884,383 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR B. UREAU:,F OIMFlIGRATION AND NATURALIZAT1ION '!1 -DIVISION OF INFORMATION Agricultural Opportunities INFORMATION CONCERNING RESOURCES, PRODUCTS, AND PHYSICAL C( IARACTERISTICS OF THE WESTERN STATES (SOUTHERN GROUP), COMPRISING COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, UTAH, NEVADA, AND CALIFORNIA, AND THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII::::,' II i i ': I WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1912 I. - -ollm' c.................... iiii~~~ - - -.~u- ~ ~L-r: u:.r... ' " "-! e -'-" ':..............'.. : 1'".,~,.:,.,,:"i~i. i?:,s:*~l?: ~(1~:;::~ i?.WZlil 1U~!r r:"""iUr::~"I ila I,. ~n.J:;~~:~~11;;3: ~1~i;;~;~:"i. a:::;i ";"::~:':::jarr.:a:; i,~1 ':; II: ~r: :J~ ~: ~1 i "~::~: "~' ~~:'i ~.~ ~, I:~::::: ::;.::, )?~:; i~?;I;~.'." ~' 4t I I ~~::::::::;*,,o ~~: ~~:i i ~~Ii: ~:I I~i~: *:~ ~.~:~: i ~':~~ ':iu? i'", i..;.I~ ';:~:~:i;~:: ~': `';~1 i ~;:- i /i ~ ~: ni r ";.":,.*"*~!:i ".j$ 1.11:::;:::*"":" i,; ~: ~I: " ~I:~ 'r~ ~ 1'; I 1',' ".I~I.~ II'li;. 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',444 44 /'4.4,4444 444 44444 44 44 '4 '?. 4 4444 4' 44 , '.',.' 4 44,. 4' 1 '4.,44 U,4 44 44 ' 4' 44 -. 4444 4 4 1" 4' 4 4 44 ' ' 4 '4 4' '4 44 / 4.' 44 4 4'. '4 41 '.4 44., ' 4 ' 4, ' 4 44 4 4 '. ' 4 4 4 4 4 44, ' 4 44. 4. 4 4 4 4 4 ' 44, '4' " ' 4. ''... 4 4 4 '' 44 I' " ' ' ' ' 44 " 4 i AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE WESTERN STATES (SOUTHERN GROUP) AND HAWAII. COLORADO. CLIMATE AND SOIL. The climate is free from extremes of temperature; the mean annual temperature for the plains and valleys is about 45~. The annual rainfall ranges from 10 to 22 inches in the farming districts. There are more than 300 days of sunshine in every year. Colorado is still adding to its farm acreage, but the mountainous surface and low rainfall render some areas unfit for agriculture, while others are adapted only to grazing. The mean altitude of Colorado is the highest of any State in the Union. Only one-fourth of the State lies at an elevation of less than 5,000 feet, while two-thirds ranges in altitude from 6,000 to 14,000 feet above sea level. The central and west central portion of the State comprises a large area of the mountainous mass of the Rockies. Two-fifths of Colorado lies within the Great Plains section of the United States and consists of a long slope from the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains, descending from altitudes of 7,000 feet to altitudes of approximately 3,500 feet within the prairie section along the eastern border. In these sloping areas the eastward flowing rivers have cut deep, narrow valleys which are bordered by silty and sandy alluvial soils at the lower levels and by sandy and gravelly loam bench lands at higher altitudes. Within the central mountain mass there are numerous parks and smaller valleys, the floors of which are formed from alluvial or lacustrine deposits. Wherever water is available and the altitude is not too great, these are irrigated for the production of vegetables, grain, grass, and fruit. To the west of the great mountain divide the precipitation is generally too light for the growing of crops without irrigation; but the streams supply large volumes of water for irrigation in the valleys. To the east of the divide, on the plains, the rainfall is heavier; and some crops are grown without irrigation throughout this region. Here, however, near the streams, irrigation has been introduced, the largest irrigated areas in the State being in the valleys of the South Platte and Arkansas Rivers, extending from the mountains to the eastern boundary of the State. IRRIGATION. Of the 46,170 farms in the State, 25,926, or 56.2 per cent, are reported as irrigated. The area reported is 2,792,032 acres, or 64.9 per cent of the improved land in farms. The area to which enterprises existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water was 3,990,166 3 4 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. acres, and the total area included in irrigation projects completed or under way was 5,917,457 acres. The United States Reclamation Service reports on its Grand Valley project in Mesa County as follows: Irrigable area: 53,000 acres. Present status of irrigable lands: 19,620 acres entered subject to the reclamation act, 10,450 acres withdrawn from entry, 22,930 acres in private ownership. Length of irrigation season: From April 1 to October 31-214 days. Character of soil of irrigable area: Sandy loam, sandy mesas, and adobe. Principal products: Fruits, sugar beets, alfalfa. Principal markets: Large cities east of Rocky Mountains for fruit; other products, local. On its Uncompahgre Valley project, season of 1911, the Reclamation Service reports: Some of the landholders have subdivided their holdings, and many sales of small tracts to new settlers have been made. The crop statistics gathered for the season of 1910 showed the following areas in cultivation within the limits of the project: Alfalfa, 22,100 acres; oats, 3,075 acres; orchards, 5,650 acres; wheat, 1,425 acres; beets, 2,000 acres; potatoes, 2,950 acres; garden, 275 acres; corn, 125 acres. Of the area cultivated, 24,000 acres were furnished water from the Government canals and 13,600 acres from the private ditches in the valley. On the land supplied with water from Gunnison River excellent crops were raised, and for the first time in several years a third cutting of alfalfa was secured. Prices were good and the farmers, as a whole, were prosperous, though a partial failure of the fruit crop carried hardship to those who were dependent entirely upon that crop. CROPS. The leading field crops of the State, in the order of their importance, as judged by total value in 1909, are: flay and forage, $17,282,000; wheat, $6,464,000; oats, $4,177,000; potatoes, $3,705,000; corn, $2,674,000; and barley, $1,101,000. Of the totals for hay and forage crops, alfalfa contributes nearly two-fifths of the acreage and over onehalf of the quantity and value. Next below alfalfa, in both acreage and value, is "wild, salt, or prairie grasses." Alfalfa takes the place of clover and timothy. Three cuttings are taken from the fields, each yielding from 1 to 2 tons, the yield at the end of the year often being as high as 7 tons to the acre. Four tons per acre is a conservative average yield estimate for the State. It is worth from $5 to $10 a ton in the stack, or $7 to $15 if delivered at the market. It costs about $2 a ton to raise. Of the total acreage in wheat, nearly one-half is common spring wheat and a little more than one-seventh is durum or macaroni. Of the cereals, oats ranks second in value and third in acreage, while corn is second in acreage and third in value. Among other sundry crops, aside from potatoes, which rank as a leading crop of the State, dry peas, alfalfa seed, dry edible beans, and broom corn rank highest according to value. The average value per acre of all cereals combined is $13.98. Most of the corn of the State is grown east of the mountains, the leading corn-growing counties being Yuma, Kit Carson, Phillips, Washington, and Elbert, which report more than half of the total corn acreage. Many European immigrants have established themselves on gardens near the principal cities of Colorado, either on rented or purchased land, and they get large incomes from small tracts; but there is room for more, as the value of garden products shipped into Colorado annually from other States amounts to $3,000,000. Both prices and rentals of garden land are high; but the income corresponds, and it takes COLORADO. 5 very little capital to get a start in gardening, as the rent does not have to be paid in advance, and the land begins to bring in money from the very start. Some of the garden crops in which there is large profit are celery, cabbage, cauliflower, onions, asparagus, peas, beans, cucumbers, and tomatoes. In quality, the celery and other vegetables grown in Colorado are first class, and they bring high prices. Colorado potatoes are famous. The average yield of high-quality potatoes on irrigated land in Colorado is 200 bushels per acre. Many of the yields go over 300 and 400 bushels per acre. Although the bestknown potato-producing district is around Greeley, in Weld County, other sections of the State are rapidly coming to the front as good potato lands. These districts are: San Luis Valley, Uncompahgre Valley, Durango and vicinity, Routt, Moffatt, and Garfield Counties. Fine potato land can be bought for $45 an acre up. The growing of sugar beets is an important industry. The climate and soils of the State are well adapted to the successful cultivation of this important commercial vegetable. (See further information about sugar-beet culture under "Prices of farms and inducements to settlers.") Colorado apples, peaches, and other orchard products command the top of the market in eastern centers. Colorado is one of the leading fruit-producing States of the West. Although good fruit landis rather high in price-$100 to $200 an acre for raw land-the returns from the orchard lands are proportionately large. Gross yields of $200 to $1,000 worth of fruit on an acre are not uncommon. There is an opportunity for immigrants in the markets of Colorado for small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, dewberries, and grapes. Small fruits can be combined with truck gardening, yielding quicker and nearly as large profits as the tree fruits, when raised in this way. STOCK RAISING. Of the total number of farms enumerated in 1910, 43,033, or 93.2 per cent, reported domestic animals of some kind, the number without any domestic animals being 3,137. Of all the farms in the State, 74.1 per cent report cattle; 70.7 per cent, "dairy cows"; and only 25.2 per cent "other cows." The average number of dairy cows per farm reporting is only about 5, while the average number of cows not kept for milk, per farm reporting that class, is about 35. The value of horses and colts is about nine-tenths that of cattle, and the two together represent about 83 per cent of the value of all live stock. The value of poultry in the State is now nearly twothirds as great as that of swine and nearly one-sixth as great as that of sheep. The average value of bees per farm reporting was $43.18 in 1900 and $86.61 in 1910. About seven farms in every hundred report bees. Colorado imported $4,000,000 worth of dairy products last year to supply her own markets. Dairying is carried on in the dry-farming sections as well as in the irrigated districts. Opportunities for farmers to raise cattle and sheep in small herds are unlimited. The day of huge sheep and cattle herds is past in Colorado, and the small cattleman and sheep raiser must now supply the demand. There are big profits in hog raising, especially in the San Luis Valley. Over $10,000,000 worth of cattle and other 6 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. live stock is brought to Colorado from other States for consumption here, so that all stock raisers have a good home market. Raising horses and mules is profitable, both because of the very good prices they bring and because of the ease in raising them in Colorado's dry, rare climate. Poultry raising affords a good opportunity to the immigrant because the returns are quick, the investment comparatively small, and the products always in demand at profit-yielding prices. Hens are good money-makers on both irrigated and dry farms. On the homesteads of eastern Colorado, or land that can be bought for $5 to $20 an acre in the same part of the State, drought-resisting crops will always provide food for poultry. Eggs average from 20 to 30 cents a dozen the year round, sometimes going to 60 cents. Live poultry brings from 10 to 20 cents a pound. About $4,000,000 worth of poultry products is imported into Colorado every year. PRICES OF FARMS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. The total area of the State is 66,560,000 acres. Arable area, 22,400,000 acres; irrigable area, 6,000,000 acres; area now under irrigation, 2,528,000 acres; area adapted to dry farming and stock raising, 20,000,000 acres. There are still about 19,000,000 acres of Government land open to entry in Colorado. About 6,500,000 acres of this Government land are adapted to agriculture. Immigrants who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States may obtain not to exceed 320 acres of this land in one or more of the following ways: Under the homestead act, limit 160 acres; no charge for the land. Under the enlarged homestead act, limit 320 acres; no charge for the land. Under the desert-entry act, limit 320 acres; price $1.25 an acre; minimum improvements required, $1 per acre a year for three years; usual cost of putting water on the land, $30 to $40 an acre. Area of State lands, 3,412,391; area of Carey Act lands now open, 40,000 acres. Minimum price of State lands, $3.50 an acre; average price last year, $11.59 per acre. Terms on State land selling for less than $25 an acre, 10 per cent down and balance in 18 annual payments at 6 per cent interest. State lands for grazing and farming may be leased; rental from 12 cents an acre up. Prices of irrigated land range from $50 to $200 an acre. The usual terms are one-fourth to one-half down; balance in three to seven years. Good irrigated land will yield an income of 25 per cent annually on its valuation, and often pays for itself in two or three years-occasionally in one. Irrigated land may be rented, either on shares or for cash. Many Europeans who came to Colorado with practically nothing a few years ago and are now prosperous farmers got their start by leasing land from the beet-sugar companies. These companies will lease land, buildings, and equipment, and provide expert advice to the lessees. In this,Tay the immigrant becomes familiar with farming under irrigation and other local conditions, and the step from the condition of tenant to that of owner is facilitated with a minimum of risk. COLORPADO. 7 The average value of a Colorado farm, including equipment, has advanced during the last decade from $6,520 to more than $10,600, of which over $8,800 represents the value of land and buildings, over $1,500 the value of live stock, and nearly $300 the value of implements and machinery. The average value of land and buildings is now $30.19 an acre, or somewhat less than three times as much as 10 years ago. FARM EXPENSES. Almost half of the farmers hire labor, and the average amount expended by the farmers hiring is $487.78. A little less than onefifth of the amount reported as expended for labor is in the form of rent and board. During the 10-year period 1899 to 1909 the total expenditure for labor increased 163.8 per cent. About two farmers out of every five report some expenditure for feed, but only about one out of every hundred purchased fertilizer. The total amount reported as paid for fertilizer shows an increase of 163.1 per cent since 1899, the average per farm reporting being $109.13. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. Although the metal output of the State in 1910 was $33,000,000, the coal output $24,000,000, and the value of the products manufactured $112,000,000, agriculture and fruit growing probably offer the best opportunities to immigrants. It is especially easy for them to get a start in truck farming and beet growing, even though they have but little money. To take advantage of the opportunity to acquire free land from the Government a larger capital is necessary, in order to secure equipment and provide support for the family until the land can be made productive. Colorado wants immigrants and can offer them exceptional opportunities for becoming established and acquiring a competence. They can find work in the beet fields and truck gardens. They can take up free homesteads, buy small tracts of irrigated land on easy terms, or rent land for beet growing, truck gardening, etc., and in the fact that the State imports annually between $30,000,000 and $40,000,000 of farm products there is assurance of a good cash market at high prices for all that can be raised by 30,000 more farmers. As regards school advantages in Colorado, the schools of La Plata County may be taken as representative of educational opportunities in the State. The county superintendent of schools reports 29 school districts costing over $78,000 a year, with the rural schools steadily increasing. Commercial clubs and farmers' organizations, such as the farmers' unions and granges, are ready to assist newcomers to get located and started right. [All inquiries about Colorado lands and opportunities should be addressed to the Colorado State Board of Immigration, State Capitol, Denver, Colo. Such inquiries will be fully and promptly answered.] NEW MEXICO. CLIMATE AND SOIL. Climatic conditions in New Mexico are ideal for intensive farming. It is possible to do outdoor work every month in the year in all save the higher mountain districts. There are no long-continued storms which interrupt farm labor. The growing seasons, except in the higher altitudes, are long, ranging according to altitude from May 1 to September 1 and from April 1 to October 15, or later. The days are warm and sunshiny and the nights invariably cool, even in midsummer, furnishing the ideal climatic condition for success with apples and many of the staple field and truck crops. The rainfall varies greatly with the altitude. On the high plateaus it is sufficient for the growing of grain crops without irrigation, but in the valleys irrigation is necessary. The normal annual precipitation ranges from about 6 inches in the Rio Grande and San Juan Valleys to 20 inches on the plateaus, and to still more in the mountains. The soils of the Pecos and the Rio Grande Valleys range in character from gravelly and sandy soils to heavy loams. They are of alluvial origin, being derived largely from the deposits washed down by streams from the mountain ranges in the northern part of the State. The soils of the desert valleys are composed chiefly of the gravelly and sandy detritus from the adjacent mountains and plateaus. Within these valleys occur areas of loam and clay soils occupying the depressions and local desert sinks produced by geological uplifts and subsidences. The soils upon the greater portion of the plateau are derived through the weathering of the underlying rocks. Wherever the rainfall is adequate the mountains are forested. In the irrigated districts of the State the lands are classed as valley and bench lands. The valley lands generally are level and easy to clear; the bench lands are sloping and sometimes carry mesquite and other native growths which render clearing and leveling expensive. The great bulk of the dry-farming lands are rolling and easy to clear. The soils of these lands vary from a heavy clay loam to a light sandy loam. For the most part the soils of the dry-farming lands yield themselves easily to dry-farming methods of tillage. IRRIGATION. Of the 35,676 farms reported, 12,795, or 35.9 per cent, were irrigated in 1909. The acreage reported as irrigated in 1909 was 461,718, or 31.5 per cent of the total improved land in farms. The area to which irrigation plants existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water was 644,970 acres, and the total area included in irrigation projects completed or under way in 1910 was 1,102,291 acres. 8 NEW MEXICO,. 9 The United States Reclamation Service reports as follows on its Carlsbad project in Eddy County: Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season of 1911, 20,267 acres. Area irrigated, season of 1911, 13,673 acres. Length of irrigating season, from March to November and two weeks in winter (260 days). Character of soil of irrigable area, fertile alluvium. Principal products, alfalfa, cotton, grain crops, grapes, melons, peaches, pears, and miscellaneous fruits. Principal markets, Carlsbad, N. Mex.; Denver, Colo.; Chicago, Ill.; Kansas City, Mo.; Texas cities. Settlement on the project during the season has been slow. Recently a Mennonite colony has bought about 1,200 acres of land and several families have moved to the project. On January 1 there were 800 people living on the farms. The total value of crops for the season of 1910 was $220,160, or an average of about $17 per acre. Alfalfa and cotton were the principal crops and results on good farms were very satisfactory. Of the total acreage in crop for the season of 1911 there are 7,114 acres in alfalfa and 4,100 acres in cotton. The sorghum and corn crops make up the remainder, except about 600 acres in fruit trees. Good crop conditions exist. The peach crop this season is large and shipments of fruits were being made during the latter part of June at the rate of one and one-half carloads per day. Similarly, the service reports for its Rio Grande project in Sierra, Socorro, and Dona Ana Counties: Area irrigated, season of 1911, 25,000 acres. Length of irrigating season, from February 15 to November 15 (274 days). Character of soil of irrigable area, fertile alluvium and sandy loam. Principal products, alfalfa, corn, wheat, melons, fruits, vegetables. Principal markets, towns in Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana, and eastern cities. The yield of alfalfa averaged 3 tons and of wheat 32 bushels to the acre, and the average value of the crops was estimated at $37 per acre. CROPS. The leading field crops of New Mexico in the order of their importance, as judged by total value, are hay and forage, $4,470,000; corn, $984,000; wheat, $509,000; oats, $459,000; Kafir corn and milo maize, $392,000; and potatoes, $235,000. Of the several kinds of hay and forage, coarse forage ranks first in acreage, but in value represents less than one-fifth that of all hay and forage. Alfalfa, with a little over one-fourth of the total acreage, contributes over three-fifths of the total quantity and value. Of all farms reporting in 1910, 29.1 per cent reported an average yield of 13.5 bushels of corn to the acre, valued at $11.44 per acre. The percentage of the farms reporting oats was 8.6, yielding 21.4 bushels to the acre, valued at $13.63. Hay and forage was reported by 48.8 per cent of the farms, yielding 1.17 tons to the acre, valued at $12.13. Potatoes are raised by 9.3 per cent of the farmers reporting, showing 47.4 bushels, or $37.66 to the acre. Dry edible beans are grown on 12.9 per cent of the farms, producing 4.1 bushels to the acre, valued at $11.17. There is a ready market for all produce. For the field and truck crops, the principal market is at home, and New Mexico is at present a heavy consumer of grain, truck, and forage shipped in from other States. A considerable increase in cultivated acreage will be required before the home market can be supplied. The bulk of the fruit crop is shipped out of the State, but is in strong demand. New 38096 -12-2 10 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. Mexico is a heavy consumer of dairy products, live and dressed poultry and eggs, about 50 per cent of such supplies now being shipped in from other States. STOCK RAISING. New Mexico was reported at the census of 1910 to have $20,409,965 worth of cattle and $7,868,314 worth of horses and colts. Mules and mule colts were valued at $1,463,012; asses and burros at $163,032. Sheep and lambs were worth $12,072,037; goats and kids, $939,702; swine, $275,851; poultry, $256,466; and bees, $46,300. This gives a total value for the State of all domestic animals, poultry, and bees of $43,494,679. During the. 10-year period, 1900 to 1910, domestic animals, poultry, and bees combined increased in value $11,767,000, or 37.1 per cent. All classes of live stock increased, but in widely differing degrees. The greatest absolute change occurred in the total value of horses, which shows an increase of $5,648,000, or 254.4 per cent, while cattle increased only $2,432,000, or 13.5 per cent, and sheep and lambs, $1,429,000, or 13.4 per cent. The increase in the number of fowls on New Mexico farms during the last decade amounts to 368,610, or 226.1 per cent, while their value increased $194,000, or 310.9 per cent. The average value of bees per farm reporting was $50.74 in 1900 and $110.77 in 1910. PRICES OF FARMS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. On July 1, 1910, there remained open to entry:in New Mexico approximately 36,000,000 acres of Government land. During the period of 10 months since that date approximately 125,000 acres were filed on. The public domain open to all forms of entry consists of 23,459,932 acres of surveyed and 12,824,620 acres of unsurveyed land. Of this area, about one-third is rough and mountainous; about one-third is suitable only for grazing, not having sufficient rainfall for agriculture in any form. The remaining one-third is classed as agricultural land. This agricultural land is chiefly what is known as dry-farming land-land which may be cultivated successfully without irrigation and by conserving the moisture in the soil by scientific methods of farming. This land lies chiefly in the counties of Union, eastern Colfax, eastern Mora, eastern San Miguel, Quay, Guadalupe, central Torrance, Curry, Roosevelt, eastern Chaves, and northeastern Eddy. It has been designated by the General Land Office for the most part as land which may be entered under the enlarged or 320-acre homestead law. There are 718,000 acres in cultivation by dry farming in New Mexico this (1911) season. In the higher districts, 6,000 feet and over, where the normal rainfall is 20 inches or above, the success of dry farming has been demonstrated and is assured. Such districts include parts of Colfax, Union, Mora, and San Miguel, where comparatively small areas of homestead land remain open to entry. These lands generally are 10 to 15 miles or more from the railroads, the more desirable lands close to the railroads having been filed on, In those districts having 16 NEW MEXICO'. 11 to 18 inches of normal rainfall some successes have been made with dry farming. These districts, however, are subject to periods of extreme drought, and it is not desirable to encourage settlement on such lands until a more thorough knowledge of the possibilities of moisture conservation has been obtained. The public domain in New Mexico is open to entry under the same laws and regulations as obtain in the other public-land States. With the exception of the 320-acre lands, homestead lands may be commuted at $1.25 per acre, but this does not include a small area of alternate sections of public land within the limits of the congressional grant to the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad lying 40 miles north and 40 miles south of the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, in the counties of Valencia and McKinley, which is classed as $2.50 land. At times it is possible for the settler to obtain relinquishment of homestead lands upon which some improvements have been made. This, however, requires time and personal investigation. In fact, the number of filings upon public land in New Mexico within the past five years has been so great as to cover the more desirable localities near transportation. The desirable lands remaining are scattered, and time and intelligent investigation are necessary to find a satisfactory location. Congress has granted to New Mexico for various educational and public purposes a total of 5,580,789 acres of land, practically all of which has been selected. The bulk of this land is classed as grazing land. Of the total, approximately 4,000,000 acres have been granted for the support of the common schools and are subject only to lease. The remaining land may be sold in tracts not to exceed 160 acres to one person, firm, or corporation. A small portion of lands subject to sale is suitable for agriculture. No effort is being made by the State to sell such lands at this time. Application to purchase or lease State land should be made to the Commissioner of Public Lands, Santa Fe, N. Mex., who will furnish all necessary information. The bulk of the land for sale in New Mexico at this time is irrigated land. The average price of raw land with guaranteed water rights, throughout the State, is $50 an acre. The range is from $30 to $200, depending upon location, character of water right, and improvement. Lands within this range of prices are to be found in the counties of San Juan, Rio Arriba, Taos, Colfax, Sandoval, Mora, San Miguel, Bernalillo, Valencia, Luna, Dona Ana, southern Guadalupe, Roosevelt, Chaves, and Eddy. The principal irrigated districts are in northern San Juan County adjacent to the towns of Aztec and Farmington, along the Rio Grande in southern Rio Arriba, eastern Sandoval, Bernalillo, eastern Valencia, and Dona Ana, the Deming district in Luna County; in Colfax County tributary to the towns of Raton, French, Maxwell, Springer, and Cimarron; in Mora County, tributary to the town of Mora and along the Santa Fe Railroad in the southern part of the county; in San Miguel County tributary to Las Vegas; in Guadalupe County tributary to the town of Fort Sumner; in Roosevelt County tributary to the town of Portales and along the Pecos River between the towns of Roswell and Carlsbad in what is known as the Pecos Valley. In all of these districts and in a few smaller ones not enumerated permanent water rights go with the land. 12 1 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. These lands are adapted to the successful growth of practically all field, truck, and fruit crops grown in the Temperate Zone with the exception of the citrus fruits. Corn does not do well in New Mexico. The other field crops, under irrigation, may be depended upon to give very large yields. The truck crops which yield themselves to intensive cultivation may be made satisfactory money makers. The principal field crop is alfalfa, for which there is a ready market and strong demand. Practically all of the irrigated lands of New Mexico are adapted to the growing of fruit, although in nearly all these districts the use of the smudge pot is necessary to insure the crop. The apple is now the principal fruit crop and will probably so continue, although in the lower altitudes peaches do well. The conditions in the Rio Grande and Pecos Valleys seem especially well adapted to pears. Up to this time there has not been sufficient cultivation of small fruits to indicate whether or not they would be successful on a commercial scale. The native or Mission grape, an excellent table variety, produces heavy yields, while, wherever tested, the so-called California varieties have proved satisfactory. Raw orchard lands with water rights may be had at from $75 to $150 an acre. Lands with mature bearing orchards have been sold this (1911) season at as high as $1,200 an acre. This is exceptional, however, the price ranging from $300 to $500 an acre. FARM EXPENSES. Over one-third of the farmers in New Mexico hire labor, and the total expenditure was $3,645,000 in 1909, or an average of about $278 per farmer.hiring. Of the total amount expended, $660,000, or 18.1 per cent, is in the form of rent and board. During the decade 1899 to 1909 the total expenditure for labor increased by $1,694,000, or 86.8 per cent. Nearly two-fifths of all the farmers report some expenditure for feed, while 2.3 per cent report the purchase of fertilizer. The expenditure for fertilizer now averages $30.68 per farm reporting;, that for feed, $113. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. New Mexico maintains an agricultural college (post office, Agricultural College, N. Mex.), which is carrying on extensive experimental work with all classes of crops, and which will furnish advice to farmers. The various railroads entering the State have expert agriculturalists in the field organizing farmers' institutes and experiment and demonstration societies. The work of these experts is confined chiefly to the dry-farming districts, where the need of education as to proper methods of moisture conservation and cropping is very great. A rainfall chart, prepared by the United States Weather Bureau from all available data to 1910, showing the normal precipitation for New Mexico, and a Homeseekers' Guide to New Mexico, revised to March 1, 1911, giving a brief description of each county and district and a compact outline of conditions in the State will be furnished upon application. [Prospective settlers who desire further information about New Mexico should address the Secretary, New Mexico Bureau of Immigration, Albuquerque, N. Mex.] ARIZONA. CLIMATE AND SOIL. Owing to great differences in elevation, the climate of Arizona varies in temperature. Notwithstanding this variation, the climate is remarkably healthful during all seasons. This is due largely to the extreme dryness and purity of the atmosphere. The greater part of the State is warm and arid. In the western half of Arizona the annual rainfall ranges from 1 to 10 inches, and in the eastern half from 10 to 25 inches. Irrigation is necessary to the growth of crops in the low valleys, but on the higher plains some crops are grown without it. The southwestern portion of Arizona ranges from an altitude of approximately 350 feet above sea level along the lower course of the Colorado River to a general elevation of approximately 2,000 feet in the desert plains, with altitudes in excess of 4,000 feet in the mountain ridges which cross these plains. The northern and northeastern parts consist of a high plateau ranging in altitude from 4,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level, with mountain masses which rise to extreme altitudes of over 12,000 feet. The average elevation of Arizona above sea level is approximately 4,^100 feet, with comparatively little below an altitude of 2,500 feet. Southern and southwestern Arizona, lying within the extremely arid southwestern portion of the United States, consists of broad desert plains interspersed with nearly parallel mountain ranges of considerable elevation having a general northwestern and southeastern trend. The floors of the desert plains are made up of gravelly and sandy detritus washed down from the mountains, together with sandy loam, loam and adobe soils in the vicinity of the larger streams or in the centers of the basinlike plains. The plateau country is extremely varied in its surface configuration and in its soils. Extensive areas of the plateau consist of high mesas overlooking lower plains and deep valleys and bounded by abrupt escarpments and canyons, the greatest of which, the Grand Canyon, has been cut by the Colorado River. The soils of this region are formed principally from a variety of underlying rock through surface weathering. Besides agriculture, the principal industries are mining and grazing. Nearly all the mountains in the State are mineral bearing. About one-tenth of the area of the State is covered with forests of pine, fir, and other like trees. IRRIGATION. Except at elevations exceeding 4,000 feet, successful farming may be'practiced only by irrigation. In the valleys of the Salt, Gila, Verde, Santa Cruz, and Colorado Rivers, irrigation is practiced with remarkable success. At elevations exceeding 4,000 feet dry farming 13 14 A6RICULTTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. is receiving a great deal of attention at present, and the prospects are exceedingly good that many millions of acres of land will be found to be suitable for this method of cultivation. Of the 9,227 farms in Arizona, 4,841, or 52.5 per cent, were irrigated in 1909. The area reported as irrigated in 1909 was 320,051 acres, or 91.4 per cent of the improved land in farms. The area to which enterprises existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water was 387,655 acres, while the total area included in projects completed or under way in 1910 was 944,090 acres. The United States Reclamation Service reports upon its Salt River project, which includes the Roosevelt Dam and storage reservoir, as follows: Excellent progress, on the whole, has been made along all agricultural lines during the past year, and a general feeling of satisfaction prevails throughout the project. Irrigation on the project is carried on during the whole year, there being two seasons, a summer season from June 1 to September 30, devoted to the cultivation of alfalfa, garden truck, small fruits and sugar beets, and to dairying; and a winter season from October 1 to May 31, devoted mainly to the cultivation of alfalfa, grain, and citrus fruits, and to dairying. Of the acreage in cultivation, 54.7 per cent is in alfalfa, 38.4 per cent is in grain, and the remainder is in pasture for dairying purposes, and a wide range of products, including fruits, sugar beets, a-ad vegetables. On a large part of the land under cultivation during the season of 1.910 there would have been a, serious loss of crops had stored water not been available. Water is now (season of 1911) being furnished to about 150,661 acres of land and we are prepared to supply water to 170,000 acres during the 1911 season. CROPS. On account of the varied elevations of the surface of the State, farms are cultivated from near sea level to about 8,000 feet elevation and the products range, consequently, from those usually produced in semitropical climates, in the lower altitudes, to those usually produced in the north Temperate Zone, through the higher elevations. In the lower elevations citrus fruits, olives, dates, melons, English walnuts, almonds, all kinds of deciduous and small fruits, Egyptian cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, barley, wheat, oats, and corn are successfully grown. The middle elevations produce abundantly and to a remarkable state of perfection products usually grown in the Middle and Western States. In the higher elevations are raised those products which mature in a short summer season. The beet-sugar industry has proven a success in the Salt River Valley, netting the growers handsome returns even under adverse conditions. Forage and grain crops, cereals, semitropical fruits, and vegetables of all kinds produce well and command high prices in the local markets. Electric power is now furnished to the valley from the Roosevelt power plant. The leading field crops of Arizona in the order of their importance, as judged by acreage and value, are hay and forage, $2,553,000; barley, $715,000; wheat, $410,000; corn, $294,000; alfalfa seed, $157,000; oats, $130,000; and potatoes, $99,000. Of the total land area, 72,838,400 acres, the crops included in the foregoing statement occupy but 181,534 acres, or less than three-tenths of 1 per cent. This is about 50 per cent of the improved land in the State. Of the hay and forage crops alfalfa ranks first, representing about two-thirds and three-fourths, respectively, of the acreage and value of the entire crop. "Grains cut green," "wild, salt, or prairie grasses,"7 and ARIZONA, 15 coarse forage" rank respectively second, third, and fourth in acreage. "Coarse forage" slightly exceeds "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" in yalue. Nearly one-fourth of all Arizona farms reporting in 1910 grow corn, yielding an average of 19.1 bushels per acre, worth $18.83. Wheat is raised on 13.2 per cent of the farms and yields 18.1 bushels to the acre, valued at $20.48. HIay and forage are grown on over 40 per cent of the farms, which produce 2.53 tons to the acre, worth $24.91. Considerably more than half of this latter is alfalfa, with 2.94 tons to the acre, valued at $28.69. Potatoes produce 84.4 bushels, or $85.66 worth, per acre. STOCK RAISING. Live stock thrives especially well in the Yuma and Salt River Valleys. Alfalfa comes so near to being a complete ration in itself that colts, when pastured upon it continually, develop rapidly but perfectly. Range cattle, coast bound, can be profitably pastured for several months and then reshipped without extra transportation charges-other than for the increase in weight. The hog industry has proved profitable on the larger ranches. Hogs require very little attention. The profits are large, as the increase is rapid and investment small, no buildings being required except cheap breeding pens. With an abundance of shade and water, one man can care for 800 head. Hogs are grown principally on alfalfa and finished for the market on barley or corn, 1 acre of alfalfa providing sufficient pasture to grow 10 or 12 to the finishing stage. The climatic and other conditions are ideal for poultry. One essential to success is an abundance of shade. This can best be provided by fruit trees. Since chickens can forage on green alfalfa the entire year, the feed bill is greatly reduced. The most inexpensive buildings will answer for housing poultry. The coast cities provide a remunerative market for all the poultry products. The price paid for eggs in Yuma, Ariz., ranges from 20 to 50 cents per dozen. Poultrymen have realized an annual net profit of $2.40 per head for several years. An excellent combination for the farmer on a small tract would be fruit trees, alfalfa, poultry, and bees. The fruit trees would provide shade for the poultry; the alfalfa, planted between the rows of fruit trees, would supply the only needed green food. PRICES OF FARMS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. For Arizona as a whole, the average value per acre of farm land, exclusive of buildings, is $33.97. The average varies considerably in the several counties, ranging from $6.32 in Navajo County to $104.50 in Maricopa County. There are millions of acres of Government land open to settlement under the homestead and desert-land laws of the United States. Scrip may be used in acquiring certain portions of the public land within the State. The school lands, which comprise sections 16 and 36 in each township, may be leased from the various boards of supervisors of the different counties. The lands held in private ownership, including railroad and other lands, comprise nearly 4,000,000 acres. These lands vary in price according to location, quality, available water for irrigation, and the 16 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. state of cultivation and improvement. Lands capable of cultivation range in price from $5 to $500 per acre. The terms upon which purchase of land held in private ownership may be made vary, as do also the prices at which it is held. In most instances, however, land may be purchased on installments, as elsewhere. Agricultural lands of all kinds may be rented, but the terms vary to such a degree that no rule can be stated regarding the same. The United States Reclamation Service reports the present status of irrigable land under its Salt River Valley project as follows: 16,000 acres entered subject to the reclamation act; 14,080 acres of State lands; 200,000 acres in private ownership; 10,000 acres Indian lands. FARM EXPENSES. Over a third of the farmers of Arizona hire labor, the average amount expended by the farmers hiring being $759. During the last decade the total expenditure for labor increased $1,352,000, or 117.3 per cent. Nearly a fifth of the amount reported as expended for labor is in the form of rent and board. About 3 farmers out of every 10 report some expenditure for feed, but only 33 farmers report expenditure for fertilizer. The total amount reported as paid for fertilizer has increased $3,159, or 108.1 per cent, in 10 years, the average per farm reporting being $184. Day labor in the vicinity of Phoenix is said to be paid $1.50 to $2 per day, and farm hands $35 to $40 and board per month. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. There are many local organizations throughout the State which make it their business to assist newcomers in finding lands suitable to their wants. Among these are the Phoenix Board of Trade, Phoenix, Ariz.; Tucson Chamber of Commerce, Tucson, Ariz.; Douglas Chamber of Commerce and Mines, Douglas, Ariz.; Bisbee Board of Trade, Bisbee, Ariz.; Yuma Chamber of Commerce, Yuma, Ariz.; and the Prescott Chamber of Commerce, Prescott, Ariz. Each of these organizations will be pleased to give any desired information to those seeking homes or lands for settlement or purchase. [Inquirers are also referred to the reports of the Reclamation Service and of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, Washington, D. C., regarding the various irrigation projects and other information in connection therewith.] UTAH. SURFACE. Only a small portion of the State of Utah lies at altitudes less than 4,000 feet above sea level. Practically all of eastern and southeastern Utah consists of a series of broad elevated plateaus, deeply cut by canyons and narrow stream valleys. The western portion of the State lies entirely within the Great Basin region and is separated from the more eastern portion by the steep slope of the plateau. CLIMATE AND SOIL. The rainfall in the north-central portion of the State is sufficient for growing grain crops on the higher lands without irrigation, the normal annual precipitation in that section being about 15 inches. In the rest of the State the normal annual precipitation ranges from 5 to 10 inches. Irrigation is practiced throughout the State. The Utah type of climate is known as continental climate and is not subject to wide extremes throughout the day or year. The temperature of the State averages 49~ for the year. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 27~, and the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 71.20. The health reports of the Government show that Utah has an average death rate of 10.8 per thousand, while the average death rate for the whole country is more than 15 per thousand. The northeastern corner of the State is filled with high mountains, covered with trees and nutritious grasses. The western half of the State lies within the Great Basin. In this section the soils have been formed by the action of a prehistoric lake, which formerly covered the whole of what is now known as the Great Basin. The washings from the mountains were carried down into the lake by the rivers and distributed over the lake bottom to form the soils of the present day. Their lower layers, to a depth of 40 and 50 feet, are almost as fertile as the surface soils. The high plateau soils and subsoils are also of remarkable depth and fertility. In the mountainous regions the small valleys are filled with washings from the mountains, forming soils of high fertility. The fact that the rtinfall is not sufficient to drain through the soils to wash out the fertility has conserved for untold ages the store of plant food. IRRIGATION AND DRY FARMING. Recent investigations by the Federal Government and the State have located large bodies of underground water. The State has already succeeded in reaching subterranean water that may be used for culinary and irrigation purposes in some of the most desert places of the State. The probabilities are that in the very near future artesian wells and the pumping of water from deep wells will be important factors in the reclamation of Utah. 17 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. In Utah there is land locally known as dry-farm land, and tracts of it are selected from time to time and set aside by the Government for entry in sections of the State where the annual rainfall exceeds 12 inches, the minimum amount necessary to grow crops of grain or grass without irrigation. That dry farming is no longer an experiment in this State was amply proven in 1910, when the annual precipitation was less than in any previous year of which there is official record. Notwithstanding this, splendid crops of wheat, oats, rye, barley, alfalfa, and alfalfa seed were grown in many sections of the State where water for irrigation was unobtainable. Dry farming has been successfully practiced in some parts of the State, notably in Cache, Boxelder, and Juab Counties, for over 20 years. For the past six or eight years the Government and the State on the joint experiment farms have demonstrated that better wheat and oats are grown on the dry lands than on the irrigable lands. The grain is harder and contains a greater percentage of protein. Utah wheat grown on the dry lands is shipped in large quantities to many other States to mix with the softer wheats grown there, thus making better flour. There is no mystery connected with the work of dry farming, no costly experiments to make, no ever-awaiting possibility of failure staring the beginner in the face. The methods are simple, clearly outlined, and easily mastered. Success lies wholly in the ability of the farmer to till and fallow the soil, maintaining a surface mulch that will retard evaporation and retain the moisture of the natural precipitation at the roots of the plant crop. Dry-farm land is usually tilled in alternate seasons. This is done for the purpose of avoiding the possible loss of seed and labor (luring a year in which the average rainfall is below normal. It has been demonstrated that the precipitation of one season may be stored in the soil and used in connection with the rainfall of a succeeding season, thus insuring sufficient moisture to mature a crop. Dry-farm lands yield from 1.5 to 30 bushels of wheat to the acre. The State Agricultural College has records of dry-farm yields exceeding 50 bushels to the acre under exceptional conditions. Oats run from 20 to 65 bushels to the acre. Potatoes and other hardy varieties of vegetables are successfully grown on dry-farm land, and in sections of the State where the average annual rainfall is in excess of 17 inches peaches and apples, as well as other fruits, are grown. Of the 21,676 farms in the State, 19,709, or 90.9 per cent, are reported as irrigated. The area reported 'as irrigated is 999,410 acres, or 73 per cent of the improved land in farms. The area to which enterprises existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water was 1,250,246 acres, and the total area included in irrigation projects completed or under way in 1910 was 1,947,625 acres. PRINCIPAL CROPS. The leading field crops of the State, in the order;of their importance, as judged by value, are hay and forage, $7,430,000; wheat, $3,765,000; oats, $1,671,000; potatoes, $874,000; and barley, $473,000. Of the hay and. forage crops, by far the greatest in both acreage and value is alfalfa, the acreage of this crop being over seven-tenths and the UTAIi. 19 value over eight-tenths that of all hay and forage. Next in order are "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" and "timothy alone." Hay and forage, on 82.8 per cent of the farms reporting, yielded in 1909, 2.51 tons per acre, worth $18.33, of which alfalfa, on 76.4 per cent of the farms reporting, yielded 2.78 tons, worth $20.94. Corn produced 23.4 bushels to the acre, valued at $18.49; oats, 39.9 bushels to the acre, valued at $20.68; wheat yielded 22.1 bushels to the acre, valued at $21.10; barley showed 33.3 bushels, worth $17.67 per acre; and potatoes, on 56.3 per cent of the farms reporting, produced 169.5 bushels, valued at $61.50, per acre. In the acreage yield of potatoes Utah is to the very front. Sugar beets averaged 14.54 tons per acre. In small garden fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, currants, dewberries, and gooseberries, the statistical records of the State show sales exceeding $800 to $1,000 from 1 acre near Salt Lake City and Ogden, where the highest prices for farm products prevail. Utah orchards yield from $250 to $600 per acre in good fruit seasons, the highest returns usually being for cherries. Alfalfa seed, frequently yielding $75 to $125 per acre, is a most profitable crop, taking into consideration the amount of labor that is necessary to produce and harvest it. STOCK RAISING. The value of cattle in the State in 1910 was $8,948,702; horses and colts were worth $9,999,835, and sheep and lambs were valued at $8,634,735. Poultry increased over 75 per cent in value in 10 years, being worth $327,908 in 1910. Bees were valued at $123,568. Swine increased in value and were worth $445,653 in 1910. Goats and kids show the largest relative increase in money value. Of the total number of farms enumerated in 1910, 20,798, or 95.9 per cent, report domestic animals of some kind, the number without any domestic animals being only 878. Of all the farms in the State, 87.9 per cent report cattle, 85.5 per cent report "dairy cows," and 33.5 per cent report "other cows." The average number of dairy cows per farm reporting is approximately 4, while the average number of other cows per farm reporting is over 25. PRICES OF FARMS AND INTDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. Over three-fifths of all farms in Utah are between 20 and 174 acres in size. The average value per acre of farm land for the whole State is $29.28. In over half of the counties the value of land averages between $10 and $25 per acre, only two counties averaging less than $10. Six scattered counties fall in the "$25 to $50 per acre" class; Weber, Davis, and Utah Counties are in the "$50 to $75 per acre" class; and in Salt Lake County the average reaches $78.34. Of the 22,000,000 acres of land susceptible of agricultural cultivation, only about one-fourth has been appropriated, leaving threefourths yet to be entered and reclaimed. The first payment on a homestead entry is about $22.50, which is paid into the local United States land office as the initial filing fee. When final proof is made and the patent is issued, the expense is about the same as that when the entry is made. 20 AGRICULTfURAL OPPORTUNITIES. Utah is one of the very few States to which the enlarged homestead act is applicable. Under this act any qualified entryman under the homestead laws of the United States may enter 320 acres or less of nonmineral, nonirrigable, unreserved, and unappropriated surveyed public land that does not contain merchantable timber. Under section 6 of the same act special provisions were made in behalf of Utah, not included in the general provisions of the enlarged homestead act. The particular advantage of this special provision is that an entryman is not required to establish and maintain a continuous residence upon the land he enters. Another popular land-act law is that known as the Carey Act. Under the operations of this law in Utah, an individual or company must make application to the State to secure from the General Government the segregation of certain tracts of desert lands, and file the necessary maps of surveys, field notes, evidence of water rights and other information to enable the State board of land commissioners and the State engineer to judge of the practicability of tie scheme. The board must also be satisfied of the financial ability of the applicant to construct the irrigation system proposed. If the project is approved by the land board and the Department of the Interior, the State enters into a contract with the applicant in which the maximum price at which the applicant may sell water rights is fixed, and the State agrees to sell land at 50 cents per acre to purchasers of water rights. No entryman purchases more than 160 acres. Land and water are paid for in installments. Land may also be taken up in Utah under the desert-entry act. Under this act, any qualified person may enter 320 acres of land designated as desert land. A man and wife may enter 640 acres. The fixed price of desert land is $1.25 per acre, 25 cents cash at time of making entry and the balance ($1 per acre) at the time of making final proof, which must be made not later than four years from time of entry, except in some cases considered reasonably excusable, in which extension of time is granted the entryman. It is necessary that $1 per acre be expended annually, for a period of three years, upon the land entered for its necessary irrigation, reclamation, and cultivation. Annual proof of such expenditure, for the purposes set forth, are required by the Government. There are still several hundred thousand acres of desert land in Utah that may be entered under this act.. Such land is located in almost every county of the State. As the work on new canal and reservoir projects progresses water for the irrigation and reclamation of such land becomes available and may be obtained from companies that for the purpose of reclaiming contiguous lands have brought it within reach of the desert-act entryman. Very little agricultural acreage is leased or rented in Utah. In some cases alfalfa lands are rented at about $10 per acre a year. Some lands are farmed on shares on the basis usually of one-half of the crop. A small acreage of sugar beets is leased in some sections. In some cases the sugar companies are the lessees and in other cases the lessors. In the latter case, wherein the companies lease to individuals putting in, caring for, and harvesting the crop, the terms are usually a stated price for the beets per ton, the company furnishing the seed and lalor in thinning and harvesting seasons. The company also UTAH. 21 advances money to the lessee from time to time where financial assistance is necessary. The State is yet in possession of nearly 700,000 acres of school and indemnity lands, which may be purchased directly from the State through the State board of land commissioners at prices ranging from $2.50 to $5 per acre, some a trifle higher, according to the nearness to water. The State has two reservoir reclamation projects, information concerning which may be obtained by addressing the State Board of Land Commissioners, Salt Lake City, Utah. Under the Carey Act projects may be mentioned about 98,000 acres of land in Millard, Uinta, and Emery Counties at elevations ranging from 4,000 to nearly 6,000 feet and at prices, including water rights, ranging from $40 to $125 an acre, the average price being about $50.50 an acre. FARM EXPENSES. Over half of the farmers hire labor, the average amount expended by the farmers hiring being $269. During the 10-year period preceding 1910 the total expenditure for labor increased $1,332,000, or 72.5 per cent. About a tenth of the amount reported as expended for labor is in the form of rent and board. Twenty-eight farmers out of every hundred buy feed, and only about three out of every hundred purchase fertilizer. The superintendent of the Nephi experiment farm, in Juab County, reports an average cost per acre of producing wheat of $5.59 on an average yield of 26.65 bushels. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. The State Agricultural College, located at Logan, has issued a dryfarm bulletin which beginners or anyone contemplating going into the business of arid farming will find of great value. This bulletin and others touching upon the same subject, as well as upon farming by irrigation, all helpful to those with or without experience, are available to those requesting them. The State and Federal Agricultural Departments maintain a number of agricultural experiment stations throughout the State for the purpose of ascertaining the best and most practical methods of growing various farm crops in such soils, climates, and conditions as prevail in this State. Experiments in the culture of fruit are carried out with great care. The results of these various experiments are published in bulletin form from time to time by both the State and Government Agricultural Departments for free distribution. In the more important communities of nearly every county in the State there are commercial clubs whose officers or publicity agents willingly furnish those seeking land and business opportunities with full and reliable information covering all matters pertaining to their respective communities and counties. The Utah Legislature recently created a State bureau of immigration, labor, and statistics, and included in the duties of this office the work of gathering and furnishing data to persons desiring to settle upon any of the vast tracts of the State's unappropriated agricultural land. It is located at Salt Lake City, Utah. NEVADA. CLIMATE AND SOIL. The State of Nevada occupies the western portion of the Great Basin. Its valleys range in elevation from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level in the northern part and from 1,000 to 3,000 feet in the southern. Nevada is nearly 500 miles in length north and south and possesses a wide range of climate, but through all sections there prevails that dryness of atmosphere so peculiar to this arid region. In the absence of dews and moisture malaria does not exist. The heat or cold is not continuous, though the extremes are great. The rainfall throughout the State, except in isolated spots, is insufficient for the growing of crops without irrigation, the normal annual precipitation being slightly under 10 inches. Irrigation is practiced throughout the State wherever water is available. Rains, in general, are more frequent than formerly, due probably to more extended cultivation and irrigation and to the cutting of timber from the Sierras. Nevada has been called "the land of sunshine." The valleys of Nevada for the most part are arid and require irrigation to raise crops. The soil generally is very fertile and where irrigation is practiced yields bountifully. There is much volcanic ash, sandy and gravelly soils, and heavier loams and clays deposited as lake sediments within the basin region. IRRIGATION. Of the 2,689 farms in the State, 2,406, or 89.5 per cent, were irrigated in 1909. The area reported as irrigated in 1909 was 701,833 acres, or 93.3 per cent of the improved land in farms. The irrigation plants existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water to 840,962 acres, and the total acreage included in projects completed or under way in 1910 was 1,232,142. In certain sections of the State dry farming is practiced successfully. In other sections artesian water is being developed cheaply for irrigation purposes. The United States Reclamation Service reports as follows on its Truckee-Carson project in the State of Nevada: Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season of 1911, 50,000 acres. Area irrigated, season of 1911, 34,000 acres. Length of irrigation season: From April 1 to October 15-198 days. Character of soil of irrigable area: Sand, sandy loam, adobe, and clay. Principal products: Alfalfa, grain, potatoes, sugar beets, and onions. Principal markets: Nevada mining camps, California cities. Present status of irrigable lands: 20,582 acres entered subject to the reclamation act; none open to entry; 29,772 acres withdrawn from entry; 102 acres of State lands; 46,117 acres in private ownership (including 10,031 acres of railroad lands). Limit of area of farm units: Public, 80 acres; private, 160 acres. Duty of water: 3 acrefeet per acre per annum at the farm. Building charge per acre of irrigable land: $22 and $30. Annual operation and maintenance charge: $0.60 per acre of irrigable land. 22 NEVADA. 23 CROPS. The leading field crops of the State in the order of their importance, as judged by value, are: Hay and forage, $4,163,000; potatoes, $397,000; wheat, $391,000; barley, $294,000; and oats, $192,000. Hay and forage show an acreage more than ten times as great as that of the combined cereals. Wheat represents more than two-fifths of the total acreage and value of the cereals. Barley, with an acreage slightly less than that of wheat, has a little above one-third of the cereal acreage. The combined acreage of barley and spring Vieat represents more than two-thirds of the total acreage of the cereals. Among the hay and forage crops "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" ranks first in acreage and second in value, covering nearly threefifths of the total acreage and contributing over one-third of the total value. Alfalfa stands second in acreage but first in value, while "other tame or cultivated grasses" rank third. The value of the alfalfa crop is a little less than five times that of wheat. Among other sundry crops the only one of consequence is potatoes. With an acreage of only slightly over one-eighth that of all cereals, their value is equal to more than two-fifths of the total value of the cereals. The most fertile and productive valleys devoted to agriculture are the Truckee Valley in Washoe County, Mason Valley in Lyon County, Carson Valley in Douglas County, Humboldt Valley in Humboldt County, Muddy Valley in Lincoln County, and Reese River Valley in Nye and Lander Counties. Cereals and vegetables of the best quality are raised in abundance wherever water can be brought on the land, and extensive fields of alfalfa can be seen, from which two or three crops are harvested annually. In the extreme southern part of the State cotton, oranges, and semitropical fruits are grown; and in the northern part alfalfa, grain, vegetables, apples, peaches, pears, etc. The market for disposing of all crops raised is exceptionally good. Farmers, as a rule, are very prosperous. On the State Experiment Farm in the Muddy Valley, Lincoln County, two acres of garden land bore abundantly the highest qualities of cucumbers, potatoes, okra, and green peppers, besides fine cotton plants. In an adjoining field fig, orange, almond, and eucalyptus trees grew successfully. The garden patch contained 10 varieties of field corn, 2 of sweet corn, 9 of pumpkins, 4 of squash, 4 of beans, etc. In the year 1907, on the State farm, three plantings were madespring, summer, and autumn. Most of the common garden crops gave two yields, others three. Yield of crops per acre on the experimentfarm. Millet, for grain -........................... --- ——. —....... bushels. 43 Millet, for hay...... --- —.. --- —--—. ---—.. --- —------------------ t.ons. - 4 Common alfalfa. --- —-.......-.-....................... --- —---- -. do --- 7 Arabian alfalfa- ------------... ---.-... — - - ----------------------- - do - - 8 Field corn, for grain -...........-.......... — -----—.. - bushels- 45 Potatoes -. ---. — —........ --- —--. -----.........- tons. 6 Sweet potatoes. —................................:. -—.... do- 10 Lettuce.-.......... --- —-----------. - heads__ 30,000 Cabbage-... —........... —............... —. ---—.. do- -- 8, 000 A well-known authority says that a large part of the State of Nevada lies within the thermal area peculiarly suited to beet culture, 24 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. and Nevada should become a beet-producing State. The uniform excellence of the beet samples could not be the result of accident, but must have been due to the favorable influences of Nevada's soil and climate. STOCK RAISING. The mountains, especially in the central and northern part of the State, bear rich bunch grass, affording fine pasturage for all kinds of stock. Large areas in Nevada are suitable only for stock ranges, and there are great numbers of cattle, sheep, and Angora goats. The Angora goat is at home in the hills. It is prolific, hardy, cares for itself in summer, and in winter requires only a shed open to the south and a little fodder or rough forage. It is more intelligent than the sheep and defends itself from dogs. The flesh is good, the pelt is used for glove making, and the mohair commands a good price, so that a flock of goats is profitable. No corn with which to feed cattle is raised in Nevada, but alfalfa takes its place, and with a little oil meal to finish with, as good beef can be produced as in the corn-belt districts. Nevada beef and cattle are shipped to the Pacific coast markets and also to Kansas City. The values of the various kinds of domestic animals and of poultry and bees, as reported in 1910, are shown in the following statement: Cattle..-.........,.. —.. -—.. -.-. — -.......... --- — -- -.. ----.... $9, 766, 723 Horses and colts................................................... 3, 770, 402 Mules and mule colts -.......................... —......... —.. 233, 800 Asses and burros --- —-...-................ -........... - _. _ _ 35, 995 Swine.......-............ —......................-...... 151, 851 Sheep and lambs.... —.-....-.......-.......-............ —...... 5,101, 328 Goats and kids -.-.........-....-.............-.........-.... 11, 710 Poultry -........-................................. 93, 668 Bees........ — --- - -- ---- ---- - -------- --- 48, 453 Total....................................... 19, 213, 930 PRICES OF FARMS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. Nevada is just beginning to realize the value and importance of its agricultural resources, and at present offers special inducements to settlers who are qualified to cope with the natural conditions. The State has no lands of its own for sale other than 2,000,000 acres, which in the next few years will be thrown open to settlement under Carey Act projects. The average value of a farm with its equipment in 1900 was $13,129, while 10 years later it was $22,462. The average value of land rose from $5.17 per acre in 1900 to $12.99 in 1910. In many sections of the State large tracts of private land possessing water rights are being broken up into small farms and sold to settlers on installment payments covering 5 to 10 years. The prices for land and water rights range from $25 to $100 per acre, depending upon soil fertility and climatic conditions. Good land is abundant and may be obtained from the Government under the homestead, enlarged homestead, or desert-land acts, but colonization can only keep pace with the progress of reclamation enterprises. Many of the most prosperous farmers now in the State came to Nevada as farm laborers and awaited the opportunity to NEVADA. 25' invest their savings in a tract of land possessing a water right. To succeed in Nevada as a farmer, one should have, it is said, about $2,000 capital, although a man of energy and resource can get on with $1,000. He is sometimes able to find work at good wages in the Reclamation Service. FARM EXPENSES. About two-thirds of the farmers of Nevada hire labor, the average amount expended by the farmers hiring being $1,686. During the 10-year period 1899-1909 the total expenditure for labor increased $1,607,000, or 115.9 per cent. Nearly one-fourth of the amount reported as expended for labor is in the form of rent and board. Four farmers out of every 10 report some expenditure for feed, but only about 1 out of every 100 purchases fertilizer, the average per farmreporting being $239. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. Every village and district in Nevada is said to have a school and a church. Each village, town, or incorporated city, the law says, constitutes a school district, and other districts in country places may be formed where desired by the board of county commissioners. Each district must have at least six months of school. The State University at Reno has a college of agriculture, where instruction is given in agriculture and domestic science. [Intending settlers desiring special information in regard to opportunities in Nevada should address the Commissioner of Industry, Agriculture, and Irrigation, Carson City, Nev.] CALIFORNIA. CLIMATE. The climate of California varies greatly, according to the altitudes of the different sections of the State, distance from the sea, and latitude. The slant of the numerous deep valleys determines the direction of the prevailing winds. The nearer the sea, the more even is the temperature the year round; while farther eastward, as in the great San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, the winters are colder and the summers warmer than on the coast. Generally speaking, except in the high Sierras, the State is characterized by mild winters and a rainy and a dry season. The rainy season extends from November to April, but most of the rain falls in February and March. The normal annual rainfall of the State ranges from 2 or 3 inches in the southeast corner to 60 inches in the northwest corner. Except in the southeastern part of the State, there is sufficient rainfall for raising grain crops without irrigation, but irrigation is pacticed to some extent throughout the State. SURFACE AND SOIL. California ranks second in land area and twelfth in population among the United States. The elevation ranges from sea level along the western coast and in portions of the interior valleys to altitudes in excess of 14,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The rugged masses of the Coast Range Mountains practically parallel the entire coast of the State. From the vicinity of San Francisco southward to San Diego there are deep mountain valleys and low, sloping, or nearly level coastal plain areas. The soils of these areas range from heavy claylike " adobe" soils to sandy and gravelly loams. Tlhe great central valley of California lies between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The northern portion of this valley constitutes the basin of the Sacramento River, while the southern portion constitutes the basin of the San Joaquin. The valley is everywhere practically uniform as regards its physical features. The soils immediately along the rivers are usuallyl eavy clays and clay loams, constituting the overflow land and river flood plains. These are bordered along the foothills by loams, adobes, sandy loams, and sandy and gravelly soils, giving great variety in soil characteristics and in resultant crop adaptation. There is practically no agriculture between the Sierra Nevada Ranges aside from grazing. The portion of the State to the east of this region lies principally within the Great Basin, and mountain chains are interspersed with valleys whose floors are gravelly and sandy soils. In the portion of this region in the extreme northern part of the State the soil is largely composed of lavas and volcanic ash from numerous extinct volcanoes. Within this region certain valleys are being reclaimed for agricultural uses. 26 CALIFORNIA. 27 In the extreme southern part of the State is a deep arid valley, some portions of which are below sea level. The soils are clays, sands, and sandy loams. IRRIGATION. Of the 88,197 farms in the State, 39,352, or 44.6 per cent, were irrigated in 1909. The area reported as irrigated in 1909 was 2,664,104 acres, or 23.4 per cent of the improved land in farms. The area to which enterprises existing in 1910 were capable of supplying water was 3,619,378 acres, and the total acreage included in irrigation projects, completed or under way, in 1910 was 5,490,360 acres. CROPS. The leading field crops of the State, in the order of their importance as measured by value, are hay and forage, $42,187,000; barley, $17,185,000; wheat, $6,324,000; dry edible beans, $6,293,000; potatoes, $4,879,000; oats, $2,637,000; hops, $1,731,000; corn, $1,077,000; and Kafir corn and milo maize, $72.6,000. The combined acreage of the cereals is hardly four-fifths that of hay and forage, while the value of the crop is only about two-thirds as great. Barley is the leading cereal, both its acreage and value being about three-fifths that of all cereals combined. Wheat ranks second, with an acreage approximately one-fourth that of all cereals combined, while its value is more than one-fifth as great. Oats, corn, and Kafir corn and milo maize rank in the order named in both acreage and value. Of the hay and forage crops, by far the most important is "grains cut green." The acreage of this crop represents considerably more than three-fifths of the total acreage in hay and forage, and the value is about one-half that of the entire hay and forage crop. Of the remaining crops, "alfalfa," "wild, salt, or prairie grasses," and "other tame or cultivated grasses" are the most prominent both in acreage and in value. Among the sundry crops, dry edible beans, potatoes, and hops are of importance. It is worthy of note that three of the nine principal crops, as measured by value, fall within this class. Dry edible beans have an acreage more than one-eighth as great as barley, the leading cereal, and a value more than one-third as great. Potatoes, with an acreage of but little more than one-twentieth that of barley, show a value considerably more than one-fourth as great. Hops, with a very small acreage, show a value over one-tenth that of barley. California is one of the most important fruit-growing States in the Union. Grapes of all kinds, including the raisin grape, are grown in vast quantities in the big San Joaquin Valley, notably in the vicinity of Fresno. The Santa Clara Valley is noted for its prunes and apricots. In the Pajaro Valley apples are successfully grown. Southern California is famous for its citrus fruits, and oranges have been successfully grown in the north in the shelter of the foothills of the Sierras. Stone fruits, such as cherries and peaches, do well in the Napa Valley, while olives, figs, walnuts, and almonds are grown in many of the southern and central valleys. Truck gardening is an 28 AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES. important industry about San Francisco Bay, as is the growing of sugar beets in the Salinas Valley, and in the Sacramento Valley much asparagus is raised. STOCK RAISING. The values of the various kinds of domestic animals and of poultry and bees, as reported in 1910, are shown in the following statement: Cattle.-........-..........-.. —.....................$........ $52, 785,068 Horses and colts -......... — - --. ---........................... 47,099,196 Mules and mule colts -.. --- —..-...-.-............................ 9,016,444 Asses and burros.- -..... —...... —............-.....- 347,315 Swine...-..-..-.. --- —-. --- —----—... ---............-..... --- —-. 5,106,803 Sheep and lambs -..-....8.....-..-.................... 8,348, 997 Goats and kids.......-.............................. 320, 829 Other animals...-........ — --.. -- -....... — —..................... 967 Poultry...-.............................. 3,844,526 Bees..-..........-...................... 729,793 Total..-................................................ 127,599,938 During the 10-year period 1900-1910 the combined value of domestic animals, poultry, and bees increased $60,297,000, or 89.6 per cent. Over four-fifths of this gain is in the two classes-cattle and horses. The greatest advance, both absolute and relative, occurred in the value of horses, the absolute increase being $29,254,000 and the relative, 163.9 per cent. Cattle are now the most important class of live stock in the State, having increased in value during the same period $20,130,000, or 61.6 per cent. The number of fowls on California farms increased from 4,196,466 in 1900 to 6,087,267 in 1910, or 45.1 per cent, while their value shows an increase of 102.1 per cent. The increase in the number of fowls was confined almost entirely to chickens. PRICES OF FARM LAND. The school land for sale consists of the unsold sixteenth and thirtysixth sections in each township. The law requires an applicant to make a personal examination of the land before he applies for same. A pamphlet containing laws relating to the purchase of school lands, giving price, terms, and conditions of sale, will be furnished on application to the State Surveyor General, Sacramento, Cal. For information relative to Government lands, address the various United States land offices in California, which are located in Los Angeles, Independence, Visalia, San Francisco, Sacramento, Susanville, Redding, and Eureka. There are lands in private ownership for sale. Prices range from $5 for unimproved pasture land in the hill districts to $500 and sometimes as much as $2,000 per acre for improved fruit land in the Santa Clara Valley or for orange lands in southern California. Unimproved bottom lands sell for $100 up. In places remote from the market, good land can be secured at a lower figure. The terms of payment vary, and the buyer can usually make terms to suit himself. Land planted to alfalfa rents for $20 an acre; grain land rents for $5 an acre, or on a crop-sharing basis, the proportion depending on whether the owner or the tenant furnishes team and tools. Fruit orchards are, as a rule, owned in small holdings and are seldom for CALIFORNIA. 29 rent; when rented, it is usually for a share of the crop. Arable and nonarable lands are often found near each other. This makes it necessary that persons investing in California take precautions to learn exactly the nature of the location and soil, as the productiveness of the farm adjoining is not conclusive evidence that the land chosen will prove similarly fertile. FARM EXPENSES. Over three-fifths of the farmers hire labor, the average amount expended by the farmers hiring being $894 a year. During the 10 years preceding 1910 the total expenditure for labor increased $24,131,000, or 93.4 per cent. Over one-seventh of the amount reported as expendedfor laboris in theform of rentandboard. Fiftysix per cent of the farmers buy some feed, while only nine farmers in every hundred purchase fertilizer. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. There are local farmers' organizations all over the State. Highly instructive farmers' institutes are directed from the State University at Berkeley, which also has a large State farm and experiment station. The schools of California are excellent and widely scattered over the rural districts, including numerous high schools. Italian colonists have a flourishing community settlement at Asti in Sonoma County, where they grow grapes successfully and make fine California table wines. Many Portuguese have settled in the Napa Valley, which is famous for its cherries, prunes, and peaches. There is quite a colony of Armenians in the raisin industry about Fresno. German Lutherans have established a prosperous colony at Red Bluff, Tehama County, and a colony of Dunkards has settled in Kern County. [For data on the principal products and resources of California, climate, rainfall, irrigation, etc., apply to the California Development Board, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. Literature about the particular district or crop in which interest is evidenced is mailed free, and requests for more detailed local information are referred for further handling to the proper organizations in the county mentioned.] HAWAII. LOCATION AND AREA. The Hawaiian Islands are now an organized Territory and not a mere possession of the United States. They are located 2,100 miles from San Francisco, at the intersection of most trans-Pacific steamship lines. There are eight inhabited and a number of uninhabited islands. Their combined area is about 6,400 square miles, or more than 4,000,000 acres-a little larger than Connecticut and Rhode Island together. Their population is nearly 200,000, of many nationalities, the dominating influence being American. CLIMATE AND SOIL. These islands lie just within the Tropics, but, because of their mountainous character, the prevailing trade winds, and a cool ocean current, they have the temperature of a somewhat higher latitude. The temperature rises occasionally to 90~ at the shore on the leeward sides of the islands and falls below freezing point at the tops of the highest mountains. The rainfall varies quite as much as the temperature, namely, from about 10 inches to more than 300 inches a year, according to locality; hence some of the lands require irrigation while others do not. The islands are often spoken of as the' Paradise of the Pacific" because of their superior beauty and climate. The soils are probably among the most fertile to be found anywhere. Generally speaking, the. soil is rather heavy and needs to be plowed deep. IRRIGATION. The first section of the Kohala ditch, built to take the water from the Government land in the Kohala Mountains and conduct it to homesteaders and plantation consumers, was completed on June 1, 1906. It is more than 13 miles in length and consists of 9 miles of tunnels, one-half mile of fluming, and 4 miles of open ditching. On the island of Oahu there are 491 artesian wells, a few of which have become dry. This is the principal source of water supply both for city purposes and for the irrigation of cane fields. In view of the small area of heavy rainfall and large consumption of water, it is important that the relation of supply to consumption should be determined as accurately as possible and that all waste of water should be prevented. A map has been prepared by the Territorial government showing the streams, springs, wells, pumping plants, and rain-gauge stations. The Kula pipe line, for which $100,000 was appropriated recently to meet the needs of a large agricultural district on the island of Maui, is now in use, and $50,000 additional has been appropriated for the improvement and extension of the system. HAWAII. 31 CROPS. The principal products are sugar, rice, coffee, pineapples, bananas, tobacco, cotton, rubber, sisal, and live stock. These crops require periods of from one and one-half to six years to mature; pests have to be combated, and transportation facilities are not always the best, although these are improving rapidly. Hence a person should not take up land unless he has a little capital to keep him going for some time, until he can get his farm on a paying basis. Much successful scientific work has been carried on for many years for ascertaining the most suitable crops, the best way of cultivating them, and the best methods of combating pests. The sugar industry is conducted mainly by corporations on a large scale, but these corporations also purchase sugar cane produced by neighboring small farmers. Perhaps the most attractive industry for small American farmers of late years has been the raising of pineapples for sale to central canning factories. This industry is growing rapidly. Among the newer industries which give greatest promise are tobacco and cotton. Fruit and vegetables of many varieties can be raised everywhere. STOCK RAISING. The animal industry of Hawaii stands next in importance to that of sugar. It supplies the bulk of the home consumption of fresh meats. There is a great demand for horses and mules for draft and traveling purposes, also for use by stock-range riders, which the domestic industry can not fully supply. Sheep raising is an important industry of the islands. Importations of live stock from the mainland have been unusually large, especially of horses and mules. More than 1,000 head were imported by the military authorities alone. The Territory can now provide its own pork, while only a few years ago 6,000 to 7,000 hogs were imported annually. Poultry continues to be imported in large quantities. PRICES OF FARMS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS. Most of the land is under private ownership, and very little of that is for sale, but much of it is leased for agricultural and pastoral purposes at rentals of a few cents to $10 per acre per annum, according to location, quality, water supply, etc. There are about 1,650,000 acres of public lands, but much of this is in forest reserves and much of it is too high, precipitous, rocky, or dry for cultivation. There are, however, several hundred thousand acres available for homestead purposes, of which a part must be reclaimed by irrigation. These lands are usually leased until they are desired for homestead purposes. The rentals range from almost nothing to about $10 per acre per annum. They are worth in fee simple from almost nothing to several hundred dollars an acre, but when sold for homestead purposes they are usually sold at comparatively low valuations, say, from $1 to $75 per acre, according to location, quality, etc. 32 AGRICULTURAL OPPORKTUNXITIES. All homesteads are disposed of by drawings, or, after advertisement for drawings, on application. The area of the lots varies from a fraction of an acre to 80 acres, according to location, quality, method of disposition, and the needs and ability of the people who desire them. There is a tendency to reduce the areas on account of the great productivity of the soil and the comparatively large amount of capital per acre required to develop and maintain a farm. There are five methods of homesteading, as follows: Special homestead agreement, right of purchase lease, cash freehold agreement, settlement association, and homestead lease. Full details concerning these different plans can be obtained on application to the Commissioner of Public Lands, Honolulu, Hawaii. GENERAL AND SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS. Provision was made in 1911 for new school buildings out of loan funds to the extent of $374,000, of which it was planned to expend $290,000 during 1911. Of the total appropriated for this purpose, $95,000 is for three Territorial industrial schools. Provisionhas also been made by which the earnings of the industrial schools shall be paid in part to the boys and girls earning them and the remainder used for the benefit of the schools in question. During the last year the shares of the schools in such earnings aggregated $6,187.01. The new law provides for summer schools, one of which has been opened since the close of the fiscal year. Previously such schools were provided for by private contributions. Manual and industrial training is carried on to a greater or less extent in most of the public schools. At the close of the fiscal year 7,052 pupils were receiving training in agriculture. [Further information may be obtained by addressing any of the following: Commissioner of Public Lands, Ionolulu, Hawaii; Commissioner of Immigration, Honolulu, Hawaii; Hawaii Promotion Committee, Honolulu, Hawaii; Public Service Association, Honolulu, Hawaii.] 0 | i l _' 'w'i"', l~g,1,,~~,:,:,, i'! X,8:!r~~t~:',s'~~'', d,~ ~','ii'~~~ THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE iI i i~ /?,,ii~~,,:,~,,,,!~ ~',,,,~:, ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ 115Sll%$a 1 i,~ ~..~:I^ ^:':' '! 'i.:.'.'"'.;^!:^ ~:~,,,: '~'i~:, '~ -i,,,'' **,,'^ ~:~:.:~:?:~.~:~::~::::~:::`:i:~:.~::~::?:~::I::::I~:~:~:~:~:::p!~.~:~:~:~!:~;:!:~::.;~~~~~~ \ iFi!-~ *, w m^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ' '~-i."! 1 a^~~ ',!i;::,:?:i:,... 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