequally serrated segments; ped. downy, glandular; pet. equaling the calyx. —T Native of England. Sometimes cultivated for the strong, musky scent of its herbage. A foot high. Leaves large. Flowers small, purple. May-J1. 2. E. CICONIUM. L'Her. (G. ciconium. Linn.) Heron's-bill Geranium. —St. ascending; Ivs. pinnate; ifts. pinnatifid, toothed; ped. many-flowered; pet. oblong, obtuse. —-) From S. Europe. Stem about If high. Flowers purple. 3. PELARGONIUM. L'Her. Gr. tesXapyor, a stork; from the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the stork's bill. Sepals 5, the upper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending down the peduncle with which it is connected; pet. 5, irregular, longer than the sepals; filaments 10, 3 of them sterile.-A large genus of shrubby or herbaceous plants, embracing more than 300 species and innumerable varieties, nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Lower lvs. (in plants raisedfroom the seed) opposite, upper ones alternate. * Stem scarcely any. Root tuberous. 1. P. FLAVUM. Carrot-leaved Geranium.-St. very simple; Ivs. decompound laciniate, hairy, segments linear; umbel many-flowered.-Flowers brownishyellow. From the Cape of Good Hope, as well as the other species. 2. P. TRISTE. Moturning Geranium. —Lvs. hairy, pinnate; lfts. bipinnatifid, divisions linear, acute. A foot high. Flowers dark green, in simple umbels. * * Stem elongated, herbaceous or suffruticose. 3. P. ODORATISSiMUM. Nutmeg-scented Geranium. —St. short, fleshy; Ivs. roundish, cordate, very soft; branches herbaceous, long, diffuse.-Valued chiefly for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being small, whitish. 4. P. ALCHEMILL&iDES. Lady's-mantle Geranium.-St. villous; Ivs. cordate, villous, 5-lobed, palmate; ped. few-flowered; stig. sessile. —Stem 6' high, diffuse, very hairy, with deflexed bristles. Flowers pink-colored. 5. P. TRICOLOR. Three-colored Geranium.-St. suffruticose, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, villous, cut-dentate, trifid; upper pet. glandular at base.-Stem lif high. This species is distinguished for its beautifully variegated flowers. Petals roundish and nearly uniform in shape, but very different in color; the 3 lower 198 XXVII. GERANJACEAE. PELARGONIUM. ones are white, slightly veined, the 2 upper of a rich purple, almost black at base. 6. P. CORIANDRIFOLIUM. Coriander-leaved Geranium.-St. herbaceous, biennial, somewhat downy; Ivs. bipinnate, smooth, lobes linear, subpinnatifid.Stem diffuse, If high. Distinguished by the finely divided leaves and large flowers. The 2 upper petals much the largest, obovate, veined with purple; the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often wanting, are narrow and of a pure white. * * * Leaves neither divided nor angular; stem fruticose. 7. P. GLAUCUM. Glaucous-leaved Geranium.-Very smooth and glaucous; lvs. lanceolate, entire, acuminate; ped. 1-2-flowered.-Stems 3f high, shrubby and branched. The plant is remarkably distinguished by its leaves. Peduncles axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers. Petals obovate, of a delicate blushcolor, with red veins. 8. P. BETULINUM. Birch-leaved Geranium. —Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate. smoothish; stip. ovate-lanceolate; ped. 2-4-flowered. —Stem shrubby, 3f high. The plant is well named for its leaves. Flowers pale-pink, with deep red veins. 9. P. ACETOSUM. Sorrel-leaved Geranium.-Lvs. very smooth, obovate, crenate, somewhat fleshy; ped. few-flowered; pet. linear.-Stem shrubby, 3f high. Named for the acid flavor of the leaves. Flowers pink. ** * * Leaves either angular or palmately lobed; stem fruticose. 10. P. ZONjiLE. Horse-shoe Geranium. —Lvs. cordate-orbicular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone.-Stem thick, shrubby, 2-3f high. One of the most popular of all the species. Leaves always marked with a dark concentric stripe of various shades. The flowers are of a bright scarlet, umbeled, on long peduncles. It has many varieties, of which the most remarkable isB. marginale; silver-edged, the leaves of which are bordered with white. 11. P. INQUiNANS. Scarlet Geranium.-Lvs. round-reniform, scarcely divided, crenate, viscid; umbels many-flowered; pet. obovate, cuneate.-Justly admired for the vivid scarlet of its numerous flowers. The name alludes to the reddish, clammy moisture which stains the fingers in handling the soft, downy branches. 12. P. PELTITUM. Ivy-leaved Geranium. —Lvs. 5-lobed, entire, fleshy, smooth, more or less peltate; umbels few-flowered.-Stem climbing, several feet in length. Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species, with umbels of very handsome purplish flowers. 13. P. TETRAGONUM. Square-stalked Geranium-.Branches 4-cornered, fleshy; Ivs. cordate, bluntly lobed, somewhat toothed; pet. 4, the upper ones pale-pink, with crimson veins, the 2 lower small, white.-Leaves small, rounded, notched, with scattered hairs. 14. P. GRANDIFLORUM. Large-flowered Geranium.-Smooth, glaucous; lvs. 5-lobed, palmated, cordate at base, the lobes dentate towards the end; pet. three times as long as the calyx.-Distinguished for the size and beauty of the flowers, which are white, the 2 upper ones elegantly veined, and tinged with red, larger than the rest. 15. P. GRAVE6LENS. Rose-scented Geranium.-Lvs. palmately 7-lobed, lobes oblong, bluntly toothed, revolute, and very rough at the edge; umbels manyflowered, capitate.-Nectary about half as long as calyx. Leaves very fragrant. Flowers purple. 16. P. RADULA. Rasp-leaved Geranium.-Lvs. palmate, rough; lobes narrow, pinnatifid, revolute at edge, with linear segments; umbels few-flowered; nectary nearly as long as the calyx.-Distinguished for its large rough leaves deeply divided into linear segments, and with a mint-like fragrance. Flowers purple. 17. P. QUERCIFOLIUM. Oak-leaved Geranium.-lies. cordate, pinnatifid, with rounded recesses, lobes obtusely crenate; branches and petioles hispid. —Leaves rough, often spotted. Flowers purplish. XXIX. TROPiEOLACELE. 199 Obs.-Tbe above are among the more distinguished and popular species of this vast and favorite genus. Innumerable vanedies produced from seeds and propagated by cuttings are equally common and often of superior beauty. No genus seems to be regarded with such universal favor for green-house plants as this. The species and their multitudes of hybrid creations, produced by modem ingenuity, are cultivated with assiduous attention by nearly every family which makes the least pretensions to taste throughout the civilized world. ORDER XXVIII. BALSAMINACEAE.-JEWEL WEEDS. Herbs annual, with succulent stems and a watery juice. Las. simple, without stipules. Fls. very irregular and unsymmetrical. Cal.-Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous. Cor.-Petals 4, hypogynous, united by pairs, or rsrely 5, distinct. Sta. 5, hypogynous. Filaments subulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ova. 5-celled, compound. Stigmas sessile. Pr. capsular, 5-celled, bursting elastically by 5 valves. Sds. several in each cell. Embryo straight. Genera 2, species 110o. With regard to its properties and uses, this order is of no importance, but some of its species are highly ornamental. 1. IMPATIENS. Impatient, with respect to the irritable capsules. Sepals colored, apparently but 4, the 2 upper being united, the lowest gibbous and spurred; petals apparently 2, each of the lower being united to the 2 lateral ones; anthers cohering at the apex; capsule often 1-celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, 5valved, bursting elastically.-Stems smooth, succulent, tender, sub-pellucid, with tumid joints. 1. I. PALLiDA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. Michx.) Touch-emnot. Lvs. oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate; ped. 2-4-flowered, elongated; lower gibbous sep. dilated-conical, broader than long, with a very short, recurved spur; fis. pale yellow, sparingly maculate.( Wet, shady places, U. S.! and Can. Stem 2-4f high, branched. Leaves 2-5' long, J as wide, with large, obtuse teeth, each tipped with a very short mucro. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale green, callouspointed, the rest pale yellow, the lower produced into a conic nectary, ending in a spur i' long. Capsules oblong-cylindric, 1' long, bursting at the slightest touch when mature, and scattering the seed. Aug. 2. I. FULVA. Nutt. (I. noli-tangere. B. Mich.z.) Jewel-weed. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, obtusish, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate; ped. 2-4-flowered, short; lower gibbous sep. acutely conical, longer than broad, with an elongated, recurved spur; fis. deep orange, maculate with many brown spots.-0( In wet, shady grounds, Can. to Ga., more common than the last, somewhat glaucous..-Stem 1l-3f high. Leaves 1 —3 long, J as wide, having like the last, a few filiform teeth at the base. Flowers about 1' in length, the recurved spur of the lower sepal J' long. Capsule as in the last. Aug. 3. I. BALSAMINA. Garden Balsamine.-Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; ped. clustered; spur shorter than the flower. —( From the E. Indies. It is one of the most beautiful of garden annuals, forming a showy pyramid of finely variegated, carnation-like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals are red and white, but the former varies in every possible shade ( crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color. The flowers are often double. ORDER XXIX. TROPAOLACEAIE.-TROPHYWORTS. Plants herbaceous, smooth, climbing or twining, with a pungent, watery juice. Lvs. peltate or palmate. Fl&. irregular. Cal.-Sepals 5. colored, united, the lower one spurred. Cor.-Petals 5, the three lower ones stalked, the 2 upper inserted on the calyx. Sta. 8, distinct, unequal. Ova. of 3 united carpets. Style 1. Stigsnas 3. Fr. separating into 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nuts. Sds. large. Albumen o. Genera 3, species 40, natives of S. America. They possess the same antiscorbutic properties as the Cruciferme. The fruit of the following species is pickled and used as a substitute for capers. 200 XXXI. OXALIDACE.E. OXALIS. TROP EOLUM, Leat. tropaum, a trophy; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. Character essentially the same as of the order. T. MAJUS. Nastwurtion. Indiar Cress.-Lvs. peltate, roundish, repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a little one side of the centre; pet. obtuse, the two upper distant from the 3 lower, which are fimbriate at base, and contracted into long claws.-(- Native of Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles several feet. Leaves a fine example of the peltate form, about 2' diam. Flowers large and showy, orange-colored, with blotches of deeper shade. They are eaten fbr salad. June-Oct. ORDER XXX. LIMNANTHACE2E. Herbs annual, with an acrid, wateryjuice. Lvs. alternate, pinnatifid. Stipules 0. Flowers regular. Cal.-Sepals 3-5, united at base, persistent, valvate in astivation. Cor.-Petals 3 —5,narescent, inserted upon an hypogynous disk. Std. twici as many as petals and inserted with them. Filaments opposite the sepals, with a small proOva. of 2-5 distinctcarpels. Sty. united. Stig. simple. [ cess outside the base. F. 2 —5 achenia, rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. Genera 2, species 3, mostly natives of the temperate parts of North America. They have no very remarkablp properties. Fl!erkea is the only northern genus. FL(ERKEA. Willd. Named in honor of Floerke, a German botanist. Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals; stamens 6; ovaries 3, tuberculate, style 2-cleft.-.( small, aquatic, with pinnately divided leaves. F. PROSERPINACOiDES. Lindl. (F. uliginosa. Muhl.) False Mermaid. Grows in marshes and on river and lake shores, Vt. to Penn. W. to Mo. Stems decumbent, less than a foot in length, weak and slender. Leaves alternate, upper ones, or those above the water, pinnately 5-parted, lower or aubmersed ones mostly 3-parted, all on slender petioles 1-3' in length. Flowers axillary, pedunculate. Petals white, small, about half as long as the sepals. Achenia large, 2 or 1, roundish. ORDER XXxI. OXALIDACEA..- WOOD SORRELS. Et. low herbaceous, with an acid juice, and alternate, compound leaves. Stip. rarely present. Fls. regular and symmetrical. Cal.-Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes slightly cohering at the base. Cor.-Petalb 5, hypogynous, equal, unguiculate, deciduous, twisted'f. estivation..Sta. 10, hypogynous, more or less monadelphous, those opposite the petals longest.'Ova.-Carpels 5, united, opposite the petals. Pr. capsular;, uaually membranous, 5-lobed and 5-celled. Genera 6, species 325, inhabiting hot and temperate regions. The stem and leaves generally contain free oxalih acid. The order is represented in the Northern States by the following genus only. OXALIS. Gr. o.v, sour; from the acid taste of most species. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base; petals much longer than the calyx; styles 5, capitate; capsule oblong or subglobose; carpels 5, 1-several-seeded. —Mostly % with trifoliate leaves. 1. O. ACETOCELLA. Common Wood Sorrel. Acaulescent; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered; Ifts. broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; sty. as long as the inner stamens; rt. dentate, scaly.Woods and shady places, Can. and Northern States. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, on long, weak stalks, purplish beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves, each with a nodding scentless flower whose petals are white, yellowish at the base, delicately veined with purple. The whole plant has an agreeable, acid taste. Jn. PTELEA. XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACEE. 201 2. 0. VIOLACEA. Violet Wood Sorrel. Acaulescent, smooth; scape umbelliferous; pedicels subpubescent; fis. nodding; tips of the cal. fleshy; sty. shorter than the outer stamens.-An elegant species, in rocky woods, &c., throughout the U. S. Bulb scaly. Scape nearly twice taller than the leaves, 5-8' high. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, sometimes none; leaflets nearly twice as wide as long, with a very shallow sinus at the very broad apex. Umbel-of 3-9 drooping flowers. Petals large, violet-colored, striate. May. 3. 0. STRICTA. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Caulescent; st. branching, erect; ped. umbelliferous, longer than petioles; sty. as long as the inner stamens. —( Fields, U. S. and Can. The plant varies in height, from 3-8' or more, according to the soil. Stem leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves palmately 3-foliate, numerous, scattered on long stalks. Umbels on long, axillary stalks, about the length of the petioles. Flowers small, yellow, appearing all summer. Capsules sparingly hirsute, with spreading hairs. 4. 0. CORNICULiTA. Ladies' Wood Sorrel. Caulescent; st. creeping, radicating, diffusely branching; I7ts. pubescent; ped. 2 or more-flowered, shorter than the petioles; pet. cuneiform, erose at the apex; sty. long as the inner stamens.-Grows in cultivated grounds, U. S. and Can. Resembles the last, but "is undoubtedly distinct." Robbins. Stems leafy, prostrate, a foot or more in length. Sepals pubescent, half as long as the emarginate, yellow petals. Capsules densely and closely pubescent. May, and after. ORDER XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACEIE. Trees or shrulb, without stipules. Lvs. alternate or opposite, pinnate, rarely simple, with pellucid dots. Fls. regular, polygamous, gray, green, or pink. Sep. 3-9, small, cohering at the base. Cor.-Petals longer than the sepals, of the same number or 0. Sta. alternate with petals, of the same nulmber, seldom twice as many; in the pistillate flowers either wanting or imperfect. Anthers introrse. Ova. usually of the same number as sepals, stipitate, distinct or united. Pr. baccate, membranaceous or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. Genera 20, species 110, chiefly of tropical America, only 2 genera being native in the United States. Pr~pertes. —Bitter, aromatic and stimulant; properties residing chiefly in the bark. Conspectus of the Genera. trees, with 21-41-foliate leaves... lanthus. 3 Unarmed I shrubs, with 3-foliate leaves.. Ptelea. 2 Prickly shrubs.-. Zantsoxylum. I i. ZANTHOXtLUM. Gr. favosg, yellow, vSXov, wood; from the color of the wood.: Calyx inferior, 5-parted; corolla 0; stamens 3-6; pistils 3 —5 carpels 3-5, 1-seeded; 9 like the Q but wanting the stamens; d like the P but wanting the pistils.-Leaves pinnately 3 —5-foliate. Z. AMERICiNUM. Miller. (Z. fraxineum. Willd.) Prickly Ask. Prickly; Ifts. ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at the base; umbels axillary.-. A shrub 10 or 12f high, found in woods in most parts of the U. S. The branches are armed with strong, conical, brown prickles with a broad base. Leaflets about 5 pairs with an odd one, smooth abov e, downy beneath; common petioles with or without prickles. Flowers in sma.l dense umbels, axillary, greenish, appearing before the leaves. The perfect and the staminate ones grow upon the same tree, and the pistillate upon a separate tree. The bark is bitter, aromatic and stimulant, used for rheumatisml and to alleviate the tooth-ache. Apr. May. 2. PTELEA. 9 ~ c3 Sepals 3-6, mostly 4, much shorter than the spreading petals; d'stamens longer than the petals and alternate with them, very short and imperfect in 9; ovary of 2 united carpels; styles 202 XXXIII. ANACARDIACEJE. RHUS. united. short or 0; stigmas 2; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samarme,with a broad, orbicular margin.-Shrubs with 3-5-foliate leaves. Fls. cymose. P. TRIFOLIiTA. Shrzubby Trefoil. Lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones inequilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base; cymes corymbose; sta. mostly 4; sty. short. —An ornamental shrub, 6-8f high, Western States! rare in Western N. Y. Leaflets 3 —4~' by 1 —13', the peduncles rather longer. Flowers white, odorous, nearly i' diam. Samara nearly 1' diam. 3. AILANTHUS. 9 ~ c3 Sepals 5, more or less united at base; petals 5: ~ stamens 2-3; ovaries 3-5; styles lateral; fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded samara with oblong margins; c3 stamens 10; 9 ovaries, styles and samarae as in M. —Oriental. Trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves. Fls. in panicles. A. GLANDULOSA. Desf. Tree of Heaven.-Lvs. glabrous, unequally pinnate; Ifts. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly petiolulate, with one or two obtuse, glandular teeth each side at base, terminal one long-petiolate.-A tree of large dimensions, and with extremely rich and luxuriant foliage, native of China and Japan. Trunk straight, with a smooth, brown bark. Leaves 3-5f in length, with 10-20 pairs of leaflets and an: odd one. Flowers in terminal panicles, greenish, perfecting seed in our climate.-The tree is of extremely rapid growth, and is becoming common in our streets and shrubberies. t ORDER XXXIII. ANACARDIACEIE.-SUMAcHS. Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice. Lvs. alternate, simple or ternate or unequally pinnate, without pellucid dots. Fls. terminal or axlllary, with bracts, commonly ditecious. Ca. —Sepals 3 —5, united at base, persistent. Cor.-Petals same number as sepals, sometimes 0, imbricate in sestivation. Sta. as many as petals, alternate with them, distinct, on the base of the calyx. Ova. 1-celled, free. Ovule one. Styles 3 or 0. Stigmas 3. Fr. a berry or drupe, usually the latter and 1-seeded. Genera 41, species 95, chiefly natives of tropical regions, represented in the United States by the genus Rhus only. Properties.-These plants abound in a resinous juice, which is often poisonous, but is used as an indelible ink in marking linen, and as an ingredient in varnish. Even the exhalations from some of the species are deemed poisonous. The Cashew nut is the product of a small tree of both Indies. When fresh the kernel is full of a milky juice, and has a most delicious taste, but the coats are filled with a caustic oil which blisters the skin, and kills warts. RHU-S. Said to be from ccao, to flow; because used in haemorrhage. Calyx of 3 sepals united at base; petals and stamens 5; styles 3, stigmas capitate; fruit a small, 1-seeded, subglobose, dry drupe. -Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers often by abortion 9 3' or 9 s 3'. * Leaves pinnate. 1. R. GLABRA. Smooth Sumach. Lvs. and branches glabrous; lfts. 6-15 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath; fr. red, with crimson hairs.-Thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Shrub 6-15f high, consisting of many straggling branches, smooth, except its fruit. Leaflets about 3' long, i as wide, sessile except sometimes the terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, greenish-red, 9 3c. Fertile ovaries clothed with grayish down, which in the fruit becomes crimson, and contains malic acid (bi-malate of lime, Prof. Rogers), extremely sour to the taste. Jn. J1.-The bark of this and other species may be used in tanning. The drupes dye red. Lands long neglected are sometimes overrun by this shrub. RHUS. XXXIII. ANACARDIACE]E. 203 2. R. TYPHINA. Stag-horn Sumach. Branches and petioles densely villous; Ifts. 6-15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath; fr. red, with crimson hairs.A larger shrub than the former, attaining the height of 20f, in rocky or low barren places, U. S. and Can. Stem with straggling, thick branches. Leaves at length 2 —3f long. Leaflets 2-4' long, ~ as wide, sessile, except the terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, yellowish-green, often 9' or 9 ~ 3'. Drupes compressed, compact, the crimson down very acid. Jn.-The wood is aromatic, of a sulphur-yellow, and used in dyeing.,B. laciniata.-Lfts. very irregularly coherent and incised; panicles partly transformed into gashed leaves. Hanover, N. H. Rickard. 3. R. COPALLiNA. Mountain Sumac. Branches and petioles pubescent; Ifts. 4 —10 pairs, oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common petiole winged; fls. in dense panicles; drupes red, hairy.-A smaller shrub, not half the height of the last, in dry, rocky places, U. S. and Can. Common petiole about 6' long, expanding into a leafy margin, between each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1-3' long, near j as wide, dark green and shining on the upper surface. Panicles of flowers terminal, sessile, thyrsoid, 9 c3, greenish. Drupes acid. J1. fl. leajlets coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. Barratt. 4. R. VENENATA. DC. (R. vernix. Linn.) Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous; lfts. 3-6 pairs, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire; panicles loose, pedunculate; drupes greenish-yellow, smooth.-A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10-15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk several inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6-10' long. Leaflets about 3' long, nearly i as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Panicles axillary, 9Q 3, those of the barren tree more diffuse. Flowers very small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn. The whole plant is very poisonous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium. * * Leaves ternate. 5. R. TOXICODENDRON. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect or decumbent; Ivs. pubescent; lfts. broadly oval, acuminate, entire or sinuate-dentate; fis. in racemose, axillary, subsessile panicles; drapes smooth, roundish.-Can. and U. S. A small shrub, 1-3f high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Leaflets 2-6' long, j as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 4 —5' long. Flowers small, 9 3'. Drupes pale brown. Poisonous, but less so than the last. f,. radicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn. and of 1st edit.) Poison Ivy. St. climbing 3-20 or 50f! by myriads of radicating tendrils.-It seems now generally conceded that this is but a variety. Certainly, if so, it is a very remarkable one. In damp, shady places. Poisonous. 6. R. AROMATiCA. Ait. Sweet Sumac. Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath, lateral ones ovate terminal one rhomboid; fis. in close aments, preceding the leaves; drupe globose, villous.-A small, aromatic shrub, 2-6f high, in hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Leaflets 1 2' long, 2 as wide, sessile, the common petiole an inch or two in length. Flowers yellowish, with a 5-lobed, glandular disk. Drupes red, acid. May. ** * Leaves simple. 7. R. COTINUS. Venetian Sumac. —Lvs. obovate, entire; fis. mostly abortive; pedicels finally elongated and clothed with long hairs.-A small shrub, 6f high, native in Ark. according to Nuttall, remarkable chiefly for the very singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery fruit-stalks, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of smoke. Flowers small, in terminal, compound panicles. Leaves smooth, entire, much rounded at the end. In Italy the plant is used for tanning. t 1,q 204 XXXV. AURANTIACEE. CITRUS. ORDER XXXIV. RUTACEE. —RUEWORTS. Herbs, or generally shrubs and trees, with punctate lvs. and no stipules. Fls. perfect. Sep. 4-5. Pet. 4-5, rarely 0. Sta. as many, or twice or thrice as many as petals, inserted on the outside of a cup-like disk. Ova. 3 —s-lobed, 3-5-celled; styles united or distinct only at base. Fr. usually separating into its component, few-seeded carpels. Genera 47, species 400, usually inhabiting the warmer parts of the temperate zone on the Eastern continent, and the equatorial parts of S. America. They are characterized by a powerful odor and intense bitterness, often febrifugal and anthelmintic. Dictamnus abounds in a volatile oil, diffusing an inflammable gas. Genera. Sepals permanent. Petals equal.R..t.... Rua. I Sepals deciduous. Petals unequal.. Dictwarmnu. 2 1. RUTA. Calyx of 4-5 sepals united at base; petals 4-5, concave, obovate, distinct; torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores; stamens 10; capsule lobed. — Hlerbaceous or shrubby, mostly European. R. GRAVEOLENS. Comn on Rue.-Suffruticose, nearly glabrous; lvs. 2 and 3pinnately divided, segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all entire or irregularly cleft; fis. terminal, corymbose; pet. entire.-Native of S. Europe. Stem branched, 3-4f high. Leaflets 6-10"' by 2-4", conspicuously dotted. Corolla yellow, 6" diam. Jn.-Sept.: 2. DICTAMNUS. Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals; petals 5, unguiculate, unequal; fiIaments declinate, with glandular dots; capsules 5, slightly united.-IHerbs, native of Germany. D. ALBUS. Willd. (and D. Fraxinella. Link.) Fraxinella.-St. simple; Ivs; pinnate, the rachis more or less winged; fis. in a large, terminal, erect panicle.-In gardens. Stems 1-2f high. Flowers showy, white, varying to rose. color and purple. The whole plant emits a lemon-scented, aromatic, volatile oil, which is so abundant in hot weather as to render the air around it inflammable. t B. rra. Flowers purple; rachis of the leaves winged. t ORDER XXXV. AURANTIACEAE.-ORANGEs. qrees or shrubs glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of volatile oil. Lvs. alternate, articulated with the petiole which is frequently winged. Cal. —Sepals 3-5, united into a short, urceolate or campanulate cup. Car.-Petals 3-5. Sta. as many as the petals, or some multiple of their number, in a single row, hypogynoug. Ova. compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. Fr. —A berry (orange), many-ceHed, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Eds. attached to the inner angle of each carpel. Albwmen 0. Genera 20, species 95, nearly all natives of tropical Asia, and are naturalized throughout all tropical regions, and cultivated in all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers and fruit. Pret/ies.-These fruits contain free citric and malic acid, and their pulp is grateful to the taste. The rid contains an aromatic, volatile oil, which is tonic and stomachic. The rind of the lime yields the of f Bergamot, and the flower of the orange the oil of Neroli. CITRUS. Gr. ctrpla, the citron; the fruit of one of the species. Sepals and petals in 5s; anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple of 5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament; filaments dilated at base, polyadelphous; berry 9-18-celled.-A noble genuss of trees and shrubs, all tropical, combining in its species, beauty of form, with shining, ever-green foliage, odoriferous flowers, and fragrant and delicious fruit. 1. C. LIMONUM. Lemon Tree.-Petioles somewhat winged, articulated with the lamina (which is thus shown to be the terminal or odd leaflet cf a reduced CAMELLE. XXXVI. TERNSTRQEM1ACEAE. 205 compound leaf); Ift. oblong, acute, dentate; sta. 35; fr. oblong-spheroid, with a thin rind and very acid pulp.-A tree about 15f in height, which, when laden Prith its golden fruit, suspended among its dark green leaves, makes a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of tropical regions, and is easily cultivated in our climate if protected during winter. t 2. C. LIMfTA. Lime Tree.-Petioles not winged; leaf (leaflet) ovate-orbicular, serrate; sta. 30; fr. globose, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. This like most other species, is native of Asia. Height about 8f, with a crooked trunk, diffuse branches with prickles. Berry 1' diam., of a greenish-yellow, shining surface. t 3. C. AURANTIUM. Sweet Orange Tree.-Petiole winged; leaf (leaflet) oblong, acute, crenulate; sta. 20; fr. globose, with a thin rind and sweet pulp.-A middle-sized evergreen tree, with a greenish-brown bark. When filled with its large, round, golden fruit (sometimes to the number of 20,000, Lindley), it is one of the most beautiful objects in nature. It is easily cultivated in the green house. t 4. C. MEDnicA. Citron Tree. —Petioles not winged; leaf (leaflet) oblong, acute; sta. 40; fr. oblong-spheroid, rugose, with an acid pulp.-Commonly about 8f high. Fruit 6' in length, very fragrant. t 5. C. DECUMANA. Shaddock Tree.-Petioles winged; leaf (leaflet) obtuse, emarginate; fr. very large, with a thick rind.-A tree 15f in height. Wings of the petioles as broad as the leaves. Fruit grows to the diameter of 7 —8/, weighs 14 pounds, and is of a yellowish-green color. t Obs.-In a splendid work entitled " The Natural History of Oranges," written in French by Risso of Nice in 1818, there are described 169 varieties, and 105 of them figured. They are arranged as Sweet Oranr ges, of which there are described 42 varieties; Bitter and Sour Oranges, 32; Berganots, 5 Lime, 8 * Shaddocks, 6; Lumes, 12; Lemons, 46; Citrons, 17. The most successful methods of cultivation are by cuttings. ORDER XXVL TERNSTR(EMIACEAE.-TEAWORTS. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Fls. axillary or terminal, white, rarely red or pink. Cal.-Sepals 5 or 7, concave, coriaceous, deciduous, the inner often the largest. Cor.-Petals 5, 6 or 9, not equal in number to the sepals. Sta. 00, hypogynous. Filaments distinct, or united into one or more sets. Ova. superior. with several cells. Styles 3-7, more or less combined. Fr. 2-7-celled, capsular. Sds. large, few, attached to the axis. Genera 33, species 130. Beautiful flowering plants, 60 or 70 of them natives of S. America, 4 of N. America, the remainder of China and E. Indies. Their properties are in general little known. The tea, so extensively used as a beverage in the civilized world is the leaf of 2 or: species of Thea. It contains a peculiar extractive matter and a stimulating, essential oil, which becomes narcotic in some hot. climates. Genera. 5, equal. Trees.........Gordon/a. i Sepals r5 —7, unequal, the inner ones largest. (Shrubs.) *... Camells. 2 1. GORDONIA. In honor of James Gordon, a distinguished nurseryman of London. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly imbricated; petals 5; styles united into one; capsule woody, 5-celled; cells 2-seeded; seeds winged.Trees with large, white flowers. G. PUBEscENS. L'Her. (Franklinia Americana. Marsh.) Franklinia.-Lvs. serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining above, canescent beneath; sep. and pet. silky outside.-A tree 30-50f high in Ga. and Flor., or an ornamental shrub in cultivation at the north, admired for its large, white flowers, with yellow stamens and rich fragrance. May-Aug. 2. CAMELLIA. In honor of G. J. Kamel, a Jesuit, author of some botanical works. Sepals imbricated, the inner ones larger; petals sometimes adhering at base, filaments 00, shorter than the corolla, united at base; styles united; stigmas 3-5, acute. —Ornamental shrubs, native of China and Japan. 206 XXXVI1. MALVACEIE. MALVA. C. JAPONICA. Tea Plant. Japan Rose. —Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles; fis. terminal and mostly solitary; pet. obovate, of a firm texture; sta. about 50, mostly changed to petals in cultivation; stig. unequally 5-cleft. A lofty tree in Japan, its native country, a splendid flowering shrub with us, of difficult cultivation, requiring protection in our climale. Flowers varying from white to red, resembling the rose but wanting its fragrance. Over 300 varieties are enumerated. ORDER XXXVII. MALVACEE.- MALLOWS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves. Hairs stellate or none. Fls. axillary, showy, regular, often with an involucel at the base. Cal.-Sepals generally 5, more or less united at base, valvate in sestivation. Cor.-Petals equal in number to the sepals, hypogynous. Sta. indefinite, monadelphous. Anthers l-celled, bursting transversely. Ova. of several carpels arranged in one or more rows around a common axis. Sty. as many as the carpels, either united or distinct. Fr. capsular or baccate; carpels one or more-seeded, united or distinct. Sdcs. sometimes (as in Gossypium) hairy. Embryo curved. Genera 37, species 1000. A somewhat important class of plants, forming about one-fiftieth of all the flowering plants of tropical valleys.-But few are natives of the temperate, and none of the frigid zone. In the Northern States they are all herbs. The most important product of the order is cotton. Properties.-Generally abounding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleterious qualities. FIG 41.-1. Hibiscus Trionum. 2. Cross section of the flower, showing the arrangement of its parts. 3. Cross section of the 5-celled capsule. 4. Capsule open by its 5 valves. 5. Malva sylvestris. s. Its fruit consisting of I0 carpels arranged in a circle. 7. Section of one of the carpels showing the curved embryo. Conspectus of the Genera. are nearly distinct..... Malar. of 3 oblongbracteoles which are united...... Lavatera. 3 Capsule 3-5-celled...... Goss.pium. 2 of 3 cordate bracteoles. Carpels oo, distinct...... Malope. 6 united.,. Althea. 4 of 6-15 bracteoles which are nearly distinct.. Hibiscus. 5 Cells 3-6-seeded....... Abutilon. 7 In olucel wanting. Carpels united. Cells l-seeded....... Sd. 8 1. MALVA. Gr. paXaXaI, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. Calyx 5-cleft,.the involucel mostly 3-leaved; carpels 00, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 1. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Low Mallow. St. prostrate; lvs. roundish, cordate, obtusely 5-lobed; ped. in fruit reflexed; cor. twice as long as the calyx. —[ Common in cultivated grounds. Root fusiform. Stems numerous, a foot or more long. Leaves of a fine, delicate texture, somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5-7 shallow lobes, and on long, hairy stalks. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched. Fruit depressed-globose, composed of the numerous carpels arranged circularly. The child sportively calls them cheeses, a name which their form very naturally suggests. Jn.-Oct. 2. M. sYLVESTRIS. High Mallow. (Fig. 41, 5.) St. erect; lvs. 5-7-lobed, lobes rather acute; ped. and petioles hairy. ALTHAA. XXXVII. MALVACEIE. 207 21 Native of England. A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often springing up spontaneously in fields and roadsides, Mid. and W. States! Height 3f. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. The whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage. Jn.-Oct. Q t 3. M. HOUGHTONII. Torr. & Gray. Houglton's Malva. St. erect, hirsute; lvs. strigose, ovate, truncate at the base, lower ones cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate; panicle terminal, diffuse, many-flowered; pet. purple; carpels 10-15.-Prairies and bottoms, Ill. Mead! &c. A handsome but rather rough species, 2-3f high. Root fusiform. Leaves 2-3' by 1 —2, on long, hairy petioles, thick. Flowers nearly as large (li' diam.) as those of M. sylvestris. J1. Aug. 4. M. MAURITIiNA. Ivy-leaved Mallow. —St. erect; lvs. 5-lobed, obtuse; petioles and pedicels smoothish, or downy on the upper side. —) From S. Europe. A tall species, 4-6f high. Stem smooth. Flowers purple, with deeper colored veins. t 5. M. MOSCHiTA. Musk Mallcw.-St. erect; radical lvs reniform, incised, eauline ones many-parted, the segments linear; ped. and cal. hairy.-Native of Britain. Stems 2f high, branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored. The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in favorable weather. J1. 6. M.. CRISPA. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow.-St. erect; Ivs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; JIs. axillary, sessile. —() A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. Stem 5-6f high. Leaves large, roundish, margins abundantly crisped and curled. Flowers white, not conspicuous. Jn.-Aug. t 2. GOSSYPIUM. A w9rd said to be from the Arabic, goz, a silky substance. Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed; capsule 3-5-celled; seeds involved in cotton. —Fls. yellow. 1. G. HERBACEUM. CoMmon Cotton Plant.-Lvs. 5-lobed, with a single gland below, lobes mucronate; cotton white.-0( This is the species commonly cultivated in the Southern States. It is an herbaceous plant, about 5f high. The flowers like those of all the other species are yellow. Leaves cut -half way down into 3 large and 2 small, lateral, rounded, pointed lobes. Gland on the midvein at its back, half an inch from the base. J1. t 2. G. BARBADENSE. Sea Island Cotton Plant.-Lvs. 5-lobed with 3 glands beneath, upper ones 3-lobed; seeds black; cotton white.-s( Native and cultivated in the W. Indies. A larger plant than the foregoing. Sown in Sept. and Oct. An acre yields an average product of 270 pounds of this cotton.These plants are ornamental in cultivation. t 3. LAVAT R A. Named in honor of the two Lavaters, physicians of Zurich. Calyx surrounded at base with a 3-cleft involucel; carpels 00, 1celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly. 1. L. ARBOREA. Tree Mallow.-Lvs. 7-angled, downy, plicate; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered, clustered, much shorter than the petiole.-(- A splendid plant for borders or shrubberies, from Europe. Height about 6f. Flowers purple. Sept. Oct. t 2. L. THURINGICA. Gay Mallow.-Lvs. somewhat downy; lower ones angular, upper ones 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. —4 From Germany. Height 4f. Elowers light blue. Sept. 4. ALTH2EA. Gr. a~Xd, to cure; the mucilaginous root is highly esteemed in medicine. Calyx surrounded at base by a 6-9-cleft involucel; carpels 00, 1seeded, indehisoent) arranged circularly around the axis. 18* 208 XXXVII. MALVACEAE. HIIrrcus. 1. A. OFFICINILlS. Marsh Mallow. Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 3-lobed, all entire; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered.-q- A European plant, naturalized on the borders of our salt marshes. Stem 3f high, erect, firm, covered with thick, woolly down, with alternate, velvet-like leaves. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. The root, as well as the other parts of the plant, abounds in mucilage, and in medicine is often used as an emollient to promote suppuration. Sept.. 2. A. ROSEA. Cay. (Alcea rosea. Linn.) Hollyhock.-St. erect, hairy; lvs. cordate, 5-7-angled, rugose; fis. axillary, sessile.-(- Native of China' A tall plant, very commonly cultivated in gardens. Numerous varieties have been noticed, with single, double, and semi-double flowers, of various shades of coloring, as white, rose-colored, flesh-colored, dark red, and even a purplish black, purple, yellow, straw-color, &c. t 3. A. FIcIFOTIA. Cav. (Alcea ficifolia. Linn.) Fig-leaved Hollyhock.-St. erect, hairy; Ivs. palmate,7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, obtuse, angularly toothed.-Native of Levant. Stem tall as the above. Flowers orangecolored. t 5. HIBISCUS. Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel; stigmas 5; capsule 5-celled; cells several-seeded. 1. H. MOSCHEUTOS. T. & G. (H. Moscheutos and palustris. Linn.) Marsh Hibiscus. Herbaceous, simple, erect; Ivs. ovate, obtusely dentate, hoary-tomentose beneath; ped. long, axillary, or connected with the petiole. —2 A tall, showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea or near salt springs, and on wet prairies, U. S. and Can. Stem round, downy, 4-6f high. Leaves 4 —6 by 3 —4/, often with two lateral lobes. Flowers larger than those of the hollyhock, rose-colored, purple in the centre. Pedunples usually distinct from the petiole, often some of them united with it, and jointed above the middle. Styles 1' longer than the stamens. Aug. lB. (H. incanus, Wendl?) Fls. larger; pet. (4 —5 long) of a light sulphuryellow with a purple base. Marshes, Indiana! 2. H. VIRGINiCUS. Virginian Hibiscus. Lvs. acuminate, cordate-ovate, serrate-dentate, upper and lower ones undivided, middle ones 3-lobed; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes; fis. nodding; pistils declinate. —4 Marshes near the sea, L. I. to Ga. The whole plant scabrous-tomentose, about 3f high. Leaves 2-2-L by 1Ji, some of them somewihat 3-lobed. Flowers 2-3' diam., red or rose-color. Capsule hispid, acuteangled. Aug. 3. H. MILITARIS. Cav. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus. Glabrous; lvs. hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate; cor. tubularcampanulate; caps. smooth, ovoid-acuminate.-Middle and Western States. Stem 3-4f high. Leaves cordate at base, 4 or 5' long, rendered somewhat hastate by a small lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish base, 2-3' long. Peduncles with the joint above the middle. J1. Aug. 4. H. MANIHOT. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. Not prickly; lvs. palmately divided into 5-7 linear, acuminate, coarsely dentate lobes; ped. and involucel hispid; bracts of the involucel 5-7, ovate or lanceolate, acutish, persistent, entire; cal. split on one side; capsule densely hirsute, acuminate. —12- Western States. A beautiful herb, 4-5f high. Leaves cordate, lobes 6-10' long, I-1l' wide, separated to near the base, about as long as the petioles. Teeth largest near the summit. The flowers are of an exceedingly rich sulphur-yellow; purple in the centre. Petals 3 —4 long. J1. Aug. 5. H. COCCINEUS. Walt. (H. speciosus. Ait. and 1st. edit.) -Scarlet Hibiscus.-Very smooth; lvs. palmate, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrate above; cor. expanding; cap. smooth, ovoid.-2[ A splendid flower, native of damp soils, in Georgia, &c., and is raised from seeds in our gardens. SIDA. XXXVII. MALVACE2E. 209 Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, 5-9f high. Segments of the leaves 6' long, very acuminate. Flowers of' a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4-5' long. Column still longer, slender and terete. J1.-Oct. t 6. H. GRANDTFL6RUS. Michx. Great-flowering Hibiscus. —Lvs. cordate, 3. lobed, coriaceous, tomentose, hoary beneath; cor. expanding; caps. tomentose, truncated.-%4 Southern States. Stems 5-7f high. Leaves and flowers very large, the latter, when expanded, nearly a foot in diameter. Petals flesh-colored, red at the base. J1.-Oct. t 7. H. SYRIiCUs. Syrian Hibiscus. —Lvs. cuneiform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate; pedicels scarcely longer than the petiole; involucel about 8-leaved.-A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub, from Syria, 5-10f high. Flowers purple. There are varieties with white, red and striped flowers, both single and double. t 8. H. TRIONUM. Flower of an Hour.-Lvs. dentate, lower undivided, upper 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, middle one very long; cal. inflated, membranaceous, veined.-0- From Italy. An exceedingly beautiful flower, branching, 1-2f high. Flowers large, numerous, but soon withering. Petals of a rich chlorine yellow, the base of a deep brown. t (Fig. 41, 1.) 9. H. ESCULENTUS. Edible Hibiscus or Okro.-Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, dentate; petiole longer than the flower; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous.-Native of W. Indies. Plant herbaceous, 2-3f high, nearly glabrous. Petiole with a hairy line on the upper side, nearly If in length. Lamina8-10' broad. The flowers 1-2' long, on a short peduncle. Petals greenish-yellow. The large, mucilaginous pods are used for pickles, or served up with butter. 6. MALOPE. Calyx surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel; carpels irregularly aggregated, 1-seeded. M. MALACOiDES. "Lvs. ovate, crenate; stip. oblong-linear; ped. axillary, l-flowered. —0 Penn. Mu/il. Stem 1-l1f high, sparingly branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, nearly glabrous above. Petioles 1' long. Bracteoles setaceous. Carpels hispid, in a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow." Torrey 4- Gray suppose it may prove a species of Malva. 7. ABUT LON. Dill. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular; ovaries 5, manyseeded; styles many-cleft; capsule of 5 or more carpels, arranged circularly, each l-celled, 1-3-seeded. A. AVICENNXE. (Sida Abutilon. Linn.) Indian jMallow. Lvs. roundish-cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose; ped. shorter than the petiole, solitary; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, 2-beaked. -(] Native in both Indies and naturalized in most of the states, inhabiting waste places, &c. Stem branched, 3-4f high. Leaves 4-6' diam., deeply cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at surface. Flowers yellow, near 1' broad. J1. R 8. SIDA. Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, ovary 5-many-celled; capsule of 5 or more 1-seeded carpels; radicle superior. 1. S. SPIN(SA. St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with a spinose tubercle at the base of the petiole; stip. setaceous; fis. axillary; carpels birostrate. —( Sandy fields and roadsides, Middle, Southern and Western States! Plant bushy, 8 —16' high. Leaves 9-15" long, * as wide, mostly obtuse at each end. Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration. J1. Aug. 2. S. NAPiEA. Cav. (Napeea lvis. Linn.) St. slender, glabrous; lvs. palmately 5-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes oblong-linear, acuminate, coarsely toothed; ped. many-flowered; carpels 10, acu. 210 XXXVIII. TILIACETE. TILIA. minate. —. Shady places, Penn. to Ohio I Stems angular, 3-5f high. Leavet on short petioles, cordate, lobes 2 —4 long, l-*' wide, floral leaves much smal. ler. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat leafy, the divisions 1-4-flowered. Flowers 4 —5" diam. Petals white, twice as long ai the calyx. Aug. 3. S. DIOICA. Cav. (Naptea dioica and scabra. Linn.) Lvs. palmately 7-9-lobed, scabrous, lobes lanceolate, incisely dentate ped. many-flowered, bracteate, somewhat corymbose; fis.? ('; carpels 8-10 pointless, in a roundish, depressed head. —4 Va., Penn. Muhlenberg. Flowers small, white, in a crowded head. Aug. ORDER XXXVIII. TILIACE.- LINDENBLOOMS. Trees or shrub, (very rarely herbs,) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate leaves. Fs. axillary, usually perfect. Cal.-Sepals 4-5, deciduous, valvate in astivation. Cor.-Petals 4-6, hypogynous, glands 4 —5, at their base. Sta. 0o, distinct, hypogynous. Anthers versatile. OaC.-Carpels 2-1o, united. Style 1, compound. Stinmas as many as carpels. Fr. capsular, 2-5 celled, with numerous seeds. Cotyledons leafy. Genera 35, species 350, native in all regions, but especially within the tropics. These plants abound in a wholesome mucilaginous juice. The inner bark is remarkable for toughness, and is useful for various purposes, as Aihing-lines, nets, rice-bags, &c. TILIA. Calyx of 5 united sepals, colored; corolla of 5 oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex; stamens 00, somewhat polyadelphous, each set in the N. American species with a petaloid scale (nectary, Linn., transformed stamen, T 4- G.) attached at base; ovary superior, 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled; capsules globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded.Trees. Lvs. cordate. Fls. cymose, with the peduncle adnate to the midvein of a large, leaf-like bract. 1. T. AMERICANA. Linden or Lzme Tree. Bass-wood. Pumpkin-wood. Lvs. alternate, diffuse, broad-cordate, abruptly acuminate, finely serrate, coriaceous, smooth; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex.-A common forest tree in the Northern and Middle States. It often grows to the height of 80f, the trunk straight and naked more than half this height, and 2-3f diam. Leaves 4 —5' by 3-4', those of the young shoots often twice these dimensions. Bract yellowish, linear-oblong. Petals yellowish-white, larger than the scales at their base. Fruit woody, greenish, of the size of peas. Jn.-The inner bark is very strong and is manufactured into ropes. The wood is white, soft and clear, much used in cabinet work and in the panneling of carriages. 2. T. HETEROPHIYLLA. Vent. Various-leaved Linden. Lvs. obliquely subcordate, very white and velvety beneath, with darker veins, glabrous, shining and dark green above, coarsely and mucronately serrate; pet. obtuse, crenulate; transformed stamens or scales spatulate; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals.-Banks of' the Ohio and Miss. Putrsh. Not common. Tree 20-30f high. Leaves very oblique at base, 5 —8 diam., well distinguished by the white surface beneath, contrasted with the purplish veins. Torr. 4. Gray. 3. T. ALBA. Michx. White Lime or Linden. Lvs. obliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent beneath, with veins of the same hue, glabrous above, acuminately serrate; pet. emarginate; scales spatulate; sty. nearly glabrous.-Woods, Middle and Western States! Trunk 30-40f high, 1 —1if diam., branches with a smooth, silvery bark. Leaves 3-5' diam., slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers larger and whiter than in the other species. Jn. 4. T. MICROPHYLLA. (T. intermedia. Hayne.) European Lime-tree. —Lvs. cordate, scarcely oblique, acuminate, glabrous both sides, twice as long as the petioles; axils of the veins bearded beneath; staminate scale 0; fr. membranea VITIS. XLI. VITACEiE. 211 ceous, oblong, unequal, 2-seeded.-Native of Northern Europe. Trunk 40f high, with'a pyramidal head. Jn.-Aug. t ORDER XLI. VITACEIE. GRAPE-VINES. Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with tumid, separable joints. Lvs. simple or compound, the lower opposite, upper alternate. Fls. racemose, often polygamous or dioecious. Cal. minute, nearly entire or 5-toothed. [and caducous. Cor.-Petals 4-5, inserted on the outside of the disk, val vate and inflexed in aest., often cohering above Sta. 4 —5, opposite the petals. inserted on the disk. Ova. superior, 2-celled. Style 1, very short. Fruit a berry, globose, pulpy. Seeds bony. Genera 7, species 260, natives of the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The grape fruit is-the only important-production of this order. The acid of the grape is tartaric. It contains a sugar which differs from the common sugar in containing a smaller quantity of carbon. Genera, Torus elevated into a ring surrounding the ovary. Leaves cordate, &c. Vitia. 1 Torus vwithout a ring. Leaves digitately 5-foliate......... 2 1. VITIS. Celtic gioyd, a tree or shrub. Petals deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading; ovary partly enclosed within -the torus, 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled; stigma sessile, capitate; berry 1-celled, 1 —4-seeded. —Ped. often changed into tendrils. 1. V. LABRUSCA. Lvs. broad cordate, angular-lobed, tomentose beneath.-This vine is na tive through the U. S., growing in woods and groves. Like most of the N. American species, the flowers are dicecious. Stem woody, rough-barked, ascending trees often to a great height, and hanging like cables suspended from the branches. Leaves very large, somewhat 3-lobed, at first white-downy beneath. Flowers small, green, in panicles with a leaf opposite. Fruit large, purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for its deep shade in summer arbors, and its fruit which is pleasant in taste. The Isabella, and other sorts known in gardens, are varieties of this species. 4 -2. V. CORDIFOLIA. MX. (V. vulpina. Linn.) Frost Grape. Winter Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally toothed, smooth on both sides.; rac. loose, many-flowered; berries small. —Grows in thickets, by rivers, &c., ascending shrubs and trees to the height of 10-20f. Leaves large, mnembranous, often 3-lobed, with pubescent veins when young, and with a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid, but well flavored after frosts of November. Jn. 3. V. EESTIVLIS. Lvs. broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, -coarsely dentate, with scattered, ferruginous hairs beneath; fertile rac. long, panicled; berries small.-Grows in woods, by rivers, &c. Stem very long, slender, climbing, with very large leaves, which are sometimes with deep, rounded sinuses, clothed beneath when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Tendrils from the peduncles which are dense flowered, and with a leaf opposite. Petals cohering at summit. Berries deep blue, well flavored, but smaI,aripe in September. Flowers in June. 4. V. RIPARIA. Michx. Winter Grape. Lvs. incisely dentate, somewhat 3-lobed; -the petioles, veins and margins pubescent; berries small, in loose racemes.-Grows in thickets, on river banks, &c., Can. to Va., W. to Ark. Vine 15-30f long. Leaves large, as long as wide, with coarse, unequal, acuminate teeth. Fruit dark-purple. 5. V. vINIFERA. Common Wine Grape.-Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, glabrous or tomentose; fis. all 7.-Naturalized in nearly all temperate climates, but supposed not to be indigenous to this country. No plant in the vegetable kingdom possesses more interesting attributes, -is cultivated with greater care, or, et me:adds has been worse perverted or:abused by mankind, thane the coCn 212 XLII. ACER-ACEE. ACER. mon vine. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties, differing in the form, color, size, and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to the hardiness of its constitution. In N. England its cultivation is chiefly confined to the garden and as a dessert fruit; but there are extensive vineyards in the Middle and Western States, for the production of wine. The vine is propagated by cuttings. Varieties without end may be raised from the seed, which will bear fruit the fourth or fifth year. A vineyard, it is said, will continue to produce fruit for 200 years. 2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. Gr. apirCEog, a vine, otti, appearance; from its resemblance. Calyx entire; petals 5, distinct, spreading; ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style very short; berry 2-celled, cells 1-2-seeded. A. QUINQUEFOLIA. Lvs. quinate, digitate; Ifts. oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth. -A vigorous climber, found wild in woods and thickets. It has long been cultivated as a covering for walls, and is best known by the name of Woodbine. By means of its radicating tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon trees, ascending to the height of 50f. In the same manner it ascends and overspreads walls and buildings. The large, quinate leaves constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark, glossy green. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotomous clusters. Berries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. J1. ORDER XLII. ACERACEAE.-MAPLES. Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple and palmate-veined leaves. St'iples 0. F18. often polygamous in ailary corymbs or racemes. Cal.-Sepals 5, rarely 4-9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in estivation. Cor.-Petals 5, rarely 4-9, hypogynous; sometimes 0. Sta. hypogynous, 3-12, usually 8. Anthers introrse or versatile. Ova. 2-lobed, compounded of 2 united carpels. Pr. a double samara with opposite wings, thickened at the lower edges. Genera 3, species 60. The sap of several species of the Maple yields sugar by evaporation. Genera. Flowers mostly polygamous. Leaves simple.. Acer. 1 Flowers dioecious. Leaves compound, pinnate..N.... Negunzo. 2 1. ACE R. Mcench. Lat. acer, sharp, vigorous; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-petaled or 0; stamens 8; styles 2; samarae 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded.-Lvs. simple. ~ Flowers corymbose,.fc. Trees. 1. A. RUBRUM. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally and incisely toothed, the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath; fis. aggregate, about 5 together, on rather long pedicels; ova. smooth.-The red maple is a common tenant of low woods and swamps throughout the Atlantic States. It is a tree somewhat above the middle size. The trunk is covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becoming dark with age. In spring, the appearance of the tree is remarkable for the deep crimson flowers with which it is thickly clothed. Each bud produces a fascicle of about 5 flowers. Stamens much exserted. The fertile flowers are succeeded by a red fruit, furnished with a pair of wings resembling those of some insect. The wood is hard and compact, and is much used in cabinet work, particularly that well-known and handsome variety called curled maple. Mar. Apr. 2. A. DASYCARPUM. Ehrh. (A. eriocarpum. Mx.) White Maple. Lvs. palmately 5-lobed, truncated at base, unequally and incisly toothed, with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath; fis. in crowded, simple umbels, with short pedicels and downy ovaries.-This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and the winged fruit is also larger than that of the red maple or of any of the following species. It is a tall tree, 50f in height, not uncommon in the N. England forests. The flowers are of a yellowish green 1NEOUNDO. XLI1. ACERACE.A. 913 color, as also the fruit. The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that of other species. The sap yields sugar in smaller proportion than the sugar maple. 3. A. SACCHARINUM. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. L/vs. palmately 5-lobed, subcordate at base, acuminate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath; fis. pedunculate, pendulous.-This fine tree is found throughout U. S., but most abundant in the primitive soils of N. England, constituting the greater part of some of its forests. It is a tree of lofty proportions, 70f in height, with a trunk 3f diam. The bark is of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. The branches become numerous and finely ramified in open situations, and in summer are clothed with a foliage of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more extensively cultivated as a shade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and favorite elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly the product of this species. An ordinary tree will wield 5 —10 pounds in a season. The wood is very strong and compact, and riakes the best of fuel. It is sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is highly esteemed in cabinetwork. The flowers are exceedingly abundant, and, suspended on long, threadlike pedicels, are most delicately beautiful. Apr. 4. A. NIGRUM. Mich. f. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. livs. palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus closed, lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and petioles pubescent; fis. corymbose, on long, slender pedicels; fr. glabrous, turgid at base, the wings diverging.-A large tree, in mountainous situations, Vt. to Ia.! Resembles the last, but is distinct. Robbins., Tully. Trunk 30-50f high, with a shaggy bark. Leaves 3-5' diam., dark-green above, the 2 inferior lobes much smaller. Flowers pendulous, on long peduncles, yellowish. Fruit with wings 1' in length, pale-yellow, and more diverging than in A. saccharinumrn. The sap, like the last mentioned tree, yields sugar abundantly. Apr. ~ ~ Flowers in racemes. Mostly shrubs. 5. A. PENNSYLVANiCUM. (A. striatum. Lam.) Striped Maple. Whistle-wood. Lvs. with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth; rac. simple, pendulous.-A small tree or shrub 10-15f high, Can. to Ga., and Ky., but most abundant in our northern woods. The bark is smooth, and beautifully striped length-wise with green and black. Flowers large, yellowishgreen, succeeded by long clusters of fruit, with pale-green wings. The smaller branches are straight and smooth, easily separated from the bark in spring, and are often manufactured by the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it is called whistle-wood. In Europe it is prized in ornamental gardening. May. 6. A. sPI.CiTUM. Lam. Mountain Maple BIush. Lvs. about 5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; rac. erect, compound.-A shrub of smaller stature than the last, found in mountain or hilly woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Leaves small, rough, divided into 3 or 5 lobes, which are somewhat pointed, with large, sharp teeth, and more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and minute, in cylindric, oblong, close, branched clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged fruit. Jn. 7. A. PSEUDO-PLATXNUS. Sycamoore.-Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, segments or lobes acute, unequally dentate; fis. in long, pendulous racemes; samara glabrous.-Native of Northern Europe. An ornamental tree, 40-50f high, with very large, dark green leaves. A beautiful variety with striped leaves is also cultivated. Apr. May. t 2. NEGUNDO. Mcench. Flowers 9 8'; corolla 0; 9 flowers racemed, c' fascicled; calyx, stamens and fruit as in the last genus. —Leaves compound, pinnately 3-5-foliate. 214; XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACEJE. &.ESCULUS. N. ACER1iDES. Mcench. (Acer Negundo. Linn.) Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. fLns. ternate and 5-pinnate; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and unequally dentate; i racemes long and pendulous, barren Jls. corymbose; fr. oblong, with large wings dilated upwards.-A handsome tree, 20-30f in height, with irregular, spreading branches, growing in woods. The trunk is a foot or more in diameter, and when young, covered with a smooth, yellowish-green bark. Leaflets serrated above the middle, petiolate, the terminal one largest, all slightly pubescent.'Wings of the samara approximate, broadest towards the end.'Apr. OR.DER XLIII. HIPPOCASTANACEME. BvUCKEYES. Trees or shrubs; Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, compound, without stipules. Fls. showy, with the pedicels articulated. Cal. campanulate, of 5 united sepals. Cor.-Petals 5, (one of them sometimes abortive,) unequal, hypogynous. Stae. 6-8, distinct, unequal, inserted upon a disk with the petals, Ova. roundish, 3-cornered, 3-celled, crowned with a sifigle, filiform, conical style. Fr. roundish, coriaceous, with 1-3 large, roundish, smooth seeds. Genera 3, native of N. America and Northern India, The species are-generally ornamental trees, with astringent properties residing in the bark. The seeds contain touch starch, and arouimtritive but bitter. Only the following genus is found in the Northern States, and even this is not indigenous in N.'Eng. iE SCf LU S. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed; corolla irregular, 4-5-" petaled; stamens, ovary and fruit, as" expressed in the order. —Trees, with palmately/ 5-7-foliate leaves. Flowers in thjy/rse-like panicles. 1. _ZE. GLABRA. Willd. (Pavia pallida. Spach.' P. Ohiensis. Miclx.) Ohio Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate or serrulate; fls. in lax, thyrsold panicles; cor. 4-petaled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx; sta. longer than the corolla; fr. echinate.-A small, ill-scented tree, along the banks, of the Ohio and its tributaries. Leaflets 3-6' long, g as wide, subsessile, or abruptly contracted at base to short stalks. Flowers yellowish-white, small, slightly irregular. Fruit about T' diam. 2.,E. FLAVA. Ait. (Pavia flava. DC) Big Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5-7, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent beneath; fls. in thyrsoid, pubescent panicles, about 6 on each division of the peduncle; cal. campanulate, not half the length of the corolla; pet. very unequal, connivent, longer than' the stamens; fr. unarmed.-A large tree, 30-70f high, common in the Western and Southern States. Leaflets 4-7', by 1-3'. Flowers pale yellow. Fruit globose, uneven on' the surface, but not prickly, 2 —21' diam, with 1 or 2 large brown seeds. Apr. May. 3. ZE. PAVIA. (Pavia rubra. Lan.)- Small Buckeye.-Lfts. 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, finely serrate; fis. very irregular, in a lax, thyrsoid raceme, pet. 4, erect, as long as the stamens.A beautiful shrub, 6-10f high, native of the' Southern States. Flowers large, red, glabrous. Apr. May. t 4. _ZE. PARVIPLORA, Walt. (.E. machrostachya. Michx.) native at the South, a beautiful shrub, with numerous small, white flowers, in a long, slender, thyrsoid raceme, is rarely cultivated. 5. ZE. HIIPPOCASTrNUM. Horse Chestnut.-Lvs. digitate, of 7 obovate leaflets; pet. 5; spreading; fr. prickly.-A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic proportions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the north of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is a frequent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains the height of 40 or 50f. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or thyrses of-flowers, of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of its massy foliage. The leaves are digitate, with 7 obovate, acute, serrate leaflets. The fruit is large, nahogany-colored, and eaten only by deer. CELASTRUS. XLV. CELASTRACEJE. 215 ORDER XLIV. SAPINDACEE.- SOAPWORTS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, the latter furnished with tendrils. Lvs. alternate, usually compound and without stipules. Fis. small, usually polygamous. Sep. 4-5, distinct, imbricated in Westivation. Cor. —Petals as many as the sepals, sometimes I less, (or rarely wanting,) inserted outside the hypogySta. 8 or lo;.fil. distinct; anth. introrse. [nous disk which lies at the bottom of the calyx. Ova. of 3 united carpels; sty. partly or completely united. PFr. a 3-celled capsule or samara, or often fleshy and indehiscent. Scds. 1-3 in each cell, usually arilled, without albumen. CARDIOSPERMUM. Or. KaptLa, heart, areppa, seed; the globose seeds marked with a large, cordate hilum. Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest; petals 4, each with an emarginate scale above the base; the 2 lower remote from the stamens, their scales crested; glands of the disk 2, opposite the lower petals; stamens 8, unequal; style trifid; capsule membranous, inflated.- Climbing herbs with biternate leaves. Lower pair of pedicels changed to tendrils. C. HALIAC.iBUM. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. Plant nearly glabrous; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate; fruit pyriform-globose, large, bladder-like.-Native on the Missouri and its bra.nches. Torr. 4- Gr. Naturalized in the W. States. Mead. A curious vine, 4-6f in length, with remarkably large, inflated, membranous capsules. J1. t ORDER XLV. CELASTRACEE.- STAFF-TREES. Shrubs, or rarely trees, with opposite or alternate leaves. Fts. not always perfect. Cal.-Sepals 4-5, united at base, imbricated. [which surrounds the ovary. Cor.-Petals as many as sepals, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the flat, expanded disk Sta. as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ova. superior, immersed in and adhering to the disk. Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds either with or without an arillus. Genera 27, species 274, chiefly native of the temperate zone of both hemispheres. They possess acrid and bitter properties, sometimes emetic and stimulant. Genera. _ compound (ternate)........ Staphylea. 1 opposite, simple.. Euonymue. 3 Shrubs with leaves isalternate, simple...Celasts. 2 TRIBE 1. STAPHYLEA. Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds not ariled. Cotyledons thick. 1. STAPHYLE:A. A Greek word, meaning a cluster of grapes; from the form of the fructification. Fls. ~; calyx of 5, colored, persistent sepals; petals and stamens 5; styles 3; capsules 2-3, membranous and inflated. S. TRIFOLIA. Bladder-nut. Lvs. ternate; rac. pendulous; pet. ciliate below; fr. ovate.-A handsome shrub, 6-8f high, in moist woods and thickets. Can. to Car. and Tenn. Leaflets oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Flowers white, in a short, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plant is its large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-celled, containing several hard, small nuts or seeds, with a bony, smooth and polished testa. May. TRIBE 2. EUONYMEGE. Leaves simple. Seeds usually ariled. Cotyledons leafy. 2. CELASTRUS. Flowers sometimes polygamous; calyx flat, of 5 united sepals; corolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals; capsule subglobose, or 3-angled, 3-celled; seeds with an arillus, 1-2 in each cell. —Climbing shrubs, with deciduous leaves, azid minute, deciduous stipules. C. SCANDENS. Staf-tree. Unarmed; st. woody, twining; Ivs. oblong, acuminate, serrate; rac. ter 19 216 XLVI. RHAMNACEAE. RHAMuS. minal; fis. dicocious.-A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems twining about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenishwhite. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. 3. EUONIMUS. Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals; corolla flat, inserted on the outer margin of a glandular disk; stamens 5, with short filaments; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds ariled.-Shrubs, erect or trailing, with opposite leaves. 1. E. ATROPURPUREUS. Jacq. Spindle Tree. Burning Bush,. Branches smooth; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent beneath; ped. compressed, many-flowered; fis. usually pentamerous.-A smooth shrub, 4-lOf high, in shady woods, U. S. E. of the Miss. Leaves 25' long, J as wide, mostly acute at base, on petioles — I' long. Peduncles opposite, slender, 1-2J' long, each with a cyme of 3-6 flowers. Corolla darkpurple, about 2J" diam. Capsule crimson, smooth. Seeds covered in a bright red aril. JIn. 2. E. AMERICiNUS. Burning Buslh. Branches smooth, 4-angled; lzs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire at margin, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth; ped. round, about 3-flowered; fis. mostly pentamerous.-Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with small leaves, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Leaves — 2' long, * as wide, coriaceous. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2, 3, or 4-flowered. Flowers a little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts in 3s, 4s or 5s. Capsule dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Jn. 3. E. EUROPrEus.-Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; ped. compressed, 3-flowered; fis. usually tetrandrous.-Native of Europe. A handsome shrub, 4-12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not superior in elegance to E. Americanus. May —J1. ORDER XLVI. RHAMNACEAL. —BucKTHORNS. Shrubs or trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate. Stipules minute or o. Fls. small, axillary or terminal, greenish, sometimes diescious. Cal.-Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in sestivation. Cor.-Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, sometimes 0. Sta. opposite the petals, 4 or 5. Ova. superior, or half superior, with an erect ovate in eaeh cell. Fr. a capsule, drupe or berry. Genera 42, species 250, distributed throughout all countries, except those in the frigid zones. Many are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America. Poperties.-The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zizyphus Jujuba, yields the well-known jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a substitute for tea. Genera. Calyx free from the ovary; petals plane; flowers minute.... Rhamnus. 1 Calyx adherent to the ovary at base; petals unguiculate....... Ceanothus. 2 1. RHAMNUS. Calyx urceolate, 4-5-cleft; petals 4-5, emarginate, inserted upon the calyx; ovary free, 2-4-celled; styles 2-4, more or less united; fruit drupaceous. 3-4-seeded. —Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. Fls. minute. 1. R. CATHARTICUS. Buckthorn. Shrub erect, with thorny branches; Ivs. ovate, doubly serrate; fis. tetrandrous, Y 3 A and y 3', fasicled; fr. subglobose, 4-seeded.-A shrub, 10-15f high, in mountains and woods, Mass. and N. Y., rare. Leaves nearly smooth, 1-2' long, i as wide, in crowded clusters at the ends of the branchlets. Flowers small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed, petals entire. Fruit black, globose, and with the inner bark, powerfully cathartic. This shrub is sometimes used for hedges. t XLV1I. LEGUMINOSiE. 917 2. R. ALNIFOLIUS. L'Her. (R. franguloides. Michx.) Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Shrub erect, with unarmed branches; Ivs. oval, acuminate, serrate, pu~scent on the veins beneath; ped. aggregate, 1-flowered; fis. mostly pentan-'ous; cal. acute; sly. 3, united, very short; fJr. turbinate, black.-A shrub 2-4f igh, common in rough pastures and hills, Penn. to Can. Leaves 1-3' long, 4 as wide, acute at base. Flowers mostly apetalous. Berries about as large as currants, black, 3-seeded. May, Jn. 2. CEANOTHUS. Calyx tubular, campanilate, 5-cleft. separating transversely after flowering; petals 5, saccate-arched, with long claws; stamens mostly exserted; style mostly 3-cleft; capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, surrounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. — Shrubby and thornless. 1. C. AMERICXNUS. Jersey Tea. Red-root. Lvs. oblong-ovate, serrate, 3-veined; panicles axillary, elongated.-A small shrub, with a profusion of white blossoms, found in woods and groves, U. S. Very abundant on the barrens at the West. Stems 2-4f high, slender, with reddish, round, smooth branches. Leaves thrice as long as broad, very downy, with soft hairs beneath. Flowers minute, white, in crowded panicles from the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens enclosed in the curiously vaulted corolla. The root, which is large and red, is sometimes used for coloring. The leaves have been used as a substitute for tea. Jn. 2. C. OVnLIS. Bw. Oval-leaved CeanotAuis. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, with glandular serratures, 3-veined, veins pubescent beneath; thyrse corymbose, abbreviated.-Burlington, Vt., Robbines, W. to Mich. Shrub 2-3f high. Leaves smooth and shining, 1-3' long, i — as wide, mostly acute at each end, crenately serrate, the serratu}es tipped with black, glandular points. Thyrse short, almost hemispherical, 1lt diam. Flowers white, larger than those of the last. May. ORDER XLVII. LEGUMINOSAE.-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, usually compound, margins entire. Slipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2. Cal.-Sepals generally 5, more or less united, often unequal. Cor.-Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous. Sta. diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. Ova. superior, single and simple. Style and stigma simple. Fr. a-legume, either continuous (l-celled), or (a loment) jointed into 1-seeded cells. Sds. solitary or several, destitute of albumen. The genera and species of this vast order were estimated by Mr. Bentham, in 1845, as follows Suborder 1. Papilionaceat, 350 genera, 4800 species. 2. Caesalpineae, 88 700 " 3. Mimosewe, 29 " 1000 " Total, 467 6500 " Geography.-The Leguminosema are distributed throughout all lands, with the exception of a few unimportant islands, from the equator to either of the frigid zones. Of its 6500 species now known, about 350 are natives of the United States and Territories. Properties.-No family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of the naturalist than the Leguminosa, whether we regard them as objects of ornament or utility. Of the former we might mention the splendid varieties of Cersis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with their airy foliage and silky stamens the pride of India, Colutea and Ceesalpina, with a host of others which, like the sweet pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the beans, peas, lentils, clover and lucerne, are too well known to require particular commendation. Among timber trees the Rosewood (a Brazilian species of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is durable and of an olive-green color, and the locust (Robinia) of our own country, are pre-eminent. The following are a few of the important officinal products of this order. In medicine: liquorice is the product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna consists of the leaves of Cassia senna, C. acutifolia, C. AEthiopica and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marylandica is also a cathartic, but more mild than the former. The sweet pulp tamarind, is the product of a large and beautiful tree (Tamarilidus Indica) of the E. and W. Indies. Resins and balsams: Cum senegal is yielded by Acacia Verek of the river Senegal; Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of Central Africa; Guml Tragacynth, by Astragalus verus, &c., of Persia. Balsam Copaiva is the product of several species of Copaifera, natives of Brazil and W. India; Balsam Tolu of Myospermum toluiferum, of Peru, and balsam Peru of M. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c.: Indigo, the most valuable of all, (but a violent poison,) is the productof several southern species of Indigofera, as I. anilof the W. Indies, and I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood, from Caesalpina Braziliensis. Log-.wood from HematoxyIon Campeachianum, of Campeachy, and Red-santdal-wood from Pterocarpus santalinus of Egyrpt, &c., &c. 218 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2E. 9 6 FIG. 43.-1. Lathyrus odoratus. 2. The stamens, the upper one free, and with the style, turned upwards. 3. The legume. 4. A seed, showing the embryo with the two large cotyledons. 5. Hedysarum boreale, a leaf and jointed legumes (loments). 6. One of the joints open, showing the seed. 7. Trifolium pratense. 8. The legume and part of the calyx. 9. Section of the seed. 10. A flower enlarged. Conspectus of the Genera. * Corolla papilionaceous. i-celled.. Phaca. 22 turgid,. ( sub-2-celled. A4stragalus. 21 Stem erect. Tephrosate 13 00-seeded,. (compr's'd. St. twining. Apios. 6 Stamens 5... Petalostemon. 17 (Legumes ( -seeded... Stamens 10... Dalea. 16 L Fls. racemed.. Sta. e & I. HedysaInm. 26 "Herbs.. Loment 2-10-jnlt. Flowers umbellate.. Coronilla. 24 Fls. yellow. Colutea. 12 Erect.. Fls. blue.. Amorpha. 15' unarmed... Twining. Bracts colored. Wistaria. 7 unequally. Shrubs and trees,.. armed with stipular spines.... Robinia. 11 Seeds oval. Vicia. 2 outside.. Sds. globose. Pisurm. 4 I Style villous.. inside, next the free sta. Lathyrus. 1 Leaves S cirrhose. Style glabrous....... Ervum. 3 pinnate abruptly,. not cirrhose. Stem erect.. 2 Calyx bibracteolate.. Lespedeza. 28 I-seeded, indehiscent.. ( Calyx naked.. Psoralea. 14 2-seeded. None of the flowers apetalous.. Melilotls. 19 2-seeded in the apetalous flowers. Amphicarpea. 10 Keel and sta. circinate. Phaseolus. 5 Cal5-toothed Keel long-clawed,. Clitoria. 9 Legumes oo-seeded. Calyx 4-toothed. Galactia. 8 e 2-jointed and one-seeded. Stylosanthes. 23 pinnately. tLoment several-jointed, several-seeded...... Desodium. 27 Leg. falcate or spiral. Medicago. 20 Stamens diadelph. (9 & 1.) Leg. included in cal. Triolium. 18 Leaves | ~ Herbs.. l Stamens 10, distinct, equal..... Baptisia. 33 -foliate palmately. Trees.. Laburnum. 32 ( Herbs............ Crotalaria. 0so Shrubs...,....... Genista. 29 Leaves simple... Trees............. erc. 34 Leates palmately 5 —15-foliate.. Lupinus. 31 LATNYRUS. XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. 219 * * Corolla not papilionaceous. SUnarmed and glabrous........ DaZrlingtonta. 40 Corolla regular. Armed with uncinate spines. Schrankcia. 39 Herbs. Corolla irregular............. Casia, 35 Shrubs. Corolla regular...Mimosa. 38 unarmed.............. Gymnocladus. 30 Trees armed with triple spines'...... Gleditschia. 3, SUBORDER 1. P A P I L I O N A C E E. Petals papilionaceous, imbricate in testivation, the upper one external. Stamens mostly 10 and diadelphous. 1. LATHIRUS. Calyxcampanulate, the 2 upper sepals shortest; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style flat, dilated above, ascending, bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside next the free stamen; legume oblong, several-seeded.-Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs abruptly pinnate, of 1-several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into tendrils. Peds. axillary. 1. L. VENOSUS. Muhl. St. 4-cornered, naked; stips. semi-sagittate, lanceolate, very small; ped. 8-16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; Ifts. 5-7 pairs, somewhat alternate, obtusish, mucronate. —4 In shady grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem erect, 2-3f high, mostly smooth. Leaflets 1 —2' long. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered, about the length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and narrow. Jn. J1. 2. L. OCHROLEUCUS. Hook. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.) St. slender; ped. 7-10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; upper segments of the calyx truncate, angular; lfts. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate; stip. semi-cordate. —% A small, delicate species, very rare, in shady places and on river banks, N. J. to Wisc.! N. to the Arctic circle. Stem 2-3f long, leaning or climbing on other plants. Leaflets 1-1i' long, I as wide, larger than the stipules. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white (ochroleucous.) Jn. Jl. 3. L. PALUSTRIS. Marsh Lathyrus. St. winged; stip. semi-sagittate, large, ovate, mucronate; Ifts. in 2 pairs, oblong-ovate, mucronate; ped. 3-5-flowered, larger than the leaves. —4 A slender climber, found in wet meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. Stem slender, square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaves pinnate-cirrhose, leaflets broad or narrow-ovate. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegated with blue and purple. Jn. J1. 4. L. MARITiMUS. Bw. (Pisum maritimum. Ph.) Beach Pea. St. quadrangular, compressed; petioles flat above; stip. sagittate; lfts. numerous, subalternate, ovate; ped. many-flowered.-A pale green, creeping plant, resembling the common pea, found on sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W. to Or. Stem rigid, 1-2f in length. Stipules connate. Leaves ending in a branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Flowers large, blue. Pod hairy. May —July. 5. L. MYRTIFOLIUS. Muhl. St. quadrangular, winged, weak and flexuous; stip. semi-sagittate, ovatelanceolate, acuminate; lfts. 2 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, veinless; ped. longer than the leaves, 4-5-flowered. —4 A little climber, on river banks, Can. to Md. Robbins. Stem about 3f long. Leaflets 1-2' long, J as wide. Flowers pale purple. J1. Aug. 6. L. LATIFOLIUS. Everlasting Pea.-Ped. many-flowered; Ifls. 2, lanceolate; joints membranous, winged.-q4 A very showy plant fbr gardens and arbors, native of England. Stem 6f long, climbing, winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6-10' in length. J1. Aug. 7. L. ODORATUS. Sweet Pea. —Pcd. 2-flowered; lfts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. 220 XLVII. LEGUMINOStE. VICIA. nirsute.-(-) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers a. pear in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant. 8. L. sATiVUS. Chick Pea.-Peduncles 1-flowered; Ifts. 2-4; leg. ovate, compressed, with 2 winged margins at the back. — Native of S. Europe, where it has been sometimes cultivated for food; but it proves to be a slow poison both to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering the limbs rigid, but without pain. 2. VICIA. Celtic goigo, whence Gr. 3LKtLOV, Lat. vicia, Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch. Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segments straight and longer than the 2 above; vexillum emarginate; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel); legume oblong, several-seeded.-Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets and a branching tendril. Peduncles axillary. 1. V. AMERICiNA. Mulhl. American Vetch. Smooth; ped. 4-8-flowered, shorter than the leaves; stip. semi-sagittate, deeply dentate; lfts. 10-14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, veined, somewhat alternate; legumes oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated.-N. Y. W. to the R. Mts. Stems slender, 1-3f long. Leaflets 1' by 5", subsessile. Flowers blue or purple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer than the 2 upper. Style very hairy at the summit. May. 2. V. CAROLINIANA. Walt. Carolinian Vetch. Ped. many-flowered; fis. distant; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, the two upper very short; sty. hairy at the summit; Ifts. 8-12, linear-oblong, smoothish; leg. not reticulated, oblong.-Woods and river banks. A slender climber, 4-6f long. Leaflets about 8" by 2-3". Flowers pale-blue, the banner tipped with deep purple. May. 3. V. CRACCA. Tufted Vetch. Fls. in imbricated spikes; Ifts. lanceolate, pubescent; stip. semi-sagittate, linear-subulate, entire.-A slender climber, 2-3f long, about fences, hedges, thickets, &c., lat. 390 to Can. Stem square, downy. Leaves of many pairs of downy, mucronate leaflets, with a branched tendril at the end of the principal stalk. Leaflets 6-8" by 2-3", petiolulate. Flowers blue and purple, in a long, dense, one-sided raceme. July. 4. V. TETRASPERMA. Loisel. (V. pusilla. MuAl. Ervum. Linn.) Slender Vetch. Ped. about 2-flowered; calyx teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube; leg. smooth, 4-seeded; lfts. 4-6, small, linear; stip. lanceolate, semi-sagittate. —i) Slender and delicate plants, banks of streams, &c., Can. to Penn. Stems almost filiform, 1-2f long. Leaflets 5-10"' by 1", acute or obtuse. Flowers very small, bluish-white, on filiform peduncles. Legumes 4 —6" long, 4, sometimes 5-seeded. J1. 5. V. SATIVA. Common Vetch. Tares. Fls. solitary or in pairs, subsessile; Ifts. 10-12, oblong-obovate, often linear, retuse, mucronate; stip. semi-sagittate, subdentate, dotted; leg. erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth.-(I) A slender, climbing plant, found in cultivated fields, introduced from Europe. Stem decumbent or climbing, 2-3f long. Leaflets 8-12" by 1-4", lower ones near the base of the petiole. Flowers pale purple, half as long as the leaves. Legumes 1 —2 long. Jn. 5 6. V. FABA. Willd. (Faba vulgaris. Mcench.) Cofee Bean. Windsor Bean, 4-c.-St. rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered racemes; lfts. 2-4, oval, entire, mucronate or acute; tendrils c Aolete; stip. semi-sagittate, dentate at base.-Native of Egypt. This specie' is frequently found in gardens, but not so much admired as formerly for the? ole. Stem simple, 1-2f high. Flowers PHASEOLUS. XLVII. LEGUMINOSM. 221 white, with a large black spot on each of the alao. Legume torulose. Seeds very large, with the large hilum at one end. (See Fig. 19, 1, 2.) t 3. ERVUM. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the segments acute, linear, and nearly equal, about the length of the corolla; stigma capitate, smooth; style filiform; legume oblong, 2-4-seeded. —0 Lvs. abruptly pinnate, of many leaflets and a terminal tendril. E. HIRSiTUM. Hairy or Creeping Vetch. Lfls. linear, truncate, mucronate; stip. semi-sagittate, narrow; ped. 3-6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leg. hirsute, 2-seeded.-A creeping weed in cultivated fields, N. Y. to S. Car. Stem very slender, 1-3f long. Leaflets 8-20, 4-8" long, hardly 1"' wide, broadest above. Peduncles axillary, 3-6flowered. Calyx segments rather shorter than the bluish-white corolla. Legumes short, with roundish, compressed brown seeds. Jn. to 4. PISUM. Celtic pis, Lat. piumn, Eng. pea, Fr. po/s. Calyx segments leafy, the upper 2 shortest; vexillum large, reflexed; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style compressed, carinate, villous on the upper side; legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded; seeds globose, with an orbicular hilum.-Herbaceous, climbing. Lvs. abruptly pinnate, ending with branching tendrils. P. SATiVUM. Common Garden Pea. —Lfs. ovate, entire, usually 4; stzp. ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate; ped. several-fiowered. —( One of the most valuable of leguminous plants, smooth and glaucous. Stem 2-5f long, nearly simple, climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 —3' long, I as wide, obtuse, mucronate. Stipules rather larger than the leaflets. Flowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cultivated from time immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. There are many varieties. Jn. t 5. PHASEOLUS. Lat. plhasels, a little boat; which the pods may be said to resemble. Calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed; keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted; legume compressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded; seeds compressed, reniform. —Her baceous, twining or trailing. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Lfts. stipellate. 1. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS. Pers. St. prostrate, diffuse, scabrous with recurved hairs; Ifts. angular, 2-3lobed or entire; pedl. longer than the leaf, few-flowered; lower tooth of tie cal. longer than the tube; leg. pubescent, broadly linear, cylindric. —( A creeping or climbing plant, 3-5f long, on sandy shores and prairies, Can. and U. S. Leaflets 1-2' long, X as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, often variously and very obtusely lobed. Peduncles 2-8-flowered, 3-6' long. Corolla purplish. Legumes become black when ripe, 5 —7-seeded. Aug.-Oct. 2. P. 1EELv6LUS. (and P. vexillatus. Linn.) St. slender, twining; lfts. between oblong-ovate and linear, entire; ped. slender, several times longer than the leaves, few-flowered; leg. straight, cyll'ndric, 8-10-seeded. —_ Sandy fields, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3-5f long. Leaflets 1-2' by — 1'. Peduncles 4 —8' long, 4-7-flowered. Calyx with 2 bracts at base. Corolla purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Legume 2-3' long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug. Sept. 3. P. PERENNIS. Walt. Wild Bean Vine. Twining, pubescent; rac. paniculate, mostly in pairs, axillary; lfts. ovate, acuminate, 3-veined; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad-mucronate. —2 A slender, twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U. S., common. Stem 4-7f long, somewhat branching. Leaflets 11-31' long, I-equal width; termina' X22 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2E. WISTAUA. one often subcordate, lateral ones unequally enlarged at base outside, under surface scabrous. Racemes 1 —3 together, 6-12' long, loose, often unfi uitful. Corolla purple and violet. Legume about 2' long, k' wide, with compressed, renifcrm, dark purple seeds. July, Aug. 4. P. LEIOSPERMUS. Torr. & Gray. St. slender, retrorsely hirsute; Ifts. linear-oblong, not lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces; stip. subulate; ped. much longer than the leaves; hds. few-flowered; leg. very hirsute, about 5-seeded. T. - G. abr. —Prairies, Ill., Mead. Also Ark. and La. Stem 2-4f long, prostrate. Leaflets 1 —2 by 3 —5". Pods about 1' long, i as wide. Aug. 5. P. VULGARIS.'Pole Bean. Kidney Bean. String Bean.-St. twining; Ifts. ovate-acuminate; rac. solitary, shorter than the leaves; pedicels in pairs; cal. as short as its 2 bracts at base; leg. pendulous, long-mucronate; seed reniform, variously, often brightly colored. —a Native of E. Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens, not only for the mature fruit, but for the young pods, which constitute that favorite dish called string beans. Stem 5-8f long, twining against the sun. Flowers mostly white. July. 6. P. MULTIFLORUS. Scarlet Pole Bean.-St. twining; lfts. ovate-acute; rac. solitary, as long as the leaves; pedicels opposite; cal. longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; leg. pendulous; seeds reniform. —( Native of S. America. Stem 6-l10f long, twining against the sun. Flowers scarlet, numerous and very brilliant. Fruit not so generally admired as the last. July. 7. P. LUNATUS. Lima Bean.-St. twining; lfts. ovate, deltoid, acute; rac. shorter than the leaves; ped. in pairs; cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base; leg. scimetar-shaped, or somewhat lunate; seeds large, much compressed, purplishWhite.-Native of E. Indies. Stem 6-8f long. Flowers small, whitish. Much valued and cultivated. July. 8. P. NANUS. Dwarf Kidney Bean. Bush Bean. White Field Bean.-St. smooth, very branching, erect; lfts. broad-ovate. acute; cal. shorter than its 2 bracts at base; leg. pendulous, compressed, rugose. —0 Native of India. Stem If high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small, but there are many varieties. Much cultivated. June. 6. APIOS. Cr. name for the wild pear, which the root resembles in form. Calyx campanulate, obscurely bilabiate, the upper lip of 2 very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower one acute and elongated; keel falcate, pushing back the broad, plicate vexillum at top; ovary sheathed at base. —% Twining, smooth. Root bearing edible tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate. A. TUBEROSA. Ph. (Glycine Apios. Linn.) Ground Nut. St. twining; Ivs. pinnate, of 7 ovate-lanceolate leaflets; rac. shorter than the leaves.-Thickets and shady woods, Can. and U. S., twining about other plants. Stem round, 2-4f in length. Leaves rather numerous, each consistig of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd, terminal one. These are ovate, narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Racemes axillary, solitary, 1 —3 long, crowded. Flowers dark purple. To the root are appended oval, fleshy tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated had we not the potato. JI., Aug. 7. WISTARIA. Nutt. In memory of Caspar Wistar, M. D., President of Am. Phil. Soc. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one 3 sub-equal teeth; vexillum with 2 callosities ascending the claw and separating above; wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top; legume torulose; seeds many, reniform.- Twining, shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts. Fls. lilac-colored. AMPHICARPEA. XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. 223 1. W. FRUTESCENS. DC. (W. speciosa. Nutt. Glycine frutescens. Linn.) St. pubescent when young, at length glabrous; lfts. 9-13, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, sub-pubescent; winvgs with 2 auricles at base; ova. glabrous.-An ornamental, vigorous vine, in rich alluvion, Southern and Western States. Stems several yards long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets 12' by j-1'. Flowers nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous, in racemes 3-6 or 8' long, sheathed in very conspicuous bracts. Seeds spotted. Apr. May. t 9. W. CONSEQUANA. Benth. Chinese Wistaria.-Lfts. 9-13, ovate-lanceolate, silky-pubescent; rac. terminal, nodding, loosely many-flowered.-A splendid flowering vine from China. Stem of rapid growth, 12f or more in length. Flowers in long, pendulous clusters. May. Jn. t 8, GALACTIA. Gr. ya)a, milk: alluding to the juice of some of the species. Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly equal length, upper one broadest; pet. oblong: vexillum broadest and incumbent; keel petals slightly cohering at top.-Herbs prostrate or twining, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Rac. axillary. 1. G(. GLABELLA. Michx. St. mostly prostrate, nearly glabrous; Ifts. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath; rac. pedunculate, about the length of the leaves; fis. pedicellate.-In arid soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 2-4f long. Leaflets 10-20" by 5-10", varying in form from elliptic through oblong to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally. Aug. Sept. 2. G. MOLLIS. Michx. St. mostly twining, softly pubescent; Ifts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly villose and whitish beneath; rac. longer than the leaves, pedunculate, fasciculate; fis. on very short pedicels; leg. villose.-Dry soils, Md. to Ga. Stem several feet long. Leaflets about 1' long, I as wide. Flowers about half as large as in the last. Aug. 9. CLITORIA. Calyx bibracteolate, tubular, 5-toothed, segments acuminate; vexillum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate; keel smaller than the wings, acute, on long claws; legume linear-oblong, torulose, manyseeded.-'2- Mostly twining. Lvs. pinnately 3-5-foliate. Fls. very large, solitary or several together. C. MARIiNA. Glabrous; st. suberect or twining, suffruticose; lfts. 3, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulate; ped. short, 1-3-flowered; bracteoles and bracts very short; leg. torulose, 3-4-seeded.-Dry soils, N. J.! to Flor. Stem 1-3f long, round, slender, branched. Leaflets rather remote, about 1' by i'. Corolla pale blue, 2-2i' in length, calyx 1', bracteoles 2". J1. Aug. 10. AMPHICARP.EA. Ell. Gr. apbut, around, Kap7ros, fruit; in reference to the ovary sheathed at base. Calyx tubular, campanulate, 4-toothed (or 5-toothed, the upper 2 united) with nearly equal segments; petals oblong; vexillum with the sides appressed; stigma capitate; ovary on a sheathed stipe; legume flat, 2-4-seeded.-(D Slender, twining. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. The upper fis. complete, but usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. A. MONOICA. Nutt. (Glycine monoica. Linn.) Pea Vine. St. hairy; Ifts. ovate, acute, smooth; rac. of the stem with pendulous, 224 XLVII. LEGUMINOSA. TsEPROSXA. petaliferous, barren flowers; radical ped. with apetalous, fertile flowers.-A very slender vine, in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Stem twining, rough backwards, 4-8f in length. Leaflets very thin, 1-3' long, 4 as wide, lateral ones oblique at base. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers pale purple. Cauline legumes smoothish, with 3-4 dark purple seeds. Radical legumes often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. Jl.-Sept. 11. ROBINIA. In memory of John Robin. herbalist to Louis XIV. Calyx short, campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more or less coherent; vexillum large; aloe obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1); style bearded inside; legume compressed, elongated, manyseeded.-Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. showy, in axillary racemes. 1. R. PSEUDACACIA. LocLust Tree. Branches armed with stipular prickles; lfts. ovate and oblong-ovate; rac. pendulous, smooth, as well as the legumes.-Native in Penn. and the more Southern and Western States, and abundantly naturalized in N. Eng. In the durability, hardness and lightness of its timber, and thebeauty of its foliage and flowers, it is exceeded by few trees of the American forest. West of the Alleghanies it sometimes attains the height of 80f with a diameter of 3 or 4. In N. England it seldom exceeds half these dimensions. The pinnate leaves have a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8-12 pairs of leaflets, with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth. Flowers in numerous, pendulous clusters, diffusing an agreeable fragrance. Pod narrow, flat, with- 5 or 6 small brown seeds. When young, the tree is armed with thorns which disappear in its maturity. May. 2. R. vIscosA. Vent. Clammy Locust.-Stipular spines very short; branch. lets, petioles and leg. glandular-viscid; Ifts. ovate; rac. crowded.-This beautiful tree is from the South, where it attains the height of 40f. The flowers numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green foliage, render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the garden. Apr. 3. R. HISPiDA. Rose Acacia.-Stipular spines almost wanting; shrub mostly hispid; rac. loose, subeirect.-A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States. It is cultivated in our gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, red flowels. Height 3-5f. May. 8. rosea has its branches nearly smooth. 12. COLUTEA. Calyx 5-toothed; vexillum with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina; stigma lateral, under the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally bearded on the back side; legume inflated, scarious.-Shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves. C. ARBORESCENS. Bladder Senna.-Lfls. elliptical, retuse; vex. shortly gibbous behind.-A hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Italy, &c., growing almost alone on the summits of Mt. Vesuvius. Stems 8-12f high. Leaflets about 9. Flowers large, yellow, with a broadly expanded banner. In medicine the leaves are used instead of senna. Jn.-Aug. t 13. TEPHROSIA. Gr. reppoS, ash-colored; in allusion to the color of the foliage. Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate teeth; bracteoles 0; vexillum large, orbicular; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings; stamens diadelphous (in the following species) or monadelphous; legume linear, much compressed, many-seeded.-Herbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves. AMORPI1A. XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. 225 T. VIRGINIiNA. Pers. (Galega. Linn.) Goat's Rue. Cat-gut. Erect, villous; Ifts. numerous, oblong, acuminate; rac. terminal, subsessile; keg. falcate, villous.-q4 Plant 1-2f high, with beautiful white and purple flowers, found in dry sandy soils, Can., Ia., Ill., S. to Flor. Stem simple. Leaflets 15-27, 10-13" by 2-3", mucronate, straight-veined, odd one oblongobcordate, petiolules 1" long. Stipules subulate, i' long, deciduous. Flowers large, in a dense, terminal raceme. Calyx very villous. Banner white, keels rose-colored, wings red. J1. 14. PSORALEA. GT. 4wopaXso5, leprous or scaly; alluding to the glandular dots. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, segments acuminate, lower one longest; stamens diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous; legume as long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. —% or Th Often glandular. Lvs. tarious. Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Fls. cyanic. 1. P. FLORIBUNDA. Nutt. Cariescent, much branched, destitute of glands; Ivs. palmately 3 —5 foliate; lfts. oblong-obovate, varying to linear; stip. setaceous; rac. slender, 40-50-flowered, twice longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers and longer than the small, ovate, acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth. -Alluvial soil, Ill. Mead.! and Ark. W. to the Rocky Mts. Stem 2-4f high, the branches spreading. Leaflets 1-2' by 2-4", common petiole i —1' long. Flowers bluish purple, nearly as large (3" long) as in the two following. Jn. 2. P. ESCULENTA. Ph. Hirsute, erect, branching; lvs. palmately 5-foliate, Ifls. lanceolate; spikes axillary, dense; cal. seg. lanceolate, a little shorter than the corolla; leg. ensiform, beaked; rt. thick and fusiform. R. (P. ESCULENTA. Nutt.) Nearly acaulescent; fets. oblong-obovate.-Mo. near the lead mines. Stem a few inches high. Leaflets 1-2' long, nearly half as wide. Flowers pale blue. The root is about 1' diam., rather insipid, but is eaten by the Indians, either raw or boiled. Jn. J1. 3. P. t:GLANDULOSA. Ell. (P. melilotoides. Michx.) St. much branched; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, finely dotted with glands; spikes oblong; bracts broadly-ovate, acuminate, and with the calyx hairy; leg. roundish, transversely wrinkled.-Dry soils, Ia.! to Ark. Slender, 2f high, spreading. Leaflets 2-2-' long, i as wide, obtuse, longer than the petioles. Flowers blue. Pods 2" diam. Jn. J1. 4. P. OnoBRaCHIS. 1Nutt. Pubescent; Ifts. ovate, acuminate; rae. elongated; cal. much shorter than corolla, teeth small, obtuse, equal; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled.Low grounds and thickets, Western States! Stem rigidly erect, nearly simple, 3-5f high. Leaflets 2-4' long, nearly i as wide. Flowers small, pedicellate, blue. Pods exceeding the calyx, rostrate. Jn. J1. 15. AMORPHIA. Gr. a, privative, /oppbrl, form; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. Calyx subcampanulate, 5-cleft; vexillum concave, unguiculate, erect; wings and keel 0; stamens exserted; legume oblong, somewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1-2-seeded. -Shrubs or half-shrubby American plants. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish white, in virgate racemes. 1. A. FRUTICOSA. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, shrubby or arborescent; ifts. 9-13, oval, petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem; cal. teeth obtuse, short, lower one acuminate and rather the longest; leg. 2-seeded.-A shrub or small tree, 6-16f high, Wis. Lapham! to La. and Flor., W. to Rocky Mts, Leaves 3-5' long, leaflets about 1' by 1', rather remote from each other and 226 XLVII. LEGUMINOSiE. TRIFOLIUM. from the stem, petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate racemes terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3-4' long. Vexillum purple, emarginate. Jn. 2. A. CANESCENS. Nutt. Lead Plant. Suffruticose and canescently villose; Ifts. small, numerous, and crowded, ovate-elliptical, subsessile, mucronate; spikes aggregate; fis. subsessile; cal. teeth equal, ovate, acute; vex. bright blue; leg. 1-seeded.-A beautiful species, 2-4f high, in dry, sandy soils! Wis. to La. and Rocky Mts., and is supposed to prefer localities of lead ore. Leaves 2-3' long. Leaflets coriaceous, 16-24 pairs, obtuse at base, 4-6" by 1-2". Spikes 2-3' long. J1. Aug. 16. DALEA. In honor of Thomas Dale, an English botanist of the last century. Calyx subequally cleft or toothed; petals unguiculate, claws of the wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up; vexillum free, the limb cordate; stamens 10, united into a cleft tube; ovary 2ovuled; legume enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. —Mostly herbaceous and glandular-punctate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0, stipules minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. D. ALOPECUR61DES. Willd. (D. Linnmei. Michx. Petalostemon. Ph.) Glabrous and much branched; lfts. 8-14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, punctate beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, terminal, silky; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the calyx. —) Prairies and bottoms, Ill.! Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and pale green. Leaflets not more than 4" by 1", sessile, and nearly in mutual contact. Spikes 1-2' long. Vexillum white, wings and keel pale violet. 17. PETALOST]EMON. Michx. Alluding to the union of the petals and stamens. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal; petals 5, on filiform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the staminate tube; stamens 5, monadelphous; tube cleft; legume 1seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx.-4- Lvs. unequally pinnate, ex-stipellate. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal spikes or heads. 1. P. CANDIDUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willd.) Glabrous, erect; Ifts. 7-9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous; vex. broadly cordate, the other petals ovate.-A fine-looking plant, in dry prairies Southern and Western States! Stem 2-4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Leaflets 9-18" by 3-5", terminal one largest. Flowers small, white, crowded in dense spikes which are 1-3' long. J1. 2. P. VIOLACEUM. Michx. (Dalea. Willd.) Minutely pubescent, erect; lfts. 5, linear, glandular beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong or subglobose; vex. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse at base.-A beautiful plant, of similar habits with the last. Stem slender, striate, subsimple, 1I-2f high. Leaflets about 1' by 1", all sessile. Spikes 1-8, very dense, — 1J' long. Petals of a bright violet purple. J1. Aug. 18. TRIFOLIUM. Tourn. Gr. TptvlAXov, (three-leaved); Lat. trifolium; Fr. trefie; Eng. trefoil. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent; petals more or less united at the base, withering; vexillum reflexed; alae oblong, shorter than the vexillum; carina shorter than the alae; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1); legume short, membranous, mostly indehiscent, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 2-4-seeded; seeds roundish.-Herbs. Lvs. palmately trifoliate; Ifts. with straight, scarcely reticulated veins. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. TRIFOLIUM. XLVII. LEGUM1NOS/E. 227 * Heads not.involucrate. Flowers pedicellate, deflezed wLun old. 1. T. REPENS. Creeping or White Clover or Trefoil. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffuse; Ifts. obcordate, denticulate; stip. narrow, scarioushds. subunibellate, on very long, axillary peduncles; leg. about' 4-seeded; cal. teeth shorter than the tube.-q- In all soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky, throughout N. Am. Stems several from the same root, extending 6-12', rooting at the joints. Peduncle angular, much longer than the leaves. Flowers white. May-Sep.-Highly valued for pasturage. 2. T. REFLEXUM. Btffalo Clover. Pubescent; ascending or procumbent; lfts. obovate or oblong-obovate, serrulate, some of them emarginate; stip. leafy, semi-cordate; hds. many-flowered; leg. about 4-seeded-24? Prairies and meadows, Western! and Southern States. Stem 8-16' high. Leaflets subsessile, 7 —8" by 4-5"; petioles 1 —2' long. Heads large and handsome. Peduncles 1 —3 long. Vexillum rosered. Apr.-Jn. 3. T. STOLONIFERUM. Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. Glabrous, creeping; branches axillary, ascending, short; Ifts. broadly obcordate, denticulate; stip. leafy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fis. loose, umbellate-capitate; leg. about 2-seeded.-i- Fields and woods, Western States! Stems 6-12' long, several together. Branches 3 —4 high, generally with one head, which is 1' diam. Leaflets 6-10" by 5-9". Flowers white, erect, but in fruit all reflexed. May, Jn. * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never dejle.Zed nor yellow. 4. T. ARVENSE. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Hds. cylindrical, very hairy; calyx teeth setaceous, longer than the corolla; Ifts. narrow-obovate-(j) A low plant, abundant in dry, sandy fields. Stems much branched, round, hairy, 6-12' high. Leaves hairy, on short petioles, of 3 narrow leaflets, — 1' long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, often red. Heads of white or pale red flowers, spiked, b-11' long, very soft and downy, the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine, silky, reddish hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. J1. Aug. Common in N. Eng. 5. r. PRATENSE. Common Red Clover. (Fig. 43, 7.) Spikes dense; sts. ascending; cors. unequal; lower tooth of the calyx longer than the four others, which are equal; Ifts. oval, entire. — This is the common red clover, so extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds-grass (Phleum pratense) and other grasses, and often alone. Stems several from the same root, hairy. Leaves ternate, the leaflets ovate, lighter colored in the centre, entire and nearly smooth. Stipules ovate, mucronate. Flowers red, in short, ovate spikes or heads, sweet-scented. Corollas monopetalous. Flowers all summer. 9 6. T. MEDIUM. Zig-Zao Clover. St. suberect, branching, flexuous, nearly glabrous; Ifts. oblong or elliptical, subentire; stip. lanceolate, acuminate; hds. of Jls. ovoid-globose, pedunculate; cal. teeth setaceous, hairy. —4 In meadows, Danvers, Mass. Oakes. Heads of flowers larger than in T. pratense. Corollas deep purple. Leaves of a uniform green. Q 7. T. INCARNATUM. Flesh-colored Clover.-St. erect, flexuous; lfts. ovateorbicular, obtuse or obcordate, sessile, crenate, villous; spikes dense, oblong, obtuse, leafless; cal. teeth setaceous, villous. —() A fine species from Italy, occasionally cultivated as a border flower, and has been proposed (Dr. Dewey, Rep. Herb. P1. Mass.) for cultivation as a valuable plant for hay. * * Heads not involucrate. Flowers never deflexed, yellow. 8. T. PROCUMBENS. Yellow Clover or Trefoil. St. procumbent or ascending; Ifts. 6bovate-cuneate, or obovate-orbicular, obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal one petiolulate; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the petioles; hds. small, subglobose, on shortish peduncles; cor. yellow; sty. 3 or 4 times shorter than the 1-seeded legumes.-(In dry soils, N. H.! to Va. Stems many from the same root, slender, more or 9s( 228 XLVI1. LEGUMINOSIE. MEDICAG;O. less pubescent, striate, 3-10' long, often suberect. Leaflets 4-8" long, Iequally as wide, lateral ones placed 1-2"/' below the terminal one, petiole 81i' long. Heads about 20-flowered, 2-3" diam., on slender peduncles X-1-' long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jn. J1. 9. T. AGRARIUM. Field or IIop T7efoil. Yellow Clover. St. ascending or erect; Ifts. obovate-oblong, or oblong-cuneate, denticulate, all subsessile; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole; hds. ovoid-elliptic, on long peduncles; 2 upper cal. segments shorter; cor. yellow; sty. about equaling the I-seeded legume. —O Sandy fields, N. Eng Stems 6-15/ high, branched, minutely pubescent. Leaflets 5 —10" by 1-3". Common petiole 3-10Q" long, the upper ones shorter than their stipules. Heads of flowers twice larger than in the last, on peduncles ~ 11' long. Flowers at length reflexed. Jl. Aug. 19. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Lat. mel, honey, and lotus; in drying it exhales a sweet odor. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent; corolla deciduous, keel petals completely united, shorter than the aloe or vexillum; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); legume rugose, longer than calyx, 1-fewseeded.- Genus taken from Trifolium. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate, veins of the leaflets simple or forked. Fls. in racemes. 1. M. OFFICINiLIS. Willd. (M. vulgaris. Ea.) Yellow Melilot. St. erect, with spreading branches; lfts. obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate; rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the yellow corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid.-Alluvial meadows. Stem sulcate, about 3f high. Leaflets smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Flowers in long, 1-sided, slender racemes. Petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. Jn. ~ 2. M. LEUCANTHA. Koch. (Trifolium officinale, /. Linn. M. officinalis, A. alba, Nutt; and of 1st. edit.) White luIelilot. Sweet-scented Clover. St. erect, branched; Ifts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate; slip. setaceous; cal. less than half as long as the white corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid.-() Alluvial soils. Stem robust, very branching, sulcate, 4-6f high. Leaflets 1-2t long, more obtuse at the apex than at base, mucronately serrate. Flowers numerous, the racemes more loose and longer than in the last. Petals unequal, banner longer than wings or keel. Very fragrant when dried. J1. Aug. 0 t 20. MEDICAGO. Name derived from Medea, its native country? Calyx 5-cleft, subcylindric; keel of the corolla deflexed from the vexillum by the falcate or spirally coiled legume. —Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves. 1. M. LUPULINA.'None-such. Spikes ovate; leg. renifobrm, 1-seeded, veiny, rugose; sts. procumbent.0 Common in fields and road-sides, Can. to Flor. Stems angular, leafy, 6-16long. Leaves resembling those of clover. Leaflets obovate, serrulate, mucronate. Spikes small, of yellow flowers. Pods somewhat spiral, a form which characterizes the genus. May-Oct. g 2. M. SATiVA. Lucerne Medick. Ped. racemed; leg. smooth, spirally twisted; stip. entire; lfts. oblong, toothed.-'4 A deep-rooting plant, sending up numerous, tall and slender cloverlike shoots, with spikes of blue or violet flowers. Native of Europe. where it is highly valued as a forage plant. It has been naturalized and cultivated to some extent with us, but has hitherto proved of less value than clover. July. $t 3. M. INTERTEXTA. Hedge-hog. —Ped. about 2-flowered; lee. cochleate, oval, with downy, setaceous, pubescent, reflexed, appressed prickles; Ifts. rhomboidal, toothed.-O Native of S. Europe. Cultivated as a garden flower for the curiosity of its pods. About a foot in height. Flowers yellow. Jn.-Aug. t STYLOSANTHES. XLVII. LEGUMINOSIE. 229 4. M. SCUTELLATA. Snail.-Ped. 2-flowered; leg. unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base, flat above, with concentric, spiral folds.-() Native of S. Europe. Cultivated among flowers for the curiosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. t Obs.-Several other species are equally curious with the above, and are sometimes found in our gardens. 21. AS TRAGALU S. Calyx 5-toothed; keel of the corolla obtuse; stamens diadelphous'9 & 1); legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture.Herbaceous or suifruticose, with unequally pinnate leaves. Hairs often fixed by the middle." (T. 4 G.) 1. A. CANADENSIS. Carnadian Milk Vetch. Canescent, erect, diffuse; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lfts. about 10 pairs with an odd one, elliptical, obtuse at both ends, the lowest ovate-obtuse; ped. about as long as the leaves, when in fruit shorter; spikes oblong; fls. spreading, somewhat reflexed; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with a permanent style.-Q- River banks, &c., Can to Flor. At the ferry, Niagara Falls! Stem bushy, about 3f high, very leafy. Flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense spikes. Pods i' in length, leathery. Jl. Aug. 2. A. OBCORDATUS. Ell.? Nearly smooth, procumbent, branched; lfts. 8-12 pairs, obcordate or oblong-obovate; ped. about as long as the leaves; rac. 6-12 flowered, roundish; leg. oblong, triangular, a little curled, acute at each end, the lower suture sulcate.-Prairies and bottoms, Ill. Me:,d! N. Car. to Flor. Baldwin. Plant but 4-6' long, branched at base. Leaves about 3' in length. Leaflets 3 —6" by 1-1", lower ones roundish. Flowers blue, 4-5" long, fruit about I'. 22. PHACA. Gr. satrs, lentil, derived from Oayo, to eat. Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1); legume continuous, turgid, 1-celled; placenta swelling, several-seeded. —Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in axillary, pedunculate racemes. 1. P. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Erect, branching, nearly smooth; Ifts. elliptical, 8-13 pairs (5-9, T. & G.); stip. minute; rac. many-flowered, rather loose; leg. sessile, smooth, roundish-ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture.-By streams and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wiscon. Lapham! Plant resembling Astragalus Canadensis, but more slender and delicate. Stem 1-2f high, terete. Leaflets 9-15" by 3 —5", minutely puberulent beneath. Flowers white, 10-20 in a raceme. Pods about 1 long, with many small seeds. Jn. Jl. 2. P. ROBBINSI. Oakes. St. erect, simple, striate; Ifts. 5-11, elliptical, very obtuse, terminal one largest; stip. triangular-ovate; ped. long, erect, each with a short, ovate or oblong raceme; cor. horizontal, twice as long as the ealyx; keel obtuse, shorter than the other petals; leg. tipped with the recurved, persistent style.-Ledges, banks of Onion River, Vt. Robbins! Plant nearly smooth. Stem slender, 8 —14' high. Leaves remote, 2-4' long. Leaflets 4 —8" by 1 —3", petiolulate. Racemes surpassing the stem, on peduncles 5-10' long, 12-18-flowered. Corollas white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4-8-seeded.' May, Jn. 23. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz. Gr. rvAsXog, a style, aosg, a flower, i. e. a flower with a conspicuous style. Flowers of two kinds. cd Calyx somewhat bilabiate, bibracteolate at base, the tube very long and slender, with the corolla inserted on its throat; vexillum very broad; stamens 10, monadelphous; ovary always sterile, with a very long style. 9 Calyx and corolla 0! ovary 230 XLVII. LEGUMINOSJE. HEDYSARUM. between 2 bracteoles; legume 1-2-jointed, uncinate with the short, persistent style. —Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. S. ELATIOR. Swartz. (Trifolium biflorum. Linn.) Pencil Flower. St. pubescent on one side; ifts. lanceolate, smooth, acute at each end; bracts lanceolate, ciliate; spikes 3-4iflowered; loment ]-seeded (lower joint abortive). —4 Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Flor. and Ark. Stem mostly erect, branched, If in height, remarkable for being densely pubescent on that side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the other side is smooth. Leaves on short stalks, leaflets 1' or more in length. Bracts fringed with yellow bristles. Flowers yellow. J1. Aug. 24. CORONILLA. Lat. corona, a crown; from the resemblance of the inflorescence. Calyx bilabiate; petals unguiculate; loment somewhat terete, jointed; seeds mostly cylindrical.-/lIostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in simple, pedunculate umbels. 1. C. EMfIRUS. Scorpion Senna.-St. woody, angular; ped. about 3-flowered; claws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx.-A beautiful, free-flowering shrub from France. Stem about 3f high, square, with opposite branches. Leaflets about 7, broadly obcordate. Flowers rose-colored, collected in little tufts on the ends of the subaxillary peduncles. Apr.-Jn. t 2. C. VARiA. Purple Coronilla.-St. herbaceous, erect, smooth, branching; Ivs. sessile, smooth; lfts. 11-19, all subsessile, oblong, obtuse; umbels longpedunculate, 10-15-flowered; fis. pale purple.-An elegant European species, 2-4f high, crowned with many hemispherical umbels 1' diam. J1.-Sept. t 25. AIESCHYNOMENE. Gr. ataXvyolLat, to be modest; alluding to its sensitive property. Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate; upper lip bifid, lower trifid; vexillum roundish; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base; stamens diadelphous, 5 in each set; legume exserted, composed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints. —Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. semisagittate. Rac. axillary. iE. HISPiDA. Willd. (Hedysarum Virginicum. Linn.) St. erect, scabrous-pubescent, as well as the petioles, peduncles, and legumes; lfts. very smooth and numerous (often as many as 49, Nutt.), linear, obtuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; rac. 3-5-flowered; loment compressed, 6-9jointed. —( Marshes, Penn. to Flor. Stem 2-3f high. Leaflets about 1' long. Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers yellow, reddish outside. Legume 2' long, sinuate on one side. Aug. 26. H EDYSA RU M. Gr-. RJvg, sweet, apcipa, smell; some of the species are fragrant. Calyx cleft into 5, linear-subulate, subequal segments; keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), and with the style abruptly bent near the summit; legume (loment) of several 1-seeded joints connected by their middle. —% Mostly herbaceous. Lvs. unequally pinnate. H. BOREILE. Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. St. erect; lvs. subsessile, of 6-10 pairs of oblong, smoothish leaflets; stzp. united, sheathing, with subulate points; rac. spicate, on long peduncles; fis. numerous, deflexed; cal. teeta short, the lowest longest; keel longer than the banner or wings; joints of the legume 1-4, flat, suborbicular, rugose-reticulate. —On the precipitous sides of Willoughby Mt. Westmore, Vt. 500f above the lake below! N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem rigid, 1-2f high, very leafy. Leaflets 5-8" by 2-41", obtuse-mucronulate. Racemes 2-4' long, on rigid peduncles 3-5'. Flowers large and handsome, violet-purple. Jn. Jl. DESMODIUM. XLVII. LEGUMINOS2E. 231 27. DESMODIUM. DC. Gr. Jeaoog, a bond; in reference to the slightly connected joints of the loment? Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base; vexillum roundish; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), sometimes monadelphous; legume (loment) compressed, composed of several l-secded, separable joints. — Genus taken from Hedysarum. %- Herbaceous or suffruticose. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. * Stamens all connected. Calyx toothed or entire. 1. D. NUDIFLORUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.) Lfts. roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly glaucous beneath; scape radical, panicled, smooth; joints of the loment obtusely triangular-Common in woods, U.S. and Can. It is remarkably distinguished by having its leaves and flowers on separate stalks, often distant from each other. Stem 8-10' high, with several ternate, long-stalked, smoothish, terminal leaves. Scape 2-3f long, slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with many small, purple flowers. Aug. 2. D. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Hedysarum. Linn.) Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at top; /fts. ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal; panicle terminal, on a very lorlg peduncle.Common in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem 8-12' high, ending in a slender panicle 1 or 2f long. Leaves at the top of the stem and below the panicle. Terminal leaflet roundish, 3' diam., lateral leaflets smaller, all of them covered with scattered, appressed hairs and conspicuously pointed. Flowers small, flesh-colored. Pod of about 3 triangular joints. July. Aug. 3. D. PAUCIFLO6RUM. DC. (H. pauciflorum. Nutt.) St. assurgent, simple, or slightly branched, retrorsely hairy; ifts. membranaceous, pale beneath, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal, lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute, or subacuminate; rac. terminal, few-flowered;fis. in pairs; pet. all distinct! spreading.-Woods, Penn. to Ill. and La. Root creeping, tubercular. Stems often clustered, If high. Petioles 2-3' long. Leaflets 1-3' long, i — as wide. Flowers 2-6, white or purplish. Legume of 2-3 obtusely triangular joints. J1. Aug. * * Stamens diadelphous or the tenth stamen nearlyfree. 4. D. CANADENSE. DC. (Hedysarum Canadense. Linn.) Buhsk Trefoil. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, nearly smooth; stip. filiform; bracts. ovate, longacuminate; fis. racemcd; joints of the loment obtusely triangular, hispid —Rather common in woods, Can. to Penn. and Ia. A handsome plant about 3f in height. Stem upright, striate. Leaflets 3' long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly smooth. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes with conspicuous bracts. Pods about 5-jointed. J1. 5. D. CANESCENS. DC. (D. Aikinianum. Beck. H. canesc. L.) St. erect, branched, striate, scabrous; lfts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, soft-villous beneath; slip. large, oblique, acuminate; pan. terminal, very long, densely canescent, naked; joints of the loment triangular; upper lip of the calyx nearly entire.-Woods, N. Eng. to Flor. An upright, branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers greenish externally, purple within. Stem 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed. Aug. 6. D. DILLENHI. Darl. (D. Marilandicum. DC. H. Maril. Willd.) Dillenius' Dcsmodium. Plant erect, branching, hairy; Ifts. oblong, villose beneath; stip. subulate; rac. panicled; joints of the loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy. -Moist soils, Northern and Western States. Stem sulcate, scabrous, 2-3f high. Leaflets 2-3' by 1 —2', smooth above. Panicle large, terminal, naked. Flowers purple. J1. 7. D. CUSPIDATUM. T. & G. (D. bracteosum. DC. H. bract. Mx.) Plant erect, smooth; Ifts. oblong-oval or ovate, acuminate; stip. lanceo. late-subulate; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scattered flowers; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth; joints of the loment suboval.-A larger spe20O 232 XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. DESMODIUM. cies than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem branching, erect, 4-5f high. Leaflets 3' long, widest at base, smooth, entire, pointed. Stipules of the leaves ovate, long-acuminate, of the leaflets awl-shaped. Flowers large, purple, with conspicuous bracts. Pods in about six joints, long, pendulous, rough. Aug. 8. D. MARILANDICUM. Boott. (D. obtusum. DC. H. Marilandicum. Linm.) Plant erect, branching, hairy; Ifts. ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base; stip. subulate; panicle terminal; joints of the loment roundish, reticulate, hispid. -Woods, N. States to Flor. Stem 2-3f high. Leaflets 1-1i long, I as wide. Flowers violet-purple, small. Loment 1-3-jointed. Aug. 9. D. CILIARE. DC. (H. ciliare. Willd.) Fringed Desmodium. Plant erect, slender, subpubescent; lvs. crowded, on short, hairy petioles; lfts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the margin; stzp. filiform, caducous; panicle terminal, the lower branches much longer; joints of the loment 2 or 3, half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate.-Woods, N. Eng. to La. Height 2f. Flowers purple. Aug. 10. D. RIGiDUM. DC. (H. rigidum. Ell.) Erect, branching, rough-pubescent; Ifts. ovate-oblong, obtuse, terminal one the longest; petiole short, hairy; stip. acuminate, ciliate, caducous; rac. paniculate, very long; leg. with 2-3 semi-oval or semi-obovate joints.-Hills and woods, Mass. to La. Stem 2-3f high, often with numerous, long, erect, rigid branches. Leaflets 1 —3 long, f as wide, rather coriaceous, reticulately veined. Flowers violet-purple. Aug. 11. D. PANICULXTUM. DC. (H. paniculatum. Linn.) Plant erect, smooth; Ifts. thin, oblong-lanceolate; stip. subulate; panicle terminal, with long and slender pedicels; bracts lanceolate; joints of the loment rhomboidal.-A handsome species, near 3f in height, found in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, striate. Leaves of 3, smooth, narrow leaflets, broadest at the base, tapering to an obtuse point, about 3' in length, with subulate, deciduous bracts. Pods 4-5 jointed, large. Flowers purple, numerous. J1. Aug. 12. D. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. DC. (H. rotundifolium. Linn.) St. prostrate, hairy; Ifts. suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate; rac. few-flowered; joints of the lowent subrhomboidal.-A hairy, prostrate plant, 2-3f in length, found in rocky woods throughout the U. S. Leaves of 3 roundish leaflets, pale beneath, 1 —2 diam., on hairy stalks. Stipules cordate, reflexed, hairy. Flowers purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug. 13. D. HUMIFUSUM. Beck. (H. humifusum. Muhl.) Prostrate Desmodium. St. procumbent, striate, nearly smooth; Ifts. oval, sub-pubescent; stip. persistent; rac. axillary and terminal; leg. of 2-4 obtusely 4-angled joints.Woods, Waltham, Mass. Bigelow, Penn. Muhl. A species much resembling the last, but the whole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower bracts. Stem 2-3f long. Leaflets oval or ovate, subacute. Aug. 14. D. VIRIDIFLORUM. Beck. (Hedys. virid. Linn.) St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above; ifts. ovate, mostly obtuse, scabrous above, softly villous beneath; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; panicle very long, leafless; cal. very hairy, upper lip bifid; leg. of 3-4 triangular joints.-Alluvial soils, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Stem 3-4f high, rigid, branched. Leaflets 2-3' long. Corolla violet, turning green in withering. Legume 1 —2 long. 15. D. LEVIGATUM? DC. (H. 1kevigatum. Nutt.) Glabrous; st. simple, erect; lvs. on long petioles; ifts. ovate or oblongovate, rather obtuse; stip. subulate, minute and deciduous; panicle terminal, nearly simple; fis. in pairs, on elongated peticels; bIracts ovate, very small; Iupper lip of calyx emarginate, segments of the lower lip lanceolate, lowest one acuminate, half as long as the corolla.-Woods, N. J. Neutt. Harper's Ferry! The smoothest of our Desmodia, 2-3f high. Leaflets rather coriaceous, 1-2J' long, 1-11' wide. Pedicels 5-8" long. Flowers purple. Sept.-My specimens, as well as those of Nuttall, are without fruit. LESPEDEZA. XLVII. LEG UMINOSJE. 233 16. D. SESSILIFOLIUM. Torr. & Gray. (H. sessilifolium. Torr.) St. erect, tomentose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile; Ifts. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentose beneath; stip. subulate; panicle of spicate rac. very long; bracts minute; leg. small, hispid, of 2-3 semiorbicular joints.-Woods, Western States and Texas. Stem 2 —3f high. Leaft: lets about 2' by *'. Flowers small, numerous and crowded. Aug. 17. D. STRICTUM. DC. (H. strictum. Pursh.) Erect, slender, nearly glabrous and simple; Ivs. petiolate; Ifts linear, elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate; stip. subulate; pantzcles slender, few-flowered; leg. hispid, incurved, of 1-3 lunately triangular joints with a filiform isthmus.-Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. and La. Stem about 3f high. Leaflets 2-3' by 2 —3", longer than the petioles. Flowers small, purple, on very slender pedicels. Aug. 28. LESPEDIEZA. Michx. In honor of Lespedez, governor of Florida, who protected Michaux in his travels there. Calyx 5-parted, bibracteolate, segments nearly equal; keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender claws; legume (loment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indehiscent, 1-seeded. —Genus taken from Hedysarum.'4 Lvs. palmately trifoliate, reticulate-veined. ~ Flowers all complete andfertile, in dense spikes. Corolla ochroleucous or white, with a purple spot on the vexillum, scarcely longer than the calyx. 1. L. CAPITXTA. Mx. (L. frutescens. Ell. Iledysarum frutescens. Willd.)Buse Clover.-Lfts. elliptical, obtuse, silky-pubescent; stip. subulate; fascicles of fls. ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary; loments hairy, shorter than the villous calyx.-An erect, hairy, half-shrubby plant, in dry soils, Can. to Car. Stem nearly simple, villous, 2-4f high. Leaves numerous, on short petioles, consisting of 3 coriaceous leaflets. Leaflets 1-1'-1 by 3 —6", nearly smooth above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug. Sept.,8. angustifolia. Ph. (L. angustifolia. Ell.)-Lfts. linear, smooth above. 2. L. HIRTA. Ell. (Hedysarum hirtum. Linn.) Villous and pubescent; Ifts. roundish-elliptic; rac. capitate, axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves; cor. and lomnent about as long as the calyx.-Plant 2-4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branching and very hairy. Leaves less numerous than in the last, on very short stalks, consisting of 3 oval leaflets hairy beneath. Peduncle hairy, becoming longer than the raceme. Flowers reddish-white, crowded. Aug. Sept. ~ ~ Flowers of two kinds, complete and apetalous, the latter chiefly bearing the fruit. Corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx. LESPEDEZARIA. T. & G. 3. L. PROCUMBENS. Michx. (Hedysarum repens. Willd.) St. procumbent, villose; Ifts. oval, upper surface smooth; rac. short, on very long, setaceous peduncles; loments roundish, pubescent.-Dry woods and sandy fields, Mass. to La. Plant pubescent in all its parts. Stems several from the same root, slender, 2-3f long. Leaves consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaflets, on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in short, raceme-like heads, axillary, the lower ones apetalous, and on short, the upper on very long, thread-like peduncles. Aug. 4. L. REPENs. Torr. & Gray. (H. repens. Linn.) Creeping Lespedeza. St. prostrate, diffuse, nearly smooth; Ifts. oval or obovate-elliptical, smooth above, on very short petioles; ped. axillary, filiform, simple, few-flowered, lower ones bearing apetalous flowers; leg. suborbicular, subpubescent.-Dry soils, Can., Hooker, N.J. and Southern States! Probably it will yet be found in N.Y. Stems very slender, numerous. Leaflets 5 —9" by 3 —5", obtuse. Peduncles 2-3' long. Aug. Sept 5. L. VIOLACEA. Pers. (H. violaceum. Lin.) Violet Lespedeza. Erect or diffuse, branching; lfts. elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emar 234 XLVII. LEGUMINOSAtE. CROTALARIA. ginate, about equaling the petiole, more or less pubescent beneath; rac. axillary, subumbellate, lower ones with apetalous flowers;;ls. in pairs; leg. ovate, smoothish, much longer than the calyx.-Dry woods, Can. and U. S. Root creeping and woody. Stems clustered, slender, 8-14' long. Apetalous flowers few, the complete ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 6-12"/ by 4-8"'. Petioles 9-18" long. Corollas small, violet, pedicellate. Legume rhomboidal. J1. Aug. l. divergens. (L. divergens. Ph.) Ped. filiform, divergent, much longer than the leaves, mostly unfruitful; leg. reticulate.-Leaflets ovate. 6. L. BESSILIFLORA. Michx. (L. violacea, A. T. 4. G.) St. erect, branching, puberulent; fls. small, oblong-oval, obtuse, mucronate, longer than the petioles; fis. glomerate, on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, those at the base apetalous and fertile; lower segment of the calyx in the complete flowers much longer than the others; leg. orbicular-ovate, reticulated, smooth, much longer than the calyx.-Woods, Can.! to Flor., Ohio! and La. Stem rigid, slender, 1-2f high, with numerous, crowded, small leaves. Leaflets rigid, 3-6 or 8" by 1-2". Flowers numerous, mostly apetalous. Legume about 2" diam. Aug. Sept. 7. L. RETICUL/iTA. Pers. (L. violacea, y. T. + G.) St. erect, rigid, simple, glabrous; petioles nearly erect; lfts. sublinear, strigose-pubescent beneath, strongly reticulated and mucronate; jls. fasciculate on short, axillary peduncles; segments of the calyx of nearly equal length; leg. strongly reticulated, acute.-N. J.! to Ill.! and La. Stem 2f or more high, slender, rarely branched. Leaflets 10-18" by 19-3", a little broadest in the middle, acute at each end, upper ones smaller. Flowers all complete in some specimens, all apetalous in others. Corolla violet. Legume 1k" diam. Aug. 8. L. STUVEI. Nutt. Erect, branched, tomontose-pubescent; lfts. oval or roundish, longer than the petiole; rac. axillary, many-flowered, equaling or exceeding the leaves in length; apetalousfis. few; leg. hairy, ovate, acuminate, longer than the subulate calyx teeth.-Dry soils, N. Y. to La. A variable plant, 2-3f high. Leaves always hairy beneath, generally so above. Corollas purple, much longer than the calyx. Aug. Sept. 29. GENISTA. Celtic gen, Fr. genet; a small shrub. Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lower 3-toothed; vexillum oblong; keel oblong, scarcely including the stamens and style; stigma involute; stamens monadelphous.-Shrubby plants with simple leaves and yellow flowers. G. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Broom. Wood-waxen. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect; lvs. lanceolate, smooth; leg. smooth. —4 A naturalized species, found occasionally in dry, hilly grounds. Stems or branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creeping roots. Leaves sessile, alternate. Flowers bright yellow, axillary, sessile, or nearly so, solitary. The whole plant dyes yellow, and with woad, green. Aug. 30. CROTALARIA. Gr. KpotaXov, a rattle; from the rattling of tue loose seeds in the pods. Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat bilabiate; vexillum cordate, large; keel acuminate; sta. 10, monadelphous; filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side; legume pediceilate, turgid. —IJerbs or shrubs. Lvs. often simple. C. SAGITTALIS. R(atle-box. Plant erect, branching, hairy; lvs. simple, lanceolate; stip. opposite, acuminate, decurrent; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves; cor. shorter than the calyx. —( Plant about a foot high, with a hairy aspect, and inflated pods, in woods and sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. Stem herbaceous, rigid. Leaves alternate, entire, nearly sessile, rounded at the baSe. The plant is best distinguished by its opposite, united, decurrent stipules, so situated that each pair apears inversely sagittate. Sepals long, hairy. Corolla small, yellow. Seeds few, rattling in the turgid pod. J1. BAPTISIA. XL-VI1. LEG UMINOSE. 235 31. LUPINUS. Tourn. Lat. lupus, a wolf; because it overruns the field and devours its fertility. (Doubtful.) Calyx deeply bilabiate, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed; wings united towards the summit; keel acuminate; stamens monadelphous, the filamentous sheath Qntire; anthers alternately oblong and globose; legume coriaeeous and torulose. —-erbs. Lvs. palmately 5-15-foliate. 1. L. PERENNIS. Common Luipine. Rt. creeping, perennial; lfis. 7-9, oblanceolate, mucronate; fis. alternate; cal. without appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire. —% Grows wild abundantly in sandy woods and hills, Lake Champlain to ~Wis. Lapham! S. to Ga. It is a beautiful plant, much cultivated in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night. Stem erect, soft, smoothish, a foot high. Leaves soft, downy, on long stalks. Lfts. 11 —2' by 4-6", lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flowers blue, varying to white, in a terminal spike or raceme. May, June. 2. L. POLYPHYLLUS. Lindl. lkIany-leaved Lupine.-Tall; Ifts. 11-15, lanceolate, sericeous beneath; fis. alternate, in a very long raceme; pedicels longer than the lanceolate, deciduous bracts; cal. ebracteol ate, both lips subentire; leg. densely hairy.-Q- A splendid ornament of the garden, from Oregon. Stein 3-5f high. Racemes a foot or more long. Flowers scattered (subverticillate in /l. grandifolius, Lindl.), white, purple or yellow in different varieties. t 3. L. NOOTKATENSIS. Donn. N.-ootlca Sound Lupine.-St. villous, with long, spreading hairs; Ifts. oblong-lahceolate, mucronate, attenuate at base, sericeous beneath; cal. very hairy, b6th'lips nearly entire; br'acts linear, hairy, longer than the calyx.-A handsome- species, from the N. W. Coast, 2-3f high, in gardens. Leaflets about 7. Flowers purple. t 4. L. ARBOREUs.; Tree Lpine. —Fruticose; fls. in whorls; cal. appendaged, lips acute, entire.-A handsome exotic shrub, 6fhigh, with large yellow flowers. ft Obs.-Several annual species are occasionally sown in gardens, as L. albus, with white flowers; L. pilosus, with rose-colored flowers'; L. luteus, with yellow flowers, and L. hirsutus, with blue flowers, and an appendaged calyx. 32. LABURNUM. Benth. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; upper lip 2, lower 3-toothed; vexillum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings; filaments diadelphous (9 & 1); legume continuous, tapering to the base, several-seeded. — Or-iental thornless sh'rubs or tr'ees. Lvs. palmately trifoliate. Els. mostly yellow. 1. L. VULGARE. (Cytisus Laburnum. Linn.) Golden Chain.-Arborescent; ifts. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acuminate; *?ac. simple, elongated, pendulous; leg. hirsute.-A small, ornamental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. Flowers numerous, large, in racemes If long. t 2. L. ALPiNUM. (Cytisus alpinus. Linn.) Scotch Laburnum.-Arboresc ent; Ifts. oblong-ovate, rounded at base;'ac. long, simple, pendulous; leg-. glabrous. — A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of various alpine regions of Europe. Like the former, it develops numerous, brilliant yellow flowers, in long, drooping clusters.-There are varieties with ochroleucous, white, and even purple flowers. t 33. B APTISIA. Vent. Gr5. uasrros, to dye; a use to which some species are applied. Calyx 4-5-cleft half-way, persistent; petals of about equal length, somewhat united; vexillum orbicular, emarginate; stamens 10, distinct, deciduous: legume inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion few)-seeded. —- % Lvs. palvmately 3-foliate, or simple. 1. B. TINCTORIA. R. Br. (Sophora. Linn. Podalyria. Lam.) Wild Indigo. Glabrous, branching; is. palmately 3-foliate, subsessile; ifts. roundishobovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex; stis. setaceous, caducous; rac. 236 XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. CASSIA. loose, terminal; leg. subglobose.-A plant with bluish-green foliage, firequent in dry soils, Can. and U. S. Stem very bushy, about 2f high. Leaflets about 7" by 4-6", emarginate, petiole 1-2" long. Flowers 6-12 or more in each raceme. Petals 6"; long, yellow. Legume about as large as a pea, on a long stipe, mostly 1-seeded. Jl.-Sept. 2. B. LEUCOPHAEA. Nutt. Ochroleiucotus Baptisia. Villous; petioles almost 0; lfts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate; stip. and bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent; rac. secund, with numerous flowers drooping on long pedicels; leg. ovoid or roundish, inflated. —Dry, rich soil, Southern! and Western States! Stem 2 —3f high, smoothish when old. Leaflets 23' by 1-2', stipules more than half as large. Raceme 40-60-flowered. Pedicels 1-2' long. Corollas very large, ochroleucous. Apr. 3. B. LEUCANTHA. Torr. & Gray. (B. alba. Hook.) White-fowered Bapt. Glabrous and glaucous; Irs. on short petioles; Ifts. cuneiform-obovate, obtuse; rac. long, erect; bracts caducous; leg. inflated, stipitate.-Very conspicuous in prairies, &c., Mich. Ia.! to Ark. Stem thick, — 3f high, branches about 3, towards the summit. Racemes terminal, of large, white flowers, 624' long, showy. Leaflets 1-2' long, I as wide, turning bluish-black in drying. Jn. J1. 4. B. AUSTRALIS. R. Br. (B. ccerulea. Nutt.) Blue-flowered Baptisia. Glabrous; petioles short; Ifis. obovate, or somewhat oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct'at base; rac. long, erect; bracts caducous; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; leg. oblong-oval, stipe long as the calyx.-Alluvial soils, Ohio river, Clark! Harper's Ferry! to Ga. and La. Stem 2-3f high, branched. Petioles 1-6" long. Leaflets 1 —3' by X-1', sometimes acute. Stipules 2-1' long. Flowers indigo-blue, large. Pod about 2' long. Jn.-Aug. 34. CERCIS. Crr. KEPKIo, a weaver's shuttle; from the form of the legumes. Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-toothed; petals scarcely papilionaceous, all distinct; wings longer than the vexillum and smaller than the keel petals; stamens 10, distinct; legume compressed, with the seed-bearing suture winged; seeds obovate. —Trees with simple, cordate leaves and rose-colored flowers. C. CANADENSIS. Judas Tree. Red-bud. Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins beneath.-A handsome tree, 20-30f high, Mid. and W. States. The wood is finely veined with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Leaves 3 —41 by 4 —5, entire, smooth, 7-veined, on petioles 1-2' long. The flowers appear in advance of the leaves, usually in abundance, in small, lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple. May.-The young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old author Gerarde in compliance with the popular notion of his time, says "This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said." SUBORDER 2.-C t S A L P I N ]E. Corolla not papilionaceous, irregular. Stamens 10 or fewer, all distinct. 35. CASSIA. Fron the IIebrew word Katzioth. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal; petals 5,' unequal. but not papilionaceous; stamens 10, distinct; 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked; legume many-seeded.- Trees, shrubs or herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly pinnate. 1. C. MARILANDiCA. Awmerican Senna. Plant smooth; lfts. 6-9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiole; fils. in axillary racemes and terminal panicles. —4 This beautiful plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils, (U. S.) growing in close masses, 3-5f high. Stem round, striate, often with (JLEDITSCHIA. XLVII. LEGUMINOSfiE. 237 scattered hairs. Petioles channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled gland near the base. Leaflets 1-2' by 4-9"/. Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medicine it is a mild cathartic. Aug. 2. C. CHAMECRISTA. Sensitive Pea. Dwarf Cassia. St. erect or decumbent; Ifts. 8-12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; gland on the petiole subsessile; fascicles of flowers supra-axillary, subsessile; anthers 10, all fertile. —( An elegant plant, in dry soil, Mass. Mid. W. and S. States. Stem 2 —2f high, round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, 4 —8" by 1-2*", smooth, subsessile. Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Bracts lancesubulate, as are also the stipules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper ones with a purple spot. Aug. —The leaves possess considerable irritability. 3. C. NICTiTANS. Wild Sensitive Plant. St. erect or procumbent; lfts. 6-15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, sessile; gland on the petiole slightly pedicellate; fis. small, 2 or 3 in each supra-axillary, subsessile fascicle; sta. 5, subequal.-In dry sandy soils, Mass. to La. Stem about If long, slender, a little branching. Leaflets crowded, 46" by 1-2", common petiole 1-2' long, with the gland a line or two below the _owest pair of leaflets. Flowers very small, pale yellow, on short pedicels. J1. -The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when touched. 36. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam. Gr. yvpYogS, naked, KXaog, a shoot; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter. Flowers' c. c' Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, equal; petals 5, inserted into the summit of the tube; stamens 10, distinct. Y Calyx and corolla as above; style 1; legumes 1-celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within.-A slender, unarmed tree, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. ovate, acuminate. G. CANADENSIS. Lam. Coffee Tree. Grows in Western N. Y., Ohio, Ia.! &c., on the borders of lakes and rivers. Height 50f, with a trunk 15' diam., straight and simple to the height of 25f, covered with a rough, scaly bark, and supporting a rather small, but regular head. The compound leaves are 2-3f long, and 15-20' wide, being doubly compounded of a great number of dull green leaflets. Single leaflets often occupy-the place of some of the pinnae. Flowers large and white, succeeded by large, curving pods containing several hard, gray seeds. The wood is reddish, finegrained and strong, and is valuable in architecture, and cabinet-work. May-J1. 37. GLEDITSCHIA. In honor of John G. Gleditsch, a botanical writer, Leipzig, about 1750. Flowers 9 Q c'.Sepals equal, 3-5, united at base; petals 3-5; stamens 3-5, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion fewer or 0; style short; legume continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by a quantity of sweet pulp.-Trees, with supra-axillary, branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate often in the same specimen. G. TRIACANTHUS. HonZey Locust. Branches armed with stout, triple spines; lfis. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, intervals filled with sweet pulp.This fine tree, native from Penn. to Mo. and La., is becoming common in cultivation. In favorable circumstances it attains the height of 70if undivided half its length, with a diameter of 3-4f: The thorns with which its branches are armed in a most formidable manner, are 2-3' long, ligneous, often having 2 secondary ones branching from the sides. Foliage light and elegant. Leaflets about 18, 1- 1' long, 3 as wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently transformed, either partly or wholly, into smaller leaflets (~ 240, 6). Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crooked, hanging pods 12 —18' long, of a dull red. Seeds flat, hard. brown, irnhedded in a fleshy substance, at first sweet but becomes sour. Jn. 238 XLVII. 1ROSACEk. SUBORDER 3.-M I M O S E X.I. Sepals and petals valvate in vestivation, subregular. Stamens 5-200. Embryo straight.-Leaves abruptly pinnate or bipinnate. 38. MIMOSA. Gr. /ltpos, a buffoon; the leaves seems sporting with the hand that touches them. Flowers 9 ~ cd - ~ Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 0, or 5-toothed; sta. 4-15; legume separated into 1-seeded joints; dc like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit. —4 Mbs. and shrubs, natives of tropical Amer. 4c. M. PUDiCA. Sensitive Plant.-St. prickly, more or less hispid; Ivs. digitatepinnate; pinnae 4, of many (20 or more) pairs of linear leaflets.-Native of Brazil. Stem shrubby, about a foot high. Leaflets about 3" long, very numerous. Flowers small, capitate.-It is occasionally cultivated for the interest excited by its spontaneous motions,-the leaves bending, folding, and apparently shrinking away from the touch of the hand. 39. SCHRANKIA. Willd. In honor of Francis de Paula Schrank, a German botanist. Flowers U cd; calyx minute, 5-toothed; petals united into a funnelshaped, 5-cleft corolla; stamens 8-1 0,distinct or monadelphous; legume echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded;-4- Prickly herbs. St. procumbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish. S. UNCINITA. Willd. (Mimosa horridula. Mxichx.) Sensitive Brier. St. angled, grooved; pinna 6-8 pairs; ifts. numerous, minute, elliptical, reticulated beneath; hds. solitary, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; leg. very densely clothed with prickles.-Dry soils, Clark Co., Mo. Mead, and Southern States. Stem 2-4f long, and with the petioles and peduncles armed with short, sharp prickles turned downwards. Leaflets about 2"/ by l". Peduncles 2-3' long, heads — k' diam. May-J1. 40. DARLINGTONIA. DC. In honor of Hon. Wm. Darlington, of Penn., author of Flora Cestrica, &c. Flowers ~; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; petals 5, distinct; stamens 5, distinct; style filiform; stigma minute, funnel-shaped; legume lanceolate, dry, 2-valved, 4-6-seeded. —X Unarmed and glabrous herbs. Lvs. abruptly bipinnate; Ifts. very numerous. Fls. white, in axillary, pedunculate heads. D. BRACHYLOBA. DC. (Desmanthus. Benth.) a. lllinoensis. T. & G. (Mimosa Illinoensis. Michx.) Pinnce 6 —11 pairs, with a gland between the lowest pair only; stems numerous, diffuse; leg. slightly falcate.-Prairies and bottoms, Ill. to La. Stems 2-3f high, simple, striate. Leaves 2-4' long. Leaflets linear-oblong, subfalcate, obtuse at each end, 2k" by 1". Legumes crowded, U' long. Jn. Aug.-This genus is reduced by Bentham to Desmanthus, Willd., but there are numerous genera based on less important distinctions than this; e. g. Vicia and Lathyrus. ORDER XLVIII. ROSACEE. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. ttipules usually large or conspicuous, sometimes none. Fls. regular, commonly showy, rarely dioecious. Cal.-Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often reinforced by as many bracts. Cor.-Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted bn the disk which lines the orifice of the calyx. Sta. 00, usually numerous, arising from.the calyx, distinct. Ova. superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-celled, often coherent to the sides of the calyx and each other. Styles distinct or united. Fruit a drupe, pome, achenia or follicle. This order, as here constituted, consists of three suborders, which by Lindley are regarded as separate orders; viz. Amygdaleve, Pomeec and Rosacewe proper, to which is added Chrysobalanece, not represented in this flora. The genera and species in each suborder are estimated by Lindley as follows: Chrysobalanee, 11 genera, 50 siecies. Amygdaleae, 5 110 Pomeae, 16 " 0oo Rosacete proper, 50 " 62 " Total, 82 " 9.5 " XLVtII. ROSACEE. 239 A large proportion of these are natives of temperate climates north of the equator. Properties-A highly important order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its medicinal products, or the beauty of its flowers. None of its species (excepting those of the Almond tribe) are unwholesome. An astringent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly in the bark and the roots. The roots o! the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent; those of Gillenia, as an emetic; Agrimonia, as a vermifuge. The petals of Rosa damascena, yield the well known fragrant oil, called ottar qf rose. The Almond, Peach, &c. abound in prussic acid, a deadly poison, residing chiefly in the kernels.Of the RosaceaD, as ornamnenta flowering shrubs, it is scarcely necessary to speak. 0 PIG. 44.-1. Potentilla arguta, flower and leaf. 2. Vertical section of a flower with the petals removed, showing the perigynous disk, stamens, ovaries, &c. 3. Enlarged ovary and style. 4. Mature ovary. 5. Section showing the seed and funiculus. 6. Vertical section of a flower of Fragaria, showing the perigynous stamens, the ovaries, &c. 7. Enlarged carpel. 8. Fruit, consisting of the enlarged receptacle with the acheniaexternal. 9. Perigynous stamens of Rubus Idaeus. 10o. Fruit, the fleshy carpels aggregated. 11. Section of the fruit. 12. Flower of the apple tree. 13. Vertical section of a rose, showing the distinct carpels in the calyx tube. Conspectus of the Genera. Sta. 5. Sibbaldia. 24 (Leaves ( cauline.Sta. o00. Potentilla. 12 (not comp.. all radical.. aldsteinia. 16 |caudate. Leaves simple... Dalibarda. 15 (on a dry and caudate with Petals S or 9. Dryas. 25 I receptacle the persistent style. Z Petals 5.. Geum. 17 on a juicy ( which is sweet and eatable in. Fragaria, 14'Achenia receptacle but insipid in. Comarum. 13 Compound fruit (116, 14, a) of many aggregate drupes.. Rubus. 11 5 Lvs. simple or pinnate. Spirea. 21 2-lo-seeded...... Leaves trifoliate.. Gillenia. 22 3-50. Follicles 1-seeded. Shrub with simple Ivs. (FMs. double.) Kerra. 23 ( globose. Fr. glab. not latluc. Ceramoss. 1 ( Fruit glabrous. Pruns. 2 nucleus smooth, ( compr. Fruit pubescent. Armeniaca. 3 |1 only....$ Fruit fleshy.. Persica. 4 (naked, Fruit a drupe- nucleus perforated and furrowed. Fruit dry.. Am gdalis. 5 ]'' (Stamens 1-4. Lvs. palm. Alchemilla. 26 j.( Stamens 4. Lvs. pinnate. Sanzguisorba. 18 l-ls gayevog, a flagon or bottle; from the form of the fruit. Flowers C. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; petals 5, obovate. d' Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers very long, contorted. 9 Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed, subsessile; pepo ligneous, 1-celled; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin tumid. —Mostly climbing by tendrils. L..VULGARIS. Ser. Calabash. Bottle Gourd.-Softly pubescent; st. climbing by branching tendrils; lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, with 2 glands beneath at base; fis. axillary, solitary, pedunculate; fr. clavate, ventricose, at length smooth.-Q) Native within the tropics, often cultivatedthe hard, woody rind of the fruit being used as ladles, bottles, &c. Flowers white J1. Aug. 7. CUCURBITA. A Latin word, signifying a vessel; from the form of the fruit of some species. Flowers C. Corolla campanulate; petals united and coherent with the calyx. dc Calyx 5-toothed; stamens 5, triadelpholas, anthers syngenecious, straight, parallel. 9 Calyx 5-toothed, upper part deciduous after fl owering; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed; qpepo fleshy or ligneous, 3-5-celled; seeds thickened at margin, obovate, compressed, smooth.-Fls. mostly yellow. 1. C. PEPo. Pumpkin.-Hispid and scabrous; st. procumbent; tendrils branched; tvs. (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, denticulate; fls. axillary, 6c long-pedunculate; fr. very large, roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and torulose. —- Native of the Levant. Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow. Fruit sometimes 3f diam., yellow when mature, yielding sugar abundantly. J1. 2. C. MELOPEPO. Flat Squash.-Hairy; st. procumbent, with branched tendrils; Ivs. cordate, palmately somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate; fJs. pedunculate; fr. depressed-orbicular, the margin mostly torulose or tumid, smooth or warty. — Native country unknown. Cultivated for its fruit, a well known kitchen vegetable. There are many varieties in respect to the fruit. 3. C. VERRUCOSA. Warted Squash. Club Squash. Crook-neck Squash, 4c.Hairy, procumbent; Ivs. cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobe narrowed at base; fis. pedunculate, large; fr. roundish elliptic, or clavate, often elongated and incurved at base.-(- Mentioned by Nuttall as long cultivated by the Indians west of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens, with numerous well known varieties of the fruit. J1. 4. C. OVIFPRA. Egg Squash.-Lvs. cordate, angular, 5-lobed, denticulate, pubescent; cal. obovate, with a short neck, limb deciduous after flowering; fr. obovate, striped with lines lengthwise.-Native of Astrakan. Herbage anl flowers similar to those of C. pepo, but less scabrous. RiBls. LX. GROSSULA.CEi:A 273 ORDEiR LX. GROSSULACE3. — CURRANTS. Rhrubse either unarmed or spiny. Lvs. alternate, lobed, plaited in vernation. Fls. in axillary racemes, with bracts at their base. Cal. —Superior, 4-5-cleft, regular, colored, marescent imbricate in astivation. Cor.-Petals inserted in the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, as many as sepals. Sta. as many as petals and alternate with them, very short; anthersintrorse. Ova. i-celled, with 2 parietal placenta; ovvules numerous; styles 2. Fr a l-celled berry (the cell filled with pulp) crowned with the remains of the flower. Sds. anatropous, the embryo minute, ra4ctle next the micropyle. Genera 1, species 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone of bothcontinents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemisphere, except S. America. Properties.-The berries contain a sweet, mucilaginous pulp, togetherwith malicor citric acid. Theyare always wholesome and usually esculent. RIB E S. Character the same as that of the Order. * Steis unarmed. CURRANTS. 1. R. PLORI0DUM. L'Her. Wild Black Currant. Lvs. subcordate, 3 —5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resin? ous dots; rac. many-flowered, pendulous, pubescent; cal. cylindrical; bracts, linear, longer than the pedicels; fr. obovoid, smooth, black.-A handsome shrub in woods and hedges, Can. to Ky. common, 3-4f high. Leaves 1-2' long, the width something more, lobes acute, spreading, 3, sometimes with 2 small additional ones; dots just visible to the naked eye. Petioles 1-2' long. Flowers rather bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit insipid. May, Jn. - 2. R,. PROSTRATUM. L'Her. (R. rigens. Michx.) Mountain Currant. St. reclined; Ivs. smooth, deeply cordate, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, reticulate-rugose; rac. erect, lax, many-flowered; cal. rotate; berries globose, glandular-hispid, red.-A small shrub, on mountains and rocky hills, Penn. to Can., ill-scented, and with ill-flavored berries-sometimes called Skunk Currant. Prostrate stems, with erect, straight branches, Leaves about as large as in No. 1, lobes acute. Petioles elongated. Rlacemes about 8-flowered, becoming erect in fruit. Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berries rather large. May. 3. R. RUBRUM. Common Red Currant. Lvs. obtusely 3-5-lobed, smooth above, pubescent beneath, subcordate at base, margin mucronately serrate; rac. nearly smooth, pendulous; cal. short, rotate; bracts much shorter than the pedicels; fr. globose, glabrous, red.Woods, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Mr. Carey, Wisconsin, Lapham! N. to the Arctic ocean. Cultivated universally in gardens. B. ( White Currant.) Fr. light amber-colored, larger and sweeter. 4. R. NIGRUM. Black Currant. —Lvs. 3-5-lobed, punctate beneath, dentateserrate, longer than their petioles; rac. lax, hairy, somewhat nodding; cal. campanulate; bracts nearly equaling the pedicels; fr. roundish-ovoid, nearly black.-Native of Europe, &c. Cultivated and esteemed for its medicinaljelly. Flowers yellowish.-This species much resembles R. floridum. 5. R. AUREUM. Ph. Missouri, or Golden Currant. Plant smooth; lvs. 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, entire or with a few large teeth; petioles longer than the leaves; bracts linear, as long as the pedicels; frac. lax, many-flowered; cal. tubular, longer than the pedicels, segments oblong, obtuse; pet. linear; fr. smooth, oblong or globose, yellow, finally brown. -Mo. W. to Oregon. A beautiful shrub, 6-10f high, common in cultivation. Flowers numerous, yellow, very fragrant. Apr. May. ** Spinescent or prickly. GOOSEBERRIES. 6. R. CYNOSBATI. Prickly Gooseberry. St. prickly or not; subaxillary spines about in pairs; lvs. cordate, 3 —.% lobed, softly pubescent, lobes incisely dentate; rac. nodding, 2-3-flowered; calyx tube ovate-cylindric, longer than the segments; pet. obovate. shorter than the calyx segments; berries prickly.-A handsome shrub, Northern and Western States, about 4f high, in hedges and thickets, mostly without prickles, but armed with 1-3 sharp spines just below the axil of each leaf. Leaves 1 —2*' 274 L.t.l; CACTACEAE. OPUNTIA. diam. Petioles downy.- Flowers greenish-white. Fruit mostly covered with long prickles, brownish-purple, eatable. May, Jn. 7. R. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Michx. (R. triflorum. Willd.) Wild Gooseberr/y. St. without prickles; subaxtillary spines mostly solitary, short; Its. roundish, smooth, 3-5-lobed, inciel'v dentate; ped. smooth, 1-3-flowered; cal. cylindrical, smooth; pet. spatuiate, unguiculate; sta. exserted, smooth, much longer than the petals; sty. hairy, exserted, deeply 2-3-cleft; berries smooth.In woods, N. H. to N. Car. and Mo. Shrub 3 —4f high. Stems with a whitish bark. Leaves 1-2' diam. mostly truncate at base, shining above. Petioles ciliate, 1-3' long. Petals white. Fruit purple, delicious, resembling the garden gooseberry. May. 8. R. LACUSTRE. Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. St. covered with prickles; subaxillaryspines several; Ivs. deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised; rac. 5-8-flowered, pilose; cal. rotate; berries small, hispid.-In swamps, Northern States, and British Am. ~ Shrub 3 —4f high. Stems reddish from the numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Leaves shining above, 1J-2-' diam. Petioles ciliate hispid, longer than the leaves. Flowers green. Fruit covered with long prickles, dark-purple, disagreeable. May.-The older stems are unarmed, save with a few spines. 9. R. HTIRTELLUM. Michx. (R. triflorum. Bw. R. saxosum. Hook.) St. unarmed, rarely prickly; subaxillary spines short, solitary, or nearly so; Ivs. roundish, cordate, 3-5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath; ped. short, 1-2-flowered; calyx tube smooth, campanulate; segments twice longer than the petals; sta. longer than either; sty. hairy, 2-cleft; fr. smooth.-In rocky woods, N. H. and Mass. to Wisconsin, N. to Hudson's Bay. Leaves 9-18" diam., generally cleft half way to the middle. Flowers nodding, greenish. Fruit purple. May, Jn. 10. R. UVA-CRISPA. (R. Grossularia. Willd. and 1st edit.) English or Garden Gooseberry. —St. prickly; lvs. roundish, 3-5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short, hairy petioles; ped. hairy, I-flowered; cal. campanulate; sty. and ova. hairy; fr. smooth or hairy, globose.-Native in England, and long cultivated until there are several hundred varieties, with red, white, green and amber fruit, often weighing an ounce or more each. Apr. ORDER LXI. CACTACEE. -INDIAN FIGS. SI. succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2-edged. Lvs. almost always wanting, when present, fleshy, smooth and entire. Fls. sessile, usually showy and of short duration. Cal. — Sepals and petals numerous, often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from Cor.- the surface, and the petals from the summit of ovary. Sta. indefinite. PMl. long and filiform. Anth. ovate, versatile. Ova. inferior fleshy, 1-celled, with parietal placenta-. Sty. single, fliform, with several anthers in a star-like cluster. Fr. succulent, l-celled, many-seeded. Sds. without albumen, with thick, foliaceous cotyledons, or often with scarcely any. Genera 16, species about800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other quarter of the globe. They are chiefly confined within the tropics, only two or three species having been found beyond them. The prickly Pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north as New York. Conspectus of the Genera. Axis cylindric. Ce... es. 2 tubular-campanulate, rose-colored, &c. Axis globose......Melocactus. 3 Flowers t somewhat rotate, yellow............. Opuntia. 1 1. OPUNTIA. Tourn. Opuntiana was a country near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized. Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube above it; stamens 00, shorter than the petals; style with numerous, thick, erect stigmas; berry umbilicate at apex, tuberculate; cotyledons semiterete.-Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles regularly arranged upon the surface. LXI. CACTACTACEE. 75 O. VULGIRIS. Mill. (Cactus opuntia. Linn.) Pr'ckly Pear. Prostrate, creeping; joints ovate; prickles numerous in each fascicle, often with several subulate spines; fis. yellow.-A curious, fleshy plant, native in rocky and sandy places, Mass. to Flor. W. to Ina.! It is often cultivated. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4-6' long, ] as wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-colored spines. The flowers come forth from the edge of the joints, large, brightyellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit. t 2. CEREUS. DC. Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary, and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner petaloid; stamens 00, coherent with the tube; style filiform, with many stigmas; berry scaly, with the remains of the sepals; cotyledons none?-Fleshy shrubs, with woody, cylindrical, grooved axes, armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. 1. C. PHYLLANTHUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Spleenwort.-Branches ensiform, compressed, serrate; fis. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the limb of the petals.-From S. America. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and traversed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Flowers white, 9-12' long, expanding by night, fragrant. t 2. C. PHYLLANTHOSiDES. DC. (Cactus. Linn.)-Branches ensiform, compressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth; fis. arising from the lateral crenatures of the branches; tube shorter than the limb of the petals.-From Mexico. A splendid flowerer, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6-10' long, 12' wide. Flowers rose-colored, 4' in length, expanding by day. t 3. C. TRUNCATUS. (Cactus. Linn.)-Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate at the summit; fis. arising from the summit of the joints; sty. longer than the stamens or reflexed petals.-From Brazil. A very distinct species, a foot or more high. Joints 2-3' long, 1 —1' wide, leaf-like. Flowers 2-3' long, pink-colored. t 4. C. GRANDIFLORUS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.)-Creeping, rooting; st. vwith about 5 angles; fis. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal; pet. spreading, shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals.-From the W. Indies. Stems cylindric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Flowers expanding by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8-12' diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within; petals white.-A magnificent flower, but of difficult culture. t 5. C. FLAGELLIFORMIS. DC. (Cactus. Linn.) Snake Cactus.-St. creeping, with about 10 angles, hispid; fis. lateral, diurnal; tube slender, longer than the limb of the petals.-From S. America. Stem about the size of the little finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2-5f long. Flowers of a lively pink color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days. t Obs.-Many other species of this curious genus are occasionally reared in the parlor or the green-house, — so many that to notice them individually would transcend our limits. 3. MELOCACTUS. Compounded of melon and cactus; from its form. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5-6, petaloid; petals as many as sepals, united with them into a long cylindric tube; stamens and style filiform; stigma 5-rayed; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla. —Subfruticose, fleshy7, leafless. Spadix simple, crowning the globular, deeply furrotwed axis. Floawers terminal. M. COMMTNIS. TItrkl's Cap. Mclon Th istle.-Axis ovate-subglobose, dark green, 12-18-angled; r'ihs straight; spTines lhsciculate, subequal. —Native of the Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green melon, with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is fill of juiec It is surmounted C) A 276 LXIV. CRASSULACE.E. SsDM, with a spadix (cephalium), which is cylindric, tuberculate, densely tomentcse, bearing the red flowers at sunm it. t ORDER LXII. MESEMBRYACEE.- FicoIDs. Plants fleshy, of singular and various forms, yet often beautiful. Lvs. mostly opposite, thick and oddly shaped. [tion. Fis. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, numerous, brilliant, and of long duraCal.-Sepals varying from 4 to 8, but usually 5, somewhat connected at base. Cor.-Petals indefinite, colored, in many rows. Sta. indefinite, distinct, arising from the calyx. Ova. inferior or nearly superior, many-celled. Stigmas numerous. Caps. many-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex. Stls. more commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells. Genera 5, species 375, chiefly natives of the arid, sandy plains of the Cape of Good Hope. The species are much cultivated for ornament. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Gr. peo-ralppta, mid-day, avos; flowers expanding at midday. Character essentially the same as that of the order. 1. M. CRYSTALLINUM. Ice-plant.-Rt. biennial; lvs. large, ovate, acute, wavy, frosted, 3-veined beneath.-A popular house plant, from Greece. It has a creeping stem, If or more in length, and, with the leaves, is covered over with frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Flowers white, appearing all summer. t 2. M. CORDIFOLIUM. Hear't-leaved Ice-plant.-Procumbent, spreading; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, cordate-ovate; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned. —% An interesting plant in house cultivation, from Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and succulent like others of its kind. Flowers pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns opposite. Capsule translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines. t ORDER LXIV. CRASSULACE-E.-HousELEEKs. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Stip, 0. FlU. sessile, usually in cymes. Cal.-Sepals 3-20, more or less united at base, persistent. Cor.-Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely cohering. Sta. as many as the etals and alternate with them, or twice as many. Ova. as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. FIr.-Follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded. Genera 22, species 450. chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the Cape of Good Hope. About 20 are lound in North America. They grow in the thinnest and dryest soil, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, &c. They have no peculiar property except a slight acridity. Many are highly omrnamentaL Conspectus of the Genera. Stamens 4. Tillyeca. 1 in 4s; Stamens 8. Bryophyllumt. 5 Carpels distinct.. Sedum. 2 in 5s; stamens 10; Carpels united. Penthorum. 4 Floral organs arranged in 12s. Sempervivum. 3 1. TILLE A. Michx. In memory of Mich. Ang. Tilli, an Italian botanist; died 1740. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base; petals 3 or 4, equal; stamens 3 or 4; caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-seeded. — Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. T. SIMPLEX. Nutt. (T. ascendens. Eaton.) Pigqny-weed. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. connate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy; fis. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8-10-seeded.-Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dlr. Robbins), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. Stem 1-3' high. Leaves 2 —3" long. Flowers as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a greenish-white color. Jl.-Sept. 2. SEDUM. Lat. sedere, to sit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there. Sepals 4-5, united at base; petals 4-5, distinct; stamens 8 BRTOPHYLLUM. LXIV. CRASSULACEIE. 277 10; carpels 4-5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each.-Mostly herbzceous. Inflorescence cymose. Fls. mostly pentamerous. 1. S. TELEPHIOiDES. Michx. Lvs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes dense, corymbose; sta. 10, the petals, sepals and carpels in 5s.-Found on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va.! &c. Stem a foot high. Leaves 1-2' long, I as wide. Flowers numerous, purple, in a terminal, branching cyme. Jn.-Aug.-Like the other species, very tenacious of life. My specimens, gathered several months since at Harper's Ferry, are still growing in the dry papers. 2. S. TERNATUM. Michx. Stone-crop. Lvs. ternately verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate; cyme in about 3 spikes; fis. secund, the central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. —4 In Can. West, Penn. the Southern and Western States, Plummer! Cultivated in N. Eng. Stems 3-8' long, branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and recurved, the white flowers loosely arranged on their upper side. J1. Aug. t 3. S. TELEPHIUM. Common Orpine. Live-forever.-Rt. tuberous, fleshy, white; st. 1 or 2f high, erect; Ivs. flattish, ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered; cyme corymbose, leafy. —I From Europe. Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Stems simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. t 4. S. ANACAMPSEROS. Evergreen Stone-crop.-Rt. fibrous; st. decumbent; lvs. cuneiform, attenuate at base; cymes corymbose, leafy.-r- Native of Europe, growing there in crevices of rocks. Stems reddish and decumbent at base, erect and glaucous above. Lvs. fleshy, bluish green. Fls. purple. J1. j 5. S. ACRE. English Moss. Wall Pepper.-Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; Ivs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy.-From Great Britain. In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flowerbeds, &c. densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. The whole plant abounds in: an acrid, biting juice. t 3. SEMPERVIVUM. Lat. semzper vivere, to live forever; in allusion to their tenacity of life. Sepals 6-20: slightly cohering at base; petals as many as sepals, acuminate; stamens twice as many as petals; hypogynous scales lacerated; carpels as many as the petals. —% Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick,fleshy. 1. S. TECTORUM. House-leek. —Lvs. fringed; offsets spreading.-A well known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous leaves. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on dry walls, and on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes placed in the borders of flower-beds. 2. S. ARBOREUM. Tree House-leek.-St. arborescent, smooth, branched; ivs. cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading cilia.-A curious and ornamental evergreen, from the Levant. Stem very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8-10f high (1-3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 4. BRYOPHYLLUM. Salisb. Gr. 6pvco, to grow, OvXXov, a leaf; i. e. germinating from a leaf. Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle; corolla monopeta1ous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base; limb in 4, triangular, acute lobes; seeds many.-An eergreen., eshy, 278 LXV. SAXIFRAGACEiE. SAXIFRAGA. suifruticose plant, native of the E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, unequally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish-purple. B. CALYCiNUM. Salisb.-Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. Stem thick, green, about 2f high. Leaves 3-5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas.-This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology.-See Fig. 10, 1, and ~ 88, a. 5. PENTHORUM. Gr. 7revrs, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule. Calyx of 5 sepals united at base; petals 5 or 0; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled and 5-beaked; seeds 00, minute.-'. Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymose. P. SEDOIDES. Virginia Stone-crop. St. branched and angular above; tvs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally serrate; fis. in unilateral, cymose racemes.-A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. Stem 10-16' high, with a few, short branches. Leaves 2 —3 by — l', membranaceous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Racemes several, lecurved at first, at length spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corynbose, scentless, pale yellowish-green cyme. Pet. generally wanting. J1 —Sept. ORDER LXV. SAXIFRAGACE.E. —SAxIFRAGES. Herbs or 8hrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Cal. —Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, persistent. Cor.-Petals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Sta. 5 —10. AnthLers 3-celled, opening longitudinally. Ova. inferior, usually of 2-carpels cohering at base, distinct and divergent above. Fr. generally capsular, 1 —2-celled, many-seeded. Genera 38, species 440, native of temperate and frigid climes in both continents. As a tribe their roots are astingent. Several species are among our mostornamental, cultivated plants. Conspectus of the Genera. Capsule 2-celled. Saxifraga. 1 Stamens 10. Capsule s-celled.e. Tiarella. 5 Capsule 2-celled.S.. livania. 2 entire. Stamens 5. Capsule i-celled. Heuchera. 3 Petals 5, 1 pectinately pinnatifid. Mitella. 4 Herbs. Z Petals o. Leaves opposite. Aquatic, depressed. Chrysosplenzum. 6 Petals valvate in aestivation. Hydrangea. 8 Leaves opposite. Petals convolute in estivation. Philadelphus. 9 Shrubs. Z Leaves alternate. It ea. 7 SUBORDERl. SAXIFRAGES. Petals imbricate in aestivation; carpels united, the summits distinct, forming a beaked capsule. Herbs. 1. SAXIFRAGA. Lat. sazum, arock,frangere, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks. Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ovary; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; capsule of 2 cornate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles); seeds 00. —' 1. S. VIRGINIENSIS. Michx. (S. Virginica. Bw.) Early Saxifrage. Lvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, shorter than the broad petiole; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched above; ]ls. many, cymose; cat. adherent to the base of the ovary; pet. oblong, much exceeding the calyx.-An early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U. S. Scape 4-12' high, pubescent, annual. Leaves rather fleshy, 9-13" by 6-12". Flowers in rather dense clusters, white or tinged with purole, in early spring. HEUCHERA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACE2E. g79 2. PENNSYLVANiCA. Tall Saxifrage. Lvs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless; branches alternate, with close cymes forming a diffuse panicle; fis. pedicellate; pet. linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the calyx. -Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Leaves fleshy, pale green, 5-8' by 1 -2', on a broad petiole. Scape 2-3f high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green flowers of no beauty. May. 3. S. AIZOON. Jacq. Lvs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, with cartilaginous, white teeth, and a marginal row of impressed dots; fis. corymbose-paniculate; cal. (and ped. glandular-viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb; pet. obovate; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx.-Southern shores of Lake Sup. (Pitcher, in T. & G. 1. p. 566) on shady, moist rocks. Stem 5-10' high. Fls. white. J1. 4. S. AIZOIDES. Crespitose, leafy; Ivs. alternate, linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, slightly mucronate, thick, flat, mostly persistent; flowering stems annual; fis. paniculate, sometimes solitary; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ovary; pet. oblong, longer than the sepals; stigmas depressed; caps. rather thick, as long as the styles.-In the clefts of rocks, Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above W. Lake, Wood, N. to the Arctic sea. Barren stems short, with densely crowded leaves; flowering ones ascending, 2-4' long, with scattered leaves. Leaves 4 —6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Flowers yellow, dotted. 5. S. OPPOSITIFOLIA. Opposite-leaved Saxifrage. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent; fis. solitary; cal. free from the ovary; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens.-In the same locality as the above, Wood. Stems purplish, very branching and diffuse. Leaves bluish-green, 1-2" in length, narrowed and clasping at base. Flowering stems annual, 1 —3 long. Flowers light purple, large and showy. Obs.-I discovered this and the foregoing species in the above locality, in Aug. 1845, when they had passed flowering. 6. S. RIVULARIS. St. weak, ascending, 3-5-flowered; radical lvs. petiolate, reniform, crenately lobed; cauline lanceolate, subentire; calyx lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long as the ovate petals, but much shorter than the thick, short-beaked capsules. -White Mts., N H., Oakes, N. to Arc. Am. A very small species, with white, bracteate flowers. Stems about 2' high, annual, with alternate leaves. 2. SULLIVANTIA. Torr. In honor of Wm. S. Sullivant, author of Musci Alleghanensis, &c. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary; segments ovate, acute; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on the summit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes; stamens 5, inserted with the petals, shorter than the calyx; capsule 2-beaked, 2celled; seeds 00, ascending; testa wing-like, not conformed to the nucleus. —2- Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose panicle, small, white. S. OrHINIs. Torr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio! by him whose name it bears. Stem annual, very slender, 8-16' long, ascending, glandular. Radical leaves roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1 —' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3-5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 3. HEUCLHPRA. In honor of Prof. Heucher, botanic author, Wittemberg, Gelmany. Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse; co-.,24 280 LXV. SAXIFRAGACE_. TIaRELLa. rolla inferior, of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx; capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. — C4 Lvs. radical, long-petioled. 1. H. AMERICiNA. Alum-root. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate; panicle elongated, loose; pedieels divaricate; cal. short, obtuse; pet. spatulate, about as long as the calyx; sta. much exserted.-A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and N. Y., frequent at the W.! and S. Leaves all radical, 2-31' diam., on petioles 2-8' in length. Scape 2-4f high, paniculate, nearly 1 this length. Peduncles 2-3-flowered. Calyx campanulate, more conspicuous than the purplishwhite petals. May, Jn.-Root astringent, hence the common name. 2. H. PUBESCENS. Ph. (H. grandiflora. Raf.) Scape naked, minutely-pubescent above, and with the long petioles, glabrous below; lts. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7-9-lobed; lobes rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth; ped. cymose, dichotomous, joints flexuous, almost geniculate; fls. large; pet. longer than the included stamens; sty. exserted.-Mts. Penn., Md! Va. Scape 1-2f high. Leaves 3-5' diam., the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Flowers 5 —6" long, purple. May, Jn, 3. H. RICHARDSONI. R. Br. Scape (naked) and petioles hairy and rough; Ivs. orbicular-cordate, with a deep sinus, 5-7-lobed, lobes obtuse, incisely crenate, ciliate; panicle rather contracted; cal. somewhat oblique; pet. ciliolate, somewhat unequal, about the.ength of the sepals; sla. a little exserted; sty. included.-Prairies and bottoms, Ia.! to Mo., N. to Can. Scape 1-2f high. Leaves glabrous above, veins beneath hairy. Flowers 6-7" long. May. 4, MITELLA. Tourn. A Lat. diminutive from mitra, a mitre. See Tiarella. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, inserted on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, included; styles 2, short; capsule 1-celled, with 2 equal valves. —% 1. M. DIPHYLLA. Currant-leaf. Bishop's Cap. Las. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long petioles, cauline 2, opposite, subsessile.-Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Can. and Ky. Stem a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the midst. Leaves 1-3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on hispid petioles 2-6' long. Flowers on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May-Jn. 2. M. NUDA. (M. prostrata, Mx. M. cordifolia. Lam.) Dwarf Mitella. Lvs. orbiculate-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform segments.-A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlands at Potsdam, N. Y., and in Northern N. Eng. Leaves and stems light green, pellucid. Scape 4-6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white flowers, with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate, and send out creeping stolons from the base. Leaves 4' long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 5. TIARELLA. Lat. tiara, a mitre or some other head-dress, from the resemblance of the capsule. (alyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse; petals 5; entire, the claws inserted on the calyx; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx; styles 2; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. —% Flowers white. T. CORDIFOLIA. Mitre-wort. Gem-fruit. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucrbnate-dentate, pilose; scope racemose; HYDRANGEA. LXV. SAXIFRAGACE2E. 281 stolons creeping.-Common in rocky woods Can. to Penn., and generally associated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resembles. The scape arises from a creeping root-stock about 10' high, often bearing a leaf: Leaves 2-3' long, as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 —6 long. Racemes 1 —21 long; fls. wholly white, with minute bracts. May, Jn. 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. Gr. Xpvaog, gold, arryX~v, the spleen; on account of the medicinal qualities. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed, more or less colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 8-10, superior, short; styles 2; capsule obecordate, compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.-Small, aquatic herbs. C. AMERICANUM. Schw. (C. oppositifolium. Michz.) Wate7-carpet. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to the petiole.-A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon the muddy surface. Stem square, 3-6 inches long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Leaves opposite, i' in length, smooth. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, with purple lines. Corolla 0. Stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apr. May. SUBORDER 2.-E S C A L L O N I E E. 7. ITEA. Gr. name for the willow; from a resemblance of foliage. Calyx small, with 5, subulate segments; petals 5, lance-linear, inflexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx; styles united; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8-12-seeded. -A shrub with alternate, simple leaves, and a simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white flowers. I. VIRGINICA. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Shrub about 6f high. Leaves 11-3' long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. Capsule oblong, acuminate with the style, its two carpels separating in maturity. May, Jn. SUBORDER. 3.-H Y D R A N G E XE. Petals valvate. Capsules 2-celled. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SHRUBS. 8. HYDRANGEA. G?. vsop, water, ayysov, a vessel; because the cultivated species require so copious a supply of water. Marginal flowers commonly. sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4-5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens nor styles. Fertile fl. Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4-5-toothed, persistent; petals ovate, sessile; stamens twice-as many as the petals; capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the beaks; seeds numerous.-Shrubs with opposite leaves. Fls. cymose, generally radiant. 1. H. ARBORESCENS. (H. vulgaris. Miche.) Common Hydrangea. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, nearly smooth; fis. in fastigiate cymes.-An elegant shrub, native in the Middle and Western States! cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native shady banks. Fertile flowers small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate, or all sterile and radiate. t 2. H. QUERCIFOLIA. Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea.-Lvs. deeply sinuate. lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile flowers very large and numerous.-A beautiful shrub, native of Flor., not uncommon 282 LXVI. HAMAMELACE2E. HAMAMELIS. in gardens. Height 4-5f. Leaves rery large. Sterile flowers with roundish sepals, dull white, becoming reddish, very showy. t 3. H. HORTENSIS, Chaangeable Hydrangea. —es. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth; cymes radiant; fis. mostly sterile. -Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Stems 1-3f high. Leaves large. Barren flowers very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur-yellow, white, purple, and pink. The perfect flowers are central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure several months. t SUBORDER 4.-P H I L A D E L P H E E:. Petals convolute in aestivation. Capsule 3-4-celled, loculicidal. Shrubs. 9. PHILADELPHUS. Name from Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Calyx 4-5-parted, half-superior, persistent: corolla 4-5-petaled; style 4-cleft; stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals; capsule 4celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many, arilled.HIandsome flowering shrubs. Lvs, opposite, exstipulate. 1. P. GRANDIFL6RUS. Willd. (P. inodorus. Michx.) Large-flowered Syringa.Lvs. ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy; stig. 4, linear; sty. undivided.-A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cultivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Flowers large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Calyx divisions conspicuously acuminate, and much longer than the tube. Jn.-The upper leaves are often entire and quite narrow. t 2. P. CORoNARIUS. False Syringa.-Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth; sty. distinct.-Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrubberies. The flowers are numerous, white, showy, resembling those of the orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5-8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked leaves, and opposite, reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers. t ORDER LXVI. HAMIVAMELACEAI. Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, dentate, the veinlets running direct from the mid-vein to the margin. Stip. deCal. adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft. [ciduous. Cor.-Petals 4, linear. Sta. 8, those opposite the petals barren (or many and all fertile, with no petals.) Ova. 2-celled, ovules solitary. Fr.-Capsule coriaceous, the summit free from the calyx, 2-beaked, 2-celled. Genera 10, species 15, natives of N. America and Japan: No remarkable properties have been discovetd. HAMAM LIS. Gr. aIsa, with, pXov, fruit; i. e. flowers and fruit together on the tree. C(alyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2-3 bracts at base; petals 4, very long, linear; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked. —Shrubs or small trees. H. VIRGINI.NA. TWitch Hazel. L/vs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles; fis. sessile, 3-4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subsessile glomerule.-U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as large as the arm, and 10-12f high. Leaves nearly smooth, 3 —5 long, I as wide. Petioles i/ long. Calyx downy. Petals yellow, curled or twisted, a' long. Capsule woody, containing 2 nuts.This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning LXVII. UMBELLIFERIE. 283 desolations of autumn and winter, this alone puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches were formerly used for " divining rods," to indicate the presence of' the precious metals and of deep springs of water, and there are even at this day, persons who deem a denial of these virtues to the witch hazel, an offence little short of heresy. ORDER LXVII. UMBELLIFERIE.-UMBELLIFERS. St. herbaceous, hollow, furrowed. Lvs. usually divided, simple or compound, with sheathing petioles. Fls. arranged in umbels, mostly white, often yellow, pink, blue, or greenish. Cal. adhering to the ovary, entire or 5-toothed. Cor.-Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in cstivation. Sta. 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them upon the disk. Ova. inferior; 2-celled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the stamens and petals. Sty. 2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases. Stig. simple. Fr. dry, consisting of'2 coherent carpels, separating from each other by their faces (co-mm/ssnre) into two halves (merocarps). Carpophore,-the slender, simple, or forked axis by which the carpels are borne, cohering to it by the faces of the commissure. Ribs. —A definite number of ridges traversing the carpels, the larger ones (primary) alternating with the smaller (secondary). Vitte. —Little linear receptacles of colored volatile oil, imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs and the commissure. Genera 267, species 1500.-This is a vast and well defined natural order, native of damp places, waysides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries except upon the mountains. Properties aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vitte of the fruit, in the roots, &c. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Conium maculatum (hemlock), Cicuta virosa, JEthusa Cynapium (fools parsley), besides many others which have, at least, a suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as caraway, anise, dill, coriander, &c. Even the roots and herbage of other species are wholesome and nutritive, as the carrot, parsnep,sweet cisely, celery and Archangelica. The gum-resin, assafiotida, exudes from incisions in the Ferula of Persia; the gwam galbanrum is the product of Galbanum officinale, an Indian species. The genera of the Umbelliferae are numerous, and not easily distinguished. The characters by which De Candolle has more successfully than any other author divided this order into tribes and genera, are chiefly founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vitte, and the form of the albumen, particularly at the commissure. These parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the special attention of the student. A0 FIG. 46.-1. Zizia aurea, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. The fruit with its filiform ribs and two persistent styles. 4. Cross section, showing the two carpels with the vitae and flat colnmissure. 5. Umbel of Osmorhiza longistylis in fruit. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. The fruit with the merocarps separating from the base and supported by the bifid carpophore. 8. Surmit of the fruit ofO. brevistylis. 9. Fruit of Conium maculatum, with the undulate-crenulate ribs. 10. Cross section, showing the grooved commissure and involute albumen. 11. Radiant floiver of Coriandrum 12. Vertical section of the gslobose fruit. showing the minute embryo. 284 LXVII. UMBELLIFERME. HYDROCOTYLE. Conspectus of the Genera. * Plants native or naturalized. Seeds flattish inside. Sium. 8 Fr. laterally compressed. tSeeds grooved inside. CSsium. 28 I Petals radiant.. Heracleum. 23 1 Fr. dorsally compressed. t Petals all equal. Colnioselinum. 18 I with smooth ribs. Lgst. 17 ofentire bracts. Fr. scarcelycompressed, with bristly ribs. Os. morhiza. 27 5 Rays 2-4... Sanicula. 3 Fr. very bristly. Rays many... Daucus. 25 0o s several. Fruit not bristly..... Discopleurulm. 5 Involucre ofcleftbracts, (one only, bipinnatifid... rigenia. 29 | (0~~~~i Cal. limb Leaves 3-parted,.. C? yptotavnia. 9 o | obsolete. Leaves finely divided.. ChMrophyllum.26 Z m Fr. laterally compressed. ( Calyx limb 5-toothed.. Cicuta. 7 c _ J the margin singly winged.. Archemora. 21 fi /3 _ ]Fr. dorsally compressed, I the margin doubly winged.. Archangelica. 20 E L Involuc. 0. LFruit scarcely compressed, ovoid-globose... Ethztsa. 16 0)>~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~~Lvs. linear.. Crantzia. 2 with 4-30 pedicellate or subsessile flowers. Lvs. roundish. Hydrocotyle. 1 X Umbels simple, ~ densely capitate, with 50 or more sessile flowers. Eryngium. 4 - i Carpels with 5 winged ribs. Thaspium. 15 Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. Zizia. 10 Involucels minute. ( Carpels smooth ribs obsolete. Polytcania. 24 Involucels very large. Leaves simple, perfoliate... Bupleurum. 6 lowers yellow. Involucels 0. Fruit much compressed dorsally. Pastinaca. 22 * * Cultivated exotics, not naturalized. (Fruit laterally roundish. Apium. 13 Petals all equal. compressed, oval.. Carwm. 11 Involucre 0, or - Fruit not compressed. Pimpinella. 12 of I entire bract. ( Petals radiant.......oriandrum. Coriandr30 white. ( Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Petroselinum. 14 Flowers I yellow............... Fanriczulum. 19 SUBORDER 1.-O R T H O S P E R M 2 The inner surface of the seeds and albumen flat or nearly so. 1. HYDROCOTL E. Gr. Qcacp, water, KorvX17 a vessel; the concave leaf often holds water. Calyx obsolete; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point not inflected; styles shorter than stamens; fruit laterally flattened, the commissure narrow; carpels 3-ribbed, without vittse.-Herbaceous, creeping, usually aquatic plants. Umbels simple. Involucre fewleaved. 1. H. AMERICANA. Pennywort. Smooth and shining; st. fiWiform, procumbent; Ivs. reniform-orbicular, slightly lobed, crenate; umbels sessile, 3-5-flowered; fr. orbicular. —4 A small, delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vegetables, Can. to S. Car. Stems branching, 2-6' long. Leaves thin, 1-2' diam., on petioles 2-3' long. Flowers greenish-white, small, nearly sessile, in simple, capitate, sessile, axillary umbels. Jn.-Aug. 2. H. INTERRUPTA. Muhl. (H. vulgaris. Miclh.) Smooth; lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate; umbels capitate, proliferous, subsessile, about 5-flowered; fr. acute at base. —% In wet places, New Bedford, Mass. T. A. Greene, rare.. Root and stem creeping. Leaves almost centrally peltate, thin, 8-10" diam. Petioles 2-3' long. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in interrupted spikes by other umbels being successively produced on the extending peduncle. Jn. 3. H. UMBELLATA. Umbellate Pennyw-ort. Smooth; Ivs. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long petioles; scapes about as long as the petioles; embels simple, often proliferous; fis. pedicellate. —4 In ponds and bogs, Mass.! to La., rare. Stems creeping, often submersed, several inches long. Leaves 8-12"' diam., notched at base so as to appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes slender, floating or erect, and 4 —6 long. Umbels 20-30-flowered, the upper pedicel often prolonged and umbellate. May-J1. ERYNOIUM. LXVII. U MBELLIFERE. 28 4. H. RANLTNCUL6DES. Linn. fi (H. cymbularifolia. Muhl.) Glabrous; lvs. roundish-reniibrm, 3-5-lobed, crenate; petioles much longer than the peduncles; uLmbels 5-10-flowered, capitate; fr. roundish, smooth.-In water, Penn. to Ga. Stems weak, 1-2f long. Leaves 1 —2 diam., the middle lobe sinaller than the others. Petioles 2-3' long. Peduncle about 1' long. J1. Aug. 2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. In honor of Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph on the Umbelliferae. Calyx tube subglobose, margin obsolete; petals obtuse; fruit subglobose, the commissure excavated, with 2 vittve; carpels unequal, 5ribbed, with a vitta in each interval.-Small, creeping herbs with linear or filiform, entire leaves. Umbels simple, involucrate. C. rI,INETA. Nutt. (Hydrocotyle. Michx.) Lvs. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse veins, shorter than the peduncles.-Muddy banks of rivers, Mass.! to La. Stems several inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Leaves 1-2' by 1-2"~, often linear and appearing like petioles without laminae. Umbels 4-8-flowered. Peduncles 3 longer than the leaves. Involucre 4-6-leaved. Fruit with red vittle. May-Jl. 3. SANICL2LA. Tourn. Lat. sanare, to cure; on account of the reputed virtues as a vulnerary. Flowers 9 ~ dc; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy; petals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point; fruit subglobose, armed with hooked prickles; carpels without ribs; vittse numerous.-'4 Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbellets. Involucre offew, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several, entire. S. MARILANDiCA. Sanicle. Lvs. 5-parted, digitate, mostly radical; Ifts. or segments, oblong, incisely serrate; sterile fils. pedicellate, fertile sessile;- calyx segments entire.-In low woods, thickets, U. S., and Can., common. Stem 1-2f high, dichotomously branched above- smooth, furrowed. Radical leaves on petioles 6-12' long, 3parted to the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Segments 2-4' long, i as wide, irregularly and mucronately toothed. Cauline leaves few, nearly sessile. Involucres 6-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. Umbellets capitate. Flowers mostly barren, white, sometimes yellowish. Fruit densely clothed with hooked bristles. Jn. 4. ERYNGIUM. Tourn. Gr. epvyyLV, to belch; a supposed remedy for flatulence. Flowers sessile, collected in dense heads; calyx lobes somewhat leafy; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long inflexed point; styles filiform; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, without vittwe or scales.-Herbaceous or s/ffruticose. Fls. blue or white, bracteate; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceouzs. 1. E. AQUATiCUM. Button Snake-root. Lvs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with remote soft spines; bracts tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globose heads.-Low grounds on prairies, Ia.! Ill., &c. A remarkable plant, appearing like one of the Endogenae. VerTrglaucous. Stem simple, 1 —5f high. Leaves often 1-2f long, 1 —1' wide. Heads pedunculate, — 1' diam. Flowers white, inconspicuous. Jl. Aug. 2. E. VIRGINIANuM. Lam. (E. aquaticum. Michx.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends; invol. of 7-8 linear leaflets, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or spinose-dentate; scales tricuspidate.-%4 Marshes, N. J. to Ohio, Prof. Lock! and La. Stem hollow, 3-4f high, branched above. I,eavres C —10' bv 5-10", upper ones much small 286 LXV[l. UMBELLIFERAE. CICUTA er. Heads numerous, less than 1' diam. Flowers pale blue or nearly white. J1. Aug. 5. DISCOPLEURA. DC. GIr. tracos, the disk; 7eXcvpa, a rib; i. e. the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united. Calyx teeth subulate, persistent; petals ovate, entire, with a minute, infiexed point; fruit ovate, often didymous; carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united, with a thick accessory margin; intervals with single vittae, seeds subterete.-0 Lvs. much dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the involucre cleft. Fls. white. D. CAPILLACEA. DC. (Ammi. Spreng.) Bishop-weed. Erect or procumbent; umbeis 3-10-rayed; Ifts of the invol. 3-5, mostly 3cleft; fr. ovate.-In swamps near the coast, Mass.! to Ga. Stem much branched, 1 —2f high. Leaves very smooth, ternately dissected, with subulate, spreading segments. Umbels axillary, pedunculate, spreading. Involucre leaflets about 3, with setaceous segments. Involucels filitorm, longer than the umbellets. J1.-Nov. 6. BUPLEUTRUM. Tourn. Gr. uovr, an ox, 7rXevpov, a rib; from the ribbed (veined) leaves of some of the species. Calyx margin obsolete; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a broad, closely infiexed point; fruit laterally compressed; carpels 5ribbed, lateral ones marginal; seed teretely convex; fiattish on the face.-H-erbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly simple. Invol. various. Fls. yellow. B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Modesty. Tlhorotugh-wax. Lvs. roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; invol. 0; involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without vittaa —In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y. and Penn. and Ia.! rare. Stem If or more high, branching. Leaves 1-3' long, 4 as wide, rounded at base, acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5Z-9-rayed. Involucels longer than the umbellets. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles (stylopodium). J1. Aug. 7. CIC0TA. A Latin name used by Virgil (Ec. 2d and 5th) but of unknown application. Calyx margin of 5, broad segments; petals obcordate, the points inflected; fruit subglobose, didynmous; carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them marginal; intervals filled with single vittoe, commissure with 2 vitte; carpophore 2-parted; seeds terete. —I Aquatic poisonouls herbs. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Fis. white. 1. C. MACULATA. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. St. streaked with purple; lolwer Ivs. triternate and quinate; upper biternate; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate; umbels terminal and axillary. -Common in wet meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 3-6f high, smooth, striate, jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at base into long, abrupt, clasping stipules. Leaflets or segments 1 —3 long, 4 —A wide, finely serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to the points! Umbels rather numerous, naked, 2-4' broad. Involucels of 5-6 short, narrow, acute bracts. Fruit l1" diam., 10-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and styles. J1. Aug.-The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes used in medicine. 2. C. BULBIFERA. Bulbife rous Cicutta. Narrow-leavced Hemnzlock. Axils of the branches bulbiferous; lvs. biternately divided; Ifts, linear, with remote, divergent teeth; umbels terminal and axillary.-In wet meadows, Penn. ZIZIA. LXVII. UMBELLIFERE. 287 to Can. Stem 3-4f high, round, striate, hollow, green, branching. Leaves various, those of the stem generally biternate, of the branches ternate. Leaflets or segments 2-4' long, 1 —4" wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Involucre 0. Umbellets of close, small, white flowers, and slight involucels. Aug. 8. SIUM. Celtic siow, water; that is, a genus of aquatic plants. Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point; fruit nearly oval; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vittae in each interval; carpophore 2-parted. —% Aquatic. Lvs. pinnately divided. Umbels perfect, with partial and general manyleaved involucra. Fls. white. 1. S. LATIFOLIUM. Water Parsnep. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate, acuminate; cal. teeth elongated.-A tall plant in swamps and ditches, N. J. to Ia.! and Can. Stem about 3t high, smooth, hollow, with 7 deep-furrowed and prominent angles. Leaflets or segments 4 —6 long, 1 —2 broad, equally serrate, in about 4 pairs, with an odd one, those submerged, if any, pinnatifid. Petioles embracing the stem. Umbels large, with ninny-flowered rays. Flowers small, white. J1. Aug. 2. S. LINEiRE. Michx. (S. latifolium,'. lineare. B13w.) St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. 9-11, linear and lance-linear, finely serrate, acute; cal teeth obsolete.-More common than the last, in swamps, N. J. to Ia.! and Can. Stem 2-4f high, smooth, with 7 prominent angles. Leaflets 2-4' long, 2 —4" (rarely 10") wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle pairs sessile. Umbels 1 —2k' broad. Involucre of 5 or 6 linear bracts, J as long as the 15-21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white flowers. Fruit roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. J1. Aug. 9. CRYPTOTiENIA. DC. Gr. Kpvrreo, to conceal, rateia, a wreath or border; from the obsolete border of calyx. Margin of the calyx obsolete; petals with an inflexed point-; fruit linear-oblong or ovate-oblong;; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs; carpophore free, 2-parted; vittte very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. — % Lvs. 3-parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays. Invol. O. Involucelsfew-leaved. Fls. white. C. CANADENSIS. DC. (Sison Canadense. Linn.) Hone-wort. Lvs. smooth; Ifts. or segments rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2-3lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base; umbels numerous, irregular. axillary and terminal.-Common in moist woods. Stem erect, 1-2f high. Lower petioles 2-6' long, clasping. Leaflets 3, 2-3' long, 1-2' wide, petiolulate. IJmbels paniculate, of 3-5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4-6 unequal pedicels and minute involucels. Flowers small, white. Fruit near 3" long, oblong-elliptic. J1. 10. ZIZIA. Koch. Calyx margin obsolete or minutely toothed; petals carinate, apex acuminate, inflexed; fruit roundish or oval, didymous; carpels 5ribbed, lateral ribs marginal; intervals with 1-3 vitte, commissure with 2-4; carpophore 2-parted; seeds plano-convex. —% Lvs. divided. Umbels perfect. Invol. O. Involucelsfew-leaved. Fls. yellow. 1. Z. AUREA. Koch. (Smyrnium. Linn. Thaspium. Nlitt.?) GoldenL Alexanders. Lvs. biternate; lfts. oval-lanceolate, serrate; unzbellets with short rays.Hills and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems 1-2f high, branching above, rather slender, erect, hollow, angular-fuirrowed, smooth as well as every other part of 25x 288 LXVII. UMBELLIFER/A. PETROSELIM. the plant, and furnished with few leaves. The lower leaves are' on long pefti oles, the leaflets with coarse serratures, and sometimes quinate. The umbeli are about 2 inches broad, of 10-15 rays, the umnbellets J inch broad, dense. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow. Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs. Root black, tufted. June. 2. Z. INTEGERRiMA. DC. (Smyrnium. Linn.) Golden Alexanders. Lvs. biternate; /fts. oblique, oval, entire, smooth and glaucous.-Rocky woods, &c., N. Y. to Ohio and La., rare. Stem 1-2f high, branching above. Radical leaves often triternate, cauline biternate, all petiolate. Segments 1-1li' long, - as wide, mucronate, lateral oblique at base, odd one often 2-3-lobed. Umbels terminal, loose, on a long peduncle. Rays unequal, slender, spreading, 1-3' long, with minute involucels. Fruit roundish, compressed laterally. Mayj Jn. 11. CARUM. From Caria, the native country of the plant, according to Pliniy. Calyx margin obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, the point infiexd; styles dilated at base, spreading; fruit oval, compressed laterally; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vittae commissure with 2.-Herbs with/ dissected leaves. Unbels perfect. Involtcra various. Fls. white. C. CARVI. Caraway.-Lvs. somewhat bipinnatifid, with numerous linear segments; invol. l-leaved or 0; involucels 0.-Native of Europe, &c. Stem about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate. Lower leaves large, on long petioles, with tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles, involucrate bract, whea present, linear-lanceolate. Jn.-Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruits so well known in domestic economy.: 12. PIMPINELLA. CalyX limb obsolete; petals obcordate, a little unequal; disk 0; flowers perfect or diclinous; styles capillary, as long as fruit; fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals.-Eur'opean herbs, mostly'4, with pinnately, many-arted leaves, and white flowers. Umbels compound. fivol;. O. P. ANisUM. Anise.-Radical lvs. incisely trifid; caulise ones multifid, with narrow-linear segments, all glabrous and shining; umbels large, manyrayed.-Native of Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of the fruit are well known. 13. APIUM. Celtic apon, water; the plants grow in watery situations. Calyx margin obsolete; petals roundish, with a small, inflexed point; fruit roundish, laterally compressed; carpels 5-ribbed, the lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vittee; carpophore undivided.-European herbs. Umbels perfect, naked. A. GRAVEOLENS. Celery.-Lower Ivs. pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segments broad-cuneate, incised; upper lvs. 3-parted, segments cuneate, lobed and incisely dentate at apex. —() Native of Britain. Stem 2-3f high, branching, furrowed. Radical petioles thick, juicy, If in length. Umbels witb unequal, spreading rays. Flowers white.-The stems when blanched by being buried, are sweet, crisp and spicy in flavor, and used as salad. Jn.-Aug. t: 14. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm. Gr.'7rrpa, rasXlvov, stone-parsley; from its native habitat. Calyx margin obsolete; petals roundish, with a narrow, inflexed point; fruit ovate, compressed laterally; carpels 5-ribbed; intervals LIGUSTICUM. LXVII. UMBELLIFERE. 289 with single vittee, commissure with 2; carpophore 2-parted. -European herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. P. SATIVUM. Hoffin. (Apium Petroselinum. Willd.) Parsley. —Lvs. decompound, segments of the lower ones cuneate-ovate, terminal ones trifid, all incised, cauline segments lance-linear, subentire; involucels of 3-5 subulate bracts.-4- From Sardinia and Greece. Stem 2 —4f high, branched. Leaves smooth and shining, with numerous. narrow segments. Petals white. Jn.Cultivation hasproduced several varieties. Esteemed as apot-herb, forsoups, &c. 15. THASPIUM. Nutt. From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave nane to the ancient allied genus Thapsia. Calyx margin 5-toothed; petals elliptic, with a long, inflexed point; fruit elliptical, not compressed laterally; carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs; intervals with single vittme, commissure with 2. —% Umbels without an involucre. Involucels 3-leaved, lateral. 1. T. CORDATUM. Nutt. (Smyrnium cordatum. Mx. Ziziacordatum. Dc.) Radical lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, cauline ones ternate, stalked; segments acute, serrate; umbels terminal.-Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2-3f high. Root leaves on long stalks, roundish-heart-shaped, the rest ternate, becoming only 3-parted above, all light green. Umbels dense with yellow flowers. Fruit black, oval, with 3 prominent, paler, winged ridges on each side. May, Jn. fl. atropurpureum. (Thapsia trifoliata. Linn.) Fls. dark purple.-N. J., Penn. 3. T. BARBINODE. Nutt. (Ligusticum barbinode Michx.) St. pubescent at the nodes; lower lvs. triternately divided, upper biternately, segments cuneate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, entire towards the base; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves; fr. elliptical, the ribs alternately broader.-River banks, Can. and U. S. Stem 2-3f high, angular and grooved, branching above. Leaves smooth, upper ones subopposite; segments 1 —2 by — 11'. Rays about 2' long, each about 20-flowered. Petals deep yellow. Jn. 16. ETH f SA. Gr. atOe, to bum; on account of its poisonous acridity. Calyx margin obsolete; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point; fruit globose-ovate; carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs; lateralones marginal, broader; intervals acutely angled, with single vittee, commissure with 2.-0 Poisonous herbs. Invol. 0. Involucels 1-sided. Fls. white. 2E. CYNAPIUM. Fool's Parsley. Lvs. bi- or tripinnately divided, segments cuneate, obtuse; involucels 3leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels.-In waste grounds, Ms., rare. Stem about 2f high, green, striate. Leaves with numerous, narrow, wedgeshaped segments, uniform, dark green, flat. Leaflets of the involucels linear, long, deflected, and situated on the outside. J1. Aug.-The plant somewhat resembles parsley, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its disagreeable odor. It is said to be poisonous. 17. LIGUSTICUM. One species was said to.be native of Ligu-ria; hence the name. Calyx teeth minute or obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed laterally; carpels 5-ribbed, with numerous vitta. —% Lvs. ternately divided. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. white. 1. L. SCOTiCUM. Sea Lovage. Stem Ivs. biternate, the upper ones ternate; lateral Ifts. oblique, the terminal one rhomboid; bracts of the involucres numerous, linear.-Sea coast. Root thick, 290 LXVII. UMBELLIFERE. ARCHANGELICA. tapering. Stem a foot high, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Leaves petiolate. Leaflets 1 —2k' long, dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate above. Fruit 4 —5" long. J1. 2. L. ACT.EFOLIUM. Michx. (Thaspium. Nutt.) Lvs. triternate, with ovate, dent-serrate leaflets; umbels numerous, paniculate; invol. and involucels of about 3, short, subulate leaves.-Banks of the St. Lawrence. Mlichx. Topsfield and Scituate, Mass. Oakes. Russel. S. States, rare. Plant 3-6f high. Leaflets 2-3' long, lateral ones trapeziform. Umbels on long, verticillate peduncles, terminal one abortive. 18. CONIOSELINUM. Fisch. Name compounded of Conium and Selinum. Calyx teeth obsolete; petals obovate, with an inflected point; fruit compressed on the back; carpels with 5 winged ribs, lateral ones marginal and much the broadest; intervals with 1 —3 vitta, commissure with 4 —8. —() Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on very large, inflated petioles. Invol. various. Involucels 5-7-leaved. C. CANADENSE. Torr. & Gray. (Selinum. Michx. Cnidium. Spr.) Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes; invol. 0, or 2-3-leaved; fr. oblong-oval; vittce solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2-3 in the lateral.-In wet woods, Maine to Wisconsin! but not common. Stem 3-5f high. Leaves much compounded, the ultimate segments pinnatifid with linearoblong lobes. Umbels compound. Petals white, spreading. Styles slender, diverging. Fruit about 2" long. Aug. Sept. 19. FCE NI C T L U M. Adans. Lat. diminutive offacnum, hay; from the resemblance of its odor. Calyx margin obsolete; petals revolute, with a broad, retuse apex; fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally subcompressed; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, marginal ones a little broader; intervals with single vittae, commissure with 2.- Umbels perfect, with no invol. or involucels. F. VULGARE. Gaert. (Anethum. Willd.) Fennel.-Lvs. biternately dissected, segments linear-subulate, elongated; rays of the umobel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate-oblong.-Native of England, &c. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3-5f high, terete, branched. Leaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous, very narrow segments. Flowers yellow. J1.-The seeds are warmly aromatic. t 20. ARCHANGELYCA. Hoffnm. So named for its preeminence in size and virtues among the Umbellifera. Calyx teeth short; petals equal, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point inflexed; fruit dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones dilated into membranaceous wings; vittie very numerous. —X Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. 1. A. ATROPURPUREA. Hoffm. (Angelica triquinata. Mx.) Angelica. St. dark purple, furrowed; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate; Ifts. incisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the others decursive.-Among the largest of the umbellifere, well known for its aromatic properties, common in fields and meadows, Northern and Western States. Stem 4-6f high, 1-2/' in thickness, smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large, inflated, channeled on the upper side, with inflated stipules at base. Leaflets cut-serrate, the terminal one sometimes 3-lobed, the lateral ones of the upper division decurrent. Umbels 3, terminal, spherical, 6-8' diam. without the involucre; umbellets on angular stalks and with involucels of subulate bracts longer than the rays. Flowers greenish white. 2. A. HIRSUTA. Torr. &Gray. (Angelica. Muhl.) St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentose-hirsute; tvs. bipinnate UIRRACLEUM. XLVII. UMBELLIFERAE. 291 ly divided, the divisions quinate, segments oblong, acutish, the upper pair connate but not decurrent at base.-Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. Stem simple, erect, straight, 3-5f high. Leaves on petioles 6-10' long. Leaflets 1-2k' long, i as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, otten tapering at base. Umbels 3 or 4, on long, velvety peduncles, 2-4' broad. Rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentose. Involucre 0. Involucels of 4-6 bracts, about as long as the rays. J1. Aug. 3. A. PEREGRiNA. Nutt. St. striate, pubescent at summit; lvs. ternately divided, the divisions quinate, segments incisely serrate; umbel with many slender rays; invol. 0; involucels of many leaflets, as long as the umbellets. —Sea coast, Me. and Mass., Pickering. Marginal ribs of the fruit thick and obtuse. 4. A. OFFICINXLS. Hoffim. (Angelica, Linn.) Garden Angelica. St. smooth, round, striate; Ivs. bipinnately divided into lobate, subcordate, acutely serrate segments, the terminal one 3-lobed; sheaths large and saccate. Said to be native in Labrador, &c. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. $ 21. ARCHEMORA. DC. A fanciful name from Archemorus, who, according to mythology, died by swallowing a bee. Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals obcordate with an inflexed point; fruit oval, lenticular, compressed on the back; carpels with 5 ribs, marginal ones broadly winged; intervals with single large vitte, commissure with 4-6; seeds flat. —% Invol. 0. orfew-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. A. RIGiDA. DC. ((Enanthe. Nutt.) Water Dropwort. Cow-bane. St. rigid, striate, smooth; Ivs. pinnately divided, smooth, Ifts. 3-11, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, entire or remotely toothed, sessile; umbels spreading, smooth.-Swamps, Mich. to Flor. and La. Stem 2-4f high, slender, terete. Leaflets 2-4' by 3 —9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2-3, of many slender rays. Petals white. Fruit with subequal greenish ribs, and large, purple vittee filling the intervals. Commissure white. Sept.-Said to be poisonous. B. ((Enanthe ambigua. Nutt.) Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire. 22. PASTINACA. Tourn. Lat. pastus, food or repast; from the nutritive properties of the root. Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long inflexed point; fruit much compressed, oval, with a broad margin; carpels with 5 nearly obsolete ribs; intervals with single vitte; carpophore 2-parted; seeds fiat. —() Rt. fusiform. Invol. mostly 0; involucels 0 orfew-leaved. Fls. yellow. P. SATiVA. Common Parsnep. Wild Parsnep. Lvs. pinnate, downy beneath; Ifts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one 3-lobed. —j The parsnep is said to have been introduced, but it grows wild abundantly in fields, by fences, &c. The root is fusiform, large, sweet-flavored, esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled in size. Stem 3f high, erect, furrowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Flowers yellow, small. Fruit large, flat. The abundance of saccharine matter in the cultivated root, renders it wholesome and nutritious. J1. 23. HERACLEUM. Named after the hero Hercules; it being a rank, robust plant. Calyx limb of 5 small, acute teeth; petals obcordate, with the point inflexed, often radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel; intervals with single vittme; seeds 25* 292 LXVII. UMBELLIFERA.. CHEROPHYLLUM. flat. —Stout herbs, with large umbels. Invol. deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. H. LANATUM. Lvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentose beneath; lfts. petioled, round-cordate, lobed; fr. orbicular.-Penn. to Lab. W. to Oreg. A large, coarse-looking, umbelliferous plant, growing about moist, cultivated grounds. Stem about 4f high, thick, furrowed, branching, and covered with spreading hairs. Leaves very large, on channeled stalks. Leaflets woolly underneath, irregularly cut-lobed and serrated. At the top of the stem and branches are its huge umbels, often a foot broad, with spreading rays, and long-pointed, lanceolate involucels. Inrolucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white. Jn. 24. POLYTjENIA. DC. Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals with a long inflexed point; fruit oval, glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin; ribs obscure or obsolete; commissure with 4-6 vittte; seeds plano-convex.-A smooth herb, with bipinnately divided leaves. Invol. 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. P. NUTTALLIT. DC. Prairies and barrens, Western States! &c. Stem furrowed, scabrous or nearly smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles, segments incisely toothed, upper ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite the leaves, about 2' broad. Fruit large, (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May. 25. DAUCU S. Tourn. ZAavKox, the ancient Greek name of the carrot. Calyx limb 5-toothed, petals emarginate with an inflected point; the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft; fruit oblong; carpels with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vittae beneath; carpophore entire, free.-() Invol. pinnatifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Central f. abortive. D. CAROTA. Carrot. St. hispid; petioles veined beneath; Ivs. tripinnate or pinnatifid, the segments linear, acute; umbels dense, concave.-The word kar in Celtic signifies red, hence carrot. Naturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid. States. Root fusiform. Stem 2-3f high, branching. Leaves numerous, divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very compact, with white flowers blooming all the summer. Cultivation has produced several varieties. J1.-Sept. ~ $ SUBORDER 2.-C A M P Y L O S P E R M ME. The inner surface of the seed deeply furrowed, or with involute margins. 26. CH.EROPHYLLUM. Calyx limb obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, point inflexed; fruit laterally compressed; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs; intervals with 2 vittve, commissure deeply sulcate.-Lvs. bi- or triternate, segments incisely cleft or toothed. invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. C. PROCUMBENS. Lam. (Scandix procumbens. Linn.) Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous; segments of the lvs. pinnatifid, with oblong, obtuse. lobes; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple; invol. 0; r. linear-oblong. — or (a) Moist woods, Ohio, Clark! Ky. Short, to N. J. Stems 1-2f long, pubescent when young, diffuse, slender. Segments of the ERIGENIA. LXVII. UMBELLIFERME. 293 leaves about 4" by 1". Umbels quite irregular, often with leaves in the place of the involucre. Rays 1-4, 1 —4-flowered, about 2' long. Petals white. Apr. May. 27. OSMORHIZA. Raf. Gr. oapn?, perfume, poIa, root; from the anisate, aromatic root. Calyx margin obsolete; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate point inflexed; styles conical at base; fruit linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs; intervals without vittae; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. — Lvs. biternately divided, with the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved; involucels 4-7-leaved. Fls. white. 1. O. LONGISTYLTS. DC. (Uraspermum. Claytoni. Nutt.) Sweet Cicely. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary; fr. clavate.-A leafy plant, very common in woods, Can. to Va., 1-3f high, with inconspicuous umbels of white flowers. Root branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, spicy flavor. Stem erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Root leaves on long, slender stalks, the upper stem leaves sessile, both decompound, the ultimate divisions often pinnate; leaflets irregularly divided by clefts and sinuses into lobes and teeth, the lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than the rays. Fruit blackish, an inch in length, much more acute at the base than at the summit, crowned with the persistent styles. May, Jn. 2. 0. BREVISTYLIS. DC. (U. hirsutum. Bw.) Short-styled Cicely. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary; fr. somewhat tapering at the summit.-Common in woods, Can. to Penn. W. to Oreg. The general aspect of this species is very similar to that of the preceding, but the root is destitute of the anise-like flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste. The plant is more hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. Involucre deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few prove fertile. The fruit is similar to the last, but crowned with convergent, not with spreading styles. May, Jn. 28. CONIUM. Gr. Kc.yLtov, hemlock, from KOavog, a top; because it causes dizziness. Calyx margin obsolete; petals obcordate, with an acute, inflected point; fruit ovate, laterally compressed; carpels with 5, acute, equal, undulate-crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal; intervals without vittee; seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face. — Poisonous herbs. Lvs. decompound. Invol. and involucels 3 —5-leaved, the latter unilateral. Fls. white. C. MACULiTUM. Poison Hemlock. St. spotted; Ivs. tripinnate; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid; fr. smooth.-Grows in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. Stem much branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. The lower leaves are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheathing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the involucre of 6-8 lanceolate bracts, the involucels with the inner half wanting. Flowers small, white. Fruit with undulate or wrinkled ribs. The plant is a powerful narcotic, exhaling a disagreeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. J1. Aug. ~ SUBORDER 3.-C (E L O S P E R M.. Seeds incurved at base and apex. 29. ERIGENIA. Nutt. Gr. tptyeveta, daughter of the early spring; for its early flowering. Calyx limb obsolete; petals flat, entire; fruit contracted at the commissure; carpels 3-ribbed, ovate-reniform.-Q Rt. tuberous. Radi 294 LXVIII. ARALIACERE. ARALIA cal leaf triternately decompound. Involucrate lvs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 3-6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. E. BULBOSA. Nutt. (Sison. MicAx. Hydrocotyle compositea. Pih.) A small, early-flowering herb, along the shady banks of streams, Western N. Y. (Torr. 4. Gray.) W. to Ohio! and Mo..Plant 4-6' high, with 2-4 leaves, the lower one radical, numerously divided, the divisions incisely cleft into narrow segments; the upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each subtending a 3-rayed umbel of white flowers. March, Apr. 30. CORIANDRUM. Gr. topLS, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves. Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth; petals obcordate, inflexed at the point, outer ones radiate, bifid; fruit globose; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones; seeds concave on the face.- Smooth. Invol. 0 or I-leaved. Involucels 3-leaved, unilateral. C. SATiVUM. Coriander.-Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate leaflets, upper with linear ones; carpels hemispherical.-Native of Europe, &c. This well known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds, which are used as a spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, &c. Stem 2f high. Leaves numerously divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Flowers white. J1. t ORDER LXVIII. ARALIACEZE.-ARALIADS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with the habit of umbellifers. Cal. superior, entire or toothed. Cor. —Petals s-lo deciduous, rarely 0, valvate in astivation. Sta. equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them. Anth. introrse. Owa. crowned with a disk, 2 or many-celled. Ovules solitary. Styles as many as cells. Fr. baccate or drupaceous, of several one-seeded cells. Genera 21, species 160 nearly allied to Umbellifera, from which they are distinguished chiefly by the several-celled ovary and fleshy fruit. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemispheres.-Several species are well known in medicine, &c., as ginseng, spikenard, sarsaparilla, &c. The latter is sometimes substituted for the sarsaparilla of the shops. Conspectus of the Genera. J Flowers perfect.............. Aralia. 1 compound. Flowers polygamous.......... Pan. 2 Leaves Z simple, angul ar and lobed............. Hedera. 3 1. ARALIA. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb short, 5-toothed or entire; petals 5, spreading, apex not inflexed; stamens 5-10; styles 5, spreading; berry crowned with the remains of the calyx and styles, mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded.-Lvs. compound. Fls. in simple, solitary or racemose panicles. 1. A. NUDICAULIS. Wild Sarsaparilla. Nearly stemless; If. solitary, decompound; scape naked, shorter than the leaf; umbels few. —4 A well known plant, found in woods, most abundant in rich and rocky soils, Can. to Car. and Tenn. It has a large, fleshy root, from which arise a leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem. The former is long, supporting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either 3-ternate or 3-quinate. Leaflets oval and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. The scape is about a foot high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish flowers. Jn. J1. 2. A. RACEMOSA. Pettymorrel. Spikenard. St. herbaceous, smooth; lvs. decompound; ped. axillary, branching, umbelled.-f. In rocky woods, Can. to the S. States. Stem 3 —4f high, dark green or reddish, arising from a thick, aromatic root. The leaf-stalks divide into 3 partitions, each of which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate leaflets. Umbels numerous, arranged in branching racemes from the axils of the leaves or HEDERA. LXVIII. ARALIACELE. 295 branches. The root is pleasant to the taste, and highly esteemed as an ingre. dient in small beer, &c. July. 3. A. HISPiDA. Wild Elder. Bristly Aralia. St. shrubby at base, hispid; lvs. bipinnate; lfts. ovate, cut-serrate; uembels on long peduncles.-Q- Common in fields, about stumps and stone-heaps, N. Eng. to Va. Stem 1-2f high, the lower part woody and thickly beset with sharp, stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Leaflets many, ending in a long point, ovate, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globose, axillary and terminal, followed by bunches of dark-colored, nauseous berries. The plant exhales an unpleasant odor. J1. Aug. A. SPINOSA. Angelica Tree. Arborescent; st. and petioles prickly; lus. bipinnate; lfts. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glaucous beneath; umbels numerous, forming a very large panicle; invol. small, few-leaved.-Damp woods, Penn. to Flor. and La. Shrub 8-12f high, with the leaves all crowded near the summit. Flowers white. Aug.Emetic and cathartic.: 2. PANAX. Gr. ravy, all, aKos, a remedy; i. e. a panacea, or universal remedy. Dioeciously polygamous. 9 Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb short, obsoletely 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; styles 2-3: fruit baccate, 2-3-celled; cells 1-seeded. d' Calyx limb nearly entire; petals and stamens 5.-Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 3 (in the herbaceous species), palmately compound. FIs. in a solitary, simple umbel. 1. P. TRIFOLIUM. Ground Nut. Dwarf Ginseng. Rt. globose, tuberous; lvs. 3, verticillate, 3-5-foliate; Ifts. wedge-lanceolate, serrate, subsessile; sty. 3; berries 3-seeded.-Common in low woods, Can. to S. States. The globular root is deep in the ground, and nearly i' diam., connected with the stem by a short, screw-like ligament. The stem arises 36' above the surface, smooth, slender, simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3 compound leaves, with a central peduncle terminating in a little umbel of pure white flowers. Leaflets generally 3, nearly or quite smooth. Barren and fertile flowers on different plants, the latter without stamens, succeeded by green berries, the former with a single, abortive style. May. 2. P. QUINQUEFOLIUM. Ginseng. Rt. fusiform; Ivs. 3, verticillate, 5-foliate; Ifts. oval, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; ped. of the umbel rather shorter than the common petioles. —Not uncommon in rocky or mountainous woods, Can. to the mountains of the Southern States. Root whitish, thick and fleshy. Stem round, smooth, If high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle bearing a simple umbel. Leaves on round and smooth foot-stalks, consisting of 5, rarely 3 or 7 obovate leaflets. The flowers are small, yellowish, on short pedicels. The barren ones borne on separate plants have larger petals and an en. tire calyx. The fertile ones are succeeded by berries of a bright scarlet color The root is in little estimation as a drug with us, but it enters into the compo sition of almost every medicine used by the Chinese and Tartars. Jn. J1. 3. HED]PRA. Celtic hedra, a cord; from the vine-like habit. Calyx 5-toothed; petals 5, dilated at the base; berry 5-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx.-European shrubby plants, climbing or erect, with simple, evergreen leaves and green flowers. H. HELIX. English Ivy.-St and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth or trees or walls by numerous radicating fibres; Ivs. dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate; fis. in numerous umbels, forming a corymb; berryblack, with a mealy pulp.-Native of Britain. There are several varieties in gardens. t :96 LXJX. CORNACEXE. CORNUS. ORDER LXIX. CORNACE2E. CORNELS. Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. L/s. opposite (alternate il one species), with pinnate veinlets. Hairs fixed by the centre. Cal.-Sepals adherent to the ovary, the limb minute, 4 or 5-toothed or lobed. Cor.-Petals 4 or 5, distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx. Sta. of the same number as petals and alternate with them. Ova. 1. or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx. Genera 9, species 40. They are natives throughout the temperate zone of both continents. The order is distinguished for its bitter and astringent bark. That of Cornus florida is:an excelUenttQnic, sipilar in its action to the Peruvian bark. Cornus is the only N. American genus. CORNUS. Lat. cornu, a horn; from the hardness of the wood of some species. Calyx 4-toothed, segments small; petals 4, oblong, sessile; sta-mens 4; style 1; drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut.-Trees,.shrubs or perennial herbs. Lvs. (mostly opposite), entire. Fls.:in cymes, often involucrate. Floral envelops valvate in aestivation. * Flowers cymose. Involucre 0. Shrubs. 1. C. STOLONIFE.RA. Michx. (C. alba. Wang.) White-berried Cmrnel or Dog-wood.-St. often stoloniferous; branches spreading, smooth; shoots virgate; lis.:broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath; cymes naked, flat; berries white.-A small tree, N. and W. States, and Can., 8-10f in height, with smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are commonly red, especially in -winter. It often sends out from its base prostrate and rooting stems, with erect shoots. -Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish tomentose beneath, petiolate and pointed. Flowers in terminal cymes, white, followed by bluish-white drupes. According to Dr. Bigelow, it sometimes blossoms twice a year. May, Jn. 2. C. SERICEA.. Red.Osier. Branches spreading; branchlets woolly; lvs. ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, ferruginous, pubescent beneath; cymes depressed, woolly; drupes bright blue. —U. S. and Can. A variety has leaves tapering at base. A shrub about 8f high, with opposite, dusky, purple branches, and dark-red shoots.' Leaves 2 -4' long, I as wide, varying from ovate and oval to lanceolate, nearly smooth above, with rather prominent veins; petioles X-1' long. Flowers yellowishwhite appearing in June. 3. C. CIRCINiTA. Round-leaved Cornel or Dog-wood. Branches verrucose; lvs. orbicular or very broadly oval, white tomentose beneath; cymes spreading, depressed; drupes light-blue.-A shrub some 6f high, Can. to Md., W. to Ia. Stem greyish, upright, with opposite, cylindrical, green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, about as broad as long, opposite, acuminate, covered with a white, thick down on the under side. Flowers white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn. 4. C. PANICULATA. White or Panicled Cornel. Branches erect, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, scabrous above, hoary beneath; cymes paniculate; drupes white.-A handsome shrub, 10f high, common in low woodlands and thickets, N. and W. States and Can. It has numerous and very branching stems, covered with a greyish bark, the shoots chestnut-colored. Leaves small, (1-2' long, 1-' wide). Petioles 1 —4" long. Flowers small, white in all their parts, in many small, conical cymes, succeeded by small drupes. 5. C. ALTERNIFOLIA. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath; branches alternate, verrucose; drupes purple, globose.-A small tree, N. and W. States and Can., about twice the height of the last, in moist woods. The branches are smooth, even, spreading from the upper part of the stem, and forming a depressed summit. Bark greenish, marked with warty streaks. Leaves irregularly scattered along the branches, oval-lanceolate, acute, entire, veined, whitish underneath, otl rather long stalks. Flowers pale buff-color, in a loose cyme. Jn. VISCuM. LXX. LORANTHACEE. 29X * * Flowers umbellate. Involucre 4-leaved, petaloid. 6. C. FLORiDA. Flowering Dog-wood. Arboreus; lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire; Jis. small, in a close, cymose umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-leaved, obcordate involucre.-A tree from 20-30f in height, very ornamental when in flower. Woods, U. S. and Can. The wood is very hard and compact, covered with a rough bark, which is extremely bitter, and used in medicine as a tonic. The leaves, which at flowering-time are but partially expanded, are acutely ovate, nearly smooth, veiny, pale underneath. The true flowers are inconspicuous, greenishyellow, but the involucre is very large and showy, of veiny, white, obovate leaves, ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so abruptly as to give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Drupe red. May. 7. C; CANADENSIS. Low Cornel or Dog-wood. Herbace-ois, 16w; upper Ivs. rhorled, veiny, ofn short petioles; st. simple. -A small, handsome plant, common in woods, nearly throughout AN. Am. N., of lat. 39~, remarkable fsrr its large, white involucre. Rhizoma creeping, woody. The flowering stems erect, 4-8' high, bearing 2 small stipules in the middle, and a whorl of 6 leaves at the top, two of which are larger, placed a little lower and opposite. An urmbellate cymre of flowers arises from the centre of the whorl, and with its large, showy involucre of 4 white leaves, might easily be taken for a single flower. They are succeeded by a bunch of red berries. The barren stems support a whorl of 4 equal leaves. May, Jn. ORDER LXX. LORANTHACE-E. -LoRANTns. St. parasitical, halfshrubby, dichotomous. Lvs. evergreen, opposite, fleshy, without stipules. Fls. dioecious and small, whitish or greenish-yellow, sometimes perfect and brilliant. Cal. adnate to the ovary in perfect flower, limb 3-5-cleft or obsolete. Cor. of 3-4 or 8 petals, cohering in a tube, sometimes distinct, inserted into the epigynous disk. Sta. as many as the petals and opposite to them, or to the sepals when the pet.- are 0. Ova. i-celed, with a single suspended ovule. Sty. simple or 0. Fr. baccate, with one anatropous seed. Genera 23, species 412, about equally distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia and America. They possess the remarkable property of rooting firmly on other plants and living upon their juices. They are slightly astringent. VISCUM. Tourn. & or 9 c.-c Calyx with 4 (3-5) triangular, erect segments, valvate in aestivation; anthers as many as the sepals, and inserted on them; corolla 0. 9 Limb of the calyx obsolete; petals 4, fleshy, epigynous; stamens 0; stigma sessile; berry fleshy, 1-seeded.-Lvs. very rarely alternate or scale-like. V. PLAVESCENS. Ph. (V. album. Walt. V. verticillatum. Nutt.) Misseltoe. Branches opposite, sometimes verticillate, terete; lvs. cuneate-oboVate, 3veined, obtuse; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves; berries white, semi-transparent.-A yellowish green, succulent parasite inserted on the branches of aged trees, N. J. W. to Ia. and the Southern States! Stems 1 —lf high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9-16" by 4-9", smooth and entire, on short petioles. Flowers small, sterile ones mostly 3-parted. Berry with It viscous pulp. Apr. May. 298 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEIE. LONICERA. SUBCLASS II. MONOPETALAE. Floral envelops consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of petals more or less united (monopetalous). ORDER LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEE. —HONEYSUCKLES. Shrubs rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves and no stipules. Fls. cymose and often fragrant. Cal. adherent to the ovary (superior), the limb 5- (rarely 4-) cleft or toothed. Cor. tubular or rotate regular or irregular. [the tube. Sta. as many, or one less than as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on Ova. 3- (rarely 4 or 5-) celled. Style 1. Stig. 1-4. R. baccate, fleshy ordry, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds pendulous. Genera 14, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate regions, and occasionally found in the alpine parts of the tropical zone. Properties.-The fever-root (Triosteum perfoliatum) is a mild cathartic, and in large doses emetic; the dried and roasted berries are sometimes substituted for coffee. The leaves and bark of the elder are both emetic and cathartic; the flowers are sudorific, and the berries laxative. The beauty and fragrance of the honeysuckles in cultivation are well known to every one. The order consists of two distinct tribes; Lonicereae and Sambuceme. Conspectus of the Genera. ( few-seeded... Lonicra. I Berry 1-3-celled, many-seeded.. Diervilla. 2 ( Shrubs. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Sympho-icar pu. 4 Stamens 4. Trailing, evergreen..... Linnaea. 5 ( tubular. Herbs. Stamens 5. Stem erect, simple. Triosteum. 3. simple leaves,...... Viburnum. 7 Corolla (rotate, regular. Shrubs with j pinnate leaves. Sambucus. 6 TRIBE 1. LONICEREM. Corolla tubular, the limb often irregular. Style filiform. 1. LONICtRA. In honor of Adam Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the 16th century. Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobose; corolla infundibuliform or campanulate, limb 5-cleft, often labiate; stamens 5, exserted; ovary 2 —-3 celled; berry few-seeded; stigma capitate. —A genus -of climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves. ~ Stems climbing. Flowers sessile, verticillate. CAPRIFOLIUM. 1. L. HIRSfTA. Eaton. (C. pubescens. Goldie.) Hairy Honeysuckle. Lvs. hairy above, soft-villose beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acuminate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate; fis. in verticillate spikes; cor. ringent; fil. bearded.-A shrubby climber, rather rare, in woods, N. Eng. to Mich. and Can., twining about trees to the height of 15-20f. The whole plant is more or less hairy. Leaves pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side ciliate with scattered hairs. The flowers are large, numerous, greenish-yellow, in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of corolla spreading. Style and stamens exsert. Jn. 2. L. PARVIFLORA. Lam. (C. parviflorum. Ph.) Small-flowered Honeysuckle. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate; fis. in heads of several approximate whorls; cor. ringent; tube short, gibbous at base; fil. bearded.-A small, smooth, shrubby climber, in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 8-10f long. Leaves wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the under side. Flowers rather small. Corolla 1' in length, yellow, tinged with dull red, gibbous at the base, the short limb in curled segments. Stamens and style exserted. Berries orange-colored. May, Jn. /3.. Sullivantii. Lvs. pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct. the lower ones petiolate.-Ohio, W. S. Sullivant! S. Car. Miss Carpenter! Perhaps distinct. LONICERA. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE2E. 299 3. L. FLAVA. Sims. (C. Fraseri. Ph.) Yellow Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, glaucous beneath, with a cartilaginous margin, upper pair connate-perfoliate; spikes terminal, of close whorls; cor. smooth, tube slender, gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent; fll. smooth.-A beautiful shrub, scarcely twining, mountains, N. Y. to Ga. W. to Wisconsin. Often cultivated. Leaves deciduous, obtuse, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfoliate pair. Flowers in heads of about 10, fragrant. Corolla an inch or more in length, the tube much longer than the limb, bright yellow. Upper lip much broader than the lower, in 4 segments. Jn. J1. t 4. L. GRATA. Ait. (C. gratum. Ph.) Evergreen Honeysuckle. Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate; fls. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls; cor. ringent, tube long, slender, not gibbous at base.-A beautiful climbing species, damp woodlands, N. Y., Penn. and Western States. Leaves opposite or in 3s, margin revolute. Flowers large and very fragrant; 5 or 6 in each whorl. Corolla pale yellow within, becoming reddish without. Stamens exserted. Berries red. The leaves are very obtuse, ending in a short, abrupt point. Jn. 5. L. SEMPERVIRENS. Ait. (C. sempervirens. Michx.) Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. oblong, evergreen, the upper ones connate-perfoliate; fis. in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls; cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricose above.-In moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. and La. Common in cultivation, where few flowers are found more beautiful, although they are deficient in fragrance. Stem woody, twining with the sun. Leaves ovate or elliptical, of a dark, perennial green above. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2' long, dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a fine scarlet without and yellow within. May-Aug. t 6. L. PERICLYMhNUM. Tourn. (C. Periclymenum. Linn.) Woodbine Honeysuckle.-Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, on short petioles; fls. in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads; cor. ringent.-A woody climber, native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturalized. Flowers yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded by red berries. May —J1. t B. quercifolia. (Oak-leaved Honeysuckle.) Lvs. sinuate-lobed. 7. L. CAPRIFOLIUM. (Caprifolium Italicum. R. 4 S.) Italian Honeysuckle.Lvs. deciduous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate; fis. in a terminal verticil; cor. ringent.-Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Flowers of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn.-Aug. t ~ ~ Stem erect. Flowers pedunculate, geminate. XYLOSTEUM. 8. L. CILIATA. Muhl. (Xylosteum ciliatum. Ph.) Fly Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate; corolla limb with short and subequal lobes; tube saccate at base; sty. exserted; berries distinct.-A branching, erect shrub, 3-4f high, found in woods, Me. to Ohio and Can. Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villose beneath when young. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not connate, 3-5-seeded. June. 9. L. OBLONGIFOLIA. Hook. (X. oblongifolium. Goldie.) Livs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath; corolla limb deeply bilabiate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries connate or united into one, globose, purple, bi-umbilicate.-A shrub 3-4f high, in swamps, Can. and N. Y. Leaves almost sessile, 1-2' long, peduncles of equal length. Corolla hairy, greenish-yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two calyces. Jn. 10. L. COERULEA. (X. VilloSUm. MIX. X. Solonis. Eat.) Blue-fr1uited Honeysuckle.-Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smoothish; ped. short, reflexed in fruit; bracts longer than the- ovaries; berries connate or united into one, deep blue.-A low shrub, in rocky woods, Mass. and N. Y., N. to Hudson's Bay. Stem 2f high, with small leaves and pairs of 300 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. SYMPHORICARPUVS. small, yellow flowers, which are longer than their peduncles. Leaves ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, June. 11. L. TARTARiCA. Tartarian Honcysuckle.-Stems erect, much branched; lvs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining and dark green above, paler beneath, entire, on short petioles; pedluncles axillary, solitary, 2-flowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. —An elegant and much admired shrub, from Russia. Grows from 4 to 10f high. Leaves 1-2' by 4-1-', coriaceous. Flowers small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr.-Jn. t 2. DIERVILLA. Tourn. In honor of Dierville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species. Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnelshaped; limb 5-cleft and nearly regular; stamens 5; capsular fruit 2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placenta), manyseeded. —Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous leaves. D. TRIFIDA. Mcench. (D. Tournefortii. Michx. D. Canadensis. Muhl.) Biusl Honeysuckle.-LLvs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles; ped. axillary and terminal- 1-3 flowered; caps. attenuate above.-A low shrub, not uncommon in hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. Stem about 2f high, branching. Leaves 2-4' by 1-11', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ovaries slender, 4-5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Stamens and style much exserted. Stigma capitate. Jn. 3. TRIOSTEUM. Gr. rTpet, three, oareov, a bone; from the three bony seeds. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as the corolla; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal; stamens 5, included; stigma capitate, lobed; fruit drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded; seeds ribbed, bony. —% Herbaeeous, rarely suffruticose. T. PERFOLIATUM. Fever-wort. Lvs. oval-acuminate, connate; fis. axillary, verticillate or clustered.-A coarse, unattractive plant, growing in rocky woods. Stem simple, stout, erect, round, hollow, 3-4f high, covered with soft, clammy hairs. Leaves 6' by 3', entire, abruptly contracted at base, yet always connate, nearly smooth above, pubescent beneath. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 5 or 6. Corolla dull purple, viscid-pubescct, the limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fruit a rather dry drupe, somewhat 3-sided, crowned with the long, leafy, spreading calyx segments, orange-colored when mature, containing 3 bony nuts or seeds. June.-The root is large and fleshy, and in much repute in medicine, having many of the properties of Ipecacuanha. 4. SYMPHORICARPUS. Gr. avv, together, bepO, to bear, Kaprog, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters. Calyx tube globose, limb 4-5-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, the limb in 4-5 subequal lobes; stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla; stigma capitate; berry globose, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive).-Small shrubs, with entire Ivs. and smallfls. 1. S. RACEMOSUS. Michx. (Symphoria. Pers.) Snow-berr'y. FIs. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy racemes; cor. campanulate, densely bearded within; sty. and.sta. included.-A smooth, handsome shrub, 2-3f high, common in cultivation, and native in Western N. Y., Canada, &c. Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, of a snowy white, and very ornamental when ma ture. July, Aug. 2. S. OCCIDENTALTS. R. Br. Wolf-berr'y. Lvts. ovate, obtusish;.srpikes dense, axillary and terminal, sobsessile, nod VIRURNUM. LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 301 ding; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside; sta. and bearded style exserted.-Woods, Mich. to Wis. Lapham! and Can. Shrub 2-4f high. Leaves 1-3' by — 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Corolla rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish-white. Berries white. July. 3. S. VULGOiIS. Michx. (Lonicera symphoricarpus. Linn. Symphoria glomerata. Nutt.)-Lvs. roundish-oval; spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate and crowded; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous; sta. and bearded style included.-River banks, Penn. to Mo. and S. States. Shrub 2-3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Leaves 1 —2 by I-1I', somewhat pubescent. Corolla greenish-red. Berries purple. 5. LINN E A. Gron. In honor of Carl Von Linne, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous; bracteoles at base 2; corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2; berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1-seeded (2 cells abortive).-A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone. L. BOREALIS. Gron.'Twin-flower. The only species,qaative of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen woods, from lat. 390 to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish stems, rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Peduncles filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. TRIBE 2. SAMBUCEXE. Corolla regular, rotate. Stigmas 3-5, nearly sessile. 6. SAM B TJCUS. Lat. sambuca, a musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder. Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, small, sessile; berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded.Shrubs or perennial herbs, with pinnate, or bipinnate lvs: Fls. in cymes. 1. S. CANADENSIS. Common Elder. St. shrubby; cymes 5-parted; Ivs. nearly bipinnate; Ifts. oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth.-A common, well known shrub, 6-10f high, in thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem filled with a light and porous pith, especially when young. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs with an odd one, serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Flowers numerous, in very large (2f broad in Ia!) level-topped cymes, white, with a heavy odor. Berries dark purple. May-J1. 2. S. PUBENS. Michx. Panicled Elder. St. shrubby; cymes paniculate or pyramidal; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and, with the petiole, pubescent beneath. -A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Car., growing about 6f high, often more or less. Leaves simply and unequally pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Flowers in a close, ovoid thyrsus or panicle. Corolla white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn. B. leucocarpa. Berries white.-Catskill Mountains. T. 4- G. 7. VIBURNUM. Lat. viere, to tie; for the pliancy of the twigs of some of the species. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent; corolla limb 5-lobed, segments obtuse; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla; stigmas mostly 302 LXXI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. VIBURNUM. sessile; drupe 1-seeded.-Shrubs or small trees. Lvs. simple, petiolate. Fls. cymose, sometimes radiant. * Cymes radiant, the marginal flowers much larger than the others and neutral. 1. V. LANTANOIDES. Hobble-bush. Wayfaring Tree. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate; pet. and veins covered with a ferruginous down; cymes sessile; fr. ovate.-A shrub, very ornamental when in flower. It is rather common in the rocky woods of N. Eng. and N. Y., which it adorns in early spring with its large cymes of brilliant white flowers. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trailing and rooting. Leaves very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaining only upon the stalk and veins. The radiant, sterile flowers of the cyme are near 1' diam., from a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Inner flowers much smaller, fertile. May. 2. V. OPULUS. a. Americana. Ait. T. & G. (V. Oxycoccus. Ph.) High Cranberry.-Smooth; lvs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed; petioles glandular; cymes pedunculate.-A handsome shrub, 8-12f high, in woods and borders of fields, N. States and Brit. Am. Stems several from the same root, branched above. Leaves with large, remote, blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base, channeled above. Cymes bordered with a circle of large, white, barren flowers, like the preceding species. Fruit resembles the common cranberry in flavor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, remaining upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. June. R. roseum. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. —Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth; petioles glandular; fis. all neutral, in globose cymes.-Native of Europe. This variety is the popular shrub so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelphus, &c. Its dense, spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren flowers. * Cymes not radiant. Flowers all similar and fertile. Leaves lobed or incised. 4. V. ACERIFOLIUM. Maple-leaved Viburnum. Dockmackie. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely serrate; pet. without glands; cymes on long peduncles.-A shrub, 4-6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in woods, Can. and U. S. Leaves broad, rounded and sometimes cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes with sharp serratures, a form not very unlike that of the maple leaf, the under surface, as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexible, ending with a pair of leaves and a long-stemmed, cymose umbel of white flowers. Fruit oval, compressed. Stamens much exserted. June. 5. V. PAUCIPLORUM. Pylaie. Few-flowered Viburnum. Nearly smooth in all its parts; Ivs. roundish, slightly 3-lobed or incised at summit, mostly 5-veined from the base; cymes small and pedunculate, terminating the very short lateral branches; fil. much shorter than the corolla.-A small shrub, with white flowers, Mansfield Mt., Vt. Macrae, White Mts., N. H. Robbins, N. to Newfoundland. 6. V. LENTiGO. Sweet Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate; petiole with undulate margins. —A common, tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10-15f. Leaves smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and half as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy, dilated border on each side. Flowers white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-flavored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn. 7. V. NUDUM. Naked-stalked Viburnum. UWithe Rod. Smooth; Ivs. oval-oblong, revolute at the edge, suberenulate; pet. naked; cymes pedunculate.-A shrub or small tree, 10-15f high, in swamps, U. S. Leaves elliptical, punctate, coriaceous, the margin more or less rolled, nearly entire, smooth as well as every other part, and when full grown, 3 or 4 inches .LXXII. RUBIACE&E. 303 long. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts. Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, sweetish when ripe. June. 93. cassinbides. (V. pyrifolium. Lam.) Lvs. ovate, oval or often rhomboidal, acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig; margin finely serrate; fr. oblong-ovoid. 8. V. PRUNIFOLIUM. Black Haw. Sloe. Lvs. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth; peti-,,les margined with straight, narrow wings.-In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. A shrub or small tree, 10-20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2' long and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are sweet and eatable. June. 9. V. DENTATUM. Arrow-wood. Nearly smooth; Ivs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long stalks; cymes pedunculate.-A shrub, 8-12f high, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow-wood from the long, straight, slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2-3' diam., the upper pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. Flowers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June. 10. V. PUBEscENS. Downy Viburnum. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and somewhat hairy above, on short stalks; stipules 2, subulate; cymes pedunculate; fr. oblong.-In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub, about 6f high. Leaves about 2' long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate appendages (stipular.) at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, fewflowered. Flowers rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn. 11. V. TiNus. Laurestine. — Lvs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts beneath.-An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 4-5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. ORDER LXXII. RUBIACEE.-M-MADDERWORTS. Trees. shrubs, and herbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire. ttip. between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Cal.-Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4 —s-cleft. Cor. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ova. 2- (rarely more) celled. Style single or partly divided. Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell. Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., Stellatme and Cincehne,, to which a third, Loganiece (which has no representatives at the North) is appended by Torrey and Gray. The species of the first Suborder Stellata, are common in the northern parts of both continents; the two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions. Properties. —A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubla tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by several species of Galium. Among the Cinchoneea we find Cinchona and Cephlelis furnishing two of the most valuable of all medicines. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, well known and appreciated everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz., Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea, C. lanceolata, C. magnifolia. &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifigal properties depend upon the presence oi two alkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia, both combined with Kinic acid. Ipecacuanha, the prince of all emetics, is the product of the root of CephielisIpecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchoneae afford substitutes for the true ipecac. Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berries are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700, but since that time, enough l:as been drank in Europe and America to float the British navy. Conspectus of the Genera. Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipules) in verticils... Geliurm. 1 (Ovary with 2 corollas I Mi.chell.. 2 J J aves~~( Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.. Hedyotis. 3 Ovary Carpels 2,1 -seeded, 1 indehiscent.. Spermacoce. 4 Leaves Herbs. (simple. ( Carpels 2 1-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 5 adherent. opposite.? Shrubs, with flowers in globose head s.. Cephalanthu. Ovary nearly free from the calyx. Leaves opposite., Itgelta. 7 26~ 304 LXXII. RUBIACEAE. GALIUM. SUBORDER 1.-S T E L L, A T _ ~ Calyx wholly adherent (superior) to the ovary which is two-celled, two-seeded. Leaves verticillate. Herbs. 1. GALIUM. Gr. yaba, milk; the flowers of one species (G. verum) are used in coagulating milk. Calyx minute, 4-toothed; corolla rotate, 4-cleft; stamens 4, short: styles 2; carpels 2, united, 1-seeded, indehiscent.-Herbs, with slender, 4-angled stems. Lvs. verticillate. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. ASPRELLUM. Michx. Rough Cleavers or Clivers. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards; Ivs. in 6s, 5s or 4s, lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely aculeate; ped. short, in 2s or 3s. —4Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and Northern'States. Stem weak, 2-5f long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Leaves 5-8" by 2 —3". Flowers white, small and numerous. Fruit minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when young. J1. 2. G. TRIFPDUM. Dyers' Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles; lvs. in 5s and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged; parts of the flower mostly in 3s.-[1 In low, wet grounds, Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest of the species. Leaves 3-6" by 1-2", often cuneate at base. Peduncles mostly in 3s, and axillary. Flowers small, white. J1.,B. tinctorium. Torr. (G. tinctorium. Linn.) —St. nearly smooth; lvs. of the stem in 6s, of the branches in 4s; ped. 2-3-flowered; parts of the flower in 4s.-A somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a permanent red. y. latifolium. Torr. (G. obtusum. Bw.)-Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse; ped. 3-flowered; parts of theflower in 4s. 3. G. VERUM. Yellow Bedstraw. Erect; Ivs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rough, linear; fis. densely paniculate.2] Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced. Bigelow. Root long, fibrous. Stem slender, erect, 1-2f high, with short, opposite, leafy, unequal branches. Leaves deflexed, linear, with rolled edges. Flowers numerous, small, yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn.The roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk., 4. G. CONCINNUM. Torr. & Grav. St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; Ivs. in 6s, linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins; ped. filiform, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels; lobes of the corolla acute. Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky. T. 4 G. Ia.! Stems very slender, 10-15' high. Leaves in numerous whorls, 5-8" by 1", slightly broader in the middle. Flowers minute and numerous, white. Jn. ** Fruit lhispid. 5. G. APARINE. Common Cleavers. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly; lvs. in 8s, 7s or 6s, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, l-2-flowered.-( In wet thickets, Can. and Northern States to Ia. Plummer! Stems several feet long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering by their hooked prickles to everything in their way. Leaves 12-20" by 2-3". Flowers numerous, small, white. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn.The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic remedy. O. 6. G. TRIFLORUM. Michx. Tri-flowering Galium. St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining; lvs. in 5s and 6s, lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, l-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin; ped. elongated, axillary, 3- (rarely 2 ) flowered at the extremity; fs. pedicellate; ft. HIDYOTIS. LXXII. RUBIACEXE. 305 hispid with hooked hairs. —% Grows in moist thickets and woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1-3f long, slightly branched. Leaves 1-2' long, i as broad, often obovate. Flowers greenish-white, small. Fruit whitish with its uncinate clothing. J1. 7. G. BOREALE. (G. septentrionale. Bw.) Northern Galium. St. erect, smooth; Ivs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth; fis. in a terminal, pyramidal panicle. —[ Grows in rocky, shady places, Northern States and Brit. Am. Stems If or more high, several together, branched above. Leaves 12-20" by 2-9", tapering to an obtusish point. Flowers numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. Fruit small. J1. 8. G. PILOSUM. Ait. (G. puncticulosum. Michx.) Hairy Galium. St. ascending, hirsute on the angles; lvs. in 4s., oval, indistinctly veined, hirsute both sides and punctate with pellucid dots; ped. several times forked, each division 2-3-flowered; fis. pedicellate. —[ A rare species, found in dry woods and sterile soils, Mass.! to la.! and Tex. Stem 1-2f high, acutely 4angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched. Leaves 9-121" by 4-8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and fruit. Flowers purplish. Jn. 9. G. CIRC)EZANS. Michx. Circcea-like Galium. St. erect or ascending, smooth; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins; ped. divaricate, few-flowered; fr. subsessile, nodding.- Q Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem about If in height, with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Leaves 1-2' by 4-8". Fiowers on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fruit covered with little hooks as in Circaea. Jl.-The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice.,.1 lanceolatum. Torr. (G. Torreyi. Bw.) Very smooth; lvs. lanceolate; fr. sessile.-A fine variety? with larger leaves (2' or more in length); Flowers purple. y.? montantm. T. & G. (G. Littelli. Oakes.) Dwarf; lvs. obovate.-White Mts. Oakes. SUBORDER 2.-C I N C H O N E.E. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate). Stipules between the petioles, often united with them into a sheath. 2. MITCHELLA. In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia. Flowers 2 on each double ovary; calyx 4-parted; corolla funnelshaped, hairy within; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla; stigmas 4; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries.-Evergreen herbs, smooth and creeping, with opposite leaves. M. REPENS. Partridge Berry. St. creeping; Ivs. roundish-ovate, petiolate.-A little prostrate plant found in woods throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem furnished with flat, coriaceous, dark green leaves, and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distinguished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the winter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant. Fruit well flavored but dry and full of stony seeds. Jn. 3. HEDYOTIS. G6'. spvs, sweet, (ova) OTrog the ear; said to cure deafness. Calyx tube ovate, limb 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed; stamens 4, inserted on the corolla; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. -Herbs, rarely shrubs. Lvs. opposite. Stip. connate with the petiole. 306 LXXII. RUBIACE2E. SPERMACOCE. ~ Corolla hypocrateriform, with a long tube, limb glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered. HOUSTONIA. Linn. 1. H. COERULEA. Hook. (Hous. ccerulea. Liun.) Dwarf Pink. Innocence. Radical lvs. ovate-spatulate, petiola te; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous; ped. filiform, 1-2-flowered.-An elegant little plant, found in moist grounds, felds and road-sides, Can. and U. S. Its blossoms appear early, and are- usually found in patches of considerable extent, covering the surface of the ground with a cesrulean hue. The cauline leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate. Stems very slender, forked, 3 —5 high, each branch bearing a flower. Corolla pale blue, yellowish at the centre. May-Aug. 2. H. MINiMA. T. & G. (Houstonia. Beck.) Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching; Ivs. linear-spatulate, much attenuated to the base; ped. axillary and terminal, often longer than the leaves; sds. 10-15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face.-Prairies, &c., Mo.! Tenn.! to La. Very small and delicate, 1 —3' high. Leaves about 5" by 1'. Flowers rose-color. Mar.-May. ~ Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy inside. Flowers in terminal racemes. AMPHIOTIS. DC. 3. H. CILIOLATA. Torr. (Hous. Canadensis. MulM.) Clustered DwarfPink, Radical Ivs. ovate, obtuse, narrow at the base, ciliate on the margin; cauline ones ovate-spatulate, sessile; corymbs terminal, pedicellate; ped. trichotomous; divisions of the calyx lance-linear.-Banks of lakes and rivers, Ontario! Niagara! W. to Ohio. A little plant, stouter than the last. Root-leaves numerous, stem-leaves few. Stems smooth, 4-angled, branched above, and bearing a corymbose cluster of numerous pale purple flowers. Calyx half-adherent, its lobes about half as long as the tube of the corolla. May —July. 4. H. LONGIFOLIA. Hook. (Houstonia longif. Gaert.) Long-leaved Dwarf Pink.-Radical lvs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end; cauline linear or lance-linear, 1-veined; fis. in small, paniculate cymes.-[ Dry hills, N. and Mid. States! to Ark. and Flor. Much more slender than the next, Stems erect, 5-12' high, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Leaves 9-15'" by 2-3", cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. Flowers 2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale-purple, with deeper-colored strip in the throat. Jn. 31. A.. (H. tenuifolia. Nutt.) St. very branching; lvs. very narrow; ped. filifobrm; fis. smaller. 5. H. PURPUREA. Torr; & Grav. (Houstonia. Linn.) St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-5veined, closely sessile; cymes 3-7-flowered, often clustered; calyx segments lance-linear, longer than the capsule.-Mid. and W. States! in woods and on river banks. A very delicate flowerer, about If high. Leaves 1-2'.long, I as wide. Corolla (purple, T. 4 G.) white, scarcely tinged with purple. May-J1. ~ ~ Corolla rotate, tube very short. Seeds 50-60 in each cell. Flowers mostly glomerate in the axils of the leaves. ELATINELLA. TOrr. 4 Gray. 6. H. GLOMERIiTA.. Creeping Green-head. St. assurgent, branching; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, narrowed at the base into a short petiole or sessile; fis. glomerate in the axils and terminal. A plant varying in size from 1 —2 to as many feet, found in swamps, &c., N. Y. to La. Leaves i' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering to each side of the petiole. Stipules 2-cleft into narrow subulate divisions. Calyx in 4 deep, leafy divisions which are much longer than the white, rotate corolla. Stamens scarcely exserted. Style very short. Capsule opening crosswise. Jn.-Sept. 4. SPERMACOCE. Gr. asrep.a, seed, aKJKII, a point; alluding to the pointed seeds. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 2-4-parted; corolla tubular, limb spreading, 4-lobed; stamens 4; stigma 2-cleft; fruit dry, 2-celled, crowned SPIGELIA. LXXII. RUBIACEtE. 307 with the calyx; seeds 2, peltate, furrowed on the face. — lostly her. baceous and tropical. Fls. small, axillary, sessile, whorled. S. GLABRA. Michx. Glabrous, procumbent at base; Irs. opposite, lanceolate, entire; whorls many-flowered; cal. 4-toothed (rarely 5); cor. funnel-form, short, hairy in the throat; anthers included in the tube; stig. subsessile.-River banks, Western States! Stem 1-2f long, terete, with 4 prominent lines, branched. Leaves 2-3' by — 1', tapering to each end. Flowers white, 8-20 in a whorl, subtended by the subulate bracts of the stipules. J1. Aug. —Resembles some of the Labiatea. 5. DIODIA. Gr. Jts, twice, oeovg, tooth; alluding to the two calyx teeth crowning the ovary. Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and fruit, as in Spermacoce, except that the (2 or 3) 1-seeded, separable carpels are both indehiscent; seeds oval, peltate.-American, chiefly tropical herbs, with the habit of Spermacoce in all respects save the indehiscent carpels. 1. D. VIRGINIXNA. (Spermacoce. A. Rich.) Procumbent, nearly glabrous or hirsute; Ivs. lanceolate-linear, sessile, entire; bristles of the stipules longer than the sheaths; fls. solitary, opposite; corolla tube thrice longer than the calyx; sta. exserted; sty. deeply 2-cleft, the lobes filiform. —% Damp places, Ill. to Ga.! and La. Stem 1-2f long, somewhat 4-sided. Leaves 1-2' by 2-44", 1-veined, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Corolla 5" long, hairy inside. May-Sept. 2. D. TERES. Walt. (Spermacoce diodina. Michx.) Procumbent or ascending, hairy or scabrous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, sessile, rough-edged, acute, much longer than the sheaths or fruit; fis. solitary or several in each axil; cor. funnel-form, with a wide tube, twice longer than the calyx; fr. somewhat hairy and 4-sided.-Sandy fields, N. J. to Ill. Mead! and Southern States. Stems rather rigid, much branched, 5-18' long, brownish. Leaves about 1' by 2". Corolla reddish-white, shorter than the reddish-brown bristles. 6. CEPHALANTHUS. Gr. trceaX,7, a head, avcos, a flower; flowers growing in dense heads. Calyx limb 4-toothed; corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft; stamens 4; style much exserted. —Shrubs with opposite leaves and short stipules. Fls. in globose heads, without an invol. C. OCCIDENTALIS. Button Biush. Lvs. opposite, and in 3s, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth; hds. pedunculate.-A handsome shrub, frequenting the margins of ponds, rivers and brooks, U. S. and Can. It is readily distinguished by its spherical heads of flowers, which are near 1' diam., resembling the globular inflorescence of the sycamore Platanus occidentalis). Height about 6f. Leaves spreading, entire, 3-5' by. —3'.'The flowers are tubular, with long, projecting styles, and are inserted on all sides of the round receptacle. July. SUBORDnER 3.-S P I G E Lb I E GE ~ Calyx persistent, almost entirely free from the ovary. Leaves opposite, with intermediate stipules. 7. SPIGELIA. In honor of Adrian Spigelius, Prof. of Anat. and Surg. at Padua, 1578-1625. Calyx 5-parted, segm. linear-subulate; cor. narrowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, equal; stam. 5; anth. convergent; caps. didymous, 2celled, few-seeded. —erbaceous or sufrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Stipules small, interpetiolar. Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes. 305 LXXIII. VALERIANACEE. FEDIAo S. MARYLANDICA. Pink-root. Worm-grass. Erect, simple, nearly glabrous; st. square; Its. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilose; spikes 3-8-flowered; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx; anth. exserted; lobes of the cor. lanceolate; caps. glabrous, shorter than the calyx. —[ In woods, Penn. to Flor. W. to Ill. Mead, and Tenn. Miss Carpenter! An elegant dark green herb, a foot high. Leaves 3-4' by 11t-2I', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules scarcely perceptible. Flowers 1 —2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet without, yellow within. Style exserted. June.-A celebrated anthelmintic. ORDER LXXIII. VALERIANACEJM.- ALERIAN.s. Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules. Cal. adherent, the limb either membranous or resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular or t1nnel-form, 4-5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. Sta. distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ova. inferior, with one perfect cell, and two abortive ones. SdS. Solitary, pendulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. Genera 12, species 185, widely diffused in temperate climates The true valerian of the shops, used in hysteria, epilepsy, &c., is a product of Valeriana officinalis. The roots of several other species possess a heavy odor, and are tonic antispasmodic, febrifilgal, &c. The spikenard (John xii. 3, &c.) of old, valued as a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys Jatamansi. Genera. Limb of the calyx at length a plumose pappus, deciduous. Valeriazr4. i Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete... Fedia. 2 1. VALERIANA. Dedicated to king Valerius, a patron and friend of botanists. Linn. Calyx at first very small, at length forming a plumose pappus; corolla funnel-form, regular, 5-cleft; stamens 3; fruit 1-celled, 1seeded.-% Lvs. opposite, mostly pinnately divided. Fls. in close cymes. 1. V. SYLVATiCA. fi. uliginosa. Wild Valerian. St. erect, striate, simple; radical lvs. ovate or subspatulate, undivided; cauline ones pinnately divided, segments ovate-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, the terminal one often dentate; lobes of the stig. minute, 2 or 3; fr. ovate, compressed, smooth.-Stem 1-2f' high. Swamps, Vt.! to Mich., very rare. Plant nearly smooth. Leaves ciliate with scattered hairs; those of the root petioled, sometimes auriculate at base, those of the stem with 4-8 lateral segments and a large terminal one. Flowers numerous, rose-colored, appearing in July. 2. V. PAUCIFLORA. Michx. Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base; radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles,. crenate-serrate; cauline pinnately 3-7-parted; Ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest; cymules fewflowered, corymbose; corolla tube long and slender.-Ohio! to Va. and Tenn. Stem mostly simple, 1-2f high. Leaves of the succors mostly undivided, 1if' by — 1f', petioles 1 —4 long. Flowers pale purple, I' in length. Jn. J1. 3. V. CILIATA. Torr. & Gray. Simple, smooth and somewhat fleshy; lvs. lance-linear, some of them pinnately cleft into 3-7 lance-linear, acute segments, margins densely and minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base; cauline ones few, with linear segments; panicle compound; fr. compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late calyx limb of 10 or 12 plumose setR.-Low grounds, Can,, Wis.! Ohio! Root yellowish, fusiform. Stem 1-3f high. Root-leaves many, 3 —8 long, segments 2-4A" wide. Flowers white, in a close panicle, which is greatly expanded in fruit. June. 2. FEDIA. Adans. Perhaps fromfardus; on account of the strong odor of some of the species. Calyx limb 3-6-toothed and persistent, or obsolete; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, regular; stamens 2 or 3; fruit 2 or 3-celled, 1-seeded. -() Lvs. opposite, sessile. One or two cells of the fruit abortive. DIPSACUs. LXXIV. DIPSACE2E. 309 1. F. FAGOPYRUM. Torr. & Gray. (Valerianella radiata. Moarnch.) Wild Corn-salad or Lamb Lettuce.-St. dichotomous, nearly smooth; lvs. oblongspatulate, subentire; fr. 3-sided, obscurely — 3-toothed at the summit.-Western N. Y. to Ohio! Stem 8-18' in height. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Fruit resembling that of buck-wheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum) in form, containing one large seed and two empty cells. Flowers white. June. 2. F. RADIATA. Michx. Lvs. entire, or toothed towards the base, obtuse; fis. white; fr. ovoid, pubescent, somewhat 4-angled, obscurely 1-toothed at apex; empty cells not divergent, but with a groove between them; fertile cell flattish, broader than the other 2.-Low grounds, Mich.! Ohio! to La. Stem 6-12' high, dichotomous like the other species, smooth. Leaves oblong, more or less tapering to the base, 1-2' by 2-4". Fruit less than 1" long, at length nearly smooth. May. 3. F. OLITORIA. Vahl. Pawnee Lettuce. Fr. compound, oblique, at length broader than long, not toothed at apex; fertile cell larger than both the others; empty cells united, but with a groove between; lvs. spatulate-obtuse, radical ones petiolate; Jls. pale blue.-Natural. ized in some portions of the U. S. Stem smooth, 8-12' high, dichotomous. Leaves mostly entire. Flowers in dense cymules. Fruit 1' diam. June. $ 4. F. UMBILICATA. W. S. Sullivant. Fruit subglobose, inflated, apex 1-toothed, the anterior face deeply umbilicate, sterile cells several times larger than the fertile one; bracts subspatulatelinear, not ciliate.-Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant! Plant smooth in all its parts, 1-2f high, many times dichotomous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clasping, dilated and coarsely dentate at base, 11'-3' by 3-10". Flowers in numerous cymules, corymbosely arranged. Fruit nearly 1" diam., with 1 rib at the back produced into a tooth at apex, and a conspicuous depression in front. ORDER LXXIV. DIPSACEE. —TEASELWORTS. Herbs or low shrubs, with whorled or opposite leaves. Fls. collected upon a common receptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. Cal. adherent, often pappus-like, surrounded by a scarious involucel. Cor. tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4-5-parted. Sta. 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, often unequal. Anthers distinct. Ova. inferior, one-celled, one-ovuled. Style one, simple. Fr. dry, indehiscent, with a single suspended seed. Genera 6, species 150. The order is nearly allied to the Composite. The species are all natives of the temperate regions of the Eastern continent, none of them American. Their properties are unimportant. One of the species below is useful in dressing cloth. 1. DIPSACUS. Gr. DrJao, to thirst; alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves. Flowers in heads; involucre many-leaved; involucel 4-sided; calyx superior; corolla tubular, 4-cleft; fruit 1-seeded,. crowned with the calyx. —( Plants large, hairy or prickly. Lvs. opposite, connate (sometimes distinct) at base. 1. D. SYLVESTRIS. Mill. Wild Teasel. Lvs. connate, sinuate or jagged; hds. cylindrical; bracts of the involucre longer than the head of flowers, slender and pungent, bent inwards.-A tall, naturalized, European plant, growing in hedges and by road-sides, Mass. to Ia.! Stem about 4f high, angled and prickly, with the opposite, lance-shaped leaves united around it. Flowers bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head whose bracts or scales are not hooked as in the next species, but straight. July. ~ 2. D. FULLONUM. Fullers' Teasel.-iLvs. connate; entire or serrate; lid. cylindrical; bracts hooked; invol. spreading.-A cultivated, European plant. Root fleshy, tapering. Stem erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5f high. Leaves two at each node, united at their bases around the stem in such a way as to hold a qu antity of water. Flowers whitish, in large, oval or ovoid heads. Cul 310 LXXV. COMPOSITAE. tivated for the use of the clothiers (fullonum), who employ the heads with their hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose they are fixed around the circumference of a revolving drum. Flowers in July. $ 2. SCABIOSA. Lat. scabies, leprosy; plants said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. Flowers in heads; involucre many-leaved; involucel nearly cylindrical, with 8 little excavations; calyx limb consisting of 5 setre, sometimes partially abortive. —% Large, mostly lEuropean herbs with opposite leaves. 1. S. sUCCiSA. Devil's-bit.-Rt. premorse; stein lvs. remotely toothed; hds. offis. nearly globose; cor. in 4 equal segments.-In gardens, though rarely cultivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet. t 2. S. ATROPURPUREA. Mourning Bride.-Lvs. pinnatifid and incised; hds. of fis. radiant; receptacle cylindric; outer crown of the seed short, lobed and crenate.A beautiful species, 2-4f high, with dense heads of dark purple flowers. t ORDER LXXV. COMPOSITE.- ASTERWORTS. 2lants herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate or opposite, without stipules. simple though often much divided. Fls. collected into a dense head (capitulum), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (scales). Cal. closely adherent to the ovary, the lime wanting, or membranaceous and divided into bristles, hairs, &c., called pappus. Cor. superior, consisting of 5 united petals either ligulate or tubular. Sta. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Anth. cohering into a cylinder. Ova. infbrior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2-cleft, the inner margins of the branches occupied by the stigmas. Fr. an achenia, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, crowned with the pappus. This is the most extensive and most natural of all the orders of the vegetable kingdom, always distinguished at sight by the capitate flowers and the united anthers. It comprehends 1005 genera (at present known 1846), and about 9000 species; being nearly one-ninth of all the species of flowering plants. The general inflorescence is centrifuigal, that is, the central or terminal heads are first developed, while the inflorescence of the heads is centripetal, the outer flowers first expanding. In color the flowers are various; sometimes those of the disk and ray are of different colors, again they are all of the same, but in the former case the disk florets are alhnost always yellow. This immense order is diffused throughout all countries of the globe, but in very different proportions. According to Humboldt, they constitute about one-seventh of the Phaenogamous Flora of Germany, oneeighth, of France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of North America (north of Mexico), and one-half' Tropical America. In New Holland they are in the proportion of about one-sixteenth, according to Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are one-half. The Liguliflore are said to be most abundant in cold regions, and the Tubulifloraw in hot regions. The Labiatiflora) are almost exclusively confined to South America. In the northern parts of the world the Cornpositae are universally herbaceous, but towards the tropics they gradually become frutescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on the island of St. Helena they are trees. Properties, -c. —The Compositae furnish comparatively few useful products. A bitter principle pervades the whole, which, when combined with resin and astringent mucilage, becomes tonic andfebrifugal, as in the camomile, colt's-foot, thoroughwort, goldenrod, &c. Some are anthelmintics from the prevalence of the resinous principle, as tansey, Artemisia, Vernonia. Others are aromatic and extremely bitter, as wormwood and all the species of Artemisia. Other species are very acrid, as mayweed. the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), the vegetable oyster (Tragopogon), the true artichoke (Cynara), lettuce, dandelion and a few others, are the only species useful for food. The order abounds in ornamental plants of the highest interest to the florist, and of easy culture. Among these are the splendid Dahlias and Chinese Chrysanthema, with the numerous progeny of Aster, Helianthus, Xeranthemum, Coreopsis and multitudes of others, constituting the richest ornaments of the autumnal flower garden. The inflorescence of the Compositre is peculiar, and its real nature often complex and obscure. The following definitionsof terms are given with reference to this order only, and if understood, will remove many difficulties that lie in the student's way in the investigation of this subject. Capitulum or head (comporondflower of the earlier botanists); a collection of flowers (florets) on a common receptacle (rachis), as in Aster. Helianthus, &c Involucre (calyx by analogy) is the lower and outer envelope of the head. Scales; the modified leaves or bracts composing Whe involucre. Monophyllous involucre; where the scales are united by their edges. Polyphyllous involucre; where the scales are distinct. S;imple involucre; where the scales are equal and arranged in a single row. [short ones. Caclyculate involucre; where a single row of scales is surrounded at base by an outer row of very Imbricated involucre; where the scales are in several rows the outer ones becoming gradually shorter. The Receptacle or rachis is the dilated extremity of the peduncle, inclosed by the involucre, and upon which the flowers stand. It is Columnar, fiat, conical or depressed, according to its form; Paleaceous or chary, where the flowers are subtended by chaffy scales which are analogous to bracts; Alveolate, where it presents the appearance of a honey-comb, each flower having been surrounded by a membranous rim or involucel; Areolate, where the alveoli are reduced to a mere line; Fimbrillate, where the alveoli are split into teeth or bristles; ANakled, when smoothish, beinig destitute of chaff, alveoli, bristles, &c. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 311 The Jtfnoers are moreover said to be Of the disk, where they stand in or near the centre of the head; Of the ray, when they stand in the outer circle or circumference of the head. Ligulate (strap-shaped), when the limb is split on one side and spread open in the form of a strap. Tubular, when they are monopetalous with a regular limb. The heads are termed Homoganmous, where they consist wholly of perfect flowers; Heterogamous, where the flowers of the disk are perfect or staminate, while those of the ray or margin are pistillate or neutral Radiant, where the lowers are all ligulate, as in the dandelion; Radiate, where those of the ray or margin only are ligulate, the rest being tubular, as in Aster; Discoid, where all the flowers are tubular, as in the thoroughivort; Montrcious, where the same head has both staminate and pistillate flowers; Heterocephalous, where the same individual plant has some of its heads wholly ofstaminate, and others wholly of pistillate flowers. Di.cious, where the same species has some of its individuals with staminate heads only, and others with pistillate heads only. The anthers are usually appendiculate, that is, prolonged at the summit into a membranous appendage. The achenia are termed Rostrate, when they are prolonged at the summit into a slender neck supporting the pappus, as in the dandelion; Compressed, when they are flattened parallel with the diameter of the head; Obcompresed, when flattened parallel with the circumference of the head. 1 17 FIG. 47.-1. Helianthus strumosus-head radiate. 2. Vertical section of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. 3. A perfect disk-flower magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tubular corolla, the 5 stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 4. Head (radiate) of Solidago cmesia. 5. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A (radiant) head of Taraxacum Densleonis. 8. A perfect, ligulate fl. 9. Achenium, with its long beak and plumose pappus. 10. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altisslmus. 11. A flower. 12. Lappa maor, head discoid. 13. A flower. 14. One of the hooked scales. 15. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 16. A flower. 17. Ambrosia artemisiafolia. 18. Staminate head enlarged. 19. Pistillate involucre enlarged. 20. The fertile flower. Conspectus of the Genera. Leaves alternate.. Corollas cyanic. Leaves opposite or verticillate. ~ 2 discoid. Corollas yellow.. ~ 3 ( Leaves alternate... ~ 4 Rays yellow.. Leaves opposite or all radical. 5 raia y cni Leaves opposite or all radical. ~ 6 adiate. Rays cyanic.. Leaves alternate... ~ 7 Heads lradiant.......... 8 -27 t212 LXXV. COMPOSITAf. Pappus capi.. V" Scales much imbricated. Pappus plumose. Liatir. spreading, petaloid. Hymnenopase. S0 Scales in 2 series,..erect, greenish.. Elephantopus. 2 Flowersallpefect..Scales in 1 row or series...... Cacalia. 51 { Receptacle Heads heterogamous. Onalphalium. 54 Scales not chafly. Heads diecious. Antennaria. 55 colored. C Receptacle chaffy.... Filago. 56 Fls.all'5 Invol. imbricated.. Pluchea. 23 equal. Invol. calyculate.. Erechtites. 57 Plants Scales q Herbs. Ray flowers larger, sterile. Centaurea. 62 unarmed. MFls. notall perfect. green. Shrubby. Heads diecious.. Bacchari. 24 Scales acute- Achenia smooth.. Cirsium. 69 (with spinose cuspidate... Achenla rugose, 4-angled. Onolpordom. 67 Jleaves..... Scales emarginate-mucronate.. Cynara. 68 | _ Heads homogamous.... Lappa. 70 S1. Plants eamed. Iwith spinose heads only. ( Heads heterocephalous.... Xanithium. 58 Recept;ace fl at.. patoriunE. 4 homogamous. tReceptacle conical. Conoclins l Heads many, heterocephalus.... Ambrosia. 9 erect. Head solitary, terminal....... clerolepfs. 3 Stem herbaceous, I climbing and twining. Mikania. 5 2. t Stem shrubby. Heads monoecious... a. 60 Heads corymbose.. Tanacemt/m. 53 erect. Heads racemose.. Artemisia. 52 dry, spreading, petaloid, yellow. Xeranthemum. 65 s green.. Sesneco. 49 erect, close, yellowish. Bigelovia. 22 C( orollas S calesunarmed, herbaceous, spreading and loose. Carthasmus. 64 Leaves 11 equal. Scales of the involucre doubly spinose. Onc6us. 66 elterirte. Outer corollas enlarged and sterile....... Amberboa. b3 S Awns of the achenia retrorsely hispid.. Bine. 46 ~.'Leaves opposite. Awise ifthe achenia upwardly hispid. Coreops8. 45 Heads small. Solidago. 18 ( Involucre Pappus simple.? Hds.very large.Inua. 21 J imbricated. Pappusdouble. Hds. midl. size..Chry8apgs. 20 flat or Involuc. not Outer scales very short or 0...Senecio. 49 convex. Limbricated. Outer scales equal to the inner. Calendula. 61 {...ie t nt cp Ce SRay flowers pistillate... Helenium. 36 Recepflenotclht*, conical or globose... ~ Ray flowers neutral... Leptopoda, 43 1'~~~~~ 5~ ~Aehenia quadrangular.. Rudbeckia. 30 Pappus minute or 0. Achenia compressed.. Lepachys. 32 Rays Pappus of 2 caducous awns. Achenia wingless. Helianthus. 34 sterile. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Achenia winged. ACtinomeri. 44 kS k Rei l~e chaffy. ( Rays fertile. Ach. obcompressed (parallel with the scales). Silphizum. 27 Awns ofach. retrorsely hispid. Bidens. 46 Involucre double.? Awns of ach. erectly hispid.. Voreoaeis. 45 Rays sterile. Involucre imbricate in 3 or more rows.... Helianthus. 34 1 Achenia obovoid, thick... Polymnia. 26 ( disk sterile.... Achenia obcompressed, winged.Silphium. 27 Receptaclk, Receptacle nearly flat... Verbesina. 47 chaffy. -Rays fertile ( disk perfect.... Receptacle conical..... Heliopsis. 29 _.~ ~~~ Scales 5, united in 1 row.. Tagetes. 35 ipinnate. Sc. in 2 rows, outerrow distinct. Dysodia. 48 S Lv. opposite, undivided. Scales distinct... Arnica. 25 S 5. Recet. not chaffy. Leaves radical, appearing after the solitary head... Tussilago. 8 $ Rays white, shorter than scales. cipta. Eclipta. 19 Receptacle flat. (Rays rose color.. Coreops/. 45 simple. Receptacle conical, with large paleie.. Zinnia. 33 (Leaves opposite, pinnately divided. Inner invol. of 8 united scales.. Dahlia. 16 Heads corymbose....... Nardosmid. 9 5. Leaves l radical..... Head solitary, heterogamous.. Bellis. 15 5 Achenia silky. Rays about 5.. Sericocarps. 11 Pappus copious. Achenia smoothish. Rays 6-100. Aster. 10 simple, of 2 short bristles and severalminute ones. Boltonia. 17 ilveolate. ~ Heads middle size... Diplopaps. 12 falveolate. [Pappus double. Heads very large.... Callistephus. 14 (Pappus capillary. Invol. subsimple. Rays 20 —200. Erigeron. 13 Reeeptacle ] Involucre depressed, broad.. Leucanthemum. 40 not chaffy, smoothish. (Pappus none... Involucre hemispherical... Chrysanthemum.42 Rays pistillate.. Anthemis. 37 IJJ. Sinely divide Disk fls. yellow. ( Rays neutral.. Maruta. 38 fLvs. finely divided. Disk fls. white. Rays pistillate..Achillea. 39 I~~~ 1J~~~~~ ~ t~3 or 4.. Verbesina. 47 I Rays very short, white, ( 5... Partheniunsm. 28 S 7. Receptacle chaffy. Leaves undivided. Rays very large, purple.. Echinacea. 31 S in 2-3 rows. Troximon. 81 5 Scales of the invol. equal. in 1 row... Krigia. 72 Flowers yellow. Outer scales shortest, pappus capillary.. Taraxicum. 82 Lvs. radical. Flowers white; pappus plumose........ Leontodon. 74 Pappus single, bristly. Hieracivmu 79 Lvs. unarmed. Pap. double, outerscaly. Cynthia. 73 ( Fls. yellow. Lvs. spinose-dentate; pappus very white. Sonchvs. 83 Achenia Flowers blue. Pappus small, scaly. Cichorium. 71 not rost. Fls. whitish or cream color. Pap. copious, capillary. Nabalus. 80 with a fili- Involucre with calyculate scales. Lactuca. 77 Achenia, form beak. ~ Involucre without calyculate scales.. Tragopogon. 75 5 S. LLvi. cauline. [rostrate. with a short, thick beak; involucre imbricate... Mlgedium2. 78 LERnOL.EPIS. LXXV. COMPOSITtE. 313 SUBORDER I.-T U B U L I F L O R. Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft, or lobed. TRIBE 1. VERNONIACE2E. Heads discoid, homogamous. Branches of the style subulate, hispid throughout. 1. VERNONIA. Schreb. Named for Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants. Flowers all tubular; involucre semicylindric, of ovate, imbricated seales; receptacle naked; pappus double, the exterior chaffy; the interior capillary.-I- Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. mostly alternate. 1. V. NOVEBORACENSIS. Willd. New York Vernonia. Iron-weed. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough; cyme fastigiate; scales of znvolucre filiform at the ends.-A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3-6f high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corollas deep purple, the former ending in long, thread-like appendages. Sept..8. praalta. Less. (V. praalta. Willd.) St. and Ivs. beneath pubescent; scales nearly destitute of the filiform appendages.-Rather taller than the preceding. 2. V. FASCICULATA. Michx. Iron-weed. St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentose; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate; hds. numerous, in a somewhat fastigiate cyme; invol. ovoid-campanulate; scales appressed, mucronulate or obtuse.-Woods and prairies Western States, very common! A coarse, pur. plish-green weed 3 —1f high. Leaves 4-8' by 1-2', smooth above. Cymes compact, or loose. Heads large, or small. Corollas showy, dark purple, twice longer than the involucre. J1. Aug. A. Taller and more branching, with smaller heads.-Woods, Ia.! 2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Gr. eXcoas, elephant, 7rove, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species. Heads 3-5-flowered, glomerate; flowers all equal; involucre compressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series; corolla palmateligulate, 5-cleft, segments acuminate; achenia ribbed, hairy; pappus chaffy-setaceous. —I Erect, with alternate, subsessile leaves. Corolla violet purple. E. CAROLINrINUS. Willd. St. branched, leafy, hairy; lvs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower ones on petioles, upper ones subsessile; hds. terminal and subterminal. —Dry soils, Penn., Ohio! to Flor. and La. Stem 20-30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem leaves 5-7' by 3-5', upper about 2' by 111', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the small heads in the form of an involucre. J1.-Sept. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIACEAE. l-eads discoid or radiate. Branches of the style much elongated, obtuse, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside. Anthers not cordate. Leaves mostly opposite. Section 1. Heads discoid, homogamous. 3. SCLEROL]PIS. Cass. Gr. crx)tpos, hard, Xc7)rts, a scale. Head many-flowered; scales of the involucre equal, linear, in 2 314 LXXV. COMPOSITEE. EUPATORIUM. series; receptacle naked; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat; branches of the style much exserted; achenia 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5, obtuse, horny scales.-Q- Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1-3 terminal heads. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. purple. S. VERTICILLATA. Cass. (Sparganophorus. Michx.) In shallow water, N. J. to Flor. Stem decumbent at base, 1-2f high. Leaves in numerous whorls of about 6, linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in length. Head commonly solitary, at top of the stem. J1. Sept. 4. EUPATORIUM. Dedicated to Eupater, king of Pontus, who first used the plant m medicine. Flowers all tubular; involucre imbricate, oblong; style much exserted, deeply cleft; anthers included; receptacle naked, flat; pappus simple, scabrous; achenia 5-angled. —% Herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. Hds. corymbose..Fls. of the cyanic series, that is, white, blue, red, 4tc.. never yellow. * Leaves verticillate. Flowers purple.t 1. E. FISTUL6SUM. Barratt. (E. purpureum. Willd. in part. E. macu. latum. Linn. in part. E. purpureum. y. angustifolium. T. 4. G.) Trumpet-weed.-St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-purple, striate or fluted; Ivs. in about 12 whorls of 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glandular-serrate; midvein and veinlets livid purple; corymb globose, with whorled peduncles.-Thickets, U. S. and Can., very abundant in the Western States! Height 6-10f, hollow its whole length. Leaves, including the 1' petiole, 8' by 2'. Corymb often If diam. Flowers purple. The glaucous hue and suffused redness of this majestic plant are most conspicuous in flowering-time. It does not appear to possess the acrid properties of E. maculatum. July-Sept. 2. E. MACULATUM. (E. purpureum, A. Darl.) Spotted Eupatorium. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous glands and purple lines; the glands on the stem and leaves give out an acrid effluvium in flowering-time; Ivs. tripli-veined, 3 —5 in a whorl.-Low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 4-6f high. Leaves petiolate, 6-7' by 3-4', strongly serrate. Flowers purple. July-Sept..0. urticxfolium. Barratt. Height 4-5f; st. solid, slender; Ivs. thin, much longer than the usual fborm of E. maculatum. 3. E. PURPUREUM. Linn. not of DC. Willd. nor Ph. (E. verticillatum. Willd.) St. solid, glabrous, green, sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1' broad; lvs. feather-veined, in whorls of 3, 4 and 5, smooth above, with a soft pubescence beneath along the midvein and veinlets, coarsely serrate. -Dry woods or meadows, common, U. S. and Can. Stem 6f high. Leaves thin and soft, 9-12' (including the 1' petiole) by 3 —4. Corymb lax, pale purple, varying to whitish. Aug. Sept. 0. album. Barratt. (E. trifobliatum. Darl.) TEs. dull white; Ivs. 5 in a whorl, large and distant.-It occurs also with 4 leaves in a whorl-a tall variety, upper leaves subfalcate; also with 3 leaves in a whorl-tall and slender. 4. E. TERNIFOLIUM. Ell. (in part.) St. solid, somewhat hispid and glandular, greenish, with purple dots and lines; Ivs. mostly 3 in a whorl, the upper and last whorls smooth and finely serrate. 0. vesinclosum. Barratt. St. striate, purplish, solid, 2-3f high.-Abundant in meadows and pastures. A handsome variety, with a profusion of purple flowers in a large, spreading corymb. The leaves present a vesicular appearance in a remarkable degree on their upper surface. * Leaves opposite. Heads 3-5-flowered. 5. E. HYSSOPIFOLIUM. Narrow-leaved Eupatorium. L/vs. opposite (the upper ones alternate), often verticillate, linear-lanceot This section according to Dr. Barratt. See preface. EUPATORIUM. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 315 late, tripli-veined, punctate, lower ones subserrate, upper ones entire.-A more delicate species, smooth in all its parts, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, Mass.! to La. Stem about 2f high, branching, with numerous narrow leaves, which are mostly opposite, and a spreading corymb at the summit. Heads 5-flowered. Outer scales shortest, the others shorter than the purplish flowers. Aug. Sept. 6. E. LEUCOLEPIS. T. & G. (E. glaucescens. Rl. leiucolepis. DC. E. linearifolium. Mx.)-St. mostly simple; lvs. lanceolate or linear, obtuse, reosely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined; corymb fastigiate, vanescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8-10, scarious at the summit, as long as the fowers.-Sandy fields, N. J. to La. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves 1-2- by — t', glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stem, upper ones linear and entire. Corolla dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug.-Oct. 7. E. ALTISsiMUM. (Kuhnia glutinosa. DC.) Goldenrod Eupatorium. St. pubescent-tomentose, tall, corymbose at the summit; lvs. lanceolate, acutely serrate above the middle, pubescence tapering to each end, subsessile, conspicuously 3-veined; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8-12, obtuse, pubescent.Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and Western States, Plummer! Stem round, striate, 3-7f high. Leaves 3 —4 by 1 —1', much resembling those of Sglidago Canadensis; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb compound, consisting of many simple, subcapitate ones. Corollas whitish, nearly twice as long as the scales. Sept. Oct. 8. E. ALBUM. (E. glandulosum. MicAx.) White.fiowered Eupatoriurm. St. pubescent; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, scabrous or pubescent, acute, obscurely 3-veined; corymb fastigiate; hds. 5-flowered; scales,-14, lance-linear, setaceously acuminate, scarious on the margin, and much longer than the flowers; ach. glandular.-Sandy fields, Penn. to La. Stem about 2f high, numerously divided above. Leaves 2-3' by i-i', upper ones entire and alternate. Involucre concealing the flowers, and with them copiously sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug.-Oct. 9. E. TEUCRIFOLIUM. Willd. (E. verbeneefolium. Mx. E. pubescens. Pers.) Hairy Eupatorium.-Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, the upper ones subserrate or entire; st. paniculate, pubescent, with fastigiate, corymbose branches above.-Mass.! to La. Plant hairy, 2-3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymb of white flowers. The upper leaves are often entire. Involucre 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug. 10. E. SESSILIFOLIUM. Sessile-leaved Eupatorium. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, very smooth, serrate; st. smooth.-Plant 2-4f high, in rocky woods, Mass. to Ia.! and Ga. Stem slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb with white flowers. Leaves large, tapering regularly from the somewhat truncate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneath. Flower-stalks downy. Heads 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in two rows. Sept. 11. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM. Willd. Hoarhtound. Lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, 3-veineal and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; hds. about 5-flowered, inner scales acuminate, as long as. the flowers.-A slender species, in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. Stem 2-3f high, roughish. Leaves 1-2-' long, I as wide, mostly obtuse. Heads fastigiate-corymbose. Involucre very pubescent, outer scales shorter than the inner. Flowers white. Pappus longer than corolla. Styles much exserted. Aug. Sept. 12. E. PUBESCENS. Muhl. (E. ovatum. Bw.) Hairy Eupatorium. St. hirsute; Ivs. opposite, sessile, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough, pubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered.-A large, rough plant, -f high, growing in dry grounds, N. H.! to Penn. Distinguished by its opposite, broadly ovate leaves, and its strong pubescence. Involucre of about 12 pubescent scales, the outer much the shortest. Aug O)27* 316 LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. CONOCLINIUM. * * * Leaves opposite. Heads 8-20-fiowered. 13. E. PERFOLIATUM. TihorouZghwort. Boneset. Lvs. connate-perfoliate, very pubescent.-A common, well known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can. Abundant. Stem 1-5f high, round, rough and hairy. Each pair of leaves are so united at the base as to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stem, and placed at right angles to it; they are rough, rugose, serrate, tapering to a long point, and both combined, are 8-14' in length. Heads about 12-flowered, clustered in large, terminal corymbs. Corollas white. Aug.-The plant is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic. 14. E. RESINOSUM. Torr. St. minutely tomentose; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, tapering to a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly glandular both sides; corymb fastigiate, compound; Alds. 10-15-flowered; scales obtuse, hoarytomentose.-Wet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. Stem 2 —3f high, growing in tufts. Leaves 3-6' by 3-6". Aug. Sept.-This singular species appears to be nearly confined to the pine barrens of N. J., where it was first found by Dr. Torrey. 15. E. AGERATOiDES. Nettle-leaved Euzpatorium. St. smooth, somewhat branched; lvs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, acumiaate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth; corymbs compound; invol. simple, smooth. —Rocky hills and woods, Can. and U. S. Stem round, 2-4f high, and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Leaves large, 3-6' long, 2-4' broad at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1-2' long. Heads numerous, in small clusters, constituting a compound corymb. Involucre scales mostly in a row, containing 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug. Sept. 16. E. AROMATiCUM. Aromatic Eupatorium. St. rough, pubescent, corymbose at summit; Ivs. petiolate, opposite, subcordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish; invol. simple, pubescent.-A handsome species, in low woods, Mass. to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Leaves 2-4' long, J as wide, on petioles less than an inch long. Heads of the flowers large, 10-15-flowered, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug. Sept. 17. E. SEROTINUM. Michx. St. puberulent, diffusely branched; *vs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, tripli-veined, nearly glabrous; corymbs compound; hds. 12-15flowered; scales 10-12, scarious-edged, very pubescent. Ill. Mead, to Ga. Stem 4-6f' high, somewhat paniculate above. Leaves 4-6' by — 1i', upper ones nearly entire, and somewhat scattered, lower ones opposite, with large, irregular serratures. Sept. Oct. 5. MIKANIA. Willd. In honor of Professor MIikan, of Prague. Flowers all tubular; involucre 4-6-leaved, 4 —6-flowered; receptacle naked; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous; anthers partly exserted; achenia angled.-Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opposite. M. SCANDENS. Willd. Climbing Boneset. St. smooth; lvs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, rather unequal; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs.-A climbing plant of wet thickets, Mass.! to Ga., rather rare. Every part smooth. Leaves 2-3' by 1 —2', on petioles 1-2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of whitish, or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. 6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. Gr. KovoS, cone, KX)vl7, bed or receptacle. Heads many-flowered; receptacle conical. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium. —% Herbaceous or sufi'uticose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs. LIATRIS. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 317 C. CrELEST1NUM. DC. (Ccelestina ccerulea. Spreng. Eupatorium celestinum. Linn.)-Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much branched; Ivs. deltoidovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenateserrate, veiny; petioles slender, about half as long as the lamina; corymbs numerous, subumbellate; scales numerous, setaceous.-Hedges, thickets, roadsides, &c., Penn. and S. and W. States! Stem 1-2-f high, terete, with opposite branches. Leaves 1-21' long, * as wide. Flowers 20-50 in a head, of a light or sky-blue, reddish in fading. Aug. Sept. 7. LIAT RIS. Gr. Xt, an emphatic prefix, arpcog, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary. Flowers all tubular; involucre oblong, imbricate; receptacle naked; pappus plumose, copious; achenia obconic, 10-striate; styles much exserted. —% herbs or shrubs. Root tuberous. St. simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. cyanic. * Heads 16-60-flowered. 1. L. SQUARR6SA. Willd. Blazing Star. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent; lvs. linear, lower ones attenuated atbase; rac. flexuous, leafy; hds. few, sessile or nearly so; invol. ovate-cylindric; scales large, squarrose-spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, scarcely colored; fis. numerous, pappus plumose.-A splendid plant, native (in N. Y. according toProf. Eaton) Penn. to Flor. and W. States! Stem 2 — 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Heads 5-20, with brilliant purple flowers. Aug. t 2. L. CYLINDRACEA. Michx. St. low, slender and very leafy, smooth or somewhat hirsute; lvs. rigid, linear, mostly 1-veined; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15-20flowered; scales short, close, rounded or obtuse and abruptly mucronate at apex.Prairies and barrens, Mich. to Mo. Stem 6-18' high. Leaves 2-5' by 2 —4". Heads 1' long, rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Flowers bright purple. 3. L. SCARI6sA. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller; hds. remotely racemed; invol. globose-hemispherical; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish; fls. numerous; pappus scabrous.-A beautiful plant, 4-5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Mass. (Rickard!) to Ill.! and La. Stem rather stout, whitish above. Leaves numerous, entire, lower 3-9' long, upper 1 —3 by 1 —3", rough-edged. Heads 5-20, 1' diam., in a long raceme, each 20-40-flowered. Corolla purple. Aug. t * * Heads 5-15-flowered. 4. L. GRAMINIFOLIA. Willd. Torr. & Gray. Grass-leaved Liatris. Glabrous or with scattered hairs; st. slender and simple; Ivs. linear, 1veined; hds. 7-12-flowered, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; involucre acute at base; scales many, obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; acA. hairy.-N. J. to Ala. f.? dubia. (L. pilosa. /f. dubia. Ph. L. dubia. Bart.) Inflorescence sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate.-Pine barrens, N. J. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves 3-6' by 2-4". Heads rather small. Sept. Oct. 5. L. SPICATA. Willd. Slender-spiked Liatris. Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at base; hds. in a long, terminal spike, nearly sessile; Yts. of the invol. oblong, obtuse; fis. about 8; pappus scabrous-plumose.-Native from N. J. and Mich. r to Flor. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. Stem 2-5f high. Heads numerous, with bright purple flowers. Aug. t fl. resinosa. T. & G. (L. resinosa. Nutt.) Plant smaller; hds. about 5. flowered. 6. L. PYCNOSTACHYA. Michx. Thick-spiked Liatris. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy; lvs. rigid, ascending, straight, $18 LXXV. COMPOSIT&E. ASTEr. lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear; spike dense and thick, long and bracted below; hds. numerous, cylindrical, sessile, 5-flowered; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrose tips — Prairies, Ill.! to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata chiefly by its acute, squarrose scales and few-flowered heads. Stem 3 —5f high. Spikes cylindrical, 10-20' long. B. T. & G. (L. brachystachya. Nutt.) St. and invol. nearly glabrous. Section 2. Heads radiate. 8. TUSSILAGO. Altered from the Lat. tussis, cough; considered a good expectorant. Heads many-flowered; flowers of the ray 9, those of the disk c; involucre simple; receptacle naked; pappus capillary.-2- Lvs. radicazL Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. T. FARFiRA. Colt's-foot. A low plant, in wet places, brook sides, N. and Mid. States, and is a certain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head, in March and April, long before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 5-8' by 3 —6, cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cottonlike down beneath, and on downy petioles. ~? 9. NARDOSMIA. Cass. Gr. vap.os, spikenard, oap/l, smell; from the fragrance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered, somewhat 9 3'; flowers of the ray 9, of the disk 7, but abortive in the sterile plant; involucre simple; receptacle flat, naked; pappus capillary. —X Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row; of the fertile heads in several, but very narrow. N. PALMATA. Hook. (Tussilago. Ait.) Scape with a fastigiate thyrse or corymb; Ivs. roundish-cordate, 5-7-lobed, tomentose beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate.-In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt., Robbins. Sunderland, Mass., Hitchcock. W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1-2f high. The heads are fragrant, numerous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants almost inconspicuous. May. TRIBE 3. ASTEROIDE2E. Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear, equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. Rays cyanic. 10. ASTER. Gr. aarnfp, a star; from the radiated flowers. Involucre oblong, imbricate; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading; disk flowers tubular,; ray flowers 9, in one row, generally few (6 —100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute; receptacle flat, alveolate; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous; achenium usually compressed.-A large genus of i; herbs, very abundant in the U. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, rayflowers blue, purple or white, never yellow. ~ Scales im'bricate, with appressed, greenish tips. Rays 6-15. Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads corymbose. BIOTIA. DC. 1. A. CORYMBOSUS. Ait. (Eurybia corymbosa. Cass.) Corymbed Aster. St. corymbose-fastigiate, smooth; branches hairy; lvs. ovate, acutely ser ASTER. LXXV. COMPOSITLE. 319 rate, acuminate, the lower ones cordate, petiolate; petioles naked; invol. oblong, imbricate with closely appressed, obtuse scales.-Common in dry woods, N. and Mid. States. Stem 2f high, smooth, often reddish, more or less flexuous. Leaves large, mostly smooth, lower ones cordate-acuminate, with sharp serratures, middle ones ovate, upper ones becoming lanceolate. Flowers in a broad, flat-topped corymb, large, very open, with about 6 long, narrow, white rays. Aug. 2. A. MACROPHYLLUS. Willd. (Eurybia macrophylla. Cass.) Large-leaved Aster.-St. branched, diffuse; lvs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough, upper ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate; petioles somewhat winged; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate with oblong, acute scales.-Distinguished for its very large root leaves which are 6-10' by 3 —5. Grows in woods, N. States and Can. Stem furrowed, 1-2f high. Leaves nearly smooth. Rays about 13, white or pale blue. Sept. ~ ~ Scales imbricated, with spreading, green tips. Rays 12-30. Pappus bristles rigid, some of them thickened upwards. Heads large, corymbose. Lower leaves never cordate, cauline sessile, rigid. CALLIASTRUM. T. & G. 3. A. RADOLA. Ait. Rasp-leaved Aster. St. erect, simple below, angular; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, sessile, serrate, rugose and rough; invol. imbricate, scales appressed, with small, spreading green tips.-Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn.! Not common. Height 1-3f. Distinguished for its stiff, narrow, sharply serrate leaves which abundantly clothe the straight, smooth stem. Branches nearly naked, undivided, each having a single large head, rarely more. Rays numerous, short, white or purplish. The lower leaves are someaimes ovate-lanceolate. Aug. Sept. 4. A. SPECTABiLIS. Ait. Showy Aster. St. erect; Ivs. somewhat scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, lower ones serrate in the middle; branches corymbose; hds. hemispherical, with numerous, squarrose-spreading, ciliate scales.-A low Aster of pine barrens, Mass.! to Ky. Stem straight, 1-2f high, branching above into a nearly simple corymb of 10-15 heads, which are large and showy, with many long, blue rays. Sept.-Nov. 5. A. GRACiLIs. Nutt. Slender Aster. St. minutely-pubescent, corymbose at summit; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, incisely and remotely serrulate, narrowed to the sub-clasping base; corymb loose, spreading; scales linear-oblong, whitish, with green, spreading tips; rays about 12.-Pine barrens, N. J. Stems clustered, 12-14' high, purplish, leafy, slender. Leaves 1 —2' long, glabrous, opaque, lower ones somewhat spatulate. Corymb simple or compound. Rays pale violet, about as long as the involucre. Sept. ~ ~ ~ Scales green, or with green tips. Rays 00. Pappus bristles soft, none of them thickened upwards. Achenia compressed. ASTER prover. * Lower leaves cordate, petiolate. Heads paniculate. 6. A. CORDIFOLIUS. Heart-leaved Aster. St. paniculate, smoothish; lower lvs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply selrate, acuminate, petiolate; petioles winged; invol. closely imbricate, the scales with short, green tips.-Common in rocky woods, N. and W. States. Stem smooth below, more or less pubescent above, a little flexuous, striate, 2f high, with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. Rays 10-15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large, cordate, with a deep sinus at base, the serratures very acute, the summit ending in a long, acute point, slightly rough above, hairy and paler beneath. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or minute bracts. Sept. 7. A. SAGITTIFOLIUS. Arrow-leaved Aster. St. with racemose branches above, smooth; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, R2f0 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. A&TER. serrate, petiolate; invol. scales loose, lanceolate.-Low woods, N. and W. States and Can. Stem 2 —4f high, dividing into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 8. A. UNDULATUS. Wave-leaf Aster. St. paniculate, hispid; branches secund, leafy, I-flowered; Ivs. oblongcordate, amplexicaul, very entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, with winged petioles.-Native of dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lower leaves on long winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming narrow-ovate and clasping. Flowers pale blue, solitary, forming a loose panicle of somewhat one-sided racemes. Aug. Sept. 9. A. AZUREUS. Lindl. (A. Oolentangiensis. Riddell.) Scabrous; st. and racemose paniculate branches rigid; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, on hairy petioles, middle and upper ones lanceolate and linear, acute at each end, sessile, entire, highest subulate; hds. broadly obconic; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed.-Woods and prairies, Western States. Stem about 2f high. Leaves of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous floral ones of the slender branches. Racemes rather remote, panicled, with middle-sized heads. Rays blue. 10. A. SHORTII. Hook. Short's Aster. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branched above; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, subentire, upper ones sessile and obtuse at base; Ads. middle-size, racemose or racemose-paniculate, rather numerous; invol. broad-campanulate; scales scarious, close, green-tipped, shorter than the disk flowers.-A distinct and beautiful species, on rocky banks of streams, Ohio! to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2-4f high. Lower leaves about 5' by 1', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they are minute. Rays violet blue. * * Lower leaves never cordate. Cauline leaves clasping and cordate or auriculate at base. 11. A. PATENS. (A. amplexicaulis. Willd.) Spreading Aster. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, cordate, clasping the stem, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, pubescent; panicle loose, fewflowered; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, the points herbaceous.-Grows in moist grounds, Northern States. Stem 2-3f high, slender, branching above into a loose, terminal panicle. Leaves large, (3-6' long) on the stem, becoming small and bracteate on the branches. Heads solitary on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, with 20-30 violet-colored rays. Aug.-Nov. 12. A. LIEvIs. (A. mutabilis. Linn. A. amplexicaulis. Muhl.) Smooth Aster. Very smooth; st. angular; branches simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. subamplexicaul, remote, oblong, entire, shining, radical ones subserrate; invol. closely -imbricate, the scales broadly-linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the apex.-A very smooth and beautiful species, 2-3f high, growing in low grounds. Stem polished, green, often somewhat glaucous. Leaves rather fleshy, broadest at base, the lower ones tapering to a winged petiole. Flowers large and showy, with numerous rays of a fine blue, becoming purple. Sept.-Nov. P. levigatus. (A. lmvigatus. Willd.) Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate. y. cyaneus. (A. cyaneus. Ph.) St. and lvs. conspicuously glaucous.-These are beautiful varieties, especially the latter, which is perhaps the most beautiful of all the asters. 13. A. CONCINNUS. Willd., not of Nees. Elegant Aster. St. simple, paniculate at the summit, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate and lancelinear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire; invol. closely imbricate, scales green at the tip.-Woods, Northern States! A slender species, 1-2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and remote, Leaves 3-5' long, acuminate, varying from i-1' in width, smooth ex AasTit. LXXV. COMPOSIT&E. 321 cept the mid-veln beneath; branch leaves few and murch smaller. Heads middie-size, with 10-15 bluish purple rays. Sept.-Nov. 14. A. PUNICEUS. Red-stalked Aster. St. hispid, paniculate; Ihs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, lanceolate, serrate, roughish above; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scales linear-lanceolate, long and revolute, nearly equal and 2-rowed.-A large, handsome aster, common in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. States and Can. Stem 4 —6f high, generally red, (at least on the south side), furrowed, hispid. Lower leaves with remote serratures, rough-edged and rough on the upper surface, all acuminate and narrowed at base. Flowers large and showy. Rays 50-80, long and narrow, pale purple. Aug.-Oct. 15. A. PRENANTHOlDES. Muhl. Prenanthes-like Aster. St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbose-paniculate; Ivs. oval-lanceolate) serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long winged petiole which is at.. riculate at the insertion; invol. imbricated with several rows of linear, greentipped, spreading scales. Grows in low woods, N. Y. to Ky. Stem 2-3f high, with a terminal, corymbose panicle of large heads on short peduncles. Rays showy, pale blue.-Leaves remarkable for the long, winged petiole, which is dilated at its base into rounded, auriculate segments. Branch leaves smaller, nearly entire. Sept.-Nov. 16. A. AMETHYSTiNUS. Nutt. Amethystine Aster. Hirsute; st. racemose-paniculate; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base; invol. of equal scales.-Eastern Mass., Nuttall, &c. Heads small, with azure rays. Aug.-Oct. 17. A. Nov: ANGLI1E. New England Aster. Pls. terminal, crowded, somewhat fastigiate; st. hispid, paniculate; Its, linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales of invoucre equal, lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk. —A large and beautiful aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the W. States! than in N. Eng.! Stem 4-6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Leaves very numerous, narrow, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Flowers large, in a kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-flowers deep purple, numerous (75100). Sept. t * * * Leaves neither cordate nor auriculate, the margin serrate. t Scales not spreading. 18. A. TRADESCANTI. Tradescant's Aster. Branches virgate, paniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, remotely serrate, sessile, smooth; invol. closely imbricate; st. round, slender, smooth.-A fine species, with numerous leaves, growing in fields, Mass. to La. Stem rigid, brownish, about 3f high, with numerous slender, racemose branches. Lower stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Heads small, numerous, with pale purple rays. Aug.-Oct. #. fragilis. T. & G. (A. fragilis. Willd.) Cauline leaves serrulate or entire, short; heads much scattered on the branches. 19. A. MISER. Ait. T. & G. (A. miser, divergens, diffusus and pendulus. Ait.) Starved Aster.-St. racemose-paniculate, hairy or pubescent; ivs. sessile, lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle; invol. imbricated with acute scales; rays short.-A very variable species common in old fields, hedges, U. S. and Can. Is. height it varies from 6 to 30', and in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The stem is very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemose panicle or a few simple racemes. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-oval, 1-5' in length. Heads usually numerous, small, with small white or purple rays.,B. diffusus. Branches spreading, diffuse; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, more or less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath; hds. often sessile, forming short, crowded spikes or long virgate ones. y. /tirsuticaulis. T. & G. (A. hirsuticaulis. Lindl.) St. hirsute; lis. lcng 322 LXXV. COMPOSITE. ASTER. and narrow, midvein hirsute; Ads. racemose or spicate, upper in short, dense bunches; scales linear. 20. A. SIMPLEX. Willd. (A. salicifolius. Darl.) Willow-leaved Aster. Glabrous; st. racemose-paniculate above; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the margins scabrous, lower ones serrate; scales loosely imbricated, linearsubulate.-Another variable species in low grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem 1-5f high, somewhat corymbose. Leaves 2-4' by 5-10", very smooth both sides, tapering to a slender point; those of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads rather few, middle size, on the short branchlets. Sept. fl. altior. Branches hirsute or pubescent; Ads. above the middle size, with blue rays.-Stem 4-6f high. y. humilior. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded spikes of small heads; rays pale blue.-Stem 1-2f high. d. recurvatus. Diffuse, with long, spreading or recurved branches; Ads. loosely racemed; rays bluish-white.-Western! 21. A. TENUIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Aster. St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, long-acuminate, entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middle; invol. scales lax, acute.Grows in moist fields, Can. to Va. Stem leaves 2-4' long, those of the branches and branchlets proportionately smaller. Heads small, with numerous (20-30), long, pale purple rays. Sept. 22. A. GREENEI. Torr. & Gray. Greene's Aster. St. glabrous, racemosely branched; Ivs. glabrous, subclasping, remotely appressed-serrulate, scabrous above, lower narrow-lanceolate, upper short, numerous, ovate-lanceolate; Ads. rather small, on short, bracted peduncles.-Near Boston. Dr. B. D. Greene, Dr. Pickering. Cauline leaves 3-5' long, ramial leaves much smaller. 23. A. NOvI-BELGII. New York Aster. Glabrous; st. terete, stout, often glaucous; Ivs. rather rigid, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrate and subclasping; Ads. racemose or corymbose; scales rather loosely imbricated, lanceolate, subequal, with acute green tips; rays numerous.-A smooth, handsome Aster in Western and Southern States, not common. Stem 2-4f high, with few, straight, somewhat corymbose branches. Leaves 4 —6 long, tapering to each end, rough-edged, upper ones much smaller. Heads rather large. Rays pale blue, expanding 9-12". Aug.-Oct. t t Scales spreading or squarrose at tip. 24. A. LAXUS. Loose-stalked Aster. St. loosely corymbose-panicled above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rough-edged, lower ones subserrate, those of the stem subreflexed, of the branches much spreading; invol. imbricate, scales lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. — Fields, Mass., N. Y. Stem 2-3f high, with small, bluish flowers. Sept. Oct. 25. A. LAXIFOLIUS. Nees. Loose-leaved Aster. St. scabrous; rac. compound; branches racemose at the summit or slightly compound; lvs. linear-lanceolate, elongated, mucronately serrulate, attenuate at each end, clasping at base, scabrous above; scales squarrose. y. Iatiflorus. T. & G. St. slender, with long, filiform, spreading branches; lvs. rather rigid and very scabrous; rac. loose, the pedicels nearly leafless.Ohio and Wis. Described by Drs. Torrey (4 Gray as a very graceful plant of considerable size, with very long, narrow leaves, and numerous, long, showy, pale purple rays. 26. A. LONGIFOLIUS. Lam. (A. loevigatus. Ph.) Long-leaved Aster. Glabrous; st. very branching, branches many-flowered; lvs. subamplexicaul, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate, smooth; invol. scales lax, lanceolate, nearly equaling the disk.-Fields and thickets, N. Y. to Car. Stem 3t high. Leaves pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 4-6' long. Heads numerous, showy, with 25-30 light blue rays. Nov. AJTIr. LXXV. COMPOSITE. $23 ** * * Leaves neither cordate nor aericulate, the margin entire or subentire. t Scales erect. 27. A. SERICEUS. Vent. (A. argenteus. Michx.) Silk-leaved Aster. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky-pubescent and branched above; Ivs. clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent pubescence, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile; hds. large, mostly solitary, terminal on the short, leafy branchlets; scales lanceolate, silky-canescent like the leaves, spreading at tip.-A singularly elegant Aster, with shining, silvery foliage, prairies! and river banks! Wis. and Iowa, to Miss. Stem 1-2f high. Lower leaves 2 —3' by X-14', the upper much smaller. Rays deep violet-blue. Aug.-Oct. t 28. A. CONCULOR. One-colored Aster. St. subsimple, erect, pubescent; lvs. lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, grayish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acuminate; rac. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated; scales lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed.-Pine barrens, N. J. to Flor. A slender and virgate plant, 1-3f high, sometimes branched below. Root often tuberous. Leaves 1l' by J', reduced in size upwards. Heads in a long raceme, with blue rays and a rust-colored pappus. 29. A. TURBINELLUS. Lindl. Smooth or slightly scabrous; branches and branchlets very slender; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping, entire, those of the branches linear, and of the branchlets subulate; invol. turbinate, acute at base, as long as the disk flowers; scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse. with short green tips.-Woods and river bottoms, Ill. Mead, Mo., &c. to La. Stems 2f high, with the branches numerous and somewhat corymbose. Lowex leaves 3-5' by -1',, the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales of the obconic or top-shaped involucre. Heads middle-size, with blue rays and brownish pappus. Sept. 30. A. DUMOSUS. Bushy Aster. Nearly smooth; branches racemose-panicled; lvs. numerous, smooth, linear, sessile, entire or subserrate, those of the branches very short; invol. cyl. indrical, closely imbricate.-About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods U. S. Stem much branched, smooth or slightly pubescent, with long, linear leaves, those of the branches smaller and becoming very minute.-Heads middle sized, scattered, solitary, with about 24 purplish white rays. Quite varia. ble. Sept. B. foliosus. (A. foliosus. Ait.) St. racemose-compound; lvs. acute, often ser. rulate; scales narrower, subacute. y. strictior. (A. fragilis. Lindl.) Somewhat paniculate; branch leaves rather numerous and appressed. 31. A. CARNEUS. Flesh-colored Aster. Smooth; st. dividing into many straight, racemose, leafy branches; lvs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones tapering to a sessile base, the upper amplexicaul; scales acute, much shorter than the disk.-A handsome bushy Aster by fences, &c. (Claremont!) N. H., W. to Ia. Rare. Stem about 2f long, often purple. Stem leaves 3-5' by J —', branch leaves much smaller. Heads numerous, middle-size, somewhat secund, each with 20-30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept. Oct. 32. A. GRAMINIFOLIUS. Ph. Grass-leaved Aster. Subpubescent; st. slender, branched above; lower lvs. very numerous, narrow-linear; ped. slender, 1-flowered; scales linear-subulate, loose, scarcely imbricated.-N. H. Eddy. High cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Vt.! Branches simple, leafy, naked at the end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Rays 15-25, much longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. t t Outer scales spreading or squarrose. 33. A. ERICOlDES. Heath-like Aster. Nearly or quite smooth; branches virgate, spreading, paniculate; lvs. linear or linear-lanceolate, very smooth, those of' the branches subulate and ap 324 LXXV. COMPOSITE. AserLt. proximate, slort, of the stem lofig, of the root oblong-spatulate; wnvol. somewhat squarrose.-Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. Stem 1-3f high, with numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a thick bush and terminated each by a single pale purple flower. Leaves rather numerous, the cauline ones 3' in length. Heads small, about 20-rayed. Sept. 34. A. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered Aster. Hairy or pubescent; st. diffusely branched; Ivs. linear, entire, sessile, pubescent, margins subciliate; invol. imbricate, squarrose, linear or spatulate, with oblong, ciliate scales.-A very branching, diffuse species, with very numerous, small flowers crowded on the racemose branches, each with about 12 white rays. Stem variously pubescent, 1-2f high. Leaves 1 —2' long, obtuse, very narrow. Rocks and dry fields, U.S. Variable. Sept. 35. A. PRaEALTUS. Poir. (A. salicifolius. Ait.) Willow-leaved Aster. St. corymbosely-paniculate, with hairy lines above; lvs. lanceolate, closely sessile or subamplexicaul, smooth and shining above, with a rough margin, subserrate or entire, acute, the lower ones narrowed towards the base; invol. loosely imbricated with acute, green-tipped,. linear scales.-Common in moist woods and by streams (N. H. toWis. LaplZm!), varying from 2 to 3t in height. The stem is slender, often flexuous, green or often purple, dividing above into flowering branches, arranged in a sort of corymbose panicle of large and showy blue flowers. Aug.-Oct. 36. A. EL6DES. Torr. & Gray. Swamp Aster. Glabrous and very smooth; branches corymbose-paniculate; lvs. linearlanceolate, entire, shining, thick, upper ones somewhat clasping; invol. closely imbricated in several rows of linear, green-pointed, spreading scales.-In swamps, Mass. to Va. Stem 1-2f high, with very smooth foliage and large, showy, blue flowers. Aug. Sept. 37. A. OBLONGIFOLIUS. Nutt. (and A. graveolens. Nutt.) Oblong-leaved Aster.-St. rigid, diffusely branched, hairy; branches spreading, with loose and irregular branchlets; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, partly clasping, entire, rough-edged, abruptly reduced on'the branches and branchlets; hds. solitary, terminal on the slender branchlets; involucre scales nearly equal, green, spreading.-Prairies, &c. Western States! Plant 1-2f high, often. glandularviscid. Cauline leaves 12-20" by 3-5"; those of the branches 6" by 2", of the branchlets 3" by i", indistinguishable from the scales. Rays purple. Pappus brownish. Sept. Oct. ~ ~ ~ ~ Scales imbricated, scarious on the margins, destitute of green tips. 38. A. ACUMINATUS. Michx. Acuminate WIood Aster. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbose panicle above; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate; invol. scales lax, linear.-Mountains and woods, Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbose, terminal, fewflowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the corymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white rays. Aug. 39. A. NEMORALIS. Ait. (A. laedifolius. Ph. A. uniflorus. Mx.) Wood Aster.-Branches corymbed or 0; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, revolute-margined, roughish; scales of the involucre very acute, loose, shorter than the disk; rays about 20.A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H. Storrs! Mass. Robbins! to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 10-20' high. Leaves numerous, 10-18" by 2-4~", rarely subdentate. Heads large, few, often but one, terminating the simple axis. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept. Oct. 40. A. PTARMIC6iDES. T. & G. (Heliastrum album. DC. Chrysopsis alba. Nutt.)-St. corymbose-fastigiate above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole; rays short. —A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams and lakes, Vt. Robbin., to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each bearing DIPLOPAPPUS. LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. 325 a spreading panicle of heads which are below the middle size and furnished with snow-white rays. July-Sept. 41. A. FLEXUOSUS. Nutt. (A. sparsiflorus. Ph.) Few-flowered Aster. St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth; lvs. long and succulent, the lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; branches leafy, 1-flowered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter than the involucre. Grows in salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. The whole plant very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug.-Oct. 42. A. LINIFOLIUS. (A. subulatus. Michx.) Sea Aster. St. paniculate, much branched from the base; Ivs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate; invol. cylindric with subulate scales; radical hds. minute.-An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass. to Car. Stem 12-18' high, very smooth, thick, reddish. Leaves smooth, sessile. The plant is very oranching, with numerous short-rayed, small, purple flowers. Aug. 11. SERICOCARPUS. Nees. Gr. aUpLKKo;, silken, xapnor, fruit; from the character of the genus. HIeads few-flowered; ray-flowers 4-6, 9; disk-fls. 6-10, Q; involucre oblong, imbricated; scales appressed, with green, spreading tips; receptacle alveolate; achenium obconic, very silky; pappus simple. —% Herbs with alternate leaves and close corymbs. Rays white. 1. S. SOLIDAGINEUS. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides. Michx.) Smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3-veined, rough on the margin; corymb fastigiate; hds. aggregate. subsessile, 5-rayed; scales obtuse, white, with green tips.-In woods, Can. to La. Not common. Stem slender, simple, about 2f high. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1-2' by 35!'. Heads rather small, in a level-topped corymb. Involucre oblong. Scales imbricate, appressed, with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. J1. Aug. 2. S.. CONYZOiDES. Nees. (Aster. WilEd. Conyza asteroides. Linn.) St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corymbose at top; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, smooth beneath, slighly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones seasile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate; invol. cylindrical, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit; rays 5, short. -Common in woods and thickets, Mass. to Flor. Stems somewhat 5-angled, 1-2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk white. July, Aug. 12. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Gr.,nAvoos, double, ailrrov, pappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered: ray-fls. about 12, 9; disk-fls. M; involucre imbricate; receptacle flat, subalveolate; pappus double, the exterior very short, interior copious, capillary; achenium compressed. —% Lvs. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yellow. 1. D. LINARIIFOLITS. Hook. (Aster linariifolius. Linn.) St. straight, roughish; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate; scales of invol. imbricate, carinate, as long as the disk; lvs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, earinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved.-A handsome species, in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can., rather rare. Stems subsimple, purplish, about a foot high, decumbent at base. Leaves numerous, rigidly upright or recurved, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, pale beneath, shining above. Branchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showry, violet-colored head. Aug. Sept. 2. D. UMBELLITUS. Hook. (A. amygdalinus. Michx. A. umbellatus. Ait.) St. smooth, straight, simple; corymb fastigiate; lvs. long, lanceolate, smooth, attenuate-acuminate at each end, rough on the margin; invol. scales obtusely lanceolate.-A tall, handsome plant, growin in low grounds, river banks and fields, N. Eng. to La. Stem 3-4f high (in dry fields but 1-2), 326 LXXV. COMPOSITAE. ERaIGEON. purplish, channeled, simple, smooth, branching above into a large, level-topped, compound corymb of showy flowers. Leaves narrow, entire, 4-6' in length, those of the branchlets smaller. Rays about 1'2, white. Disk yellow. Aug. Sept. B. amygdalinus. St. roughish above, green; branches of the corymb divaricate; Ivs. broader. —Quite different in aspect from variety a. Common. 3. D. CORNIFOLIUS. Less. (Aster cornifolius. Mluhl.) St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, few-flowered; Ivs. elliptical, acuminate, entire, tapering to the base, with scattered hairs rough-edged; invol. scales imbricate, shorter than the disk. Grows in woods, N. and Mid. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1-2f high. Leaves acute at the base, paler beneath, on very short stalks. Flowers few, large; outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. July, Aug. 13. ERI G RON. Gr. n7p, the spring, yEpoV,, an old man; because it is hoary early in the season. Heads many-flowered, subhemispherical; ray-flowers v very numerous (40-200), narrow, linear; flowers of the disk M; receptacle flat, naked; involucre nearly in 1 row; pappus generally simple.Ilerbs with alternate leaves. Rays cyanic. ~ Rays longer than the involucre. Mostly 4. 1. E. BELLIDIFOLIUM. Muhl. (E. pulchellum. Mx.) Robin's Plantain. Hirsute; -radical Ivs. obovate, obtuse, subserrate; stem Ivs. remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping; hds. 3-7, in a close, terminal corymb; rays nearly twice longer than the involucre, linear-spatulate.-Dry fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simple, sometimes stoliniferous, 1-2f high. Leaves 2-3' by 6-9", mostly broadest above the middle. Rays 60100, bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in May and June. Resembles the following. 2. E. PHILADELPHiCUM. (E. purpureum. Ait.) Narrow-rayledRobin's Pl. Pubescent or hirsute; lvs. thin, lower spatulate, crenate-dentate, upper oblong-oblanceolate, narrowed to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) base, subserrate; hds. few, on long, slender peduncles; rays very numerous, filiform, more than twice longer than the involucre.-Woods and pastures throughout N. Am. Stem slender, 1-3f high. Leaves 2-4' by 6 —9", lower much attenuated at base,- upper acute. Rays 150-200! reddish-purple or fleshcolored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn.-Aug. B.' Ricardi. Cauline lvs. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. H. Rickard! y. St. stout, with coarsely serrate leaves. 3. E. HETEROPHYLLUM. Muhl. (E. annuum. Pers.) Common Fleabane. White-weed.-St. hispid with scattered hairs, branching; Ivs. hirsute, coarsely serrate, the lowest ovate, contracted at base into a winged petiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, the highest lanceolate; rays very numerous and narrow.-A common weed, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick, 2-4f high, striate, terminating in a large, diffuse, corymbose panicle of large heads. Rays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. June.-Aug. 4. E. STRIG6SUM. Fl7eabane. White-weed. Daisy. Hairy and strigose; lvs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 3-veined and petiolate; panicle corymbose; pappus double.-A rough weed in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with close, short, stiff hairs, and bearing a. large, loose corymb. Leaves also with close-pressed bristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white. June-Oct. 0. (E. integerrifolium. Bw.) St. simple, smooth; Ivs. entire, pubescent; fis. corymbed. Rays 100-150. ~ ~ Rays shorter than the involucre. Plants ( or (. 5. E. DIVARICITUM. Michx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute; lvs. linear and subulate; hAs. DtHn.i. LXXV. COMPOSITJE. 27 very small, loosely corymbose; rays minute.-Dry soil, Western States! S. to La. Plant of a greyish or bluish aspect, 3 —6 high, but at length spreading 1-2f. Leaves 4-12"' by f —1". Rays purplish. June-Aug. 6. E. CANADENS9. Canadian or Common Fleabane. Invol. oblong; rays numerous, (40-50), crowded, minute; pappus simple; st. hairy, paniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones subserrate. —A very common annual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N. Am. Stem j-9f! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with rough edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, irregularly racemose upon the branches, and constituting a large, oblong panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. Aug.-Nov. 14. CALLISTSPHUS. Cass. Gr. KaXog, beautiful, arreQos, a crown; characteristic of the pappus. Ray-flowers 9, numerous; disk-flowers s; involucre hemispherical; receptacle subconvex; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setae united into a crown; inner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous setee.-I- Exotics. Lvs. alternate. C. CHINENSIS. Ness. (Aster Chinensis. Linn.) China Aster. —St. hispid; branches divergent, 1-flowered; Ivs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base.-Said to be originally from China. Stem about 18' high, with long branches, each terminated by a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July-Sept.-Cultivation has produced many beautiful and even splendid varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays. t 15. BELLIS. Lat. bellus, pretty; a term quite appropriate to the genus. Heads many-flowered; rays Y; disk i; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales; receptacle subalveolate, conical; pappus 0.-Low herbs, either ( and caulescent or % and acaulescent. Hds. solitary. B. PERENNIS. Garden Daisy.-Root creeping; scape naked, single-flowered; 1vs. obovate, crenate. —% Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in cultivated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' high, with a single white flower which is single, double or quilled in the different varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 16. DAHLIA. In honor of Andrew Dah], a Swedish botanist, pupil of Linnaeus. Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner )f 8 scales united at base; receptacle chaffy; pappus O. —[ Splendid Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. 1. D. VARIABiLIS. Desf. (D. superflua. Ait.)-St. green; rachis of the lvs. Ringed; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; outer vol. reflexed; ray fis. Y, sterile or fertile.-These superb and fashionable.lants are natives of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse and roughsh leaves, resembling those of the common elder, but the flowers are large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties, single and double, of every con-,eivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from;uly until arrested by frost. 2. D. COCCINEA. Cav. (D. frustranea. Ait.)-St. frosty, or hoary, hollow; ~s. with the rachis naked; Ifts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading; rays ~euter.-Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron-;olor or yellow, never purple or white.-The Dahlias are generally cultivated bsy the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the Aops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, free trom frost.'2S* 328 LXXV. COMPOSITAE. SO3LIDAo0. 17. BOLTONIA. In honor of J. B. Bolton, author of " Ferns of Great Britain," &c., 1788. Heads many-flowered; ray flowers 9, in a single series, those of the disk tubular, ~; scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins; receptacle conic, punctate; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged; pappus of minute setse, 2 (-4) of them usually lengthened into awns. -- Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile. Hds. loosely corymbose. Rays purplish-white. 1. B. GLASTIFOLIA. L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the narrow base, lower ones sometimes serrate; hds. on short peduncles, in a somewhat contracted corymb; branches leafy; ach. obcordate, conspicuously winged, pubescent, with 2 awns nearly its own length.-Prairies and banks of streams, Ill. Jenney! Penn. to N. Car. This plant resembles an Erigeron, but is very smooth, 3-6f high. Stem leaves 2-4' by - 3; branch leaves of the same form but smaller. Rays about 30, expanding 9". J1. Aug. 2. B. ASTER61DES. L'Her. (B. diffusa. Ell.? Chrysanthemum Carolinianum. Walt.)-Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, all entire, narrowed to the base, those of the branches subulate, minute; hds. on long peduncles, in a diffuse and loosely paniculate corymb; branches and branchlets very slender and nearly naked; ach. ovate or somewhat obcordate, smooth, 2-awned.Prairies, &c. Ia.! Ill. to Ga. and La. A very smooth plant, between an Aster and an Erigeron, with a diffusely branched summit, 3-7f high. Leaves 2-5' or 6' by — i', reduced upwards to setaceous bracts 1 —2" in length. Heads terminating the filiform branchlets. Rays expanding 7". Aug. Sept. Section 2. Heads radiate. Rays yellow. 18. SOLIDAGO. Lat. solidari, to unite; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants. Flowers of the ray about 5, 9, remote, of the disk s; involucre oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales; receptacle punctate, narrow; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. —% Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, with 1-15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. ~ 1. Stems much branched, corymbose. Leaves all linear, entire, sessile. 1. S. LANCEOLATA. Ait. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. St. angular, hairy, much branched; lsvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath; corymbs terminal, fastigiate.-In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Distinguished from most other species by- its flat-topped corymb. Stem 2 —4f high, with numerous, very long and narrow leaves, which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the axils; Flowers in terminal, crowded clusters. Involucre ovate. The whole plant is fragrant. Sept. 2. S. TENUIFOLIA. Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches; lvs. linear, spreading, obscurely 3-veined, scabrous on the margin, the axils leafy; corymb terminal, consisting of clustered heads; rays about 10, scarcely as long as the disk. -Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass.! to La. Also Wis. Dr. Lapham! A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolata by the extreme narrowness of the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often reduced to a few heads. The leaves bear tufts of smaller ones in their axils, and are punctate with resinous dots. Aug.-Oct. ~ 2. Stem simple, corymbose above. Lower leaves lanceolate, petiolate. 3. S. RIGiDA. Hard-leaved Goldenrod. St. stout, rough and hairy; lvs. ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs SOL1DAO0. LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. 329 those of the upper part of the stem very entire, lower ones serrate; flowering branches paniculate, with close, short racemes; rays elongated; involucre scales obtuse.-A tall species, in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. and Tex. Abundant in the western prairies! Stem 3-5f high, round, striate, with rigid leaves, of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Heads larger than in any other species described in this Flora. Rays 7-9, about 3" by 1", deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 4. S. OHIENSIS. Riddell. Glabrous; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, upper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire; hds. numerous, 15-20-flowered, rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb.-Meadows and prairies, western N. Y. to la.! A perfectly smooth species, 2-3fhigh. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6 —8 by 1 —1', on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept. Oct. 5. S. RIDDELLII. Frank. (S. Mexicana. B. Hook.) Riddell's Solidago. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched; radical lvs. very long, lance-linear, entire, acute, on long, margined, carinate petioles, cauline Ivs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, narrow, acute, entire; branches leafy; hds. 20-24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fastigiate corymb.-Wet prairies Ohio! Wis. to Mo., not uncommon. A well marked species, 15 —30 high. Radical leaves 12-18' long, almost grass-like, cauline 3-6' by i', with a strong mid-vein, and generally much recurred. Rays small, 6-9. Sept. ~ 3. Heads in glomerate, axillary clusters. 6. S. SQUARROSA. Muhl. Ragged Goldenrod. St. stout, simple, erect, thickly pubescent above; Ivs. smooth, lower ones very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper ones lanceolate-elliptic, highest, entire; rac. glomerate, rigid and pubescent; scales squarrose with spreading green tips; hds. many-flowered; rays 10-12, elongated.-A handsome species, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 3-5f high. Heads very large, forming a long terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or racemes. Sept. 7. S. CMeSIA. Ait. (S. axillaris. Ph.) Blue-stemmed Goldenrod. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, often flexuous; Ivs. smooth, linearlanceolate, lower ones serrate; rac. axillary, erect.-A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 1-3f high, of a bluish-purple color, terete and slender, somewhat fiexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 2-5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glaucous beneath. Racemes axillary, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5-7, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. fB. flexicaulis. (S. flexicaulis. Ph. not of Linn.) St. flexuous, angular; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes.-Leaves about 2' by i'. Rays pale yellow. 8. S. LATIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. macrophylla. Bw. S. flexicaulis. /. Ph.) St. somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth; ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, smooth; petioles marginal; rac. axillary and terminal.-A singular and very distinct species, common in dry woods and by rocky streams, U. S. and Can. Stem slender, not always perfectly smooth, about 2t' high. Leaves 3-5' by 2-4', with acute, often long-acuminate serratures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stem ending with a long terminal one. Heads few. Sept. 9. S. BICOLOR. (Aster bicolor. Nees.) Two-colored Goldenrod. Hairy; st. simple; Ivs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower ones serrate, short-stalked; rac. short, dense, leafyr, erect; invol. scales obtuse.-In woods and dry hills, Can., N., Mid. & W. States. A species remarkably distinguished among the solidagos by having white rays. Stem generally simple, 2f high, a little hairy. Leaves hairy on both sides, mostly entire, gradually reduced in size upwards. Flowers in numerous close, short, axillary clusters, 330 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. SOLIDAOO. forming a long, terminal, interrupted spike. Rays about 8, very short, yellowish-white, obscure. July. Aug. j8. concolor. T. & G. (S. hirsuta. Nutt.) Flowers all yellow.-Penn. t 4. Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes, not secund. 10. S. PUBERULA. Nutt. Plant puberulent; st. simple, terete; lvs. lanceolate, entire, attenuated at each end, radical ones subserrate; rac. spicate, axillary, erect and condensed, ped. pubescent; invol. scales linear-lanceolate, acute; rays about 10, elongated. -Found in low woods, Maine, Ms. Stem straight, purplish, 2-3f high, terminating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Leaves very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on dense, winged stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow. Aug. Oct. 11. S. STRICTA. Ait. Upright Goldenrod. Smooth; st. strict, erect, simple; cauline lvs. lanceolate, very entire, roughedged, radical ones serrate, very long; rac. paniculate, erect; ped. smooth.-In wet woods, Northern States. Stem (and every other part) very smooth, about 2f high. Leaves 2-4 —8' by i —— 1', lower attenuated at base into a long, winged petiole. Panicle terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed racemes. Heads 12-18-flowered. Aug. -12. S. SPECIOSA. Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. St. smooth, simple; lvs. lanceolate, entire and scabrous on the margin, thick, the radical and lower ones subserrate, very broad; rac. erect, numerous, forming a terminal, thyrsoid panicle; pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent; rays large, 6-8.-Woods, Mass.! to Ohio and Ga. A very tall, showy species, sometimes 6f high. Stem stout, often purple, furrowed. Leaves ample, some of them 6' by 3'. Heads exceedingly numerous, with consplcuous rays of a rich'yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug. Oct. B. angustata. T. & G. (S. erecta. DC.) Panicle slender, spicate.-N. J. 13. S. THYRSOIDEA. Meyer. (S. virgaurea. Bw.) Thyrsoid Goldenrod. St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent above; lvs. smooth, ovate, sharply serrate, acute, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones subsessile, lanceolate; rac. mostly simple, short; hds. large, with conspicuous rays.A very fine goldenrod. in woods on the sides of the White Mts., and at Franconia Notch, N. H.! Also " on the sides of Killington Peak and Mansfield Mt., Vt." Robbins. It is remarkable for the long, slender stalks of the lower, ovate leaves, and for the large, deep yellow heads which exceed in size those of most other species. Stem 1-3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usually in a thyrse-like panicle. Aug. 14. S. VIRGAUREA. European Goldenrod. St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top; stem lvs. lanceolate, serrate, louver ones oval, attenuated at both ends; rac. erect, ray elongated, flowers large.-This is the only species common to the two continents. One of its numerous varieties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts.! scarcely on Mt. Washington peak. The flowers are very few, often one only, but larger than those of most other species, anti of a rich, golden-yellow. Stem often purple, 2-3' high, simple, with axillary and terminal flowers. Aug. 15. S. HUMiLIS. Ph. Lovw or Humble Aster. Glabrous; st. simple, erect; radical Ivs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse and crenate-serrate at apex, the cauline lanceolate, acute, the Upper linear, entire; rac. simple or paniculate; scales oblong; rays short.-On limestone rocks, at Winooski Falls, Colchester, also on the Winooski and Onion rivers, Vt. Robbins. Stem 6-12' high, somewhat glutinous. Raceme slender, strict. Leaves of the stem about 2' by 3 —4", serrulate. Heads middle size, 6-8rayed. Aug. Sept. A. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense, slender, interrupted raceme. Near the WVilley House! White Mts. ~ 5. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves evidently tripli-veined. 16. S. NEMORALIS. Field Aster. St. subtomentose; cauline lvs. oblanceolate, sessile, hispid, nearly entire, SOLIDAGO. LXXV. COMPOSITLE. 331 commonly with tufts of smaller ones in their axils, radical ones subeuneiform, serrate; rac. paniculate, secund; rays 5-7.-A common, starved-looking species with a greyish, dusty aspect, bearing a dense panicle of deep yellow flowers. Height 1-2f. In dry, sterile fields and by roadsides, U. S. and Can. Heads small, but with conspicuous rays. Panicle composed of many short racemes, inclining to one side, or often of a single, terminal, recurved one. Often the stem divides into branches, each bearing a panicle. Sept. 17. S. CANADENSIS. Canadian Goldenrod. St. downy; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-veined, rough; rac. paniculate, secund, recurved; rays short.-In old fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Common. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one side. Leaves sessile, 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug.-Oct. B. procera. T. & G. (S. procera. Ait.) St. villous; Ivs. rough, villous beneath; hds. larger and with larger rays. In low grounds, 4-7f high. Leaves distinctly 3-veined. 18. S. SEROTiNA. Willd. Smooth Goldenrod. St. round, striate, smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; rae. secund, recurved, paniculate; ped. pubescent; hds. small, 15 —20-flowered. —A smooth species, in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem 3 —6f high, very smooth, often glaucous or purple. Leaves 3-5 —7' long, about I as wide, smooth, margin scabrous, slightly toothed, upper ones entire. Flowers numerous, forming a more or less compact panicle inclined at summit. Rays about 8, small. Sept.-Variable. 19. S. GIGANTEA. Ait. Gigantic Goldenrod. St. smooth, striate; lvs. lanceolate, serrate, margin rough, scabrous above and on the margin and on the veins beneath; rac. paniculate; branches pubescent; ped. and pedicels hairy.-A large, showy species, in low, open grounds, U. S. and Can. Stem green, sometimes purplish, 4-7f high, often much branched above. Leaves 2 —4 —7' long, about I as wide, acuminate at each end, often with divergent teeth. Heads about as large as in the last. Panicle often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug.-Oct. 20. S. CILIJRIS. Willd. St. angular, smooth; Ivs. elliptic-lariceolate, subserrate and scabrous on the margin, smooth both sides, sub-3-veined; rac. paniculate; pedicels (elongated) smooth; bracts (often) ciliate; rays short.-In the public lands about Ft. Niagara, N. Y. In these specimens the whole plant is smooth except the margins of the leaves. Stem 2-3f high, striate. Leaves subcoriaceous, radical ones petiolate. Racemes thin, spreading. Aug. Sept. 21. S. MISsouRIENSIS. Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender; lvs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, very acute and rough-edged, lower ones with acute, slender serratures, radical oblanceolate, petiolate; rac. small, in a dense, pyramidal or somewhat corymbose panicle; hds. small, 12-15-flowered.-A delicate species, 1-2f high, in dry prairies, Ill. and Mo.! Leaves smooth and shining, lower 3-4' by 3-5", the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8. Jl. Aug. ~ 6. Heads in secund racemes. Leaves feather-veined, all entire. 22. S. SEMPERVIRENS. (S. levigata. Ait.) Evergreen Goldenrod. St. smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire and scabrous on the margin, closely sessile; rac. paniculate; pedicels scabrous-pubescent; rays elongated.-Marshes along the coast, and river banks, within the influence of the water. Stem 3-6ft high, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads large. Rays about 8, long and narrow. Sept. 23. S. ODORA. Ait. Sweet-scented Goldenrod. St. round, pubescent, slender; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, abrupt, and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots, rough-edged; rac, paniculate.-In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and Can. 332 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. SOLIDAGO. Stem 9-3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1 —-3' by 3 —5", with a strong, yellowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Racemes 2-3' long. spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads on the upper side. J1.-Sept.-The only species of solidago which has properties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil from the pellucid reservoirs. They are a good substitute for tea, and have been exported to China. ~ 7. Heads in second racemes. Leaves feather-veined, the lower serrate. 24. S. PATULA. Muhl. Spreading Goldenrod. St. smooth, angular-striate; Ivs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate; rac. paniculate, spreading; pedicels pubescent.-In wet places, Can. N. and W. States, not common. Stein 2-4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at top. Stem leaves 1 —2 long, * as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger, all perfectly smooth beneath, although quite rough backwards above. Racemes short, on the ends of the spreading branches, with large heads. Sept. 25. S. NEGLECTA. Torr. & Gray. Neglected Solidago. St. smooth; Ivs. rather thick, smooth, varying from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower and radical ones serrate; rac. secund, dense, somewhat spreading, on elongated, slender, suberect branches, which are somewhat leafy at base; ach. smooth.Grows in swamps, N. H.! to Ia., rather rare. Stems 2-4f high, straight, round, dividing at top into several nearly erect branches, forming an elongated panicle. The leaves are sometimes nearly tripli-veined, often very scabrous on the margin. Racemes short. Heads middle-size, 10-20-flowered. Scales obtuse. Aug. Sept. 26. S. ARGUTA. Ait. Sharp-notched Goldenrod. St. erect, straight, smooth; lvs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, with diverging teeth, cauline ones elliptical, sessile, highest ones entire and small, radical ones oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac. paniculate, secund, dense; hds. middle size; rays about 10.-In meadows and woods, U. S. (from lat. 380) N. to the Arc. Circle. A smooth plant 2 —3f high, with a large, dense, corymbose panicle of very numerous heads. Racemes recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug. Sept. A. juncea. (S. juneea. Ait.) Lvs. lanceolate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; st. brownish, striate; rays twice as long as the involucre; panicle less dense. 27. S. MUHLENBERGII. Torr. & Gray. (S. arguta. MuAl.) St. furrowed, glabrous; Ivs. smooth both sides, strongly and sharply serrate, the radical ones ovate, petiolate, cauline ones elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate at each end; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading; pedicels pubescent; hds. 15-20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse.-In damp woods and thickets, N. H.! to Penn. Stem 2-3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, featherreined. Heads middle size, with 6-8 rather large rays. Aug.-Oct. 28. S. ALTISSIMA. (S. rugosa. Willd.) Tall Goldenrod. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled.-A very variable species, the tall, rough varieties of which are common about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3-5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. Scarcely two of the plantsjook alike. The branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous heads; the leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug.-Oct. 29 S. S. LINDES. Solander. Smooth; st. slender, simple; Ivs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire; hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreading racemes; scoae oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed; rays 1-4, CSIaR'oesII. LXXV. COMPOSITZE. 33 short. —A small species, near Boston, Greene in N. Am. Fl., ii. 216. Stem 12-20' high. Leaves 1-5' by 3-6"' wide. Panicle small, usually turned to one side. Sept. Oct. 30. S. ULMIFOLIA. Muhl. Elm-leaved Solidago. St. glabrous, with hairy branches; lvs. thin, elliptic-ovate, serrate, acuminate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath; rac. paniculate, recurved-spreading; ped. villous; rays 3-5, short.-In woods and low grounds, Northern and Western States! A very distinct species, more resembling the elm in its slender, arched branched than in its leaves. Stem striate, about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical leaves tapering to winged petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones entire, middle ones about 3' by 1i'. Rays deep yellow. Aug. Sept. 31. S. ELLIPTiCA. Ait. St. erect, glabrous, leafy; lws. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely serrate, glabrous, upper ones sessile, entire; racemes short, recurved, paniculate; Ads. middle size, about 7-rayed; scales narrow, acute.-Salt marshes, R. I. Olney! Near New York, T. 4. G. Stem 3-5f high, bearing a close, somewhat leafy, pyramidal panicle. Leaves 2-4' by 1-11, rough-edged, the serratures appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. 19. E-CLIPTA. Heads many-flowered; ray fls. 9 numerous narrow; disk? tubu: lar, mostly 4-toothed; scales 10-12, in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate; receptacle flat; chaff bristly; achenia somewhat angular or 2-edged; pappus O. —( Herbs strigose with rigid hairs, erect or procunbent. Lvs. opposite, axillary and terminal, solitary. Fls. white. E. ERECTA. (E. procumbens. Michx.) St. often decumbent; lvs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to each end, subserrate; ped. much longer than the heads; scales or leaves of the involucre acuminate.-Damp soils, Md. to Ill.'Mead! S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at the lower joints, 1-3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fibre. Leaves 8-14"/ by 2-5", rough, obscurely tripli-veined. Heads small, with minute flowers and short rays. The juice turns black, and is said to dye wool black. Jn.-Sepi. B. brachypoda. T. & G. (E. brachypoda. Michx.) Ped. scarcelylonger than the heads. 20. CHRYSOPSIS. Nutt. Gr. KpwLos, gold, otlE, appearance; for the showy, yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers 9,disk-flowers ~; involucre imbricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary; achenium hairy, compressed.-2Hairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves. 1. C. FALCXTA. Ell. (Inula falcata. Ph.) Woolly and villous; 1vs. sessile, linear, very acute, subfalcate, spreading, veins pilose on both sides; hds. in axillary corymbs; invol. pilose.-A low, -eafy plant, in dry, sandy soil, near the sea, Mass. to N. J. Stem thick, leafy, about 8' high. Heads small, bright yellow, in crowded, axillary corymbs. Rays 3-toothed at the apex. Sept. Oct. 2. C. MARIANA. Nutt. (Inula Mariana. Linn.) Hairy; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, the upper ones sessile, acute, the lower ones spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb simple; invol. viscidly pubescent.-Sandy barrens, N. J., Md.! to Flor., common. The stem and leaves are clothed with scattered, long, silky hairs. Plant about 2f high. Lower leaves taper at base into petioles. The corymb of flowers is terminal, nearly or quite simple. Heads large, 16-20 rayed, yellow, on viscid glandular peduncles. Aug. Oct. 3. C. VILLOSA. Nutt. (Amellus. Ph,. Diplopappus. Hook.) Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent and strigose; Ivs. entire, sessile, ciliate be 334 LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. BAccnSazs. low, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper ones oblong-linear or lanceolate; Uds. large, solitary and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corymbose; scales linearsubulate.-Prairies, Ill. to Oreg. Stem I-2f high. Leaves 1 —2 by 3-5", whitish and rough. Rays about 25, oblong-linear, entire, golden yellow. J1. Sept. 21. INIYLA. Heads many-flowered; involucre imbricate; ray-flowers numerous, 9, disk flowers 7; receptacle naked; pappus simple, scabrous; anthers with 2 bristles at base.-X- Coarse European herbs, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. I. HEIENIUM. Elecampane. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugose, downy beneath; invol. scales ovate.-A large herbaceous, coarse-looking plant, common by road-sides, N. Eng. to 111. Stem 4-6f high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical leaves very large (1-3f by 6-12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, of a bright yellow. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The medicinal virtues of the plant have long been esteemed. These are tonic and expectorant. Flowers in July and Aug. Section 3. Heads discoid. 22. BIGELOVIA. DC. In honor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the well-known author of " Florula Bostoniensis," &c. Heads 3 —4-flowered, the flowers all tubular, M; involucre cylindrical, as long as the flowers; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated; receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp; achenia obconic, hirsute; pappus bristles in one series. — Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. fds. fastigiately corymbose, with yellow fis. and colored scales. B. VIRGITA. DC. (Chrysocoma virgata. Nutt.) Smooth in all its parts; st. virgately branched from near the base; branch. es corymbose-fastigiate above; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veined, the cauline linear-spatulate; scales glutinous.-Swamps, N. J., &c. A plant resembling Solidago tenuifolia in aspect, l-2f high. Leaves 2-3' by 1-2", rather firm and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Aug.-Oct. 23. PLUCHEA. DC. Heads many-flowered, those of the margin 9, of the centre 7 but sterile; involucre imbricated; receptacle fiat, naked; style undivided; pappus capillary, simple.-Strong-scented herbs, with alternate leaves and corymbs of purpleflowers. 1. P. CAMPHORITA. DC. (Conyza camph. Muhl. C. Marilandica. Michx.) Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, serrate, serratures mucronate; fis. in crowded corymbs. —% A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. Stem a foot high, thick, downy, with alternate leaves and axillary branches. Flowers light purple. Aug. 2. P. FCETiDA. DC. (Baccharis. Linn. Conyza camphorata. Ph.) Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy; Ivs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subserrate; hds. numerous, in paniculate corymbs; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute.-A strong-scentea plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. Stem 1-2f high, subsimple. Leaves 4-7' by 11-3', sprinkled with minute dots; petioles -1-1' long. Heads numerous. Aug.-Oct. 24. BACCHARIS. From Bacchus, wine; from its fragrance resembling that of wine. Heads many-flowered, 9 a'; involucre imbricate, cylindric or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales; sterile flowers with the stamens ex BILPHIUNM. LXXV. COMPOSITLE. serted; receptacle naked; pappus capillary.-Shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and white flowers. B. HALIMIFOLIA. Groundsel Tree. Shrubby; Ivs. obovate, incisely dentate above, the highest ones lanceolate; panicle compound, leafy; fascicles pedunculate.-This is almost the only arborescent plant of this order found in the Northern States. It is 6-12f high, growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. The fertile heads growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, terminal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Corollas white. Sept. The beauty of this shrub entitles it to cultivation. TRIBE 4. SENECIONIDElE. Heads radiate or discoid. Branches of the style linear, hairy or hispid at. the apex, which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage. Leaves opposite or alternate. Section 1. Heads radiate. 25. ARNICA. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, I or 2 rowed; ray-flowers Y, disk U; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs; pappus single, rigid and serrulate. —X St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. A. MOLLIS. St. pubescent, erect; Ivs. pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, thin, veiny, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong; radical ones stalked, cauline sessile; hds. few; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales; ach. hairy.-An alpine plant found in ravines on the White Mts., and also, according to Torrey 4. Gray, on the Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y. Stem 1-2f high, with several pairs of sessile leaves, and 1-5 yellow heads of middle size. Leaves 2-5 inches in length, the upper ones broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often acute but not acuminate. 26. POLYMNIA. The name of one of the ancient Muses; why applied to this plant is not obvious. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of 10 leaflets, concave; ray-flowers pistillate, few; disk sterile; receptacle chaffy; pappus none.-%- Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow. 1. P. CANADENSIS. Leaf-cup. Viscid-villous; Ivs. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid,upper 3-lobed or entire.-A coarse, broad-leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 —5fhigh, Niagara Falls! Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a manner as to form a sort of cup, hence called leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3-8' long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acuminate. Heads l' diam. June. 2. P. UVEDALIA. Yellow Leaf-cup. Lvs. opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuateangled; rays elongated.-In highland woods. Stem 3-6f high. Lower leaves very large. Flowers large, yellow, the rays much longer than the involucre. July.-Neither of these plants has been found in N. Eng., and they are rare in N. Y., but not uncommon in the Western States! 27. SILPHIUM. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, fertile, outer row ligulate; disk flowers sterile; involucre campanulate, scales in several series, leafy and spreading at summit; receptacle small, flat, chaffy; achenia broad, flat, ol)compressed. crowned with a LXXV. COMPOSITXJ. PARTEINIUM. 2-toothed pappus. —- Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. 1. S. LACINI/ATUM. Rosin-weed. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, hispid hairs; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire; hds. spicate, distant; scales of involucre ovate, appendaged and squarrose at apex.-Western States! to Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin. Stem 3-10f high. Lower leaves 1-2f long, much divided, resembling those of some thistles. Heads 4-8, very large, with large, yellow rays. J1.-Sept. 2. S. TEREBINTHINACEUM. Prairie Burdock. St. and ped. glabrous; Ivs. mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cordate, dentate-serrate, obtuse, scabrous, on long petioles; hds. few, paniculate; scales roundish and oval, glabrous.-Prairies, Western! and Southern States. Plant exuding resin. Stem 4-8f high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves erect, scabrous, rigid, 1-2f long, 7-16' wide. Involucre globose. Rays 1526, 1' long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. July-Sept. /8. pinnatifidum. T. & G. (S. pinnatifidum. Ell.) Lvs. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. 3. S. TRIFOLIATUM. Ternate-leaved Silphivm. St. glabrous and often glaucous, terete or 6-sided; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very short petioles, verticillate in 3s or 4s; upper ones opposite; hds. loosely cymose, on rather long peduncles; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, smooth; ach. oval, with 2 short teeth.-Dry woods and prairies, Ohio, Sullivant! and Southern States. Stem 4-6f high.-Leaves 4 —6 by 1-2". Rays 12-16, expanding about 2I'. 4. S. INTEGRIFOLIUM. Michx. Scabrous; st. quadrangular, striate, simple; Ils. opposite, sessile, ovatelanceolate, entire or slightly dentate; hds. in a close corymb; scales squarrose; ach. roundish, broadly winged, with 2 long teeth.-Western States! S. to Ga. Stem very rigid, 3-7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base, 3-6' long, j as wide, rather variable in form. Heads middle-size. Rays 12-20, 1' in length. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding species. July, Aug. #3. ternatum. Wood. St. 6-sided; lvs. ternately verticillate.-Prairies! with the common form; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which it is nevertheless quite distinct in habit. 5. S. PERFOLIh.TUM (and S. connatum. Linn.) Cup-plant. St. square; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connate-perfoliate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base; hds. in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrose; ach. broadly obovate, winged, emarginate.-Along streams, &c., Mich.! to Tenn. A coarse, unattractive plant, quite distinct, although variable. Stem 4-7f high. Leaves 8-14' by 4-7', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Heads large, with 15-25 ravs. 28. PARTHENIUM. Gr. frapeyvog, a virgin; from its medicinal efficacy. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile; disk-flowers tubular, sterile: involucre hemispherical; scales in 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular; receptacle conical, chaffy; achenia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous paleae. —American herbs with alternate leaves. P. INTEGRIFOLIUM. St. pubescent, striate, erect; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance-ovate, coarsely dentate-crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile; hds. many, tomentose, corymbed. —[ Dry soils, Middle and Western States! Stem rigid, 3-5f high. Radical petioles If long. Leaves 4-12' long, i as wide. Heads white, with 5 very short, cucullate, white -ays. July-Sept. REDsEcKIA. LXXV. COMPOSITiE. 337 29. HELIOPSIS. Gr. AXloS, the sun, o/apL, appearance; flowers radiant like the sun. Involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales; rays linear, large, 9; disk ~; receptacle chaffy, conical, the palere lanceolate; achenia 4-sided; pappus 0. — Lvs. opposite. Hds. large. Fls. yellow. H. LEVIS. Pers. (Helianthus. Linn.) Ox-eye. St. smooth; lvs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3-veined, smooth beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at base.-A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. Stem angular, striate, di- or trichotomously branched above, 3-5f high. Leaves 2-6' by 1-4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base and obtuse at summit. June, J1. l. gracilis. T. & G. (H. gracilis. Nutt.) Small and slender; lvs. scabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at base.-2f high. y. scabra. T. & G. (H. scabra. Hook.) St. and Ivs. scabrous and yellowish. green; Ivs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base.-6f high. Common in Ia.! 30. RUDBECKIA. Dedicated to the celebrated Olaus Rudbeck, prof. of Botany at Upsal, Sweden. Involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in -a double row, 6 in each; ray-flowers neutral; disk perfect; receptacle conic, with unarmed paleve or chaff; pappus 0, or a 4-toothed margin. —% Lvs. alternate. ids. large. Rays yellow. * Disk pale green or purplish. 1. R. LACINIiTA. Glabrous; lower lvs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate; pappus crenate.-In the edges of swamp's and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical disk. Stem round, branching, 6-8f high. Leaves alternate ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Flowers large, terminal. Rays 1-2' long,'oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. 2. R. SUBTOMENTOSA. Ph. St. branching, tomentose-pubescent; Ivs. petioIate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentose beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, upper undivided, ovate, acuminate; hds. corymbose; scales numerous, spreading; diskpurplish-brown; rays large, spreading. —A coarse, rough species, 3-4f high, prairies, &c., Western ahnd Southern States. Stem angular, marked with brown lines. Leaves 3-5' long, on petioles 1-24" long. Rays deep or orange yellow, 10-15, about 1' long. July, Aug. * * Disk dark purple. 3. R. TRILOBA. Hirsute; branches panicled, spreading; lower cauline lvs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate; upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolate; hds. rather small, disk dark purple, ovoid; rays about 8, broadoval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales.-Fields, Middle and Western States. A handsome species, 2-4f high, very branching. Leaves 2-4' long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 —10" long, i as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awned at the summit. Aug. Sept. 4. R. HIRTA. Rough, Cone-flower. Very hirsute or hispid; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked; Ivs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, denticulate, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3 rows; rays spreading.-A showy plant, in dry soils, Mass. Rickard! Western N. Y.! to La. aud la. Stems subsimple or branching from the base, covered with prickly 338 LXXV. COMPOSITIE. ZINNIA. prominences, each branch leafless towards the summit and bearing a large head with 12-15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broadly conical disk of dark purple or dark brown chaff and filowers. July Sept. t 5. R. FULGiDA. Ait. (R. chrysomela. Michx. R. spatulata. Ph.) St. hirsute, with rigid hairs; branches slender, naked above; Ivs. strigosepubescent, remotely denticulate, radical petiolate, ovate, cauline lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclasping base; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse.-Mountains, Penn. to Ohio! and Ga. Stem 1-3f high. Rays 12-14, scarcely longer than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow. July, Oct. t 6. R. SPECI6SA. Wender. St. hispidly hirsute; branches slender, elongated, naked above; Ivs. scabrous-pubescent, strongly dentate, radical ones broadly ovate, 5-veined, on long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-linear, much shorter than the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, acute.-Borders of woods, Ill. Jenney! Ohio! to Penn. A large and very showy species, 2-4f high. Leaves rather thin, radical 4-5' by 3-4', the teeth mucronulate; petioles 6-10' long. Rays about 18, oblong,linear, bright yellow. Aug. -Oct. t 31. ECHINACEA. Mcench. Gr, cXLvo0, the hedgehog; from the character of the paleae. Involucre scales imbricated in 2 rows; ray-flowers neutral; diskflowers ~; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate palese; pappus 0. -2' Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. 1. E. PURPUREA. Mcench. (Rudbeckia Linn.) Purple Cone-flower or Comb-flower.-Very rough; lower lvs. broad-ovate, attenuate at base, remotely toothed; cauline ones lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire; rays very long, deflexed, bifid.-Thickets and barrens, Western! and Southern States. A tall, handsome plant, often cultivated. Stem 4f high, branched, sulcate. Leaves 4-8' long, i as wide, rough, with short, stiff bristles, 3-veined..Heads large, solitary, on long peduncles. Disk thickly beset with the stiff, pointed, brown chaff. Rays about 15, 2 —3' long, pendulous. July-Sept.-Root black, pungent, medicinal. t,6. Rays nearly white.-Ill. Dr. Mead in T. 4. G. Fl. Am. 2. E. ANGUSTIPOLIA. DC. (Rudbeckia. pallida. Nutt.) St. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above; Ivs. entire, hispidly pubescent, 3-veined, lower ones lanceolate, petiolate, upper lance-linear, sessile; scales in about 2 rows, short; rays 12-20, slender, drooping.-Prairies and marshes, Ill. Mo. to Tex. Plant of a more slender habit than the last, 2-3f high. Leaves 3 —6' by 3-6". Petioles 0 —8" long. Heads on long, naked peduncles. Rays 1-2' long, purple, varying to white. Disk brown. May-July. 32. LEPACHYS. Involucre in one series of linear scales; ray flowers few, neutral, disk perfect; receptacle columnar, chaffy; chaff obtuse and bearded,at apex; pappus 0; fertile achenia compressed, l-2-winged.-%[ Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. Hds. of flowers yellow, with long, drooping rays. L. PINNTA. Torr. & Gray. (Rudbeckia. Mx. Obeliscaria. Cass.) Scabrous; Ivs. all pinnate, the divisions 3-7, some of the lower ones 2parted, the rest undivided; rays elongated.-In dry soil, Western N. Y., Western! and Southern States. Stem 2-4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. Heads very showy. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, purple. 33. ZINNIA. Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557. Involucre scales oval, margined, imbricate; rays 5, persistent, en LTTHUS. LXXV. COMPOSITJE. 3: tire, 9; disk flowers ~; receptacle chaffy, conical; pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. —f) Native at the South, C4c. Lvs. opposite, entire. 1. Z. ELEGANS.-Ids. on long peduncles; lvs. cordate, ovate, sessile-amplexi. caul; st. hairy; cha.f' serrated.-Native of Mexico. J1. Aug.-Several varie. ties are known in cultivation; viz. a. violacea, with violet-colored flowers; B. alba, flowers white; y. purpurascens, flowers purple; J. coccinea, flowers of a brilliant scarlet. t 2. Z. MULTIFLORA. —Hds. on long peduncles; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, on short petioles.-Native of the Southern States.-Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers, is also found in cultivation. t 34. HELIANTHUS. Gr. 0XtoS, the sun, aveog, flower; from the resemblance of the flowers. Heads many-flowered; ray-fls. neutral, disk; scales of the involucre imbricated in several series; receptacle flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the achenia; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, deciduous; achenia compressed or 4-sided, not margined.-Herbs mostly %, rough. Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. ~ Disk dark purple. 1. H. ANNUVUS. Common Sunflower.-Lvs. all'cordate, 3-veined, only the 6owest opposite; ped. thick; fis. nodding.-This well-known annual is from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is increased by the fertility of it in direct proportion, until it reaches the height of 10 and even 20 feet. The common height may be stated at 7 feet. The enormous size of the flowers with their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. An edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. JL.-A splendid variety occurs with the flowers all radiate. 2. H. ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved Siutflower. Erect, slender, glabrous or hispidly hirsute; Ivs. sessile, linear, tapering to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, margin subdenticulate, often revolute; hds. pedunculate, few; scales lance-linear, the long point spreading; chaff linear, 3-toothed.-Sandy or rocky places, N. J.! Ky. and Southern States, common. Stem 2-3f high, subsimple. Leaves 2-5' by 3-6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12-18, expanding about 2'. Disk flowers brown at the summit. 3. H. RIGiDUS. Desf. (H. scaberrimus. Ell. H. crassifolius. Nutt.) Stiff leaved Stunflower. —S. erect, rigid, simple or with few branches, scabrous or sm6othish, nearly naked above; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petiolate, mostly opposite, tripli-veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both sides; hds. few; scales ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shorter than the disk; chaff obtusish; pappits 2 squamae.-Prairies, &c., Wis. Laphaam, to Mo., La., &c. Plant 2-4f high. Leaves 3-6' by — 1', very rough with papillose hairs, but less so than in H. divaricatus. Rays 12- 20, expanding 2-3', light yellow. ~ ~ Disk yellow. * Leaves opposite. 4. H. LTIJrFLRus. Pers. Splendid Sunflower. St. rough and branched above; lvs. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tripli-veined, very rough on both sides, on short petioles, upper ones often alternate; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than the disk; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12-20.-Barrens, &c., Ia. Ohio. Torr. -. Gray. A rough, but showy plant, 3 —f high. Leaves thick, 5 —8 by lk-2i'. Rays nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug.-Oct. t 5. H. OCCIDENTALTS. Riddell. Western S1n.flower. St. slender, simple, nearly naked above; lvs. opposite, oval, scabrous, obscurely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small and few, entire; hds. pedunculate; scales lance-oval, appressed.-Sand prairies.'29* 340 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. HELIANTHUS. Western States! Stem 3-5f high, scape-like, slender. Leaves 3-5' by 1-2', upper ones 1 —2 long. Heads few, middle size. Rays 12-15, light yellow. J1.-Sept. 6. H. CINEREUS. Torr. & Gray. Sullivant's Sunflower. " Rough with a cinerous pubescence; lvs. ovate-oblong, rather acute, appressed to the stem, serrulate, sessile, the lower narrowed to a winged petiole; ped. naked, slender; scales lanceolate, canescent; ach. villous at summit. Jl. Sullivantii. Larger and more branched; st. scabrous-hirsute; lvs. obscurely serrate, acute, the uppermost entire, often alternate.-Near Coluqnbus, Ohio. Sullivant. Stem 2-3f high, virgate, sometimes a little branched, bearing a few heads nearly as large as those of H. mollis." Fl. Am. II. p. 324. 7. H. MOLLIS. Lam. (H. canescens. Michz.) Soft-leaved Sunflower. St. villous; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasping; entire or subserrate, tomentose-canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate; scales of involucre lanceolate, villose-canescent; chaf entire, acute and canescent above.-Prairies and barrens, Ohio! Ia.! Mo., common. A- hoary and villose species, 2-4f high, nearly simple. Leaves 3 —5 long, L-X as wide. Rays 15-25, — 1' by 4' wide. J1. —Sept. 8. H. DORONICO1DES. Lam. Leopard's-bane Sunflower. St. branched, rough or hirsute above; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, or the upper alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined, serrate, scabrous above, smooth or pubescent beneath; scales lance-linear, ciliate, a little longer than the disk; rays 12-15.-A large species, common in the Western! and Southern States. Stem 4-7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3-10' by 1 —3; petioles — 1' long. Rays very showy, 15-20f" by 4 —6". J1.-Sept. l. p2ubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. 9. H. STRUMOSUS. Downy Sunflower. St. smooth below, scabrous above; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, smooth or tomentose-canescent beneath; hds. few, about 10rayed; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrose-spreading at tip. — Grows in swamps, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem 3-5f high, erect, branching above. Leaves petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface varying in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in length. Scales hairy. J1. 10. H. DECAPETXLUS. Tcn-rayed Sunflower. Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath; invol. scales lanceolate-linear, subciliate, spreading, nearly equal; rays 10-12, pale yellow.-Copses, along' streams, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 3-4f high, purplish. Involucre varying in all degrees of leafiness between the present form and the variety following. Aug.t I.frondosus. Hook. (H. frondosus. Linn.) Outer scales larger and leaf-like. 11. H. TRACHELTIFOLIUS. Willd. St. strict, branching, scabrous or with scattered hairs; Ivs. opposite, those of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, appressed, serrate, acuminate, petiolate, lower ones ovate, middle lance-ovate, upper lance-linear; scales lance-linear, attenuate-acuminate, longer than the disk, loosely spreading, ciliate; chaf slightly 3-toothed; rays 12-15.-A tall, handsome species, not uncommon in thickets, &c., Ohio! and Ia.! Stem purplish, 3-6fhigh. Leaves 3-6' by — 3;'; petioles 1-1l' long. Heads middle size, at top of the slender, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 —3/. 12. H. HIRSUTUS. Raf. (H. diversifolius. Ell.) St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute; lvs. opposite, petiolate, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, very scabrous above, hirsute beneath; scales ovate-larceolate, acuminate, hirsute, as long as the disk; rays 11-15.-Dry soils, Western and Southern States. Stem 4-7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3-10' by 1-3', petioles — 1' long. Rays very showy, 15-18" by 4-6". J1.-Sept. 13. pubescens. (H. pubescens. Hook.) Lvs. tomentose beneath, subsessile. TAGETES. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 341 13. H. DIVARICATUS. Spreading Sunflower. St. smooth, branching or simple; lvs. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle trichotomous, slender, few-flowered.-Not uncommon in rocky woods, brooksides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the genus, few, yellow and very showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forked. This plant is much improved by cultivation. Aug. Sept. jB. scaberrimus. St. subsimple; Ivs. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid.-Barrens, Ia.! y. Lvs. ternately verticillate. Otherwise as in /1. Barrens, Ia.! ~ ~ Disk yellow. * * Leaves alternate. 14. H. GIGANTEUS. (H. altissimus. Linn.) Lvs. alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, winged petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, ciliate; pappus of 2 short, slightly fringed scales.-Can. to Car. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4-8f high, purplish, branching above into a corymbose panicle of large, yellow flowers. Leaves 2-5' by X-1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12-20. Variable. " B. ambiguus. T. & G. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base. -L. I.". Torr. 4. Gray. 15. H. TOMENTOSUS. Michx. Downy-leaved Sunflower. St. stout, pubescent, branched above; Ivs. thin, large, acuminate, obscurely serrate, scabrous above, tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, lower ones ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subsessile; hds. long-pedunculate; scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrose; chaff3-toothed, hirsute at summit.-Dry soil, Ill. to Ga. A large species, 4-8f high, with ample leaves and flowers. Leaves 6-12' by 2-6', some of them tripli-veined. Rays elliptical lanceolate, 18" by 5". Aug.-Oct. t 16. H. GROSSE-SERRATUS. Martens. Notch-leaved Sunflower. St. smooth and glaucous; Ivs. mostly alternate, lanceolate or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous above, hoary and softly pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles; scales lance-subulate, loosely imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk.-Ohio, Sullivant, &c., Ia. Plummer, Ill., Mead, to La. Allied to H. giganteus. Stem 4-6f high. Leaves 6 —9 by 1-2' broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays 15-20, expanding near 3'. Aug. Sept. 17. H. TUBEROSUS. Jerusalem Artichoke.-Lvs. 3-veined, rough, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate; petioles ciliate at base.-2- Native of Brazil. The plant has been cultivated for the sake of its tuberous roots, which are used as a substitute for potatoes. It is naturalized in borders of fields, hedges, &c. Sept. + 35. TAGET ES. Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son of Genius and grandson of Jupiter. Heads heterogamous; involucre simple, tubular, of 5 united scales; ray-flowers 5, persistent; receptacle naked; pappus of 5 erect awns.-(D Herbs of tropical America. Lvs. pinnately divided. 1. T. PATUiLA. French Marigold.-St. erect, with spreading branches; segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate; ped. elongated, subcylindric, one-flowered; invol. smooth. Plant about 2f high. Flowers orange-yellow. 2. T. ERECTA. African Marigold.-Segments of the leaves lanceolate, ciliateserrate; ped. 1-flowered, Ventricose and thickened at the summit; invol. angular.-The heads are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter peduncles. -These are well known and popular garden flowers with several varieties. 349 LXXV. COMPOSITAE; ACHILLEA. 36. HELE-NIUM. Named for the celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its: cosmetic properties. Involacre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the inner chaffy; rays pistillate; pappus of several 5-awned, chaffy leaves; receptacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only; ray-flowers half 3-cleft; seed villose. —Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays yellow. H. AUTUMNALE. American Sneeze-wrort. Lvs. lanceolate-serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, decurrent;fis. loosely corymbose.-Q- In damp places. Stem 2-3f high, branching, strongly winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves tapering to each end or elliptic-lanceolate, more or less deeply serrate. Flowers large, numerous, terminal, with drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globose disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug.,. canaliculatum. T. & G. (H. canaliculatum. Lam.) Rays concave, canaliculate or 3-furrowed. 37. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, with nearly equal scales; rays numerous, pistillate; receptacle chaffy, convex or conic; achenia crowned with a: slight border.-European herbs, with much divided leaves. 1. A. ARVENSIS. Corn Chamomile. St. erect, hairy; Ivs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, segments linearlanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin; chaf of the receptacle lanceolate, cuspidate, longer than the flowers. — Grows in dry, cultivated fields. A pilose, inodorous plant, somewhat naturalized in the Northern States. Stems diffusely branching, 8-15' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy summits of the branches..Disk yellow, rays white. July. l 2. A. NOBrLIS. Chamomile.-St. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly; Ivs. decompound-pinnatifid, segments linear, subulate; chaff scarious, lanceolate, scarcely as long as the flowers. —4 Native of Britain and other parts of Europe. Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and agreeable scent of the chamomile is well known, also its tonic and anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July-Sept. 38. MARYT A. Less. Involucre hemispherical, imbricated; rays neutral; disk perfect; receptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit); pappus 0; anchenia smooth. —European herbs, with alternate, much divided leaves. M. COTULA. DC. (Anthemis. Linn.) May/-weed. St. erect, nearlysmooth; lvs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subulate; chaff bristly, shorter than the flowers. —( Naturalized in all waste places, in hard, dry soils, especially by roadsides, in patches of' great extent, presenting almost a uniform whitish surface when in blossom. Stem branching, diffuse, a foot high, with alternate leaves divided and subdived into a multitude of segments. Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Linnmus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies. June-Sept. ( 39. ACHILLEA. Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, who first wed the plant. Involucre ovoid, of unequal, imbricated scales; rays 5-10, short, pistillate; receptacle flat, chaffy; achenia without a pappus. —4 European herbs, with much divided, alternate leaves. 1. A. MILLEFOLIUM. Millfoil. Yar'row. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments; invol. and st. furrowed.-The yarrow abounds in fields, pastures, &c., N. Eng. to Oregon and Arc. Am. It is called also millfoil, from its leaves being cut and parted into so CHRYSANTHEMUM. LXXV. COMPOSITIE. 343 numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stem a foot high, branching at top into a dense, flat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored flowers. It has an agreea, ble, pungent taste and smell. June-Sept. 2. A. PTARMiC.A. Sneezewort. Lvs. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, smooth.-Found in moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N. Y. Pursh. Mass. Nicholls. Plant about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse cgrymb of white flowers. The leaves are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves used as snuff provokes sneezing. A variety with double flowers occurs, which is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. t 40. LEUCANTHEMUM. Gr. XEVKOg, white, av-og, flower; the heads have large, white, conspicuous rays. Involucre broad, depressed, imbricated; rays pistillate, numerous; receptacle flat, naked; achenia striate; pappus O. —Herbs, with alternate leaves. L. VULGiRE. Lam. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Lint.) Whiteweed. Ox-eye Daisy.-Lvs. amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, cut-pinnatifid at base; st. erect, branching.-q- The common white-weed is an annoyance to farmers, rapidly overspreading pastures and neglected fields, U. S. to Arc. Am. Stems 2f high, simple or with one or two long branches, furrowed. Leaves comparatively few and small, obtuse, the lower ones petiolate, with deep and irregular teeth; upper ones small, subulate, those of the middle sessile, clasping, deeply cut at base, with remote teeth above. Heads large, terminal, solitary. Disk yellow. Rays numerous, white. July.-Sept. 41. PYRETHRUM. An ancient name of a certain plant, supposed to be of Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate; scales with membranous margins; receptacle naked; pappus a membranous margin crowning the achenia. —European herbs, chiefly perennial, with alternate leaves. P. PARTHENIUM. Feverfew.-Lvs. petiolate, flat, tripinnate, the segments ovate, cut; ped. branching, corymbose; st. erect; invol. hemispherical, pubescent.Several varieties of the Feverfew are cultivated, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a corymb of pure white, double flowers, which retain their beauty for several weeks. 42. 1C H RY S ANT H fE MUM. Gr. Kpaosg, gold, aveoss; many species bearing golden colored flowers. Involucre imbricate, hemispherical, the scales with membranous margins; receptacle naked; pappus O.- Ornamental plants from China and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed. 1. C. CORONARIUM.-St. branched; Ivs. bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute.-(- Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The variety with double flowers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. Stem about 3f high, striate, smooth, erect, with alternate, clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, solitary. Aug. 2. C. CARINATUM. Willd. (C. tricolor. Andr.) Three-colored Chry/santhlemum. Lvs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth; invol. scales carinate.- _-( Native of Barbary. Heads large and beautiful; disk purple, rays white with a yellow base. A variety has flowers entirely yellow. Jl.-Oct. 3. C. SINENsE. Sabine. (Pyrethrum Sinense. DC.) Chinese Clrysanthemum. Lvs. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous; rays very long.-A native of China, where it has been long cultivated and highly esteemed for its beauty. A great number of varieties have been produced, with double, semidouble and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. It is of very easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by 344 LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. CoREOPSIa. suckers and by cuttings. Although they grow in any soil, yet it is better to give them a rich loam, and water them with liquid manure. 43. LEPTOPODA. Nutt. Gr. Xrrog, slender, 7rovs, foot; alluding to the elongated peduncle. Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, cuneate, 3-4-cleft; disk M; scales spreading, numerous, attenuate; receptacle conical; chaff 0; pappus of 6-10 fringed squamoe. — North American herbs, with the habit of Heleniutm. L. BRACHYP6DA. T. & G. (Helenium quadridentatum. Hook.) False Heleniamn. —St. leafy, corymbose at summit; lvs. decurrent, lanceolate, subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse; hds. on short peduncles; scales lance-linear; about half as long as the 8 —12 drooping rays; disk brownish-purple.-A plant separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. It grows in damp soil, firom the southern counties of Ill. to Tex. and Southern States. Stem about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather deeply and irregularly toothed, 7-9" by 4-5". Section 2. Heads discoid and radiate in the same genuS. 44. A C T I N O M A: R I S. Nutt. Gr. atryv, a ray, tyqple, a part; partially radiate. Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4-14, rarely 0; involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1-3 series; receptacle conical or convex, chaffy; achenia compressed, flat, obovate, 2-awned. — Plants tall. St. winged with the decurrent leaves. Hds. corymbose, yellow. 1. A. HELIANTHOIDES. Nutt. (Verbesina. Michx.) St. hirsute, winged except near the base; lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous; coryrmb contracted; rays 6-14, long and narrow; scales erect.-Rather common in barrens and prairies, Western States! It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem conspicuously winged with the decurrent leaves, 2-4f high. Leaves 2-4' by 6-14", grayish. Rays often irregular, 1' long. Jn. J1. 2. A. SQUARROSA. Nutt. (Coreopsis alternifolia. Linn.) St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent; Ivs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acuminate end, scabrous, decurrent on the petiole and stem; hds. small; scales spreading or reflexed; rays 4-8: receptacle very small.-Dry, alluvial soils western N. Y., and Western States! common. It is a tall, unsightly weed, 5 —10fhigh. Leaves 6-14' by 1-3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays j' long. Aug.-Oct. 45. COREOPSIS. Gr. Kop.a, a bug, otpfi, appearance; from the concavo-convex, -horned achenia. Involucre double, each 6-10-leaved; receptacle chaffy; achenia compressed, emarginate, each commonly with a 2-toothed pappus.Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays rarely wanting. ~ Rays 0. 1. C. DISCOIDEA. Torr. & Gray. Rayless Tick-seed. Glabrous, much branched, erect; Ivs. ternate, long-petiolate; lfts. ovatelanceolate, strongly dentate, petiolulate; hds. loosely paniculate, on slender peduncles; outer involucre 3 —5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts, inner of nmany linear, appressed scales; ach. linear-oblong, tapering below, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards!-Ohio, Sullivant! to La. Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 3 —5 by /-1I', lateral much smaller. Heads small (V' diam.), about 30-flowered. J1. —Sept. CQaRorsIS. LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. 345 ~ ~ Rays and disk yellow. 2. C. TRICHOSPERMA. Michx. Tick-seed Sunflower. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous; lvs. pinnately 5-7-parted, briefly petiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner; rays entire, large; ach. narrow-cuneate, 2-awned.(1) in wet grounds, N. Y., Mass. to Car. A smooth, branching plant, 1-2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Branches and leaves mostly opposite. Leaves thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Leaflets narrow, tapering to a long point, with a lew unequal, remote serratures. Achenia i' long, crowned with stout,hispid awns. Jl. Aug. 3. C. ARIST6SA. Michx. Sparingly pubescent; Ivs. pinnately 5-9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid; hds. small, with conspicuous rays; outer invol. of 10-12 linear, green scales, about as long as the inner, villous at base; awns about as long as the achenium.-Low woods, Western States! Stem obtusely 4-angled, 2-3f high. Leaves thin, 4-6' long, petioles t-i'. Rays 8, orangeyellow, expanding 1i'.,B. (C. involucrata. Nutt.?) Scales of the outer involucre about 13, a third longer than those of the inner. —a.! 4. C. TRIPTERIS. (Chrysostemma. Less.) Glabrous; st. simple, tall, corymbose at summit; Ivs. coriaceous, opposite, petiolate, 3-5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute; hds. small, on short peduncles.-A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common in Ia.! Stem 4-8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3-5' by — 1k'. Rays spreading, i' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, as many as the inner. Jl.-Oct. 5. C. VERTICILLATA. Whor-leaved Coreopsis. Glabrous, branched; Ivs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately parted, segments linear, obtuse; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3-toothed; ac/i. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. —4 Moist places, Md. and Western States! Stem 1-3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June-Aug. 6. C. PALMATA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.) Nearly smooth; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the sum. mit; lvs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; rays obovate-oblong; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved.-Dry prairies, W. States I Stem 1-2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1-2k' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2-4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays Outer scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Jn. J1. 7. C. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Coreopsis. St. ascending, often branched below; lower lvs. oblanceolate, petiolate, the Upper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles; rays 4-5-toothed at apex; ach. suborbicular, with 2 small teeth.-i4 Native of the Southern States!. Heads showy. Rays about 8, 1' by j'. Jn.-Aug. t ~ ~ ~ Rays or disk purple. 8. C. DRUMMONDII. T. & G. (Calliopsis. Don.) Drummond's Coreopsis.Pubescent; ivs. pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire; scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays unequally 5-toothed, twice longer than the involucre; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. —( From Texas. Stems 10-20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base. t A. atrosanguinea, a garden variety, with dark orange flowers. 9. C. TINCTORIA. Dyer's Coreopsis.-Lvs. attenuate, radical ones subbipinnate; Ifts. oval, entire, smooth; cauline subpinnate, ifts. linear; rays two-colored; ach. naked.-A handsome border annual, native of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1-3f high, with light, smooth foliage. Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer. t 346 LXXV. COMPOSITAE. BIDENI. 10. C. ROSEA. Nutt. (Calliopsis. Spreng.) Rose-red Tickseed. St. branched; lvs. opposite, i-veined, linear, entire; ped. short; outer scales very short; rays obscurely tridentate.-4-2 A very delicate species, in wet grounds, Mass. Dr. Robbins! to N. J. Stem slender, erect, 8-16' high. Leaves 1 —2 long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. Heads few, small. Rays rosecolor, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl. Aug. 46. BIDENS. Lat. bidens, two-toothed; the achenia have 2 (or more) barbed teeth. Involucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base; rays few, neutral; disk perfect; receptacle chaffy, flat; pappus of 2-4 awns, rough backwards; achenia quadrangular. —.Lvs. opposite. Rays often wanting. * Rays inconspicuous or 0. 1. B. FRONDOSA. Leafjy Burr-Marigold. F/s. discoid; outer invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate at base; lower lvs. pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate.-(- A common weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called beggar ticks, from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every one who passes by it. Stem 2f high, sending out many spreading branches. Lower leaves in 3s or 5s. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre. Aug. Sept. 2. B. CONNATA. Willd. (B. tripartita. B1w.) Trifid Burr-Marigold. Smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones mostly trifid; outer scales longer than the head, leafy; ach. with 3 awns.-(- In swamps and ditches, Can., N. Eng. to Mo. Stem 1 —3f high, smooth and 4-furrowed, with opposite branches. Leaves opposite, smooth, serrate, the lower ones often divided into 3 segments, the rest generally entire, lanceolate, sharply serrate and somewhat connate. Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, consisting only of the tubular, yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aug. 3. B. CERNUA. Water Burr-Marigold. Fls. subradiate, cernuous; outer invol. as long as the flower; Ivs. lanceolate, subconnate, dentate.-In swamps and ditches, Can. to Penn. Stem 1 —2f high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above, branches opposite, leaves opposite, somewhat connated at base. Flowers yellowish-green, finally drooping, generally with yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug.-Oct. 4. B. BIPINNATA. Spanish Needles. Smooth; lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. lanceolate, pinnatifid; hds. subradiate; outer invol. the length of the inner. —() Grows in waste places, N. Y. Sartwell, Conn. Robbints. Stem 2-4f high, branching, smooth. Leaves bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3-4 (or 0) obscure, obovate, yellow rays. J1.-Sept. * * Rays conspicuous. 5. B. CHRYSANTHEM6ODES. Radiate Burr-Marigold. Fls. radiate; rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal involucre; Ivs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. —( A low plant, with large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. Stem 6-20' high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, opposite, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept. Oct. 6. B. BECKIT. Torr. Beck's Burr-Marigold. St. subsimple; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid; emersed ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or laciniate; fis. radiate; rays. longer than the involucre.-q- In water, N. Y. Sartwell, &c. Vt. Chandler, N. to Can. Stem 2 —3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dissected as in Ranunculus aquatilis; upper 1-2' long, J as wide, deeply serrate. Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July. Aug. SEN"CIO. LXXV. COMPOSITLE. 347 47. VERBESINA. Heads few or many-flowered; rays 9, few or 0; disk M; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect; chaff concave or embracing the flowers; achenia compressed laterally, 2-awned. —% American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decurrent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary or corymbose. 1. V. SIEGESBECKIA. Michx. (Coreopsis alata. Ph. Actinomeris alata. Nutt.)-St. 4-winged; lvs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, acuminate, tripli-veined, tapering to a winged petiole; hds. radiate, in trichotomous cymes; rays 1-5; ach. wingless.-Roadsides and dry fields, Western and Southern States, common. Stem 4-6f high. Leaves 5-8' by 3 —4, thin. Heads about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter about i' long. Aug. Sept. 2. V. VIRG1NiCA. Virginian Crown-beard. St. narrowly winged, pubescent above; lvs. alternate, lanceolate or lanceovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base; lower ones daecurrent; corymbs compound, dense; rays (oval) ahd disk fis. white; ach. winged.-Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem (3-5f high) and leaves beneath often more or less tomentose. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or 4 rays scarcely.' long. Aug. Sept. 48. DYSODIA. Cav. Heads many-flowered; rays 9; disk 3<; involucre of a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate; achenia elongated, 4angled, compressed; pappus scales chaffy, in one series, fimbriately and palmately cleft into bristles. —( Lvs. mostly opposite andpinnately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbose. Fls. yellow. D. CHRYSANTHEM6ODES. Lagasca. (Tagetes papposa. Vent. Bcebera chr. Willd.)-St. glabrous, much branched; lvs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal; scales campanulate, united at base; bracts at base 7-9, linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre.-Prairies, &c., Ill., Mo. to La. An ill-scented plant, above If high, resembling a Tagetes. Flowers bright yellow. 49. SENEC IO. Lat. selnex, an old man; the word is synonymous with Erigeron. Involucre of many equal leaflets or invested with scales at base, the scales withered at the points; receptacle not chaffy; pappus -simple, capillary and copious.-A vast genus, embracing 600 species of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the involucre. * Heads discoid. 1. S. vuLIa/RIs. Conmon Groundsel. St. paniculate, erect, angular; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplexicaul.-A common weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. Introduced from Europe. Stem 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. Leaves alternate, thin, bright green, the radical ones stalked. Flowers without rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. * Heads radiate. 2. S. AUREUS. Golden Senecio. Radical Ivs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones pinnatifid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate; ped. subumbellate, thick; rays 8-12. -% A handsome and very variable plant, in meadows, woods, &c. (U. S. and Brit. Am.) with golden-yellow flowers. Stem smoothish, striate, erect, 1-2f high, simple or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. Lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones few and slender:0 S34 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. CACALIA. Peduncles more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at apex. Rays 4-5" long, spreading. May-Aug. B. Balsamitt. (S. Balsamitre. Muhl.) St. villous at base; Ivs. few, small and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate; ped. villous at base. Rocky hills and pastures. y. gracilis. (S. gracilis. PA.) Radical lis. orbicular, on long petioles, cauline few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate; ped. short, pilose, with small, fewrayed heads.-A slender state of the species, on rocky shores. J. obovatus. (S. obovatus. Wild.) Radical'lvs. obovate; ped. elongated.Meadows, &c. e. lanceolatus. Oakes. Radical lvs. lanceolate, acute, cadzline lanceolate, pinnatifid at base.-Shady swamps, Vt. Robbins. 3. S. PSEUDO-ELUGANS. DC. (S. elegans. Linn.) rPurple Jacobaa. —Lvs. equal, pinnatifid, pilose-viscid, spreading; ped. somewhat scaly; invol. calyculate with leafy scales; scales mostly withered. at the tips.-Native of the Cape of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Flowers of the disk yellow, of the rays of a most brilliant purple. A variety has double flowers, with colors equally brilliant. Another variety has white flowers. Jn.-Aug. t Section 3. Heads discoid. 50. HYMENOPAPPUS. L'Her. Gr. vpev, a membraneraararopappus; from the character. Heads many-flowered; flowers all p, tubular; scales 6-12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous, colored; receptacle small, naked; anthers exserted; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the base; pappus of many short, obtuse, membranaceous scales in one series. —( or'2 North American, villose herbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. H. SCABIOSEUS. L'Her. Hoary-villose, or nearly glabrous; Ivs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed; hds. collected in simple corymbs; scales of the invol. obovate, 7-11, white, greenish at base, undulate on the margin, longer than the disk; cor. deeply lobed; ach. pubescent.-Ill. Mead! and Southern States. Stem 1-2f high, whitish with soft cotton when young, at length purplish and glabrous. Segments 1 —1' by 1-2", rather acute. Heads whitish, about 21-flowered. (Apr. May. T. 4 G. Aug. Mead.) 51. CACALIA. An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant. Flowers all M; involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate with small scales at the base; receptacle not chaffy; pappus capillary; scabrous.-Mostly 24. Smooth. Lvs. alternate. Hds. offis. corymbed. mostly cyanic. 1. C. SUAVEOLENS. Wild Caraway. Glabrous; st. striate-angular; Ivs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth, green on both sides; fis. corymbed, erect; invol. many-flowered. —% Western N. Y. to Conn., Robbins! to Ga.! and Ill. Stems 4 —5f high, striate, leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed; cauline ones on winged stalks. Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles smooth, with selaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the divisions of the peduncles: Aug.-Resembles a Nabalus. 2. C. ATRIPLICIFOLIA. Orache-leaved Caraway. St. herbaceous; lvs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, radical ones cordate, dentate, cauline ones rhomboid, sub-bidentate on each side; fis. corymbed, erect; invol. 5-flowered. —N. Y. to Ga. and Ill.! Stem 3-5f high, round, leafy, subramose. Leaves alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with large, unequal teeth. Heads of flowers small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely rorymbose at the tops of the branches. J1-Sept. ARTEMISIA. LXXV. COMPOSIT]E. 349 3. C. RENIFORMIS. Muhl. St. sulcate-angled; lvs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides, petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flabellifbrm; corymb compound, fastigiate; Ads. 5-flowered.-Woods Ia.! Ill., Penn., S. to Car. Stem 3-6f high, nearly simple, glabrous. Leaves 3-12' by 5-18', repand-dentate, lower petioles very long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. July. 4. C. TUBEROSA. Nutt. St. angular-sulcate; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5-7-veined, obtuse or subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glaucous, lower ones tapering into long petioles, upper ones on short petioles; hds. in compound corymbs. —Marshes, Western States! Stem 2-5f high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, 3-7' long, I as wide, veined like those of the plantain. Heads:oblong, 5-leaved and 5-flowered, white. May-J1. 5. C. COCCINEA. Curt. (Emilia sagittata. DC.) Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower.-Radicat Ivs. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul, crenate; invol. ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed; ach. ciliate; pappus in several rows.-A pretty garden flower, native of the E. Indies, &c. Stem If or more high. Flowers bright scarlet. Jn.-Sept. A bed or patch sown thickly makes a fine appearance. 52. ARTEMISIA. Probably from Artemtis, one ofthe names of the goddess Diana. Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with dry, connivent scales; receptacle naked or subvillous; disk flowers numerous, X, tubular, ray flowers few, often without stamens, and with a subulate corolla or 0; achenia with a small disk; pappus O.-Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor. yellow. ~ 1. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers sterile. 1. A. DRACUNCfLUS. Taragon.-Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, acuminate at each end; hds. subglobose, pedunculate, erect.-A culinary herb, native of S. Europe. Stem herbaceous, 2-3f high. J1. Aug. —It is of the easiest culture, and is used for pickles, salad, and for seasoning soup. t 2. A. DRACUNCULOiDES. Ph. (A. cernua. Nutt.) Erect, much branched, whitish pubescent when young; lower Ivs. 3-cleft, upper entire, narrowly linear, attenuated at both ends; hds. globose, small, nodding, pedicellate, in paniculate racemes; scales with scarious margins.-St. Louis, Mo. to the Saskatchawan. - Stem shrubby, 6 —8f high, with numerous slender branches. Leaves 1 —4' by 1-3", radical trifid or sometimes 2 or 3 times trifid. 3. A. BOREALIS. Pallas. (A. spithamwa. Ph.) Cespitose, silky-villose or smoothish; st. simple (6-10' high); lowerlvs. petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately or bipinnately parted- above, with linear lobes, upper Ivs. linear, 3-5-cleft or entire; hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemose-paniculate.-Keweena Point, Lake Superior. Dr. Houghton in T. & G. Fl. ii. 417. 4. A. CANADENSIS. Michx. Sea Wormwood. St. erect or decumbent; Ivs. pinnatifid with linear segments; fs. subglobose, sessile, in crowded panicles resembling spikes. —% Shores of the great lakes. Plum Island, Bigelow. Near Amherst College, Hitchcock. Willoughby Mt., Vt., Wood. Stem 2-4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly erect. Leaves all much divided into linear-setaceous segments. Heads nume. rous, small, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous margin. Aug. 5. A. CAUDATA. Michx. St. herbaceous, simple, densely and pyramidally paniculate; radical and lower cauline Ivs. subbipinnate, pubescent, upper ones subpinnate, segments subsetaceous, alternate; Ads. ovoid-globose, pedicellate, erect.-On the sea coast, N. H. to R. I. Stem 3-5f high, strict. Leaves in many attenuated and somen 350 LXXV. COMPOSITAE. GNAPHALIUM. what fleshy segments. Heads small. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, elliptical. Aug. Sept. ~ 2. Receptacle naked. Flowers all fertile. 6. A. ABROTANUM. Southernwood.-St. erect; lower lvs. bipinnate; upper ones capillary, pinnate; invol. downy, hemispherical.-A well known shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Europe. 7. A. LUDOVICINA. Nutt. Herbaceous, canescently tomentose; lvs. lanceolate, lower incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire; hds. ovoid, subsessile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle.-Lake and river shores, Mich. to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2-5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size, and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small and crowded. Aug. Sept. 8. A. VULGIRIS. Common Artemisia or Mugwort. Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segments lanceolate, acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate; hds. erect, ovoid, subsessile; invol. tomentose. —% Introduced from Europe and naturalized in fields, roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt. N.. H. Stem 2-3f high, branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable, but never nearly so attenuated as in A. Canadensis. Heads few, purplish. 9. A. BIENNIS. Willd. Erect, herbaceous, smooth; Ivs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, all with linear, acute and mostly incised lobes; hds. sessile, arranged in a close, narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes.-Ohio to Mo. and the Saskatchawan. T. 4 G. Aug.-Oct. $ 3. Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers allfertile. 10. A. ABSINTHIUM. Common Wormwood. Lvs. multifid, clothed with short, silky down, segments lanceolate; Ads. hemispherical, drooping; receptacle hairy.-Naturalized in the mountainous districts of New England, growing among rubbish, rocks and by roadsides. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. The whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomachic, &c. Q 11. A. PONTICA. Roman Wormword.-Lvs. tomentose beneath, cauline ones bipinnate, leaflets linear; Ads. roundish, stalked, nodding.-Common in gardens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flowers. Head with 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6. From Austria.' 53. TANACETUM. Said to be a corruption of a Oavarog, deathless; for the durable flowers. Involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute; receptacle convex, naked; pappus a slight, membranous border; achenia with a large, epigynous disk. —Lvs. alternate, much dissected. Fls. yellow. T. VULGXRE. Tansey. —Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and incisely serrate; hds. fastigiate-corymbose.-Q4 Native of Europe, and naturalized in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2-3f high. branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug.-The whole plant has a strong and aromatic smell and a very bitter taste. The seeds are anth'elmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped leaves. ~ 54. GNAPHALIUM. Gr. yvacaXov, cotton or wool; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage. Heads discoid, heterogamous; involucre imbricate with scarious, colored scales; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, in several rows; ANrrENNARlIA. LXXV. COMPOSIT/E. 351 central flowers;'receptacle fiat, naked; pappus simple, scabrous, capillary.-Lvs. alternate, entire. 1. G. POLYCEPHALUM. Michx. Fragrant Life-everlasting. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish tomentose beneath, as well as the paniculate stem; hds. capitate, corymbose; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute.-0- Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. It is distinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1-2f high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. Flowers in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. 2. G. DECURRE.NS. Ives. Decurrent-leaved Life-everlasting. St. erect, stout, much branched, viscidly pubescent; lvs. linear-lanceolate, very acute, decurrent, naked above, white and woolly beneath; fis. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters. —4 A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. H., Vt. to N. J. Stem 2f high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches. Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug. 3. G. PURPUREUM. (G. Americanum. Willd.) Purple Life-everlasting. St. erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentose; lvs. linear-spatulate or obovate-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above; Ads. sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary.-Grows in sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to la. and La. Stem 8-12' high, sending out shoots at the base.- Heads with purplish scales and yellow corollas. June. 4. G. ULIGINOSUM. Mud Life-everlasting. St. diffusely branched, woolly; lvs. linear-lanceolate; hds. in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters; involucre scales one-colored, inner acute; ach. smooth. -%; A small, spreading plant clothed with whitish down, common in sandy places where water occasionally stands, N. Mid. and W. States. Stem 4 —6 high. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. 55. ANTENNARIA. Br. Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennae. Heads dicecious; involucre of imbricate, colored scales; pistillate corollas filiform; receptacle subeonvex, alveolate; pappus simple, bristly. —2 Tomentose. Lvs. alternate. entire. Hds. corymbose, with white scales. 1. A. MARGARITACEA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Common Life-everlasting. St. erect, simple, corymbosely branched above; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, sessile, and beneath the stem woolly; corymbs fastigiate; invol. scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. —4 Named for its dry, imperishable, pearlwhite flower-scales. In fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem 1-2f high, and with its numerous, scattered leaves, clothed with white and cottonlike down. Heads of flowers numerous, hemispherical, much adorned by the fadeless, imbricated scales of which the outer are downy at the base. Flowers yellow. July.-The plant is slightly fragrant. 2. A. PLANTAGINIFOLIA. Br. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) Mosuse-ear Life-everlasting.-Stolons procumbent; st. simple; radical lvs. ovate, mucronate, 3veined, silky-canescent; stem lvs. small, lanceolate; invol. scales ovate, obtuse. — 4 Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Whole plant whitish with down. Stem 5-8' high, often branched at base into several from the same root. Root-leaves much larger than those of the stem, rounded at apex, tapering to a petiole. Stem-leaves few, bract-like. fleads clustered, terminal, purplish-white. May-Aug. B. dioica. (A. dioica. Br.) Radical Ivs. much smaller, spatulate; stem lvs. linear-lanceolate; inner scales linear, acute.-Abundant in old pastures. Apr.July. A variety (oo?) strongly marked. 3(j) 35'2 LXXV. COMPOSITEE. XANTHIUM. 56. FILAGO. Tourn. Apparently from the Lat. fila, on account of the cottony fibres or hairs. Heads heterogamous; involucre of a few villous scales; marginal flowers 9; receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base; achenia terete; central ones with a hairy pappus.-Downy-canescent herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. F. GERMANICA. (Gnaphalium. Linn.) German Cud-weed. St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above; lvs. linear-lanceolate acute, crowded, erect; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal and lateral; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the palere of the receptacle, each with a pistillate flower in the axil. —( A European plant, sparingly naturalized in fields and roadsides, Ms. Stem 6-10' high. Scales straw-color, with a green line outside. July-Oct. 57. ERECHTITES. Raf. Gr. epEXSc, to trouble; the species are troublesome weeds. Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk perfect; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate;.receptacle naked; pappus of numerous fine, capillary bristles. —0 Lvs. simple, alternate.. Fls. corymbose, whitish. E. HIERACIFOLIUS. Raf. (Senicio hieracifolius. Linn.) Fire-weed. St. paniculate, virgate; Tvs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and deeply toothed with acute indentures; invol. smooth; ach. hairy. —( A well known, rank weed, growing in fields, (Can. and U. S.) particularly and abundantly in such as have been newly cleared and burnt over, and hence it is called fire-weed. Stem thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high, roughlsh. Leaves of a light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Involucre large and tumid at base. Aug. Sept. 58. XANTHIUM. Heads heterocephalous. Sterile.-Involucre imbricate; anthers approximate, but distinct; receptacle chaffy. FZertile.-Involucre 2leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-flowered; stamens O. — Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 1. X. STRUMARIUM. Clot weed. St. unarmed, oranching; Ivs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, rough;fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stiff thorns, and ending with 2, spreading, straight horns.-A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng, and Mid. States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2-3f high. Leaves large, on long stalks, rigid. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, green. Fertile, in sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to disperse the seeds. Aug. 5? 2. X. ECHINITUM. Murray. (X. macrocarpon. DC.) St. rough and strigose, spotted; Ivs. scabrous, obscurely lobed, obtuse, broad and subcordate at base, repand-toothed; f-. oval, densely armed with rigid, uncinate bristles; haorns incurved.-A very coarse plant in marshes near the seacoast, Mass. to Car. Stem thick, 1-2f high. Fruit very large, hairy. Aug.-Oct. 3. X. SPIN6SUM. Prickly Clotweed, St. branched; spines at base of the leaves triple, slender; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at base, petiolate, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and veins above whitish, twice longer than the spines; invol. oblong, with slender, uncinate spines.-Roadsides and fields, Mass, to Penn.! and Ga. Plant about If high, very conspicuously armed with straw-colored spines ] —1' long. Heads sessile, sterile in the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept -Nov. CALENDULA. LXXV. COMPOSITIE. 353 59. AMBROSIA. Gr. apf)poana, food of the gods; a term strangely applied. Heads heterocephalous. Sterile.-Involucre of several united scales, hemispherical, many-flowered; anthers approximate, but distinct; receptacle naked. Fertile.-Involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5toothed, 1-flowered, corolla 0; styles 2; stamens O. —Herbaceous plants with mostly opposite lvs. and uznsightly flowers. 1. A. TRIFiDA. Tall Ambrosia. Hairy, rough; lvs. three-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolote, acuminate; fr. with 6 lines below the summit. —) A very tall, herbaceous plant, not very common in N. Eng., found in hedges and low grounds in the valley of Connecticut river. In the W. States it is abundant! Stem 5-10f high, erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes with long points and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in long, leafless spikes, axillary and terminal. Aug. 1. integrifolia. T. & G. (A. integrifolia. Muhl.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed; rac. terminal, single or ternate. 2. A. ARTEMISIAEFOLIA. (A. elatior. Ph.) Hog-weed. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth; petioles ciliate; rac. terminal, panicled; st. virgate.-() A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, fields, &c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem 2-3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute and parallel. Barren flowers, small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug. Sept. 3. CORONOPIFOLIA. Torr. & Gray. Canescent-strigose, branched; Ivs. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bipinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pinnatifid; sterile hds. spicate, fertile clustered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy. -(I Prairies, Wis. to Tex. Stem 1-5f high, at length very branching and leafy. Aug. Sept. 4. A. BIDENTATA. Michx. Very hirsute; st. branching; branches simple; lvs. crowded, mostly alternate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth or short lobe on each side near the base; sterile hds. densely spicate, fertile axillary; fr. 4-angled, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. (0) Prairies, Ill. to La. Stem 1-3f high, with numerous leaves and very dense, terminal spikes. J1.-Sept. 60. IVA. A name of barbarous origin. Heads discoid; involucre 3-leaved; marginal flowers 5, fertile, the others sterile; receptacle hairy; achenia obconic, obtuse; pappus 0. -Herbs or shrubs. Lower lvs. opposite. I. FRUTESCENS. High-water Shrub. Marsh Elder. St. shrubby; lvs. lanceolate, punctate, deeply serrate, rough. — In the borders of salt marshes, Mass. to La., common. Stem thick, 3-8f high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves numerous, 3-veined, upper ones entire. Flowers green, small, drooping, in close, leafy clusters. Aug. TRIBE 5. CYNARE2E. Heads ovoid, discola, rarely radiate, homogamous (rarely aicecious), or heterogamous with the marginal flowers in a single series. Style in the perfect flowers often tumid near the summit. 61. CALENDIOLA. Lat. calenda, the first day of the month; some species blossom monthly. Heads radiate; involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series; 354 LXXV. COMPOSITE. CARTHAMUS. receptacle naked; achenia of the disk membranaceous; pappus 0.An oriental genus of annual herbs. Lvs. alternate. C. OFFICINALIS. Pot Marigold.-Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branched; lvs. oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; hds. terminal, solitary; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved.-A common and handsome garden plant, from S. Europe. It has double, lemon-colored, and other varieties. Flowers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn.-Sept.t 62. CENTAUREA. The centaur Chiron, it is said, cured with these his foot wounded by Hercules. Heads discoid; involucre imbricate; ray flowers larger than the rest, sterile, often wanting; receptacle bristly; pappus of filiform, scabrous bristles in several series.-A genus of oriental herbs, with alternate leaves. 1. C. NIGRA. Black Knapweed. St. erect, branched, pubescent above; lower lvs. angular-lyrate, upper lanceolate, dentate; scales of the involucre ovate, with an erect, capillary fringe.q A troublesome weed in meadows and pastures, Mass. Introduced from Europe. Stem about 2f high, simple or oftener divided into elongated branches. Heads few, large, terminal, solitary. Scales dark brown. Flowers purple. J1. Aug. ~ 2. C. CYANUS. Blue-bottle. Bachelor's-button. St. erect, branching, downy; lvs. linear, entire, downy, the lowest subdentate; invol. scales serrate.-(I) Introduced from Europe, cultivated and sparingly naturalized in old fields. It is a hardy annual, justly popular for its handsome flowers, which are very variable in color. Heads ovoid, solitary on the ends of the branches. J1.-Sept. ~ 3 C. AMERICINA. Nutt. (C. Nuttallii. Spreng.) St. erect, sulcate, sparingly branched; lower Ivs. oblong-ovate, repand-dentate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; lhds. few or solitary, very large; ped. thickened at summit; invol. depressed-globose, scales with a pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendage. —( Native in Ark. and La., naturalized in Ill. Mcad. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 2-4f high, with very showy, palepurple heads. f' 63. AMBERBOA. DC. Heads discoid; involucre imbricate; ray-flowers wanting or larger than the rest, sterile; pappus of oblong or obovate palere, attenuated to the base, all similar, rarely small or O.-Eastern herbs, with alternate lcaves. 1. A. MosCHiTA. Willd. (Centaurea. Linn.) Sweet Sultan.-Lvs. lyratedentate; invol. subglobose, smooth; scales ovate; ray-flowers scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk; pappus 0.-A handsome border annual from Persia. Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July-Oct. 2. A. ODORATA. a. amboracea. DC. (Centaurea suaveolens. Willd.) Yellow Sweet Sudtan.-Lower lvs. broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper lyrate at base; Mds. globose; ray-fs. enlarged upwards, longer than the disk; pappus chaffy, a little shorter than the fruit.-From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. B. flatca. (Centaurea glauca. Wild.) Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid; flowers purple. 64. CARTHXMUS. Arabic qorthom, to paint; from its coloring property. Heads discoid; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous; flowers all tubular and X, filaments smooth; pappus 0; receptacle with setaceous palera; achenia 4-angled.-Oriental herbs. CYNARA. LXXV. COMPOSIT/E. 355 C. TINCTORIUS. Common Saft'on.-St. smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinose-denticulate.-() Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on account of its orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, l-2f high. Leaves subamplexicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, with numerous long and slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a nursery medicine. July. 65. XERANT H MUM. Gr. ~/pos, dry, avOos; on account of its dry, imperishable flowers. Heads discoid; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored, opaque, scarious scales; receptacle paleaceous; pappus paleo-setaceous.-( Native of S. Ezrope. X. ANNUUM. Willd. EBernal Flower.-St. erect, branched; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, alternate, entire; hds. large, terminal, solitary; scales of the inivolucre obtuse, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse.A singularly beautiful plant, half hardy, of easy culture. Stem 2-3f high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays. The splendid flowers retain their beauty through the winter. 66. CNICUS. Vaill. Gr. KVLt(o, to prick; well applied to these herbs. Heads discoid; involucre ventricose, imbricate with doubly spinous scales; ray-flowers sterile; receptacle very hairy; papplus in 3 series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled.- Oriental herbs. C. BENEDICTUS. Blessed Thistle.-Lvs. somewhat decurrent; dentate and spiny; invol. doubly spinous, woolly, bracteate.-t- Native of Persia, Tauria and Greece. About 2f high, with yellow flowers. Sparingly naturalized. June.-It was formerly in great estimation in medicine, but is now considered worthless. t 67. ONOPERDON. Vaill. Gr. ovos, and r'psto, the application to the present noble genus is not obvious. Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre ventricose, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales; receptacle deeply alveolate; pappus copious, capillary, scabrous; achenia 4-angled.-Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves. O. ACANTHIUM. Cotton Thistle. Invol. scales spreading, subulate; lvs. ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate, spinous, woolly on both sides. —( This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant has a white, cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. 68. CYNARA. Gr. KV(ov, a dog; the stiff, hard spines of the invol. resemble a dog's teeth. Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre dilated, imbricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed; receptacle setaceous; pappus plumose; achenia not beaked.-Nlatives of the Old World. 1. C. SCOLiMUS. Garden Artichoke. Lvs. subspinose, pinnate and undivided; invol. scales ovate. —% Native of S. Europe, naturalized in gardens and cultivated grounds. A well known garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the involucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed in rows; 3 feet apart. Aug. Sept. ~ t 2. C. CARDUNCULUS. Cardoon. —Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid; invol. scales ovate.-% Native of Canada. Flowers purple. This plant is blanched by 356 LXXV. COMPOSITXE. CIRSIUM. having earth heaped up around it, and then the petioles become tender, crisp, eatable, like celery. Aug. Sept. t 69. CIRSIU M. Tourn. Gr. Klpcros, a swelling of the veins, which this plant was supposed to heal. Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre subglobose, of many rows of spinose-pointed, imbricated scales; receptacle bristly; style scarcely divided; pappus copious, plumose; achenia compressed, smooth.Herbs with alternate leaves, generally armed with spinose prickles. Fls. cyanic. 1. C. ARVENSE. ScoP. (Cnicus arvensis. Ph.) Canada Thistle. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, spinous; st. panicled; invol. round or ovate, with minute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. —% A very common thistle in fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Ohio. It is one of the severest pests of the farmer, requiring his constant vigilance to extirpate it from his fields. In England it is called cursed t/histle. Root creeping, very long and exceedingly tenacious of life. Stem 3f high, with a branching panicle at top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with thorns. Heads rather small, purple, the involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be safely handled. July. ~ 2. C. DISC6LOR. Spreng. (Cnicus discolor. Mzhl.) Tall Thistle. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath, the segments 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose; invol. globose, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreading spines at the tips. —( A slender thistle, 3-5f high, much branched, and leafy at the summit. Found in thickets, N. Eng. to Ill. Heads terminating the branches, an inch in diameter, with reddish-purple corollas. July, Aug. 3. C. MUTiCUM. Michx. (Cnicus glutinosus. Bw.) Glutinous Thistle. Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments; invol. ovate, with unarmed, villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales.-(- A fine looking thistle found in damp soils, Can. and U. S. Stem branching, 3-7f high. Leaves armed with spines at each angle. Heads i' diam., with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed and glutinous on the back. Aug. Sept. 4. C. HORRIDnULUM. Michx. (Cnicus horridulus. Linn.) Yellow Thistle. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinose; hds. invested with an external involucre of about 20 very spinose bracts; scales unarmed. —( Found in meadows and hills, N. Eng. to Flor. The stem is 1-3f high, invested with wool. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines. Heads large, with yellowish-white corollas surrounded by a whorl of lanceolate or linear leaflets tipped with stiff thorns, the scales webbed. Aug. 5. C. PUMILUM. Spreng. (Cnicus odoratus. Muhl.) Pasture Thistle. Hairy; lvs. green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, spinose; invol. round-ovate, spinose, naked.-(k A common, low, turgid thistle in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stem 1-2f high, stout,.-striate, with 1-3 very large heads of fragrant, purple flowers. Aug. 6. C. LANCEOLATUM. ScoP. (Cnicus. Ph. Carduus. Linn.) Common Thistle. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and spinose; tnvol. ovate, villous; scales lanceolate, spreading. —) Common in borders of fields, roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States, always distinguished by the decurrent leaves. Stem 3 —4f high, winged by the decurrent leaveswhich are white and woolly beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Fls. numerous, large, purple. Involucre scales webbed, each ending in a spine. July-Sept. 7. C. ALTISSiMUM. Spreng. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Wild.) Tall, branched, villose-pubescent, leafy; Ivs. whitish beneath, spinoseciliate, sessile, lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, lower ones pinnatifid, petiolate; lobes or teeth spinescent; invol. ovoid-oblong; scales close-compressed, ovatelanceolate, outer ones with a spreading spine at apex.-Fields and barrens, Penn. and Western States! common. Stem 3 —8f high. Leaves 6 —8' by 1-6'. KRIGIA. LXXV. COMPOSITE. 357 Heads about 1' diam., with linear-lanceolate bracts at base. Flowers purple or purplish-white. Aug. 8. C. VIRGINIANUM. iMichx. (Carduus. Linn. Cnicus. Ph.) Slender and mostly simple; lvs. sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, entire or repand-dentate, teeth spinescent, or sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, upper surface glabrous, under surface tomentose-canescent; hds. small; rnvol. subglobose; scales tipped with a short, spreading prickle.-Woods, Ohio, 7: 4 G., and Southern States. Plant about the size of the Canada thistle, clothed with an arachnoid pubescence, with few or many heads (sometimes but one) which are about i' diam. Flowers purple. Apr.-Sept. 70. LAPPA. Tourn. Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. XaEl3v, to lay hold of; a characteristic term. Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre globose, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity; receptacle bristly; pappus bristly, scabrous, caducous. —( Coarse, Euvropean herbs. Lvs. alternate, large. L. MAJOR. Gaert. (Aretiam Lappa. Linn.) Burdock. Lvs. cordate, unarmed, petioled.-Common in waste and cultivated grounds, fields, N. Eng. Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, conical, ill-scented and coarse looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching, irregular panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly delicate pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. This plant is an instance of design in the dissemination of seeds, such as cannot be mistaken. The scales of the irsolucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes hold of everything that passes by. Thus men and animals are made the unwilling agents of scattering widely the seeds of this unsightly plant. July, Aug. 0 B. Leaves pinnatifid. —Penn. Dr. Darlingtoen. SUBORDER 2.-I, I G U L I PI L O R L E. Flowers all perfect, ligulate, in a radiatiform or radiant head. TRIBE 6. CICHORACE2E. Branches of the style uniformly pubescent. Plants with a milky juice. Leaves alternate. 71. CICHORIUM. Tourn. The Egyptian name chicouryeh, whence Gr. KcXwpco, and Eng. succory. Involucre double, the outer of 5 leafy scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones; receptacle chaffy; pappus scaly; achenia not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided. — Oriental herbs with bright blue ils., about 20 in a head. 1. C. INTiBUS. Succory.-Fls. in pairs, axillary, sessile; lower lvs. runcinate. -' A European plant 2-3f high, with large, showy, sky-blue flowers, naturalized in grass fields, by roadsides, and becoming quite common in many localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. The upper leaves become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones runcinate. The flowers are 1 —2 diam., and placed rather remote on the long nakedish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a substitute for coffee. July-Sept. i 2. C. ENDIVIA. Endive.-Ped. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 1-headed, the other very short, about 4-headed; hds. capitate.-A hardy annual, from the E_ Indies, esteemed and cultivated for salad. The French physicians have recently found it a remedy for jaundice. Q 72. KRIG IA. Schreb. Dedicated to Dr. Daniel Krieg, a German botanist. Involucre many-leaved, nearly simple, equal; receptacle naked; pappus double, or consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales surrounding 5-8 bristles several times as long as the 5-angled achenia.Small acaulescent herbs. Heads solitary, with 20-30 yellow flowers. 358 LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. CATANANCHE. K. VIRGINICA. Willd. (Hyoseris. Mx. Cynthia.. Beck.) Dwarf Dandelian. Scape 1-flowered; Ivs. lanceolate, lyrate, smooth; invol. smooth.-() This little plant is found on sandy hills and by roadsides, Can. to La. Scapes 1several, smooth, slender, 1-8' high. After flowering it becomes longer than the leaves. The primary leaves are roundish, entire; the rest irregularly lyrate. Scales Of the involucre 10-15, linear-lanceolate, arranged in a somewhat simple series. Corollas yellow. Ach. turbinate, scabrous, reddish-brown. May —Jl. 73. CYNTHIA. Don. One of the names of Diana; its application to this genus is not obvious. Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales; receptacle flat, alveolate; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly; inner copious, capillary; achenia short.-X- Lvs. alternate or all radical. Hds. with 15-20 yellow flowers. C. VIRGINiCA. Don. (Tragopogon. Linn. Krigia amplexicaulis. Nutt.) St. mostly simple, scape-like; radical Ivs. sublyrate or pinnatifid, on short, winged petioles; cauline ones lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire.-In barrens and dry soils, Western N. Y. to Ill.! &c. The plant is smooth and glaucous. Stem 1-2f high, often dichotomously divided, with 1-2 clasping leaves at the forks. Radical leaves 3-5' long, sometimes nearly entire. Heads terminal on the bracteate and subumbellate peduncles, with deep yellow flowers. Scales united at base in a somewhat double series. May-July. 74. LEONTODDO] Gr. cEao, a lion, odovs, a tooth; in reference to the deeply toothed leaves. Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very short; receptacle naked; pappus plumose, persistent on the somewhat rostrate achenia.Acaulescent herbs, with whitefis. many in a head. L. AUTUMNALIS. (Apargia. Willd.) Autumnal Hawk-weed. Scape branching; ped. scaly; Ivs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnatifid, smoothish. -A European plant, naturalized and common in the eastern parts of N. England, growing in grass-lands and by roadsides. The flower resembles those of the dandelion (Taraxacum). Root large, abrupt. Scape round, striate, hollow, decumbent at base, 6 —18 high, with a few branches and scattered scales. Leaves all radical, spreading, 6' long, with deep, round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. Heads 1' diam. yellow, appearing from July to Nov. ~ 75. TRAGOPOGON. Gr. rpayog, a goat, 7rycwv, beard; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus. Involucre simple, of many leaves; receptacle naked: pappus plumose; achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform beak. —k European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like lvs. T. PORRIFOLIUS. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster.-Invol. much longer than the corolla; ivs. long, linear, undivided, straight; ped. thickened upwards. Stem 3-4f high. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, bluish-purple. This exotic is cultivated in gardens for the root, which is long, tapering and nutritious. When properly prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste, which has been compared to that of the oyster. t 76. CATANANCHE. Gr. Kara, avay'K7, from necessity: it must necessarily be admired (?). Involucre imbricated, scarions; receptacle paleaceous; pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved; palere awned. —( Oriental herbs, with alternate, lanceolate lvs. C. CE;RULEA.-Lvs. linear and lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipinnatifid at base; lower scales of the involucre ovate, mucronate.-From S. Europe. A handsome annual, 2-3f high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles with blue, spreading, ligulate corollas toothed at apex. JI.-Sept. t HIERACIMIm. LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. 359 77. LACT' CA. Lat. lac, milk; from the milky juice in which all the species abound. 1. L. ELONGATA. Wild Lettuce. Trumpet Milkweed. Lvs. smooth and pale beneath, lower ones amplexicaul, runcinate, upper lanceolate, entire, sessile; hds. racemose-paniculate.-A common, rank plant, growing in hedges, thickets, &c., where the soil is rich and damp. Stem hollow, stout, 3-6t' high, often purple, bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes corymbose-spreading panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Leaves very variable, the lower 6-12' long, commonly deeply runcinate, often narrow-lanceolate, with a few narrow-lanceolate divisions. Corollas yellow. Achenia oblong, compressed, about the length of the beak. July, Aug. B. integrifolia (L. integrifolia. Bw.) Lvs. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base. y. sanguinarea (L. sanguinarea. Bw.) Lvs. runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly pubescent, glaucous beneath; fis. purple.-Stem 2-3f high, often purple (but this character is not peculiar to this variety). 2. L. SATiVA. Garden Lettuce.-St. corymbose; Ivs. suborbicular, the cauline ones cordate. The varieties of this exotic are every where well known and cultivated for salad. It is annual, with very smooth, yellowish-green foliage, which in one variety (capitata) is so abundant as to form heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juice contains opium, and if this salad be eaten too freely, unpleasant narcotic effects are the consequence. t 78. MULGEDIUM. Cass. Lat. mulgeo to milk; in allusion to the lactescent qualities of the plants. Involucre somewhat double, the outer series of scales short and imbricated; receptacle naked, faveolate; pappus copious, soft, capillary, crowning the short-beaked achenia.-Lvs. mostly spinulose. Hds. with many yellow or cyanic flowers. 1. M. ACUMINATUM. DC. (Sonchus acuminatus. Willd.) Radical Ivs. subruncinate; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petiolate, dentate; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat scaly peduncles.-In hedges and thickets, N. Y. to Ia.! and S. States. A smooth plant, 3-6f high, with the stem often purplish. Leaves 3 —6 long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or truncate at the base, sinuate-denticulate, narrowed at base into a winged petiole. Heads small. Peduncles with a few scale-like bracteoles. Scales dark purple, with blue corollas. Pappus white, on the short-beaked, ovate-acuminate achenia. Aug. Sept. 2. M. LEUCOPHEUM. DC. (Sonchus floridanus. Ait. Agathyrsus leucophaeus. Don.)-Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds. paniculate, on squamose-bracteate peduncles.-Moist thickets, N. and W. States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. Stem 4 —10f high. Leaves 5-12' long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the segments repand-toothed, the radical ones on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often undivided. Heads small, with pale blue or yellowish corollas, a tawny-white pappus, and arranged in a long, slender panicle. Aug. Sept. 3. M. FLORIDANUM. DC. (Agathyrsus. Beck. Sonchus. Linn.) Glabrous; st. erect, paniculate above, purple or glaucous; cauline Ivs. runcinately pinnate-parted, segments few, sinuate-dentate, upper ones-triangular, acute or acuminate; panicle loose, erect, compound.-Western! and Southern States, hedges and waste grounds. A handsome plant with a terminal panicle of blue flowers. Stem 3 —5f high. Leaves 4 —8 long, variable in form. Heads small. Rays expanding 9". J1.-Sept. 79. HIERACIUM. Tourn. Gr. tepal, a hawk; supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. Involucre more or less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered; recepta31 360 LXXV. COMPOSIT2E. NABALU. cle subalveolate-fimbrillate; scales very unequal; pappus of scabrous, fragile, copious, 1-rowed bristles. —% Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed. ~ Involucre imbricated. 1. H. CANADENSE. Michx. (H. Kalmii. Spreng.) Canadian Hawkweed. St. erect, subvillose, leafy, many-flowered; lvs. sessile, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones somewhat amplexicaul, with an obtuse base; panicles axillary and terminal, corymbose, downy.-In open dry or rocky woods. N. Eng., N. Y., Can. Stem stout, 1-2f high, more or less pubescent, the peduncles downy but not glandular. Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads large and showy, with yellow flowers. Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug. ~ ~ Involucre calyculate. 2. H. VENOSUM. -Veiny-leaved Hawkweed. Scape or st. naked or with a single leaf, smooth, paniculate; Zvs. obovate, somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneath, ciliate on the margin, veins colored; invol. glabrous, about 20-flowered; ach. linear.-In woods, &c. N. Eng. to W. States. Stem 1-2f high, dark brown, slender. Panicle diffuse, several times dichotomous, corymbose. Heads rather small, on slender pedicels, with bright yellow flowers. J1. Aug. 3. Hi GRONOVIL. Gronovius' Hawkweed. St. leafy, hirsute, paniculate; invol. and pedicels glandular-pilose; radical Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, entire, strigose, the midvein beneath very villous; upper ones oblong, closely sessile.-A hairy plant, found on dry hills, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, furnished with a few leaves below, naked above and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. Lower leaves tapering into a long stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Achenia tapering upwards to a slender point, but scarcely rostrate. Aug. Sept. 4. H. SCABRUM. Michx. (H. Marianum. Willd.) Rough Hawkweed. St. leafy, scabrous and hispid i Ivs. elliptic-obovate, scabrous and hirsute, lower ones slightly dentate; ped. thick, and with the invol. densely glandularhispid; hds. 40 —50-flowered.-A rough plant, on dry hills, borders of woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1-3f high, round, striate, rather stout. Lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stem. Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a tawny pappus. Aug. 5. H. PANICULATUM. Slender Hawkweed. St. slender, leafy, paniculate, whitish tomentose below; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, membranaceous, acute; panicle diffuse; ped. very slender; hds.. 1020-flowered.-A smooth, slender plant, in damp woods, Can. to Ga. Stem 13f high, several times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 2 —4' long. Heads small, numerous, with yellow flowers. Pedicels long and filiform, forming a very diffuse panicle. Aug. 6. H. LONGIPiLUM. Torr. (H. barbatum. Nutt.) Plant densely pilose with long, straight, ascending, bristly hairs; st. strict, simple, smoothish and nearly leafless above; Ivs. crowded near the base of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to the base, entire; hds. glandular-tomentose or hispid, 20-30-flowered, in a small, terminal panicle.-Barrens and prairies, Western States. Plant 1-2f' high, remarkable for the long, brownish, straight hairs with which the lower part is thickly clothed; otherwise it more nearly resembles the last. July-Sept. 7. H. AURANTIXCUM.-St. leafy, hispid; fis. densely corymbose; Ivs. oblong, somewhat acute, pilose, hispid.-Native of Scotland. Flowers numerous, large, orange-colored. One of the few species worthy of cultivation. t 80. NAB2ALUS. Cass. "Nomen omnino sensus expers, forte mutandum." De Carzdolle. Involucre cylindric, of many linear scales in one row, calyculate with a few short, appressed scales at base; receptacle naked pappus NV"ALUS. LXXV. COMPOSITlE. 361 copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persistent; achenia not beaked, smooth, striate.-Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. ids, 5-18-flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. ~ Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves very variable in the same species. 1. N. ALBUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.) Lion's-foot. White Lettuce.-St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbose-paniculate above; radical Ivs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed; stem lvs. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse; hds. pendulous; invol. of 8 scales, 9-12-flowered. —A conspicuous and not inelegant plant, in moist woods and shades, N. Eng. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, — 4f high, purplish, often deeply so in spots. The leaves are very variable, the lowest 3-5-lobed or only hastate, the uppermost lan -eolate, and between these the intermediate forms, hastate and ovate, all irregularly toothed. Scales purplish. Corollas whitish. Pappus brown. Some of the varieties have the reputation of curing the rattlesnake's bite. Aug..8. serpentaria. (Prenanthes serpentaria. P.) Radical Ivs. palmate-sinuate, those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted; upper lvs. lanceolate. 2. N. ALTISSiMUS. Hook. (Harpalyce. Don. Prenanthes. Linn.) Tall Nabalus.-St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above; Ivs. more or less deeply 3-5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the lobes acuminate; hds. pendulous; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered.-A tall species, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, found in woods, Newfoundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3-5f high, bearing a narrow and elongated panicle. Heads in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug. /3. ovatus. Riddell. Cauline lvs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. y. cordatus. (Prenanthes cordata. Willd.) ILvs. cordate, on slender petioles. J. deltoidea. (Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell.) Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. E. dissectus. T. & G. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 3. N. FRASaRI. DC. (P. rubicaulis. Ph.) Fraser's Nabalus. St. smooth, corymbosely paniculate above; lvs. subscabrous, mostly deltoid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, subsessile; invol. of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered; pappus straw-colored.-4. In dry, hard soils, Conn. and Mid. States (rare) to Flor. Stem 2-4f high, with paniculate branches. The leaves are as variable as in our other species, sometimes all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes. Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is most effectually distinguished from N. albus by the more lively color of the pappus. Aug. 4. N. NANUS. DC. (P. alba. /3. nana. Ew.) St. simple, low, smooth; Ivs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously lobed or parted, the others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and lanceolate; hds. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a slender, racemose panicle; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 10-12 flowers; pappus dingy white.-This form of Nabalus is common on the White Mts., N. H.! where we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. Stem 5-10' high. Heads with whitish flowers. Aug. 5. N. BOOTTII. DC. Boott's Nabalus. St. simple, dwarf; lower lvs. subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the middle ones oblong, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire; hds. slightly nodding; invol. 10-18-flowered, of 10-15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at base with lax, linear scales half their length; papFpus straw-color.-White Mts., N. H., Whiteface Mt., Essex Co. N. Y. Macrae. N. Am. Fl., II., 482. Stem 5 —8 high, bearing the heads in a subsimple raceme. Flowers whitish and odorous. 6. N. VIRGATUS. DC. (Prenanthes. Mx. Sonchus. Desf. Harpalyce. Beck.) Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple; lower lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire, partly clasping, gradually 362 LXXV. COMPOSIT.E. TARAXACUM. reduced to the minute, subulate bracts; lids. clustered, in a long, compound, virgate, somewhat secund raceme; invol. with about 8 scales and 10 flowers; pappus straw-colored.-A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy soils, N. J. to Flor. Stem 2-4f high, racemose half its length. Leaves gradually reduced and simplified from the base upward, as in most of the species. Sept. Oct. ~ ~ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves undivided. 7. N. RACEM6SUS. Hook. (Prenanthes. Mx. Harpalyce. Don.) Glabrous, simple, slender; Ivs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharp. ly denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire; hds. in nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle; invol. of 8-9 scales, with 9-12 flowers; pappus straw-color.-N. J., N. W. States and Can. Stem 2-4f high. Flowers pale red-purple. 8. T. & G. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid. 8. N. CREPIDINEUS. DC. (Prenanthes crepidinea. Michx.) Nearly glabrous; st. tall, stout, corymbosely paniculate; lvs. large, irregularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or deltoid, upper oblong-lanceolate; lhds. nodding, in small pedunculate and panicled clusters; invol. hairy, of 11-14 scales, with 25-35 flowers; pappas tawny. Fields and thickets, Western States! One of the largest species. Stem 5-8f high. Leaves 4-12' by 2~ —7', obtuse or acute. Heads large but not numerous, with brown scales and yellowish flowers. Aug.-Oct. 9. N. ASPER. T. & G. (N. Illinoensis. DC. Prenanthes asper. Michx. Choudrilla Ill. Poir.)-St. strict, simple, scabrous; lvs. simple, scabrouspubescent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lanceoblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a slender, elongated, compound raceme; invol. strongly hirsute, of 7-10 scales and with 11-14 flowers; pappus straw-color.-Dry prairies and barrens, Western States, Dr. Skinner! common! Stem 2-4f high, nearly smooth. Leaves 3-5' long, pubescent or glabrous. Raceme 1-2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. 81. TROXIMON. Nutt. Gr. t7oCtpo, eatable; applied to this genus with little propriety. Heads many-flowered; involucre campanulate, scales loosely imbricate, lance-ovate, membranaceous, in 2-3 rows; achenia oblonglinear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate; pappus setaceous, copious, white.-'4 Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single, large, showy head with yellow flowers. T. CUSPIDATUM. Ph. (T. marginatum. Nutt.) Rt. fusiform; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentose, often undulate; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly equal to the inner.-Prairies, Wis., Lapham, Ill., Mead, W. to the Rocky Mts., Nuttall. Apr.-Jn. 82. TARAXACUM. Desf. Gb'. raparrtros, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties. Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the inner, appressed row; receptacle naked; achenia produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary pappus.-Acaulescent herbs, with runcinate leaves. T. DENS-LE6NIS. Less. (Leontodon Taraxacum. Linn.) Dandelion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed; lvs. runcinate, smooth, dentate.1. In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons except winter. Leaves all radical, and examples of that peculiar form termed runcinate, that is, re-uncinate, the teeth or claws inclining backwards towards the base of the leaf' rather than the summit. Scape hollow, round, bearing a single yellow head. After the flower is closed and decayed, the scape rises higher and bears a head of LOBELIA. LXXVI. LOBELIACEXE. 363 perfected seeds and seed-down, the airy, globular form of which is very conspicuous among the tall grass. The leaves in spring furnish an excellent potherb. April —Nov. f 83. SONCHUS. Gr. aolplos, hollow or soft; in allusion to the tender, feeble stem. Involucre imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid at the base; receptacle naked; pappus of simple, copious, white-silky hairs in. many series; achenia not rostrate.-Lvs. mostly spinulose. Heads with many yellow flowers. 1. S. OLERACEUS. Common Sow Thistle.-Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runcinate, subspinulose, dentate; ped. downy; iavol. at length smooth. — A sordid looking plant, native of Europe, naturalized in waste grounds, among rubbish, &c. The whole plant has a glaucous hue. Stem angular, hollow, fragile, 2-3f in height. Leaves apparently clasping, with large, retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth ending in weak spines. Involucres dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. l 2..S. ASPER. Vill. (S. spinulosus. Bw.) Rough Sow Thistle. St. glandular-hispid above; lvs. cordate-amplexical, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulose, dentate; ped. subumbellate.-Found in similar situations with the former, but less common, U. S. Stem 1-2f high, smooth except at the summits of the branches, where it is covered with stiff hairs, each supporting a little gland at top. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth, wavy or slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales with few, scattered hairs. Aug. Sept. 3. S. ARVENSIS. Corn Sow Thistle. Rt. creeping, perennial; st. glabrous, erect; Ivs. runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate, cordate-clasping at base, with short and obtuse auricles; panicle umbellate-corymbose; ped. and invol. hispid; ach. somewhat 4-angled, the ribs transversely rugulose. —4 Waste grounds, naturalized, Eastern Mass. and Southern N. Y., rare. Stem angular, about 2f high. Heads large, with deep yellow flowers. Q ORDER LXXVI. LOBELIACEIE.-LOBELIADS. Heerbs or shrubs with a milky juice. Lvs. alternate, without stipules. FPs. axillary and terminal. Cal. superior, the limb 5-lobed or entire. Cor.-Limb irregular, 5-lobed the tube inserted into the calyx. Sta. 5, inserted with the corplla and alternate with its lobes. Anth. coherent into a tube. Pollen oval. Ova. adherent to the calyx tube. Style simple. Stig. surrounded with a fiinge. Fr. a capsule, 2 or 3-(rarely 1-)celled, many-seeded. Most abundant in countries near the tropics, as W. Indies, Brazil and the Sandwich Islands, but they are found also throughout the temperate zones. Properties. —All the species are poisonous, being pervaded by an acrid, narcotic juice. The common Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) is an exceedingly active medicine, emetic, sudorific and expectorant. It should be used, however, with great caution, since " less than a teaspoonful of the seeds or the powdered leaves would destroy life in a few hours." Dr. Gray. The other species produce similar effects, but in a less degree. Genera. Corolla tube cleft-on the upper side to near the base, limb subbilabiate..... Lobelia. 1 Corolla tube short, entire, limb bilabiate........... Cintonia. 2 1. LOBELIA. In honor of Matthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I. Died 1616. Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper side; stamens with the anthers united above into a curved tube; stigma 2-lobed; capsule opening at the summit; seeds minute. —Herbaceous plants, with thefis. axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted racemes. 1. L. CARDINALIS. Cardinal Flower. St. erect, simple, Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, acute or acuminate, 31* lbq4 LXXVI. LO-BELIACE!E. LOBELIA. sessile; fis. in a terminal, bracted, secund raceme; sta. longer than the corolla. -A tall species of superior beauty, frequent in meadows and along streams, Can. to Car., W. to Ill.! Stem 2 —4f high, often quite glabrous as well as the whole plant. Leaves 2-4' by 8-15", usually denticulate. Flowers on short pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts linear-subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Corolla deep scarlet, near 2' in length. J1. Aug. t #. Whole plant glabrous; Ivs. entire.-Potsdam, N. Y.! y. Cor. white, the segments rather narrower.-Mass.! 2. L. INFLATA. Indian Tobacco. St. hairy, branched, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilose; caps. inflated.-0- In fields and woods, Can. and U. S. Root fibrous. Stem erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the luxuriance of its growth, 1 —15' high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. Corolla small, pale blue, leaving an oval, turgid capsule in-the calyx. July —Sept.-This plant is rendered famous by the Thomsonian physicians, in whose practiees it appears to be too indiscriminately used. Its specific action, as above stated, is that of a violent emetic. In small doses it is powerfully expectorant. To its salivating property is probably owing the driveling of' horses in autumn. 3. L. DORTMANNA. Dortmann's or Water Lobelia. Lvs. submerged, linear, entire, fleshy,' 2-celled, obtuse; scape simple, nearly naked; fis. in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding.-% A curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States to Ga., the flowers only rising above the water. Stem erect, hollow, nearly leafless, long, bearing above the surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicellate flowers. Leaves mostly radical, spreading, obtuse, submerged, having 2 longitudinal grooves. Flowers drooping, pale blue. July. 4. L. SYLPHILITiCA. Blue Cardinal Flower. St. erect, simple; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, somewhat hirsute; rac. leafy; cal. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses reflexed.-.4 A fine, showy plant, but inferior in beauty to L. cardinalis, growing in wet meadows and along streams, U. States and Can., more common in the Western States. Stem erect, 2-4f high, simple, angular, with short hairs. Leaves lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somewhat erosely dentate, pilose. Flowers large, on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish. Capsule half superior. July. 5. L. PUBERULA. Michx. Downy Lobelia. Pubescent; st. erect, simple; Ivs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-denticulate; rac. spicate, secund; cal. ciliate, the segments longer than the tube of the corolla. —4 Native of mountains, &c., N. Y. to Ga. Stem 1230' high, scarcely furrowed. Leaves covered with a short, downy or silky pubescence, 1-2' inches in length and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards the end. Flowers large, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a somewhat one-sided raceme, leafy below. Calyx hairy at base. Corolla of a bright purplish-blue. July. 6. L. SPICiTA. Lam. (L. Claytoniana. Mx. L. pallida. Muhl.) Clayton's Lobelia.-Puberulent; st. erect, simple; lvs. oblong, sessile, mostly obtuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones spatulate; fis. (small) -in a long, slender raceme; pedicels as long as the flowers or entire, subulate bracts; sep. subulate, as long as the-tube of the corolla. —4 Fields and prairies, Can. and U. S. Stem 11-2f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a long, wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each axillary to a short, inconspicuous bract. Corolla pale blue, the palate bidentate. Aug. 7. L. KALMIA. IKalm's Lobelia. Smooth; st. simple, slender, erect; radical 1vs. spatulate, stem lvs. linearlanceolate, obtuse, remotely denticulate; rac. lax, few-flowered, leafy; fis. pedicelled.-A small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of streams, CAXIMPANULA. LXXVII. CAMPANULACE..35 Maine, Miss Towle I to Niagara! Stem 6-12' high, commonly simple. Leaves mostly linear, sessile, an inch long and 1-2" wide, upper ones entire, lower with minute teeth. Flowers remote, alternate, on axillary pedicels which are but little shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Corolla pale-blue, the 3 lower segments obovate. Aug. 8. L. LEPTOSTACHYS. DC. Slender-spiked Lobelia. Glabrous; st. erect, virgate, simple; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, minutely denticulate, rather acute, sessile; fis. subsessile, small, in a long, slender spike; cal. segments lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla; bracts lance-linear, denticulate, much longer than the pedicels.-Prairies, Western States! common. Stem 1 —2f high. Leaves 1-2' by by 4-8". Raceme 612' in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Flowers light blte. Much resembles L. spicata. July. 9. L. NUTTALLII. DC. (L. gracilis. NuLtt.) Nuttall's Lobelia. Glabrous; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform. subsimple; Ivs. few and remote, subentire, radical linear-spatulate, cauline linear, rather acute; fis. few, remote; pedicels twice longer than the corolla or the 2 subulate bracts at base; cal. segments shorter than the tube of the corolla.-An exceedingly slender plant, around sandy swamps, N. J.! 1-2f high., often branched. Leaves 612" by 1-1 i". Pedicels 3-10" long, blue as well as the flowers. July, Aug. 2. CLINTONIA. Douglass. Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal; corolla bilabiate. lower lip cuneate, 3lobed, upper erect, 2-parted; stamens incurved, united into a tube; capsule silique-form, dry, chartaceous, 1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves.-0 Procumbent herbs with small leaves and axillary, solitary flowers. C. ELEGANS. Doug.-Glabrous, sparingly branched; st. slender, angular; Ivs. sessile, ovate, 3-veined; ova. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the leaves; cor. blue, with a white spot in the middle of the lower lip.-Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with flowers of the most brilliant blue. t ORDER LXXVII. CAMPANUILACE2AE.-BELLWORTS. Herbs with a milkyjuice, alternate leaves and without stipules. Pto. mostly blue, showy. Cal. superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Cor. regular campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in testivation. Sta. inserted with the corolla upon the calyx, equal in number to, and alternate with, its lobes. Arnth. Distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spherical. *Dva. adherent to the calyx, 2 or more-celled. Style covered with collecting hairs. Fr.-Capsule crowned with the remains-of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. Genera 28, species 500, chiefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Africa. Of its 300 species, according to Alphonse DeCandolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The campanulaceae are interesting chiefly for their beauty, being destitute of any important known properties. Genera. Calyx tube short. Corolla campanulate or subrotate.... Campanula. 1 Calyx tube long, prismatic. Corolla rotate... Specularia. 2 1. CAMPAN LA. Lat. coampanula, a little bell; from the form of the flowers. Calyx mostly 5-cleft; corolla campanulate, or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad valve-like bases of the 5 stamens; stigma 3 —5-cleft; capsule 3-5-celled, opening by lateral pores.-Mostly %Jls. generally in racemes, sometimes spicate, orfew and axillary 1. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Rock Bell-flower. Hair Bell. St. weak, slender; radical lvs. ovate- or renilbrm-cordate; cauline ones linear, entire; fis. few, nodding.-An exceedingly delicate plant, with blue, bellshaped flowers. On damp rocks and rocky streams, N. States and Brit. Am. Stem a foot or more high, smooth. The root leaves generally decay on the opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with these (7-10" by 4-7") is rather 366 LXXVII. CAMPANULACEAE. SPECULARIA. rare. Cauline leaves smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn. J1. 2. C. APARIN6iDES. Ph. (C. erinoides. Michx.) Prickly Bell-flower. St. flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely aculeate; Ivs. linear-lanceolate; fis. terminal.-A slender annual, found in wet meadows, Can. and Wisc.! to Ga. Stem 12-18' high, its 3 angles rough backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the grass. Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough backwards. Flowers small, white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top of the stem. June-Aug. 3. C. AMERICINA. (C. acuminata. Michz.) American Bell-flower. St. erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, the lower ones often cordate; petioles ciliate; fis. axillary, sessile; sty. exsert.-A tall, erect, ornamental species in fields, hills, &c., in Western N. Y.! and Penn. to Ill.! common. Also cultivated in gardens. Stem 2-3f high, nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers blue, fiat, on. short stalks or sessile, numerous, solitary or several in each upper axil, forming a terminal, leafyi raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. t 4. C. ILLINOENSIS. Fresen. in DC. St. angular, with spreading branches; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, reflexed, upper ones hairy; fis. sessile, 1-3 together in the upper axils; cal. segments subulate, serrate at base, spreading; cor. rotate; caps. prismatic-clavate.-Prairies of Illinois. Stem 3-5f high. Segments of the corolla hairy outside near apex. Capsule opening by 3 pores. 5. C. GLOMERATA. Clustered Bell-fiower.-St. angular, simple, smooth; Ivs. scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sessile, lower petiolate; fis. glomerate, in a dense head; cal. lobes acuminate, half as long as the funnel-shaped corolla.-A European species, cultivated in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt., Oakes. It is a handsome plant, about 2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an intense violet-blue, varying to pale purple. In cultivation it has many varieties.'t' 6. C. MEDIUM.-St. simple, erect, hispid; lvs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-veined at base; fis. erect.-(- An ornamental border flower, from Germany, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height, undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June-Sept. t 7. C. PERSICIFOLIA. Peach-leavcd Bell-flower.-St. angular, erect; lhvs. rigid, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong-obovate, cauline lance-linear; fis. large, broadly campanulate.-A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very large, blue (varying to white) flowers. t8. C. PLANIFLORA. DC. (C. nitida. Ait.)-Very glabrous; st. simple; Ivs. sessile, coriaceous, shining, radical crowded, ovate or obovate, obtuse, crenulate, cauline linear-lanceolate, acute, subentire; fis. in a spicate raceme; cal. lobes ovate, acute, i as long as the campanulate-rotate corolla.-Native about Hudson's Bay, Puqrsh. A smooth species, with numerous blue flowers. t 9. C. LANUGINOSA, with ovate, crenate, rugose and somewhat woolly leaves is sometimes cultivated, and also a few other species. 2. SPECULARIA. Heist. Lat. speclunm, a mirror; alluding to the flower of S. speculum. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated; corolla rotate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, distinct, half as long as the corolla, filaments hairy, shorter than the anthers; style included, hairy; stigmas 3; capsule prismatic, 3celled, dehiscing in the upper part.-(- Fls. axillary and terminal, sessile, erect. 1. S. PERFOLIXTA. Lam. (Campanula amplexicaulis. Mx. and of 1st edit.) St. simple, rarely branched, erect; lvs. cordate, crenate, amplexicaul;fls. sessile, aggregate, axillary.-Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields LXXVIII. ERICACEiE. 387 and roadsides, Can., N. Eng.! to Ga. and Ill.! The strict, upright stem, is furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem-clasping leaves, containg 1-4 crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface. Flowers axillarv and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or purple, with spreading segments, calyx segments acute, lanceolate. June, July. 2. S. SPECIULUM. Venus' Looking-glass.-St. diffuse, very branching; lvs. oblong-crenate; fis. solitary; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting. -A pretty border flower named from the form of the blue corolla, which resembles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. ORDER LXXVIII. ERICACEZE. -IIEATHWORTS. Plants shrubby or suffruticose, sometimes herbaceous. Lvs. simple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, entire or toothed, without stipules. InJlorescence various. Cal. inferior or superior, 5- (seldom 4-6-) leaved or cleft, rarely entire. Cor. regular or somewhat irregular 4-5- (rarely 6-) cleft, the petals rarely almost distinct. Sta. Generally distinct and inserted with the corolla. [appendaged. Anth. as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, 2-celled, generally opening by pores, often Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, or in the end of fleshy albumen. Genera 66, species 1086, diffused throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid zone. The true EricaceTe (Heaths) are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, there being none in Asia, New Holland, and but one or two in America. The Tribe Vaccineae are chiefly natives of N. America. Properties. —The Ericaceme are, in general, astringent and diuretic. Some of them yield a stimulating and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry, (Aretostaphylos Uva-ursi) is a well-known remedy in nephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, demulcent and diuretic. Similar properties are also possessed by the Pipsissiwa (Chimaphila umbellata). The species of Rhododendron and Kalmia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them (particularly their leaves) often actively poisonous. The honey collected from their flowers by bees appears to have been so to some of the soldiers in the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis). The berries of the Vaccinewe (Whortleberries, Blueberries and Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procumbens (spicy Wintergreen) are esculent and wholesome. 1 4 1 6T q 8 /2 FIG. 48.-1. Azalea procumbens. 2. A flower enlarged. 3. A stamen much enlarged, showing the longitudinal dehiscence of each of the cells. 4. Cross section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododendron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 5. Pyrola secunda. 6. A flower enlarged. 7. A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 8. Cross section of a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. 9. Gaultheria procumbens. 10. A flower enlarged. 1. A berry. 12. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy calyx. 13. Anther of Vaccinium Vitis Ideas. 14. Stamen ofArctostaphylos Uva-ursi. 15. Awned stamen of a Vaccinium. 368 LXXVIII. ERICACEE. VACCINIUM. Conspectus of the Genera. Cor. urceolate. Erect undershrubs,. Vaccinium. 1 Ovary adheren to calytue.Cre segments reflexed. Oxycoccus. 2 Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. Cor. deeply 4-cleft, segments spreading. Chioogenes. 3 CBerry the matured, fleshy calyx. Seeds oo.. Gaultheric. 7 Drupe the matured ovary, 5-seeded... Arctastaphylus.4 opening betw. cells(septicidal, ~ 115,1,2). Menziesia. 6'Corolla | i Sta. 1. Adneda. 5 ovoid. Capsule op'ng into the cells (loculicidal). ~ Sta. 8. Erica. 16 anthers free. Prostrate undershrub. Epig'ca. 9 Corolla salver-form,? holding the anthers in 1o pits.. Kalnia. 10'Petals s Anth. opening by clefts.. Azalea. 11 united. Corolla funnel or bell-form. Anth. opening by pores.. Rhododendron.13 Shrubs S Lvs. deciduous, serrate. Clethra. 8 verdant,' Caps.3-celled.? Lvs. evergreen, entire. Leiophyllum. 14 erect or Ovary gular.? Capsule 5-celled.. Ledun. 15 prostrate free. etals subdistict, very irreglar.. Rhodora. 12 F Plowers racemed..... Pyrola. 17 Flowers solitary.. Moneses. 18 (verdant, leaves mostly all radical. ( Flowers corymred.... Chiraphila. 19 J1 ~S Flo wer solitary...Monot-opa. 20 - Petals distinct. Flowers racerned.. Hpopitys. 21:Herbs.. destitute of leaves or verdure. Petals united. Flowers racemed.. Pterospora. 22 SUBORDER 1. V A C C I N E E. Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a berry or drupelike fruit. Shrubs with scattered leaves. 1. VACCINIUM. Calyx superior, 5-toothed; corolla urceolate, campanulate or cylindric, limb 4-5-cleft, reflexed; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, generally included; anthers with 2 awus on the back, or awnless; style erect, longer than the stamens; berry invested with the calyx, 4 or 5 (rarely 10)-celled, cells many-seeded.-Shrubs or undershrubs with scattered lvs. Fls. solitary or racemose, white or reddish. r..generally eatable. 4 Flowers racemose. Corolla urceolate, ovoid or oblong-cylindric. 1. V. RESIN6OSUM. Ait. Black Whorlleberry or Huckleberrlj. Branches cinerous-brown, villose when young; Ivs. oblong-ovate or obiong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate, with resinous dots beneath; rac. lateral, secund; pedicels short, subbracteolate; cor. ovoid-conic, at length subcampanulate, 5-angled; berries black.-This common shrub of our woods and pastures is about 2f. high, very branching. Leaves 1-2' long, - as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous patches and spots. Petioles 1" in length. Flowers in lateral, dense, corymbose clusters, small, drooping. Corollas contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the stamens but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. $. Lvs. and berries covered with a glaucous bloom. y. Lvs. larger; pedicels longer than the corolla. 2. V. CORYMBOSUM. (V. fuscatum. Ait.) Blhue Bilberry. High l ortm'leberry.-Plowering branches nearly leafless; Ivs. oblong-oval, acute at each end, mucronate, subentire, pubescent when young; rac. short, sessile; cor. ovoid-cylindrical.-A tall shrub, 4 —f high, growing in shady swamps and by mud ponds. Branches few, the young ones green or purplish. Leaves smooth on both sides except a slight pubescence on the veins beneath, tipped with a glandular point, formed by the prolonged midvein. Flowers numerous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves. Pedicels shorter than the corollas, with colored scales or bracts at base. Corolla large for the genus, purplish-white, slightly contracted at the mouth. Stamens included. Style often exserted. Berries large, black, often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Jn. #.' (V. dismorphum. Michix.) FZs. andfi-. much smaller; cal. very obtuse; sty. exserted; berries black.-Grows with the other;, frequent! VACCINIUM. LXXVIII. FRICACEJE. 369: 3. V. VIRGOTUM. Muhl. (V. Pennsylvanicum. Darl: Beck. and lst, edit. in part.)-Blue Whortleberry.-Branches angular, green; lvs. oblong or ellipticlanceolate, sessile, mucronate, often serrulate, smooth and shining on both sides; rac. numerous, dense-flowered, subterminal, sessile, mostly naked; cor. ovoid. -Hilly woods and thickets, N. Eng.! to Va. W. to Wis. Lapham! Stem 13f high, bushy. Leaves pale green, 12-18" by 7-10", often slightly pubes. cent when young, thin, at length very smooth. Flowers in numerous, small racemes, on the upper, nakedish branchlets; pedicels shorter (l —-3) than the corolla. Corolla yellowish and reddish-white, longer than the stamens, but equaling or shorter than the styles. Berries bluish-black, sweet. May, Jn. 4. V. PENNSYLVANiCUM. Lam. (V. tenellum. Ait.) Common Low Blueberry.-Branches green, with 2 pubescent lines; Ivs. subsessile, crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous and shining, with the veins beneath puberulent; fis. in short, bracteate, dense, subterminal racemes; cor. ovoid-cylindrical.-Thickets and pastures in hard soils, Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low under-shrub, 6-12' high, growing in dense patches. Leaves 8 —12" by 4 —6". Flowers reddish-white, 3" long. Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. May. /3. Lvs. dark green; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom,-With variety a. 5. V. LIGUSTRINUM. Michx. Privet Whortleberry. Branches angular, slender, strict, erect; Ivs. subsessile, erect, thick, lanceolate, veiny, pubescent, mucronate, serrulate; fascicles sessile; pedicels very short, glomerate; cor. ovoid-oblong.-Mountains, Penn. to Va. Pursh, who remarks that the leaves are very variable, the corolla reddish-purple, and the berries black. May, June. 6. V. BUXIFOLIUM. Salisb. St. low; Ivs. obovate, crenate-aentate, smooth; rac. axillary and terminal, dense, subsessile; cor. orbicular-ovoid; fil. glandular; stig. capitate.-Near Winchester, Va. Stem 6-10' high. Corolla white, with purple lines. Calyx bracteate. ~ ~ Flowers solitary. Corolla urceolate. 7. V. ULIGINOSUM. Mountain Blueberry. Procumbent; lvs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, glaucous and veiny beneath; fis. mostly solitary, axillary; cor. ovoid-globose, 4-cleft; sta. 4; anth. awned at the base.-A low, alpine shrub, White Mts. Stems with numerous, rigid branches. Leaves 3" by 2", broadest near the apex, scarcely petiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Flowers half as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deepblue, crowned with the style. June, July. (Apr. May. Beck.) 8. V. C/ESPIT6SUM. Michx. Turfy Vaccinium. Dwarf, ceespitose; Ilvs. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; cal. very short; cor. oblong, suburceolate; pores of the anthers long-tubular.-White Mts., N. H. Oakes, N. tc Hudson's Bay. Stem a few inches high. Flowers numerous, nodding, on short pedicels. Anthers with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, glabrous, blue, eatable. ~ ~ ~ Corolla campanulate. Leaves deciduous. 9. V. STAMINEUM. (V. stamineum and album. Ph.) Deerberry. Youkng branches pubescent; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanulate-spreading, segments acute, oblong; anth/. exserted, 2-awned near the base.-Dry woods, Can. to Flor. Shrub 2-3f high, very branching. Leaves 1-2' long, i — as wide, broadest in the upper half, mostly rounded at base and on very short petioles; those on the slender, flowering branches very much smaller. Flowers on long, slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spreading, stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, greenish-white, bitter. May, June. B. (V. elevatum. Banks.) L',s. pale, peubeent beneath;fis. smaller. N. J. 370 LXXVIII. ERISACEdE. OXYCOCcUS. 10. V. PRONDOSUM. Willd. (V. glaucum. Mx.) Blue Tangles. High Blueberry. —Lvs oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath, covered with minute, resinous dots; rac. loose, bracteate; pedicels filiform, bracteate near the middle; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens.-Grows in open woods, N. Eng. to Car. A shrub 3-5f high, with round, smooth and slehder branches. Leaves twice as long as wide, tapering to each end but broadest in the upper half, the margin slightly revolute. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Pedicels 5-10" in length. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white, succeeded by large, globose, blue and sweet berries, covered'with a glaucous bloom whe'n mature. May, June. 11. V. CANADENSE. Rich. Canadian Blueberry. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy; lvs. subsessile, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, villose beneath, tomentose on the veins above, entire; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal; corymb campanulate; cal. lobes acute.-A shrub 8-12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets, N. H.! Me.! to Hudson's Bay and to the Rocky Mts. Leaves 8-12" by 3-5". Flowers about 3" long. Style and stamens included. Berries blue and sweet, similar to those of V. tenellum. May. 12. V. DUMOSUM. Andrews. (V. frondosum. Michx. V. hirtellum. Bw.) Branchlets, Ivs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous dots; Ivs. obovate-oblong, subsessile, subcoriaceous, obtuse, mucronate, entire or ciliate-serrulate; rac. bracted with small, floral leaves; pedicels bracteolate in the middle; cor. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style.Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. Robbins! S. to Flor. A small shrub If high, with leafy racemes. Leaves about 16" by 7", cuneate at base, shining but minutely hispid above. Flowers white or purplish, each from the axil of a small, roundish-ovate leaf. Berries black, insipid, large (shining, Don., hairy, Bw). 2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers. Gr. orvs, acid, KOKKOS, berry. Calyx superior, 4-cleft; corolla 4-parted, with sub-linear, revolute segments; stamens 8, convergent; anthers tubular, 2-parted, opening by,oblique pores; berry globose, many-seeded.-Slender, prostrate shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous Ivs. and eatablefruit. 1. O. PALUSTRIS. Pers. (O. vulgaris. Ph. and 1st. edit. Vaccinium Oxycoccus. Linn.) Common Cranberry.-St. filiform, prostrate; lvs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin; pedicels terminal, I-flowered; segments of the corolla ovate.-A prostrate under shrub, found in alpine bogs, Can. and N. States. Stems creeping extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. Leaves somewhat remote, 2 —3 long, and half as wide, smooth and shining above, paler beneath. Flowers several together on the summits of the branches. Pedicels red, an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Corollas light pink, the 4 segments abruptly reflexed. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 2. O. MACROCARPUS. Pers. (V. macrocarpon. Ait.) Larger Cranberry. St. creeping, filiform; Ivs. oblong, scarcely revolute, obtuse, glaucous beneath; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate.-A prostrate, shrubby plant, in sphagnous swamps and meadows. Stems 8-15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Leaves numerous, 4-6" by 2-3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides, subentire. Flowers flesh-colored, pedicels 5-15" long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments generally abruptly reflexed. Berry large, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. Flowers in June. 3. CHIO G:NES. Salisb. GT. XLtov, snow, y/rvos, offspring; in allusion to its evergreen habit. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4cleft; stam. 8, included, anth. fixed by the base, the 2 cells awnless ANDROMEDA. LXXVIII.' ERICACE.E. 371 on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally; ovary adherent, except at the summit, 4-celled; fruit white, 4-celled, manyseeded.-A prostrate, evergreen undershrub, with alternate leaves. Fls. solitary, axillary. C. HISPIDULA. Gray. (Vaccinium hispidulum. Linn. Gaultheria hisp. Mu/ld. and Ist. edit. Phalerocarpus serpyllifolia. Don. Glyciphylla hisp. Raf. &c., &c.) Mountain Boxberry.-A delicate woody creeper, in old, shady woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligneous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous branches, and clothed with short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, roundish-oval, 4-6" by 3 —4", abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Corolla white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy flavor like those of Gaultheria procumbens. May, June. SUBORDER 2. —E R I C I N E XE ~ Ovary free from the calyx. Testa conformed to the nucleus of the seed. Mostly shrubs. Leaves often evergreen. 4. ARCTOSTAPHVLOS. Adans. Gr. apKrog, a bear, araqvXos, a cluster of grapes; that is, bear-berry. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small, recurved segments; drupe with a 5-celled putamen, the cells 1-seeded. — Trailing shrubs, with alternate leaves. 1. A. UVA-URSI. Spreng. (Arbutus Uva-ursi. Linn.) St. procumbent; lvs. entire, obovate, smooth, alternate, on short petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath; Jls. in short, terminal, drooping clusters; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together.-A shrub growing on mountains, in the N. States and British America. Stem prostrate except the younger branches, which arise 3 —8. The leaves are about an inch in length, 2-3" wide, often spatulate in form; medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic complaints. 2. A. ALPINA. Spreng. (Arbutus alpina. Linn.) Alpinc Bear-berry. Procumbent; Ivs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young; Jls. in short, terminal racemes; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about equaling the pedicel.-On the alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. Flowers white. Berries black. 5. ANDROMEDA. Named for Andromeda of ancient fable. Calyx minute, 5-parted, persistent; corolla ovoid-cylindric; the limb 5-cleft, reflexed; stamens 8-10; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, the dissepiments produced from the middle of the valves.-Shrubs prostrate or erect. Lvs. mostly alternate. ~ 1. Cal. naked. Caps. valves bfid. Minute evergreen shrubs. CASSIOPE& 1. A. HYPNoiDES. (Cassiope. G. Don.) Moss-like Cassiope. St. filiform, spreading; Ivs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded; ped. solitary, terminal; cor. globose, campanulate.-One of the smallest and most delicate of shrubs, a tree in miniature, resembling some of the mosses, found on the alpine summits of the White Mts.! Stems woody, much branched at base, 2-3' high. Leaves minute, evergreen, spirally arranged, and so closely as to conceal the stems. Flowers small, but large in proportion, nodding; peduncles colored, smooth, round, an inch long in fruit. Calyx purple. Corolla light red, twice as long as the calyx, lobes erect. Stamens included. June. 022 37J LXXVIII. ERICACER,. ANDROMEDA. ~ 2. Cal. bracteate at base. Capsule valves double. Lvs. evergreen, entire. CASSANDRA. 2. A. CALYCULATA. (Cassandra. G. Don.) Bracted Cassandra. Erect; lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, subrevolute, ferruginous beneath; rac. terminal, leafy, subsecund.-An evergreen shrub, 2-4f high, flowering early, in wet situations, Can. and most of the U. S. The leaves are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about an inch long and half as wide, those of the racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous, 20-30 in each raceme, white, each from the axil of a small leaf. Calyx double, the outer of 2 bracts, the inner of 5 acute sepals. April, May. ~ 3. Cal. naked. Anth. 2-awned. Lvs. evergreen, revolute. EUANDROMEDA. 3. A. POLIFoLIA. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. Erect; lvs. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, revolute on the margins, glaucous beneath; Jfs. subglobose, in a dense, terminal corymb.-A beautiful evergreen shrub, 1-2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N. Eng. to Wise. Lapham! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very smooth, 2-3' long and less than i' wide, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluishwhite beneath. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. Corolla rose-colored. June. ~ 4. Cal. naked. Anthers 4-awned. Leaves mostly deciduous. ZENOBIA. 4. A. RACEMOSA. (Zenobia. G. Doqn.) Clustered Zenobia. Lvs. oval-lanceolatc, acute, glabrous, serrulate; rac. terminal, secund elongated, sometimes branched; cal. acute; cor. cylindric; anth. 4-awned at the summit.-A shrub 4-6f high, growing in wet woods, Can. to Flor. W. to Ky. It is remarkable for its naked racemes, 2-4' in length, consisting of about a dozen flowers, which are arranged in a single row, with much regularity. Leaves 1-2' in length, i as wide, minutely notched. Pedicels short, with two ovate-acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Corolla white, 4 or 5 times as long as the calyx. Anthers 2-cleft, about half as long as the corolla. Jn. J1. ~ 5. Cal. naked. Anthers awnless. Caps. valves simple. Leaves (mostly) deciduous. LEUCOTHOE. 5. A. MARIXNA. (Leucotho8. G. Don.) Maryland Leucotho&. Glabrous; Ivs. oval, subacute at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler beneath; flowering branches leafless; pedicels fasciculate; calyx lobes linear, foliaceous; cor. ovate-cylindric; sta. 10; fil. villous.-Woods and dry, sandy soils, N. 3J. to FIor., common. A beautiful shrub, 2-3f high, with very smooth, deciduous foliage, and large, white or pale red flowers. Capsule depressed-globose. Seeds angular. June, July. ~ 6. Corolla subglobose. Capsule with 5 supernumerary valves. LYONIA. 6. A. LIGUSTRINA. Muhl. (Lyonia paniculata. Nutt.) Panicled Lyonia. Pubescent; Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrulate; fiJs. somewhat paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes; anth. awnless.-A deciduous shrub, 4 —8f high, in swamps, &c., Middle and Southern States. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2-3' long and nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small, nearly globose, white, in dense panicles, succeeded by globular capsules. June. ~ 7. Sepals acuminate. Capsule pyramidal, pentangular. Leaves acid. OXYDENDRON. 7. A. ARBOREA. (Oxydendron. DC: Lyonia. Don.) Sorrel Tree. Arborescent; branches terete; lvs. petiolate, oblong, acuminate, serrate; panicles terminal, consisting of numerous spicate racemes; fls. pedicellate, secund, spreading, at length reflexed; cor. ovate-oblong, pubescent externally.Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts. to Flor. A fine. tree, 40 —50f high, trunk 10-15' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4-5' by 1-2-', villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Flowers white. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sided. June, July. t EPmaorA. LXXVIII. ERICACE2E. 37 6. MENZIESA. Smith. In honor of Menzies, companion of Vancouver in his voyage round the world. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla ovoid 4-5 cleft; stamens 8-10, inserted into the receptacle; capsule 4-5-celled, the dissepiments made by the introfiexed margins of the valves; seeds many.-Low, heath-like, shrubby plants, with evergreen leaves. 1. M. TAXIFOLIA. Robbins. (M. ccerulea. Swartz. Phyllodoce tax. Salisb; Andromeda tax. Pall. Andromeda ccerulea. Linn.) Mountain Heath.St. prostrate at base; Ivs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth; ped. terminal, aggregate, one-flowered; Jis. campanulate, decandrous; cal. acute.A small shrub, a few inches high, found on the summit of the White Mts. It resembles a Heath in its flowers and some of the fir tribe in its leaves and stems. Stem decumbent at base, with crowded, scattered leaves above, which are 5-7" in length. Flowers drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, on colored peduncles. Calyx in 5 segments, purplish. Corolla of 5 segments, emarginate, rather longer than the stamens. July. 2. M. GLOBULARIS. Salisb. Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate above and on the veins beneath, apex tipped with a gland; cal. 4-cleft; cor. globose; sta. 8; caps. 4-celled, 4-valved.-Mountains Penn. to Car. Abundant near Winchester, Va. Pursh. Shrub 4f high. Flowers yellowish-brown, nodding and mostly solitary on each terminal pedicel. June. 7. GAULTHERIA. Kalm. Named for one Gaulthier, a French physician at Quebec. Calyx 5-cleft with 2 bracts at the base; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, revolute lobes; filaments 10, hirsute; capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx which becomes a berry.-Suffruticose. mostly American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate. G. PROCUMEENS. Box-berry. Checker-berry. Wintergreen. St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending; lvs. obovate, mucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top of the stem; fis. few, drooping, terminal.A little shrubby plant, well known for its spicy leaves and its well-fltvored scarlet berries. Common in woods and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. The branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem, or rhizoma, which is usually concealed. Leaves thick, shining, acute at each end, with remote and very obscure teeth. Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Filaments white, bent towards the corolla. Fruit well flavored, consisting of the capsule surrounded by the enlarged calyx, which becomes of a bright scarlet color. June-Sept. 8. CLETHRA. Gaert. Gr. name of the alder, which these plants somewhat resemble. Calyx 5-pafted, persistent; petals 5; stamens 10, exserted; style persistent; stigma 3-cleft; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. —Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, racemose. C. ALNIFOLIA. Sweet-pepper Bush. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath; fis. in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes; bracts subulate.-A deciduous shrub, 4 —8f high, growing in swamps. Leaves 2-3' long, i as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Racemes 3-5' long. Peduncles and calyx hoary-pubescent, the former 3" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as long. Corolla white, spreading, about equaling the stamens and styles. J1. Aug. 9. EPIG.E A. Gr. E7ri, upon, and yr/, the earth; from its prostrate habit. Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base; corolla hypocrateri 374 LXXVIII. ERICACE.E. AZALEA. form, tube villous within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10; anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings; capsule 5-celled, 5valved.-Suffruticose. trailing. Lvs. evergreen. E. REPENS. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire; cor. tube cylindrical.-2- Woods, Newfoundland to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 10-15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Leaves alternate, 2-2J' by 1I', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks. Calyx green, supported by 3 large bracts at base. Tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5, rounded, spreading segments. Apr. May. 10. KALMIA. Named by Linnweus in honor of Peter Kalm, prof at Abo, Finland. Calyx 5-parted; corolla with 10 prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5-lobed; filam. elastic; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.-Beautiful shrubs, natives of N. America. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemose corymbs, white and red. 1. K. LATIFOLIA. Mountain Laurel. Calico Busth. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides; corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent.-One of our most beautiful shrubs, sometimes attaining the height of a small tree. It is found in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Georgia, and W. to Ohio and Ky. in woods. The wood is usually very crooked, fine-grained and compact. The leaves are 2-3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flowers in splendid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. The corolla has a short tube with a spreading limb 9-10" diam. and a 5-lobed margin. Leaves narcotic, and poisonous to some animals. May, June. 2. K. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Narrow-leaved Laurel. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse at each end, smooth; corymbs lateral; bracts linear-lanceolate.-A beautiful little shrub, smaller than the foregoing, 2-4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to Ky. The leaves are acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, entire, smooth, 1 —2' long and k as wide, on short petioles. The flowers are of a deep purple, growing in small, axillary fascicles and apparently whorled among the leaves, in structure resembling those of the last species, but about half as large. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. This is also said to be poisonous to cattle. June. 3. K. GLAUCA. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous; Ivs. opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin; carymbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts smooth.-A delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, &c., Penn., Ky., N. Eng. N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches rendered distinctly 2-edged by an elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node below. Leaves smooth and shining, white underneath, about an inch in length. Flowers 8-10 in each corymb. Corolla about i' diam., pale purple. Calyx red, as is also the very slender peduncle. At the base of each peduncle is a pair of concave, obtuse bracts. June. B. rosmarinifolia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 11. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal; cor. subcampanulate, 5-parted, regular; sta. equal, erect, shorter than the corolla; anth. dehiscing laterally from the apex; ovary roundish; sty. straight, included; capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, many-seeded.-A little branching, pro ILIODODENDRON. LXXVIII. ERICACEXE. 375 Kaumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate, evergreen, entire lvs. Pedicels -terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Cor. rose color. A. PROCUMBENS. (Loiseleuria. Desv. Rhododendron. 1stedit.) An exceedingly delicate shrub, native on the alpine summits of the White ^Mts.,:N. H.! Stems 3 —6 long, very branching and leafy. Leaves elliptical, thick, shining, not more than 31" by 1", margin strongly revolute. Flowers glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the leaves. Jn. J1. 12. RHODORA. Gr. odoiy, a rose; the shrub bears only flowers at flowering time. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent; cor. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2-3-lobed at the apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower, entire segments; sta. 10, declinate; fil. unequal; anth. opening by 2 pores; caps. 5-celled, 5valved; cells many-seeded; dissepiments formed by the introflexed margins of the valves. —-' A shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. R. CANADENSES. (Rhododendron Rhodora. Don.) A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn., frequent. Stems 2 —3f high, clothed with a smooth brown bark,each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3-5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-ohlong, downycanescent beneath. Apr. May. 13. RHODODENDRON. Gr. joJov, arose, kdcvpov, a tree. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent; cor. infundibuliform or oampanulate, regular or irregular, 5-lobed; sta. 5-10, mostly declinate and exserted; anth. opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the summit; dissepiments introflexed from the margin of the valves. —Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen or deciduous leaves. Pls. mostly in terminal, corymbose clusters. Cor. variously:shaded from blue through purple to white. i 1. Corolla infundibuliform, tube long, cylindric, more or less viscid; limb unequal, spreading; stamens 5 or 6. Lvs. deciduous. &AZALEA. 1. R. NUDIFLORUM. Torr. (Azalea nudiflora. Linn.) Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate; fJs. rather naked, slightly viscid; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes; sta. much exserted.-A beautiful and fragrant flowering shrub, 4-6f high, rather frequent in the forests and thickets of the Northern States as well as the Southern. Stems crooked, much branched. Leaves 2-3' by 1I', margins ciliate, upper surface with minute, scattered hairs, lower paler and pubescent, with the midvein hispid. Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully grown, in rather naked umbels. Pedicels 6 —8" long. Calyx minute, with rounded, ciliate segments. Corolla tube 8-.-10" in length, hairy, and, with the spreading, unequal limb variously shaded from pale pink to purple. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. Style nearly 3 times as long. It varies in the number of stamens, color of corolla, &c. Apr. May. t 2. R. vIscosuM. Torr. (Azalea viscosa. Linn.) Clammy Swamp Pink. Lvs. obovate and oblong-lanceolate; fis. accompanied with leaves, very viscid; tube of the corotla twice as long as the lobes; sta. a little exserted.-Less frequent than the last, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Shrub 4-6f high, much branched above, the branches hispid. Leaves 1-2' long and about half as wide, smoothish, hispid, ciliate on the petiole, midvein and margin. 32* 376 LXXVII1. ERICACEYE. RHODODENDRON. Flowers fragrant, in terminal umbels, on hairy pedicels, not appearing until the leaves are fully grown. Calyx minute and ciliate. Corolla white, tube an inch in length, clothed with glandular hairs, and very clammy, limb unequal. Stamens and style declined, the latter longest. May, June. t /. glaucum. Ph. (Azalea glauca. Lam.) Lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath. 3. R. NITiDUM. Torr. (Azalea nitida. Linn.) Shining Swamp Pink. Lvs. oblanceolate, coriaceous, smooth both sides, shining above, margins revolute; fis. accompanied with leaves, viscid; tube much longer than the segments; sta. exserted.-In mountain swamps, N. Y. Storrs! to Va. Shrub 3-6f high, with nearly smooth branches. Leaves dark green above, 1-2' in length, i as wide, roundish and submucronate above, tapering at the base into very short petioles, midvein hispid beneath. Flowers large, pale pink, fragrant. Tube an inch or more long, glandular-hairy. Pedicels i' long. Calyx segments obsolete. Style 2' long. Jn. J1. 4. R. CALENDULACEUM. Torr. (Azalea calendulacea. Mez.) tlame Azalea. Branchlets subvillose; Ivs. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, pu~ bescent both sides, ciliate on the margin; corymbs nearly leafless; cal. teeth oblong; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, shorter than the lobes.-A splendid flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio, Sullivant! and Ga. Stems 3-6f high. The leaves at flowering time are about 3' by 1i' or smaller. Flowers large and numerous, the corolla 21' in length, limb expanding nearly 2', usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame.- May.Cultivation has produced numerous varieties, of every shade from golden-yellow to dark crimson, single and double. t 5. R. ARBORESCENS. Torr. (Azalea arborescens. Ph.) Tree Azalea. Branches smooth; lvs. obovate, obtuse, both sides glabrous, glaucous beneath, margin ciliate, veins nearly glabrous; corymbs leafy; cal. lobes oblong, acute; cor. tube not viscid, longer than the lobes; sta. and sty. exsert.-Rivulets near the Blue Mts., Penn., Pu.rshb. Shrubs 10-20f high. Flowers large, rose color, scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed, white border. May —JI. 6. R. HISPiDUM. Torr. (A. hispida. Ph.) Hispid Azalea. Branches hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hispid above, glabrous beneath, glaucous both sides, ciliate, midvein beneath hispid; corymbs leafy; pedicels glandular-pilose; cal. teeth oblong, obtuse; cor. very viscid, tube scarcely longer than the lobes; sta. and sty. exsert.-Shrub of a bluish appearance, very upright, 10-15f high, mountains and lake shores, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. Flowers white, bordered with red, tube reddish-white. Stamens often 10. J1. Aug. 7. R. FLAVUM. Don. (Azalea pontica. Linn.) Yellow Azalea. —LVs. oblongobovate; rac. corymbose, with deciduous bracts; cor. viscid-pilose without, not leafy; sta. exsert, declinate.-Native of the Caucasian Mts. A splendid shrub, with golden-yellow flowers, varying to orange, copper-color or ochroleucous. t ~ 2. Corolla campanulate, tube short, smooth, lobes rounded-obtuse, spreading. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 8. R. MAXiMUM. Amterican Rose Bay. Lvs. obovate-oblong, smooth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolute on the margin; coryrmbs terminal; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal; pet. roundish.-A splendid flowering shrub, not uncommon in N. England, but most abundant in the Middle States. The stems are crooked, 6-15f or more in height. The young leaves are downy, becoming very smooth when full grown and 4-7' long, entire, thick and leathery, permanent, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years. Corymbs 15-20-flowered, in the midst of the evergreen leaves. At first each cluster appears in the form of a large compound bud enveloped in numerous bracts. These bracts are near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. Corolla pink or rose-colored, sometimes dotted with yellow, 1L-2' diam. The wood is hard and fine grained. July, Aug. F. album. Ph. (R. Purshii. Don.) Cor. white, segments oblong-obtuse. EamIc. LXXVII1. ERICACEAE. 377 9. R. LAPPONiCUM. Wahl. (Azalea Lapponica. Linn.) Lapland Rhododendron.-Dwarf; lvs. elliptical, roughened with excavated punctures; fis. in terminal, leafy clusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed; sta. 5, exserted.-An erect shrub 8-10' high, native of the White Mts.! Branches numerous, with a rough bark. Leaves about 5" by 2k", acute, with an obtuse angle, revolute, ferruginous beneath, all fasciculated at the summits of the branches. Flowers 7-9" diam. Peduncle bracted at base. Calyx pubescent. Corolla deep purple, regular, lobes roundish, as broad as the leaves. Style very long, ascending. June, July. 10. R. ARBOREUM. Smith.-St. arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with shining white spots beneath; fiJs. densely corymbose; caps. pubescent, 8-10celled.-A most beautiful tree or shrub, from the Himmaleh Mts. Flowers purple, red, white, cinnamon-color, &c. t 11. R. PONTiCUM.-Lv.s. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth and scarcely paler beneath; carymbs short, terminal; cor. campanulate-rotate; cal. lobes subacute, very short.-From Asia Minor. Flowers large, often 2' diam., purple-but in cultivation very variable. t 12. R. iNDicUM. Sweet. (Azalea Indica. Linn.)-Branchlets, petioles, veins and sepals strigose, but not glandular; lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acuminate at each end; fis. terminal, 1-3 together, on short pedicels. —From Java. Flowers scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c., in cultivation very brilliant. t 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers. Gr. XELoS, smooth, v1Xoy,, leaf. Calyx 5-parted, equaling the length of the capsule; pet. 5, ovateoblong; sta. 10, exserted; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing by a lateral cleft; ovary globose; sty. filiform; caps 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.-Small, smooth shrubs, with erect branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. white. L. BUXIFOLIUM. Ell. St. erect; Ivs. oval or obovate, subsessile; caps. glabrous.-Pine barrens, N. J. to Car. Shrub 8 —12' high, much branched. Leaves 4-5" by 2 or 3", very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and small. May, June. 15. LED UM. Calyx minute, 4-toothed; corolla 5-petaled, spreading; stamens 5-10, exserted; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5celled, 5-valved, opening at the base.-Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, evergreen, entire, ferruginous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. L. PALUSTRE (and L. latifolium. Ait.) Labrador Tea. Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear; sta. 5-10, more or less exserted.Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab and Greenland, White Mts.! Not uncommon. A shrub 2-3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or replicate at the margin. The petioles and the younger twigs are also covered with down. Leaves 1 —2 long, nearly I as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a dozen flowers. Petals 5, white. Pedicels nearly as long as the leaves. Stamens 5-10, as long as the petals. Style somewhat declined. July. 1. angustifolium. Lvs. narrower, almost linear; sta. mostly 10. 16. ERTCA. Gr. EpIKo, to break; in allusion to the brittleness of the branches and stems. Calyx 4-cleft; cor. tubular, globose, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate or hypocrateriform, limb short, 4-lobed; stam. 8; style filiform; caps. 4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal; seeds 2-00 in each cell, 378 LXXVIII. ERICACEiE. P.YROLA. atixed to the axillary-plaoentse, usually conformed to the smoothish or shining testa.-European, or chiefly South African shrubs, branching, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerose, margin revolute, verticillate, rarely alternate. Fls. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corymhbose or capitate,,mostly nodding. Cor. of the cyanic series, from purple krough red to white, very rarely orange or yellow. Ob8.-Of this vast and beautiful genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bentham in the Prodromus of DC., Part vii., pp. 613-693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe,and manyin this country, ~but their successful culture is attended with more care than that of most other plants, and they have never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would:permit, where so many are rarely and none generally met with, would be of little satisfaction to the.student. SUBORDER 3.-P Y R O L E E.:Ovary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct. Fruit a capsule. Mostly herbaceous. 17. PYR LA. Salisb. Lat. diminutive from Pyrus; as the leaves (ofP. elliptical resemble those of the pear-tree. Calyx 5-parted; pet. 5, equal; sta. 10; anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top; sty. thick; stig. 5-rayed, 5-tubercled at apex; caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the angles, many-seeded.-Low, scarcely suifruticose, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scape mostly racezmose. ~ 1. Stamens ascending. Style declinate, longer than the petals. 1. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Round-leaved Pyrola. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape 3-angled; segments of the cal. lanceolate, acute; stig. clavate, obscurely 5toothed.-Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wisc. Leaves all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' in diameter, smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins. Petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes much longer than, the leaf. Scape 6-12' high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Flowers drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. 2. P. ASARIFOLIA. Michx. Asarum-leaved Pyrola. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape angular, furrowed; rac. lax, many-flowered; segments of the cal. ovate, acute, appressed; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated and 5lobed. —In old woods, Can. and N. States. Leaves all radical, 1f —1]' diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice as long as, the margined petioles. Scape 5-10' high, purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemose one half its length. Flowers nodding, remote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Style of about the same length and curvature as pedicel. June. 3. P. CHLORANTIIA. Swartz. Green-flowered Pyrola. Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrow petiole; rac. few-flowered; segments of the cal. very short, obtuse; pet. oblong; pores of the anth. tubular; stig. clavate, with the disk elongated, and 5-lobed.-In woods, Can. and N. States, common. Leaves smaller than in either of the preceding species, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, — 1' diam., smooth, shining, coriaceous. Petioles 1 —2 long. Scapes erect, angular, 8-12' high, bearing a long, open raceme. Flowers nodding, large, remote, pedicels j' long, each in the axil of a very short bract. Petals greenish-white. Anthet tubes conspicuous. June, July. 4. P. ELLIPTiCA. Nutt. Pear-leaved Wintergreen. L/rs. elliptical, mnembranaceous, obscurely dentate, longer than the petioles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments; pores of the ~anth. short, tubular.-In woods, Can. and N. States to Wisc. Leaves 1-2' long, more than half as wide, mostly acute and subentire, thin, smooth and light CHIMAPHIILA. LXXVIII. ER1CACEIE. 379 green. Scape 5 —9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes. Flowers nodding, very fragrant. Pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the declinate, recurved style. Petals white. July. (SeeAppendix.) ~ 2. Stamens erect. Style straight. 5. P. SECUNDA. One-sided Pyrola. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; rac. secund.-In dry woods, Can. and N. States. Stem 2-3' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the summit. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at each end, with ap pressed, pointed serratures. Petioles 1' long. Peduncles scape-like, 5-7' high, bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10-15 greenish-white flowers. Petals oblong, shorter than the style. June, July. 6. P. MINOR. Smaller Pyrola. Lvs. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate; petiole dilated at base, shorter than the lamina; rac. subspicate; bracts equaling or exceeding the pedicel; cal. lobes short, subacute; sty. included; stig. 5-lobed.-White Mts., N. H., Mich. and Brit. Am. Scape angular. Leaves mucronulate at apex. Corolla globose, white, slightly tinged with purple. 18. MONESES. Salisb. Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred at base, at length inverted, opening by 2 pores at apex; sty. rigid; stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, manyseeded.-9- Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenulate, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the stamens. Fls. white. M. GRANDIFLORA. Salisb. (Pyrola uniflora. Linn. and 1st edit.) Woods, among mosses, &c., Keene, N. H., Bigelow. Dexter, Jeff. Co., N. Y., Vasey. Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 7-9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. 19. CHIMAPHT LA. Gr. XEpOa, winter, 0XEso), to love; equivalent to the English name, Wintergreen. Calyx 5-parted; pet. 5, spreading; sta. 10; fil. dilated in the middle; anth. as in Pyrola; sty. short, thick; caps. 5-celled, opening from the summit; seeds 00.-Small, s-ufruticose, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. C. UMBELLATA. Nutt. (Pyrola. Linn.) Prince's Pine. Pipsissiwa. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s-6s; fls. corymbose; bracts linearsubulate; sty. immersed in the ovary. —% In dry woods, flowering in July. A common and beautiful evergreen, N. Eng. to Ohio? and Can. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2-3' long, I as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, coriaceous, coriaceoushining, of a uniform dark green color. Peduncle terminal, erect, 3 —4 long, bearing 4-7 light purple flowers on nodding pedicles 8"t long. Both this and the following species are tonic and diuretic. Bw. July. 2. C. MACUI,ATA. Pursh. (Pyrola. Linn.) Spotted Winter green. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely serrate, discolored, opposite or in 3s; ped. corymbose, 2-3-flowered; fil. woolly.-Can. to Car., Ohio, in sandy woods. Habits much like the last, but it is readily distinguished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3-4' high. Leaves 1-2' long, l as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midvein and veinlets. Flowers purplishwhite, on nodding pedicels. June, July. 380 LXXVIII. ERICACE.E. PTEROSPORA. SUBORDER 4.-M O N O T R O P E ME. Ovary free from the calyx. Leafless herbs, destitute of verdure. 20. MONOTROPA. Gr. iotosg, one, rperco, to turn; term inapplicable, as the genus is now modified. Calyx represented by 1-3 bracts; pet. 5, erect, persistent, gibbous at base; sta. 10; fil. persistent, alternating with 10 reflexed appendages of the torus; stig. orbicular, naked; caps. 5-celled.-Parasitic herbs. St. or scape 1-flowered, scentless. M. UNIFLORA. Indian Pipe. Bird's-nest. St. short; scales approximate; fl. nodding; fr. erect.-Common in woods, Can. to Car. W. to Ill. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, yellowishwhite in all its parts. Stem furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transparent leaves, or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal, solitary flower. Common in woods, near the base of trees, on whose roots it is said to be parasitic. Jn. 21. HYPOPITYS. Dill. Gr. w7rto, under, 7rtrvS, a pine tree; its place of growth. Sepals 4-5, colored; pet. as many as sepals, a little longer and of the same color, erect, deciduous, gibbous at base; sta. 8 —10; fil. subulate, persistent; anth. 2-celled, small; stig. discoid, umbilicate; caps. 4-5-celled, 4-5-valved, many-seeded.-.Parasitic herbs, of a tawny white. Root scaly. St. simple. ]Fls. racemed, lateral ones tetramerous, terminal one pentamerous. 1. H. MULTIFLORA. Scop. (H. Europnea. Don. Monotropa. Litn.) Pet., sta. and sty. hirsute; caps. oval-oblong.,. Americana. DC. (H. Europaea. LNAtt.) Plant smaller, yellowish-brown.In pine woods, Can., Penn., Car., DC. Is not this rather a variety of' the following? It seems to be lost to recent botanists. 2. H. LANUGINOSA. (Monotropa. Michx. and 1st edit.) Pine Sap. Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence; pedicels much longer than the flower; caps. subglobose.-Woods, N. Y.! Can to Car. W. to Wisc.! The whole plant is of a tawny white, similar to the last. The root is a tangled mass of fibres. Scape 6-10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down. Flowers 7-12, in a terminal raceme, yellowish, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1-2"- long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the terminal flower is generally decandrous; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Woods. Aug. 22. PTEROSPOR.A. G'. 7rrepos, a wing, otropa, a seed; alluding to the winged seeds. Calyx 5-parted; corolla roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and re-:flexed; stamens 10; anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned; capsule 5celled, 5-valved; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex.-'4 Plant leafless, brownish-red. Fls. racemed. P. ANDROMEDEA. Nutt. (Monotropa procera. Ea.) Albany Beech-drops. In various parts of N. Y.! and Vt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. C. H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12-30' high, dark purple, clothed with short, viscid wool. Raceme 6-12' long, with 50 or more nodding flowers. Pedicels irregularly scattered, 6-8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Corolla shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, open at the throat, white, tipped with red at the summit. July. PRINOs. LXXIX. AOUIFOLIACEE. 381 ORDER LXXIX. AQUIFOLIACEE.- HOLLYWORTS. Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Fls. small, white or greenish, axillary, solitary or clustered, sometimes dioecious. Cal.-Sepals 4-6, imbricate in aestivation. Cor. regular, 4-6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. inserted into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnate. Ova. free from the calyx, 2-6-celled, with a solitary, suspendled ovule in each cell. Fr. drupaceous, with 2 —6 stones or nucules. Albctmen large, fleshy. Genera 11, species 110, natives of America and S. Africa, only one, Ilex (the Holly), being found in Europe. Properties.-The bark and leaves of Prinos verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and tonic, as well as those of the holly. The berries are emetic and purgative. The leaves of Prinos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea. Conspectus of the Genera. Petals united, mostly hexamerous.... nos. 3 s unarmed. I Petals distinct, mostly pentamerous... Nemopanthlu.2 Leaves Z spinose, evergreen, coriaceous...x.. 1. ILEX. The ancient Lat. name of the Holm Oak, the derivation uncertain. Calyx 4-5-toothed, persistent; corolla subrotate, 4-5-parted; stamens 4-5; stigmas 4-5, subsessile, united or distinct; berry 4-5-seeded.-Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate and spinose-dentate. Fls. often 6? by abortion. I. OPACA. Lvs. evergreen, oval, acute at end, with strong, spinous teeth, coriaceous, smooth and shining; fascicles of fls. lax, peduncles compound; cal. teeth acute; fr. ovate; fis. small, greenish-white.-A tree of middle size, quite generally diffused throughout the U. S. from Mass.! to La. It is chiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. The flowers appear in June, in scattered clusters at the base of the older branches, and the fertile ones are succeeded by red berries which remain'until late in autumn. The wood is fine grained and compact, useful in turnery, &c. 2. NEMOPANTHUS. Raf. G(r. vijya, thread, 7rove, foot-stalk, avros; that is, a flower on a filiform peduncle. Calyx minute; petals 5, distinct, linear, oblong; stamens 5; ovary hemispherical; stigmas 3-4, sessile; fruit a 3-4-celled, subglobose berry.-Shrub, with alternate, entire, deciduous leaves. Fls. mostly diaecio-polygamous by abortion. N. CANADENSTS. Raf. (Ilex. Michx.) Canadian Holly. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed; ped. nearly solitary, very long; fr. somewhat 4-sided.-A shrub, 4-6f high, with smooth branches, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eng.! to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles ~ as long. The flowers, growing on long, slender, axillary peduncles which are seldom divided, are small, greenish-white. Segments of the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, June. 3. PRINOS. Gr. rplCo, to saw; alluding to the serrated leaves. Flowers often' 9 or 8c s 9; calyx mostly 6-cleft; cor. 6-parted; sta. 4-6; berry roundish, much longer than the calyx; seeds bony, convex on one side, angular on the other.-Shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowered. 1. P. VERTICILL.iTUS. (P. Gronovii. M7kichx.) Winlte Berry. Black Alder. Lvs. deciduous, oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fis. axillary, the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subumbellate.-This shrub is found in moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States. usually growing about 382 I XXX. EBENACEAE. DIOSPYROS. 8f high. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dicecious, small, in imperfect umbels or heads, sometimes moncecious. Berries scarlet, in little bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent. J1. 2. P. AMBIGUUS. Michx. Dubious Winter Berrry. Lvs. deciduous, oval, entire, acuminate at both ends; parts of thelis. in 4s, the sterile ones crowded, the fertile solitary.-A shrub or small tree, 8-15f high, in wet grounds, Mid. States. Bark whitish, smooth. Leaves elliptic-oval, mucronate-pointed, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, 1-2' long and half' as wide. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-cleft, the fertile ones on long peduncles. June. 3. P. LA:VIGATUS;. Pursh. Lvs. deciduous, lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath; fis. hexamerous, Y axillary, subsessile, 3' scattered,pedicellate.-In swamps and marshes, Northern and Western States S. to N. J. Shrub 6-9f high, with grayish and warty branches. Leaves 2-3' by 8-12", acute at each end; petioles 6 —10" long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1' long, the fertile pedicels scarcely i as long. Berries large, red. June. 4. P. LANCEOLATUS. Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, finely and remotely serrulate, glabrous both sides; ( flowers aggregated, triandrous, 9 generally in pairs, pedunculate, 6-numerous; berries small, scarlet.-Barrens and marshes, Western (Riddell) and Southern States! Shrub 6-8f high.-1 am wholly unacquainted with this species as a western plant, but have specimens collected in N. J.. by Dr. Robbins. The leaves are pater beneath, 2-3' (including the petiole 3-6") by — li', veins beneath pubescent, ferruginous. Pedicels of the barren flowers are J' long, of the fertile II long. June. 5. P. GLABER. Ink Berry. Evergreen Prinos. Lvs. evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shining, serrate at the end.-A beautiful shrub 3-4f high, found in swamps, Mass.! R. I.! to N. Y. and Car. Leaves very smooth, leathery, shining, 1-1i' by 5 —7", broadest above the middle. Pedicels subsolitary,. 1-3-flowered. Flowers white, mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. June, July. ORDER LXXX. EBENACEE. —EBONADS. Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Fls. by abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Cal. free, 3-6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. Cor. regular, 3 —6-cleft, often pubescent, imbricate in testivation. Sta. twice or four times as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ova. with 3 or more cells. Style with as many divisions. Fr. a fleshy, oval or globose berry. Genera 9, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and the tropics, one only being found as far north as New York. Properties.-Diospyrus is remarkable for the hardness and dark color of the wood. Ebony is the wood of D. Ebenus, Ebenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species below is eatable when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturity. The bark is eminently febrifugal and astringent. D I O S P R O S. Gr. AtoSg typos, the fruit of Jove; the fruit, although excellent, hardly merits the name. Fls. 3 D. Cal. 4-6-lobed; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4-6cleft, convolute in aestivation. c' sta. 8-50, mostly 16; fil. shorter than the anthers; ova. abortive; sty. 0. 9 sta. mostly 8, without anthers; sty. 2-4-cleft; berry ovoid or globose, 4-12, mostly 8celled, cells 1-seeded.-A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical. D. VIRGINIiNA. Persimmon Tiree. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petiole, veins and margin puberulent; rac. axillary, 3-1-flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers; cal. 4-parted; sta. 8.-In woods, lat. 420 to La., frequent. A shrub or small LXXXII. PRIMULACEAI. 383 tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions at the South. Leaves 3 —5' long, entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale greenish-yellow, the fertile ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the garden plum, and containing 6-8 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palatable by the frost, although very austere when green. The bark is tonic and astringent. Jn. ORDER LXXXI. STYRACACEAE. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves destitute of stipules. Fls. or racemes solitary, axillary bracteate. Cal. 5, rarely 4-lobed, imbricated in westivation. Cor. 5, rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. definite or 00, unequal in length, usually cohering. Anth. innate, 2-celled. Ova. adherent, 2-5-eelled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. Fr. drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. SdE. 5-1. Genera 6, species 115, sparingly distributed through the tropical and subtropical regions of both continents, only a few in colder latitudes. Storax and benzomn, two fragrant gum resins, regarded as stimulant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, viz. of S. officinale, a Syrian tree, and S. benzoin, native of Malay and the adjacent Islands. HALESIA. Ellis. In honor of the learned and venerable Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., 1730. Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobed; cor. inserted into the calyx, campanulate, with a narrow base, 4-cleft or 4-parted; sta. 8-12, connate into a tube below; sty. filiform, pubescent; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings equal or alternately smaller; seeds 1 —3. —N: American shrubs. 1. H. TETRAPTERA. Four-winged Snowdrop Tree. Lvs. elliptic-acuminate, serrulate; fascicles 3-flowered, lateral, leafless, from the wood of the preceding year; cal. subentire; sta. 12; fr. with 4 equal wings.-Native of S. Car. to Flor., Miss E. Carpenter! Branches leafy at the summit. Leaves thin, 2-5' by 1 —21, obtuse or acute at base. Flowers pendulous, white, about 10" long. t 2. H. DIPTERA. 7wo-winged Snowdrop Tree. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, acuminate at each end, serrulate, softly pubescent beneath; fascicles 2-3-flowered, lateral; pedicels and cal. pubescent; sta. 8; fr. with the alternate wings half as large or obsolete.-Native in Car. and Ga. Leaves somewhat larger than in the last, with rather smaller flowers. Corolla white. t ORDER LXXXII. PRIMULACEE.. — PRIMWORTS. Plants herhaceous annual or perennial, sometimes suffruticose. Lavs. usually radical, otherwise mostly opposite. Stipules o. Fls. on scapes and in umbels or variously arranged in the axils of Cal. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. Cor. 5 (rarely 4)-cleft, regular. Sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. Ova. i-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style and Stigma simple. Fr. —Capsule many-seeded, the fleshy placenta attached only to the base of the cell. Genera 29, species 215, common in the northern temperate regions, growing in swamps, groves, by rivulets and often amnong the snow of cloud-capped mountains. Many are beautiful, and highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant. FIG. 49.-I. Primula Mistassinica. 2. A flower laid open, showing the 5 stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. 4. Plan of 5 6 the flower. 6. Ovary and calyx. 5. Vertical section of tie ovary, showing the free central placenta. 33 384 LXXXII. PRIMULACEAE. PRIMLA. -Conspectus of the Genera. ( 7-cleft. Leaves in one whorl.'.. Trientalks. 4 5-cleft. Flowers paniculate... Samolus. 10 Corolla white, ( 4-cleft. Plants 2 inches high.. Centunculus. 9 Stamens 6. Racemes axillary.. Naumburgia. 6 Corolla yellow. Stamens 5....... Lyaimachia. 7 Corolla scarlet. Plant prostrate. Fils. solitary, axillary. Anagallis. 8 5 undivided. Corolla wanting, calyx colored, white.Glaux. l. (cauline, pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed in water....... Hottenia. 1 5 Corolla segments spreading. Primula. 2 Leaves all radical. Scape umbellate. Corolla segments reflexed. Dodecatheon. 3 1. HOTTONIA. In honor of Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden, died 1709. Calyx 5-parted; cor. salver-form, with a short tube and a flat, 5lobed limb; sta. inserted on the tube of the corolla, included; stig. globose; caps. globose-acuminate.-% Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical Ivs. H. INFLATA. Ell. (H. palustris. Ph. not Linn.) Water Feather. Scape articulate, the internodes and lower parts inflated; fls. verticillate, pedunculate.-A curious aquatic plant, in swamps and stagnant waters, Ms., R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Flor. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a whorl of long and beautifully pectinate leaves at or near the surface of the water. Peduncles or scapes several (6-10) together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of the stem, 8-10' long, inflated between the joints, forming the most remarkable feature of the plant. Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, generally 4 in each. Pedicels i' long. June. 2. PRIM1LA. Lat. fprimus, first; because its blossoms appear earliest in spring. Corolla salver-form, with an open orifice; capsule opening with a 10-cleft dehiscence; stamens 5, not exserted; stigma globose.-Herbs (mostly European) with radical Ivs. Fls. in an involucrate umbel on a scape, showy. 1. P. MISTAssINiCA. Michx. (Fig. 49.) Lvs. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at base; invol. 1 —8-flowered; bracts 3 times shorter than the pedicels, linear-subulate; cal. much shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate.Shores of Seneca Lake, N. Y., Dr. Sartwell! Cliffs,Willoughby lake,Vt.! throughout Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, about 3' high. Leaves about 5, 5-8" by 3-4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5" diam., white. Pedicels 71" in length. 2. P. FARINOSA. l. Americana. Torr. Bird's-eye Primrose. Lvs. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate at apex, attenuate at base, under surface covered with a yellowish-white, farinaceous dust; invol. farinaceous, 3-20-flowered, shorter than the pedicels; bracts long-acuminate; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate, bifid, obtuse.-Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, Nutt., Houghton, N. to lat. 66~. Scape 6-12' high. Flowers purple or flesh-color. 3. P. AURIC0LA. Auricled Primrose or Auricula.-Lvs. obovate, entire or serrate, fleshy; scape many-flowered, central, as long as the leaves; invol. of short leaves; cal. powdery.-_4 Native of the Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. The cultivated varieties are innumerable, and many of them of exquisite beauty and fragrance. May. t 4. P. ELATIOR. Jacq. Oxlip Primrose.-Lvs. toothed, rugose, hairy on each side; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding; car. flat. —% Native of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a foot high. Apr. May. t 5. P. OFFICINjLIs. Jacq. (P. veris. Cam.) Cowslip Primrose.-Lvs. toothed, rugose, hairy beneath; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding; cal. angular; car. concave.-'4 Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells strongly TRIENTqALIS. LXXXII. PRIMULACEE. 385 of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silkworms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed., June. t 6. P. PURPUREA. Royl. Purple Primrose.-Lvs. lanceolatfg obtuse, very smooth, covered beneath with yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute; scape thick, glabrous; longer than the leaves; invol. 00-flowered, as long as the pedicels, farinaceous beneath; car. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate.-Native of the Mountains of Napaul, Asia. Flowers dark purple. t 7. P. CALYCINA. Duby. Double-cupped Primrose.-Lvs. lanceolate, thin, smooth, entire, acute, surrounded with a white margin; invol. 3-5-flowered, as long as the pedicels; cal. tube ventricose; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate.-Native of Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful. t 8. P. GRANDIFLORA. Lam. (P. vulgaris. Huds.) Common Primrose.-Lvs. obovate, oblong, rugose, villous beneath, toothed; umbel radical; fl. stalks as long as the leaves; cor. flat. —4 Native of Europe. An interesting garden plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they become double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, &c., and the umbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. The roots and leaves smell of anise seed, and when dried and powered, are used as a snuff, and alsoas an emetic. The number of varieties is vast, and is readily increased by cultivation from seed. April. t 3. DODECATHEON. Gr. Jo&EKa, twelve, &og, god;' alluding to its curious flowers which are about 123 Calyx 5-parted, reflexed; cor. tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, segments reflexed; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla; fil. very short; anth. large, acute, connivent at apex; style exserted; caps. oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. —% with radical, oblong Ivs., an erect, simple scape, and a terminal umbel of nodding fowers. 1. D. MEADIA. American Cowslip, or Mead's Cnozslip. Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base into a marginal petiole, glabrous, entire or repandly dentate; scape 9-20-flowered; bracts of the invol. ovate, inner ones lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acute, entire; Jil. united into a tubemuch shorter than the subulate anthers.-A singular, elegant herb, on prairies, dry or rocky soils, Penn. to Ind. Dr. Skinner! Ill., Wisc. and throughout the Western States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7-10' by 1 -2&', on the margin usually undulate or repand-toothed. Scape 1-2f high. Involucre much shorter than the pedicels which are very slender, 1-2' in length. Corolla white or purplish, abruptly reflexed. Anthers 5" long, yellow, purple at base. May, Jn. t I have specimens gathered in Tenn. by Miss E. Carpenter, with leaves perfectly even and entire. 2. D. INTEGRIPOLIUM. Michx. Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, subentire, obtuse, petiolate; scape few-flowered; fis. suberect; bracts of the invol. lanceolate or linear acute; cal. segments lanceolate, acute, entire; jil. connate into an elongated tube, nearly as long as the anthers.-A much smaller plant than the preceding. Nuttall.-I have specimens of this species? collected in Ill. by Rev. E. Jenney. Scape 6-10' high, thick. Leaves 3 —5 long, on naked petioles. Flowers 5-11, somewhat crowded, on shorter pedicels. Corolla bluish-white.-It may be only a variety of D. Meadia. 4. TRIENTALIS. Lat. tr/ens, the third part of a foot (4/); alluding to the height of the plant. Calyx and cor. 7-(6-8-) parted, spreading; sta. 7 (6-8); fr. capsular, somewhat fleshy, many-seed. —St. low, simple. subverticillate. Ped. 1-flowered. T. AMERICiNA. Ph. (T. Europma. Michx.) Chickweed Wintergreen. St. erect, simple, leafless at base; Ivs. glomerate, few, narrow-laneeolate, 386 LXXXI1. PRIMULACEIE. LYSIMACnIA serrulate, acuminate; sep. linear, acuminate. This little plant is common in the rocky woods of N. Eng., N. Y., and Brit. Am. Stem 3 —6 high, with an irregular whorl of 4- lanceolate, smooth and shining leales at the top. In the midst of these are 1 —4 white, star-like flowers, borne on simple, filiform pedicels. The leaves are mostly acuminate at each end, 3' long and 1' wide. Segments bf the corolla longer than the acute calyx leaves. Seeds attached to a central, spongy placenta. May, Jn. 5. GLAUX. Gr. yXavuKog, bluish or glaucous; from the hue of the plant Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored; corolla 0; stamens 5; capsule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved,5-seeded.-2- Maritime, branching, glabrous. G. MARITiMA. Black Saltwort. A small, smooth, fleshy plant, found occasionally in the salt marshes on our seacoast, Can. to N. J. Root perennial. Stem more or less procumbent at base, 4 —6 high, smooth, branching, and very leafy. Leaves 1' in length, roundish-ovate, obtuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly glaucous. Flowers small, sessile, axillary, solitary. Calyx white, tinged with red. July. 6. NAUMBURGIA. Mcench. Calyx and cor. deeply 5-6-parted; pet. linear-lanceolate, spreading, separated by minute, intervening teeth; sta. 5-6, inserted into the base, of the corolla, exserted; anth. cordate; caps. globose, 5valved; seeds few, on a globose placenta. —% with opposite lvs. Fls. small, in dense, thyrsoid racemes. N. THYRSIFLORA. Mcench. (Lysimachia. Linqn.andlstedit. L. capitata. Ph.)-An erect, smooth herb, about 2f high, in swamps, Mass., Vt., N. Y.! W. to Ohio! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves many pairs, sessile lanceolate, acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2-3' by i-1'. Racemes somewhat capitate, on filiform, axillary peduncles. Flowers yellow. Stamens much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. 7. LYSIMACHIA. Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanulate, tube very short; sta. 5, inserted into the corolla at base; fil. often somewhat connate, or with intervening sterile ones; caps. globose, 5-10-valved, opening at the apex; seeds 00.-Herbs mostly 4, with opposite or verticillate, entire Ivs. 1. L. STRICTA. Ait. (L. racemosa. Mx. Viscum terrestre. Linn.) Simple or branched, erect; Ivs. opposite or ternate, lanceolate or lancelinear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile; fis. verticillate, in a long, lax, terminal raceme; pet. lanceolate, spreading. —4 In low, wet grounds, Can,, N. Eng. to Va. and Ohio. Common. Plant smooth, 1-2f high, bearing at top a regular, cylindric or conical raceme, 6-8' long. Peduncles an inch in length, quite spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 short, united at base. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple. Capsules 5-seeded. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which will produce new plants the following spring. July. 2. L. CILIXTA. Fringe-stalk Loosestrife. Heart-leaved Loosestrife. Subsimple, erect; Ivs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, subcordate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side; fis. nodding, mostly opposite; sta. distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. —4 In gravely soils and near streams, U. S. and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2-3f high, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on petioles fringed with cileae, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers large, yellow, axillary. Stamens inserted into a ring, nearly equal, with 5 al, ternate and intermediate, rudimentary filaments or teeth. July. CNUNoNCULus. LXXXII. PRIMULACEE, 387 3. L. HYBRiDA. Michx. Hyrid Loosestrife. Smooth, erect, branched above; lvs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, opposite, petioles ciliate, short; Ais. nodding; ped. axillary; sta. united in a Very short tube at base, with intermediate processes. —4. Grassy meadows and prairies, Can., N..! to Car., W. to Ia.! and Ill. Mead. Its stem and flowers resemble those of L. ciliata, from which species itis chiefly distinguished by its narrower, lanceolate, never cordate leaves, and its more numerous and leafy branches, each of which bears a whorl of 4 leaves and 4 flowers at the end. Stamens with intermediate processes. J1. 4. L. QUADRIFOLIA. Four-leaved Loosestrife. Simple, erect; lvs. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s ot 3s, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, punctate; ped. axillary, 1-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s); pet. oval, obh tuse. —% In low grounds, river banks, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 18' high, somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4-5 leaves, each bearing a flower-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens unequal, united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn. 5. L. HETEROPHYLLA. Michx. Various-leaved Losestrife. Erect, subsimple; lvs. opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin not reflexed, ciliate at base and on the short petiole, lower ones shorter, oval, obovate or even roundish; distinctly petiolate; fis. on long peduncles, opposite or apparently quaternate at top of the stem; sta. subequal, with intervening teeth.-Hills and woods, Ohio, Clark! ill. Jenney! to Ga. Stem 12-18' high, branched from the base if at all. Leaves about 2~' by 5", lower 1' by j', all paler beneath. Flowers very similar to those of L. ciliata. Jn. J1. 6. L. LONGIFOLIA. Pursh. (L. revoluta. Nult.) Prairie Moneywort. St. slender, 4-angled, flexuous, branched above; Ivs. opposite, linear-oblong, sessile, margin revolute; fis. opposite or mostly quaternate and terminal on the stem and branches; sep. lance-linear, acuminate; pet. longer than the calyx, roundish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly acuminate.-Common in low prairies, Wf States! The large yellow flowers are very conspicuous among the grasses. Stems 12-20' high, purple. Leaves 2-3' by 2-3", coriaceous, deep green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of a brilliant yellow. Anth. large. JL 8. ANAGALLIS. Crr. avayeXaca, to laugh; it is said to be medicinally efficacious in expelling hypochondria. Calyx 5-parted; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted, longer than the calyx, tube 0; sta. 5, hirsute; anth. introrse; caps, globose, membranaceous, circumscissile.-Herbs with square stems and (mostly) opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary. A. ARVENSIS. Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Procumbent, branched; Ivs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternate, sessile; ped. longer than the leaves; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling the petals; pet. crenate-glandular.-A beautiful trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c., U. S. (except the colder parts of N. Eng.) and in almost all other countries. Stem 6-20' long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6 —8" by 4-6". Flowers opposite, small but beautiful, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock, A. M., and closing at 2 P. M., in damp weather not open at all. Jn.-Aug. 9. CENT UNCVjLUS. Calyx 5-parted; cor. urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx; sta. 4, beardless, united at base; caps. globose, circumscissile; seeds very minute. —I Very diminutive, with alternate Ivs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. C. MINiMUS. (C. lanceolatus. Michx.) Bastard Pimpernel. Erect, branched; lvs. subsessile, ovate or Iance-ovate, obtusish, entire, alternate, lower opposite,; sep. linear-subulate, equaling the capsule.-Wet places, Ill. Mead! and Southern States. Scarcely more than 1-2' high (4-6", Riddell). Leaves about 2"o by 1". Flowers reddish 3 JI. 330 388 LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEE. PLANTAGO. 10. SAMOLUS. Celtic san, salutary, mos, a pig; a specific for the diseases of swine, says Pliny. Calyx partly adherent, 5-cleft; cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft; sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile filaments); caps.' dehiscent at top by 5 valves, many-seeded.-fHerbs with alternate leaves. Fls. corymbose or racemose. 1. S. VALERANDI. Water Pimpernel. St. subsimple; lvs. ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper sessile; fis. racemed; pedicels with a minute, obtuse bract near the middle; pet. twice longer than the sepals.-2 In wet, gravely places, throughout the world, frequent but not abundant. Stem If high, round, with alternate, entire, broadly Janceolate leaves an inch in length, and tapering to short petioles. Racemes terminal, long. Flowers small, while, their pedicels having a small bract near the middle. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, the tube broad, the limb bearing the barren filaments between its deep-cleft, obtuse lobes, and the true stamens opposite the latter and alternate with the former. July-Sept. 2. S. FLORIBUNDUS. Kunth. Many-flowered Samolus. St. branched above; Ivs. obtuse, entire, radical obovate-spatulate, petiolate, round-obtuse, cauline oblong, obtuse, lower petiolate, upper subsessile; fis. paniculate-corymbose; pedicels filiform, with a minute, acute bract near the middle; pet. scarcely longer than the sepals.-R. I. Olney! to La., Ohio, Clark! and Ia.! Stem 10-15' high. Lower leaves 14" by 6", upper 8" by 5". Flowers numerous, white, twice smaller than in the last. Pedicels 6-8" in length. July.-Sept. ORDER LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACE.ZE.-RIBWoRTS. Plants herbaceous, usually acaulescent. Lvs. mostly rosulate. FPs. in spikes. Cal. 4-cleft, persistent. Cor. membranaceous, the limb 4-parted, persistent. Sta. 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla, alternate with its segments. Anth. vrsatile. Ova. 2-celled, sessile. Style single. Pr.-Pyxis membranaceous, cells 1-2 or several-seeded. Genera 3, species 120, scattered throughout all countries of the globe. Properties unimportant. PLANT A GO. Calyx 4 (rarely 3)-parted; corolla marescent, with a 4-cleft, reflected border; stamens mostly exserted and very long; capsule ovoid, 2-celled, circumscissile.-Acaulescent herbs. Lvs. all radical. Fls. spicate. * Leaves dilated. 1. P. CORDXTA. Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, somewhat toothed; spikes very long, flowers somewhat imbricate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse bracts.4] Can. to Tenn. and N. J. Well marked by its broadly heart-shaped leaves and its elongated spikes which are 6-8' long, and on scapes twice as high. Leaves 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Corolla white, with obovate segments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, with 2 seeds in each cell. Jn. J1. 2. P. MAJOR. Common Plantain or Ribwort. Lvs. ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, with rather long footstalks; scape round; fls. imbricated; sds. numerous.-4t. This species is a native of Japan, Europe and America, is very common, always at the door and by the wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c. The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. The root consists of long fibres. Leaves broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong fibre, which may be pulled out. Scape 1-3f high, with a very long (5-20'), cylindric spike. Fls. white, inconspicuous, appearing in succession all summer. 3. P. LANCEOLATA. Lance-leaved Plantain. LaI. lanceolate, tapering at each end; spikes ovate, naked; scape angular. LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACE/E. 389 % Can. to Ga. Common in pastures and grass-lands. Easily kIown by its longer leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3 to 5 strong ribs; by its shorter spike (1 —2' long), with dark colored calyxes and whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8-15' long) with prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle. 4. P. MEDIA. Hoary Plantain. Lvs. ovate, pubescent; spike short, cylindric; scape round; sds. solitary in each cell of the pyxis. —4 Grows in pastures and roadsides, N. Y. and Penn., flowering all summer. It has broad, flat leaves 2' long, covered with a hoary down, and with-short footstalks. Spikes shorter than those of P. major, being 1-3' long and about half a foot high. Flowers white, with pink filaments and yellow anthers. 5. P. VIRGINICA. Virginian or Lesser Plantain. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary-pubescent, subdenticulate; scape angular; spike cylindric, pubescent, with flowers somewhat remote.-A biennial species, on sandy or stony hills in the southern parts of N. England and N. Y. to La., much smaller than the preceding. The whole plant is covered with a soft, gray pubescence. Scape 4-8' high, very hairy. Leaves 2-3' long, narrowed at base into the petiole, obtuse at the end. Corolla yellowish, with very acute segments including the stamens. J1. 6. P. CUCULLATA. Lam. (P. maxima. Jacq.) Hood-leaved Plantaitn. Lvs. ovate, slightly denticulate, 9-veined, cucullate at base, contracted into a long petiole; scape terete; spike cylindrical, short, dense-flowered; sta. exserted. -In wet, rocky situations, Me., Pursn. Scape 1-3f high, with a spike 2-3' in length. Leaves large, conspicuously rolled in or hooded at base.-A doubtful native of this country. 7. P. GLABRA. Nutt. Smooth Plantain. Lvs. glabrous, ovate, denticulate; scape slender, somewhat compressed, nearly as long as the leaves; fls. scattered; bracts ovate, acuminate.-In arid places, Ohio, Prank., Mo., Nuttall. 8. P. GNAPHALIOiDES. Nutt. (P. lagopus. Ph. not of Linn.) Whole plant clothed with a long silky wool; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, entire, very acute; spike long, cylindric and dense-flowered; sta. included; caps. 2celled, 2-seeded.-Ark. fl. Nutt. (P. aristata. MichA.) Bracts very long and spinulose.-Prairies and roadsides, Ill., Mead. * * Leaves linear. 9. P. MARITiMA. (P. pauciflora. Ph.) Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base; spike cylindrical, close; scape round.-Grows in salt marshes along the coast, Me. to N. J. It has a large, perennial root sending up a scape varying in height from 3' to a foot, and numerous, very fleshy, dark green, linear leaves deeply grooved on the inside, and 6-10' long. Spike slender, of numerous, sub-imbricate, whitish flowers. Aug. 10. P. PUSILLA. Nutt. Minutely pubescent; lvs. linear-subulate, flat, entire, somewhat fleshy; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves; spike interrupted, subcylindrical, loose-flowered below; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. —- A diminutive species, low grounds, Penn. Leaves crowded, about 1' long the scape 2-3', spicate I its length. ORDEI LXXXV. PLUMBAGINACEIE. LEADWORTS. -Plants herbaceous or suffruticose, variable in appearance. Lvs. undivided, alternate or sometimes all radical and the flowers on a scape. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Cor. regular, hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base or sometimes almost distinct. Sta. 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. Ova. i-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fr. an utricle, or dehiscent by valves. Seed inverted. Genera 8, species 160, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes. a9n LXXXVI. LENTIBULACEE. PINGUICULA, Prteere. —The root of Statice Limonium is one of the best and *ost powerful of all astriagents. The species of Plumbago are acrid and escharotic, so much so, that the rNots ofP. Europeus are said by Liisdleg to ib employed in Europe by begars, to raise blisters on the face, in order to excite compassion. Genera. tnflteesen an involucrate head. Arr... me 1 Inflorescesce a panicle of racemes...... Statze. 2 1. ARMERIA. Willd. Flowers collected in a dense head; invol. 3-many-leaved; cal. tabular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, carious and plaited; petals 5, almost distinct; sta. 5, inserted on the base of the petals; styles 5, distinct; fr. indehiscent, invested with the calyx. — 4 Lvs. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above. A. VULGAR1S. Willd. (StaticeArmeria. Linn.) Thrift. Scape terete, smooth, lvs. linear, flat, obtuse; outer bracts oftthe invol. ovate, acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base.-A neat and elegant plant, native near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. Hook, N. Eng.? Middle and Southern States. Often cultivated. Leaves 3 —4 by 2-3", numerous, crowlded. Scape about if high, bearing a singular sheath at top; formed, according to Lindley, by the adherent bases of the involucral leaves. Involucre about 3leaved. Flowers showy, rose-colored. Jn.-Aug. t 2. STATTCE. Gr. orartw, to stop; for, used medicinally, it stops the diarrhaa, says Pliny. Flowers scattered in a paniculate or spicate infloreseence, otherwise -ssent'illy the same as in Armeria. —- LEts. radicea- or cauline, dilated, mostly entire. Invol. O. 1. S. LIMONIUM. (S. Carolinianum. Walt.) Marsh Roserary. Scape terete, paniculate; lvs. all radical, ovate-lanceolate, undulate, smooth, obtuse, mucronate below the tip.-Salt marshes, R. I. Olney! to Md.! and Car. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceolate, clasping bracts, and supporting at top a broad, branching panicle composed of close, secund spikes of sessile, blue flowers. Petals obovate, unguiculate, bearing the stamens on their claws. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, broader in the upper half, smooth, veinless, on long petioles. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astringent, much valued in medicine. Aug.-Oct. ORDER LXXXVI. LENTIBULACEE. —BUTTERWORTS. Plants herbaceous, aquatic. Lvs. radical, undivided, or compound, root-like and bearing vesicles of air. Scapes generally simple, naked or with bracts, with few or many showy flowers. Cal. infierior, of 2 or 5 sepals united or distinct at base. Car. irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred. Sta. 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. i-celled. Ova. i-celled, with afree, central placenta. Style 1. Stigmascleft. 1'r.-Capsule many-seeded. Sds. minute; embryo none. Genera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries. Properties unimportant. Genera.'Calyx 4-5-cleft, capsule 5-celled. Pinguicula 1. Calyx 2-parted, subequal. Capsule i-celled.... Utrcularia 2. 1. PINGUICULA. Lat. pinguis, fat; from the greasy appearance of the leaves. Calyx bilabiate, upper lip trifid, lower bifid; cor. bilabiate or rarely subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-parted, lower trifid or 3-parted, spurred at base beneath; sta. 2, very short; stig. sessile, 2-lobed; caps. erect; seeds 00.-2- In wet places. Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire. Scapes 1-flowered, nodding. P. VULGARIS. Butterwort. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctious-puberulent above; scape and cal. subpubescent; car. lips very unequal, lobes obtuse; snpr cylindrical, shorter UTRICULARIA. LXXXVI. LENTIB3ULACE.E. 391 than the corolla.-Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Rochester, Dewey, Beck.) N. to Arctic Am. Hooker. Scape 6-8' high, with solitary, nodding flowers. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate, with a tapering base, fleshy and unctious to the touch. Corolla with a purple tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in April and May. 2. UTRICULARIA. Lat. utrieula, a little bottle; alluding to the air-vessels appended to the roots. Calyx 2-parted, subequal; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred; sta. 2; stig. bilabiate; caps. globular, 1-celled.-Herbs aquatic, loosely floating' or fixed in the mud. Lvs. radical, multifid or linear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vesicles. Scape erect. ~ Floating. Leaves capillaceous, multifid. Rootsfew or 0. Branches producing turions at apex. 1. U. INFLATA. Walt. (U. ceratophylla. Mc.) Whorled Bladderwort. Upper lvs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water; petiole and mid. vein inflated, lower Ivs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged; scape 4-5-flowered. -_% In ponds, Mass. to Car., W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhizoma ) is very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single, irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated leaves which are oblong, cleft, and pinnatifid at the end. Flowers 4-5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheathing bracts. Spur nearly as long as the corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate, emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3 lobed. Aug. 2. U. VULGARIS. (U. macrorhiza. Le Conte.) Common Bladderwort. Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, multifid, fibrillose or setaceous; vesicles numerous, small; st. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5-11-flowered! spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the corolla. —4 In stagnant pools, U. S. and Can. Floating stems several feet long, very branching. Leaves very numerous, 1' in length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, usually inflated. Scape 5-10' high, stout, arising out of the water. Flowers alternate, showy, yellow, 5 —6" long, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate, striped with brown. Jn. J1. 3. U. INTERMEDIA. Hayne. Lvs. all submersed, in 2 rows, dichotomously many-parted, without vesicles, roundish in outline, segments ciliolate-denticulate; leafless branches with lateral vesicles and terminal turions; fis. few; lips entire; spur conical, acute, appressed to the lower lip. —% Pools, Mass. Robbins! R. I. Prov. Frank. Soc. Floating stems branched, a foot long. Leaves about 3" long, numerous. Turions much larger than the vesicles, green, scaly, producing new plants like bulbs Flowers 4-5" long, sulphur-yellow. 4. U. STRIATA. Le Conte. Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, with vesicles; scape 2-6-flowered, with a few scales; flowers large, yellow, upper lip broad, divided into 3 lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having dark spots upon the palate; spur slender, obtuse, with a notch at the end, pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly as long. —) Native of swamps, Mass. to Flor. Root submerged, slightly attached to the mud. Leaves (radicles?) few, capillary, appendaged with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers.'June. 5. U. GIBBA. Linn. (and Le Conte.) Minute, floating, leafless? with few utricles and turions; scape about 2 (4-7, Le C.)-flowered, naked, segments of the yellow corolla roundish, upper lip emarginate, lower subtrilobate, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute; spur gibbous in the middle.-r- In pools, R. I., Olney, Mass., N. Y. to Car. Submersed stems dichotomous. Scapes 2-3' high, generally with but 2 small, yellow flowers. Spur swelling outward in the middle. J1. 6. U. FORNICATA. Le Conte. (U. minor. Ph.) Sts. numerous, fibrillose-branched, floating, utriculate; scape naked, 1-2flowered; upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, central lobe incurved over the palate, 39'2 LXXXVII. OROBANCHACE2E. OROBANCHL. lateral lobes appressed, lower lip entire; spur incurved, conical, obtuse, appressed to the lower lip.-Stagnant waters, N. Y. to Ohio, Clark! S. to Ga. The plant appears to be leafless, unless the hair-like lateral branches be considered leaves. Ttricles very small. Scapes 3-5' high, filitorm, dividing near the top, with a very minute bracteole at the fork. Flowers yellow. 7. U. PURPUREA. Walt. Putple-floweed Blaclddelrwort. St. long, floating, branched; Ivs. submersed, fibrillose, verticillate, pinnately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate; scape assurgent, 2-3-flowered; upper lip roundish-truncate, lower lip larger, its lateral lobes cucullate, smaller than the central; spur conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper lip. —( Pools, Mass.! to Flor. W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, bright purple flowers. Stem 1-3f long. Leaves about 1i' long. Utricles small. Scape 3-5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug. ~ ~ Rootsfixed in the mud or earth. Leaves simple, linear, with few utricles. 8. U. RESIPINATA. Green. (U. Greenii. Oakes.) Sts. creeping, fibrillose, rooting; Ivs. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and entire; scapes numerous, simple, 1-flowered, with a minute clasping bract near the top; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the corolla.-Muddy shores of ponds,.Tewksbury, (Green,) Plymouth and Uxbridge, Mass., Robbins! Leaves generally numerous, 6-15" high, the bract 1' below the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from the spur. J1. 9. U. BSUULITA. (U. setacea. Michx.) St. fibrillose, creeping, rooting, utriculate; Ivs. few and minute, among the fibrillose roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 01 scapes few, filiform, 1-5-flowered; bracts ovate, clasping; pedicels 4-5 times longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals; cor. oupper lip ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed; spur acute, appressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip.-A minute species, in swamps and ditches, Can., Mass.! to Flor. and La. Scapes 2-4' high. Leaves 2-3" by i". Flowers yellow, 3-4" broad. Jn. 10. U. CORNUTA. Michx. Horned Bladderwort. Scape rooting, rigidly erect, scaly, with about 2 sessile flowers; spur subulate, acute, longer than the corolla. —% Native of damp, boggy soils, but never floating, growing abundant in its localities, Can. to Mass. and Mich. Scape 8-12' high, leafless, but furnished with a few small, distant, pale, ovate scales, and bearing at the top 2-3 large, yellow flowers issuing from between bracts. The calyx consists of 2, ovate, colored leaves. Lower lip of the corolla much larger than the upper, broad, deflexed, emarginate; spur rigid, acute twice the length of the calyx. J1. Aug. 11. U. PERSONATA. Le Conte. Snap-dragon Bladderwort. St. strict, simple; roots few; lIs. 0; fls. 2-10; pedicels shorter than the acute lobes of the calyx; cor. uppe? lip oblong, obovate, emarginate; palate very large; spur linear-subulate, subacute, dependent, as long as the rest of the corolla.-Bogs, N. Eng, to Flor. Resembles the last, but distinguishable by its more numerous and smaller flowers, acute sepals, emarginate upper lip, and the more slender and acute spur of the yellow corolla. Stem or scape 10-18' high. ORDER LXXXVII. OROBANCCHACELE.- BRooMrAPES. Plants herbaceous, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. St. furnished with scales and bearing solitary or spicate flowers. Cat. 4-5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. irregular, persistent, imbricate in aestivation. &ta. 4, didynamnous. Anth. 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded at base. Oa. i-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 parietal placentas Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. FPt.-Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved, each valve bearing one simple or2t*o. very numerous and minute. [lobed placenta in the middle. Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate zone. Properties astringent and bitter. OROBANCHE. Gr. opoflo;, a vetch, ayxCzv, to choke; being supposed hurtful to the vetch and other plants. Calyx -5-oleft, the segments often unequal; corolla ringent, limb TECOMA. LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEJE. 393 4-5-lobed; ovary seated in a fleshy disk; capsule ovoid, acute, 1celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. —X Stems mostly simple. 1. O. UNIFL6RA. (0. biflora. Nutt.) One-flowered froomrape. Scapes in pairs, naked, each 1-flowered.-A small, leafless plant, with the general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. Root short, thick, smooth, scaly, surmounted by a stem not exceeding J' in length. This divides at its top, generally into 2, scape-like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles 4-5' high, downy, purplish-white, with a nodding flower at the top, of the same hue. A dozen or more such flower stalks are often found clustered together. June, July. 2. O. AMERICiNA. American Broomrape. St. simple, covered with oval-lanceolate, imbricated scales; spike smooth, terminal; corolla recurved; sta. exsert.-Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem very thick, 4 —6 high, very smooth, brownish-yellow, leafless, closely imbricated with pale, polished, oval scales. The spikes are dense. Bracts pale and smooth like the scales of the stem. Corolla tubular, bent downwards, the upper lip vaulted, yellow. Calyx irregularly divided into jagged segments, with 2 bracts at base. July. 2. EPIPHIEGUS. Nutt. Gr. eri, upon, r/yus;, the beech; being supposed parasitical on the roots of that tree. Monceciously polygamous; calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed. (? Corolla ringent, compressed, 4-cleft, lower lip flat. 9 Corolla minute, 4-toothed, deciduous; capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, 2-valved, opening only on one side. —% with virgate, simple branches which' are floriferous their whole length. E. VIRGINIANUS. Eaton. (E. Americanus. Nutt and 1st edit.) Beech-drops. St. branched, leafless; fis. remote, alternate; cor. 4-toothed, deciduous.This is said to be a parasitic plant growing from the roots of beech trees. Woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Root a scaly ball covered with stiff, short and brittle radicles. Stem a foot high, with slender and irregular branches given off the whole length of it. Instead of leaves it has only a few small, ovate scales, one at the base of each branch. Flowers alternately scattered on each branch, the upper ones barren, with recurved corollas, brownish-white, with darker stripes above. Fertile ones smaller, deciduous. The whole plant is of a dull red color. Aug. Sept. ORDER LXXXVIII. BIGNONIACEAE.-BIGNONIADS. Treea, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often climbing or twining. Lvs. opposite, either simple or compound, without stipules. FIs. terminal. Cal. divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Cor. —Tube broad, with an irregular, R-lobed or bilabiate limb. Sta. 5, 1 or 3 sterile, often didynamous. Anthers 2-celled. Ova. 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style 1. Stigma of 2 plates. Fr.-Capsule coriaceous, 1-2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sds. generally winged, destitute of albumen. Genera 44, species 450, mostly North American. Others are diffused in all countries, pearticularlywithih the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afford a valuable timber. But this order is best known for the beauty of its flowers. Genera.. Calyx5-toothed. Stamens 4, fertile. Climbingshrubs.. Tecoma. 1 Calyx 2-parted. Stamens 2 fertile, with 2 or three abortive. Trees.'. Catalpa. 2 1. TECOMA. Juss. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subbilabiated or equal; sta. 4, didynamous, with the rudiment of a fifth; anth. cells 2, diverging; caps. 2-celled, 2-valved; seeds winged. —Trees or shrubs, qften climbing. Lvs. opposite, digitate or unequally pinnate. 394 LXXXIX. PEDALIACEiE. MARTYNIA. 1. T. RADICANS. JUSS. (Bignonia radicans. Linn.) Trumpet Fower. Climbing by radicating tendrils; lvs. unequally pinnate; Ifts. 4-5 pairs ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins; cory7rbs terminal; cor. tube thrice longer than the calyx; sta. included.-A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. Penn. to Flor. W. to Ill.! Stem 20-80f! in length, ascending trees. Leaves. 10-15' long, leaflets 2-3' by 1 —2'. Flowers 21' long, of a bright scarlet red. Fruit about 3' long, curved.One variety has yellow-scarlet flowers, another bright scarlet. Jn.-Aug. t 2. T. GRANDIFLORA. Delaun. (Bignonia Chinensis.) Chinese Trumpet-flower.-Climbing, glabrous; Ivs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3-5 pairs, ovate-acuminate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodding, biglandular; cor. tube scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx.-Native of China and Japan. Flowers of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. t 2. CATALPA. Scop. Calyx 2-parted; corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft, the tube inflated; stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile; stigma 2-lipped; capsule 2-celled, long, cylindric. —Trees. Lvs. opposite or ternate-verticillate, simple, petiolate. Panilces terminal. C. BIGNONIOlDES. Walt. 1788. (C. cordifolia. Jaum.) Catalpa. Lvs. membranaceous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, subentire; branches of the panicle di-trichotomous; cal. lips mucronate.-A fine, wide-spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated in many places at the North, for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances, it attains the height of 50f, with a diameter of nearly 2f. It exhibits a widespreading top, with comparatively few branches. Its leaves are beautifully heart-shaped, and smooth, resembling those of the lilac, but much larger. In color the bark is a light, shining gray. In May it puts forth blossoms in great profusion. Their form is campanulate, color white, with yellow and violet spots. Capsule cylindric, pendent, a foot in length; seed winged. ORDER LXXXIX. PEDALIACEE. —PEDALIADS. Herbs mostly strong-scented and glandular.,hirsute. Stipules 0. JLs. opposite or alternate, undivided, angular or lobed. Fls. axillary, solitary, large. Cal. 5-cleft, nearly equal. Cor. hypo'gnous,irregular, tube ventricose, limb 3-5-lobed, mostly bilabiate. Sta. 4 (with tne rudiment ofa 5th), didynamous. Ova. 1-2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style. Stigma divided..r. drupaceous or capsular, often 2-4-horned, sometimes with 4-8 spurious cells formed by the divergent lobes of the placenta cohering with the walls of the pericarp. Sds. few, large, wingless. Genera 12, species 27, natives of tropical America, &c. Some of them have been introduced into the United States. Genera. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves suborbicular.... Martynia. 1 Corolla 3-lobed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. S.. esamum. 2 1. MARTYNIA. In honor of John Martyn, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng. 1760. Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracteolate at base; cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal; sta. 5, one rudimentary and sterile, 4 didynamous; caps. coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. —( chiefly southern, branching, viscid-pilose. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish. M. PROBOSCIDEA. Glox. (M. alternifolia. Lam.) Unicorn Plant. Branches mostly decumbent; lvs. cordate, entire, suborbicular, villous, upper ones alternate; fis. on long, axillary peduncles; beaks much longer than the capsule.-Native along rivers, Penn. to La. Stem 1 —:.-2f long. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. Aug. Sept. Other ornamental species are M. diandra, flowers pink, spotted with purple; and M. lutea, flowers deep yellow. RUALLIA. XC. ACANTHACE&E. 395 2. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-parted; corolla campanulate, 3-cleft, the lower lobe the longest; stigma lanceolate; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves. —0 of India. S. INDLCUM. DC. Oily-seed. —Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones undivided, serrate. —Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. It is used in cookery for all the purposes of' sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds -ield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient. ORDER XC. ACANTIIACEAE. ACANTHADS. Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple, undivided, exstipulate leaves. Fls. opposite or alternate, spicate, 3-bracteate, showy. Cal. ot 5 sepals united more or less, persistent. Cor. 5-lobed, subequal or bilabiate. Sta. 4, didynamous, or more usually only 2 fertile with 2 rudimentary. Ova. 2-celled, with the placentwe parietal, adhering in the axis. Styles united. Fr.-Capsule 2-celled, cells 2 or many-seeded. Sds. roundish, supported by hooked, ascending processes of the placentae, without albumen. Genera 105, species 750, chiefly tropical, only a few species ever extending into the United States. They are mostly mere weeds, but many are highly ornamental. Properties mucilaginous and slightly bitter, but of little importance to man. Genera. Stamens 2. Flowers in pedunculate, axillary clusters. Dicliptera. 1 Stamens 4, didynamous. Flowers sessile, axillary.. Ruellia. 2 1. DICLIPT/RA. Juss. Gr. WcA, double, KaXvnrr7lp, a cover; alluding to the 2 remarkable valves. Calyx 5-parted, often 2 —3-bracteolate; cor. bilabiate. upper lip emarginate, lower 3-cleft; fil. 2, each with a double anther; stig. 1; caps. attenuated below, half 2-celled, with 2 elastic valves; dissepiment growing from the centre of each valve; seeds 4, lenticular.Herbaceous or shrubby. D. AMERICANA. Wood. (Justicia pedunculosa. Michxz DiantheraAmericana. Linn.)- St. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute at each end; spikes capitate, dense, on long, opposite or alternate, axillary peduncles.-' On sluggish streams, Can. to Ga., W. to Ohio! Ia. Plummer! Ill. Mead. Stem 1-3f high, grooved. Leaves opposite, 2-5' by — 1', wavy, glabrous, contracted to a short petiole. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Flowers pale purple, small. Valves of the capsule recurved elastically when mature, lower half attenuate and abortive; processes of' the placentae ascending, supporting the lens-shaped seeds in their grooves. J1. Aug..2. RUELLIA. In honor of John Ruelle, physician to Francis I., and botanic author. Calyx 5-parted, generally bibracteate at base; cor. subcampanulate with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb; sta. 4, didynamous, approximating by pairs; caps. attenuated to each end, bursting by elastic, tooth-like valves; seeds few. —%i or 1T. Fls. axillary and terminal. 1. R. STREPENS. (R.hirsuta. Ell. R.ciliosa. Willd.? R.hybrida. Ph.? R. oblongifolia. fMr.?)-Hirsute. erect, branched; lvs. ovate, oval or oblong, acutish, margin entire, undulate, lower ones briefly petiolate, upper sessile; is. subsessile, axillary, 2-3 together; cal. segments linear-subulate, hispid, half as long as the slender tube of the corolla.-In dry barrens and prairies, Ohio! Ind.! Ill.! to Penn. and Southern States. Stem 8-24' high, often sim. ple, clothed with white, bristly hairs. Leaves 11-21' long, _-1 as wide. Calyx segments 8-10" long. Corolla caducous, limb light bluish-purple, 1-1i' broad, funnel-shaped, with a long and slender tube. July.-Varies to subglabrous. 34 396 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEAE. A. Corolla smaller (limb 1' broad); plant smoothish. Obs. There is much confusion in this genus. All my specimens, collected by myself and othersin Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee and Alabama, are plainly referable to R. strepens alone. ORDER XCI. SCROPHULARIACE2E:.-FIGWORTS. Herbs, undershrubs, or rarely shrubs, scentless or fietid, rarely aromatic. Lvs. opposite, verticillate or alternate. Fls. axillary or racemose, rarely spicate. Cal.-Sepals 4 or 5, unequal, more or less united at base, intbrior, persistent. Cor. bilabiate, personate or otherwise irregular, the lobes imbricate in astivation. Sta. 4, didynamous, rarely with the rudiment of the 5th; sometimes 2 only, the 3 others either rudimen. Ova. free, 2-cellel, many-seeded. Style simple. Stigma 2-lobed. [tary or wholly wanting. Fr.-Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, with central placente. Sds. indefinite, albuminous. Embryo straight. Genera 176, species 1814, found in every part of the world, from the equator to the regions of perpetual frost. They constitute about 1-36 of the Phsenogamia of N. America. Lindley. Properties.-Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious plants. The most remarkable officinal species of the tribe is the foxglove (Digitalis), which exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Taken in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica Virginica, (Culvers Physic) and Linaria vulgaris (toad-flax) are purgative and emetic. Numerous species are cultivated for ornament. Nearly all of them tlrn black in drying. -1 /b 10 (6JN\~ FIG. 50.-1. Dasystoma pubescens. 2. Mature fruit. 3. Cross section of the 2-celled capsule. 4. A stamen, enlarged. 5. Mimulus ringens. 6. Calyx with the.corolla partly removed, showing the didynamous stamens in pairs, with the stigma above the highest pail. 7. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 8. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the 5th rudimentary filament. 9. Linaria vulgaris, leaf and personate-bilabiate, spurred flower. 10o. A winged seed. Conspectus of the Genera. (Flowers Corolla deeply and variously lobed and colored... Schizanthzls. 1 diandrous. Corolla 4-cleft. Flowers spilate. Peduncle scape-like. Synthiris. 17 spurred at base... Linaria. 3 f Corolla personate-bilabiate, saccate at base... Antirrhinumr. 4 ICorolla Persont-bia~iate'.a Corolla yellow.Pedicularis. 28 i Bracts green. ~ Corolla purple.Schscalbea. 26 Corolla ringent-bilabiate. Bracts lobed and colored.. Castilleja. 29 Fls. didy- | Corolla large, tubular-campanulate, subequal.. Digitalis. 18 Herbs with alter- namous. Corolla equally 5-cleft. Minute mud plants... Limosella. 1 nate loaves..... Flowers pentandrous. Corolla rotate, nearly regular... Verbascsum. 2 VJERBASCUM. XCI. SCROPHULARIACEJE. 397 (Calyx Sterile fils. minute or 0. Gratiold. 13 (Corolla 5-parted. Sterile fils. forked. Ilysanthus. 14 bilabiate. (Calyx 4-parted. Fl. minute.. Hemianthus. 15 Flowers diandrous. Corolla subequally 4-lobed. Veronica. 19 J Leaves serrate.. Mimulus. 10 (Stamens Leaves multifid.. Conobea. 11 l included. t Leaves entire.. Herpestis. 12 Sta. ascending Fls. spicate. Rhinanthus. 27'Corolla beneath the galea.'Fls. solitary. Melampyrum.29 bilabiate. Sta. declinate in lower lip.. Collinsia. 7 F Lvs. ovate-lanceolate.. Buchnera. 20 lobed, S Cal. 5-parted.Seymeria. 21 Ster. fil. 0 sub- $Anth. equal.?Cal.5-tooth'd.Dasystoma. 24 orminute. [equal, lyellow. Anthers unequal.., Otophylla. 23 Sterile filament scale-like adherent to the ovoid corolla. Scrophulasia. 6 Herbs with oppo- Fls. didy-! Sterile filament shorter, glabrous. Seeds winged.. Chelone. 8 site leaves..... namous. Sterile filamentlong, exsertedl bearded. Sds. apterous. Pentstemon. 9 Trees with large cordate leaves, and panicles of tubular, scarlet flowers... Paulownia. 5 TRIBE 1. SALPIGLOSSE2E. 1. SCHIZANTHUS. Ruiz&Pavon. GiJ. axtla, to cut, areos, a flower; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the showy corolla. Corolla irregular, the upper lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted; filaments 4, 2 of them sterile; capsule 2-celled. — from Chili. Lvs. pinnatifid, alternate. Cymes supraaxillary. S. PINNATUS. Ruiz & Pavon.-Lvs. 1-2-pinnately cleft; cor. tube shorter than the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, cucullate, lateral segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, lateral 4-lobed; sta. exserted.-Plant 1-2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers in clusters opposite the leaves. Calyx and peduncles viscid-pubescent. Corolla purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst. t TRIBE 2. VERBASCEtIE. 2. VERBASCUM. Lat. barba, beard; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect; eapsule ovoid-globose, 2-valved. —( rarely % tr suffruticose. Lvs. alternate. Fls. in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. V. THAPSUS. Common Mullein. Lvs. decurrent, densely tomentose on both sides; rac. spiked, dense; three of the stamens downy, two of them smooth.-The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3 —5f high, woolly, its angles winged by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or two branches above. Leaves very rough with dense wool on both sides. Flowers rotate, of a golden yellow, nearly sessile. Notwithstanding its frequeficy, the mullein is generally supposed to have been introduced. Jn.-Aug.: — 2. V. BLATTARIA. Moth Mullein. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate; ped. I-flowered, solitary.-(D Grows in waste grounds, roadsides, N. Eng. to Ia.! not common. Stem 3f high, branching above, bearing a terminal, leafy raceme 2 —4 long. Lower leaves oblong, obovate; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate. Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, -the filaments all hairy. Jn. J1. 3. V. LYCHNITIS. Whitish subtomentose; st. and paniculate branches angular; Ivs. green above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the base, upper ones sessile; panicle pyramidal, fascicles loosely many-flowered; cal. small, with lance-subulate segments; fil. with white wool.-Banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, Pursh. Ky. IlcMMurt. Leaves very canescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow. 398 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEYE. ANTIRRHINUM. 4. V. PHMENICEUM. (V. ferrugineum. Andr.)-St. pubescent or glabrous; lvs. smooth above, radical petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or entire, cauline few; rac. glandular-pilose, simple or subramose; pedicels solitary, remote, many times longer than the calyx; Jil. with purple wool.-Native of Europe and Asia. Quite variable both in the form of the leaves and the color of the flowers, the latter being violet, red or copper color. t TRIBE 3. ANTIRRHINEXE. Corolla tubular, often saccate or calcarate (spurred). Capsule dehiscing by pores. Inflorescence centripetal. Leaves (at least the lower) opposite or verticillate (upper often alternate). Benth. 3. LINARIA. Juss. Lat. linum, flax; from the resemblance of the leaves of some of the species. Calyx 5-parted; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed; lower lip 3-cleft; throat closed by the prominent palate; tube inflated, with a spur behind; capsule 2-celled, bursting at the summit.-Herbs. Lower Ivs. generally opposite, upper alternate. Fls. solitary, axillary, often forming terminal, leafy racemes. 1. L. VULGARIS. Mill. (Antirrhinum Linaria. Linn.) Toad Flax. Snapdragon. —Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded; spikes terminal; ]ls. dense, imbricate; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur.-Q% A very showy plant common by roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. Stems erect, smoothish, 1-2f high, very leafy and with numerous, short, leafy branches. Flowers large and numerous, crowded in a long, terminal spike. Corolla of a curious and grotesque form, furnished with a long tail or spur, the mouth closed by a prominent palate from the under lip. By lateral pressure it opens, closing with g spring when the pressure is removed. Color a brilliant yellow except the palate which is of a rich orange. July, Aug. 2. L. CANADENSIS. Dumont. (Antirrhinum Canadense. Linn.) Cana. dian Snap-dragon.-Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; fis. racemed; st. simple; scions procumbent.-A smaller, annual species in roadsides, fields, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem very slender, nearly simple, curving upwards from the decumbent base, about a foot high, smooth, furnished with small, remote leaves. A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off from the base of the stem. Flowers small, blue, in a loose raceme at the end of the stems. Throat closed by the light blue palate. Spur filiform, as long as the corolla. Jn.-Sept. 3. A. ELATiNE. Procumbent, hairy; Ivs. alternate, hastate, entire; ped. solitary, very long. -Fields, Can. to Car. A small, slender species. Stem creeping, 1-2f in length. Leaves 6-8" by 3 —4", with a conspicuous auricle each side at base. Corolla yellow, the upper lip bright purple beneath, on long stalks. Calyx hairy, as well as the whole plant. Jn.-Sept. 4. L. TRIORNITHOPHORUM. Willd. (Antir. triorn. Linn.) Three-bird Snap-dragon. -Erect, spreading, smooth and glaucous; lvs. all verticillate in 3s or 4s, broadlanceolate, acute; ils. interruptedly racemose, generally verticillate, on long pedicels. —% Native from Portugal to Austria. A showy plant 2-4f high, remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla which resembles three little birds seated in the spur. t 5. L. BIPARTiTA. Willd. (Antirrhinum bipartita. Vent.)-Glabrous, erect; lvs. linear; pedicels much longer than the calyx; sep. lance-linear, acute, membranaceous at the margin; cor. upper lip deeply 2-parted; spur slender, arcuate. -A beautiful plant from Barbary. Corollas 8-10" long, violet-blue, palate orange. t 4. ANTIRRHINUM. Gr. avri, like, tLv, a nose; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of some animal. Calyx 5-sepaled; cor. gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip CoLLaIAt. XCIX SCROPHULARIA-CE,. 399 bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate; caps. valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. —European herbs with the lower lvs. opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria. 1. A. MAJUS. Great Snap-Dragon.-Lvs. lanceolate, opposite; fis. racemed; sep. glandular-hairy, lanceolate, acute.- An elegant and popular garden flower, native of England. Grows 1 or 2f high. Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath. There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers. t 2. A. ORONTIUM. gf. grandiflorum. Chav.-Glabrous or hairy above, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; Jls. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemose; cal. segments equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule.-Native of Europe, Asia, and North America? Benatham. A showy garden plant, 12f high. Corolla 6" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins. t TRIBE 4. CHELONEA,_ Gorolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule 2-4-valved. Calyx segments or lobes imbricate in aest. Infiorescence compound (general., centripetal, partial centrifugal). Bentk. 5. PAU LO WNIA. Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy; cor. tube long, declinrte, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments; sta. 4, arched downwards, with no rudiment of a 5th; caps. ligneous, acuminate, valves septiferous in the middle; seeds 00, winged.-Tree; native of Japan. R. IMPERIALIS. Sieb. (Bignonia tomentosa. Th/unb.) —A splendid tree with the habit of Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this country! Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Leaves 7-12' by 4-9', opposite, petiolate, broad cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both sides, smoothish above when full grown. Panicles large, terminal, manyflowered. Corolla 1 —2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spotted within. t 6. SCROPHULARIA. So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors. Calyx in 5 acute segments; corolla subglobose, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament); capsule 2-celled; valves with 2 inflated margins. —Herbs or suffruzticose, often faetid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound terminal, thyrsoid panicles. S. NODOSA (and S. Marilandica. Linn. S. lanceolata. PuIrs/l.) Figwort. Glabrous; st. angled; lvs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish; thLyrse oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base; cyneis pedunculate, loosely manyflowered; cal. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined; sterile ant]i. broadly orbicular. Bentham.-Q- In woods and hedges, Can. U. S. and Cal.; also in Europe. Rare in N. Eng. Stem square, 4-6t' high, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Leaves 3-7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acuminate. Flowers ovoid, 3-4" long. Limb very small, sublabiate, having a green scale (sterile filament) adnate to the upper side. July-Oct.-The plant is quite variable in the lbrm of the upper leaves and in the development of the panicle; but having observed it in numerous localities in the Middle and Western States, I cheerfully concur in the present view of Mr. Bentham. 7. COLLINSIA. Nutt. Named by Mr. Nuttall in honor of Z. Collins, Esq., of Philadelphia. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla bilabiate. orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, with the middle segment carinately saccate and closed over the 34* 400 XCI. SCROPHULARIACESE. PENTSTEMON. declinate style and stamens; capsule, ovoid or globose, with-2 membranaceous, bifid valves; seeds large, concavo-convex. —0 with opposite or verticillate lvs., axillary and terminal inflorescence. C. VERNA. Nutt. Vernal Collinsia. Tall Pink. Minutely puberulent; lowest lvs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, middle and upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaul, dentate, floral ones lancelinear, entire; verticillasters 2-6-flowered; pedicels many times longer than the flowers.-Banks of streams, shaded or open, N. Y. near Utica, Gray, to Ohio, Locke! Ia., Plummer! A tender herb, 8-18' high, branched from the base. Leaves 1-2' by — 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 —1' long. Corolla 5" long, variegated with blue and white. 8. CHELONE. Gr. XEXcJrv, a tortoise; from a fancied resemblance of the flower to the head of that animal. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with three bracts at base; corolla inflated, bilabiate, the fifth filament abortive, smooth above, shorter than the rest; anthers woolly; caps. valves entire; seeds broadly membranaceous, winged. —% with opposite lvs., distinguished from Pentstemon chiefly by the seeds. C. GLABRA. Snake-head. Salt-rheum Weed. Smooth; lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; Jls. densely spiked.-A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended. Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Leaves opposite, of a dark and shining green above, with irregular serratures, and sessile or nearly so. Flowers large, in a short, terminal, dense spike. Corolla white, often tinged with red, inflated, contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Filaments hairy. Style long, exsert, bending downwards. Aug. Sept. B. purpurea. (C. purpurea. Mill?) Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate; cor. rose-purple.-This variety prevails in the Western States! It is larger in its leaves and flowers. Petioles — l' long. Flowers very beautiful. 9. PENTST -MON. Gr. 7revre, earpov, five stamens (4 perfect and 1 abortive); from the character of the flower. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla ventricose, bilabiate; the fifth filament sterile, bearded, longer than the rest anthers smooth; seeds 00, angular, not margined. —% rarely r2, of N. America, branching, paniculate. Lvs. opposite. Fls. showy, red, violet, blue or white. 1. P. PUBESCENS. Soland. (Chelone Pentstemon. Linn.) Beard-tongue. Hirsute or glabrous; radical lvs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceolate-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile; panicle loose; cor. tube dilated upwards, upper lip shortest; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded.-River banks, bluffs, hills and barrens, Western N. Y,! to Ohio! Ia. and Ill. A handsome plant, 1 —2f high. Stem round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple flowers. Corolla 1' in length, the barren filament broadest at end. June. a. Lvs. narrow and thinly pubescent. fl. (P. loevigatus. Soland.) Lvs. dilated and subamplexicaul, glabrous. 2. P. DITGlTIs. Nutt. (Chelone digitalis. Sweet.) Fox-glove Pentstemon. Very glabrous or rarely puberulent; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or oblong, cauline lanceolate, dilated and amplexicaul at base, serrate or rarely entire; panicle loose; ped. erect, spreading; cor. tube campanulate-dilated upwards, upper lip scarcely shorter than the lower; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded.-Rich soils, Ohio, Ia.! to Tenn., Miss Carpenter! Large and splendid, 3f high. Leaves 6V' by'2, broadest at base and tapering to a long point. Flowers numerous. Corolla 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn. JI.I am strongly inclined to regard this also as a luxuriant variety of P. pubescens. MIMULUS. XCI. SCROPHULAR1ACEE. 401 3. P. GRACILIS. Nutt. (Chelone gracilis. Spreg.) Sleder Beard-tongue. Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-oblong, cauline linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire or remotely serrulate; panricle pubescent, slender; ped. erect; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, upper lip shorter than the lower; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded.-River bottoms, near Chicago, Ill., Mead, also Mo. and C. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Peduncles 3-7-flowered. Flowers nodding, 9-10" long, pale blue. June. 4. P. GRANDIFLORUS. Fraser. (Chelone grandiflora. Spr.) Great-flowered Beard-tongue.-Erect, glabrous and glaucous; radical Ivs. petiolate, obovate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate, the highest orbicular, amplexicaul, not connate; panicle long, slender and racemose, interrupted; ped. short, solitary or fasciculate, rigid; cor. broadly campanulate; sterilefil. dilated and puberulent at apex.-Ill. near Prairie du Chien, Riddell, Mo., Nuttall. Stem 3f high. Flowers 1-3 together in the upper axils. Corolla 15" long, much dilated at the mouth, variously shaded with blue and purple. 5. P. SPECIOSUS. Doug. Showy Peintstemon.-Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate; parnicle elongated, slender, virgate, secund; cal. segments ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin membranaceous; cor. tube enlarged upwards; sterilefil. filiform, glabrous.-Oregon. Height 3-4f. Flowers li' long, blue. t 6. P. CAMPANULATUS. Willd. (Chelone campanulata, augustifolia, rosea, atropurpurea, of authors.)-Glabrous; lvs. acutely serrate, lance-linear or lanceovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base; panicle long, loose and secund; cor. tube ventricose above, lobes subequal; sterilefil. bearded.-Mexico. A very variable species, 2-3f high, with large flowers varying from light purple to dark red or purple. t 7. P. BARBATUS. Nutt. Scarlet Pentstemon.-Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. entire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear; panicle long and loose; cor. tube long, scarcely dilated upwards; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded.-Mexico. Height 2-3f. Corolla scarlet, 131" long. t Obs. —P. gentianoides, with the panicle long, leafy at base, flowers violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other species are rarely found in gardens. TRIBE 5. GRATIOLEIE. Corolla tubular, not saccate or spurred. Capsule bivalved, rarely indehiscent. Calyx lobes or segm. imbricate in,est. Inflor. centripetal, uniform. Benth. 10. MIM1YLUS. Gr. ptlco, an ape; from the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides; palate of the lower lip prominent; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded; stigma thick, bifid.-Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems and opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. 1. M. RINGENS. Monkey Flower. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers.-q[ A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils, Can. and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. J1. Aug. 2. M. ALATUS. Wing-stem Monkey Flower. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate; ped. axillary, shorter than the flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners. —_ In N. Y. to Ia., Plummer! and S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flowers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronate. Aug. 3. M. LUTEUS. (M. rivularis, lyratts, variegatus and guttatus of authors.) 1g2 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEME. HEJRPFTl,. Yelaow Nonkejy fower. — Ascending or erect; Ivs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many-veined; ped..longer than the leaves; cal. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest; cor. tube broad, Twice longer than the calyx.-California and Chili. Flowers yellow, often spotted with rose or purple. t 4. ~M. OARDIN.LIS. Doug. Cardinal Monkey /Fwer. —Erect, branched, villous; lvs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, manyveined; ped. longer than the leaves; cal. tube large, inflated; cor. lobes reflexed. — California. Stem loosely branched, 2 —3f high. Corolla scarlet; the tube hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant. t 11. C O N O B E A. Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted; fertile sta. 4; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel; caps. globose, ovoid, valves breaking away from the placentiferous dissepiment; seeds 00, ovoid.-American, branching herbs, with opposite s Ad. A. axillary, solitary or in pairs, I flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. C. MULTIFiDA. Benth. (Capraria. Michx. Leucospora. Nuatt.) Low, diffusely branched, puberulent; lvs. petiolate, pinnately dissected, segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse; cor. lobes entire; caps. ovoid, valves at length 2-parted. —(? Along the banks of the Ohio, (Clark!) and other western rivers, common. A plant 4-6' high, with finely divided leaves, and ofa grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule li" long. Tl. 12. HERPESTIS. Gaert. Gr. iprr7aristr, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plantsCalyx 5-parted, unequal; cor. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel; caps. 2-furrowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, the margins inflexed; seeds 00, small.-Obscure weeds with opposite lvs. Ped. 1flowered, axillary or subracemose, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx. 1. H. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Ph. (Monneria rotundifolia. Michx.) St. mostly glabrous, creeping; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, entire, glabrous, many-veined; pedicels ebracteate, 1-3-together, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx; lower cal. seg. ovate; cor. X longer than the calyx.-A prostrate mud plant, in ponds, Ill. Mead! to La. Stem If in length. Leaves 6-12" diam., about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as the leaves. Calyx 2-3" in length. Flowers blue. 2. H. MICRANTHA. Pursh. Glabrous, prostrate; lvs. oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely manyveined; pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves; cal. lower seg. cordate; cor. scarcely longer than the calyx.-Borders of pools and rivers, N. J. Penn. to Va. A minute weed, 2-4' in length, with minute flowers. Leaves about 3" by 2", 5-7-veined. Flowers less than 2" long, blue? Au,. 3. H. AMPLEXICAULIS. Ph. (Monneria amplexicaulis. Mlichx.) St. floating, woolly; lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, obtuse, entire, many-veinec, glabrous above; ped. solitary, shorter than the calyx; cal. lower seg. cordate; cor. J longer than the calyx; 1tJpog'ynos disk long, 10-toothed at apex.-Swamps and ditches, N. J. to La. A few inches in length, with leaves 6-8" long. Flowers nearly 5" long. Style dilated at the end. Aug. 4. H. MONNERIA. Humboldt. (H. cuneifolia. Ph. Monneria cuneifolia. Michx.)-Glabrous, fleshy, prostrate; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, obscurely crenate or entire; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; lower cal. seg. ovate.-An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Penn. to Car. Beck, and La. Eaton. Leaves 6-8" long, obscurely veined, subelasping. Flowers very small, pale purple. Aug. HEMIANTHUS. XCI. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 403 13. GRATIOLA. Lat. gratia, favor; alluding to its medicinal virtues. Calyx 5-parted, subequal; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 sterile filaments; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves infiexed at margin. — Herbs with opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, 1-flowered, usually bibracteolate near the calyx. 1. G. AUREA. Muhl. Golden Hedge Hyssop. Smooth; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, half-clasping; sterile fil. 2, minute.-A small, perennial herb, 6 —8 high, frequenting the borders of muddy ponds and other moist places, Mass.! N. Y.! to Flor. Stem declining and rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Leaves opposite, sessile, a little clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few teeth near the end. Flowers yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks, as long as the leaves. Filaments 4, adhering to the corolla, 2 of them minute, without anthers. Aug. 2. G. VIRGINiCA. (G. aurea. Ph. G. Missouriana. Beck. G. officinalis. MI:.)-St. ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, subacute; ped. as long or longer than the leaves; sterile fil. none. -2. U. S. and Can. Stem 4 —8 high, more or less pubescent, round, declining and branching at base. Leaves 1-2' long, and i as wide, smooth, lanceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near the ends, subconnate or amplexicaul. Corolla white or pale-yellow, pubescent within, twice as long as the calyx, and on long, pubescent stalks. Calyx with 5 equal segments, and 2 bracts which are linear-lanceolate and rather longer than the sepals. July. 3. G. SPHIEROCARPA. Ell. (G. Caroliniensis. Le Conte.) Rounzd-fruited Hedge Hyssop.-Glabrous, ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, attenuate to the base, sparingly toothed; ped. scarcely longer than the calyx.Low grounds, Western States! to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. Flowers whitish, 5 —6" long. June. 14. ILYSANTHUS. Rafinesque. Gr. A}v5, mud, avcom, flower; from the habitat of the plants, Calyx 5-parted; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid; sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the divisions glandular, obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an anther; caps. ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. —I with opposite lvs., and axillary, 1-flowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. I. GRATIOL6iDES. Benth. (Lindernia dilatata. Ell. L. attenuata. Mut/. L. pyxidaria. Ph. Gratiola anagalloidea: Michx.)-Glabrous, ascending much branched; lvs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles; sterile il. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle. —In wet places, Can., N Y.!. Ohio.! Ia., Ill.! to Tex., frequent. A low, inconspicuous plant, 3-6 or 8' high. Leaves 5 —8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. July, Aug. -Varies with the leaves somewhat dilated at base and sessile, and the peduncles longer or shorter, being sometimes a little longer than the leaves. 15. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt. Gr. 4tll, half, avcom, flower; alluding to the absence of the upper lip. Calyx 4-toothed; cor. upper lip very short or obsolete, lower 3cleft, the middle segment long, spreading; cells of the 2 anthers divaricate; sterile fil. 0; caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. —- Minute glabro2s. creeping. Lvs. opposite. V04 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEE. DIGITALIS. H. MICRANTHEM6lDES. Nutt. (Herpestis micrantha. Ell.) Inundated banks, Del., Nauttalt. Stems a few inches in length, dichotomously branched. Leaves roundish-ovate, opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute. Aug. Sept. TRIBE'6. SIBTHORPEAE. 16. LIMOSELLA. Lat. limus, mud; the plant grows by the edge of puddles and muddy places. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal; stamens approximating in pairs; capsule partly 2-celled, 2-valved, manyseeded. —Minute, aquatic herbs. Scape 1-flowered. L. TENUIFOLIA. Nutt. (L. subulata. Ives and 1st edit.) Mudwort. Acaulescent; lvs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole; scape as long as the leaves; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx. —(D R. I.! Mass.! N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small, blue and white. Aug. TRIBE 7. DIGITALEXE. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Leaves all alternate, the lower crowded, petiolate. Benth. 17. SYNTHSIRIS. Benth. Calyx 4-parted; cor. subcampanulate, segments 4, erect-spreading or 0; sta. 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted; anth. cells parallel, distinct; caps. compressed, obtuse or emarginate, loculicidal, seeds plano-convex. —- N. American, with a thick root. Radical lvs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls. racemed or spicate. S. HOUGHTONIiNA. Benth. (Gymnandra Houghtoniana. Torr. 4. Gray, in edit.) —Hirsute; radical lvs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse; scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above; cor. as long as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones.-Dry hills, WVis., Lapham! Leaves 2-3' by 1 —2', on petioles about 1' long, some of the leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Scape 9-12' high. Spike elongating in fruit. 18. DIGITALIS. Lat. digitabulum, a thimble; from the form of the flowers. Calyx 5-parted; corolla campanulate, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes; capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment.Herbs or shrubs of Europe and Asia. Lower Ivs. crowded, petiolate, tiper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. 1. D. PURPUREA. Purple Foxglove. —Lvs. oblong, rugose, crenate; cal. segiments ovate-oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire; ped. as long as the calyx.Native of Europe. A well known, showy border flower of easy culture. It is a biennial plant 2-3f high, with large, rough, downy leaves. Flowers numerous, in a long, simple spike, large, crimson, often white, with beautiful eyelike spots within. The whole plant is a violent and dangerous poison when taken in considerable quantities, producing delirium, convulsions and death. But in the hand of the judicious physician it becomes a valuable medicine, actIng as a sedative and diuretic. July. t t 2. P. Fa. RuarNsA. Iron-colored Poxglove.-Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, verysmooth; rac. many-flowered; cal. segments oval-elliptical, obtuse; cor. limb subglobose, woolly, lower segment ovate —-4 in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla rust-colored, 16"' long, lower lip longest, densely bearded. t VERONICA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACEl. 405 3. D. GRANDIPL6RA. Allioni. Great Yellow Foxglove.-Lvs. ovate or oblonglanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexicaul; rac. tomentose, lax; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricose-campanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral. —% in Europe. Plant 2-3f high. Flowers 1l' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange. t 4. D. LUTEA. Small Yellow Foxglove.-Very smooth; lvs. oblong or lanceolate, denticulate; rac. secund, many-flowered; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube subventricose, lower segment half as long again as the rest.4 Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 8-10" long, yellow, varying to white. t 5. D. ORIENTALIS. Lam. Oriental Spotted Foxglove.-St. and lance-linear vus. glabrous; spike interrupted, glandular-villose; pedicels very short; cal. segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor. pubescent, lower segments oblong, obtuse.-2Bythinia. Height 3f. Corolla purplish, spotted. Obs. —Several other species are sometimes seen in gardens, among which are D. Thapsi, with mulleinlike leaves all radical and flat on the ground; D. leucophea, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of dusky white fis. Numerous hybrids also occur in gardens, produced between the above-species which are often difficult to distinguish. TRIBE 8. VERONICEAE. 19. VERONICA. Etymology doubtful; perhaps named for St. Veronica. Calyx 4-parted; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow; sta. 2, inserted into the tube, exserted; sterile fil. 0; caps. compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. — erbs or shrubs (the following species herbs). Lvs. opposite. Fls. solitary, axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white. ~ 1. Erect, tall. Lvs. verticillate; racemes dense, terminal, often panicled; corolla tube longer than the limb. LEPTANDRA. Benth. 1. V. VIRGIN1CA. (Leptandra Virginica. Nutt.) Culver's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous; lvs. briefly petiolate, in 4s, 5s or 6s, lance-ovate to lance-linear; spikes mostly several, paniculate,-Woods, thickets and barrens, Can. to Ga., W. to the Miss.! A conspicuous plant arising 2-5f. Stem simple, straight, smooth, with whorls of lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate leaves which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneath, and 4-6 in a whorl. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, in long, terminal and verticillate, subterminal spikes. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Stamens and style twice as long as the corolla. J1.. 2. Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short. * Racemes axillary. 2. V. ANAGALLIS. (V. tenerrima. Schmidt.) Glabrous, erect; Ivs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, entire or serrulate; rac. in opposite or alternate axils; caps. orbicular, slightly notched. —%l A smooth, succulent plant, frequenting the borders of brooks and pools, Can. and U. S.! not common. Stem fleshy, 12-20' high. Leaves about 2 —3 by 5-7". Racemes longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2-3") scarcely longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn. J1. 3. V. AMERICANA. Schwenitz. (V. Beccabunga Am. authors.) Brooklime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above; lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base; rac. opposite, loose; caps. roundish, turgid, emarginate.-r4 in brooks and clear waters, Can. and U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 —18 long, more or less decumbent and rooting at base. Leaves 1-2' long, i-1 as wide, petioles 1 —3" long, margined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (3-5") twice longer than the bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn. J1.-This plant is variable, some of its species approaching V. Anagallis, others V. Beccabunga, of Europe. a. Lavs. ovate, acute, acutely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base. —Frequent! A?. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, rounded at base, petiolate.-Common! I06 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEE. VERONICA. 4. V. SCUTELLHTA. Skull-cap or Marsh Speedwell. Glabrous, ascending, weak; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, remotely denticulate; rac. in alternate axils, very loose; pedicels divaricate; caps. compressed, broadly obcordate. —% slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, N. Eng. and Western States, and Brit. Am., common. Stem 10-16' high. Leaves (2-3' by 2 —3") much longer than the internodes. Peduncles and pedicels filiform, the latter (6-9") six times longer than the bracts. Flowers rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn.-Aug. 5. V. OFFICINALIS. Oficinal Speedwell. Roughish-pubescent; st. prostrate, branched; Ivs. briefly petiolate, and subsessile, obovate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the base; rac. dense, many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx; caps. puberulent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate.-4- in dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga. Plant trailing, 6 —12 long, with ascending branches. The leaves vary from ovate to obovate, but are generally elliptical, 1 —1J' in length. The flowers are pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect, pedunculate spikes. Found in dry woods and open fields. May-J1. ~ * * Raceme terminal. 6. V. SERPYLLIFOLIA. Thyme-leaved or Smooth Speedwell. Subglabrous, much branched below; sts. ascending; lvs. oval, subcrenate, obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into oblong, entire, alternate bracts; ped. as long as the ovate sepals; caps. obcordate, broader than long.-r- Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, &c., U. S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, orbicular and oval and ovate, 4-12" long, petioles 0-2". Racemes bracted, rather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 2-5'. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, blue and white, beautifully penciled with puiple lines. MayAugust. * ** Annual. Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed. 7. V. PEREGRiNA. (V. Marilandica. Willd.) Purslane Speedwell. Ascending, subglabrous; lowest lvs. petiolate, oval-oblong, dentate-serrate, obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire,floral ones oblong-linear, entire, longer than the subsessile flowers; caps. suborbicular, slightly notched, the lobes rounded.-( Throughout N. America, in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched from the base, 4-10' high. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper cauline 6-11" long, floral much smaller. Sepals oblong, longer than the pale blue or white corolla. Capsule hardly broader than long. May, June. 8. V. ARVENSIS. Field Veronica. Corn Speedwell. Puberulent-pilose, simple or branched, erect or assurgent; Ivs. cordateovate, incisely crenate, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceolate, crenate, sessile.-Frequent in dry fields, N. H. to Car. W. to the Miss. A small, pubescent, pale green plant, 2-6' high. Stem nearly erect, branching from the base, the leaves assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles, corolla shorter than the calyx, pale blue, beautifully penciled with purple lines. May, June. 0 3.? (V. renitormis. Raf.) Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. 9. V. AGRESTIS. Neckweed. Field Speedwell. St. procumbent, diffusely branching; lvs. cordate-ovate, petiolate, deeply serrate, floral ones lanceolate; ped. as long' as the leaves. — In cultivated fields, Can, to Ga. and La. A small, pilose plant, 2-8' long, with a round, leafy, hairy stem, branching mostly at the base. The leaves are roundishovate, shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Flowers small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurved in fruit. Segments of the calyx fringed, ovate, equal. Seeds concave beneath. May-Sept. 10. V. HEDEREFAOLIA. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Prostrate, pilose; lvs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, mostly 3-5-toothed or lobed; ped. scarcely longer than the leaves; sep. triangular, subcordate, acute, at length erect.-Dry or rocky soils, L. I. to Del. Stem diffusely branched. Leaves rather fleshy, the lower smaller, opposite, upper cauline broadly cordate or truncate at base, alternate as well as the floral. Calyx somewhat 4 G"iU.(XeT. X CPT. tP3Hu LAAtIAC V EBi. 4V angled in fruit, segments ciliate at-edge. Cororla smallertht thse eaiyx, blue, chducO1s. Capttle turgid, broader than long, -seedled. -Mar. —May.. -I. Y..;,PICGTA. Spiked Speedwetl.-Erect, tall; lvs. petiolate, ovate-obIQgn or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at apex; r:ct. mostly solitary; pedecels much shorter than the sepals; cal. mOtly hoary-pubescent.-'- Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with aumerous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, &c. t Tinm 9. BUBCIHNREW EB. 20. B UCTINR A. Nmed by TIiwm4e.s, in honor of J. G. Buchlier, a German botanist, 174. 1Calyrx 5-oothed; corolla tube slender, limb flat, in 5 oordate, subeqgal lobes; eapsuie 2-valhed. —Herbs with the lower lvs. oposite, te' upper alternate. Flowers in a terminal spike (sta, 4, includ.d). B. AMERICINA. Blue-hearts. lius. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, 3-veined, sessile j;s. remotely s;r~ed. —%4 In low grounds, N.. to Mo. and Ga. Stem I-2f hi, s le or slightly branched, slender an4 terete, ending in a long, loose and somewhat virgate spike of purple flowers. Leaves: 1 — long, very rough, appressed to the stem. Ffowers al'Ilary and sessile. Stamens inserted, 2 in the throat of the corolla, and 2 in the middle of the tube. Calyx half as long as tube *o corolla. Aug. TRIBE 10. GERARDIEXE. IM4iesece centripetal, racemose. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Corolla tube dilated, limbs spreading, lobes flat, subregular. Stamens approximating in pairs. 21. SEYMERIA. Pursh. OClyx deeply 5-cleft; eor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube; sta. 4, subequal; valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire; seeds 00. —Herbs erect, bsrateing. CauEiin lvs. mostly opposite and incised. Fle. ydllow. S. IMACROPIH'LLA. NUtt. Large-leaved Seymeria. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; tIvs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid, segmietrts lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanecolate, serrate or entire; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb; sty. short, di. lated and slightly bifid at apex; caps. ovate-acuminate.-'4 In woods, White River Valley, Ia.! Ohio, Clark! to Ark. The plant has much the aspect of Dasystoma. Height, 4 —f. Lower leaves (5 —7' by — 3') lance-ovate in outline, floral (2-3') mostly opposite. Corolla x' long, very woolly within. Capsule a little shorter and broader. July. 22. GERARDIA. Named by Linnmus, in honor of John Gerard, an English botanist of the 16th century. Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed; cor. tubular, ventricose or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire lobes; sta. didynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, anth. all equal; caps. obtuse, or briefly acuminate; seeds 00.-American herbs, rarely swfruticose. Lvs. opposite. Fs. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. 1. G. PUIRPUREA. Large-flowered Paturple Gerardia. St. angular, much branched; ivs. linear, narrow, -acute; fis. subsessile, scattered; cal. segments subulate. —( Found in wet pastures and swamps, N. Eng. to Ill. and Ga. Stem slender, branching, erect, smooth, obtuse-angled, 1 -2f high. Leaves entire, roughish, 8-15" long, and about 2" wide, coiled up in drying. Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple, on very short stalks. Aug. 4Q6 XCI. SCROPHULARIACEE. DAsYSTOMA. 2. G. MARTiMHA. Raf. Marsh Gerardia. St. angular; Ivs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; ils. stalked; cal. truncate; tpper segments of the-corolla fringed.-() Native of salt marshes, Mass. to N. J., also shores of L. Mich. Houghton. This species resembles the foregoing, of which Pursh describes it as a variety. It is a smaller plant 612' in height, and with smaller flowers. The leaves are shorter and thicker. The calyx segments are cut square off, not acute as in the preceding. Corolla purple. Flower-stalks axillary and terminal. July —Sept. 3. G. TENUIFOLIA. Vahl. Small-flowered Purple Gerardia. Branching; Ivs. linear; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers; cal. teeth short, acute.-( A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, but often simple, in fields and woods, U. S. Stem 6-12' high. Leaves about an inch long, very narrow (scarcely a line in width), entire, rough, obtuse, often coiled. Flowers opposite, axillary, on slender stalks an inch or more in length. Corolla purple, spotted within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly equal. Calyx teeth short and acute. Aug. Sept. 4. G. ASPERA. Doug. Rough Gerardia. St. a little branched; Ivs. long and narrowly linear, floral ones exceeding the calyces; ped. twice longer than the calyx; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; cor. glabrous. — Illinois, Buckley in DC., Prod. x. 518. Peduncles sometimes but little exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long. Flowers as large as those of G. purpurea, to which species this is perhaps too nearly allied. 5. G. SETACEA. Walt. Branches slender, roughish; Ivs. setaceous, roughish; fis. few; ped. alternate and opposite, very long; cal. teeth short and setaceous; caps. ovate, larger than the calyx. —( Penn.? to Car. Nuttall? Scarcely darkens in drying. 6. G. SKINNERIXNA. Wood. (G. aphylla. Beth. in part, not Nutt.) Scabrous, pale green; st. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4 angles margined; Ivs. remote, linear, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter than the very long peduncles; cal. teeth very short, glandular-acute; cor. infun. dibuliform-campanulate, lobes short, spreading; caps. roundish-ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx. —( Barrens, Ia.! Plant 12-18' high, the stem and few branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Leaves (8-12" by t-1-") much shorter than the internodes, margin slightly revolute. Pedun. cles 1-1i' long, erect. Corolla (5 —6) glabrous, light purple or rose-color. Capsule loculicidal, about 30-seeded. Jl1. Aug. Obs.-I detected this delicate species in July, 1846, in Greene Co., Ia., on land belonging to Dr. A. G. Skinner, whose zeal in botanical pursuits deserves more than this slight notice. It does not turn blackin drying. 23. OTOPHYLLA. Benth. Gr. ovs (oroS), ear, pvXXov, leaf; alludingto the auriculateleaves. Calyx deeply 5-parted, sepals leafy, unequal; cor. tube enlarged upwards, lobes broad, entire; sta. didynamous, the upper pair with smaller abortive anthers! caps. subglobose, many-seeded.-Erect, hairy herbs with opposite leaves.'ls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. O. MICHAUXII. Benth. (Gerardia auriculata. Michx.) Michaux's Gerardia. Scabrous-hirsute, subsimple; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, lower entire, upper mostly auriculate-lobed; fis. sessile. —() Penn. to Ill., Rev. E. Jenny! in prairies and low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 9-18' high. Leaves (1- It' by i —I') entire on the margin, sessile; floral ones with an oblong-lanceolate lobe each side at base. Flowers alternate or mostly opposite, calyx deeply cleft, corolla purple or rarely white, pubescent, dilated at the mouth, 9-12/' long. Aug. Sept. 24. DASYSTOMA. Raf. Gr. Jaaet, hairy, aropa, mouth; alluding to the character of the corolla. Calyx campanulate, halt 5-cleft, imbricate in vestivation; cor. tube CASTILLEJA. XCI. SCROPHULARIACE. 409 dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes; sta. included, didynamous; anth. all equal, awned at base; caps. ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing the septum in the middle, seeds 00.-% erect, N. American. Lower lvs. opposite, upper generally alternate and entire. Cor. large, yellow, villous within as well as the stamens. 1. D. QUERCIFOLIA. Benth. (Gerardia quercifolia. Ph. G. flava. Linn. G. glauca. Eddy.) Oak-leaved Dasystoma.-Glabrous; st. paniculatebranched; lvs. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblonglanceolate, pinnatifid or entire. fis. pedunculate; cal. lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube.-Woods and barrens, Northern and Western States! frequent. It has a tall, smooth, glaucous, branching stem 3-5f high. Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid; the upper ones only cut-dentate, all acute at each end, stalked, paler beneath. Flowers large and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Corolla trumpetshaped. The flowers resemble in form those of the foxglove, while the leaves may be likened to those of the oak. The whole plant turns black in drying, making but a shabby appearance in the herbarium. Aug. /1. integrifolia. Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, entire; cor. smaller.-Ohio. 1. D. PUBESCENS. Benth. (Gerardiaflava. Ph.) Downy Dasystoma. (Fig. 50.) Pubescent; st. subsimple; lvs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinuate-lobed; cal. segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube.-In woods throughout the U. S. A tall and very showy plant. Stem 2-3f high, erect, pubescent. Lower leaves variously pinnatifid, or cut and toothed; upper ones very entire or toothed, obtuse; all opposite and sessile. Flowers large, yellow, opposite, axillary, trumpet-shaped. This also With the next species, turns black in drying. Aug. Sept. 3. D. PEDICULARIA. Benth. (Gerardia pedicularia. Linn.) Lousewort Dasystoma.-St. panicled, pubescent; Ivs. oblong, pinnatifid, the segments serrate; cal. seg. leafy, cut-dentate.-One of the most elegant species, found in woods and mountains, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Stem tall and bushy, 2-3f high, covered with a scattered, woolly pubescence. Leaves numerous, pinnatifid with serrate lobes, opposite, on short, hairy stalks. Flowers large. Corolla trumpet-shaped, yellow, with roundish, spreading, leaf-like segments. The leaves have the general appearance of those of the lousewort, or some of the ferns. Aug. TRIBE 11. EUPHRASIEEX. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Corolla upper lip galeate or concave, erect or incurved. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. 25. CASTILL]EJA. Named for one Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. Calyx tubular, 2-4-cleft; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long, crenate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed; sta. beneath the galea, didynamous; anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendulous. —Herbaceous or sufruticose. Lvs. alternate, the floral often colored at the apex. Fts. subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 1. C. COCCINEA. Spreng. (Euchroma Nutt. Bartsia. Linn.) Painted-cup. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate segments; bracts about 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equal with the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate. —% Wet meadows, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A very beautiful plant, remarkable for its large, bright scarlet bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8-12' high. Leaves alternate, sessile, with about 2, long, linear segments-on each side. Bracts crowded near the summit of the stem, in 3 segments, the middle one larger than the linear lateral ones. Flowers one in the axil of each bract. Calyx and corolla tubular, dull yellow, the former tinged with scarlet towards the tip. May, Jn. 410 XCI. SCROPHULARIACE.IE. PEDICULABRI. 2. C. SESSILIFL&RA. Ph. (Euchroma grandifiora. Nutt.) Great-flowered Painted-cup.-Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly cuneate-trifid, lobes divaricate; cal. sessile, elongated; spikes dense; cor. long, exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate.-A plant of curious appearance, prairies, Wis., Lapham! to the plains of the upper Missouri. Stem 8-14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves grayish, 2-2&' long. Flowers crowded, pubescent. Corolla tube slender, 2-3' in length, greenish-white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by the upper lip, and a little exserted. May. 3. C. SEPTENTRIONALIS. Lindl. (Bartsia pallida. Ph. not I of Linn ) Lvs. alternate, linear, undivided, the upper ones lanceolate, the floral ones subovate, subdentate at the end, all 3-veined; cal. with acute teeth.-4 This hardy plant inhabits the alpine regions of the White Mts. in N. H.! particularly the heights of Mt. Clinton, where it may be found in blossom in Aug. It is also a native of Siberia and Hudson's Bay. Stem about a foot high, furrowed, simple. Leaves alternate, sessile, smoothish, the lower ones linear, becoming broader towards the upper part of the stem, where they are lanceolate and all usually with but 3 veins. Tuft of flowers at top of the stem. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves, 5-7-veined, with about 3 teeth at the end, of a pale straw-color, tipped with purple. Flowers straw-colored, nearly concealed by the bracts. 26. SCHWALBEA. Named by Linnmus in honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist. Calyx tubular, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower division large, emarginate or 2-toothed; corolla ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed; seeds many, ehaffy. —- with alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. S. AMERICINA. Chaff-sced. In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 1-2f high, pubescent, square, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veined, with a ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, diminishing upwards. Flowers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long spike. Corolla dull purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1-ltV) as the calyx. Jn. 27. RHINANTHUS. Gr..tv, nose, av.os; alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea. Calyx 4-toothed, ventricose; cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments; caps. 2-valved, compressed, obtuse.-() erect, with opposite Ivs. R. MINOR. Ehrh. (R. Crista-galli. Lijnn.) Yellow Rattle. Mostly glabrous; ivs. oblong or lanceolate; cor. scarcely a third longer than the calyx; appendages of the galea transversely ovate, broader than long. -- Meadows and pastures, Mass., N. Y. to Are. Am. Stem a foot high, smooth, branching. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Flowers axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Calyx inflated, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth,*and much shorter than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large after flowering. July. 28. PEDICUL2ARIS. Let. pediculus, a louse; probably from its efficacy in destroying that msect. Calyx ventricose, 2-5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate; seeds angular. —Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely sub-opposite, often pinnwatifid. F~s. spicate. VERBENA. XCII. VERBENACEAE. 411 1. P. CANADENSIS. (P. gladiata. Michx.) Lousewort. Hirsute; st. simple; Ivs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, lobes oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate; spike short, dense, leafy; cal. truncate downwards; cor. galea abruptly incurved, with 2 setaceous teeth; caps. acuminate.-% Pastures and low grounds, U. S.! & Can. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves 3-6' by 1-2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small leaves at the base. Calyx truncated in an oblique direction downwards. Corolla yellowish and purple; the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or helmet cut square off at the end, with a bristle-like tooth at each corner. Capsule prolonged into a lanceolate point i' long. May —July. B. gladiata (P. gladiata Mx.). Caps. prolongated into an ensiform point which is — 1' in length. Plant rather taller. 2. P. LANCEOLITA. Michx. (P. pallida. Ph.) Branching Lousewort. Nearly glabrous; st. branched; lvs. subopposite, briefly petiolate or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised-crenate; spike rather dense; cal. 2-lobed; cor. galea as long as the lip, incurved at apex, ending in a short, conical beak. —'4 In alluvial woods, &c. N. Y.! to Wis. Lapham! S. to Va. Stem 1-2f in height, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite leaves and a few axillary branches. Leaves 3-5' by 1 —1'. Spikes 1-2' in length, with ovate-lanceolate bracts. Calyx and corolla smooth, the latter greenish-yellow, an inch in length, with the galea somewhat emarginate at the end. Capsule short, broadly ovoid. Sept. 29. MELAMPYRUM. Gr. #seXa;, black, 7rvpog, wheat; the seeds blacken the flour of wheatifground with it. Calyx 4-cleft; upper lip of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back; lower lip grooved, trifid; capsule 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally, cells 2-seeded; seeds cylindric-oblong, smooth.Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. M. PRATENSE.,1. Americanum. Benth. (M. Americanum. Mx.) Cow Wheat.-Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper ones toothed at base; fls. axillary, distinct.- 01 Inhabits woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ky. Stem with opposite branches, 8-10' high, round, erect. Leaves opposite, I 1W' by 3 —5', the floral ones broader, with setaceous teeth at base and tapering to an obtuse point. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. Capsules acute, declined, 4seeded. J1. ORDER XCII. VERBENACEA-. VERVAINS. Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs. Lvs. generally opposite, simple or compound, exstipulate. F8ls. in axillary corymbs or dense heads, or alternate-spicate. Cal. tubular, 4-5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Cor. tubular, the limb bilabiate or irregularly 4-5-cleft, deciduous. Sta. 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occasionally only 2. Ova. 2-4-celled- ovules erector pendulous, solitary or twin. Style 1. Fr. drupaceous, baccate or dry, dividing into 2 or 4 i-seeded portions. Seeds with little or no albumen. Genera 56, species 610, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions and the shrubs and trees of the tropics, where they are in some instances very large. The teak-wood (Tectona grandis), native of India, justly styled the " Oak of the East," is a timber tree of immense size and great durability, often attaining the height of 100 feet. The wood contains silex. The medicinal properties of the tribe are little known or unimportant. Conspectus of the Genera. Corolla subequal, funnel-form.. Verbena. 1 S in spikes or spiked corymbs. Corolla bilabiate, nodding in fruit.. Phryma. 3 Flowers in small pedunculate, axillary heads.......... Lippia. 2 1. VERBENA. Celticfarfaen, to remove stone, hence Eng. vervain and Lat. verbena. Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often truncate; corolla funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, nearly equal; stamens 4 (rarely but 2); seeds 2-4, enclosed ina thin, evanescent pericarp.' Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls. mostly alternately spicate, rarely capitate or corymbed. 35* 412 XCII. VERBENACEX. VsRBENA. 1. V. HASTT'A. Vervain. Simpler's Joy. Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate: the lower ones lobed or hastate; spikes erect, slender, panicled; fis. tetrandrous.-4. An erect, tall and elegant plant, frequent by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly throughout the U. S. and Can. Stem 3-4f high, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Leaves rough in appearance and to the touch, opposite, lower ones often somewhat hastate. Flowers small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes, which are somewhat fascicled at the summit of the stem, erect and parallel to each other. Seeds 4. July-Sept, l8. pinnatifida. Lvs. incisely pinnatifid and coarsely dentate. —Western States! common. y. oblongifolia. Nutt. (V. paniculata. Lam.) Lvs. lance-ovate or lance-oblong, sharply serrate; spikes filiform, loosely paniculate; fis. smaller.-Penn. to Ia. i and Mo. I have frequently observed this tall (4-6t) variety, and many others, on the sandy prairies of Indiana. They appear to be hybr-ids between V. hastata and V. urticafolia. 2. V. URTICJEFOLIA. Nettle-leaved Vervain. Erect, subpubescent; Ivs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petiolate; spikes axillary and terminal, loose, filiform; fis. tetrandrous. —%. About. roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2-3f high, with leaves resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green, divergent spikes, remotely filled with small, white, distinct flowers. Seeds 4. J1. Aug. 3. V. SPURIA. Spurwus or Jagged-leaved Vervain. St. decumbent at base, divaricately branching, hairy; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, laciniately lobed and toothed; spikes slender, loose; bracts a little longer than the calyx. —Conn. Eaton, Md.! to Ga. and Western States. An unsightly plant, with a square stem 1-2f high, half erect, di- and trichotomous above. Spikes 3-6' long, the bracts and flowers minute. Calyx 1' in length. Corolla blue. Aug. Sept.-This plant appears to be constantly though slightly different from V. officinalis of Europe. 4 V. BRACTEOSA. Michx. (Zapania. Lam.) Prostrate Verbena. St. decumbent, branched, divaricate, pilose; Ivs. laciniate, hirsute, rugose; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered; bracts linear, squarrose, much longer than the calyx.-Dry fields and roadsides, Middle and Western States! Whole plant hairy, 8-16' long, remarkable for its squarrose-bracteate spikes. Leaves 1-2' long. Flowers sinall, blue. Capsule 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds bony. June-Sept. 5. V. STRICTA. Vent. 1Mullein-leaved Verbena. Hirsute and hairy; st. thick, rigidly erect, branched above; lvs. ovate, oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugose; spikes erect, strict, imbricate, subfalcate.-An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species, in dry fields, Western States! common. Very hirsute, 1-3f high. Leaves 2-3' by 1-2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Corolla blue, thrice larger than in V. hastata. July. 6. V. AN'GUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (V. rugosa. Willd.) Narrow-leaved Vemvaisn. Erect, mostly simple; Ivs. lanceolate-linear, tapering to the base, remotely serrate, with furrowed veins; spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal.A small, hairy species, found on rocky hills and in other dry soils, N. Y. to Va.! W. to the Miss. Stem not more than a tbot high, with narrow (3' by 5"), rough leaves and slender spikes of deep blue flowers. July. 7. V. AUBLETIA. Garden Verbena.-St. weak, assurgent; spikes solitary, imbricate, long-pedunculate; divisions of the cor. emarginate; Ivs. oval, deeply serrate and divided, petiolate.-Native at the South. A slender and delicate plant of the green-house, producing numerous, successive clusters of rosecolored or scarlet flowers, Stem square, viscidly pubescent, 1-2i' high, with opposite branches and raves. Leaves deeply cut and toothed, rhombicoval, on short stalks. Flowers larger than others of the genus, in corymbose spikes. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx, narrow, permanent, downy as well as the calyx. May. 4,AII. 11ABI4TIZ. 4/b~ 2. LIPPIA. In honor of Augustus Lippi, a French physician. Flowprs in dense, pedunculate heads; calyx 2-parted, compressed, ereot membranaceous, shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. funnel-shaped, limb subbilabiate, upper lip entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed; sta. 4, didynamous, included; drupe dry, t]hin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-seeded. —Shrlbs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves. Heads on axillary pedauncles. L. NODIIFLOiA, Michx. (Zapania nodiflora. Ph. and Eutkors,) Fog-fruit. 64labrous, procumbent; st. 4-angled, geniculate, simple; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the peduncles. —% On river banks, Penn. to Ia.! Ill. and La. Stems If or more long. Leaves with conspicuous veins, 1-2' long, i — as wide, petioles 3 —6". Peduncles 2-3'. Heads ovoid or roundish. Flowers small, purplish-white. July, Aug. /. Ilaao!4ta. (Lippia lanceolata. AM.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate. 3. PIR YMA. Calyx eylindrio, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2toothed; orolla bilabiate, upper lip enarginate, much smaller than the 3lobed lower one; seed solitary.-.-lerbs with opposite tis. Fls. opposite, spicate, deflexed inufruit. P. LEPTOSTACHYA. (Priva. Lindl.) Slender-spiked Pkhryma or Lopseed. Lvs. stalked, ovate, serrate; spikes long and slender; cal. in fruit reflexed. -4 Found in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves large, (3-.-64 long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Flowers small, opposite, light-purple, in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After flowering the calmy closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close to the stem. Hence the common name lopseed. The specific name refers to the slender spikes. Seeds solitary, rather large, invested with a thin, membranous capsule, and enclosed in the matured calyx. July. ORDER XCIII. LABIATE.-LABIATE PLANTS. Herbs or undershrubs with 4-cornered stems and opposite branches.,Lvs. opposite, without stipules, replete with receptacles of aromatic oil. Fls. in axillary subsessile verticillasters, sometimes as if in whorls, spikes or heads. Color almost always of the cyanic series, blue, purple, red, white, &c. Cal. tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate, persistent. [3-cleft one. Cor. bilabiate (rarely regular, 5-toothed), the upper lip hifid or entire, overlapping in westivationthe lower Sta. 4, didynamous, or sometimes only 2, the upper pair being abortive or wanting, situated on the corolla tube. Anth. mostly 2-celled. Ova. free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base of the lobes. Fr. 1-4 hard nuts or achenia. Sds. erect, with little or no albumen. Embryo erect. Cotyledons flat. Genera 125 species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 40~ and 50 of the northern hemisphere. Properties.-This well-known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile oil, and a bitter principle; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial and stomachic; the latter, where it pro. vails, febrifugal. The pennZyroyal, lavender, sage, hoarhound, thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horse mint rosemary,.c., 4.c., plants whose qualities are too well known to require particular mention here. are all members of this useful family. Not one species is poisonous or even suspicious. -14 XCIII. LABIAT/E. 1 ~1 / 12 FIG. 51.-1. Monardadidyma. 2. An anther enlarged. 3. Flower of Galiopsis Tetrahit. 4. One of its stamens, much enlarged. 5. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 6. Flower of Salvia Sclarea. 8. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 9. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma. 10. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 11. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. 12. One of its stamens. 13. The ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 14. Flower of Teucrium Canadense. 15. Flower Nepeta Cataria. 16. One of its anthers. 17. Cunila Mariana. 18. A calyx and style. Conspectus of the Genera. * Flowers diandrous. Bracts whitish.. Blephilia. 8 Corolla not yellow. Bracts green. Hedeoma. 18 Connectile erect, short. Corolla yellow......Collinsonia. 16 bilabiate. Connectile transverse, long; anthers dimidiate..Salvia. 9 I Herbs. Cunila. 17 ~ Upper lip emarginate. Shrubs.. Romarinus. 1 lxsubequal. 5 Corolla bilabiate. Upper lip linear, embracing the filament. Monarda. alyx subequal Corolla subregular, 4-lobed........ Lycopus. 6 ** Flowers didynamous. ( Lips of calyx Filaments simple. Melissa. 20 toothed.. Filaments forked. Prunella. 22 Tube of corolla Stamens ascending. ( Lips of the calyx entire.. Scutellaria. 21 exserted.....Stamens very long, arching the 5-cleft limb of corolla. Trichoete/nma. 35 Calyx Stamens scarcely exsert. Thymus. 13 bilabiate. Tube of the corolla scarcely longer than calyx. Stamens exserted., Origanum. 12 5 equal. Hyssopus. 15 _a. ( Cal. 15-nef'ved, oblique. Lophanthus. 24 _ ( Flowers ~ Dracocephalurn. 25 c Bracts spicate. (Calyx 10-nerved... Satureja. 14 V green. f Flowers capitate, involucrate.. Pycnanthemum.ll ( Corollabilabiate. ( Bracts colored. Origanumn. 12! (Stamens erect Corolla limb of 4 subequal lobes, one of them emarginate.. Mentha. 4 -o or divergent. Corolla limb of 5 equal lobes........ Isanthus. 5 ~i ~~ / ~e~ ~~ I Calyx 5-ribbed... Lamium. 28 (Leaves crenate. t Calyx 15-ribbed.. Nepeta. 23.s o~!..... J Plants glabrous. Physostegia. 26 included beneath Leaves sharplyserrate. Plants hairy. Ballota. 33 Stamens as- the upper lip... Leaves entire, lance-linear and elliptic.. Micromeria. 19., [ cending and exserted through the fissure of the upper lip of corolla. Teucrium. 36 a - I Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Lavandula. 2 a o I Corolla not spurred. Upper lip of the corolla 4-cleft. Ocimum. 1! (Stamens declinate. ~ Corolla tube spurred..Pletranthus. 3 54( T sLeaves Lower lip of the corolla with 2 lateral teeth. Galeopsis. 30'~w ~ ~ ~~undivided. Lower lip of the cor. with lateral lobes reflexed. Stachys. 31; the teeth spinescent. Leaves mostly 3-lobed... Leonrs...... Calyx 4-toothed. Upper pair of anthers cohering, half empty. Synandra. 27 Calyx subentire, very large, campanulate.... Molucella. 34 Calyx 10-toothed, the alternate teeth shorter... Marrubium. 32 UENTHA. XCIII. LABIATJE. 415 TRIBE 1. OCIMOIDDEE.-Corolla subbilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lower one declinate, flat or concave, carinate or saccate. Stamens 4, declined. 1. OCTMUM. Gr. o*a, to smell; on account of the powerfiul scentofthe plants. Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid; corolla resuplnate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided; exterior filaments with a process at their base. o. BASILicUM. Royal Ocimum. Sweet Basil. —Lvs. smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate; cal. ciliate. —T An exotic from Persia, cultivated. Plant about a foot high, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves variously colored, exhaling a delightful odor. Stem retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Flowers white, in simple, terminal racemes. Jl., Aug. t 2. LAVAND 1LA. Lat. lavare; to wash. The use of the distilled water of this plant is well known. Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one often largest; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly equal; tube exserted; stamens included. L. srPIC. Lavender. —Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the tase, sessile, revolute at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than the calyx; spike interrupted; bracts subulate.-q- Plant 12-18 high, suffruticose, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches clothed with a whitish down. Calyx villose. Corolla much exserted and of a lilac color. The plant is well known as an aromatic of a delightful fragrance. It is stimulant and tonic, and the oil extracted by distillation enters into many compositions in medicine. J1. t 3. PLECTRANTHUS. L'Her. Gr. vXNrtpov, a cockspur, aveoc; from the spur-like appendage of the eaoUa Calyx upper lip largest; cor. resupinate, -ringent, with the tube gibbous or spurred on the upper side at base. —alf shrubby plants, with prople flowers. Natives of hot climates. P. PARYIFLORUS. " Sae Geranium."-St. suffruticose, smoothish, branched; rac. compound, terminal; leafless; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate; corolla gibbous.-S. America. Sometimes seen in house cultivation and called Sage Geraniurm! It is a large, coarse plant, 2-3f high, with large, soft, ovate, crenate leaves, and terminal racemes of very delicate bluish-purple flowers. TRIBE 2. MENTHOIDEIE.-Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnelform; tube scarcely exserted, limb subequally 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, distant, straight, diverging. 4. MENT HA. Mintha, the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants. Calyx equally 5-toothed; cor. nearly regular, 4-cleft, the broadest segment emarginate; sta. 4, straight, distant; anth. cells parallel; filaments naked. 1. M. CANADENSIS. (M. borealis. Mi/cx.) Horseminst. Ascending, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each end; fis. in axillary cymes; sta. generally exserted.-f. Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish plant, 1-2f high, growing in muddy situations. The stem is square and usually branched, the angles beset with reversed hairs. Leaves serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks, and punctate with resinous dots at each end. Flowers apparently in whorls, pale purple, usually distinguished by the projecting stamens which are sometimes twice as long as the corollas. Calyx hairy. Aromatic like the other species. June, July. A. stamens equaling the corolla. 416 XCIII. LABIATAE. LYcouns. 2. M. VlRIDIS. (M. tenuis. Michx. M. gracilis. Muhl.) Spearmint. Lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate; bracts setaceous, and, with the teeth of' the calyx, somewhat hairy; spikes slender, interrupted, attenuate above.-q Can. and U. S. A well known plant, highly esteemed for its agreeable, aromatic properties. It grows in wet soils, rapidly spreading by its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1-2f high. The spikes are somewhat panicled, long, composed of distinct, axillary cymes, apparently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. Styles much exserted. 3. M. PIPERITA. Smith. Peppermint. /_,s. smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; bracts lanceolate; cat. quite smooth at base, punctate. —4 This species, introduced from Europe, has become naturalized in wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the tongue followed by a sensation of' coldness. The essence of peppermint is a well known medicine, acting as a cordial, used in flatulency, nausea, &c. It has a purplish stem, 2-3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Leaves sharply serrate, dark green. Corolla purplish. July. 4. M. ARVENSIS. Corn Mint. Field Mint. St. ascending, much branched; Ivs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, hirsute; verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cal. hirsute.-Naturalized in Penn. Ohio, &c., native in Europe. Stem stout, often erect, about If in height. Leaves varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice longer (1 —2) than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, numerous, pale purple. Stamens exserted. The plant smells like decayed cheese. July. 5. ISANTHUS. DC. Gr. too;, equal, avyog, the flowers being regular, a character very rare among the labiates. Calyx subcampanulate; corolla 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal; stamens subequal; stigma linear, recurved.'I. C(ERULEUS. Blue Gentian. Viscid, hairy; lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-veined; ped. 12-flowered. —9. A branching, leafy herb, in dry fields, Northern and Western States! with the aspect of the pennyroyal. Stem rounded, slender, 12-18' high with branches and leaves opposite. Leaves an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly triple-veined. Flowers numerous, blue, with included stamens. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. July. 6. LYCOPUS. Gr. XVKos, a wolf, rovs, a foot; a fanciful name. Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft; cor. subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate; sta. 2, distant, diverging, simple; sty. straight, as long as the stamens; ach. 4, obliquely truncate at apex. —% 1. L. SINUXTUS. (L. Europaeus. Michx. L. Americanus. Muhl.) Water Hoarholmnd.-Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, lower ones incised; teetl of the calyx acuminate-spinescent; st. square, 1-2f high; fis. small, white, many in a whorl.-A perennial plant, widely diffused throughout the U. States, growing in damp grounds. In habits and general appearance it resembles the Menthae, but is sufficiently distinguished by the number of stamens, form of the flattened triquetrous achenia, and its being inodorous. Stem sharply 4-.angled, the sides concave, 1-2f high. Lower leaves deeply and pinnatifidly toothed. Verticils dense. Calyx teeth longer than the achenia. It dyes a permanent black. Aug. 2. L. VIRGINiCUS. Virginian Water Hoarkound. Bugle-weed. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at the base; calyx teetA MONARDA. XCIIl. LABIAT.E. 417 spineless, usually 4, shorter than the achenia.-A plant as widely diffused as the preceding, growing in wet soils. Stern smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the sides concave, 12-18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute, purplish flowers. Leaves with coarse, tooth-like serratures, sessile. The whole plant often changes to purple. It is reputed a remedy for blood-spitting. July, Aug. TRIBE 3. MONARDEAE.o-Corolla bilabiate; tube exserted. Stamens 2, fertile, ascending, the upper pair abortive; anthers linear with the 2 cells contiguous, or halved with the 2 cells widely separated on opposite ends of a long, transverse connectile. 7. MONARDA. Name in honor of Monardus, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century. Calyx elongated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed; cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apex.-21. M. DIDYMA. (M. purpurea. Lam. M. coccinea. Michx.) Mountain Mint. St. acutely 4-angled; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, somewhat rough and villous, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath; fis. in terminal, often proliferous heads; bracts colored.-A handsome, fragrant plant, 2-3f high, with crimson or scarlet flowers. Stem mostly branching. Leaves 2-5' long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate, with scattered hairs above, and prominent, hairy veins beneath. Flowers in heads which are often proliferous, with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the corollas. Calyx colored. Corollas large and showy. Styles 4, 2 of which are minute and abortive; hence the specific name. A beautiful plant in cultivation Swamps, Can. to Ga. 2. M. FIsTULOSA. (M. oblongata, rugosa, clinopodia, allophylla, mollis, purpurea, of authors.) Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. —Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent; lhds. of fis. terminal, few, but many-flowered; bracts sessile; cal. slightly curved with the throat hirsute.A handsome, variable plant, growing in hedges, thickets, rocky banks,-Mass. to Ga. W. to the Saskatchawan. The stem is 2-4f high, quadrangular with the sides somewhat concave, hollow in various degrees, nearly smooth or pubescent above, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves obtuse at base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2-4' long and on petioles - their length. Flowers in involucrate, terminal heads, 20-50 in a head. Outer bracts leafy, often partially colored. Calyx slender, i' in length. Corolla much exserted, varying from greenish-white and pale purple to blue, the upper lip long and linear, enfolding the 2 stamens, which, with the style are somewhat exserted at its end. J1. Aug. a. St. simple, hollow; hds. simple or proliferous; cor. pale yellow. /,. (M. allophylla. Mx.) St. branched, hollow, or solid with pith; Ivs. oblonglanceolate; hds. simple; bracts partially colored; cor. pale blue. y. (M. clinopodia. L.) St. solid; lvs. tapering at base, remotely serrate; Ads. simple; cal. short; cor. pale purple. ~. purputrea. St. tall (3-5f), glabrous, dark purple.- la.! common. o. mollis. Lvs. softly pubescent; upper lip of cor. densely bearded. 3. M. PUNCTiTA. (M. lutea. Michx.) Horsemint. Nearly glabrous; st. obtusely angled, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to oblong, remotely and obscorely serrate; verticils axillary, dense; bracts lanceolate, colored, longer than the verticils; cal. teeth unequal. Pine barrens, N. J., common, to Car. and Western States. Stem2-3f high, branched. Leaves punctate. Corolla yellow, with brown spots, upper lip villous at the apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept.-It contains an essential oil which is valuable in medicine. 418 XCIII. LABIATiE. SAIlA. 4. M. MBRADBUtIIINA. St. simple, glabrous; lvs. ovate- or oblong-lanceola-te, subsessile, rounded at base, hirsute-pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute; cal. pilose, densely bearded at throat, segments subulate-spinose; Ads. large, terminal, outer bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored.-Ohio to Ill. Mead! Stem slender, about3f high. Leaves sometimes slightlypetiolate, 2-3' long. Bracts purple. Corolla purple. J1. 8. BLEPHILIA. Raf. G/'. f~EqaptS, the eyelash; probably referring to the ciliate bracts. Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip'3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire; lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. 1. B. HIRsfrA. (Monarda hirsuta. Ph. M. ciliata. Michx.) Hairy Bl1ephilia. Whole plant hirsute; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; Jfs. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate. —4 In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in the W. States. Stem l-2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Petiole i —' long, leaves 3 or 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Flowers small, forming several dense whorls near the ends of each branch. Corolla scarcely i' long, pale purple with spots of a deeper hue. Style longer than stamens or corolla. Jn. J1. 2. B. cILriTA. (Monarda ciliata. Linn. not Michx.) St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled; Ivs. few, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an obtuse point, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent; fis. in dense, approximate, involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils; bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx.-Fields, barrens, Penn. to the Miss., very abundant in the Western States! Plant 2-4f high, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Leaves 1-2-' long, — 1' wide. Flowers small, numerous. Vertieils subglobose. Outer bracts 5" by 3-4", whitish. Calyx subbilabiate. Jn.-Aug. 9. SALVIA. Lat. seiveo, to be in health; probably from its salutary qualities. Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 2-3-toothed or entire, lower lip divided; corolla ringent; stamens 2; connectile transversely articulated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the dimidiate anther; achenia 4.-A large genus of which but few species are native. The transverse connectile constitutes the essential character. 1. S. LYRiTA. Wild or Meadow Sage. Cancer-weed. Radical Ivs. lyrate, erosely dentate; upper lip of the cor. very short, straight..-. in shady woods, Can. to Ga. Stem erect, quadrangular, nearly leafless, 1-2f high, branching above and covered with hairs pointing downwards. Radical leaves oblong, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, petiolate. Cauline leaves but 1 —2 pairs, just below the raceme. Flowers in whorls of about 6, distant, constituting a long, interrupted raceme. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. Native of shady woods. May, June. 2. S. OFFICINALIS. Common Sage. —Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose; whorls few-flowered; cal. mucronate; upper lip of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted.-A well known garden plant,, with a shrubby stem, rugose leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. Native in the south of Europe. Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. July. t 3. S. SCLAREA. Clarry.-L-vs. oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, villous, serrate: bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx. —( A strong-scented exotic, 1-3t high, with viscid leaves as large as the hand. The flowers and bracts are PYC~NANTHEMUM. XCIII. LABIATiA. 419 variegated with pale purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Calyx with spinous teeth. Native in Italy. t 4. S. MEXICINA. Willd.' Mexican Salvia.-St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent; Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenatedentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath; fis. opposite, in terminal racemes; bracts deciduous; cal. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire; cor. fimbriate-ciliate, 3-4 times longer than the calyx; sty. exserted. —4 Mexico. A beautiful and popular house plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties. t 5. S. SPLENDENS. Ker.?-St. erect, glabrous; lvs. broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate; fis. opposite, racemose; bracts deciduous; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. —. Mexico. Gardens. Plant 2 —4f high, branched. Flowers large, scarlet. After flowering the calyces enlarge, and become as showy as the corollas. t 10. ROSMARINUS. An ancient Latin name, compounded of roe, dew, and marinus, of the sea. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions of which the middle is the largest; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, ascending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. R. OFFICINALIS. Rosemary.-Lvs. sessile, linear, margins revolute.-An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-oblong, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distillation a large proportion of fragrant oil. t TRIBE 4. SATUREINEAEI.-Calyx 5-toothed and equal, or bilabiate with the upper lip trifid and the lower bifid. Corolla subbilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, entire or bifid, lower spreading, trifid, lobes subequal; tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2-4, distant, straight, diverging. 11. PYCNANTHtMUM. Benth. Gr'. 7raKvo0, dense, avgoS, alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence. Calyx tubular, striate, 5-toothed; upper lip of corolla nearly entire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest; sta. distant; anth. with parallel cells. 1. P. INC-NUM. Michx. (Clinopodium. Willd.) MIountain Mint. Wild Basil.-Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded at the base, with short petioles and hoary tomentum; hds. offis. compound, terminal and lateral, pedunculate; bracts subulate. —% Grows in. rocky woods and hills, Can., N., Mid. and W. States. Stem 2-4f' high, obtusely 4-angled, erect, and, like the rest of the plant, covered with soft, whitish down. Leaves whitish beneath. Flowers pale red with purple spots, on white, tomentose peduncles, in dense heads, and with numerous bracts, of which the inner ones are setaceous, bearded at the end; the outer ones are lanceolate. Plant aromatic. J1. Aug. tf. St. taller, branched; upper tvs. with white blotches.-Ind.! 2. P. ARISTiTUM. Michx. (Nepeta Virginica, Linn.?) Wild Basil, St. hirsute-pubescent, brachiate-corymbose; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, acute at base, subserrate, pubescent, acuminate; verticils terminal, capitate and subterminal, hirsute; bracts lance-subulate, and with the calyx terminated by awns.-Woods and barrens, N. Y., Mass.' to Miss.! Stem 1-3f high, subsimple or much branched. Leaves 1_-2' by 1-', generally with small, remote serratures and ciliate on the margin. Each branch terminates in a small (v' diam.) head with one or two dense whorls just below it. It is a more spreading and hairy plant than P. muticll. JI. Aug. 36 4W XCI1I. LABIAT2E. TaIYMYs, 3. P. PIL6SUM. Nutt. Hairy Pycnanthemum. St. and Ivs. beneath pilose; st. subsimple: lvs. lanceolate, nearly entire, sessile; fis. in large, terminal, sessile heads; tracts lanceolate, and, with the calyx, canescently villous and awnless; cor. pubescent; sta. exserted. —4 Low grounds, Ill. Mead, to Tenn. Nuttall. I am unacquainted with this species, but it is probably distinct, closely allied to the last. " Stem a little branched at the summit. Bracts shorter than the calyx, acute but not awned. Calyx teeth minute. Corolla white, without spots." 4. P. MUTiCUM. (Brachystemum muticum. Michx.) Awnless Pycnanthemum. —St. pubescent, paniculate-branching above; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, subdentate, sessile, nearly smooth; hds. terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, awnless; sta. included. —4 Found in woods and dry hills,- Penn. to Ga. and W. States. Stem 2f high, square, with larger, opposite leaves and white flowers. Leaves large, the width a third of the length, entire or denticulate. Heads mostly terminal, and with the bracts and upper leaves, whitish pubescent. Corolla tinged with purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Aug. 5. P. LANCEOLATUM. Pursh. (P. verticillatum. Pers. Brachystemum Virginicum. Mx.?)-St. straight, corymbosely branched, pubescent on the angles; Ivs. subsessile, ovate-lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, feather-veined, entire; verticils sessile, fasciculate-corymbed; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; sta. exserted. —% This species much resembles the next, but is distinct in several important characters. Grows in dry woods and hills, abundant W. and Mid. States. Stem 2 or more feet high, square, with obtuse angles, somewhat scabrous. Branches corymbed, downy above. Leaves varying in width from one-sixth tooone-half of their length. Flowers collected in dense, canescent heads. Corolla purplish-white with darker spots. Aug. 6. P. LINIFOLIUM. Pursh. Ftax-leaved Pycnanthemum. St. straight, smooth; branches trichotomous, fastigiate; Ivs. linear, very entire, 3-veined, smooth; hds. terminal, dense, in a fasciculate corymb. —4 An erect plant with fastigiate branches, 1if high, growing in exsiccated swamps, Penn., N. Y. to the Miss. and S. States. Stem often purplish, slightly 4-angled, corymbose at the summit. Leaves very narrow, entire, smooth and punctate, with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils. Flowers small, white, in numerous, small, roundish heads, mostly terminal, and with imbricated bracts. Aug.-I have generally found this species nearly destitute of the mint-like flavor of the foregoing. The statement in a former edition was made on the authority of others. 12. ORIGA NUM. Gr. opoe, a mountain, and yavog, joy. Flowers collected into dense clusters, imbricated with bracts; upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments. 1. O. VULGARE. Wild Marjoram. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate; spikes roundish, panicled, fasciculate, smooth, erect; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, colored.-4- grows in fields and thickets. Stem 12-18' high, purple, leafy, branching above. Leaves a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy one-fburth as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers purplish-white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. J1. Aug. t 2. 0. MAJORANA. Ph. (Majorana hortensis. Mcench.) Sweet Marjoram.Lvs. oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary-pubescent; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the branches; bracts roundish.r% Native of Portugal, cultivated in gardens. It has a pleasant aromatic flavor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft-downy, a foot high. Flowers pink-colored. J1. Aug. t 13. THYMUS. Gr. Svpos, courage; on account of its invigorating smell. Flowers capitate or verticillate; calyx subeampanulate, bilabiate, CUNILA. XCIII. LABIATE. 421 10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs; upper lip of the corolla flat, emarginate, shorter than the lower. 1. T. VULGaRIs. Garden Thyme.-St. procumbent at base, erect; Ivs. revolute at the sides, oblong-ovate and lanceolate; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes. -12 Native of S. Europe and cultivated for culinary purposes. Stems suffruticose, numerous, branched, 6-10' high. It is highly aromatic, as well as the other species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Blossoms in summer.: 2. T. SERPYLLUS. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme. St. decumbent; Ivs. flat, elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base; fis. capitate.94 Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An aromatic plant, similar to the preceding, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Stems suffruticose, wiry, slender and wavy, with leafy, downy and ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purple flowers, much frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. Cultivated and naturalized. 14. SAT UR J A. Arabic aatur the general name for labiate plants. Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed; segments of the bilabiate corolla nearly equal; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. S. HORTENSIS. Summer Savory.-St. branching; Ivs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymose.-r4 Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem branching and bushy, lif high, woody at base, frequently changing to purple. Leaves numerous, small and narrow, with axillary cymes of pink-colored flowers. Calyx about as long as the corolla. J1. Aug. t 15. HYSSOPUS. Hebrew ezob; Arabic azzqf; Eng. hyssop. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx; stamens exserted, diverging. H. OFFICINiLIS. Hyssop.-Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; cal. teeth erect; fis. in racemose, secund verticils, middle division of the corolla 2lobed, entire. — The common hyssop is a native of S. Europe, often met with in our gardens, being cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. It is a handsome plant, growing in tufts, 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. July. t 16. COLLINSONIA. Name in honor of John Collinson, an English botanist. Corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate; stamens 2, (rarely 3) much exserted, divergent. C. CANADENSIS. Horse Balm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, glabrous; teeth of the cal. subulate, shorter than the tube; rac. paniculate, terminal. —4 A tall herb with large leaves and yellow flowers, woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 4sided, 3 —4f high, smooth or a little pubescent. Leaves thin, 6 —8 long and 3-4' wide. Flowers in a large, compound raceme, with opposite branches and pedicels. Corolla greenish-yellow, the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering in summer. 17. CUNILA. The ancient Roman name for pennyroyal. Calyx 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat densely villose; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginate; stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. C. MARIiNA. (Ziziphora, R. I- S.) Dittany. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile; cymes pedunculate, corymbose, axillary and 422. XCIII. LABIATE. MELISSA. terminal. —4 Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothish, 1-2f high. Leaves small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base, tapering to a point and punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-forked pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pubescent, pale red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla. The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. J1. Aug. TRIBE 5. MELISSINEA.-Calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate; upper lip straight, lower lip spreading, cleft into 3 flat lobes, of which the middle one is often broadest. Stamens 4, sometimes 2, ascending. 18. HEDEOMA. Pers. Gr. jrEta, sweet or agreeable, oars, smell; on account of the fragrance. Calyx gibbous beneath at base, 13-ribbed, throat hairy; upper lip of corolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed; stamens 2, fertile, ascending. H. PULEGIOiDES. Pers. (Cunila. Linn. Ziziphora. R. 4- S.) Pennyroyal. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed; Jfs. axillary, whorled. —0 A small, strong-scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia medica. Steit erect, branching, half a foot high. Leaves opposite,with 1-2 teeth each side, on very short petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, N. Eng., Can. to Ga. and Ark. Flowering all summer. 19. MICROME'RIA. Benth. Gr. /urKpos, small, pupos, division; on account of the slightly 2-lipped calyx and corolla. Calyx 13 (rarely 15)-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal; corolla subbilate, tube exserted, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower subequally 3-lobed; stamens ascending, the upper pair shorter. M. GLABELLA. Benth. (Cunila. Michz. Hedeoma glabra. Nutt.) Glabrous; st. branching above, and mostly surculose at base; Ivs. entire, those of the suckers elliptic-ovate, of the stem linear-oblong, obtuse; verticillasters about 6-flowered. —% A delicate little herb nearly or quite smooth, growing on lime-stone rocks near the base of Niagara Falls! W. to the Falls of St. Anthony. Rare. It has the general aspect and fragrance of pennyroyal. Stem erect (prostrate at base), 4-angled, slender, 6-10' high. Suckers at the base often numerous and several inches in length, with leaves about 3" by 2"/, brownish-purple beneath. Stem leaves 9-12"long, very narrow, the lowest sometimes with a few teeth. Flowers somewhat regular, on pedicels i' long, with linear bracts at the base. Corolla pale purple. Stamens 4, the upper pair much the shortest, all antheriferous. July, Aug. 20. MELISSA. Benth. Gr. name of the bee, from eXA, honey, which is sought in these flowers by bees with avidity. Calyx 13-ribbed, flattish above, the upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid; upper lip of the corolla erect, flatfish, lower lip spreading. 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly broadest; stamens ascending. 1. M. OFFICINiLIS. Balm. Pubescent; st. erect, branching; fls. in dimidiate verticils, subsessile; Ivs. ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose; bracts few, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. —4 N. Eng.! to Ia.! found in the deepest forests! A well known garden plant. Stem 1-2f high. Flowers white or yellowish. The plant is a stomachic and diuretic, generally administered in the form of tea. For medicinal use it should be cut before flowering, which occurs in June and after. 1: - 2. M. CLINOPODIUM. Benth. (Clinopodium vulgare. Linn.) Wild Basil. Villose; Ivs. ovate, subserrate; verticils many-flowered, hairy; bracts numerous, subulate. —2 Low woods, Northern and Western States. A common plant, 1-2f high. Stem square, simple or sparingly branched, and, as well SCaUTELLARIA. XCIII. LABIAT.E. 425 as the whole plant, clothed with a whitish wool. Leaves petiolate, tapering to an obtuse point, pale, with whitish down beneath. Flowers purplish, in very hairy, mostly terminal whorls or heads. Peduncles cymosely branched, short. Involucre of narrow and bristle-like bracts, about equaling the hairy, subulate calyx teeth. July. TRIBE 6. SCUTELLARINEXE.-Calyx bilabiate, upper lip truncate. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, tube ascending, exserted. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip of the corolla. 21. SCUTELLARIA. Lat. scutella, a small vessel; from the resemblance of the calyx with its appendages. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending; sta. ascending beneath the upper lip; anth. approximate in pairs. * Flowers axillary, solitary. 1. S. GALERICULiTA. Common Scull-cap. St. erect, simple, or branched; lvs. lanceolate-cordate, remotely crenateserrate; fis. axillary, solitary.-% Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abundant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12-18' high. Leaves truncate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, 1l' by j'. Flowers much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a vizor-like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug. 2. S. NERVOSA. Pursh. (S. gracilis. Nutt.) St. slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous; lvs. broad-ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3-5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate and lance-ovate, slightly petioled; *is. axillary, solitary. —Rocky shades, along streams, Penn:! to Ill.! and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, filiform stolons. Stem 8-15' high, weak, often with a few filiform branches. Leaves 2-151" by 5-12", the middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral leaves entire, small. Flowers few, sometimes on the slender branches only. Corolla pale blue, 4-6" long. May-J1. 3. S. PARV(iLA. Michx. (S. ambigua. Nutt.) St. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent; lower-lvs. suborbicular, petiolate, upper oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile, axillary, opposite.Pastures, Mid.! and Western States! Plant 3-6' high. Root generally (not always?) with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Leaves 3- 6" long, X as wide, lower 3" diam. Flowers 4 —6" long, rather numerous, longer than the leaves, blue. June. * * Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 4. S. LATERIFLORA. Mad-dog Scull-cap. St. branching, nearly glabrous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; rac. lateral, axillary, leafy.-Meadows and ditches, lat. 380 to Arc. Am. Stem square, 1-2f high, very branching. Leaves opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Racemes opposite, axillary, somewhat one-sided, on long stalks, and consisting of numerous small, blue flowers intermixed with small leaves. The English name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. July, Aug. 5. S. PILOSA. Michx. Darl. (S. ovalifolia. Bart.) St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent; lvs. pubescent, rhomboid ovate or oval, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs; rac. terminal, rather short; bracts elliptic-ovate.-Open woodlands, Penn. to Car. Stem 1-lif high, purplish. Leaves few, 1 —2 by 1 —1', cuneately narrowed to the petiole, rather obtuse. Raceme generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, elliptical bracts. PediceIs and calyx hairy. Corolla tube nt arly white below, blue at summit, 6-9" long. June-Aug. 36* 424 XCIII. LABIATA. NEPETA. 6. S. RUG6sA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) St. decumbent at base, diffusely branched, pubescent; Ivs. oval and ovate, rugose, pubescent, petiolate, obtuse at each end, subcordate, crenate-serrate; rac. simple, elongated, terminal on the stem and branches; bracts broad-ovate, petiolate, subcordate, as long as the calyx.-At Harper's Ferry, on the rocky shores of the Shenandoah! A rough, diffuse plant, about If high. Stem with the angles obtuse and the sides grooved. Leaves rather numerous, 12-18" by 9-13", scarcely longer than the petioles, the bracts 2-3" diam. Racemes 58' long, rather dense-flowered. Corolla 8' long. July-Sept. 7. S. INTEGRIFOLIA. (S. hyssopifolia. Pcrs. S. Caroliniana. Ph.) St. erect, nearly simple, and, with the whole plant, densely pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, and lincar-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute. entire, subsessile; rac. loose, leafy; bracts lanceolate; fis. large.-Q- Mid. States to Ark., on dry hills. Stem 1-2f high, with large, blue flowers in terminal racemes. The leaves (1-2' long) vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and crenate. Corolla bright blue at the summit, nearly white at base, 8-9" long. June, July.-The plant is intensely bitter. 8. S. CANEscENs. Nutt. (S. serrata and S. incana. Spr. fide Hook.) St. erect, tall, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenate, apex acute, the lower cordate; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, paniculate; bracts lanceolate and lance-linear; fis. canescent.-Dry grounds, Middle and Western States, abundant. Stem usually purple, 1-3f high. Leaves 23' long, i as wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Flowers rather numerous, large and showy. Corolla 10" long, tube white, lips blue. 9. S. CORDIFOLIA. Muhl. (S. versicolor. Nutt.) Stout, branching, clothed with a soft, glandular pubescence in all its parts; Ivs. broadly cordate, large, obtusely dentate, nearly smooth; petioles very long; rac. ternate, terminal; bracts ovate; fis. smaller. Nuttall.-Open woods and prairies, Western States. I have specimens essentially agreeing with the above, in which the leaves are 3-4' long, 2-3' wide. Flowers in a large, diffuse panicle, less showy than in the last species. Bracts broad-ovate and nearly sessile, viscidly pubescent. Corolla 8" long, upper lip blue, lower white. 22. PRUNELLA. Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth; filaments forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. P. YULGiRIS. Self-heal. Blue-curls. St. ascending, simple; Ivs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate; upper lip of cor. truncate, with 3 awns. —% A very common plant, in meadows and low grounds, N. Am., lat. 330 to the Arc. Sea. The stem is nearly a foot high, (2f in Ia.! and Ill.!) obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each verticil. Flowering all summer. TRIBE 7. NEPETEE.-Calyx oblique, upper teeth longer. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, lower spreading, throat mostly inflated. Stamens ascending or diverging, the upper pair longer. 23. NEPItTA. Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany. Calyx arid, striate; upper lip of the corolla emarginate, lower 3lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice reflected; stamens approximate. DRACOCEPHALUM. XCIII. LABIAT/.E. 425 1. N. CATARIA. Catnep. Catmint. (Fig. 51.) Erect, tall, hoary-tomentose; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, coarsely crenate-serrate; fis. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. —4 This common plant is naturalized everywhere about old buildings and fences. Cats are very fond of it and will often devour it with the greatest avidity. Stem square, pubescent, branching, 2-3f high. Leaves very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate serratures, and as well as the whole plant, covered with a soft, hoary down, paler beneath. Flowers many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. July. 2. N. GLECH6MA. Benth. (Glechomahederacea. Linn.) Gill-over-theground. Ground Ivy. (Fig. 51.)-L-vs. reniform, crenate; cor. about 3 times as long as the calyx. — A creeping plant, naturalized about hedges, walls, &c. Stems prostrate, radicating at base, square, varying in length from a few inches to 1-2f. Leaves petiolate, opposite, roundish, cordate-reniform, hairy and glaucous. Flowers axillary, about 3 together. Corolla bluish-purple, with a variegated throat. The 2 anthers of each pair of stamens meet with their 2 divaricate cells, forming the appearance of a cross. The plant is aromatic, and was formerly used in ale, also in medicine. May. 24. LOPHANTHUS. Benth., Gr. Xoxos, a crest, avgos; flowers in dense, terminal spikes. Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer; corolla bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate; stamens diverging. 1. L. NEPETOiDES. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.) St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged; lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate; petioles smoothish.-q- Middle! and Western States! A tall, branching, pale green herb, common about fences and dry hedges. Stem 3-6f high, the sides somewhat concave, and the angles prominent. Leaves acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above. Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens exserted. July, Aug. 2. L. SCHROPHULARIFOLIUS. Benth. (Hyssopus. Linn.) St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the angles obtuse; lvs. cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate; petioles ciliate-pubescent.-QV Tall, stout and branching, with the general aspect of the former species, and found in similar situations. The herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 2-4f high, purple. Leaves about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla pale purple, more conspicuous than in the first. Stamens andstyle exserted. July, Aug. 25. DRACOCEPHALUM. Gr. dpaKco, dragon, KEtaXog, head; from the resemblance of the flowers. Calyx subequal, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments larger; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, emarginate, throat inflated, lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided; sta. distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower.-Flowers axillary and terminal, usually with large, conspicuous bracts. 1. D. CORDATUM. Nutt. Cordate-leaved Dragonhead. Stoloniferous; st. and elongated petioles pubescent; lzs. cordate, obtusely crenate, sparingly hirsute above; spike unilateral; bracts broad-ovate, entire, nearly as long as the calyx; ped. bibracteolate, mostly 1-flowered; cal. segments acute, almost pungent. —4 Islands of the Ohio, 40 miles below Pittsburg, Nuttall. Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, obtusely cordate, almost as broad as long, petiole about as long as the lamina (1'), upper pairs subsessile. Flowers secund. Corolla pale blue, about 1' long, orince much dilated. June. 426 XCIII. LABIAT2E. LAMIUM. 2. D. PARVIFL6RUM. Nutt. Small-flowered Dragonhead. Subpubescent; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, petiolate; bracts leafy,,vate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate; cal. upper segment much the largest; fs. small, verticillate, subcapitate, corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. —e Woods, Watertown, N., Y. Vasey. Mo., Nuttall. Saskatchawan River, Richardson. Very rare. Flowers whitish, very small, the verticils involucrate and almost spicate. Calyx dry and membranaceous. Upper lip of the corolla arched, emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. July. TRIBE 8. STACHYDEXE.-Calyx oblique or rarely subbilabiate, 3-10toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip galeate or flat, lower lip unequally 3lobed. Stamens ascending, upper pair shorter. 26. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth. Gr. vcaa, a bladder, and aorqyq, a covering; from the inflated corollas. Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-toothed; corolla tube much exserted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower lip largest, roundish, emarginate; sta. 4, unconnected, ascending beneath the upper lip, the two lower rather longer.-Flowers opposite, in a terminal, bracteate, 4-rowed spike. P. VIRGINIiNA. Benth. (Dracocephalum Virg., denticulatum, variegatum and obovatum of auth. fide Benth.) Lion's Heart.-Calyx teeth acute, subequal. —4 A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States! often adorning our gardens, where it spreads rapidly. It is 2-3f high, very smooth, dark green. Stem square, thick, rigid. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 —5 by j', with remote and shallow teeth, of a shining dark green. Flowers in 4-rowed spikes, numerous, dense, or often subremote. Bracts subulate. Corolla pale purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug. Sep't. 27. SYNANDRA. Nutt. Gr7. avv, together, avJpC; in allusion to the coherence of the anthers. Calyx 4-cleft, segments unequal, subulate, converging to one side; upper lip of cor. entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally 3-lobed; throat inflated; upper pair of anthers cohering, having the contiguous cells empty. S. GRANDIFLORA. Nutt. Large-flowering Synandra. St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete; Ivs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate, often dilated at balse, upper ones smaller, cauline sessile, lower subpetiolate; fis. solitary and sessile; cal. seg. ovate, setaceously acuminate, two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth much inflated, upper lip entire, vaulted, lower 3-lobed, lobes entire.-Banks of the Ohio, Cincinnati, Nutt. Woods, near Vermillion River, Ill.! Stem about If high. Corolla about 1' long, yellowish-white, lower lip elegantly striated with purple lines. June.,.? petiolata. Wood. St. quadrangular, hirsute; Ivs. hirsute, deltoid, truncate-cordate, all long-petiolate, lower petioles 4-6' long, upper 1- 4'. Calyx hirsute, almost hispid.-Cincinnati, Clar-k! This is, perhaps, a distinct species. 28. LAMIUM. Lat. lamia, the name of a sea monster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened. Upper lip of the corolla vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the margin of the dilated throat. L. AMPLEXICAULE. Henbit. Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral ones broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile, amplexicaul, lower ones petiolate. —) A small, slender herb, found in cultivated grounds. Stems ascending, several from the same root, 6-10' high, with STACHYS. XC~II. LABIATiE. 427 opposite, short, broad, hairy leaves deeply crenate or cut; lower ones on stalks an inch or more in length. Flowers in dense verticils, closely sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx hairy. Corolla purple, downy, the tube much exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May-Nov. i 29. LEON URUS. Gr. XEcw, a lion, ovpa, tail; from the appearance of the spikes of flowers. Calyx teeth subspinescent; upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, concave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate; anthers sprinkled with shining dots. 1. L. CARDIiCA. Motherwort. Low er stem Ivs. palmate-lobed, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of them toothed, cuneiform at base; cor. longer than the calyx, the tube with a hairy ring within. —_ Tartary, whence it was first introduced into Europe and thence to America, ever following the footsteps of civilized man. It is common about rubbish, stone walls and waste places. Stem 3-5f high, downy, square, large, purplish, bearing its opposite, stalked, rough -eaves arranged in 4 vertical rows. Flowers in many whorls. Calyx rigid and bristly. Corolla purplish, hairy without, variegated within. July.-It has a strong and pungent smell, and has considerable reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &c. 2. L. MARRUBIASTRUM. Hoarhound Leonurus. Cauline Ivs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral lanceolate, tapering at each end, incisely dentate; cor. shorter than the calyx teeth, tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent.-Naturalized in Penn. Darlington! and Ia.! A plant of vigorous growth, 2-4f high, with opposite, ascending branches. Leaves 2-3' in length, the lowest on long petioles. Verticils many-flowered, remote but numerous, forming an interrupted, leafy spike. Corolla reddish-white. July, Aug. 30. GALEOPSIS. Gr. yaX7l, a weasel, olsp, appearance; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal. Calyx 5-cleft, spinescent; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, suberenate, lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate; sta. ascending beneath the upper lip. 1. G. TETRAHIT. Hemp Nettle. (Fig. 51.). St. hispid, the internodes thickened upwards; Ivs. ovate, hispid, serrate; car. twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave. —- A common weed, naturalized in waste and cultivated grounds, 1-2f high. Stem obtusely 4-angled, remarkably swelled below the joint, and covered with prickly, deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the 3-lobed lower one. June, July.-This plant is so prevalent in many parts of N. Eng. as to nearly ruin some farms. 2. G. LADANUM. Red Hemp Nettle. St. hairy, internodes equal; Ivs. lanceolate, subserrate, hairy; upper lip of the cor. slightly crcnate.-( A smaller species, naturalized, growing among rubbish in gravely soils, &c. Stem about a foot high, not swollen below the joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense, remote whorls. Corollas usually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted with crimson. Aug., Sept. 31. ST AC IHYS. Gr. oraXvs, a spike; this being the inflorescence of all the species. Calyx tube angular, 5 or 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, upper teeth often larger; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, spreading or somewhat vaulted, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. middle lobe largest; sta. ascending, lower ones longer; anth. approximated in pairs. 428 XCIII. LABIATE. BALLOTA. 1. S. ASPERA. Michx. (S. hispida PA?) Hedge Nettle. Wound-zort. St. erect, the angles retrorsely hispid or rough; lvs. subpetiolate, oblonglanceolate, acutely serrate, smooth or nearly so; verticils of the spike about 6flowered; cal. smoothish, with spreading teeth, at length spinescent. —4 Fields and roadsides. About a foot high and rather slender. Stem erect, square, generally hispid backward on the angles, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves smooth, membranaceous, generally rounded at base and acute at apex. Spike terminal, leafy, composed of verticils, each with 4-8 pale purple flowers. Variable in pubescence. July. 2. S. SYLVATiCA. (S. aspera. Muhl. 4?. Bw. S. hispida. Nutt.) Wood Stachys.-St. very hispid on the angles; lvs. on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute; verticils 2-6 flowered; floral Ivs. very small, lanceolate-linear, hispid-ciliate; cal. hirsute, with ciliate, spinescent teeth.-Q4 A very rough and hairy herb, in low woods and on shady banks. Stem erect, 12-18' high. Leaves 3 —4 long and i as wide, with rounded or uncinate serratures, the upper surface with short, bristly hairs. Petioles 0-i' long, and with the veins beneath, hispid. Spike long, slender, terminal, very rough and hairy. Corolla exserted, purple, spotted. July., Aug. 3. S. HYSSOPIFOLIA. Michx. (S. palustris. Walt.) St. scarcely pubescent, slender, erect; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, slightly dentate; verticils about 4-flowered; cal. subspinescent. —2 A slender species 6-12' high, in meadows, N. Y. and Ms., rare, West to Ia. where it is frequent! Leaves very narrow, often linear, 2-3' by 4-10", with minute teeth or finely serrulate. Flowers sessile. Corolla a little hairy, purple. July. A smoother and elegant plant compared with the last. 4. S. INTERMEDIA. Ait. St. somewhat villose; Ivs. oblong, subcordate, crenate; verticils manyflowered; cal. somewhat spinescent.-Ill. Jn., J1. 32. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, with 5 or 10 subequal teeth; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, emarginate, tube included; sta. included beneath the upper lip. M. VULGARE. Hoarhound. St. ascending, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. roundish-ovate, crenate-dentate, downy-canescent beneath; cal. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth.-Qi Introduced into fields and roadsides. -Stem 1-2f high, branching at base, or several from the same root, covered with a white, downy pubescence. Leaves petiolate, 1-2' in diameter, whitish and rough-veined above, very woolly beneath, rounded and toothed. Flowers white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verticils. Calyx woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. The hoarhound is an aromatic and bitter herb, well known as an ingredient in cough candy. It is tonic and diuretic, and much used in pulmonary affections. t 33. BALLOTA. Gr. /aXXo, to reject; on account of its offensive odor. Calyx hypocrateriform, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed; cor. bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate; ach. ovoid-triangular. B. NIGRA. Black or Fcetid Hoarhound. Lvis. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate.-2- Said to have been introduced, but is frequently met with about hedges, &c., in Ms. and Conn. Stem 2-3f high, pubescent as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. This plant has the general appearance of hoarhound (Marrubium) but not its fragrance. July. XCIV. BORRAGI ACEA:E. 429 34. MOLUCCELLA. Brought from the Molucca Islands, &c. Calyx campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinose; cor. much smaller, included within it. M. LEVIS. Molucca Balm. Shell lower.-St. ascending, subsimple, glabrous; lvs. petiolate, roundish-ovate, dentate; fis. in a terminal, leafy raceme; cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth awnless.-(t Syria. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of a glaucous green, 1-2f high. It is chiefly remarkable for its ample, bellshaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower. TRIBE 9. AJUGOIDEAE.-Corolla upper lip very short, or split to the base, or rarely erect and vaulted, lower lip longer. Stamens ascending, much exserted. Achenia reticulately rugose. 35. TRICHOSTlEMA. Gr. Op t, rpluco, hair, arirsla, a stamen; for its long, hair-like stamens. Calyx resupinate, oblique, unequally 5-cleft; upper lip (lower by the twisting of the peduncle) of 2 short, acute teeth, lower (at length the upper) twice as long, 3-toothed; cor. tube slender, very short, unequally 5-cleft, lobes oblong, declined; sta. much- exserted, lower ones longer. T. DICHOTOMA. Blue-curls. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire, pubescent; fls. resupinate; sta. very long, exserted. —( Found on dry or rocky hills and in sandy soils, Mass.! to Md.!. Ga., La., 111. An interesting plant, a foot high. Stem obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite, divided, the upper pair generally. forming a dichotomous division of the stem. Leaves petiolate, of a rhombic, ovate-lanceolate form. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the twisting of the petiole. Corolla purple. Stamens slender, of a delicate purplish hue, gracefully bending from the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming a beautiful arch. Aug. 36. TEUCRIUM. Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally. Calyx subcampanulate, and subregular, in 5 acute segments; corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish; stamens exserted from the cleft in the upper side of the tube. T. CANADENSE. Wild Germander. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate; bracts linear-lanceolate, longer than the calyx; spike long, of many crowded verticils of flowers; upper teeth of cal. broader. —4 Can. and U. S., fields and roadsides. Stem about 2f high, simple or branched, square, with concave sides. Leaves 3 times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, hoary with down beneath. Bracts longer than the calyx. Flowers disposed in axillary verticils, each of 4-6. Calyx with 5 broad, nearly equal segments, the 2 lower ones narrower. Corolla purplish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which is a fissure through which the stamens are exserted. July. fB. Virginicom. Upper Ivs. ovate-oblong, nearly sessile; bracts about as long as the calyx.-Habits similar to the last. ORDER XCIV. BORRAGINACE]E.-BORRAGEWORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with round stems and branches. Lvs. alternate, often rough with stiff hairs which are scale-like and indurated at base. [flowers expand. Stp. none. Spikes, racemes or corymbs generally secund, and circinate before flowering, evolving as the Fts. of the cyanic series, white, blue, red, &c., rarely yellow. Cal.-Sepals 5, regular, more or less united at base, persistent. Cor.-Petals 5, regular (very rarely irregular), united at base, hypogynous. imbricate in mativation. 430 XCIV. BORRAGINACE]E. ECHavM. Sta. 5 inserted into the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ova. dleeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the base of the lobes. r. —Nuts or achenia 4, distinct, I-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Embryo with a superior radicle. Cotyledons plano-convex. Genera 53, species 600? very abundant in the south of Europe and middle of Asia, becoming rare as *w approach the arctic circle. All our native species are herbaceous. Properties.-Mucilaginous and emollient plants, never poisonous. 316 5S'D ( FIG. 52.-1. Borrago officinalis. 2. A petal with its appendage at base, and anthers produced at apex. 3. Calyx with the 4 achenia and style. 4. Vertical section of one of the achenia, showing the seed, embryo and albumen. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Lithospermum (Batschia) canescens. 7. Corolla laidopen, showing the stamens inserted on the tube. Conspectus of the Genera. irregular............... Echiwm. 1 I Corolla rotate, blue... Borrago. 2 Corolla campanulate... Symphytum. 3 excavated Cor. funnel or 5 tube straight. Anchua. 4 at base. Lsalver-form, tube twice bent. Lycopase. 5 | Lvs. rough. Onosmosdium. 6 ( dilated. Lvs. smooth.Mertensia. 9 (Cor. throat nar- lobes erect.. Pulmonaria. 10 not ex- J open and (row. lobes spreading. Lithospe7,mum. 7 Ach. free, cavate I Cor. closed yellow, large.. Pentalophus. 8 Ovary Junarmed,.atbase. Lat throat, white, small.. Myosotis. 11 deeply { Corolla salver-form.. Echinospermumn. 12 4-parted. Achenia echinate, cohering. I Corolla funnel-form.. Cynoglossum. 13 Corolla Lregular. L Ovary entire (partible in fruit) bearing the style at the top.. Heliotropiunm. 14 TRIBE 1. BORRAGEXE.-Ovary consisting of two bipartible (rarely 2-celled) carpels. Style arising from the base between the segments of the ovary. Fruit deeply 4-(rarely 2-)parted. Seeds without albumen. 1. ECHIUM. Buek. Gr. eXLs, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect; corolla campanulate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, imperforate. —Herbs or shrubs. _Fls. irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Cor. cyanic. E. VULGOARE. Viper's Bugloss. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, and rough with bristles; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected.-(I A rough plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N. States. Stem 18-20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 2-6' long, and I as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flowers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and July. $ LYsQavaco~w]I~I XCIV. RBORLAGINACXE. 4D 2. 3ORRAG0O. Tourn. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; orifice crowned; filaments converging; achenia rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle.-.European herbs. i. B. OFFICINILIS. Common Borrage.-Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate; cal. spreading; ped. terminal, many-flowered.-(- Native of England, and with us a common inhabitant of the' garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with' terminal clusters of handsome, skyblie flioers during' stmmer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. The yo0ung leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. $ g. B. ORIENTiLIS. (Psilostemon. DC.) Oriental Borrage. —Lvs. cordate, petiolate; ped.'many-4owered; sta. exserted, villous. — ) An ornamental garden plant, native of Turkey. $tem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in the spring months. $ 3. SYMPUTrTUM. Gr. tavavtq, a joining or healing; from its reputation for healing wounds. Calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular-campanulate, orifice closed with 5, suiugate 9cales, converging into a cone; achenia gibbous, imperforate.-% Oriental herbs. Flowers cyanic. S. OFFICINALE. Comfrey. Pilose; st. branching above; Ivs. extensively decurrent, the lower ana radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acuminate; cor. limb with 5 recurved teeth.-A large, coarse-looking but showy exotic, in our gardens and shrubberies, also naturalized in low grounds, Middle States. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3-4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. Root perennial. It abounds with mucilage and has long been regarded as an efficient vulnerary. t: 4. ANCHUS A. Gr. (ayxova, paint; the rootofone species was once used for staining the features. Calyx 5-parted; corolla infundibuliform, vaulted; tube straight, orifice closed with 5 prominent scales; achenia perforate at the base and their surfaces generally rugose; stamens included; stigma emarginate. —Handsome herbs, mostly European. Fls. cyanic. A. OFFICINALIS. Bugloss, or Ox-tongue.-Lvs. lanceolate, strigose; spikes onesided, imbricated; cal. as long as the tube of the corolla.-'4 A rough garden plant, native of Britain. The English name, Bugloss, comes from the Greek, signifying ox-tongue, on account of the long, rough leaves. Stein 2t high, rough with bristly hairs. Bracts ovate. Flowers purple, with a' melliferous corolla very attractive to bees. The leaves are juicy, and the root mucilaginous, used in medicine to promote the eruption of the small-pox. Blossoms all summer. 5. LYCOPSIS. Gr. XvKOg, a wolf, and otp, the eye; name suggested by the small blue flowers. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. -I Distinguished from Anchusa only by the curved corolla tube. L. ARVENSIS. Wild Bucgloss. Plant hispid; lvs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate; r'ac. leafy; fis. sessile; cal. shorter than the tube of the corolla.-A very hispid, almost bristly plant, found in fields and roadsides, Northern States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Flowers small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky-blue with white scales within. June, July. S 37 432 XCIV. BORRAGINACEME. LITnOSPItnUM. 6. ONOSMODIUM. Michx. From Onosma, another genus of this order, and tssog, appearance or resemblance. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments; corolla subcampanulate, having a ventricose, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments converging and the orifice open; anthers sessile, sagittate, included; style much exserted; achenia imperforate, shining. —% _North American. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 1. O. VIRGINIANUM. Alph. DC. (O. hispidum. Michx. Lithospermum Virg. Lin.) False Gromwell.-St. with appressed hairs; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, minutely strigose; cal. lobes lanceolate, pilose both sides, half as long as the corolla; cor. lobes lance-subulate, clothed externally with long, hispid hairs. -N. Y. to Flor., in dry, hilly grounds. A very rough, erect plant about lif high. Leaves 1f-2f-' by *-I', 3-5-veined, often oval and even ovate-lanceolate. Flowers greenish-white, in leafy racemes which are recurved at first but finally erect. Styles (6-7") twice longer than the corolla. 2. 0. CAROLINIANUM. DC. (O. molle. Michx. Lithospermum Carol. Lam. L. molle. Muhl.)-Villose-canescent; lvs. oblong-oval, rather obtuse, each side whitish with scattered hairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate; cal. segments lanceolate, half as long as the glabrous corolla; cor. segments ovate, acute.-Rocky hills, N. Y. to Car. and Tenn. Plant a foot or more high, clothed with a soft, white pubescence. Anthers silky-pubescent, as long as the glabrous filaments, its lobes scarcely diverging. J1. Aug. 3. 0. STRIG6SUM. G. Don. St. erect, simple, pilose-hispid, very leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, sessile, very long, 3-veined, with appressed hairs; bracts lance-linear, silky; cal. lobes linear, acute, silky with appressed hairs both sides, very long; cor. cylindrical, a third longer than the calyx, silky-puberulent outside; sta. included; sty. exserted.Ill., (Mead,) in wet prairies and woods. Leaves 3' long, i' wide, nearly glabrous beneath the veins. Corolla yellowish-white. Fruit smooth and shining. 7. LITHOSPERMUM. Gr. LSorf, a stone, and areppoa, seed; the seeds being hard and shining like little pebbles. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salver-form; limb 5-lobed, orifice open; stamens included; stigma obtuse, bifid; achenia bony, rugose or smooth, imperforate at base.-Herbaceous or suifruticose, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or racemed, bracted, white or yellow. * Flowers white. 1. L. OFFICINALE. Officinal Gromwell. St. herbaceous erect, very branching above; lvs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; cal. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla; ach. smooth. —% A rough, weed-like plant, introduced from Europe. Grows in dry, gravely soils. Stems much branched, clustered, arising 1-2f from a white, fusiform root. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2-3' by i —1'. Flowers small, white, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Achenia ovate, white or grayish, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. J1. ~ 2. L. LATIFOLIUM. Michx. Broad-leaved Gromwell. Herbaceous, erect, subsimple, scabrous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, veined, scabrous; rac. leafy, few-flowered; sep. lance-linear, longer than the corolla and spreading in fruit; ach. punctate, shining-white, ovoid-turgid.-Woods and thickets, N. Y., Torrey, to Ohio and Ill., Mead! and Va., Pursh. Differs from the first in the less branching stem, much broader leaves, longer calyx and larger fruit "punctate with minute impressions." Leaves 2-4/ by 1-2', strongly veined. Nuts generallybut 2, half as long as the calyx. Flowers small, white. 3. L. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Michx. St. herbaceous, procumbent; ihs. linear, strigose with an appressed pubes MERTENSIA. XCIV. BORRAGINACEME. 433 cence; fis. scattered, lateral, axillary; ach. turgid, ovoid, shining, impressedpunctate.-Banks of streams, sandy prairies, Ohio river, Michaux, Ill. Mead.? An obscure species, wholly unknown to me. 4. L. ARVENSE. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-thief. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy; cal. nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; ach. rugose. —( A rough, pilose weed, introduced into our fields and waste grounds, much to the annoyance of the farmers. The stem is branching, erect, 12 —15' high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. Leaves bright green, rough, sessile, 1 —2 in length, with only the central vein; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base; upper ones subacute. Flowers small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn. ** Flowers yellow. 5. L. CANESCENS. Lehmann. (Batschia canescens. Michx.) Pquccoon. St. erect, subsimple, softly villose; lvs. oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent above, villous beneath; fis. axillary; tube of the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. —% A handsome plant, with bright yellow flowers, found in prairies, fields and dry hills, Can., N. Y.! to Ill.! and Southern States. Stem 8-12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above, hoary-villose. Leaves sessile, 2-3" wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined. Flowers crowded near the summit of the stem. Calyx segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla bright orange-yellow, including the subsessile stamens and short style. Jn., Jl1. The root is used to dye red by the Indians. 6. L. HIRTUM. Lehm. (Anchusa. Muhl. Batschia Carolinensis. Gmel.) Herbaceous, erect, simple, hairy above; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate; cal. lobes linear, hirsute, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. segments spreading, obovate, entire, tube hispid inside at base; ach. ovoid, shining. —. Can., Penn., to La. Stems 8-12' high, clustered. Flowers crowded, racemed. Corolla orange-yellow, large. 7. L. APCLUM. Vahl. (Myosotis. Linn. M. lutea. Lam.) St. herbaceous, erect, rough with hairs; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, erect, rough and hairy; spikes hispid; bracts foliaceous; cor. longer than the calyx; ac4. muricate. —( Dry woods, Ohio. Purs4. Stem 2-6' high, generally simple at base, branched above. Corollas small, yellow, in the axils of lanceolate bracts. 8. PENTALOPHUS. Alph. DC. Gr.'reTre, fine, Xoqoo, crest; from the character. Calyx 5-parted, with linear segments; cor. hypocrateriform, tube cylindric, much longer than the calyx, throat closed with 5 glabrous valves alternating with the stamens, segments ovate, spreading. much shorter than the tube; achenia solitary by abortion, ovoid, white, smooth. -American herbs. P. LONGIFLORUS. Alph. DC. (Lithospermum. Spreng. Batschia. Nutt.) Erect, strigose with a cinerous pubescence; lower lvs. lance-linear, attenuated to the base, obtuse, upper ones linear, acutish; rac. leafy, terminal; cal. seg. linear, much longer than the pedicel; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx, a little dilated upwards. —% Prairie du chien to Mo.! Stem 10-15' high, slender, branched near the top. Leaves I -1i' by 2-3", the floral ones about as long as the flowers. Corolla yellow, the tube 8-10" long, lobes crenulate. Style scarcely exserted. Fruit much shorter than the calyx, smooth, white. J1. 9. MERTENSIA. Roth. Calyx short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the calyx, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens; sta. inserted at top of the tube; anth. subsagittate; ach. smooth or reticulated. 434 XCIV. BORRAGINACEJE. MYOSOTIS.'4 St. and leaves usually glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical ones many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 1. M. VIRGINICA. DC. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum pulchrum. Lehm.) Virginian Lungwort.-Plant erect, smooth; cal. much shorter than the tube of the corolla, limb longer than the tube; radical Ivs. (large) obovate-elliptical, obtuse; cauline ones long-lanceolate.-A smooth, erect, and elegant plant, about 20' high, native in N. Y. to Ga. and W. States, sometimes cultivated. The leaves of the stem are sessile, much narrower than those of the root, whose width is I of their length. Flowers in terminal clusters. Corolla blue, funnel-form, sitting upon a short, 5-toothed calyx. Stamens and style included. May. 2. M. MARITiMA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Linn. Lithospermum. Lehm.) Glabrous; sts. and branches procumbent or ascending; Ivs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile; rac. leafy; cal. deeply cleft, scarcely half as long as the glabrous corolla.-Sea shore, Northern States, Pursh, N. to Greenland. Stem diffusely branched. Flowers purplish-blue, limb longer than the tube. J1. 3. M. DENTICULATA. G. Don. (Pulmonaria. Roem. Lithospermum. Lehm.)- St. erect; Ivs. glaucous, rather fleshy, acute-mucronate, ciliatedenticulate, radical ovate, petiolate, cauline oblong, sessile, 3-veined at base cal. segments acute; pedicels as long as the flower; sty. finally exserted.-N. Y. Muhl. Torrey. Stems 6-12' high, clustered. Peduncles many-flowered. Corolla pale purple. 10. PULMONARIA. Probably named from its having been used in lung complaints. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed; cor. infundibuliform, with a cylindric tube, orifice hairy in 5 lines alternating with the stamens; ach. imperforate. —% European herbs. P. OFFICINALIS. Common Lungwort.-Plant rough; cal. the length of the tube of the corolla; radical lvs. ovate, cordate, scabrous, cauline ones ovate, sessile.-Native of England, but naturalized and cultivated in our gardens. Flowers blue, in terminal clusters. Stem a fobot high. This as well as other foreign species of this genus, is a rough-leaved plant, while the several American species are uniformly smooth. May. t 11. MYOSOTIS. Dill. Gr. ivos, a rat, and (ova) orog, an ear; from the form of the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, the 5 lobes slightly emarginate, orifice closed with short, concave scales; achenia ovate, smooth, with a small cavity at base. —Herbs, slightly villous. Rae. at length elongated. 1. M. CrESPITMSA. Schultz. a. laxa. DC. (M. palustris. Roth. M. scorpoides. Willd.) Marsh Scorpion Grass.-Nearly smooth, somewhat branched, erect; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs; rac. without bracts; pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spreading, smooth segments of the calyx. 4 Grows about ditches and marshes, Can. and U. S., often called water-mouse-ear from the leaves, which are roughish with appressed hairs. Stem about a foot high, with scattered hairs, ascending from long, creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1-3' long, - as wide. Racemes terminal, or often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided. Flowers small, blue, on pedicels i' long. May-Aug. 2. M. STRICTA. Link. (M. arvensis. Rich. and 1st edit. M. inflexa. Engelm.) Forget-me-not.-St. branching; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, hairy; rac. long; pedieels in fruit suberect, about as long as the calyx; cal. segments oval, acuminate, hairy, closed, about the length of the corolla. —) Found in sandy woods, N. Eng.! to Ill.! Whole plant of a grayish hue from its dense pubescence. Stem 4-10' high, at length much branched. Leaves — 1' in length, sessile, acutish, HEL10TROPIUM. XCIV. BORRAG1NACEJE. 435 the lower ones oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short petiole. Racemes revolute at the end, not secund, short at first, but arising at length 6', 8', or even 12'. Flowers very small, white. June. 12. ECHINOSPERMUM. Swartz. Gr. ExLvoS, the sea-urchin, o7reppa, seed; from the character. Calyx 5-parted; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice closed with concave scales; seeds echinate, compressed or angular, fixed to a central column.-Herbs erect. Lvs. oblong or linear. Rac. bracted. Pedicels short, erect. E. LAPPfLA. Lehm. (Rochelia. Roem. Cynoglossum. Scop.) Burr-seed. St. branched above; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy; cor. longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. —( An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, N. States to Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect from its dense hairs, about a foot high, undivided except at the top where it branches into a kind of panicle. Leaves 1' by 1-2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. J1. 13. CYNOGLOSSUM. Gr. KVeMV, a dog, yAoaera, tongue; from the form of the long, soft leaves. Calyx 5-parted; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted; orifice closed by 5 converging, convex scales; achenia depressed, fixed laterally to the style.- Cor. blue, purple or white. 1. C. OFFICINiLE. Hound's-tongue. Silky-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, radical ones alternate at the base, petiolate, cauline ones sessile; sta. shorter than corolla. —% An erect, downy plant, of a dull green color, 18 —20' high, and emitting a disagreeable smell, which several distinguished botanists have compared to the smell of young mice! Grows in waste grounds and roadsides. Stem erect, hairy, 1-2f high. Leaves hoary with soft down on both sides, entire, upper ones clasping, with broadt bases, lower ones 6-10' by 1-2', tapering into a long, attenuated base (winged petiole 2), pointed at apex. Clusters terminal, panicled, recurved at the end. Flowers with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Calyx leaf-like in fruit. Seeds rough, with hooked prickles. J1. i 2. C. VIRGINiCUM. (C. amplexicaule. Mx. and 1st edit.) Hirsute-pilose; lvs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasping, cordate at case; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long peduncle. —4 Inhabiting woods and thickets, Vt.! to Md.! W. to Ill.! rare in N. Eng. A very hairy plant, 2f high, simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit, a small, panicled corymb of pale purple flowers. Radical leaves 5 —6' long and half as wide. Calyx and pedicels very hairy. Jn. 3. C. MoRRIsON. DC. (Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. and 1st edit.) Virginian Mouse-ear.-St. much branched; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above; rac. divaricate, dichotomous; fruit densely covered with hooked prickles. —D An erect, hairy weed, in rocky grounds and rubbish, Can. to Flor. Stem furrowed, 2-3f high, with many slender, remote, wide-spread branches, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemose inflorescence. Leaves entire, remote, large (3-4' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled. Flowers very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. J1. TRIBE 2. HELIOTROPEJ. —Ovary bearing a simple, terminal stybe Fruit dryislh, drupaceous, partible. Seeds without albumen. 14. HELIOTROP1UM. Toutmi. Gr. Xtogs, the sun, rperco, to turn; the flowers were said to be always turned towards the sun. Calyx 5-parted; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice naked. limb 5-cleft, with the sinuses plaited; stamens included; stigma peltate; achenia 37* 436 XCV. HYDROPHYLLACEIE:. HYDROPHYLLUM. cohering without a common receptacle, at length separable.-L-/erbs or shrubs. Spikes unilateral. Flowers never yellow. 1. H. EUROPE:UM. Heliotrope.-Herbaceous; Ivs. ovate, entire, rugose and tomentose; spikes in pairs.-A delicate annual, native of Europe and still growing on the banks of the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry! where Nuttall saw it in 1818. Cultivated among stove-plants. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves 12' by 8-15". Flowers white, mostly in 2, terminal, long, scorpoid racemes. 2. H. PERUVIANUM. Peruvian Heliotrope.-Shrubby; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; fis. in numerous, aggregated spikes. —Native of Peru. A small, elegant greenhouse shrub, 1-2f high. Leaves rough, serrulate, twice as long as wide, on short petioles. Flowers small but numerous, very fragrant, white or tinged with purple. ORDER XCV. IIYDROPHYLLACEaE. -HYDROPHYLLS. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often hispid. Lvs. alternate, or the lower opposite, often lobed. Fis. in circinate racemes or unilateral spikes, rarely axillary and solitary. Cal. 5-cleft, the sinuses usually with reflexed appendages, persistent. Cor. 5-lobed, regular, with 10 melliferous scales near the base. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes. Anth. 2-celled, versatile. [from the base of the cavity. Ova. free, simple, i-celled. Style single, terminal, bifid. Stigmas 2. Placenta 2, parietal or on stalks Fr. —Capsule invested with the permanent calyx. Sds. few, crustaceous. Embryo conical, in abundant, cartilaginous albumen. Genera 16, species 75, chiefly American. Of no known use. Conspectus of the Genera. Placenta large, fleshy free.. ydrophyllum. 1 (appendag'dinside with Sta. exserted. Placente on the middle of the valves. Paluelia. 4 <5 melliferous grooves. Stamens included. Sepals very large.... Ellisia. 2 Corolla ( destitute of grooves or scales inside. Stamens as long as the corolla.. Cosmanthus. 3 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Tourn. Gr. SJ3wp, water, and Ov)Xov, a leaf; the leaves in Spring hold each a quantity of water. Sepals slightly united at base; corolla campanulate, with 5 longitudinal, margined, nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted; capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive; placenta fleshy, free.-North American herbs. Radical Ivs. on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. * Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla. 1. H. APPENDICULATUM. Michx. (Nemophila paniculata. Spreng.) Lvs. hairy, lower ones pinnatifid, cauline palmately 5-lobed, dentate, lobes diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hispid; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside; sta. included. —( Mich. to Ia., Plummer! and ill. to Va., moist woods and bottoms. Stems 1 —lf high, branched. Petioles 1-4' long. The leaves are of a singular form, roundish in outline, the broad, acute lobes diverging in a stellate manner; teeth mucronate. Calyx 4-5" long, appendages deflexed, 1' long. Corolla blue, on long peduncles. May. * * Cal/yx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted. 2. H. VIRGINiCUM. Virginian Water-leaf. Plant nearly smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid and pinnate, the segments ovallanceolate, incisely serrate; fascicles conglomerate; ped. as long as the petioles.-Q- An inhabitant of wet or moist woods, Can. to Car. and Western States. Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers peculiarly distinguished by their exserted stamens and style, which are twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. June. 3. H. CANADENSE. Canadian Water-leaf. Burr-flower. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5-7 shallow lobes, unequally CO SMANTHUS. XCV. HYDROPHYLLACEl. 437 dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; fis. in crowded fascicles; peds. shorter than the petioles. —% Quite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods, Can. to Car. W. to Ohio! Stem 12-18' high, with large, roughish leaves, divided into 5-7 lobes. Fascicles of flowers dense, axillary and terminal. Corollas white or variously tinged with purple. Stamens and style much exserted, as in the last. Jn., Jl. 4. H. MACROPHYLLUM. Nutt. (H. hispidum. Riddell.) WHole plant reversely hispid with white hairs; Ivs. oblong-oval in outline, pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised intc Iounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or few, much smaller; cymes terminal, longpedunculate, dense-flowered; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. —% Ohio, Locke! to the Alleghany Mts. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a terminal, globose cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 8-12' (including the petiole 3-4') by 3-5', the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla twice longer than the ovate, acute sepals, half as long as the capillary filaments which are 9" in length. Jn. 2. ELLISIA. In honor of Joseph Ellis, F. R. S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnmus. Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corolla; tube- with 10 minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed; sta. included; nectary annular, 5-toothed; sty. bifid, with linear lobes; caps. ovoid-globose, 2-valved; seeds 4. —0 North American herbs, with pinnatifid lvs. Cor. white. E. NYCTELSA. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs; Ivs. pinnatifid, petiolate, upper ones alternate, segments linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate; ped. I-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals; cal. seg. triangular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. —) Ill. Mead! to Va., woods and river banks. Stem 4-10' long. Leaves 1-2' long i as wide. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base inside. 3. COSMANTHUS. Nolte. Gr. Koeo'oe, elegance, av~oi, a flower. Calyx 5-parted; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube without appendages; sta. 5, about equaling the corolla; nectary minute; ova. hairy except at base, 1-celled; sty. bifid; caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle; seeds 4-10, rugulose.-X) N American herbs, with alternate Ivs. ]Rac. long, bractless. Fls. small, white or pale blue. 1. C. PARVTFL6RUS. Alph. DC. (Phacelia. Ph. Eutoca. Br.) Diffuse, pubescent; lvs. subsessile, pinnatifid or trifid, segments oblong or ovate, sparingly lobed or entire; rac. solitary; pedicels in flower longer than the calyx; sta. subequal to the corolla; placentae 6-8-ovuled.-Penn. to Va. Stem 6-8' high. Flowers pale blue, 4" diam., the lobes rounded and entire. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. May. 2. C. PURaHII. Wood. (C. fimbriatus. Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata. Ph. not Mx. P. Purshii. Buckley.) Miami Mist.-Nearly glabrous; lower Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper Ivs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with oblong, acute lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 5-10-flowered; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals; lobes of the cor. fimbriate.-Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to Ia.! and Ky. Plant 8-12' high, slender and with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Flowers light blue, 4 —5' broad, spreading. May, Jn. 438 XCVI. POLEMONIACEE. PHLOX. 4. PHACELIA. Gr. iaKEosg, a bundle or fascicle; alluding to the fasciculate racemes. Calyx 5 parted; cor. tubular-campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, tube within furnished with 5 melliferous grooves; sta. 5, mostly exserted; ova. 1-celled, hispid; sty. bifid; caps. ovoid, 2-valved, valves placentiferous in the middle; seeds 4.-American herbs, hispid, with alternate lvs., and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. P. BIPINNATIFiDA. Michx. Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely- pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segments 2.-4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid; rac. elongated, bifid or subpaniculate; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than the stamens. — or () Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ohio! and Ia.! Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1-2f high, bearing several leafless racemes at top. Leaves 3-6' long, including the petiole. Corolla 61" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn. go. Plummeri. St. ferruginous-hirsute; Jis. much smaller; cot. scarcely longer than the calyx. —Richmond, Ia. Plummer! ORDER XCVI. POLEMONIACEAE. -PHLOXWORTS. Herbs, with opposite, occasionally alternate, compound or simple leaves. Cal. 5 united sepals, inferior, persistent, sometimes irregular. Cor. 5 united petals, regular, the lobes imbricate or twisted in astivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes. Ova. 3-celled free. Styles united into 1. Stigma trifid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, valves also separating from the 3-cornered axis. Sds. few or many. Albumen horny. Embryo Ibliaceous. Genera 17, species 104, chiefly North American. They are valued only in cultivation as ornamental plants. Conspectus of the Genera. hypocrateriform. Phloxr. 1 infundibuliform. Gilia. 2 Corolla campanulate. Polemonium. 3 1. PHLOX. Gr. )Xos, aflame; from the color and profusion of the flowers. Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube more or less curved; stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle; capsule 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. —A highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. P. PANICULATA. Panicled Phlox or Lychnidea. St. glabrous. erect; lvs. glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, rough-edged, flat; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flowered; cal. teeth setaceous-acuminate, shorter than the tube; pet. roundish, obovate, entire. —4 This well-known favorite of gardens is found native in woods and on river banks, Western States! to Penn. and Car. It flourishes in rich, moist soil, or in leaf-mould or peat. Stem 2-3f high, ending in a large, oblongpyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Leaves 35' by 9-16", lower ones distinctly petioled, the highest sometimes subcordate at base. July-Sept. t 2. P. ACUMINATA. Ph. Acuminate Lychnidea. St. erect, paniculate, branching above; Ivs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, the upper ones subcordate at base, all pubescent beneath, as well as the stem; panicle pyramidal-corymbose, many-flowered; cal. teeth briefly setaceous-acuminate.-2- This species, whose numerous varieties are common in gardens, is a native of Mo., Ky. and Ill. Although distinguishable at sight from P. paniculata, being stouter and rougher, its chief technical distinction is its pubescence and shorter calyx teeth. Petals rounded at the end, light purple, varying to deep purple and red. June-Aug. t PHLox. XCVI. POLEMONIACEAE. 439 3. P. MACULiTA. (P. pyramidalis. Sm. P. latifolia. Michx.) St. erect, subsimple, scabrous or nearly smooth; lower lvs. lanceolate, the highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth; panicle oblong or subpyramidal; cal. teeth lanceolate, acute; pet. orbicular. —% Moist fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2-3f high, mostly punctate, with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson. t B. suaveolens. (P. suaveolens. Ait.) Fls. white, fragrant. t 4. P. CAROLINA. (P. revoluta. Aiken. P. nitida. Ph.) Carolina Lychnidea. Glabrous, erect or ascending; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, attenuated to the apex, subcoriaceous, margins revolute, lower attenuated to the base, upper rounded at base; panicle corymbose, puberulent or smooth; cal. teeth short-acuminate; cor. tube awned, segments obovate, entire. —4 A very smooth species, fields and barrens, Ohio, Ia.! common; also Md. to Car. Stem slender, 1 —2f high. Leaves 2-4' long, mostly quite narrow (3-4"), thick'and shining. Panicle few (15-25)-flowered. Corolla purple. May-Aug. f. ovata. Benth. (P. ovata. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate.-Car. j 5. P. GLABERRiMA. Ohio Lychnidea. Glabrous; st. branching at base, the branches subsimple; Ivs. lance-linear or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, thin, sessile, flat, upper ones lance-ovate, often rounded at base; panicle corymbose, few-flowered, glabrous; cal. teeth lanceolate, subacuminate, half as long as the corolla tube; pet. obovate, entire. —1 Pine barrens, Ohio! Very distinct from the former by its shorter, obtuse, never acuminate or revolute leaves and its much larger calyx. Stem 2f high. Leaves 1j-2g' by 3-5". Flowers purple. June, July. 6. P. REPTANS. Michx. Creeping Lychnidea. Stolons creeping; sts. low, assurgent; lvs. ovate, obovate or oblong; cor. fewflowered; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate; pet. obovate, entire. —. Hill-sides and mountains, Ia. Plummer! to S. Car. Flowering-stems 6' high, with small (4 —9" by 2-4"/) and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 —3 times larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flowers 3-8. Corolla bluish-purple, tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June. 7. P. DIVARICGTA. Early-flowering Lychnidea. Low, diffuse, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, ovate or oblong; panicle corymbose, loose; cal. roughish-puberulent, segments linear-subulate; cor. segments emarginate-bifid.-%4 Can., N. Y.! to Va. Stems loosely branched, a foot or more long, flaccid. Leaves 1-2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear-setaceous. Pedicels diverging, longer than the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube. Corolla of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish-blue. May.,B? Laphami. Lvs. ovate; pet. obtuse, entire. —Wis. Lapham! Western Reserve. Cowles!-Intermediate between P. divaricata and P. glaberrima, and may prove distinct from both. 8. P. PIL6SA. (P. aristata. Michx. Benth.) Pilose-puberulent, erect or decumbent at base; Ivs. lance-linear, margin subrevolute, subamplexicaul; particle corymbose; cal. hirsute, segments setaceous-acuminate; pet. obovate, entire. —4 Penn. to Ohio, Clark! Wis. Lapham! and Southern States. Stem 12- 18' high, rigid. Leaves 1 -3' by 2 —-4", attenuated to the apex. Corolla pale red or bluish-white, the tube a third longer than the long, slender, awn-like teeth of the calyx. May, June. B, Lvs. shorter, broadest at base, sessile; fis. smaller.-Indiana! 9. P. BIFiDA. Beck. Beck's Lychnidea. Low, assurgent, diffusely branched, puberulent; Ivs. amplexicaul, subrevolute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lance-linear; corymbs very loose, 2-5-flowered; cal. segments linear, acute; cor. tube curved, segments deeply bifid.-A very distinct species, and very rare, in Mo. Beck, Cass Co., Ill., Mead! Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12-15" by 1-2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Tube of corolla much curved, segments cleft nearly half way down, purple. Apr. 440 XCVI. POLEMONIACEpE. POLEMONIUM. 10. P. DRUMMONDII. Drummond's Lych]nidea. Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose; lvs. oblong or lanceolate, scabrous; corymb dense-flowered; cal. hairy, segments ]anceolate, setaceous, elongated, revolute; cor. tube pilose, segments obovate, entire.-One of the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant glandular-scabrous, 8-12' high. Flowers very showy, all shades from white to dark purple. t 11. P. SUBULATA (and P. setacea. Linn.) Moss Pink. Procumbent, cespitose, much branched, pubescent; Ivs. rigid, subulate or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very acute; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate.-Rocky hills and mountains, Penn. to Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, sprangled over in May with rose-colored flowers. Flowering branches, 2 —4 long, numerous and fascicled. Corymb 3-6-flowered. Corolla white or pink, deeper purple in the centre. May. t 2. GIL1A. Ruiz&Pavon. Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute; cor. tube long or short, limb regularly 5-lobed; sta. 5, equally inserted at top of the tube; disk cupform; caps. oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded.-Herbs with alternate, pinnatifid lvs. Fls. paniculate, capitate or scattered, generally bractless. ~ 1. Corolla subrevolute, tube included in the calyx. 1. G. TRICOLOR. Benth. Tri-colored Gilia.-St. erect, nearly smooth; Ivs. twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments; cymes paniculate, 3-6-flowered; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, tube very short.-(-D An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Flowers numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow. t ~ 2. IPOMOPSIS. Corolla infundibuliform, tube much exserted. 2. G. (IPOMOPSIs) CORONOPIFOLIA. Pers. Erect, tall; st. strict, hairy; Ivs. crowded, pinnatifid with subulate divisions; tlyrse elongated, with very short branches; cor. elongated, segments oval-oblong, erect-spreading; sta. exserted. —) Southern States! A splendid herb, 2-4f high, bearing at top a long (if) thyrse of scarlet-red flowers. Corollas 1I' long. t 3. POLEMONIUM. Gr. 7roXcpog, war; Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; corolla rotate-campanulate, limb 5-lobed, erect, tube short, closed at the base by 5 stameniferous valves; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded. —Herbs with alternate, pinnately-divided lvs. Fls. terminal. 1. P. REPTANS. American Greek- Valerian. St. smooth, branching, erect; lvs. pinnately 7-11-foliate, leaflets ovallanceolate, acute; fis. terminal, nodding; cells of caps. 2-3-seeded.-4- A handsome plant of woods and damp grounds in N. Y. to Ill.! and sometimes cultivated. Stem 12-18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Flowers numerous, rather large, on short petioles. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, persistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. 2. P. CIERULEUM. Greek Valerian.-St. smooth, simple, erect; Ivs. pinnately 11-17-foliate, segments acuminate; fis. erect; cal. equaling the tube of the corolla; cells of caps. 6-10-seeded. — A handsome, cultivated plant, native in England. Stems clustered, several from the same root, about 2f high, hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle. Leaves mostly radical, on long, grooved petioles; leaflets all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, about J' diam. CONVOLVULUS. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACEE. 441 ORDER XCVII. DIAPENSIACERE. Undershrubs, prostrate, with crowded, heath-like leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Cal.-Sepals 5, much imbricated, surrounded at base with imbricated scales. Cor.-Petals 5, united, regular, imbricated in eestivation. Sta. 5, equal, the filaments petaloid and inserted on the corolla tube. Anth. 2-celled, transversely valved. Ova. 3-celled, free. Styles united into 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Fr. —Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds many, small, albuminous. Genus 1, or 2 according to many authors, species 2, natives of the north of Europe and the northern parts of North America. DIAPENSIA. Calyx 5-parted, calyculate with 3 bracts at base; corolla hypocrateriform, limb 5-cleft, flat; stamens 5, from the summit of the tube; stigmas 3; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.-Low, evergreen undershruibs. ~ i. Anthers awnless. 1. D. LAPPONiCA. Northern Diapensia. CsTspitose; lvs. dense, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire; lIs. pedunculated. —' A little, leafy plant, 2-3' high, growing on the summits of the White Mts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5-8" by 1" with a revolute margin, clasping base, and broadly obtuse point. Flowers on short, terminal, solitary peduncles, which are an inch long in fruit. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July. ~ 2. PYXIDANTHERA. Anthers with the lower valves beaked. 2. D. BARBULITA. Ell. (Pyxidanthera barbulata. Michx. D. cuneifolia. Ph.)-Branches short, ascending; Ivs. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent at base; fis. terminal, sessile; lower valve of the anther beaked or awned at base. — A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens, N. J. to Car., forming dense beds. It has also been found by Dr. Peck on the White Mts. (fide Torr.) Stems 3-6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1-2" by — 1". Flowers white, 3" diam. Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn.-The beak of the anther appears to be quite variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point. ORDER XCVIII. CONVOLVULACE2E.-BINDWEEDS. Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice, mostly twining, sometimes erect. Lvs. alternate, without stipules, sometimes wholly wanting. Fls. showy. Cal.-Sepals 5, much imbricated, usually united at base, persistent. Cor. regular, limb 5-lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in sestivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ova. 2-4-celled, free. Styles united into 1. Fr.-Capsule 2 —4-celled, valves with septifragal dehiscence. Sds. few, large, with thin mucilaginous albumen. Cotyledons foliaceous, or wanting. Genera 43, species 660, very abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. Properties.-The roots abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongly purgative. Jalapofthe shops is the product of the root of Exogonium purga of Mexico, and other species. Scammony of Convolvulus Scammonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar resin. The sweet potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South. Conspectus of the Genera. Style simple.. Convolvulus. 1 Stamens included. Styles 3 or 2. Stylisma. 3 Calyx naked. Stamens exserted. Corolla scarlet. Quamoclit. 2 leafy, green. Calyx enclosed in two large, leaflike bracts. Calystegia. 4 Plants e leafless, parasitic, orange-colored.......... Cuscuta. 5 SUBORDER 1.-C O N V O L V U L E ]iE. Embryo with cotyledons. Carpels united. Fruit capsular, dehiscent. 1. CONVOLV L US. Lat. convolvere, to entwine; from the habit of most of the plants. Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 small bracts near the base; cor. campanulate, or funnel-form, limb 5-plaited; sta. shorter than the limb, rarely a little longer; ova. 2-4-celled, cells l-2-ovuled; sty. 442 XC VIII. CON VOLVULACE2E. CONVOLVULU4. simple; stig. simple or 2-lobed; caps. valvate, 2-4-celled, 4-6seeded.-A large genus of twining or prostrate herbs, rarely shrubby or arborescent. Obs.-The generic distinctions adopted by Choisy in the Prodromus of De Candolle, Vol. ix., appear to me to be too indefinite to be generally useful in a work like the present. I have adopted them merely as sections of the present genus. Q 1. Stigmas 2, linear-cylindric, often revolute. Capsule 2-celled. 1. C. ARVENSIS. Small Bindweed. St. striate, angular, generally prostrate; Ivs. sagittate, somewhat auriculate; ped. mostly I-flowered, bibracteate near the apex; sep. roundish-ovate; caps. smooth. —4 A twining plant, growing in fields and pastures, Maine to Car., not common. Stems several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little hairy. Leaves 1 —2 long, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often with a tinge of red. The small, acute bracts are near the middle of the peduncle. Jn. 2. C. TRICOLOR. Tricolored Bindweed.-St. ascending, villose; lvs. lanceobovate, subspatulate, sessile, ciliate at base; ped. 1-flowered, bracteate, longer than the leaves; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor. tricolored; capsule villose.(D About the Mediterranean. Stem weak, 1-3f long. Corollas yellowish in the centre, white in the middle, and of a fine sky-blue on the upper part of the border. July. ~ 2. IPOMCEA. Stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. 3. C. PANDURATUS. (Ipomcea. Meyer.) Wild Potato. Man-of-the-earth. - St. twining; Ivs. broad-cordate or panduriform; ped. long, 1-4-flowered; cal. smooth; cor. tubular-campanulate. —._ In sandy fields, N. Y. to Ga. Stems several from the same root, 4-8f long, slender, smooth. Leaves 2-3' long and of about the same width, acute or obtuse, with rounded lobes at the base, sometimes lobed and hollowed on the sides and becoming fiddle-shaped. Petioles 2-3' long. Peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles, generally branching at the top, and bearing several large flowers. Corolla 2' long, purple and white. July, Aug. A4. C. LACUNOSUS. (C. micranthus. Riddell.) Small-flowered Bindweed. Minutely pubescent; st. twining; lvs. cordate, acuminate, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; ped. 1-3-flowered, half as long as the petioles; sep. oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla, ciliate, lobes acute; caps. pilose. —0 Penn., Md.! to Flor., W. to Ohio and Ill. A small, prostrate species, 2-6f long, in dry fields and hills. Leaves 2' by 1', deeply cordate, often deeply 3-lobed! petioles 1-3' long. Flowers 8" diam., 9" long, white with a purplish rim. Aug. Sept. ~ 3. PHARBITIS. Stigma capitate, granulate. Ovary 3- rarely 4-celled, cells 2-seeded. 5. C. PURPUREUS. (Ipomcea. Ph. Pharbitis hispida. Choisy.) Common Morning Glory.-St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilose; lvs. cordate, entire; Ji. nodding; ped. 2-5-flowered; pedicels thick; cal. hispid. —( In fields, Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heartshaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, flesh-colored, striped, &c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower, of the easiest culture. Jn. t' 6. C. NIL. (Pharbitis. Choisy.) Morning Glory. Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fis. half' 5-cleft; ped. shorter than the petioles, 1-3flowered.-A very beautiful twining plant, found wild, Penn. to Flor., but best known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. Calyx very hairy, the segments long-acuminate. Flowers large, the tube white and the border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name, Anil or Nil, indigo). It is of the easiest culture, and raised from the seed. Blossoms from July to September. t ~ 4. BATATAS. Stig. capitate, 2-lobed. Ova. 4-, or by abortion, 3 —2-celled. 7. C. JALiPA. (C. macrolhizus. Ell. Batatas Jalapa. Clhisy.) St. creeping or twining; lrs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tementose CALYsTEaIA. XCVIII. CONVOLVULACEsE. 443 pubescent beneath; ped. scarcely equaling the long petioles, 1-3-flowered; sep. roundish-ovate, pubescent; seeds villose, with long hairs. —[ Western States! frequent, to Flor. and La. Stems 2 —6f in length, on the ground, or trailing over fences, &c. Leaves 2-3/ long, the petioles 2-5'. Corolla large (2 —3' diam.) and showy, white or rose-colored, purple at base. July, Aug.-The root is tuberous and mildly purgative. 8. C. BATJiTAS. (Batatas edulis. Choisy.) Sweet Potato. - St. creeping, rarely twining; Ivs. cordate, hastate, angular, 5-veined, smoothish; ped. long; fis. fascicled; sep. lanceolate, acuminate.-(L The sweet potato is native of both Indies and cultivated in all tropical climates. Not only the tubers, but the leaves and tender shoots are boiled and eaten. The tubers are sweet and considered nutritive. This is the potato of the old English botanists, of Shakespeare, and their cotemporaries, the Solanum tuberosum then being unknown. The stem is round, hispid, prostrate, creeping, sending out scattered, oblong tubers which are purplish without. Flowers large, purple or white. t 2. GQUAMOCLIT. Tourn. Gr. Kvaypog, a bean, KXrog, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller. Sepals 5, mostly mucronate; cor. tubular-cylindric; sta. exserted; sty. 1i; stig. capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. —Twining herbs, mostly American. 1. Q.. VULGARIS. Choisy. (Ipomaea. Linnr. Convolvulus. 1st. edit.) Jasmine. Bilndweed. Cypress Vine.-Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute; ped. I-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate. — An exceedingly delicate vine, Penn. Eaton,, Southern States! generally cultivated. Stems glabrous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5-10f. Flowers much smaller than those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms a most delicate and oeautiftl awning. July, Aug. 2. Q. COCCINEA. Mcench. (Ipomia. Linn. Convolvulus. Spreng.) Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base; ped. elongated, about 5-flowered; cal. awned.-(- Southern States, naturalized in the Western, occasionally cultivated. Flowers varying from yellow to scarlet. t 3. STYLISAIA. Raf. The name has reference to the plurality of the styles. Sepals 5, equal; cor. campanulate; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, rarely 3; stigmas thick; sta. included. — Slender, creeping. S. TENELLUS. Wood. (S. evolvuloides. Choisy. Convolvulus tenellus. Lam. C. Sherardi. Ph.)-Dry, sandy or rocky soils, Ohio, to Flor. Stem long, prostrate, branching, pubescent. Leaves lance-linear or linear, obtuse, 1' in length, with short petioles. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 1-5-flowered. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3" long. Corolla twice longer, hairy outside. 4. CALYSTEGIA. Br. Gr. Ka)Xv, calyx, arreyr, a covering; alluding to the conspicuous calycine bracts. Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, foliaceous bracts; cor. campanulate, 5-plicate; sta. subequal, shorter than the limb; ova. half bilocular, 4-ovuled; sty. simple; stig. 2, obtuse; caps. 1-celled, 4-seeded.-Herbs twining or prostrate. Ped. I-flowered, solitary. 1. C. SPITHAM.EUS. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn. C. stans. Michs.) Erect Bindweed.-St. erect or assurgent; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, hoary-pubescent; ped. I-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. —4 An erect, downy species, (a span) 8-10' high, found in fields and hilly pastures, Can. to Penn., W. to Ill. Stem branching, leafy, bearing one, often two or more large, white flowers, on peduncles 2-4/ long, issuing from near the root. Leaves 2-3' long, B as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on petioles 9 as long. Bract. concealing the calyx. June. 38 444 XCIX. SOLANACEIE. 2. C. SEPTUM. Br. (Convolvulus. Linn.) Hedge Calystegia. Rutland Beauty.-St. twining; lvs. sagittate, the lobes being truncate and the apex generally acute; ped. quadrangular, i-flowered; bracts cordate, much longer than the calyx. —24 A vigorous climber, in hedges and low grounds, Can. to Car., W. to Ill. Sterns 5-8f in length. Leaves cordate-sagittate, 29-4 long, as wide. Flowers numerous, large, white, with a reddish tinge, appearing in long succession. The bracts are so close to the corolla as to appear like the calyx which they entirely conceal. It is cultivated as a shade for windows, arbors, &c. June, July. SUBORDER 2. C US C U T E E. Embryo without cotyledons. Leafless, parasitic herbs. 5. CUSC T A. Tourn. Calyx 5 (rarely 4)-cleft; corolla globose-campanulate, 4-5-cleft, marescent; stamens 4-5, inserted upon the corolla at the clefts; stigmas, 2; capsule 2-ccelled, circumscissile at the base; cells 2-seeded. -Herbs without verdure, germinating in the soil, at length withering at the root, and deriving their nour'ishment f'om other plants about which they twine from right to left. Stem yellowish or reddish. Leaves none, or minute scales instead. Fls. variously aggregated. 1. C. GRONOII. Willd. (C. Americana. Linn. C. vulgivaga and saururi. Eng.)-St. filiform, thick; fis. densely glomerate, in paniculate spikes, sessile; sep. broad-ovate, obtusish; cor. 5-cleft, segments short, spreading or reflexed, withering at the base of the capsule; scales oblong, fimbriate; sty. diverging; stig. capitate.-(D An extremely delicate vine, found in damp places, by rivulets, Can. and U. S. The stem is smooth, slender, 3-5f long, springing from the soil at first, but after having twined itself about the low plants in its way, and becoming fixed upon them by its lateral radicles, it withers away at base, and is henceforth disconnected with the soil. It is of a light orange color, wholly destitute of green, furnished with a few minute scales, branching, always turning from right to left, or hanging in festoons. Flowers nearly globose, about a line long, and on peduncles of about the same length. Calyx segments round-obtuse. Corolla twice as long, yellowish-white. Aug. 2. C. LEPIDANCHE. Wood. (C. glomerata. Choisy. Lepidanche compositarum. Engelm.) —St. filiform; fils. in compact masses surrounding the stem, sessile, with scarious bracts intermixed; cal. 5-sepaled, scarious; cor. tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, lobes lanceolate, acute, spreading or reflexed; anth. elongated; scales fimbriate.-() Abundant in Mo., Ill.! and la.! on the Labiates, composites, &c. Flowers about 2" long, form. ing compact, cylindrical masses while the stems decay, appearing as if spring. ing from the stems of other plants. Corolla white and scarious. Anthers partly exserted. July. A. adpressa. Chois. (Lepidanche adpressa. Eng.) Bracteate; sep. obtuse or orbicular-ovate.-Ill. 3. C. EPILLNUM. Weih. (C. Europua. Darl. 4 others.) Flax Dodder.Fls. sessile, in small, dense, remote heads; cal. 5-parted, segments rather obtuse; cor. globose-cylindric, scarcely longer than the calyx, withering around the capsule; scales minute, crenate-dentate. —O Europe, introduced into the Mid. States, growing on flax. Torr. Darl. Stems reddish-orange. Flowers yellowish-white. Calyx thickish; stamens included. Stigmas acute. Capsule depressed-globose, surrounded with the withering corolla. June. ORDER XCIX. SOLANACEiE.-NIGHTSHADES. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with a colorless juice. Lvs. alternate, the floral ones sometimes collateral. In~forescence often supra-axillary; pedicels bractless. Cal.-Sepals 4-5, more or less united, mostly persistent. Cor. regular, limb 4-5-cleft, plaited in estivation, deciduous. Rta. 4-5 (sometimes I abortive), inserted on the corolla, alternate wiith its segments. NICOTIANA. XCIX. SOLANACEJE. 445 Anth. bursting longitudinally, rarely by terminal pores. Ova. free (superior), 2-celled, (4-celled in Datura) with the placenta in the axis. Styles and stigmas united into 1. Fr. a capsule or berry. Seeds numerous. Embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen. Genera 60, species 900, diffused throughout the world, except the frigid zones, but most abundant in the torrid. Properties. These are highly important. A large portion of the genera are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering the herbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most active medicines; as the henbane (Hyoscyamus), belladonna (Atropa), stramonium (Datura), tobacco (Nicotiana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum afford wholesome and nutritious food, not because they are free from the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled in the process of cooking or ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable potato, the fruit of the tomato and egg plant. The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine, and produces the well-known stimulant fruit, Cayenne pepper. Conspectus of the Genera. ( Fruit (sitting on the calyx... S.olanum. 8 rotate, with a I baccate, ~ enclosed in the calyx.... Physalis. 6 very short tube. Fruit capsular dry. Capsicum. 7 | Sepals lanceoflate..Atropa. 9 campanulate. Sepals leafy, sagittate.. Nicanlra. 6 Capsule spinose. Datura. 8 Herbs. Capsule smooth,.... Ncotiana. 2 regular, funnel-form.. Trailing shrubs....... Lycium. 10' salver-form, lower segments larger...... Petunia. 1 Corolla irregular, I funnel-form, upper segments larger........ Hyoscyamus. 4 1. PETUNIA. Juss. The Brazilian name is peturn, Latinized, petunia. Calyx tube short, the limb 5-cleft, foliaceous; corolla hypocrateriform, the tube cylindric, limb in 5, unequal, flat, plicate lobes; stamens 5, unequal, included, arising from the middle of the corolla tube; capsule 2-valved.-Herbs with simple Ivs. and axillary, solitary, showy fls. 1. P. VIOLACEA.-St. weak, viscid-pilose; Ivs. acute, on short petioles; cor. ventricose, cleft into rounded, acute lobes. — () A pretty, trailing or climbing plant, becoming quite popular in cultivation, native of Brazil. Whole plant, clothed with clammy hairs. Stems simple, several from the same root, 2 —8f long. Leaves 1-2' long, nearly as broad, tapering at base into a winged petiole, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Sepals obtuse. Peduncles as long as the leaves, and scarcely longer than the corolla tube. Limb of the corolla bright purple, an inch or more broad, upper segment smallest. Capsule furnished with a tube each side of the sutures.'2. P. ALBA.-St. weak, viscid-pilose; Ivs. ovate, acute, upper ones sessile; cor. tube cylindric, scarcely dilated above, 2 or 3 times longer than the obtuse, spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading, greenish-white. —-( (A Brazil. Usually regarded as a variety of the first, and perhaps it may have originated from that species by cultivation. It is usually a stouter plant, with larger leaves and flowers, the latter constantly yellowish or greenish-white, with a long, slender tube. 2. NICOTIA NA. Tourn. In honor? of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who seems to have introduced it into Europe. Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft; corolla infundibuliform, regular, limb 5-lobed; stamens 5; stigma emarginate; capsule 2-celled, 2 —4 valved. —0 Coarse, narcotic herbs, with simple lvs. and terminal fls. Cor. white, tinged with green or purple. 1. N. RUSTiCA. Common Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. petioled, ovate, entire; tube of the cor. cylindric, longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse.-For the purposes of tobacco this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian. Stem 12-18' high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. In western N. Y., &c., said to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. O 2. N. TAB3CUM. Virginian Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile, decurrent; cor. tube inflated at the throat, lobes acute.-Native of Central America, particularly the Island of Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mexico, whence it was first exported 446 XCIX. SOLANACE2E. NICANDRA. to Europe, 1586. It is extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stein 4-6f high, paniculate above. Leaves 1-2f by — if entire. Flowers rose-color, not inelegant. July. Obs.-Sir Walter Raleigh has the honor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more than 200 years ago, and in his house at Islington is still to be seen a shield bearing his arms, with a tobacco plant at the top. Loudon. The use of this nauseous weed has become almost universal, and furnishes a striking illustration of the force of habit. Its first use, whether smoked or chewed produces a deadly sickness; and it is only by repeated and painful trials that it can be tolerated. At length, however, it becomes so necessary to the comfort of its victim, that, at all times and places, its precious smoke or extract must be flowing continuallyfrom his mouth. Taken into the stomach, it is a powerful narcotic poison. July. 3. DATURA. An alteration of the Arabic name Tatoraah. Calyx large, tubular, ventricose, 5-angled, deciduous, with a persistent, orbicular, peltate base; corolla infundibuliform, tube cylindric, long, limb 5-angled and plaited; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, bilamellate; capsule 2-celled, 4-valved; cells 2-3-parted. —0 herbs, with bluish-white or purple, solitary, axillary flowers. 1. D. STRAMONIUM. Thorn Apple. St. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; caps. spiny, erect.A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rubbish in waste places. Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at the base of the dichotomous branches, their sides unequal, with large, irregular teeth and sinuses. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a plaited, 5-toothed border, the color white with a slight tinge of purple. Fruit egg-shaped, the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug.-Every part is poisonous, but, when used with certain restrictions, is a useful medicine fbr asthma, &c. fl. Tatula. St. and fis. purple.-Thisvariety has advanced along the national road to Ia., Plummer! and Ill., Mead. 2. D. METEL. Lvs. cordate, nearly entire, pubescent; fr. prickly, globose, nodding.Banks of the Ohio, Locke. Doubtless introduced, having escaped from gardens. Plant 2f high. Flowers white. 0 t 4. HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn. Gr. iS, ios, a pig, and Kvapoe, bean; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to swine. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft; corolla infundibuliform, irregular; one of the 5, obtuse lobes larger; stamens 5, declinate; stigma capitate; capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit.- Coarse, weed-like herbs, native in eastern countries. H. NIGER. Commm Henbane. St. branching, erect, very leafy; Ivs. sinuate, clasping; fis. sessile. —( A tall, well known, fcetid weed, growing about the rubbish of old houses, roadsides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting a fbetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Leaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinuate lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes; the corolla straw-color, finely reticulated with dark purple veins. The whole plant is reputed poisonous, but has long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs, convulsions, &c. J1. ~ 5. NICANDRA. Adans. In honor of Nicander, a Greek physician, who lived about 50 years B. C. Calyx 5-cleft, 5-angled, the angles compressed, sepals sagittate; corolla campanulate; stamens 5, incurved; berry 3-5-celled, enveloped in the persistent calyx.- -( Peruvian herbs. N. PHYSALOiDES. Adans. (Atropa physaloides. Linn.) Apple of Peru. —St. herbaceous; Ivs. glabrous, sinuate, angular; fis. solitary, axillary, on short peduncles; cal. closed with the angles very acute.-Native of Peru, cultivated in gardens, from whence it has in a few instances strayed into the neighboring CAPSICUM. XCIX. SOLANACEE. 447 fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2 —5' high, very branching. Leaves large, oblong, decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed, pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre. July —Sept. O 6. PHYSALIS. ir. uvrLag, a bladder; the inflated calyx enclosing the fruit. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length ventricose; corolla campanulate-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed; stamens 5, connivent; berry globose, enclosed within the inflated, 5-angled, colored calyx. —Herbs, rarely shrubs, with axillary or supra-axillary flowers. 1. P. VIscoSA. Aikin. (P. viscosa, obscura, pubescens, Pennsylvanica and Philadelphica, of authors.) Yellow Henbane. Ground Cherry.-Pubescent; st. decumbent, herbaceous; branches somewhat dichotomous and angular; Ivs. solitary or in pairs, ovate, more or less cordate, repand-toothed or entire; fis. solitary, axillary, pendulous.-Dry fields, roadsides, &c. Stem more or less decumbent, about a foot high, often viscid as well as the whole plant. Leaves very variable in the same plant, 1 —4 long, of i, i, or even of equal breadth, acute, acuminate, or often obtuse at the apex, often abrupt at base, sometimes nearly or quite entire on the margin, twice as long as the petioles; when in pairs one of them is much smaller. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, greenish-yellow, with 5 brownish spots at base inside. Fruit yellow or orange-colored, not unpleasant to the taste, enclosed in the enlarged, inflated, angular calyx. J1. a. Lvs. somewhat viscid, oval, subcordate, geminate. /1. (P. Pennsylvanica. Linn.) Lvs. ovate and lance-ovate, subentire, nearly smooth, geminate. y. (P. obscura. Michx.) Lvs. pubescent, broad-ovate, subcordate, subsolitary. Obs.-Many other varieties have been noticed as species, but having examined specimens in numerous localities, I am but confirmed in concurring with Dr. Aikin in the above view. 2. P. LANCEOLATA. Michx. Lance-leaved Physalis. St. herbaceous, dichotomously branched, densely pubescent; lvs. mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, unequal at base; fis. solitary, nodding; cal. villose.-2- Penn., Western States, S. to Ga. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 3 —6 by 1 —3', often very unequal at base. Flowers nodding. Calyx half-cleft, with lanceolate, acuminate segments. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, with dark spots at base. Jl.- Darl. Fl. Cest., p. 139.-I strongly suspect this to be only another variety of the preceding. P. ALKEKENGI. Winter Cherry.-St. somewhat branching below; lvs. in pairs, entire, acute; cal. of the fruit red or reddish.-Native of S. Europe, cultivated for ornament. Plant about a foot high. Flowers white. Berries acid and somewhat bitter. t 7. CAPSICUM. Tourn. Crr. Kalrro, to bite; from the acridity of the fruit.. Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb plaited, 5-lobed; anth. connivent; fr. capsular, dry, inflated, 2-3celled; seeds flat, very acrid.-A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants, pervaded by a heating, acrid principle. Lvs. often in pairs. Ped. axillary, solitary. 1. C. ANNUUM. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.-St. herbaceous, angular, branching above; lvs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous; ped. smooth, axillary; cal. angular, with short, acute lobes; cor. lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; berry oblong or subglobose, red. —() India. Cultivated for its fruit, whose stimulant properties are well known. —There are in gardens several varieties in respect to the fruit. a. The long, or Cayenne, B. the depressedglobose or squash pepper, best fobr pickling, y. the cherry pepper, used for pepper-sauce and in seasoning meat, J. the sweet Spanish pepper, used as a salad.Sown in March in hot-beds, transplanted in May. Kenrick, Am. Orch., p. 374. $ 38* 448 XCIX. SOLANACEAE. SOLANUM. 8. SOLANUM. Calyx 5-10-parted, persistent; cor. rotate, subcampanulate, tube very short, limb plicate, 5-10-lobed; anth. erect, slightly cohering or connivent, opening at the top by 2 pores; berry 2-6-celled, subglobose or depressed, often torose; seeds O0.-Herbs or shrubs, un armed or prickly. Lvs. sometimes geminate, pinnatifid or undivided. Ped. solitary or several, 1-00-flowered. ~ 1. Berry 2-celled. Stem and leaves unarmed. 1. S. DULCAMARA. Bittersweet. Woody Nightshade. St. shrubby, flexuous, thornless; Ivs. ovate-cordate, upper ones hastate clusters cymose.-A well-known, shrubby climber, with blue flowers and red berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbing about hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire; the upper ones becoming auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching peduncles from the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 reflexed segments, purple, with 2 green spots at the base of each segment. Berries bright red. The root being chewed, gives at first a sensation of bitterness, then of sweetness. The berries are poisonous. The leaves and twigs have been used medicinally with good effect. July. 2. S. NIGRUM. /.. Virginicum. Black Nightshade. St. herbaceous, thornless; Ivs. ovate, toothed and waved; umbels lateral, drooping. —( A weed-like plant without beauty and of suspicious aspect, about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W. States. Stem erect, branching, angular, a foot high. Leaves almost always with the lamina perforated and the margin erose as if gnawed by insects. Peduncles branching into a sort of umbel, from the side of the stem, generally remote from the leaves. Flowers white, anthers yellow. Berries globose, black. It is reputed poisonous, but is used medicinally. Flowers in summer. 3. S. TUBEROSUM. Commont Potato.-Rt. tuberous; st. herbaceous; segments of the lvs. unequal, the alternate ones minute; fis. subcorymbed; car. 5-angled.) This most valuable plant is supposed to be a native of S. America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes so large a portion of the food of civilized man, it was scarcely known until the 17th century, and was not extensively cultivated before the middle of the 18th. The varieties of the potato are very numerous, differing in their time of ripening, quality, color, form, size, &c. New varieties are readily procured by sowing the seeds, which, with care, will produce good tubers the third year. Potatoes thus reared, are now thought to be less liable to the " potato rot.": 4. S. PSEUDO-CAPsiCUM. Jerusalem Cherry.-SI. shrubby; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subrepand; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves. —12 A small, ornamental shrub, native of Madeira, cultivated. Stem 2-4f high, branching into a symmetrical summit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long. Flowers white, with orange anthers, drooping, succeeded by a few scarlet, globose berries of the size of small cherries. t ~ 2. Berry 2-celled. Stems and leaves prickly. 5. S. CAROLINENSE. Horse Nettle. St. and petioles aculeate; Ils. oblong-ovate, petiolate, strigose, angularlobate, acute, midvein beneath with a few spines; rac.-loose, supra-axillary, few-flowered; berries globose. —4 Roadsides, &c., Penn. to Car.! W. to Ia.! and Ill.! A rough weed, 1-2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered prickles. Leaves 4-6' by 2-3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large, repand lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white, 1 —15" diam. Berries yellowish. June. 6. S. MELONGENA. (S. insantun. L.) Erge Plzant. —St. prickly; Ivs. ovate, subsinuate, downy, prickly; fis. many-parted. —( An herbaceous, branching plant, about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of?gg-shaped berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon, LYCIUM, XCIX. SOLANACEIE. 449 smooth, and of a glossy purple. It is prepared for food in various ways, and considered wholesome and delicious eating. Like the tomato, it is cultivated from the seed sown early in warm, dry and mellow soil.: Bf. Fr. smaller, white.-Cultivated for the curiosity of the fruit, which when ripe can scarcely be distinguished by its appearance from a hen's egg. ~ 3. Berries 3-6-celled, often torose. 7. S. LYCOPERSiCUM. Tomato.-Hairy; st. herbaceous, weak; Ivs. unequally pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath; fr. torulose, furrowed, smooth.0 This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3-4f high. with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor. The fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming when ripe of a beautiful red. This plant has come into high repute, and its cultivation is rapidly extending. The fruit is prepared in various ways, for sauces, stews, &c., having an agreeable acid taste. t Obs.-Cultivation has produced numerous varieties. One has large, torulose, bright-yellow fruit; another has small, globose, golden-yellow fruit, not torulose; the fruit of a third is small, pear-shaped, less juicy, &c. 9. ATROPA. Name of one of the three Fates in Grecian mythology, whose office was to cut the thread of human life. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft; corolla campanulate; stamens 5, distant; berry globose, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx. —Herbs, shrubs or trees, natives of the Old World. A. BELLADONNA. Deadly Nightshade.-St. herbaceous; Ivs. ovate, entire; berries black.-This foreigner is far less repulsive in its appearance than most others of its order. The lurid, pale purple of the flower, indeed, looks suspicious, but not its smell; nor is there any warning of its deadly nature given by the aspect, taste or smell of the berries, which are larger than cherries, round, green, at length of a fine glossy black, full of a purple juice. Stem 5f high, branching below, and with the large leaves, inclines more or less to a purplish hue. Every part of the plant, especially the berries, is poisonous. t 10. LYCIUM. Named from Lycia, the native country of the original species. Calyx 2 —5-cleft, short; corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed, spreading, orifice closed by the beard of the filaments; stamens 45, exserted; berry 2-celled; seeds several, reniform.-Shrubs, the branches ending in a spinose point, and often having axillary spines. Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs. L. BARBXRUM. Matrimony Vine.-St. angular; branches long, pendulous, somewhat spiny; lvs. often fasciculate, lanceolate; cal. mostly 3-cleft.-Native of Barbary, cultivated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, with long, slender, trailing or hanging branches which overspread walls, &c., with a thick, tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide, often broadest above, acute or obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purple. Berries orange-red. t 450 C. GENTIANACEAE. SABBATIA, ORDER C. GENTIANACERE. Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, generally smooth, sometimes twining. Juice colorless. Lvs. opposite, entire and smooth. Stip. 0. Fl8. conspicuous, terminal or axillary, regular or sometimes irregular. Cal. —Sepals 4-5-10, united at base, persistent. Cor. usually regular, limb divided into as many lobes as there are sepals, mostly twisted in iestivation. Sta. issuing from the tube of the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them. Ova. i-celled, sometimes rendered apparently 2-celled by the introflexed placentre. Sty. united into 1, or wanting. Stig. 1-2. Pr. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds small. Embryo straight, with fleshy albumen. 4 Genera 60, species 450, found in every part of the world. Properties.-An intensely bitter principle, caled gentianine, pervades the whole order without exception, residing in every part, rendering them tonic and febrifugal. The gentian of the shops is most commonly the product of Gentiana lutea, but almost any of our species may be substituted for it. (Dr. Gray.) In the other genera of the order, the buck-bean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Limnanthemum nymphoides, Sabbatia angularis, Frasera Carolinensis, &c., are valued in medicine for the same properties. Many are cultivated for ornament. FIG.53.-1. GentianaSaponaria. 2. The calyx and capsule. 3. The corolla laid open, showing the folds (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens attached 1y1 3\SW1111AU Alid a at base. 4. Capsule cut across. 5. Seed magnified, with its large, loose testa. Conspectus of the Genera. (Petals 5, or 4 and fringed.. Gentiana. s Anthers < Pet. 4, Sep. 4, subulate. Cicendia. 3 < straight. ( entire. ~ Sep. 2, leaf-like. Obolaria. 4 tubular. ( Anthers spirally twisted.. Erythrca. 2 Corolla with- Petals with no gland.. Sabbatia. 1 out horns,.. ( rotate.. Petals with a glandular pit.. Sivertia. 8 opposite. Corolla without 4 horns at base. Halenia. 7 I verticillate in whorls of 4s, 5s and 6s. Frasera. 9, none, or reduced to small opposite scales. Centaurella. a, | * 5~simple, floating in water... Limnanthemum. o10 Leaves altemate and radical, ~ trifoliate........: Menyanthes. 11 TRIBE 1. Corolla imbricate from right to left in destivation. Testa of the seed membranaceous. Terrestrial herbs with opposite leaves. 1. SABBATIA. Adans. In honor of Sabbati, a distinguished Italian botanical author. Calyx 5 —12-parted; corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted; stamens 5(-12); anthers erect, at length recurred, 2-celled, cells distinct; stigma 2-parted, with spiral divisions; capsule 1-celled, the valves a little introflexed.- ) Slender herbs, with pedicellate, mostly -oseatefls. Native of the temperate regions of North America. 1. S. GRACiLIS. Salisb. (S. campanulata. Torir. Chironia. Linn.) St. slightly angular, internodes twice longer than the leaves; branches alternate, spreading; lvs. linear and lance-linear, the lowest lance-ovate; panicle few-flowered; cal. segments linear-setaceous, about equaling the corolla; cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse.-Wet meadows, Penn. to Flor., W. to Ky. Stem a foot high, with long, diverging branches. Flowers terminal, subsolitary, purple, on long peduncles. July, Aug. 2. S. CORYMBsSA. Baldwin. (S. paniculata. a. Ph. Chironia. Walter. Swertia. Linn.)-St. slightly 4-angled, internodes twice longer than the leaves; branches opposite; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, acutish, upper ones ERYTHREA. C. GENTIANACELE. 451 lanceolate; cyme fastigiate, terminal; sep. linear, 3 times shorter than the corolla; cor. 5-6-parted, white, lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse.-Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. Stem a foot high, branching near the summit. Leaves an inch in length, closely sessile. Flowers few, generally pentamerous. 3. S. CONCINNA. Wood. (Nov. sp.) Elegant Star Flower. St. slender, subquadrangular, internodes 2-4 times longer than the leaves; branches opposite, suberect; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, lower ones ovate, all acutish, sessilei panicle oblong; cal. segments linear, twice longer than the tube, twice shorter than the corolla; cor. 5-parted, segments oblong-obovate, obtuse, light purple.-Dry, grassy prairies, Ia.! abundant. Stem a foot high, few or many-flowered. Leaves 9-12" by 1-3", Flowers 15" diam., of a delicate blush-purple, the star in the centre yellow, bordered with green. J1. Aug. 4. S. STELLARIS. Ph. (S. gracilis. Ell. Chironia ammna. Raf:) St. erect, terete; branches dichotomous, elongated, 1-flowered; lvs. lanceolate, acute, seg. of the cal. subulate, half as long as the corolla; seg. of the cor. obovate.-Frequent in salt marshes, N. Y. to Flor. Stems somewhat angular, 12-18' high, with many forked divisions, forming a sort of loose corymb. Leaves somewhat fleshy, 1 —2 long, sessile. Flowers rose-color, with a yellow star in the centre bordered with a purple ring. Aug. 5. S. CALYC6SA. Ph. (Chironia dichotoma. Walter.) St. erect, leafy, few-flowered; Ivs. oblong, 3-veined, obtuse; fis. solitary, 7-9-parted; cal. leafy, longer thaif the corolla; pet. oblanceolate.-Fields and meadows, N. Y. to Ga; Stem a foot high, subangular, with a few axillary, spreading branches. Leaves 1-2' long, sessile, mostly obtuse, oval, thin. Flowers large, terminal, often solitary, variable in the number of its parts, but mostly in 7s. Corolla pink-colored. Sepals acute. This species is quite variable. 6. S. ANGULARIS. Ph. (Chironia. Linn.) Angular-stemmed Star Fl. St. quadrangular, with winged angles; Ivs. ovate, amplexicaul, 5-veined; panicle corymbose; ped. elongated; sep. lance-linear, half as long as the corolla, distinct almost to the base; cor. segments obovate, obtuse. —Wet meadows and prairies, Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem 10-18' high, much branched, branches opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 —2 by — 1J', as long as the internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, 1 —1J' diam., deep rose-color, the star in the centre greenish. July, Aug. 7. S. CHLOROiDES. Ph. (Chironia dodecandra. Linn.) St. slender, weak, angular; lvs. lanceolate, erect; branches few, 1-flowered; fis. 7-12-parted; sep. linear, shorter than the corolla.-An elegant plant, with large, showy flowers, in wet grounds, Mass., R. I.! to Car. The stem is 2-3f high, somewhat angular, with few, opposite, spreading branches. Leaves 1-l1' long, opposite, entire, smooth, closely sessile, acute, veinless. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla nearly 2' diam., much larger than the calyx, bright purple, with a yellow base, segments spatulate, rounded at end, varying in number with the other parts of the flower. June. Ob8. The species of this genus are very ornamental, some of them perhaps among the most beautiful of our native plants. 2. ERY T HR jE A. Renealm. Gr. epvlpos red; from the color of the flowers. Calyx 5, rarely 4-parted; cor. infundibuliform, twisted and withering above the capsule, tube cylindric, limb 5 —4-parted; sta. 5-4, inserted near the top of the tube; anth. exserted, spirally twisted; sty. 1; stig. bilamellate or capitate; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2celled.-i St. subangular. Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymose,roseate, white or yellow. 1. E. MUHLENBERGII. Griseb. (E. Centaurium. Beck? E. pulchella. Hook. Chironia dubia. Willd.)-St. simple below, dichotomously branched above; tvs. ovate-oblong, obtusish; cymes loose, dichotomous; fis. pedicellate; cor. tube a little longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish.-N. Y., Penn. Very rare. Stem 3-8' high, 1-3 times forked, sometimes with oppo. 453 C. GENTIANACESE. GENTIANA. site or brachiate branches. Leaves 4-7" by 1-3", closely sessile. Flowers lateral and terminal and central, the pedicels in the forks near j' long, the others shorter. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowish-green, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule. July-.Sept. 2. E. PICKERINGII. Oakes. Pickering's Erythrcea. St. dichotomously branched, erect; Ivs. clasping and slightly decurrent, lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute; fis. sessile, mostly lateral on the long branches; sep. linear, acute, erect; cor. tube slender, contracted at the neck, lobes spreading, obtuse; anth. linear-oblong, finally twisting outwards.() Coast of Maryland. Dr. Pickering. Sandy margins of the sea-shore, Nantucket, Mr. Oakes. Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6-12' high. Leaves 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Corolla 8" long, rose or nearly white. 3. CICENDIA. Adans. Calyx 4-5-parted; cor. infundibuliform, marescent, tube cylindric, limb 4-5-parted; sta. 4-5, inserted into the throat of the corolla; anth. erect, roundish, scarcely exserted; sty. deciduous; stig. capitate; caps. 1 or partly 2-celled, 2-valved. —0 Low herbs, with yellow or rose-colored flowers. C.? PULCHELLA. Griseb. (Exacum. Ph.) Lower lvs. suborbicular, upper subulate; panicle corymbose; ped. filiform; cal. 4-parted, segments subulate.-Sea coast, N. J. This plant appears not to have been detected by any botanist since Pursh, and from his brief description it is impossible to ascertain its true position in the order. 4. OBOLARIA. Gr. o/%oXo, a small coin, with which the leaves of these plants are compared. Calyx of 2 cuneate-oblong sepals or bracts; corolla tubular-campanulate, marescent, 4-cleft, lobes entire or crenulate; stam. inserted on the corolla at the clefts; stigma subcapitate, bifid; capsule 1celled, 2-valved; seeds 00, very minute. —% Leaves opposite. Fls. axillary and terminal, sessile,'with leaf-like sepals. O. VIRGINiCA. Penny-wort. Penn. to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 —8 high, often in clusters, subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obovate or roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or truncate at apex, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May.-There is some doubt in respect to the order of this genus. It has more recently been referred to Orobanchaceae. 5. GENTIANA. Tourn. From Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus. Calyx 5-4-parted or cleft; cor. marescent, tubular at base, limb 4-5-parted, segments either spreading, erect or convergent, often furnished with intermediate, plicate folds; sta. 5-4, inserted in the corolla tube; stig. 2, revolute or erect; sty. short or 0; caps. 2valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. —Herbs of various habit. Lvs. opposite. Fls. terminal or cymose. ~ 1. Flowers 5-10-merous. 1. G. PNEUMONANTHE. (G. saponaria. Griseb.) St. ascending; lvs. linear-lanceolate, or the lower oblanceolate, the margin smooth! cyme terminal; fis. aggregated, or in a racemose cyme, sessile; cal. 5-cleft, the lobes linear, equaling the tube; cor. clavate, connivent at apex, twice longer than the calyx, lobes ovate-obtuse, much longer than the interme GENTIANA. C. GENTIANACE/E. 453 diate folds.-Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. A fine plant, with large, showy flowers. Stem simple, 8-15' high, often purple. Leaves 1-2' by 2-3", thick, entire, sessile, acute. Flowers 2' in length, 2-4 together at top of the stem and a few solitary ones in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla blue. Calyx segments 6-9" long, acute, distant. Aug., Sept. fB. rubricaulis. (G. rubricaulis. Schw.) Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; folds of the cor. more or less cleft. 2. G. SAPONARIA. Linn. in part. (G. Andrewsii. Griseb.) Soapwort Gentian.-Lvs. oval-lanceolate, 3-veined, acute; fis. in whorled heads, sessile; cor. ventricose, claxvate-campanulate, closed at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior.-w4 Brit. Am. to Car. A handsome plant, conspicuous in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem 12 —18' high, simple, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on the margin, resembling those of the common soapwort. Flowers large, bright-blue, erect, IJ' long, subsessile, in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the upper axils. The inflated corollas are so nearly closed at the top as to be easily mistaken for buds; and the young botanist waits in vain to see them expand. Calyx of 5 ovate segments, shorter than the tube. Sept., Oct. 3. G. OCHROLEUCA. Frcel. Ochroleucous or Straw-colored Gentian. St. ascending; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins slightly scabrous; cymes terminal, aggregated; cal. 5-cleft, lobes unequal, as long as the tube; cor. clavate, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, the- folds entire, acute, short; anth. free.-Can., Western States! to Flor. Stems 1 —1/ high, stout. Leaves amplexicaul or sessile, 2 —4 by 4-1', acute, or slightly acuminate. Flowers 2' in length, 1' thick. Corolla open at top, ochroleucous or straw-color. Seeds smooth, wingless. Aug., Sept. 4. G. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (G. purpurea. Walt.) Narrow-leaved Gentian.-St. erect, slender, 1-flowered; ft. pedunculate; lvs. linear-obtuse, smooth, the lower ones subcuneate; cor. funnel-form, narrow, open, 5-cleft, twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the lacerate folds.-q- N. J. to Car., in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Flower large, sky-blue. Calyx deeply cleit, with linear segments. 5. G. QUINQUEFLORA. Five-flowered Gentian. St. 4-angled, branching; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; fis. terminal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate; cor. tubular-campanulate, in 5, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate segments; cal. very short.-() Woods and pastures. Stem a foot high, smooth, generally branched. Leaves 3-5-veined, half-clasping, acute, smooth. Flowers small, on pedicels half an inch in length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. Sept., Oct.,B. parvifora. Raf. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceous, lance-linear, half as long as the smallish corolla.-This variety prevails in Ohio! Ia.! and Ky. 6. G. LUTEA. (Swertia. Vent.) Yellow Gentian. St. tall, strict; lls. ova] and ovate, margin smooth; cymes umbellate, dense-flowered, pedunculate, axillary and terminal; cor. yellow, rotate, segmnents oblong-linear, acuminate, spreading, without folds. — In alpine and hilly lands, N. Y. and N. J. Eaton. Doubtless not native. It is a handsome plant, often cultivated, both for ornament and for the sake of its powerfully tonic virtues. t t ~ 2. Corolla 4-cleft, segments fimbriate. CROSSOPETALUM. 7. G. CR1N.TA. Frcelich. Blue Fringed Gentian. St. terete, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acute; fis. tetramerous; seg. of the cor. cut-ciliate. —2L The Fringed Gentian is among our most beautiful and interesting native plants; not uncommon in cool, low grounds, Can. to Car. The stem is about If high, round and smooth. The branches are long, and, with a slight curve at base, become perfectly erect and straight, each bearing 2 leaves at the middle, and a single, large, erect flower at the top. Leaves broadest at base, tapering to the apex, 1-2' long and I as wide. Calyx square, segments acuminate, equaling the tube of the corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the segments obovate, finely fringed at the margin, and expanded in the sunshine. Aug. 464 C. GENTIANACEIE. SWERTIA. 8. G. DETONSA. S/torn or Slightly-fringed Gentian. St. nearly strict, simple or branched; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or linear, the lowest rosulate, spatulate; ped. 1-flowered, very long, subsolitary; cal. 4( —5)cleft, lobes ovate and lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla; cor. lobes roundish-obtuse, ciliate and crenate-ciliate, erect-spreading; stig. distinct.-N. Y., Wis. Lapham! N. to Hudson's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers. Stem a fobot high. Leaves 1-2k' by 1-3", tapering to an acute point. Peduncles 4-7' long, each with a single large, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15-20" long, obconic or bell-shaped, blue. 6. CENTAURELLA. Name a Latin diminutive of Centaurea. Flowers tetramerous; sepals appressed; corolla subcampanulate; petals slightly united, nearly erect, stigma thick, glandulous, somewhat bifid; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, invested by the permanent calyx and corolla; seeds many. —ZN. American, slender, erect herbs with scale-like leaves and small white flowers. 1. C. AUTUMNALIS. Pursh. (Bartonia tenella. Mthl. C. paniculata. Mx.) Screw-stem.-St. smooth, branching above, branches subdividided; lvs. subulate, minute; paticle erect, many-flowered; cal. equaling the corolla; sty. much shorter than the ovary.-A slender and nearly naked plant, 5 —8' high, of a yellowish-green color. Native in wet grounds, Mass. to Ga. Stem square, often twisted, with very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite. Peduncles opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base, i' in length. Calyx segments linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the oval segments of the corolla. Cor. white, small, bearing the stamens at its clefts. Aug. B. efstivalis. (C. estivalis. Ph.) Cor. segments oblong, obtusish, twice longer than the calyx; ova. attenuated at apex.-In Penn. Pursh. 2. C. MosERi. Stendel. Moser's Centaurella or Screw-stem. Cyme racemiform; branches alternate, spreading, racemiform; cor. segments ovate, acute, twice longer than the calyx segments; ovary oblong, obtuse; sty. 0; Ivs. mostly alternate.-In Penn.,.Moser, in DC. Prod. 9; 121. 7. HALENIA. Borkh. Flowers tetramerous; corolla short campanulate, petals spurred at base, with glands at the base of the spur within; stigmas 2, terminating the acuminate ovary; capsule 1-celled; seeds indefinite, fixed to the sutures of the valves.-Erect, branching. H. DEFLEXA. Griseb. (Swertia corniculata. Mx. S. deflexa. Sm.) Fel& wort.-St. erect, leafy; Ivs. 3-5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla.-(- Swamps, Can., Bangor, Maine, Miss Towle! N. Y., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely 4-angled, smooth, with few branches above. Leaves opposite, 11-2' long, I as wide, smooth. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Sepals linear-lanceolate, half as long as the petals. Corolla persistent, with 4, spreading horns or spurs descending betwen the sepals. Seeds numerous, obtuse, yellow. Aug. 8. SWERTIA. Calyx 5 —4-parted; cor. marescent, rotate, 5-4-parted, without crown or folds, each segment with a glandular pit fringed at the margin; sta. 5-4, inserted in the throat; anth. nodding ova. 1-celled; sty. 0; caps. 1-celled, many-seeded. —2 S. PUSILLA. Ph. St. simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. oblong; cal. segments obtuse, half as long as the large corolla; cor. rotate, segments oblong-acuminate.-White Hills, N. H., Pnrsh. Stem an inch or two high, with one or two pairs of small leaves and a MENYANTISs. C. GENTIANACEAE. 455 single large, terminal, blue flower. Jn.-I understand that this interesting plant has been rediscovered on the White Mts. by Mr. Abel Storrrs. 9. F RASERA. Walter. In honor of John Fraser, an American cultivator of exotics. Flowers mostly tetramerous; petals united at base, oval, spreading, deciduous, each with 1 or 2 bearded, orbicular glands in the middle; style 1; stigmas 2, distinct; capsule compressed, 1-celled; seeds few, imbricate, large. elliptic, margined. —% Showy and tall, with opposite or verticillate leaves. F. CAROLINENSIS. Walt. (F. Walteri. Mz. and 1st edit.) Columbo. St. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above; lvs. verticillate, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, sessile, feather-veined, entire or wavy; panicle compound, pyramidal, leafy, verticillate; cal. segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtusish petals; gland solitary, oval-orbicular.-A tall and showy plant, in moist woods, Western N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio! Ia.! Ky., Ill. Stem dark purple, 4-7-9f! high, perfectly straight, 1 -2' thick at base. Leaves smooth, subcarnose, 3-12' by 1 —3, in whorls of 4-6, rarely opposite. Branches of the panicle also whorled, spreading-erect. Flowers tetramerous, 1it diam. Petals greenish with blue dots and a large purple gland near the base. June, July.-Highly valued as a tonic. TRIBE 2. MENYANTHE2E. —iEstivation of the corolla induplicate. Aquatic or marsh herbs. Sheaths of the leaves alternate. 10. LIMNANTHj:MUM. Gmel. Gr. stpvr7, a lake, avyo;, a flower; from its aquatic habitat. Calyx 5-parted; corolla subcampanulate, with a short tube and spreading, 5-lobed limb, deciduous, segments obtuse; stamens 5, alternating with 5 glands; capsule 1-celled, without valves; placenta fleshy, many-seeded. —% submersed, generally in stagnant water. Lvs. floating, on long petioles. L. LACUN6SA. Gmel. (Villarsia. Ph. V. trachysperma. Mx.) Lake-flower. Floating; tvs. reniform, subpeltate, scabrous above, spongy and lacunose beneath; fis. umbellate, from the summit of the stem (petiole ); cor. smooth; glands from the base of the petals, stipitate; cal. shorter than the capsule; seeds muricate.-A curious aquatic, in ponds and lakes, N. Y.! to Car. The stems are 1, 2 or 3f long, according to the depth of the water, bearing at the top three kinds of organs; the summit is prolonged into a petiole bearing a leaf about an inch in diameter, resembling that of Nymphaea; on the upper side is an umbel of small white flowers, blossoming successively at the surface of the water, and beneath, a cluster of short, simple, tuberous radicles, each of which is capable of producing a new plant. July. 11. MENYANTHES. Tourn. Gr. Eunvy, a month; avaoS; in allusion to its supposed properties as an emenagogue. Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnel-form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, villous within; stamens 5; style 1; stigma bifid.; capsule 1-celled. M. TRIFOLIATA. Buck Bean. Lvs. trifoliate.-Grows in swamps, margins of ponds, &c., N. Am. N. of latitude 380~. This fine plant arises from large, black roots descending deep into the boggy earth. Stem 8-12' high, round. Leaves on long, round footstalks stipuled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal, bearing a pyramidal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate at base. Sepals obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute, about as long as the stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the soft, fringe-like hairs at the base and in the throat of the tube. Bitter herbs, actively medicinal, sometimes substituted for hops. May. 39 456 C1. APOCYNACEE, APocYmE. ORDER CI. APOCYNACEAE.-DoGBANRs. Trees, shrubs and herbs with a milky juice. Lvs. opposite, entire, without stipules. Cal.-Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Cor. 5.lobed, regular, twisted in estivation, deciduous. Sta. 5, arising from the corolla and alternate with its segments. Pil. distinct. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise, sometimes slightly connected. Pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed, immediately applied to the stigma. ora. 2, distinct or rarely united. Styles distinct or united. Stigmas united into 1 which is eommon to both styles. Fr.-Follicles 2, rarely 1 of them abortive. Scse. numerous, pendulous, with or without a coma, albuminous. Embryo foliaceous. l/ #- / i M g Genera 100, species 566, chiefly natives of the torrid zone. Preperties.-These plants possess active and often suspicious qualities residing in the white juice with whivch the order is pervaded, and in the seeds which are often deadly poisons. The alkaloid strychnine or "-Why,"~ strichnia, one of the most violent of poisons, is the active principle of the seeds of the Strychnos Nuxvomica of India. It is sometimes administered as a [- ~[~- medicinle, but with doubtful success. S. Tieute of Java is one kind of Upas. Cerbera Tanghin, a tree of Madagascar, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed lll% I A' -- Abeing sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The Apo~ ~l{ Dl'I/gd,/~r/i ~'/~ *, cynewe are emetic, and becoming highly valued in litll r /~/i * [ AS~ i'~ \ hydrocephalus, &c. Thejuice contains caoutchouc in small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained I4 largely from the Juice of Urceola elastica. flower, somewhat enlarged. 3. The flower cut open,.,o // d showing the stamens with distinct filaments and united s At U v anthers. 4. The ovaries and stigma. 5. Plan of the flower. 6. Matured follicles. 7. A seed with the long,'~w~~ _~'~ ~ silky coma CoUspezas of the Genera. Swith white or flesh-colored flowers........... Apocynrn. I Herbs with blue flowers............. Aonia. 2 with opposite leaves and bluish-purple flowers....... Vnca. Shrubs with ternately ver cillate leaves and rose-colored flowers..... Neriun. 4 1. APOCTNUM. _r. aro, away, KV.), dog; Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs. Calyx very small; corolla campanulate, lobes short; stamens included; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth; anthers sagittate, connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle; ova. 2; stigmas connate; follicles long, sublinear, distinct.-Herbs, suffrutescent, erect, with opposite, entire, mucronate lvs. Cymes terminal and axillary. Pedicels not longer than the pale flowers. 1. A. ANDROSIEMIFOLIUM. Dog's-bane. Smooth; Ivs. ovate; cymes lateral and terminal; limb of cor. spreading, the tube longer than the calyx.-A smooth, elegant plant, 3f high, in hedges and borders of fields. Stem reddened by the sun, erect, branching above. Leaves dark grecn above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at apex, 2-3' long and I as wide, on petioles ~' long. Cymes paniculate, at the top of the branches and in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels i' long. Calyx much shorter than the corolla. Corolla as long as the pedicels, bellshaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Medicinal. U. S. and Brit. Am. June, July. f. incanum. Lvs. hoary pubescent beneath. 2. A. CANNABiNUM. Indian Hemp. Lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, mucronate; cymes paniculate, manyflowered, terminal and lateral; cal. seg. lanceolate, equaling the tube of the corolla; cor. seg. erect.-A species with smaller leaves and erect flowers, found NERIUM. CI. APOCYNACEE. 4:57 in low shades and hedges, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 2-4f high, generally dividing above into long, slender branches. Leaves 1I —2k' by 8-11", opposite, on petioles 2" long, and, when young, downy beneath. Cymes terminal, with linear bracts. Flowers about half as long as those of the last species. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla white, with straight, obtuse segments. The fibres of the bark are strong and pliable, said to be used by the Indians in various ways as hemp. July, Aug. f. 7pubescens. Lvs. beneath and cymes pubescent. 3. A. HYPERICIFOLIUM. St. John's-wort. Dog's-bane. Smooth; lvs. oblong, on very short petioles, obtuse or subcordate at base, mucronate; cymes terminal, shorter than the leaves; cal. nearly as long as the tube of the corolla.-Gravely banks of streams. Stem erect, 2f' high, with opposite branches. Leaves 2-4' long, l as wide, lower ones often sessile and cordate, smooth both sides but paler beneath. Flowers very small, in dense cymes at the ends of the stems and branches. Sepals lance-linear, about as long as the tube of the greenish-white, erect corolla. Aug. 2. AMSONIA. Walt. Calyx 5-cleft, segments acuminate; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat; segments linear, convolute in eestivation; sta. 5; sty. 1; ova. 2, connate at base; follicles 2, erect, slender, fusiform; seeds in one row, cylindric, truncate at each end. —Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corymbose. Fls. blue. A. TABERN2EMONTXNA. Watt. (A. latifolia. Michx.) Erect Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, briefly petiolate, margin slightly revolute; sep. glabrous, lanceolate, acuminate; cor. pilose outside near the top of the tube.-A plant of singular appearance, in prairies and damp grounds, Western! and Southern States! Stem terete, smoothish, 2f high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3-4' by 1 —1', conspicuously veined beneath. Flowers pale blue, in several terminal, cymose clusters. Corolla 8" diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2 —3" long, about 6-seeded. May, June. 3. VINCA. Lat. vinculumn, a band; from the long twining branches. Corolla hypocrateriform, contorted, border 5-cleft, with the lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled; 2 glands at the base of the ovary; capsule follicular, erect, fusiform; seed oblong.-Trailing shrubs. Lvs. evergreen. 1. V. MINOR. Lesser Periwinkle. —Sts. procumbent; Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, smooth at the margins;fls. pedunculate; seps. lanceolate.-Native in Europe. A handsome evergreen, flowering in May. Stems several feet in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, inodorous. 2. V. MAJOR. Greater Periwinkle.-Sts. nearly erect; Ivs. ovate, ciliate; fis. pedunculate; sep. setaceous, elongated.-Native in Europe. Shrub with numerous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of evergreen foliage flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 1-2' in length, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in May and June. 4. NERIUM. Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the corolla; corolla hypocrateriform, segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of 5, laciniate leaflets; filaments inserted into the middle of the tube; anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle.-Oriental shrubs. Lvs. evergreen. 458 CII. ASCLEPIADACE1E. ASCLEFiAs. N. OLEANDER. RoseB ay-tree. Oleander. — vs. linear-lanceolate; sep. squarrose; corona flat, its segments 3-toothed. Native in S. Europe and the Levant. Stem branched. Leaves 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, coriaceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Flowers terminal, corymbose, large and beautiful, rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another variegated, and a third, double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine, (Rev. S. Hebard!) growing by rivulets, &c. It is commonly supposed by travelers to be the plant to which the Psalmists alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35. ORDER CII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. —ASCLEPIADS. Herbs or shrubs, with a milky juice. Lvs. almost constantly opposite, entire exstipulate. Fts. somewhat munbeled, fascicled or racemose. Sep. 5, slightly united, persistent. Cor. petals 5, united at base, regulai, deciduous, twisted-imbricate in astivation. Sta. 5, inserted into the base of the corolla and alternate with its segments. I, Fi. connate. Anth. 2-celled, cells sometimes nearly divided by partial septa. Pot. when the anther bursts cohering in masses which are as many as the cells, orconfluent into pairs andl adhering to the 5 processes of the stigma either by 2s, by 4s or singly. Ova. 2, styles 2, approximate, often very short. Stigmas united into 1, which is common to both styles, and with 5 glandular angles. Fr.-Follicles 2, one of them sometimes abortive. Sda. numerous, pendulous, almost always comose at the hilum. Albumen thin. Embryo straight. Cotyledons foliaceous. Radicle 8 superior. Genera 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropical regions, and especially abundant in S. Africa, S. India and New Holland, but are not uncommon in tempel 9 rate regions. Properties.-Similar to those of the Apocynacea, * \1\ al \\ but far less active. The juice is acrid and stimulating,and generally to be, at least, suspected. A few of the species are medicinal, but none of much consequence. FIG. 55. —8. Asclepias cornuti. 9. A flower, the petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 10. One of the segments of the corona with the horn bent inwardly. 11. A pair of pollen masses suspended from the glands at an angle of the antheridium. 12. The two ovaries. 13. A mature follicle. 14. A seed with.it, long silky coma. Conspectuts of the Genera. each with a horn...Asclepias. (erect. Segments of the corona 5, distinct, without horns. Fls. greenish.. Acerates. 2 ( Corona leaflets 5, distinct, each 2-lobed. Fls. white.. Enslenia. 3 Her b{ Corona annular, undulate, 0-awned. Fls. purple... Gonolobus. 4 Herbs ltwining and climbing. Corona urceolate, 5-cleft, 5-awned. Fls. purple... Periploca. 5 1. ASCLEPIAS. The Gr. name, from Esculapius, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians. Calyx deeply 5-parted; cor. deeply 5-parted, valvate in sestivation, finally reflexed; staminal corona 3-leaved, leaflets cucullate, with an averted, horn-like process from the base, curved towards the stigma; antheridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs, fixed by the attenuated apex, pendulous; follicles 2, ventricose; seeds comose.-I- Mostly North American, with opposite, verticillate, rarely alternate leaves. Umbels between the petioles. * Leaves opposite. 1. A. CORNOfTI. Decaisne. (A. Syriaca. Linn. and 1st edit.) Common Silkweed.-St. simple; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, gradually acute, tomentose beneath; umbels nodding; seg. of the corona bidentate; follicles muricate,-A coarse, very lactescent plant, common by roadsides, and in sandy ASCLEPIAS. CII. ASCLEPIADACEE. 459 fields. Stem 3-4f high, seldom branched. Leaves 5-8' by 2-3', tapering at both ends. Umbels several, axillary, subterminal, dense, globose, each of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers. Calyx segments lanceolate. Corolla pale purple, reflexed, leaving the corona, which is of nearly the same hue, quite conspicuous. But few of the flowers prove fertile, producing oblong, pointed, rough pods or follicles, which contain a mass of long, silky fibres with seeds attached. July. 2. A. PHYToLACCoIrDEs. Ph. Poke-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent; lvs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous beneath; ped. terminal, subequaling the leaves, whitish-puberulent, many-flowered; pedicels slender, loose; antheridium stipitate; seg. of the corona truncate, bidentate; horns exserted.A tall and elegant species, found in low, shady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4-5f high, smooth and slender. Leaves acuminate at each end, 6-9' long and nearly half as wide. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles, 4-6' long and consisting each of 10-20 large flowers, on pedicels about 2' in length. Petals green. Corona flesh-colored, each segment truncate, with its inner margin 2-toothed, and with a long, slender, incurved horn. June. 3. A. OBTUSIFOLIA. Michx. (A. cordata. Walt.) Blunt-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect; lvs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, mucronate, sessile, oordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides; umbels terminal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate; corona horns arcuate, falcate, inflexed.-In shady grounds, prairies, Mid.! W.! and S. States. Stem 2-3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30-40 large, reddish-green flowers. Leaves much waved on the margin, 4 —5 long, t as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Corolla light purple. Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. July. 4. A. PURPURASCENS. Purple Silkweed. St. simple, erect, puberulent; Ivs. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentose-pubescent and paler beneath; corona segments oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse; horns falcate, acute, resupinate.-In hedges and thickets, N. H.! Mass.! to Ia.! Stem 3f or more high, simple or slightly branched at top. Leaves paler and downy beneath, the midvein purple, smooth above. Flowers in terminal, erect umbels. Calyx small, green. Corolla dark purple, with reflexed segments. Corona purple, twice as long as the antheridium, its horns abruptly bent inwards to a horizontal position and lying close upon it. July. 5. A. INCARNITA. (A. amcena. Michx.) Rose-colored Silklweed. St. erect, branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, on short petioles, slightly tomentose; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; seg. of the corona entire, horns exsert.-A handsome species, found in wet places, Can. and U. S. Stem 3-4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Leaves 4 —7 by I-1I', rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute point, on petioles 4' long. Umbels close, 2-6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diameter, on a peduncle 2' long, and consisting of 10-20 small flowers. Corolla deep purple, corona paler. Horns subulate, curving inwards over the summit of the antheridium. July.,B. pulchira. St. and Ivs. densely tomentose, the latter elliptical-lanceolate, 34 times as long as wide, sessile or on very short, hairy stalks. -Stem 4-5f high. A remarkable variety. 6. A. QUADRIFOLIA. Pursh. St. erect, simple, smooth; lWs. smooth, thin, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, mostly in 4s; umbels few, lax, on long, terminal or axillary peduncles; corona long, segments 2-toothed, horns short.-An elegant species, in dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem about 2f high, slender, often with 1-2 hairy lines. Leaves opposite, the middle or upper pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2-3' long, 4 as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2-4' long. Flowers small, white, on filiform stalks with a pube scent line. Corona twice as long as antheridium. July. 39* 460 CII. ASCLEPIADACEXE. ACERATES. fB. lanceolata. Decaisne. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base and narrowed into the petiole.-Ohio, Ia., Dr. Plummer! 7. A. PARVIFL6RA. Ph. (A. debilis. Mx.) Small-flowered Asclepias. Suffrutescent and branched at base; sts. ascending, terete, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, petiolate, smooth both sides, thin; ped. shorter than the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; umbels small, pubescent; corolla 3 or 4 times shorter than the pedicels; horns filiform, acute.-A very delicate species, with small, white flowers. Woods, along rivers, N. Y. to Ga., W. to Ia.! Stems often clustered, 1l-3f high, very leafy. Leaves 4-6' (including the 1' petiole) by 1-1I'. Umbels several, 1' diam., 15-20-flowerea. July, Aug. 8. A. VARIEGATA. (A. hybrida. Michx.) St. simple, erect, pubescent; lvs. ovate or obovate, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; ped. lateral or terminal, one-third as long as the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; cor. segments ovate; corona segments rounded at apex; horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect; follicles oblong, with a long and slender point, minutely puberulent.-Woods, N.Y. to Carolina. Stem 3-4f high. Leaves with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20-30-flowered.- Corolla white, slightly tinged with purple. 9. A. PAUPERCULA. Michx. (A. laurifolia. Ph. not Mx. A. lanceolata. Walt.)-St. virgate, erect, glabrous; Ivs. linear and linear-oblong, margin narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole; ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few-flowered; corona segments ovate, dilated above; horns short, included.-N. J. to La. in wet woods. Stem 3-41f high, very smooth. Leaves green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Flowers greenish-red, petals linear-oblohg, half as long as the pedicel. 10. A. RUBRA. (A. laurifolia. 21x. A. acuminata. Ph. A. periplocaefolia. Nutt.) St. simple, erect; Ivs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rolmded at base, subsessile, glabrous; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles; corona segments acute, rather longer than the suberect horns.-A small and elegant species, in Penn., N. J. to Car., not common. Stem l-2f high, with a pubescent line on one side. Leaves 3-5' by 1-2', in remote pairs, the upper sometimes alternate. Peduncles 1-5, 2-3' long, pedicels about 1'. Flowers greenish-purple. Follicles ventricose-acuminate, smoothish. July, Aug. * Leaves alternate. 11. A. TUBEROSA. 7uber-root Asclepias. Butterfly Weed. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top; lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sessile; umbels numerous, forming large, terminal corymbs.Found in sandy fields, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng. Root large, fleshy, sending up numerous stems. These are about 2f high, leafy, erect or ascending, hairy and colored. Leaves hairy, scattered, only the upper ones quite sessile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 —4 by — 1'. The corymb consists of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals 5, oblong, reflexed, concealing the small calyx. Pods or follicles lanceolate, pointed, and like the other species, containing long, silky down, uniting the flat, ovate seeds to the placentas. Aug.-Medicinal. * * Leaves verticillate. 12. A. VERTICILLATA. Whorl-leaved Asclepias. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; lvs. generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute; segs. of the corona short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exsert.-A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves in whorls of 4-6, 3 —5 long and a line in width. Flowers small, greenish-white, in small, lateral umbels. Peduncles half as _ong as the leaves. July. 2. ACERATES. Ell. Gr..a, privative, KepareE, horns; the corona being destitute of these processes. Calyx 5-parted; cor. deeply 5-parted, limb spreading or reflexed; PERIPLOCA. CII. ASCLEPIADACERE. 461 staminal corona 5-leaved, leaflets without horns, concave, appressed to the angles of the antheridium; pollinia 5 pairs, pendulous; follicles smooth or muricate. —% Herbs differing from Asclepias only in the absence of the horn-like processes of the corona. Lvs. mostly opposite. 1. A. VIRIDIFLORA. Ell. (and A. lanceolata. Ives, and 1st. edit. Asclepias. Pursl.)-Suffruticose at base, pubescent above; lvs. elliptical, varying to oblong and lanceolate, briefly petiolate, scabrous above and on the margin, tomentose-pubescent beneath; umbels sessile, globose, many-flowered; pedicels pubescent; pet. ovate, reflexed; segments of the corona erect and adnate to the antheridium.-Can., Conn. to Ark., in dry, stony soils. Stem 2-3f high, ascending and often branched at base, clothed with dense, close hairs. Leaves 3-6 or 8' long, 3 — as wide, obtuse or acute, or even acuminate, scarcely petiolate. Flowers green, small, inelegant, in 2 or 3 small, subglobose umbels. July.-The plant varies greatly in respect to its leaves. 2. A. LONGIFOLIA. Ell. Long-leaved Acerates. Scabrouc-puberulent; st. ascending, simple; Ivs. alternate, numerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute; umbels half as long as the leaves, numerous, many-flowered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate; corona scales shorter than the antheridium.-Mich. to Ia.! and Miss., in meadows and prairies. Stem stout, 2-3f high. Leaves 3-5' (including the 1 —3" petiole) by 3-5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1' long. July, Aug. 3. ENSLENIA. Nutt. In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States. Calyx small, 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, segments erect; corona 5leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous; stig. 5-angled, conical; follicles cylindraceous, smooth. — Q A twining herb, with opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate lvs. Ped. racemose-umbellate, many-flowered. Fls. white. E. ALBiDA. Nutt. Ohio, Clarke! to Va. and Ark. Stems slender, with an alternate, pubescent line. Leaves thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, — 3' diam., margin entire. Peduncles axillary, as long as the petioles. Flowers ochroleucous, sweet-scented. July, Aug. 4. GONOL6BUS. Michx. Calyx much smaller than the corolla; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted; corona small, shield-form, undulate, 5-lobed; antheridium depressed, discoid, pentangular, terminated by a membrane; pollinia transverse, 5-pairs; follicles 2; seeds comose. —% St. climbing. Lvs. opposite, cordate. Ped. interpetiolar, racemed or corymbose. G. MACROPHYLLUS. (and G. hirsutus. Michx. Cynanchium obliquum. Jacq. C. macrophyllus. Muhl.)-St. tomentose-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs; Ivs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, tomentose-pubescent; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2-5-flowered, with linear bracts at summit; pet. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth above, minutely puberulent beneath.-Thickets, along streams, Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio! Ky. Vine trailing or climbing, 3-5f. Leaves 3-5' by 2-4', the lobes at base rounded, and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Flowers dark purple. Petals 5-7"' by 1". June, July. 5. PERIPLOCA. Gr. rept, around, rXwKa, a binding or twining; from the habit of the plant. Calyx minute; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by 4W6 CIV. OLEACE2E. SYRINGA. a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating in 5 filiform awns; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back; pollinia solitary, 4lobed; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate; seeds comose. —Twining shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes. P. GRECA. Lvs. ovate, acuminate; corymbs axillary; cor. villous within.-A climbing shrub, 10-15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also cultivated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3-4' long, j as wide, and on petioles k' long. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lanceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Follicles about 2t long. Aug. ORDER CIII. JASMINACEA-. JASMINWORTS. Shrubs, often with twining stems. Lvs. opposite or alternate, mostly compound. Fls. opposite, in corymbs, white or yellow, mostly fragrant. Cal. divided or toothed, persistent. Cor. regular, hypocrateriform, limb in 5-8 divisions, twisted-imbricate in &estivation. Sta. 2 arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ova. free, 2-celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sty. 1. Stig. 2-lobed. Fr. either a double berry, or a capsule separable into 2. Sds. 2. Genera 5, species 100, ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as for their beauty, many of these plants are cultivated. JASMINUM. Gr. tacrLq, perfume; from the fragrance of the flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5-10-cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled.Shrubs bushy or climbing. Lvs. opposite, compound. Petioles articulted. Fis. paniculate. 1. J. FRUTiCANS. Yellow Jasmine.-Glabrous, erect; branches angular; Ivs. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple; lfts. curved; ils. few, subterminal; cal. segments subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes.S. Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long. Propagated by layers. t 2. J. OFFICINILE. White Jasmine.-Smooth, scarcely climbing; branches subangulate; Ifts. 3-7, lanceolate, acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbose; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx.-Asia. Stem several feet in length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and much cultivated. The deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmzne of the shops is extracted from this plant. t ORDER CIV. OLEACEZE.- -OLIVES. Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate leaves. Ftl. perfect (sometimes dioecious). Sepals united at base, persistent. (vation; rarely 0. Cor.-Petals 4, united below, sometimes distinct but connected in pairs by the filaments, valvate in aestiSta. 2, alternate with the petals. Ant/h. 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ova. free, 2-celled. Ovules in pairs, pendulous. Style 1 or o. Stigma entire or bifid. FT. drupaceous, baccate or samarre, usually i-seeded by abortion. Ss. —Albumen dense, fleshy, abundant, twice as long as the straight embryo. Genera 24, species 130, natives of temperate climates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. Properties. —Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of the olive (Olea Europea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent and febrifugal. Manna, a sweet, gentle purgative, is the concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European F. Ornus. The species of the ash are well known for their useful timber. Conspectus oJ the Genera. ( Corolla tube long, including the short stamens..... Syringa. 1 limb of spreading, ovate segments.... Lygutr. 2 colored. Corolla tube short, i limb of long, linear segments... Chionanthus. 3 Flowers green. Fruit a simple samara. Trees with pinnate leaves,. Frainus. 4 1. SYRINGA. Gr. avptv~, a shepherd's pipe; from the use once made of its branches. Calyx small, teeth erect; corolla hypocrateriform, tube several FRAXINUS. CIV. OLEACE2E. 463 times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading segments; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved.- Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1. S. VULGARIS. Commonb Lilac.-Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green both sides; inflorescence thyrsoid; limb of cor. subconcave.-Hungary. There are many varieties of this beautiful shrub. a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. A. c&rulea. Fls. purplish-blue. y. alba. Cor. white, thyrse subcompound.-One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and flowers. 2. S. PERSICA. Persian Lilac.-Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides green, sometimes pinnatifid; limb of the cor. flattish.-Persia. A smaller shrub than the first, with smaller thyrses of white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr. May. 2. LIGUSTRUM. Lat. ligo, to bind, from the use made of its shoots. Calyx minutely toothed; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes; sta. 2; sty. very short; berry 2-celled, 2-4-seeded; seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. —Shrubs with simple Ivs. Fis. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. L. VULGARE. Privet. Prim. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle dense, terminal.-A smooth shrub, 5-6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y.! to Va. W. to the Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1 —2 long, J as wide, varying from obovate to elliptical, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. May, June. 3. CHIONANTHUS. Gr. Xtoav, snow, avgoe; alluding to the whiteness of the flowers. Calyx 4-parted, short; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included; sty. very short; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, 1-celled, l-seeded.-Trees with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Racemes terminal and axillary. C. VIRGINiCA. Virginian Fringe-Tree. Levs. oval and oblong-lanceolate; pedicels long, I-flowered; cal. glabrous; cor. segments linear, acute, flaccid.-An ornamental shrub or small tree, 8-25f high, Penn. to Tenn.! on mountains. Leaves coriaceous, smooth. Flowers in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8-10" in length. Drupes oval, purple. May, Jn. t B. maritzma. Pursh. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, pubescent; panicles very loose.-In low, maritime woods, N. J. j4, FRAXINUS. Gr. #patgr, a separation; in allusion to the easy separation of its annual layers into lamaina. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Staminate fis. (often perfect).Calyx 0 or 3-4-parted; corolla 0 or 4-petaled; stamens 2. Pistillatefls.-Calyx and corolla as the perfect; samara 2-celled, by abortion l-seeded.-Trees. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. paniculate, the staminate ones densely so. 1. F. AMERICINA. (F. acuminata. Lam.) White Ash. Lfts. petiolate, oblong, shining, entire or slightly toothed, acuminate, glaucous beneath; Jis. calyculate.-The white ash is one of the most desirable tenants of our forests. It is chiefly confined to the northern parts of the U. States and Canada. Few trees exceed it in the beauty and magnitude of its propor e4-fi4B CIV. OLEACEAE. FRAxxN". tions. The trunk arises often more than 40f without a branch and then expands into a regular summit of an equal additional height. The leaves are a foot or more in length, opposite, pinnate, consisting of about 7 leaflets. Flowers in loose panicles, the fertile ones with a calyx and the barren ones without. The wood is light, firm, elastic and durable, flrnishing a most excellent timber for carriage frames, agricultural implements, pins, handspikes, bars, &c. May. 2. F. JUGLANDIFOLIA. Lam. (F. viridis. Michx.) Lfts. 3-4 pairs, petiolulate, ovate, serrate, opaque, green above and with the branchlets, glabrous and glaucous beneath, pubescent in the axils of tie veins; fis. calyculate; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse.-A small tree, 15 —25f high, in wet woods from the banks of the Ohio to Car., not common. Leaves 10-15' long, consisting of 7-15 leaflets which are green both sides, with a glaucous hue beneath, margin denticulate. Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species. May. 3. F. PUBESCENS. Walt. (F. tomentosa. Michx.) Red Ash. Lfts. petiolqte, elliptical-ovate, acuminate, serrate, covered with a dense tomertumn beneath, as well as the petioles and branchlets; fis. calyculate.-The red ash is abundant in Penn. and the southern parts of N. England, resembling the last species, so as often to be confounded with it. It arises 60f, with a straight trunk covered with bark of a deep brown color. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish underneath. The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and is valuable for about the same diversified uses. May. 4. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA. Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. Lfts. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rugose and shining, round-oblique at the base; axils of the veins villous beneath; fls. naked.-This species is eommon in the northern U. S. and the British Provinces, where it is almost universally known as black ash. It prefers moist woods and even swamps, which it sometimes almost exclusively occupies. It grows to the height of 60-70~, with a diameter of 2f. The bark is of a darker hue than that of the white ash and less deeply furrowed. Buds of a deep blue, not yellow as in the former. Leaves 9-16' in length, of about 7 sessile leaflets, which are smooth above and red-downy on the veins beneath. The wood is purplish, very tough and elastic, but less durable than the white ash. The young saplings are in great requisition for hoops, and the mature trunks for baskets. May. 5. F. QUADRANGULTA. Michx. Blue Ash. Lfts. 3 —4 pairs, sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath; branchlets glabrous, quadrangular-winged, at length subterete; buds velvety; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, apex slightly emarginate.-A tall tree, in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn., E. to the Alleghanies. Trunk often 60-80f high, 16 - 20' diam. at base. Leaves 12-18' long, consisting of 7-11 leaflets. Leaflets vary from oval to lanceolate, distinctly serrate, 3 —4 long. The branchlets are furnished with 4 membranous margins 2 or 3" wide, which disappear when the twig is older. Samara slightly narrowed towards the base. Sterile panicles compound, much shorter than the leaves. May.-The wood possesses the same strength and elasticity that characterize the other species. A'RTSTOLOCInA. CV. AR1STOLOCHIACEgA. 45 SUBCLASS III. APETALLE. Corolla none; the floral envelops consisting of a single series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting. ORDER CV. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE-. —BITHWOkTs. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, the latter often climbing. Wood without concentric layers. Lvs. alternate, simple, petiolate, often with a stipule opposite the leaf, or exatipulate. Fls. perfect, axillary, solitary, brown or of some dull color. Cal.-Tube adherent to the ovary, segments 3, valvate in aestivation. Sta. 6-12. epigynous or adhering to the base of the short and thick styles. Ova. 3 —-celled. Stig. radiate, as many as the cells of the ovary. Fr. capsule or berry, 3 —-celled many-seeded. Embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. Genera 8, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, and thinly diffused throughout the northern hemisphere. Properties.-Tonics and stimulants. Both the following genera are successfully employed int medicine. Consupectus of the Genera. C equal. Assrum. 1 Calyx limb t unequal. ArLstolochia. 2 1. ASARUM. Said to be from the Gr. a, not, and aslpo, to bind; because not used in garLnds. Calyx campanulate; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary; anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments; style very short; stigma 6rayed; capsule 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. —Herbs with creeying ]rhizomas and 1-2 Ivs. on each branch. Fls. solitary. 1. A. CANADENSE. Wild Ginger. Asarabacca. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform; cal. woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segments reflected. -- A small, acaulescent plant, growing in rich, shady soil, Cah. to Ga. and W. States. The leaves are radical, large, 2 —4 by 3-5', with a deep sinus at base, on long, hairy stalks, and having a soft, velvet-like surface. The flower grows from between the bases of the leaf-stalks, solitary, on a nodding peduncle, and is close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. Calyx purplish, of 3, broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. The 12 filaments bear the anthers on their sides just below the extremity. The root or rhizoma is aromatic, and has been considered useful in whooping-cough. May-July. 2. A. VIRGIN1CUM. Michx. SXweet-scented Asarabacca. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, cordate, entire, obtuse; f. subsessile; cal. short, subcampanulate, glabrous externally. —Grows in light soils among rocks, N. J. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit tc the preceding. Each branch of the rhizoma bears a terminal leaf and a flower Leaf 3-4' diam., very smooth, clouded with spost, the petiole 2 or 3 timet longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shortethan the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Gr. aptsros, excellent, XoXco;, pertaining to parturition; alluding to the medicinal properties. Calyx ligulate, with an inflated base and an unequal border; anthers 6, subsessile upon the style; stigma 6-cleft; capsule 6-celled, many-seeded.-St. erect or twining. 1. A. SERPENTARIA. Virginia Snake-root. St. erect, flexuous; Ivs. oblong, cordate, acuminate; ped. radical; lip of the cal. lanceolate.-A curious vegetable of low growth, in hedges and thickets, Penn. to Ill. and La. Stem 8-13' high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Leaves 2-4' by I —2', rarely larger, petioles 3 —9" in length. Flowers few, near the 466 CVI. CHENOPODIACEXE. SALICORNIA. base of the stem. Calyx dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, bent almost double, gibbous at the base and at the angle, limb 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed. Capsule obovate, 6-angled, 6 —9" long, with numerous small seeds. June.The dried root is a valuable stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic, containing camphor. It has a warm, bitter, pungent taste. 2. A. SIPHO. L'Her. Dutchman's pipe. St. twining, shrubby; Ivs. ample, suborbicular, cordate, entire, acute, petiolate; pedl. I-flowered, furnished with a single, ovate bract; cal. tube bent, ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal.-A vigorous climber in mountainous woods, Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees 30 or 40f. Leaves 6-12' diam., alternate, sprinkled with soft hairs. Flowers solitary, the tube long and bent at nearly a right angle, in the form of a (siphon or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. It is highly ornamental in cultivation, for arbors. June. t ORDER CVI. CHENOPODIACEME.-CHENOPODS. Herbs or mndershrtbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves without stipules. Fls. inconspicuous, generally perfect, often dicecious or polygamous. Cal. deeply divided often tubular at base, imbricate in aestivation. Sta. from the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes or fewer, and opposite to them. Ova. i, with I ovule attached to its base within. Styles 2-4, rarely 1. Fr. a utricle. Embryo usually curved around fleshy albumen. Genera 63, species 360, often maritime plants, and more generally weeds, abounding in the northern temperate zone. Properties.-Some are useful for food, as the beet, mangel-tourtzet, orache spinach, -c. Others contain an essential oil which renders them tonic, antispasmodic and anthelmintic; as Chenopodium botrys, C. ambrosioiaes, C. anthelminticum; the latter yields the officinal ioorm-seed oil. Salsoli, sacornia and other sea-side species yield soda from their ashes in great abundance. 6r'Hill FIG. 52.-1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two (hypogynous) stamens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Salicornia herbacea. 5. Two joints magnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. 7. Flower of Blitum capitatum, with the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris. Conspectus of the Genera. Fruit partly invested ( Seed lenticular... Chenopodium. 7 in calyx..... Seed reniform... Beta. 8 Stamens 5.. Fr. wholly invested in cal. Lvs. subulate. Salsola. 2 ~ Styles 1. Leafless plants.. Salicornmia. 1 fall perfect i Stamens 1 — Stylessi. Leafy plants..... Blitum. 6 diacious. SStigmas s essile. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Acnida. 4 Stamens 5. Stig. on capillary styles. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate... Spinacia. 3 Flowers polygamous. Stamens 5........... Atriplez. 5 1. SALICORNIA. Lat. sat, salt, cornu, horn; in allusion both to its locality and appearance. Calyx turbinate, fleshy, closed, entire; sta. 1-2; style 1, bifid; utricle invested in the calyx, 1-seeded.-Salt marsh herbs, rarely shrubby, destitute of leaves. 1. S. HERBACEA. (S. mucronata Bw.) Herbaceous Samphire or Saltiwort. St. erect, herbaceops, spreading; joints compressed; internodes dilated upwards, truncated; branches numerous, opposite, light green, jointed, succulent, smooth, terminating in a spike; spikes lateral and terminal, tapering upwards; fls. small, sessile, about three on each side of the base of every joint.-A leafless plant with succulent and jointed branches, about a foot'high, growing abundantly on sea shores and salt marshes, N. Eng.! to Ga.; also at Salina, N. York. This and other species are said to make a good pickle for the table. When burned, its ashes yield soda. Aug. ATRIPLX. CVI. CHENOPOD1ACEiE. 467 2. S. AMnIGUA. Michx. Dubious or Prostrate Samphire. Perennial, procumbent, branching; joints small, crescent-shaped; spikes opposite and alternate; cal. truncate; anth. purplish-yellow; stig. 2.-A small species, found in the vicinity of New Bedford, Ms. Dewey. 2. SALSOLA. Latin sa/lus, salt. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, embracing the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb; styles 2; seed horizontal; embryo spiral. —Salt-marsh herbs, with linear or subulate leaves. 1. S. KALI. Herbaceous, decumbent; lvs. subulate, channeled, spinose, smooth; cal. margined, axillary.-A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the seacoast, N. Eng.! to Ga. Stem 1-2f high, diffuse. Leaves about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spine. Flowers green, succulent, sessile, bracteate. Seed cochleate, enclosed in the calyx. Aug. Used in the preparation of soda.,?. Caroliniana. (Nutt. S. Caroliniana. Walt.); Ivs. dilated; cal. with a broader margin; st. smooth. 2. S. SODA. Herbaceous, glabrous; branches ascending; lvs. semiterete, rather acute; cal. in fruit transversely connate, somewhat membranaceous.-In N. Y. Miutlenberg, who also attributes S. Tragus, another European species, to the shores of N. J. But this is very uncertain. July. ~ 3. SPINACIA. Lat. spina, a prickle; on account of the spiny processes of the fruit. Flowers dc. —d Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 2-4-cleft; styles 4, capillary; utricle contained within the indurated and sometimes muricated calyx. S. OLERACEA. Spinage.-Lvs. hastate-lanceolate, petiolate; fr. sessile, prickly or unarmed. —( Native country unknown, but it has long been a common plant in gardens, and in some esteem as an esculent. Stem 1-2f high, with leaves between hastate and sagittate, 2-3' long, and nearly half as wide, tapering at base into a long petiole. Flowers greenish, the sterile ones in a terminal-panicle, the fertile ones in dense, sessile, axillary racemes. June, July. 4. A C N I D A. Mitchell. Gr. a. not, KVLI,o, the nettle; a nettle-like plant which does not sting. Flowers d' Y. —- Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5. Y Calyx 3-parted; stig. 3-5, sessile; utricle l-seeded. —Herbaceoa s weeds, mostly aquatic. 1. A. CANNABINA. Water Hemp. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; caps. smooth, acute-angled. —( In salt marshes and inland swamps, Can. and U. S. Stem furrowed, smooth, 2-4f high. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 2-5' long, tapering to a long point. Panicles axillary and terminal, with numerous small, green flowers. Aug. 2. A. RUSCOCARPA. Michx. Lvs. oval-lanceolate; caps. obtusely angled, rugose.-( Can. and U. S. A tall, branching, unsightly plant in similar situations with the last. Stem 6 —8f high, angular. Flowers greenish-white, in terminal and axillary spikes. J1. 5. ATRYPLEX Fls. monoeciously polygamous. 7 Calyx 5-parted; sta. 5; style bipartite; utricle depressed, invested in the calyx. 9 Calyx 2-leaved; sta. 0; style and fruit as above.-Mostly 0, rarely shrubby plants. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, paniculate, 3' and Y on the same plant. 1. A. HORTENSIS. Garden Oracihe. Golden Orache. St. erect, herbaceous; Ivs. triangular, toothed, of a uniform color both sides; cal. of the fruil ovate, reticulate, entire.-nf Sparingly naturalized in ()0 )4#8 CvI. C;EN ](PODIACEAK. CHENQPODIM cultivated grounds. Stem 3f or more high, with thick leaves of variable shape, and 2.-3' long. Flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes. It is sometimes cultivated as a pot-herb. July. Q 2. A.. PATULA. Spreading Oracke. St. spreading, herbaceous; IWs. triangular-hastate, acuminate; cal. of the fruit submuricate on the disk. —( A very branching plant, 1-2-f long, found in salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Stem and leaves dull green, somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves hastate, with coarse teeth, upper ones lanceolate and nearly entire. Flowers in long, terminal and axillary, interrupted racemes. Sepals of the fertile flowers triangular, studded with tubercles in the midst. Aug. 3. A. ARENARIA. Nutt. Sand Orache. St. spreading, herbaceous; lvs. entire, oblong-ova-te, subsessile, silverywhite beneath, upper ones acute or acuminate; ]is. aggregated, axillary; WaL. of the frtike is. muricate, dentate, retuse. —Ot Grows on sandy shores, N. Y. to Car. Steji about a foot high, reddish, angular, very branching. Lower leaves often wedge-shaped. Flowers moncecious, the sterile ones in short, dense spikes at the ends of the branches, the fertile in axillary clusters. July. 4. A. LACINIATA. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem spreading, herbaceous; Ivs. triangular-ovate, deeply toothed, hoary pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite; S tetrandrous; cal. of thefrit, rhomboid, 3-veined, denticulate.-(Q) In salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Stem a foot long, mostly procumbent, mealy, alternately branched. Leaves stalked, entire at base, covered with small, grayish scales. The perfect flowers in terminal, sessile clusters, their ovaries about 5. Pistillate flowers axillary, 2 —3 together. J1. 5. A. HALiWtUS. Common OracAe. St. shrubby; Ivs. often subopposite, oblong-rhomboidaI, entire, attenuated into the margined petiole.-A tall, shrubby species, 6f high, said by Dr. MUlhlenberg to be naturalized on the sea-coasts of N. J. It is ornamental on account of its silvery foliage, and sometimes cultivated.. 6. BLITUM. Gr. lX)lrov, insipid; in allusion to the fair but insipid berries. 1s,. 9. Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal; sta. 1, exserted; sty. 2; ova. ovoid, acuminate; seed I, contained in the calyx which becomes a berry. —() erbaceouns weeds. Fis. and ft. in capitate clusters terminal and axillary. 1. B. CAPITATUM. Strawberry Blite. Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed; hds. in a terminal, leafless spike; fr. consisting of the reddened floweis, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid.-Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant, about a foot in height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated for borders in the flower garden. Heads of flowers sesale, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. June. t 2. B. VIRGiTUM. Slender Blite. St. with spreading branches; Ivs. triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate; glomerules scattered, lateral.-Fields and waste places. Stem 2f in length, spreading or procumbent. Leaves 2-3' by 1-2' coarsely toothed, on petioles half as long. Flowers always in axillary clusters, never terminal. Calyx finally fleshy and red in fruit. Jn. Q 3. B. MARITiMUM. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, incisely dentate; hds. axillary, sessile, spiked; cal. membranaceous.-(D A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y. Stem 1-2f high, very branching. Leaves fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Flowers very numerous and minute, not becoming red in fruit. Aug. 7. CHENOPODIUM Gr. XnYv, a goose;'rovs, a foot; from the resemblance of the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, free, partially enveloping the CHaNOrPOUM. CVI. CHENOPODIACE~E. 469 fruit; stamens 5; styles 2; iUtricle membranaceous; seed lenticular, vertically depressed. —Mostly D weeds with alternate leaves. Fls. gloamerate, paniculate. i. C. ALBUM (and C. viride. Litn.) White Goose-foot. Hogweed. L.vs. rhomboid-ovate, crowded, entire at base, the upper ones oblong, very entire: rac. branched, leafy, smooth.-0- A weed, common in cultivated grounds, Can. and N. States. Stem 2-3f high, furrowed, smooth, branching, leaves more or less mealy as also the whole plant. Flowers numerous, small, green, in irregular, terminal, erect racemes. July-Sept. 2. C. RUBRUM. Red Goose-foot. IRvs. thomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and sinuate; rac. erect, compound, leafy. — A weed in waste grounds, rubbish, &c., N. Eng. and Brit. Am. Stem reddish, 1-2f high, with short branches, very compound, andwith compact clusters of small, reddish-green flowers. Leaves dark green, the upper ones small, and intermixed with the flowers. July. 3. C. HYBRiDUM. Tall Goose-foot. LLvs. cordate, angular-toothed acuminate; rac. branched, subcymose, divaricate, leafless.-A weed in waste piaces; &c., N. Eng.! to Ky.! rather taller than the foregoing. Stem slender, 2-3f high, bearing a loose, branching cluster of unsightly and ill-scented flowers, remote from the leaves. Leaves bright green, with large, remote teeth and a taperiing point. July. $ 4. C. RHOMBIFOLUM. Muhl. Lvs. rhombic-triangular, acute, sinuate-dentate, upper ones lanceolate, cuneate at base; rac. axillary, erect, mostly leafless; bracts minute, inflexed.Penn. and Ohio. Plant yellowish-green, 2-3f high. Stem branching, angular with stripes of a deeper green. Leaves 2-3' by 1-1', widest near the base, with a few acute dentures,. petioles nearly half as long. Flowering branches shorter than the leaves, axillary, nearly leafless, with several roundish, dense clusters of green fiowers. 5. C. AMBROSIoIDES. Ambrosia Goose-foot. Lvs. lanceolate, remotely dentate; rac. simple, axillary, leafy.-Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ill. Plant rather fragrant. Stem 1-2f high, much branched, angular, slightly pubescent. Leaves acute at each end (the upper ones nearly linear), about 4 times as long as wide, the petioles 0 —' long. Flowers green, in sessile clstets on short, erect, slender, leafy branches. Stamens exsert. Aug. Sept. 6. C. fBalgrs. O&k- of-Jeitssem. Lvs. oblong, sinuate; rec. much divided.-Sandy fields, &c., N. Eng. to Ill. This plant is sometimes cultivated b6th on account of its fragrance, and the remarkable appearance of its compound clusters of inntinerable flowers. Plant 1-3f high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves petiolate, the sinuses deep, giving. them some resemblance to oak leaves. The branches put forth numerous leaves and short, axillary clusters on every side, formning long, leafy, cylindric, green, compound racemes, of which the central one is much the tallest. June. t 7. C. ANTHELMINTiCUM. Worm-seed. Les. oblong-laneeolate, toothed; spike simple, slender, interrupted, leafless. -Maine! to Ill. A strong-scented species, said to be a good vermifuge, as bothli its specific and common name would imply. Stem l —2f high, itsbranches ending in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers. Aug. 8. C. GLAUCUM. Sea-green Goose-foot. Lvs. oblong and ovate-oblong, repand-sinuate on the margin, glaucous beneath; spikes simple, leafless, glomerate, aXillary and terminal.-N. Y. Muhl. 9. C. MARITiMUM. Lvs. linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindrical;,is. in sessile, axillary clusters; sta. shorter than the sepals.-A fleshy plant growing in salt meadows, Can. to Flor. Stem 1 —2f high, branching. Leaves numerous, very acute, — 1' long. Flowers in axillary glomerules, green. Utricle thin and semitransparent, containing a black and shining seed. Aug. Sept. 470 CVII1. AMA RANTHACELE. AMARANTHUS. 8. BETA. Celtic bett, red; the usual color of the beet. Calyx 5-sepaled; sta. 5; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stigmas; seed reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx.-9( Stemsfurrowed. Lvs. alternate. Fls. glomerate, green, in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. B. VULGiRIS. Comnwn Beet.-Fls. in dense, sessile, axillary clusters; lower Ivs. ovate; rt. fleshy.-This useful culinary is said to grow wild in S. Europe. Besides its use in salads, pickles, soups, &c., the beet yields sugar equal to that of the cane. There are several varieties, of which the purple-leaved is the most esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for extracting sugar. Aug. 2. B. CICLA. Scarcity. —Lvs. with very thick veins; fls. 3 together; rts. scarcely any.-Native of Portugal. Root leaves stalked, those of the stem sessile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long spikes. A culinary plant, with very large leaves, used as a salad, &c. Aug. af. Mangel- Wurtzel. Rt. very large.-Cultivated as food for cattle, for which purpose it is highly prized by many farmers. ORDER CVII. SCLERANTHEACEAE.-SCLERANTHS. Herbs small, inconspicuous, with opposite leaves, no stipules and minute, axillary, sessile flowers. Cal.-Tube urceolate, limb 4-5-toothed. Sta. inserted on the calyx tube, and usually twice as many as its lobes. Ova. 1, free 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 1. Fr. a utricle, in the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the apex of a funiculus which arises from base of cell. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 4, species 14, natives of the northern hemisphere. SCLERANTHUS. Gr. arxXrpog, hard, avaos, when in fruit, the floral envelope appears hard and dry. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the tube contracted at the orifice; sta. 10, rarely 5 or 2; styles 2; utricle very smooth, enclosed in the calyx. S. ANNUUS. Common Knawel. St. spreading, slightly pubescent; sta. 10; cal. of the fr. with acute, spreading segments.-(0 weed in dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Stems numerous, branching, decumbent, short, ending with leafy clusters of sessile,green flowers. The leaves are numerous, linear, acute, short, opposite, partially united at their basis. FIs. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. JI. ORDER CVIII. AMARANTHACEZE.-AMARANTHS. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, without stipules. Fts. in heads or spikes usually colored, generally perfect. Cal.-Sepals 3-5, dry and scarious, persistent, generally with dry, colored bracts. Sta. 5 or some multiple of 5 distinct or monadelphous, hypogynous. Ova. 1, free, i or few-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigma. simple or compound. Fr. a utricle. Seeds pendulous. Embryo curved around farinaceous albumen. Genera 38, species 282, most abundant in warm latitudes. A few of them are cultivated for theirrichly colored, imperishable flowers. Others are mere weeds. Conspectus of the Genera. 5 Rachis terete or furrowed......... Amaranthus. I alternate. Rachis broad, flat and crest-form.. Celosia. 5 Flowers paniculate.. Iresine. 2 { Bracts whitish or greenish. I Flowers spicate... lotheca. 3 Leaves opposite.? Bracts crimson. Flowers capitate.., Gomphrena 4 1. AMARANTHUS. Gr. a, not, pa'patvro, to wither; the flowers of some of the species are imperishable. Fls.' 9; calyx deeply 3-5-parted, mostly colored, persistent; segments lanceolate, acute. 6' Stamens 3-5. 9 Styles 2-3; cap sule 1-celled, circumscissile; seed 1.- -Herbs with alternate leaves. Fls. in axillary and terminal clusters, rarely scattered. * Flowers triandrous. 1. A. ALBUS. Whiite Cock's-comb. St. obtusely angular; lvs. obovate, retuse; fis. triandrous, in small, axillary C VII:I. AMARANTHACE2E. 471 clusters.-A common garden weed, — 2f high, simple' or branched. Leaves entire, varying from oval to obovate, emarginate, with a mucronate point, tapering to a petiole which is nearly as long as the blade, those upon the branches very small. Flowers inconspicuous, pale green, accompanied with luiuierous, setaceous-pointed bracts. July. Q 2. A. BLITUM. Lowv Amaranth. St. diffusely branched and spreading; lvs. ovate, long-petiolate, obtuse or abruptly decurrent at base, entire, lower ones retuse, upper obtuse or acute;.js. inL short, axillary, spicate clusters, shorter than the petioles.- A weed naturalized in; waste places. Stem mostly prostrate and spreading. Leaves as long as the petioles, X — as wide. g 3. A. OLERACEUS. Pot Amaranth. Lvs. rugose, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate; clusters axillary, branching; fis. sometimes pentandrous.-Fields and waste places, Mass. to Penn. Stem 18-24' high. July. * * Flowers pentandrous. 4. A. HYBRiDUs. Hybrid Amaranth. St. furrowed, erect; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; rac. pentandrous, decompound crowded erect.-A common weed in waste and cultivated grounds, 1N. Eng. to Miss. ~teni 3t high, or more, leaves alternate, long-stalked, mostly entire, obtase, emarginate, mucronate, the lowest ones retuse. Flowers minute, in large, gTeen, oblong spikes- becoming at length a dull red, axillary and terminal. 5. A. PUMiLUS. Nutt. Dwarf Amaranth. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, often retuse; clusters axilIary; Jfs. entandrous; cal. 5-leaved, concave.-Sandy sea shores, N. Y. Stem 8-12' high, often decumbent. Flowers green, obscure. 6. A. RETRO'FLEX6C. Lvs. ovate, undulate; branches downy; rac. pentandrous, triply compound, compact, erect.-Waste grounds, among rubbish, N. Y. to Va. Stem 2f high. Aug. 7. A. A. SPNSUS. Spiny Amaranth. St. glabrous, much branched; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, with two stipular spines at base of the petioles; fis. in compound, terminal and axillary spikes.In cultivated grounds and roadsides. Middle States. A vile weed, 2f or more high, readily known by its stipular spines. Aug. Q 8. A. HYPOCHONDRTiCUS. Prince's Feather. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, mucronate; rac. pentandrous, compound, cwrpact, erect.-This species is native in the Middle States, and cultivated often as a garden annual. The whole plant is dark red, 3-4f high, with long, plumelike clusters. t 9. A. MELANCIJOLiCUS. Love-lies-bleeding. —Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, colored; rac. axillary, peduncled, roundish. —O From India. The whole plant purple, I8' high. t Several other species are rarely cultivated. 2. IRESINE. G'. ctpc'afviy. an olive branch bound with tufts of wool, borne by suppliants; from the resemblance. Flowers c3 9. — d Calyx deeply 5-7-parted, subtended by 2 bracts; scales or nectaries (petals?) 5 or 7. 9 Stigmas 2, sessile; capsule at length tomentose, many-seeded.-l-Lostly %. Lvs. opposite, entire, FIs. paniculate, axillary and terminal. I. CELOSIO1DES. St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above; lvs. scabrous, punctate, lower oblong, acuminate, upper ovate-lanceolate; panicle compound, large, rather dense. -A tall, handsome annual, 3-4f high, on river banks, Ohio, near Cincinnati, &c. Leaves tapering to the base into a winged petiole, 3-6' by 2-4'. Panicle of whitish flowers large, with opposite branches, branchlets and pedicels, nearly or quite leafless. Sept. Oct. 40# 472 CIX. NYCTAGINACEAE. MIRAZILIS, 3. OPLOTHfECA. Nutt. Gr. osrXos, armor, ~3re, sheath; alluding to the armed cover of the fruit. Fls.? —Calyx scarious, tubular, 5-toothed, densely tomentose, subtended at base by 2 truncated bracts; sta. 5, filaments united into a sheath below; stig. simple-; utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the indurated, muricate calyx.-0- Lvs. opposite, entire. Spikes opposite, sessile. O. FLORIDiNA. Nutt. St. simple, erect, arachnoid-pubescent; lvs. linear, tapering to the base, obtusish at apex; fis. imbricated, in short, dense, cottony spikes. —On sandy river banks, Ill. Mead! Plant 1-2f high, with a terminal, virgate inflorescence 6-10' long. Leaves 1-2' by 3-5". Spikes remote, 1-11' long. Calyx white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, enclosing the utricle. 4. GOMPHRTRNA. Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate; sepals 5, villous, disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed; utricle circumscissile, 1seeded.-Herbs and shrubs with opposite leaves. None of the species native. 1. G. GLOBOSA. Globe Amaranth.-St. erect, hairy; Ivs. oblong, pubescent; hds. globose, solitary, 2-leaved; keels of the bracts winged.-A tender annual from India, valued for its heads of flowers, which, if gathered before too far advanced, will retain their beauty several years. Height 18'. Branches opposite, axillary. Flowers purple. 2. G. PERENNIS. Perennial Globe Amaranth. —Lvs. lanceolate; Ads. 2-leaved; jfs. distinguished by a peculiar calyx.-Q- Plant about 2f high, native of S. America. The heads 2-leaved and terminal, resemble heads of clover. The crowded, purple perianths are chiefly conspicuous. Gathered like the former species, its flowers are equally fadeless and durable. July-Oct. 5. CELOSIA. Gr. KoXcoS, burnt; some of the species appear as if singed. Sepals 3-5, colored; stamens united at base by a plicate disk (nectary); style 2-3-cleft; utricle circumscissile.-A genus of ornamentalforeign herbs. Lvs. mostly alternate. C. CRISTXTA. Cock's-comb.-Lvs. ovate, acuminate; stip. falcate; commonped. striated; spike oblong, compressed.-This curious annual is said to have come from Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diameter, and of an intense, purplish-red. Height 2f. June-Sept. ORDERa CIX. NYCTAGINACE]E.-NYCTAGOS. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. opposite, one of each pair smaller than the other. Cal. colored, tubular, the upper part resembling a'corolla with a plaited limb, filling off from the lower part which becomes indurated in fruit. Sta. hypogynous, definite. Anth. 2-celled. Ova. free, with a single, erect ovule. Style 1. Stigma 1. Fr. a thin utricle, enclosed within the enlarged and persistent calyx. Seed with its testa coherent with the utricle. Cotyledons leafy. Genera 14, species 100, natives of warm latitudes. Nearly all, except the following beautiful genus, are obscure weeds. Roots purgative. M I R A B I L I S. Calyx funnel-foriml tube contracted,free from the ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous; sta. 5; stig. globose. 1. M. JAI.APA. Foer-o'clock. Marvel-of-Peru.-Lvs. smooth; fis. in clusters, stalked.-N. This wecll-known and much admired plant is from the W. Indies. Root large, tuberous, and is one of the substances which furnish the Jalap of the shops. Stem 2f high. Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate. Flowers large, very fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters; border wide-spreading, opening at about 4 o'clock, P. M. Calyx bright purple. By cultivation it POLYGONUM. CX. POLYGONACEL. 473 sports into many pleasing varieties with yellow and white, red and white, red and yellow flowers. June-Sept. 2. M. DICHOTOMA. Mexican Four-o'clock. —Fls. sessile, erect, axillary, solitary.-Q4 From Mexico. Stem 2f high, dichotomous, with yellow flowers, opening.at 4 o'clock like the former. July, Aug. 3. M. LONGIFL6RA. Long-flowered Four-o'clock. —Lvs. pubescent; fis. crowded; tube of the cal. very long. —4 Native of Mexico. Stem 2f high. Tube of the calyx slender, hairy, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers white. Jn.-Sept. ORDER CX. POLYGONACEJE.- BUCKWHEATS. Herbs,rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves. [base of the leaf-stalks; occasionally 0. Stip. of that remarkable kind called ochreae, cohering round the stem in the form of a sheath above the Fls. mostly perfect, and in racemes. Cal.-Sepals united at base, imbricate in sestivation. Sta. definite, inserted on the calyx near the base. Ova. free, with a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas several. Fr. —Achenium usually triangular. Sds.-Embryo generally on one side of farinaceous albumen. Genera 29, species 490, widely diffused throughout the world. Properties.-The roots of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhubarb of the shops is the root of some unknown species of this order, native of Tartary. But the leaves and stalks of sorrel, the garden rhubarb, &c., are agreeably tart, and contain oxalic acid; the petioles of the latter, together with the farinaceous seeds of the buck-wheat, are well-known articles of food. Conspectus of the Genera. S6. tigmas 3, multifid. 3 outer sepals smaller.... Runme. 4 C6. Stamens 9. Stigmas multifid.......... Rum. 1 mostly 5, united at base, persistent and enclosing the fruit.. Polygonum. 3 Sepals 4. Radical leaves reniform, on long petioles. Oyria. 2 1. RHEUM. Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native. Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent; stamens 9; styles 3; stigmas multifid, reflexed; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined.-l- Flis. fasciculate, in racemose panicles. R. RHAPONTiCUM. Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant.-livs. smooth, cordateovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges.-Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the sake of the juicy, acid petioles. These are taken in a green state, in the spring of the year, and made into tarts and pies, whose excellence is well known to every one. Stem stout and fleshy, 3-4f high, hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1-2f long, I as wide, on petioles of nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing innumerable greenish-white flowers. May. 2. OXYRIA. R.Br. Gr. o4vg, acid; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves. Cal. 4-sepaled, 2 inner sepals largest; achenium 3-sided, with a broad, membranaceous margin; sta. 2 —6; styles 2, stigmas large, plumose.-' Lvs. mostly radical, petiolate. Stem nearly leafless, paniculate-racemose. O. RENIFORMIS. Hook. (Riimex digynus. Linnl.) Mountain Sorrel. Radical Ivs. reniform, on long petioles; outer sepals oblong, half as long as the inner, valvular sepals; stamens 2; styles 2.-Found on the summits of the White Mts., in moist ravines, and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3 —4 in height. June. 3. POLYGONUM. Gr. 7roXvS, many, yovv, knee; that is, plants with many joints. Sepals 4-6, mostly 5, connected at base, colored or corolla-like, persistent; sta. 5-9, mostly 8; sty. 2-3, mostly 3, short, filiform; ach. mostly triangular, usually covered by the persistent calyx.Herbaceous. Sts. jointed. Fls. in axillary and terminal fascicles and spikes or paniculate racemes. 4 CX. POLYGONACEAE. POLYGaOuM. 1~. AViCULARIA. Flowers axillary. Stamens 5-8. Stigmas 3. 1. P. AVICULARE. Bird Polygonurm or Knot-grass. St. procumbent; lvs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acute, sessile; flowers subsessile. —( A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stems slender, i-l1f long, striate, smooth, brdnching, with short, white, torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Leaves smooth except the edges, 1-1' long and i as wide. Flowers reddish, small, 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, appearing all summer. i. glaucum. (P. glaucum. Nutt.) Lvs. fleshy, glaucous, revolute on the margmi.-Grows on the sea-coast, Long Island. 2. P. ERECTUM. (P. aviculare. f. latifolium. Micix.) Erect Knot-grass. St. mostly erect, branched; lvs. smooth, broadly oval, petiolate; fis. pedicellate; sta. mostly 5.-q Western and Mid. States and Brit. Am. A species remarkably distinct in appearance from the last, in similar situations, but seldom growing with it. Stem 1-21f high, branched, smooth. Leaves 1-2' long and about 8 as wide, rather obtuse, the petioles 0 —' long. Flowers' 2 —3 together, pedicellate, in the axils of the leaves, yellowish. J.n.-Sept. 3. P. TENUE. Michx. (P. linifolium. Muhl.) Slender Knot-grass. St. slender, erect, branched, acute-angled; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, erect, acuminate; stip. tubular, villose at top; fis. alternate, subsolitary, axillary. —) A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng., Mid. States. Stem — lf higb. Leaves 1-1i' long, 1-2/" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Flowers white. Jl., Aug. ~ 2. PERSICARIA. Spikes terminal or axillary. 4. P. PUNCTATUM. Ell. (P. Hydropiper. Michx. not of Linn.) Water Pepper.-St. branched, often decumbent at base; lvs. lanceolate, punctate with pellucid dots, waved and scabrous on the margin; spike loose, interrupted, drooping; sta. 6-8; sty. 2, united half way up.-(X) Can. to Flor. A plant well known for its acrid taste, growing in ditches, low grounds, among rubbish, &c. Stem smooth, swelling above the joints, 2f high, and, like the leaves, sprinkled with glandular dots, in which the acrimony is said to reside. Leaves. 2 —3' long and not more than ~ as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and white. Aug., Sept. 5. P. MITE. Pers. (P. hydropiperoides. lItchz. P. barbatum. Walt.) Mild or Tasteless Knot-grass.-St. mostly decumbent at base, erect and hairy above; lvs. narrow, lanceolate, subhirsute; stip. hirsute, long-ciliate; spikes linear; bracts ciliate, subimbricate; sta. 8; sty. 3. —l Ditches and ponds, Can. to Car. and Tenn. Stem a foot or more high. Leaves 2-4' long, I as wide, sessile. Spikes several, crowded near the summit of the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. J1., Aug. See also Addenda, p. 638. 6. P. PENNSYLVA'NiCUM. Pennsylvanian Knot-grass. St. smooth, tumid' at the joints; lvs. lanceolate, petiolate; stip. glabrous, not ciliate; spikes oblong, crowded; ped. hispid; sta. 8; sty. 2 or 1. —() Margiis' of ponds' and ditches, N. H. to Car. Stem geniculate, branched above, 2-..4f high. Leaves 3 —5 long, i as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes short and dense, large, and somewhat nodding. Flowers large, rose-colored, pedicellate. J1. 7. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM. (P. incarnatum. Ell.) St. geniculate, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, often hoary beneath; spikes numerous, rather crowded, erect, on scabrous peduncles; sta. 6; sty. 2.-A- A rare species in swamps and ditches, N. Y. to Ga. Stem 2 —4f high. Leaves 3 —5' long, a — as Wide. Petioles — i' long. Flowers small, white, or tinged with red, in numerous, panicled spikes. Aug. 8. P. PERsIcARIA. Ladies' Trlumb. Spotted Knot-weed. St. erect; lvs. lanceolate, the upper surface spotted; stip. fringed'; spikes dense, oblong, erect; ped. smooth; sta. 6; sty. 2, half united.-(- A common species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. Stem smooth, branched, leafy, 1-2f high, often colored. Leaves 2-4' long, ~' as wide, entire, shortstalked, acuminate, generally marked with a brownish, heart-shaped spot near the ntiddle. Flowers rose-colored, in short, dense, terminal spikes. Jn., Aug. Q POLYGONUM. CX. POLYGONACE)E. 475 9. P. ORIENTALE. Oriental Knot-grass. Prince's Feather. St. erect, paniculately branched; Ivs. large, with hairy, salver-form stipules; sta. 7; sty. 2.-0) Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides, throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament. Stem 5-8f high. Leaves 8-12' long, ~ as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. 5 t 10. P. AMPHIBIUM. (P. coccinium. Muhl.) Amphibious Knot-weed. St. assurgent, prostrate or decumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, smooth, acute or acuminate at apex; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense; sta. 5; sty. 2-cleft.-Marshes, ponds, N. Eng. to Ill. A very variable species, with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stems smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping or floating and rooting. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly lacerated. Leaves 5-7' by 1-2', often shining. Spikes 1-2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. Aug.-The principal varieties are as follows: a. coccineum. St. thick, suberect, 1 —3f long; lvs. oblong, acute, shining both sides; stipules truncate; spikes ovoid. (N. Eng.!) 8. natans. St. very long, thick, rooting, prostrate, with erect branches; Ivs. lance-oblong, subcordate, acuminate, stip. lacerate, long; spike long, slender. (Indiana! &c.) y. (P. fluitans. Ea.?) Lvs. lance-linear, tapering to each end; ochreae long, hirsute, with a leafy, spreading summit; spike oblong.-Lancaster, N. H. Rickard! Wisconsin, Lapham! —I am by no means certain that these three varieties are not distinct. 11. P. VIRGINIXNUM. St. simple, pilose above; lvs. broadly lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acuminate, smooth, on short petioles; rac. long, slender, few-flowered-; fls. tetramerous, unequal, remote; sta. 5; sty. 2, unequal.-21. Shades, Can. to Flor., W. to Miss. Stem 2-4f high. Leaves 3 —6 long,, as wide, petioles 1-5" long. Stipules hairy. Spike or raceme terminal, simple or with one or two branchlets, leafless, 1-2f long. Flowers small, white, Jl., Aug. ~ 3. BISTORTA. FIS. in terminal, solitary spikes. Sta. 7-9. Stig. 3. 1-2. P. VIVIPIRUM. Viviperous Bistort. St. simple; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin; spike linear, solitary.-Stem erect, leafy, if high, bearing a single spike of white flowers which are often transformed into bulblets while on the stem.-r? White Mts. N. to Arc. Am. Leaves 1-li' by 2-3", with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. J1. 13. P. HIRStJTUM. Walt. Hairy Knot-grass. St. and stip. very hirsute; Ivs. lanceolate, hirsute, punctate with pellucid dots; spikes filiform; sta. 7; sty. 3-parted. —( On river banks, Ohio and Southern States. The whole plant is clothed with soft hairs. Stem 2f high. Flowers white. July. ~ 4. POLYGONELLA. Flowers in paniculate spikes. Stamens 8. 14. P. ARTICULATUM. Jointed Polygonum. St. erect; Ivs. linear; spikes panicled, filiform; fls. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricate, truncated bracts; sta. 8; sty. 3. —( N. Y., Mich., found in dry, hilly pastures. Stem slender, branching, straight, with numerous, racemed spikes, and imbricate, sheathing bracts. Leaves — 1' by 1-2"/', obtuse. Flowers flesh-colored, on nodding, hair-like peduncles issuing from above the bracts. Achenia acutely triangular. Aug. ~ 5. FAGOPYRUM. Fls. in racemose panicles. Lvs. subcordate or sagittate. 15. P. SAGITTZTUM. Scratchgrass. St. prostrate, rough-angled; Ivs. sagittate; Jis. capitate; sta. 8; sty. 3. —( Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Flor. and W. States. A rough, climbing species, often several feet in length. Stem square, the angles very rough with prickles pointing downwards. Leaves acute, 1-3' long, J as wide, on petioles ~-i' long, with smooth stipules. Flowers in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn. 476 CX. POLYGONACEIE. RuMEx. 16. P. ARIFOLIUM. Hastate Knotgrass. St. aculeate with reversed prickles; Ivs. hastate; spikes few-flowered; Jis. -distinct; sta. 6; sty. 2. —) Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distinguished from the last chiefly by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves, which are 2 —4' long and { as wide. Petioles -1' long. Clusters racemose, slender, loose, few-flowered, at the ends of the branches. June, July. 17. P. CONVOLVUiLUS. Knot Bzndweed. St. twining, angular; lvs. cordate-hastate; seg. of the cal. obtusely keeled; sta. 8; sty. 3. —0 A common climbing species, in fields and waste grounds, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem 2-6f long, roughish, angled, with axillary branches. Leaves 1-2' long, b as wide, on petioles — t' long, with somewhat spreading and acute lobes at base. Flowers whitish, in terminal, interrupted spikes. June —Sept. /#. cilinode. (P. cilinode. Mx.) Plant minutely pubescent; stip. fringed with reflexed hairs at base. 18. P. SCANDENS. Climbing Knotgrass. St. twining, smooth; lvs. cordate, acuminate; seg. of the cal. winged; sta. 8; sty. 3.-4 N. Eng. to Ark. Stem 3-7f long, climbing, often colored and with axillary branches. Leaves heart-shaped, with distinct, rounded lobes. Flowers in long, interrupted racemes. Calyx and fruit conspicuously 3-winged, the wings decurrent on the slender, jointed pedicels. Aug. 19. P. FAGOPtRUM. Buckwheat.-St. erect, smooth; lvs. cordate-sagittate; rac. panicled; sta. 8; sty. 3; angles of the ach. equal. —( The name from the Lat. fagus, beech, and pyrunt, a pear; the fruit resembles in shape a beech-nut. Native of Asia, but here naturalized. A valuable grain cultivated for the flour which is made into pan-cakes and eaten warm. Stems 2-4f high. Leaves 2 —4' long, b as wide. Flowers numerous, white, very grateful to bees. 4 4. RUMEX. Calyx persistent, of 6 colored sepals, the 3 inner (valves) larger; sta. 6; sty. 3, spreading; stigmas many-cleft; achenium 3-cornered, covered by the 3 valve-like inner sepals.-Herbs with the flowers in dense, fasciculate panicles. 1. LAPATaiUm. Flowers all ~. Inner sepal9 (valves) grantuliferous. * Inner sepals entire. 1. R. CRISPUS. Yellow Dock. Lvs. lanceolate, waved, acute; valves (inner sepals) of the cal. entire, ovate, each bearing a tubercle. —% Can. and U. S. A weed so common as hardly to need description, gitowing in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, &c., much to the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2-3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yellow, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Calyx-valves 3, enclosing the seed, each with a grain on the back. The root is used in medicine for cutaneous diseases. June. ~ 2. R. SANGUINEUS. Bloody-veined Dock. Lvs. petiolate, cordate, lanceolate; valves of the cal. entire, one of them principally bearing the granule. —4 Can. and N. States. Stem of a reddish color, branching, leafy, 2-3f high. Leaves smooth, radical ones large, mostly with red veins, somewhat cordate, slightly curled at the edges. Flowers in small, distant whorls. Grows in waste and shady places. July. ( 3. R. BRITTANiCUS. British Water Dock. Lvs. broad-lanceolate; joints with nearly obsolete, torn sheaths; fis. polygamous; valves entire, all bearing granules. —4 Can., U. S. Aquatic, growing in muddy places. Root yellow internally, large. Stem 3f high, furrowed, angular and branched. Leaves large, petiolate, acute. Flowers in verticillate fascicles, collected into a large, terminal panicle. Pedicels nodding in fruit. Calyx valves large, cordate. July. CXI. PHYTOLACCACEAE. 471 4. R. VERTICILLATUS. Naked-spiked Dock. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate; valves entire, all bearing granules; spikes leaftest with flowers in half-whorls. —% Northern States. An aquatic species of mudd y situations. Stem 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and few branches. Leaves long, narrow, acute, flat. Whorls few-flowered. Pedicels i-1' long. June. 5. R. AQUATiCUS. Great Water Dock. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, lower ones cordate, on long petioles; valves ovate, entire, all of them bearing granules. —% Northern U. S. Ponds and ditches. Root large, very astringent. Stem 3-4f high. Leaves somewhat glaucous, the lower ones distinctly cordate at base. Flowers verticillate, in a terminal, leafy panicle. Pedicels nodding. 6. R. ALTISSiMUS. Wood. (R. verticillata, Mead ) Peach-leaved Dock. Glabrous, tall, erect; lvs. linear-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each end; rac. slender, paniculate, somewhat secund, leafless or the lowest verticil axillary; Jis. all ~; inner sep. broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively so, and the third naked. —% Marshy prairies and borders of streams, Indiana! A very showy Rumex, 3-6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3 —5 by — 1', somewhat acuminate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate, pedieels 2 —3" long. Achenium exactly resembling a beach-nut in form and color. June. (Nov. sp.) * * Inner sepals toothed. 7. R. ACUTUS. Dock. Lvs. oblong-cordate, acuminate; whorls leafy; valves oblong, subdentate, all of them bearing granules. —4 N. States. Ditches and waste places. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves large, the lower ones distinctly cordate, on long petioles. Racemes paniculate, composed of dense, leafy, dimidiate verticils. Granules large, red, one upon the back of each valve. May. i S. P. PALLIDUS. Bw. White Dock. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute; spikes slender; valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the granule. —4 Found in salt marshes, Ms. Stems numerous, ascending. Leaves smooth, acute, petioled, wavy on the margin. Flowers crowded, on short pedicels. Granule large, white, nearly covering the back of eaeh valve. June. 9. R. MARIT1MUS. Golden Dock. Lvs. linear, very long, entire, acute at each end; fis. in leafy racemes; inner sepals dentate, all graniferous. —4 "Borders of brackish ponds in Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket." Oakes. Plant a foot or more high. Flowers yellowish-green, in crowded half-whorls on the branches and main stem above. Q 10. R. OBTUSIFOLIUS. Broad-leaved Dock. St. roughish; radical lvs. ovate, obtuse; valves toothed, one of them principally bearing a granule on the back. —% N. States. A weed as troublesome as the first, growing about houses and fields wherever it is least welcome. Stem 2-3f high, furrowed, branching, leafy. Leaves oblong, cordate, obtuse, crenate-wavy; upper ones narrower and more acute; root leaves very large, oblong, heart-shaped, often with stalk and veins red. Flowers in long, nearly naked racemes. July. ( ~ 2. ACETOSA. Flowers d' 9. Inner sepals without granules. 11. R. ACETOSELLA. Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. Lvs. lanceolate-hastate; fis. 9 (d'. —- A common weed, growing in pastures and waste grounds throughout the U. S., preferring dry, hard soils. Stem i —lf high, leafy. Leaves halbert-shaped, very acid, but Pleasant to the taste. Flowering all summer. Flowers small, red or reddish, collected in panicled racemes, the valves destitute of' granules. The stame-ns and styles are on separate plants. ORDER CXI. PHYTOLACCA.,EAEE. —PHYTOLACCADS. Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leav es F1,s. racernose, perfect. Sepals 4-5, petaloid. Sta. 4 —5 and alternate with the sepals, or indefinie Ova. I-several-celled. Styles and otig Vrs eql;a in number to the cells. 478 CXII. LAURACE2E. SASSAFRAN. Pr. baccate or dry. Seeds solitary ascending. Embryo cylindric, curved around fleshy albumen. Genera 9, species 60, chiefly natives of the tropics. Phytolacca decandria possesses active properties, but they appear to be yet little understood and of doubtful application. PHYTOLACCA. Tourn. Gr. ovrov, a plant, Lat. lacca, lac; from the purple juice of the berries. Calyx 5-sepaled, resembling a corolla; stamens 7-20; styles 5-10; berry superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded.-Herbaceois. Racemes often opposite the leaves. P. DECANDRIA. Poke. Garget. Jalap. Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends; fls. with 10 stamens and 10 styles. —- A common, well-known plant, growing about roadsides, hedges, U. S. and Can. Root very large and branching. The stem, with the diameter of an inch, is 5 — 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature, of a fine, deep purple. Leaves 5' by 2-3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Racemes cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite to the leaves. Flowers greenish-white, consisting of 5 ovate, concave sepals, 10 stamens with white,, 2-lobed anthers, and 10 short, recurved styles. The fruit is a dark purple berry,' of a round, depressed form. The juice of the berries stains paper and linen a beautiful purple color, which, however, is not durable. In Spain, it is said they are used to color wine. July-Sept. ORDER CXII. LAURACE2E.-LAURELS. Trees and shrubs, with alternate, exstiptlate lvs. and umbelled or panicled fls. Cal. —Sepals 4 —, somewhat united, free fiom the ovary, imbricated in 2 series. Sta. definite, perigynous, usually twice as many as the sepals, the 3 inner sterile or wanting. Anth. adnate, 2-4-celled, opening by recurved valves, from the base to the apex. Ova.-Style and stigma single. Fr. —Berry or drupe on a thickened pedicel. Seed large, without albumen. Plumula conspicuous, 2-leaved. Genera 46, species 450, chiefly natives of the tropics, but few being sufficiently hardy to endure our climate. Properties.-The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimulant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, of Ceylon, &c. Camphor is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora Officinarum, of Japan, China, t&c. Cassia Bark, from Cinnamomum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissima, a tree of the W. Indies, yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Both of the following species are also moderately medicinal. Genera. 2 valves. Benzoin. 1 Anthers opening by 4 valves. Sassafras. 2 1. BENZOIN. Nees. Flowers ~, rarely by abortion'cP. Calyx deeply 6-parted; sta. 9, the inner row each with a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base; anth. opening by 2 valves, detached below and reflected upward; sty. short, thick; drupe 1-seeded.-Lvs. deciduous, entire. Fls. preceding the leaves, lateral. B. ODORIFERUM. Nees. (Laurus Benzoin. Linn.) Fever-bush. Spice Wood. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous;fls. in clustered umbels, often dioecious; buds and pedicels smooth.-A shrub 6-12f in height, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. It has an aromatic flavor resembling gum Benzoin, and the bark an agreeable, spicy taste. Leaves oval or obovate, cuneiform and acute at base, 2-4' long and J as wide, paler beneath. Flowers pedicellate, in small, sessile umbels, greenish, appearing in advance of the leaves. Calyx 6cleft, with oblong segments. Berries red. May. 2. SASSAFRAS. Nees. Diceciously-polygamous; calyx colored, 6-parted. c3 Sta. 9, fertile, the inner row with each a pair of opposite, pedicellate glands at base; anth. opening by 4 valves.? Sta. 1, short, abortive; sty. filiform; PYRULARIA. CXIII. SANTALACEJE. 479 drupe superior, l-seeded.-Lvs. deciduou:s, lobed. Fls. and lvs. co. temporary andfrom the same bud. S. OFFICINALE. (LaurusSassafras.Linn.) Sassafras. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base; fis. in terminal and axillary, corymbose racemes, with linear bracts.-Not uncommon in N. Eng., very abundant in the forests and barrens of the other states. It varies in height from 10-40f. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing in May and June, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's twigs, and after the leaves have expanded.' Every part of the tree has a pleasant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. These qualities depend upon an essential oil which may be obtained by distillation, and which has been highly valued in medicine. The young shoots are a common ingredient in small beer, imparting to it a grateful flavor. ORDER CXIII. SANTALACEAE.-SANDALWORTS. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves. Fls. small, in spikes, rarely in umbels or solitary. Cal. tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4-5-cleft, valvate in estivation. Sta. as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them. Ova. i-celled, 1-4-ovuled. Style 1. Stigma often lobed. ir. hard, dry and drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 18, species 110, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandalw-oood is the product of Santalum album, &c., of India. Conspectus of the Genera. Herbs. Comandra. 1 Shrubs. Pyrularia. 2 Trees. Nyssa. 3 I. COMANDRA. Nutt. Gr. Kcr~s, hair, avJprE, stamens; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs. Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4-5-parted; stamens 4-5, opposite the sepals, inserted into the top of the tube; disk perigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes alternating with the stamens. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx.Very smooth, suffruticose plants of N. America. Ped. axillary and terminal. Fls. small, umbellate. C. UMBELLiTA. Nutt. (Thesium umbellatum. Linn.) Bastard Toad-flax. Erect; Ivs. oval-lanceolate; fis. subcorymbed, terminal.-4 Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, generally branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1-1i' long, and i as wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. Each anther is attached to its opposite sepal by several hair-like, yellow filaments. June. 2. PYRULARIA. L. C. Rich. Flowers I? S c6. Calyx 5-cleft, subcampanu+ate; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half adherent to the ovary; sty. 1; stig. 2 or 3, sublenticular; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx.-Shrubs with the habit of Celastrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. Rac. terminal. P. OLEIFsRA; L. C. Rich. (P. pubera. Michx. Hamiltonia. Muhl.) Oilnut. Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4-6f high, hirsutepubescent. Root fcetid. Leaves 2-3' by 1-1', oblong-ovate, entire, acuminate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, in a terminal raceme, greenish-yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the 8' flowers, the segments reflexed in the -. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe globose-depressed. May, 41 480 CXIV.'r.HYMELACEE. )IRCA. Jne.-The whale:plant is snore or less oily, and is greedily devoured by cattle. Sometimes called Buffalo Oil. 3. NYSSA. The name of a nymph, according to Linmeus. Flowers dioecious-polygamous. d' Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5-10, inserted around a glandular disk; pistil 0. 9 Y Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5 or 0; pistil 1; drupe inferior; nut l-seeded. —Trees. 1. N. MULTIFLORA. Walt. (N. villosa. Michx.) Pepperidge. Tdlepo. Gum Tree.-Lvs. oblong, obovate, very entire, acute at each end, the petiole, midvein and margin villous; fertile ped. 3-6-flowered; nut short, obovate, obtuse, striate.-This tree is disseminated throughout the U. S.; it is found 30-70f! high, the trunk 1 —l3f! in diameter, with horizontal branches forming a pyramidal summit. The bark is light gray, similar to that of the white oak, and, like the next species, broken into hexagons. Leaves tough and firm, 25' long, and b as wide, often with 1 or more blunt teeth. Flowers small, greenish, in small clusters on a long, branching peduncle, the fertile ones succeeded by a few deep blue, oblong drupes. The wood is white, fire-grained, rather soft, the texture consisting of interwoven bundles.of fibres, rendering it very difficult to split. It is therefore useful for beetles, naves of wheels, hatters' blocks, &c. Jn. 2. N. AQUTv'miA. (N. biflora, Walt.) Water -Tdepo or Gum Tree. "Lvs. oblong-ovate, entire, acute at both ends, smooth; fertile ed. 2-flowered; drupe short, obovate; nut striate.-This tree grows in swamps, in certain sections of the Northern and Middle States. The trunk when full grown is 30-50f high and 15-20' in diameter, the bark divided by deep furrows into hexagons. Leaves alternate, smooth, 2-4i' in length. Flowers small and obscure, the fertile ones producing a fruit of a deep blue color, growing in pairs on a common stalk which is shorter than the leaves. The wood is dark brown, similar in quality and uses to the last. Jn."' Mickx. abr. ORDER CXIV. THYMELACEE. —DAPHNADS. S-hrubs with a very tenacious bark, alternate or opposite, entire leaves and perfect flowers. Cai'.free, tubular, colored, limb 4 (rarely 5)-cleft, imbricated in'estivation. las many. Sta. definite, inserted into the calyx and opposite to its lobes when eqvuJ to thema in iumber; often twice Ova. solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1. Stigma undivided. Pr. hard, dry, drupaceous. Albomen 0 or thin. Genera'38, species 3Q0, very abundant in Australasia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe and.Asia. The only North American genus is that which follows. Proqperties.-The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of interlaced fibres which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree (Lagetta) of Jamaica is particulory remarkable for this property. Genera. ~ obsolete. Stamens exserted. Dlrea. 1 Corolla limb t spreading. Stamens included. Daphme. 1. DIgCA. Gr. JtfKa, a fountain; the shrub grows in wet places. Calyx colored, tubular, with an obsolete limb; stamens 8, unequal; longer than, and inserted into the tube; style I; berry 1-seeded. — Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. expanding before the leaves. D. PALUSTRIS. Leather-wood. Lzs. oblong-ovate or obovate; Jis. axillary, 2-3 in a hairy, bud-like involucre.-A shrub, 5f in height, when full grown, U. S. and Can. The flowers appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, issuing from the same bud. Leaves entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stamens much longer than the sepals, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish " rods for the fool's back," the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. LEAGNUS. CXV. ELE;AGNACEIE. 48 2. DAPHNE. For the nymph Daphne, who, it is said, was changed into a'laurel which this resoenible. Calyx 4-cleft, marescent, limb spreading; stamens 8, included in calyx tube; sty. 1; drupe 1-seeded. —Jllostly evergreen! shrubs, of much beauty and fragrance. Lvs. generally from the terminal buds,flis. from the lateral. None are American. 1'. D. MEZEREUM.-L.s. deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, sessile; fls. sessile, about three from each lateral bud; cal. hypocrateriform, segments ovate, spreading; sta. inserted in 2 -rows near the top of the tube; fil. ivery' short; stig. sessile. —A beautiful, early-flowering, European shrub. The whole plant,. especially the bark, is very acrid. Flowers pink-colored: in one variety; white' in' another, clothing nearly the whole plant in March. Height 2-3f. f 2. D. LAURE.LA. Spurge Laurel.-Lvs. evergreen, lanceblate, glabrous, acute, entire, subsessile; fls; 5 together in each axillary raceme. —A taller shrub than the preceding, from Europe. Stem 4-6f high, with ample and beautiful foliage. Flowers fragrant, greenish-yellow. Mar., Apr. t 3. D. COLLiNA.-Lvs. evergreen, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a short petiole, very smooth above, villous beneath;.4s. fasciculate, terminal. Apr.-Jn. t ORDER CXV. EL~2AGNACEA. -OLEASTERS. Trees and shrubs usually covered with a leprous scurf. LIs. alternate or opposite, entite. Stip. o. Fls. axillary, dioecious, rarely perfect. Sterilejl. Cal.-4-parted. Sta. 3, 4 or'8, sessile. Anth. 2-celled. FPrtilefl. Cal.-Free, tubular, persistent, hlimb entire or 2-4-toothed. Ova. simple, 1-celled. Ovwcle solitary, stipitate. Stig. simple, sub'ulate, glandular. Pr-Achenium crustaceous, enclosed within the calyx, which becomes succulent and baccate. Sds. ascending. Embryo straight, in thin, fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed'throughout'the whole northiern hiemispere. Genera. 8. Shepherdia. 1 Stamens 4. Elaiagnus. 2 1. SHEPHERDIA. Nutt. In honor of John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool. FloWers Y d. — Calyx 4-cleft; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. 9 Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed-; sty 1; stig. oblique;' berry globose, composed of the fleshy calyx.-North American shrubs, with spinescent branches, and opposite;: deciduous leaves:. Fis. aggregated. 1. S. CANADENSIS. Nutt. (Hippophm. Willd.) Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales.-A shrub 6-8f high, found in Vt., N. Y. and W. to Wis., Lapham! by streams and on river banks. Leaves obtuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentose, margin entire; petioles 2-4" long, lamina 1-2' by J-1'. Flowers minute, in small, lateral, nearly sessile clusters; Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx enclosing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. J1.-A curious and ornamental shrub. 2. S. ARGENTEA. Nutt. (Hippophm. PIh.)-Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales.-A small tree, 12-18f high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1-2' by.4-9". Petioles ~' long, margin entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. Fruit the size of a currant, scarlet, well-flavored. t 2. EL E A GN U S. G'. eeaa, the olive; the trees having a resemblance' to the olive. Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side; sta. 4, alter 482 CXVI. ULMACEAE. ULMUS. nate with the calyx lobes; anth. subsessile; sty. short; fruit baccate, consisting of the achenium enclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube, marked with 8 furrows.- Trees or.shrubs, cultivated for the silvery foliage. Leaves alternate. 1. E. ARGENTEA. Silver-leaved Oleaster. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, both surfaces, particularly the lower, silvery and shining with ferruginous scales.-Missouri, &c. A beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, cartilaginous drupes. t 2. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Narrow-leaved Oleaster.-Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, alternate, smooth, canescent; fis. axillary, aggregate.-A tree of middle size from Europe, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and fine fruit, which, " when dried, resembles an oblong, plum with a reddish skin and a flavor similar to that of a date." j 3. E. LATIFOLIA. Broad-leaved Oleaster. —Lvs. ovate, evergreen.-E. India. t ORDER CXVI. ULMACE E.-ELMWORTS. Trees and shrubs with alternate simple, deciduous leaves. Stip. 2 at the base of each leaf, deciduous. Fls. sometimes by abortion diwcious, in loose clusters, never in catkins. Cal. free from the ovary, campanulate, 4-5-cleft, imbricate in astivation. Sta. inserted on the base of the calyx, as many as its lobes and opposite to them. Ova. 1 —2-celled. Ovules solitary. Stigmas 2 distinct. Fr. indehiscent, either a samara or drupe, I-celled; i-seeded. Seed p.ndulous, without albumen. Cotyledonw foliaceous. Genera 9, species 60, natives of the northern temperate zone. The mucilaginous bark of the slippery elm (Ulpnus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Several of the elms afford excellent timber. Gener-a. Flowers all perfect. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Fruit samarae.......mus. 1 Flowers polyvktnous. Calyx of sterile fl. 6-parted. Fruit a drupe. Celtis. 2 1. ULM US. From elm, its original name in Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Gothic, andopther Celtic dialects. Flowers 7. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-cleft; stamens 5-8; styles'2; samara compressed, with a broad, membranaceous border.- Trees, rarely shrubs. Lvs. retrorsely scabrous, often abrupt at base. FIs. fasciculate, appearing before the leaves. 1. U. AMERICiNA. American Elm. White Elm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequal at the base; fls. pedicelled; fr. fimbriate.-This majestic tree is common in the Northern, Middle and Western States. It is a native of the forest, but often grows spontaneously in open fields, where it is readily distinguished by its long, pendulous branches. The trunk, with a diameter of 3-5f, towers to the height of 30, 50, and even 70f, perfectly straight and naked, when it divides into 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing into other long, flexible limbs bending in broad, graceful curves. It is a great favorite as a shade tree, and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over the " sweet homes" of New England. Leaves short-stalked, oval-acuminate, doubly denticulate, and 4 —5 long. The veins are quite regular and prominent. Flowers small, purplish, collected into small, terminal clusters, and appearing in April, before the leaves. Fruit flat, fringed with a dense down. The wood is tough and strong, but not easily wrought; used for the naves of wheels, &c. 2. U. FULVA. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Brances rough; lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal at base, unequally serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough; buds covered with fulvous down; fis. sessile.-Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The slippery elm is much sought on account of the mucilage of the inner bark. Its diameter is 1-2f, and height 20-40. The leaves are larger, thicker and rougher than- those of the white elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Flowers collected at GELism. CXVI. ULMACE.E. 483 the ends of the young shoots. Calyx downy, sessile. Stamens short, reddish, 7 in number. April. 3. U. RACEMOSA. Thomas. Cork Elm. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side; fis. in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united at their base.-A tree found in Meriden, N. H.! to N. Y.! The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their numerous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3-4' long, i as wide, produced into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins and under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 2-4 in each of the fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7-8-cleft. Stamens 7-10. Stigmas recurved. Samara ovate, pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. 4. U. CAMPESTRIs. English Elm. —Ls. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unequal at base; fils. subsessile, densely clustered; sta. 5-8; cal. segments rounded, obtuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs.-From Europe. Introdued and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small extent. It is a majestic tree, 50-'70f high. The main trunk is 2-4f diam. at base, usually prolonged to the summit. The bark is more rough and broken than that of the American elm, the branches more rigid and thrown off at a larger angle, the foliage more dense, consisting of smaller and darker-colored leaves. In form it favors the oak more than our own native elms. Many trees of this kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly mentioned in Emerson's Report, pp. 301, 302. 5. U. MONTANA. Scotch Elmr. Wyjch Elm. —Lvs. doubly serrate, unequal at base; ls. pedicellate; sta. 6-8; samara with the margin fringed.-Another European elm, often attaining an enormous size. The timber is highly valuable. In form it more nearly resembles the slippery elm than the white elm. -:6. U. NEMORALIS. River Elm. Lvs. oblong, nearly smooth, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base; fis. sessile. —Banks of rivers, N. Eng. to Virginia, according to PursA, Fl. p. 200, but unknown to any subsequent botanist. 2. CELTIS. Celtis was the ancient name for the lotus, which this genus is said to resemble. Flowers monoecious-polygamous. d' Calyx 6-parted; stamens 6. Q Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5; styles 2; stigmas subulate, elongated, spreading; drupe 1-seeded.-Trees or large shrubs. Lvs. mostly oblique at base. F- s. subsolitary, axillary. 1. C. OCCIDENTALIS. American Nettle Tree. Hoop Ash. Beaver Wood. L/vs. ovate, acuminate, entire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above, and rough-hairy beneath; frt. solitary.-This species is some 30f high in New England, where it is rarely found, but is much more abundant at the South and West. The trunk has a rough, but unbroken bark, with numerous slender, horizontal branches. Leaves with a very long acumination, and remarkably unequal at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded by a small, round, dull red drupe. The wood is tough, and is used for making hoops, &c. 2. C. CRASSIFOLIA. Lam. Hackberry. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally cordate at base, subcoriaceous, rough both sides; ped. about 2-flowered.-This tree is thinly disseminated in the northern parts of the U. S. In woods it is distinguished by its straight, slender trunk, undivided to a great height, covered with an unbroken bark. The leaves are of a thick and firm texture, very large, heart-shaped at base. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, black drupe about the size of the whortleberry. The wood is white and close-grained, but neither strong nor durable. May. 3. C. PUMiLA. Pursh. (C. occidentalis. B. Muld.) Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth on both surfaces, the yolinger only pubescent; ped. mostly 3-flowered; fruit solitary. A small shrub, oni the banks of rivers, Md., Va. Pursh. Leaves 41 484 CXIX. CALLITRICHACEAE. CALLITRICHIE. sometimes cordate, nearly as broad as long, with a very short acumination Berries brown and glaucous. ORDER CXVII. SAURACEME.- SAURAD.s. Herbs aquatic, with jointed stems. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fls. in spikes, perfect, achlamydeous, each in the axil of a bract or scale. Sta. definite, persistent; anth. 2-celled, connectile thick, continuous with the slender filament. Ova —Carpels 3 —6, each few-ovuled. Fr.-Capsule or berry 3 —5-celled, few-seeded. $ds. usually solitary in the cells. Embryo minute, cordate, outside of hard, farinaceous albumen. Genera 4, species 7, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes and pools. Properties unimportant. 1. SAUR1YRUJS. Gr. cavpa, a lizzard, ovpa, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence. Inflorescence an ament or spike of I-flowered scales; stamens 6, 7, 8 or more; anthers adnate to the filaments; ovaries 4; berries 4, 1-seeded. S. CERNUUS. Willd. (Anonymus aquatica. Walt.) Lizzard Tail. St. angular; Ivs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate. —% An aquatic plant, with neat foliage, and yellowish, drooping spikes of flowers, Can. to Car. and W. States i Stem l —2f high, weak, iurrowed. Leaves 4 —6 long, and j as wide, smooth and glaucous, with prominentveins beneath and on petioles 1 —2' long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubular, cleft above, white. Flowers very small and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Aug. ORDER CXVIII. CERATOPHYLLACEIE. —-HoRNw WRTs. Herbs submersed, with dichotomous, cellular, verticillate leaves. Fls. monoecious. Calyx many-parted. Sterile.-Sta. indefinite (16-20). Anth. tricuspidate, sessile, 2-celled. Fertile.-Ova. free, i-celled, with a suspended, solitary ovule. Style filiform, oblique, sessile. Fr.-Achenium beaked with the indurated stigma. Seed orthrotopous, suspended, exalbuminous, and containing 4 cotyledons. Herbs, floating. Leaves cellular, many-cleft, verticillate. This order consists of the following genus only, with 67 species. They grow in ditches and pools, Europe, Northern Asia, Barbary, and North America. CERATOPHYLLUM. Gr. Kepas, a horn, Ov)XXov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves. Character the same as that of the order. C. DEMERSUM. Hornwort.. Lvs. 6-8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; pis. axillary; fr. 3-spined.-2% An aquatic weed, in ditches, &c., N. Y. to Va. ~W. to Ill. Stem floating or prostrate, 8-16' long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. They are dichotomously divided into 2 or more filiform segments. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fruit an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. —Sept. ORDER CXIX. CALLITRICHACEAZE.-STARWORTS. Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Fls. axillary, solitary, very minute, monoecious, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Sta. 1, rarely 2; filaments slender; anthers i-celled, 2-valved, reniform. Ova. 4-celled, 4-lobed; ovules solitary. Styles 2; stirmas simple points. Fr. i-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters both of Europe and America. CALLIT R CHE. Gr. KaXo6, beautiful, Sptr, rptXos, hair; alluding to the slender stems. Character the same as that of the order.-l-. C. VERNA. (C. intermedia. FWild. C. aquatica. /w.) Floating; upper Ivs. oblong-spatulate, lower ones linear, obtuse or emar CXXI. EUPHORBIACEAE. 485 ginate; caps. with the lobes obtusely margined. —O This little polymorphous plant is common in shallow streams and muddy places, U. S. Stem floating, 1-2f long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or branched. Leaves 2 at each node, becoming crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of the water, the lower ones becoming gradually narrower, and the lowest quite linear. Flowers white, axillary, 1 or 2 together, often monoecious. Anther - a; little- exsee.dc yellow. May-Sept. B. autumnalis. Darl. (C. autumnalis. L. C. linearis. Ph.) Floating; lvs. nearly all linear, 1-veined, truncate or emarginate, the upper ones a little dilated towards the end.-In similar situations with, and generally accompanying the former. y. terrestris. Darl. (C. terrestris. Raf. C. brevifolia. Ph.) Procumbent ard diffuse; Ivs. all oblong, obtuse, crowded, fleshy. —Grows on soft mud, cverspreading the surface. This form evidently depends on the locality. ORDER CXX. PODOSTEMACEME.- THREADFOOTS. Herbs aquatic, without spiral vessels, of the habit of the liverworts or mosses. Ls,;. capillary or linear, not articulated with the stem. F:s. moncecious, achlamydeous, bursting through an irregularly lacerated spathe. Sta. often reduced to 1 or.2, and monadelphous. Ova. free, 2-3-celled. Sty. 2 or 0. Stig. 2-3. Pr.-Capsule subpedicellate, opening by 2 valves.:ds. numerous, without albumen, attached to a central column. Genera 9, species 25, natives of N. America and Asia. PODOSTflMUM. L.C. Rich. Gr. TroWe, 7rod0, a foot, ar{7tov; the stamens being apparently on a common foot-stalk. Stamens 2, with the filaments united below; ovary oblong-ovoid; stigmas 2, sessile, recurved; capsule 2-celled; seeds minutes —Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. CERATOPHYLLUM. Michx. (Lacis ceratophylla. Bongard.) Threadfoot. Lvs. dichotomously dissected; lfs. solitary, axillary.-Middle! Western and Southern States. Stem a few inches long, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Leaves numerous, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Flowers on short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the lacerated calyx. In shallow, running streams. July. ORDER CXXI. EUPHORBIACE2AE.-SPURGEWORTS. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often abounding in an acrid milk. Lvs. opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often furnished with stipules. Pels. monmecious or dioecious, axillary or terminal. Cal. inferior, lobed or wanting. Cor.-Petals or scales equal in number to the sepals, or wanting. Sterilefl.-Sta. definite or indefinite, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. 2-celled. Fertilefl. —Ova. free, of 2-9 more or less united carpels, coherent to a central prolongation of the axis. Styles distinct, often 2-cleft. Fr.-Capsule of 3 dehiscent carpels which open elastically. Sd. with a large embryo in fleshy albumen. Genera 191, species 25001 chiefly natives of S. America, not more than 50 species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. Propertzes.-An acrid, stimulant and poisonous principle, residing chiefly in the milky juice, pervades the whole order. This principle varies in activity from mild stimulants to the most active poisons; but it is volatile and easily expelled by heat. Tapioca is a starch-like accumulation formed in the roots ol the Jatropha Manihot. When fresh, this root is a violent poison, but loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to heat. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis, Croton. oil from the seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yielded in abundance by several S. American species. FIG. 53.-1. Head or capitulum of Euphorbia corollata, with the corolta-like in-;N-< ~SXV volucre, and pedicellate pistillate flower. 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing rounding the pistillate. 3. One of the flowers, with a toothed bract at base. 4. 1 3 v l4 5 2 Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells or carpels. 486 CXXI. EUPHORBIACE2E. EUPIORBIA. Conspectus of the Genera. $ Fruit in a toothed, leafy involuere..... calypha. 2 8-W6-an.drous. Fruit not involucrate........ Croton. 5 polyandrous. Leaves large, glaucous, peltate...ins. 3 tetrandrous. Leaves evergreen, ov te.. Buaus. 7 pentaudreus. Leaves clothed with shining scales.. Crotorotpseis. 4 triandrous. Leaves very small.......... Phyllanthus. 6 eteulelis. monandrous, several in a corolla-like involucre...... horbia. 1 1. EUPHORBIA. UPhorb, phy4si'cian to Juba, king of Mauritiana, first used these plants in medicine. Flowers l, mostly achlamydeous; involucre monophyllous, subcampanulate, with 4-5 petaloid segments alternating with as many external, gland-like teeth.' 12 or more; stamen 1; filament articulated in the middle. Y solitary, central; ovary pedicellate; styles 3, bifid; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. —Herbs or shrubs, ~with a milky juice. Lvs. generally opposite, sometimes wanting, often stipulate. Invol. axillary or subumbelate. * Heads of flowers in involurdate umbels. t Cauline leaves alternate. 1. E. COROLLATA. Flowering Spurge. Erect; cauline and floral Ivs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; inner segments of the invol. obovate, petaloid; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous.21 In dry fields, &c., Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1-2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1 —2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel, as in other species, consists of about 5 verticillate branches from the summit of the stem, each -of which is subdivided into about 3, and finally into 2 peduncles. Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July Aug.-The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest. 2. E. HELIOsCOPIA. Su*n Spurge. Erect; floral lvs. obovate, cauline wedge-form, serrate, smooth; umbel 5rayed, then 3-rayed and forked.-() A milky weed in- cultivated grounds, N. H.! to Niagara! S. to Car., remarkable for the symmtetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8-16' high. Leaves scattered, 1-1l' long, i as broad at the rounded or retuse apex, finely and sharply serrate, entire, and tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 obovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilose with scattered hairs and subdivided into an umbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. Capsules smooth. June, July. 3. E. NEMORALIS. Darl. (E. pilosa. Pursh.) Hairy Spurge. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, subsessile, pilose beneath, those of the involucre ovate; umbel 5-8-rayed, rays ones or twice divided; seg. of thefloral invol. colored, entire, subreniform; ova. verrucose. — Moist woods, Can. to Va. Stem 2-3f high, smooth, rarely branched below the umbel. Leaves 3 —4 by 1', entire or slightly serrulate above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite and nearly as broad as long. Floral involucre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. May, June. 4. E. OBTUSATA. Pursh. Obtuse-leaved Spurge. Erect; lvs. alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth;'umbel 3-rayed, rays twice dichotomous; floral lI's. ovate, subcordate, somewhat obtuse; caps. muricate.-9 Grows in waste grounds, Can. to Va. Stem 12-18' high. 5. E. PEPLUS. St. erect or ascending, branched below; umbels 3-rayed, rays mostly dichotomous; involucrate lvs. ovate, acute. —I) A small species, in cultivated grounds, Penn. to Va. Floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Torr. t Cauline leaves otftosite. 6. E. MEICURIALINA. Muhl. St. weak and slender, simply 3-cleft; irs. opposite and ternately verti EUPHORBIA. CXXI. EUPHORBIACEIE. 487 ciliate, subsessile, oval and entire; ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. —4 In rocky shades, Penn. Purs/. J1. Aug. 7. E. LATHiRIS. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. St. erect, stout, smooth; Ivs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, sessile; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous; glands of the invol. lunate, 2horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. —) Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves 2-4' by 3-9", numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches with a central subsessile head. Jl. —Sept. 8. E. HERRONII. Riddell. Herron'sEuphorbia. Erect, pilose, with opposite branches; lower Ivs. rhombic-ovate, middle ones lanceolate, upper lance-linear, denticulate, obtuse at apex, acute at base; umbels small, few flowered. —O Ohio. Plant hairy in all its parts, 1 —2f high. Petiole ciliate, half as long as the leaves. Aug. Sept. 9. E. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Haworth — St. much branched at base, ascending and with barren branches above; Ivs. crowded, linear, obtuse; umbel many-rayed, proliferous; floral invol. 2-leaved, leaflets broad-cordate.;-' A heath-like plant of the gardens, native of -, If high. Leaves 1' by 1", very numerous, spirally arranged, apparently verticillate. t 10. E. MARGINXTA. Pursh.-Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous; /mabel 3-rayed, once or twice dichotomous; involucrate Ivs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the margin; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish; caps. hoary-pubescent. —< Gardens. A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre.. * Heads axillary orfasciculate. Leaves opposite. 11. E. HYPERICIFoLIA. Spurge. Eye-bright. St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate-spreading; Ivs. opposite, oval-oblong, serrate, sub-falcate; corymbs terminal. —( A slender and branching plant, found in dry and rich soils. Stem 10-20' high, usually purple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent, U. S. and Can. Leaves tripliveined, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate, 6 —12" long, and i as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. 12. E. MACULXATA. (E. depressa. Ell. E. thymifolia. Lirnn.) Spotted Spcrge. Procumbent; branches spreading; Ils. serrate, oblong, hairy; fis. axillary. -l A prostrate plant, spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Mass.! to Ind.! and S. States. Stem 6-12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3-6" long and J as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. J1.-Sept. 13. E. POLYGONIFOLIA. Knot-grass Spurge. Procumbent; lvs. entire, lanceolate and oblong, obtuse at base; iJs. in the axils of the branches, solitary. —0 Sea shores, R. I.! to Flor. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6-10' long, dichotomous, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 —5/ by 1", petioles about 1". Stipules subulate and simple. Heads small, in the forks of the purple stem. June, July. 14. E. IPECACUANHIE. Ipecac Spurge. Procumbent or suberect, small, smooth; Ivs. opposite, obovate and oblanceolate; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered. —. Sandy soil, Middle! and S. States. Root perennial, very long. Stem rather thick and succulent, 3 —8' long. Leaves 19-2' by 3 —6", sessile, varying from obovate to linear. Heads solitary. Peduncles as long as the leaves. June. 15. E. DENTXTA. Michx. Toothed-leaf Spurge. Hairy; lvs. opposite, oval. dentate; fis. crowded at the summit of the stem.-() Shady rocks, Penn., Torrey, to Tenn., Michaux. Upper leaves spotted.-Probably a variety of E. hypericifolia. J1. Aug. 4A88R CXXI- EUtPHORBIACEME. CaoToS. 16. E. rPUNicA. Scarletor Spkendid Euphorbia.-St. suffruticose, fleshy, anrged with rigid, sharp thorns; lvs. ovate, tapering to the base; glabrous, entire, acute, mucronate; ped. axillary. 2 or 3 times dichotomous; involucrate bracts scarlet. — A singular and showy garden plant..2. ACALEPHIA. The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles. Fis. o. —- Calyx 3-4-parted-; sta. 8-16, united. at base. —9 Calyx 3-parted, segments connivent, persistent; styles 3, elongated, 2 —3parted;: caps. 3-celledj cells l-seeded. —Herbaceous; or shrubby Lvs. alternate. A. VIRGINiCA. Three-seeded Mercury. Pubescent, branched'; lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, serrate'; invol. of tgiefertile-flowels cordate, broad-ovate, acuminate, veined and toothed; —( In di and: gravely soils, U. S. and Can., rate in: N. Eng. Stem erect or ascending at base, i0-18t high. Leaves 3-veined,, 1-2;' long, jI as wide, hairy, obttssish. Pistillatie flower at the base of the peduncle of the staminate spike. Involucrum of the fruit axillary, on a- short stalk; shorter than the leaves, its margin cut; half way down into long, acute segments. Aug.' (A~. Caroliniana. Walt.) L-vs. rhombic-ovate, on long petioles.-Pehtn. tdO-In.!; 3. RIC T'N US. Lat. ricinus, an insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. Flowers?. — Calyx 5-parted;; sta. many. 9 Calyx 3-parted; sty. 3, 2-cleft; caps. echinate,, 3-celled, 3-seeded.-Herbs and shrubs with peltate, palmate lvs. R. coMMTNIs.. Caster-oil: Bean: Palma Christi.-St. frosted: or glaucous, white, herbaceous; lvs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate; caps. pricklyr. — Ntive of the E. I'ndies, where it:becomes: a tree, although an herbaceous antual'with us. In our gardens it is a tall, smooth plant: of a light bluishgreen color. Leaves 4 —12" diam., on long petioles From its seeds is expressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose: it is- extensively cultivated in the U. S. July, Aug. $. 4.; CROT NOP SI PSIS Michx. Named from its resemblance (or4lS) to the next genus below. Fiowerfs?. —d" Calyx 5-parted; cor. of 5 petalsc; stamens 5. 9 Calyx 5-parted; cor. 0; stig. 3, twice bifid; caps. l-seed'd, indehiscent.-0 Lvs. alternate, stellately pubescent and shining. Fts. aggregate, the upper ones sterile. C. LINgi-RISm. Miehx. St. erect, dichotomonsly branched; lvs. clothed with a stellate pubescence abvoe; with hairs: and shining scales beneath.-In the sandy swamps of N. J. toCar. and Ill. Nuttdll: Stem 12-18' high, and like the leaves sprinkled with silvery, shining scales. Leaves on: short petioles, linear-lanceolate or lanceovate. Flowers very minute, in terminal and axillary spikes. June. 5. CROTON. AGreek name, synonymous with the Lat. ricinus. See genus No. 3. Siowers. —c' Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed; cor. of 5 petals or 0; sta. 10 —15. 9 Calyx 5 —many-sepaled; cor. 0; styles 3 or 6, bifid; capsule of 3, coherent, 1-seeded carpels.-A: large genus, mostly tropical, and inconspicuous weeds. 1. C. CAPITATUM. Michx. St. woolly, tomentose; lvs oval-oblong, obtuse, rounded and entire at the base, clothed with soft tomentVm on both surfaces; fertile fis. at the base of the EMPF_,iRUM. CXXII. EMPETRACEi. 4A spi'kelets; sty. 6, twiee bifid; staminate fls. capitate, crowded. —( OGrows -in sandy prairies, 111. to the sources of the Missouri. 2. C. ELLIPTiCUM. Nutt. (Crotonopsis elliptica. WVilld.) Plant clothed with a stellate pubescence; Ivs. elliptical-ovate, the older ones obtuse at apex, smoothish and green on the upper surface; fls. glomerate; sty. 3, bifid; caps. angular, 2-seeded.-(I) Ill. Mead, and Mo. 3. C. GLANDULOSUM. St. trichotomous; lvs. oblong, serrate, hairy beneath, nearly entire, and bearing 2 glands at the base; spikes of flowers situated in the division _Qf:the stem.-m- Ill. (Mead), river bottoms. 6. PHYLLANTHUS. Gr'. OvXav, avs,os; the leaves of the original species bearflowers at the edges. Flowers. —d' Calyx persistent, with 6 spreading5 colored segments; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didymous. Q Calyx as in the J.; styles. 3, ifid; capsule 3-celled; cells 2-valved, 1-2-seeded.-H- erbs or shrubs'with alternat e, stipulate leav.es and Mninute, axillary flowers..o C.A.OLNEs eIS.. Walt, (P. obovatus. WiVd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches; Ivs. simple, entire, glabrous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled; fls. few, subsolitary, axillary. -0( A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn.! to I1I.! Stem 6-10' high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6-8" by 4-65'5 of -the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1 —3 in each axil, the Jwith the 9, i-1" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 7. BTJXUS. The Greek name of this plant was,oaS. Flowers. —d' Calyx 3-leaved; petals 2; sta. 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. 9 Cal. 4-sepaled; pet. 3; sty. 3; caps. with 3 beaks and 3 cells; seeds 2.-Shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite. B. SEMPERViRENS. fBox.-Lvs. ovate; petioles hairy at edge; anta. ovate, saggittate.-Var. angustifolia has narrow, lanceolate leaves. Var. sufruticosa, tue dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed for edgings in gardens.-The box with its varieties is native of Europe. ORDER CXXTI. EMPETRACEE.-CROWERRIEs.. S/hrubs small, evergreen, heath-like, with exstipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. PIs. dioecious. Cal. consistingof hypogynous. imbricated scales. Sta. equal in number to the inner sepals and alternate with them. Ova. 3-9-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Styles short or 0. Stignas lobed and often lacerated. Fr.-Drupe seated in the persistent calyx, containing 3-9 bony nucules. Sds. solitary, ascending, albuminous. Radicle infenor. Genera 4. species 4, natives of Europe, North America and the Straits of Magellan. They are acrid. The berries are used for food in Greenland. Genera. e6 —seeded. Empetrum. I Drupe 3-seeded. Oakesi. 2 1. EMPETRUM. Gr. ty, upon, rertsog, a stone; from the places of its natural growth. Flowers 9 6c. Perianth consisting of 2 series of sepaloid scales. 8' Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. 9 Styles 6-9, very short, erect, or 0; stigmas oblong, radiate-spreading; drupe globose, 1-celled; seeds 6-9.-Low, alpine shrubs. E. NIGRUM. Crowberry. Procumbent; branches smooth; ivs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse at /99 CXXIII. JUGLANDACEAE. JUGLANS. each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin. A small, prostrate, alpine shrub, found on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcareous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are — ~' long and a line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper leaves. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn. 2. O A K E S I A. Tuckerman. Dedicated to William Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass., to whom N. Eng. botany is greatly indebted. F —lowers 6 s 9.-6' Stamens 3, enclosed in 3-6 membranaceous, sepaloid scales; fil. filiform, exserted, distinct; anth. 2-lobed, opening by lateral clefts. 9 or ~ Calyx of 3 equal, membranaceous scales in the axis of a larger, ovate, ciliate scale; stam. 3 or 0; sty. trifid, ova. 3-celled; drupe 3-seeded. O. CONRIsDI. (Empetrum. Torr. Tuckermania. Klotzch.) Plymouth Crowberry.-A low, bushy, tufted shrub, about If high, in Plymouth, Mass., Emerson, pine barrens, N. J., Torrey, N. Y., Vasey. Stems slender, with a reddish-ash-colored bark, with short, verticillate branches. Leaves evergreen, numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, J' long, linear, revolute. Flowers in terminal clusters of 10-15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and styles.-Plants with 7 are less common than those with c' or 9. March, Apr. ORDER CXXIII. JUGLANDACEKLE.-WALNUTS. Trees, with alternate and unequally pinnate leaves and no stipules. Fl. green, inconspicuous moncmcious. Sterile in aments. Corolla 0. Cal. membranaceous, oblique, irregular. Sta. indefinite (3-36). Fertile in small clusters. Corolla o or sometimes present and 3-5-petaled. Cal.-Tube adherent limb 3-5-parted.. [dilated. Ova. 1-celled (partially 2 —4-celled). Ovule solitary, erect. Styles 0-2, very short. Stig. 1-2, much Fr. drupaceous, 1-celled, with 2 —4 imperfect partitions; endocarp bony. Sd. — 4-lobed, without albumen, oily. Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American. Properties.-The well known fruit of the butternut, oalnut,, eccan-nut, 4 c., is sweet and wholesome, abounding in a rich, drying oil. The epicarp, and even the integument of the kernel, are very astringent. The timber is highly valuable. Genera. 4-cleft. Leaves 15-21-foliate... Juglans. 1 Corolla of the fertile flowers C none. Leaves 5 —9-foliate....... arya. 2 1. JUGLANS. Lat. Joyis glans; i. e. the nut of Jove; a name given it by way of eminence. cd in an imbricated, simple ament; calyx scale 5 —6-parted, somewhat bracteate at base; stamens about 20. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 4-parted; stigmas 2; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, indehiscent, endocarp rugose and irregularly furrowed. —Trees of large size, with alternate, unequzally pinnate leaves. Leaflets numerous. Sterile aments axillary. Fertileflowers terminal. 1. J. CINEREA. (J. cathartica. Michx.) Butternut. Whiqte Walnut. Lfts. numerous (15-17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, softpubescent beneath; petioles villous; fr. oblong-ovate, with a terminal, obtuse point, viscid, hairy; nucleus oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrowed.-The butternut is found throughout the N. England, Middle and Western States,'and Canada, growing on elevated river-banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. It is 40-50f high, with a large, but short trunk. The branches are horizontal, and unusually wide-spreading, forming a very large head. Leaves 12-20' long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long aments; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily, pleasant-flavored, and well-known in N. England. The wood is of a reddish hue, light, and is considerably used in panneling and ornamental work. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic. Aprjl, May. CARTA. CXXIII. JUGLANDACE/E. 491 2. J. NIGRA. Black Walnut. Lfts. numerous (15-21), ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering above; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubescent; fr. globose, with scabrous punctures.-The black walnut is a common and stately forest tree in the Middle and Western States, but sparingly found in the Northern. It arises 60-90f! high with a diameter of 3-6. In open lands it spreads widely into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a deep violet color, surrounded with a white alburnum. It is used extensively, west of the Alleghanies, for building, and every where for cabinet work. April, May. 2. CARYA. Gr. Kapva, the walnut, from Kapa, roundish;.in allusion to the shape of the nut. Jc Aments imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichotomous; scales 3-parted; stamens 4 —6; anthers hairy. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 0; styles 0; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid; epicarp 4-valved; nucleus subquadrangular, even.Large trees. Pubescence stellate. Lfts. few. c' aments branched. 1. C. ALBA. Nutt. (Juglans squamosa. Mx. f.) Sha,-bark Walnut or Hickory.-Lfts. 5-i, on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath; the odd one sessile; agnents filiform, smooth; fr. somewhat quadrangular, smooth.-Native throughout the Atlantic States, and abundant farther west. In forests it is very tall and slender, with -rough and shaggy bark consisting externally of long, narrow plates loosely adhering by the middle. Like other hickories, the wood is strong and elastic, compact and heavy, and is much used where these qualities are required, as in making hoops, whip stalks, axe handles, the keels of vessels, &c. It is considered superior to all other wood for fuel. The fruit is covered with a very thick epicarp separating into 4 parts, and containing a thin-shelled, richly-flavored kernel. April, May. 2. C. TOMENTOSA. Michx. (Juglans alba. Linn.) White Walnut. Mockernut Hickory.-Lfts. 7 or 9, Oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, odd one subpetiolate; aments filifobrm, tomentose; fr. subglobose, smooth, with a very thick pericarp; nut with a hard, thick shell and a small, but agreeably-flavored kernel.-This tree is found in all the Atlantic States, growing 50f high in woods. The bark is thick and rugged, but never scaly. In winter it may be known by its large, greyish-white and very hard buds. The drupes, which are very various in size, have a small kernel difficult to extract, on which account they are less sought than the shag-barks. April, May. 3. C. PORCiNA. Nutt. (Juglans glabra. Willd.) Hog IWalnut. Lf/s. mostly 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth both' sides, odd one subsessile; fr. and nucleus obcordate or oblong.-Found in woods throughout the U. S., growing to the height of 50-70f. The drupes afford small, bitter' kernels. The wood possesses the general properties of the hickories in a superior degree, and is used wherever great strength is required. It makes excellent fuel. May. 4. C. AMARA. Nutt. (Juglans amara. Michx.) Bitternut Hickory. Lfts. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth both sides except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one short, petiolate, the rest sessile; fr. subglobose, with the sutures prominent above; drupe smooth, subglobose; kernel bitter.-Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the Ohio valley. The drupe has a thin shell which may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. 5. C. SULCjTA. Nutt. (Juglans. Willd. J. laciniosa. Mx. Thick Shell-bark. Lfts. 7-9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, terminal one subsessile and attenuate to the base; fi. roundish, 4-angled, smooth, nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously mucronate.-N. Y. to Car. and 42 492 CXXI. CUPULIFER&E..R nuEs Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other species. It is a large tree, 50 —70f high. The bark-is divided into long strips which at length are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. Leaves 10-20' in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 6. C. MICROCARPA. Nutt. Small-fruited Hickory. Lfts. 5-. 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, conspicuously acuminate; aments glabrous; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin; nut small, slightly quadrangular.-A large tree, 60-80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. Darlington. Trunk 11-2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 5, often 7, 4-8' by 2-3', the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on -a common peduncle, with conspicuous sepals. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. ORDER. CXXIV. CUPULIFERE. — MASTWORTS. Trea end shrub8. L. stipulate, alternate, simple,,straight-veined, that is with the veinets proceeding straight from the midvein to the margin. Fill. generamlly monsecious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2or 3 together, or in iLscicles. Cal. —Sepals regllar and membranous, or sceale-like. lta. 1-3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into theirbases. jeach. Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with sevetal cells and -several oviles ii lr. several, subsessile, distinct. Pr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cutpule. fits. 1, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive), pendulous. Albumet O0 mrbt7o large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-conlvex. Rdicle minute, superior. Genera 8, species 265, constituting; large portion of the forests of the northerntemWeraete rgionm, n.d of mountainous tracts within the tropics. Properties.-The bark af the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The edible fruit of thae hazelnut, chestnet, beehnut, 4e.c are too well known to require desription. Cat.r is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-galls are producd from the petioles of Q. infketoria of Asia AMtir, being caused by wounds made by insects. Conspectus of the Genera. in an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed.... Castanea. 2 In a nuricate, valvate cuptile, and sharply 3angled.... agus. a ene n a hairy,' coriaeeous, involucrate cupele..Coryle. 4 enveloped Linflated.. (membranous, closed cupule. Ostrya. 5 (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule. Quercus. 1 Nut naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract...tarpiu.. C 1. QUERC U S. Celtic querg fine, and cuez, a tree; so called emphatically, because the sacied mistletoe grows upon it. The more common Celtic hame was derzt; hence druid.. in a loose ament; calyx mostly 5-cleft; stamens 5-10. 9 Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed; ovary 3:-celled, 2 of the cells abortive; style 1; stigmas 3; nut (acorn) coriaceous, i-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base.by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule.-A noble geu2s of trees, rarely skrabs. Amen~ts txillary, pendulous, filiformn, with the flowers distinct.. 1. Fruct'flcation annual.;Fruit pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate, * Leaves lobed. 1. Q. ALBA. White Oak. Lvzs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, dilated upwards; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate.-The white oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength.nd usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di-:-meter of 5-6f, it attains the height of 70-80, but its magnitude varies rith the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and M:atire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young.'ruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim-.er of great value for strength and durability. It is extensivels employed in Quacuv. CXXIV. CUPULIFERE.'493 hip~building,. in. coopering, in'carriage-making, in ploughs, mills, &c. The bark is usefiul in tanning, and in medicine. May. 2. 0. MACROCARPA. Overcup WhLite Oak. Lvs. tomentose beneath, deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle), lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated; cupznte deep, with the upper scales setose acorn ovate, turgid.-Most common in the Western States I frequenting limestone hills, but is occasionally met with in N. Eng. and N. Y. It is 6 —70f in height, clothing itself' with dark green, luxuriant foliage. Leaves 10 —15' long, being larger than those of any other species here described. The acorns are also of extraordinary size, enclosed I of their length in the cup which is usuially bordered with hair-like filaments. May. I3. Q. STELLiTA. (Q.. obtusiloba. Michlx.) Iron Oak. Lvs. deeply sinnate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, 2-lobed; cal. hemispherical; acorn oval.-The iron oak, called also post oak, box wehite oak, turkey oak, t4c., is common in the Western! Middle and Southern States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moderate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is greyish-white. Leaves thick, strongly tomentose beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes which are sometimes so arranged as to appear cruciform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. The timber is iner grained, stronger and more durable than white oak, hence it is useftl for posts, staves, carriages &c. The crooked. branches afford knees for shipbnildingi&. 4. Q. oaIvxFOR'ms. M.oss1y-cup Oak. Lvs. oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid; cup. deeply bowl-shaped, fringed on the edge; acorn oval-ovate.-This species of oak is confined to a few districts of N. Y. and Penn. It is a large and majestic tree, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches always inclining 4ownwards. The leaves are so irregularly cut and lobed that scarcely two can bie found alike. May. * * Leaves deniate, not, lobed. 0. Q. Q tu. MN. Wild. (.. Prinus palustris. Mickni): Swamp C/stnut Oak. Lus. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with coarse,. unaeqal, ditated teeth, callous at the tip; cup deep, attenuate at base; aeorn*, ovate. -This oak is seldom met with in N. England, but abounds in the rest of the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, arising to the height of 50f with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the height of 80-90f. Flowers appear in May, succeeded by large and sweet acorns. The timber is valuable in the arts, and makes excellent fuel. g. L.. sicSORt. Willd. (Q. Prinus discolor. Michz.) Swamp While Oak. Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath, coarsely toothed, entire,at the base, the teeth unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the tip; petioes short; fr. on long peduncles, in pairs, eup hemispherical, acorn oblong-ovate. — The swamp oak is diffused throughout most of the U. S., growing in low, swampy woods. It is a beautiful tree, attaining in favorable situations the height of 70E Foliage rich and luxuriant, leaves smooth and green above and white downy beneath, 5 —7' by 2 —4', The trunk is covered with a grayish-white bark which divides into: large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. 7. C. MONTAiNA. Willd. (Q. Prinus monticola. AM.) Mountain Oak. Lvs. broad-ovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above, coarsely toothed, obtuse and unequal at the base; teeth obtuse (or rarely acute!3 subequal; fr. in pairs, on short peduncles, cup hemispherical, with rugosc and tubercular scales, acorn ovate. This oak, sometimes called rock chestnut oak, is native of the Northern and Middle States, growing in woods and mountain sides. ~Its height seldom exceeds 60f, and is generally much less. In open situations its top spreads widely and symmetrically. The petiole is yellow, rather short, Timber valuable in ship-building, &c, 8. Q.. CAkSTANEA. Willd. (Q.. Prinus acuminata. Michx.) Yello7 -Oak. Chegtuk Oak.-.-Ls. on long petioles, ablong-lanceolate, obtuse at base, aeuminate, downy beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated, obtuse teeth; cup ~94 CXXIV. CIUPULIFERE. QUERCUA. hemispherical; acorn roundish ovate.-Thc yellow oak abounds in the Middle and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 60f in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by acorns usually sweet-flavored. Timber little used. 9. Q. CHINQUAPIN. Michx. (Q. prinoides. Willd.) Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Livs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; cup hemispherical; acor.n ovate.-This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3-4f in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers appear in May, followed'by acorns of middle size, very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. ~ 2. Fruct'ifcation biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 10. Q. RUBRA. Red Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, dentate; cup shallow and flat, smoothish; acorn subovate.-The red oak is the most common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, widespreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6-10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, but excellent for fuel. 11. R. TINCTORIA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Lvs. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup flat; acorn depressed-globose.-This oak is found throughout the U. S. It is one of the lottiest trees of the forest, 80-90f in height and 4-5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. Leaves 6-8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron oak. The bark is used in tanning. 12. Q. COCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate.-The scarlet oak is most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinuses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 13. Q. PALUSTRIS. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, kmooth; axils of the veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, smooth; acorn subglobose.-The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States! and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in swamps and wet woods. Height 60-80f, with a diameter of 2-4. It is remarkable for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree advances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 14. Q. ELONGXTA. (.. rubra. Walt. Q. falcata. Michx.) Spanish Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes somewhat falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate; acorn globose.-Sandy soils, N. J. to Ga. Trunk 70-80f high, 4-5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. UAIrANEA. CXXIV. CUPULIFERE. 4}5 Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous. Ibes- of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on peduatas' 1 —2" in length. May.-The bark is highly esteemed in tanning. * * Leaves dentate or slightly lobed. 15. Q. ILICIFOLIA. Willd. (Q. Bannisteri. Michx.) S1rub or crub Oak. Bear Oak. —Ls. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3-5-lobed, entire on the margin, whitish-downy beneath; cup subturbinate; acorn subglobose. —A shrub, common throughout the U. S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3 —4f high, divided into numerous, straggling branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May. 416. Q.. NIGRA. Willd. (WL. ferruginea. Mickx.) Barren-Oak. Black-Jack. Irox Oak. —Lvs. coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3 lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, e length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent bc neath, villose in the axils of the veins; fr. with a turbinate cup and roundis ovoid acorn; scales of the cup obtuse, scarlous.-A small, gnarled tree, with dart massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to Ill. 1 and S. States. Trunk 20-30f higt with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3I-:, by ii —4', broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but litt longer.than the other two. Petioles 3-16" long. May.-The wood is velt valuable for fuel. 17. Q. TRILOBA. Downy Black Oak.'Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the en,. tomentos6 beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle or0, longer; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn.-A tree of rapi growth, 25-40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Flor. 18. Q. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. (Q.. Leana. Clark.) Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or rounde& or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often on:wavy or entire; lobes setaceou g.ucminate; acorn subglobose, in a hemisplhercal cup; scales of the cup oblong!hte, obtuse.-Ohio! I have specimens of the: leaves and fruit of this remaraible and long lost species from Mr. J. Clark. re-discovered in Ohio, by the ate Mr..T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly variable, usually 4 —6 by li', smooth and shining above, tomentose along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit i' diam. * * * Leaves entire. 19. Q(. PHELLOS. Willow Oak. Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, glarous, mucronate at apex; acorn subglobose, in shallow cups.-A tree 30 —60f high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight, 10-20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear considerable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate when young, 3-5' in length. Acorn I' diam. May.-The timber is of little value. 20. Q. IMBRICARIA. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. Lvs. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex; acorn subglobose, in a shallow cup; scales of the cup broad-ovate.-A beautiful tree, very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 40-50f high, 1-2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 —5 by 1-11', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June.-The timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak. 2. CASTANEA. Tourn. From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, where this tree still giows to magnificent dimensions. diin a long, cylindric ament; cal. 6-cleft; sta. 10-12. 9 3,within a 4-lobed, densely muricated involucre; cal. 5-6-lobed; sta. 10-12 42*.~ 496 CXXIV. CUPULIFERJE. CORYLUs. abortive rudiments; sty. 6; nut mostly l-seeded, invested with the enlarged, echinate involucre or cupule.- Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly deciduous, alternate, acuminate. Sterile aments axillary, pendulous. Fruit enclosed in very prickly 4-lobed burrs. 1. C. VESCA. Gaert. fl. Americana. Michx. (Fagus Castanea. Linn.) Chestnut.-LLvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both sides.-Abundant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty tree, with a large, straight trunk. Leaves quite large (6-9' long and i as wide), with large, uniform teeth, mucronate with the prolonged, straight veins. Aments as long as the leaves and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to the whole tree when in blossom. The nuts are about 3 together, of a peculiar brown, villous above, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable, hence much used for posts, &c. July.The, nuts are smaller, but sweeter than those of the European variety (the )Spanish chestnut.) 2. C. PUMiLA. Michx. Dwarf Chestnlut. Chinquapin. Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-serrate, hoary-tomentose beneath; nut solitary.-Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga. and Tenn.! Shrub 6-12f high, much branched. Leaves 3-5' by l~-2', smooth above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate with the projecting, straight veinlets; petioles 6" long; under surface nearly white. Aments axillary, the lower staminate, 6-10' long, upper fertile with remote, pistillate flowers. Involucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small, ovoid, sweet. Fl. Jn. F-r. Oct. 3. FAGUS. Gr. s1y0os, the beech; it also signifies something eatable. 8 in a globose ament; cal. 6-cleft, campanulate; sta. 5-12.. 9 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre; cal. single, with 4-5 minute lobes; sty. 3; nut 1-seeded, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or capsule.-Lofy ftrees, with smooth, ash-colored bark. Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. d' aments on long', pendulous pednlcles. F. SYLVATiCA. Linn. 13. Amer'icana. Nutt. (F. sylvestris. Miclex. F. ferruginia. Ait.) Beech.-Lvs. broadly ovate-lanceolate, briefly petiolate, obtuse at.base, ciliate with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly glabrous, margin with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate; buds lanceolatecylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers; nuts ovoid-triangular, obtuse-mucronate.-A common forest tree, abundant in N. Eng., frequent in the Western States and British provinces. The trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50 —0f high, but lower and with an expansive head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4 —-6 long, 1 as wide, often persistent through the winter. C anlents pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Nut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber finegrained, with reddish duramen and white alburnurn. May. Obs.-The Rec? Beech is now regarded only as a' variety; with the wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhil)s a slight difference in foliage. There are several beautifiul varieties in cultivation, with purple foliage, silver filiae, &c. (See garden catalogues.) 4. C OR LUS. Gr. Aopug, a bo;nset; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared. J in a cylindric ament; cal. scale 3-cleft; sta. 8; anth. 1-celled. 9 Calyx obsolete; ova. several; stig. 2; nut ovoid, surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre (capsule).-Shrubs. Aiments and capiztiltec frtile clusters sfbtermznal. 1. C. AmnERICciaN.. Ia. el. Lvs. roundish, cordate, datacunminate; zerol. roundi.sh-camipanulatc, much CXXV. BET ULACE2E. 497 larger than. the. roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely serrate.-Shrub 5-6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Leaves 3 —6' long and I as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped involucre in which each one is enveloped. They are a well-flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel orfilbert. 2. C. ROSTRATA. -Ait. Beaked Hazel. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate; stip. linear-lanceolate; invol. campanulate-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, with dentate segments.-This species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre, which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (1 —1') narrow neck, like a bottle. Nuts as in C. Americana. May. 5. OSTRYA. Gr. oarpeov, a scale; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments. 8' in a cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flowered; anth. conspicuously bearded at the summit. 9 geminate, in a loose, linear ament; cal. 0; fls. enclosed each in an inflated memr branous sac, which, at length, enlarged, contains the matured nut.Small trees. O. VIRGINiCA. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate; fertile ament oblong, pendulous; buds rather acute.-A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25-30f in height Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs, (cups.) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr. May. 6. CARPINUS. Celtic car, wood, and pino, the head; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle. 8 in a long, cylindric' ament; cal. scale roundish, ciliate; sta. 8-14, slightly bearded at summit. 9 in a loose ament; scale large, oblong, -3-lobed, 1-3-flowered; cal. 6-toothed; stig. 2; nut long, ovoid, furrowed, 1-seeded.-Small trees. Scales of the 9 aments persistent and becoming foliaceous C. AMERICiNA. Hornbeam. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scale.s of the fertile arment 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth.A small tree (12-20f high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ashcolored bark. Leaves 2-4' long, I as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the branches hang -the long, loose, pale green, leaf~ aments, consisting of alternate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr. May. ORDER CXXV. BETULACEAE. -BIRCHwoRTS. Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules. Lvs. alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight from the midvein to the margin. F/s. monotcious, amentaceous, mostly achlamydeous, ternate in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Perianth wanting or of several small scales, sometimes resembling a real calyx. Sterzle.-Sta. definite, distinct. Anth. 2-celled. Fertile.-Ova. 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct. Pr. 1-celled and i-seeded (by abortion), membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Genera 2,? species 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties generally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. Genera. (10-12. Scales of the fertile aments 3-flowered..... Betula. 1 Stamens 4. Scales of the fertile aments 2-flowered........ Alnus. 2 /4!A13- CXXV. BETULACEA. BETULA 1. BETVLA. Tourn. Bctut is the Celtic name for the birch. d in a cylindric ament; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate; calyx 0; stamens 10-12. 9 Ament oblong-ovoid; scales subtrilobate; calyx 0; nut compressed, with a membranaceous margin.- Trees and shrubs mostly with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous. Lvs. ovate, serrate, alternate. * Trees. I. B. LENTA. Blach Birch. Skeet Birch. Mahogany Birch. Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, veins beneath and petiole3 hairy; fertile aments erect.-This noble species is common in the Eastern andMiddle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a diameter of 2 to 3f. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. Leaves 3-4' long, about j as wide. Sterile aments 2-3' long, fertile much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a delicious morsel. The wood is of- a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a good polish. It is much used in cabinet work. April, May. 2. B..xcELSt. Ait. Lofty or YelloU Birch. Lvs. ovate, acute; serrate, on pubescent petioles, shorter than the peduncles; barren aments ovate, erect; scales with rounded, lateral lobes.-A common forest tree in N. England, arising in woods to the height of 60 —80f, with a trunk 2-3f diam., invested with a thin, yellowish cuticle. Barren aments 24' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches. The wood is chiefly valuable as fuel. April, May. 3, 3. JIGRA. Ait. (B. rubra. Michx.) Red Birch. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, glaucous beneath; fertile ament sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal. —A tree 30-50f high, growing on the banks of streams, Methuen, Mass., Emerson, to Car. W. to Ia.! and Ill., Mead. Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolatecolored bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds, and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender; branchlets almost filiform,.often clothing the trunk to the base. Leaves dark green above, about 3' by 2', often smaller, petioles 6 —8" long, pubescent. May. 4. B. POPULIPOLIA. Ait. Poplar-leaved Birch. Wlhite Birch. Lvs. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, very smooth, on smooth petioles; fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes.-This species, like the preceding, is distinguished for the white cuticle with which the trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. England, where it seldom exceeds 30-40f in height. The branches are covered with a reddish-brown bark, very slender, and throw out, in May, long, penduious aments. 5. B. PAiYRACEA. Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath; fertile ameets nodding, pedunculate; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish.-This birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. England, &c. It sometimes attains the height of 60-701; but is generally smaller. The trunk, which is 12f in diameter, is covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous laminae, the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light canoes. The bark upon the branches is dark brown. Leaves 2-3' long, t as wide. Sterile aments 1 —t2 long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, but not durable, and is used in turnery. and furniture work. May, June. 0. minor. Tuckerman. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them roundish-obtuse.-White Mts. Shrubs 6-9f high. S* thrlbs. 6. B. PUMiI.A. D'waf Birch. Low, shrubby; young branchcs pubescent, without glandular dots; Ivs. orbicular-obovate, petioles densely pubescent beneath; fertile ament cylindrical. CXXVI. MYRICACEXE. 499 Shrub 2-3f high, mountains, N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. " In several low places towards the hills" Penn. Bartram. Cedar swamps, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant (fide Tuck-erman.) A very obscure species, unless it be the following. 7. B. GLANDULOSA. Michx. Glandular Dwarf Birch. Low; branches glandular-punctate, glabrous; lvs. obovate, entire at base, obtusely serrate, glabrous; fertile aments oblong; scales half 3-cleft, lobes ovateoblong, middle one rather longest; nut orbicular, with a narrow margin. —A beautiful shrub, inhabiting the mountainous districts of the N. and N. W. States! N. to Hudson's Bay. Height 2-4f. Leaves about 9"' by 6 or 7", very regularly toothed. —If this shrub be distinct from the preceding, it may be known by its glandular-dotted branches and its want of pubescence-scarcely by its variable leaves. 8. B. LITTELL1XNA. Tuckerman. Low, glabrous; branches resinous-punctate; lvs. suborbicular, coarsely serrate; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, scales trifid, lobes oblong-obovate, middle one longest.-White Mts., Tuckerman. Shrub somewhat erect. Leaves 2 -4 times larger than those of B. nana. 9. B. NANA. Tiny Birch. Low, smooth; Ivs. orbicular, crenate, reticulated beneath; scales of the ament deeply 3-parted; seeds orbicular, nearly wingless.-This miniature tree is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c., of the White Mts.! It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches few and straggling, the leaves i —j' in diameter, smooth both sides, pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1-2" long. 2. ALNUS. Tourn. e' Ament long; cylindric, composed of cuneate, truncate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered bracts; cal. 4-parted; sta. 4. 9 Ament ovoid; bracts 2flowered; 3-fid; cal. 0; nut wingless, compressed.-Shrubs, arising from large and strong roots. Buds pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in vernation, alternate, simple, deciduous. 1. A. INCiNA. Willd. (A. glauca. Michx. Betula incana. Linn.) Lvs. submembranaceous, oblong, acutish, obtuse at base or cordate, margin somewhat lobed, sharply serrate, glaucous-pubescent beneath; veins hirsute, their axils naked; stip. oblong-lanceolate; fertile aments oval.-Not uncommon in N. Eng. and Mid. States. A tall shrub or small tree, readily distinguishable by the form and pubescence of the leaves. 2. A. RUBRA. Marsh. (A serrulata. Willd and 1st edit.) Common Alder. Lvs. obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, the veins and their axils hairy beneath; stip. elliptical, obtuse.-A well known shrub growing in clumps, and forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems numerous, rather straight, 10-15f in height. Leaves 2-4' long and i as wide, strongly veined; petioles J-i' long. Aments 2-3' long, slender, pendulous, fascicled at the ends of the branches; fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, persistent, several together a little below the sterile ones. March, April. 3. A. CRISPA. Michx. (Betula crispa. Ait.) Lvs. oval, acute, obtusish at base, doubly serrate, clothed with a soft vis. cid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins and axils beneath; stip. broadly ovate; fertile ainents on long peduncles, oval.-White Mts., Tuckerman, Green Mts., Robbins, Can., Michaux. An elegant shrub, 3-4f high. Leaves varying to broad-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, otherwise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. ORDER CXXVI; MYRICACEiE.-GALEWORTS. Shrubs or small trees, aromatic, covered with resinous glands or dots. Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. monoecious or dicecious, amentaceous, each axillary to a bract. Sterile. —Sta. 2-6. Anth. 2 —4-celled, opening longitudinally. Fertile.-Ova. I-celled, l-ovuled, surrounded by several hypogynous scales. CXXVIL SALICACEAF Wig. 2, subulate, or dilated and petaloid. Fr. drupaceous or dry. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. Genera 3, species about 20, found in the temperate parts of North America, in India and South Africa one species in Europe. Sweet Fern is highly-aromatic and astringent. The fruit of the bayberry bush yields wax in abundance. Genera. ceuneate-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers diwcious. Myrica. i Leaves a sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers moncecious......... Comptonia. 2 1. MYRICA. Gr. ovpu, to flowv; because some of the species are native of river banks and inundated places. Flowers d Q 9. Aments ovate-oblong; scales loosely imbricate, lunate. dcStamens 4-6, short, erect; anth. large, 4-valved. 9 Ovary I, superior; sty. 2, spreading; stig. 2, acute; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Sipules very fugacious or 0. t. AM. GALR. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse and serrate above, margin very entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole; sterie amernts of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate scales; fr. in an oblong, dense, amentaceous head.-A branching shrub, 3-4f high, on the inundated borders of ponds and mountain lakes, Northern States and Can. Leaves dark green, paler beneath with a strong midvein, 9-181" by 4-6", entire i the length. d' and 9 aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1' in length, the latter axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves, when crushed, with a pungent, spicy odor. May. 2. M. CERIFERA. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-oblong, rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolate, margin entire or remotely dentate above, paler and with- distinct veinlets beneath; aments cotemporary with the leaves, lateral, naked, the J' larger, with lax, roundish scales; fr. spherical, distinct, clustered, naked, covered with wax, -This interesting and useful shrub is found in dry woods or in open fields, Nova Scotia to Flor. W. to Lake Erie. It varies in height from 2-..8f covered with a grayish bark. It has a very branching top, numerous dry-locking leaves 1 —2V' by k —I'. The 3d and 9 aments on separate plants, below the leaves, —' long, the former much thicker. The fruit consists of a globular stone enclosing a kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax, which, being separated by boiling water, constitutes the bayberry tallow of commerce. May. 2. COMPTONIA. In honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London, who made an extensive collection: of plants. Flowers C. 3' Ament cylindric; bract reniform-cordate, acuminate; cal. scale 2-parted; sta. 3, forked; anth. 6. 9 Ament ovate; cal. scales 6, longer than the bract; sty. 2; nut ovoid, 1-celled.Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, with small stipus. C. ASPLENIFOLIA. Ait. (Liquid~ambar. Linn.) Sweet Fern. Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid.-A well known, handsome, aromatic shrub, 2f high, common in dry woods and hills. The main stem is covered with a rusty, brown bark, which becomes reddish in the branches, and white downy in the young shoots. Leaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3-4' by i', divided nearly to the midvein into numerous, rounded lobes so- as to resemble those of the spleenwort.- Stipules in pairs, acuminate. Barren /lowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile flowers in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren ones. Fruit a small, ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. ORDER CXXVII. SALICACEA. —WILLOWORTS. rree* or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules. Fls. dioecious, amentaceous, achlamydeous, axillary to i-flowered bracts. Sterile.-Sta. 2-several, distinct or monadelphous. A41th. 2-celled. Ferti. —Ova, I -2-celled. Ovt.les numerous, rect. Styles or stigmas. SALIX. CXXVII. SALICACELE. 501 Fr. conraceosa, l-celle, 2-valved. Sds. mtmerous, ascending, furnished with a silky eoma. Albumen 0. Genera 2, species 22b, chiefly natives of the northern temperate and frigid zones, one species, Saflt arrtica, extending lfrther north than any other known woody plant. Propertis.-The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifugal properties of the sulphate of quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes. Genera. 2-Stamen. Capsule 1-celled. Salix. Stame'ns 8-20. Capsule 2-celled. Populuts. 2 1. SALIX.* Celtic sal, near, and i/s, water; alluding to their usual locality. Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated, 1-flowered, each with a nectariferous gland at base. c? Calyx 0; sta. 2-7. Q Calyx 0; ova. ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate; stig. 2, mostly bifid; caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute at summit; seeds numerous, minute, comose. —Trees, shrubs and undershrubs.. Lvs. usually narrow and elongated, eack with 2 conspicuous stales. Aments termi-?nal and lateral. ~ 1. CINEREtz. Borrer. Upland, grayish shrubs.. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, rugose, caneecentpilose, margis often revlute. Aments oval or oval-cylindnic, epandiingg bfore the leaves, Oth cenlt fual inperesnce. Simenas 2. Scalos red, fnally black. Q aments recurred hen young. Ovary pieellgate; stgma red or pale yellowa,jiratly green.-Barratt. 1. S. TRISTIS. Ait. (S. longirostris. lMyix.) Sage Willow. Lvs. line-ar-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate at base, entire or remotely undulate-toothed, margin subrevolute, apex acute or obtusish; stip. minute, narrow-lanceolate, caducous; aments very small; scales orbicUlar-oblong, hairy at the margin; ova. with grayish, silky pubescence; sty. short. —Sandy or dry fields, borders of woods, pastures, N. Eng.! to Ind. i and Ill. A small, downy shrub, with:a profusion of aments in spring, appearing before the leaves. Leaves at length numerous, often crowded and rosulate at the ends of the branches, 1-2' long, tapering fiom above the middle to a very short petiole, the margin often revolute, under surface glaucous, often pubescent, upper generally smoothish. In starved specimens the whole plantis grayish-white, with very small leaves. ft. (S. Muhlenbergiana. Ph. and 1st edit.) Shrub larger in all its parts. Bark green on the stem, yellowish and downy on the new branches. Leaves 2-3' long, often abrupt at base. y. Monadelphia. Barratt. Sta. united half their length.-Conn. 2. S. MUHLENBERGIINA. Barratt. (S. conifera. MuAl. and 1st edit.) Muhlenberg's Willow. —Lvs. oblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous above, pubescent and not rugose beneath; young branches smooth; stip. lunate, subdentate; aments precocious, diandrous; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous; ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, silky; sty. long, bifid; stig. 2-lobed.-A shrub in dry soils, Northern States, 4 —Sf high, with brown twigs. On the ends of these, cone-like excrescences are often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April. 3. S. CANDiDA. Willd. White Willow. Lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, very long, obscurely serrulate at the summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentose beneath, revolute on the margin; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles; alments cylindric; scales obovate, obtuse, very long, hairy; stig. 2-lobed. —-A beautiful species in shady woods. Stems 4-6f high. Leaves 8-12' by 1 —2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. Styles and stigmas dark red, i' in length. April, May. ~ 2. DISCOLORES. Borrer. Trees or shrubs blossoming in early spring. Leaves serrate or denticulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous and pubescent beneath. Aments oval or cylindrical, preceding the leaves, smooth, silky or woolly, withovtJforal v' Arranged according to Dr. Joseph Barratt. See preface. 6O2'CXXVII. SALICACEiE. SALIX leaves, centrif ugal. Scales turning black. Stamens 2,free or united. Ova. tipitate, subpubescent. Barratt. 4. S. DISCOLOR. Muhl.'iPo-colored or Bog Willow. Lvs. oblong, rather acute, glabrous above, entire at the end, glaucous beneath; slip. lanceolate, serrate, deciduous; aments cotemporary with the leaves, oblong, downy, diandrous; scales oblong, acute, black, hairy; ova. sessile, downy; stig. 2-parted.-A shrub, 8-10f high, in swampy grounds, Can. to Car., with tough brown twigs, and white, glossy catkins. Leaves 1-3' long, finely serrate except at the end. Sterile aments about 1' long, fertile 1'. Filaments white, anthers at length yellow. April. fi, Monadelphia. Barratt. Tree 10-15fhigh. Filaments 3-4, half-united. 5. ERIOCEPHAILA. Michx. Woolly-headed Swamp Willow. Branchlets very pubescent, brown or purplish; Ivs. lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, cuneate at base, entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glaucous or ferruginous, both surfaces pubescent when young, at length the upper surface green and nearly smooth; stip. semicordate, with sharp serratures; am ents oval-oblong, densely villous.-A small tree, putting forth its large and exceedingly woolly catkins in April. Grows in swamps, N. Eng. 6. S. PRINOjiDES. Ph. Prinos-leaved Willow. Branchlets puberulent when young, at length glabrous and dark brown; lvs. oval-oblong or lance-oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, cuneate at base, remotely serrulate, acute or abruptly acuminate; stip. semicordate, incisely serrate; aments preceding the leaves, hairy; ova. ovoid, acuminate, silky; sty. long; stig. bifid.-Shrub 6-8f high, N. Eng. to Penn., W. to Mich. Catkins appearing in April, 1-2' long. Ovaries distinctly stipitate, tapering at apex into the long, exserted style. 7. S. CRASSA. Barratt. Dense-flowered Early Willow. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, rather remotely serrate, entire towards the base, glabrous and dull green above, veiny and clothed with short, ferruginous hairs beneath, adult subcoriaceous; stip. small, lanceolate, serrate or often wanting;,3 aments ovate, sessile, densely clothed with yellowish-white, silky hairs; scales obovate.-A hairy and beautifiul willow, rare in N. Eng. Tree about 15f high, with rough, ash-colored bark. Branches irreguTr and knotty, with thick, densely flowered twigs in April. Leaves 31' by 1i. 3c catkins 1-2' long. 8. S. SENSITIVA. Barratt. Frost or Tender Willow. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate at the apex, and more distantly and strongly serrate towards the base, glabrous and rather thin; stip. subfalcate, serrate; c' aments rather lax; scales rather lax, lightly clothed with grayish-black hairs.-A small tree, about 15f high, found in various parts of N. Eng., &c. The aments and twigs are frequently destroyed by ftost at flowering-time, being thinly protected with hairs. Leaves smooth, 3 —5 by 1i-2'. Aments 1i' long. Apr.-This and the three next preceding species are very closely allied, as suggested by Mr. Emerson, Rep., p. 262, and it is possible that they may hereafter be united under one species. i 3. GaIsusE. Borrer. Shrubs with branches brittle at base, and an intensely bilter bark. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, grayish-silky beneath, turning black in drying. Aments cylindrical, rather short, preceding the leaves, with 2 or 3 minute leaves at base. Stamens 2, beginning to appear from the middle of the ament. Ovaries grayish-silky. Barratt. 9. S. GRISEA. Gray Willow. Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath; stsp. ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, deciduous; scales oblong, hairy, black at the tip; ova. oblong, pedicellate, silky; stig. sessile, obtuse. A shrub 6-8f high, in inundated meadows. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough, except at the base, where they are very brittle. Leaves 2 —4 by 1-1' 9 aments very abundant, i' long. Apr. 10. S. PETIOLARIS. Smith. Loitg-stalked Green Osier. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly unequal, stipules lunate, dentate; aments appearing before the leaves; scales lax, obovate, obtuse, hairy, black; ova. on long pedicels, ovate, silky; stig. sessile, SALIX. CXXVII. SALICACEIE. 503 two-lobed. —Low grounds, banks of streams, Conn., N. Y., Car. —A small tree, with long, slender, smooth, purplish or yellowish-green, tough and elastic branches, which may be useful in basket-making. 11. S. MYRICOlDES. Muhl. Gale.-leaved Willmw. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stip. ovate, acute, glandular-serrate; aments villous, black; ova. on long pedicels, glabrous; sty. bifid; stig. bifid.-Swamps, N. Eng. to Va. A small shrub, with green branches, the branchletspurple, smooth. Leaves at length thick and coriaceous, the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr. 12. S. FUSCiTA. Pursh. Leaden-flowered Willow. Lvs. lanceolate-obovate, acute, glabrous, subserrate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent; stip. very narrow; aments nodding; scales obtuse, scarcely hairy within; ova. short, pedicellate, ovoid, silky; stig. sessile, 2-lobed. -Grows in pools, swamps and on wet banks, seldom exceeding 3 or 4f in height, distinguished by the leaden hue of its aments. It furnishes excellent twigs for basket-work, and is well adapted for embankments and mill-dams. ~ 4. VIMINALES. Borrer. 13. S. VIMINALIS. Basket Osier. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate, subentire, silky-canescent beneath; stip. minute; branches virgate; aments precocious (appearing before the leaves); scales roundish,: very hairy; ova. sessile, ovoid; sty. filiform; stig. undivided, acute.-This beautiful willow was probably introduced from Europe. Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Stems 10-12f high, with long, straight, slender and flexible branches. Leav'es often a foot in length, narrow, covered with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Aments very hairy. May. ~5. FRAGILES. Trees. Leaves lanceolate or lance-falcate, serrate, denticulate or entire. Aments pedunculate, cylindric, loose, acuminate, cotemporary with the leaves; scales greenish-yellae, pubescent or smooth. Stamens 2-5, expanding first from the base of the ament. Ovary smooth. 1Barratt. 14. S. PRAGiLIS. Crack Willow. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles glandular; stip. semicordate, pointed, dentate; ova. on short pedicels, oblongovoid, glabrous; sty short; stig. bifid, longer than the styles; scales oblong, about equaling the ovaries, pubescent, ciliate; 3c with an abortive ovary.-A tall tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It has a bushy head, with numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break off at base by a slight touch. The wood is of a salmon-color. 15. S. DECIPIENS. Hoffm. Branches smooth, highly polished; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, acuminate, floral ones often obovate and recurved, petioles somewhat glandular; stip. small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often 0; ova. pedicellate, glabrous, acuminate; sty. longer than the 2-cleft stigma.-A small, elegant tree, remarkable for the polished, light reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if varnished. The young twigs stained wtth crimson. It is often set in rows for ornament and shade. 16. S. RUSSELLIINA. Sm. Bedford Willow. Lvs. glabrous, lanceolate, tapering to each end, whole margin serrate, very pale beneath, petioles glandular or margined; stip. semi-cordate, strongly serrate, acuminate; ova. glabrous, pedicellate, longer than the scales; sty. as long as the bifid stigmas; scales narrow-lanceolate, slightly ciliate.-A large tree, native of Britain, often propagated in this country. It has long, green shoots, long, bright green, serrated leaves. Apr. May. Q 17. S. PAMEACHIiNA. Barratt. Pamreachy Willow. Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuminate, with fine cartilaginous serratures, glaucous beneath; stip. small, lanceolate, often 0; c' aments cylindrical, lax and somewhat recurved; scales obtuse, yellowish; sta. 2; bark of the twigs smooth, ellowish and variegated, in flowering time red at the ends.-Grows on the banks of Pameachy river, Middletown, Conn. A tree of small size, intermediate between S. decipiens and S. vitellina, but'" certainly distinct from either.'* 43 504 CXXVII. SALICACEAE. SALIX. 18. S. LUCIDA. Muhl. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, rounded at base, smooth and shining; stip. oblong, serrate; aments triandrous; scales lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and smooth at the tip, hairy at the base; ovaries lanceolate-subulate, smooth; style bifid; stigmas obtuse.-A small and beautiful tree, common in N. Eng., Middle States, Mich. and British Am. Trunk 12-15f high, 3-4' diam. Branches smooth, dark, shining green. Leaves broad and glossy, dark green above, tapering to a long point. May. 19. S. NIGRA. Marshall. Black Willow. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on both sides, petiole and midvein above tomentose; stip. dentate; aments erect, cylindric, villous; scales oblong, very villous; fil. 3-6 (generally 5), bearded at base; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, smooth; sty. very short; stig. bifid.-A small tree, on the banks of rivers, chiefly in N. Y. and Penn. Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Sterile aments 3' long. May. 20. S. PURSHIANA. Spreng. (S. falcata. Hook.) Pursh's Willow. Lvs. very long, lance-linear, often falcate, gradually attenuate to the apex, acute at base, finely dentate-serrate, smooth on both sides, silky pubescent when young; stip. somewhat lunate or obliquely reniform-cordate, dentate, reflexed; ova. glabrous, pedicellate; sty. short.-Readily recognized by its very long, falcate leaves and the broad persistent stipules. Grows in swamps and margins of ponds, Middle States, N. Eng., Western States, Can. It is a shrub orsmall tree, with a slender trunk sometimes 30 or 40f high. Leaves green both sides, 6-8' long. Aments 2' long. ~6. ALBEX:. Borrer. Trees of the largest size, with lanceolate, serrate leaves, the serratures glandular, lower surface clothed with long, appressed, silky hairs, often the upper also, giving to the foliage a whitish or bluish hue. Aments lax. Stamens 2. Ovaries glabrous. 21. S. ALBA. White Willow. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, regularly glandular-serrate, silky beneath, often above, acute at apex; ova. ovoid, acuminate, glabrous, subsessile; stig. short, recurved, deeply cleft; sta. 2, with hairy filaments; scales short, pubescent at the margin.-A large tree of rapid growth, native of Europe, introduced in Mass. (Emerson) and probably in other states.,l. carulea. (Blue Willow.) Lvs. of a bluish hue, less silky beneath.-A tree of rapid growth, completely naturalized in Mass. Emerson 22. S. VITELLiNA. Yellow Willow. Golden Osier. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky beneath; stip. 0; aments cylindric; scales ovate-lanceolate pubescent outside; ova. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed. -This willow was probably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides, &c. It is a tree of moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May. 23. S. BABYLONiCA. Babylonian or Weeping Willow. Branches pendulous; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, stip. roundish, oblique, acuminate; ova. sessile, ovate, smooth.-This elegant species has been introduced from the East, and cultivated until nearly naturalized. The long, slender, drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the English name of the tree, and give it a place in the church-yard to " weep" over the remains of the departed. The Latin name was happily suggested to Linneus by the 137th Psalm: "By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down: Yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." ~ 7. FULVXE. Borrer. 24. S. ROSTRiTA. Richardson, Beaked Willow. Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at length smooth; Ivs. broadly or obovate-lanceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucouspubescent beneath; stip. semicordate, dentate; aments short, cylindric, dense, the iertile ones becoming very long and'oose; scales oblong, membranous, hairy at SALIX. CXXVII. SALICACEiE. 505 the apex; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, long-acuminate, on very long pedicels; sty. very short; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire.-Shrub or small tree 8-L0f high. Bark of the trunk dark-colored, of the branches yellow. ~ 8. CORDATEA. Tall shrubs with dichotomous, flexuous, smooth branches. Leaves cordate or attenuate at base, glabrous. Stipules semi-cordate, serrate. Aments slightly pedunculate, ovoid-cylindrical, cotemporary; scales subciliate, red or yellowish. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovaries pedicellate, glabrous. Barratt. 25. S. CORDiXTA. Heart-leaved Willow. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth; stip. large, roundish-ovate, serrate; aments triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black; ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth; sty. very short; stig. bifid.-An elegant shrub, 6-8f high, in swamps throughout the Middle States. Branches green and smooth, with light green leaves an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch long, accompanying the leaves in April and May. 26. S. RIGiDA. Stif-leaved Wfillow. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated, petioles villous; stip. large, cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate; aments triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black; ova. on long pedicels, lanceolate, smooth; sty. very short; stig. 2-parted.-A small tree, 10-15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. April, May. 27. S. TORREYANA. Barratt. Torrey's Willow. Lvs. cordate-ovate, sharply pointed, margin wavy, finely serrate, paler beneath; stip. large, semicordate; c' aments slender, scales lanceolate, blackish, ciliate; sta. 2; fil. rather short; ova. on short pedicels, smooth, deltoidlanceolate; stig. 4-parted, flesh-colored; caps. green.-A fine, shrubby willow, 6-10f high, river banks, N. Eng., recognized by its broad, heart-shaped, glossy leaves with a wavy margin, sharp point, and very large stipules. Branches of a light gray color, branchlets yellowish-green. Apr. 28. S. LONGIFOLIA. Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Lvs. linear, acuminate at each end, elongated, remotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same color on both sides; stip. lanceolate, dentate; aments tomentose, pedunculate; sta. 2; scales flat, retuse; fil. bearded at base, twice longer than the scales.-River banks from the Conn. and Ohio to Oregon and Brit. Am. It possesses a remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and binding the loose sands together. Stems about 2f high, with brown branches and white branchlets. 29. S. ANGUSTJATA. Ph. Narrow-leaved Heart Willow. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated at base, very glabrous, serrulate, nearly the same color both sides; stip. semi-cordate; aments erect, somewhat glabrous; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, glabrous; sty. bifid; stig. 2-lobed.-Banks of streams from the Conn. to the Miss. An excellent osier, with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves. ~ 9. ARBUSCUL.sz. Small shrubs, inhabiting arctic or alpine regions. Aments cotemporary with the leaves. 30. S. HERBACEA. Herb Willow. Arctic Willow. Dwarf; lvs. orbicular, serrate, glabrous, veiny; aments few-flowered, sessile; scales small, glabrous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; style short; stig. lobes bifid.-On the alpine regions of the White Mountains! N. to Lab. and the Arc. Islands. An interesting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe. Stem ascending, 1-2' high. Leaves about 3" diameter, smooth and shining on both sides. Stipules wanting. Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn. J1. 31. S. MYRTILLO1DES. (S. pedicellaris. Ph. and auct. Am.) Lvs. oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse at base, entire, both sides glabrous, beneath glaucous and reticulate-veined; aments pedunculate; caps. ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellate; scales short, obtuse, a little hairy; sty. very short; lobes of the stigma cleft. —Swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low and elegant shrub, with rather a virgate habit, remarkable for its entire smooth 506 CXXVII. SALICACEtE. PoPULUS. ness. Leaves elliptical, revolute at edge, obtuse at base, somewhat glaucous beneath. 32. S. AMBIGUA. Ehrh. Dubious Willow. Lvs. elliptical, obovate or lanceolate, recurved at the point, entire or remotely denticulate, rugose-veiny beneath, silky-villous, at length glabrous; stzp. semi-ovate, straight; aments sessile, briefly pedunculate in fruit; caps. tomentose, long-pedicellate; sty. short; stig. emarginate.-White Mts. Tuckerman. A prostrate shrub, with leaves about 1l' by j'. 33. S. PHYLICIFOLIA. Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex; aments bracteate,' sessile; caps. pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silky; sty. long.-White Mts. 7Tlckerman. A handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-elliptical, very smooth leaves, the margins repand-serrate. 34. S. CUTLERI. Tuckerman. (S. Uva-ursi of 1st. edit., etc.?) Cutler's Willow.-Lvs. elliptical, acute or obovate, obtuse at base, glandular-denticulate, smooth above, glaucous-smoothish beneath, silky-villous when young; aments pedunculate, cylindsic, dense; caps. ovate-conic, briefly pedicellate, glabrous; scales obovate, black, silky; stio. bifid, lobes at length cleft.-White Mts. Tackerman. A low or prostrate shrub. 2. POPOtLUS. Lat. populus, the people; being often planted by the public ways. Aments cylindric; bracts lacerately fringed; calycine scales turbinate, oblique, entire. d' Stamens 8-30. 9 Ova. superior; style very short, bifid; stigma large, 2-lobed; caps. 2-valved, 2-celled.Trees of large dimensions. Wood soft and light. Lvs. broad, petioles long, often compressed vertically and glandular. Aments lateral, preceding the leaves. 1. P. TREMtUL61DES. American Aspen. W7ite Poplar. Las. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at the margin.-Abundant in N. England and in the Middle States, growing in woods and open lands. Stem 25-40f in height, with a diameter of 8-12'. Bark greenish, smooth except on the trunk of the oldest trees. Leaves small (2-2-' long, and 1i as wide, dark green, on petioles which are 2-3' long and laterally compressed, so thal they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, and are thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest breeze. The trembling of the " aspen leaf" is proverbial. Aments plumed with silken hairs, about 2' long, pendulous, appearing- in April, long before the leaves. The wood is white, soft and light, of little value. 2. P. GRANDIDENTATA. Mickx. Large Poplar. Lvs. roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth, villous when young.-Woods and groves in the northern parts of the U. S., less common than the preceding species. Stem 40f high, with a diameter of If, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Branches distant, coarse and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their extremities. Leaves 3 —5 long and nearly as wide, clothed with thick, white down in spring, but becoming perfectly smooth. The wood is white, soft, and quite durable. May. 3. P. BETULIFOLIA. Ph. (P. Hudsonica. Mickx.) Birch-leaved or Black Poplar.-Lvs. rhomboidal, long-acuminate, dentate, smooth; young branches pilose.-This poplar is found chiefly in the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. It is a tree of middle size, with grayish-white twigs, and dark brown buds. Leaves 34' long and 2 broad. Aments 4-5' long, without hairs. April. 4. P. BALSAMIFERA. Balsam Poplar. Los. ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulateveined beneath; buds resinous.-The balsam poplar, though nowhere abun CXXVIII. BALSAMIFLUIE. 507 dant, is found in woods and fields, disseminated throughout N. England and Canada. With a trunk 18' diam., it arises 60-70f. The buds of this species, as well as of most of the poplars, are covered with an aromatic resin, which may be separated in boiling water. April. 5. P. MONILIFERA. Ait. Necklace Poplar. Lvs. subcordate-deltoid, smooth, glandular at base, with cartilaginous, hairy, hooked serratures; veins spreading; petioles compressed above; older branches terete; fertile aments long and pendulous.-Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y., apparently native. Beck. A tree 60-70f high, with a cylindric trunk. Leaves 2 —4' diam., on long petioles. April. 6. P. HETEROPHYLLA. Various-leaved Poplar. Lvs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately toothed, cordate and somewhat auricled at base, the sinus small, tomentose when young.-A tree 60-70f high, found in swamps. Branches cylindric. Leaves with auriculate lobes at base, which often conceal the insertion of the petiole. May. 7. P. CANDiCANS. Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish beneath, reticulate-veined, somewhat 3-veined; petioles hirsute; buds resinous; branches terete. —This tree is sometimes met with in New England, growing about houses as a shade tree. It is 40-50f high, and 18-30' in diameter. Bark smooth, greenish. Foliage copious, dark green. Apr. 8. P. LEVIGATA. Ait. (P. Canadensis. Michx. and 1st. edit.) River Poplar. Cotton Tree.-Lvs. roundish-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, subcordate, unequally serrate, shining, smooth, glandular; petioles compressed; younger branches angled.-The cotton-tree grows 70-80f high in N. Y. and Vt. The fertile aments are 6-8' long, and pendulous. The seeds are clothed with a white, cotton-like down which gives name to the tree. Buds sealed against the frosts and rains with resin. April. 9. P. ANGULXTA. Water Poplar. Western Cotton Tree. Lvs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, acuminate, glabrous, younger ones broadly cordate; branches winged, angular.-A tree of noble dimensions, growing along the rivers of the Southern and Western States. Trunk 40 —80f high, 1-2f diarn., bearing a broad summit, with coarse branches and branchlets. Leaves on adult trees 2-3' long, about the same width, truncate at base; on younger trees they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base. Petioles longer than the leaves, compressed near the base of the lamina. Branchlets remarkably thick, greenish, spotted with white, striate. Buds short-ovoid, green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. March, April. 10. P. DILATATA. Lombardy Poplar.-Lvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid, serrate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length; trunk lobed and sulcate.This tree is native in Italy as its name imports. It was early brought to this country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets. Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, while the huge worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance. 11. P. ALBA. Abele or Silver-leaf Poplar.-Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy beneath; fertile aments ovate; stigmas 4.-A highly ornamental tree, native of Europe. Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the upper and lower surface of the leaves. ORDEr CXXVIII. BALSAMIFLUA. — LIQUIDAMBARS. Trees with alternate, simple or lobed leaves, with glandular serratures and deciduous stipules. Aments moncecious, roundish with achlamydeous flowers. Sterile.-Anth. numerous, oblong, subsessile, with scales intermixed. Fertile.-Ova. 2-celled, collected intoa globe, each surrotnded by a few scales. styles 2, long. Fr. a kind of' strohile, composed of the indurated scales and capsules. Caps. 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening between the beaks. Sds. several, winged. Genus 1, species 3, natives of Inldia. Levant and North America. rhe fragrant resin, liquid storax, is the product. of some of the rlpecces. 43;' VWFi CXXX. URTICACE_. LI Q UIDAMBAR. Lat. liquideam, fluid, ambar; a resin resembling ambar flows from the trees. Character of the genus the same as that of the order. L. STYRACIPLUA. Sweet Gium. Lvs. palmate, with acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous at their bases. -The sweet gum or gum-tree is thinly disseminated throughout the U. S. With a diameter of 5f it arises to the height of 60. The trunk is covered with a deeply furrowed bark. The young twigs are yellowish, putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more regularly formed than those of the rock maple. The fruit is in a globular, compact ball, suspended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each containing 1 or 2 seeds. When wounded in summer, a gum of an agreeable odor is distilled from the trunk. May. ORDER CXXIX. PLATANACE.-E.-SYcAMoEs. Trtes and shrubs, with alternate, palmately lobed leaves and sheathing, searious stipules. 4ments moncecious, globose, with achlamydeous flowers. Sterite.-Sta. single, with only small scales intermixed. Anth. 2-celled, linear. Ferte.-Ova. terminated by a thick style with one side stigmatic. r. —Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved style. Seed, solitary albuminous. Genera 1, species 6 Trees of the largest dimensions, natives of Barbary. Levant and N. America. PLATAN US. Gr. rXarvS, broad; in reference to the ample foliage. Character of the genus the same as that of the order. P. OCCIDENTALIS. Plane Tree. Button-wood. Sycamore. Lvs. lobed, angular; branches whitish.-The plane-tree is a native ot all the U. S., and is by far the largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the American forest. On the margins of the great rivers of the West, trees are found whose trunks measure from 40-50f in circumference, or more than 13f in diameter! In N. England it also grows to magnificent dimensions. It flourishes in any soil, but is most frequently met with on the stony borders and beds of streams. Leaves very large, tomentose beneath when young. Flowers in globular aments or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface beneath. May. ORDER CXXX. URTICACEAE.-NETTLEWORTS. Trees and shrubs, with a milky juice, or herbs with a watery juice. Lps. alternate or opposite, rough or covered with stinging hairs, often:stipulate. PFl. monoecious, dlcecious, or polygamous, in panicles, aments or dense heads. Cal. membranous, lobed, persistent. Sta. definite, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. Ova. free, simple, l-ovuled. Style 1. Fr. achenium or utricle, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx. Genera 56, species 540, widely diffused throughout the world. Properties.-Thejuiee is almost always deleterious, sometimes in a high degree. It contains caoutchouc. The celebrated Bohon Upas, the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice of Antiaris toxicaria of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is said to be due to the presence of strychnia. Meanwhile the famous cows tree of S. America yields a copious supply of milk which is rich and wholesome. Gum lac is obtained abundantly from Ficus Indica. The renowned Banyan tree is Ficus religiosa. In this order are also found many excellent fruits. Figs are the fruit of Ficus Carica, &c. Bread fruit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus; mulberries of Morus nigra. Fustic, a yellow dye, is the wood of M. tinctoria of S. America. The use ohe use of hemp in the manufacture of cordage is well known, as are likewise the uses of the hop. The nettles are remarkable for their stinging, venomous hairs. This order is composed of four principal suborders, viz. Artocarpe&e, Moreve, Urticere, and Cannabinesa. of which the three last are represented in the following genera. Conspectus of the Genera. rFruit a compound, fleshy, purple berry.... Morns. I Fruit simple, fleshy, dark red, small....... Broussonetia. 2 Fruit a large, compound, yellow globe....... Maclura. 3 Trees and shrubs. l Fruit a fig I.Ficus. 4 Fertile cal. 2-sepaled. Urtica. 5 Fls. spicate or paniculate. Fertile calyx 0.. Bwehmeria. 6 Lvs. simple. Sta. 4. Flowers capitate, involucrate. Parietaria. 7 erect. Leaves palmately 5-7-foliate. Stamens 5. Cannabis. 8 Herbs climbing, dioecious. Stamens 5. Fertile flowers itl ar ents... Humultus. 9 MAs#UtIA. CXXX. URTICACEXE, St SECTION I. MOREE. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice. Fruit fleshy; composed of the fleshy calyx or receptacle. 1. MORUS. Celtic mor, black; the color of the fruit of some of the species. Flowers?, rarely d' Y -d' in loose spikes; calyx 4-parted. v in dense spikes; calyx 4-parted; styles 2; achenium compressed, enclosed within the baccate calyx; spike constituting a compound berry.-Trees with alternate, generally lobed leaves. Fls. inconspic~wns. 1. M. RUBRA. Red Mulberry. Lvs. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, equally serrate, acuminate, either ovate or 3-lobed; fertile spikes cylindric; fr. dark red.This tree varies greatly in height according to its situation. In New England, where it is not very common, it is but a shrub 15-20f high. In the Middle and Western States, it attains the elevation of 50-60f, with a diameter of 2f. Trunk covered with a grayish bark, much broken and furrowed. Wood finegrained, strong and durable. Leaves 4-6' long, i as wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark green. Flowers small. Berries of a deep red color, compounded of a great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid flavor. May. 2. M. ALBA. White Mulberry. —Lvs. nearly glabrous, cordate and oblique at base, unequally serrate, either undivided or lobed; fr. whitish.-Native of China. Cultivated for the sake of its leaves as the food of silk worms. A tree of humble growth. Leaves 2-4' long, I as wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green, in small, roundish spikes or heads. Fruit of a yellowish-white, insipid. f?. multicaulis. ( Chtnese Mulberry.) Lvs. large (4-7' long,! asbroad).-Shrub. 3. M. NIGRA. Black Mulberry.-Lvs. scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate; fertile spikes oval.-Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament and shade, in this as well as in many other countries. Fruit dark red or blackish, of an aromatic, acid flavor. 2. BROUSSONETIA. L'Her. In honor of P. N. V. Broussonet, a distinguished French naturalist. Flowers d'9. —3 Ament cylindric; cal. 4-parted. 9 Ament glo bose; receptacle cylindric-clavate, compound; cal. 3-4-toothed, tubular; ovaries becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent; sty. lateral; seed 1, covered by the calyx. —Trees, from Japan. B. PAPYRIFERA. Paper Mulberry.-Lvs. of the younger tree, roundishovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, of the adult tree 3-lobed; fr. hispid.-A fine, hardy tree, occasionally cultivated. It is a low, bushy headed tree, with large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit a little larger than peas, with long, purple hairs. 3. MACLORA. Nutt. Dedicated to William Maclure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist. Flowers d'9. —d in aments. Calyx 0; ova. numerous, co-alescing into a compound, globose fruit, of 1-seeded, compressed, angular, cuneiform carpels; sty. 1, filiform, villous.-A lactescent tree, with decidutous, alternate, entire, ex-stipulate leaves, and axillary spines. M. AURANTIACA. Nutt. Osage Orange. A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas, &c. Leaves 4 —5 by lt-2-', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and paler beneath, on short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticulate, apex subacuminate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an orange, goldenyellow when ripe, suspended by an axillary peduncle amid the dark glossy 510 CXXX. URTICACE/E. URTIGa. leaves. No tree cultivated in our climate can surpass this in richness and beauty. 4. FICUS. GT. overr. Lat.,ficus. Celtic,jfigueren. Teutonic,fiege. Anglo-Saxon,fic. English,.fg. Flowers C, fixed upon the inside of a turbinate, fleshy, closed receptacle.' Calyx 3-parted; stam. 3. Q Calyx 5-parted; ovary 1; seed 1. —A large genus of trees and shrubs, none North American. F. CARiCA. Willd. Common Fig.-Lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentate; lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath.-Supposed to be a native of Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. With us it is reared only in sheltered locations as a curiosity. The delicious fruit is wellknown. Leaves very variable. SECTION 2. URTICE]E. Herbs (in cool climates), with a watery juice. Flowers spicate or paniculate, with a membranaceous calyx. 5. URTXCA. Let., uro, to burn; in reference to the stinging species. Flowers c, sometimes 3'9.-3 Calyx 4-sepaled, with a cup-shaped, central rudiment of an ovary; sta. 4. 9 Calyx, 2-leaved, persistent, at length surrounding the shining, compressed achenium; sty. 1.Herbs often with stinging hairs. Lvs. accompanied with stipules. Flowers green, in axillary or subterminal clusters. 1. U. CANADENSIS (and divaricata. Linn.) Common Nettle. Hispid and stinging; lvs. on long petioles, broad-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, acuminate; panicles axillary, solitary or in pairs, divaricate, mostly shorter than the petioles, lower sterile, upper fertile and subterminal, elongated in fruit.-Damp places, U. S. and Can. Stem 2-6f high, mostly simple, flexuous at top. Leaves alternate, large (3 —5 by 2-3') more or less hispid both sides, sometimes nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long. Flowers minute, in panicles which vary from 1 —4 in length, the fertile panicles about 2, nearly terminal and erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug. 2. U. DIOTCA. Diaecious or Stinging Nettle. Hispid and stinging; Ivs. cordate, lance-ovate, conspicuously acuminate, -oarsely and acutely serrate, the point entire, petioles thrice shorter; fis. & or c 9, in branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted spikes longer than the petioles.% Waste places, common. Stem 2-4f high, branching, obtusely 4-angled, with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3-4' long, and about J as wide. Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean aspect, corresponding with the insidious character of the plant. " Its power of stinging resides in minute, tubular hairs or prickles, which transmit a venomous fluid when pressed." Bigelow. July, Aug. 3. U. PROCERA. Willd. Tall Nettle. St. tall, simple, 4-sided, slightly hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, rough, hispid, prominently 5-veined, acutely serrate; panicles axillary, very branching, numerous, interruptedly spicate, lower ones sterile, upper fertile.-Borders of fields, waste places, N. H., &c. Stem 3-5f high, with a tough bark. Leaves densely strigose-hispid, serratures incurved, acute at each end, or somewhat acuminate at apex, 3 times longer than the petioles. Flowers small, green, in glomerate panicles, on the upper part of the stem. July.-Does not sting. 4. U. PUMiLA. Richweed.- Stingless Nettle. St. ascending, often branched, weak and succulent; lvs. on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, membranaceous and glabrous; fJs. S, triandrous, in corymbed heads shorter than the petioles. —% In waste places, about buildings, and in woods, U. S. and Can. Stem fleshy, semi-transparent when grow CANNABIS. CXXX. URTICACL2E. 511 ing in shades, smooth and shining. Leaves on long petioles, especially the lower ones, smoothish, about 2' long and I as wide. Flowers in short heads or corymbs, axillary. A species without stings. Aug., Sept. 5. U. URENS. Burning or Dwarf Nettle. Lvs. broadly elliptic, about 5-veined, acutely serrate; clusters glomerate, by pairs. —) Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 12 —20' high, hispid with venomous stings, branching. Leaves 1-2' long, i as broad, on short petioles and with large serratures. Stipules small, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in drooping, pedunculate clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and fertile in the same axil. Rare. June, July. Q 6. S. GRACiLIS. Ait. Slender Nettle. St. erect, strict, sparingly hispid; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, coarsely and somewhat doubly serrate, 3-veined, smoothish above, hispid beneath on the veins; spikes elongated, pinnately branched, a little shorter than the leaves; fis. glomerate.-2i Northern and Western States, and Brit. Am. Stem 2-3f high. Flowers minute, green. July, Aug. 6. B(CEHMERIA. Willd. Named for G. F. Bsehmer, a German botanist. Flowers S or cd 9. —' Calyx 4-parted, with lanceolate, acute segments; stamens 4. 9 achlamydeous; ovary and style 1, in the axil of a bract; achenium compressed, margined. —Herbs or shrubs, nearly allied to Urtica. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clustered. B. CYLINDRiCA. (Urtica cylindrica and capitata. Linn.) False Nettle. Herbaceous; lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate, smooth; fis. 3~ o; sterile spikes glomerate, interrupted, fertile cylindric.-A coarse, nettlelike plant, in swamps and bottoms, Mid. and Western States! Stem slender, obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2-3f high. Leaves 3-veined, 3-5' long, i as wide, on long petioles. Flowers minute, the fertile ones in axillary, cylindric spikes, 1 —2 in length, the barren spikes rather longer and more slender. July, Aug.?. Spikes shorter, subcapitate; petioles somewhat shorter. y. (B. lateriflora. Muhl.) Lvs. roughish; spikes longer and much interrupted. 7. PARIETARIA. Lat. paries, a wall; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls, &c. Flowers moncecious-polygamous, in clusters surrounded by a manycleft involucre; calyx 4-parted; stamens 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force; ovary and style 1; achenium polished, enclosed within the persistent calyx. —Herbs with usually alternate leaves. Clusters of green flowers axillary. P. PENNSYLVANiCA. Pellitory. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse point, punctate with opaque dots; invol. longer than the flowers. —) Arough, pubescent herb, found in damp, rocky places, Vt., N. Y., W. to Wisc.! &c. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6-12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough, about i' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with arn obtuse acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense, greenish and reddish-white. Rare. June. SECTION 3. CANNABINEME. Herbs, erect or twining, with a watery juice. ci racemose or paniculate, 9 in a cone-like ament. Albumen 0. 8. CA N N AB IS. Arabic ganeb, hemp. Flowers dc 9.-d Calyx 5-parted. 9 Calyx entire, oblong-acuminate, opening longitudinally at the side; sty. 2; ach.? 2-valved, en 512 CXXX. URTICACE1E. HUMULUS. closed within the persistent calyx.-() Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. axillary, cd in cynmose panicles, Y in sessile spikes. C. SATiVA. Hemp. Lvs. palmately 5-7-foliate.-The hemp was introduced originally from India, but it springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is a tall, erect plant, with handsome petiolate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate~ 3 —5 long, X as wide, the middle one the largest. Flowers small, green, solitary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in the fertile ones. It is cultivated in many countries for the sake of its fibre, which is stronger than that of flat, and is the best of all materials for cordage and sail-cloth. The seeds are nutritious, but the leaves are stimulant and narcotic, producing intoxication. June. 5 9. HUMfULUS. Lat. humus, moist earth; the hop grows only in rich soils. Flowers c' 9. —'c Calyx 5-sepaled; stamens 5; anthers with 2 pores at the summit. 9 Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave, persistent, 1-flowered; calyx membranous, entire, persistent; styles 2; achenium invested by the thin calyx.-4- twining with the sun. Lvs. opposite. Fls. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. H. LUPJULTS. Common Hop. The hop vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its fertile aments, which are chiefly used as a preservative in beer. It has a long, annual stem of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rough backwards with reflexed prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on ong stalks. Flowers of the barren plants extremely numerous, panicled, greenish; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. In the cultivation of the hop it nas been found profitable to plant a few layers of the barren vines among the fertile ones, as the produce is thus increased in weight through the fertilization of the seeds. Aug. CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. OVULES not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen without -the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly NAKED SEEDS, the carpel being represented by a flat open scale or entirely wanting. EMBrYo with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. ORDER CXXXI. CONIFERE.- CONIFERS. Trees or evergreen shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in a resinous juice. Lvs. scattered or fascicled, linear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), parallel-veined, rigid, generally evergreen. Fls. monoecious or di(scious, destitute of calyx or corolla. Sterile, monandrous or monadelphous, collected in a kind of loose ament. Anth. 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound. Fertile, in aments composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel. Ovary, style and sthiema wanting. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted. r. —A strobile (cone). or a solitary seed. Inteo guments hard and crustaceous. Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. Genera 29, species 150, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. Properties. —Few orders can be named, which are of more importance to mankind, whether in reference to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin are the product ofthe pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Pinus sylvestris of Europe; Venetian turpentine. by the Larix; oil of Savin by Juniperus. Sabina of Europe, &c. FIG. 54.-I1. Branch of Thuja occidentalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a cone of staminate flowers: 3. A carpellary scale with'the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical transverse section of one of the seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules, enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9. Scale with immature ovules. t10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downwards. 14. Staminate scale of Cupresus, with Dollen. 15. Fertile scale. with many erect ovules. 514 CXXXI. CONIFER.E. PINUs. Conspectus of the Genera. Scales thick and blunt at edge.. Psnua. 1 ( Leaves linear or acerose... Scales thin and even at edge.. Abes. 2 w Fertile scales 4-8-ovuled. Thuja. 4 a woody cone. t Leaves scale-like, imbricate. Fertile scales 2-ovuled... Thuja. 4 ia fleshy berry with 3 bony seeds. Leaves mostly acerose..... - Juniperus. 5 Fruit a fleshy drupe with a single seed. Leaves linear, 2-ranked. Taxus. 6 TRIBE 1. ABIETINEXE. Flowers 8 1 i. —d aments numerous, deciduous. Scales peltate, each bearing 2 sessile, 1-celled anthers.! Strobile ovoid; carpellary scales closely imbricated, each bearing a pair of ovules adhering to the base inside, and subtended by a bract outside; fruit a woody strobile or cone; seeds winged, cotyledons 2-15. 1. PINUS. Celtic pin or pen, a rock or mountain; many species of this noble genus prefer such situations. Strobile large, conical; carpellary scales thickened at the summit, becoming strong and woody in fruit; cotyledons 4-8.-Trees, often of the loftiest dimensions. Branches often verticillate. Leaves evergreen, acerose, in fascicles of 2-5, each fascicle invested with a membranous sheath at base. 1. P. RESIN6SA. Ait. (P. rubra. Michx.) Norway Pine. Red Pine. Lvs. in pairs, channeled, elongated, with elongated sheaths; cones ovoidconic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the leaves; scales unarmed, dilated in the middle. —It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the height of 80f, with a trunk 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines. Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 5 —8 in length, the sheaths {-1I'. This pine affords a fine-grained, resinous timber of much strength and durability, and highly valued in architecture. May. 2. P. BANKSIiNA. Lambert. (P. rupestvis. Michx.) Scrub Pine. Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous; scales unarmed, obtuse, smooth.-A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. and British America. Leaves about an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. April, May. 3. P. INOPs. Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves; scales of the cone compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate point.-A tree 15-25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches straggling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Leaves 1-2' long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 4. P. VARIABiLIs. Lamb. (P. mitis. Michx. f.) Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine.-Lvs. 2 —3 together, channeled on the inner surface; cones ovoid, subsolitary; scales armed with short, incurved spines.-Widely diffused throughout the country, attaining the height of' 50-60f. Leaves dark green, 5 —6 long, covering the branchlets. Cones 2-3' long, rugged with the projecting point of the scales. It furnishes close-grained and moderately resinous timber, which is used in immense quantities for all kinds of architecture. May. 5. P. RIGiDA. Pitch Pine. Lvs. in 3s, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales with reflexed spines.-Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclusively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25-30f), but attains a great height in the Southern States. The trunk, which is seldom straight, is covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Leaves 4-6' long. Cones usually several together, 2-3' long. The wood is heavy Afism. CXXXI. CONIFERiE. 515 with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent fuel. May. 6. P. PALUSTRIS. Lamb. (P. australis.?) Long-leaved or Broomn Pine. Lvs. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches; cone subcylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines; stip. pinnatifid, ragged, persistent.-Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is 15-20' diam., arising with a slight diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, thence 20-40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a foot in length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2' long. Cone 8-10' long. Seeds with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and durable, used at the South in vast quantities. 7. P. STROBUS. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, pendant longer than the leaves.-This pine is one of the most majestic and the most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 5-7f in diameter, and 100f in height without a limb; then, sending out a few branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. The branches are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The leaves are about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an extremely soft and delicate foliage. The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architecture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 2. ABIES. Juss. Name probably derived from the Celtic abetoa Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong; carpellary scales attenuated to a thin, even edge; cotyledons 3-9. —Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen or deczduous, linear and solitary, or acerose and fasciculate, never sheathed at base. ~ 1. Leaves evergreen, solitary, linear. 1. A. CANADENSIS. (Pinus. Linn.) Hemlock. Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves; scales rounded, entire.-A well known evergreen inhabitant of the rocky, mountainous woods of the Northern States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70-80t: The trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 —8' in length, less than 1" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hemlock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. 2. A. NIGRA. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.) Black or Double Spruce. Lvs. 4-cornered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect.-This fine tree abounds in the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 —80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark green color, little more than i' in length, Cones 1-2' long. The timber is light, strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in architecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branches. May. 3. A. ALBA. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.) White or Single Spruce. Lvs. 4-sided, incurved; cones lax, pendulous, subeylindric, with entire, broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales.-Very abundant in the northern sections of the U, States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk 1-2f in diameter at the base, regularly dimin. ing upward. Lower branches longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves — I' in length, placed on all sides of the branches. Cones small. The timber is useful in the frames of buildings, &c. Ma.v. A4 W16 CXXXf. CONIFERZE. CUPRMSuS, ~ 2. Leaves solitary, evergreen. Bark smooth, with reservoirs of balsam. Cones long, erect. 4. A. BALSArMEA. Willd. (Pinus. Linn. Picea. Michr.) Fir Balsam. Balsam Sprruce.-Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous, with a grooved line above and an elevated one beneath; cones cylindric, erect, reflexed on the margin; scales broad, compact; bracts obovate, shorter than the scale.-A beautiful evergreen, common in humid forests of the northern part of the U. States. Its branches are nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The leaves are little larger than those of the hemlock (8-10" long) growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright green above, and silvery-white beneath. Cones 2 —3 in length. Bark smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam which is considered a valuable medicine. May. 5. A. FRASIRI. Pursh. Fraser's or Double Balsam Fir. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear, often emarginate, subsecund, erect above; strobile ovoid-oblong, erect, very small; bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed.-A smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, found on mountains, from N. Eng.! to Car. Leaves 3' long, and much crowded. Cones about 1 —2 long when mature; singularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. Sterile aments terminal, May.-A highly ornamental shade tree., 3. Leaves deciduous, collected infascicles of 20-40. 6. A. (LARIX) AMERICiNA. Michx. (Pinus pendula and microcarpa of authors.) American Larch.-Lvs. short, in dense fascicles, without sheaths, very slender; cones oblong, inclining upwards; even when the branches are pendulous; scales thin and inflexed on the margin; bracts elliptical, often hollowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point.-A beautiful tree, often seen in our shrubberies, and thinly interspersed, in forests. throughout N. England. It is remarkably distinguished from the pines by its deciduous leaves, the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80-100f, with a straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 —2 long,collected in bunches of 12-20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, — 1' long. The wood is considered most valuable of all the pines or spruces, being very heavy, strong, and durable. Apr., May. B. pendula. Branches slender and drooping.-A most beautiful variety. TRIBE 2. CUPRESSINEE:. Carpellary scales not bracteate, each with 1-8 erect ovules at base inside, becoming concreted and fleshy in a drupe-like fruit. Anthers of several cells. 3. CUPRESSUS. From the Isle of Cyprus, where the cypress is very abundant. Flowers &. —' in an ovoid ament; scales peltate; anthers 4, sessile. d' in a strobile; scales peltate, bearing 4-8, erect (orthotropous) ovules at base inside; seed angular, compressed; integuments membranous; cotyledons 2 or more. —Trees, with evergreen, flat, squamose, imbricated leaves. Fertile aments becoming indurated conesy 1. C. TlE'OiDES. Michx. W7zile Cedar. Branchlets compressed; Irs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base; cones spherical.-This tree is thinly disseminated in N. England, but quite common in the Middle States. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and exclusively occupies. Height 40-60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, evergreen scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows, and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft and durable. Used in the manufacture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts mades of this cedar it is said will last 60 years. May. JUNIPERUS. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 517 2. C. DISTYCHA. (Taxodium distychum. L. C. Rich.) Cypress. Lvs. in 2 rows (distychous), deciduous, flat; sterile aments paniculate, leafless, pendulous; cone oblong-globose. —One of-the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mexico. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the cypress or cedar swamps of the Southern States. The trunk arises to the height of 125f with a circumference of 25-40f above the conical base. The roots produce large, conical excrescences, which, being hollow, are sometimes used for beehives. The head is wide-spread, and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. Timber light, fine-grained and durable. 4. THUJA. Gr.,Sto, to sacrifice; the wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifices. Flowers?. —c in an imbricated ament; anthers 4, sessile. 9 in a strobile, each scale bearing 2 erect ovules at the base inside; seed winged; integument membranous; cotyledons 2 or more. —Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, squamose, imbricate. T. OCCIDENTALS. Arbor lVit&e. 3ranchlets ancipital; Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, appressed, tuberculate; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the tip.-This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. it abounds in the British Provinces and in the northern parts of the U. S. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more flat and broad than those of the white cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales, unlike the round, compact cones of that tree. The wood is very light, soft and durable. Its most important use is for fences. May. 5. JUNIPtRUS. Celtic Juneprus. rough or rude. Flowers c' 9, rarely C. —d ament ovate; scales verticillate, peltate; anthers 4-8, 1-celled. 9 ament globose; scales few, united at base, concave; ovules 1 at the base of each scale; berry formed of the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2-3 bony seeds; cotyledons 2, -Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mostly acerose, opposite or in whorls of 3. 1. J. COMMfNls. Common Juniper. Lvs. ternate, spreading, subulate, mucronate, longer than the berry.-A shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often arising in a slender pyramid, 6-8f' high (rarely arboreous, Dr. Robbins!) Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5-8" long, acerose-lanceolate, ending in a sharp, bristly point, channeled and glaucous on the midvein above, keeled and green below. Barren flowers in small, axillary aments or cones; fertile ones on a distinct shrub, small, axillary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with a taste of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May. 2. J. VIRGINIANA. (J. Sabina. Hook.) Red Cedar. Upper lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, appressed, older ones acerose, cuspidate, spreading; trunk arboreous.-Found throughout the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growing in dry, rocky situations. It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. Leaves dark green, the younger ones small, ovate, acute, scale-like, overlaying each other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets; the older ones I' long. Flowers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, i' long; the fertile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white powder. The wood is fine-grained and compact, of a reddish hue, very light 518 CXXXI. CONIFER2E. T.Axus. and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and in the manufacture of drawing pencils. April, May. f,. prostrata. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed; berries tubercular; st. prostrate, creeping.-A shrub, on gravely shores, with creeping branches 4-8i' long. TRIBE 3. TAXINE2E. Fertile flowers solitary, terminal, consisting of a naked ovule maturing into a kind of drupe. 6. TAXUS. Gr. rafov, an arrow; arrows were formerly poisoned with the juice of the yet tree. Flowers 6 9Q or C, surrounded with numerous scales. 3' Stamens 8-10, monadelphous; anthers peltate, 6-8-celled, cells dehiscent beneath. 9 solitary, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in fruit a fleshy, 1-seeded drupe.- Trees or shruebs, with evergreen, linear, alternate leaves. T. CANADENSIS. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock. Lvs. linear, mucronate, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin; sterile receptacles globose.-A small, evergreen shrub, with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce (Pinus Canadensis). It grows on thin, rocky soils in shady places, 2-3f long, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Leaves nearly an inch long, arranged in 2 opposite rows, on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in small, roundish, axillary heads. Drupes oval, concave or open at the summit, red and juicy when mature. May. SUBDIVISION SECOND. ENDOGENS, OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. STEM not distinguishable into bark, pith and concentric zones or layers of wood. GROWTH by irregular, internal accretions, consisting of bundles of woody fibre and vessels, successively descending from the leaves above, through the cellular tissue already formed. LEAVES mostly with simple, parallel veins, alternate, entire, frequently sheathing at base, and seldom falling off by an articulation. SEPALS and PETALS, when present, commonly in 3s. OVULES produced within an ovary. EMBRYO with one cotyledon, rarely with two, the second being much smaller than, and alternate with, the first. CLASS III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers without glumes. Organs developed on the usual and normal plan, consisting of stamens and pistils, either or both, surrounded by verticillate, floral envelops; or the latter are wanting, and the stamens and pistils are achlamydeous. ORDER CXXXIV. ARACEIE.-ARADS. Herbs or tropical shrubs, with a fleshy rhizoma or cormus. L'es. sheathing at base, often with branching veins, and sometimes compound. Fls. mostly moncecious and achlamydeous, arranged upon a naked or spathaceous spadix. Perianth, when present, consisting of 4-6 parts. Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous, very short. Anth. ovate, extrorse. Ova. free, i-several-celled. Stigma sessile. Fr.-Berry succulent or dry. Seeds solitary or several, with fleshy albumen. Genera 26, species 170, abundant in tropical regions, more rare in temperate, one only, Calla palustrli, extending to the northern frigid zone. Properties.-An acrid, volatile principle pervades the order, which is, in some instances, so concentrated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases. when the volatile acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutritious. Conspectus of the Genera. Berry 1-seeded. Peltandra. 2 ( and covered cylindric. ~ Berry many-seeded. Calla. a with flowers, oval, preceding the leaves. Symplocarptu. 6 Spadix in a spathe and naked above. Stem a corm... Arum. 1 broad. Spadix naked, yellow, on a clavate scape.. Orontium. 4 aeslinear-ensiform. Scape leaf-like. Spadix lateral. Acorn s. 1. ARUM. Coptic cion, the name of the Egyptian species, A. colocasia. Flowers sometimes??. Spathe cucullate, convolute at base; perianth 0; spadix cylindric, naked above, staminate below the middle and pistillate at the base; berry l;celled, many-seeded. —%. 1. A. TRIPHYLLUM. Dragon-Root. Jack-in-thc-Pulpit. Acaulescent; Ivs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate; spadix clavate; spathe ovate,. acuminate, flat and deflected above.-A curious and well known inhabitant of wet woodlands, Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. The stem is a rugose, fleshy, subterraneous corm giving off radicles in a circle from 44* 520 CXXXIV. ARACEKE. CALLA. the edge. Scape 8-12' high, erect, round, embraced at the base by the long sheaths of the petioles. Leaves 2, on long stalks, each consisting of 3 smooth leaflets, 2-7' long, I as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter than the spathe varying from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright scarlet berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is then valued as a carminative, &c. May, June. 3. atrorubens. Dewey. (A. atrorubens. L.) Spathe sessile, spreading horizontally above, dark brown.-Plant rather smaller, and with a disagreeable odor. 2. A. DRACONTIUM. Green Dragon. Acaulescent; If. mostly solitary, pedate; Ifis. oblong-lanceolate; spadi; subulate, longer than the convolute, oblong spathe.-Less common in N. Eng. than the former species, found in wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a fleshy, subterraneous corm. Scape slender, 6-12' high. Leaf on an erect, sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2-4 leaflets with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets rather smaller than in A. triphyllum. Spathe green, 1 —2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of red berries. June, July. 2. PELTANDRA. Raf. Gr. lresr), a shield or target, avdprg, stamens; from the character. Spathe convolute; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, pistillate below; perianth 0; stamens peltate; berry 1-celled, 1-seeded.-'4. P. VIRGINiCA. Raf. (Arum. Linn. Calla. Bw. Lecontia. Cooper. Rensselaeria. Beck. Caladium. Lindl.)-Acaulescent; lvs. oblong, hastate-cordate, acute at apex, the lobes obtuse; spathe elongated, incurved; spadi. covered with staminate flowers the greater part of its length.-A smooth, dark green plant, in wet grounds, N. Y. and Ms. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous, 8-12' long, j as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many Tom the same root, 8-15' long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 2-3' long, lanceolate, wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe, bearing the ovaries and finally the berries in a dense cluster at its base. June. It is to be hoped that this persecuted plant will soon find, if it has not here found, a permanent abode. J1. 3. CALLA. GCr. aA)oS, beautiful; a term well applied. Spathe ovate, spreading; spadix covered with flowers, staminate intermixed with, or above the pistillate; perianth 0; berry manyseeded.-2% Aquatic herbs.... 1. C. PALUSTRIS. Northern Calla. Lvs. cordate; spathe ovate, flat; spadix covered with ovaries intermixed with stamens.-A fine plant, growing in shallow water, Mid. States, N. Eng. N. to Arc. Am. Rhizoma creeping, rooting at the joints. Leaves 2-3' long, i as wide, on long stalks, involute at the acuminate point, smooth and entire. Scape smooth, green, roundish, thick, 4-6' high. Spathe clasping at the base, spreading, recurved, with an involute point, greenish-yellow without, white and soft within. Spadix 1' in length. The root-stock is acrid, but Linnaeus tells us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome bread stuff from it. July. 2. C. jETHIOPicA. Ethiopian Calla.-Lvs. sagittate-cordate; spathe cucullate,; spadix with the sterile flowers above the fertile.-A magnificent plant from Cape Good Hope, often met with in green-houses and parlors. The leaves are very large, smooth and entire, on long, sheathing, radical footstalks. Scape smooth, round, arising a little above the leaves, 3-5f high. Spathe very large, white, involute at base, reflexed and terminating abruptly in a long acumination. Spadix yellowish-white) about half the length of the spathe. Flowers from Jan. to May. LEMNA. CXXXV. LEMNACEXE. 52t 3. ORONTIUM. The ancient Gr. name of a plant, so called from its growing by the Orontes, a river in Asia Minor. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers; perianth 4-6-sepaled; stamens 4 —6; ovary free; stigma sessile; fruit a dry berry or utricle.-% acaulescent, aquatic. Fls. yellow, at the summit of the scape. Spathe radical. O. AQUATiCUM. Golden Club. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; spike or spadix cylindric, on a clavate scape.-This interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, U. S., but not very common. The leaves are large (often becoming 10-12' long and — j as wide), smooth, of a deep green, velvet-like surface above, paler beneath,'on long, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely invested by the short spathe at base, and ending in a spadix of a rich yellow color, covered with small, perfect, yellow flowers of an offensive odor,-the upper ones often tetramerous. May. 4. ACORUS. Gr. a, privative, and copi, the pupil of the eye; supposed to cure maladies of the eye. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers; perianth 6-sepaled; ovary free; stigma sessile, minute; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded.-'4 herbs, with a fleshy rhizoma. Lvs. radical, ensiform. Scapefoliaceous. A. CALiMUS. Sweet Flag. Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-]ike.-Grows in wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizoma is highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long, swordshaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered with small, green flowers, and bursting from the side of the leaf-like scape in June and July. 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Gr. avwrXoKcq, connection, Kaptrog, fruit. Spathe ventricose; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers; perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate. cuneate, truncate, persistent, becoming thick and spongy; berries globose, 2-seeded, imbedded in the spadix. —% Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. S. FETiDUS. Nutt. (Pothos foetida. MicAx. Ictodes. Bw.) Skunk Cabbage. Lvs. cordate-oval, acute; spadix subglobose, preceding the leaves.-A common plant, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of the animal whose name it bears. Early in spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incurved. It encloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which ai'rse after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming very large (often 20' by 12'.) ORDER CXXXV. LEMNACEE. -DUCKMEATS. Plants mostly floating, cellular, annual, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf in one). Fla. bursting from the margin of the fronds, 2 or 3, achlamydeous, enclosed in a spathe. Stetrilefls.-Sta. definite, often monadelphous. Fertilejis.-Ova. 1-celled, with 1 or more erect ovules, Sty. short. Stig. simple. Fr.-UJtricle 1-several-seeded. Sds. with a fungous testa. Genera 6 species 26 widely diffused. They are almost entirely destitute of spiral vessels. Some ot them may be regarded as the simplest of Phaenogamous plants. LEM NA. Gr. Xep/a, a scale or husk; from the resemblance of the frond. Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former of 2 col 522 CXXXVI. TYPHACE&E. TYPHA. lateral stamens, the latter of a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stigma. —( Herbs, consisting of afrond (stem and leaf confounded) sending down from the under surface, roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. 1. L. TRISULCA. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at the other; roots solitary.-Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly i' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fibre, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June-Sept. 2. L. MINOR. Lesser Duck-meat. Fronds nearly ovate, compressed; root solitary.-This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, properly fronds, adhere 2 —3 together, 1' in length, rather thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the margin of the fronds, near the base. Jn.-Sept. 3. L. GIBBA. Gibbous Duck-meat. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above; root solitary. -Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. June-Sept. 4. L. POLYRHiZA. (Spirodela. Schleiden.) Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath; roots numerous.-Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2-4" long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming purplish. Roots in thick bundles of 8-10 black fibres from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. June-Sept. ORDER CXXXVI. TYPHACE2E.-TYPHADS. Herbs, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without joints. Lvs. rigid, enslform, with parallel veins. Fle. montecious, arranged upon a spadix with no spathe. Cal.-Sepals 3 or 0. Corolla O. Sta. 3 —6. Filaments long and slender. Anthers cuneiform, erect. Ova. 1, free, 1-celled, with a solitary, pendulous ovule. Styles short. St@g. 1-2. Pr.-Utricle with an albuminous seed. Genera 2, species 13, in ditches and marshes throughout the world. Genera. long and cylindrical. Tyha. 1 Spadix of flowers e globose. Sparganlum. 2 1. TYPHA. Gr. rv0oS, a marsh; where all the species grow. Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense. d Stamens about 3 together, united into a common filament. 9 flowers below the sterile; ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus.-Root'. Spadix terminal. Fls. very numerous. 1. T. LATIFOLIA (and angustifolia. Linn.) Cat-tad. Reed Mace. Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile andfertile spikes close together, or a little remote.-A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water in muddy pools and ditches, U. S., Can. The stem arises from 3 to 5f, round and smooth, leafy below, terminated by the large cylindric spikes. Spikes of a brown color, 6-10' in length, composed of' slender, downy flowers so compact, particularly the fertile ones, as to be of considerable hardness. The upper portion is smaller, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat swordshaped, erect, 2-4f long and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and made useful for weaving the seats of chairs, &c. July. B. angustifolia. Sterile and fertile )sikes a little remote (i-2').-Found in NAJAS. CXXXVII. NAIADACE&E. 523 the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 2. SPARGANIUM. Gr. a7rapyavov, a band or fillet; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves.. Spadix of flowers globose. c Calyx 3-6-sepaled. 9 Calyx 3-6sepaled; utricle turbinate, acuminate, 1-2-seeded.-Root W. Fls. collected in several dense, roundish heads, the sterile heads above the fertile, 1. S. ERECTUM. (S. ramosum. Smith.) Burr Reed. Lvs. triangular at base, their sides concave; common flower-stalks branch.ed; stig. 2, linear.-Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowers. Stem 1-2f high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves — 2f long, 4-8" wide, linear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green; fertile ones 2-5, the lowest generally raised on a short, axillary stalk; sterile ones above, more numerous, smaller, sessile. Aug. 2. S. SIMPLEx. Smith. (S. Americanum. Nutt.) Lower Ivs. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple, floral ones concave at base and erect; stig. always simple, ovate oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style.-Ponds and lakes. Stem 1-2f high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 —2if by 3"', carinate at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, below the several barren ones, with the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. 3. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating Burr Reed. Lvs. floating, flat; common flower-stalk simple; stig. ovate, very short; head of sterile fis. subsolitary.-Lakes and pools, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. ORDER CXXXVII. NAIADACEiE.-NAIADS. Water plants, with cellular leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Fls. perfect or moncecious. Calyx 2 —4-sepaled or 0. Sta. definite. Ovaries 1, or 2-4, free, i-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. YF. dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. Albumen a. Genera 9, species 16, in waters and marshes, salt and fresh, in nearly all countries. Conspectus of the Genera. Ssolitary, diclinous monandrous..N... N o. Flowers axillary, ~ 2 together, a sterile and fertile one. Zannhalzstta. x short, 2-flowered, borne on a long, tortuous peduncle... Rtppia. 4 hnear bearing the moncecious flowers in a double row. Zostera. 1 Spike cylindric, covered with perfect, tetramerous flowers..... Potamogeton. 6 1. ZOSTERA. Gr. (coariJp, a girdle; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves. Spadix linear, bearing the separated flowers in 2 rows on one side; perianth 0. d' Anther ovoid, sessile, parallel to the ovary. 9 Ovaries 2, ovoid; style bifid; utricle 1-seeded. Z. MARINA. Sea Wrack-grass. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints; branches floating, simple; lvs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1-several feet in length; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked flowers.-2- Habits aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. 2. NAJ-AS. -Gr. vaw, to flow; hence Noat, or Nalaes, Nymph of the waters; from the habitat. Flowers often 8' 9. d' Calyx cylindric, 2-cleft; stamen I (rarely 524 CXXXVII. NAIADACEAE. POTAMOGETON. more); filament slender, often elongated; anther 4-valved, valves spreading. Y Perianth 0; style filiform; stigma 2-3-fid; capsule l-seeded.-Fls. axillary. N. CANADENSIS. Michx. (Caulinia flexilis. Willd. Fluvialis flexilis. Pers.) Water Nym.ph-St. filiform, coespitose, dichotomously branching; Ivs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 4s or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticulate, spreading, 1-veined.-A slender, flexible, rather erect, submersed aquatic plant, Can. to N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like, knotted stems 6-12' long. Leaves — 1' long, J" wide, sessile and sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filiform style, with 2-3 stigmas at summit. Aug. IB. (Caulinia fragilis. Willd.) St. and Ivs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. In honor of Zannichelli, an eminent botanist of Venice. Flowers o. —d Stamen 1; filament elongated. 9 Calyx monophyllous; corolla 0; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. Z. PALUSTRIS. Horn Pond-weed. St. filiform, floating; Ivs. opposite, linear; anthl. 4-celled; stig. entire; ach. toothed on the back.-In pools and ditches, N. States. Stem round, smooth, 1-2f long, branching, leafy. Leaves grass-like, 2-3' long, sessile. Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4-6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, one-sided, 2-3-toothed calyx. J1. Aug. 4. RUPPIA. In honor of Ruppi, a German botanist. Flowers X, 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the sheathing base of the leaves; perianth 0; stamens 4, sessile; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia.-Root 2L. R. MARIT1MA. A grass-like plant, in salt marshes, Mass. Stems several feet long, filiform, branched, floating. Leaves 1-2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOG:gTON. Gr. 7'oratog, a river, yesrcov, near. Flowers X, on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe; calyx 4sepaled; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals; ovaries 4; achenia 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. —Mostly', aquatic and submersed, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3-10-fiowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, louwer alternate, the upper (mostly) opposite. Fls. small, greenish. ~ 1. Leaves of two forms, the upperfloating. 1. P. NATANS? (P. pulcher. Tuckerman.) Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Floating; Ivs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse or cordate at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membranaceous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles, all stipulate; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles; fr. somewhat semi-globose, roughish, more or less carinate at the back.-A very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng.! to Wise., Laph/am! Stem slender, PCYI'AMOGETON. CXXXVII. NAIADACE.IE. 525 l-3f long according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper leaves 2-4' by 8 —16", petioles 2-8', submersed about j as wide. Spike 1-2' long, 20-40-flowered. J1. Aug.-Varies with the lower leaves all reduced to petioles. In the Wisconsin plant the leaves are all subcordate, fruit acutely carinate but not lunate. 2. P. CLAYTONII. Tuckerman. (P. fluitans? Ph., Bw., Torr., (4c.) Floating; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering to long petioles (sometimes on short petioles, E. T.), scarcely coriaceous, submersed leaves long, narrowly linear, membranaceous, acute, I-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base; spikes rather loose, on long peduncles; f-. compressed, suborbicular. —Ponds and slow waters, frequent. Stems round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower leaves 3-6' by 1k", remote, upper about 2-3' by i'. Spikes 1' long, peduncles 2 -4', 3 (P. heterophyllus. Torr.) Lower Ivs. approximate, lowest slightly petiolate; ped. shorter.-Uxbridge, Mass., Rickard! Probably common. A beautiful variety. Fruit not seen. 3. P. DIVERSIFOLIUS. Bart. (P. setaceum. Ph.) Setaceous-leaved Pond-weed. Upper Ivs. lanceolate, opposite, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones submerged, sessile, filiform, alternate, dense, axillary.-Common in pools and ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper leaves arising to the surface. These are 6-10" by 2-4", acute at each end, on hair-like petioles 5-6" long. Spadices dense, short, 5-6 flowered. July. B. Submersed leaves few, not fascicled in the axils. ~ 2. Leaves all submersed, uniform. 4. P. LUCENS. Shining Pond-weed. Lvs. lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midvein; spikes long, cylindric, many-flowered.-r4 Can., N. Eng., &c. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, shining above, beautifully veined, 3 —5 long, acuminate, — 1' wide, each with a lanceolate bract above its base. Spadix 2' long, of numerous, green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. June. 5. P. OBRUTUS. Wood. Lyndon Pond-weed. Lvs. glossy, linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein conspicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stipules wanting; spikes long-pedunculate; achenia inflated, subhemispherical, margined on the back, beak incurved both sides, conspicuously umbilicate.-Passumpsic river, Lyndon, Vt.! A remarkable species, differing widely from any other with which I am acquainted. Stem round, slender, simple. Leaves uniform, 3-4' by i', tapering to the slightly clasping base, the two upper opposite. Spike dense, 1l' long, peduncle 3' in length. Fruit with 2 little pits. 6. P. PRIELONGUS. Wolff. Long-stalked Pond-weed. Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many-veined, with 3 stronger veins, all reticulately connected, base amplexicaul; ped. very long; spike cylindrical, manyflowered; fr. ventricose, lunate, acutely carinate on the back. —Ponds and rivers, Northern States and Can. The plant is wholly submersed, sending up its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. I have gathered it in Niagara river, growing in depths of 6 or 8f. July, Aug. 7. P. PERFOLIATUS. Peifoliate or Clasping Pond-weed. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed; spzkes terminal; fis. alternate.-A common species growing in ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dichotomous, very leafy, 6-10' long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 11' long, i as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (1 —2), few flowered. J1. 8. P. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbins' Pond-weed. Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adnate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered; ped. shorter than the leaves.-First discovered by Dr. Robbins! in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since found in many other 5jQ6 CXXXVIII. ALISMACEE. SAGI'TTARIA. ponds in N. H. and Mass. Stem long, branched, almost wholly enclosed in the sheaths. Leaves 2-4' by 2-3", very acute, somewhat crowded. 9. P. PAUCIFLORUS. Pursh. (P. gramineum. Michx.) Grassy Pond-weed. St. round, dichotomous, filiform; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile; fis. few in a spadix.-A delicate species, in rivers, &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering to the stipulate base, 2-3' long, a line wide, 1-veined, of a bright green color. Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 3-5 greenish fis. above the water, but ripening the seeds below. 10. P. COMPRESSUS. (P. zosterifolium. Sch~um.) St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous; Ivs. broad-linear, obtuse; spike short, peduncle elongated.-A very distinct species, in ponds and rivers. Stem 1-2f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes. Leaves 3 —4 in length, 2" wide, closely sessile, remote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, J-1' long, on a peduncle 1-2' long, and bearing 5-25 flowers. J1. 11. P. PECTINITUS (and P. marinus. Linn.) Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous; Ivs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical, the lower fis. remote; ped. filiform, long.-Plant submersed in deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng.. Middle States! W. to Wis. Lapham! Leaves 4-7' by (less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 12. P. PUSILLUS. Linn. (P. pectinatum. Clark, MS.) Puny Pond-weed. St. filiform, flexuous, branched; Ivs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, very acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules; spikes capitate, few-flowered; fr. ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each side.-Shallow waters, about Cincinnati. Clark! A very delicate species, wholly submersed. Leaves 1 —2 by i", a little longer than the internodes. Spikes 3-5-flowered, the peduncles ~' long. Fruit with distinct pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. ORDER CXXXVIII. ALISMACE3E.- ALISMADS. Herbs, aquatic. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fls. racemose or paniculate. Fls. perfect or moncecious, regular, not on a spadix. Periaa4th.-Cal. 3-sepaled, green. Cor. 3-petaled, colored (green in the suborder). Sta. definite or indefinite, hypogynous. Ova.-Carpels several, i-celled and 1-seeded. Styles and stigmas several. Fr. dry, indehiscent. Seeds straight or curved, destitute of albumen.-Genera 5, species 161 Conspectus of the Genera. Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6... Alema. 1 colored, sepals green. Flowers moncecious. Stamens indefinite... Sagittara. 2 Petlsn, i k e the a Anthers thick, short. Leaves cauline. Triglochin. 8 Petals green, like the calxAnthers linear. Leaves all radical.. Scheuchzersl. 4 1. ALISMA. Celtic alis, water; the place it inhabits. Floweis M; stamens 6; ovaries and styles numerous, aggregated, becoming in fruit numerous, distinct, compressed achenia. —% caulescent. Lvs. radical. Fls. paniculate. A. PLANTAGO. (A. parviflora. Ph.) Water Plantain. Lis. oval, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, subcordate; ach. obtusely 3cornered.-A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves resembling those of the common plantain, 4-6' long, I as wide, ending in a short, abrupt point, 7-9-veined, entire, on long, radical petioles. Scape 1-2f high. Branches of the panicle verticillate, with bracts at base. Flowers numerous. Petals 3, tinged with purple, roundish, deciduous, larger than the green, ovate, persistent sepals. July. f,. parviflora. Torr. Lvs. oval, acuminate, 5-7-veined; fJs. small. 2. SAGITTARIA. Lat. sagitta, an arrow; from the peculiar form of the leaf. Flowers?; d' with about 24 stamens; 9 with numerous ovaries SAGITTARIA. CXXXVIII. ALISMACEE. 527 aggregated, and becoming, in fruit, as many compressed, margined achenia collected into a globose head. —X acaulescent. Lvs. radical, generally sagittate. Fls. in verticils of 3, the sterile ones near the summit of the scape,fertile below them. 1. S. SAGITTIFOLIA. Arrowhead. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, sagittate, lobes lanceolate, acute.-A curious aquatic plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and U. S. Root fleshy and farinaceous. Leaves 3-10' long including the lobes which are nearly half this length, 1 —4 or 5' wide, smooth and entire. Seape 1-2f high, branching, obtusely 3-angled. Flowers generally in 3s, the upper ones barren. Petals 3, large, roundish, white and very delicate. July, Aug.-The leaves, &c., are exceedingly variable, and Dr. Torrey has appended the following, as varieties: fB. latifolia. Lvs. broad-ovate, rather obtuse, with straight, ovate, slightly acuminate lobes. y. hasta. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, with spreading, lanceolate, long, acuminatd lobes; fis. mostly dicecious. d. gracilis. Lvs. linear, with linear, very long, acute and spreading lobes. p. pubescens. Plant distinctly pubescent, in all its parts; Ivs. and their lobes ovate. 2. S. RIGIDA. Pursh. Brittle-leaved Arrowhead. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, carinate, rigid, very acute at both ends; scape branching.-N. York. Growing in water even to the depth of 7 feet, according to Dr. Beck. Leaves remarkably dissimilar to those of the foregoing species, 5-6' in length, one in width, thick and brittle, and on stout, rigid petioles, prolonged according to the depth of the water. Flowers numerous and large, with 3, white, rounded petals; fertile ones on short peduncles. July. 3. S. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. Various-leaved Arrowhead. Lvs. smooth, linear and lanceolate, acute at each end, rarely some of them elliptical and sagittate, with lobes linear and divaricate; scape simple, few-flowered, fertile flowers subsessile.-Muddy shores, Middle States. Leaves 2 —4 long, J as wide, on petioles rather longer than the scape which is seldom a foot high. Flowers few, the three lower ones fertile and very nearlysessile, all with roundish bracts at base. July. 4. S. SIMPLEX, (acutifolia and graminifolia. Pursh.) Linear Sagittaria. Lvs. erect, simple, linear and lance-linearsheathing, hyaline and cellular at base, attenuated to a long, acute point; scape simple, longer than the leaves; fis. g or' Q, in whorls of 3, 4 or 5, subterminal and terminal; sta. in the barren flowers 12-15; bracts minute.-Muddy shores of ponds and rivers, Me.! to N. J., N. Y.! W. to Ill. A species almost as variable as S. sagittifolia, to which it is indeed appended by Hooker as another class of varieties. Leaves 4-7' high, usually very narrow. Scape 5-8' high. Flowers 9-18, 8 —9" diam. Petals roundish, white. 5. S. OBTNSA. Willd. Blunt Arrowhead. Lvs. broad-ovate, sagittate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, lobes oblong, obliquely acuminate, approximate and not spreading; fis. 3';: scape simple, the sterile branched at the base; bracts ovate, acute.-Ditches, ponds and marshes, Penn. to Va. W. to Ohio. Juice milky, exuding from the wounded stem or leaves, and hardening into a pellucid gum. Scape 1-2f high. Leaves on long, radical, channeled petioles, lamina 3-5' by 2 —3'. Flowers white, showy. 6. S. PUSILLA. Nutt. Puny Arrowhead. Petioles (leaves 2) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous; scape simple, shorter than the leaves; fis. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed; sta. mostly 7.-A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely subulate, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2-4' high. Flowers.4-7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. 7. S. NATANS. Michx. Floating, Sagittaria. Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, tapering to the base, lower 45 528 CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACE3E. ones subcordate; scape simple, few-flowered; lower ped. elongated.-In water, Penn. (Muhlenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3-6' long. Leaves 1-2' long. Flowers few, small, the upper sterile. Elliot. 8. S. LANCIFOLIA. Willd. (S. falcata. Ph.) Lance-leaved Sagittaria. Lvs. broad-lanceolate or ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, coriaceous, and somewhat perennial; scape simple; ach. compressed, subfalcate.-This remarkable species (but unknown to me) has been found along the shores of the Connecticut river, Mass. and Ct. Stem 2-3f high. SUBORDER. J U N C A G I N E E. Sepals and petals both herbaceous (green), or 0. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3 or 6, coherent, ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Seeds erect, with the embryo straight. Herbaceous, bog plants. Leaves ensiform. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 3. TRIGLOCHIN. Gr. LptL, three, yXwXcor, a corner; on account of the 3-angled fruit. Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little below the latter; stamens 6, very short; anthers large, extrorse; ovaries 1-ovuled; stigmas adnate; fruit clavate, composed of 3-6 united, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.-Q- Lvs. grass-like, all radical. 1. T. MARITiMUM. (T. elatum. Nutt.) Sea Arrow-grass. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels; scape longer than the leaves.-A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at Salina, N. Y., also lake shores, Wisc.! Leaves linear, semicylindric, smooth, thick, 6-12' long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9-18' iong, bearing a long raceme of 30-40 green flowers on pedicels 1 —2' long. Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant has a sweetish taste, and cattle are fond of it. July. 2. T. PALUSTRE. Marsh Arrow-grass. Fruit nearly linear, of'3 united carpels; scape scarcely longer than the leaves. -In marshes, Salina, N.Y.! N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape 6-12' high, ending in a raceme with rather remote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2-3"/ long. The slender fruit is attenuated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slender carpels. July. 4. SCHEUCHZERIA. In honor of the Scheuchzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists. Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent; sta. 6, with linear anthers; stigmas sessile, lateral; ovaries 1-2-ovuled; capsules inflated, compressed, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. —% Lvs. cauline, linear, sheathing at base. S. PALUSTRIS. A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt.! to Penn. Rare. Root-stock horizontal, fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semicylindric, 4 —6' long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 5-8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. ORDER CXXXIX. HYDROCHARIDACEIE.-IHYDROCHARADS. Plants aquatic, floating, with parallel-veined leaves. FIs. dicecious or perfect, issuing from' a spathe. Pestianth.-Sepals 3 herbaceous. Petals 3, colored. Sta. definite or indefinite, epigynous. Ova. adherent to the perianth, single. Stigmas 3-s. Ovules indefinite. Fr. dry or succulent, indehiscent, 1 or more celled. Seeds without albumen. Genera 12, species 20, native of Europe, N. America, and the East Indies. Of no important use. CXL. ORCHIDACEAE. 529 Conspectus of the Genera. cordate, petiolate....Hydrocha. 1 short and verticillate, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary. Udora. 2 Leaves long, linear, radical. Flowers elevated on long scapes.. Vallieneria. 8 1. HYDROCHARiS. Gr. varop, water, xatpo, to rejoice; as water is its own element. Flowers' 9. —Spathe 2-leaved; calyx 3-parted; corolla of 3 petals; styles 3, abortive in the d; sta. 10 —12, infertile in 9; stig. 6-8, bifid, with several barren filaments and 3 nectariferous glands; caps. inferior, 6-celled, 00-seeded.-Floating aquatics. H. SPONGIOSA. Bose. (H. cordifolia. Nutt.) Frogbit. Lvs. roundish-cordate;' Jfis. on long peduncles, 9 on short ones; anth. linear; stig. 6-7, 2-parted nearly to the base; segments lanceolate-subulate. —4 Braddock's bay, L. Ontario, Sartwell. Stems jointed, producing offsets from which new plants arise. Root somewhat fibrous. Leaves petiolate, 5-veined, purplish beneath. 3' peduncles about 3' long. Sepals oval, green. 9 pedundles 1-1I' long, thick. Ovary oblong. Seeds hirsute. Petals white. Aug. 2. UDORA.' Nutt. Gr. svap, water; from its aquatic habits. Flowers c' 9; spathe bifid; spadix I-flowered. d' Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. 9 Tube of the perianth very long; abortive filaments 3; capsule ventricose, 3-seeded. — Creeping. Lvs. verticillate. U. CANADENSIS. Nutt. (Elodea. Michz. Sepicula verticillata. Muhl.) Ditch Moss.-Lvs. verticillate, in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear, serrulate; tube of the perianth filiform.-Resembling a coarse moss, in still waters. Stem filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very -leafy, submersed. Leaves 3-6" by (less than) 1", thin and diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, minute, of a dingy white, the slender, hair-like tube 2-3' long (4-6' according to Nuttall), the lower part (pedicel?) 2-margined. Stigmas recurved between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. 3. VALLISNERIA. In honor of Anthony Vallisner, a French botanist. Flowers 3' 9; spathe ovate, 2 —4-parted. c' Spadix covered with minute flowers; corolla 0. 9 Spathe bifid, 1-flowered; perianth elongated; sepals linear; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. —r Submersed. Lvs.allradical. Scapespiral, verylong. V. AMERICiNA. Michx. Tape Grass. Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base. floating; peduncle of the fertile flower long, of the sterile short, erect.-A curious plant, in slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1-2f long, about i' wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2-4f long when extended, thread-like, thickened at top, bearing each a single, white flower at or near the surface. Sepals and petals crowning the (1') long, narrow, incurved ovary, which is half concealed in the spathe. July, Aug. ORDER CXL. ORCHIDACEE. -ORCHIDS. Herbs perennial, often acaulescent, with fleshy corms, or tuberous, fasciculated roots. Lvs. simple, parallel-veined, entire. Fls. in terminal or radical racemes, spikes or panicles, rarely solitary. Fls.-Very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Cal.-Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one uppermost by the twisting of the ovary. Cor.-Petals 3, usually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. Lip. (labeltum, or lowest petal,) diverse in form, often lobed, frequently spurred at base. Sta. 3, united into a central column, the 2 lateral ones generally abortive, and the central one perfect; more rarely the central abortive and lateral perfect. Anth. 2, 4 or 8-celled, persistent or deciduous, often operculate. Pol. either powdery, or cohering in waxy masses (pollinia), which are either constantly adhering to a gland, or becoming loose in their cells. 530 CXL. ORCHIDACEE. LIPARIS. Ova. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta. Ovules indefinite. Sty. consolidated with the stamens. Stig. a viscid cavity in front of the column. Fr.-Capsule 3-ribbed, 3-valved. Sds. many, without albumen. Genera 394, species 3000? They are among the most interesting and curious of plants, almost always remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the fragrance, brilliancy and odd structure of the flowers. The Orchidacese are natives of every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of them are epiphytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber. This order is remarkable for those qualities only which please the eye. Many of its species are cultivated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The ealep of commerce is a nutritive mucilaginous substance afforded by the roots of some Asiatic Orchis. The aromatic vanilla, used to flavor chocolate, &c., is the fruit of the West Indian Vanilla claviculata. Conspectus of the Genera. S cauline... Microstylis. 1 ovate, Z radical... Aplectrcm 4 Leaf solitary, ensiform (rarely 2)... Calopogon. 10 near base of stem... Liparis. 2 Leaves 2 only, near middle of stem.. Listers. 13 radical, t ringent... Goodyera. 12 Flowers < Sepals Z erect.. Spiranthes. 11 Glands of the pedicels of the pollinia enclosed. 1. O. SPECTABSLIS. Showy Orchis. Lvs. about 2, nearly as long as the scape; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse; segmeqtts of the pcriantth straight, the lateral ones longer; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower.-This pretty little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, &c., U. S. and Can. Root fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3-6' long, j-I as wide. Scape 4 —6 nigh, acutely-angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3-5 large, showy flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn. 4 2. PLATANTHERA. Lip narrow, entire. Cells of the anther widely separated at base by the broad, interposed stigma. Glands of the pedicdls of the pollinia naked. 2. 0. ORBICULTA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.) Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy; scape bracteate; upper sep. orbicular, lateral ones ovate; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as long as the ovary.-A remarkable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in thickets, Penn. to Can. and W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3 —6 diam., rather inclining to oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1-2f high, sheathed with a few bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish-white flowers. Lip — 1' by i-1". Spur 1 —2' long. J1. 3. 0. HOOKERIANA. Wood. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Torr.) Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape naked; bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the flowers; upper sepal ovate, erect, lateral ones deflexed and meeting behind; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting, acuminate, a little longer than the sepals; spur subulate, arcuate, about twice longer than the ovary.-Woods, Can., N. Eng.! to Wis., Lapham! rare. Resembles O. orbicu. lata, but is very distinct. Scape 8-12' high, without a bract below the flowers. Leaves 4-5' long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 12-18, in a straight raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9-12" in length. Jn. J1. 4. 0. IIYPERBOREA. Willd. (Habenaria hyp. & Huronensis. Spr. Platanth. Lindl.)-So. leafy; Ivs. very erect, acute; spike somewhat secund ORfcsI. CXL. ORCHIDACEJ.- 533 bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower; sep. deflexed; pet. and lip linear, obtuse, subequal, (the latter dilated at base!) and about as long as the pendulous, obtuse spur.-A tall, leafy, variable species, found in mountainous woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Mich. and Can. Stems thick, 2 or 3, or even 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 4-7' by 1-ll'. Flowers greenish in shades, nearly white in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense spike. July. ax. Huronensis. More slender; Ivs. lance-oblong and lance-linear, obtuse or acute; spike rather loose, often long.-Vt., Dr. Phelps! W. to Mich. 5. 0. DILATATA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Hook. Platanth. Lindl.) St. stender; lvs. lanceolate and linear, acute; spike loose; bracts lancelinear, about as long as the flowers; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, the lateral narrower and spreading; lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated at the base, about equal-. ing the petals and a little shorter than the obtuse, incurved spur, which is longer than the ovary. —Swamps, Northern States! (rare) and Can. It is a slender and delicate species, with pure white flowers. Stem 10-15' high. Leaves often narrow and grass-like, the lower lanceolate. Flowers 10-20, spur about 4" long. July. 6. 0. OBTUSiTA. Pursh. (Platanthera. Lindl. Habenaria. Rich.) Lf. solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse; st. bearing the leaf near its base; spike loose; upper sep. broadest; pet. subtriangular; lip linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur.-Found in muddy ponds and ditches, N. H., Storrs! N. to Lab. Stem slender, angular, 6-8' high, terminating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish-white flowers. Leaf tapering at base, and usually obtuse at the summit, 2-3' in length, and 1 in breadth, issuing with the stem from 2-3 radical, sheathing bracts. July. 7. 0. INTEGRA. Nutt. (Habenaria. Spreng.) St. leafy; lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts shorter than the flowers; lip oblong, entire, longer than the petals; spur subulate, longer than the ovary. -Swamps, N. J., Nuttall. A species very nearly allied to 0. ciliaris, apparently differing only in the flowers being smaller; and with the lip entire, not fringed. Flowers orange-yellow. J1. ~ 3. HABENARIA. Lip dilated, variously divided. Glands of the pedicels of the pollinia naked, distinct. * Lip toothed or 3-parted, not fimbr7iate. 8. 0. PLAVA. (Habenaria herbiola. Br. Platanthera. Lindl.) St. leafy; lower lvs. oblong, acute, upper lanceolate, acuminate; spike rather dense, cylindric; bracts longer than the flowers; lip oblong, obtuse, dentate at base; palate with 1 tuberculate tooth; spur filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary.-A small-flowered orchis found in alluvial soil. Stem flexuous, 12-18' high. Leaves about 3, with long sheaths, 3-6 or 7' by 1-2', tapering to an acute summit. Flowers in a long, thin spike. Sepals short, ovate, green. Petals yellowish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower ones 2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of the lip is a remarkable character. June. 9. 0. VIRiDIS. Swtz. (0. bracteata. Muhl. Peristylusbracteatus. Li-ndl.) St. leafy; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones acute; spike lax; bracts 29-3 times as long as the flowers; sep. connivent, ovate; pet. linear, erect; lip linearcuneate, truncate, 3-toothed at the end, the middle tooth small or obsolete; spur short, inflated, obtuse.-A small, green-flowered orchis, in shades. Stem 6-9' high. Leaves about 3, 18 —30" by 6-12"/, upper bracts as short as the flower. Spikes 2-3' long. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary, 3 times as long as the spur. Can. to Va. W. to Ill. July, Aug. 10. 0. TRIDENTATA. Willd. (Habenaria. Hook. Gymnadenia. Lindl.) Radical If. solitary, oblong, obtuse, cauline 2-3, much smaller; sep. campanulate, obtuse, converging; lip lanceolate, 3-toothed, at the extremity; spur filiform, curved, clavate, longer than the ovarv.-Grows in woods and swamps, Can., Mich., Penn., Va. Stem slender, l-2f high, with small, greenish-white flowers in a short and rather loose spike, appearing in July. 534 CXL. ORCHIDACELE. OBCmIS. 11. O. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Pursh. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.) Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate; scape naked; spike few-flowered; bracts obtuse, shorter than the ovary; sep. and pet. obtuse; lip 3-lobed, lateral, lobes subfalcate, middle one obcordate; spnr as long as the lip.-Ct., Penn., Eaton, Can. Scape about a foot high, slender, without a bract. Leaf 2-4' long, I as wide, spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a greenish-white, remarkable for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendant lip. * * Lip fimbriate. Stem leafy. 12. 0. CILIRaIS. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera.Lindl.) Yellow Fringed Orchis.-Lower lvs. linear-lanceolate; spike oblong, dense; bracts shorter than the ovary; lip oblong-lanceolate, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the petals; spur longer than the ovary.-A delicately beautiful orchis, with bright orangecolored flowers, in swamps, Can. to Ga. and Ky., rare. Stem about 2f high. Leaves sheathing at base; lower ones 3 —5 long, rapidly diminishing upwards. Sepals roundish, obtuse, concave. 2 petals linear, very small, incised at the summit; the lip narrow, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4" long. Spur 1' in length. July, Aug. 13. 0. CRISTiTA. Michx. (Habenaria. Brown. Platanthera. Lindl.) Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; spike somewhat crowded, many-flowered; segments of the perianth rounded, the two lateral petals toothed, lip oblong, pinnately ciliate, spur shorter than the ovary.-Swamps, N. J., Penn. to Car. A small species, distinguished from the foregoing by smaller and more crowded flowers which are of a bright orange-yellow, and by its shorter spur, &c. Jn. J1. 14. 0. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. Willd. (Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.) White Fringed Orchis.-Lower Ivs. lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong, dense; bracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the flowers; lip lanceolate, ciliate, as long as the upper sepal; spur much longer than the long-beaked ovary.-A delicate orchis, in swamps, (N. Y.! to Car.,) resembling the last species, but distinguished at least, by the color of its flowers which are of a pure white. Stem 1-2f high. Flowers fewer than in the last. Sepals roundish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Petals spatulate, dentate. Lip fringed in the middle, 2" long. June, July. 15. 0. FISSA. Willd. (Habenaria. Br.) St. tall, leafy; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts nearly equaling the ovary; sep. roundish-ovate; lateral petals denticulate; lip 3-parted, divisions cuneiform, dentate, middle one 2-lobed; spur filiform, clavate at end, curved,.onger than the ovary.-Wet grounds and marshes, Penn. to Va., W. to Inl.! A truly beautiful species 2-4f high. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4 —6 long. Flowers violet-purple, large, 20-50, in a terminal spike. Ovary 1', and spur 1T' long. June, July. 16. 0. LAC.RA. Michx. (O. Psycodes. Spr. Habenaria. Br. Platanthera.'Lindl.) Ragged Orchis.-Lower Ivs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones narrow, acuminate; bracts longer than the flowers; sep. retuse; pet. emarginate; lip 3-parfed, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid; spur filiform, clavate, as long as the ovary.-Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1-2f high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3-6' by — 1', mostly acute. Flowers numerous, in a long, loose spike, of a greenish-white, not showy. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-linear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily distinguished from the following by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and the entire (not fringed) petals. July. 17. 0. PYsc6DES. (O. fimbriata. Br. Habenaria. Rich. Platanthera. Lindl.) Purple Pringed Orchis. —Lower Ivs. lanceolate, diminishing upwards; lip. 3-parted, scarcely longer than the petals, the segments cuneiform, ciliate-fimbriate; lateral pet. ovate, fimbriate-dentate; spur filiform, clavate, longer than the ovary.-A beautiful plant, common in meadows, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States. Stem 1 —21f high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3-6' long. Flowers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip of the nectary somewhat longer than the petals, its 3, fan-like, spreading segments, as well as the petals, beautifully fringed. Spur an inch in length. July. POOONIA. CXL. ORCHIDACEE. 535 B. (O. incisa. Wild.) Lateral petals subdentate, terminal one incisely dentate; spur subulate. 18. 0. LEUCOP-IEA. Nutt. White-flowered or Prairie Orchis. St. leafy; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled; bracts shorter than the ovaries; rac. oblong; sep. roundish-oblong, acutish; lateralpetals obovate, denticulate; lip 3-parted, flabelliform, segments deeply fimbriate; spur subulate-clavate, curved, twice as long as the ovary.-Wet prairies, Ohio, Ind.! ll. Stem 1 —3f high. -Leaves 2-6' long. Raceme about 12-flowered. Sepals and spur yellowish, petals white. Ovary curved, 1' long. 19. O. GRANDIFLORA. Bw. (Habenaria. Tor. Platanthera fimbriata. Lindl.) Large-flowering Orchis. —Lower Ivs. oblong, oval, obtuse, upper ones very narrow; bracts shorter than the ovary; rac. oblong; lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments cuneiform and fimbriate, the middle one largest, with connivent fimbrie; lateral pet. fimbriate; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the ovary.-A superb plant, considered the most beautiful of the genus, in wet meadows, N. H.! Can. Stem 2-3f high, thick, hollow, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones, 4-7' by 1-2', upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers very large, purple, in a terminal raceme, 3-6' long. Middle seg. of the lip nearly semicircular, twice as long as the lateral ones. June. SECTION 3. Pollen powdery, or consisting of loosely cohering granules. 8. ARETH1LSA. Swtz. Arethusa was a fabulous nymph of Diana, who was transformed into a fountain. Perianth with its segments cohering at base; lip spurless, adnate to the column at base, deflected at the end and bearded inside; pollen angular.-Small plants, inhabiting wet places. A. BULBOSA. Bulbous Arethusa. Leafless; rt. producing a globular tuber; scape sheathed, 1-flowered.This beautiful and interesting plant is found only in wet meadows and swamps, Can. to Va. Stem 6-12' high, invested with about 3, long, loose sheathes with lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short, linearspatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple color. A little below the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal bracts. June. 9. POGONIA. Brown. Gr. rcyowv, beard; in allusion to the bearded lip, Perianth with its leaflets distinct; lip sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, bearded inside; pollen farinaceous. 1. P. OPHIOGLOSS6ODES. Br. (Arethusa. Linn.) Rt. fibrous; st. furnished with an oval-lanceolate leaf and a foliaceous bract near the flower; lip fimbriate.-An interesting plant, much taller than the bulbous Arethusa, found in swamps and muddy shores, Can., N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. The stem is very slender, 9-16' high, with 2 remote leaves, the one placed about midway, 2-3' long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base; the other (a bract?) much smaller, situated near the flower. Flower large, nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (t'). June. 2. P. VERTICILLATA. Nutt. (Arethusa. Willd.) Lvs. 5, oblong-lanceolate, verticillate; fis. solitary, the 3 outer petals very long, linear, inner ones shorter, lanceolate, obtuse; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobes undulate.-Swamps. Stem 8-12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top and a flower 1-2' above it. Leaves 1a' long, j as wide, abruptly acuminate. The flower is remarkable for its sepals being about 2' long, very narrow, and of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in the middle. July. 3. P. PEND6LA. Lindl. (Triphora. Nutt. Arethusa. Wild.) Rt. tuberous; st. leafy, about 3-flowered at the top; lvs. clasping, ovate, alternate; fls. axillary, nodding; lip entire, scabrous, not bearded; fr. penda 536 CXL. ORCHIDACEAE. GOODYERA. lous.-A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mid. W.! and S. States. Stem scarcely 6' high, slightly angled, with about 3 flowers, which from their singular form suggest the common name. Leaves 3-6, * —' long, I as wide, purplish. Flowers white or greenish, the segments of the perianth equal, converging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug. 10. CALOPOGON. Brown. Gr'. KaXos, beautiful, rcoyov, beard; in allusion to the bearded lip. Segments of the perianth distinct; lip on the upper side of the flowers, unguiculate, bearded; column free, winged at the summit; pollen angular. C. PULCHELLUS. Br. (Cymbidium. Willd.) Grass Pink. Rt. tuberous; If. radical, ensiform, veined; scape few-flowered; lip erect, narrowed at base, with an expanded border, and a concave, hairy disk.-A truly beautiful plant, in swamps and moist meadows, U. S. and Can. Scape slender, 10-20' high, furnished with a single, long leaf (8-12' by L'), sheathing its base. Flowers 3-8, large, purple, remarkable for their inverted position; lip expanded at the end and fimbriate on the upper side of the flower, while the column is below. Petals and sepals expanded. July. 11. SPIRANTHES. Rich. Gr. oTrcspa, a cord; in reference to the twisted spike. Flowers in a spiral spike; petals connivent; lip unguiculate, parallel with the column, entire, with 2 callous processes at base; column free, clavate, bidentate at summit; ovary oblique; stigma rostrate. 1. S. GRACILIS. Beck. (Neottia. Bw.) Ladies' Tresses. Lvs. radical, ovate, caucous; scape sheathed, fis. in a spiral row; lip obQvate, curled.-A very delicate plant, not uncommon in old woods, N. Eng., Can. Scape leafless, with several remote, sheathing scales, very slender, and 8-12' high. Leaves 3-4, close to the ground, 1-2' long, j as wide, on short petioles, mostly withering and falling away before the flowers expand. Flowers small, white, arranged in a row which winds once or twice around the stem. July. 2. S. TORTiLIS. SW. (Ophrys. Mx. S. tmstivalis. Mx.) Radical Ivs. linear; scape sheathed; fis. spirally secund; lip somewhat 3lobed, the middle lobe larger, crenulate.-A plant mostly similar to the last, in woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Car. Leaves 3 —6 by 2-4" commonly disappearing before flowering. Scape slender, a foot or more high, with a spiral row of oblique, small, white flowers, forming a twisted spike 2 —4 long. July. 3. S. CERNUA. Rich. (Neottia. Willd.) Lvs. radical, linear-lanceolate, veined; stem sheathed; spike dense; fis. recurved, drooping; sep. and pet. cohering; lip oblong, entire or crenulate, dilated at the apex.-In moist grounds, N, Eng. to Ga. Scape 1 —lf high, rather stout, pubescent above, with a dense, twisted spike at summit 1-2' long. Leaves 3 or more, nearly or quite radical, 3-8 or 10' long, f-1' wide. Bracts ovate, acuminate, as long as the greenish flowers. Aug. Oct. 12. GOODY R A. Brown. Named for John Goodyer, an obscure English botanist. Perianth ringent; calyx herbaceous, upper sepal vaulted, the 2 lower ones beneath the saccate and entire lip; column free, pollen angular; stigma prominent, roundish. G. PUBESCENS. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Lvs. radical, ovate, petiolate, reticulate; scape sheathed, and with the flowers, pubescent; lip ovate, acuminate; pet. ovate.-A plant found in woods, Can. and U. S. remarkably distinguished for its leaves which are all radical CYPRIPEDIUM. CXL. ORCHIDACEE. 537 and of a dark green, reticulated above with white veins. They are ovate, 1-2/ in length, contracted at base into winged petioles scarcely half as long. Scape erect, 6-12' high. Flowers white, in a terminal, oblong, cylindric spike. Lip roundish, saccate, inflated. July, Aug. B. repens. (G. repens.. Br.) Lvs. less conspicuously reticulated; spike somewhat unilateral.-A reduced form of G. pubescens, certainly unworthy of being exalted into a species. Stem 6-8' high. Flowers in one row, which is more or less spiral. 13. LISTt R A. Brown. Named for Dr. Martin Lister, an English naturalist, died 1711. Lip 2-lobed, pendant, with no callous processes; column wingless, minute; anther fixed by its base, persistent. 1. L. CORDATA. Br. (Ophris. Mx.) Tway-blade. St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, deltoid-subcordate, acute; rac. few-flowered; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, with divaricate and acute segments; column very short.-Root fibrous. Stem 4 —8 high, furrowed. Leaves *-I' diam., sessile, about half way up the stem. Flowers minute, greenishpurple, 10-15, in a short raceme. A delicate little plant, in woods and sphagnous swamps, among mountains, &c., N. States and Brit. Am. July, Aug. 2. L. CONVALLARIOIDES. Nutt. (Epipactis. Sw.) St. 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, roundish-ovate; rac. few-flowered, loose, pubescent; sep. ovate-lanceolate; lip oblong, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex; column elongated.-Car. to Arc. Am. Root fibrous. Stem very slender, 5-10' high, sheathed with a few bracts bearing the 2 leaves near the middle. Leaves near an inch long, I as wide. Flowers small, the broad, obcordate lip twice as long as the sepals. May. SEcTIoN 4. Lateral anthers fertile; the middle one sterile and petaloid. 14. CYPRIPEDIUM. Gr. Kvrptg, Venus, vroJov, a slipper; from the slipper-like form of the lip. The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely, distinct; lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, obtuse; column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen).-Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip. 1. C. CANDiDUM. Willd. White-fiowered Ladies'-slipper. St. leafy; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate; fl. terminal, solitary; sep. ellipticlanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex; pet. lance-linear, longer than the compressed lip; lobe of the style lanceolate, rather obtuse.-Borders of woods, prairies, Penn. to Ind. Plummer! Resembles the next in foliage, but remarkably distinguished by the white flower. Stem about If high, simple. Leaves 3 —6 by 1 —1', sheathing the stem, acute. Ovary pedicellate. Lip 1' in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May. 2. C. ACAULE. Ait. (C. humile. Sw..) Acaulescent Ladies'-slipper. Scape leafless, I-flowered; lvs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather acute; lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, deflexed; pet. lanceolate; lip longer than the petals, cleft before.-A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10-14' high, with a single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals U' long, the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of the flower. May, June. 3. C. PARVIFLORUM. Salisb. Yellow Ladies'-slipper. St. Leafy; lts. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lobe of the column triangularoblong, acute; sep. ovate, oblong, acuminate; pet. long, linear, contorted; lip shorter than the petals, compressed.-Woods and meadows, Newf. to Car. Stems usually several from the same root, about a foot high. Leaves 3-6 538 CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACEiE. AMARYLLIS. by — 3', veined, alternate, clasping, pubescent. Flower mostly solitary. Segments 4, greenish, with purple stripes and spots, the lower one bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the two lateral ones 2-3' by ~', waved and twisted. ip a large, inflated sac, bright yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture above. May, June. B. pubescens. Leaves lanceolate; lobe of the column obtuse. The flowers somewhat smaller. Meriden, N. IH. 4. C. SPECTABiLE. Sw. Showy Ladies'-slipper. St. leafy; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; lobe of the column ellipticcordate, obtuse; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. -A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6-10' by 2-4', veined, plaited, hairy. Flowers 2-3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2' long, 1f broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. July. 5. C. ARIETINUM. Ait. (Arietinum Americanum. Beck.) Ram's-head. St. leafy; lvs. elliptical, striate-veined; sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet. linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic.-In damp woods, Can., Maine, Vt. Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8-12' high, lower part sheathed. Leaves 3-5, 2-3' by k-1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base. Segments about equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. May. ORDER CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACEE.- AMARYLLIDS. Herbs, perennial. Leaves parallel-veined. Fls. showy, almost always either yellow or white, often on scapes and with spathaceous bracts. Perianth mostly regular, adherent to the ovary, colored, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Sta. 6, arising from the perianth segments. Anthers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled (sometimes 1-2-ovuled). Style 1. Stig. 3-lobed. Fr. a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Genera 68, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very few are found in our climate. Properties.-A few of the Amaryllidacese possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in the viscid juice of the bulbs of Hmemanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and other species, are emetic. The fermented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicating palque of the Mexicans. Mlany are highly ornamental, and are therefore cultivated. Conspectus of the Genera. Scape tall, with numerous flowers. Agave. 4 Corona 0. e Scape bearing 3-5 small, yellow flowers... Hypoxis. 5 Corona of 3 emarginate segments........ Galanthus. 3 Flowers regular. ( Corona monophyllous......... Narcisus 2 Flowers irregular. Stamens declined........... Amaryllis. 1 1. AMARYLLIS. Lat. Amaryllis, the name of a nymph, from alapvraco, to shine with splendor. Perianth irregular, funnel-shaped, nodding; filaments declined, arising from the orifice, unequal in proportion or direction; seeds fiat, numerous.-A splendid genus, with a few native and many foreign species. 1. A. ATAMASCO. Atamasco Lily. Spathe 2-cleft, acute; fJ. pedicelled; cor. campanulate, with nearly equal petals, suberect.-A pretty species found in Penn., south to Carolina, sometimes cultivated. Leaves linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6' high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, solitary, white and pink. Sepals acuminate. June. 2. A. FORMOSISSiMA. Jacobea Lily.-Lvs. radical; iJs. nodding, very ringent, tube fringed; sta. included in the involute lower segments.-A splendid flower, from Mexico, often grown with us in large pots of light, loamy soil. Root bulbous. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, disclosing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn. —Aug. AGATr. CXLVII. AMARYLLIDACE.E. 538 2. NARCISSUS. Gr. vapKI7, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species which are poisonous. Perianth regular; corona monophyllous, funnel-form, consisting of a whorl of united sterile stamens, within which the fertile ones are inserted. Obs.-A well known, popular genus, whose species are easily cultivated, many of them very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow flowers, with a long, compressed spathe, opening on one side, and deciduous. 1. N. JoNQUILLA.-Scape 1-3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate.Native of Spain. Scape a foot high, round, slender, bearing at the summit a few flowers of a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. 2. N. PoETiCUS. Poet's Narcissus.-Scape 1-flowered; segments imbricate at base, reflexed; corona expanded, flat, rotate, crenulate; 3 anth. shorter than the tube.-Native of S. Europe. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same length. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singularly adorned with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. 3. N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS. Daffodil.-Scape 2-edged, straight, striated; segments sulphur color; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice.-Native of England. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high, bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. April, May. 4. N. TAZETTA.-Spathe many-flowered; corona campanulate, truncate, shorter than the petals; lvs. flat.-Native of Spain. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, sword-shaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10-12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. 3. GALANTHUS. Gr. yaXa, milk, avyos; on account of the delicate whiteness of the flower. Flowers spathaceous; sepals 3, concave; corona formed of 3 small, emarginate segments; stigma simple. —Ornamental, bulbous exotics. G. NIVALIS. Saow-drop.-Lvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-flowered. -Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in Spring. It is a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, narrow leaves towards the top. 4. AGAVE. Gr. ayavos, admirable; a term eminently applicable. Perianth tubular, funnel-form, adherent to the ovary, 6-parted; stamens 6, exserted; anthers versatile; capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular; 3-celled, many-seeded.-A splendid American genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly radical, rigid, channeled, often spiny. _Panicle large, pyramidal. 1. A. VIRGINiCA. False Aloe. Acaulescent, herbaceous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous, with cartilaginous serratures on the margin; scape simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile flowers.-Rocky banks, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long, acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the acute segments. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed, 3-valved, 3-celled. Sept. 2. A. AMERICiNA. American Aloe. Centuzry Plant.-Acaulescent; 1vs. spinose-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy; scape branched, lofty and arborescent; cor. tube contracted in the middle; pedicel as long as the corolla.-The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, thick, 3-X6 or 8f long. 1-12' wide. The senspe arises from the centre of the 4X-; 54k CXL VIII. HIEIMODORACEAE. LoPiroLA. mass of leaves, to the height of 15 —25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle. Flowers yellow. There is a variety with striped leaves. 5. HYP OXIS. Gr. ibrca, under, oevs, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fruit. Spathe 2-leaved; perianth persistent; capsule elongated, narrowed at the base; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaceous integument. —Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, wzth yellow flowers. Lvs. radical, linear. H. ERECTA. Star-grass. Pilose; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves. -In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Leaves all radical, 6-12' by 3 —5", very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the same root, arise 6-8', divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3-5 peduncles having each a minute, subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within; segments oval, rather obtuse. June. ORDER CXLVIII. H-4EMODORACEE. -BLOODROOTS. Herbs with fibrous, perennial roots and perfect flowers. Lvs. permanent, ensiform, equitant, usually in 2 ranks. [cylindrical tube Perianth more or less woolly. adherent, the sepals and petals often indistinguishable, and united into a Sta. arising from the perianth, either 3 and opposite the sepals, or 6. Ova. I or 3-celled, cells 1, 2, or inany-ovuled. Sty. and stig. simple. Fr.-Capsule covered with the withered perianth, valvular, seldom indehiscent. Sds. definite or indefinite. Enmbryo short, straight, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of Lacnanthes tinctoria abounds in a red coloring matter. One of the most intense bitters known is Aletris farinosa. Conspectus of the Genera. 3... Lacnanthes. 1 Perianth woolly, 6-parted. Lophiola. 2 Stamens( 6. tPerianth mealy, 6-toothed. Aletris. 3 1. LACNANTHES. Elliot. Gr. Xasvq, soft hair, avos; in allusion to the woolly corollas. Perianth woolly, tube adherent; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals; stam. 3, equaling the sepals, and opposite to them; stig. minutely 2-lobed; caps. 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded. —Lvs. lanceolate-linear. Fls. corymbose. L. TINCTORIA. Ell. (Dilatris. Pursh.) Red-root. Swamps and borders of ponds, R. I., Olney! N. J. to Flor. An interesting plant, with rush-like leaves. Stem erect, strict, 18-24' high, clothed with white wool above. Leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 3-4" wide and nearly as high as the stem. Cauline leaves remote and bract-like.- Corymb terminal, close, 15 —30-flowered. Flowers densely clothed with white wool outside, glabrous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow. J1.-The root is said to be employed in dyeing. 2. LOPHIOLA. Ker. Gr. Xoso, a crest; alluding to the crested petals. Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, woolly; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat interior; sta. 6; filament naked; anthers erect; style conical, 3-partible; stigma simple; capsule opening at the summit, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. —Lvs. ensiform. Fls. corymbose. L. AMERICANA. Wlood. (L. aurea. Ker. Conostyles. Br.) Golden Crestflower.-Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. Stem 1-2f high, erect, hoary-tomentose when young.'Leaves glaucous, narrowly linear, two-edged, glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally much expanded, many-flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments IRIS. CXLIX. IRIDACEAi. 541 reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the centre of each valve. Seeds white. July, Aug. 3. ALETRIS. Gr. (aXetap) aXstarpos, meal; from the powdery dust with which the plant is covered. Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugose, persistent; stamens issuing at the top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible; capsule opening at top, many-seeded.-Lvs. radical, rosulate. Scape many-flowered. 1. A. FARINOSA. (A. alba. Mx.) Star-grass. Colic Root. Lvs. broad-lanceolate; jls. oblong-tubular, pedicelled; perianth in fruit rugose or mealy in appearance.-Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. Root premorse, intensely bitter. Scape 20-30' high, with remote scales or bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These are 3 —4 long, i as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme. Perianth white, i' long, on very short pedicels, rugose without when old. Medicinal. July. 2. A. AUREA. Walt. Yellow Aletris. Lvs. lanceolate; fIs. subsessile; perianth short, tubular-campanulate, yellow, finally rugose and very scabrous.-In the pine barrens of N. J. to Car., abundant. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Torrey. Scape 2-3f high, with few, yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Leaves all radical. Jl., Aug. ORDER CXLIX. IRIDACEAE.- IRDS. Herbs perennial, arising from bulbs, corms or rhizomas, rarely from fibrous roots. Lvs. equitant, mostly distichous. Fls. with spathaceous bracts. Per.-Tube adherent to the ovary, limb 6-parted, colored, in 2 often unequal series. Sta. 3, alternate with the 3 petals. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Style 1. Stigmas 3, dilated or petaloid. [albumen. Fr.-Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscenlce. Seeds numerous, with hardened, fleshy Genera 53, species 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Amer. Properties. —More remarkable for their beauty than their utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Irir tuberosa. The aromatic orrisroot is the dried rhizoma of Iris florentina of S. Europe. Saffron consists of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus. Conspectus of the Genera. Stamens distinct.. Iris. 1 Petals smaller than the sepals. n Stamens united.... Tigridia. 4 Tube short.... Ia. 2.suberect. i Tube very long.. Crocus. 6 regular. Petals and sep ss subequal spreading. Tube short.. isyrinchium. 6 Flowers i irregular. Seedswinged............ Gladiolus. 3 I. IRIS. Named from the Greek, signifying rainbow; on account of the varied color of the flowers. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals; stamens distinct; style short or 0; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens.Lvs. mostly ensiform. 1. I. VERSICOLOR. Blue Flag. St. terete, flexuous; lvs. ensiform; fis. beardless; ova. triangular, with concave sides and roundish angles.-Grows in wet grounds, (U. S. and Can.,) where its large, blue flowers are conspicuous among the grass. Rhizoma large, horizontal, acrid. Stem 2-3f high, acute on one side, often branched and bearing several flowers. Leaves a foot long, — 1' wide, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatulate, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3 petaloid stigmas which are reflexed and bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong; seeds flat. June. fl. sulcata (Torr.) St. nearly straight; pet. longer than the stigmas; angles of the ovary sulcate. 2. I. PRISMATiCA. Pursh. (I. Virginica. Torr.) Boston Iris. St. round, slender, few-flowered; lvs. linear, long; fls. beardless; ova. triangular, the side doubly grooved.-In similar situations with the last, readily 542 CXLIX. IRIDACE2E. TIURIDIA. distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass.! to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem smooth, 1-2" in diam., 1-2f high, branching at top and bearing 2-6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grasslike, 6-10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. June. 3. I. LACUSTRTS. Nutt. Lvs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape; seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested; caps. turbinate, 3-sided, margined.-Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, Nuttall. Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2-5' by 3-4", those of the scape bract-like. Scape 1-2' high. Flowers pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 4. I. SAMBUCINA. Flower-de-Luce. -Fr., Fleur-de-lis.-St. many-flowered, longer than the leaves; segments of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat; lvs. bent inwards at the point; spathe membranaceous at the apex; fis. beardless, lower ones pedunculate; stig. with acute, serrate divisions.-Native of the South of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light blue, often fading to white. May. t 5. I. FUMiLA. Dwarf Iris.-Scape very short (3-6'), 1-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals.-A small species from Hungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Leaves numerous, broad-ensiform, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, appearing in early spring.' 6. 1. ocaRoLEucA.-Beardless; Ivs. ensiform, depressed, striate; scape subterete; ova. 6-angled. — A tall species from Levant. Stem 3-4f high. Flowers ochroleucous or sulphur-yellow. July. t 7. I. CHINENSIS. China Iris.-Scape compressed, many-flowered; stigmas lacerated. A small species from China. Flowers elegantly striped. A few other species are rarely cultivated in gardens. t 2. IXIA. Gr. tlog, sticky; alluding to the glutinous juice of some species. Spathe of 2 or 3, ovate, short bracts; petals and sepals distinct or slightly united, similar, regular; sta. 3; filaments filiform; stigma straight or incurved, fixed by the base, subfiliform. Z. CHINENSIS.-St. terete, flexuous, leafy; lvs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymbose; perianth campanulate, segments 6, lance-linear.-Native of S. Africa, frequent in gardens, Western and Southern States. Whole plant smooth, 3-5f high. Leaves erect, tapering to an acute point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red inside, about 1' long. Jl., Aug. t 3. GLADIOLUS. Lat. gladius, a sword; in reference to the form ofthe leaves. Spathe 2-leaved; perianth irregular; stamens distinct, ascending; stigmas 3; seeds winged.-A large genus of bulbous plants, with large and showy flowers. None native. G. COMMfNIS.-Spike unilateral; upper segment of the perianth covered by the lateral ones, 3 lower marked by a white, linear-lanceolate spot, lowest very large.-A fine border flower, from S. Europe. Stem 2-3f high, with the flowers arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. Perianth large, deep red, variegated with white. Its colors are liable to considerable variation. J1. t 4. TIGRIDIA. Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. Spathe 2-leaved; the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals; stamens monadelphous; filaments united into a long tube. T. PAVONIA. Tiger Flower.-St. simple, flexuous; Ivs. ensiform, veined; segments flat; pet. panduriform.-A superb, bulbous plant, with large, beautiful flowers, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2f high or more, erect, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, smooth, a foot long. Flower inodorous, DIOSCOREA. CL. DIOSCOREACE_ E. 543 5 —6 broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks. It ripens seeds, from which, or from offsets, it may be increased. J 1. —Sept.t 5. SISYRINCHIUM. G'. ev6, a hog, and pvyXog, a snout; alluding to the singular spathe. Spathe 2-leaved; segments of the perianth flat, equal; stamens monadelphous; stigma 3-cleft. —I Grass-like plants, with compressed, ancipital scapes. 1. S. ANCEPS. (S. gramineum. Lam.) Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, winged; valves of the spathe unequal, the longer scarcely equaling the flowers; pet. mucronate.-A delicate little plant, with blue flowers, common in low grass-lands, Can. and U. S. Stem or scape 10-12' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Leaves linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2-5-flowered, the longer valve acuminate. Flowers purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little broader than the petals, spreading. Capsules globose. Jn. J]. 2. S. MUCRONATUM. Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. Scape simple, subsetaceous; spathe colored, outer valve longer than the flowers, ending in a long, mucronate point.-Middle States, W. to Ky. Found in wet meadows, where the grass is not luxuriant. Leaves radical, a line wide. Scape 6-10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe of 2 very unequal valves, 3-4-flowered, tinged with purple. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, of a fine blue color. Jn. 6. CROCUS. Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower. Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested. —Spathe radical, 1-2leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite sessile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. 1. C. SATIVUS. Saffro. —Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-parted as long as the corolla, reflexed.-From Asia. Stem bulbous. Leaves radical with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower nearly or quite sessile on the bulb, with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept.-A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. t 2. C. VERS1US. Spring Crocus.-Stig. included within the flower, with 3, short, wedge-shaped se-ments.-Native of the Alps. Stem bulbous. Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yellow or white; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. Flowers in March or April. The Crocus is propagated in gardens chiefly by bulbs. -t ORDER CL. DIOSCOREACE2E.-YARA ROOTS. Shrtubs, tawining. Lvs. usually altcrlnae and reticulate-veined. Fts. dioecious. Peria.th tube adherent to the ovary; segments of limb 6, in 2 series. Steri!e.-Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. Fertile. —Ova. 3-celled, cells 1 —2-ovuled. Styles and stigmas nearly distinct. Fr.-Capsule 3-winged, compressed, 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. Sifs. flat, compressed. Enmbryo small, in cartilaginous albumen. Genera 6, species 110. The only remarkable or useful productof this order is yams, an important article of tood in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea sativa, &c. DIOSCOREA. In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek Physician and florist of about the reign of Nero. Flowcrs J $? styles of tile fertile flowers 3; cells of the capsule 4ti 544 CLI. SMILACEiE. SMILAX. 2-seeded; seeds membranaceously margined. — Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. Fls. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or vanicles. D. VILLOSA. (D. quaternata. Ph.) Yam Root. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9-11-veined, the margin entire or wavy, lower surface villose with short, soft hairs, upper surface glabrous; petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate; 3' plant with the spikes paniculate, 9 with the spikes simple.-A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, smooth, reddish-brown, 1-2" diam., 5-1015f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2-4' long, ] as wide, distinctly cordate and acuminate. The two outside veins in some of the leaves meet a little above the base, in others at the base-a character of no value. Petioles 2-4' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as long. June, July. B. laeviuscula. Wood. (D-. quaternata. Pursh.) Lvs. smooth both sides, margin slightly wavy; otherwise indistinguishable from variety a. ORDER CLI. SMILACE2E. —SARSAPAAILLAS. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. reticulate-veined. Fls. dioecious or perfect. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Sta. 6, inserted into the base of the segments. Ova. 3-celled; cells 1 or many-seeded. Fr. —Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen. Genera 2, species 120, thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and demulcent sarsaparillas are the roots of several chiefly S. American species of Smilax. S SM IL AX. Gr. Oa-L71, a grater; the stems of some species are rough with prickles. Flowers 3 9; perianth broad-campanulate. 3' Anthers adnate. 9 Style minute; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, 1 —3-seeded. —% or shrubby, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often prickly. Lvs. entire, petiolate, palmately veined. Fls. umbellate. * Stem shrubby and prickly. 1. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA (and caduca. Linn. S. quadrangularis. Ph.) St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; Ivs. shortpetiolate, roundish-ovate, acuminate, subcordate, a little paler and glaucous beneath, 5-7-veined, glabrous; ped. axillary, solitary, many-flowered, longer than the petioles; berries black, glaucous.-A strong, thorny vine, extending 10-40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem woody, smooth, except the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Leaves 2-3' by-l1-3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the top of the wings of the petioles. Flowers small, greenish, in small, axillary umbels. Berries round, black. June. f. cadu ca. Smaller, with ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles. y. quadrasngularis. St. unarmed above, obtusely 4-angled; Ivs. ovate. 2. S. SARSAPARILLA. Medicinal Sarsaparilla. " St. slightly 4-angled, aculeate above; Ivs. unarmed, elliptical-ovate, cuspidate, abrupt, 3-veined, glaucous beneath; ped. longer than the short petioles."-In swampy thickets, Penn. to Car. Pursh. Root long, slender, with a thick bark brown externally, white within. Stem stout, somewhat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Leaves finally nearly orbicular, 2-!.3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral smaller secondary ones. Petioles short, margined, with 2 tendrils. Flowers in small, thin umrbels, yellowish-white. Berries (red, Woodville, black, P'ursh.) 3-seeded. 3. S. LAURIFOLIA. Laurel-leated Grecn BDrier. St. aculeate, terete, branches unarmed; lvs. coriaceous, of'al-lanceolate, TRILLIUM. CLII. TRILLIACE.E. 545 slightly acuminate, 3-veined; umbels on very short peduncles, which are arranged alternately on a common rachis.-N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen climber, ascending trees to a great height. Stem with few scattered prickles. Leaves numerous, very thick and smooth. Raceme of umbels longer than the leaves, peduncles shorter than the ultimate pedicels. Jn.-Aug. 4. S. PANDURITUS. Pursh. (S. tamnoides. Ell.) St. branched, terete, aculeate; Ivs. ovate, somewhat panduriform, acuminate, cordate, 3-veined; ped. twice as long as the petioles. umbel many-flowered; berries black.-In sandy woods, N. J. to Car. Stem twining, 6-12f. Leaves smooth and shining both sides, with shallow depressions or sinuses on each edge. July. * Stems shrubby, unarmed. 5. S. PSEUDO-CHINA. St. terete, unarmed; cauline Ivs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-oblong, all 5-veined, on short petioles; ped. very long.-Sandy woods, N. J. to Car., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. Stem purplish-brown, very smooth, branching and climbing by tendrils which arise from the base of the petioles. Leaves 2-4' by 1-2', slightly hispid on the veinlets beneath. Peduncles longer than the leaves. May, Jn. ** ** Stem herbaceous. 6. S. HERBACEA. (S. pedunculata. Muhl.) St. herbaceous, unarmed, angular, erect, or inclining; Ivs. ovate, 7-9veined, cuspidate; nmbels on long peduncles. A coarse, smooth, ill-scented plant, in thickets and low grounds, N. Eng. to Ky. and Wisc.! Stem slightly angled, 3-6 or 8f high, usually nodding with its slender summit and few small branches, and leaning on other plants or on each other. Leaves 2 —4 by 1 —3, often roundish, paler beneath, the petioles winged at base and'producing a long, slender tendril from the top of each wifg. Fertile umbels simple, about 40flowered, on peduncles 6-8' long, those of the sterile umbels shorter. Flowers yellowish-green, diffusing about the plant an intolerably offensive and sickening odor. Berries dark blue. Jn. /,. St. more generally climbing by its tendrils; lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate. 7. S. LASIONEURON. Hook. St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed; Ivs. oblong, broadly ovate, cordate, rounded and mucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hispid-pubescent on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above; ped. a little longer than the petioles, many-flowered; tendrils from the base of the petioles.-Green Co., Ind.! also Can. Stem 3-6f high. Peduncle much shorter than the leaves, which are often about 4i' by 3'. ORDER CLII. TRILLIACE2E.-TRILLIAD.s. Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. Fls. large, terminal, solitary perfect, trimerous, rarely tetramerous. Cal.-Sepals 3, green or herbaceous. Cor.-Petals 3, larger than the sepals, colored or herbaceous. Sta. 6-10. Fil. subulate. Anth. linear, with cells on their edges and the connectile extended. Ova. free 3-5-celled. Sty. distinct. Stig. small. Ovules oo, in 2 rows, ascending. Fr. succulent, 3-5-celled. Sds. 00. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. Genera 4, species 30, in woodlands, temperate parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The roots of some species are emetic. Genera. I in one whorl. Trillium. 1 Leaves in two whorls. Medeola. 2 TRILLIUM. Miller. Lat. trilix, triple; because the sepals, petals, carpels, cells, stigmas and leaves are in 3s. Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens nearly equal; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate; berry 3-celled; cells many-seeded.-lStem simple. Lvs. 3, whorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmateveined. Fls. solitary, terminal. 546 CLII. TRILLIACE/E. TRILLIUM. 1. T. SESSiLE. Sessile-flowered Trillium. Lvs. broad-ovate or suborbicular, rather acute, sessile; ft. closely sessile, erect; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pet. linear-lanceolate, purple, a third longer than the sepals; anth. long, erect.-A small species in fertile soils, Middle, Western (Clark! Plummer!) and Southern States. Rhizoma horizontal, thick. Stem 6 —8 high, slender. Leaves rather thick, 1-j-2' by 1-2', smooth and entire. Sepals green, about 8" by 3", the petals narrower and much longer, dark purple. Apr. May. 2. T. RECURVATUM. Beck. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute; fl. closely sessile; pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the recurved sepals.-A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady woods, Wis., Lapham! Ill., Jenney! Mo., Beck. Stem 8-10' high, rather thick. Leaves 2-2-' by 1J-2', with distinct, short petioles. Petals purple, and with the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 3. T. ERYTHROCARPUM. Michx. (T. pictum. Ph.) Smiling Wake-robin. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, abruptly petioled; ped. erect; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals.-Can. to Ga. A beautiful flower, adorning our woods in May and June. Stem 8-12' high, with a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3-veined, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3-4' long, i as wide, petiole 2-3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal. fl. Cleavelandicum. Wood. (T. Cleavelandicum. Swallow!) Sep. developed into leaves, which are but little smaller than the true leaves; pet. 6, the 3 outer but partly colored. Otherwise as in a.-Brunswick, Me.! This is probably a metamorphosis; but Mr. S. has gathered it three years in succession, and also finds it thus far unaltered when cultvated from the root. Its claims to the rank of a species must be tested by plants reared from the seeds. (Dr. T. Rickard comm.) 4. T. PUSILLUM. Michx. (T. pumilum. Ph.) Lvs. oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile; ped. erect; pet. scarcely longer than the calyx.-Penn., Muhlenberg. A very small species. Petals flesh-colored. This plant appears to be lost to the later botanists. 5. T. NIVXLE. Riddell. Snowy Trillium. Rt. tuberous, premorse; st. low; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate; fl. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-obovate, obtuse, white, one-third longer than the calyx.-The smallest species here described, in stony or dry fields, Ohio, Clark! Wis., Lapham! Stem 2 —4 high, from a thick, tuberous root. Leaves 8 —18" by 5-12f", petioles 2 —4", about equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals which are about 8" by 4". Mar. Apr. 6. T. PENDULUM. Muhl. (T. cernuum. Bart., Ph., 4.c.) Drooping Trillium.-Lvs. suborbicular-rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, shortly petioHlate; f. cernuous, on a recurvet peduncle.-A large species, with a small flower, Mid. and W. States! Stern slender, 10-15' high. Leaves 3-5' diam., nearly round, on petioles 1" long. Flower white, pendulous beneath the leaves. Peduncle 1 —2' long. Sepals green, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1' long. Petals oblong-ovate, acute, 14T by i', white. Stigmas erect, recurved at top, lower part styloid (or styles 3, erect, with recurved stigmas!). May, Jn. 7. T. ERECTUM. (T. atropurpureum. Curt.) Bath Flower. Lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; pet. scarcely longer, but much broader than the sepals.-A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but of an intolerably offensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 3-5' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flo-wer, on a nearly erect peduncle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as wide as the sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. TULIPA. CLIII. LILIACEI.E. 547,. ns. white and much smaller.-N. Y., &c. y. Fis. white and somewhat larger.-Western States! 8. T. GRANDIFLORUM. Salisb. Large-flowering Trillium. Lvs. broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, abruptly acuminate; ped. inclined; fi. suberect; pet. much longer than the calyx, spatulate-oblanceolate, connivent at base.-Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves 3-5' diam. Flower larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals 1 —2' in length, broadest near the apex, with a short, abrupt acumination, white, varying to rose-colored. May. 2. MEDEOLA. Named after the fabulous sorceress, Medea, for its supposed medicinal virtues. Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments; stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base; berry 3-celled; cells 3-6-seeded. -Stem simple. M. VIRGINiCA. (Gyromia. Nutt.) CucLmber Root. Lvs. verticillate In the middle of the stem, 3 at the top.-None can but admire the symmetry of its form. Rhizoma white, fleshy, tuberous, thought to resemble the cucumber in flavor. Stem erect, 1-2f high, invested with loose, cottony wool. Leaves in two whorls, one just above the middle of the stem, consisting of 6-8 wedge-lanceolate leaves (3-4' by 9-12"); the other at the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter ones. Flowers in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pendulous, with greenish, revolute segments, The stigmas are very long, reflexed, dark red. July. ORDER CLIII. LILIACEZE.-LILYWORTS. Herbs with parallel-veined leaves. Stems often bulbous or tuberous at base. Fls. perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored. Perianth free from ovary, of 6 segments (rarely 4), colored. Sta. 6 (rarely 4), inserted into the sepals and petals. Anthers introrse. Ova. 3-celled, many-ovuled. Styles united into 1. Stigma often 3-lobed. Fr. capsular or fleshy, with several or many seeds in each cell. Sds.-Albumen fleshy. Genera 133, species 1200, chiefly natives of temperate regions. The flowers of most are beautiful, of many brilliant, and of some truly splendid. Properties.-The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant principle and also in mucilage. Some of the bulbous species yield a nutritious diet, as the asparagus, onion, garlic. The well known active meilcine, squills, is the bulb of Scilla maritima, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal aloes, are the product of several species of Aloe. The powerful astringent, dragon's blood, is the concentrated juice of Draceena Draco of the Canary Isles. Conspectus of the Genera. * Segments of the perianth scarcely cohering in a tube. erect.. Tulipa. 1 solitary. drooping.... Erythronium. 4 (on a scape,.. umbellate, &c.... Convallaria. 12 Petals with a grooved line.. Lilitm. 2 Fls. campanulate ( on a leafy stem. Petals with a honey cavityat base. Fritillaria. 3 (Leaves broad, cauiine. Convallaria. 12 Valves o. Leaves linear, radical. Phalangium. it Tacemose... Valves 6, bearing the stamens.. Aephodelus. 10 Branches 0 5 corymbose, pedicels bracted at base.. Ornithogalum. 8 or leafless. Fls. subrotate,.. umbellate, from a leafy spathe.... Allitum. 7 Sepals and petals recurved. Seeds few. Streptopus. 15 Branches Leaves ovate, &c. Sepals and petals erect. Seeds many. Uvularia. 14 leafy... Leaves filiform, fasciculate...Asparagus. 16 * * Segments of the perianth cohering into a tube at base. (Stamens inserted at the top of the incurved tube. Polyanthes. 6 Flowers IStamens inserted in the middle of the tube.... Hyacinthe. 9 on a scape. Stamens inserted at base of tube, declined. Hemnerocallis. 5 Flowers axillary on a leafy stem....... Polygonatum. 13 TRIBE 1. TULIPACEAE.-Bulbous. Sepals and petals scarcely adhering in a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and pale. 1. TULTPA. Persian thozuliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers. Perianth campanulate; stamens short, subulate; anthers 4-angled; stigma thick; capsule oblong, triangular. —4 Lvrs. radical, Flower 548 CLIII. LIL1ACEE. LILIUM. solitary, on a scape. Thie species are chiefly oriental. Only 2 are generally cultivated. 1. T. GESNERIiNA. Common Ttlip. —Scape 1-flowered, smooth; lvs. ovatelanceolate; fi. erect, segments obtuse, smooth.-Named for Gesner, a Zurich botanist. It appears to have been introduced into Europe from Persia in 1559. Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, and afterwards transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. After a few years, the flowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exquisite manner so much admired. In catalogues there are enumerated and described more than 700 varieties. May. 2. T. SUiVEULENS, vulg6, Van IMhol, differs from T. Gesneriana, in having a pubescent scape and fragrant flowers. It is moreover much smaller, and blossoms earlier. 2. LILIUM. Gr. Aespov, Celtic, ii, white; one species is the emblem of purity. Perianth campanulate, segments mostly recurved, each with a longitudinal groove within, from the middle to the base; stam. shorter than the style; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with latticed hairs. —4 Herbs, with bulbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal. 1. L. CANADENSE. Yellow Lily. Lvs. most verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath; ped. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s; fl. nodding, the segments spreading, never revolute.Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in summer. The root affords a fine example of the scaly bulb. Stem round, 2-4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4-6 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2 —3 by i-1'. Flowers 1-3, sometimes 7-20, pendulous, yellow or orange-colored, spotted with dark purple inside. July. 2. L. SUPERBUM. Superb Lily. TuArk's Cap. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticilLate, upper ones scattered; its. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments revolute.-Can., Mid. and W. States! Pew cultivated plants are more ornamental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white, squamose bulb. Stem erect, round, straight, 4-6f high. Leaves 2 —3 by 4-9". Flowers 3-20 or more, of a bright orange color with purple spots. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully revolute. Very distinct, at least in appearance, from the foregoing. July. 3. L. PHILADELPHiCUM. (L. Catesbai. Walt.?) Lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 1-veined, upper verticillate, lower generally scattered; fis. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect; pet. and sep. lance-ovate, unguiculate.-Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An elegant and showy plant, 15-20' high. Stem terete, smooth, simple. Leaves 2-3' by 3-5", sessile, smooth, only the midvein often conspicuous, collected into 1, 2 or 3 or more whorls of about 5, with the lower scattered. Flowers usually solitary, rarely 2-4 and umbellate. Sepals and petals lance-ovate (the latter broadest) deep orange-color, spotted at base, 2J' long, standing apart on long claws. June. 4. L. CANDiDUM. White Lily.-Lvs. scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; ft. campanulate, smooth inside.-Native of Levant. It has a thick stem 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snow-white flowers, which have long been regarded as the emblems of whiteness and purity. J1. t 5. L. BULBIFERUM. Orange Lily.-Lvs. scattered, 3-veined;;fs. campanulate, erect, rough within.-Native of Italy. Stem thick, round, 4f high, bearing small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous within. July. t -IEM ROCALLIS. CLIII. LILIACE]E. 549 6. L. JAPONiCUM.-Lvs. scattered, lanceolate; fis. cernuous, campanulate.Native of China. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high. t 7. L. TIGRINUM. Tiger-spotted Lily. —Lvs. scattered, sessile, 3-veined, the upper cordate-ovate; perianth revolute, papillose inside.-Native of China, very common in cultivation. Stem 6f high, with a pyramid of dark orange colored, spotted flowers. Axils of leaves bulbiferous. Aug. t 3. FRITILLARIA. Lat.frititlus, a chess-board; alluding to the checkered petals. Perianth campanulate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment; stamens as long as the petals. —'l 1. F. IMPERILIrS. Crown Imperial.-Rac. comose, naked below; lvs. entire.Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves at the base of each pedicel. May. t 2. F. MALEAGRIS. Checkered Fritillary. —Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; st. 1-flowered.-Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. t 4. ERYTHRONIUM. Gr. Epvspos, red; in allusion to the color of the flower and leaves of some species. Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones (petals) usually with a tubercle attached to each side at base, and a groove in the middle; capsule somewhat stipitate, seeds ovate. —% Leaves 2, subradical. Scape -flowered. Fls. nodding, liliaceous. 1. E. AMERICANUM. Smith. (E. Dens-canis. Michx.) Yellow Erythronium. —Sape naked; lvs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point; segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; sty. clavate; stig. undivided.-A beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in thin woods, U. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 3-4' high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in the sunshine. May. 2. E. ALBIDUM. Nutt. White Erythronium. L/vs. elliptic-lanceolate; segments of perianth linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ones without dentures at base, subunguiculate; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed.-About the size of the last, in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y., Storrs! to Wisc., Lapham! Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equal length including the petiole (4 —5), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments 14' long. April, May. 3. E. BRACTEATUM. Bw. Bracted Erythronium. Scape bracted; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal.-An alpine species, found in Vt. Boott. It is a smaller plant, distinguishable by the inequality of the leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves with a narrow, lanceolate bract 1-' long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn. TRIBF, 2. HEMEROCALLIDEAE.-Bulbous. Sepals and petals united into a tube. Integuments of the seed soft and paie. 5. HEMEROCALLIS. Gr. 4lrpea, the day, and KaXXo, beautiful; flowers beautiful but lasting only a day. Perianth campanulate. with a cylindric tube; stamens declined; 550 CLIII. LILIACEIE. ALLIUM. stigma simple, villous, small. —2% An ornamental genus, natives of the old world. Lvs. radical. Scape corymbose. 1. H. FULVA. Common Day Lily.-Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate; pet. obtuse, wavy; veins of sep. branched.-Native of the Levant, naturalized in some parts of this country. A well known, showy, border flower. Leaves very numerous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July. t 2. H. PLAVA. Yellow Day Lily.-Lvs. broad-linear, carinate; segments flat, acute; veins of the sepals undivided.-Native of Siberia. A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of IH. fulva. Scape branching. J1. t 3. H. JAPONicA. Th/ite Day Lily.-Lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate; fis. infundibuliform.-A fine species from Japan. Leaves as large as the hand, very smooth, on long, radical petioles. Flowers large, white, on a scape a foot high. June. t 6. POLYANTHES. Gr. sokua, many, avsos; the flowers of the plant being numerous. Perianth funnel-form, incurved; filaments inserted into the throat; ovary at the bottom of the tube. —% P. TUBER6SA. Tuberose. —Lvs. linear-lanceolate; pet. oblong.-A fine parlor plant, native of Ceylon. Stems bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2-3f high, with alternate, large, white, regular flowers of a delicious fragrance which is most powerful at evening. Aug. Sept. t TRIBE 3. SCILLEXlE.-Bulbous. Flowers usually smaller than in the preceding. Integument of the seed black and brittle. 7. ALLIUM. Celtic all, hot or burning. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe; perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller; ovary angular; stigma acute; capsule 3lobed.-Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel on a scape. 1. A. TRICOCCUM. Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. Scape terete; Ivs. lanceolate, oblong, flat, smooth; umbel globose; seed solitary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule. —2 A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and to 111. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Leaves 5 —8 long, an inch or more, wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10-12 white flowers. June, July. 2. A. CANADENSE. Canadian Garlic. Scape terete; Ivs. linear; umbel capitate, bulbiferous.-'4 In woods. Leaves radical, I as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 12-18' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at the top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. June. 3. A. VINEALE. Crow Garlic. St. slender, with a few leaves; canline Ivs. terete, fistulous; umbel bulbiferous; sta. exsert; fil. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther.-X4 Meadows, Mid. and WV. States. Leaves 6-12' long. Scape 1-2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flowers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. 0 4. A. CERNUUM. Roth. Nodding Garlic. Scape angular; lvs. linear, flat, very long; Itmbel cernuous; sta. simple. [.YACINTHUn. CLIII. LILIACEAE. 551 -Banks of Seneca lake, N. Y., W. to Ohio, Lock! and Wis., Laplam! Bulb 6 —8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15-24' high, recurved at top. Umbel 12-20-flowered. Pedicels 7-8" long. Flowers rose-colored. Ovary 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. July. 5. A. TRIFLORUM. Pursh. Few-flowered Leek. Mountain Leek. Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves; Ivs. lanceolate, veined; us/bel few-flowered.-In shady woods on the high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. May, June. 6. A. SCmENOPRaXsM. Cives.-Scape equaling the round, subulate leaves.Gr. sXorLVO, a rush, and 7rpaeov, a leek. The leaves resemble rush-leaves. Jn. 7. A. ASCALONiCUM. Shallot.-Scape terete; Ivs. subulate; ombel globose; sta. tricuspidate.-Native about Ascalon, Palestine. It has a soboliferous bulb, small, fistulous leaves, and seldom flowers. July. 8. A. PORRUM. Leek.-St. compressed, leafy; Ivs. sheathing at base; sta. tricuspidate.-Native of Switzerland. Root bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing leaves, and at the top, a large umbel of small, white flowers. July. 9. A. SATiVUM. Common Garlic.-Bulb compound; st. leafy, bulbiferous; sta. tricuspidate.-Native of Sicily. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. Stem,f high. Flowers small, white. Used as seasoning and sometimes in medicine. July. 10. A. PROLIFERUM.-Scape fistulous, twisted; Ivs. fistulous; umbels bulbiferous and proliferous; sta. tricuspidate, the middle point antheriferous.-A curious species; native of the W. Indies. Scape 2-3f high, producing aseveral bulbs among, or instead of, the white flowers. July. 11. A. CEPA. Common Onion.-Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer than the terete, fistulous leaves.-~- Cep, in the Celtic, signifies a head. Native of Hungary. The root bears a tunicated bulb, compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which'appears the second year, is 3-4f high, straight, smooth, stpit, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish-white flowers. Univers~!f cultivated for the kitchen, and its peculiar merits as a pot-herb are, no doubt, well known to our readers. Culture has produced numerous varieties. 8. ORNITHOGOLUM. Gr. opvlto;, a bird, yaXa, milk; why so called is not obvious. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle; filaments dilated at the base; capsule roundish, angular.-Lvs. radical. Scape naked, racemose or corymbose. O. UMBEL1iTUM. Star-of-Bethlehem.-Fls. corymbose; ped. longer than bracts; fil. subulate. —% From England, but naturalized in ilany parts of this country. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, as long as ine scape. Scape near a foot high. Flowers few, in a kind of loose corymb. Petals and sepals white, beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the outside. May. 9. HYACINTHUS. Hyacinthus of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower. Perianth subglobose or campanulate, regular, 6-cleft; 3 nectariferous pores at the top of the ovary; stamens issuing from the middle of the segments; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded.-Natives of the Levant. H. ORIENTAIs s.-Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricose at the base. —% The hyacinth is a well known, splendid flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear-lanceolate, 3-5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a dense, thyrsoid raceme of numerous blue flowers. A plant peculiarly adapted to parlor cultivation in bulb glasses. 47 CLIII. LILIACEAE. CONYALLARIA. Other ornamental species sometimes cultivated are H. BOTRYOIDES, grape hyacinth, with glqoose flowers; H. COMOSUS, purple grape hyacinth, with prismatic flowers; and H. RACEMOSUS, hare-bell hyacinth, with ovoid flowers. TRIBE 4. ANTHERICE/ E.-Stem subterraneous, or if developed, erect. Root fasciculate or fibrous. Leaves never coriaceous nor permanent. 10. ASPHODPLUS. Gr. a, privative, ao'aXXo), to surpass; a flower not surpassed in beauty. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering the ovary; sta. issuing from the valves.-Fine garden plants, native of S. Europe. 1. A. LUTEUS. King's Spear. Yellow Asphodel.-St. leafy; Ivs. 3-cornered: -4% Native of Sicily. A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. Stem 3f high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of stem. June. 2. A. RAMoSUS. Branching Asphodel.-St. naked, branched; ped. alternate, longer than bract; Ivs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. — Native of S. Europe. Not so tall as the.preceding, but with larger, white flowers. June. 11. PHALANGIUM. Tourn. Gr. baXayf, tarantula, a venomous species of spider, whose bite it was supposed to cure. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading; filaments 6;. smooth; caps. free from the perianth, ovoid; seeds angular. —4. Ivs. flat, linear. Fls. small, white or bluish. P. ESCULENTUM. Nutt. Esculent Phalangium. Quamash. St. bulbous; Ivs. all radical, linear, carinate at base; sta. subexserted; stig. minutely 3-cleft. —Wet prairies, along rivers, lakes, Wis. Lapham! Ill. Jenney! Ind. Skinner! &c. An interesting little plant, usually in thick grass. Bulb 1 —li diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1-2f high. Leaves nearly as long as the scape, grass-like, 3" wide, smooth. Raceme short, pedieels longer than the flowers, each with a subulate bract. Petals and sepals pale blue, about 3" long. Anthers oblong, small, yellow. *eds black. May. TRIBE 5. CONVALLARINEAE.-Stem arising from a horizontal rhizoma or tuber. 12. CONVALLARIA. Lat. convallis, a valley; the locality of some species. Perianth 4-6-parted, segments spreading; stamens 4-6, divergent, arising from the base of the segments; berry globose, 2-3celled.-Plants somewhat various in habit, with simple stems and alternate leaves. Fls. in terminal racemes or umbels, reddish or greenish-white. ~ 1. MAJANTHEMUM. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Berry 2-celled. 1. C.. i'OLIA. (Smilacina. Desf. Styrandra. Raf.) Two-leaved Solomon's Seal,.-Lvs. 2-3, cordate, ovate; ils. in a terminal raceme; Ifts. of the perianth spreading.-[ A small plant, frequent along the edges of woodlands, Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis.! Stem angular, about 6' high. Leaves&2, rarely 3, about 2' long, i as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Raceme terminal, erect, an inch long, consisting of 12-20 white flowers. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled with deep red. May. g 2. SMILACINA. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. Berry 3-celled. 2. C. TRIFOLIATA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Lvs. 3-4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, amplexicaul; rac. terminal, simple. —4. A delicate little species in mountain swamps, Can. N. Eng. (rare), W. to Wis.! Stem 3-5' high, pubescent, angular. Leaves 2 —3' UVULARIA. CLIII. LILIACEtE. 553 long, ~ as wide, acuminate, smooth. Flowers 4-8, white, 6-parted, the segments spreading. May. 3. C. STELLXTA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. St. erect; Ivs. numerous, 3-veined, lanceolate, amplexicaul, acute; fis. few, in a simple, terminal raceme.-i- Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. Stem 10-20' high, round and smooth. Leaves 8-10, smooth, glaucous beneath, 4 —6 by 9-12"., tapering to the apex. Flowers white, about 8, stellate, rather larger than in the next. May, Jn. 4. C. RACEMOSA. (Smilacina. Desf.) Clustered Solomon's Seal. St. recurved; lvs. oval, acuminate, subsessile; rac. compound. —% A larger species than the preceding. Rhizoma thick, sweet to the taste. Stem 14 —2f high, downy, gracefully recurved at top. Leaves 4-6' long, about j as wide, contracted into a long acumination, veined, minutely pubescent. Petioles 0-2" long. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, and with white, exserted, tapering filaments, constituting a large, compound, terminal raceme. ~ 3 CLNwTONIA. Perianth subcampanulate, 6-parted. Berry 2-celled. 5. C. BOREALIS. (C. umbellulata. Michx. Dractena. Ait. Clintonia. RaJ;) Wild Lily of the Valley. —Scape umbellate; Ivs. broad-oval-lanceolate; ils. cernuous; berries blue. —[ Mountainous or hilly woods, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizoma creeping to some extent. Leaves 4-7' long, * as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 —13' high, bearing at top a beautiful umbel of 3-6 yellowish-green, nodding flowers. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 oblanceolate, erect-spreading segments. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. Jn. 6. C. MAJLIS. Lily of the Valley.-Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric; Ivs. nearly radical, ovate; rac. simple, 1-sided. —. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of woods at the South, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabitant of our gardens. Leaves 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6' high, with white flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 13. POLYGONATUM. Gr. 7roXvg, many, yovv, knee; from the many-jointed rhizoma Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft; stamens inserted near the summit of the tube; berry globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.-St. simple. Lvs. alternate. Fls. axillary. P. MULTIFLORUM. Desf. (P. latifolium, angustifolium, biflorum, pubescens and canaliculatum, of Ph., &c.)-St. recurved, smooth; Ivs. distichous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1-4-flowered. — L in woods, free States and Can. Stem 1-3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 21-6' by 1 —2', veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescert beneath. Peduncles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5 —8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Jn. a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined; liower pedincles 4-flowered.-Plant 2-3f high. In rich, damp soils. at. pubescens. Lvs. pubescent beneath, slightly clasping; st. 1-2f high.This variety is most common in New England. y. biflora. Lvs. smooth both sides, i as wide as long, sessile; fis. greenishwhite, 4-5"' long; st. round, 1-1 if high. d. canaliculata. St. channeled on the upper side. e. latifolia. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous.-Stem angled, 4-5f high —Middle States. 14. UVULARIA. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each; filaments very short; 554 CLIII. LILIACE&A. STREPTOPUS. anthers linear, half as long as the petals; style trifid; capsule 3celled, many-seeded, seeds with an aril. —Lvs. alternate. Fls. solitary, terminal and axillary. 1. U. SESSILIFOLIA. Bellowort. Wild Oats. Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath; caps. stiped, ovate. —4 Can. and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem smooth, slender, 6-10' high, dividing at the top into 2 branches, one bearing leaves only, the other, leaves and a flower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark green above, paler beneath, 1 —1I long. The flower is cylindric, near an inch long, yellowish-white, of 6, long, linear petals, May. 2. U. PERPOLIjTA. (U. flava. Smith.) Mealy Bellwort. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate-scabrous within; anths. cuspidate; caps. truncate.-2- Can. and U. S. A handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10-14' high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2-3' by 1-1', rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pendulous from the end of one of the branches.'Segments linear-lanceolate, 1i' long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers *' long. May. 3. U. GRANDIFLORA. Large-flowered Bellwort. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute; fi. terminal, solitary, pendulous; segments acuminate, smooth within and without; anth. obtuse.-'4 Can. and U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12-15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at top, one of which bears the large, yellow, pendulous flower. Leaves almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers *' long. May.-Readily distinguished by the smooth petals. 4. U. LANUGINOSA. Pers. (Streptotus. Michz.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, without dots, ciliate, the lower amplexicaul, pubescent beneath when young; ped. terminal, pubescent; fis. in pairs; perianth acute at base, Zfts. linear-lanceolate; sty. glabrous. —4 Mountains, Penn. to Car. and L. Winipeg to Oreg. Leaves with an abrupt and long acumination. Flowers greenish. Berry with the cells by abortion 1 —-seeded. May. 15. STREPTOPUS. Michx. Gr. orpEoto, to turn, rov;, a foot; a twisted footstalk or peduncle. Perianth 6-parted, campanulate; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each; anthers longer than the filaments; stigma very short; berry roundish, 3-celled; seeds few, hilum without an aril.-St. branched. Fls. axillary, solitary, generally with the peduzncle distorted. 1. S. ROSEUS. Michx. (Uvularia. Linn.) Rose Twist-foot. Smooth; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate, under siurface green like the upper; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle; segments spreading at apex; anth. short, 2-horned; stig. trifid. —% Can. to Car. and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2-4' long, g as wide, ending in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flowers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 2. S. AMPLEXIFOLIUS. DC. (S. distortus. Michx. Uvularia. Linn.) Smooth; lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in the middle; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed; anth. very acute, entire; stig. truncate. —% Can. and Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves 2-3' ong, I as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Anthers sagittate, attenuate at the apex into a long, subulate point. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. June. LEPTANTHUS. CLIV. PONTEDERIACE&E. 55i TRIBE 6. ASPARAGEAE.-Stem usually fully developed, or if not, the leaves are coriaceous and permanent. 16. ASPAR/AGUS. Gr. arapavaeo, to tear; some of the species are armed with strong prickles. Perianth 6-parted, erect; ovary turbinate; stamens erect; style very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. A. OFFICINALIS. Asparagus. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect; lvs. setaceous, flexible, fasciculate. —4 Native of England, and other parts of Europe, naturalized on rocky shores. Stem 2-4f high. Leaves filiform, J-1J' long, pale pea-green. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globose, red. It is one of the oldest and most delicate of culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. J1. ORDER CLIV. PONTEDERACEAE.-PONTEDERADS. Plants aquatic or marsh. Lvs. sheathing, parallel-veined, mostly cordate or dilated at base. Intorescence various, often spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular, circinate in astivation. Sta. 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ova. free or sometimes adherent to the perianth at base, 3-celled. Style 1. Stig. simple. r. —Capsule 3 (sometimes 1)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. Genera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies and Tropical Africa. They are of no known use. Conspectus of the Genera. solitary.............. Leptanthus. 2 equal, 2-4 together in a spathe. Heteranthera. 3 Flowers c unequal, in a terminal spike... Pontederia. t i. PONTEDERIA. In honor of Julius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720. Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube perforated with 3 longitudinal clefts, the lower part persistent; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube; utricle 1-seeded.-Fls. blue, mostly spicate. P. CORDATA. Pickerel-weed. Lvs. subradical, cordate-oblong; fis. spiked. —[ Can. and U. S. A fine conspicuous plant, native of the borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 1-2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4-7' by 1 —-3', very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-cleft, always blue, appearing in July. $. angustifolia. Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base. 2. LEPTANTHUS. Michx. Gr. e,'rrto, slender, aveor; in reference to the long tube of the perianth. Spathe 1-flowered; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal; anthers of 2 forms; capsule I-celled, manyseeded.-Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base. L. GRAMINEA. Vahl. (Schollera graminea. Schreb.) St. floating, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. linear.-A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, Northern States. Stem slender, dichotomous, 1-2f long. Leaves 3-6' long, 1 —2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (1') spathe. Tube Ii' long, limb in 6, linear-lanceolate segments, yellow. Stamens 3 (4, authors); filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with- linear anthers longer than the thick style. J1. Aug. 47* 556 CLV. MELANTHACE.E. MELANTHIUM. 3. IHETERANTHFERA. R. & P. Gr. trepa, otherwise, avmp; the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower. Spathe several-flowered;'tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal; stamens 3; anthers of 2 forms; capsule 3celled, many-seeded; dissepiment contrary. H. RENIFORMIS. R. & P. (Leptanthus. Mliechx.) St. prostrate or floating; Ivs. suborbicular, reniform or auriculate at base; spathe acuminate, few-flowered.-On muddy or inundated banks, Mid. and W. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves i' by a', on petioles 1-2' long, with a broad sinus at base and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the perianth 8' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserted at the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. J1. Aug. ORDER CLV. MELANTHACEE. -MELANTHS. Herbs perennial, with bulbs, rhizomas, corms or fasciculated roots. St simple, often scapiform. Lvs. parallel-veined. Fla. perfect, or (by abortion) polygamous. Perianth regular, in 2 series, each of 3 segments which are distinct or united at base, generally involute Sta. 6, with extrorse anthers. [in astivation. Ova. 3-celled, 9-many-ovuled. Styles distinct or 0. Stigmas undivided. Fr. —Capsule or berry 3-celled, generally with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds with a membranous testa, and dense, fleshy albumen. Genera 30, species 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. Properties.-The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most powerful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corms and seeds of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is due to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the others. Conspectus of the Genera. Sepals and petals sessile. Zigadenus. 1 with 2 glands at base. i Sepals and petals unguiculate. Melanthium. 2 S Perianth calyculate.. ToJieldia. 7 ( Leaves linear. Perianth naked.. Amianthium. 4 { Flowers perfect Leaves setaceous, dry.. Xerophyllum. 5 Sepals and or di ncious... ( Leaves dilated... Helonias. 6 petalseach without glands. Flowers polygamous. Racemes compound... Veratram- 3 1. ZIGADENUS. Michx. Grr. sevyog, a pair, adqrv, a gland; alluding to the glands of the segment. Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands above its contracted base; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary; capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. 1. Z. GLABERRiMUS. Michx. Zigadene. Rt. bulbous; st. leafy; Ivs. linear, channeled, recurved; bracts ovate, acuminate; segments of the perianth acuminate.-Wet meadows, N. York. Found near Rochester. Eaton. Southern States. Stem 2-3f high. Lower leaves about 10' long; upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and spreading. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of several greenish-white flowers. Sepals wvate-lanceolate, free from the stamens, with the 2 glands at the base of each listinct and conspicuous. June. 2. Z. GLAUCUS. (Z. cloranthus. Rich. Melanthium. Nutt.) St. bulbous, nearly naked; lvs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather obruse; rac. subsimple; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. and pet. oval or obovate, obtuse, each with an obcordate gland.-Sandy shores, Can. to Ark., Niagara, Lake Erie, Nattall. Stem 10-15' high. Leaves glaucous, upper gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little compound at base. Flowers few (10-20), greenish-white, on pedicels 1' long, the tegments with the 2 glands united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apex, 6-8-seeded. July, Aug. 2. MELANTH I UM. Gr. jcXtag, black, avoose; alluding to the dark color of the flower. Flowers monoecious-polygamous; perianth rotate, 6-parted, seg VERATRUM. CLV. MELANTHACEE. 557 ments unguiculate, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the stamens; ovary often abortive; capsule exserted, subovoid, summit trifid and tipped with the 3 persistent styles; seeds margined.-St. erect, puberulent above. Lvs. alternate, narrow. Panicle terminal. 1. M. VIRGINiCUM. (Leimanthium. Willd. Veratrum. Ait. Helonias.) Lvs. linear-lanceolate; panicle pyramidal; segments of the perianth suborbicular, hastate or auriculate at base.-Native of wet meadows and margins of swamps, N. Y. to Flor. Stem 3-4f high, leafy. Leaves about a foot long, and an inch wide, sessile on a contracted and subclasping base. Flowers greenish-yellow, becoming brown, on short pedicels, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10-15' in length. Lower flowers generally sterile. July, Aug. 2. M. HYBRiDUM. Walt. (Leimanthium. Roem. 4- Sch.) Lavs. long-linear-lanceolate, upper ones few and short; panicle long, of simple racemes, pedicels filiform, much longer than the flowers; segments of the perianth narrowly unguiculate, roundish-rholnboidal; glands connivent; claws channeled, stameniferous below the middle.-Woods, Penn. to Ga.! Stem 24f high, somewhat leafy. Leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate, the lowest contracted to the base or subpetiolate, shorter than the stem. Perianth very open, yellowish-green, segments acuminate, the long claws adhering to and involving the filaments. June, July. i. robustior. Gray. Lower Ivs. lanceolate-oval; lower branches paniculate, compound. 3. VERATRUM. Lat. vere, atrum, truly black; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root. Flowers by abortion cd' Y; segments of the perianth united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands; sta. 6, shorterthan the perianth and inserted on its base; ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive; styles short; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, 00-seeded. -Lvs. alternate, broad and plicate, or narrow and grass-like. Fls. panicualate. 1. V. VIRIDE. (V. album. Michx.) Poke. WMite Hellebore. Lvs. broad-oval, acuminate; panicle compound, racemose; bracts oblonglanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels.-Can. to Ga.-A largeleaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numerous long fibres. Stem 2-4f high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined and plaited, the lowest near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July. The root is emetic and stimulant, but poisonous, and should be used with caution. When powdered it causes violent sneezing. 2. V. WOODII. Robbins. (Nov. sp.) Indiana Veratrum. Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute, tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lance-linear bracts; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, many-flowered; iJs, c~ Q, subsessile; segments of perianth oblanceolate, dark brownish-purple within.-Woods, Linton, Green Co., Ia.! Root fasciculate. Leaves 10-16' long (including the 4 —8 petiole), 2-4' wide. Bracts 1-3' long. Scape 3-6f high, paniculate I its length. Flowers I' diam., nearly black, with red starnens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 3 spreading styles halt its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad. loose, membranous testa. July. 3. V. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Pursh. Grass-leaved Veratrum. Lvs. narrowly linear, flat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminishing to subulate bracts; fis. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the terminal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mostly sterile; segmenvts narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate.-A 558 CLV. MELANTHACEE. HELONIAS. very slender, grass-like species, in woods, Western States. Stem 3f high, solid, erect, with a virgate, thin panicle of greenish-white flowers. Leaves 1-2f by 2-3", half-clasping. Panicle lif long, the lateral racemes 1-3', the terminal one much longer; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. 4. AMIANTHIUM. A. Gr. Gr. aetavtog, pure, immaculate; av&oss; alluding to the white flowers. Flowers; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands; stam. 6, inserted with the segments; anthers reniform; ovaries 3, more or less united; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible; carpels follicular, 1 —4-seeded; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy. —Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves and numerous white flowers. A. MUSCITOXiCUM. Gray. (Melanthium. Walt. Helonias erythrosperma. MicAx.) Fly-poison. —St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, upper reduced to bracts; rac. simple; segments oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform; carpels distinct above; sty. divergent; seeds ovoid, red.-Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about If long. Raceme 3 —9 long, dense-flowered, pedicels 6-9" long. Perianth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red when ripe. June, July. 2. A. LEIMANTHOiDES. Gray. Rt. fibrous; Ivs. linear, flat; panicle simple, terminal raceme elongated; segments of the perianth broad-oval, longer than the linear styles; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compressed.-N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2-4f high, the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on filiform pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary filaments. July. 5. XEROPHYLLUM. Gr. Irnpos, dry, bvXXov, leaf. Flowers M; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile and without glands; stam. 6; filaments dilated and contiguous at base; ovary subglobose; styles 3, linear, revolute; caps. subglobose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. —Herbs with numerous dry, setaceous leaves. Racemes simple, with white, showy flowers. X. ASPHODELO1DES. Nutt. (X. setifolium. Michx. Helonias asph. Linn.) Lvs. radical and cauline, rigid, diminishing above; pedicels with 2 alternate bracteoles, bractless at base; filaments at length equaling the segments of the perianth.-Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. Stem 3-5f high, very leafy. Radical leaves If long, very narrow, crowded and cespitose. Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, numerous, small. Sepals and petals obtuse, the latter a little longer. June. 6. H E L O N I A S. Gr. Eros, a marsh; where some species grow. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessile, and without glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-celled, 3-horned; cells many-seeded.-Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. 1. H. BULLATA. (H. latifolia. Ph.) Lvs. crowded, mostly radical, linear-spatulate, mucronate; scape simple, hollow, with few remote bracts, or naked; rac. spicate, ovoid-cylindric, dense; anth. blue.-N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 10-18' high, rather thick and fleshy. Leaves about as long as the scape, 1-1k' wide. Racemes short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Flowers purple, segments obtuse. May. JUNCUS. CLVI. JUNCACEIE. 559 2. H. DIoICA. Ph. (Veratrum luteum. Linn.) Unicorn Root. St. leafy; lvs. lanceolate, radical ones oblanceolate; rac. spiked, nodding, dioecious; ped. short, without bracts; sta. exserted; segments linear.-In low grounds, Can. to Ga. and La. Root premorse. Stem or scape 12-30' high, furrowed. Radical leaves 4 —8 by *-1', in a sort of whorl at the base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, greenish-white, in long, terminal, spicate racemes which are more slender and weak on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Capsule 3-furrowed, oblong, tapering to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. June. 7. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. In honor of Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster. Flcuwers I, calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts; lfts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile and without bracts; sta. 6; anth. roundish-cordate, introrse; ovaries 3, united; styles distinct, short; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible; capsule 00-seeded.-Lvs. equitant, subradical. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemose. T. GLUTINOSA. Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple: Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse; rac. oblong, few-flowered, close, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles; caps. longer than the perianth.-Woods, Ohio, Sullivant! to Wis. Lapham! N. to Arctic Am. A plant remarkable for its glutinous-glandular stem. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 —if high, dotted with its dark-colored glands. Leaves 3-6' by 3 —6, conduplicate. Spicate raceme I-1i' long, 9-18-flowered. Pedicels nearly as long as the flowers. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals subequal, oblanceolate, less than 2" long. Capsule of 3, half-united, inflated carpels, twice longer than the perianth. ORDER CLVI. JUNOACEE. -RuvsHEs. Plantsherbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Lvs. fistular, or flat and channeled, with veins parallel. Inflorescence cymose, capitate or fascicled. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals) Sta. 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celied. Ova. S-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiments not reaching the centre 1)-celled. Styles united into 1. Sti3.nmas 3. Pr. —Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seedys fw or many, with a fleshy albumen. Genera 13, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. Properties unimportant. Conspectus of the Genera. g Capsule mostly 3-celled. Seeds numerous... Juncu. 1 green. Capsule 1-Celled. Seeds 3, fixed to the bottom of cell.. Luzula. 2 Perianth i colored, yellow..............Narthe.iPrm. 3 1. JUNCUS. Lat. jungo, to join; because ropes were anciently made of these plants. Perianth persistent; stamens 6; capsule mostly 3-celled; seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. * Leavcs none. Cymes apparently lateral. 1. J. BALTiCUS. Willd. Baltic Rush. Rhizoma creeping, prostrate, rooting; scapes numerous, sheathed at base, opaque, terete, rigid, slender, -pungently acute; panicle small, short, lateral; periantth segments subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate capsule. —Sandy shores, Mitwaukie, Wis., Lapham! N. to the Saskatchawan and Labrador. Scape e. Tess, 12-18' high, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstoclk, tl-e:,itaths 3"-3' long. Panicle 2-3' below the apex of the scape, 1' long. F'lowers 20-40, reddish-brown. 2. J. ACUTUS. Cawspitose; scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base; panicle 560 CLV1. JUNCACEE. JUNCUs. with an involucre of two unequal, pungent bracts; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, half as long as the roundish-obovate, mucronate capsule. Sandy seacoasts, N. J, to Ga. Scapes fascicled on the rhizomas, forming dense tufts, 23f high. Panicle 2-3' long. Involucre with one of the bracts longer, the other shorter than the panicle. Perianth brown, the 3 sepals longest, acuminate, reflexed at apex. July. 3. J. EFFUSUS. Soft Rush. Bull-rush. Scape straight, not rigid; panicle lateral, loose, decompound; caps. obovate, obtuse.-Very common in ditches and moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and U. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striate, 2-3f' high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle, which protrudes from a fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Flowers small, green, numerous, with 3 white anthers and yellowish seeds. June, July. 4. J. SETACEUS. Rostkow. (J. filiformis Michx.) Bristly Rush. Scape filiform, striate; umbel lateral, compound, few-flowered; ped. compressed, several-flowered; perianth segments very acute.-Swamps, Can. and U. S. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2f high. Scapes sheathed at base. Panicle small, 20-30-flowered, bursting from the side of' the scape some distance below the summit. July. 5. J. FILIFORMIS. Linn. (not Michx.) Thread Rush Creeping, leafless; scape slender, filiform, minutely striate, flaccid; panicle subsimple, lateral, near the middle of the scape; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. White Hills, N. H., Green. Scape a few inches in length. * * Leaves nodose-articulate, subterete. 6. J. MILITIRIS. Bw. Bayonet Rush. Lf. solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; panicle terminal, proliferous; Ads. about 5-flowered; st. thick, round, smooth, 2, 3 or 4f high. —Ponds, N. Eng.! Leaf jointed, cylindrical, loosely cellular within, 2-3f Long, inserted below the middle of the stem, but rising above its summit. Panicle erect, terminal, composed of several pedunculate heads, each with 4-6 sessile flowers. 7. J. NODOSUS. (J. polycephalus. Michx. J. echinatus. Muhl.) St. leaves subcompressed; panicle terminal, decompound; hds. globose, dense, 10-15-flowered; sep. subequal, lanceolate, rigid, very acute, about equaling the oblong-lanceolate, acute, triquetrous, shining capsule; segments 3 —-6.-In boggy meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem 11-2f high. Leaves thick, jointed by internal, transverse partitions. Heads resembling small burrs, some sessile, others pedunculate. Leaflets of the perianth produced into a short cusp or awn. Aug. Sept. a. major. St. and Ivs. thick, the latter longer, compressed; hds. few, 6" diam. 3. altior. St. (2f high) and Ivs. terete, very slender; hds. 5-9, 4" diam. y. minor. Lvs. almost filiform; hds. 1-3, as large as, in B. 8. J. ACUMINiTUS. Michx. (J. acutiflorus. Hook?) St. erect; Ivs. terete; panicle terminal, compound; hds. 3-6-flowered, both pedunculate and sessile; leaflets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the acute capsule.-Very common in boggy' meadows, U. S. Stem 12-18' high, tough and wiry. Leaves few and short, with knot-like joints. Panicle erect.. Aug. 9. J. SUBVERTICILLATUS. Willd. (J. fluitans. Michx.) St. few-leaved, compressed; lvs. compressed, fistulous, articulate; panicle subcorymbose, elongated; fis. in dense, capitate fascicles; hds. many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile; perianth shorter than the triquetrous, acuminate capsules; sep. linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Swamps and shores of ponds, Penn., Dr. Darlington, to Wis., Lapham! Stem 18'-2f high, slender, Leaves much shorter. Panicle 4-8' in length, the branches subverticillate, diverging, very unequal. Sepals with scarious, white margins. 10. J. CONRADI. Tuckerman, in Torr., N. Y. State Fl. II. p. 328, inedit. St. leafy; lvs. few, terete, subfiliform, obscurely articulate, shorter than the stem; fls. single, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches LUZULA. CLVI. JUNCACEIE. 561 of the terminal, di-trichotomous panicle; perianth segments lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate capsule. R. I. Olney! to N. Y., Torrey.. Root fibrous. Stems erect, 6 —9' high, wiry. Bracts much shorter thah the rather diffuse, thin panicle. I* * * Leaves not articulate, radical. 11. J. GREENII. Oakes & Tuckerman. (J. squarrosus. Muhl.?) Scape tall, subterete, striate; lvs. filiform-setaceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing bases; panicle subumbellate, 5-rayed; bracts setaceous, one of them very long; fis. single, approximate; sep. and pet. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular-acute, shining capsule.Wet grounds, R. Isl. and Mass., Dr. Truman Rickard! The handsomest of the rushes, about 2f high, rigid, strict. Leaves all radical, If or more high. Panicle 2-3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Capsule 2" long, of a glossy mahogany color. Seeds very minute, linear-oblong. 12. J. TENUIS. Willd. Slender Rush. St. scape-like, slender, erect; Ivs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; bracts 2-3, much longer than the panicle; fis. single, approximate, subsessile; perianth segments acuminate, longer than the subglobose-triangular capsule.-A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6-24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3 —8' long. Panicle subfasciculate, 5-10-flowered, varying to subumbellate and 20-30-flowered, the rays very unequal. June, July. * * * Leaves fiattish, channeled, cauline and radical. 13. J. BUPONIUS. Toad Rush. St. dichotomous above; lvs. grooved, subsetaceous; fis. oblong, subsolitary, sessile, unilateral.-A small, caespitose species, common in wet grounds, ditches, &c. Stems numerous, 3-8' high, with a large, few-flowered panicle at top. Leaves few, 2-3' long. Perianth segments twice as long as the ovary. July, Aug. 14. J. BULB6SUS. (I. uliginosus. Sibthorp.) St. leafy, very slender, compressed; Ivs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than the bracts; fis. about in 3s; sep. and pet. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobose, obtuse capsule.-A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arctic Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown'capsules. Stems tufted, erect or decumbent and stoloniferous, about If in length, tough and wiry. Leaves 3-8' long. Bracts 6-12". Flowers 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. July, Aug.-It makes good hay. 15. J. TRIFiDUS. 7hree-leaved Rush. St. sheathed at base,; /f. solitary, linear-setaceous near the top; sheaths ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved.-Heads about 3-flowered, terminal. White Hills, N. H., Bw. Stems crowded, thread-like, If high. Radical leaves 1-2, very short. The cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently forming with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted involucre. July. 16. J. MARiGINATUS. Rostkow. St. compressed; lvs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle corymbose, simple, proliferous; fis. in capitate clusters, triandrous; perianth about as long as the obtuse capsule, the sepals and bracts somewhat awned.-In low grounds, Mass.! N. Y. to Car. Stems 1-3f high. Radical leaves numerous, sheathing; cauline 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globose, 3-6-flowered heads both pedunculate and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sepals edged with dark purple, unequal. Aug. 2. LUZ-iLA. DC. Italian lucciola, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers. Perianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule 1celled, 3-seeded; seeds fixed to.the bottom.-Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. flat, grass-like, generally pilose. Fls. terminal. 5OCZ CLVII. COMMELYIACEEtE. COMMmlYNA. I. L. CAMPESTRIS. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.) Field Rush. Lvs. hairy; spikes terminal, with or without peduncles; lfts. of the perianth.anceolate, acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule.-In meadows, U. S. and Can. Stem simple, straight, 3-12' high, according to the moisture. Leaves grass-like, 2-6' long, very hairy at the margins. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal leaves. Perianth dark brown. An early species, flowering in May. 2. L. PILOSA. Willd. (Juncus. Linn.) Hairy Wood Rush. Lvs. pilose; panicle cymose, spreading; fis. solitary; caps. obtuse. —Common in woods and groves, Free States. Stem 4-10' high. Radical leaves numerous, 2-4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long, white hairs. Panicle 8-12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5-10" long, finally deflexedl Perianth brown, with 2 green bracteoles. May. 3. L. MELANOCARPA. Desv. (Juncus. Michz.) St. elongated; Ivs. sublanceolate, glabrous; corymb decompound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3-5 pedicellate flowers; sep. ovate, acuminate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule.-Native of the Whfite Hills, N. H., Bw. Stem 1 —18' high. Radical leaves 8-10' by 3-5", those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, manyflowered. Capsule black. June. 4. L. SPICiTk. DC. (Juncus. Willd.) Lvs. linear, hairy at the base; spike cernuous, compound; sep. acuminateawned, about equal in length to the subglobose capsule. —White Hills, N. H., Boott. Stem 8-10' high, slender, simple. Leaves 2-3' long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long. Aug. 3. NARTHECIUM. Moehr. Gr. vap$Si, a rod or wand; in allusion to the slender inflorescence. Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent; stam. 6; filaments hairy; caps. prismatic, 3-celled; seeds 00, ovate-oblong, appendaged at each extremity. —'% oot fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellow. N. AMERICiNUM. Ker. (Phalangium ossifragum. Muhl.) Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform; scape simple, bracted; rac. lax, interrupted; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower. —An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps, Middle States. Scapes 10-15' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves numerous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3-7" long. Perianth greenish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. ORDER CLVII. COMMELYNACEA. -SPIDERWORTS. Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth in 2 series, the outer (calyx) of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner (corolla) of 3 colored petals. Sta. 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ova. 2-3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Styles and stio'mas united into one. Fr.-Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. eeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryd opposite the hilum. Geotera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australasia and Africa, -a few of N. America. They are of little importance to man. Genera. 3 or 4 of them sterile. Commelyna. 1 Stamens 6,, all perfect.. Tradescantia. 2 1. COMMELYNA. Dill. In honor of the brothers Commelyn, two German botanists. Sepals herbaceous; petals colored; stam. 6, 3-4 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive.-Lvs. lance-linear, with sheaths at base. Fls. enfolded in a conduplicate, persistent, spathaceous bract. XYRIS. CLVIII. XYR1DACElE. 563 1. C. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Michx. (C. erecta. Willd.) Day Flower. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base, enfolding 2 peduncles and several flowers; pedicels contorted; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate; sta. 2, perfect.-Dry soils, Middle! Southern and Western States! Plant nearly smooth, 12-18' high, glabrous. Leaves 3 —5 by 8-14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3-5-flowered. Petals deep blue. July, Aug. 2. C. VIRGINiCA. Linn.. (C. longifolia. Michx.) St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilose; bracts deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered; pet. nearly equal; sta. 3, perfect.-Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (Muhl.) Harper's Ferry! to Ga. A more slender, but erect species, 1-2f high. Leaves 3 —5 by 6-12', usually narrow-lanceolate, pilose-scabrous, the sheaths near 1' long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Petals blue. July, Aug.-Neither of these plants agrees with the descriptions in the books. 2. TRADESCANTIA. Named in honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Sepals persistent; petals large, suborbicular, spreading; filaments clothed with jointed hairs; anthers reniform. —2- Fls. in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. 1. T. VIRGINICA. Spider-wort. St. erect, simple or branched; Ivs. lance-linear, channeled above, sessile, glabrous; fis. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent.-Moist meadows, prairies, &c., Middle! and Western States! common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2-3f high. Leaves numerous, subpilose, 12-18' by 6-12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, of a deep, rich- blue, soon fading. May —Aug.-The juice of the plant is viscid and spins into thread; hence the common name. A.. (T. subaspera. Sims.?) lies. lanceolate, narrowed to the base, pilose both sides, sheaths entire, ciliate with long, white hairs; umbels both axillary and terminal; fis. small, rose-colored.-Shady river banks, Ia.! 2. T. ROSEA. Michx. St. erect, simple; Ivs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul; ped. elongated; cal. glabrous.-Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves 6-8' by 2 —3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species. Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. ORDER CLVIII. XYRIDACEIE.-XYRIDS. Herbs, sedge-like with linear or ensiform leaves. Fls. capitate at the top of a simple scape. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, unguiculate. [ments. Sta. 6, 3 of them with extrorse anthers and inserted on the claw of the petals, the other 3 abortive filaOva. single. Style trifid. Stigmas obtuse, lobed. Fr.-Capsule 3-valved, 1 celled, with parietal placent-a, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyris extending into the United States. Of no important use. XYRIS. Gr. fvpso, acute-pointed; in allusion to the form of the leaves. Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric; sepals cartilaginous; petals equal, ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals; capsule 1-celled, with parietal placenta. —Lvs. narrowly linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, petals yellow. 1. X. CAROLINTiNA. Lam. (X. Jupacai. Mx. X. flexuosa. Ell.) Yellow-eiyed Grass.-Scape slender, compressed and ancipitous above; lvs 48 oA4 CL1X. ERICAULONACEX2E.. ERIOCAULON. linear-ensiform, more or less twisted, acute, rigid, erect, shorter than the scape; head oblong-globose, obtuse; scales coriaceous, imbricated, obtuse, concave, scarious and yellowish at edge; lower ones empty; sep. not exserted; claws of petals as long as the scales. —4 Meadows, swamps and prairies, U. S. not uncommon. Scape firm and wiry, often twisted or flexuous, 1-2f high, 1" diam. Leaves few, flat, 6-12' by 2-3," clasping or equitant at base. Petals yellow, limb spreading, retuse. July, Aug. A. brevifolia. Wood. (X. brevifolia. MV.) Lvs. linear-subulate, short, much twisted.-Evidently a variety of this polymorphous species. y.? Olneyi. Wood. Lvs. larger, nearly as long as the scape; strongly equitant-clasping at base; scales rather loosely imbricated; sep. a little exserted; filaments hairy.-Cumberland, R. I., Olney! Scape 18-24' high. Leaves 34"11 wide.-Perhaps distinct, but its claims cannot now be satisfactorily determined. 2. X. FIMBRIATUS. Ell. Fringed Xyris. Scape tall, erect; Ivs. linear-ensiform, about equaling the scape; head oblong, with the scales loosely imbricated; sepals much exserted, fimbriate.-A large species, found in N. J. (Darlington).S. to Ga., Elliott. Scape 2-3f high. -I have never seen this species. ORDER CLIX. ERICAULONACE2E.-PIPEWORTS. Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, cellular leaves sheathing at base. FPi. moncecious or discious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 —-6-parted, or wanting. Sta. 6, some of them generally abortive. Anthers mostly 1-celled. Ova. 1 or more-celled, cells l-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly South American. They are of no known use. ERIOC AUL ON. Gr. EpIOo, wool, Kravsog, stem; the stem being sometimes woolly or tomentose. Flowers C, collected into an imbricated head; involucre manyleaved. d' in the disk; perianth single, 3-cleft, the 2 inner segments united nearly to their summit; stamens 4-6. 9 in the margin; perianth single, deeply 4-parted; style 1; stigmas 2 or 3; capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-lobed; cells I-seeded. 1. E. SEPTANGULjRE. With. (E. pellucidum. Michx.) Pipewort. Smooth; scape slender, about 7-furrowed; Ivs. linear-subulate, pellucid, channeled, 5-veined; hd. small, globose; scales of the invol ucre obtuse.-A small plant of simple structure, in water, only the scape arising above the surface. Leaves radical, submersed, in a small tuft at the bottom, 1-3' by 1-2-", tapering to a point, transparent at base. Stem simple, erect, 4-12' high, with a small, terminal, hemispherical head of close, white flowers. Jn. 2. E. DECANGULXRE. Michx. Tall Pipewort. Scape 10-furrowed; lvs. ensiform, glabrous; hds. large, depressed-globose; invol. scales oval, acute, those of the receptacle mucronate.-Ponds, N. J. to Car. Scape 2-3f high. Flowers very white. Aug. 3. E. GNAPrAL6ODES. Michx. (E. decangulare. Walt.) Scape somewhat compressed, with 10 furrows; Ivs. short, subulate, ensiform, glabrous; hds. hemispheric-convex; invol. of shining, scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales.-In still waters. Scape 10-14' high. July. CLASS IV. GLUM1ACEO US ENDOGENS. FLOWERS with glumes; or floral organs enclosed in imbricated bracts, and arranged in spikelets, having no proper perianth (calyx or corolla). OVARY with one cell containing a solitary ovule and becoming a one-seeded fruit (achenium or caryopsis). ORDER CLX. CYPERACE-. -SEDGEs. Herbs mostly perennial, coarse, grass-like, caespitose. Root fibrous or rarely tuberous. Stems (culms) usually solid with pith, generally without joints or nodes, and triangular. Lvs. with their sheaths entire. lnjforescence mostly capitate or spicate. FLs. perfect or monoecious, solitary in the axil of each bract (glume, scale). Per. wanting, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles, or a cup-shaped or saccate perigyltiitm. Sta. definite 11-12), mostly 3. Anthers fixed by their base, entire, 2-celled. Ova. generally either surrounded by bristles, or invested in the saccate perigynriun. Ovule erect. Sty. 2 or 3, more or less united. Stigmas undivided, rarely bifid. Fr. an achenium. Embryo in the end of the albumen next the hilum. Genera 112, species 2000. The sedges abound in almost all countries and climes of the globe, and in all localities, but are more common in the meadows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 25 genera and 340 species are known in North America. Properties.-They are in general little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properties of the grasses. The leaves of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in weaving the bottoms of chairs. Yet, although of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subserve many highly important ends m the economy of nature. Conspectus of the Genera. (Flowers in axillary, racemose spikelets..... Dulichium. 1 Spikelets linear, many-flowered, distinct, loose. Cyperus. 2 distichously Ach. triangular. Mariscas. 3 imbricated. Fls. all terminal. ( Spikelets 1 —2-flowered in hds. Ach lenticular. Kyllingia. 4 Perigynium of3 ovate, unguiculate petals, with 3 bristles. Fuirena. 5 {Leaves 0. Spike solitary, terminal. Eleocharis. 6 I [ / ( Bristles 3 —6..... Scirpus. 7 a Bristles numerous, long.. Eriophorum. 8 Fls. all Leaves Style 2-cleft.. Fimbristyli. 9 I termin. present.. Bristles 0. Style 3-cleft.. Trichelostylis. 10 I Bristles 3-6. Sty. deciduous. Scirpus. 7 n I Flowers all lateral. Bristles o. Leaves radical.. Hemicarpha. 11 a ~ SStyle short, bulbous at base. Rhynchospora. 13 a Flowers Brist. 3 —6. Style very long, horn-like.. Ceratoschaanuas.14 spirally or ( Ach. not axil.and Spikelets Ach. corky, brown. Cladium. 15 = irregularly enclosed.. termin. Bristles 0. few flwrd. Ach. bony, white. Scleria. 16 imbricated. ( Achenium enclosed in a saccate perigynium. Fls.declinous.. Carex. 17 TRIBE 1. CYPEREE. —Flowers?. Spikelets distichously imbricated. 1. DULICHIUM. Gr. vrco, two, XctXr/v, scale; alludingto the glumes in two rows Spikelets linear-lanceolate, subcompressed; glumes sheathing, closely imbricated in 2 rows; style long, bifid, the persistent base crowning the compressed achenium; ovary invested with setae.Stem leafy. Spikes axillary, racemose. D. SPATHACEUM. Pers. (Cyperus. Linn. Scirpus. Michtx.) St. round, leafy and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below; lvs. alternate, pointing 3 ways, 2 —41 by 3/; sheaths tubular, shorter than the internodes; spikes axillary from within the sheaths and terminal, each consisting of 8-10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikelets in 2 rows; spikelets 5-7-flowered, nearly an inch in length; glumes linear-lanceolate.-2% Marshes, borders of streams, U.S. and Can. Aug. 2. CYPERUS. Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered; glumes imbricated in two, opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed; ovary generally without sette. —Mostly 24. Stem simple, leafy at base, mostly triangular, bearing an involucrate, simple or compound umbel at top. 566 CLX. CYP RACEXE. CYPERUS. ~. 1. Style 2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 1. C. FLAVESCENS. Yellow Sedge. St. leafy, triquetrous; spilkelets linear-lanceolate, 15-20-flowered, in fascicles of 3 or 4; invol. of 3, unequal leaves, longer than the spikes; glumes ovate, obtuse; style 2-cleft; ach. mucronate, somewhat rugose, dark brown.-q- Marshy grounds, U. S., not common. Stems and leaves about 8' high, the former with yellowish-green spikes in a terminal umbel with unequal rays. Aug., Sept. 2. C. DIANDRUS. Torr. Diandrous Sedge, St. slender, reclining; sumbels sessile, 1-2-rayed; rays unequal; invol. 3-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, flat, 14-16flowered, collected into capitate fascicles; glumes'acute; sta. 2; sty. 2-cleft; ach. compressed.-Marshes, N. Eng.! Mid. and W. States. Stem 6-12' long. Umbel somewhat paniculate. Glumes chestnut-colored. A delicately beautiful sedge. fl.. castaneus. Torr. (C. castaneus. Bw.) Rays very short; glumes close, subcoriaceous, green on the back.-N. Eng.! Stems 4 —8 high. 3. C. NUTTALLII. Torr. Nuttall's Sedge. St. acutely triquetrous, leafy at base; Ivs. narrow-linear, nearly as high as the stem; qumbel loose, subsessile, about 3-rayed; rays short; invol. 4-leaved, the 2 outer leaves very long; spikelets very acute, linear-lanceolate, fasciculate, brownish; ach. oblong-obtuse. —[ Salt marshes, N. Eng. to La. Stems 6-12' high, in dense tufts. Scales minutely 3-toothed. Stamens 2. 4. C. TENELLUS. Linn.? Torr. Slender Sedge. St. setaceous, very slender, 3 —5 high; lvs. setaceous; spikelets solitary, lance-linear; invol. mostly of one erect, setaceous leaf 1' in length; scales rather loose, 3-veined on the keel; sta. 1; sty. 2-cleft; ach. oblong-obovate, much compressed, brown.-Monmouth Co., N. J., Dr. Cleaver, (Torr. Cyo., p. 258.) ~ 2. Style 3-cleft. Achenia triangular. * Spikelets alternate, in pinnatiform, subdistichous spikes. 5. C. STRIGOSUS. Bristle-spiked Galingale. St. triquetrous, leafy only at base; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-margined, about as long as the stem; umbel with elongated rays and oblong, loose spikes; involucels 0 or setaceous; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading horizontally, 8-10-flowered, 7-9" long; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones very long.-Wet grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1-2f high, bulbous at base. Umbel yellowish. Sept. A. Rays with setaceous involucels 1' long; spikelets verynumerous, subulate, 3-_4" long.-Ia.! 6. C. MICHAUXIiNA. Schultes. (C. eruthrorhizos. Torr.) St. acutely triangular; umbel compound, with short rays; spikelets 6-9flowered, the lower ones compound; rachis very broad, easily separating at the joints; ova. ovoid-triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. —( Brackish swamps, generally near the sea, Middle and Southern States. Stem 12-15" high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 9" long, 7-9flowered. 7. C. REPENS. Ell. (C. phymatodes. Muhl.) Rt. creeping, bearing small, round tubers at the extremities; st. 1-2f high, 3-angled, striate; lvs. subradical, as long as the stem; umbel 4-6-raye.d; rays often branched, bearing 12-20 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows; sheaths obliquely truncate, involucels 0; spikelets 12-20-flowered, 6 —8" long, the lowest generally fasciculate; glumes yellowish.-2- Moist fields, N. Y. to Ia.! and S. States. Aug. 8. C. SPECIOSUS. Va'hl. Showy Sedge. St. acutely angled, about 3f high; Ivs. deeply channeled, half as long as the stem; umbels compound, about 8-rayed, rays alternate, 1-3' long; ochrece (sheaths) deeply 2-parted; partial umbels with numerous, compound spikes, involucellate with setaceous bracts; spikelets umbellate. 5-8-flowered; sta. 3.-Wet places, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. MVARISCs. CLX. CYPERACE2E. 567 * Spikelets irregularly inserted all around the rachis. 9. C. SCHWEINITzii. Torr. Scheinitz's Sedge. St. 8 —12 high, triquetrous, rough on the angles; Ivs. shorter than the stem, about a line wide; umbel simple, erect, 4-6-rayed, rays elongated, unequal; sheaths truncate, entire; invol. 3-5-leaved, longer than the leaves, scabrous on the margin; spikelets 6-7, alternate, approximate, 6-8-flowered, with.a small, setaceous bract at the base of each; scales membranaceous on the margin; sta. 3; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the smooth achenia.-Shore of L. Ontario, Sartwell, of Lake Erie, Sullivant! to Ark. 10. C. ERUTKRORHIZOS. Muhl. Red-root Sedge. St. 2 —3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the leaves; umbel compound; rays 5-9, 3 —4 long, each with 3-4 sessile spikes; sheaths entire; spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in the spikes, a little flattened, about 13-flowered; outer glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, chestnut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis; sta. 3; ac/. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume.-Wet grounds.'Penn. and Southern'States. ** * Spikelets more or less aggregated in terminal masses. 11. C. FILICULMIS. Vahl. (C. mariscoides. Ell.) St. slender, almost filifbrm, tuberous at base, 8-12' long, leafy only at base; lvs. mostly radical, carinate; umbel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays; spikelets linear-lanceolate, 3-8-flowered, flattened when old, collected into globose -heads; glumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish.-Dry, rocky hills, N. Eng.! to Flor.,: W. to Ill.! Aug. 12. C. GRAYII. Torr. St. 8-12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous at base; lvs. radical, channeled, about l" wide; umbel 4-6-rayed, capillary, erect, spreading; sheaths truncate; hds. loose, of 6-8 spikelets; spikelets linear, compressed, 8-7-flowered; scales ovate, veined, obtuse, imbricated, interior ones lanceolate; sta. 3; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate-triquetrous, a the length of the scale, gray,'dotted. —Sandy fields, Mass., Oakes, L. I., Kneiskerrn, N. J., Torrey. Sept. (Dr. Sartwell comm.) 13. C. DENTXTUS. Torr. St. about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous; Ivs. a little shorter than the stem, strongly keeled; umbel compound, 6-10-rayed; invol. of 3 unequal leaves, one of them longer than the umbel; spikelets 3 on each peduncle, 3-7" long, ovate, flat, 8-flowered; glumes acute, spreading at the points, giving the spikelets a serrated appearance; sty. 3-cleft; ach. triangular. —_ Swamps, N. Eng.! and Middle States. 14. C. INFLEXUS. Mu7hl. St. setaceous, leafy at base, 2-3' high; Ivs. equaling the stem; qumbel 2-3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple; invol. of 3 long leaves; spikelets oblong, 8-12-flowered, 10-20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid heads; glumes yellowish, veined, squarrose-uncinate at tip. sta. I.-Banks of streams, Free States! and British Provinces. Aug., Sept. 15. C. ACUMINATUS. Torr. & Hook. St. 5-10' (3-4' Torr.) high, slender, obtusely triquetrous; Ivs. erect, radical, as long as the stem; umnbel 1-6 (1-2 Torr.)-rayed; invol. 3-4-leaved, very long; rays unequal, each with a globose head of 15-40 spikelets; spikelets 3-11"', oblong-linear, obtuse, 15-25-flowered; fis. very regularly imbricated in 2 rows; glumes acute, with the point recurved; sta. 1; ach. dull-grayish.-Ill. Mead! Mo. Drumnimnond. 3. MARISCUS. Vahl. Celtic ntar, a marsh; alluding to the place where some species grow. Spikelets subterete, clustered in heads, rarely with but 1 or 2 fertile flowers; glumes imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, the lower ones short and empty; rachis margined with the adnate, persistent, in48 568 CLX. CYPERACE.E. FUIRENA terior glumes; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achenium triangular.- I Habit of Cyperus. 1. M. OVULARIS. Vahl. (Cyperus. Gron. Torr. Scirpusechinatus. Linnt.) St. triquetrous, nearly naked, 1-2f high; Ivs. shorter than the stem, nearly smooth; embel simple; rays 3i"-2' long; hds. 1-5, globose, 1 sessile, the rest on the spreading rays; spikelets linear-subulate, 6" long, 50-100 in each head; fis. 2-4, 1-2 fertile; invol. 3-4-leaved, outer leaves very long.Bogs and low grounds, Middle and Western States, common. Aug., Sept. B. tenellus. Torr. Slender and cespitose; hds. ovate, small. y. cylindricus. Torr. Hds. oblong, cylindrical. 2. M. RETROFACTUS. Vahl. (Scirpus. Linn.) St. obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2-3f high; Ivs. pubescent, 3-4" wide, about half as long as the stem; umbels simple; rays unequal, long, 6-8; invol. 3-5-leaved; bracts unequal, not longer than the rays; spikelets 70-100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely imbricate into obovate heads; 2 lowver glumes empty.-A rare species, Middle and Western States. Aug., Sept. 4. KYLLINGIA. In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist. Spikelets compressed; scales about 4, the two lowest short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower; stam. 1-3; style long, 2-cleft; achenia lenticular.-Stems triangular. Hds. sessile, solitary or aggregated, involucrate. 1. K. PUMILA. Michx. Cwspitose; st. 2-12' high, slender; Ivs. mostly radical, shorter than the stem, smooth; hds, generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or oblong; invol. 3-leaved, 1-2' long; spikelets 1-flowered, very numerous. about 2" long; the lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2; ach. lensshaped, fulvous.-Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant!) Ky. (Short) anti Southern States. 2. K. MONOCEPHIALA. St. slender, 10-15' high, leafy at base; Ivs. much shorter than the stem, 1" wide; hd. simple, globose, dense, inclining; invol. 3-leaved, the highest leaflet erect; spikelets numerous, 1-flowered; two lower glumes minute, two upper striate, subequal, serrulate, ciliate on the keel.-Mass., N. Y. to Ga. TRIBE 2. HYPOLYTREE. 5. FUIRf NA. Rottball. In honor of George Fuiren, a Dutch botanist. Glumes awned, imbricated on all sides into a spike; petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, investing the achenium.-r4 St. angular, leafy. Spikes subumbeled, axillary and termznal. 1. F. SQUARROSA. Michx. St. 1-2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate; Ivs. ciliate, shorter than the stem; sheaths hispid-pilose; spikes clustered, ovate, mostly terminal, 6-12; awuts nearly as long as the glumes; petaloid scales ovate, cuspidate with a short bristle; ach. twice the length of the stipe. —Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Car. Sept. 2. F. PUMiLA. Spr. (F. sqllarrosa. A. Towr.) St. pubescent above, 3-6' high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, flat, striate, as long as the stem; spikes 1, 2 or 3, thick, subtended by 2-3 long, involucrate, unequal leaves; gletmes ovate-lanceolate, with short awns; petaloid scales ovatelanceolate; ach. pedicellate, with retrorselvhispid setae. Wet, sandyplaces. Aug. ELEOCHARIS. CLX. CYPERACEIE. 569 TRsBE 3. SCIRPE2E.-Flowers?. Glumes of the spikelet imbricated all around. Perigynium none, or setaceous. 6. ELEOCHARIS. R.Br. Gr. Eoc, a marsh, xatp%, to rejoice; plants delighting in marshy grounds. Spikes terete; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3-12), rigid, persistent; styles 2-3-cleft, articulated to the ovary; achenium crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the style.-Stem simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. ~ Spikes cylindrical, length more than three times the diameter. 1. E. EQUISET6iDES. Torr. (Scirpus. Elliott.) Horse-tail Rush. St. about 2f high, papillose, terete, 2-3" diam., with about 20 joints, produced by internal, transverse partitions; sheath radical, obtuse, membranous; spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly contracted at base; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse; bristles 6, as long as the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. brown, shining.-Bogs, Cumberland, R. I., Olney! Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale. 2. E. QUADRANGULATA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.) St. 2 —4f high, acutely and unequally quadrangular, the broadest side convex, the others concave; sheaths radical, purplish; spike 1' or more in length; glumes roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous; bristles 6; ach. obovate, of a dull white.-Penn., Md., Dr. Robbins, to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated banks. 3. E. ROBBINSII. Oakes. Robbins' Club Rush. Sts. clustered, 9-25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale. green, several of them fruitless; sheath truncate; spike 3 —12" long, scarcely thicker than.the stem, placed 2-5" below its apex! glumes 3-9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally brownish; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. 1" long, pale brown tubercle closely sessile.-Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass., Rickard! Very distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. July. ~ ~ Spike ovate, length less than three times the diameter. * Stems terete. 4. E. PALUSTRIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn.) Marsh Club Rush. St. leafless, round, inflated; spikelets smooth and shining, lance-oblong, acute, often oblique, terminal; glumes subacute, the lower ones larger, sometimes empty.-Low grounds, U. S. and Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stems numerous, 1-2if high, each with an obtuse sheath at the base. Achenium roundish-obovoid, rugose, punctate, surrounded with 3 or 4 scabrous bristles, and crowned with a tubercle. July. 5. E. OBTUSA. Schultes. (Scirpusobtusus. Willd. Scirpus capitatus. Walt.) St. sulcate, subterete, 6-15' high; spikelet ovoid, very obtuse, often nearly globose; glumes round, dark brown, with whitish margins; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setae as long as the glumes.-Shallow waters, Can. and U. S., common. July. 6. E. TUBERCULOSA. R. Br. (Scirpus. Michx.) St. columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base; spikelet ovatelanceolate; glumes very obtuse, loose; ach. somewhat triquetrous, smaller than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned; bristles 6, as long as the tubercle.-Sandy swamps, N. Eng.! to Flor. Remarkable for its large tubercle. J1. * * Stems compressed or angular. 7. E. OLIVACEA. Torr. Sts. caespitose, 2-4' high, slender, compressed, sulcate, soft; spike ovate, acutish 2-3" long, 20-30-flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest; bristles 6; sty. 2-cleft; ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe.-Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I., Olney! Mass. to N. J. 8. E. INTERMEDIA. Schultes. (Scirpus. 1/ihl.) Tuf Club Rush. WSt. caespitose, setaceous, diffuse, compressed, furrowed, hard and wiry, 570 CLX. CYPERACEAE. SCIRPUS. 6 —9' long; spike acute, 2-3" long, 7-9-flowered; glumes lance-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, with a green midvein; bristles 6, white, longer than the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate, attenuated to the base, striate, of a light brown color.-In running water, forming a strong, dense turf, N. H.! to Ga., W. to Ohio, July. 9. E. ACTcUL/RIS. R. Br. (Scirpus. Linn,) Hair Club Rush. St. leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3-6' high; spikelets oblong-ovate, acute, 4-8-flowered; glumes obtusish, the lowest one larger and empty; ach. obovoid, triangular, verrucose, yellow and shining. —Edges of ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very delicate. June, July. 10. E. TENUIS. Schultes. (Scirpus. Willd.) Slender Club Rush. St. leafless, almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8-15' high, with a long, purple sheath at base; spike terminal, elliptic-oval, acute at each end; glumes dark purple, ovate,, obtuse, the lower ones larger and empty; ova. roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or 0 setme.-Common in wet places, N. Eng. and Mid. States. June, July. 11. E. T4ELANUCARPA. Torr. (Scirpus. Baldwin.) Black-fruited Club Rush. Sts. compressed, furrowed, slender, almost filiform, wiry, 12-18' high; sheaths truncate; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4-6" in length, 20-40-flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, yellowish midvein; bristles 3, purple; ac*-.obovate-turbinate, blackish; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the centre. —Providence, R. I., Olney! 12. E. PIGMYEA. Torr. St. 1-2' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate; spikes ovate, compressed, 3-6-flowered, mostly empty; bristles 6, longer than the achenium, slender, scabrous backwards; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, whitish and shining; tubercle minute. —Sea coast, Mass., Oakes. Sept. (Dr. Sartwell, comm.) 13. E. ROSTELLATA. Torr. inN. Y. Fl. ined. (Scirpus. Torr. Cyp., p. 318.);St. 15 —20' high, clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, rigid; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit; spike lance-ova.te, acute, 3 —4" long; glumes 12-20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge scarious; bristles 4 —6; ach. broadly obovate, biconvex, light olive-brown, with a long, slightly tuberculate beak.-R. I., Olney! N. Y., Sartwell. 14. E. COMPRESSA. Sullivant! Mat-stemmed Club Rush. St. 12-18' high, cespitose, much compressed, narrowly linear, striate; sheath close, truncate; spike oblong-ovate, 3 —5" in length, 20-30-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin; bristles 0; ach. obovate-pyriform, shining, minutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fuscous. Wet places, near Columbus, Ohio! A very remarkable species. 7. SCIRPUS. Celtic cirs, the general name for rushes. Glumes imbricated on all sides; perigynium of 3-6 bristles, persistent; sty. 2-3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous; achenium biconvex or triangular.-X- Stems mostly triquetrous, simple, rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbose. ~ 1. Bristles not exceeding the achenium, retrorsely denticulate. * Spike solitary, nearly or quite terminal. 1. S. PLTANIFOLIUS. Muhl. Flat-leaved Club Rush. St. coespitose, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-angled, 5-10' high; lvs. broad-linear, flat, rough on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblonglanceolate, compressed, terminal, 4-8-flowered; glumes ovate-mucronate, yellowish; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the spike; ach. reddish-brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself.-In cold, hard soils, Mass., Robbits! N. Y. to Del. June. 2. S. SUBTERMINiALS. Torr. St. floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 3f long; lvs. very narrow, SCiRPUS. CLX. CYPERACEAE. 571 almost capillary, 2-4f long; spike solitary, somewhat terminal (the stem being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate; style 2-cleft; bristles 6.Streams, &c., Mass.! to N. Y. Aug. 3. S.. c3ESPITOSUS. Bracted Mountain Rush. Sts. caespitose, round, sheathed at base with numerous rudiments of leaves; srikes compressed, terminal; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as the spike; ach. with 6 bristles.-Grows in dense tufts, 4-12' high. Spike 4-5-flowered, reddish-brown. On the White Mts., N. H., Bw. July. * * Spikes many, lateral. 4. S. TORREYI. Olney. (S. mucronatus. Ph.? Torr.) St. 2f high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender, leafy at the base; lvs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2-4 (rarely 1), sessile, distinct, acute, ovate-oblong; scales ovate, mucronate, smooth; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter than the bristles.-Borders of ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem, here and in the following, is prolonged above the spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. JI. Aug. 5. S. DEBiLIS. Pursh. Weak-stemmed Rush. St. cespitose, roundish, deeply striate, 9 —16' high, with a few subulate leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, subterminal; glumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green; ach. obovate, mucronate; bristles 45.-Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. 6. S. TRIQUETER. Michx. (S. Americanus. Pers.) Three-cornered Rush. St. nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave about 3f high and ending in a sharp point; Ivs. few and short, from the top of the sheath; spikes lateral, 1-5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances below the point; glumes round-ovate, mucronate; bristles 6.-Ponds and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout N. America. 7. S. LACUSTRIS. (S. acutus. Mu/hl.) Lake Bullrush. Scape smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5-8f high, cylindric, tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp; panicle cymose near the top; ped. rough, twice compound; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent; bracts shorter than the panicle.-The largest species of bullrtsh, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds U. S. to Arc. Am. July. 8. S. OLNEYT. A. Gr. Olney's Rush. St. triquetrous-winged, leafless,' —7f high; sheath radical, tipped with a short (1-2') leaf; spikes 6-12, sessile, aggregated, 2-3" long, placed 9-121" below the triangular apex of the stem; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate; bristles 6-12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apex.-Salt marshes, Sekonk river, R. I., Olney! Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably distinguished by its 3-winged stem. July. See also Addenda, p. 638. * * Spikes terminal. 9. S. MARITIMUS. Sea Bullrush. St. acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2-3f high; lvs. broad-linear, rough-edge4, carinate, taller than the stem; spikes conglomerate, 6-10, nearly an inch long1 corymbose; invol. of about 3 very long leaves; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed; style 3-cleft; bristles 3-4, much shorter than the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium.-Salt marshes, N. Eng.! to Flor. Aug. B. fltuviatilis. Torr. Umbel somewhat compound; bristles 6, as long as the obovate, triangular, dull grayish achenium.-Fresh water swamps and lakes, Western N. Y. to Wis., Lapham! and Mo. 10. S. ATROVIRENS. Muhl. St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high; cyme compound, proliferous; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts, longer than the cyme; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10-20 in a globose head; hds. numerous, 3' diam., dark green; glumes ovate, mucronate; ac/i. white, smooth; bristles 4.-Common in meadows, Middle and Western States. June, July. 572 CLX. CYPERACE2E. ERIOPHORUM. 11. S. BRUNNEUS. Muhl. St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 2-3f high; cyme decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base; spikelets clustered in heads of 3-6; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown; ach. smooth, yellowish-white, shorter than the 4 or 5 tortuous bristles.-Much resembles the last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng. to Penn, W. to Ohio, rare. ~ 2. TRICOPHORUM. Bristles 6, much longer than the achenium, tortuous, smoothish. Stem leafy. Umbel decompound. 12. S. ERIOPH6RUM. Michx. (Tricophorum cyperinum. Pers.) St. obtusely triangular, leafy, 3-5f high; Ivs. 2t' long, rough-edged; umbel terminal, decompound, large and loose; spikes mostly pedicellate; bristles 6, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white aFhenium.-A common, stiff, rank meadow sedge, which cattle do not eat, U. S. and Can. Spikes numerous, 2-3" long, ovoid, obtuse, in small clusters, in a large, showy panicle. Involucre 4-leaved. Aug. 13. S. LINEXTUS. Michx. (Tricophorum. Pers.) St. triangular, very leafy, 2-3f high; umbels terminal and axillary, decompound, at length nodding; invol. of 1-2 bracts, longer than the leaves; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous; bristles 6, as long as the glumes.-Swamps, in most of the States. Aug. 8. ERIOPHORUM. GT. eptoy, wool, oepO, to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynum. Glumes imbricated all around into a spike; achenium invested in very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs.-Stem generally leafy. Spikelets mostly in umbels,finally clothed with the long, silky hairs. * Spikelet solitary. 1, E. ALPINUM. St. very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat scabrous, 8-16' high, with 3 —4 radical sheaths; radical Ivs. very short, subulate; spike oblong, terminal, about 2" in length; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times as long as the spike.-Bog meadows, often alpine, N. H.! to N. Y. and Penn. Jl. 2. E. VAGINiTUM. Sheathed Cotton Grass. Sts. densely caespitose, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 12f high; uppermost sheaths inflated; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 —8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes; hairs 30-40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distance among the meadow grass.-N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. June, July. * * Spikelets numerous. 3. E. CONFERTISSIMUM. Wood. Dense-headed Eriophorumn St. strictly erect, firm but slender, 2-3f high; lvs. narrowly linear, channeled, rigid, triangular-subulate above, 8-12' long; sheaths close; invol. 2leaved, one leaf twice, the other 4-5 times longer than the spikelets; spikelets.5-8, crowded, erect, on very short (2 —4'), slightly scabrous peduncles, 20-30flowered; glumes obovate, carinate, very obtuse; ach. compressed, oblanceolate, 1k" long, flat on one side, carinate on the other; bristles 100-200, white, i' long, straight and silky.-Bogs, Meriden, N. H.! Distinguished for its very large and dense heads. 4. E. POLYSTACHYUM. Many-spiked Cotton Grass. St. somewhat triangular, smooth, l-2f high; cauline lvs. 2-3, broadt linear, flattened below, triquetrous at the end; spikelets about 10, on rough peduncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branched; setce 30-40 to each flower, reddish-white, 6 —8" long.-Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 5. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Rich. Narrow-leaved Cotton Grass. St. slender, leafy, smooth, 10-15' high; cauline Ivs. narrow, 3-cornered, with concave sides, 1-3' long; invol. of one bract, with a loosely sheathing HEmICARPHA. CLX. CYPERACEIE. 573 base; spikelets 2-4, on short peduncles, nodding; setae 40-50 to a flower, long, white and cottony.-Swamps, N. States and Brit. Am. July. 6. E. VIRGINiCUM. Virginian Cotton grass. St. nearly round, leafy, smooth, 2-3f high; lvs. flat, few, long, with scabrous margins; invol. 2-4-leaved, outer leaves much longer; spikelets in a sort of umbel, erect, nearly sessile; glumes ovate, brown at the sides; keel green; hairs 50-60, reddish-white, long and cottony. —Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. 9. FIMBRISTILIS. Vahl. Lat.Jfimbris, a fringe, stylus, style; from the ciliate style. Glumes imbricated on all sides; bristles 0; style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin. —with the habit of Scirpus. 1. F. BALDWINIANA. Torr. (Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schult. S. ferrugineus. Darl.)-St. 2-12' high, compressed, deeply striate, leafy at base; umbel mostly simple, 3-4-rayed, central spikelets sessile; invol. subulate, 2-leaved, as long as the umbel; spikelets ovoid, acute; glumes ovate, brown; sty. bifid, ciliate; ach. white, longitudinally furrowed.-Swamps and damp places, Middle, Southern and Western States. July. 2. F. SPADICEA. Vahl. (Scirpus spad. Linn. S. castaneus. Mickx.) St. 1-2f high, hard and rigid, compressed, nearly naked; Ivs. 5-6' high, filiform, channeled inside, semi-terete outside, lower ones rust-colored; umbel of few rays, rather exceeding the 2-3 subulate, involuere leaves; spikes ovate-oblong, 3 —6" long; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, finally of a dark, shining, chestnut brown; sty. conspicuously fimbriate; ach. whitish.-Marshes, N.J. to La. Aug. 10. TRIC H ELO S T L I S. Lestiboudois. Gr. -piXyloS, three-fold, arvXos; from the character. Glumes in 4-8 ranks, carinate; bristles 0; style 3-cleft, deciduous below the bulb at the base; achenium triangular. —2 Stems leafy at the base. Spikes usually in terminal umbels. 1. T. MUCRONULATUS. Torr. (Scirpus muc. Michx. Fimbristylis autum nalis. R. 4. S.)-St. compressed, 2-edged, caespitose, leafy at base, 3-10' high; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem; umbel compound; invol. 2-leaved; spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2-3 together; glumes brown, mucronate; ach. white.-Wet places, along rivers, &c., N. Eng.! to Ga., W to Mo. July. 2. T. CAPILLARIS. Wood. (Scirpus. Linn. Isolepis. R. 4. S.) St. coespitose, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4-8' high; Ivs. subradical, setaceous, shorter than the stem; spikelets ovoid, 2-4, pedunculate, inner one sessile; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent; ach. white.-Ir sandy fields, Mass. to Car., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. 11. HEMICARPHA. Nees. Gr. 4/tovr, half, Kapqa, straw or chaff? Glumes imbricated all around; bristles 0; stam. I; style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous; achenium compressed, oblong, subterete.-2- Spikes glomerate. H. SQUARROSA. Nees. (Isolepis subsquarrosa. ScIlrad. Scirpus subsq. Muhl. S. minimus. Ph.)-Scape setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurvs ed, 2-3' high; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape; spikes 2-3, terminal (apparently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long; invol. of 2 bracts, one appearing like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other; glumes 00, with a short, recurved or squarrose point, finally brown; achi. minute, of a (dull, brownish-white.-Sandy= banks, N. Eng.! to Penn. and Ky. 574 CLfX. CYPERACE_/E. RHYNCH0SPORA. 12. PSYLOCARYA. Torr. Flowers s. Glumes 00, imbricated all around, all fertile; perigynium 0; stam. 2; filaments long, persistent; style 2-cleft, dilated or tuberculate at base; achenium biconvex, crowned with the persistent style.-Stems leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymose. P. SCIRP6lDES. Torr. St. slender, leafy, smooth, 3-sided, 5 —9 high; Ivs. linear, smooth, 3-5' by 1", cauline about 2; cymes terminal, and one from the sheath of each cauline leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loose clusters, 20-30flowered; glumes chestnut-colored, thin, ovate, acute; ach. tumid, dark brown, crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base.-Borders of ponds, Smithfield, R. I., Olney! Mass., Greene. Rare. 13. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. Gr. pvyxo), a beak, a7ropa, seed; from the character. Flowers? or c' q 9, few in each spikelet; glumes loosely imbricated, the lowest small and empty; perigynium of 6-12 bristles; stam. 3; style bifid; achenium lens-shaped or subglobose, crowned with the distinct, bulbous base of the style. —% Stem leafy, 3-sided. Inflorescence terminal and axillary. * Acheniuzm smooth. 1. R. ALBA. Vahl. (Schcenus albus. Linn.) White Bog-Rush. St. triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10-16' high; Ivs. setaceous, channeled; corymbose fascicles pedunculate, both terminal and from the axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts; spikelets lanceolate, acute at each end, with. crowded, lanceolate, white glumes.-In wet, shady grounds; common. July-Sept. 2. R. CAPILLACEA. Torr. (Schcenus. Miihl.) St. 6-12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular; Ivs. setaceous, much shorter than the stem; spikelets 3-6, mostly terminal, oblong, each with a setaceous bract; glumes chestnut-colored, with scarious edges; bristles 6, much longer than the oblong, substipitate achenium; tuzbercle about half the length of the achenium.-Swamps, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn., kluAhl. 3. R. PUSCA. Rcem. & Schult. (Schenus fuscus. Linn.) St. 3-angled, about 2f high; Ivs. linear, carinate, smooth; fascicles alternate, pedunculate; bracts setaceous, longer than the ovoid spikes; glumes brown, ovate; ach. brown, rugose, with an acute, black tubercle as long as the hispid bristles.-Wet places, Mass. to N. J. Rare. 4. R. GRACILENTA. A. Gr. St. 1-2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth; Ivs. linear-setaceous, much shorter than the stem; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral on slender peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikelets ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark brown; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-ovoid achenium; tubercle fiat, dilated at base.-Dry grounds, N. Y. to Car. 5. R. GLOMERATA. Vahl. (Schcenus. Linn.) St. slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high; Ivs. flat, carinate, rougnedged; corymbedfascicles very remote, in pairs, axillary and terminal; spikelets lanceolate; glumes keeled, mucronate, brown; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very smooth, as long as the tubercle; setce 6, rough, backwards.-In bogs, Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 6. R. CEPHALANTHA. A. Gr. St. 2-3f high, triangular, stout; Ivs. linear, very narrow, the lower and radical nearly as long as the stem; hds. roundish, axillary and terminal, solitary or rarely two together; spikelets lance-oblong; glumes ovate-oblong, dark brown; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little compressed, very obtuse.-N. J. pine barrens. SCLERIA. CLX. CYPERACEiE. 575 * * Achenium rugose. 7. R. CYM6SA. Nutt. (Schenus. Willd.) St. 1-2f high, triangular, angles acute; radical Ivs. shorter than the stem, cauline rising above the stem; corymbs 3-4, the terminal largest; spikelets ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5; glumes broad-ovate, dark brown; bristles 6, f as long as the broad-ovate, transversely rugose achenium; tubercle depressed, much shorter than the ach.-N. J. to La. J1., Aug. 8. R. TORREYiNA. A. Gr. St. 2f high, slender, coespitose, striate; Ivs. setaceous, radical, 6-10" long, cauline much shorter; corymbs diffuse, the lateral, if any, on short peduncles; spikelets ovoid, pedicellate or sessile; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown; bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblong-ovate achenium; tcbercle short, nearly as broad at base as the achenium.-N. J. Torrey. J1., Aug. 15. CERATOSCHCENUS. Nees. Gr. Yczpa;,-arog, a horn, axxoros, rush; alluding to the long, persistent style of the achenium. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, one flower U, the rest c<; glumes loosely imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty; perig. of 5 or 6 rigid, hispid or scabrous bristles; stam. 3; style simple, very long, persistent on the smooth, compressed achenium.-i- Stems leafy. Corymbs compound. 1. C. LONGIROSTRIS. A. Gr. (Schcenus longirostris. Michix. S. corniculatus. Lam. Rhyncospora cornic. A. Gr.)-Glabrous and glaucous; st. 3-4f high, triangular; Ivs. 12-16' by 4-6", flat, rough-edged; fis. in very large, terminal and axillary corymbs, terminal one the largest; spikelets loosely fascicled in 4s or 5s on the long peduncles; glumes brown, ovate; bristles shorter than the achenium, which is 2" long, and crowned with the (7") long, subulate, horny style.-Ohio! to Flor. Common in wet places Aug. 2. C. MACROSTACHYA. Torr. (Rhyncospora ejusd.) Glabrous; st. 2-3f high, triangular; Ivs. 1-2f by 9 —4", rough-edged; axillary corymbs subsimple, terminal ones compound; upper spikelets densely fascicled; ach. ovate, smooth; bristles erectly hispid, twice as long as the achenium; style persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the achenium.-Mass. Robbins.! 16. CLADIU M. Browne. Flowers 3c' 9; glumes imbricated somewhat in 3 rows, lower ones empty; bristles 0; stam. 2; style 2-3-cleft, deciduous; achenium subglobose, the pericarp hard, thickened and corky above.aI Stem leafy. Corymbs or panicles terminal and axillary. C. MARISCOIDES. Torr. (Schcenus. Muhl.) Bog Rush. St. terete, leafy, 20-30' high, hard and rigid; Ivs. narrowly linear, channeled above, rounded beneath, much shorter than the stems; bracts short; umbels 2-3, erect, the lateral on long exserted peduncles; rays 3-7, some of them very short; spikelets aggregated in heads of 4 —8, lance-ovate, 3" long; glumes tawny-brown, about 6, the upper usually I, the next 3d, and the rest empty; ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3-cleft style.-Bogs, Can. to Penn. July. TRIBE 3. SCLEREE.-Flowers monoecious or diclinous. Achenium naked (without a perigynium), more or less hard and bony. 17. SCLERIA. Gr. aKtX7poS, hard; alluding to the indurated shell of the fruit. Flowers aiclinous, fertile spikelets 1-flowered, glumes fasciculate; perigynium cup-shaped or 0; achenium globose, ovoid or triangular, with a thick, bony pericarp; style 3-cleft, deciduous. —% Stems leafy. Spikelets in spikes, fiascicles or pan irels. 49 576 CLX. CYPERACE&E. CAR=X. ~ 1. Perigynium cup-shaped, lobed, repand or annular. 1. S. RETICULARIs. Michx. St. 1-2f high, triangular, rather slender; lvs. 1" wide, channeled, radical 6 —12 long, cauline few, much shorter; fascicles 2-5, lateral and terminal, distant, loose-flowered, subsessile; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the d' manyflowered, at the base of the P; glume light brown, ovate, acuminate; sta. 2; perig. 3-lobed; ac/i. globose, of a dead white, I" diam., conspicuously reticulated and deeply pitted.-Borders of ponds, R. I., Olney! to Flor. The achenium is a curious and beautiful object. 2. S. YAXA. Torr. (S. reticularis. Mul.) St. 1-2f high, weak, diffuse, acutely triangular, slender; Ivs. flat, 2" wide, smooth; fascicles about 3, one terminal, the others lateral and very remote; ped. 2-6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved; spikelets distant, in pairs, the sterile at the base of the {; sta. 2; perig. deeply 3-lobed; ach. about 1" diam., globose, whitish, marked with brown, hairy, transverse ridges and pits. —Near the sea coast, N. J. to Flor. Sept. 3. S. PANUIPLORA. Muhl. St. 10-16' high, triangular, slender, smoothish; lvs. narrow, nearly smooth; sheaths pubescent; fasicles 2-3, lateral and terminal, few-flowered, the lateral ones on long peduncles; bracts foliaceous, ciliate; spikelets in pairs; glumes membranaceous, acute; 9 spikelet of 3 ovate, mucronate glumes, somewhat ciliate on the keel; sty. 3-cleft; ach. globose, rough, white and shining; perig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute, tubercles.-N. Y. (Bradley), N. H. (Carey), to Car. Aug. ft. ascicle solitary, terminal, (apparently lateral) sometimes with a small one near the base of the stem. —Ohio, Sullivant! 4. S. TRIGLOMERITA. Michx. Whip-grass. St. erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy, 3-4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, rough-edged; spikelets lateral and terminal, alternate, in about 3 subsessile fascicles, and much shorter than the leafy bracts; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark purple; ach. globose, smooth and polished, white, nearly 2"' diam. when ripe.Swamps, in nearly all the states. June, July. ~ 2. HYPOPORUM. Perigynium 0. 5. S. VERTICILLiTA. Muhl. (Hypoporum verticillatum. Nees.) St. 6-8-12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous; Ivs. linear, narrow and flat, shorter than the stem; fascicles 4-6, sessile, few-flowered, appearing as if verticillate; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long as the fascicles, scabrous upward; scales of 9 ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled; ach. globose, rugose, a little more than J' diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3-sided at base. -Very abundant in Junius, N. Y., Sartwell, to Car., W. to Ohio, Sullivant! TRIBE 4. CARICEME.-Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbricated on all sides. Achenium wholly enclosed in an urceolate or bottle-shaped perigynium. 18. CAREX. * Spikelets 1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and pistillate flowers), or with the two kinds in separate spikelets, rarely dicecious; glumes single, 1-flowered, lower ones often empty; stamens 3; stigmas 2 or 3; perigynium of various forms, 1-valved, persistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium. I. Stigmas two. Achenium double convex. A. Spike single. 1. Monacious. 1. C. CAPITiTA. Spike capitate or nearly globose, ~' at the summit; fr. (perigynium) roundish-ovate, close, compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the ovate and rather obtuse glume; Ivs. slender.-Heights of the White Mts., Robbins. By Prof: C. Dewey, D. D. See Preface. CARM:C. CLX. CYPERACEME. 577 A. Spike single. 2. Diecioats. 2. C. DAVALLIANA. Smith. Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; perig. ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, convex, terete, recurved, longer than the ovate glume; st. and Ivs. are usually serrulate.-Wayne Co., N. Y., Sartwell. 3. C. EXiLIs. Dewey. Fertile spike c' below, ovate, rather densely-flowered; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex on both sides, diverging, serrulate on the margin, a little longer than the ovate, acute glume; Ivs. setaceous; st. 12-20' high.-Grows in Danvers and Ipswitch, Ms., Oakes, in N. Y. and N. J. May. B. squamacea. Dew. Spike often an inch long, having many ce glumes at the base and few perig. at the summit.-Longer than the other, and grows with it in Ipswich, Mass., Oakes. B. Spikes several, androgynozs. 1. Stamens varwusly situated —above, below, or in the middle; sometimes diacio'us. 4. C. STERiLIS. Willd. Spike compound, 8' below, often dicecious; spikelets 4-6, ovate, subapproximate; perig. ovate, acuminate or subrostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume; st. 2f high, erect and stiff.-Wet places, common. 5. C. BROMO1DES. Schk. Spikelets numerous, alternate, c8 below, sometimes all Q; perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovatelanceolate glume.-Common in small bogs, in wet places. 6. C. SICCITA. Dewey. Spikelets numerous, 8' above, often wholly c', ovate, close or approximate; fr. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate and lanceolate glume.-Sandy plains, Westfield, Mass., Davis; Ipswitch, Mass., Oakes; widely spread over the country, but not abundant. 7. C. SARTWELLII. Dewey. Spikelets 12-20, ovate, sessile, compact, bracteate, lower ones especially fructiferous; upper often c<; perig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-concave, subulate, short, 2-toothed, a little longer than the' ovate and acute glume; lvs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem.-Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y., Sartwell. 2. Stamens at the summit of the spikelets. a. Cephalous, orfruit in heads. 8. C. CEPHALOPHORA. Willd. Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head, bracteate, about 5; perig. ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short, ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume which equals it; st. 8-16' high.-Borders of fields and woods, common, but not abundant. 9. C. VUI.PINOIDEA. Michx. (C. vulpinoeformis. Tuckerman. C. multiflora. Muhl.) —Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse; spike decompound, bracteate, conglomerate; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, triplinerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. obtusely triangular, round and leafy towards the base.-Common in fields. 0. microsperma. Dew. (C. microsperma. Wahl.) Spikelets closely aggregated, whole spike less compact; perig. more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a beak, very abundant.-Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations. 10. C. SETACEA. Dewey. Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate; perig. ovatelanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the ovate-l-anceolate, awned glume; st. 2f high, acutely triangular, scabrous above and striate.-Wet places-not abundant. 11. C. MUHLENBERGII. Schk. Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate, with a long bract at the lower 578 CLX. CYPERACEIE. CAREX. one; perig. ovate, convex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, some diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and mucronate glume; st. 12-18' high.-In fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the three preceding and following. 12. C. CHORDORRHIZA. Spikelets 3-5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile; perig. ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate and acute glume; st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints; spikes rarely bearing only stamens.-Marshes, New York; common, Sartwell. Michigan, Cooly. 13. C. PRAIREA. Dew. Spike below branched; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5-7 on a branch; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 2-3f high, leafy towards the base.Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England and N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata. L., which has a much broader ovate glume, shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has been taken. 14. C. TERETIUSCULA. Good. Spikelets ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brownish, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, longer than the ovate and acute glume; fr. brown; st. 18-36' high, leafy towards the root. —Wet places, common, in tufts. 15. C. DECOMPOSiTA. Muhl. Spike decompound or paniculate; spikelets very many, ovate, alternate; perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangular, acutish or short-rostrate, short, brownish, glabrous, about equal to the ovate and acuminate, whitish glume; st. 18-30' high.-Found in swamps, Michigan, and in Yates Co., N. York, Sartwell. 16. C. PANICULXTA. Spike paniculate, often c3 i, long and spreading; spikelets ovate, sessile, 6-18 on a branch below, short bracteate; perig. ovate, acute, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, brownish or tawny, 2-toothed, serrulate on the margin, a little shorter than the broad-ovate, short-acute glume; st. 2f high.-Found in North. ern America, and hardly known in the United States. b. Perigynia radiating. 17. C. ROSEA. Schk. Spikelets 3-5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity, lowest long bracteate; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5-12, convex above, scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed, very diverging or even reflexed, twice as long as the ovate-obtuse glume; st. 8-16' high. fB. radiata. Dew. Spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with setaceous bracts; perig. oblong, acute; st. 4-8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow leaves.-Common in pastures and moist woods; the variety is about woods, or open places in woods. 18. C. RETROFLEXA. Muhl. Spikelets about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessile, bracteate and stellate in maturity; perig. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume; st. about a foot high.-Readily distinguished from the preceding. Woods and pastures, not abundant. 19. C. STIPRTA. Muhl. Spike often decompound; spikelets oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracteate; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, subscabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides.-Wet places and marshes, abundant. 20. C. ALOPECi1DA. Tuckerman. (C. cephalophora, A. maxima. Dew.) Spike compound, rather loose; spikelets 8-10, aggregated into an oblong CAREX. CX. CYPERACEXE. 579 head, bracteate, sessile; penrg. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acuminate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges.-Moist woods, Penn. and N. York, Sartwell. 21. C. CEPHALOIDEA. Dew. Spikelets 4-6, ovate, aggregated closely, sessile and bracteate; perig. ovate, obtusish, bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. —Dry fieldsnot abundant, but common over New England and New York. In hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. 22. C. SPARGANOlDES. Muhl. Spikelets 7-10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; perig. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume; st. about 2f high, with long, striate leaves. 1t. ra*mea. Dew. has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divu2ls of Pursh. —About cultivated and moist fields, common. 23. C. MURICITA. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower ones some-.times remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.Fields near Boston, B. D. Greene, and common in Arctic America; Charlestown, Mass., M. A. Curtis. c. Perigynia few. 24. C. DISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets 3-4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracteate; perig. ovate, obtuse, about two, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume; st. slender, 6-18' high, with narrow and linear leaves.-Perigynia 1-2, sometimes 3. Wet woods, N. England, N. York, Michigan and Wisconsin Territory. 3. An7drogynous; stamens at the base of the spikelets. d, Perigynia radiating. 25. C. STELLULiTA. Good. Spikelets 4-6, ovate, rernotish, sessile; perig. broad ovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume; st. erect, stiff, leafy below, 8-24' high.-Common in wet places over the Northern States. 26. C. SCIRP6iDES. Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute glume; st. 6-16' high, leafy towards the base. —Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the preceding. C. scirpoides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. 27. C. CURTA. Good. Spikelets 4-7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote; perig. round-ovate, acutish, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume; st. 1-2f high, usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets.-Moist places over the country. 28. C. SPHEROSTACRIYA. Dew. (C. canescens, A. sphaerostachya. TzWk.) Spikelets 3-4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few fruited, 2-6; perig. ovate-lanceolate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate and hyaline, white glume; st. 1-2f high, slender, flaccid, subrostrate, and with the leaves, green. -Common in N. England and N. York, in wet places. e. Ovate-lanceolate spikcelets; few:fruited. 29. C. DEWEYiNA. Schk. Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovate-lanccolate, alternate, subremote, highest 49* 580 CLX. CYPERACE/E. CAREX. bracteate; pertg. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-convex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glume; st. 1-4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves; whole plant yellowish-green.-Common in open woods or on the borders of woods. 30. C. TRISPERMA. Dew. Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute and hyaline glume; st. 10-24' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slender, longer than the leaves.-In tufts in marshes or wet woods; common in N. England and N. York. f. Spikaeta ova. 31. C. SCOPARIA. Schk. Spikelets 5-10, usually 5-7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long deciduous bract; perig. ovate, lanceolate, nerved, erect, slightly margined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 18-24' high, leafy towards the root.-Moist places, very common. A. aggregata. Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 32. C. LAGOPODIOiDES. Schk. Spikelets 8-20, cylindric, ovate, rather near, alternate and sessile; perig. lanceolate, tapering at both ends, concavo-convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. nearly 2f high, leafy; the whole light green.-Common. 33. C. STRAMINEA. Wahl. Spike compound, erect; spikelets about 6, ovate, short-oblong, alternate, sessile, subapproximate; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate-serrate on the margin, beaked, 2-toothed, widely winged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 12-20' high, longer than the leaves; spikelets whitish or tawny.-Common in woods and fields. a. brevior. Dew. Spikelets 3-5, often closely approximate, and more nearly round; perig. shorter-ovate, and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovatelanceolate glume.-This is the plant originally described by Willdenow. #. minor. Dew. Spikelets small, 5-6, globose or obovate, less approximate; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume. 34. C. TENERA. Dew. (C. adusta. Boott.) Spike compound, recurved; spikelets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, brownish, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate; fr. ovate, compressed. somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lanceolate scale; st. 15-30' high, small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, longer than the leaves.-Light green. Common. 35. C. FESTUCACEA. Schk. Spikelets 5-8, obovate and clubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate; perig. roundish-ovate, rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate, lanceolate g]ume; st. 15-30' high, erect and stiff, leafy below.-Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant. The club-form spikelets from the decurrent scales of the do flowers, especially mark this species. 36. C. MIRABiLIS. Dew. Spikelets 7-11, ovate-g]obose, alternate, sessile, often closely-aggregated, and stiff-form, bracteate below; perig. ovate, sublanceolate, scabrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 18-36' high, erect, stiff, rough above, rather slender; plant light green.-Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. 37. C. CRISTITA. Schw. Spikelets 6-14, globose, sessile, closely aggregated into a head of a crested form, bracteate; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed, winged, rostrate-acuminate, CAREX. CLX. CYPERACEIE. 581 bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on the margin, longer than the oblong, lanceolate glume;. st. 1-3f high, acutely triangular.-Plant yellowish-green. Common in fields and meadows on colder soils. 38. C. TENUIPLORA. Wahl. Spikelets 2-3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline or white glume; st. a foot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves.-Light green. Spikelets whitish. Burlington and Salem, Vt., in swamps, Robbins, Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y., Kneirskern, Southampton, Mass., Chapman. 39. C. CYPEROiDES. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head, with long and leafy brac'ts; perig. ovate, long-lanceolate, or drawn into a long awn scabrous on its edges, slightly stipitate, 2-toothed, a little longer than the lanceolate and cuspidate glume; plant very pale green.-Jefferson Co., N. Y.-first found in our country last summer, by Dr. Crawe. 40. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS. Schw. Spikelets oval-oblong, 5-10, somewhat tapering at both ends, large and approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like; perig. lanceolate, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, birientate, nerved, acuminate, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; plant light green in all its parts.-Common in Ohio and Mich., 18-36' high. 41. C. LIDDONI. Boott. Spikelets 5-7, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, on the margin serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and hyaline on the edges; perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown; plant yellowish-green.-Arctic Am., Bloott, Mich., Dr. Cooley. C. Stamens and Stigmas on separate spikes. 1. Staminate spike single. 42. C. AUREA. Nutt. (C. pyriformis. Schw.) 3' Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate; 9 spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracteate; perig. globose, obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate glume; st. 3-10' high, slender, often subprocumbent. -Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds. 43. C. SAXATiLIS. 3' Spike oblong, thick; 9- spikes 2 or 3, oblong, obtuse, sessile, lower pedunculate; perig. elliptic, plano-convex, obtuse, short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong and obtuse glume; st. 6-10' high, erect, with long and leafy sheaths and bracts.-Spikes nearly black. White Mts., N. H., Barratt; woods, Vt.,.Pursh. 44. C. CONCULOR. R. Br. 3' Spike erect, cylindric; 9 spikes 2-3, erect, subsessile, cylindric; perig. oval, entire, smooth, mucronate, about equal to the oblong and obtuse glume; st. 10-15' high, smooth, leafy below; bracts auriculate; 3 spike sometimes pistillate above.-White Mts., N. H., Boott. Closely related to C. caespitosa, L., but has a smooth stem; scales of light color. 2. Staminate spikes one or more, and the upper part of the pistillate sometimes staminate. 45. C. RIGIDA. Good. 3 Spike oblong, cylindric, rarely 2; 9 spikes 2-3, oblong, cylindric, densely-flowered, short and thick, approximate, lower one subpedicellate, with a bract surpassing the stem; perig. ovate, obtusish, entire at the orifice; glume nearly twice longer than the mature fruit and subequal before; st. 3-8' high, thick and stiff, often recurved; Ivs. stiff and glaucous.-Ipswich, Ms., Oaken. Has been confpounded with C. ccemspiosa. GM~2 CLX CYPERACEME. CAREX. 46. C. CEMPITUSA. 8' Spike single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong, black scales; Q spike 2-3, cylindric, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one short-pedunculate; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume; st. 6-14' high, scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base; lvs. flat.-Wet places, Ipswich, JMass., Oakes; N. Y. and Michigan. 47. C. XTRICTIOR. Dew. 8' Spikes 1-2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes; 9 spikes 2-3, cylindric,' above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate; perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute glume; st. a foot and more high, triqAetrous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves towards ithe base; Ivs. erect, close; whole plant glaucous except the spikes.Wet places, common. 48. C. STRICTA. a' Spikes 1-2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and obtuse; 9 spikes 2-3, long-cylindric, upper half 8', lower longer, short-pedunculate, loosely-flowered below; perig. ovate-acuminate or elliptic, compressed, at the orifice entire or slightly emarginate and its glume strongly ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than the perigynia; st. 2f high, with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves, Boott.-Wet places, as bogs, common. 49. C. AsciTA. Spikes long and slender; 8' 2-3; 9 3-4, long, slender, cylindric, shortpedunculate, nodding towards maturity, remotish, bracteate; perig. oval or oblong, obtuse, orifice pretended, or very short-rostrate, about equaling the oblong, acute glume; st. acute, triquetrous, lax; the stamens at the summit of the pistillate spikes render them acute.-Common. /. erecta. Dew. (Schk. fig. 85, c.) Spikes shorter, 2 of each; 9 nearly erect, oblong, close-flowered; perig. shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume. —E7dently misplaced by Schkuhr. y. sparstflora. Dew. (Schk. fig. 92, b.)? Spikes very long, recurved, very sparsely flowered below.-Common. 50. C. AQUATILIS. Wahl. 8' Spikes 1-4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, obtusish; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick and thickened above, 1 —2 long, suberect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered; perig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small, entire, glabrous, protruded at the orifice, about equal to the ovate, acutish glume; st. 20-30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous.In marshes and wet places, common. 51. C. CRINSTA. Lam. 8 Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, sometimes with a few 9 flowers; 9 spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nodding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often dc at summit; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, about l as long as the oblong, obtusish, scabrous-awned glume; st. 12-24' high, rough, triquetrous.-Common in wet places. A. gynandra. Dew. (C. gynandra. Schw.) 9 Spikes pendulous, thicker in the midst; glumes about twice as long as the perigynia. 52. C. PALEACEA. Schreb. Schk., fig. 125. 9 Spikes about 4, long-cylindric, densely-flowered, recurved, with a long, reclined peduncle; perig. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginate at the orifice, convex both sides- gluines terminated by a long, serrate point more than thrice the length of' the perigynia; st. 20 —42' high, recurved, rough-edged, pale green.-Common in dry grounds. CAREX. CLX. CYPERACE.E. 583 II. Stigmas three. D. Spikes androgynous. Monoecious. 1. Stamens at the summit. a. Spike single. 53. C. POLYTRICH6iDES. Muhl. (C. microstachya. Mx.) Spike oblong, terminal; perig. 3 —:8, oblong, alternate, subtriquetrous, glabrous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse, and rarely mucro. nate glume; st. 4-12' high, very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves. -Common in wet and cold grounds. 54. C. LENEOGLOCHIN. Ehrh. (C. pauciflora. Lightfoot.) Spike about 4-flowered, with I or 2 3' flowers at the apex; perig. lanceolate, subtriquetrous and tapering, much reflexed, twice longer than the oblonglanceolate glume; st. 3-8' high, with subradical and linear leaves.-In Ashfield and Hawley, Mass., in a marsh, Porter. b. One or more radical peduncltes With a single spike. 55. C. PEDUNCULiTA. Muhl. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, long, recurved, pedunculate; perig. obovate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commonly glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate glume; st. 4-12' high, triangular, rather procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from the i spike.-Common in woods. Flowers early in the spring. 56. C. W1LLDENOWII. Schk. Sts. or radical ped. 1-3; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or the stamens removed a little; perig. 3-6, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above; Q glumes ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaf-like, much surpassing the stem.-On dry grounds, common throughout the U. S.-One variety has the 3' spike distinct; another is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Flor. 57. C. STENDELII. Kth. Sts. or radical ped. 1-8' long; spike commonly single, stameniferous above; perig. 1-4, subglobose or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete and conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice; 9 glumes usually long and leafy; Ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the stems.-Jefferson Co., N. Y., and in Ohio and the Western States. 58. C. BACKII. Boott. Ped. radical, 1-4f high, stiff, thick or large; spike single, commonly stameniferous above, short; perig. ovate, globose, smooth, conic-rostrate, entire at the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak articulated to the fruit; 9 glumes usually long and leaf-like, enclosing the fruit; Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or scabrous and short.-Jefferson Co., N. Y. and Arctic Am.-The three preceding species are closely related, and yet look very different. 2. Spikes staminate at the base. c. Spikes one, often more. 59. C. SQUARROSA. Spikes 1-4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first by the decurrent, 3' flowers, all very densely flowered; perig. ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrose, longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 1-2f high, slender for the large spike or spikes; lower spikes pedunculate.-Large and fine. It is C. typhirea Mx. when only one spike is present. /B. (C. typhinoides. Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. E. Spikes diocious. 60. C. SCIRP6IDEA. MX. Spike oblong, cylindric, acutish; 3c glume oblong, obtusish; perig. ovate, (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutish glume, scarious on the edge; st. 4-10' high, erect; lvs. flat and long.-White Mts., N. H., Oakes. CLX. CYPERACEE CR1Ri. F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the summit; the other pistillate. 61. C. VIRESCENS. Muhl. Spikes 2-4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate; upper spike very rarely wholly c'; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glumne, or about equal to it; st. 1-2f high, xather slender; Ivs. towards the base.-Whole plant pubescent and light green. #. costata. Schw. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown; lvs. numerous and larger.-Both are common in open woods and hedges. 62. C. HIRSfJTA. Spikes 3, short-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, the lower subsessile and longbracteate, all approximate and densely flowered; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, obtuse, entire at the orifice, glabrous in maturity, about equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous glume; st. 12-20' high; Ivs. and sheaths retrorsely pubescent; upper spike very rarely all d.-Moist upland meadows. Common. Bj. pedunculata. Torr. Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate; Ivs. slightly pubescent.-Common. C. TRICEPS (Mx.) much resembles this,-is not pubescent but glabrous. 63. BUXBAUMII, Wahl. Spikes about 4, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly <', and sometimes 3' above and below; pistilliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile, bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mucronate glume; st. 10-18' high, leafy towards the base.-Common in wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed by Schk., Wahl.o &c., in the division having 3. 64. C. GRACILLiMA. Schw. Spikes 3-4, long, graceful, sub-loose-flowered, distant, long-pedicellate, recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one rarely all c3; perig. oblong, triquetrous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-lobed, longer than the oblong and obtuse and short-awned glume; st. often 2f high, reddish towards the base, leafy and subprocumbent, pale green.-Common in damp meadows. 65. C. FORMOsA. Dew. Spikes 3-4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slender peduncle, recurved; perig. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and acute glume; st. 1-2f high, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish bright green.-Common in wet meadows. 66. C. DAVISII. Torr. (C. Torreyana. Dew.) Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pedicellate, pendulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about equaling the oblong, scabrous-awned glume; st. 1-2f high, triquetrous, scabrous above, with leaves equaling it; lvs. and sheaths pubescent, sometimes but very little, light green.-First found on the alluvial meadows of the Housatonic in Mass., Dewey. Sometimes nearly pubescent. G. Staminate spike single. 1. Pistillate spikes short and sessile or nearly sessile. Peryginia radiating or diverging. 67. C. VARIA. Muhl. 3c Spike erect, short or subelongated; 9 spikes 3, ovate, sessile, rather near, bracteate, few-flowered; perig. ovate or sub-globose, subtriquetrous, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acuminate glume; st. 6-15' high, erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green.Dry woods and hedges; common.,. pedicellata. Dew, has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate, erect, loose-flowered; perig. more numerous.-Grows in the same situations. CAREx. CLX. CYPERACE.i 68. C. PENMYLYANCA. Lam. (C. marginata. MAShl.) d3 Spike erect, pedunculate, subtriquetrous, with an obtuse ginme; 9 spikes 1-3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate, few.-flowered; perig. ovate-globose, tomentose, short-rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to the ovateacuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume; st. 4-12' high, erect, stiff, with short leaves.-Open woods and hedges, common.much resembles the preceding, but larger in all its parts, and readily distinguished by its diffierent aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales. 69. C. EMMONSII. Dew. 3 Spike sessile, short; 9 spikes 2-3, approximate, sessile, few-fowered, often one long radical peduncle; perig. globose-triquetrcus, attenuated at the base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to the ovate glnume; st. decumbent, 6 —10 high, leafy at the base, pale ash-green. —On dry fields and hills; common. 70. C. NO~YE-ANGLL. Schw. 3 Spike short, slender, oblong; 9 spikes 2 —3,. ovate, alternate, sessile, remotish, few-flowered, bracteate; peng. 3-6, ovaI-triquetrous, rostrate, costate, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucronate glu-me; st. 4 —-8' high, slender, subdecunbent, longer than the leaves.-Pale green. Open woods in high grounds. it. colleca. Dew. (C. collecta. Dew.) St. 10-16' high, very slender erect; 9 spikes 2.-4, lower short-pedunculate; perig. more tapering into a beak, slightly bidentate.-High lands of Mass.; not abundant. 71. C. UMBELLITA. Schk. 3' Spike short, erect; 9 spikes several, each on its radical peduncle, ovate, subumbellate; perig. ovate or globose, 5-8, acutish at either end, rostrate, short-bidentate, pubescent, equaling the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. j-4' high, with very long leaves. fi. vicina. Dew. 1 or 2 9 spikes close to the 3c, sessile; the other 9 spikes on their own stems or radical peduncles.-ln small tufts on dry hills. Both varieties grow on the same root, but Schk. saw and figured only the first. 72. C. PRiECOX. Jacq.' Spike erect, subclavate;? spikes 1-3, ovate, bracteate, approximate, lower one short-pedunculate; perig. 6-12, ovate and subglobose, triquetrous, pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume; st. 6' high, leafy at the base.-On rocky hills, Salem, Mass., Pickering, Ipswick, Mass., Oakes. 2. Pistillate spikes with nearly inclosed peduncles. 73. C. VESTITA. Willd. 3' Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric, oblong; 9 spikes 2, ovate-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume; st. 18-30' high, acutely triangular and leafy below.-Common in wet places over the country. 74. C. PUBESCENS. Muhl. 9 Spikes 2-3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest pedunculate; perig. ovate-triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume; st. 10-20' high, and with the leaves, pubescent.-Moist woods and meadows; common. 75. C. FLAVA. L. 9 Spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous; perig. ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, reflexed with a long, curved beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10-20' high, rather obtusely angled or triquetrous; glabrous; yellowish-green.-Wet and cold soils; common.'6. C. LEPIDOCARPA. Taush. r Spikes 1-3, short and round-ovate, often aggregated, sessile, denselowered, the lowest sometimes remote and pedunculate; perig. ovate, trique 586 CLX. CYPERACEtE. CAR:EX. trous, inflated, nerved, rostrate, and at last recurved, 2-toothed, diverging, twice longer than the ovate and obtuse glumes; plant yellowish-green.-Mass., N. Y., Mich.-Formerly confounded with C. flava. 77. C. tEDARI. Spikes sometimes androgynous; 9 about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes 6c above or below, bracteate; perig. rather obovate, subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate glume; st. 2-10' high, leafy.-Pale yellow. Mass. and N. Y. -abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 78. C. TENTACULITA. Muhl. 9 Spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearly sessile, densely flowered; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate and small scabromucronate glume; st. 1-2f high, often large, triquetrous; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, longer than the stem.-In clusters in wet or marshy places; common. 79. C. ROSTRATA. Michx. <3. Spike short and small; 9 spikes 2-3, sub-globose, or capitate, bracteate; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovateoblong, acutish glume; st. 8-16' high, few-leaved, erect, stiff.-Pale yellow. At the base of the White Mts., N. H., Oakes; also in Canada, where Mx. found it. Has been called a variety of C. Xanthophysa Wail. 80. C. INTUMESCENS. Rudge. (C. folliculata. Schk. fig. 52.), Spike oblong, pedunculate; 9 spikes 1-3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one sometimes remote and exsertly pedunculate; perig. ovate-conic, large and much inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very glabrous.-Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes; common. A. globularis. Gray. 9 spikes large, globular, many-fruited.-Grows in the same situations. 81. C. FOLLICULATA. (C. Xanthophysa. Wahl.) Q Spikes 2-4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often c' at the apex, long bracteate; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, twice longer than the oblong-ovate, acute glume; st. 2-5f high, leafy; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, long and flat.-Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places; common. 82. C. LUPULINA. Muhl. (C. lurida. Wahl.) 0, Spike erect, slender, subsessile; 9 spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, large and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant; perig. ovate-conic, ventricose, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 1-3f high, triquetrous, leafy; Ivl. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge.Bright green. Finely named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about ponds, common. 8. polystachya. Torr. 9 Spikes about 5, very long-cylindric, the lowest remote and very long-pedunculate; perig. less inflated.-Swamps, in Phillipstown, N. Y., on the Highlands, Barratt. 3. Pistillate spikes exsertly pedutculate. 83. C. PLANTAGINEA. Lam. Schk., fig. 70. (C. latifolia. Wahl.) d' Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes; 9 spikes 3-5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-pedunculate, the lower ones exsertly-pedunculate, with subulate bracts; perig. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the apex, and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. 8-18' high, erect, triquetrous, with dark brown sheaths; Ivs. radical, broad, ensiform, strongly CARuX. CLX. CYPERACEIR. 587 3-nerved.-Bright green. Hedges and open woods, common, and one of thl first appearing species in the spring. 84. C. CAREYANA. d' Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and obtuse glumes; 9 spikes 2-3, ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper subsessile, all bracteate; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronate glume; st. 1-2f high, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base; Ivs. linear-lanceolate.Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., Carey, and in various places in Ohio; closely related to C. plaxtaginea, and to C. Fraseri of the Southern States. 85. C. ANCEPS. Schk. (C. plantaginea. Muhl.) 9 Spikes 2-4, subfiliform, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote, with a 2-edged peduncle, leafy-bracteate, upper one subsessile; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the apex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glume; st. 6-12' high, acutely triquetrous; Ivs. radical, of medium width.-Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, common. B. patulifolia. Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, manyveined, narrower at the base; sheaths with long and leafy bracts; perig. longerrostrate. y. angtstifolia. Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high; lvs. narrow, striate, long; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 86. C. BLANDA. Dew. (C. conoidea. MuAl.) 9 Spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, approximate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle; perig. obovate, subtriquetrous, nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glume; st. 8-12' high, triquetrous, leafy towards the base; Ivs. long as the stem.-Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. 87. C. CONOTDEA. Schk. (C. granularioides. Schw.) o' Spikes 2-3, oblong, or ovate-oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate-subulate glume; st. 8-12' high; Ivs. towards the base, shorter than the stem.-Bright green. Moist, upland meadows, common. 88. C. TETANiCA. Schk., fig. 207. 9 Spikes 2-3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote; perig. obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike; st. 6-10' high, triquetrous, longer than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves.-Light green. Upland meadows, rare. 89. C. DIGITALIS. Willd. 9 Spikes about 3, 4-10-flowered, oblong, distant, loose-flowered, lax and recurved; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 4-12' high, triquetrous, shorter than the long, decumbent leaves.-Pale green.,3. Van Weckii. Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller.-Open, moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oligocarpa, Schk. 4. Mu/hl. 90. C. RETROCURVA. Dew. 9 Spikes 2-4. on long, filiform and recurved peduncles, bracteate, subdense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; perig. ovate, triquetrous, nerved, obtusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 6-12' high, prostrate; lvs. radical and wide.-Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digitalis, Willd., but is difflrent. 91. C. OLIGOCARPA. Schk. 9 Spikes 2-3, erect, 3-4-flowered, bracteate; perig. obovate, roundishtriquetrous, short-rostrate, entire at the mouth, longer than the oblong-mucronate glume; st. 6-12' high; Irs. flat and shorter towards the base; plant light green.-Open woods or hedges, rare. Differs from the following species in its fruit and pubescence. 50 CLX. CYPERACERE. CARIM. W. C.'ITCKCOCKiANA. Dew. (3 Spike erect, pedunculate; Q spikes 2 —3, erect, few-flowered, lowest distant; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equaling or shorter than the oblong or ovate, mucronate glume; st. 10-24' high, erect, stiff, scabrous above, with long and leafy bracts; st. lvs. and bracts scabrous and subpubescent.-Borders of woods. Cannot be the C. oligocarpa figured by Schkuhr. 93. C. LAXIFLORA. Lam. 3c Spike oblong, slender; 9 spike 2-4, oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, erect, remote; perig. ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabromucronate glume; st. 10 —18' high, triquetrous, leafy.-Bright to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common. 94. C. GRANULIRIS. Muhl. 9 Spikes 2-4, cylindric, oblong, dense-flowered, suberect; perig. roundish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume; st. 8-16' high, erect or subdecumbent, smooth, leafy.-Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. 95. C. PANICEA. 9 Spikes 2-3, loose-flowered, remotish, lowest long-pedunculate; perig. subglobose, obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; Ivs. shorter than the stem. -Light green. Near Boston, Pickering. 96. C. BINERVIS. Smith. 9 Spikes 3, oblong, cylindric, subdense-flowered; perig. ovate, round, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the base.Pale green. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. 97. C. GREENIANA. Dew. 3 Spike one and erect, sometimes 2; 9 spikes 2-3, oblong, bracteate, pedunculate; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 1-2f high, scabrous above, leafy towards the base.-Light green- Resembles C. fulva, Good, but differs in its fruit and glume. Near Boston, B. D. Greene. Rare. 98. C. GRAYXNA. Dew. 3o Spike oblong; 9 spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-flowered; perzg. ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the obtuse, oblong glume; st. 6-16' high, erect, triquetrous, striate, with leaves about its own length.-Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near Utica, N. Y., Gray; cedar swamp, N. J., Torrey. Has been supposed to be C. livida, Wahl., from which it differs in several respects. 99. C. HALSEYXNA. Dew. 3' Spike oblong, erect, sessile, often 2, approximate; 9 spikes 1-2, oblongcylindric, erect, loose-flowered, sometimes 3' above; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, subtriquetrous, inflated, glabrous, oblique at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, subacute glume; st. 1 —2f high, acutely triquetrous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, shorter towards the base.-Dark green.-Upland meadows, Westfield, Ms., Davis; plains of N. J., Kneiskern. 100. C. CAPILLRIS.' Spike small; 9 spikes 2-3, ovate, oblong, about 6-flowered, looseflowered, long and recurved pedunculate; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume; st. 2 —7 high, leafy at the base; lvs. narrow, long.-Grows in tufts. Pale green. Alpine regions of the White Mts., Robbins. 101. C. EBURNEA. Boott. (C. alba. A. setifolia. Dew.) 9 Spikes 2-3, erect, 3-6-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the 3c spike; perig. ovate-globose, rostrate or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, CRaUx. CLX. CYPERACEL. hyaline glume; st. 4-10' high, erect, with subradial and bristle-form leaves, —. Pale green, common. Abundant along the banks of the Genesee. 102. C. DEBiLIS. Michx. (C. fiexuosa. Schk.) c' Spike erect, filiform; 9 spikes 3-4, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous, nodding, remotish, 1-2' long; perig. oblong-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, alternate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twice longer than the ovate-Ianceolate glume; st. 1-2f high, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the base.-Bright green. Moist woods and meadows, common. 103. C. ARcTiTA. Boott. (C. sylvatica. Dew.) Q Spikes 3-4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote; Ferig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricose, bifid, glabrous, little.surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume; st. 1020' high, scabrous above and leafy below.-Pale green. In the same situations as the preceding, common. 104. C. FLEXiLIS. Rudge. (C. castanea. Wahl. C. blephoriphora. Gray.) Q Spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume; st. 12-18' high, erect, striate; lvs. short, and shorter below Ivs. and bracts ciliate. -Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y., Gray. 105. C. WASHINGTONIiNA. Dew..' Spike erect, with oblong and obtuse black glumes; 9 spikes 2-5, oblong, cylindric, subremote, erect, loose-flowered, black or dark brown, subdistant, upper sessile; perig. oval, acutish at both ends, glabroust short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate-oblong, subacute, blackish glume with a white edge; st. a foot or more high, triquetrous, subscabrous above.Light green. Seed distinctly triquetrous. Near summit of Mt. Washington, N. H., Barratt. Is distinct from C. saxatilis, L., already described as fiund on the White Mts. 106. C. StLLIVANTII.. 9 Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cylindric, rather loose-flowered, bracteate, and the lowest long-pedunculate and sparsely flowered below; perig. ovate, acute and subrostrate, subtriquetrous and 2-toothed, equaling the ovate-oblong aid mucronate glume; plant light green.-Ohio. 107. C. KNIEISKERNII. Dew. 9 Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-flowered, with recurved peduncles; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume, which is obtusish and short-mucronate. 108. C. WOODnI. Dew. 9 Spikes 1-3, ovate-oblong, loose-flowered, erect, lower long-pedunculate, recurved; perig. obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, closed at the orifice, tapering below, twice longer than the ovate and acutish glume; lvs. narrow and linear, and with the stem closely and slightly pubescent.-Jefferson Co., N.Y. 4. Pistillate spikes scarcely sheathed. 109. C. PALLESCENS. L. Q Spikes 2-3, oblong, short, cylindric, distant, nodding towards maturity; perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate glume; st. 6-16' high, hardly erect; bracts sometimes transversely rugose.Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common. 110. C. UNDULATA. Kunze. 9 Spikes 2, erect, ovate-oblong; perig. oblong, round, triquetrous, obtuse, striate, very short-beaked, bidentate, longer than the oblong, cuspidate, mucronate glume; st. 12-18' high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous; lower bract transversely waved-plicate; lvs. pubescent.-In the same situation as the preceding, and scarcely to be distinguished from it. 111. C. TORREYI. Tuckerman. J Spike oblong, short pedunculate; 9 sjpike 2-3, short, obltiLg, iubsee 1V0 CLX. CYPERACE3E. CAREX. sile, erect; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute glume; st. 12-18' high, erect, triquetrous, with subradical and pubescent leaves.-Pale green. N. Y. Tuckerman. 112. C. MILIACEA. Muhl. 3' Spike erect, slender; 9 spikes 2-3, long-cylindric, slender, loose-flowered below, nodding; perig. ovate, triquetrous, glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, awned glume; st. 12-24' high, slender, scabrous; lvs. linear-lanceolate.-Yellowish-green. Wet meadows; common. 113. C. LIM6SA. 9 Spikes 1-3, ovate or oblong, long-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, smoothish, pendulous; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 8-16' high, ascending, obtusely triquetrous, with subradical, flat and narrow leaves.-Glaucous green. Marshes; common. 114. C. RARIFLORA. Smith. (C. limosa. f. rariflora. Wahl.) Q Spikes about 2, linear, quite loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding; perig. ovate-oblong, triquetrous, depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate, brown glume; st. 10' high.-Glaucous. White Mountains, N. H., Barratt. 115. C. IRRIGUA. Smith. (C. limosa. fB. irrigua. Wahl.) 9 Spikes 2-3, ovate-oblong, thickish, nodding; perig. roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, red-brown glume (st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subrecurved leaves; glaucous.-3 Spike rarely 9 at the summit, or 9 spikes with stamens at the base. Marsh. Bridgewater, N. Y., Gray; also in marshes in Mass. and Mich, Cooley. Rare. 116. C. HYSTERICINA. Willd. 3 Spike rarely pistillate at the summit; Q spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; perig. ovate, inflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, bifid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submucronate glume; st. 12-24' high, scabrous above, with long, linear-lanceolate leaves.-Yellowish green. Wet places; very common. 117. C. PSEUDO-CYPERUS. (3 Spike cylindric and elongated; Q spikes 3-4, cylindric, long-pedunculate, rather remote, recurved-pendulous, with long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate, lanceolate, bidentate, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-lanceolate or setaceous glume.-Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller in all its parts than C. comosa, Boott; and, besides, the fruit of the latter is deeply and widely bifurcate, and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have been confounded in our country, though long known. 118. C. COM6SA. (C. furcata. Ell. C. Pseudo-cyperus. 1st edit.).' Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above; 9 spikes 2-5, longeylindric, pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts; perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rostrate, 2-fbrked, reflexed, triquetrous, glabrous, generally longer than the lanceolate, mucronate, setaceous glume; st. 18-30' high, large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts.-Plant very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches; common. 119. C. COOLEYI. Dew. 3' Spike short and small, with oblong-lancelate glumes; Q spikes 2-4, cylindric, oblong, or ovate and short, rather dense-flowered, upper sessile, lower on very long, recurved peduncles; perig. ovate-rostrate or oblong-lanceolate, bifurcate, nerved, about equal to the ovate, awned, scabrous glume; st. filiform and scabrous, subrostrate, a fbot or more high, much shorter than the subradical, narrow leaves.-Light green. Marsh in Macomb Co., Mich., Cooley. 120. C. SCABRATA. Schw. Q Spikes 3-6, cylindric, subrecurved, remotish, long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the kOiX. CLX. CYPERACEIE. 591 Oaate-lanceolate, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate glumie; st. 1-2f high, acutely triquetrous, rough above, longer than the leaves towards the base.Bright green. Along brooks and streams; common. 121. C. CRAWEI. Dew. 9 Spikes 3-6, cylindric, short and thick, densely flowered, sometimes aggvegated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-pedunculate; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and obtusish glume; 3c spike with one or two small ones at its base. 122. C. POLYMORPHA. Muhl. c' Spikes long cylindric, upper one pedunculate, with oblong and ovate scales; 9 spikes 2, oblong, cylindric, close-fruited, erect, nearly sessile, upper one staminate at the apex, with nearly enclosed peduncles; perig. ovate, acuminate, bilobate, scarcely rostrate, striate; longer than the ovate glume.-N. J. and the Southern States. Differs from D. Halseyana in its 3' spikes and obtuse g]ume, in its acuminate, not rostrate fruit, and its larger, fertile spikes. H. Staminate spikes usutally two or more. 123. C. SCHWENITZII. Dew. 3 Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perigynia at the base; 9 spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, subapproximate, subrecurved, subloose-flowered, lowest often long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above, rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, subsetaceous glume; st. 6-12' high, scabrous above, very leafy.Pale yellowish-green. Wet sandy grounds. Not abundant. 124. C. RETRORSA. Schw. 3' Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perigynia at the base; spikes 4-6, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-flowered, with long and leafy bracts, the, lowest often remote and long-pedunculate; perig. ovate-inflated, subglobose, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved, reflexed, twice longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 15-30' high, scabrous above, large, stiff and leafy.-Bright green. In clusters, about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have I or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 125. C. ARISTATA. R. Br. Q Spikes 2-4, cylindric, distant, close-flowered, erect; per/g. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-rostrate, longer than the oblong, awned glume; lvs. and sheaths villose on the under side; st. a foot or more high.-Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., Torr. 4. Gray. Is not this very closely related to the following species? 126. C. TRICHOCARPA. Muhl. 3' Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or 9 above, cylindric, lower shorter; Q spikes 2-4, erect, long-cylindric, smoothish, rather loose-flowered; perig. ovate, conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate,.densely pubescent. about twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 15-30' high, scabrous above, and with pubescent leaves and sheaths.-Light green. In wet and marshy places; common. /f. turbinata. Dew. 9 Spikes ovate, or short-oblong, thick, remote, densefloWered; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the ovateoblong, mucronate glume; st. 2-3f high.-Glaucous green. In a pond in Beckman, N. Y., there abundant. 127. C. LONGIROSTRIS. Torr. 3' Spikes 3, short; 9 spikes 2-3, cylindric, quite loose-flowered, pendulous, subdistant, with filiform peduncles; perig,. ovate, globose, inflated, glabrous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 15-30' high, rather slender, stiff, leafy below.-Bright green. On light soil of hedges in N. England and N. York. Common. 128. C. LANUGINOSA. Michx. (C. pellita. 2Muhl.) 3 Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect; 9 spikes 2-3, cylindric, erect, denseflowered, sometimes short-oblonb and thick, subrostrate; pcrig. ovate, shortrostrate, bicuspitate, subtriquetrous, thick, pubescent and woolly, about equaling 50* 59~ CLX. CYPERACE&E. CARzX. the ovate-lanceolate, awned glume; st. 12-24' high, nearly round below, with flat, linear-lanceolate leaves and bracts. —Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and marshes. Common. 129. C. FILIFORMIS. Gooden. dc Spikes 2-3, with oblong glumes; Q spikes 2-3, ovate, oblong, shortcylindric, close-flowered, remotish, erect; perig. ovate, villose, short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume; st. 20-30' high, erect, slender stiff, with convolute leaves and bracts.-Pale green. Marshes. Common. 130. C. LACUSTRIS. Willd. c' Spikes 3-4, erect, sessile; 9 spikes 2-3, erect, oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate, bifurcate, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong, mucronate glume; st. 2-3f high, scabrous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts.-Light green. Marshes. Common. 131. C. RIPARIA. Gooden. e, Spike 3-5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile; 9 spikes 2-3, erect, oblong, often long-cylindric; perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a short, bifurcate beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucronate, or oblonglanceolate glume; st. 2-3f high, scabrous above, leafy below.-Bright green. 132. C. OLIGOSPERMA. Michx. (Oakesiana. Dew.),' Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cylindric, with an oblong obtusish glume; 9 spikes 1-3, ovate, globular, sessile, distant; perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice. glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 1-2f high, scabrous above, leafy below; lvs. involute and rush-like.-Light g&een. About the lakes of N. Eng. and N. Y. Abundant in the marshes of Micil. 133. C. VESICARIA. ~' Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; 9 spikes 2-3, cylindric, erect, denseflowered, alternate, long-bracteate; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated. rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; st. about 2f high, shorter -than the leaves.-Bright green. Marshes. Not common. A. uqtriculata. Dew. (C. utriculata. Boott.) Perig. oblong-elliptic, nerved, cylindric-rostrate, bicuspidate, more or less longer than the lanceolate, scabrous-awned glume.-Marshes, with the other. 134. C. AMPULLACEA. Gooden. c3 Spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, erect; 9 spikes 2-3, long-cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate, sometimes d' above; perig. subglobose, inflated, diverging, nerved, glabrous, setaceous, rostrate, bifurcate, little longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 2-3f high, obtusely triquetrous, leafy.-Light green. Marshes. Common. 135. C. MONILE. Tuckerman. a' Spikes 2-4, long, slender, cylindric, with a long, lanceolate glume; Q spikes 2, long, cylindric, short-pedunculate, subloose-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, long-conic, subtriquetrous, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, more than twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; st. 15-30' high, erect, with long leaves and bracts.-Bright green. Marshes. Not common. More looseflowered and fruit longer than that of C. visicaria. L. 136. C. BTLLATA. Schk. (3 Spikes 3, erect, slender, cylindric, with oblong-lanceolate glumes; Q spikes 2-3, rather long, cylindric, nearly erect; perig. ovoid-globose, inflated, glabrous, costate, with a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate glume; st. 20-30' high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy and shorter than the leaves.-Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Common. 137. C. TUCKERMiNI. Dew 3' Spikes 2-3, cylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong, acutlsh glume; Q spikes 2-3, oblong, cylindric, thick and large, pedunculate, subloose-flowered; perig. inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, gla CLXI. GRAMINE.E. 593 brous, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. about 2f high, erect, scarcely scabrous; bracts and lvs. long, not wide; light green.-Wet places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. bullata. 138. C. MIRITA. Dew. (C. arista. Dew. not of R. Br.) 8' Spikes 2 or more, long-cylindric; 9 spikes about 2, long-cylindric, pedunculate, subdense-flowered, suberect; perig. ovate, conic, long rostrate, costate, bifurcate, glabrous, subinflated at the base, about equaling the ovate, long-setaceous or long-awned glume; st. about 2f high, rough; Ivs. and bracts longer than the stem; light green.-Shores of lake Ontario, N. Y. Sartwel. Also found in the State of Georgia. 1~ / a FIG. 65.-i. Carex; a single, fertile flower; a, the glume; b, the perigynium, containing the ovarywith (c) the three stigmas. 2. Scirpus lacustris; the infiorescence. 3. A single (magnified) flower, showing the 6 hypogynous bristles of the perigynium, ovary with three stigmas, and the three stamens. ORDER CLXI. GRAMINEIE.-GRASSES. Herbs perennial, with fibrous or bulbous rhizomas, or often annual or biennial. Stems (culms) cylindrical, fistular, closed at the nodes, covered with a coat of silex, often solid. Lvs. narrow and undivided, parallel-veined, alternate with a sheath split down to the nodes, and a membranous ligula or stipule at the juncture of the blade and sheath. Inflorescence arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. Fls. generally perfect, in little spikelets composed of bracts imbricated in 2 rows. Gliumes.-Outer bracts (calyx, Linn.) generally 2 and unequal, sometimes 1 only. Paleca.-Inner bracts (corolla, Linn.) 2, alternate, the lower (exterior) one simple, the upper (interior) often doubly carinate, being composed of 2 pieces united by their edges. Scales.-Innermost bracts (nectary, Linn. rudimentary petals) 1-3, distinct or united, membranous, hySta. 1-6, commonly 3. Anthers versatile. [pogynous. Ova. simple, with 2 styles and 2 feathery stimwas. Fruit a caryopsim. Seed with the embryo situated on the outside of farinaceous albumen, at the base, next the hilum. Genera 291, species about 3800, universally diffused throughout the world, having no other limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters are widely different in different climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surface with a compact, soft, green carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with broader leaves and more showy flowers. Properties.-This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous albumen of the seed and in the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them, with the single exception of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal ergot or spurred rye is only a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The stems of many grasses contain sugar, as the maize and sugar cane. Silex is also a frequent ingredient. To this orderbelong the common grains, maize, wheat, rye, rice, barley oats, &c. The most important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds ofPoa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, &c. 594 CLXI. GRAMINEE. Conspectus of the Gesera. with awns.. 1 (in panicles, 2withoutawns. 2 I-fruited,. (in spikes, without awna. 14 with awns.. ~ 5 5 in panicles, without awns. -6 Spikelets 2-00-fruited, inspikes.... ~7 S Fr.white.Oryzopsis. 4 5 sessile. 2 Pr. black.Piptatherum. 3 (cartilaginous, tstipitate. Fr.black.Stipa. 2 Snaked. Stam. 1. Cinna. 10 herbaceous, (hairy. Stam. 3. Calamagrosgis. 13 with l awn, membranaceous, 1-keeled.. Agrostis. 5 S Paler 2, (the lower with 3 awns, often twisted... Aristida. 1 Glumes I-flowered. 2 Palesa 3, upper one with an awn. Flowers polygamous. Sorghum. 57 [large, 2-flowered (one flower abortive), longer than the palea... Holcus. 25 S unequal, one of them hardly perceptible.. Muhlenbergia. 9 Glumes minute, ( subequal, one of them awned... Trichochloa. 11 1. Glumes 0. Aquatic grasses........... Zizania. 59 Fr. coated. Agrosts. 5 5Stig. 2. (Fr. naked. Sporobolus. 6 membran'ous. Stigmas 3... Psamma. 12 se tlee 2, coriaceous. i. Mi. 19 Glumes 2. Palere l. Panicle mostly capillary... Trichodium. 8 Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 0. Leaves retrorsely scabrous..... Leersia. 58 Glumes 2, very unequal, resembling the outer abortive paleae. Panicusm. 21 Spikelets 2-floweredi Glusnes 2, equal, longer than the palea.... Phalaris. 24 1 2. Spikelets 3-flowered, 2of the flowers staminate, the other perfect... Hierochloa. 26 Pal.withawns 1-3 times theirlength.Alopecurus. 14 ( Involucre 0. I Paleta with awns 5 times their length.Hordeum. 53 Spikelets with an involucre of 2 or more bristles. Setaria. 22 (subsiple. ( Spikelets with a burr-like involucre... Cenchrus. 23 S Both glumes and palewe awned... Polypogon. 7 Spike soldtu, {paniculate or lobed. ( Glumes awnless, pales awned.. Antoanthumn. 27 Spikes 00, not beadedl, unilateral, panicled. Palese cartilaginous...plien. 20 5 3. Spikes2 —0) pslygarmoZs. Sterile flowers plumosely bearded.... Andropogon. 56 (solitary, terminal... Phleum. 16 Spikes cylindrical, I several, terminal and lateral. Cry/ps8s. 15 1 —00; spikelets suborbicular. Paspalum. 17 digitate or verticillate, linear. Digitaria. 18. pedunculate in a 2-sided panicle. Spartina. 49 Fis. perfectorpolygamous. Spikes unilateral, (sessile in a unilateral panicle. Lepturus. 60 all terminal, sterile above, fertile at base... Tripsacurn. 61 4. Spikes monaecious, fertile ones lateral, sterile ones terminal, panicled. Zea. 62 S Apex bifid. Awn bent.. Avena. 30 near the base. ( Apex multifid.... ira. 28, (which has two bristly teeth. Trtsietum. 29 which is merely bifid.. Bromus. 34 Lower palea awned on the back (near the apex which is entire.... Gymnopogon. 48 ( which is entire. Fruit coated.... Festca. 36 with a cusp each side of it..... Urazepia. 32~ 5. Lower pae awned at theapex ( between the two teeth: awn twisted.. Danthrnia. 31 fPalees entire, not mucronate, bristly at base... Arundo. 33 I Palees bidentate, outer one mucronate... Ceratochloa. 35 Palere entire, outer one mucronate..... Festuca. 36 Palewe cartilaginous, outer cuspidate, coating r-iit. Diarrhena. 37 Outer palea bifid and tricuspidate.... Tricuspis. 39 Outer palea erose-denticulate. Spikelets terete.. Glyceria. 40 ( Spikelets Paleee not mucronate, inner one bifid... Poa. 41 Terminal fl. notcordate. Outer palea truncate-mucronate, inner bifid... Uniola. 43 perfect.. (Spikelets cordate at base, tumid, pendulous..... Briza. 42, Panicle contracted.. Koele7a. 38 ~ 6. LTerminal flower abortive or a mere pedicel.? Panicle large, diffuse... Melica. 44 one (in the top spikelet 2)... Lolim. 54 ( Glumes broad,... two in each spikelet....... Triticum. 51 collateral: spikelets in 2s, &c.. Elymuse. 55'Spikes2-ranked, (Glumes subulate, (opposite: spikeletssolitary.. Secale. 52 Spikelets in two rows. Eleusine. 46 (digitate (rarely solitary). ~ Spikelets in one row.. Cynodon. 47 { remote, short, forming a long, slender raceme... Atheropogon. 50 t 7. Spikes unilateral, ( conglomerate or paniculate....... Dactylis. 45 itG. 581.-1. Agrostis alba; a i-flowered spikelet; a, the two- glumes. 2. A flower, with the twbopalems three stamens and two plumose stigmas. 3. Leersia oryzoides; a flower removed from its glumes, showing its 2 h)pogynous scales, three stamens- and ovary With the two stigmas. 4. Phleum pratense; a l-floweired spikelet; a, glumes; b, truncate paleae; &c. 5. Polypogon; a 1-flowered spikelet; glumes and lower palea awned. 6. Holcus lanatus; a two-flowered spikelet; a, glumes; b, the two flowers (upper stareinate). 7. Poa pratensis - a 4-flowered spikelet; a, the two glumes; b, a single flower, with two paleie, &c. 8. Festuca duriuscufa; a 5-flowered spikelet: a, two glumes; b, a single flower. 9. The caryopsis ofldrdeuimfs showing the embryo at the base of the copious albumen. AR1STIDA. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. 596 4 2 S 1 a TRIBE 1. STIPACE2E.-Infloresence panicled. Spikelets solitary, 1-flowered. Glumes membranaceous. Paleae mostly two, lower one coriaceous, involute, awned. 1. ARISTIDA. Lat. arista, an awn; characteristic of the genus. Panicle contracted or racemose; glumes 2, unequal; palera pedicellate, lower one with 3 long awns at the tip, upper one very minute or obsolete. 1. A. DICHOT6MA. Michx. Poverty Grass. Coespitose; st. dichotomously branching; panicle contracted-racenmose; lateral awlns very short, the intermediate one nearly as long as the paleae, contorted.-A slender grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Stems 8-12' high, branching at each joint. Leaves very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule. Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 2. A. PURPURASCENS. Poir. St. erect, simple, filiform, 2-3f high; lvs. very narrow, flat, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths; panicle long, loosely spicate; spikelets on short, clavate, appressed pedicels; awns nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the paleoe; paleae often dark purple.-Q- Sandy woods, Northern States. Sept. 3. A. GRACILIS. Ell. St. very slender, a foot or more high; lvs. setaceous, erect, with short sheaths, pilose at the throat; panicle very slender; spikelets somewhat remote, appressed; lateral awns short, erect, intermediate one longer, spreading. -% Mass. and S. States. A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus. 4. A. TUBERCULOSA. Nutt. Long-awned Poverty Grass. St. erect (declinate at base), 8-20' high, rigid, with small tubercles in the axils of the numerous branches; nodes tumid; Ivs. long and narrow-linear; panicle large, loose, simple; spikelets pedicellate; glumes nearly 1' long, linear, awned; upper palece involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted together to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate. —4 A very singular species, in dry prairies, Ill., 3Mead! July, Aug. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. AGRosTIs 5. A. STRICTA. Michx. Upright Aristida. St. strictly erect, caspitose, branched, 2-3f high; Ids. straight, erect, pubescent, linear. convolute above; panicle long, loosely racemose; spikelets appressed; glumes unequal, very acute; lower paleae hairy at base; awns twice as long as the paleme, spreading, the middle one the longest. —4 Penn. to Car.W. to Mich. 2. STIPA. Lat. stipa, a foot-stalk; alluding to the stipitate fruit of some of the species. Glumes 2; paleae mostly 2, shorter than the glumes, the lower with a long awn at the apex, the upper entire; awn jointed at the base, deciduous; earyopsis striate. 1. S. AVENACEA. Fealher Grass. St. naked above; 2-3ff high; Ivs. smooth, striate, setaceous, chiefly radical; paricle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4-6' long, at length diffuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs; glumes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as the dark brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate; awn twisted, 2-3' in length.Q N. Y. to Car. 2. S. JUNCEA. Pursh. Rush-leaved Feather Grass. St. 2-3f high; Ivs. convolute-filiform, smooth inside, long; panicle loose; glumes loose, filifbrmly acuminated to more than twice the length of the fruit; fr. attenuated at base into a stipe which is a third of its length, stipe acute, pubescent; paleae obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and slender, scarcely contorted and 4-6' in length. —% Prairies, Ill., Mo. When in fruit, the pungent stipe adheres to everything that comes in its way. Aug. 3. S. CANADENSIS. Lam. Lvs. setaceous; panicle small; glumes smooth, ovate-obtuse, as long as the pubescent fruit; awn thick and short. —4 Amherst, Mass. Dewey. Neither this nor the preceding species is common or of much value in agriculture. 3. PIPTATHtRUM. Palis. Gr. 7rtrrw, to fill, cEpog, harvest. Panicle racemed; glumes membranaceous, longer than the elliptical, cartilaginous paleve; lower palea awned at the tip; scales ovate, entire; caryopsis coated. P. NIGRUM. Torr. (Oryzopsis melanocarpa. Muhl.) Black-seeded Millet. St. erect, simple, leafy, 18-24' high; panicle simple, flexuous, fewflowered; spikelets racemose, ovoid-lanceolate; glumes acuminate, mucronate, 5-6" in length, smooth; palee, hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one tipped with an awn an inch in length; fruit black. —% Rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ky., frequent. Aug. 4. ORYZOPSIS. Rich. Named for its resemblance (orPs) to the genus Oryza. Panicle racemed; glumes 2, subequal, loose, obovate, awnless; palea 2, cylindric-ovate, hairy at base; scales linear-elongated. O. ASPERIFOLIA. Michx. Mountain Rice. St. nearly naked, purple at base, 10-20' high; lvs. subradical, erect, rigid, pungent at the point, nearly as long as the stem, cauline ones few and very short; spikelets in a racemose, simple, flexuous panicle, 1-2 upon each branch; glumes abruptly acuminate; palere white, the lower one with a long bent awn.-Woods, Free States, N. to Subarctic Am. Leaves green through the winter. Caryopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May. TRIBE 2. AGROSTIDEAE.-Inflorescence panicled, rarely spiked. Spikelets solitary, I-flowered. Glumes and paleae of nearly similar texture, usually carinate. 5. AGROSTIS. Gr. aypos, a field; it being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures. Inflorescence painiculate; glumes 2, acute, subequal, the lower one Aoa0sTis. CLXI. GRAMINEE. 597 larger, sometimes longer, often shorter than the paleme; paleaw 2, unequal, lower one larger, awnless or awned, larger than the glumes, coating the caryopsis. ~ 1. Glumes longer than the palece. 1. A. VULGARIS. Smith. (A. polymorpha. Gray.) Red-top. Bent Grass. St. erect, 1-2f high; panicle spreading, with the branches finally divaricate; lvs. linear-lanceolate, veined, scabrous, with smooth, striate sheaths, and short, truncate stipules; lower palea twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the lanceolate, acute glumes. —4 U. S. A common and very valuable grass, spread over hills, vales, and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Flowers very numerous, purplish. July. 2. A. ALBA. (A. decumbens. Muhl.) White-top. Florin Grass. St. decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints, sending out stolo.s; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, those of the stolons erect and subulate; sheaths smooth, with a long, membranaceous stipule; panicle dense, narrow, at length spreading, whitish, sometimes purplish; lower palea 5-veined, rarely awned.(1 N. Eng. to Ohio, in meadows, or in dry soils; hence its characters are variable, being often nearly erect. June. ~ 3. A. STRICTA. Willd. Bent Grass. St. erect, smooth, with black nodes; lvs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin, with cleft, white stipules; panicle elongated, strict, the branches about 5, flexuous, scabrous, erect; glumes equal, lanceolate; palece unequal, smaller than the glumes, with an awn at the base of the outer one twice longer than the flower. —[ Fields, N. Eng., N. Y. June. 4. A. CANINA. Dog's Bent Grass. St. prostrate, somewhat branched, rooting at the lower nodes, about 2f long; panicle at length spreading, with angular, rough branches; glumes elongated; lower paleau furnished with an incurved awn upon the beak twice its length. —% Introduced and common in wet meadows. July. ~ 5. A. PICKERINGII. Tuckm. (A. canina, d. alpina. Oakes.) St. erect; lvs. flat, linear; pan. ovate, diffuse, branches verticillate, rather erect, scabrous; gI. subequal, keel of the lower mucronate at tip, upper acute, smoothish; lower palece ovate-lanceolate, acute or erose, veined, upper ovate, veinless; awn from the middle of the back, contorted, twice longer than the fis.-White Mts. A. rupicola. Tuckm. Smaller; pan. contracted, smoothish, often purplish.Mountains, Vermont. ~ 2. VILFA. Glumes not longer than the subequal, awnless palev,. 6. A. VIRGINiCA. (Vilfa vaginiflora. Gray.) Sts. numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at base, nearly simple, about a foot long; lvs. somewhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2-3' long, with smooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with the enclosed panicles; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones concealed; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the subequal palee. —( Sandy soils, Middle States. Sept., Oct. 7. A. COMPRESSA. Torr. (Vilfa compressa. Trinius.) Flat-stemmed Agrostis.-Glabrous; st. erect, compressed, simple, leafy, branched at base, 1-2f high; lvs. narrowly linear, compressed, scarcely shorter than the stem; keel prolonged into the open sheath; stip. very short; panicle purple, subsimple, contracted, the branches few and erect; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the palewe, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate; palece ovate, obtuse, smooth, sometimes deeply cleft; stig. purple.-Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 8. A. SEROTiNA. Torr. (Vilfa serotina. ejusdem.) St. 12-18t high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often viviparous at the nodes; lvs. 2-3' by I", keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3-10' long, capillary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alternate; spikele/s elliptical, scarcely fI" long; glm.nie ovate, 1-veined, unequal, halt 598 CLXI. GRAMINEiE. AGROSTIN. the length of the paleea; paleaz smooth, the lower one shorter; sta. 3.-Long Island, Kneiskern. July. 9. A. HETEROLEPIS. Wood. (Vilfa heterolepis. Gray.) St. 1-2f high, smooth; Ivs. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on the margins; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth; panicle spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered; glumes purplish, outer one subuliform, inner one ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined; valves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, inferior valve veined, apiculate, superior valve 2-veined, shorter than the outer one; sta. 3; anth. linear, reddish; stig. 2; sty. short; fr. roundish, smooth.-Watertown, N. Y. Crawe. Aug., Sept. 10. A. JUNCEA. Michx. (A. Indica. Muhl.) Glaucous; st. erect, 1 —f high, terete, slender; lvs. erect, 2 —6 by 1", concave, convolute when dry, margin scabrous; sheaths much shorter than the internodes; stip. short; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verticillate, about in 6s; glumes purple, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as the paleae, the lower twice shorter; palea subequal; anth. and sty. whitish. —% Penn. to Flor., barrens. Oct. ~ 3. MUHLENBERGIOIDEA. Glumes shorter than the paletc. 11. A. MEXICXNA. (A. lateriflora. Mx. Muhlenbergia. Mex. Trin.) St. erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much branched and leafy above, often nearly leafless below, 1*-3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, with half-clasping sheaths; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, narrow and dense-flowered, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath; glumes narrow, acuminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent palete. —4 Wet shades, N. Eng. to Ohio! and Ill., common. 12. A. SOBOLIFERA. Muhl. (Tricochloa. Trin. Muhlenbergia. Gray.) St. erect, slender, producing shoots at base, sparingly branched, 18-30' high; branches erect and filiform; nodes not swelling; lvs. linear-lanceolate, with open sheaths; panicle simple, filiform, with appressed branches, and crowded spikelets; palea equal, longer than the acute glumes.-4 Rocky hills, New Eng. to Ill., frequent. Aug. 13. A. SYLVATiCA. Torr. (Muhlenbergia. Gray.) St. ascending, 2-3f long, much branched, diffuse, smooth, with swelling nodes; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4-6' long, with smooth, open sheaths; panicles slender, rather dense; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter than the paleEe; awn several times longer than the spikelet. —4 Rocky shades, N. Y. to Ill., N. J., Penn. Sept. 14. A. WILLDENOWII. Trin. (A. tenuiflora. Willd.) St. erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with a few appressed branches; Ivs. 6-9' by 2-3", lanceolate, veined, scabrous, spreading, with pubescent sheaths; panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, filiform branches; gltmes subequal, acuminate, half as long as the paleae; awn 3-4 times the length of the spikelet. —4 Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. July, August. 15. A CRYPTANDRIA. Torr. Panicle pyramidal, with spreading, generally alternate branches, hairy at the axils; fis. subracemed; lower glume very short, upper one as long as the nearly equal paleae; sterns 3f high; sheaths bearded at the throat. Very abundant at Buffalo. Aikin. 16? A. LONGIFOLIA. Torr. (A. aspera. Mich.?) St. erect, simple, 2-4f high; Ivs. 2f long, filiform at the end, with smooth, closed sheaths and bearded stipules; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted into a spiked form, generally concealed in the swelling sheaths; glumes duskypurple, much shorter than the subequal, smooth, spotless paleee.-Sandy fields, Northern States. Sept., Oct.-Perhaps a Sporobolus. TRICHODIUM. CLX1. GRAMLiNEE. 599 6. SPOROBOLUS. Brown. Gr. oaropa, a seed; fjaXXco, to cast forth; its fruit is loose, and easily falls out. Panicles contracted; glumes 2, glabious, awnless, unequal, one or both much shorter than the paleae; paleae 2, concave, nearly equal, beardless; fruit loose, free, not enclosed in the palere. S. ASPER. Sullivant. Rt. long, white, fibrous; st. stout, glabrous, geniculate at base, 2f high; lvs. rigid, glabrous, 2-8' by 1-3", tapering to a long, pungent point; branches with short leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point; sheaths ciliate at edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top; panicles small, terminal and lateral, half enclosed in the long sheaths; spikelets blackish-green; lower glume very short, upper nearly as long as the palera; fr. compressed, obovate, i" in length, —4. Ohio, Sullivant! 7. POLYPOGON. Desf. Gr.- roXvs, many, 7royvwy, beard; a characteristic term. Inflorescence contracted into a spike; glumes 2, nearly equal, obtuse, with long awns; palese shorter than the glumes, lower one entire, with a short, straight, tender awn (sometimes awnless), upper one bifid, toothed. P. RACEM6SUS. Nutt. (P. glomeratus. Willd. Agrostis racemosus. Mx. Muhlenbergia glomerata. rin.) —Glaucous; st. compressed, erect, smooth, with appressed branches or subsimple, lI-4fhigh; Ivs. somewhat2-rowed, erect, fiat, rough, 3-5' long, with closed sheaths; panicle spicate, dense, conglomerated, interrupted, 2-3' long, many-flowered; glumes linear, i the length of their awns; lower palea3 mucronate. —% Bog meadows, also on rocky mountains N. Eng. to Mo.! Aug., Sept. 8. TRICHODIUM. Gr.' rplK.o, hair; from its capillary inflorescence. Inflorescence a capillary panicle; glumes 2, subequal, narrow and acute; palea 1 (or 2, the upper very minute), awnless. shorter than the glumes, loosely enclosing the caryopsis. 1. T. LAXIFLORUM. Michx. (Agrostis Michauxii. Trin.) Thin grass. St. erect, smooth, very slender, 1-2t'high; Ivs. 3-6' long, linear-lanceolate, scabrous, lower ones involute, upper ones shorter and flat; sheath rather open; panicle large and very diffuse, with long, capillary, verticillate branches, trichotomously divided near the end; spikelets in terminal clusters, purple; glumes linear-lanceolate. —% Pastures and roadsides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn. 2. T. MONTiNUM. Torr. (Agrostis Torreyi. Tuckm.) Mountain Hair Grass. Sts. coespitose, erect, filiform, simple, in small tufts, 8-12' high; radical Ivs. 2 —3 long, involute-filiform, cauline rather longer; stip. bifid, serrate; pan. ovate, branches spreading, finally divaricate, capillary, hispid; spikelets fasciculate at the ends of the branches; glumes equal; palee with a short, twisted awn at the back.-q- Mts. and rocky woods, N. H. and N. Y. 3. T. SCABRUM. Muhl. (Agrostis scabra. Willd.) Rough Hair Grass. St. geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, 1-2f high; Ivs. rough, striate, linear-lanceolate, 4-6' long, with the sheaths commonly closed and smooth; panicle long, with verticillate, divaricate, dichotomously divided branches which are much shorter than in T. laxijflorqm; spikelets pale green, not clustered.-'% Common in dry soils, N. Eng. to Ill. July. 4. T. ALTISSiMUM. Michx. (T. elatum. Ph. Cornucopiae alt. Walt.) St. erect, rigid, simple, slender, 3f high, leafy; lvs. broadly linear, scabrous flat, 6 —8 long; sheaths scarcely smooth; panicle purple, exserted. contracted, branches in whorls of 4s-6s, erect, rather rigid, and dense-flowered at the ends; gltumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, about i"l 51 600 CLXI. GRAMINEEP. PssaMo. long; palee, 5-veined, a little shorter than the upper glume; sta. 3; stig. plumose.-4 — N. J. to Car. Aug. A. laxa. Panicle more loose, with long, green branches.-White Mts. 5. T. CONCINNA. Wood. (Agrostis concinna. Tu/km.) St. low, erect; lvs. filiform-setaceous; pan. ovate, spreading, glabrous; gl. unequal, lower acute-mucronate, roughish above, upper acute, glabrous; palea, glabrous, awn from below the middle, contorted, scabrous, exceeding the flower, with a few hairs at its base.-White Mts. Tuckerman. —The species are not valuable in agriculture. 9. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., a well known, eminent botanist. Panicle nearly simple; glumes 2, very minute, unequal, fringed; paleae many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, veined, hairy at base; the lower one terminating in a long awn. 1. M. DIFFUSA. Schreb. Dorp-seed Grass. St. decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed; branches assurgent; Ivs. 2-3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths; anicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches; spikelets pedicellate often purple; zawn about as long as the paleae. —- Borders of woods and fields, WN. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug. 2. M. ERECTA. Roth. (Brachyelytrum aristatum. Palis.) St. erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2-3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4-6' long, 3" or more wide, with somewhat open sheaths; panicle terminal, simple racemose, contracted; spikelets pedicellate, large; glumes very unequal, upper one subulate; lower palece half as long as its awn, upper palece with a short awn at base lodged in the dorsal groove.-% Rocky hills, Can. and IT. S., frequent. July. 10. CINNA. Glumes 2, subequal, compressed, without involucre or awns, upper one 3-veined; paleae 2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip; stamen 1. C. ARUNDINACEA. Willd. (Agrostis Cinna. Lam. A. monandra. Hornem.) St. simple, erect, smooth, 3-5fhigh; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 12-18' by 3-5"' pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths; stip. long, lacerated; panicle near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, with the branches capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s; glumes linear-lanceolate; lower palee with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. —_ A beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, U. S. and Can. Aug. 11. TRICHOCHLOA. DC. Gr. rpL, rpzXo:s, hair, XXoa, grass; from the capillary inflorescence. Glumes 2, very minute; palere many times longer than the glumes; naked at base, lower one convolute at base, terminating in a long, unarticulated awn. T. CAPILLARIS. DC. (Stipa. Lam. Agrostis. MuAl. Muhlenbergia. Lindl.) Caespitose; sts. erect, very slender and smooth, 18-24' high; lvs. erect, becoming filiform towards the end.- 1-l1f long; panicle diffuse, with the branches 1 —4 long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs; spikelets purple; lower palece produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length.-4- An exceedingly delicate grass, with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the breeze. Sandy soils. Jn. J1. 12. PSAMMA. Palis. Gr. z/a//os, sand; in which this grass grows on the sea shore. Panicle spicate; glumes 2, awnless; paleas 2, shorter than the sAowvcuRus. CLXI. GRAMINE2E. 601 glumes, surrounded with hairs at base; scales linear-lanceolate, longer than caryopsis; styles 3-parted; stig. 3. P. ARENARIA. Palis. (Arundo. Linn. Ammophila. Lindl.) Mat Grass. Rt. creeping extensively; st. erect, rigid, 2 —4 high; Ivs. involute, If by j', smooth and glaucous, pungently acute; sheaths smooth; stip. oblong; panicle dense, with erect, appressed branches, 6-10' long, and an inch thick; spikelets compressed, greenish-white; lower palec, longer than the upper. 9. On sandy sea-coasts, Can. to N. J. At Dorchester, Mass., this grass is extensively manufactured into paper. Aug. 13. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans. Name compotmded of Calamus and Agrosti. Panicle contracted; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate; paleae 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with hairs at base, lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip, the upper one often with a stipitate pappus at base. 1. C. CANADENSIS. Palis. (C. Mexicana. Nutt. C. agrostoides. Ph. Arundo. Michx.) Reed Grass. Blque-joint.-St. smooth, erect, rigid, 3-5f high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths; panicle erect, rather loose, oblong, the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s; glumes very acute, smoothish, much longer than the paleae; lower paleae bifid at the apex, with an exserted awn arising from below the middle of the back. 94 Wet grounds, N'. Eng. W. to Mich. Makes good hay. Common. Aug. 2. C. COARcT.TA. Torr. (Agrostis glauca. Mual. Arundo stricta. Spr.) Glaucous; st. erect, 2-4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, scabrous. with- the veins and keel white; sheaths striate; stip. oblong, obtuse; panicle condensed and spike-form, the branches rigidly erect, short and aggregated; glumes acuminate, lanceolate,lower l-veined, upper 3-veined; lower palee 5-veined, bifid at the apex, with a short, straight awn a little below the tip. —4 Bogs, Free States and Brit. Am. July, Aug. 3. C. EREVIPiLIS. Torr. (A. Epigeios. Muhl.) St. terete, 3 —4f high; Ivs. broad-linear, the sheaths glabrous; stip. hairy; panicle pyramidal, loose, with the diffuse, capillary branches solitary or in pairs; glumes unequal, bearded at base, acute, 1-veined, shorter than the equal, obtuse, awnless palere; pappus very short, not half the length of the palere. —% In sandy swamps, N. J., Torrey. 4. C. PURPURASCENS. Brown. (C. sylvatica. Prin.) Panicle spicate; glumes scabrous; palee 2, the lower scabrous, 4-toothed at the apex, awned upoi the back; abortive rudiment plumose, twice longer than the hairs at its base.-White Mts., N. H., Tackerman. Rocky Mts., Richardson.-Very rare and unimportant. 5. C. INEXPANSA. Gray. St. 2-5f high, erect, simple; lvs. 2 —3" wide, smooth; pa[nicle 4 —8 long, slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together; glumes oblonglanceolate, 2V" long, rough on the keel and sides, acute; palea nearly equal, acute, oblong, as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veined, notched at tip, with a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as the flower.Penn Yan, N. Y. Sartwell. Aug. TRIBE 3. PHLEOIDE-E.-Infloresence in dense, cylindric or unilateral spikes. Spikelets I-flowered. Glumes 2, of nearly similar texture with the paleae. 14. ALOPEC YRU S. Glumes subequal, connate, distinct; palewe united into an inflated glume, cleft on one side below the middle, generally awned; styles often connate. 602 CLX1. GRAMINELE. PASPALUM 1. A. PRATENSIS. Fox-tail Grass. St. erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, manyflowered, cylindric; obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long; lvs. flat, smooth, with swelling sheaths and ovate stipules; glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the paleee; awn twisted, scabrous, twice the length of the flower. —4 Fields and pastures, Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., J1. Q 2. A. GENICULIATUS. Bent Fox-tail Grass. St. ascending, geniculate, rooting below, sparingly branched, 1-2f high; spike cylindrical, about 2' long; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, flat, acute, a few inches in length, with slightly inflated sheaths, and long, entire stipules; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside; pale&e truncate, smooth, half as long as the geniculate awn. —% Wet meadows, N. Eng.! Mid. States and Brit. Am. Jn. B. aristulatus. Torr. (A. aristulatus. Mx.) Awns very short. 15. CRYPSIS. Ait. Gr. KpwrvnT, concealment; from the flowers being concealed in the sheaths. Inflorescence an oblong spike; glumes 2, unequal, compressed, 1flowered; palese 2, unequal, longer than the glumes; sta. 2-3; caryopsis loose, covered by the paleae. C. VIRGINiCA. Nutt. St. procumbent and geniculate, 6-12' long, much branched from the base; lvs. finally involute, divaricate, short, rigid and pungent, subpilose above; spikes oblong-cylindrical, thick and lobed, more or less enclosed in the inflated sheaths of the leaves, the terminal one about 1' long, lateral shorter and subcapitate; glumes roughened on the keel, the upper a little longer.-About Philadelphia, Barton. Sept., Oct. 16. PHLEUM. Gr. b)Eos; used by the ancients probably for a different plant. Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the palese, rostrate or mucronate; palea3 2, included in the glumes, truncate, awnless. 1. P. PRATENSE. Timothy or Herd's Grass. St. erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2-4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, fiat, glaucous, roughish; sheaths striate, smooth; stip. obtuse, lacerated; glumes apparently bicuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike; anth. purple;;tig. white.-This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively cultivated, N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, and is probably native. 2. P. ALPiNUM. Mountain Herd's Grass. St. about If high, simple, erect; lvs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth; sheaths inflated; spicate panicle oblongovate, very short (4-5" long); glumes truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel; awns as long as the glumes.-Q- Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H. Also native of Arc. Am. TRIBE 4. PANICE2E.-Inflorescence spiked or panicled. Spikelets 1 or (more usually) 2-flowered, one of the flowers being sterile or imperfect. Glumes usually (membranaceous) of a thinner texture than the palete, which are more or less cartilaginous, the lower palea half enfolding the upper, sometimes awned. 17. PASPALUM. Gr. ranraeXog, millet; from the resemblance of the seeds. Flowers in unilateral spikes; glumes 2, membranaceous, equal, suborbicular, closely pressed to the 2 palee; stigmas plumose, colored; caryopsis coated with the smooth, plano-convex paleae. 1. P. SETACEUM. Michx. (P. cilialifolium. Torr., 4-c., not of Michx.) St. erect, very slender, 1-2f high, simple or branched from the base, with MILIUM. CLXI. GRAMINEiE. 603 very remote joints; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 —7 by 2-3", ciliate and hairy; sheaths pubescent, upper one very long; spike generally solitary, often 2, on a long, very slender peduncle, sometimes with another scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikelets plano-convex, with the flat side out, I" diam., about 2 on each very short pedicel, appearing 2-3-rowed in the 1-sided spike.-Dry fields, Mass.! to Car. W. to Ky. Aug. 2. P. LEVE (and precox. JMichx.) St. erect, rather firm, 18'-3f high, glabrous; Ivs. generally smooth, pilose )nly at the base, broadly linear; lower sheaths sometimes hairy; spikes 2-6, alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base; spikelets in 2 rows; rachis flexuous, flat on the back; pedicels undivided, with one spikelet; spikelets twice as large (1 L" diam.) as in the preceding; glumes orbicular-ovate, 1-veined.-Grassy banks of rivers, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. Aug. 3. P. STOLONIFERUM. Bosc. St. about 2f long, procumbent at base, geniculate, stoloniferous and branched; Ivs. short, subcordate; spikes very numerous (30-50), subverticillate, spreading, in elongated, terminal and lateral racemes; common rachis 4 —5 long, angular, smooth, partial ones 3-15" long; spikelets ovate, alternate.-Cedar swamps, N. J., Pursh. July, Aug. 18. DIGIT ARIA. Haller. Lat. digitNs, a finger; alluding to the digitate form of the inflorescence. Inflorescence digitate or fasciculate; spikes linear, unilateral; spikelets in pairs, on short, bifid pedicels, 2-flowered; glumes 2, the lower very small, sometimes wanting; lower flower abortive, with a single, membranaceous palea; upper flower ~;with 2 cartilaginous, subequal palere; caryopsis striate. 1. D. SANGUINALIS. Scop. (Panicum sanguinale. Linn.) Purple Finger Grass. Crab Grass.-Sts. decumbent at base, radiating and branching at the lower joints, — 2f long; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly pilose, the sheaths strigosely hairy; spikes 3 —5 long, fasciculate at the top of the stem, 5-9 together; spikelets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed to the flexuous rachis, in 2 rows.-) Common in cultivated grounds, N. Eng., W. Ind.! Aug.-Oct. 2. D. GLABRA. Roem. & Schultz. (Panicum. Jand.) St. generally decumbent, rarely rooting at the joints, a foot long; Ivs. short, flat, nearly glabrous; spikes digitate, spreading, 3-4; spikelets crowded, ovoid; glume equaling the abortive flower, both hairy. —) Sandy fields, N. Y., Penn. to Ohio! Spikes rather more slender than in the foregoing. 3. D. SEROTiNA. Michx. (D. villosa. Ell.) Rt. creeping; st. decumbent, 12-18' long, terete, hairy at the joints, forming a dense carpet where it grows; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, thin, and with the sheaths, very pubescent with long hairs; spikes numerous, setaceous, 2-3' long; spikelets all pedicellate; lower glume very minute, the margin ciliate.-0- N. Y. 4. D. PILIFORMIS. Ell. (Panicum. Willd.) St. erect, filiform, simple, 12-18' high; Ivs. short, nearly smooth, narrowlanceolate; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous; spikes 2-4, filiform, erect; rachis flexuous; spikelets in 3s, all pedicel]ate; glume solitary, as long as the abortive flower.-(I Dry, gravely soils, N. Y. to Ky. Aug. 19. MILIUM. Celtic mil, a pebble; alluding to its hard, turgid fruit. Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets 1-flowered; glu'mes 2, without involucre or awns; palea 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, oblong, concave, persistent and cartilaginous, coating the caryopsis. 1. M. EFFfUSUM. Spreading SMillet Grass. St. erect, simple, smooth, 5-8f high, bearing a compound, diffuse panicle; lvs. flat, 8-12' by 1-1i', on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panticle clus51* 604 CLXI. GRAMINEME. PANICUM. tered, horizontal, 1-6' long; spikelets ovate, few and scattered; palex smooth and polished.-q In woods, Penn. to Can. Plant pale green. Summer. 2. M. PUNGENS. Torr. Dwaif Millet Grass. St. erect, simple, rigid, 12-18' high; Ivs. lanceolate, cauline very short, pungent, at length involute, radical 6-8' long, erect, acute and pungent; sheaths striate, rough, tumid; panicle contracted, few-flowered; ped. bifid; gluames awnless; palee hairy, about equaling the glumes; sty. 2-parted.-2L Rocky hills, Northern States, rare. May. 3. M. AMPHICARPON. Pursh. (M. ciliatum. Muhl.) Sts. numerous, assurgent, 18-24' high, somewhat branched and geniculate; lvs. 2 —3 by 2-4", lance-linear, hairy and ciliate; sheaths striate, the upper ones leafless; panicle simple, 2-3' long, its branches few, erect, appressed, racemose, bearing ~ flowers; spikelets oblong, purplish; radical peduncles clustered, 1-3' high, sheathed, each bearing a single 9 spikelet; caryopsis brown. -N. J. Aug. 20. OPLISMPNUS. Kunth. Gr. orX'apa, armament, ervo;, courage; alluding to the stout awns. Panicle compounded of alternate, dense racemes; glumes 2, unequal, echinate, 2-flowered, lower short, upper as long as the A, acuminate; abortive flowers with 2 paleae, the lower terminating in a long awn; ~ paleae cartilaginous, shining, coating the caryopsis. 1. O. CRUS-GALLI. Kunth. (Panicum. Linn.) Cock's-foot Grass. St. terete, smooth, 3-4f high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, with smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule; panicl/e simple or apparently so, branches spike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs; rachis hairy and rough; glumes hispid with bristles; lower abortive palea ending in a rough awn, nearly 1' in length. —) A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barnyards, &c., common. Aug., Sept. ~ 2. 0. HISP1DUM. Wood. (0. muricatus. Kunth. Panicum. Muhl.) St. thick, 3-4f high; Ivs. broad, flat; panicle compound, nodding, dense, 4-6' long, with alternate racemes; fis. always awned. — Salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. Best distinguished from the preceding by its hispid sheaths. Sept., Oct. 21. PANICUM. Lat. panicula, the mode of flowering, or panis, bread, which some species afford. Glumes 2, unequal, the lower mostly very small; flowers 2, dissimilar, the lower abortive or sterile, with 1-2 palese, the upper palea membranaceous; the upper, with the paleae cartilaginous, equal, concave, awnless, coating the caryopsis. * Spikelets in racemose panicles. 1. P. AGROST5ODES. Muhl. (P. elongatum. Ph. P. fusco-rubens. Nutt.) St. compressed, glabrous, 1 —3f high, often geniculate at base; Ivs. long and numerous, cauline linear-lanceolate, carinate, rough-edged, on short, striate sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, composed of racemed, spreading or deflexed branches; spikelets 1" long, purple, lanceolate, acute, crowded and appressed; upper glume 5-veined; palex of the neutral flower nearly equal. —%4. Meadows, frequent. July. 2. P. ANCEPS. Michx. (P. rostratum. Muhl.) St. compressed, 2-3f high; Ivs. linear, carinate, very long; sheaths ancip.tal, pilose on the throat and margin; panicle erect, contracted, with nearly simple branches; skpikelets interruptedly racemose, very acuminate; upper palea of the neutral flower oblong, obtuse or emarginate. —4 Fields and meadows. Common, Mid. States, N. Eng. July. 3. P. PROLIFPRUM. Lam. (P. dichotomiflorum. Mx. P. geniculatum, Muuhl.)-St. assurgent, geniculate at base, very smooth, thick and succulent; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4-6'" wide, 10-15' long, on tumid sheaths, hairy PANICUM. CLXI. GRAMINE2E. 605 at throat; panicles large, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth; spikelets racemosel abortive flower with one palea. —.? Wet meadows, Mid. and S. States. Sept. 4. P. PEDUNCULATUM. Torr. St. dichotomously branched above, round, 3-4f high; lvs. t' wide, tapering to the point; sheaths hispid and papillose; panicle compound, smooth, on a long peduncle, branches in pairs, racemed; spikelets ovate, smooth; upper palea of the abortive flower half as long as the lower. —-% Moist woods, N. Y. J1. 5. P. RECTUM. Roem. & Schultz. (P. involutum. Torr. P. depauperatum. Muhl.)-St. coespitose, mostly simple, hairy at the joints, erect, 10-15' high; lvs. lance-linear, erect, involute at the end, forming a long, slender, pungent point, rather rough and hairy, sometimes smooth, upper ones longer than the lower; sheaths scabrous, hairy; panicle erect, rather few-flowered, the branches tortuous, in pairs, one longer with 2 spikelets; spikelets rather large, pedunculate; glumes veined, lower one short, broad-ovate, obtuse; paleet hard, whitish, shining.-N. Eng.'. and Mid. States I May, June. 6. P. XANTHOPHYSUM. Gray. St. 12-15' high, glabrous, generally simple; Ivs. lanceolate, 3-6' by 5-7", acute, veined, nearly smooth, ciliate at base; sheaths pilose, shorter than the Joints; ped. elongated; panicles simple, few-flowered; spikelets obovate; glumes pubescent, the inferior one acute, 3-veined, half the length of the manyveined, superior one; 3c 2-valved, i cartilaginous, obtuse, smooth and shining, about equal to the superior glume.-Near Oneida Lake, Kneiskern, Conn. River, N. H.! to Conn.! June, July.. * * Spikelets in loose panicles. 7. P. CLANDESTINUM. St. with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2-3f high, rigid, leafy; lvs. 3-6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordate at base; sheaths hispid, enclosing the short, lateral' panicles; upper palea of the neutral flower obtuse. —% Moist woods Mass. and Mid. States. July, Aug. 8. P. LATIFOLIUM. (P. scoparium. Lam.?) St. nearly simple, with the nodes retrorsely pilose; Ivs. lance-ovate, clasping, somewhat pubescent; panicle terminal, a little exserted from the sheath, simple, pubescent; spikelets rather large, oblong-ovate; abortive flower staminate.-%4 Common in ditches, woods, &c., U. S. Readily known by broad, short leaves. June, July. 9. P. NERV6SUM. Muhl. St. simple, smooth at the nodes, 3 —4f high; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 2-3' long, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin, cordate at base, an inch wide, with short sheaths; panicle much branched, smooth, many-flowered, pedunculate or sessile, branches flexuous, somewhat spreading; spikelets oblong; abortive flower staminate.-Bogs, N. Y. to Car. W. to Ill.-Perhaps not distinct from the last. July. 10. P. MACROCARPON. Torr. St. erect, simple, straight, 2-3f high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, erect, subpilose beneath, 3 —6 long; sheaths hispid, villous on the margin, with no stipules; panicle rather compound, smooth, with few, spreading, flexuous, subsimple branches; spikelets ovoid-globose; abortive flower neutral.-Banks of Connecticut river, Mass. July. 11. P. PUBESCENS. Lam. (P. nitidum, B. villosum. Gray.) St. 8-30' high, simple or branched, erect, and with the sheaths, covered with a dense, villous, deflexed pubescence; sheaths bearded at the throat; lvs. remote, linear-lanceolate, short, upper ones pubescent, lower villose; panicle terminal, rather crowded, compound, sometimes rather loose, branches subverticillate, pubescent; spikelets pubescent, rather small, at the extremity of the branches; lower glume small, upper one 5-veined; abortive flower neutral, 1 longer than the -upper glume, smooth.-Penn Yan, N. Y., Sartwell, Penn. to Ohio, SulzlivaLt! June. 606 CLXI. GRAMINEXEE. SETARIA. 12. P. DICHOT6MUM. St. much branched and dichotomous above, erect or decumbent, 1 —2f high, branches fasciculate; lvs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, very numerous, 1-2' long, ciliate at base; panicles lateral and terminal, simple, capillary, with loose, spreading branches; spikelets minute, ovoid-obtuse.-Varies with the stem very tFa, or low, and decumbent; rather rigid or very slender. N. Eng. to Ky. July. 13. P. NITiDUM. Lam. (P. discolor. Mu/hl.) St. erect, slender, 8-24' high, the nodes with a ring of dense, deflexed hairs; Ivs. lance-linear, narrow, acuminate, rather remote, 2-4' by 2-4"; sheaths as long as the leaves, hairy at the throat and often all over; stip. 0; panicle rather small, exserted, roundish-ovoid, diffuse, nearly glabrous, branches spreading; spikelets purplish, numerous, small (i" long), oblong, obtuse; lower gleme minute; abortive fl. neutral, its outer palea equaling the upper glume; 9 white, polished. —1? Woods and fields, U. S. June. a. Tall, simple, smooth, except the densely bearded. nodes.-Middle and Western States. #. St. with short branches; Ivs. and sheaths pubescent.-N. Eng. and Middle States, common, y. Low, branched, very hairy, purplish.-Dry fields, N. Eng., common.These are the extreme forms, between which there are many intermediate ones. 14. P. MICROCARPON. Muhl. Darl. St. 18-30' high, erect, simple, glabrous; joints glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on the margin, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 6-10" wide; sheaths deeply striate, smooth; stip. 0; panicle large, much branched, nearly smooth; spikelets small, numerous, scarcely pubescent; 9 flower as long as the upper glume; fr. shining, bluish-white.-2. Woods and low grounds, Penn. Darlington. 15. P. CAPILLARE. Annual Field Panic. St. nearly simple, assurgent and thick at base, 1-2f high; Ivs. hairy, broad-linear, acuminate, 4-6' long; sheaths covered with hispid hairs; panicle large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding; spikelets small, purple, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles; abortive fl. of I palea.-0Fields and roadsides, U. S. Aug. j'. sylvaticum. Torr. St. very slender, branched at the base.-Woods. 16. P. vERRUC6SUM. Muhl. (P. debilis. Ell.) St. slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base, 1-2f high; Ivs. linear, a few inches long, spreading, smooth; panicle much expanded, few-flowered, flowers verrucose; abortive flower of' one palea, and neuter.('1 Swamps and thickets, Mid. and S. States. Panicle terminal and lateral, loose and capillary. Aug. 17. P. VIRGATUM. Salt-lick Panic. Glabrous and often purple; st. 3-5f high; lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, hairy at base; sheaths striate; stip. with long, white ciliae; panicle virgate, at length spreading, diffuse, very large; fils. acuminate, and with the glumes, divaricate, paled of the abortive flower nearly equal, enfolding the purple stamens. —4 Salt-lick prairies, fields, &c., N. Y. to Ind.! Aug.-None of these species are of much value in agriculture. 22. SETARIA. Palis. Lat. seta, a bristle; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets. Inflorescence a compound, cylindrical spike; spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more bristles; glumes, flowers, palera and fruit as in the genus Panicuzm. 1. S. VIRiDIS. Palis. Wild Tinmot/hy. St. smooth, 2-3f high; lvs. lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate; sheaths striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setose stipule; spike cylindric, compound, terminal, green; involucre of 4-10 fasciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets; palece of the perfect flower longitudinally striate, punctate.( Common in cultivated grounds, Free States. July, Aug. PHIALARIS. CLX1. GRAMINEIE. 607 2. S. OLAUCA. Palis. Bottle Grass. St. 2-3f high; Ivs. lanceolate, carinate, rough, hairy at base; sheaths striate, smooth; stip. setose; spike cylindric, yellowish-green, 2-4' long; invol. of 6-10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelets; palea of the 2erfectfl. transversely rugose. —( Fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ohio. J1. Aug. /B. (S. purpurascens. R. 4 S.) Sheaths and spikelets pilose.-Penn. 3. S. VERTICILLATA. Palis. St. smooth, about 2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, rough-edged; sheaths smooth, hairy on the margin; spicate panicle composed of short, divided branches in interrupted verticils, 2-3' long; bristles of the invol. in pairs, rough backwards; paleae of the ~ roughish punctate. —( Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ohio. July. Q 4. S. ITALiCA. Palis. St. somewhat compressed, about 4f high; lvs. lanceolate, 1-2f long, an inch wide; sheaths roughish, pilose at the throat; spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding, 6 —8 long; spikelets conglomerate; invol. of 2 bristles, several times longer than the flower. —0 Ditches, Mid. and S. States. July. 5. S. GERMANICA. Palis. Millet. Bengal Grass. St. 2 —4f high, simple, leafy; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, close, pubescent; stip. bearded; spike compressed, yellowish, oblong-cylindric; rachis densely hirsute; involucrate bristles 4-8, as long as, or longer than the spikelets, yellowish; glumes unequal, ovate; { palee smooth, obscurely 3-veined.-0- In fields, not often cultivated. s ~ 23. CENCHRUS. Gr. KvxpOSg, millet; this grass bearing some resemblance to the millet. Flowers racemose or spicate; involucre burr-form, laciniate, echinate, persistent, including 1-3 spikelets; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer smallei; flowers dissimilar, the lower sterile, the upper perfect; scales 0. C. TRIBULOiDES. (Also C. echinatus Linn.?) Burr Grass. St. 1-2f long, erect or procumbent and geniculate at base; Ivs. lanceiinear, conduplicate, gradually acuminate, 3-5' by 2-3"; sheaths open, about as long as the colored joints; spike with the burr-like involucres approximate; invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely hispid spines as long as itself and containing 2-3 spikelets; glumes acuminate-mucronate, about 3" long, producing but 1 caryopsis. —0 Sandy soils, N. J. TRIBE 5. PHALARE'.-Inflorescence a contracted panicle. Spikelets solitary, with 1 perfect flower and 1-2 imperfect ones. Lower palea awned or mucronate, upper with two keels. 24. PHALARIS. Gr. oa/tapog, brilliant; on account of its smooth, shining seeds. Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, carinate; palere 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis, each with an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base. 1. P. ARUNDINACEA. (P. Americana. Torr.) St. erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2-5f high; Ivs. spreading, lanceolate, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths; panicle oblong, spicate, somewhat secund, 3-4' long, glunes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments pilose. —- Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large, showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. i picta is the well-known striped'or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity. t 2. P CANARIENSES. Canary Grass. St. erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; Ivs. lanceo. late; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect; glunes whitish, with green veins; rudiments smooth.-(i Fields and pastures, not common. J1. ~ 608 CLXI. GRAMINEAE. AmA. 25. HOLCUS. Spikelets 2-flowered; glumes herbaceous, boat-shaped, mucronate; flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awnless, upper one d' or neuter, awned on the back. H. LANATUS. Soft Grass. Hoary pubescent; st. 1~-2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, 2-5' long; sl/eaths striate; panicle oblong, dense, whitish with a purple tinge; ils. shorter than the glumes,; sterile one with a recurved, included awn.-Q- Common in wet meadows, N. Eng.! Mid. and W. States. Very soft with whitish down. J1. 26. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel. Spikelets 3-flowered; glumes 2, scarious; lateral flowers staminate, triaudrous; central flower Q, diandrous (rarely triandrous). 1. H. BOREALIS. Roem. & Schultz. Seneca Grass. Smooth, glossy; st. simple, erect, 15-20' high; radical lvs. as long as the stem, cauline 2-4' long, lanceolate, mucronate; panicle rather 1-sided and spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 2-3' long; branchlets flexuous; spikelets broad, subcordate, colored, unarmed; lower palea ciliate. —2 Wet meadows, Virg. to Arc. Am. Very fragrant. May. 2. H. ALPiNA. Roem. & Schultz. Smooth; st. erect, stout, 6 —8 high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute; sheaths tumid, longer than the internodes; panicle ovoid, 1 —2' long, with the branches in pairs; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches; glumes lanceolate; lowerfi. with an awn about as long as the paleae. —2 Summits of the White Mts., Bigelow. Jn. 27. ANT HO XANTH UM. Gr. av~og, a flower, ravaos, yellow; from the color of its spikes. Spikelets 3-flowered, the central one ~, the 2 lateral ones neuter, each consisting of one bearded palea; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger, enclosing the flowers; paleas of the s 2, short, awnless; stamens 2. A. ODORATUM. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. St. slender, erect, 10-18' high; lvs. short, striate, pale green; panicle spicate, oblong-ovoid; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles; palete of the lateralfis. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the summit.-An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States, and Can. May, June. ~ TRIBE 6. AVENE2E.-Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets solitary, fewflowered. Glumes and paleae of similar texture. Upper flowers generally pedicellate, with awn-like processes or abortive rudiments between the upper and the lower ones. Upper palea wtth two keels. 28. AIRA. Gr. atpa, a deadly weapon; originally applied to a poisonous plant. Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal; one of the flowers pedicellate; palese subequal, pilose at base, the lower one lacerate at apex and awned on the back. 1. A PLEXUOSA. St. smooth, 1-2f high, nearly naked; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striate sheaths and truncate stipules; panicle loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, flexuous branches; awns geniculate, longer than the palea. —9_ Vales and hills, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. AvENnA. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 609 2. A. CESPITSSA. (A. aristulata. Torr.) Caspitose, glabrous; st. 18-30' high; Ivs. narrow-linear, scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse; awns straight, about as long as the palede which are longer than the bluish glumes.-'4 Swamps, Free States and Can. May. 3. A. PUMiLA. Purosh. Sts. scarcely 1' high, erect, growing in tufts, scarcely longer than the leaves; lvs. flat, smooth; panicle small, fastigiate, few-flowered; pedicels short; paZle awnless, obtuse, twice the length of the glumes; g/nes with a membranaceous margin. —4 In barren, clayey soils, near brickyards, Penn. Pursh. Jn. 29. TRIStTUM. Lat. trIa, three, setum, a bristle; a characteristic term. Spikelet 2-5-flowered; glumes 2, as long as the flowers; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuous awn from above the middle of the back; scales ovate; fruit coated, furrowed. 1. T. PALUSTRE. Torr. (Avena. Mx. Aira pallens. Mzuhl.) St. erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths; panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green; spikelets 2-3 flowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setose teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. —. Wet meadows, Mass., N. Y. to Flor. May-July. 2. T. PURPURAsCENs. Torr. (Avena striata. Michx.?) St. leafy, 2f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4 —6 long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4-6' long; glumes 3-flowered, very unequal, entire; spikelets lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth; lower palea 7-veined, 2-cleft at the extremity; awn geniculate.-4Mountain bogs, N. Eng., N. Y., Can. June. 3. T. suspIciiTuM. Brown. (T. aroides. Palis. Aira. Linn.) St. a foot high; Ivs. narrow, 2-4' long; panicle contracted into a spike 2 long; awn at length deflexed, longer than the glume. —4 Rocks and mountains, Little Falls, N.Y. Gray. White Mts., N. H. Pickering. Jn. 30. AVENA. Spikelets 2 —5-flowered; glumes'2, loose and membranaceous. subequal, longer than the flowers; palese 2, mostly hairy at base, the lower one bifid, with a twisted or bent awn at the back. 1. A. ELATIOR. (Arrhenatherum. Palis.) St. 2-4f high, geniculate, smooth; lvs. lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate; spikelets 2-flowered; awn twice as long as the palea; upper flower ~, mostly awnless.-A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds. May, June. 2. A PENNSYLVANiCA. (Arrhenatherum. Torr.) St. erect, smooth; lvs. linear-lanceolale; pani61e slender, with short, alternate branches; awn twice as long as the flowers, geniculate, from the base of the lower palea; upper flower awnless. —( Fields and open woods, N. Eng. to Car. and Ill., rare. July. 3. A. PRAEcox. Palls. (Aira. Linn.) Cespitose; st. erect, a few inches high; lvs. — 1' long, rough; sheaths deeply striate; panicle dense, racemose; spikelets ovate, 2-flowered, glumes as long as the flowers; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice its length. —) N. Y. to Virg. Jn. 4. A. SATIVA. Common Oat.-St. smooth, 2-4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; stip. lacerate; panicle loose; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly awned; palee somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryopsis. 610 CLX1. GRAMINEiE. BRaoMus. — T A highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil; said to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. A. nigra. Black Oats.-Palece dark brown, almost black, awnless. y. secunda. Horse-mane Oats.-Panicle 1-sided; awns short. 5. A. STERiLIS. Animated Oat.-St. 3-4f high, and with the'leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat; spikelets 5-flowered, outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless.-(- From Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. The awns are 2' long, geniculate, and twisted more or less according to the state of the atmosphere. Hence the tumbling motion of these spikelets in the moist and warm hands, like a grotesque insect. t 31. DANTHONIA. In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist. Spikelets 2-7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the flowers, cuspidate; palese hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. SPICATA. Palis. (Avena. Linn.) St. slender, nearly erect, 12 —18' high, lower lvs. numerous, 4 —6 long, flat, hairy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect,.on very short sheaths; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect; spikelets 3-8 or 10, about 7-flowered; glumes a little longer than the flowers; lower palea hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn.-Pastures and open woods, Free States. June-Aug. 32. URALEPIS. Nutt. Gr. ovpa, tail, XErrL a scale or palea; a characteristic term. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers; flowers stipitate and distinct; palese 2, very unequal, distinctly villous on the margins, the lower one tricuspidate, the central cusp setose; upper palea concave on the back; fruit gibbous, coated. U. ARISTULLTA. Nutt. Caespitose; sts. procumbent at base, bearded at the nodes, 10-18' high; lvs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath; panicles simple, racemose, terminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsert; spikelet 3-flowered; awn of the palea as long as the lateral cusps. 0 Sea-coast and sandy fields, Mid. States. Aug. 33. ARUND O. Lat. arundo, a reed; Celtic aru, water; from its place of growth. Spikelets many-flowered; glumes 2, awnless, lanceolate, unequal; lower flower ~ and naked at the base, the others perfect, pedicellate; paler unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly awned. A. PHRAGMiTES. (Phragmites communis. Tgin.) St. smooth, stout, erect, 6-12f high, often an inch in diameter at base; Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2f by 1-i', rough-edged, smooth and glaucous; panicle large and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect, slender; spikelets 3-5-flowered, very slender, erect; glumes shorter than the flowers which are of a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as the palee.-rX Swamps and about ponds, Mass. to Ind.! July. TRIBE 7. FESTUCACE2E.-Inflorescence panicled. Spikelets many-flower, ed, oblong. Flowers sessile, closely arranged in 2 rows on the rachis. Palee of similar texture with the glumes, the upper one with 2 keels. 34. BROMUS. Grr. fopaoa, food; this name was formerly applied to a species of wild oats. Spikelets 3-20-flowe'red; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers; FrsTUCA. CLXI. GRAMINEE. 611 lower palea cordate, bifid at the apex, usually awned a little below the tip, upper palea conduplicate, ciliate on the margin; scales ovate, smooth. 1. B. SECALiNUS. ChLeat. Chess. St. smooth, erect, 3f high; Ivs. flat, rough at the edge and above; sheaths veined, smooth; stip. laciniate; panicle spreading, the branches mostly simple, each bearing 1-2 spikelets; spikelets ovate, compressed, about 10-flowered, large, 2-ranked, oval, appearing not unlike short heads of wheat. Flowers distinct, awn very short. —) A handsome grass in fields, often among wheat. June. ~ 2. B. ARVENSIS. (B. mollis of Am. auth.?) Soft B3rome Grass. Root (I); st. erect, mostly pubescent, 1-2f high; lvs. and sheaths downypubescent; panicle erect, close, compound, 3 —4 long; spikelets oblong-ovate, slightly compressed, tomentose, 5-10-flowered; fis. elliptical; lower palea oblong-lanceolate, 7-veined, with a straight awn nearly its length. A coarse grass,, in fields and roadsides. June, July. 5 3. B. PURGANS, (Canadensis, ciliatus and pubescens, of Lin/n., M.uh.,, e.) St. terete, rather slender, simple, erect, 2-4f high, nodes blackish; lvs. broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, more or less pubescent, striate, 6-12' by 3-5"; sheaths more or less pilose with deflexed hairs; panricle large, erect, 5-8' long, finally nodding, branches in 2s-4s, compound, scabrous-pubescent; spikelets numerous, lance-ovoid, subterete, 7-1 1-flowered, pedicellate, 9-131" long, acute at each end;.fes. imbricated, lower palea pubescent, longer than its straight awn, upper green at edge and beautifully ciliate. —4 Fields and woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Jn., J1.-Varies in size, pubescence, &c., but its forms can scarcely be characterized even as varieties.-A coarse, showy grass, of little value. 35. CERATOCHLOA. Palis. Gr. Kepag, 7reparos, a horn, XXoa, grass. Panicle simple; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, many-flowered; glumes shorter than the flowers, paleae bifid-toothed, the lower one mucronate between the teeth; fruit coated, furrowed, 3-horned. C. UNILOiDES. Palis. St. 1-2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, pubescent, veined; sheaths bearded at the throat; stip. ovate; panicle small, nodding, spreading, branches in pairs; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, pedicels hairy; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, striate; palea unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, margined; sta. 3.-River bottoms, Penn., Car. 36. FESTYC A. A Latin name for the shoot or stalk of a plant. Spikelets oblong, acute at each end, subterete; glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers;- palere lanceolate, lower one sharply acuminate or awned at the extremity; caryopsis coated. 1. F. TENELLA. Willd. Slender Fescue Grass. St. filiform, wiry, often growing in tufts and geniculate at base, 6-12' high; lvs. erect, linear-setaceous, 2-3' long; sheaths subpubescent, with lacerated stipules; panicle simple, contracted, rather secund, branches alone or in pairs; spikelets 5-7-flowered, with subulate, subequal glumes, at length brownish; fls. subulate, longer than their awns. —( Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ill., S. to Car. June. 2. F. ELATIOR. Tall Fesclue Grass. St. smooth, 3 —4f high; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth, rough-edged, a foot long, on smooth, loose sheaths; panicle drooping, very branching, loosely spreading, uranches in pairs; spikelets lance-ovate, acute, 4-6-flowered, 6-8" long, racemose on the branches; lower gleume shorter; lower palece acuminate or mucronate.-A fine grass, in meadows, U. S. and Can. June. 3. F. PRATENSIS. Huds. Meadow Fescue Grass. St. smooth, — 3f high; Ils. lance-linear, veined, smooth, rough-edged, 5_2 G6i. ~CLXI. GRAMINEAE. KUcLERrA. about 8' long; sheaths veined, smooth with obsolete stipules; panicle branched, spreading, somewhat 1-sided, branches subsolitary; spikelets lance-linear, 7-9flowered, about 8" long; lower glunme smaller; lower palea acuminate. —% Introduced in fields and meadows. June, July. 4. F. DURIUSCCLA. Hard Fescue Grass. St. smooth, 12-18' high; Ivs. linear, very acute, a little scabrous; stipules membranaceous, lacerate; panicle oblong, spreading, inclining to one side, branches in pairs; spikelets nearly terete, 5 —flowered; lower glume smaller, upper one 3-veined; palee unequal, lower with slhort awns. —%q Fields and pastures. A fine grass, common, Car. to Can. June, July. 5. F. NUTANS. Willd. St. erect, slender, smooth, with black nodes, about 3f high; lvs. narrowlinear, a foot long, veined; panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, branches in pairs; spikelets lance-ovate, 3-5-flowered; ]ls. smooth, awnless and nearly veinless. —4 Open woodlands, in most of the States. June. 6. F. PASCICULiRIS. Willd. St. much branched from the base, with short internodes, procumbent, geniculate, 12-18' long; Ils. linear, very long, 5-veined, scabrous, on long, loose sheaths; panicle erect, inclining to one side, with strict, spike-form branches; spikeets appressed, secund, 8-10-flowered; glumes 1-veined, lower one very short; lower palexe tipped with awns of their own length. —( Wet meadows, Mid. States. Aug. 7. F. ovINA. Sheep's Fescue. St. erect, ascending at base, 6-10' high; Ivs. very narrow, rough, radical ones very numerous, 2-4' long, cauline few, short, erect; panicle few-flowered, simple, contracted; spikelets ovate, 4-flowered; paleex roundish. —.? A valuable grass, recently introduced. June. 8. F. MYfuRUS. St. 6-12' long, erect, geniculate near the base; Ivs. 2-3' long, subulate, concave; stip. bifid or retuse; panicle slender, crowded; spikelets 4-7-flowered; c'lumes minute, equal; fis. subulate, hairy; lower paleae with an awn twice its!ength; sta. 1; stig. plumose, white.-(P Sandy fields, N. J. to Car. 37. DIARRHENA. Palis. Gr. dtg, two, appfvns,, rough; from the two scabrous keels of the upper paleae. Panicle raqemose or simple; glumes 2, very unequal, 2-5-flowered, rigid, acuminate, mucronate; palese cartilaginous, lower cuspidate, upper much smaller, emarginate; caryopsis coated, as long as the upper palea: scales ovate, ciliate. D). DIANDRA. Wood. (D. Americana. Pal~is. Festuca diandra. Mx.) St. erect, nearly leafless, slender, rigid, 15-30' high; lvs. few, subradical, broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, 10-16' by 5-7", nearly glabrous; sheaths close; stip. obsolete; panicle very simple and slender, branches erect, few; spikelets 2-flowered; glumes broad-ovate, upper twice larger, 5-veined; palee much longer than the glumes, the upper with 2 roughish, green keels, and conspicuously mucronate; sta. 2? —River banks, Ohio to Ill.! 38. K (ELERIA. Pers. In honor of M. Kceler, a German botanist. Spikelets compressed, 2-3-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the flowers; upper flower pedicellate, with a short, awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea; palese 2, the lower awnless, or awned beneath the tip. 1. K. CRISTXTA. Smith. (K. nitida. Nutt. K. tuberosa. Pers.?) St. 20-30' high, smooth, leafy to one-half its height, rigidly erect; lvs. flat, erect, pubescent, 2-3' by 1-2", shorter than their pubescent sheaths; stip. short, lacerate; panicle spicate, narrow, 3-5' long, 6-8" diam., branches very short; spikelets 2" long, silvery and shining, compressed, about 2-flowered, with GLYCERIA. CLXI. GRAMINEE. 613 an abortive pedicel; glume linear-oblong, acute, serrulate on the keel, upper one longer. —4 Ohio' W. S. Sullivant!,. Nuttalii. St. 8' high.-Mich. 2. K. OBTUSATA. Torr. (Aira obtusata. Michz.?) St. erect, geniculate below, leafy, 18-24' high; nodes pubescent, blackish, contracted; Ivs. 3-6' by 2", scabrous, acuminate, shorter than the sheaths; stip. lacerate; panicle contracted, 3 —5 long, 6-12"' diam., dense, branches fascicled, short, appressed; spikelets lid" long, 2-flowered, tumid; lower glume linear-oblong, upper larger, obovate, obtuse, puberulent; pakee equal, awnless, obtuse, scarious at summit, a little exserted. —. Ohio, Sulivant! 3. K. TRUNCATA. Torr. (Aira truncata. MuAl. Holcus striatus. Linn.) St. slender, 2f high; Ivs. smooth, narrow, 4-6' long; panicle oblong, loose, racemose; spikelets 2-flowered, in clustered racemes, on short, suberect branches; glumes subequal, the lower one linear, upper one much broader, very obtuse or truncate; paleve awnless.-Qi Fields and open woods, Can. to Ky. Jn..B. major. Livs. broad-linear, very long; panicle large, spreading. 4. K. PENNSYLVANICA. DC. (Aira mollis. Mu/l.) St. smooth, 2-3f high; nodes black; /is. 1-2' long, narrow, flat, lower ones soft pubescent; panicle very slender, loose, 4-8' long; spikelets about 3flowered, shining; lower glume linear, upper one much broader, oblanceolate, 3veined; patlet awnless. — Rocky woods, N. England (rare) to Ky.! Ill. May, June. 5. K. PANICULATA. Nutt. St. tall (2-3f high); Ivs. elongated (4-6'), on long sheaths; panicle oblong, glabrous; spikelets 2-3-flowered, shining; glumes awnless, very unequal, the larger one truncately obtuse. —- Michigan. Also Florida. 39. TRICJUSPIS. Palis. Lat. tres, three, cuspis, a point; alluding to the structure of the flowers. Spikelets terete, tumid, about 5-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, carinate, shorter than the flowers; lower palea bifid-toothed, tricuspidate by the projecting keel and two lateral veins, upper one truncate, almost emarginate; caryopsis 2-horned. T. SESLERIoiDEs. Torr. (Poa. M/chx, Winsoria poeformis. Nutt.) False Red-top. —St. very hard and smooth, erect, 4-5f high; ivs. smooth beneath, lance-linear, veined, 12-18' long; lower sheaths often hairy; stip. 0; panicle loose, expanding, branches flexuous, smooth, long; spikelets ovatelanceolate, purple, shining, 4-5-flowered; glumes unequal, mucronate; lower palea with 3 projecting veins. —.9 A splendid grass in sandy fields, N. Eng. to Il}. and S. States. 40. GLYCERIA. Brown. Gr. yVwKVS, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the seeds. Spikelets slender, many-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, veinless, truncate, shorter than the flowers; lower palea herbaceous, embracing the upper, bidentate one; scales connate, truncate. 1. G. PLUiTANS. Brown. (Festuca fluitans. Linn.) St. compressed or ancipitous, ascending at base, 3 —5f high; Ivs. lancelinear, smooth beneath, about a foot long; s/heaths veined, smooth, with a very large stipule; panicle. secund, long, slender, slightly branched; spikelets 1-1i' long, linear, appressed, aEbout 10-flowered; fls. obtuse; lowerpalea 7-veined, denticulate. — Aquatic. N. and N. W. States. June, July. 2. G. ACUTrFLoRA. Torr. (Festuca brevifolia. Mu/hl.) St. somewhat compressed, 1-2f high; lvs. narrow, attenuated above, half as long as the stem; panicle simple, long, appressed; spikelets linear, 4-6-flowered; Ils. very slender, acute, indistinctly veined. — Inundated meadows, N. Eng., N. Y. June. 614 CLXI. GRAMINEAE. Poi, 41. POA. Gr. 7roa, the general name for grasses or herbage. Spikelets compressed, ovate, oblong or linear, many-flowered (320); glumes 2, shorter than the lower flowers; paleae subequal, awnless, often with an arachnoid web at base, bifid-toothed, the lower one herbaceous, scarious on the margin; scales ovate, acute, smooth. * Flowers webbed at base. 1. P. PRATENSIS. Spear Grass. St. terete, smooth, 1-2f high; Ivs. carinate, linear, abruptly acute, radical ones very long and numerous, cauline shorter than the veined, smooth sheaths; slip. short, truncate; panicle diffuse, branches 3-5 together in halfwhorls; spikelets ovate, acute, with about 4, acute flowers;. glumes lanceolate, rather acuminate.-4 An excellent grass both for hay and pasturage, very abundant. May, June. Varies much in luxuriance according to the soil. 2. P. TRIVIALIS. (P. stolonifera. Muhl.) Roughish Meadow Grass. Sts. sometimes stoloniferous at base, roughish backwards, 2-3f high; 6vs. lance-linear, acute, rough-edged, lower ones very long, cauline as long as the roughish sheaths, with long, acuminate stipules; panicle diffuse, expanding, scabrous, branches 4-5 together in half-whorls; spikelets oblong-ovate, 2-3flowered.-24 A grass equally common and valuable with the last, N. States, June, July. 3. P. COMPRESSA. Blue Grass. St. decumbent and rooting at base, much compressed, smooth, striate, 12 -18' high; Ivs. linear, carinate, veined, smooth, short, bluish-green; sheaths smooth, rather loose, with a short, obtuse stipule; paizcle contracted, somewhat secund, branches scabrous, in 2s and 3s; spikelets ovate-oblong, 3-6-flowered, subsessile.-q- Less abundant than the last, forming tufts in moist places, Free States. June. 4. P. SEROTiNA. Erhr. (P. palustris. Muhl.) Meadow Red-top. St. erect, 2-3f high; lvs. flat, narrow-linear, smooth, 10-15' long; stip. long, lacerated; panicle diffuse, somewhat secund, 6-10' long, branches in half-whorls; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-flowered; fls. but little webbed at base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-veined. —4 Common in wet meadows, Free States. June. 5. P. PUNGENS. Torr. (P. flexuosa. Muhl.) St. compressed, 1-2f high; Ivs. of the stem about 2, flat, oblong, lanceolate, cuspidate and pungent, lower about 1' long, upper minute, root Ivs. long and narrow, all erect, keeled and pungent at the point; stip. truncate, lacerate; sheaths nearly as long as the nodes; panicle small, racemose at apex, branches in half-whorls, capillary; spikelets ovate, 3 —4-flowered; fis. rather obtuse, webbed; glumes smooth, upper acute; sty. doubly plumose, white. —4 Middle and Western States. April. 6. P. LAXA. Hcenke. (P. alpina. Torr.) St. cespitose, 6-8' high; lvs. linear, acute, smooth; stip. lanceolate; pan. 1-2' long, contracted, nodding, branches mostly in pairs, smooth, flexuous; spikelets 2k" long, ovate, 3-flowered; fis. often purple, acute, hairy, somewhat webbed at base; glume lance-ovate, slightly scabrous on the keel; lower palea hairy below, upper rough-edged; anth. violet. —. Mountains and woods, N Eng.! and Mid. States. 7. P. NEMORALIS. Wood Spear Grass. St. slender, 2-3f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, pale green, smooth as well as the sheaths; stip. scarcely any; panicle 6-10' long, slender, nodding when in fruit, branches capillary, flexuous, in 2s or 3s; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered, the flowers spreading and at length remote, slightly webbed at base. —4 A tall, rank grass, in wet, open woods, N. Eng.! and Mid. States. July * * Flowers free, or not webbed at base. 8. P. ANNUA. Annual Spear Grass. Sts. decumbent and rooting at the base, smooth, compressed, 3 —8' long; PoA. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 615 lvs. lance-linear, short, smooth, carinate, on loose, glabrous sheaths; stip. oblong, dentate; panicle spreading, the branches generally solitary, at length horizontal; spikelets ovate-oblong, rather numerous, containing about 5, loose flowers. —( A small, abundant, annual grass, N. Eng. to Ohio, forming a dense, soft and beautiful turf. May —Sept. 9. P. NERVATA. Willd. (P. striata. Michz. Briza Canadensis. Nutt.) Foul Meadow.-St. smooth, 3-4f high; Ivs. lance-linear, striate, rough above, about a foot long, on striate, roughish sheaths; stip. lacerate; panicle large, loose, diffuse, equal, branches weak, pendulous in fruit, long and capillary, in 2s or 3s; spikelets ovate-oblong, containing about 5, obtuse, conspicuously 7veined flowers.-2[ A beautiful and valuable grass in wet meadows, N. Eng. toMich. June. 10. P. ELONG.ATA. Torr. St. round, erect, smooth, 3f high; lvs. narrow-linear, smooth, 8-15' long; sheaths striate, smooth; stip. very short; panicle (8-10') elongated, racemose, nodding, branches solitary or in 2s, appressed; spikelets ovate-obtuse, tumid, containing about 3, obtuse, 5-veined flowers. —21 Wet meadows N. Eng. to Ill. July. 11. P. OBTUSA. Muhl. St. smooth, firm, 2-3f high; lvs. dark green, linear, often surpassing the stem, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle dense, ovate, many-flowered, 3-4' long; syikelets ovate, tumid, thick, containing 5-7, smooth, ovate, obtuse flowers; lower palea 7 veined. —4 Swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. Aug., Sept. 12. P. CONFERTA. Ell. (P. glomerata. Walt.) St. erect, geniculate, 2-3f high; Ivs. glabrous, flat, serrulate on the margin; panicles terminal and axillary, 4-8' long, erect, compressed, with the spikelets densely clustered; spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. —4 Penn., Schweinitz (fide Beck), S. to Car. 13. P. MODESTA. Tuckerman. St. short, geniculate at base, branched, compressed, glabrous; Ivs. 3-4' by i", rather rigid; sheaths striate, smoothish; stip. conspicuous, truncate, erose and laciniate; panicle strict, 6-9' long, branches solitary, filiform, scabrous; spikelets scattered, briefly pedicellate; gluwes unequal, obtuse, erose, glabrous; lower fl. larger, sessile, veinless; caryopsis ovate, fuscous.-Brooksides, Cambridge, Mass. E. T. 14. P. CANADENSIS. Torr. (Briza Canadensis. Michx.) St. round, smooth, erect, 3-4f high; lvs. broad-linear, rough, glaucous, on smooth sheaths; stip. lacerate, ovate-obtuse; panicle large, 6-8' long, branches flexuous, in half-whorls, much spreading or pendulous in fruit; spikelets short, ovate, tumid, 6-8-flowered; glumes much shorter than the lower flower; upper palea very obtuse, lower about 7-veined; sta. 2. —4 A large and beautiful grass, in shady grounds, Free States, Can. July, Aug. 15. P. CAPILLARIS. St. much branched at base, smooth, a foot high; Ivs. linear, attenuated above, flat, smooth; sheaths striate, with long hairs about the throat and margin; stip. short; panicle very large (near a foot long), with diffusely spreading, capillary branches, axils smooth; spikelets ovate, acute, about 3-flowered, on long pedicels; palee, scabrous.-() Dry grounds, U. S. Aug. 16. P. HIRSUTA. Michx. St. subsimple, compressed, erect, 1-2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, attenuate at end, surpassing thdestem, hairy at base; sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth; stip. fringed; panicle very large, capillary, branches spreading, reflexed in fruit, hirsute in the axils; spikelets oblong, about 5-flowered; palece ciliate.-4 Sandy fields. July, Aug. fl. spectabilis. (Torr. P. spectabilis. P.) Spikelets linear, 10-15-flowered st. taller. 17. P. MARITiMA. Huds. St. somewhat geniculate, round, about a foot high; Ivs. somewhat glaucous, rough-edged, involute; particle erect, dense, branches in pairs, scabrous; 325 616 CLXI. GRAMINEIE. UNIOLA. spikelets terete, linear, purplish, about 5-flowered; Jfs. obtuse, indistinctly 5veined. —9 Salt marshes, Ms., Bigelow. June. 18. P. AnUATiCA.. Americana. Torr. (P. aquatica. Ph.) Smooth; st. stout, leafy, 4-5f high; lvs. broad-linear, flat, thin.; panicle erect, diffuse, branches at length spreading, flexuous, 3-5 together, in half whorls; spikelets linear, purple, with 6-8 ovate-obtuse flowers. —[ Wet meadows, Free States and Can. A very large, handsome poa. Aug. 19. P. DENTXTA. Torr. Smooth; st. erect, round, 3f high; lvs. flat, linear, 10-16' long, glaucous beneath; stip. elongated; panicle large, loose, few-flowered, branches capillary, spreading; spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flowered; lower glume 3-veined; lower palea 5-veined, 5-toothed at the apex when old.-Q- Swamps, Mass., N. H.! to Penn. Not very common. June, July. 20. P. FASCICULATA. Torr. Very smooth; st. firm and leafy, oblique, round, branched at base, 1-2f high; ivs. flat, lance-linear; panicle spreading, branches fasciculate, crowded, straight; spikelets oblong, somewhat racemed, sessile, crowded, about 3-flow.. ered; glumes minute, unequal. —% Salt marshes, N. Y. 21. P. PECTINACEA. Michx. (P. pilosa. Meuhl. P. tenella. Ph.) St. cmespitose, oblique, geniculate at base, 8-12' high; Ivs. fat, smooth, pilose at base, 5-veined, 2-4' long; sheaths bearded at the throat; panicle large, loose, capillary, purplish, hairy in the axils, branches subverticillate; spikelets linear, with 5-9 acute flowers; *upper palea persistent on the rachis which thus is made finally to appear pectinate. —( In sandy fields, Mid. and S. States. July, Aug. 22. P. REPTANS. t'.; st. branched, creeping, rooting at the joints, 6-12' long; lvs. subulate, flat, 2-3' long; sheaths open, pilose on the margin and throat; panicle 1-2'-long, branches short, simple, in fascicles, few-flowered; spikelets linearlanceolate, with 12-20 acuminate flowers. —( Swamps, N. Y. to Ky.! JL, Aug. 23. P. ERAGROSTIS. (P. obtusa. Nutt. Briza eragrostis. Muil.) St. oblique or decumbent, geniculate, 1-2f long; ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at end, scabrous on the margin and above; sheaths pilbse at the throat; stip. short, bearded; panicle expanding, branches subdivided, flexuous, subpilose in the axils; spikelets ovate-oblong, 12-20-flowered; glumes nearly equal. —() A beautiful grass, introduced into fields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ill.! It has a strong, peculiar odor. Aug 42. BRIA. 42. BRIZA. G~'. /ptrDo, to nod, or hang down; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. Spikelets cordate-ovate, 6-9-flowered; glumes 2, shorter than the lower flowers; paleae ventricose, lower one cordate at base, embracing the upper which is suborbicular and much shorter; caryopsis beaked. B. MEDIA. St. naked above, 1-2f high; lvs. flat, smooth, lance-linear; stip. short, obtuse; panicle erect, few-flowered, branches wide-spreading, capillary, purplish, bearing the ovate or cordate, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelets at the ends, these are about 7-flowered, greenish-purple; palee veinless.-Q-Naturalized in the vicinity of Boston, Bigelow. May. 43. UNIOLA. Lat. untss, one; on account of the aggregation of many flowers into one spikelet. Spikelets compressed, 3 —20-flowered; lower flower abortive; glumes 2, shorter than the lower flower; lower palete boat-shaped at the end, truncate and mucronate between the lobes, upper subulate, somewhat bifid; scales emarginate; caryopsis with 2 horns. 1. U. LATIFOLIA. Michx. Broad-leaved Uniola. St. 2-4f high, smooth, subsimple; lus. 8-18' by 6-12", lance-linear, ELEUSINE. CLXI. GRAMINEE. 617 glabrous, rough-edged; sheaths longer than the internodes; panicle loose, 8-12' long, nodding; spikelets all on long peduncles, about 10" long, ovate, flat, about 10-flowered; glumes unequal, near twice shorter than the flowers; fis. subfalcate, 6" long, lower one abortive; sta. 1. —% Dry woods, middle and Western States. Singularly elegant and showy. Aug. 2. U. GRACiLIS. Michx. (Holcus laxus. Linn.) St. slender, leafy, 3-4f high; lvs. broad-linear, tapering to a slender point, flat, 12-18' long; sheaths shorter than the joints; panicle long, racemose, branches solitary, short, remote, erect; spikelets 3-flowered; fis. spreading, straight, monandrous; glumes rigid, acute.-% Sea coasts, N. Y. to Ga. Aug. 3. U. sPIcATA. (Festuca distachophylla. Michx.) St. smooth, round, branched at base, 1-2f high; cauline Ivs. numerous, 3 —6 long, involute, rigid and acute; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper ones hairy at throat;.stip. inconspicuous; panicle densely spicate, consisting of short, fasciculate branches with sessile spikelets; spikelets oblong, 5-9-flowered; fis. triandrous. —4 Salt marshes, N. Y. to Car. July. 44. MELTCA. Lat. mel, honey; the plant to which the name was first applied had a ezeet pith. Panicle simple or compound; glumes 2, unequal, membranous, 2-5-flowered; fis. a little longer than the glumes, the upper incomplete and abortive; scales truncate, fimbriate; caryopsis free, not furrowed. M. GLABRA. Walt. (M. speciosa. Mu/hl.) St. 3-4f high, glabrous; l'vs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath; stip. lacerate; particle glabrous, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding, branches simple, solitary; spikelets 6-8" long; lower glume shorter, very smooth: palee veined; upperJf. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of very short, roundish paleae.-'4 Mountains, Penn. to Car. 45. DACTYLIS. Gr. caKrv)Xos, a finger; from the form of the spikes. Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3-5-flowered; glumes unequal the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers; paleae subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucronate, upper bifid at apex; scales dentate. D. GLOMERXTA. Orchard Grass. St. roughish, 2-4f high; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate; stip. lacerate; panicle remotely branched, rather secund; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal clusters; glumes very unequal; aath. large, yellow. —4 A fine, well known grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. TRIBE 8. CHLORE2E.-Inflorescence spiked. Spikelets solitary, few-flowered, the terminal flower often abortive. Glumes carinate, not opposite. Upper palea with two keels. 46. ELEUSINE. From Ele7usis, where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshiped. Spikes digitate, unilateral; spikelets 5-7-flowered; glumes obtuse, unequal, lower one smaller; palera unequal, upper one bifid toothed; scales truncate, fimbriate; caryopsis triangular, ovate, enclosed in a separate membrane or perigynium. E. INDiCA. Wire Grass. St. oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12-16' long; lvs. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheaths hairy at the throat; spikes 2-4, rarely more or less, linear, straight, divaricate, 2-4' long; spikelets 618 CLXI. GRAMINEiE. ATHEROPOGON. closely imbricate, smooth; upper glume 5-veined; fr. dark brown.-0 Common about houses, foot-paths, &c., Mid. and W. States. Aug. 47. CYNODON. Rich. Gr. Kvcov, a dog, odog, tooth; alluding to the singular, one-sided spikelets. Spikes digitate or fasciculate; spikelets unilateral, in a single row; glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent; 9 upper palea bifid-toothed; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of the upper palea; scales truncate. C. DACT'iLON. Pers. (Digitaria. Ell. Panicum. Liann.) Bermuda Grass. Rt. creeping extensively; st. creeping, stoloniferous at base, 1-2f long; lvs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear; sheaths hairy; spikes 4-5, digitate, spreading, 2-3' long, serrated with the uneven spikelets; glumes scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute; palece subequal, the lower broader, enfolding the upper.-r- A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard soils, Penn. to Ga. 48. GYMNOPOGON. Palis. Gr. yvpvos, naked, lrcoycov, beard; alluding to the long awn of the palea. Spikes setaceous, paniculate; glumes 2, keeled, subequal, the lower with a straight awn from a little below the tip; rudiment aristiform. G. RACEM6SUM. Palis. (Anthropogon lepturoides. Nutt.) St. ascending, 18-24' high, with short internodes; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 1-2' by 4-8", glabrous, flat, spreading, in 2 rows; sheaths hairy at the throat; stip. obsolete; panicle large, pyramidal, branches simple, rigid, verticillate, spreading, 3-5' long; spikelets. sessile, appressed; glumes linear, pungent; lower palea with an awn at its back 3-4 times its length, upper bifid.-4 Sandy fields, N. J. to Ga. Aug. 49. SPARTINA. Spikelets imbricated in a double row in unilateral, paniculate spikes; glumes 2, unequal, compressed; paleae 2, subequal, compressed, awnless; style long, bifid. 1. S. CYNOSURO1DES. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.) St. slender, smooth, 3-5f high; lvs. 2 —3f long, sublinear, convolute and filiform at the end; sheaths striate, glabrous; panicle loose, slender, composed of 20 or more alternate, one-sided, pedunculate spikes 2-3' long; spikelets arranged on 2 sides of a triangular rachis; glumes acuminate, one of them with a short awn; palece white and awnless.-4 Marshes, Free States and Can. A coarse, sedge-like grass. Aug. 2. S. JUNCEA. Willd. (Limnetis. Pers.) Rt. creeping extensively; st. erect, rigid, round, smooth, 1-2f high; Ivs. convolute at the edges, spreading, in 2 rows; spikes 3-5; ped. smooth; rachis compressed; lower glume 3 times as long as the upper; palece obtuse, lower one shorter; sty. 2. —4 Marshes and river banks, Free States and Can. JI., Aug. 3. S. GLABRA. Muhl. St. smooth, succulent, terete, 3-5f high; i's. concave, erect, about 2f long, i' wide at base, tapering to a long acumination; spikes 10-15, erect and appressed, alternate and sessile upon a triangular rachis; spikelets in a dense, double row. —4 Marshes, Indiana! Aug., Sept. 50. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl. Gr. arp, chaff, rroyoav, beard; a characteristic term. Spikes in a thin, simple raceme; glumes 2, membranaceous, 2flowered, lower one setiform; Q paleae 2, lower one 3-toothed or 3bristled, upper bifid; abortive flower pcdicellatc, paler 2-3-bristled. SECALE. CLXI. GRAMINE2E. 619 A. APLUILOiDES. Muhl. St. 1-2f high, geniculate at base, ascending, terete; lvs. linear-lanceolate, smoothish beneath, pilose above; stip. short, truncate; spikes 4 —6" long, 20-40, on short, flat peduncles, thinly arranged in 2 opposite rows, each with 4-8 spikelets; spikelets 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on the under side of the flat, partial rachis; glumes unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly adhering to the rachis; anth. 3, bright red; fr. oblong; abortive ft. pedicellate, empty.4- Middle and Western States. Guilford, Conn., Robbins! TRIBE 9. HORDEIE.-Infloreseence spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or several together, one, few or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and opposite, rarely unequal and alternate. Lower palea awned or awnless, upper one with 2 keels. 51. TRITICUM. Lat. tritum, rubbed or ground; alluding to the manner of its preparation for food. Spikelets imbricated in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, about 5-flowered, with the upper flowers abortive; glumes 2, equal, opposite, ovate, concave, mucronate; paleae 2, lower awned or mucronate; scales 2, collateral. 1. T. SATiVUM. 3. hybernzum. Winter Whheat. St. round, smooth, the internodes somewhat inflated, 3 —5f high; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, roughish above; stip. truncate; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered; glumes ventricose; awns of the upper patea generally longer than the flowers. —( and ( This is without doubt the most valuable plant of the order; is universally cultivated, and may be regarded as naturalized. Many varieties are known to farmers, of which the most important are y. eestivum. Summer Wheat. Glumes always awned.-(I) 6. compositum. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound; spikelets awned. 2. T. REPENS. (Agropyron. Palis.) St. trailing at the lower joints, about 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough above and somewhat hairy; stip. short, truncate; spike compressed, about 3' in length; spikelels remote, alternate, lance-oblong, 5-6-flowered; glumes lanceolate, 5-veined, acuminate.-'- A vile weed, in fields and gardens, extremely difficult to eradicate. June-Aug. 5 3. T. CANiNUM. R. & S. Dog's Couch Grass. St. 2-3f high, erect or oblique; Ivs. flat, smooth; stip. almost wanting; spikelets about 5-flowered; glunes 3-veined, and with the outer palea, terminating in a straight, scabrous bristle, longer than the flowers.-Delaware, Muhlenberg. Probably 5. 4. T. CRISTiTUM. Schreb. (Bromus cristatus. Linn.) St. erect, glabrous; spike oblong, compressed, imbricated in 2 rows, about 5-flowered, smoothish, spreading; paleez subulate-awned.-Penn. Schweinitz (Beck, bot., p. 416). 52. SECGALE. Celtic segal, from sega, a sickle. Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2-3-flowered, the 2 lower flowers fertile, sessile, opposite, the upper one abortive; glumes subulate, opposite, shorter than the flowers; lower palea with a very long awn, upper often bifid at apex; scales abortive, hairy. S. CEREiLE. Rye. St. hairy beneath the spike, 4-6f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged and rough above, glaucous; spike about 5' long, linear, compressed; palece smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin; awns scabrous-ciliate, long, straight, erect. — or A The native country of this highly valuable grain is unknown. It has long been cultivated, and like the wheat, may be considered naturalized. June, July. 620 CLXI. GRA MINEdE. ELYMUS. 53. 1HORDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral ones sometimes abortive; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned; paleve 2, lower lance-ovate, long-awned, upper obtusely acuminate; caryopsis adhering to the palede. 1. H. VULGARE. Barley. St. smooth, 2-3f high; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, nearly smooth; sheaths auriculate at the throat; spike thick, about 3' long; svikelets all fertile, 1-flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the base of the upper palea; glumes collateral, shorter than the flowers; fr. arranged in 4 rows.-) Extensively ultivated. May. t 2. H. DISTiCHUM. Two-rowed Barley. St. 2-3f high; Ivs. lance-linear, scabrous above; sheaths auriculate at the throat; spike 3 —4 long, linear, compressed; lateral spikelets abortive, awnless; fr. arranged in 2 rows. —) More common, and is generally preferred for malting to the former species. June., 3. H. JUBATUM. Squirrel-tail Grass. St. slender, round, smooth, simple, about 2f high; lts. broad-linear, 4-6' long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth as well as the sheaths; spikes 2-3' long; spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter; glumes and palec produced into fine, smooth awns, 6 times as long as the flowers; abortive flowers on short pedicels.( Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to Subarc. Am. June. 4. H. PUSILLUM. Nutt. St. 4 —6 high, decumbent or geniculate at the base; lvs. about lit long, rather obtuse, glaucous, striate; upper sheath tumid, embracing the spike; spike linear, about 1J' long; glumes by 3s, collateral, imbricated, lateral; abortivefls. awnless; awn of the central sessile, s as long as those of the involucre; glumes all awned, the inner setaceous from the base; awns 1' or more long.-Ohio i to Ill. and Mo. 54. LOLIUM. Celtic olmoa; a name applied to one of the species. Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, remote, with the edge to the rachis; glume to the lower spikelet single, to the terminal one 2; paleae herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-awned or mucronate, upper bifid-toothed. 1. L. PERENNE. Darnel Grass. Smooth; st. terete, 1-2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, shining-green, on striate sheaths with truncate stipules; rachis flexuous, grooved, 5 —6 long; spikelets about 16, longer than the glumes, 7-9-flowered, alternate, in two opposite rows; lower palea 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent, rough keels. —2 Naturalized in meadows, cultivated grounds, &c. May, June. 2. L. TEMULENTUM. Poisonomts Darnsel. St. terete, smooth, 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, and with the sneamns, smooth on the surface; stip. truncate; rachis flexuous, 4 —6' long; spikelets much compressed, 5-7-flowered, longer than the glumes; lower palea 5-veined, produced into an awn twice its length. —) Remarkably distinguished from all other grasses by its poisonous seeds. N. Eng. to Penn. July. 55. E L MUS. Gr. Asva, to fold up; the spike is enveloped in the sheaths in some of the species. Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2-6-flowered; glumes 2, collateral, subequal, subulate; paleae lanceolate, lower one entire, mucronate or awned; scales ciliate. 1. E. VIRGINiCUS. Lime Grass. Wild Rye. St. erect, smooth, 3-4f high; lvs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous, deep green, i' broad; sheaths veined; stip. very short; spike erect, thick, 3-5' long; spike ANDROPOGON. CLXI. GRAMINEJE. 621 lets in pairs about 3-flowered; glumes both in front, lance-linear, slightly connate at base, produced into a scabrous awn; fis. smooth; lower palea awned.4 Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Ill., S. to Va. Aug. 2. E. CANADENSIS. (E. glaucifolius. Willd.) St. erect, smooth, stout, 3-5f high; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, smooth, dark green or often glaucous; spike rather spreading, 4-8' long, generally nodding at the summit; rachis hairy; spikelets 2-5-flowered; glumes 5-7-veined, shortawned. hairy; lower palea hairy, awned. —4 A tall, showy grass, with long, recurwrd, waving spikes. River banks, &c., Free States and Brit. Am. Aug. 3. E. VILLOSUS. Muhl. Rye Grass. St. slender, striate, smooth, 2-3f high; Ivs. rough-edged, pubescent above, i' broad; sheaths hairy, especially the lower ones; spike 21.-3-' long, a little nodding and spreading; rachis and flowers hispid, pilose; spikelets 1-3-flowered; glumes linear; lower palea with a long, straight awn. —4 Dry grounds, Free States. July. 4. E. HYsSTRIx. Hedgehog Grass. St. round, smooth, 2-4f high; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, scabrous, generally'glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spike 4-6' long, erect; rachis nearly -smooth, flexuous; spikelets remote, diverging, almost horizontal, 2-3flowered; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2; fls. smoothish; lower palea terminating in a very long awn.-%4 An odd-looking grass, in moist woods, Free States, common. July. 5. E. STRIiTUS. Willd. Striated Lime Grass. St. slender, erect, 8-12' high; lvs. and sheaths smooth, the former lancelinear, acuminate, scabrous on the upper surface; spike erect, 2-3' long; invol. 4-leaved, strongly veined, 2-flowered, one flower commonly abortive; spikelets in pairs, somewhat spreading, hispid, each 2-flowered; awns 3 or 4 times as long as the palere.-q- Mass., Bigelow, to Penn., W. to Ohio, rare. A small and slender species. July. TaIBE 10. ANDROPOGONE3E. —lnflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets generally in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other mostly pedicellate and imperfect. Glumes of stouter texture than the paleae. Paleae delicate and membranaceous, the lower commonly awned. 56. ANDROPOGON. Gr. avppos, of a man, rayoav, beard; in allusion to the hairy flowers. Spikelets in pairs, polygamous, the lower one incomplete, on a plumosely bearded pedicel, upper one 1-flowered, perfect; glumes subcoriaceous, awnless; paleae shorter than the glumes, one generally awned. 1. A. PURcATUS. Muhl. Forked Spike. St. semiterete above, 4-7f high; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, radical ones very long; spikes digitate or fasciculate, in 2s-5s, 3-5' long, purple; spikelets appressed, abortive one on a plumose pedicel, 3' with 2 paleee, awnless, perfect one with 2 unequal glumes; lower palea bifid, awned between the divisions.-% Meadows and low grounds, Free States and Can. Aug. 2. A. sCOPARIUs. Michx. (A. purpurascens. Muhl.) Broom Grass. St. slender, paniculate, 3f high, branched, one side furrowed, branches fasciculate, erect; lvs. lance-linear, somewhat hairy and glaucous; spikes simple, lateral and terminal, on long peduncles, 2-3 from each sheath, purple; spikelets remote, abortive one neuter, mostly with 2 palese, awned.-% Woods, U. S. Aug. 3. A. VIRGINICUS. Caespitose; st. subcompressed, 3f high, branches few and short, half concealed; Ivs. linear, lower ones a foot or more long, rough-edged and hairy; sheaths smooth; spikes short, in slender, half' concealed fascicles of 2 or 3, lateral and terminal; abortive spikelet a mere pedicel, without palere; monandrous, with a straight awn.-l- Swamps, meadows, &c., N. Eng. to Ky. Sept. 622 CLXI. GRAMINEjE. ZIZANIU. 4. A. MACROURUS. Michx. Indian Grass. St. sulcate on one side, much branched above, 2-3f high; Ivs. linear, rough, lower ones very long, upper ones erect; sheaths hairy; spikes conjugate, — 1' long, in dense lateral and terminal, fastigiate panicles, partly concealed; abortive spikelet without paleae; Q monandrous, with a straight awn.-QSwamps, Mid. States to Car. Sept. 5. A. NUTANS. Beard Grass. Glabrous; st. terete, simple, 3-5f high; lvs. glaucous, lance-linear, rough, i' broad; panicle oblong, branched, nodding, 6-10' long; abortive spikelet without palete; glumes of the ~ hairy, ferruginous, shining; awn contorted. -% Sandy fields, U. S. and Can. Oct. 57. SORGHUM. Formed from sorghi; the Asiatic name of one of the species. Spikelets in 2s or 3s, abortive ones pedicellate, awnless, with 2 paleve, the perfect, sessile, 1-flowered; glumes 2, coriaceous; paleve 3, the upper one awned. 1. S. SACCHARiTUM. Broom Corn.-St. thick, solid with pith, 6-10f high; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base; panicle large, diffuse, with long, verticillate, at length nodding branches; glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, persistent.-( From the E. Indies. The uses of this fine, cultivated plant are doubtless well known to our readers. t 2. S. VITLGARE. Indian Millet.-St. erect, round, solid with pith, 6-10f high; Ivs. carinate, lanceolate; panicle compact, oval, erect until mature; fis. pubescent; palece caducous; fr. naked. —) From the E. Indies. Rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the seed as food for poultry.: TRIBE 11. ORYZEAE.-Inflorescence panicled or spiked. Spikelets, solitary, 1-3-flowered. Flowers perfect or diclinous. Stamens 1-6. 58. LEERSIA. In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed; glumes 0; paleae 2, compressed, carinate, awnless; scales 2, membranaceous. 1. L. ORYZilDES. Swartz. Cut Grass. St. retrorsely scabrous, 3-5f high; lvs. lanceolate, carinate, the margin very rough backwards; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles; panicle much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base; spikelets spreading; palece ciliate on the keel, white, compressed and closed; sta. 3. —4 A very rough grass, common in swamps, by streams, &c., U. S. and Can. Aug. 2. L. VIRGINiCA. Willd. White Grass. St. slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 —3f long, nodes retrorsely hairy; lvs. lance-linear, roughish; sheaths roughish backwards, striate; panicle simple, at length much exserted, the lower branches diffuse; JIs. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes; lower palea boat-shaped, mucronate; sta. 1-2. —% Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 3. L. LENTICULARIS. Michx. Catch-flu Grass. St. erect, 2-4f high; panicle erect; fJs. large, roundish, imbricated; sta. 2; palee with the keel and veins ciliate. —% Wet places, Ohio, Frank, Ct., Eaton. 59. ZIZANIA. C Glumes 0; spikelets 1-flowered; palewe 2, herbaceous. c' Paleoe subequal, awnless; stamens 6. 9 Spikelets subulate; palese unequal, linear, lower one with a straight awn; styles 2; caryopsis enveloped in the plicate palede. 1. Z. AQUATiCA. Lamb. (Z. clavulosa. Michx.) Indian Rwce. St. i' in diameter, fistular; smooth, 6f high; Ivs. lance-linear, 2-3f long, an inch wide, smooth, serrulate; panicle a foot or more long: pyramidal, the Zak. CLXI. GRAMINEE. 623 lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long, hispid; fr. slender, I' long, blackish, deciduous, farinaceous.-2- Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other water fowls. Aug. 2. Z. MILIACEA. MichX. St. erect, 6 —10f high; lvs. very long, narrow, glaucous; panicle terminal, large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes with short awns; d and 9 fis. intermixed; s4. 1; F. ovate,glabrous. — Penn. to Car., W. to Ohio, growing in water. Aug. 3. Z. 2 FLUiTANI MiChx. (Hydrocochloa. Palis. Ilydropyrum. Kuintl.) St. long, slender, branching, floating in the water; Ivs. linear, flat; spike solitary, axillary, setaceous, aboutt 4-flowered; paleat awnless; stig. 2, very long; frt. reniform.-2- Can. and N. States? July. 60. LEPTORUS. R. Br. Gr. Xerrog, slender, ospa, tail; ftom the long, slender, cylindrical spike.'Powers 8' U 9, spicate; rachis filiform, jointed, joints with one Spikelet; glum es 1 or 2, rigid, connate with the rehius, simple or!.,PAiCUI'ATUi. Nutt. St. scarcely If high, compressed; Ivs. short, rigid, sheathing the base of the panicle; panicle or naked rachis incurved, acutely triangular, rigid, bearing 6-10 compressed, subulate spikes on one side, each 1 —2 long; spikelets remote, on one side the rachis; glumes rigidly fixed, unequal, parallel; palee 2, the outer of the samnetexture as the glumes, inner membranaceous.-Ill., Mead, Mo., Nuttall. 61. TRIPSACUM. Gr. 9-r.pfw, togrind;,application not obvious.? Spikes digitate; glumes 2, coriaceous; palera 2, membranaceous. c' Spikelets 2-flowered, outer flower staminate, inner neuter. 9 Spikelets 3-flowered, the 2 lateral flowers abortive; outer glume enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the rachis, with an aperture each aide at base. T. DACTYLOiDES. Sesame Grass. St. slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at the nodes, 4-6f high; ivs. near an inch broad, long, lance-linear, smooth beneath, roughish above; spikes 5-8' long, usually 2-3 together, digitate, terminal, (T flowers above, i below, without awns.-2j River banks and sea shores, Mid., W. and B. States. A large, coarse and very singular grass. Jl.'8. snostach yon. Spike single. 62. ZEA. Gr. {aco, to live; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. o.-a — in terminal, paniculate racemes; spikelets 2-flowered; glumes 2, herbaceous, obtuse, subequal; paleoe membranaceous, awnless, obtuse. 9 lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed in a spathe of numerous bracts; spikelets 2-flowered. one flower abortive; glumes 2, very obtuse; paleae awnless; style 1, filiform, very long, pendulous; caryopsis compressed. Z. MAYs. Maize. Indian Corn. Rt. fibrous; st. erect, 5-10f (in some varieties 15-20f) high, channeled on one side, leafy; lvs. lance-linear, entire, 2-3f long.-(- The varieties of this noble plant are numerous, produced by climate and culture. It is a native of the warm latitudes of America, but how widely it has been cultivated on both continents, and how important it is to man, it is unnecessary here to state. J1. Q 53 SECOND GRAND DIVISION, CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue, without spiral vessels, destitute of true flowers, and producing SPORES instead of seeds. CLASS V. ACROGENS. Flowerless plants with a proper STEM or AXIS, often with a vascular system composed chiefly of annular ducts, usually furnished with leaves. GROWTH by the extension of the apex, without subsequent increase in diameter. SPORES with a proper integument, and contained in a vessel analogous to an ovary, called THECA or SPORANGIUM. ORDER CLXII. EQUISETACEE. —HORSETAILS. Plant leafless, simple or with verticillate branches. Sten striate-sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheaths dentate, crowning the summit of each internode. Inflorescence (by analogy) a dense, cylindric, terminal spike or strobile. Scales of the strobile peltate, hexagonal, subverticillate. Thece 4-7, attached to the under surface of the scales with lateral dehiscence. Spores numerous, globose, surrounded by minute granules. [manner. Etaters, bodies of unknown use, consisting of 4 elastic, clavate filaments involving the spores in a spiral An order consisting at present of a single genus, growing in wet grounds, on river banks, and borders of woods, throughout most countries. The Equisetaceae abound in the fossil remains of coal measures with other Cryptogamia, as Lycopodiaceae and Filices, indicating that these plants were once of gigantic dimensions, and formed a large part of the original flora of our globe. Species about 10o. Propertzes.-They abound in silex, and hence are used by cabinet-makers, comb-makers, &c., in polishing their work. EQUIS T U M. Lat. equus, a horse, seta, hair; perhaps alluding to the general resemblance. Character the same as that of the order. 1. E. HYEMXLE. Scouring Rush. Sts. all simple, erect, very rough, each bearing a terminal, ovoid spike; sheath cinerous white, black at the base and summit, short, with subulate, awned and deciduous teeth.-Verv noticeable in wet, shady grounds, and by brooksides. Stems about 2f high, 6ften 2 or more united at base from the same root. Sheaths 2-3" long; 1-24' apart, the white ring much broader than the black, at length entire from the falling off of the teeth. The roughness of the cuticle is owing to the silex in its composition. June. 2. E. ARVENSE. Field Horsetail. Fertile sts. erect, simple, sterile with simple, quadrangular branches, decumbent at base.-Low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Fertile stems first appearing, 6-8' high, with 3-5 joints surmounted by large, inflated sheaths cut into long, dark brown teeth. Spike oblong, — 2' long. Sterile stems rather taller than the fertile, remaining through the season, after these have decayed. At each joint is a whorl of simple, rough, ascending branches, issuing from the base of the sheaths, their joints also sheathed. April. 3. E. SYLVATiCUM. Wood Horsetail. Sterile and fertile sts. with compound, rough, deflexed, angular branches.Grows in woods and low grounds, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems 9-16' LYCOPODIUM. CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE.E. 625 high; the fertile with 4 —5 whorls of branches from the base of the sheaths which are 2-3' apart, and cleft into several large, tawny red teeth or segments; the sterile taller and more slender, with more numerous whorls of branches. The branches are all subdivided and curved downwards. Spike oval-cylindric, pedicellate. May. 4. E. VARIEGITUM. Smith. (E. scorpoides. Mx.) Coespitose; sts. branching at base, filiform, scabrous;' spike blackish; sheaths 3-toothed, blackish, teeth membranaceous, whitish, deciduous at the tips.-Hilly woods, Free States and Brit. Am. Stems numerous, 3 —6 long, 6furrowed (5-furrowed. Beck), sheaths very short, 1-2' apart. Spikes small, ovoid, terminal. Not common. July. 5. E. LIMOSUM. (E. uliginosum. Willd.) Pipes. S:s. somewhat branched, erect, striate-sulcate; branches from the middle joints, simple, short, 5-sided, smooth; spike oblong-ovoid; sheaths appressed.1Borders of ponds and swamps, frequent. Stems 2-3f high, slender, rarely simple, generally with 2-6 whorls of branches about the middle. Branches very irregular in length and position. Sheaths 3-4" long, white at the summit, tipped with as many black, subulate teeth as there are furrows (15-20). This species is greedily devoured by cattle. July. 6. E. PALUSTRE. Marsh Horsetail. Sts. branched, smooth, sulcate; branches simple, pentagonal, curved upwards; sheath somewhat appressed, remote, 10-toothed at the apex; spike oblong, dark brown.-Marshes, common. Stems l-2f high, deeply furrowed. Branches short and like the other species produced in whorls from the bases of the sheaths, at first horizontal, finally bending to an upright position. Spike an inch long. May, June. ORDEr, CLXIII. LYCOPODIACE2E.-aCLUB MOSSES. Stems creeping or erect; branching, rarely simple, abounding in ducts. Leaves small, numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved. Inflorescence axillary, or crowded into a sort of ament or spike. Thteca of two kinds in the same plant, sessile, 1, often 2-celled. [powder. Spores few, rather large in some of the thece, other thecie containing minute grains, appearing like fine Like the Equisetaceae, these plants appear to have been very abundant in the first ages of the world, and to have attained a gigantic size, though at present but a few feet in length. Properties unimportant. Some are emetic. The powder contained in the thecae is highly inflammable, and is used in the-manu. facture of fire-works. Genera 5, species 200. Genera. Leaves cauline, on erect or creeping stems. Lycopodium. I Leaves or fironds radical, long, linear-subulate. 1soets. 2 1. LYCOPODIUM. Gr. Xvnro, a wolf, 7rovs, a foot; from some fancied resemblance. Thecme axillary, sessile, 1-celled, some of them 2-valved, filled with minute, farinaceous grains, others 3-valved, containing several larger globular spores. * Inflorescence in pedunculate spikes. 1. L. CLAVTUM. (L. tristachium. Nutt.) Common Club Moss. St. creeping; branches ascending; Ivs. scattered, incurved, capillaceousacuminate; spikes in pairs, rarely in 3s, cylindrical, pedunculate; bracts of the spike ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate.-A well known evergreen, trailing upon the ground in shady pastures and woods, common. Stem and branches clothed with numerous linear-lanceolate leaves which are entire or serrulate, and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes perfectly straight, parallel, erect, and upon an erect peciuncle. July. 2. L. COMPLANATUM. Ground Pine. St. trailing; brancdies dichotomous; Ivs. 4-ranked, unequal, the marginal ones connate, diverging at apex, ihe superficial ones solitary, appressed; ped. elongated, supporting 4-6, cylindric spikes.-A trailing evergreen, common in woods and shady grounds. Stem round, creeping among the moss and leaves, often lOf in length. Branches numerously subdivided, compressed, somewhat resembling the branchlets of the cedar. Leaves minute, very acute. July. ag6 CCLUXII[. LYCOPODUIACEE. LYcopoQIM. 3, L. CAROLNINiNUM &t. creeping; Ivs. somewhat 2-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, entire; ped. erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a single spike; bracts sublanceolate, entire. — In muddy grounds. Both the stem and its branches are prostrate) with erect, slender peduncles 3-6' high. July. 4. L. SABINIEFOLIUM. Willd. (L. alpinum. Mx.) St. elongated, creeping; branches erect, short, dichotomous, with fastigiate divisions; lvs. imbricated on all sides, erect, terete-subulate, aristate-acuminate; spikes peduncled by the attenuated and slightly leafy summits of the branches, cylindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts.-White Mts.; extensively creeping among the rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches, a few of the divisions terminating in spikes an inch in length. July. ** Spikes sessile t Leaves surrounding the stem. 5. L. DENDROIDEUM. Michx. Tree Club Moss. St. erect; branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect; lvs. linearlanceolate, in 6 equal rows, spreading; spikes numerous, solitary.-An elegant little plant, common in woods, readily distinguished by its upright, tree-like form. Plant about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. These are subdivided into numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent a spiral arrangement. Spikes 2 —6, an inch long. July. B obscurum. Torr. (L. obscurum. L.) Branches spreading; spike mostly solitary. 6. L. RUPESTRE. Rock Club Moss. St. creeping; branches ascending, subdivided; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, capillaceous-acuminate, ciliate; spike solitary, quadrangular. -A very small species, creeping on rocks, &c. Stem a few inches in length, with numerous branches, which are 1-1' long, clothed with grayish-green leaves. Spike i' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation of the branch. J1. 7. L. ALOPECUR6ODES. Fox-tail Club Moss. Et. creeping, subramose; branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a single sessile spike at top; Ivs. linear-subulate, ciliate-dentate at base, spreading; spike leafy.-Swamps. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6-8' high, rarely subdivided, densely clothed with a fine, soft foliage. Spike 1 —2 long, very leafy. Aug. 8. L. ANNOTiNUM. Interrupted Club Moss. St. creeping; branches twice dichotomous, ascending; lvs. in 5 rows, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tip; spike oblong, solitary.-In mountain woods, not common. Branches subdivided near their base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 6-8' high. Leaves at length reflexed at end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in length, distinct from the branches. J1. 9. L. INUNDATUM. Marsh Club Moss. St. creeping, often submersed; branches simple, solitary, erect, with a single leafy spike at top; lvs. linear. scattered, acute, entire, curved upwards.In swamps, Mass,, N. Y., Can., &c. Spikes t —i' long, at the summit of branches which are 5-7' long, arising from the base of the stem. Bracts of the spikes leaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than the stem leaves which are 1-2" long. July. 10. L. SELAGINOiDES. Savin-leaved Club Moss. St. filiform, creeping; branches nearly erect, the flowering ones simple; lvs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-denticulate; spike solitary, leafy.-In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish-green, about ]' long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true leaves, which are about a line in length. Branches 3 —6 high, the sterile ones much divided. J1. * * Spikes sessile. tft Leaves 2-ranked. 11. L. AP6DUM. (L. albidul-um. Muhl.) St. branching, prostrate and rooting near the base; lvs. orbicular-ovate, acute, membranaceous, alternate, amplexicaul, in 2 rows, with minute, acuminate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side;.spikes subsolitary.-A CLXIV. FILICES. 627 small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, rocky shades, U. S., not common. Stem a few inches long, filiform. Leaves less than a line in length. Spikes leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July, Aug. * * * Spikes indistinguishale from the branches. 12. L. LUCIDULUM. Michx. Shining Club Moss. St. ascending, dichotomously divided; lvs. in 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading, or a little reflexed; thecae in the axils of leaves not changed nor crowded into a spike.-In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage of this species is dark green and shining, more ample than is common to the genus. Stems 8-16' long, nearly erect. Leaves 3-5" long, distinctly serrate. Thece hemispherical or reniform, in the axils of the leaves near the top of the stem. J1. 13. L. SELAGO. (L. recurvum. Willd.) Fir Club Moss. St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately branched; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, lance-linear, entire, rigid and pungent, but awnless.-A smaller species than the last, found on the summits of the White Mts. Stems 4 —8 high, densely clothed with stiff, shining, spreading leaves arranged somewhat in 8 rows and 2-3f" in length. Thece axillary. Aug. ISOETES. Gr. Laos, equal, erot, the year; fiom its being evergreen. Thecae membranaceous, oblong, cordate, 1-celled, immersed in the dilated base of the frond; spores subglobose, slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles. I. LACUSTRIS? (I. riparia. Engelman.) Quill-wort. Leaves coespitose, subulate, semiterete, dilated and imbricated at base. —A curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N. Eng and Mid. States, often wholly submersed! Leaves or fronds numerous, tufted and simple, 2-10' long, somewhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided both by longitudinal and transverse partitions. Thecte whitish, imbedded in corresponding cavities in the bases of the fronds, traversed within by many threads to which the numerous, small, white, granular spores are attached. Aug.-Our plant differs slightly from the European (with which I have compared it), but I think not specifically. ORDER CLXIV. FILICES.-FERNS. Stem a perennial, creeping, horizontal rhizoma, or sometimes erect and arborescent. [nation. Frond8 (fruit-bearing leaves) variously divided, rarely entire, with forked veins, mostly circinate in verInflorescence occupying the back or margin of the fronds (leaves) arising from the veins. Thecs or spor-angia of one kind only in the same plant, 1-celled, dehiscmg irregularly. Sori, somewhat regular collections of thecea; or the thecie are isolated and scattered. Indtusiun, a scale investing each sorus; or the sori are covered with the revolute margin of the frond, or they are naked. Genera 192 species 2040. A large and interesting order of flowerless plants, distinguished for their elegant, plume-like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some of the tropical species, as the Cyatheae of both Indies, are 15-25 feet high, vieing with the palms in size and beauty. Properties.-Generally mucilaginous and mildly astringent, hence considered pectoral. Aspidium and Pteris are anthelmintic. Osmunda regalis has been successfully administered for the rickets. Observation.-The fructification of the ferns, with its various appendages, is too minute to be well observed by the naked eye; but an examination of it with the aid ofa good lens, cannot fail to be interesting and satisfactory. In regard to the localities of the ferns, it should here be remarked, that the species respectively are more generally disseminated throughout the States represented by this flora, and also British America, than are the species of the Phaenogamia. They are, however, far more common in the hard, mountainous or rocky soils of the East than in the fertile regions of the West. It seems, therefore, unnecessary to make particular mention of the geographical range of the more common species. Conspectus of the Genera. * Fertile leaflets or fronds contracted into the form of a panicle or spike. ( Stipes ( angular... Onoclea. 11 distinct. Stipes clothed with reddish wool. Osmunda. 13 (Fronds ma- $ divided, each one partly fertile.... Osnunda. 13 ny, radical, entire and narrowly linear. Schizcea. 15 Fern / entire. Scape spicate. Ophioslosgesm. 16 erect. lFrond solitary, on a scape, divided. Scape paniculate. Botrychlusw. 17 Fern climbing, stem long and slender. LygJodiumn. 14 53* 628 CLXIV. FILICES. ASPIDIUM. * * Fronds sometimes contracted, but never paniculate or spicate. of 1 scale, opening outwardly.. tspm 2 of 2 scales, 1 of them marginal.. Dicksonia. 10 superficial, of several scales, opening inwardly. Cheilanthes. 8 (Sori round Indusium I beneath the sorus, fimbriate.W oia. 4 or roundish. lndusium 0.. Polypodium. 1 kond 4' in-ior u transverse, on the veinlets.. Asplenium. 3 Frond pin- l not marginal, parallel with the midvein.. Woodlardia. 5 ate, &c. Sori linear oroblong, closely marginal, continuous... Pteris. 7 apex long-acuminate, striking root in the ground.. Asplenium. 3 Frond entire, apex acute, not rooting. Son linear, scattered. Scolopendrium. 6 Frond pedate, on a black, polished, bifurcate stipe. Adiantum. 9 TRIBE 1. POLYPODIACEU2E.-Thecee furnished with a vertical, jointed, elastic, and usually incomplete ring, and bursting transversely and irregularly. 1. POLYPODIUM. Gr. 7roaXg many, 7rovS, foot; from the multitude of its roots. Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the under surface of the frond; indusium none. 1. P. INCANUM. Pursh. (P. ceteraccinum. Mx. Acrostichum polypodoides. Linn.) —Fronds deeply pinnatifid; segments alternate, linear, very -entire, obtuse, scaly beneath, the upper ones gradually smaller; stipe scaly, bearing the fertile segments near the apex; sori solitary and distinct.-A parasitic fern, 3-6' high, growing on the inclined, moss-clad trunks of living trees, particularly of the huge sycamores, to the height of 10-20 feet. In the damp forests along rivers, Western States! and also Southern. 2. P. VULGORE. (P. Virginianum. Willd.) Common Polypod. Firond deeply pinnatifid, smooth; segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenulate, the upper ones gradually smaller; sori large, distinct.-Rather common on shady rocks and in woods, forming tangled patches with their roots which are clothed with membranous scales. Fronds nearly a foot high, divided into alternate segments nearly to the midvein. Stipe naked and smooth. Segments parallel, a little curved, about i' wide. Fruit in large, golden dots in a double row, at length brownish. July. 3. P. PHEGOPTERIS. (P. connectile. Mx.) Triangular Polypod. Frond bipinnatifid, slightly pubescent and ciliate, of a triangular outline, the 2 lower leaflets or pinnae deflexed; subdivisions lanceolate, obtuse, the upper ones entire, lower incisely crenate, lowest adnate-decurrent; sori minute, distinct, solitary.-A fern in low woodlands, remarkable for the broad triangular outline of its fronds. These are about a foot in height, and rendered a little hastate by the lower leaflets (which are broadest) being deflexed. Divisions acuminate, connected at base by the lower segments. Stipes smooth. Aug. fl. connectile. P. connectile. Mx.) Somewhat rigid; segments of the lower divisions all subentire; veinzs nearly simple. y. hexagonopterum.. (P. hexagonopterum. Mx.) Texture more delicate; segments of the lower divisions pinnatifid; veins much forked. 4. P. DRYOPTrRIS. Ternate Polypod. Frond ternate, bipinnate; branches of thefrond spreading, deflexed, segments obtuse, subcrenate; sori marginal; root filiform, creeping.-This beautiful fern grows in shady places and mountainous woods. Rare. Root black and very slender. Stipe slender and delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, dividing into 3 light green, drooping, compound leaflets of' a very delicate texture. J1. B. calcareum. (P. calcareum. Sm.) Branches of the frond erect, rather rigid. 2. ASPIDIUM. Swartz. Gr. ao.nrg, a small shield; from the form and position of the indusia. Sori roundish or elliptical, scattered; indusium orbicular and umbilicate (fastened at the centre and opening all around), or reniform, fastened on one side and opening on the other. ASPuI-sUM. CLXIV. PILICES.! * Frond yinnate. 1. A. caosTcaiHbDES. Willd. (Nephrodium. Micix.) Leaflets of the frond distinct, alternate, subsessile, falcate-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper ones fertile; sori at length confluent; stipe chaffy.-Common in rocky shades. Frond 15-18' high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chaffy scales. Leaflets numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1 —2' in length, the terminal ones, which alone are fruitful, are contracted in size, the under side becoming overspread with the sori. June-Aug. B. incisum. Gray. (A. Schwenitzii. Beck.) Pinne irregularly and incisely dentate; sori mostly distinct.-N. Y., N. J. and Penn. Passes insensibly into a. * * Frond pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets. 2. A. THELYPTPRA. Willd. (A. Noveboracense. ejusd.) Shield-Fern. Leaflets of the frond linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, distinct, subsessile; segments oblong, obtuse or acute, subentire, ciliate; sori marginal, small, at length confluent; stipe smooth and naked.-Damp woods. Fronds pale green, thin and delicate, about a foot long and J as wide, acuminate at apex. Leaflets acuminate, becoming entire above, sometimes crossing (decussating) at base. Rachis pubescent. Stipe slender, channeled on the upper side. Sori in 2 marginal rows on each segment, finally nearly covering their under surface. July. A. Noveboracense. Rather paler and more delicate in textire; lekafets more narrow and remote. 3. A. CRISTATUM. Witld. (Nephrodium. Ml.) Crested Shield-Fern. Frond nearly bipinnate, lanceolate-ovate; leaflets subcordate, oblong-pinnatifid, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate-serrate; stipe scaly.-Moist woods and meadows, N. Eng., Mid. States, rather rare. Frond 12-18' high, pale green, remarkable for its broad, ovate-lanceolate outline. Segments of the leaflets some. times almost distinct, broad and obtuse, with sharp teeth. Sori large, in double rows, tawny when mature, chiefly on the upper half of the frond. July. 4. A. LANCASTRIENSE. Spreng. (A. cristatum. f. 1st. edit.) Lancaster Shield-Fern.-Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at base; frond narrowly lanceolate; leaflets subopposite, remote, short-petiolulate, broadest at base, the lower triangular-ovate; sori large, in a single row each side the midvein of each dentate segment; indusium fixed near one side.-Woods, Meriden, N. H., Rickard! to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful fern, quite distinct from the preceding, 24-30' high. Frond dark green, 15-18' by 5-8'. Leaflets gradually narrowing from base to apex. Segments nearly distinct, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1-25 dark-brown sori (lower leaflets fruitless). July. 5. A. GOLDIANUM. Hook. (A. Filix mas. Pursh.) Goldie's Feern. LeafJets of the frond lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, subacute, subfalcate, mucronate-serrate; sori in 2 rows, each side of the vein of' each segment. A tall species, 2-3f high, in rocky woods. Fronds numerous, bright green, scaly upon the stipe and rachis, 5-10' wide. Leaflets 3-6' long, not widening at base, with elongated, narrow segments. July. * * * Frond bipinnate. 6. A. MARGINALE. Sw. (Nephrodium. Mr.) 21arginal Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand at base, lower ones almost pinnatifid; sori marginal; stipe chaffy.-A large, handsome fern, in rocky woods, common. Frond 1 —13' high, very smooth (rachis a little chaffy), its divisions nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets distinct, near an inch long, ~ as wide, contracted at base, then decurrent, forming a narrow margin along the rachis. Fruit in round dots, in regular rows along the margins of the segments. Indusium large, orbicular, with a lateral sinus. July. 7. A. TENUE. SW. (A. fragile. Willd. Cistopteris. Bernh.) Brittle Shield-Fern.-Segmemts of the leaflets oblong, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, approaching to pinnatifid, its serratures subentire; rachis winged by the 630 CLXIV. FILICES. ASPLENIUM. decurrent leaflets; stipe chaffy at base.-A delicate fern, on moist rocks, frequent. Fronds 6-12' high, dark green, its divisions rather remote, and with the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori large and numerous, near the margins of the segments. June, July. 8. A. ACULEATUM. SW. Prickly Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, aculeate-serrate, upper ones truncate at base, lower cuneate at base; only the upper leaflets fertile; stipe and rachis chaffy.-Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y., 1Macrae. Fronds dark green, in tufts 1-2f high. Segments of the leaflets on very short petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply serrate, each serrature tipped with a short spinose bristle. Sori brown, in single rows, distinct. Indusium reniform. Aug. 9. A. DILATATUM. SW. (A. spinulosum. Willd.?) Broad Shield-Fern. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, distinct; segments distinct, oblong, obtuse, incisely pinnatifid; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate; stipe chaffy; indusium umbilicate.-Woods and shady pastures. Fronds 1-2f high, nearly tripinnate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apex, abrupt at base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all distinct at base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles. Stipe with large, tawny scales. Sori rather large, somewhat in 2 rows. J1. 10. A. BULBIFERUM. SW. (Cistopteris. Bernh.) Bulbiferous Shield-Fern. Frond bipinnate, oblong-lanceolate, segments opposite, oblong, serrate, the lower one pinnatifid; rachis bulbiferous; sori roundish, the indusium attached to one side. —In damp woods, frequent. Frond 12-18' high, remarkable for the little bulbs produced in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, take root. Foliage narrow, tapering to an acuminate summit. Stipe smooth. J1. 3. ASPLENIUM. Gr. a, privation, eaXrlv, the spleen; from its supposed medicinal virtues. Sori linear, oblique, or somewhat trarnsverse, scattered; indusium arising from the lateral veins and opening longitudinally, usually towards the midvein. 1. A. RHIZOPHYLLUM. Willd. Walking Fern. Frond mostly undivided, lanceolate, stipitate, subcrenate, cordate-auriculate at base, the apex attenuated into a long, slender acumination, rooting at the point.-This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very common. The frond is 4-8' long; the long, slender, linear point bending over backwards,'eaches the earth, and there strikes root, giving rise to a new plant. Though usually with slightly crenate margins, the plant varies by imperceptible degrees, becoming sometimes so deeply crenate as to form a well-marked variety with pinnatifid fronds. July. 2. EBENEUM. Willd. Ebony Spleenwort. Frond pinnate; lfts. lanceolate, subfalcate, serrate, auriculate at base on the upper side; stipe smooth and polished.-A beautiful fern, in dry woods, hills, &c. Fronds 8-14' high, on a slender stipe of a shining brown or black color. Foliage 5-9' long, 1 —1' wide, linear-lanceolate in outline. Leaflets near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex, dilated at base on the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit arranged in short lines on each side the midrib. July. 3. A. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Michx. Swamp Spleenwort. Frond pinnate; Ifts. alternate, upper ones subopposite, linear-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex, somewhat repand, the base truncate on the upper side and rounded on the lower.-In low woods, frequent. Fronds 1-2f high, in tufts, the outer ones barren, inner fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib, parallel with the veins, at length confluent. July. 4. A. TRICHOM.NES. (A. melanocaulon. ZuI1l.) Dwarf Spleenwort. Frond pinnate; Ifts. roundish, subsessile, small, roundish-obovate, obtusely cuneate and entire at base, crenate above; stipe black and polished.-A small and delicate fern. forming tufts on shady rocks. Frond 3-6' high, lance-linear WooeJiA. CLXV. FILICES.; G3U in outlines with 8 —12 pairs of roundish, sessile leadets, 3, —4! long. F t i several linear-oblong, finally roundish sori on each leaflet,, placed oblique to the midvein. July. 5. A. THELIPTEROiDES. Michx. Silvery Spleenwort. Frond bipinnatifid; lfts. pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; segments oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate; sori in parallel, oblique lines, —A fine, large fern, on shady banks of: streamus. Fronds t —3f high, of an ovate-acuminate outline, on a slightly chaffy, pale stipe. Leaflets distinct and rather remote, narrow, 4 —6 long. Segmentsrounded atthe end, near' long. Sori arranged in 2 rows on each segment, one on each side the, midvein, convergent below, with shining, silvery indusia when young. July. 6. A. FILIX-FCEMINA. Bernh. (Aspidium Filix-fcemina and asplenoides. Sw. A. angustum. W.)-Frond bipinnate; fits. lanceolate, acuminate; seg. oblong-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifid; ultimate seg. 2-3-toothed; sori reniform or lunate, arranged near the veins; sti/pe smooth.-A delicate, finely-divided fern in moist woods. Fronds 1-2f high, with subopposite divisions. These are subdivided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2-3 teeth at: the summit. Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a dark brown hue.. July. 7. A. RUTA-MURARIA. Wall-rue Spleenwort. Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above; Ifts, small, petiolate, cuneate, obtusely dentate above.-An extremely small and delicate fern, in dry, rocky places. Frond 2-3' high, t as wide, smooth, growing in tufts, somewhat coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, less. than i long. Stipe flat and smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, of a rusty-brown color, finally conflifent.. July. 8. A. MONiTANVUM. Willd. (A. Adiantum-nigrum. Mickx.) Frond glabrous, bipinnate; tfts. oblong-ovate, pinnatifid; seg. 2 —&toothed at the apex; sori linear, finally confluent.-Mountain rocks, Bethlehem, Penn. Schwenitz (fide Beck), S. to Car., W. to Ky. Fronds growing in tufts, 4 —8 high, narrowly oblong-lanceolate in outline, mostly bipinnate, but more or less divided according to the size. Segments more obtuse. than in. the: foreign A. Adiantum-nigrum. July. 4. WOODSIA. Brown, In honor of Joseph Woods, an excellent English botanist. Sori roundish, scattered; indusium beneath the sorus, open, with a multifid or fringed margin, including the pedicellate theeae, like a calyx. 1. W. ILVENSIS. Br. (Polypodium. W1illd.) Frond pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; sori near the margin, at length confluent; rachis and stipe chaffy.-Growing in tufts, on rocks and in dry woods. Fronds 5 or 6' high, on chaffy and woolly stipes, most chaffy at base. Foliage 3 or 4' long, j as wide, oblonglanceolate in outline, woolly or chaffy beneath, with opposite and alternate leaflets about an inch in length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones wavy on the margin or entire. June. 2. W. PERRINiMNA. Hook. & Grey. (Hypopeltis obtusa. Torr.) FPrond subbipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose; segments of the leaflets pinnatifid; ultimate segments roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate; sori submarginal: stipe somewhat chaffy.-About a foot high, among and on rocks. Fronds lance oblong in outline, 3 times as long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenateserrate, the lower ones distinct, upper confluent. Sori orbicular, becoming nearly confluent, each subtended by a half round indusium notched into little teeth on the margin. July. 3. W. HYPERBOREA. Br. (Polypodium. Willd.) lower-cup Fern..Frond pinnate; ifts. suborbicular, subcordate, 3-parted or incisely pinnatifid, cuneate at base, rough pilose beneath. —A very small species, rueh resem 632 C LXIV. FILICES. PTERIN. bling the last, forming tufts on rocks. Plant 2-4' high. Fronds lance-linear in outline, on very scaly stipes. Leaflets 8 or 10 pairs, subopposite, nearly round, 2 or 3" in diam., the margins only crenate above, deeply pinnatifid in the lowest pairs. July. 4. W. RUFIDULA. Beck. (W. ilvensis and Aspidium rufidulum. Pursh.) Frond bipinnate; segments of the leaflets hairy, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, with obtuse, ultimate segments; soti at length confluent; stipe and rachis hairy. -Grows on rocks. Fern 6-8' high. Stipe dark brown, densely clothed with woolly hairs. Frond hairy both sides, its leaflets 4 —8" long, lower ones distinctly pinnate, upper pinnatifid. July. 5. WOODWARDIA. Smith. In honor of Thomas J. Woodward. a distinguished English botanist. Sori oblong, straight, parallel with the ribs on either side of them; indusium superficial, arched or vaulted, opening inwardly. 1. W. ONOCLEOiDES. Willd. (W. angustifolia. Smith.) Slerilefronds pinnatifid; Ifts. lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile fronds pinnate, the leaflets entire, linear, acute.-In swamps, not common. ~Fern about a foot high, growing in tufts. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrowlanceolate, acuminate outline. Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases. Fertile fronds fewer, with linear segments nearly covered on the back with the fruit in oblong, longitudinal sori i' in length. Aug. 2. W. VIRGINiCA. Willd. Frond pinnate, very smooth, the leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, sessile; sori in interrupted lines near the midvein of the leaflets and segments.-In low woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high, on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in outline, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with numerous, spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit arranged in lines along each side of the midveins, both of the segments and leaflets. July, Aug. 6. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith. Gr. CaKocorrXvpa, the centipede; from the number of its roots? Sori linear, transverse, scattered; indusium double, occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, finally opening lengthwise. S. OFFICINARUM. Willd. (Asplenium Scolopendrium. Linn.) Hart's-tongue. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base.-Shady rocks, Chitenango, N. Y., Sartwell. Stipe rather short (3 —5 long), chaffy, bearing the frond suberect, 8-15' high, 2-3' wide, bright green, paler beneath. Sori oblique to the midvein, 6-9" in length. Rhizoma large, creeping. July.-This curious fern appears to be confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where it was first detected by Pursh, unless the true plant has also been found in Ky. by _M'Murt. 7. PTERIS. Gr. rrepov, or vrrEpvI, a wing; from the general resemblance of the frond. Sori in a continuous, marginal line; involucre formed of the inflected margin of the frond, opening inwardly. 1. P. AQUILiNA. Common Brake. Frond 3-parted; branches bipinnate; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse. —Abundant in woods, pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2-5f in height, upon a smooth, dark purple, erect stipe. Frond broad-triangular in outline, consisting of 3 primary divisions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed, sessile leaflets. These are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards the base of each subdivision. Sori covered by the folding back of the margins of the segments. July, Aug. 2. P. ATROPURPUREA. Rock Brake. Frond pinnate; lower Ifts. ternate or pinnate, segments lanceolate, obtuse, obliquely truncate or subcordate at base.-Fern 6 —10' high, growing on rocks. ONOOLEA. CLXIV. FILICES. 635 Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two lower divisions consisting of 1-3 pairs of leaflets with a large, terminal segment. All the segments lance-linear, distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Stipe and rachis dark purple, with dense, paleaceous hairs at base. June-Aug. 3. P. GRACiLIS. Michx. (Cheilanthes. Spreng.) Prond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments broad-ovate, obtuse; fertile bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, crenate; stipe dark brown.-A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4-6' high, smooth and shining in all its parts. Aug. 8. CHEILANTHES. Swartz. Gr. XCo0,; lip, avcog; from the form of its indusia. Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the fronds; indusium of membranous, distinct, inflexed scales, opening inwardly, sometimes continuous with the frond. C. VESTITA. Swartz. (Nephrodium lanosum. Mx.) Hairy Cheilanthes. Stipe and rachis hairy; frond bipinnate, oblong-ovate in outline, hairy on both sides; leaflets alternate; segments oblong, alternate, sessile, distinct, crenately pinnatifid, the ultimate segment very entire; sori finally continuous along the margin.-Rocky banks, Mid. and W. States, frequent. Stipe slender, rigid, 2-3' long, dark brown. Fronds 3-6' by 1-2'. Leaflets lance-ovate in outline, 6-12" long. Sori marginal, distinct when young, finally crowded. July. 9. ADIANTUM. Gr. a, privation, dlalvo, to moisten; as the rain slides off without wetting it. Sori oblong or roundish, marginal; indusia membranaceous, arising from the reflexed margins of distinct portions of the frond and opening inwardly. A. PEDATUM. Maidenhair. Frond pedate; divisions pinnate; segments oblong-rhomboid, incisely lobed on the upper side, obtuse at apex; sori oblong, subulate.-This is, doubtless, the most beautiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods. Stipe 8-14' high, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black. At top it divides equally into 2 compound branches, each of which gives off, at regular intervals, 6-8 simply pinnate leaflets from the outer side, giving the whole frond the form of the crescent. Ultimate segments dimidiate, the lower margin being bounded by the midvein and the veinlets all unilateral. July. 10. DICKSONIA. L'Her. In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished English cryptogamist. Sori marginal, roundish, distinct; indusium double, one superficial, opening outwards, the other marginal and opening inwards. D. PILOSIUSCULA. Willd. Fine-haired Mountain Fern. Frolnd bipinnate; leaflets lanceolate, sessile; segments pinnatifid, decurrent, oblong-ovate, ultimate segments toothed; stipe a little hairy. —A large and delicate fern, in pastures, roadsides, among rocks and stones. Fronds 2-3f high, in tufts, and remarkable for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe and rachis smooth, with the exception of a few, soft, scattered hairs. Leaflets alternate, approximate; segments deeply divided into 4-toothed, ultimate segments. Sori minute, solitary, on the upper margin of the segments. July. 11. ONOCLEA. Gr. ovto, a kind of vessel, KXELt, to close; alluding to the contracted thecs. Thecae covering the whole lower surface of the frond; indusia formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revolute and contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expanding. O. SENSIBiLIS. Sensitivefern. Sterile fronds pinnate; aafilets lanceolate, acute, laciniate, the upper ones O634 CLXIV. FILICESM.Os0MUNID, united; fertile fronds -blinnate,'with recurred End globular contrated segmeats.-Common in low grounds. Pronds about a:foot high, the -barren ones broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sinuate divisions, the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The fertile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound spike, enclosing tie fruit in the globular segments of its short divisions. -Color darkktrown. july. ta. obtusileobat. Torr. (0. obtusilobata. Schk.) Lfs. opposite; segm. rounded. 12. STRUTHIOPTtIRIS. Willd. Crr. e rpov.%c, the ostrich, rrepov, wing, -or plume; from'timeresemblance. Theere densely covering the back of the frond; indusia scaly, nmagaal, opening internally. S. GERMANiCA. Willd. (S. Pennsylvanica. Willd.) OstriCt Fern. Sterile fronds pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, sessile; segments entire, rather acute,'the lower ones somewhat elongated.-.A fern of noble size and appearance, growing in low woods and swamps. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f high, commonly about'3, numerous, in circular clumps. Stipes smooth, channeled;'leaflets pinnatifid, with numerous segments,:the lower of which are the more narrow and acute, all more or'less connected at base. Fertile fronds few, in the midst -of the sterile, much smaller, the leaflets with numerous, brownish, contracted segments, densely covered by the f:ruit beneath. Aug. TRIBE 2. OSMUNDIACEi, —Thecwe destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. 13. OSMUNtDA. Theeoe subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate, half-2-valved, collected on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or less contracted into the form of a panicle. * Fertile fronds distinct from the sterile. 1. 0. C[NaMOMEA. Cinnsam-coZored Fern. Srilre frond pinnate, leaflets elongated, pinnatifid, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire; fertile frond bipinnate, leaflets contracted, paniculate, subopposite, lanuginous; stipe lanuginous.-This is among the largest of' our ferns, growing in swamps and low grounds. Fronds numerous, growing in clumps, 3 —f high, most of them barren, the stipe and rachis invested with a loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble spikes, 1-2f long, an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments covered with fruit in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a microscope, half2-cleft. June. * * Portions of eac]hfrond fertile. 2. 0. REGLIS. Michx. (O. spectabilis. Willd.) Royal Flowering-Fern. Fronds bipinnate, fructiferous at the summit; segments of the leaflets lanceoblong, distinct, serrulate, subsessile; raceme large, terminal, decompound.-A large and beautiful fern, in swamps and meadows. The fronds are 3-4f high, smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinnoe opposite, remote, each with 6-9 pairs of leaves with an odd one. These are an inch or more long, i as wide, obtuse, the petioles 0 —1" long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample bipinnate raceme of a deep f'ulvous hue, with innumerable, small, globular, 2-valved thecee entirely covering the segments. June. 3. 0. CLAYTONIiNA. F-rond pinnate; leaflets or pinnCe pinnatifid, the upper ones contracted and fertile.-Smaller'than either of the foregoing, found in swamps, Cambridge, N. Y., Dr. Beck, W. to Wisc., Dr. Lapham! Fronds 1-2f high. Pinnae oblong, obtuse, 2 —4' long, tomentose in the axils. Segments entire. Each frond bears a terminal, bipinnate, rust-colored, erect panicle, covered with fruit. May. 4. 0. INTERRUPTA. Michx. reond pinnate, smooth; leaflets nearly opposite, pinnatifid; segments ob BOTRTYCHIUM. CLXIV. FILICES. 685 long, rather acute, entire; some of the intermediate leaflets fertile.-A large fern in low grounds. Fronds 2-3f high, light green, interrupted near the middle by 2-4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so much contracted in size as to resemble dense, compound racemes, and densely covered with small reddishbrown thece. Stipe channeled, smooth above, chaffy at base. June. 14. LYGODIU M. Swartz. Gr. )vyro&es, flexible, slender; from the slender, climbing habit. Thecae sessile, arranged in 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the margin of the frond, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit; indusium a scale-like veil covering each theca. L. PALMATUM. Sw. Climbing Fern. Stem filexuous, climbing; fronds conjugate, palmate, 5-lobed, lobes entire, obtuse; spikelets oblong-linear, from the upper fronds, which are divided and contracted into a compound spike.-This is one of the few ferns with climbing stems, and the only one found in the U. S. Plant of a slender and delicate structure, smooth. Stem 3-4f long. Stipes alternate on the stem, forked, supporting a pair of fronds which are palmately divided into 5-9 segments. Fertile fronds terminal, numerously subdivided into linear-oblong segments or spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. Mass.! to Penn., &c. July. 15. SCHIZ2E A. Smith. Gr. aXt'w, to cut, cleave; alluding to the many-cleft spikes. Spikes unilateral, flabelliform, aggregate; thece roundish, radiate at top, sessile, bursting laterally; indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of the spikes. S. PUSILLA. Pursh. (S. tortuosa. Muhl.) Frond simple, linear, tortuous; spikes few, crowded at the top of a long, slender stipe or scape.-A very delicate fern, found in the pine barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J., also in Western N. Y. by Mr. 7imothy Westmore I Fronds numerous, cmespitose, 2 —3 long, 1-1" wide. Fertile stipes several, 3 —6 high, filiform, with a few short, unilateral spikelets at top arranged in 2 rows. Thecm somewhat turbinate, in 2 rows on the inner side of each spikelet. Aug. TRIBE 3. OPHIOGLOSSE2E.-Thecm 1-celled, adnate at base, subglobose, coriaceous, opaque, half-2-valved, not cellular, and destitute of a ring. 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Gr. o0ts, a serpent, yXoava, tongue; from the resemblance. Thecae roundish, opening transversely, connate, arranged in a 2-ranked, articulated spike. 0. VULGXTUM. Adder's Tongue. Frond simple, oblong-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulated; spike cauline.-A curious little plant in low grounds. Fronds solitary, 2-3' long, I as wide, amplexicaul, entire, smooth, without a midvein, situated upon the stem or stipe a little below the middle. Stipe 6-10' high, terminating in a lance-linear, compressed spike, 1 —2 long, with the thecee arranged in 2, close, marginal ranks. Thecae opening outwards and horizontally, becoming lunate, distinct, straw-colored. Vernation straight, not circinate. June. 17. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz. Gr. %orTev, a cluster of grapes; from the resemblance of the fructification. Thecse subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, adnate to the compound rachis of a racemose panicle; valves opening transversely. 1. B.;YEGLECTUM. Wood. Meriden Bolrychium. Stipe bearing the frond near the top; frond simply pinnate, very short, with subentire or subpinnatifid segments; spikes paniculate.-A singular species, 54 0~06 LXV. MARSILEACEi E. A0OLLA. growing in woods, Meriden, N. H.! It bears a general resemblance to B. Lunaria of Europe, but is quite distinct from that species. Height 5-8'. Frond 9-20" long, i as wide; segments 3-4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, erosely or incisely dentate. Panicle subsimple, often larger than the fronds. Thecae 2-valved. J1. B. SIMPLEX. Hitchcock. Stipe bearing the frond above; frond ternate, pinnatifid; segments cuneate-obovate, incised, unequal; spike subcompound, unilateral, interrupted.Grows in dry, hilly pastures, Ms.! Frond sheathed at base, with a lacerate membrane, nearly simple, divided into 3 or more segments which are 1-2' long, often much dissected. Stipe or scape 3-6' high. Thecm sessile. Jn. 3. B. VIRGINiCUM. (B. gracile. P.) Rattlesnake Fern. Stipe with a single frond in the middle; frond twice and thrice pinnate, the lowest pair of pinneT springing from the base; ultimate segments obtuse, somewhat 3-toothed; spikes decompound; plant subpilose.-A beautiful fern, the largest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or scape 1-2f high, bearing the frond about half-way up. This is apparently ternate, the lower pair of divisions arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate, the ultimate segments being decurrent and more or less confluent at base, with 3-5 cut serratures. Panicle terminal, 3-6' long, reddish-tawny. June, July. 4. B. FUMARIoiDES. Willd. (B. obliquum. Muhl.) Scape bearing the frond near the base; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divisions; segments obliquely lanceolate, crenulate; spikes bipinnate. -Native of shady woods and pastures. Frond almost radical, of a triangular outline, 3-5' long and wide, of a stouter texture than the last, distinctly petiolate. Scape thick, — 12' high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2-4' in length, composed of numerouA little 2-ranked spikes. Aug. ft. dissectum. Oakes. (B. dissectum. Willd.) Frond near the base of the scape, more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. ORDER CLXV. MARSILEACEAE.-PEPPERWORTS. Plants stemless, creeping or floating. Leaves veiny, usually petiolate, often sessile and scale-like, sometimes destitute of a lamina. Reproductiveorans of two kinds; the one compound, the other simple, oval, radical bodies separate from or mixed with the first, with many cells. Genera 4 species 205 inhabiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all countries, but chiefly in temperate latitudes. 1. SALVINIA. Micheli. In honor of Salvini, professor of Greek at Florence. Stamens? jointed hairs on the stalks of the ovary; ovary nearly sessile, among the roots, hairy, 1-5, opening at top; fruit capsular, covered with bristly hairs, containing reproductive bodies of two kinds, one kind globular, the other oblong. S. NATANS. Willd. (Marsilea natans. Linn.) Leaves opposite, arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, elliptical, entire, subcordate at base, obtuse at apex, clothed with fascicles of hairs above; ovaries orfruit nearly globose, aggregated in subsessile clusters on the rhizoma, submersed. —( Floating, like a Lemna, in lakes and other still waters, Western N. Y. and Can. Leaves nearly an inch long, of fine green. The plant is quite rare. 2. AZOLLA. Lam. Gr. a(9o, to make dry, oXXvut, to kill; as the plants speedily die when taken from the water. Stamens? capillary; reproductive organs in pairs or numerous, of two kinds, the one of two transverse cells, the upper containing several angular, stalked bodies, the other stipitate, numerous, globose, 1celled, enclosed in an ovate, close involucre, and containing several angular spores. CHARA. CLXVI. CHARACE2E. aS A. CAROLINIANA. Willd. Leaves arranged in two rows upon the rhizoma, imbricated, oblong-subulate, obtusish, spreading, fleshy, the floating ones reddish beneath. — A small plant, resembling some of the mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters, Northern and Western States. It has been found in Lake Ontario, and in Cayuga Marsh (Eaton), also in the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky. (MlMurt,) and other western rivers. ORDER CLXVI. CHARACEIE.-CHARADS. Plant aquatic, submersed; ais consisting of parallel, tubular cells, either transparent, or encrusted with carbonate of lime, furnished with leaves or branches consisting of verticillate tubes. Organs of reproduction consisting of round, succulent globules, containing filaments and a fluid; and axillary nucules formed of a few short tubes twisted, spirally around a centre, endowed with the power of germination. These are remarkable for the distinct current, readily observable with a microscope, in the fluid of each tube of which the plant is composed. The currents instantly cease when the plant is injured. CHARA. Gr. xapco, to rejoice; because it delights in the water? Globules minute, round, reddish, dehiscent, filled with a mass of elastic filaments; nucules (thecse?) sessile, oval, solitary, membranaceous, spirally striated, the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 valves, the interior filled with minute spores. 1. C. VULGoRIS. Feather-beds. Sts. and branches naked at base; branches terete, leafy at the joints; Ivs. (or branchlets?) oblong-subulate; bracts shorter than the fruit.-A slender, flexile plant of a dull green color, found in ponds and ditches generally stagnant. It appears in dense tufts, like a soft bed, undulating with the motion of the water. When taken out, it has an offensive odor. Stems slender, a foot or more long, with a verticil of about 8 filiform branchlets at each joint. June. 2. C. FLEXiLIS. St. translucent, naked; branches jointless, leafless, compressed; nwue:es lateral, naked.-Found in ponds, Stockbridge, Ms., in company with Najas. Resembles the last, but the stems are shorter and more erect, nearly destitute of the verticils of branchlets. It is annual, as are also all the other species. Aug. 3. C. FOLIOSA. Willd. (C. squamosa. Desf.) St. solitary, 8-10' high, calcarious and brittle, scabrous, striate, with 2 or 3 branches, the younger parts bearing numerous whorls of minute, leaflike scales; branchlets about 13 in a whorl, 6-9" long, involucrate at their origin by a dense whorl of subulate scales; each branchlet with 4-7 whorls of nearly obsolete scales; thecez 2-4, on the inner side and lower half of each branchlet. —f Rivers, Ohio, Riddell, Ind.! Aug. 4. C. HUMiLIS. Riddell. St. incrusted, solitary and branching, scabrous, not sulcate, 2-3' high; branchlets 8-10 in a whorl, without an involucre, generally equaling the inter. nodes (6-9"); thecce 1-2 on each of the branchlets in the upper whorls. — 0( In shallow water, rivers, Ohio, Riddell. Color deep green. Resembles the last. Aug. 5. C. sABUL6SA. Riddell. Stone-wort. St. 18' high, thickly encrusted and very brittle, with a few erect branches subsulcate, papillose; branclilets generally 10, sometimes 8, in each whorl, without an involucre, nearly 6" long, (about half as long as the internodes,) each with 2-4 verticils of scales; thecea on the inner side of the branchlets, in the axils of the scales. —( Pools of clear water, 2 or 3 feet deep, Ohio, Ind.! Color light pea-green. Aug. B. spiralis. Riddell. Sterns spirally sulcate; branchlets longer. ADDENDA. Page 142, next after R. ABORTIVUS, insert, R. RHOMBOIDEUS. Goldie. Hirsutely pubescent; st. much branched from the base; rad. Ivs. entire, rhomboid-ovate, crenate-dentate, on long petioles, cauline Ivs. palmate, floral deeply laciniate; sep. spreading; hds. of carpels (large) globose; ach. smooth, with very short beaks. —Wisc. Laphamn! and Can. W. A low, bushy, hairy species, 6-10' high. Root leaves about 1' by 1', often roundish or elliptical, the petioles about 2' long. Segments of the stem leaves linear-oblong, obtuse oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, exceeding the calyx. Page 166, next after A. LIEVIGATA, insert, ARABIS PATENS. Sullivant. Erect, everywhere clothed with rigid, simple or forked hairs; radical Ivs. rosulate, petiolate, middle ones oblong-ovate, coarsely dentate, auriculate-amplexicaul, upper ones linear-oblong, subentire; pedicels longer than the rather large white flowers; siliques spreading and curved upwards, beaked with the conspicuous style.-Rocky banks of the Scioto river, Columbus, O., Ssllivant. Page 378, next after P. ROTUNDIFOLIA, insert, PR(6LA ULIGINOSA. Torr. & Gray. Lvs. nearly round, sometimes inclining to ovate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole, decurrent, with a few prominent veins; scape somewhat angular, with lanceolate bracts; rac. 8-12-flowered; cat. i the length of the petals; pet. ovate-oblong; stam. ascending; fl. smooth; ova. depressed; sty. declined, clavate.-Sphagnous swamps, Galen, N. Y., Sartwell. Scape 4-8' high, manyflowered. Petals reddish-purple. Stigma toothed. June. (Dr. Sart. comm.) Page 397, next after V. (VPrRBAscUM) LYCHNITIS, insert, R. hybrida. St. simple, erect, tomentose; l vs. ovate-oblong, subcordate, woolly on both surfaces; fis. in a terminal, somewhat leafy spike, yellow.-Rome, N. Y., Vasey. Apparently a hybrid between V. lychnitis and V. Thapsus. Page 420, next after P. PILOSUM, insert, PYCNANTHEMUM TORREYI. Benth. St. pubescent, slender, moderately branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smoothish, acute, denticulate, margin ciliate, under surface downy; cymose heads contracted hemispherical; cal. with lanceolate acuminate teeth with bristly hairs at the summit; stame. exserted.-York Island, Carey. Stem purplish, strict, about 2f.high. Leaves 2-3' by 4". Corolla two-lipped, white. Ovary naked at the summit. Aug. (Dr. Sartwell comm.) Page 474, next after P. MITE, insert, POLYGONUM CAREYI. Olney. St. erect, hirsute, much branched; Ivs. lanceolate, with scattered and appressed hairs; stip. scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy; spikes axillary and terminal, on very long, nodding peduncles, thickly beset with glandular hairs; stam. shorter than perianth: sty. 2; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate. —Swamps, N. H.! to R. I. Olney. Plant 3-5f high. Leaves 3-6' by — 1', midvein and margins hairy. Calyx greenish-purple tinged with white, small. Resembles P. Pennsylvanicum. J1. INDEX OF THE NATURAL ORDERS AND GENERA. *** The names of the Orders are in Capitals.-Suborders are marked with the (t), and Sections with the (*).-The Tribes are in Roman spaced, —the Genera in Roman, —and the Synonyms in Italic. The qigures after Syn. refer to the Synonyms of the Genus next above. Abies,. 515 Amphicarpea,. 223 Arundo. 610 Brachystemum,. 420 A bietinece.. 514 Amphioti8, 306 Slyn. 601 Brasenia,.. 153 Abutilon,. 209 Amsonia,. 457 Asarum,. 465 Brassica,.. 171 Acalypha,. 488t Amygdalee,. 240 ASCLEPIADACEIE. 458 Briza,. 616 ACANTHACE2E,. 395 Amygdalus,. 242 Asclepias,. 458 Syn. 615, 616 Acer, 212 Syn. 242 Syn. 461 Bromus,.. 610 Syns. 214 ANACARDIACEE 2o02 Ascyrum,. 182' yn. 619 ACERACEIE,. 212 Anagallis,. 387 Asp arage,. 555 Broussonetia,. 509 Acerates,. 460 Anchusa, 431 Asparagus,. 555 Bryophyllum... 277 Acetosa,. 477 Syn. 433 Asphodelus,. 552 Buchnera,. 407 Achillea,.. 342 Andromeda,. 371 Aspidium, 628 Buchne re r,. 407 Achyranthes,. 185 Syn. 373 Syn. 631 Bunias,.. 171n Acndda,. 467 Andropogon, 621 Asplenium, 630 Buipleurum,., 286 Aconitum,. 146 Andropogonew, 621 Syn. 632 Buxus. 489 Acorus,. 521 Anemone,. 139 Aster, 318-325 CABOMBACEiA.'153 Acrostichuon,. 628 Syn. 141,148 Syn. 325, 326, 327, 329 Cacalia,. 848 Actaea,.. 1461Anethum,. 290A ste r o ide.. 318 CACTACEM,. 274 Syn. 147 Angelica, 290, 291 Astragalus,. 229 Cactus. 275 Actinomeris,. 344 Anona,. 151 Atheropogon, 618 t C.safpint,. 36 Syn..347 ANONACEE,. 151 Atr'ne, 139 Cakile,. 171 Adenarium,. 189 Anonymus,. 484 Atrip ex,. 467 Caladium:,.. 520 Adiantum,. 633 Antennaria,. 3511Atropa,.. 449 Calamagrostis,. 601 Adlumia,. 158 Anthemis, 342 Syn. 446 Calendula,. 353 Adonis,. 141 Syn. 342 AURANTIACEAE, 204 Calla, 520 Aeschynomene,. 230 Antherice ae, 552 Avena,. 609 Calliopsis, 845, 346 )Esculus,, 214 Anthoxanthum.. 608 Syn. 609,610 Callistephus... 327.Ethusa,. 289 Anthropogon,. 618 Avenee,. 608 CALLITRICH AAgathyrsuo,. 3591Antirrhine o, 398 Avicularia,. 474 CEIE. 484 Agave,. 539 Antirrhinum, 398 Azalea, 374 Callitriche,. 484 Agrimonia,. 255 Syn. 398 Syn. 375, 376, 377 Calopogon, 5. 36 Agropyrorn, 619 Anychia,. 185Azolla. 636 Caltha,.. 143 Agrostemna, 191,192 Apargia. 358Baccharis, 334 CALYCANTHAAgrostidee, 596 Apios,. 222 Syn.334 CEE,.. 258 Agrostis,. 596 Apium, 288 Ballota,. 428Calycanthus, 2. 258 Syn. 599, 600, 601 Syn.289 BALSAMIPLUUI, 507 Calypso.. 531 Ailanthus,. 202 Aplectrum, 531 BALSAMINACEIE, 199 Calystegia,. 443 Aira,... 608 APOCYNACEME, 456 Baptisia,.. 235 Camelina,. 163 Syn. 609, 613 Apocynum,..-456 Barbarea,.. 165 Camellia,. 205 Aj u goide e, 429 AQUIFOLIACE2E, 381 Bartonia, 268, 454 Campanula, 365 Acea,. 208 lAquilegia,. 145 Barteia,. 409, 410 Syn. 366, 367 Aletris,.. 541 Arabis, 166 Batatas,. 442,443 CAMPANULACE2E,365 Alchemilla,. 257 Syn. 162, 169 Batschia,. 433 t Campylospermto, 292 Alisma,. 526 ARACEIE,. 519 Begonia,. 270 *Cannabiewe,'. 511 ALISMACEJE. 526 Aralia,. 294 BEGONIACENE, 269 Cannabis,. 511 Allium. 550 ARALIACEIE. 294 Bellis,. 327 CAPPARIDACEIE, 172 A]nus,. 499 Arbutus,. 371 Benzoin, 478 Capraria,. 402 Alopecurus,. 601 Archangelica,. 290 BERBERIDACEIE, 152 CAPRIFOLIACEIE, 298 A/ine, 187 Archemora,. 291 Berberis. 152 Caprifolium, 298, 299 Alsineweo, 187 Arctium,. 357 Beta... 470 Capsella,... 161 Altheea, 207 Arctostaphylos, 371 Betula,. 498 Capsicum,. 447 Alyssum, 163]Arenaria,. 188 Syn. 499 Cardamine,. 167 Syn. 162 Syn. 186,189 BETULACEI,. 497 Syn. 169 AMARANTHA Arethusa,. 535 Bidens,. 346 Cardiospermum,. 215 CEE.... 470 Synr. 535 Bigelovia, 334 Carduus,. 356, 357 Amaranthus,. 470 Argemone,. 156 Bignonia, 394, 399 Carex,. 576 AMARYLLIADA- Aristida,. 595 BIGNONIACEE E. 393 C a r i c es,. 576 CEE. 538 Aristolochia,. 465 Bistorta,. 475 Carpinus,. 497 Amaryllis,.. 538 ARISTOLOCHIA- Blephilia,. 418 Carthamus,. 854 Amberboa,.. 354 CEE.. 465 Blitm,. 468 Carum,... 98 Ambrosia,. 353 Ariteneum,.538 Baebera,. 347 Carya,. 491 Amelanchier,.. 245 Armeniaca, 2. 242Bcehmeria,. 511 CARYOPH YLLA. Amellus... 333 Armeria,. 390 Boltonia,..28 CEIE,... 186 Amianthum,. 558Arnica... 335 Bootsia,. 25'2 Cassandra,. 572 Ammannia,.. 260 Aronia,. 245, 246 Borrage,. 430 Cassia,... 236 Ammni,.. 286 Arrhenatherr,. 609 BORRAGINAC EE, 429 Cassiope,.. 371 Ammophila,.. 601 Artemisia,.. 349 Borrago,. 431 Castanea,. 495 Amorpha, 2. 225 Arum,.. 519 Botrychiumrn,. 635 Castilleja,. 409 Ampelopsis,.. 212 Sy. 520 Brachyelytrum,. 600 Catalpa, 9. 394 54 * 640 INDEX, Catananche,.. 358 Commelyna,.. 562 Desmodium,. 231 t Escallonee,. 281 Caulinia, 524 COMMELYNACEE,562 Dianthera,. 395 Eschcholtzia,. 157 Caulophyllum,. 153 COMPOSITE,. 310 Dianthus,. 192 Euchroma, 409,410 Ceanothus,.. 217 Comptonia,. 500 Diapensia,.. 441 Eupatoriace e, 313 Celastrus,. 215 CONIFERJE,. 513 DIAPENSIACEIE, 441 Eupatorium,. 314 CELASTRACEIE, 2151Conioselinum,,. 290 Diarrhena,. 612 Syn. 317 Celosia,.. 472 Conium,. 293 Dicksonia,. 633 Euphorbia,. 486 Celtis, 483 Conobea,.. 402{Dicliptera,. 395 EUPHORBIACEJE, 485 Cenchrus,. 6071 Conoclineum,. 316 Dictamnus,. 204 Euphrasie Ee,. 409 Centaurea,. 354 Conostyles,. 540 Dielytra,.. 158 Eurybia,. 318,319 Syn. 354 Convallaria,.. 552 Diervilla,. 300 Eutoca,. 437 Centaurella,: 454 Convallarine e, 552 Digitalese,. 404 Exacum,.. 452 Centunculus, 387 CONVOLVULA- Digitalis,. 404 Fagopyrum,. 475 Cephalanthus,. 307 CEE,.. 441 Digitaria,.. 603 Fava,. 220 Cerastium,. 187 t Convolvuleae,. 441 Syn. 618 Fagus,.. 496 Cerasus,. 240 Convolvulus,. 441 Dilatris,. 540 Syn. 496 Syn. 241 Syn. 443, 444 Diodia,.. 307 Fedia,. 308 Ceratochloa,. 611 Conyza,. 325,334 Dionaea,.. 180 Festucacew, 610 OERATOPHYLLA- Coptis,... 144 Dioscorea,.. 543 Festuca,. 611 CEE,.. 484 Corallorhiza,,. 531 DIOSCOREACEXE, 543 Syn. 612, 613, 617 Ceratophyllum,. 484 Corchorus,.. 257 Diospyros,.. 382 Ficus,. 510 Ceratoschcenus,. 575 Coreopsis,.. 344 Diploclinium,. 270 Filago,.. 352 Cersis,... 235 Syn. 344, 347 Diplopappus,.. 325 FILICES,. 627 Cereus,... 275 Coriandrum,.. 294 SyW. 333 Fimbristylis,. 573 Chierophyllum,. 292 CORNACEJE,. 296 DIPSACEE,.. 309 Syn. 573 Chara,... 637 Cornucopic,. 599 Dipsacus,.. 309 Flerkea,... 200 CHARACEME,. 637 Cornus,... 296 Dirca,... 480 Fluviali.,. 524 Cheilanthes,.. 633 Coronilla,.. 230 Discopleura,.. 286 Fceniculum,.. 290 Syn. 633 Corydalis,.. 158 Dodecatheon,.. 385 Fragaria,.. 252 Cheiranthus,. 169 Syn. 158 Draba,.. 162 Pranklinia,. 205 SynS. 170 Corylus,. 496 Drac na, 553 Frasera,.. 455 Chelidonium,. 156 Cosmanthus,.. 437 Dracocephalum, 425 Fraxinus,.. 463 Syn. 156 Crantzia, 285 Syn. 46 Fritillaria,. 549 Chelone,. 400 CRASSULACElE, 276 Drosera,.. 179 Fuchsia,... 265 C Syn. 400, 401 Cratr.gus, 243 DROSERACEIE,. 179 Fuirena,... 568 Chelonee,.. 399 Crocus,... 543 Dryas,... 257 Fumnaria,. 159 C;HENOPODIACEIE,466 Crossopetalzum,. 453 Dulichium,. 569 Syn. 158, 159 Chenopodium,. 468 Crotalaria,.. 234 Dyosodia,.. 347 FUMARIACE2E,. 157 Chimaphila,.. 379 Croton,.. 488 EBENACEIE,. 382 Galactia,.. 223 Chiogenes, 7. 570 Crotonopsis,. 480 Echinaca,. 38 Galanthus,. 539 Chionanthus, 463 SY. 489 Echinocysis,. 270 Galega,. 225 Chironia,. 450, 451 CRUCIFERIE,. 159 Echinospermum, 435 Galeopois,. 427 Chloreae,.. 617 Crypsis, 602 Syn. 435 Galiurnm.... 304 Chondrilla,.. 362 Crypta,... 195 Echium,... 430 Gaultheria,.. 373 Chrysanthemum,. 343 Cryptotaenia,.. 287 Eclipta,. 333 Syn. 371 Syn. 328, 343 Cucubals,.. 190 ELATINACEIE, 194 Gaura,. 265 Chrysus,.. 157 Cucumis,.. 271 Elatine,.. 195 Genista,. 234 Chrysocrma,. 334 Cucurbita,.. 272 Elatij;ella,. 306 Gentiana,. 452 Chrysopsis,. 333 Syn. 272 ELIEAGNACEE,. 481 GENTIANACEIE, 450 Syn. 324 CUCURBITACEE, 270 Eleagnus,.. 481 GERANIACEE,. 196 Chrysosplenium,. 281 Cunila,... 421 Eleochanris,. 569 Geranium,.. 196 Chrysostemma,. 345 Syn. 422 Elephantopus,. 313 Syn. 197 Cicendia,.. 452 Cuphea,... 261 Eleusine,. 617 Gerardia,.. 407 Cichoraceae,. 357 Cupressus,. 516 Ellisia,... 437 Syn. 408, 409 Cichorium,. 357C upressine se, 516 Elodea,.. 184 Gerardiee,. 407 Cicuta,...286 CUPULIFERXE, 492 Syn. 529 Geum,.. 53 Oimicifuga,.. 147 Cuscuta,.. 444 Elymus,.... 620 Gilia.440 Syn. 147 t Cuscuteee,. 444 Endlia, 34 G340.ia.. 257 O Cinchonea,. 305 Cydonia,.. 245 EMPETRACENE, 489 Gladiolus,. 542 Cinna,... 600 Cymbidiun,. 531, 536 Empetrum,.. 489 Glaux,... 386 Circasa,... 266 Cynanchium,. 461 Syn. 490 Glechoma,.. 425 Circea a,. 266 Cynara, 355 Enandromeda,. 372 Gleditschia,. 237 Cirsium,... 356 Cynare e,. 353 Enemion,. 145 Glyceria,. 613 CISTACEE, 180Cynodon,. 6181Enonyme e,. 215 Glycine, 252, 223 Cistopteris,. 629,630 Cynoglossum,. 435 Enonymus,. 216 Glyciphylla,. 371 Citus,. 181 Syn. 435 Enslenia,..461Gnaphalium,. 350 Citrus,.204 Cynthia,.. 58 Epig ea,. 373 Syn. 351, 352 Cladium, 5. 675 Syn. 358 Epilobium,..22 Gomphrena,.. 472 Clarkia,.264 CYPERACEIE,. 565 Epipactis,. 537 Gonolobus,. 461 Claytonia,. 194 Cyperee,.. 565 Epiphegu,.. 393 Goodyera,. 536 Clematis,...138 Cyperus,. 565 EQUISErTACEE, 624 Gordonia,. 205 Cleome,.. 172 Syn. 525, 568 Equisetum,.. 624 Gossypium, 0. 207 Syn. 172,173 Cypripedium, 537 Erechtites,. 352 GRAMINEZE,. 593 Clethra... 373 Syn. 531 Erica,.. 377 Gratiola,.. 403 Clinopodiusn, 419,425 Dactylis,.. 617 ERICACE E,.. 367 Syn.403 Clintonia,. 365 Dahlia, 327 t Ericineun,. 371 Gratiole e,. 401 Syn. 553 Dalea,.. 22. 6 Erigeron,... 326 GROSSULACEME, 273 Clitoria,... 223 Syn. 26 Eriocaulon,. 564 Gymnadenia,.. 533 Cnicus,... 355 Daliborda,. 253 ERICAULONA- Gymnandria,. 404 Syn. 356,357 Syn. 253 CEIE,. 564 Gymnocladus,.. 237 Chitdium,. 290 Danthonia,. 610 Eriophila,. 162 Gymnopogon,. 618 Cochlearea,. 163 Daphne,.. 451 Eriophorum,. 572 Gynandropsis,. 172 colestina,. 317 Darlingtonia,. 238 Erodium,. 197 Gyrm in,.. 547 O Celosperma, 293 Dasystoma,. 408 Ervum,.. 221 Habensria,. 532-535 Collinsia,. 399 Datura,.. 446 Erygenia,. 293 HIEMODOR.ACEIE, 540 Collinsonia,. 421 Daunus,.. 92 Erywium,. 285 THalenia,... 454 Col.tera,. 224 Decodon,. 261 Erysimum, 169 talesia,... 383 Comandra,. 479 Delphinium,..145 Sjn. 165,168 tlHalorage,.. 267 Comwopi,,. 253 Dentaria,. 167 Erythra a, 451 HAMAMELACEE, 282 Comaruin,. 252 Desmanthus,. 23 Erythronium,. 549 Hamamelis,.. 282 INDEX. 641 Hamiltonia,.. 479 IRIDACEJE,.. 541 Liquidambar,.508 Mitella... 280 Harpalyce,. 361,362 Iris. 541 Syn. 500 Moluccella,. 429 Hedeoma,. 422 Isanthus,. 416 Liriodendroi,. 150 Mollugo,.. 190 Syn. 422 Isoetes,. 164 Listera.. 537 Momordica,. 271 Hedera,... 295 Isnardia,. 266 Lithospermum,. 432 Syn. 271 Hedyotis,... 305 Iscetis,. 627 Syn. 432, 433, 434 Alonarda,.. 417 Hedysarum,. 230 Isolepis,. 573 LOASACE)E,. 268 Syn. 418 Syn. 230-233 Isopyrum,.145 Lobelia,.. 363 Mona r dee,. 417 Helenium,. 342 Itea,. 281 LOBELIACEIE, 363 Moneses,.. 379 Syn. 344 Iva. 353 Loiseleuriea,. 375 Monneria,. 402 Helianthemum,. 181 Ixia..542 Lolium,.. 620 MONOPETALJE, 298 Helianthus, 339 JASMINACE1E, 462 *Lomentacew,. 171 Monotropa,. 3880 Syn. 337 Jasminum,. 462 Lonicera,.. 298 Syn. 380 Heiastrum,.. 324 Jeflersonia,. 152 Syn. 301 tMonotropeae,. a0 Heliopsis,.. 337 JUGLANDACEAE, 440 Lonicereee,. 298 *Moree,.. 09 Heliotrop e e,. 435 Juglans,... 490 Lophanthus,. 425 Morus,. 509 Heliotropium,. 435 Synz. 491 Lophiola,. 540 Mulgedium.. 359 Helleborus,. 144 JUNCACEIE,. 559 LORANTHACE2E, 297 Muhlenbergia, 600 Helonias,... 558 *Junceaginee,. 528 Ludwigia,.. 265 Syn. 598, 600 Syn. 557, 558 Juncus,.. 559 Lunaria,... 164 Myagrum,. 163 Hemerocallidene,549 Syn. 562 Lupinus,. 235 Myosotis,. 434 Hemerocallis,.. 549 Juniperus, 5. 517 Luzula,.. 62 Syn. 433 Hemianthus,.. 403 Justicia,... 395 Lychnis,.. 191 Myosurus,. 148 Hemicarpha,. 573 Kalmia,.. 374 Lycium, 449 Myrica,. 500 Hepatica,. 141 Kerria,... 257 LYCOPODIACEE, 625 MYRICACE,. 499 Heracleum,.. 291 Klerina,.. 612 Lycopodium,. 625 Myriophyllum,. 267 Herpestis,.. 402 Krigia,.. 357 Lycopsis,... 4311MYRTACEE,. 258 Syn. 404 Syn. 358 Lycopus,.. 418 Myrttus,. 568 Hesperis,. 168 Kuhnia,...35 Lygodium,.. 635 Nabulus,. 36o Syn. 169 Kyllingia,.. 568 Lyonia,. 3721NAIADACEIE,. 523 Heteranthera,. 556 LABIATE,.. 413 Lysimachia,.. 386 Najas,. 523 Heteromeris,.. 181 Laburnum, 235 S/yn. 386 Napwa,. 209, 210 Heuchera,. 279 Lacis. 485 LYTHRACE/E,. 2591Narcissus,. 539 Hibiscus,.. 208 Lacnanthes,.. 540 Lythrum,. 260 Nardosmia,. 318 Hieracium,. 359 Lactuca,.. 359 Syt. 2611Narthecium,. 562 Hierochloa, 608 Lagenaria,.. 272 Maclura,... 509 Nasturtium,. 164 HIPPOCASTANA- Lamium,.. 426 Macrotys,.. 147 Naumburgia,. 386 CE&E,... 214 Lapathum,. 476 Magnolia, 150 Negundo,. 213 HiPpophc,.. 481 Lappa,... 357 MAGNOLIACEME, 1491NELUMBIACEJE, 153 Hippuris,... 268 Lathy rus,.. 219 Majorana,.. 420 1Nelumbium,.. 153 Holcus,... 608 Lavandula,. 4151Malaxis,. 530, 531 Nemopanthus,. 381 Syn. 613,617 LAURACEE,. 478 Malope,... 209 Nemophila,. 436 Honckenya,. 189 Laurus,.. 478, 4791 Malt,. 244 Neottia,.. 536 Horde,.. 619 Lavatera,.. 207 Malva,... 206 Nepeta,... 424;ordeum, 6. 620 Lechea,... 180 MALVACEIE.. 2066 Syn. 419 Holtonia,.. 384 Lecontia,... 5206Mariscus, 567 Nepeten,. 42 Houstonia,. 306 Ledmn,... 377 Marrubium,. 428 Nephrodiumn,.. 629 Hudsonia,. 181 Leersia,... 622 Marsilea,. 636 Syn. 633 Humulus,. 512 LEGUMINOSIE,. 217 MARSILEACEJE, 636 INerium,... 457 Hyacinthus,.. 551 Leimanthium,. 557 Martynia, 394 Nesea,... 261 Hydrangea,. 281 Leiophyllum,. 377 Maruta,. 342 Nicandra,. 446 tHydrangeas,. 281 Lemna,... 521 Matthiola,.. 170 Nicotiana,.. 44 Hydrastis,.. 148 LEMNACEE,. 521 Meconopsis,.. 156 Nigella,... 149 HYDROCHARIDA- LENTIBULACEE, 390 Medeola,... 547 Nuphar,... 154 CEE.... 528 Leontice,.. 153 Medicago,. 228 Syn. 155 STydrocharis,. 529 Leontodon,.. 358 Melampyrum,. 411 NYCTAGINACEAE, 472 HIydrocochloa,. 623 Syn. 3621MELANTIH ACEE, 556 Nympha,.. 154.Iydrocotyle,.. 284 Leonurus,.. 427 Melanthium,.. 556 Syn. 154, 155 Syn. 285,294 Lepachys,. 338 Syn, 556, 558 NYMPHEACEY,. 154 Hydropeltis,.. 153 Lepidanche,. 444 MELASTOMACEE, 259 Nyssa,.. 480 HYDROPHYLLA- Lepidium,.. 161 Melica,... 617 Oakesia,...'490 CEJE,... 436 Leptandra,.. 405 Melilotus,. 228 Obeliscaria,.. 38 Hydrophyllum,. 436 Leptanthus,.. 555 Melissa,... 422 Obolaria,.. 452 Hydropyrum,. 623 Syn. 556 Melissineto,. 422 Ocimoidee,. 415 Hymenopappus,. 348 Leptopoda,. 344 Melocactus,. 275 Ocimum,... 415 Iyoscyamus,. 446 Lepturus,. 623 Melothria,. 271 lEnanthe,. 261 Hyoseris,. 358 Lespedeza,. 233 MENISPERMA- (Enothera,.. 263 HYPERICACiEE, 182 Leucanthemum,. 343 CEIE,.. 151 OLEACEME,. 462 Hypericum,.. 182 Leucospra,.. 402 Menispermum,. 151 ONAGRACEAE,. 261 Syn. 184 Leucothoe,. 372 Menths,. 415 Onagr ea,.. 262 I-Iypobrichia,.. 261 Liatris,. 317 Me nthoide se, 415 Onoclea,... 633 Hypolytreae, 568 tLignlifiorn,. 357 Mentrelia,. 268 Onopordon,. 355 Hypopeltis,. 631 Ligusticum,. 29 Menyanthee,. 455 Onosmodium,. 432 Hypopitys,.. 380 Syn. 289 Menyanthes,.. 455 Ophioglossen, 635 Hypoporum, 576 Linusturn, 463 Menziesa,. 373 Ophioglossum,. 635 Hypoxis,.. 5430 Liliacen,.. 547 Mertensia,. 433 C)hrys,. 536 Hyssopus, 421 Lilium,. 548 MESEMBRYACE2E,276 Syn. 537 Syn. 425 LIMNANTHA- Mesembryanthemum,276 Oplismenus,. 604 Iberis, 164 CEE,... 200 Mespils, 243, 244, 245 Oplotheca,. 472 Ictodes,. 521 Limnanthemum, 455 Micromeria,. 422 Opuntia,. 274 Ilex, 381 Limnetis,. 618 IMicropetalon,.187 ORCHIDACEE, 529 Syn. 381 Limnodorum,. 5321Microstylis,. 530 Orchis,.. 532 ILLICEBRACEIE. 185 Lim osella,-. 404 Mikania,. 316 Syn. 532 Ilysanthus,.. 403 Lindernia, 4. 403Miliurn,. 603 Origanum, 426 Impatiens,.. 199 LINACEIE,. 195 Mimosa, 238 Ornithogalu,.51 Inula,.. 334 Linna,.. 301 Syn. 238 OROBANCHACE2E, 392 Syn. 333 Lisarsa,.. 398 tMimosee,. 238 Orobanche,.. 392 Ipom,.. 442, 443 Linum,... 195 Mimuls,. 401 Orontium, 521 Ipomopsis,.. 440 Liparis,.. 530 Mirabilis, 472 tOrthospermet,. 284 Iresine,... 471 Lippia,...413 Mitchella,. 305 0 ry z e, 622 642 INDEX. Oryzopsis,.. 596jPodophyllum,. 152 Rubus,... 249 Sisymbrium,. 168 SyM. 5961PODOSTEMACE], 485 Rudbeckis,.. 337 Syo. 165,165 Osmorhiza,. 293' Podostemum,.. 485 Syt. 338 Sisyrinchium,.. 543 Osmunda,. 634Pogonia... 535 Ruellia,.. 395 Sium,.. 287 Oamundiacewe,. 634 Polanisia,.. 1721Rumex,... 476 SMILACEIE,.. 544 Ostrya,.. 497 POLEMONIACEME, 438 Syn. 473 Smilacina,. 552, 553 Otophylla,.. 408 Polemonium,.. 440 Ruppia,.. 524 Smilax,.. 544 OXALIDACEE,. 200 Polyanthes,.. 550 Ruta,. 204 Smyrnium, 287,288,289 Oxalis,... 200 Polygala,.. 173 RUTACEE,.. 204 SOLANACEM,. 444 Oxycoccus,. 370 POLYGALACEME, 173 Sabbatia,. 450 Solanum,. 448 Oxydendron,. 372 POLYGONACEIE, 473 Sagina... 189 Solea.. 178 Oxyria,... 473 Polygonatum,.. 553 Sagittaria,. 526 Solida go,.. 28-333 Paonia,... 149 Polygonella,. 475 SALICACE,. 500 Sonchus,.. 363 Panax,... 295 Polygonum,.. 473 Salicornia,.. 466 Syn. 359, 361 Pan i e a,. 602 Polymnia,.. 335 Salix,... 501 Sophora,... 235 Panicum,. 604 Polypodiace se, 628 Sal piglossew, 397 Sorbus,... 245 Syn. 603, 604, 618 Polypodium,.. 628 Salsola,... 467 Sorghum,. 622 Papaver,... 157 Syns. 631 Salvia,... 418 Sparganium,.. 523 PAPAVERACEME, 155 Polypogon,.. 599 Salvinia,... 636 Spar/zanopZhorus, 314 tPapilionacea,. 219 Polytaenia,. 292 Sambucea,. 301 Spartlna,. 618 Parietaria,.. 511 tPomea,. 243 Sambucus,. 301 Specularia,. 366 Parnassia,.. 180 PONTEDERACE]E, 555 Samolus,.. 388 Spergula,.. 185 Paronychia,.. 185 Pontederia,.. 555 Sanguinaria,.. 155 Syn. 189 Parthenium,. 336 Populus,.. 506 Sanguisorba,.. 255 Spermacoce,. 306 Paspalum,. 602 Portulaca, 193 Sancula,. 285 Syn. 307 Passiflors, 269 PORTULACACEE, 193 SANTALACEE,. 479 Spigelia,... 307 PASSIFLORACE]E, 269 Potamogeton,. 524 SAPINDACEME,. 215 t Spigelieae,. 307 Pastinaca,.. 291 Syn. 267 Saponaria,. 192 Spina cia,.. 467 Paulownia,. 399 Potentilla,.. lSarothra,.. 184 Spiraa,.. 255 Pavia,. 214 Poterium,. 855|Sarracenia,.. 155 Syn. 257 PEDALIACEE, 394 Pothos,. 521 SARRACENIA- Spiranthes. 536 Pedicularis,.. 410 Prenanthe, 361, 362 CEIE,.. 155 Spirodela,. 522 Pelargonium,. 197 Primula,.. 384 Sassafras,. 478 Sporobolus,. 599 Peltandra,.. 520 PRIMULACEIE, 383 Satureja,.. 421 Stachyde,. 426 Pentalophus,. 433 Prinos,.. 381 S at u r e e aine,. 409 Stachys... 427 Penthorum,. 278 Priva,. 413 SAU RACEE,,. 484 Staphylea,. 215 Pentstemon,.. 400 Proserpinaca,. 267 Saururus,.. 484 Staphyloa,. 215 Peplys,.. 195, 261 Prunella,. 424 Saxifraaa, 278 Statice,.. 390 Periploca,.. 461 Prunus,. 241 SAXIFRAGACEX, 278 Syn. 390 Persica,.. 242 Syn. 240, 242|t Saxifragewe,. 278 Stellaria,... 187 Peristylus,.. 533 Psamma,.. 600 Scabiosa,.. 310 t Stellatm,. 304 Persicaria,.. 474 Psilostemon,. 431 Scandix,. 292 Stipa,.. 596 Petalostemon,. 26 Psoralea,. 225 Scheuchzeria,. 528' Syn. 600 Syn. 226 Psylocarya,. 574 Schizaa,.. 635 S t i p a. e, 595 Petroselinum,. 288 Ptelea,... 201 Schizanthus,. 397 Streptopus, 554 Petunia, 445 Pteris,. 632 Sclioenms, 574, 575 Syn. 554 Phaca.. 229 Pterospora, 3801 Schollera,. 555 Struthiopteris,. 634 Phacelia,. 438 Pulmonaria, 434 Schrankia,. 238 Stylipus,. 254 Syn. 437 Syn. 434 Schwalbea,. 410 Stylisma,. 443 Phalangium, 552 Punica,. 258 Scille ae,. 550 Stylophorumn,. 156 Syn. 562 Pycnranthemum, 419 Scirpea,. 569 Stylosanthes,. 229 Phalareae,. 607 Pyrethrum,.. 343 Scirpus,... 570 STYRACACE]E,. 383 Phalaris,. 607 Syn. 3431 Syn. 565, 568, 569, 570, 573 Sty/randra,.. 552 Phaleroearpus, 371 Pyrola,... 378 SCLERANTHA- Sgbularia,. 163 Pharbitis,. 442 S yn. 379 CEE,.. 470 Sullivantia,.. 279 Phaseolus,. 221 t Pyroleae,.. 378 Scleranthus,. 470 Swertia,. 454 tPhiladelphea, 282 Pyrularia,.. 479 Sclerere,. 575 Syn. 450, 453, 454 Philadelphus,. 282 Pyrus,.. 244 Scleria,... 575 Syrmphoria,. 300, 301 Phileoidea,. 601 Syn. 245, 246 Sclerolepis,. 313 Symphoricarpus,. 300 Phleum,.. 602 Pyxidantlera,. 441 Scolopendrium,. 632 Symphitum,. 431 Phlox,. 438 uamrnoclit,.. 443 Scrophularia,. 399 Symplocarpus,. 521 Phragrnites,. 610 Quercus,.. 492 SCROPHULARIA- Synandra,. 426 Phryma,... 413 Queria,. 185 CEE,... 396 Synthyrus,.. 404 Phyilanthus,. 489 RANUNCULA- Scutellaria,.. 423 Syringa,... 462 Phyllodoce,. 373 CE]E... 137 Scut ellari neIIrine, 423 Taetes,... 341 Physalis,.. 447 Ranunculus,.. 141 Secale,.... 619 Talinum,.. 194 Physostegia,.. 426 Raphanus,.. 171 Sedum,... 276 Tanacetum,.. 350 Phytolacea,. 478 Reseda,.. 173 Selinumn,. 290 Syn. 347 PHYTOLACCA- RESEDACEM,. 173 Sempervivum,. 277 Taraxacum,. 362 CEIE,.. 477Rersel/eria,.. 520 Seniio,... 347 Taxus,. 518 Pimpinella, 2. 288 RH AMNACEE,. 216 Syn. 352 Taxine e,.. 513 Pinguicula,. 390 Rham nus,.. 21 Se nec io n ide a, 335 T'recoma,.. 393 Pinus,' y. 514 Rheum,.. 473 Sepicula,. 529 Tephrosia,. 224 u Syn. 515, 516 Rhexia,..259 Sericocar pus,. 325 TERNSTR(EMIAPiptatherum,. 596 Rhinanthus,. 410 Sesamum,. 395 CEX,,. 205 Pisum,. 221l Rhododendron,. 375 Setaria,... 606 Teucrium,. 429 Syn. 219 Syn. 375 Seymeria, 4. 407 Thalictrumn,. 147 PLANTAGINA- Rhodora,.. 375 Sheheerdia,.. 481 Thapia,.. 289 CEE,.. 388 Rhus,.. 202 Sibblaldia,. 257 Thaspium, 289 Plantago,.. 338 Rhyneospora,. 574 S i b thor p e aw,. 404 Syn. 287, 296 PLATANACEIE,. 508 Syn. 575 Sicyos,.. 270 Thesium,. 479 Platanus,. 508 Ribes,. 27.3 Syn. 271 Thlaspi,... 160 Platanthera,. 532-535 Ricinus,.. 488 Sida,... 209 /Syn. 161 Plectranthus,. 415 Robinia,. 224 Silene... 190 Thuja,. 517 Piuchea,.. 334 Rochelia,. 435 S i ee na,. 190 THYMELACE2E, 480 PLUMBAGINA- Rosa,.. 246 * Siliulosae,. 160 Thymus,.. 420 CE/E,... 389 ROSACEME,. 238 * Siliquosae, 164 Tiarella,... 280 Poa,... 614 t Rosacere proper, 246 Silphium, 335 Tigridia,.. 542 Syn. 613 Rosmarinus,. 419 Sinapis,. 170 Tilia... 210 Podalyria,. 22 5RUBIACEi.E,.. 303 Sso:~. 2, 27,94 TILIACE/... 210 INDEX. 643 Tillma,. 276 Tropamolum, 200 IVaccinium, 368 VITACEAE,. 2l Tipularia,. 532 Troximon, 362 Sy. 970, 371 Vitis. 211 Tofieldia,. 559 Tubuliflore,. 313 Valeriana,.. 308 Waldstenia,. 253 Trachysperma,. 455 Tuclcernania,. 490 VALERIANACEJE, 308 Wivsoria,.. 613 Tradescantia,. 363 t Tulipa,.. 547 Valerianella,. 309 Wistaria,. 222 Tragopogon,.. 358 Tulipace e,. 547 Vallisneria,.. 529 Woodsia,... 631 Syn. 358 Turritis,.. 165 Veratrum,.. 557 Woodwardia,. 632 Trautvetteria,. 147 Syn. 166 Syn. 557, 5591Xanthium,. 352 Tricochloa,.. 600 Tussilago,. 3181V erbasce e,. 397 Xeranthemum,. 355 Trichodium,. 599 Sy. 31s8 Verbascum,. 397 Xerophyllum,. 558 Trico'phorum,. 572 Typha,.522 5 Verbena,.. 411 Xylosteum,. 299 Trichostema,. 429 TYPHACEIE,. 522 VERBENACEJE, 411 XYRIDACN.:3 Trichelostylis,. 573 Udora,... 529 Verbesina,.. 347 Xyris, 33 Tricuspis,. 61 ULMACEE,.. 482 Syn. 344 Zahnichellia,.. 524 Trientalis,. 385 Ulmus,... 482 Vernonia,.. 313 Zanthorhiza,.. 148 Trifolium, 226 UMBELLIFERME, 283 Vernoniacem, 313 ZANTHOXYLASyn. 28, 230 Uniola,... 616 Veronica,. 405 CEE,... 201 Triglochin,.. 528 Uralepis, \.. 610 Ve ron ice,. 405 Zanthoxylum,. 201 TRILLIACEI,. 545 Uraspermum,. 293 Viburnum,. 301 Zapania,. 412,413 Trillium,... 545 Urtica,... 510 Vicia,.. 22) Zea. 623 Triosteum,. 300 Syn. 511 Vilfa,. 597, 598 Zenobia,... 372 Trip/hora,...535 URTICACEIE,. 508 Vitlarsia,.. 455 Zigadenus,. 556 Tripsacum,...623 *.Urticee,.. 510 Vinca,... 457 Zinnia,.. 338 Trisetum, 6..609Utricularia,.. 391 Viola,... 175 Zizania,... 622 Triticum,., 619 Uvaria,... 151 Syn. 178 Zizia,... 287 Trollius,... 144 Uvularia,.. 553 VIOLACEIE,.. 175 Ziziphora,. 421, 422 TROP2EOLACEI;, 199 Siyn. 554 Viscum,... 297 Zostera,.. 523 tVaccines, s.. 6 Syn. 386 ENGLISH INDEX. Adam-and-Eve,. 531 Basil,.. 419, 422 Blue-curls,. 424,429 Cabbage,. 171 Adder's-tongue,. 635 Basswood,. 210 Blue-eyed Grass,. 543 Calabash,. 272 Agrimony, -. 255 Bath Flower,. 546 Blue Grass,. 614 Cale,... 171 lbany Beech-drops, 380 Bayberry,. 500 Blue Flag,.. 541 Calico-bush,. 574 Alder,., 381,492 BeachPlum,. 241 Blue-hearts,. 407 Campion,. 190 Alexanders,.. 871Beach Pea,.. 219 Blue'rangles,. 370 Canary Grass,.. 607 Allspice... 258 Bean 220, 221, 222 Bog Rush,. 574, 575 Cancer-weed,.. 418 Almond,. 242,243 Bear-berry,.. 371 Boneset,. 316 Candytuft,.. 164 Aloe,... 539 Beard-tongue, 400, 401 Borrage,. 531 Caraway,. 88, 348 Alum-root,. 280 oBeard Grass,.. 622 Bottle Grass,. 607 Cardinal Flower, 363, 364 Amaranth, 471, 472 Beaver-wood,. 483 Bowman's Root,. 257 Cardoon,... 355 American Cowslip, 3851Bedstraw,.. 304 Box,... 489 Carnation,.. 193 Angelica, 290, 291 Beech,... 496 Boxberry,.371,373 Carrot,'. 292 Angelica Tree,. 2S5Beech-drops, 380, 393 Brake,... 632 Carpet-weed,.. 190 Anise,. 288 Beet,. 470 Broccoli,.. 171 Castor Oil Bean,. 488 Annual Spear Grass, 614 Bell-flower,. 365,366 Broome Grass, 611, 625 Catch-fly,. 190, 190 Apple.. 244 Bell-wort,. 554 Btooklime,. 405 Cat-gut,. 225 Apple of Peru,. 446 Bengal Grass,. 607 Broomp.-. 33 Catnep,... 425 Apricot,.. 242 Bent Grass,. 597 BrooM22.. 622 Cattail,. 522 Arbor Vitro,. 517 Berberry,. 152 Buck-. 455 Cauliflower,.. 171 Arrow-grass,.. 52 Bilberry, 368 Buck-e: 214 Cedar, -. 516,517 Arrow-head,.. 527 Bindweed, 442,443, 476 Buck-thon,. 216, 217 Celandine,.. 156 Arrow-wood,. 303 Bird's-nest,. 380 Buck-wheat,. 476 Celery,.. 88 Artichoke,. 341, 355 Birch, 498, 499 Bugle-weed,. 416 Century Plant,. 539 Asarabacca,. 465 Bishop's Cap, - 280 Bugloss,.. 481 Chaff-seed,. 410 Ash,. 463, 464, 483 JBishop-weed,. 286 Bullrush,... 571 Chamomile,. 342 Asparagus,. 555 Bistort,.. 475 Burdock,. 3571Cheat,.. 611 Asphodel,. 552 Bittersweet,. 448 Burnet, -. 25 Checkerberry,. 873 Atamasco Lily, 538 Blackberry, 2 49]Burning Bush,. 216 Cherry,.. 240 Austrian Eglantine, 247 Black Haw,. 303 Burr Flower,. 436 Chess,.. 611 Avens, 252, 254 Black Snake. root, 147 Burr Grass,. 607 Chestnut, 496 Awlwort,. 163 Black Thorn,. 241 Burr Marigold,. 346 Chickweed, 185,187,158 Bachelor's Button,. 354 Bladder-nut, 2. 215 Burr-reed,. 5231Chickweed WinterBalloon-vine,' 215 Bladder Senna,. 224 4Burr-seed,. 435 green,.. 385 Balm, 422, 429 Bladderwort, 391, 3921Buttercups, 142 China Aster,. 327 Balm of Gilead,. 507 Blazing Star,. 317 Butterfly-weed, 460 Chinquapin,. 496 Balsam Apple,. 271 Blessed Thistle, 355 Butternut,. 490 Choke Berry, 245 Balsam Spruce, 510 Blood-root,. 156 Butterwort,. 90 Cinquefoil,. 21,252 Baneberry, 146, 147 Blueberry, 369, 370 Button-bush, - 07 Citron Tree,.. Barley,.. 620 Blue-bottle,. 34 Button-woo,. Cives,. -51 644 INDEX. Clarry,.. 418 English Ivy, 2951Hart's-tongue, 6321Leaf-cup, 335 Cleavers,. 304 English Moss,. 277 Hawkweed, 358, 360 Leather-flower, 139 Clotweed, 352 Eternal Flower, 355 Hawthorn,. 2431 Leather-wood, 480 Cloudberry, 2 50Eyebright, 487 Hazel,, 496, 4971Leek, 550, 551 Clover,.227, 228, 233 False Flax, 163 Heartsease,. 171 Lemon Tree, 204 Club Moss, 625-627 False Mermaid, 9200 Hedge Hyssop,. 03Lettuce, 359, 361 Club Rush, 569, 570 False Red-top,. 613 Hedge Mustard, 168 Lever-wood, 497 Cock's-comb, 472 False WallFlower, 169 Hedgehog,. 228 Life-everlasting, 351 Cock's-foot Grass, 604 Feather-beds, 637 Hedgehog Grass, 621 Lilac,.. 463 Coffee Tree,. 237 Feather Grass,. 5961Heliotrope,. - 436 Lily,. 548, 549 Colic Root,. 541 Felwort,. 454 1Hellebore,. 144, 557 Lily-of the-Valley, 553 Colocynth,. 272 Fennel,... 290 Hemlock, 286, 515, 518 e Tree,. 205, 210 Colt's-foot,. 318 Fennel Flower, 149 Hemp.. 512 Li eGrass,. 620,621 Columbine,.. 145 Fern,. 629-636 Hemp Nettle,. 427 inden Tree,. 210 Columbo,.. 455 Fescue Grass, 611, 612 Henbane, 446) 447 ion's-heart,.. 426 Comfrey,... 431 Fever-bush,. 478 Henbit,..428 Lion's-foot,.. 361 Cone-flower. 337, 338 Feverfew,. 3431Herb Robert,.. 196 Live-forever,. 277 Coral-root,.. 5311Feverwort,. 300 Herd's Grass, 602 Liverwort,.. 141 Coriander,.. 2941Field Mint,. 416 Hickory,. 491, 492 Lizzard's-tail,. 484 Corn Cockle,.. 191 Fig,. 510 High Cranberry,. 302 Locust,.. 224, 237 Corn Mint 416 Figwort,. 3998High-water Shrub, 353 Loosestlife,260,265,386,387 Corn Salad, 309 Finger Grass, 603 Hoarhound, 315, 416, 428 Lopseed,. 413 Corn Spurry, 186 Fir Balsam,. 516 Hobble-bush,.. 302 Lousewort,. 411 Cornel,.. 296 Fire-weed,. 352 Hogweed,. 353, 4691 Lovage,-. 289 Cotton Plant,.. 207 Flax 195 Holly,.. 381 Love-lies-bleeding, 471 Cotton Thistle,. 355 Flealbane, 326, 327 Hollyhock,. 208 Luirgvort,.. 434 Cotton Tree,. 507 Florin Grass,. 597 Honesty, 164 Lupine,., 235 Cotton Grass, 572, 573 Flower-of-an-hour, 209 Honewort 287, 289 Lychnidea, 438,439,440 Cowbane,. 286, 291 Fly-poison,. 558 Honeysuckle, 298,299,300 Mladwort,.. 163 Cowslips,.. 143 Fly-trap,.. 192 IHoop Ash,.. 483 Maidenhair,. 633 Cow Wheat,.. 411 Fog-fruit,. 413 Hop... 512 Maize,.. 623 Coxcomb,.. 470 Fool's Parsley,. 289 Hornbeam,.. 497 Mallow,.. 206-209 Crab Grass,. 603 Forbed Spike,. 621 Horn Poppy,. 156 Mangel-Wurtzel, 470 Cranberry,. 302, 370 Forked Chickweed, 185 Horn wort,. 484 Man-of-the-Earth,. 442 Crane's-bill,. 196, 197 Forget-me-not,. 434 Horse Balm,.. 421 Maple,. 212, 213, 214 Crowberry,. 489, 490 Foul Meadow, 615 1Horse Chestnut, - 214 Mare's-tail,. 268 Crowfoot, 141 142, 043 Four-o'clock, 472, 473 Horsemint,. 415, 417 Marigold,. 143, 341 Crownbeard, -. 347 Foxglove.. 404, 405 Horse Nettle, -.. 448 Marjoram,.. 420 Crown Imperial, 549 Fox-tail Grass,. 602 Horse Radish, 163 Marsh Rosemary, 390 Cucumber, 270, 271, 272 Franklinia,. 205 Horsetail,. 624, 625 Marvel-of-Peru, 472 Cucumber-root,. 547 jFraxinella,. 204 Hound's-tongue, - 435 Mat Grass,.. 601 Cucumber Tree,. 150 Fringe Tree,. 463 Houseleek,. 277 Matrimony Vine, 449 Cudweed, 352 1 Friillary, 549 Huckleberry,.. 36 May Apple,.. 152 Culver's Physic, 405 Frogbit 529 Hyacinth, 551 May Flower,. 374 Cup-plant, 336 Frost-plani,.181 Hydrangea, 2 81,2 82 May-weed,. 342 Currant,.273 IFumitory, 159 Hyssop,. 421 Meadow Beauty, 259 Currant-leaf, 280 Galingale,. 566 Ice-plant,. 76 Meadow Grass, 614 Cut Grass, 622 Garget. 478 Indian Cress,. 200 Meadow Rue, 147,148 Cypress,.. 517 Garlic, -. 550, 551 Indian Grass,. 622 Meadow-sweet, 296, 27 Cypress Vine,.. 443 Gay Feather,. 317 Indian Hemp,. 4561Medick,. 228 Daffodil,. 539 Gem-fruit, 280 IndianMillet,.. 622 Melilot,.. 226 Daisy,. 326, 327, 343 Gentian,. 416, 453, 454 Indian Physic,. 257 Mercury,.. 488 Dandelion, 358, 362 Geranium,. 196-198 Indian Pipe,.. 380 Mermaid-weed,. 267 Darnel Grass,.. 620 Gill over the-ground, 425 Indian Rice,. 622 Miami Mist,. 437 Day flower,.. 563 Ginseng,.. 295 Indian Tobacco, 364 Mignionette,.. 173 Day Lily,. -. 550 Globe Flower, 144, 257 Ink-berry,. 3821Milfoil,. 267, 268, 342 Deadly Nightshade, 449 Goat's Beard,. 256 Innocence,.; 306Milk-weed,. 359 Deerberry,. 369 Goat's Rue,. 225 Iron-weed,. 313 ]Milkwort,. 174 Deer Grass,. 259 Golden Chain,, 235 Iron-wood,. 497 Millet,. 596,607 Devil's-bit,. 310 Golden Club,. 521 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 519 Millet Grass,. 602, 604 Dewberry,. 249 Golden Cress-flower, 540 Jacobaea,... 348 Missletoe,. 297 Ditch Moss,. 5029 Goldenrod,. 328-333 Jacobsea Lily,.. 538 Mitrewort,. 280 Dittany,.. 421 Gold-of-pleasure, 163 Jalap,.. 478 Modesty,... 286 Dock,. 476, 477 Goldthread,. 144 Japan Rose,.. 206 Moneywort,.. 387 Dockmackie,. 302 Gooseberry,. 273, 274 Jasmine, 443, 462 Monkey Flower, 401, 402 Dodder. - 444 Goose-gass,. 252, 304 Jersey Tea,.. 217 Monk's-hood,. 146 Dog's-bane, 456, 457 Goose-Obot, 469 Jerusalem Cherry, 448 Moonseed,. 151 Dog's-couch Grass, 619 Gourd,. 272 Jewel-weed,. 199 Mornin Glory,. 442 Dogwood, 203, 296, 297 Grape,, 211 Judas Tree,. 236 Moss Pink, 440 Dorp-seed Grass,. 600 Grass, 595 —623 July Flower,.. 170 Motherwort,.. 427 Dragon's-claw, 531 Grass-of-Parnassus, 180 June Berry, 2 45 Mountain Ash,.241 Dragon-head, 425, 426 Grass Pink,. 536 Juniiper,. 517 Mountain Fringe, 158 Dragon-root,. 19 Grass-poly,. 260 King's Spear,.. 552 Mountain Heath,. 373 Dropwort,.. 291 Greek Valerian, 440 Knapweed,. 3554 Mountain Laurel, 374 Duckmeat,. 522 Green Brier, 544 1Knawell,. 470 Mountain Mint, 417,419 Dutchman's Breeches,158 Green Dragon,. 5201KnotGrass, 474, 475, 476 Mountain Rice,. 596 Dutchman's Pipe,, 466 Green-head,. - 306 Knot-weed,. 474, 475 Mourning Bride,. 310 Dwarf Cassia, 337 Gromwell, 432, 433 Labrador Tea,. 377 Mouse-ear,. 435 Dwarf Pink, 306 Ground Cherry, 447 Ladies' Ear-drop, 265 Mouse-tail, 148, 286 Dyer's-broom,. 234 Ground Ivy, 428 Ladies' Slipper, 537, 538 Mludwort, 404 Dyer's-weed,. 173 Ground Nut, 222, 295 Ladies' Thumb, 474 Mugwort,. 350 Egg-plant,.. 448 Ground Pine, 625 Ladies' Tresses, 536 Mulberry, 249, 250,509 Eglantine,. 247 Groundsel,. 347 Lake Flower,. 455 Mullein,... 397 Eevptian Wheat, -619 Groundsel Tree, 3351Lamb Lettuce,. 3091Mullein Pink,.192 Elder,. 295, 301, 353 Guelder Rose,. 3021Larch,.. 516 Muskmelon, 271 Elecamnpane,. 334 Gum'Free,. 480 Larkspur,. 145, 146 Mustard,. 166-170 Elm,. 482, 483 Hackberry,. 483 Laurel,. 374, 481 Myrtle,. 258, 500 Endive,. 3557 Hair Bell, 365 Laurestine, 303 Narcissus, 539 Enchanter's Night- Hair Grass,, 599 Lavender, 415 Nasturtion. 2 00 shade,.. 66 Hardhack,,, - 16 Lead-plant,. 226 Neckweed,. 406 iNDEX. 645 tiootarine,.. 421 Primrose,263, 264,384, 851 Snake-head,. 400 Trumpet-weed,. 314 Nettle,. 428, 510, 511 Prince's Feather, 471, 475 Snake Cactus,:. 275 Tuberose, 550 Nettle Tree,.. 483 Prince's Pine, 379 Snake-root,147,174,285,465 Tulepo,.. 480 Nightshade, 448 Privet... 463 Snap-dragon, 398, 399 Tulip,... 547 Nine-bark,. 256 Puccoon,. 433 Sneezewort, 342, 343 Tulip Tree,. 10 Nonesuch, 28 Pumpkin, 272 Snowball,. 302 Turk's Cap, 275, 548 Nutmeg Flower, 149 Pumpkin-wood, 210 Snow-berry,. 300 Turmeric-root,. 148 Oak, 492-495 Purslain, 193, 194, 195, 266 Snowdrop,. 539 Turnip,. 171 Oak-of-Jerusalem,. 469 Putty-root, 531 Snowdrop Tree, 383 Tway-blade,. 530, 537 Oat,.. 609, 610 Quamash,. 5521Soapwort, 192 Twin-flower,.. 301 Oilnut,.. 479 Queen-of-the-Mea- Soft Grass,. 608 Twist-foot,.. 554 Oily-seed,. 395 dow, 256. Solomon's Seal, 552,553 Umbrella Tree,. 150 Okro,... 209 Quillwort,. 627 Sorrel, 200, 201,473, 477 Unicorn Plant,. 394 Oleander,, 458 Quince,. 245 Sorrel Tree,. 372 Unicorn-root,. 559 Oleaster,. 482 Radish 172 Southernwood, 350 Valerian,. 30 Onion,..551 Ragged Robin, 192 Sow Thistle,. 363 Vegetabie Oyster,. 358 Orache,. 467, 468 Ram's-head, 538 Spanish Needles, 346 Venus' Fly-trap, 180 Orange Tree,. 205 Raspberry, 249,250 Spear Grass,. 614 Venus' Looking-glass, 367 Orchard Grass,. 617 Rattle-box,. 234 Spearmint,. 416 Vernal Grass,.. 608 Orpine,.. 277 Red-bud,... 236 Spearwort,. 141 Vervain,.. 412 Osage Orange,. 509 Red Osier,. 296 Speedwell,. 406, 407 Vetch,. 20, 221, 229 Osier,.. 504 Red-root, 217, 540 Spicewood,. 478 Violet,. 175-178, 253 Ostrich Fern,.. 634 Red-top, 597, 613, 614 Spiderwort,. 172, 563 Viper's Bugloss,. 430 Ox-eye,... 337 Reed Grass,. 601 Spikenard,.. 294 Virgin's Bower,. 139 Ox-tongue,. 431 Reed Mace,.. 522 Spinage,.. 467 Wake Robin,.. 546 Poeny.. 149 Resin-weed,. 336 Spindle Tree,. 2161Wall Flower,. 170 Painted-cup, 409, 410 Rhubarb,. 473 Spleenwort, 275,630, 631 Wall Pepper,.. 277 Palma Christi,. 4881 Ribwort,. 3881SP ring Beauty,. 194 Walnut,.. 490, 491 Panic,... 606 Rice,.. 204 Spruce,.. 515 iWater Carpet,.. 281 Pansey,... 178 Robin's Plantain,. 326 Spurge,.. 486, 487 Water Cress,.. 165 Parsley,.. 289 Rock Brake,. 632 Squash. 272 Water Feather, 384 Parsnep,. 287, 291 Rock Rose, 181 Squirrel-tail Grass, 620 Water Hemp,. 467 Partridge-berry,. 305 Rocket,.. 168, 171 Staff Tree,.. 215 Water-leaf,.. 436 Passion Flower, 269 Rose,. 246 —-248, 250 Star Flower,. 4511Water Lily,.154 Pawnee Lettuce,. 309 Rose Acacia,. 224 Star-Grass, 540, 5411Water-melon,. 272 Pawpan,. 151 Rose-bay 262, 376 Star-of-Bethlem,. 551i Water Nymph,. 524 Pea, 219, 220, 221 Rose-bay Tree,. 458 St. John's-wort, 183, 184 Water Pepper,. 474 Peach,... 242 Rosemary, 372, 419 St Peter's-wort,. 182 Water-target,. 153 Pear,.. 244 Rosin-weed,. 336 St. Peter's Wreath, 256 Wayfaring Tree,. 302 Pearlwort,.. 189 Rue,.. 204 Stone-crop,. 277, 278 Wheat,. 619 Pea Vine,.. 223 Rush, 559-562,571,624 Stonewort,.. 637 Wheat-thief,. 433 Pellitory... 511 Rutland Beauty,. 444 Strawberry,. 253 Whip Grass,. 576 Pencil Flower,. 230 Rye,. 619, 620 Strawberry Blite,. 468 Whistle-wood,. 213 Penny Cress,.. 160 Rye Grass,. 621 Succory, 357 White Bay,. 150 Pennyroyal,. 422 Saffron,. 355, 543 Sumach,.. 202, 203 White Grass,.. 92 Pennywort,. 284, 452 Sage.. 418Summer Savory, 421 White-top,.. 597 Pepper,.. 447 Sage Geranium,. 415 Sundew,... 179 White-we ed,. 326,343 Peppergrass,.. 161 Salt-rheum-weed, 400 Sunflower 339,340,341,345 White-wood, 150 Pepperidge, 480 Saltwort,. 386,466 Swamp Pink, 375,376 Whitlow Grass, 162 Peppermint,.. 416 Samphire,. 466, 467 Sweet Basil,.. 415 Whortleberry, 368,369 Pepper-root,. 1681Sandwort,. 188, 189 Sweet Brier,. 247 Wild Basil,. 419, 422 Periwinkle,. 457 Sanicle. 285 Sweet Cicely,. 293 Wild Bergamot,. 417 Persimmon Tree, 382 Sarsaparilla, 294,544 Sweet Fern, 500 Wild Bullace Tree, 241 Pettymorrel,.. 294 Satin Flower. 164 Sweet Flag,.. 521 Wild Germander,. 42 Pheasant's Eye, 141,193 Saxifrage, 255, 278, 279 Sweet Gum,.. 50 Wild Ginger,.. 465 Pickerel-weed,. 555 Scabish,. 263 Sweet-pepper Bush, 373 Wild Indigo, 235 Pigmy-weed,. - 276 Scarcity,. 470 Sweet Potato, - 443 Wild Mandrake, 152 Pimpernell,. 387, 388 Scorpion Grass, 434 Sweet-scented Grass. 608 Wild Oats,. 554 Pine,. 514, 515 Scorpion Senna, 30 Sweet-scented Shrub,258 Wild Peppergrazs,. 161 Pine Sap,. 380 Scratch Grass,. 475 Sweet Sultan,. 354 Wild Potato,.. 442 Pink, 192, 193, 400 Screw-stem.. 454 Sweet William, 192, 1931Wild Service-berry, 245 Pink-root,.. 308 Scurvy Grass,.. 16.3 Sycamore,.213, 508 Wild Timothy,. 606 Pinweed,.. 181 Sea Wrack Grass, 523 Syringa,... 282 Willow,.. 501-506 Pipes,.. 625 Sedge,.. 566, 567 Tansey, 350 Willow-herb, 262 Pipewort,.. 564 Seed-box,.. 265'ape Grass, 529 Winter Berry,. 351, 382 Pipsissiwa,. 379 Self-heal,.. 42 Tares 220 Winter Cherry,. 447 Plantain, 388, 389, 526,536 Seneca Grass,. 608 Tassel Flower,. 349 Winter Cress,. 165 Plum,.. 241 Senna,.. 236 Tea Plant, 20 Wintergreen,373,378-9,385 Poison Hemlock,. 2931 Sensitive Brier, 238 Teasel,.. 309 Wire Grass, 617 Poison Ivy,.. 2 03Sensitive Plant, 237, 238 Ten-weeks' Stock, 170 Witch Hazel,. 282 Poison Oak,. 203 Sensitive Pea,. 337 Thimble-berry,. 2501Withe Rod,. 302 Poisonous Damrnel, 620 Sesame Grass,. 623 Thistle, 275, 356, 363 Wod,. 164 Poke,. 478, 557 Shad-berry,. 245 Thorn,.. 43, 244 Wolf-berry,. 00 Polar-plant,.. 336 Shaddock Tree, 205 Thorn Apple,.. 446 Wolf's-bane,.. 146 Polypod,. 628 Shallot,. 551 Thoroughwax,. 2861Wood Sorrel, 200, 201 Pomegranate, 259 Sheep-poison, 37- Thoroughwort,. 316 Wood-waxen, 234 Pond Lily, 154, 155 Shell Flower, 429 Threadbot, 4851Worm Grass,. 308 Pond-weed, 524-526 Shepherd's Purse, 161 Thrift, 390Worm-seed, 469 Poor-man's Weather- Shield Fern. 629, 630 Thyme. 421 Wormwood,. 349, 350 glass,.. 387 Short-styled Cicely, 293 Tickseed, 344, 346 Woundwort, 428 Poplar,. 150, 506, 507 Sicklepod. 166 Tiger Flower,.. 542 Wrack Grass,.. 523 Poppoose-root,. 153 Side-saddle Flower, 1551Timothy Grass,. 602 Tam-root,. 544 Poppy, 156s, 157 Silkweed,. 458, 459 Toad Flax, 398 479 Yarrow. 342 Potato,.. 448 Silver-weed,. 28 Tobacco, 445 Yellow-eyed Grass, 564 Pot Marigold,. 354 Simpler's Joy, 412 Tomato, 449 Yellow Phlox. 169 Poverty Grass,. 595 Skull-cap, 406, 423 Touch-me-not, 199 Yellow Rattle,. 410 Prairie Burdock,. 336 Shamrock,. 227 Trailing Arbutus, 374 Yellow-seed 161 Prickly Ash,. 201 Skunk Cabbage, 521 Tree-of-Heaven,. 202 Yellow-wee~. 142 Prickly Pear, 275 Slender Blite, 468 Trefoil, 202, 227, 228, 331 Yew,. 518 Pride-of-tohe-Meadow,257 Sloe 241'rrumpet Flower,, 394 Zigadsne,. 56 Prim.. 463 Snai.. 29