I| - 1i i xW * l N Ri/ l ~15 16 A TBACCOPLANT IW.,-. }''v1.,,, i- hSE.'~,Xa,lCEVi'g1i lil~lI'~ II ev.. S.. g 1WiX ffi'.i zf sX 'asKz.u +V''r..EX vs | ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8~~,}..,.gf i Bf S0..,-ze f~ l~~~~~~~!...v..I'} V, 4...aV.,~?~l q XX Ug.ifj8r sggjjj. v, i j j. jv' j.1; 1.. j' j i v v1 ' 'i ifi i i i f f " iii ' i j i i f i v ii i fijxj' fv; u' grH. iviili i i i 0e ~v fg~~fuv f Ejj j..jfx.. f., 0 g g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...,Zf,. j j _if I i~i i.. i ri ': iii iii jl, i~ I jjjji ifiivi l l j R0 fXju V iv i ~ v i i -,. i. - }1 jjjj jjj j jj l' Iig.g x. gg ~ )~i ~.sl A _ I_ fs.i I t~U PhNT .:TTiNG0 OUT YOUNG IrOBAC,- PLArT r, S,:.k S,, x, r AGRICULTURE. 535 smoking was generally prevalent among the Indians of the mainland long before the discoveries of Columbus. For many years the tobacco trade of Cuba was a Crown monopoly, with a royal office and warehouse in Habana and branches in Santiago, Trinidad, Bayamo, and Remedios, where the planters could store their tobacco, receiving such prices as might be established by the Crown for each crop. In later years the tobacco monopoly was sold to private companies, and was again resumed by the Crown in 1760. Finally, in 1817, by a royal decree of June 22, the trade and cultivation of tobacco were declared free on payment of a tax by each planter equivalent to one-twentieth of the production. Since that date the taxes have varied according to circumstances, but have usually been very high. Reliable statistics of the annual production of tobacco in early times are not at hand, nor is it possible to tell how much was shipped, except through the custom-house, owing to the large amount smuggled. From such data as are available, it appears that from 1702 to 1817 the total amount regularly exported was about 20,500,000 pounds; that during the periods of government monopoly the amount was less than during the period of private monopoly, and that the amount exported was largely increased after the trade monopoly was discontinued. It is probable that the amount smuggled was equal to the amount exported. Coming down to a later period, with which we are more nearly concerned, it appears that the average production in bales in 1894-95 was in the neighborhood of 560,000 bales of 50 kilos, or 62,000,000 pounds of leaf, valued at $22,000,000. Of this amount 220,000 bales (nearly 40 per cent), valued at $10,000,000, were retained for home consumption and used in the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, and this is about the proportion with normal crops. Since 1895 the crop has been as follows: Bales. 1896-97-..,....... —.......... _....... 375.000 1897-98 -.... -..- -.............. 88,000 1898-99-.._.._-. -..._..... 220,000 1899-1900-... —...................-...-......... 460,000 The amount of tobacco exported to the United States since 1893 is shown in the following table: Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1893.., —..........-..... 21,694,891.$8,940,058 1897. —..4..-. --- ——.- 4,410,073 $2,306, 067 1894-............ 14,578,248 5,828,954 1898 ----... 4,691,456 4,334,078 1895 ----------- 0,175,620 7,271,794 1899....-......... —.-... 8,102,974 6,916,360 1896 --- --- ----------- 26,771,317 10,613,468 1900.-l,, ------- 11,815,351 9,704,331 Except cigars and cigarettes, the numerous forms in which tobacco is used, such as smoking mixtures, fine cut, plug, roll, or pigtail, for chewing, and snuff, are not manufactured in Cuba. Tobacco is raised as an article of commerce in but four of the six 536 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. provinces of Cuba, viz, Pinar del Rio, Habana, Santa Clara, and Santiago de Cuba, although there is no question but that tobacco can be advantageously raised in the other two. To the trade the tobacco of Pinar del Rio is known as the Vuelta Abajo, that of Habana as the Partido and Semi- Vuelta, that of Santa Clara as Las Villas or Remedios leaf, while the leaf of Santiago is known as Oriente. The quality of Cuban tobacco is world-renowned, more especially that known as the Vuelta AbIjo, which is used in the manufacture of the finest cigars. Every attempt-and there have been many-to reproduce this tobacco elsewhere, even in Cuba, has failed, and the secret of its superiority remains untold. The Sierra de los Organos, a range of mountains running along the entire length of the province of Pinar del Rio, is no doubt a favorable cause, as it breaks the high winds which do so much damage to the plants elsewhere. Various other causes have been assigned, and probably they have all contributed to the excellence of the tobacco. To what it is specially due will probably be known when the soils in which it has been cultivated shall have been carefully analyzed and compared and the chemical changes due to curing and fermentation are better understood. The photographic views of tobacco cultivation herewith represent a full-grown plant and the various steps of setting out, harvesting, and sorting tobacco, putting it in bundles, bailing and packing it to market. These operations may be briefly described as follows: The tobacco crop is grown from nursery or transplanted plants. These plants are raised in seed beds located and prepared with great care and protected, as far as possible, from insects. The seeds are very small, much smaller than hay seed, and while there are between three and four hundred thousand in one ounce, the seed coat is so hard that only about 75 per cent of the seed will sprout. On this basis, 1 ounce of seed ought to produce between thirty and forty thousand plants, costing the planter in the neighborhood of $1.50 per thousand. The seed beds and seeds having been carefully prepared, the seeds are sown in September, and in from six to seven weeks, when the young plants are from 8 to 10 inches high, they are ready for transplanting. This is done with the greatest care, as a very slight injury will kill them, and they are set out from 12 to 18 inches apart in furrows. The distance between the latter varies from 2 to 3 feet. It is said that tobacco grown under shade trees is of better quality than when grown in the open. The plants are hand planted and not by machine, as in many parts of the United States, and the operation is necessarily much slower. It requires about four months for the plants to reach maturity, so that the harvest is in January. During this interval they require the greatest care to protect them against the tobacco worm and other insects and against weeds. From time to time, arid especially after rains, they are cultivated, the buds or top, and all suckers, as they i i~ i \.d M T O I . 0,', a.S' V.'A: ' ".. ': V 0 '. ':0:. a: TOBACCO DRYINri/G HOUSEEf I~~~~~ i .~~wi,a~ ~i s i~ ;~~ 5i'l1 ~i: " *jz H1~ li~i RV:~~~~I ~~;n,~~ii ~~;9 ,, a~ ~~;:-:~~~~~l~ri -!~-s ~~- a.~~~::Ea u ili ~: `` g~,-I ~~ `: i~ ' ~~I cl) niiEl i~~ pa~~ lpii~~I Ib~ ~~~ ~~`lisi ~i"~; m ii5i -j: D "I iik, i~:L:~ rs iii ~r; 3~ ll:i a a ~81" I. AGRICULTURE. 537 appear, are removed, and every precaution taken to insure the full development of the leaf. The pruning is done with the thumb nail, as its dull edge closes the wound and prevents bleeding. According as the plants are topped high or low, there will be from 8 to 10 or from 18 to 20 leaves on a stalk. As soon as the leaves have ripened, the cutting begins. Each stalk is cut in sections, having two leaves on each; they are hung on poles and carried to the drying sheds. A section of each stalk with a good strong sucker on it is left in the field, from which a second, or what is called a sucker crop, results, and while the quality of this crop is not as good as the true crop it answers very well for fillers. The drying or curing process continues for three or four weeks or even longer. During this period "great attention must be given to the moisture, temperature, and ventilation of the drying house in order to produce those changes which characterize cured tobacco of a superior quality." Sweating or fermentation follows the curing, and it is to this that the tobacco owes its peculiar flavor. During or after this process the leaves are sprayed with water or a petuning liquid which is supposed to give the leaf a darker color and a better flavor, but this is questioned by some tobacco manufacturers.1 When fermentation has taken place, the leaves are sorted and made up into bundles, and these into bales of about 50 kilos (110 pounds) each. It is now ready for transport to market. The tobacco planters, in common with the sugar planters, experienced all the vicissitudes of the war, but as the province of Pinar del Rio was the last to become a theater of operations the crop of Vuelta Abajo tobacco was spared until 1896. COFFEE. The cultivation of coffee dates from somewhere about the years 1796-1798 and is said to have been introduced into Cuba by refugees from Santo Domingo after that island was ceded to France. Soon after the arrival of these emigrants, of whom there were upward of 30,000, coffee plantations made their appearance, and for many years the cultivation of coffee was one of the most remunerative industries of the island, as the following table of exports will show:2 Arrobas. Arrobas. Arrobas. 1809.- —. 320, 000 1818. ----- 779,618 1823.-.... 895,924 1815...... —... 918,263 1819- 642,716 1824. 661,-674 1816...-. 370,229 1820_ ------ 686,046 1817 —.. --- - 709,351 1822 —.. --- —-. 501,429 1The report of Mr. Oscar Loew, of the Department of Agriculture, on the curing and fermentation of the cigar leaf tobacco should be studied by all tobacco planters. 2 Humboldt's Island of Cuba. 538 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Humboldt attributes the extreme variation inl the figures of this table to the more or less abundant crops and to frauds in the customhouse. In the years 1843 and 1846 violent hurricanes visited Cuba and seriously damaged the coffee crop. Owing to these disasters, the increased coffee trade of the East Indies and South America, and the larger and more certain profits of sugar cultivation, the coffee industry of Cuba rapidly declined, and by 1850 the amount exported was but 192,061 arrobas. The coffee plantations were converted to other uses and the trade in coffee practically disappeared. The estimated coffee crop of the world for 1900 is 15,285,000 bags of 1341 pounds each.t Of this amount Cuba is credited with 130,000 bags-not enough for home consumption. It is hard to believe, with these figures before us, that in 1825 Cuba exported more coffee than Java, that in 1846 there were more than 1,600 coffee plantations in the island, and that in richness, flavor, and the productive capacity of the trees the coffee of Cuba was not surpassed by that of any other West India island or by South America. A consideration of these well-known facts may result in the revival of this important industry, which under f ree institutions will no doubt regain its former position among the agricultural resources of Cuba. At the close of the year 1894 coffee was cultivated in all the provinces of Cuba except Puerto Principe, and there were 191 cafetales, or plantations, although by far the larger number was in the province of Santiago de Cuba, where coffee cultivation was first attempted. The topographical features of this province, with its ranges of mountains, hills, and high plateaus, render it especially adapted to the purpose, for, while coffee will grow most anywhere in Cuba, it thrives best at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,500 feet. It is not an expensive crop to cultivate, and it is said that few occupations are more delightful than that of the coffee planter, or more remunerative under favorable conditions. In the cultivation of coffee the seeds are first sown in a nursery, and when the plants are a few inches high they are transplanted; thereafter, like the tobacco plant, they require great care. The trees begin bearing in the second year, and by the third a good crop may be expected. A tree in good condition will yield from 1 - to 2 pounds of berries. The trees are rarely allowed to exceed a height of 10 feet for convenience in harvesting the berries; this is accomplished, and the trees are made to spread laterally by repeated prunings. Two crops each year reward the successful coffee planter, so that the trees are almost always in bloom. As the coffee berry requires shade, fruit and other trees are planted among the coffee trees for this purpose, so that a coffee plantation Statesman's Year-Book, 1900. BAL ING TOBACCO. 11 ~ ~:~: ~:~:~z:~ ~ ~:~ ~: ~:~ ~: ~:~::~ ~:~z~ ~:...~~......~I:T~BACCo PACK T:RAW AGRICULTURE. 5319 can be utilized for both fruit and coffee culture, without detriment to either and with corresponding benefit to the planter. Next in prospective value as an agricultural product is cocoa, although the cocoa trade has not been large for many years, owing to excessive taxes and the devastations of war. The province of Santiago is especially adapted to its cultivation, and the cocoa bean of Cuba is of excellent quality. Bananas, cocoanuts, figs, dates, guava, mangoes, grapes, lemons, limes, melons, peaches, nectarines, apricots, strawberries, pineapples, pomegranates, and oranges are among the fruits of Cuba, which also include many of a purely tropical character, while nearly all the vegetables known to the United States are easily grown, especially corn, rice, potatoes, onions, beets, cabbage, lettuce, radishes, and cucumbers, which are practically perennial, only requiring, for abundant production, sufficient interest and energy to plant the seeds and the use of more modern methods and agricultural implements in their cultivation. Owing to the high differential duties in favor of the Spanish imports before the war, Cuban planters were compelled to purchase their agricultural implements and machines in Spain, which is not renowned for the excellence of these manufactures. Many of the plows, hoes, and other necessary means of preparing the ground and cultivating the soil are of most inferior design and make, and not to be compared with similar American implements, while many of the machines in general use among our farmers are unknown. Under the present tariff, agricultural implements are on the free list, where they have been since the date of American occupation. A serious drawback to the development of agriculture in Cuba is the lack of good roads. Outside of the provinces of Matanzas, IHabana, and Pinar del Rio, and except in the vicinity of the large cities, there is not a good road in Cuba, and even those that are passable in the dry season become almost impassable for wagons in the rainy season. There are only 1,100 miles of railroad, much of which is not in good condition on account of the heavy tariff heretofore laid on railroad materials of all kinds. But, while these important public works demand immediate attention, their consideration should be deferred until an accurate topographic survey of the island has been made and a contour map prepared. This is a work of pressing necessity and should be commenced at once. STOCK RAISING. There are very few countries better suited to stock raising than Cuba, where grass is abundant at all seasons and where many streams furnish a copious supply of good water. The breeding of stock was at one time an important industry, but owing to the excessive taxes, amounting to upward of 40 per cent of the value of the stock, and the 540 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. great destruction due to the serious revolutions which have taken place in the island, this industry has been seriously crippled. The last two wars almost entirely destroyed it, and as the duties on stock were almost prohibitive and the stock was taken by the government under one pretext or another as fast as imported, recovery was necessarily slow. For example: Per head. Duty on horses.-.... 0_.0) Duty on mules.-.....-.......... 32 00 Duty on oxen. —_ ----. _......... 2........ 22.00 Duty on cows-. - - - - —...- - -- -.. --- — __ 10. 00 Duty on calves, heifers, and steers -. —.- ^. --- —----...... ---- _ 8.00 Duty on hogs..... 7.00 besides other vexatious charges. Owing to the vast number and great variety of palm trees, the berries of which are a never failing food supply for hogs, these animals can be raised in enormous numbers and at very little expense. The agricultural tables will show the plantations, farms, and live stock in the island when this census was taken. The number prior to the war, 1894, is shown in the following tables: Coffee. Sugar. Tobaccoa. arttle s. Pinar del Rio.-... --- —-........... 33 70 6,050 599 1,392 Habana --- —------—.. - -- 24 I66 250 1, 262 6,920 Matanzas.. --- —-------------- -..- 3 134.. 224 3, 66i Santa Clara. --- —--—. ---. -—. ---- 46 332 317 1,250 4,852 Puerto Principe — 5 -. ---.. 399 1,109 Santiago de Cuba-. -85 9.3 2,258 364 5, 01 Total ---- ----- -------------- 191 1,100 8,875 4,98 23,238 Number. Value. Horses and mules -—.. --- —-. --- —-------- -------------------- 584,725 820,466,375 Cattle ---. --- —----------------------- -- --------------------- 2, 485,766 74,5 72,98) Pigs _571, 11)4 5, 700,00..Pigs.. Z — ---— i ------ ------—.. ----. --- —. -. --- — ----------- —. ----. —.. --- — 570,-4,700, — Sheep -------..I --- —------- ---------------- --------------- --- 78, 494 393, 000 Total ------—. --- ------ -. --- —. —.-. ----. --- —--------— 3 --- — 3,719,179 101, 132,355 STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. The following is the form of schedule used in the collection of agricultural returns: Census of the island of Cuba, taken under the direction of the United States, 1899. SCHEDULE No. 3.-AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Supervisor's district No. — District of enumeration No. -' Compiled by me on the - day of, 1899. --, Enumerator. 1. Name of farmer or owner,2. Residence, —. 3. Color or race, -- NOTE.-State whether white, negro, mixed, Chinese, or whatever he may be. NATIVE FRUITS, 1. 6inea plaey Co lrad.4 15 Wararon S. 7.anabata Caimito. M2 Fig& 4. Cok anut. 9. Bana4.a e Pumpkin 5. Custard apple 0. Maail Wk5dt.rrnolo, d AGRICULTURE. 541 4. Cuban or Spaniard, -- NOTE.-State whether Cuban, Spaniard, or in suspense, according as to whether he has taken the oath; if this question relates to a foreigner and is therefore superfluous, write foreigner. 5. Does the farm or plantation belong to the person named or is it leased? - 6. Area of the farm or plantation in caballerias and cordeles, Area under cultivation at the present time, -. Area uncultivated at the present time, 7. Approximate area under cultivation before the insurrection (prior to 1895), 8. Wooded area, ---. Character of woods, high or low, 9. Distribution of area under cultivation, according to crops: Area (cabal- Area (cabalCrops. lerias). Crops. lerias). Tobacco..-..- -,, -------- -.... Cocoa-... ---. ------- - -- Sugar cane. --- —------ ----—.-. Malangas. --- —---------------- -----------—. Rice- - - ------------- -- Oranges ---------- ------------- Sweet potatoes --- —--------- -.....-..- Corn. ----. --- —-. --- —----------- ---—. Potatoes --------------------------.. —.... —..... Honey --- —. --- —--------------- ------- Yams ----—. --- —---—. --- —- ---- --—...- ----- --- W ax --------------------------- - Bananas... -.. — ---- ---—. --- ------—. --- —-------------.. — --------- Cocoanut trees.. —..-,.. - -. --- —---—.. Coffee-.....-. -----—.. ---- -------—. ---- —. --- Onions... - ------------- ------ ---------- --- - --------------- Pineapples........ -... NOTE. —Indicate on blank lines any other crops. 10. Number of cattle on the hoof on the day of enumeration: Kind. Number. Value, in dol- ind. NumberValue, in dolKind. Numr. l in. Numbe. lars. lars. Horses- -................. Bull calves -..-..... — --—.-.... -------—.-. Mules -. Bulls. ----- -—. —....-. -....... ----..... Asses ----------- - - -.... Heifers ------------ ---------- ----------- Swine ---------- ----- - --- Steers.. --- —--—.- ------—. — -...Goats. --- —-- ---------- --- ---------. _ Cows. --- ——. --- - _ — Sheep.. -------------—.- ---------. ---. ---.. Yearlings ---—. ------- --- Poultry... -.. -..-. ------------ Oxen Lambs --- —------------- NOTE.-Indicate on blank lines any other cattle on the hoof. 11. Number of grinders and evaporators on the plantation on this day: Mills, number, -. Output, in arrobas, of cane per day, Evaporating apparatus, number,. Production, in sacks, per day, 12. Number and capacity of the stills on the plantation: Number, ---. Capacity, in gallons, per day, --- DISCUSSION OF THE TABLES. As is apparent from the table of occupations, agriculture is the principal industry of the people of Cuba. Its manufactures are trifling, with the exception of the making of cigars, raw sugar, molasses, and rum, while trade and transportation, except in a limited way, are prosecuted but little. Under these circumstances it was thought inexpedient to attempt to collect statistics of any other industry excepting that of agriculture, and even in this it was deemed advisable, in view of the unsettled economic conditions of the island, to attempt to obtain only a few simple facts regarding the industry. The inquiries were limited to those relating to the area of farms, cultivated land, and woodland, to the kind of tenure of farms, to the 542 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. race of the occupant, to the areas cultivated in certain leading crops, to a few details regarding the production of sugar and tobacco, and to the number of live stock. The schedules received bear witness to the disturbed condition of the industry. Farm areas were found to be, in many cases, uncertain and contradictory, and were given in many different units of measurement. The tenure was often uncertain or unknown, and many tracts were held by squatters on sufferance, necessarily without definite limits of occupancy. But in spite of their many faults and deficiencies, the information derived from these schedules is extremely significant and instructive. Table XLIV presents, by totals, for Cuba, for each of its six provinces and for each municipal district, the number of farms, the area included within them, the area cultivated in the census year, and an estimate of the area cultivated in 1895, together with areas covered with timber, classified as large and small. To this table must be added a word of explanation. The cultivated areas do not include pasturage, although in many cases the pasture is artificial, being produced by sowing the seed of some forage plant. These areas were not distinguished in the schedules from natural pasture, which of course comprised vastly the greater area, and consequently it was necessary to exclude it altogether from the cultivated area. On the other hand, under the head Cultivated in 18)95 it is apparent that in some cases pasturage has been included, and as there is no way of making a clear separation of it, this matter should be borne in mind in contrasting the areas cultivated in 1895 and in 1899. Furthermore, this column can not be held to possess much value, inasmuch as it includes only the areas cultivated in the farms which were enumerated by the recent census. There are doubtless many farms in which were considerable areas of land cultivated in 1895, which have now been abandoned and are not represented in this census at all; hence, the figures given in this column are in all probability below the truth. The columns relating to timber include only the timber upon farms and do not include the large and undefined forest areas which lie outside of farms. The number of plantations and farms in Cuba far exceeds the number of farmers and planters given in the table of occupations. This is explained by the fact that the enumerators have returned simply as laborers, or as agricultural laborers, most of the owners of these plantations and farms. This is especially true of the smaller farms, particularly of those rented. On this account the number of planters given in the occupation table is of no significance whatever. Measurements are given in the ordinary Spanish measure of caballerias, a caballeria being equal to 33~ acres, and in cordels, 324 of which equal one caballeria. REAOY TO CUT PE S AND BANANAS. N-k AGRICULTURE. 543 Prior to the late war there were in Cuba 90,960 plantations and farms. There were in 1899 only 60,711 farms, with an area of 262,858 caballerias. Of this 27,032 caballerias were cultivated. The average size of the farm in Cuba was 4.3 caballerias (143 acres) and the average area cultivated per farm was 0.4 of a caballeria (13 acres). These facts are set forth for the several provinces of Cuba in the following table: Caballerias.!Farms. ea cl- Average Average ArArear. e size cultivated tivated. farms, area. I ~ ~ ~ Habana...................................... 6,159 25,245 3,193 4.1 0 5 Matanzas........................................... 4,083 30,617 4,902 7.5 12 Pinar del Rio...8.............4...3.... 10,408 33,827 4,304 3.3.4 Puerto Principe....................2,382 61,365 939 25.8.4 Santa Clara.................................. 6,129 57,171 7,515 3.5.5 Santiago................................ 21,550 54,633 6,179 2.5.3 Cuba.................................... 60,711 262,858 27,032 I 4.3.4 From the above table it appears that Puerto Principe has the largest area in farms, but the smallest cultivated area. This is due to the fact that the farms of Puerto Principe are, in the main, cattle ranches, upon which there is a wide range for stock, but small area under cultivation. On page 551 the pasture lands of Puerto Principe are discussed. The average size of the farm in Puerto Principe, 25.8 caballerias, is six times the average size of the farm in Cuba, while the cultivated area per farm is approximately the same as that of the entire island. The smallest farms, on an average, are in the province of Santiago, where the total area is only 2.5 caballerias, and here also is found the smallest average cultivated area per farm, or only 0.3 of a caballeria. The largest cultivated area per farm is in Matanzas Province, where it is 1.2 caballerias, and in this province also is found the largest average size of farm after Puerto Principe. In this province are many large sugar plantations, larger and more numerous than elsewhere in the island. Of the entire area of Cuba 29.9 per cent were included within farms, but only 3 per cent of the area of Cuba and only 10 per cent of the area in farms was under cultivation. The following table shows the percentage of the total area of each province which was included within farms and the percentage under cultivation: Percent- PercentProvinces. age in age culfarms. tivated. Habana.................................................-4... 45.6 5.8 M atanzas -—....... --- —-------.. — -- --- —.......- - ----...... ---.......- 41.4 6.6 Pinar del Rio -... — ---—.. ----—....... -.-. ---- -. —......... —.... --- —........ --- 3.8 4.3 Puerto Principe... --- —...... —...2.- —......-.-.-2-........4............-........ 29.2.4 Santa Clara... ---..... ----... ---..-.... —... —............ ---...... ----........6 4.0 Santiago.............-....... —........-..-.....4................22.0 2.4 Cuba....2...... —. --- —---—........-... --- —-—... --- —--—.. ---- 29.9 3.0 544 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The largest proportion was in Habana and the smallest in Santiago, at the east end of the island. Of the area under cultivation the largest proportion was in Matanzas and the smallest in Puerto Principe. Taking Cuba as a whole, the number of rural inhabitants to a farm was 18. This proportion ranged widely in different provinces, as is shown by the following table: Rural population to farms. Habana ---------------—................. 24 Matanzas --- —-------------- ---- - -- --------------------- 35 Pinar del Rio. -------------------------------......................... — 16 Puerto Principe ----------------—. -------—. ---..................- - 26 Santa Clara. --- —------------------—...........,......................... 17 Santiago -----------------------------.................... 13 Matanzas stands highest, with 35 rural inhabitants to a farm, or twice as many as in Cuba, with Santiago, at the other extreme, with but 13. Many interesting facts regarding the tenure of farms, combined with the race of the occupants and the size of the farms, are brought out in tables XLV and XLVI. Of the 60,711 farms in Cuba, 22.9 per cent were owned by whites; 49 per cent, more than twice as many, and nearly one-half the farms of Cuba, were rented by whites, making 71.9 per cent of the farms occupied by whites. The colored owned 5.1 per cent and rented 18.5 per cent, making a total occupied by colored of 23.6 per cent. The column headed " Other" includes all other forms of occupation. Of the cultivated areas of farms in Cuba, 40.7 per cent were owned by whites and 44.2 per cent rented by whites, making the total occupied by this race 84.9 per cent. By the colored only 2.8 per cent were owned and 8.2 per cent rented, making a total of 11 per cent occupied by the colored race. Thus, the whites, in proportion to their numbers, occupy much the largest number of farms and a still larger part of the cultivated area. The above facts relating to the tenure of farms, both by number of farms and by areas of cultivated lands in farms, are set forth in the two following tables by provinces: NUMBER OF FARMS. White White Colored Colored Oth owners, renters. owners. renters. er Cuba........................................ 22.9 49.0 5.1 18.5 4.5 Habana................................. 32.9 56.9.8 4.7 4.7 Matanzas.. -—.......................-. 44.7 40.3 3.1 10.0 1.9 Pinar del Rio..... —........... -----.......... 12.7 69.2 1.2 15.9 1.0 Puerto Principe.............................. 27.3 40.0 1.2 5.9 25. 6 Santa Clara..................................... 26.2 54.5 2.2 14.8 2.3 Santiago..................................... 17.9 35.4 11.2 29.6 5.9 CULTIVATED AREA. Cuba.................................... 40.7 44.2 2.8 8.2 4.1 Habana......................................... 40.2 51.7.3 2.8 5.0 Matanzas............................... 64.0 30.0 1.3 2.6 2.1 Pinardel Rio................................... 20. 7 65.7.8 10.6 2.2 Puerto Principe........1................8. 41.8 28.3 3.7 25.4 Santa Clara........-......................... 42.1 49.6 1.1 5.7 1.5 Santiago........................................ 34.2 32.2 9.3 18.0 6.3,..... _ _. w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7~ 8 ( A COQOA GROVE ~ ~ ~ I \ AGRICULTURE. 545 The first of these tables shows that in every province of the island more farms were rented than were owned, and in most cases far more. The only province in which the owned farms approached in number the rented farms is Matanzas, where 47.8 per cent were owned, while in Santiago nearly two-thirds were rented, and in Santa Clara nearly seven-tenths. White owners outnumbered colored owners many times in all the provinces except Santiago, where there were about 1- white owners to 1 colored. The proportion of white owners to white renters was much greater than that of colored owners to colored renters. White occupants, including owners and renters, greatly exceeded colored occupants, in most cases being several times their number. In Habana white occupants comprised nearly 90 per cent of all occupants, while colored occupants comprised only 5.5 per cent. In Matanzas the proportions were almost equally great. In Santiago the proportion between white and colored occupants was smallest, there being 53.3 per cent white occupants to 40.8 per cent colored occupants. Comparing the two tables with one another, it is seen that white owners occupied much the larger farms; thus, while in the island of Cuba white owners comprised 22.9 per cent of all owners, they owned not less than 40.7 per cent of all the cultivated area. In each province the proportion of the cultivated area which was owned by whites was greater than the proportion of the number of whites which owned it. In all other cases the proportional area was less than the proportional number, and in many cases the disproportion is very striking. The classification of the farms in Cuba by size, both as to number and as to cultivated area, brings out many interesting facts, which are shown in the following table: CUBA. Per cent Per cent Classes. of num- of cultiber of vated farms. area. Under I caballeri.a............................................................ 63.5 15.5 to caballeria................................................................ 12.5 to caballeria.................................................................... 8.0 9.5 X to 1 caballeria..................................5.........................5 1 to 3 caballeria.................................................. 5.1 16.1 3 to 5 caballeria..............................................9 7.0 5 to 10 caballeria...................................................................7 9.0 Over 10 caballeria.................................................................. 5 26.9 From the first column, which classifies the number of farms, it is seen that nearly two-thirds were under one-fourth of a caballeria, i. e., less than 8 acres of cultivated area, and nearly one-fifth fall in the next class, i. e., between 8 and 16 acres, etc. In the second column, which classifies the cultivated area of these farms of various sizes, the story is quite different. Comparing the two columns, it is seen that in the lowest class nearly two-thirds of the farms contained less than oneseventh of the cultivated area; in the next class about one-fifth of the 24662- 35 546' REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. farms contained one-eighth of the cultivated area, while in the largest one-half of 1 per cent of all the farms contained nearly 27 per cent of all the cultivated area of the island, or more than one-fourth. The two following tables show, first, the percentages of the number of farms in each area group, classified by kind of tenure and by race of the occupant; second, the percentage of the cultivated areas of farms, classified in a similar manner. Percentages of the number and area of farms, by tenure and race. NUMBER. Unr and and and lad a nd 5and nd Iaballe under unde under under3 under 5 under 10 10 and.aba lle-b d e ria caballe- caballe- caballe- caballe- eaballe- caballe- over. ria. ri. ra. rias. rrias. rias. White owners....... 56 20. 9.2 2.4 7.9 1.6 1.2 14 White renters........ 60 21.1 9.1 2.4 5.6 9.6.3 Colored owners 75. 6 14.8 6 1 2.6... Colored renters...... 77 15.0 5.2.8 1.8........ Mixed.........- 70.8 16 6 1.6 3.8.8.5 Total...-. --- 63.4 19.2 8.1 2.1 5.1.9.7.5 AREAS. White owners...... 7.6 7.3 6 2.4 13.7' 7.1 10.5 45.4 White renters....... 16.3 15.1 11.9 4.7 19.4 7.7 9.2 15.7 Colored owners.... 36.9 19.2 12.4 2.8 14.1 4.6 6.4 3.6 Colored renters..... 41.1 22.2 14. 1 3. 5 11.9 3.6 2.6 1 Mixed.............. 20.3 12.8 8.4 3.4 1.1 7.4 6.9 26.7 Total l-..... 15.5 12.5 9.5 3.5 16 7 9. 26. 9 From the first of these tables it is seen that the number of farms of the smallest size, viz, under one-fourth of a caballeria, were occupied in greater proportion by colored than by whites, while in the other classes the number of whites was the greater. In this matter there is no decided distinction between the farms owned and those rented. Dividing all farms into two classes —those which were under 1 caballeria and those which were over 1 caballervic in cultivated area-it appears that of the farms owned by whites 87.9 per cent were less than 1 caballeria in size; of those:rented by whites, 92.6 per cent; of those owned by colored, 97.4 per cent, and of those rented by colored, 98.1 per cent. Of the farms of the largest size, those of over 10 caballerrias in cultivated area, the proportion of those owned by whites exceeded the proportion rented by whites, or rented or occupied by colored. From the second table it appears that the farms owned by whites were in area far the largest. Of this class those under 1 caballeria in size were collectively only 24 per cent of the entire area owned by whites, while those above 1 caballeria in area comprised 76 per cent, or more than three-fourths; and the farms of 10 caballerias and over I-~~~~~~ ~ A PINERY. A PINERYt I AGRICULTURE. 547 contained not less than 45.4 per cent of all the cultivated area owned by whites. The farms rented by whites were smaller than those owned, 48 per cent of the area being comprised in farms of less than 1 caballeria in area and 52 per -cent in those of more than 1 caballeria. Farms owned by the colored were still smaller,-those under 1 caballerica comprising 71.3 per cent of the entire area, while those above 1 caballeria comprised only 28.7 per cent. The farms occupied by colored renters were still smaller. Those under one-fourth of a caZaZleria comprised only 41.1 per cent of the entire area, and those under 1 caballeria comprised 80.9 per cent, or more than four-fifths of the entire area. Products.-The returns of farm products were obtained through the enumerators only in terms of area cultivated in the various crops. No attempt was made to obtain the amounts or values. The following table shows the areas, expressed in cordels, of which there are 324 in a caballeria, or approximately 10 to an acre, which was planted in each of the principal crops, togetherwith the percentage of the cultivated area in each crop: Cordels. Per cent. Sugar cane...................................................... 4,142,016 47.3 Sweet potatoes - ---- 973, 629 11.3 Tobacco.......................................................................... 817, 452 9:3 Bananas.......................................................... 753, 627 8.6 Indian corn..........................................-..............3...... 639,042 7.3 M alangas...................................................4.................... 303,603 3.4 Yucca. 283, 363 3. 2 Coffee............................................................................ 137, 854 1.6 Cocoanuts...................................................................... 120,261.1.4 Cocoa............................ 119,525 1.4 Rice............................................................................. 42,076.5 Yams..........................-............ 30,030.3 Irish potatoes................................................................... 26,808.3 Pineapples......... -......................... ----......-. ----. --- —-—. ---. --- —. 26, 782.3 Oranges........................................................................... 23,418.3 Onions............................................................................ 14, 274.2 The table shows that very nearly one-half of the cultivated area of Cuba was planted in sugar cane; that the next crop of importance, -in which 11.3 per cent of the cultivated area was planted, was sweetpotatoes, while tobacco, for which crop the island is quite as celebrated as for sugar cane, occupied only 9.3 per cent of the cultivated. area, being third in importance as measured in area cultivated. Bananas and Indian corn occupied nearly as much ground. Coffee, at one time a product of great importance in Cuba, occupied only 1.6 per cent of the cultivated area, and most other crops were of even less importance. The following table shows, by percentages, the distribution of the area cultivated in each crop by the tenure of the occupant and his race, the occupants being classified as white owners, white renters, colored 548 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. owners, and colored renters, and others, and the figures being percentages of the entire area devoted to each crop: White White Colored Colored Othi owners. renters. owners. renters.Uer Tobacco............................................. 22.4 65.7 0.8 8.3 2.8 Sugar cane...-............ —..-..................55.6 366 0.9 3.6 3.3 Rice. --- —---------- -—..-..-.. — -....-.-. — - - - -. 27.3 45.7 3.7 14.8 8.5 Sweet-potatoes.-....-.......... --- —----......... 26.8 53.0 2.5 13.1 4. 6 Irish potatoes. — 5.............................. 30.0 58.8 0.5 3.2 7. 5 Yams..................................... 19.5 43.5 8.2 21.3 7.5 Bananas.......... —......... --- —---...........0 41.1 4.7 10.7 5.5 Cocoanuts.................................... 48.5 15.5 14.8 15.5 5. 7 Pineapples.........0. 12....................... 9.4 50.2 1.2 3.1 6.1 Cocoa.. --- —- - ---—..... — -.-.....- 26.4 2. 5 33.7 25.0 2.4 Malangas.......................................... 19.0 65.0 1.5 11.6 2.9 Oranges.................................... 40.9 45.9 2.3 6.1 4.8 Indian corn.- -.-.- -- ----................ 27.5 49.9 2.9 14.0 5.7 Yucca................................... 24.1 46.6 3.4 17.7 8.2 It will be recalled that the cultivated area was distributed as follows, by tenure and race: Per cent. White owners.... ----..-..-. -—.................................. 40. 7 White renters- ---—. —....... --- —----—...... ---—......... —...... 44. 2 Colored owners -------------- ----------- 2. 8 Colored renters ---------------—... --- —. ---................- -8. 8.2 White occupants --- ---—..-....... -—. —...-......-......... 84. 9 Colored occupants —.. — ------—,.,. — --- -- - --....-.......j --- —--- 11.0 Owners. ---- --- --- --—. -- -------- -- -- -- - 43.5 llenters., - ------- ----- --------- —...,.. 52. 4 It will be seen, on examination of the above table, that in the case of tobacco, sugar, Irish potatoes, onions, pineapples, and oranges, the proportion of land occupied by whites was in excess of their proportion of the whole cultivated area, and that in the case of the other crops this proportion was less; in other words, the crops above enumerated were produced by white men in greater proportion than by colored, while in the case of the other crops the situation was reversed. This is particularly the case with sugar, of which more than nine-tenths of the crop was produced by white men, and only a trifling proportion by colored. Turning now to owners versus renters, as concerned with different products, it is seen that sugar, cocoanuts, coffee, and cocoa were raised upon owned land in greater proportion than the average of the cultivated area, while in the case of the other crops the situation is reversed. It will be noted that the crops which were cultivated mainly upon owned estates are those of a permanent character, as distinguished from annual crops. i. ~a r"-''"l a ~: ~"1 :eE -~~;.w "r~ ila cii II Ii~--~ I ~~ Illr ic I ~ ` E '"" C' r,~ar:~% lllri ~~ m Jr~"~ i,~a,:;~E~: i;i IBI arr\r BVQNEJ (aFT RO'lab BbllY1, IVIBTbNrl, )~~~~~~~~~~~ AGRUICUTTURE. 549 Sugar cane.-Each province of Cuba produced sugar cane, but in varying amounts, as shown by the following table: Cordels. Per cent. Santa Clara.......................................1. 1,735, 000 41.9 Matanzas... —,,2,5,,0........................................ 1, 245,501 30.1 Santiago............ ------—.............-......-...-..... — 691,100 16.7 Habana........... 6 Habana..............................................-..................... 279,444 6.7 Puerto Principe................................................................. 105, 500 2.5 Pinar del Rio................................................................ 85,471 2.1 Assuming that the product is proportional to the area under cultivation, it appears that Santa Clara produced not less than 41.9 per cent of the product of the island, and Matanzas 30.1 per cent. Considering the relative areas of the two provinces it is seen that Matanzas is, in proportion to its area, of rather more importance in the sugar industry than Santa Clara. Santiago produced 16.7 per cent, or one-sixth of the product of the island, and Habana but one-sixteenth. The amounts produced in Puerto Principe and Pinar del Rio were little more than trifling. Of the total area of cultivated land in Cuba, 47.3 per cent was, as is stated above, planted in sugar cane. The proportion of the cultivated area planted in this product differed widely in different provinces, showing a corresponding difference in the relative importance attached to this crop in different parts of the island. The following table shows the percentage of the cultivated land which in each province was planted in sugar cane: Per cent. Matanzas --- —--—. --- —---. —. — ---- -- -------- 78.4 Santa Clara --.. —. -- —. --- -—...,- - - ---- 71.3 Puerto Principe ---.. — ---- ----------- —. -- --- 34. 7 Santiago...-. ---—. —.-..., — -, — -, - -- ------- - 34. 5 Habana...-. --- —---—. ---. --—.. ----.. —.. --- —----—.. 27.0 Pinar del Rio —. --- —---—.... --- — ---- ----- -------------. —. --- —--- 6.1 Thus it appears that, considering its area, Matanzas is the most important of the provinces of Cuba in this regard, nearly four-fifths of its cultivated area being devoted to sugar cane. In Santa Clara nearly three-fourths of the cultivated area is thus used, while at the other extreme is Pinar del Rio, where only one-sixteenth was planted in sugar cane. Tobacco.-Tobacco was produced in each of the provinces of the island, but in differing degrees of importance, as is shown by the following table: Cordels. Per cent. Pinar del Rio................................................................... 59 353 72.2 Habana.......................................................................... 106,632 13.1 Santa Clara..................................................................... 103,354 12.6 Santiago..1 4 1................................................................... 11,489 M atanzas........................................................................ 4,674.6 Puerto Principe......................................................950.1 550 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. If we measure the amount of tobacco produced by the area under cultivation, the product of Pinar del Rio was 72.2 per cent, or nearly three-fourths of the entire product of Cuba. Habana and Santa Clara together produced a little more than one-fourth, while the amount raised in Santiago, Matanzas, and Puerto Principe is comparatively trifling. Of the total cultivated area of Cuba, 9.6 per cent were planted in tobacco. The proportion of the cultivated area of the several provinces which was planted in tobacco differs widely, as is seen below: Per cent. Pinar del Rio --- —---. 42.4 Habana -------------- -------- --- 10.3 Santa Clara ------------—.-, ------ --—. — - 4.2 Santiago.-6 ---I-, --- —----- ----- 6 Puerto Principe ----------------------- - -----.3 Matanzas- --- -- ----------- ---- --.. --- —-.3 Thus it appears that, considering tobacco relative to other agricultural interests, it was most prominent at the west end of the island, in Pinar del Rio primarily and in Habana secondarily, and that elsewhere it was a crop of comparatively little importance, although cultivated widely to a small extent. These are the two great export crops of the island. The others are raised Almost entirely for home consumption, and their distribution is a matter of less interest. The cultivation of sweet potatoes is-distributed quite generally over the island, but is greatest in the two extreme provinces, Pinar del Rio and Santiago. The cultivation of bananas is also quite general, although in the province of Santiago much greater attention is paid to it than elsewhere, the area under cultivation being about three-sevenths of that of the island. Indian corn is a grain of much importance in the agriculture of Cuba. It is raised in every province in considerable quantities, but most attention is paid to it in Santiago. Malanga, a farinaceous root, is raised quite generally for food throughout the island, but more than two-thirds of it is produced in the province of Pinar del Rio and only a trifling amount in Puerto Principe. Yucca is produced in every province, but apparently the most attention is paid to it in Santiago, in which province is situated nearly onehalf of the area under this crop in the island. Coffee, once a crop of great importance, is now produced only to a small extent, and that almost entirely in the provinces of Santa Clara and Santiago. In the latter province are situated about three-fourths of the coffee lands of the island. The cultivation of the cocoanut palm is confined almost entirely to CLIMBING THE ROYAL PALM. I AGRICULTURE. 551 Santiago, in which province is more than four-fifths of the area devoted to its cultivation. The distribution of the production of cocoa is very similar, being confined almost entirely to Santiago. The production of rice, which is of little importance, is distributed with considerable uniformity. The production of yams is in great part confined to Santiago, which province contributes more than one-half the island's product. Irish potatoes are raised only to a very limited extent. Their cultivation is scattered widely, but nearly half of them are produced in the province of Habana. Pineapples are produced in every province, but more than fourfifths of the product comes from Habana. Oranges are raised in every province, but in Habana and Matanzas to a much greater extent than elsewhere. Of the onion product, more than two-thirds come from the province of Habana. Owing to the fact that the agricultural interests of the province of Puerto Prineipe are in the main pastoral, the leading product being live stock, a special tabulation was made of its pasture lands. The total area of the pasture lands in this province was 16,666 caballerias, or approximately 550,000 acres. This land was owned and occupied in the manner shown in the following table: Caballerias. Per cent. W hite owners.................................................................... 6,720 40 W hite renters...................................................................... 4,99630 Colored owners......................22......................................... 232 Colored renters...6.......4............................. 617 4 Other.................................................................101 25 Total......................................................................... 16,666 100 From this it appears that two-fifths of the pasture lands of the province were owned by whites and three-tenths of them were rented by whites. The amount occupied by colored was trifling, the greater part of the remainder being incapable of classification and given under the head of "other." Live stock.-Table LII shows the number of live stock on farms and elsewhere, by provinces. The live stock on farms is also classified by the tenure of the farms. The following is a summary of the results: Horses -. —............-..............-.......... ---- - 88, 001 M ules ---.... — - - - - - - - - —........... -.. -... — ------—. ---- 18, 474 Asses -. --- —-.....-...........~........... —.-.- ----. ---. —. — - 1,842 Pigs. --- —--—.-................... ----—. ----. --- —- 358,868 Goats. --- —----................... --- —.-.. --- —-----...18,564 Sheep. --- —--—..............-................ —.. ---- ---- 9. 9, 982 Fowls. --- ——. —...-.-.......... --- —-..... ----.. --- ——. ---- 1, 517, 892 552 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Cattle -------------- -----—. ----------- ------- 376, 650 Oxen ----------------------— 164,948 Steers ----------------- --- 10,714 Bulls -------------- ----- --- 13, 279 Young bulls ----------------------—. --- —--—..-. —...-.. 36, 125 Cows --------------- ----------- - 82,338 Heifers —.. --- —-----—.......-.-.................._....-.... 12, 366 Yearling calves 15, 676 Other calves ---—... — -------........... 41,204 Other animals --—.- --------—.. ---...................... — —........ 2, 777 The total amount of live stock is small, considering the size of the island and its population. Horses are comparatively few in number; mules are apparently little used, while oxen are the chief draft animals. The number of sheep is trifling. Sugar mills.-An attempt was made upon the farm schedules to obtain statistics concerning the number, capacity, and production of the sugar mills, or centrals, of Cuba, and it is believed that, considering the condition of the sugar industry at the time the census was taken, the results are quite as satisfactory as could have been expected. Many of the mills were in ruins, many others had been injured to a greater or less extent, and none of them were in operation at the time of the census, as the cane crop had not at that time been harvested. The schedules received from Matanzas and Santa Clara, in which provinces most of the sugar is produced, were quite satisfactory. The most defective schedules came from Pinar del Rio, Puerto Principe, and Santiago, which were relatively of little importance in the matter of sugar production, and in which the sugar mills are, as a rule, small. Summing up the returns given by the schedules, it appears that Cuba contained at the time of the census 207 mills, of all sizes, which were in condition to be operated. Their capacity was jointly 8,754,192 arrobas of cane. The average daily production of these mills was 61,407 bags of sugar, at 200 pounds per bag. There were connected with these mills 85 stills, with a daily capacity of 161,751 gallons of rum. In the following table the results are set forth by provinces: Sugar centrals. Stills. Provinces. No. Capacity Production of cane. per day. Number. Capacity per day. Arrobas. Bags. Gallons. Habana...................................... 20 858,050 6,025 6 3,850 Matanzas.:................ 72 3,342,200 23,406 25 72,929 Pinar del Rio..................................... 7 118,700 785.... Puerto Principe.................................. 3 170,000 1,180 2 2,900 Santa Clara...................................... 73 3,512,600 22,750 25 30,600 Santiago.......................................... 42 752,542 7,261 27 51,472 Cuba........................................ 207 8,754,192 61,407 85. 161,751 ROPING CATTLEr AGRICULTURE. 553 TABLES OF AGRICULTTURE. TABLE XLIV. —Farm areas in Caballerias. aArea cutiProvince. Number Total area.Area culti- 7Aea13 i Large tim- Small timtrovinces. 1899 ated in of farms. vated, 1899. ber. ber. Habana........................ 6,159 25,244.96 3,193.21 7,213.46 1,884.96 1,408.78 Matanzas...................... 4,083 30,616.77 4,902.35 11,086.90 1,468.99 1,899.76 Pinar del Rio -................. 10,408 33,827.34 4,303.78 3,816.71 10,430.38 3,716.37 Puerto Principe................ 2,382 61,365.08 938.83..... 25,269.77 12,033.59 Santa Clara.....-.. ---- -—. 16,129 57,171.12 7,514.91 10,945.45 7,733.34 5,900. 92 Santiago..................... 21,550 54,633.22 6,179.22 8,728.35 26,336.88 11,341.11 Cuba —...... --- —--—.. 60,711 262,858.49 27,032. 30........... — 73,124.32 36,300.53 PROVINCE OF HABANA. Number I~Area culti- Area cultiNumber Large tim- Sm all tim - Districts. of farms. Total area. ated in vated in ber. matimof farms. g g D. ber. 1899. 1895. Aguacate......... — -.-....... 47 471.13 73.82 190.65 40. 50 34 Alquizar.................. 235 908.97 126.24 247.95 8.55 80.44 Bainoa......................... 148 382.13 121.10 275.28 11.43 22.07 Batabano...................... 01 1, 594.50 77. 48 357. 57 28. 87 312. 62 Bauta.......................... 91 832.76 157.57 331. 70.03 113.54 Bejucal................. 166 260.19 45.47 65.30 24. 18 4.50 Cano.......................... 249 515.90 130.10 79.78 30.30 38.36 Casiguas —................... 21 100.23 29. 56 23. 42 4.99.99 Catalina..................... 169 521.07 90.83 217.21 9.68 25.93 Cieba del Agua................ 155 223.07 54. 32 110.25.12 12.74 Guanabacoa................... 368 611.54 134.61 175. 73 9.70 14.87 Guara.......................... 47 477.76 16. 56 160.62 49.50 30.25 Giiines ------------—.. —...- -- 289 1,059.62 236.43 546 10.35 118.10 Guira de Melena —. --- —. —. —. 569 947.65 257.29 338.93 3.15 7.77 Habana --- —----------------—.269 419.81 120.54 72.60 5.85 7.62 Isla de Pinos.................. 94 7,030.96 25.69 14.72 1,233.31 93.06 Jaruco...................1...... 69 687.95 76.16 158.18. 26.75 47.12 Madruga............ ---..... 165 515.50 82.90 306.43 31.50 19.12 Managua................. ----. 142 508. 84 73.37 189.04 35.25 17.80 Marianao...................... 77 150.21 68.31 95.84 6.50 4.12 Melena del Sur............ — 46 401.30 88.68 246. 33 1 6 Nueva Paz........... —..... 298 843.79 171.27 460.41 28.75 95.88 Pipian......................... 142 367.10 72.69 226.10 89.75 47.49 Quivican....................... 90 375.06 49.75 208.58 79.50 4.25 Regla........................ 1.87.62............ Salud......... 320 493.46 107.10 227.12 2.58 42.57 San Antonio.......- —..-.... 75 600.83 51.59 270.30.10 72.87 San Antonio de los Baios...... 523 735. 76 168.68 157.53 4.82 19.75 San Felipe..................... 39 240.55 5.94 172....................... San Jos6 de las Lajas.......... 146 420.45 49.15 174.65 54.48 28.33 San Nicols.................... 151 623.82 77.15 280.59 9.99 23.48 Santa Cruz del Norte.......... 135 843.50 134.22 391.20 12.20 26. 95 Santa Maria del Rosario....... 92 163.39 31.87 41. 05 2 2.08 Santiago de las Vegas......... 180 348.18 94.48 107.26 9.41 20.81 Tapaste. —.-................. 120 330.02 33.92 193.64 19. 62 2.56 Verada Nueva............. 130 237, 09 57. 75 99.50.25 10.74 Total..................... 6,159 25,244.96 3,193.21 7,213.46 1,884.96 1,408.78 PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. Alacranes...................... 219 1,500.36 391.81 574.98 112. 92 128.88 Bolondr6n..................... 165 2,428.80 301.06 1,056.13 136.99 159.84 Cabezas........................ 189 1,049.45 216. 12 236.79 18.25 68.50 Canasi......................... 30 616.23 73.93 194.50 20 73.75 Cardenas...................... 17 202.46 80.02 59.34.......... Carlos Rojas.................... 78 824.50 96.42 352.98........... 20.58 Colon.......................... 300 1,619.87 245. 03 498.91 85. 12 49.23 Cuevitas....................... 274 1,552.82 253.93 469. 67 43.66 61.81 Guamacaro.................... 73 1,461.31 137. 36 522.10 22 165.74 Jagfiey Grande................. 508 1,713.66 252. 25 394.12 460.47 61.45 Jovellanos..................... 90 658.09 178.05 399.21..14.25 Macagua........................ 93 1,356.28 81. 35 248.23 247. 86 100. 26 Macuriges...................... 282 2,107.23 424. 77 947. 67 89 69.11 Marti................ 113 '1,835.28 236. 11 460.62 24.; 25 122.'03 Matanzas...................... 624 2,681.96 308.45 862.87 24.50 507.97 554 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. TABLE XLI V.-Fo-hrm areas in. Caballerias-Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS-Continued. Districts. MAximo-G6mez..... --- —. --- Mnndez Capote................ Palmillas.............. --- —Perico............. --- —--- Roque................ --- —-- Sabanilla....... ---..-..-..San Jose de los Ratnos -......-. Santa Ana....-.... --- —---- Uni6n de Reyes...... --- —.... Total... —...-... ----. Number Total area. of farms. otalarea 135 100 162 56 208 150 96 75 46 905.96 726.50 2,310.67 508.80 1,675.43 1,215.45 678.25 736 251.41 Area culti- Area cultivated in vated in Lrge tim- Small tim1899. 1895. ber. ber. 153.56 372.57 54.63 133.23 233.63 4.23 28.02 310.36 726.09 65. 39 5707 142.31 196.29.13 1.50 253.88 728.96 104.27 52.70 224.13 707.90 4.93 12.59 216.50 304.71.02 40.54 75.29 386.62 5 49.31 116.43 152.01...................... 4,902.35 11,086.90 1,468.99 1,899.76 4,083 30,616.77 PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. Artemisa. —...... —.... --- Bahia Honda..... —.......... Cabanas............... ----. Candelhria..-....-...... —. Consolaci6n del Norte -....-. Cons6laci6n del Sur............ Guanajay........ —.. Guane......... -. —........ Guayabel.................. Julian Diaz..........-.. ---. Los Palacios......-. —......Mantua.................-...... Mariel.......... —. --- — -. Pinar del Rio.......... ---. San Cristobal.... --- ——...- - San Diego de los Barlos...... San Diego de Munez........ San Juan y Martinez....... San Luis......... ---........ Viiales.............. Total................ 493 48 137 232 825 1,103 262 742 146 138 213 762 149 2,298 288 241 42 766 544 979 1,157.10 652.31 1,305.64 2,163.74 1,339.31 2,262.72 179.07 10,205.92 580.00 1,049.36 592.13 4,605.23 725.09 2,113.28 1,045.98 771.07 188.21 1,181.28 570.31 1,139.59 211.78 26. 54 155.40 135.12 226.69 463.43 67.11 371.31 83.10 50.47 78.97 230. 78 90.60 903.47 158.09 81.18 23.35 470.62 213.52 262.26 260.17 42.00 225.50 192.35 41. 22 402.52 10.46 176.65 409.61 1.50 102.56 320.78 411.67 209.87 197.28 100.04 30.00 384.49 66.28 231.76 34.75 117.01 285.75 77.00 17.75 157.87 161.96 282.59 396.73 234.27 20.75 51.51 ~........1.02 6,823.90 992.68 9.37 23.37 200.00 2.50 82.25 63.25 1,843.57 618.97 1.00 134.69 7.05 142.30 147.76 161.54 113.62 140.13 65.00 11.33 138.96.50 94.00 272.34 217.47 10,430.38 3,716.37 -7%0~ _ = 10,408 33,827.341 4,303.78 3,816.71 PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. Ciego de Avila........ 379 10, 773. 34 95.44.......... 4,304.52 2,021.74 MornI....................... 383 4,890.28 111.04 -..... 1,604.51 1,209.05 Nuevitas......... —.. —... - 153 4,939.95 327.74......... 1,421.20 1,589.96 Puerto Principe -. -- -. --- — - -- 1,304 34,006.15 352.27............ 15,129.36 5,921.79 Santa Cruz del Sur........... 163 6,755.36 52. 34............ 2,810.18 1,291.05 Total.......2,382 61,365.08 938.83............ 25,269.77 12,033.59 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. Abreus................. Caibarien.............. Calabazar...................... Camajuani.................... Cartagena...... --- —---—... Ceja de Pablo......... --- —.Cienfuegos..................... Cifuentes..............-... Cruces..................... Esperanza. ----...... ---. Palmira........................ Placetas....................... Quemadas de Guines...-. —.. Rancho Veloz................ Ranchuelo................ Rodas................. Sagua la Grande............... San Antonio de las Vuel+as... Sancti-Spiritus.... ---....... - San Diego del Valle........... 96 82 700 674 320 470 1, 545 209 143 630 I 78 438 503 467 134 256 365 1,206 1,632 554 415.87 455.63 2,903.69 1,066.44 1,745.28 1,772.42 7,021.15 643.93 535.82 1,108.63 588.44 2,060.61 1,288.76 1,235.05 466.02 1,472.06 1,511.71 1,355.52 8,724.00 964. 94 115.26 73.52 464.78 267.95 225.70 119.53 1,435.29 41.72 121.72 212.72 180.01 208.40 222.99 225.86 99.39 377. 97 188.71 293. 58 285.19 71.93 102. *69.1 700.1 533.4 415. 199. 1,152.4 104. 350.1 446. 247.1 284. 543. 280. 175. 1 668.1 175.] 407. 359.; 92.] 88 1.50 24.75 L8 41.16 46.17 )4 390.74 209.55 12 14.86 16.66 61 46.75 217.95 35 4.41 100. 83 17 1,260 46 913.76 33 8.64 24.96 55.47 7.47 88 21.01 40.47 17.......... 1.00 34 247.36 115.00 )7 79.99 36.33 14 46.48 38.22 54 6.00 8.49 52 22.50 5.03 32 24.49 287.08 82 186.95 193.73 21 1,622.09 1,329.11 19 51.78 124.56 AGRICULTURE. TABLE XLIV.-Farmn areas in Caballerias-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. 555 Area culti- Area culti Large tim- Small timDistricts. Number Total area. vated in vated in ber. ber.matimof farms. 1899er. er. San Fernando................. 451. 1,177.84 372.97 440.50 9.81 20.23 San Juan de las Yeras......... 474 1,029.84 121.09 263.05 5.00 90.20 San Juan de los Remedios..... 625 1,630.65 341.28 643.21 113.63 160.25 Santa Clara.................... 1,726 4,404.17 302.44 520.98 648.66 709.44 Santa Isabel de las Lajas...... 262 1,631.50 393.41 608.08 28.25 20.42 Santo Domingo -.........-.. — 835 1,748. 69 228.43 395.23 92.28 186.58 Trinidad....................... 915 5,996.64 271.80 317.13 1,920.37 568.43 Yaguajay...................... 339 2,215.82 251.27 447.54 837.70 404.25 Total..................... 16,129 57,171.12i 7,514.91 10,945.45 7,733.34 5,900.92 PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA. Alto Songo.................... 1,515 1,942.78 291.23 327.17 819.41 749.95 Baracoa........-.... ----...-.. 2,110 2,702.46 676.97 1,248.20 796.01 1,163.97 Bayamo... —..................... 1,373 4,153.78 444.63 223.04 1,319.43 1,163.64 Campechuela.................. 321 1,186.54 296.41 305.00 487.74 137.80 Caney.................. 611 2,235.61 78.81 131.40 1,225.37 276.10 Cobre..................... 1,253 4,123.82 258. 78 317.17 4,203. 96 144.59 Cristo....................... — 19 4.35 2.08................ 2.10 Gibara......................... 1,205 3,770.49 980.44 1,288.49 1,550.87 651.91 Guantanamo................... 1,262 4,546.43 714.92 815.51 1,896.93 834.80 Holguin........................ 3,260 13,834.84 449.97 1,303.54 6,582.99 2,758.17 Jiguani.-. —. —.-.......-... —. 863 1,506.42 230.87 225.90 286.65 150.83 Manzanillo............ ---........ 2,033 2,640.48 526.08 699.25 1,169.05 242.95 Mayari......................... 734 595.00 148.03 210.71 219.40 186.65 Niquero............. ---—...... 265 189.09 83.15 134.96 3.75 19.68 Palma Soriano.........-....... 1,404 1,681.88 224.17 456.01 790.43 376.62 Puerto Padre.. —............ —. 1,119 5,415.79 403.44 492.02 2,361.78 1,710.69 Sagua de Tnamo.............. 628 2,313.60 106.85 100.48 2,053.68 46.79 San Luis...................... 1,289 1,094.87 193.89 341.25 475.36 241.78 Santiago de Cuba.............. 286 694.99 68.50 108.25 94.07 482.09 Total..................... 21,550 54,633.22 6,179.22 8,728.35 26,336.88 11,341.11 TABLE XLV.-Tenure of farms, by size and by race of occupant. Number. CUBA. and an and ' and land 3 and 5 and Total Under under under under under under under 10 and number. ~Icabanumb e ria. caba- * caba- 1 caba- 3 caba- 5 caba- 10 caba- over. lleria. Ileria. lleria. Ilerias..llerias. llerias. White owners............ 13,898 7,797 2,807 1,273 340 1,090 227 177 187 White renters............. 29,737 17,878 6,266 2,703 709 1,649 257 166 109 Colored owners.......... 3,092 2,338 459 172 26 77 10 8 2 Colored renters........... 11,247 8,643 1,680 592 97 202 22 9 2 Other.................. 2,737 1,935 438 165 45 105 22 13 14 Total............... 60,711 38,591 11,650 4,905 1,21.7 3,123 538 373 314 PROVINCE OF HABANA. White owners............ 2,027 724 635 309 81 219 26 24 9 White renters............ 3,506 1,151 1,159 654 176 313 32 19 2 Colored owners........... 47 28 11 7 1............................... Colored renters........... 289 119 105 44 9 12....................... Other..................... 290 129 82 37 15 16 5 4 2 Total............... 6,159 2,151 1,992 1,051 282 560 63 47 13 556 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. TABLE XLV.-Tenure of farms, by size and by race of occupant. Number-Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. Underr and 5 and i and I and 3 and 5 and Total I under under under under under under 10 and numb~r, 4 cabanumber. aia.- caba I caba- 1 caba- 3 caba- a5 1aha- 10 eaha- over. a. leria. Ileria. lieria. llerias. llerias. lerias. White owners.......-.... 1,826 617 434 203 79 256 100 71. 66 White renters. —.......... 1,644 641 413 197 75 214 41 36 27 Colored owners....-...... 129 70 28 14........ 12 4 1........ Colored renters........ —. 408 248 99 26 6 23 4 1 1 Other-................ 76 27 9 9 3 16 7 3 2 Total -..... —.... ---- 4,083 1,603 983 449 163 521 156 12 96 PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. White owners............ 1,325 273 415 306 62 227 24 10 8 White renters............ 7,202 2,821 2,338 1,123 299 546 55 16 4 Colored owners........... 121 37 63 9 5 7......... Colored renters..........., 654 838 515 214 29 57 -:-:::........- 1 Other............5...... 106 54 26 13 3 7........- -- 3 Total...-......... 08 4,023 3,357 1,665 398 844 79 26 16 PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. White owners-.....-. —. 649 460 128 33 8 18 ---- - - - 2 White renters -.......-.. 953 686 148 72 11 30 2 2 2 Colored owners.......... 30 17 10 2... --- — 1........................ Colored renters...........- 141 105 21 9 1 4 1. Other,.................. 609 318 150 66 20 49 5. ---. —. Total-. ---. ----. --- — 2,382 1,586 457 182 40 102 8 2 5 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. White owners......... —. White renters... —....... Colored owners........... Colored renters........... Other..................... Total............. 4,216 8,799 354 2,383 377 2,927 6,587 310 1,998 324 598 1,100 28 202 24 204 76 363 108 7-..... 99 16 11 2 216 397 4 51 6 60 60 75 106 79 59 1 2 2 14 3 4 3....... 4j!3 3 16,129 12,1461 1,9521 684 202 674 185 147 139 PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO. White owners............ White renters...-........ Colored owners........-. Colored renters-...-. —.... Other............... Total............... 3,85-5 2,796 7,633 5,992 2,411 1,876 6,372 5,335 1,279 1,083 597 218 34 154 1,108 294 40 149 319 133 20 53 738 200 36 55 147 29 2 11 17 12 27 21 14 15 53 5 1 3 3 47.) 45 21,550 117,082 2,909 874 1321 422 TABLE XLVI. — Tenure of farms, by size and by race of occupant. Cultivated area. CUBA. ta Under and 5 and } and I and 3 and 5 andl Total Una e under 5 under 5 under I under 3 under 5 nder 10 10 and area. aball e- caballe- aba- ab alle- eaballe- over. ria. ria. r ia. leria. rias. rias. rias. White owners.....11,180.53 851.22 815.87 671. 60 266.50 1,534.06 790. 68 1, 176.15 5,074.45 White renters..... 11,826. 94 1,922.58 1,790.33 1,411.02 553.37 2,296.18 915. 27 1 02.22 1,2,55.)7 Colored owners-... 743. 80 274. 66 142.15 92.28 20.75 104.75 34. 29 47.92 27.00 Colored renters -.- 2,191.75 900.52 485.92 308.03 77. 16 260. 62 78. 40 57.10 24. 00 Other - 1,089.37 221.58 139.30 91.56 36.84 153.46 80.06 75.20 291. 7 Total.......27,032.39 4,170.56 3,373.57 2,574.49 954.62 4,349.07 1,898.70 2,438.59 7,272.79 AGRICULTURE. 557 TABLE, XLVI. - Tenure of farms, by size and by race of occupant. Cultivated area-Cont' d. PROVINCE OF HABANA. nrannd 8and and iand 3and 5 and Total Undr4 under I under ~ under 1 under 3 under 5 under 10 10 and caballe- a area. a caballe-caballe- caba- caballe- caballe- caballe- over. ria. ria. lleria. rias. rias. rias. White owners..... 1,284.49 91.38 181.22 163.05 62.31 301.74 92. 00 148. 79 244. 00 White renters.... 1,650.12 142.71 337.16 342.69 137.91 414.73 113.87 126.05 35. 00 Colored owners.... 10.11 2.86 2.75 3. 75.75.................................... Colored renters.... 88. 16 13.02 30.08 22. 71 7.15 15.20. Other............. 160.33 14.02 24.18 19.54 11.53 21.72 20.09 28.00 21.25 Total........ 3,193.21 263.99 575.39 551.74 219.65 753.39 225.96 302.84 300.25 PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. White owners..... 3,141.50 64.67 120.45 106.83 62.43 385.68 351.30 467.11 1,583.03 White renters..... 1,469.15 67. 72 116.20 102.37 58.19 317.68 154.84 239.50 412.65 Colored owners.... 62.15 7.08 7.78 7.26........ 19.97 14.06 6.00......... Colored renters... - 126. 98 23.21 27.25 13.58 4.62 27.70 14.00 6. 62 10.00 Other.............. 102.57 2.51 2.44 4.86 2.41 25.27 24.46 15.00 25.62 Total........ 4,902.35 165.19 274.12 234.90 127.65 776.30 558.66 734.23 2,031.30 PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. White owners..... 892.63 32.29 112.40 153.94 47.25 287.98 78.50 65.62 114.65 White renters..... 2, 826.64 341.05 631.18 570.81 228.66 714.32 190.37 95.25 55.00 Colored owners.... 36.81 4.39 16.29 4.50 3.63 8.................. Colored renters.... 454.67 99.54 139.32 109.31 22.63 69.87.................. 14.00 Other. ----. ----- 93.03 5.08 6.93 6.50 2.27 9.25............ 63.00 Total....... 4,303.78 482.35 906.12 845.06 304.44 1,089.42 268.87 160.87 246. 65 PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. White owners..... 392.06 47. 57 40.21 18.04 6.74 23.50.................. 256.00 White renters..... 266.24 68. 72 47.34 41.92 9.54 37.36 8.22 11.14 42. 00 Colored owners.... 7.49 1.87 3.16 1.11........ 1.35.......................... Colored renters... 34.79 11.36 6.43 5.15.86 6.99 4.................. Other.............. 238.34 39.19 51.96 38.39 17.43 72.23 19.14 -—.............. Total........ 938.92 168.71 149.10 104.61 34.57 141.43 31.36 11.14 298.00 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. White owners.. - -. White renters..... Colored owners. -.. Colored renters..-.. Other.............. Total........ 3,162.12 3,721.92 82.69 426.32 121.86 275.98 612.95 26.24 163.29 26.42 173.44 323.29 8.09 58.34 6.48 111.93 197.02 3.83 52. 54 6.36 60.15 86.46 13.:03 1.53 319.79 597.49 3.50 70. 54 10.20 212.73 376.21 3.03 50.00 13.37 420.33 523.28 11.00 18. 58 16.00 1,587.77 1,005.22 27.00 41.50 2,661.49 7,514.91 11,104.88 569.64 371.68 1 161.17 1,001.52 655.34 989.19 PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO. White owners.....2,307.73 339.33 188.15 117.81 27. 62 215.37 56.15 74.30 1,289 White renters.....1,892. 87 689.43 335.16 156.21 32.61 214. 60 71. 76 87.00 306.10 Colored owners.... 544.55 232.22 104.08 71.83 16.37 71.93 17. 20 30.92......... Colored renters.... 1,060.83 590.10 224. 50 104. 74 28. 87 70. 32 10.40 31.90.......Other.............. 373.24 134.36 47.31 15.91 1.67 14.79 3. 00 16. 20 140. 00 Total --- 6,179.22 1,985.44 899.20 466.50 107.14 587.01 158.51 240.32 1,735.10 TABLE XLVII.-Areas cultivated in principal crops, in cordels. CUBA. Tobacco. Sugar Rice. Swes. porish Yams. Bananas. nts. - Coffee. Onions. Pie Cocoa. M - Oranges. ndian Yuca, cane. I potatoes. i potatoes. apple. gas corn.. ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c r...i White owners......... White renters......... Colored owners........ Colored renters........ Other.................. Total............. 183,309 537,202 6,047 67,868 23, 026 2,304,054 1,516,475 36,839 148,115 136,533 11,493 19,237 1,534 6,224 3,588 260,964 516,347 23,850 127, 525 44, 943 8,034 15, 752 147 867 2,008 5,870 13, 075 2,478 6,416 2,251 286,015 309, 345 35,430 80,993 41,844 58, 376 18,595 17,783 18,694 6,813 49,823 23,891 35,278 24,664 4,207 4,738 7,799 232 759 746 10,544 13,437 325 820 1,656 31,562 14, 980 40, 203 29,871 2,909 57,735 197, 458 4,479 35,289 8,642 9,588 10,752 528 1,431 1,119 175,838 319,172 18,252 89, 283 36,497 - 68,439 132,075 9,603 ' 50, 013 23,213 0.. 817,452 1 4,142,016 42,076 973 629 26,808 30,090 753,627 120,261 137,863 14,274 26,782 119,525 303,603 i 23,418 639,042 283,343 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3363 2341 O ^_ HABANA. White owners.......... 34,926 150,142 583 62,182 5,317 672 37,224 3,941 2,163 3,969 8,218 140 9,127 3,336 47,177 12,981 White renters......... 63,526 108,791 1,257 104,935 7,228 1,360 47,839 1,119 1,673 5,481 11,271 6 20,205 5,711 78,554 20,429 Colored owners...... 403 364 62 762..... 40 454 9... 194 145......... 97 9 246 173 Colored renters....... 2,139 4,466 143 7, 628 204 87 3,318 489 231 618 213..... 860 264 4,076 796 Other............... 5, 638 15,681 112 6,965 1,440 222 4,077 817 112 719 1,336........ 1,409 205 5,569 2,002 Total........... 106, 632 279,444 2,157 182,472 14,189 2,381 92, 912 6,375 4,179 10,981 21,183 146 31,698 9,525 135,622 36, 381 MATANZAS.... J _..~~~~~~~8 9 Q White owners......... White renters......... Colored owners........ Colored renters........ Other.................. Total........... 2,786 984 634 48 222 841,570 343,120 11,281 21,629 27, 901 3,046 860 70 114 38 47,267 38,332 2,554 I 6,150 1,359 891 2,577.......... 60 324 138 288 2 7...... 56,068 48,799 2,547 6,910 1,593 576 520 2 50...... 1 1,533 614 94 117 438 113 797 1 2 - -- - 1 518 216 24 203 8......... 6,996.... 5,450....110 6....20..... 196 3,476 22,656 14,763 t 1,644 12,173 7,003; 124 4 999 241 2,427 1,915 279 438 309 5,664 38,818 24,989 4,674 1,245,501 14,1281 95,6621 3,852 435 115,917 1,148 2,796 913 969........ 13,372 TABLE XLVII.-Acres cultivated in principal crops, in cordels-Continued. PINAR DEL RIO. White owners.......... 114,016 36,337 3,599 44,109 450 1,375 17,808 685 3,057 200 624 180 33,068 721 20,493 7, 533 White renters........... 400,622 37,141 9, 043 173, 538 2,500 3,181 40, 383 386 1, 661 589 837 121 150,316 1,456 59, 259 24, 476 Colored owners...... 3,868......... 226 2,654........ 5 274......... 1,701...............2,128 41 743 240 Colored renters........ 56,330 8,419 2,328 32,3531 343 464 4,785 52 1,032 54 65......... 23,541 379 9, 811 4,066 Other............... 15,517 3,574 95 i 5,530.......... 21 405......... 27........ 27......... 3,910...... 634 229 Total............. 590,353 85,471 15,291 258,184 3,293 5,046 63,655 1,123 7,478 843 1,553 301 212,963 2,597 90,940 36,544 PUERTO PRINCIPE. White owners........... 368 86,933 566 8,538 42 379 11,817 1,840 1,599 24 132 200 356 479 5,281 4,747 White renters.......... 255 8,779 1,407 14,894 116 431 17,845 1,302 964 15 214 346 595 355 10,681 7,334 Colored owners... 2 215 46 487.. 771 44 127........ 2 4 16 8 319 320 Colored renters....... 25 870 214 1,712 4 95 2,826 444 51.50..49 53 1,777 1,443 Other.................. 300 8,703 2,160 15,779 29 710 19,963 847 2,393 17 234 111 866 474 11,980 7,880 Total............. 950 105,500,393 41410 191 1,618 53,222 4,477 5,134 56 632 661 1,882 1,369 30,038 21,724 SANTA CLARA. C1, t111 White owners.......... White renters.......... Colored owners........ Colored renters........ Other................. 29,618 65, 893 694 6,410 739 791,123 829,929 12,449 74,534 26, 965 3,208 3,846 423 1,116 260 60,594 94,574 3,583 21,266 3,583 861. 2,409 2 143 34 465 975 4 192 39 42,763 59,052 3,236 9,666 2,032 1,095 893 16 123 127 17, 767 4,878 386 1,227 221 303 758 3 76 10 765 517 9 101 9 177 19 5 -— g.... 6,314 13,378 271 2,143 663 1,183 808 56 111 106 28,912 56,447 1,550 13,130 2,020 10,177 17,721 864 4,967 848 Total............. 103,354 1,735,000 8,853 183,600 3,449 1,675 116,749 2,254 24,479 1,150 1,401 201 22,769 2,264 102,059 34,577 SANTIAGO. White owners.......... 1,595 White renters.......... 1 5,922 Colored owners........ 446 Colored renters........ 2, 916 Other................. 610 Total.............i 11,489 1 397,949 188, 715 12,530 38,197 53, 709 491 2,824 707 2,309 923 38,274 90,074 13,810 58,416 11,727 473 922 145 113 181 2,841 6,840 2,424 5,571 1,259 120,335 95,427 28,148 53,488 13,774 50,239 14,375 17,712 17, 536 5,022 23, 704 14,101 32,970 22,006 1,016 129 159 34 9 287 382 145 188 42 30,865 14,488 40,199 29,866 2, 798 1,874 7, 514 1,857 8,076 1,598 393 778 390 383 55 51,319 18,238 102,058 55,112 14,270 7,007 58,062 36,826 15,856 11,945 241,,565 129,128 C;......... ___ <^ 691,100 7,254 212,301 1,834 18,935 311,172 104,884 93,797 331 1,044 118,216 20,919 1,999 560 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. TABLE XLVIII.-Sugar plantations classified by area. Tt. 0-323 324-971 972- 11,620 -cordels. cordels. 1, 619 3,239 Totl. ~ cordels. 1 cordels. White owners.............. White renters....-...... Colored owners............. Colored renters............. Other....................... Total................. 4,541 6, 730 520 2,645 1,085 3,694 5,752 493 2,555 1,023 398 587 18 63 28 147 170 3 18 16 136 125 5 7 8 3,240- 8,100- 16200- 32,400 8,099 16,199 32,399 cordels cordels. cordels. cordels. and over. 107 41 13 5 83 11 2~. 1. 8 11 2........ 21....3..i 1-5.. -------- 201 53 j 15 6 15,521 13,517 1, 094 354 281 TABLE XLIX.-Number and average size, in cordels, of sugar plantations. Total. White own- White rent- Colored own- Colored rent- Ot Total. i Other. ers. ers. ers. ers. Province. ~-| --- - Num- Aver- Aver- Aver- Aver- Nu. Aver- AverNum- Num- Num- Num- uber. ge er age bNer- age eber- e ber. age size. size. size. size. size. size. Habana..... 1,099 254 435 345 557 195 4 91 58 77 45 348 Matanzas.... 2,133 584 1,049 802 797 430 60 188 182 119 45 620 Pinar dcl io- 178 480 44 826 101 68......... 30 281 3 1,191 Puerto Principe...... 1,419 74 346 251 527 17 21 10 99 9 1 426 20 Santa Clara.. 5,474 317 1,646 481 2,704 307 134 93 869 86 121 223 Santiago....- 5,218 132 1,021 390 2,044 92 301 42 1,407 27 445 121 Total... 15, 521 267 4,541 507 6,730 225 520 7 2,645 56 1,085 126 TABLE L.-Tobacco plantations classified by area. 324 cor0-80 81-161 162-242 243-323 l24 orTotal. cordels. cordels. cordels. cordels. (lels ard over. _______________........ _. __ _____ ____ White owners...-..-........... —.. 3,131 2,463 365 158 43 102 White renters.................. 10,203 8,119 1,309 448 105 222 Colored owners -.... —...-.. — —.. - 190 171 10 6 1 2 Colored renters..-.............. 1,943 1,695 196 39 3 10 Other......... —. --- —-.-.... —... 364 325 19 9 2 9 Total.................15,831 12,773 1,899 660 154 345 TABLE LI.-Number and average size, in cordels, of tobacco plantations. Total. White own- White rent- Colored own- Colored rent- Other. loial. gtner. ers. ers. ers. ers. Province. Aver- Aver- Aver Av Num- Num- Num- -Nm- Aver- Num- Aver- Nu. Averber. age er. ae er age her. age berb age ber. age size. size. size, size. size. size. Habana...... Matanzas.... Pinar del Rio. Puerto Principe..-... Santa Clara - - Santiago.... Total —. 2,527 90 8,133 79 4,334 668 42 52 73 12 24 17 709 42 1,126 21 1,148 85 49 66 101 18 26 19 1,620 36 5,586 27 2,604 330 39 27 72 9 25 18 14 4 77 1 68 26 29 159 50 2 10 17 86 5 1,260 3 422.167 25 10 45 8 15 18 35 98 3 84 27 92 60 364 57 74 185 11 8 10 63 15,831 52 3, 11 8 110,203 53 190 32 1,943 TABLE LII.-Live stock. ON -IARMS. 0Ci *.......... Horses. Habana..................... 5,501 Mlatanzas.................... 3,640 Pinar del Rio............... 7,161 0_ Puerto Principe......... 13,158 Santa, Clara.1.............. 14,012 Santiago de Cuba............ 14,592 Mules. Asses. Pigs. 948 1,017 2,400 589 1,996 1,619 162 124 150 162 224 427 37, 358 23,737 60,466 44,560 72,032 52, 820 Goats. 1,538 1,390 2,313 1,513 2,827 1,984 Sheep. 1,356 808 1,488 -427 2,402 750 Barnyard Oxen. fowl. | Oxen. Calves. Steers. 231,481 28,884 7,367 1,251 97,650 21,607 2,713 412 248,268 33,858 4,160 1,078 90,053 4,837 5,932 2,386 280,170 37,722 6,442 1,844 197,852 9,360 1,859 681 1,145,474 136,268 28,473 7,652 Bulls. Heifer sYou bulls. 2,979 2,294 11,639 562 849 1,099 1,334 1,58 2,235 1,657 1,946 887 1,350 1,725 5,213 862 910 266 Cows. 14,215 4,917 8,353 12,036 14 111 3,164 Yearling Other calves. animals. 1,738 215 1,068 213 1,476 81 3,665 12 3,035 339 560 32 11,542 892 otal............. 8,064 8,569 1,249 290973 11,565 7,231 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ - o _ 8 _ - _ _ o L _ - 8,744 9,282121,339 56,796 % NOT ON FARMS. flhusa a............... 7,986 4,567 164 6,968 1,789 1,089 50,718 4,349 2,677 389 1,587 616 6,945 4,750 371 223 a zas.................... 4,250 771 137 19,854 2,014 432 109,783 6,887 2,094 363 400 542 1,535 4,027 714 812 Pinar del Rio...-............ 1,991 960 22 8,213 432 335 i 39,118 5,107 i 724 149 180 193 547 1,528 234 130 Puerto Principe 3............. 3,153 286 28 5,049 433 79 27, 547 03 1,725 622 639 542 330 3,196 839 37 Santa Clara.................. 6,817 1,644 92 17,595 1,311 521 85,289 7,509 3,814 1,019 754 539 2,401 7,713 1,577 321 Santiago de Cuba............ 75,740 1,677 150 10,216 1,020 295 59,963 3,525 1,697 520 975 6 52 3,028 4,328 399 362 'IsA. 29 937 —,....1 K......0 14786 23 413 1.S.5 otal..... 29,937 9,9035 5693 67,895 ' 6,999 2,7531 372,418 28,680 12,731 I 3,062,535 3,084 14,786 25,5t2 1 4,134 1,885 TOTAL. Haban.......... '......... 13,487 5,515 M,Iatanzas................... 7, 890 1,788 Pillar del Rio.............. 9,152 3,360 Puerto Principe............ 16,311 875 Santn Clara.................. 20,829 3,640 Santiago de Cuba............ 20,32 3,296 326 44,326 3 327 2,445 282,199 33,233 10,044 1,640 261 43,591 3,404 1,240 207,433 28, 494 4,807 775 172 68,679 2,745 1,823 287,386 38,965 4,884 1,227 190 49,609 1,946 06 117,600 6,140 7,657 3,008 316 89,627 4,138 2,923 365,459 45, 231 10,256 2,863 577 63,36 3,004 1,045 1 257,815 12,885 3,3556 1,201 4,566 962 1,514 2,296 2,104 1, 837 2,910 1,391 1, 751 2,488 2,264 1, 562 12, 366 18,584 18 965, 109 2,634 8,944 1, 782 2,782 9,881 1,710 1,217 115,232 4,504 7, 614.1 21,824 4 612 3,294 7,492 959 36.125( 82,3 153.676 438 1,025 211 49 660 394 2,777 Trotal............... 88, 0011 18,474 1,8492 358,868.1 18,564 9, 9823 1, 517 892 64 948 41,204 1 10,71 1 13,279 C0 ^ cz1 TABLE LII.-Live stock- Continued. CUBA. Barnyard!Yug Yaln te Horses. Mules. Asses. Pigs. Goats. Sheep. Balrad1 Oxen. Calves. Steers. Bulls. Heifers. Young Cows. Y earling Otheranmls fowl. Oe.bulls, calves, animals. White owners................ 18,203 4,001 573 79,345 3,498 3,477 310,670 60,760 10,783 3,308 4,212 3,858 13,010 23,601 4,597 413 White renters................ 26,641 3,276 494 150,930 5, 995 2,759 608,159 61,712 14,265 3,482 3,691 4,388 6,719 26, 893 5,263 335 Colored owners.............. 1,902 406 33 7,859 354 137 33,146 770 190 76 54 55 30 320 68 12 t Colored renters.............. 4,875 370 79 28,163 853 516 126,020 6,159 787 209 ' 267 287 627 1,612 287 74 t Other........................ 6,443 516 70 24,676 '865 342 67,479 6,867 2,448 577 520 ~ 694 953 4,370 1,327 58 0 Total on farms......... 58,064 8,569 1,249 290, 973 11,565 7,231 1,145,474 136,268 28, 473 7,652 8,744 9,282 21,339 56,796 11,542 892 H Live stock not on farms...29,937 9,905 593 67,895 6,999 2,751 372,418 28,680 12,731 3,062 4,535 3,084 14,786 25,542 4,134 1, 885 Total live stock........ 88,001 18,474 1,842 358,868 18,564 9,982 1,517,892 164,948 41,204 10,714 13,279 12,366 36,125 82,338 15,676 2,777 PROVINCE OF HABANA. ~ White owners................ 2,393 597 64 12,663 500 688 79,531 15,193 2,703 ' 516 1,904 811 7,602 5,659 708- 60 ~ White renters................ 2,800 290 91 21,929 970 538 136,379 11,512 4,220 713 998 1,412 3,161 7,972 905 155 Coloredowners.............. 22 9........ 137 2 40 980 64 10 4......... 5 1 16............ 02 Colored renters............... 74 7 1 796 33 19 6,066 490 51 8 7 23 137 93..-. Other....................... 212 45 6 1,833 33 71 8,525 1,625 383 10 70 43 738, 475 116. ---Total on farms......... 5,501 948 162 37,358 1,538 1,356 231,481 28,884 7,367 1,251 i 2,979 2,294 11,639 14,215 1,738 215 Live stock not on farms...... 7,986 4,567 164 6,968 1,789 1,089 50,718 4,349 2,677 389 1,587 616 6,945 4,750 371 223 Total live stock........13,487 5,515 326 44,326 3,327 2,445 282,199 640 4566 2910 4 18965 PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. White owners................ 1,972 792 84 10,199 761 611 45,683 14,980 1,479 194 230 456 534 2, 361 59 138. White renters................ 1,463 207 38 10,898 541 178 42,160 5,844 1,100 200 2297 375 498 23253 439 28 Colored owners.............. 54........ 627 31........ 2,181 174 21..... 5 1 2 43 12 12 Colored renters.............. 89 8 2 1,711 38 9 6,022 347 56 18 19 14 20 109 11 35 Other........................ 62 5 302 19 10 1,604 262 57......... 11 3 45 79 37 - -- Total on farms......... 3,640 1,017 124 23,737 1,390 808 97,650 21,607 2,713 41" 562 849 1,099 4,917 1,068 213 Live stock not on farms..... 4,250 771 137 19,854 2,014 432 109,783 6,887 2,094 36 400 542 1,535 4,027 14 812 Total live stock........ 7,890 1,788 261 43,591 3,404 1,240 207,433 28,494 4,807 775 962 1,391 2,634 8, 944 1, - 1,78025 PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. White owners................ White renters................ Colored owners.............. Colored renters.............. Other...................... Total on farms........ Live stock not on farms..... Total live stock........ 1,555 5,003 41 383 179 558 1,586 5 71 180 45 99 1 3 2 10,389 41,586 387 5,940 2,164 367 1,662 5 182 97 361 881 -13 230 3 40,933 173,402 1,810 26.064 6,059 7,212 21,987 167 2,596 1,896 963 2,800 31 321 45 355 644 2 64 13 385 850 9 69 21 370 1, 037 8 96 47 953 1,953 1,126 5,435 8 63 138 769 10 133 332 1,015 12 106 11 24. 56 7,161 2,400 150 60,466 2,313 1,488 248,268 33,858 4,160 1,078 1,334 1,558 2,235 8,353 1,476 81 1,991 960 22 8,213 432 335 39,118 5,107 724 149 180 193 547 1,528 234 130 I ~ ~ __ I2 14 1 8 I '13 9,152 3,360 172 68,679 2,745 1,823 287,386 38,965 4,884 1,227 1,514 1,51 2,782 9,88 1,710 211 PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. White owners................. White renters............... Colored owners.............. Colored renters.............. Other........................ Total on farms......... Live stock not on farms. 2,914 4,786 115 [ 433 4,910 204 180 5 21 179 67 57 35 35 9,214 17,136 324 1,571 16,315 281 555 5 73 599 64 138 1 23 201 19,135 30,398 1,196. 3,309 36,015 1,752 1,616 45 85 1,339 1,748 2,176 57 76 41,875 976 820 45 19 526 573 649 6 37 392 729 624 8 29 556 543 186 6 150 3,979 4,321 103 124 3,509 960 1,528 28 42 1,107 11.......... I 13,158 589 162 44,560 1,513 427 90,053 4,837 5,932 2,386 1,657 1,946 887 12,036 3,665 1I 3,153 286 28 5,049 433 79 27,547 1,303 1,725 622 639 542 330 3,196 839 3; 7 Total live stock........ 16,311 875 1 190 49,609 1 1,946 506 117,600 6,140 7,657 1 3,008 2,296 2,488I 1,217 115,232 4, 504 49 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. White owners................ 5,428 1,145 136 23,221 941 1,513 84,563 16,496 2,941 911 735 1,016 3,213 8,136 1,777 172 White renters.............. 7,408 712 75 39,983 1,653 765 158,148 18, 749 3,276 891 561 646 1,688 5,594 1,167 90 Colored owners........... 164 34 1 915 29 13 3,942 175 15 7 3 4 9 23 7. Colored renters....... 851 41 8 6,993 158 107' 29,392 2,058 189 25 46 50 295 323 75 20 Other....................... 161 64 4 920 46 4 4,125 244 21 10 5 9 8 35 9 57 Total on farms.........14,012 1,996 224 72,032 2,827 2,402 280,170 37,722 6,442 1,844 1,3350 1,725 5,213 14,111 3,035 339 Live stock not on farms..... 6,817 1,644 92. 17,595 1,311 521 85,289 7, 509 3,814 1,019 754 39 2,401 7,713 1,77 321 Total live stock........20,829 3,640 316 89,627 4,138 2,923 365,459 45231 10,256 2,863 2,104 2,264 7,614 21,24 4,612 660 TABLE LII.-Live stock-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA. Horses. Mules. Asses. Pigs. Goats. Sheep. fld Oxen. Calves. Steers. Bulls. Heifers Yobng Covs. c avYes ing ma Barn, bulls. calves, animals. White owners................ 3,941 705 177 13,659 648 240 40,825 5, 127 949 356 385 476 165 1,513 251 8 White renters........ 5,181 301 134 19,398 614 259 67,672 2.004 693 214 336 294 60 1,246 209 6 Colored owners......... 1,506 348 31 5,469 282 70 23,037 145 56 18 31 29 8 72 9......... Colored renters........... 3,045 222 62 11, 152 369 128 55,167 583 94 75 89 75 31 194 44 18 Other...................... 919 43 23 3,142 71 53 11,151 1,501 67 18 21 36 2 139 47........Total on farms......... 14,592 1,619 427 52,820 1,984 750 197,852 9,360 1,859 681 862 910 266 3,164 560 32 3 Live stock not on farms...... 5,740 1,677 150 10,216 1,020 295 59,963 3,525 1,697 520 975 652 3,028 4,328 399 362 Total live tock........ 20,332 3,296 77 63,036 3,004 1,045 27,815 12,885 3,56,201 1,37 1,562 3,294 7,492 959 39 Ep o GO EDUCATION. EDUCATION. Before describing the system of schools in Cuba and presenting the results of the census as shown in the schedules of education, it has been thought advisable to give a brief history of the subject as being of much interest to Cubans. This would not have been practicable from such investigation as the Director of the Census has been able to make, but fortunately the recent report of Mr. Robert L. Packard to the Commissioner of Education of the United States (see Report of the Commissioner, vol. 1, 1897-98) on education in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines has removed all difficulty on this point and no apology is thought necessary for the copious extracts taken from his interesting and valuable memoir. It may be said by way of preface that before the nineteenth century, education in Spain, as elsewhere in Europe, was confined almost exclusively to the children of those who could pay for it. Public and free schools were but little known. It is hardly to be expected, therefore, that the colonies of Spain would take more advanced ground or show greater interest in education as a means of general improvement ' than the mother country, in which the degree of illiteracy was, until very recently, as great as in any other civilized nation. Commenting on the state of education in the early days of Cuba, Mr. Packard remarks as follows: Even in Habana, up to the beginning of the last century, there were no public elementary schools, and the need of them became so evident that, by the munificence of a citizen (Caraballo), the Bethlehemite fathers opened a school where reading, writing, and arithmetic were taught, which was attended by 200 pupils. In Villa Clara a school was in existence since the foundation of the town, in 1689. In 1712 the philanthropic Don Juan Congedo, of Remedios, opened a free school there, and another in 1757 at Carmen. 'Another was opened at Arriaga in 1759; but on the death of Congedo these schools were closed. Don Juan Felix de Moya reopened that at Carmen, and the municipality in 1775 voted $25 a year for the support of the other, but both ceased to operate definitely in 1787. In 1771 Matanzas, seventyeight years after its foundation, authorized its governor to engage a school-teacher in Habana. Nor were secondary studies of a high character in the last century. Then, and subsequently, too, as the historian, Bachiller, quoted by Mitjans, remarks, more attention was paid to the pretentious form than the substance, and the title of academy or institute was given to institutions which were hardly more than primary schools, which held out inducements of a speedy preparation for the university. At that time, it should be remembered, the natural sciences had not reached the importance they subsequently attained, and the study of philosophy required the royal permission, so that secondary instruction was reduced to a superficial study of the humanities, especially Latin, which occupied the leading place on account of its use in fitting for the university and because teachers of Latin were easily found among the clergy, who were the principal factors of education at that period. All this may be said without detracting from lthe praiseworthy efforts and antiquity of some institutions like the Chapter of Ilabana, which in 1603, convinced of the need 5O66 REPORT ON THIE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. of a teacher of grammar, voted a hundred ducats for the support of one who should teach Latin; but as the plan did not meet with the royal approbation they were obliged to drop the project, only to revive it afterwards with a larger salary. In the same year the municipality provided for continuing classes in grammar by a monk of the convent, which had been suspended. In 1607 Bishop Juan de las Cabezas Altamirano founded the Tridentine Seminary, the citizens offering to pay part of the expenses annually. The secular clergy also gave lessons in Latin and morals, as Conyedo did, who prepared students for the priesthood in Villa Clara, and later Fr. Antonio Perez de Corcho, who gave lectures on philosophy in the monastery of his order. By the bull of Adrian VI of April 28, 1522, the Scholatria was established at Santiago de Cuba for giving instruction in Latin, and by his will, dated May 15, 1571, Capt. Francisco de Paradas left a considerable sum for the foundation of a school in Bayamo, which in 1720 was intrusted to the charge of two monks of San Domingo, in whose hands the estate increased. In 1689 the College of San Ambrosio was established in Habana with 12 bursarships for the purpose of preparing young men for the church, but it did not fulfill its purpose, and subsequently received the severe censure of Bishop Hechavarria Yelgueza on account of its defective education, which had become reduced to Latin and singing. Fr. Jose Maria Penalver opened a chair of eloquence and literature in the convent of La Merced in 1788, which also was not a success. After these attempts the foundation of a Jesuit college in Habana gave a new impulse to education. From the first, according to the historian Arriete, quoted by Mitjans, the priests of this order had observed the inclination of the inhabitants of Habana toward education, and Pezuela states in hi2 history of Cuba that the municipality in 1656 wished to establish a college of the order, but the differences between the Jesuits and the prelates in the other colonies had been so frequent that the bishops and priests in Habana opposed the plan. But as the population increased the demands for the college multiplied, and in 1717 a citizen of Habana, Don Gregorio Diaz Angel, contributed $40,000 in funds for the support of the college. The necessary license was obtained in 1721; three more years were spent in selecting and purchasing the ground, when the institution was opened under the name of the College of San Ignacio. The old college of San Ambrosio, which had been under the direction of the Jesuits since its establishment in 1689, was then united with it, although the old college still retained its distinctive character as a foundation school for the church. As early as 1688 the ayuntamiento (or city council) of Habana applied to the Royal Government to establish a university in the city in order that young men desirous of study might not be compelled to go to the mainland or Spain. This request was furthered by Bishop Valdes, and finally, by a letter of Innocent XIII of September 12, 1721, the fathers of the convent of S. Juan de Letran were authorized to found the institution desired, and after some years of preparation it was opened in 1728, but the chairs of morals, philosophy, and canon law were filled previously by the Dominicans even before the funds were available. The university, by the order received, was to have been modeled upon that of Santo Domingo, but finally the task of preparing the regulations for the new university was intrusted to the fathers above mentioned by a royal letter in 1732, and they were approved by the university authorities, the Captain-General, and in Spain by the Council of the Indies on June 27,1734. The rectors, vice-rectors, counselors, and secretaries were to be Dominicans, a condition that produced innumerable rivalries and disputes until 1842. The first professors were appointed to their positions without limit of time. Afterwards they obtained their places by competition and for a term of six years only, The first rector, Fr. Tomas de Linares, was appointed by the King in 1728, but his successors were elected by the university authorities and were renewed annually. Among the early rectors were Bishop Morell, of Santa Cruz, and the renowned Cuban orator, Rafael del Castillo. Unfortunately for a century the university was A TYP ICAL M UNUICIPAL SC HOOL BILDI N I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ EDUCATION. 567 an insignificant element of culture and was only useful as a subject of boasting on the part of Spain that she had introduced her civilization on this side of the water and on that of the Cubans that they were advancing in sciences and arts, Several causes tended to restrict the value of the university. In the first place, it was modeled on a sixteenth century pattern. The Aristotelian system prevailed in its entirety. The professor of mathematics was to teach, besides practical arithmetic, which consisted of the first four rules with the aurea, elementary geometry, trigonometry, and astronomy and its "deductions for the use of our Lord and King." There were polemical and civil architecture, geography, the sphere, mechanics, optics, etc. These subjects should have been included in the course of philosophy, and there were few students even of the four rules and the aurea. The philosophical system was the scholastic, with its eternal sumulas and involved system of logic and its defective ideas of physics. The course lasted three years, the first two of which were occupied with logic and the Aristotelian philosophy. But the university would not have benefited much more if it had been modeled upon a Spanish university of the eighteenth century, because the mother country was on the low scientific level to which the deadly politics of the Austrians had reduced her. When Charles III urged the rectors of universities in Spain to reform education, he was told that it was impossible to depart from the Aristotelian system or follow the innovations of Galileo and Newton, because they were not in accord with inviolable tradition. Furthermore, it was not always possible to find suitable teachers in Cuba. For this reason the chair of mathematics was vacant for a long time. Sometimes the Government refused to adopt very useful ideas on behalf of the university, either by negligence or ignorance, or for economical reasons. Thus the rector, in 1761, petitioned for the erection of a chair of experimental physics, which was refused, and two of mathematics, only one of which was granted. A new plan of study was drawn up, in view of the pressing need of reform, but was allowed to lie unnoticed. In 1795 Don Jose Augustin Caballero made an address in the section of sciences and arts of the Sociedad Econ6mica, in which he deplored the backward condition of education, which, he said, retarded and embarassed the progress of the arts and sciences, without, however, any fault on the part of the teachers, who could only obey and execute their instructions. On motion of Sefior Caballero a representation was made to the King, by a committee of the society, of the necessity of reforming education in the i land, beginning with the university. The committee declared, among other things, that no mathematics was taught, nor chemistry, nor practical anatomy. General Las Casas supported this motion, but the Government took no action. The same indifference, or worse, was manifested by the Spanish Government in other parts of America. It refused to permit the foundation of academies, or universities, or chairs of mathematics, law, or pilot schools (the latter being pure luxuries, the decree said). The cacique, Don Juan Cirillo de Castilla endeavored during thirty years to obtain permission to establish a college for Indians in his native country, but died finally in Madrid without obtaining it. The archbishop of Guatemala left money by his will for establishing a chair of moral philosophy, but the minister directed the money to be sent to Spain, it having been improperly devised, as he declared. Charles IV prohibited the establishment of the University of Merida in Maracaibo on the ground that he did not deem it expedient that enlight-,enment should become general in America. There were other instances of the same policy in Chile and Peru; and yet, notwithstanding all these restrictions, Humboldt observed " a great intellectual movement and a youth endowed with a fair faculty for learning the sciences-a sure sign of the political and moral revolution that was in preparation." In Santiago de Cuba the seminary of San Basilio Magno was founded by Bishop Francisco Ger6nimo Valdes in 1722, for ecclesiastical studies, with an endowment of 12,000 pesos. This establishment, however, did not come into operation until the latter part of the last century. More imtportant was the foundation of the college 568 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. and seminary of San Carlos and San Ambrosio in Habana in 1773, which was not destined exclusively for the education of ecclesiastics, but included three courses of philosophy and letters preparatory to, and besides, the higher faculties of theology, law, and mathematics, the last two of which, however, were not opened until the beginning of the present century. * *x *3 * *X * The second epoch in the intellectual history of Cuba began with the administration of Don Luis de las Casas, whose name is held in grateful remembrance by Cubans, and who inaugurated a new era by his zealous and- noble enthusiasm in promoting intellectual and educational activity. He founded the first literary periodical and the Sociedad Econ6mica (sometimes called Patriotica) de Habana, which has been the first mover in all the advances in the material interests and education of the island. With him cooperated an eminent physician, Dr. Romay; Arango, the distinguished writer on economics; Caballero; Penalver, archbishop of Guatemala; and many others. The Sociedad Econ6mica was charged by a royal order with the care of education in Cuba. An inventory was taken of the primary schools in 1793 and a deplorable state of affairs was found. In Habana there were only 39 schools, 32 of which were for girls, and the instruction was of the worst, nothing but reading being taught in many of them which were in charge of colored women. The society then founded two free schools for the poor of both sexes. -The society met with much opposition, in part from Bishop Trespalacios, who was envious of Las Casas, but it succeeded in founding schools with the help of the religious orders, particularly the school of the Benificencia in 1799 and the Ursulines in 1803. It endeavored to establish members of the order of San Sulpicio, which had met with such success with education in New Orleans, but without result. Outside the capital gratuitous instruction for the people did not exist, except in isolated cases due to individual efforts, principally of the clergy. In 1801 the Sociedad took another school census and found the number of schools in the city to be 71, with 2,000 pupils, most of which were not under the government and were taught by ignorant colored women who had neither method nor order. Recognizing these fatal defects, the society endeavored to induce the government to issue regulations reforming the schools and providing faithful, competent, and interested teachers, but without result. In 1816 the section of education was formed and the government granted $32,000 for primary instruction, and at this time some improvements in the condition of this branch were made. But notwithstanding the efforts of individuals, the funds were insufficient for the growing needs, and some of the new schools had only an ephemeral existence. Secondary and superior education.-The society also devoted its energies to opening new branches of study in higher education. In 1793 it was proposed to found a chair of chemistry, and a subscription of $24,615 was immediately raised; but owing to the difficulty of finding a professor in Europe the chair was not filled until 1819. The apparatus was brought from Europe, and after some delay quarters for a laboratory were found in the hospital of San Ambrosio. The first professor was Don Jos6 Tasso. The society in 1794 formed a plan of secondary instruction, which included mathematics, drawing, physics, chemistry, natural history, botany, and anatomy. (The date and scope of this plan are noteworthy. Its spirit is quite modern.) The creation of a botanic garden was proposed in 1795, but th*e plan did not meet with such enthusiasm as the chemical laboratory, which, it was hoped, might be of use to the sugar industry. The course of anatomy was opened in 1797. In this same year a real revolution took place in the instruction in philosophy at the Colegio Seminario de San Carlos, the old Aristotelian philosophy becoming replaced by modern methods in the lectures on logic of Caballero. But in 1811, when Felix Varela took the chair of philosophy, the old system received its death blow, the names of modern thinkers became familiar in the schools, and their doctrines were freely examined. EDUCATION. 569 The students were taught to use their reason as a guide and to ignore all the useless quibbles and confused terminology of the scholastic philosophy. One of his pupils, afterwards well known in Cuba, Don Jose de la Luz, said of his teacher, "He was the first who taught us to think." He also uted Spanish instead of Latin in his lectures, retaining the latter only one day in the week in order that its use might not be forgotten. Part of his Institutions of Eclectic Philosophy were published in Spanish. In physics Varela was also an esteemed professor, but later on this chair at the college was filled by. Jose Antonio Saco, who followed in brilliant lectures, day by day, the most recent discoveries made in Europe. The government having ordered, in 1813, that political economy should be taught in the universities, the Sociedad Econ6mica established a chair of this subject in San Carlos in 1818, which was supported by voluntary subscriptions. The new spirit was shown further by a change in the law course from an excessive devotion to the study of the Roman digests to the fuller study of Spanish law. At this period medicine, which, as we shall see, received such preeminent attention at a later period, was far behind the age. Until 1824 there was no chair of surgery, and chemistry and philosophy were twenty years behind the times. The promoters of superior instruction in the beginning of the new epoch, which Mitjans puts between 1790 and 1820, were Las Casas, Bishop Espado, and the intendent Ramirez, who was mainly instrumental in organizing the instruction in chemistry and other scientific branches, with the constant cooperation of the Sociedad Economica. * * * In the second period of the new epoch-from 1820 to 1842-the Sociedad Econ6rnica, always in the vanguard of the intellectual movement, began to find the fruits of its earlier efforts in the works of the younger men who had profited by them, and in 1830 a committee on history was formed and another on literature. The Government was now in far other hands than those of Las Casas, and did its best in the person of General Tacon to suppress the new political and ecomical views, mainly, it is true, on account of articles which appeared in the journals published under the auspices of the society. Still, in 1833, by virtue of a royal order, the committee on literature constituted itself an independent academy, which encouraged or founded literary periodicals. Its sessions were the place of meeting for all the leading men in Cuba who were interested in letters and new ideas, and it collected a valuable library. * X* The political changes of 1820 in Spain had their effect upon education. Upon the suppression of the convents the Government gave the chapel of one of the Augustine orders to the Sociedad Econ6mica for establishing a normal school, and established a chair of constitutional law in the seminary of San Carlos and in the university, but both the normal school and the new chairs were soon after suppressed by another political change in 1824, and the $32,000 which the section of education had received from the municipality for elementary education was also reduced, soon after which that section received its deathblow by the. royal order of February 8, 1825, withdrawing the funds which had been allotted to it, in consequence of which it was no longer possible to maintain the new free schools. It is to be observed that during the reign of Ferdinand VII the university, which was more directly connected with the Madrid Government, suffered more than San Carlos, which was protected by the Sociedad Econormica and the diocesan bishop, and it remained in a backward state until the Government commissioned Francisco de Arango to examine and report upon the condition of the institution, which task he accomplished, with the aid of those most interested in the needed reforms. His report in 1827 led to the reforms embodied in the plan of 1842. The medical faculty meanwhile was reorganized and modernized, and philosophy also, in the hands of the new teachers, became a living force, the French school (Cousin) being represented in the period from 1840 to 1856. In primary and secondary education a great advance was made in the private colleges. From 1827 to 1830 the convenient distinction was drawn between elementary 570 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1890. and superior instruction, and new colleges were established (five in number) in which the instruction was so excellent that it was said in 1830 that there was no longer any need to send. young men abroad for their education. The professors in these colleges were well-known men; of letters. As to free primary instruction, outside of Habana and Matanzas it was in an exceedingly backward state. The census of 1833 showed that there were only 9,082 pupils registered in the schools of the whole island, and this figure is far above the number of those actually attending. There were then 190,000 or 200,000 inhabitants under 15 years of age. The provinces of Puerto Principe and Santiago, with 250,000 or 300,000 inhabitants each, had 1,408 and 991 pupils in school in 1840, respectively. In Villa Clara there was only one school from 1821 to 1834. * * * Secondary and superior instruction. —The royal decrees concerning secondary and superior instruction in Cuba and Porto Rico during the first half of the century provided principally for making valid in Spain the titles of licentiate or doctor obtained in Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1863 a general reform of public instruction was effected, by virtue of which it was divided into primary, secondary, superior,:and professionalbranches. In 1871 a decree provides that professors of the University,of Habana are eligible for professorships in Spain, which was followed in 1878 by a,decree making the professorate in the colonies and the Peninsula one body. In 1880, at the close of the ten-year insurrection, special schools, which had been,called for by circumstances, such as the dental college of Habana, were created,,besides societies of agriculture, industry, and commerce. In this year the minister for the colonies drew up a memorial of the unsatisfactory condition of public educaition in Cuba and Porto Rico, especially in regard to the university and institute of 'Habana. It recites that the first step toward secularizing education and assimilating.it with that of Spain in that respect was taken in 1842, and that the assimilation was.nearly complete by 1863, as far as legislation and form were concerned. But Cuba, he adds, was not then prepared for so vast and centralized an organization, and many obstacles and delays arose that checked the proposed reform. The insurrection of 1868 interfered with education very seriously, interrupting the studies, and so making it difficult or impossible for students to finish their courses, which again unfitted them to become teachers in the secondary schools which were soon after 'established all over the island. This state of things also interfered with the habilitation in the Peninsula of studies followed in Cuba, and so tended to separate the two countries in that respect. All these considerations led to the decree of June 18, 1880, regulating superior and secondary instruction, and coordinating those branches in Cuba with the same grades in Spain established by the decrees of 1874 and order of 1875. One of the principal features of this decree was the article authorizing the establishment of a secondary institution in the capital of each Cuban province, at the expense of the province or municipality, with a subvention from the GovernorGeneral from the estimates for the island. In capitals where there were no public secondary institutes, colleges of the religious orders might be substituted by the Governor-General with the advice of the council. But the degrees granted by these private institutions were to be verified, as only the degrees of public institutions were recognized. In accordance with this decree an institute of secondary education was established in Porto Rico in 1882, there being already several in Cuba; an agricultural commission was organized in Cuba, and in 1885 a professional school was established in Porto Rico like those in Habana, where there were a nautical school, a professional school proper,: fitting its students to practice chemistry and the mechanic arts, and an art school. In 1886 the following plan of studies were drawn up for the law faculty of the University of Habana, which we give here for the sake of showing lFrom the Diccionario de Legislaci6n de Tnstrucci6n Pdblica. Eduardo Orbanejo. Valladolid, 1893. PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR GIRLS MATANZAS EDUCATION. 571 the scope of the studies in that department. There are two sections, one of the candidates for the licentiate and the other for the doctor's degree. Section of the licentiate: Metaphysics, general and Spanish literature, critical history of Spain, elements of law, political economy and statistics, general history of Spanish law, principles of Roman law; Spanish law, civil,.common, and statute; criminal law; mercantile law of Spain, and of the principal countries of Europe and America; principles of canon law, political and administrative law, elements of finance, public international law, private international law; proceedings in civil, criminal, canon, and administrative law, and theory and practice of briefing public instruments. Section of doctorate: Philosophy of law, higher course of Roman law, church history and discipline, public ecclesiastical law, history and critical examination of the principal treaties between Spain and other powers, principles of public law of ancient and modern peoples, history of private law of ancient and modern peoples; law literature, principally Spanish. A similar reform was effected in the faculties of medicine and pharmacy of the University of Habana in 1887 by a royal decree, which brought that faculty upon the level of a Spanish university. The plan of studies was as follows: Preparatory course.-Physics, advanced course; general chemistry; mineralogy and botany; zoology. These subjects were to be studied in the faculty of sciences and natural history. Section of licentiates.-Descriptive anatomy and embryology; normal histology and histo-chemistry; technical anatomy, practice in dissection, in histology and histochemistry; human physiology, theoretical and experimental; private hygiene; general pathology, with clinics and clinical preliminaries; therapeutics, materia medica, with writing prescriptions, and hydrology, hydrotherapeutics, and electrotherapeutics; pathological anatomy; surgical pathology; topographic anatomy; practice of medicine, with clinics; clinical surgery, medical pathology, clinical medicine; obstetrics and gynecology, with clinics; special course on the diseases of children, with clinics; public hygiene, with medical statistics and sanitary legislation; legal. and toxicological medicine. Course for doctorate.-Critical history of medicine; public hygiene, advanced course, including a historical and geographical course of endemics and epidemics; biological chemistry, with analysis; chemical analysis, especially of poisons. Lectures upon some of the above studies are appointed to be had every day during the course, others daily for a certain time, and others twice a week, according to the importance of the subject. The plan of studies for pharmacy included the preparatory course above given. Then follows: Course for licentiates.-Study of physical instruments and apparatus as applied to pharmacy, with exercises for practice; descriptive botany, with determination of medical plants; mineralogy and zoology applied to pharmacy, with the corresponding pharmaceutical material; inorganic chemistry applied to pharmacy, with exercises; vegetable materia pharmaceutica; exercises in animal, vegetable, and mineral materia pharmaceutica; organic chemistry applied to pharmacy, with exercises; chemical analysis, particularly of foods, medicines, and poisons, with exercises; practical pharmacy and sanitary legislation. Course for doctors' degree.-Biological chemistry, with analysis; critical history of pharmacy and pharmaceutical bibliography. The decree specifies in what way the programme is to be carried out. This programme is essentially the same as that of a European university. As showing a disposition to adopt new features, it is important to note that the same decree that contains the above programme also directs that a chair of industrial mechanics and applied chemistry shall be created in the Habana Institute. This 572 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. institute already possessed a chair of experimental physics, while practically chemistry and mechanics were taught in the professional schools. We give also the plan of studies of the faculties of philosophy and letters and of sciences of the university as prescribed by royal order of 1887, together with the attendance of 1888-89. As these studies are of a general nature they are not designed to fit students for professions like the special subjects in the law and medical faculties. The list shows the interest shown in such subjects. Programme of the Royal University of Habana, 1888-89. FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY AND LETTERS. Students. General and Spanish literature. --- —--------------------------------- 119 General literature -- -...................................................... 7 Spanish literature. --- —------------------------------- 15 Greek, first course - 19 Greek; second course..lo --- ----, _.... --- —-- 10 Greek and Latin literature.. --- —--.......... ----.......... 12 General history: First course -.................................... 19 Second course ---— 25 Metaphysics: First course - i32 Second course. ----..............:.............................. 12 Critical history of Spain ----------------------—. --- —--------- - 124 Hebrew 1 --- —------ - Arabic - 8 Esthetics- - - 4 History of philosophy -- 4 Critical history of Spanish literature. --- —----............ 5 Sanskrit' -- 5 NOTE.-At the same time 24 students were classified in this faculty from private instruction, having passed their examninations-i. e., their degrees having been verified, as explained in the decrees. Of these 24, 5 were examined in Porto Rico. FACULTY OF SCIENCES. General studies: Mathematical analysis — First course -. — 19 Second course - - 7 Geometry - -19 Analytical geometry -- 6 Cosmography and physics of the globe ----------------------------------- 8 Advanced physics - ----- _-_-__ _ __- __-_- _ 137 General chemistry -- 141 General zoology-_ 138 Mineralogy and botany- v. 138 Linear drawing- I.. 9 Physico-mathematical sciences: Differential and integral calculus..... --- — 2 Theoretical mechanics -.... ---- 1 Descriptive geometry 1 Advanced experimental physics-... 6............6 PUBLIC SC HOL. MATANZAS. / / EDUCATION. 573 Physico-mathematical sciences-Continued. Higher physicsFirst course -—.-.... —. ---—. --- —-. --- —--.. --- —-------------- 1 Second course -..-..-.-..-. ----.- -------— 2 --- —---- -------------- 2 Experimental, first course.. —1 --- —-------------—. --- —----------- Experimental, second course --------—. ----------------- -------- 2 Geodesy -.-..1 --- —-------------------------------------------------- Mathematical physics ----------------------------- ----------- 3 Theoretical and practical astronomy.. --- —---------- ---------- ----- 3 Physics and chemistryInorganic chemistry. 4 Experimental chemistry. 4 Organic chemistry and experimental. --- —---------------------—. 8 Drawing applied to physico-chemical science. --- —-----------------— 3.. 3 Natural sciences, including anatomy and animal and vegetable physiology, mineralogy, zoography of vertebrates, articulates, mollusks, and zoophytes, phytography and botanical geography, drawing applied to natural history, comparative anatomy, and stratigraphic paleontology, 27 students in all. We give the programme of the Institute of Habana, to illustrate the grade or scope of this class of instruction in Cuba. The programmes of the other provincial institutes are essentially similar to it, some of the commercial subjects being dropped or changed: Latin and Spanish (two courses), rhetoric and poetry, geography, Spanish history, general history, psychology, logic and ethics, arithmetic and algebra, geometry and trigonometry, physics, chemistry, natural history, physiology and hygiene, agriculture, mercantile arithmetic and bookkeeping, geography and commercial statistics, political economy, practical commercial exercises, chemistry applied to the arts, industrial mechanics, French, English, and German (two courses each). This, it will be seen, is a very "practical" course. The preparatory course of the professional school of the island of Cuba comprised arithmetic, algebra, linear drawing, geometry, trigonometry, and ornamental drawing, while the professional course proper embraced topography, theoretical and practical surveying, topographical drawing, descriptive geometry, the mechanics of construction, strength of materials, construction of all kinds, building and architectural drawing, international mercantile law, history of commerce, the materials of commerce, cosmography, pilotage, and hand work. The school of painting and sculpture of Habana had 454 students. The programme included.elementary drawing, drawing from the antique, sculpture, landscapes in lead pencil, carbon, and oil, both copies and from nature; color drawing, claro-obscuro, copies of pictures; drawing from nature, from the living model, and original compositions. The programmes given above are too general to enable one to judge of the quality of the instruction. For instance, Greek might cover Xenophon, or lectures on the tragic poets, or Homer, and geometry might include anything from elementary geometry up to that of three dimensions. The inaugural addresses, 1888-89, however, before the university allow us to form an opinion. Thus, the inaugural address in 1890 of Dr. Don Juan Vilaro y Diaz is a very able paper upon some points in evolution, which are supported by a large number of references to observations by the author himself and other persons. They range, as usual, in the full exposition of the argument from paleontological data down to variations in living spieces, and the essay is in support of natural selection. The programmes at hand, while containing a plentiful amount of theoretical, mathematical, and physical subjects, have less applied science, such as electrical and mechanical engineering, than is found in the technological schools elsewhere, where manufactures and various industries make a demand for them. * * - 574 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Until the last century was far advanced the Cubans had not a single public institution where they could have their children taught to read and write. The first school was that of the Bethlehemite fathers in Habana, and was established through the generosity of Don Juan F. Carballo. He was, according to some authorities, a native of Seville, and according to others, of the Canary Islands. He repaid thus generously the debt of gratitude he owed the country where he had acquired his wealth. Already, in the sixteenth century, a philanthropist of Santiago de Cuba, Francisco Paradas, had afforded a like good example by bequeathing a large estate for the purpose of teaching Latin linguistics and Christian morals. The legacy was eventually made of avail by the Dominican friars, who administered it, but when the convents were abolished it was swallowed by the royal treasury, and thus the beneficent intentions of the founders were frustrated, to the permanent danger of the unfortunate country. Only these two institutions, due entirely to individual initiative, are recorded in our scholastic annals during the three first centuries of the colony. The thirst and scent for gold reigned supreme. The sons of wealthy families, in the absence of learning at home, sought schools and colleges in foreign parts (in this century). On their return, with the patriotic zeal natural to cultured men, they endeavored to better the intellectual condition of their compatriots. This enforced emigration of Cubans in quest of learning was fought against by our Government. The children of Cuban families were forbidden to be educated in foreign countries. This despotic measure was adopted without any honest effort being made to establish schools for instructing the children of a population already numbering nearly 500,000 souls. The Sociedad Econ6mica was founded in 1793, during the time of Las Casas, whose name has always been venerated among Cubans. Then, as now, the members of this association were the most talented men of the country, and their best efforts were directed toward promoting public instruction. It gave impulse and organization to the school system in Cuba. It established inspections, collected statistics, and founded a newspaper to promote instruction and devoted its profits to this cause. It raised funds and labored with such zeal and enthusiasm that it finally secured the assistance of the colonial government and obtained an appropriation, though but of small amount, for the benefit of popular instruction. In 1793 there were only 7 schools for boys in the capital of Cuba, in which 408 white and 144 free colored children could be educated. From this privilege the slaves were debarred. The 7 schools referred to, besides a number of seminaries for girls, afforded a means of livlihood for a number of free mulattoes and some whites. The schools were private undertakings, paid for by the parents. Only one, that of the reverend Father Senor, of Habana, was a free school. Reading, writing, and arithmetic were taught in these schools. Lorrenzo Lendez, a mulatto of Habana, was the only one who taught Spanish grammar. The poor of the free colored classes were on a par with the slaves. The Sociedad Eecon6mica founded 2 free schools, one for each sex. The bishop, Felix Jose de Tres Palacios, nullified the laudable efforts of the country's wellwishers by maintaining that it was unnecssary to establish more schools. From 1793 to 1893 the society was unable to accomplish even a part of its noble purpose; it was found impossible to obtain an official sanction of popular education. In 1817 there were 90 schools in the rest of the island19 districts-all, or nearly all, founded by private individuals. In 1816 the section of education of the Sociedad Econ6mica was established. It afforded a powerful impulse to the cause of education, thanks to the influential support of the governor, Don Aliquando Ramirez. T:' 3 schools improved, the boys and girls, both white and black, were taught separ2 jly, literary contests were opened, annual examinations were made obligatory, p:es were distributed, and a powerful incentive was created among all classes for ';l_ cause of education. But the concessions attained for the society by the influence of Ramirez were revoked by royal order of February, 1824. EDUCATION. 575 In this year the municipality of Habana loaned the Sociedad Patri6tica $100 for schools. In 1826 there were only 140 schools in the island, of which 16 were free, and in 1827 the society obtained $8,000 per annum for the establishment and maintenance of new schools. In 1836 there were only 9,082 children receiving elementary instruction in the whole island. In 1860 the number of schools had increased to 283 for whites and 2 for colored, yet the attendance was proportionately less than in 1836, owing to the increase in population. Popular instruction was neglected or despised by deputy governors (military). The reformed course of studies of 1863 did not improve the condition of the schools, and the secretary of the governor made recommendations that virtually tended to keep the population in ignorance in order to keep it Spanish. In 1883 the schools numbered as follows: Province. Public. Private. Vacant. Habana....... --- —------------------------------- 173 101 8 Sa nta l............................................................... 103 10 3 Puerto Principe.......................................................... 24 4 3 Santiago de Cuba........................................................ 58 21 15 Total...........................-...... --- —.... ------- --- 535 184 67 But the teachers were not paid and public instruction was neglected. This work gives a list of names of wealthy Cubans, both men and women, who have founded colleges and schools, and of societies which have the promotion of education for their object. The author adds that the clergy are indifferent in this matter. There is not one parish which supports a free or endowed school. The preamble of a decree reforming education in Cuba was published in the Official Gazette of Habana, November 17, 1871, and a translation of it is given in an appendix in the work just quoted. On account of its historical interest we give a summary of a portion of the preamble. It states that the insurrection of 1868 was due to the bad system of education; that while the old methods were slow, the new are prompted by eagerness for hurry, and the child is taught a number 'of things, whereas its mind is unable to comprehend many things at a time. A number of subjects shouldtherefore be suppressed. Balmes is quoted as the authority for the psychology and pedagogy of the preamble. The latter goes on to say that this haste to teach many things has made religious instruction secondary to that of the arts and sciences, a fatal error which has produced fatal consequences. It refers to statistics to show that crime has increased with education, and states that Aime Martin found the remedy for this evil in educating instead of merely instructing. But as there were many religious sects, Martin unfortunately selected an irreligious religion as the means of educating, and consequently there was no decrease in crime. Sefior Lasagra is quoted to prove that suicides are more numerous in Protestant than in Catholic countries, and more so in the capitals than elsewhere. This is due to too great individual freedom of thought and consequent changes in social and economic conditions, which have produced dissatisfaction, despair, and suicide. Philosophical and religious sects have multiplied, and the multiplicity of these has always and everywhere produced doubt and skepticism, which in their turn have engendered a materialism whose only offspring is disbelief in virtue and morality. Under its influence some are tortured with unhappiness without hope of the future, while others are filled with envy. Religious instruction had been too much neglected or too carelessly performed, and the real remedy would consist in Christianizing or Catholicising education by putting the government and municipal machinery of edu 576 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. cation in the hands of the religious teaching orders, when the evil would disappear. It goes on to say, with severe condemnation of the schools where they had taught, that many of the insurgents had been teachers, and mentions particularly the school formerly conducted by Jose de la Luz. Instruction must be supplemented by moral and religious education, and great care should be taken to prevent access to (politically) evil literature. Even in text-books of elementary geography, it declares, have wicked doctrines been inserted. In one of them we read that the greatest event of the present century in America was the revolt of Bolivar. "See under what seductive forms the minds of children are predisposed to treason!" The preamble concludes by recommending a greater scope to religious instruction, the suppression of private teaching, and placing the plans of studies under the Catholic clergy. There is a number of learned societies in Habana, and Mr. A. P. C. Griffin, of the Library of Congress, has published a list of thirty-three whose publications are received in Washington. By means of these publications and separate works, like the History of Pezuela and the Natural History of Sagra, the history of Cuba, its natural history (land and marine fauna, mineralogy, and botany), ethnology, and geology have been made known, while the meteorology of the region has been investigated by the observatory, whose work is known all over the scientific world. The number of medical journals is noticeable, and Volume XXXIV (August and September, 1897) of the Anales de la Real Sociedad de Ciencias Medicas, Ffsicas y Naturales (the only specimen at hand), contains four articles on medical subjects, viz, a criticism by Dr. Santos Fernandez upon certain experiments with the X-rays upon a blind person, another upon the bacillus of the tuberculosis of Koch, and the two others are experimental studies connected with typhoid fever. The remaining article of the number is a long and masterly account of the discovery of argon and prediction of helium, by Dr. Gaston Alonso Cuadrado. The Revista Cubano contains able articles upon general philosophical, historical, and other subjects, besides those of especial interest on Cuba. The paper upon elementary education by Sefior Rodriguez, which we have used, was published in that review. Judging from the titles of the periodicals, we should say that there is little of mechanical or electrical engineering or "applied science" in them, for which there is probably no demand in Cuba, while the exhaustive mathematical treatment of such subjects (especially that which was " made in Germany," like much recent "American science") has been imported into the United States in the last twenty-five or thirty years, where there is a field and demand for it. But for a population of 200,000 souls, including many blacks, the number of scientific, educational, and literary periodicals in Havana is remarkable, and they contain valuable original articles. From the foregoing sketch it appears that public education dates from 1842, prior to which year but little attention had been given to free schools, and that elementary education was mainly limited to the children of those who were able to pay for it. The system i'n operation at the time of American occupation, January 1, 1899, was based on the law of 1865 as modified by that of 1880, and had in view a progressive course of public and private instruction through primary and secondary schools to the special schools and university, and it may be said at once that the plan of studies as thus prescribed was excellent in theory, and had it been thoroughly carried out by means of liberal appropriations and more attention to details the figures of the census would have been reversed as far as they represent the condition of literacy in general. But, as will be shown later in this report, the appropriations for the schools were far from 1~~ B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PU LU mF T, 'Ah CLJASS god THEf CRI~f~DORU OF fir ROYAL COLLE Er O frF HARANA I EDUCATION. 589 education, who shall elect one of their members president of the board. The board so constituted shall be the board of education for such city district of the second class until the election and qualification of the board of education as provided for in the preceding paragraph. 28. Upon the appointment and qualification of the board of education provided for in the preceding paragraph for such city district of the second class, and upon the election and qualification of the board of education provided for in paragraph 30, the board of education of the municipality in whose territory is situated the newly formed city district of the second class shall be dissolved and cease to exist. 29. Notice of election.-The clerk of the board of education of each city district of the second class shall publish a notice of the election provided for in the preceding paragraphs in a newspaper of general circulation in the district, or post written notices of such election in five of the most public places in the district, at least ten days before the holding of the same, which notice shall specify the time and place of the election and the number of persons to be elected. At the first election for members of the board of education of any city district of the second class, the notice of election herein required shall be made by the then existing board of education. 30. The board of education shall hold regular meetings once every two weeks, and may hold such special meetings as it may deem necessary. It may fill all vacancies that occur in the board until the next annual election, and may make such rules and regulations for its own government as it may deem necessary, but such rules and regulations must be consistent with this order. It shall organize annually by choosing one of its members president. 31. Municipal board of education.-The board of education of each municipal district shall consist of the mayor of the municipality, who shall be president of the board, and one director elected for a term of three years from each subdistrict; provided, that if the number of subdistricts in any municipal district exceeds fifteen, the board of education shall consist, exclusive of the president, of those directors who have one and two years still to serve; and that if the number of subdistricts exceeds twentyfour, the board of education shall consist, exclusive of the president, of those directors who have but one year to serve. The director of each subdistrict is the representative of the inhabitants of that subdistrict in educational matters, and if not a member of the board of education shall represent to the board in writing the wants of his subdistrict. 32. Election and qualification of directors.-There shall be elected by ballot, as soon as possible after paragraph 37 of this order has been complied with in each subdistrict, by the qualified electors thereof, one competent person, to be styled director. These directors shall meet at the office of the mayor of the municipality and shall be divided, upon the third Saturdayafter such election, by lot into three classes, as nearly equal as possible. The directors of the first class shall serve for the term of one year, the directors of the second class for two years, and the directors of the third class for three years. All elections of directors thereafter shall be held on the last Saturday of April, annually, and all directors shall serve until their successors are elected and qualify. 33. Notice of election.-The director of each subdistrict where the election may occur shall post written or printed notices in three or more conspicuous plates of his subdistrict at least six days prior to the date of election, indicating the day and hour of opening and the hour of closing the election, and the place where such election is to be held. The election shall, when practicable, be held at the schoolhouse in the subdistrict. Judges of election.-The meeting shall be organized by appointing a chairman and secretary, who shall act as judges of the election, under oath or affirmation, which oath or affirmation may be administered by the director of the subdistrict, or any other person competent to administer such an oath or affirmation; and the secretary 590 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. shall keep a poll book and tally sheet, which shall be signed by the judges and delivered within five days to the mayor of the municipality. Notice at first election.-At the first election for directors of subdistricts provided for in paragraph 32, the notices of election herein required shall be posted in the different subdistricts by the now existing board of education, and the oath or affirmation herein required to be administered may be administered by any elector present. 34. Regular and special meetings.-The board of education shall hold regular sessions on the second Saturdays of May, July, September, November, and January, at the office of the mayor of the municipality for the transaction of business, and may adjourn from time to time, or hold special meetings at any other time or place within the township, as it deems desirable for the transaction of business. Each special meeting may be called by the clerk of the board, by the president of the board, by two or more members of the board, but each member of the board must be duly notified thereof personally, or by written notice left at his residence or usual place of business. 35. Maps of township district.-A map of each township district shall be prepared by the board as it may be necessary, in which shall be designated the numbers and boundaries of the subdistricts thereof. The board may at any regular session increase or diminish the number, or change the boundaries of subdistricts, but any increase in the number of subdistricts in any municipality will be subject to the approval of the provincial superintendent. 36. Election in new subdistricts.-When the board consolidates two or more subdistricts into a new subdistrict, or establishes a new subdistrict in any other way, it shall call a special meeting of the qualified electors resident in the new subdistrict for the purpose of electing one director for the same. Notice shall be given of such election, and the election shall be conducted as provided in this order, and a director shall be elected to serve the term which shall render the classes of directors most equal from the annual meeting on the second Saturday of May next preceding the organization of the new subdistrict; and the terms of office of the directors of subdistricts so consolidated shall expire at the time such new subdistrict is created. REORGANIZATION OF DISTRICTS. 37. Division into subdistricts.-The board of education of each municipal district provided for in order No. 226 shall at once divide its municipal district exclusive of whatever territory may be comprised in a city district of the first or second class into subdistricts. No subdistrict shall contain less than 60 resident scholars by enumeration, except in cases where, in the opinion of the 'board, it is absolutely necessary to reduce the number. The division shall be so made that the number of teachers shall not be increased over that employed at the time this order is received. 38. Number of schools to a subdistrict.-No subdistrict shall be without at least one school, open to children of both sexes, or if not such a mixed school, then at least two schools, one for boys and one for-girls. In rural subdistricts it is preferable to have but one mixed school to a subdistrict. In cities of either the first or second class subdistricts may have one or more schools for girls, and one or more for boys. Schools of any subdistrict shall be in the same building, unless this is absolutely impossible, in which case they shall be as near together as possible. 39. Designation of subdistrict.-Subdistricts of any school district, city or municipal, shall be designated by the numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc., consecutively, and hereafter when officially referring to any school district, it shall be as follows: Subdistrict No. -, municipality or city of -- province of 40. Map of municipal district.-As soon as possible after the completion of the reorganization herein directed, each board of,education will have prepared a map of its municipality, showing the approximate boundaries of school districts and the approximate boundaries of schoolhouses therein. A copy of this map shall be posted EDUCATION. 591 at all times in each schoolhouse of the district, together with a list of unmarried youth of school age in the subdistrict. One copy of this map shall be sent to the commission of public schools and one to the provincial superintendent as soon as completed. THE CLERK. 41. Bond of clerk.-The clerk of each board of education shall execute a bond, in an amount and with surety to be approved by the board, payable to the treasurer of the island of Cuba, conditioned that he shall perform faithfully all the official duties required of him, which bond shall be deposited with the president of the board, hnd a copy thereof, certified by the president of the board, shall be filed with the provincial superintendent and commissioner of public schools. 42. When orders to clerk for teachers' pay illegal.-It shall be unlawful for the clerk of the board to draw an order on the proper disbursing officer for the payment of a teacher for services until the teacher files with him such reports as may be required by the commissioner of public schools, a legal certificate of qualification, or a true copy thereof, covering the entire time of the service, and a statement of the branches taught. All of these documents must be carefully filed by the clerk and handed over to his successor in office. 43. Annual statistical report of board of education.-The clerk of each board shall prepare the annual report of the expenditures of school money in his district, and a statistical statement in reference to the schools required of the board by paragraph 47, and transmit the same to the provincial superintendent on or before the last day of August. 44. Publication of expenditures for school purposes.-The board of education of each district shall require the clerk of the board annually, ten days prior to the election for members of the board and directors of subdistricts, to prepare and post at the place or places of holding such elections, or publish in some newspaper of general circulation in the district, an itemized statement of all money expended for school purposes in the district within the school year last preceding. 45. Clerk to deliver books, etc., to successor.-Each clerk shall at the expiration of his term of office deliver to his successor all books and papers in his hands relating to the affairs of his district, including certified copies thereof, and reports of school statistics filed by teachers. 46. How clerk shall keep accounts.-The provincial superintendent of each province shall furnish to the clerk of each school board in his province a suitable blank book, made according to the form prescribed by the commissioner of public schools, in which shall be kept a record of the school funds of his district, giving amounts expended and for what purposes expended. REPORTS. 47. Annual report of board of education.-The board of education of each district shall make a report to the provincial superintendent on or before the last day of August of each year, containing a statement of the expenditures of the board, the number of schools sustained, the length of time such schools were sustained, the enrollment of pupils, the average monthly enrollment and average daily attendance, the number of teachers employed and their salaries, the number of schoolhouses and schoolrooms, and such other items as the commissioner of public schools may require. 48. In what form to be made.-The report shall be made on blanks which shall be furnished by the commissioner of public schools to the provincial superintendent, and by the provincial superintendent to each clerk of school boards in his province; and each board of education or officer or employee thereof, or other school officer, in any district or province, shall, whenever the island superintendent so requires, report to him direct, upon such blanks as he shall furnish, any statements or items of inforration that he may deem important or necessary. 592 REPORT ON TEE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. 49. Reports by principals and teachers.-Boards of education shall require all teachers and principals to keep the school records in such manner that they may be enabled to report annually to the provincial superintendent, as required by the provisions of this order, and may withhold the pay of such teachers as fail to file with the clerk reports required of them. The board of education of each city district shall prepare and publish annually a report of the condition and administration of the schools under its charge, and include therein a complete exhibit of the statistical affairs of the district. 50. Duty of provincial superintendent as to school report.-The provincial superintendent of each province shall, on or before the 20th day of September, annually, prepare and transmit to the island superintendent an abstract of all the returns of school statistics made to him from the several districts in his province, according to the forms prescribed by the commissioner of public schools, and such other facts as the commissioner of public schools may require. He shall also cause to be distributed all such orders, circulars, blanks, and other papers in the several school districts of the province as the island superintendent may lawfully require. The provincial superintendent shall also be liable on his bond for any such neglect in a sum not less than $300, nor more than $1,000, on complaint of the commissioner of public schools. 51. 14hen provincial superintendent shall appoint person to make reports.-Upon the neglect or failure of a clerk of board of education of any district to make the reports required herein, and by the time specified, the provincial superintendent shall appoint some suitable person, resident of the district, to make such reports, who shall receive the same compensation therefor and in the same manner as is allowed herein for like service; and before an order for the pay of clerk shall be made, he shall present to the board a statement, officially signed and certified by the provincial superintendent, that he has returned all the reports of statistics for the year required by this order. PROVISIONS APPLYING TO ALL SCHOOL BOARDS. 52. Status, powers, and duties.-Boards of education of all school districts organized under the provisions of this order shall be, and they are hereby declared to be, bodies politic and corporate, and as such capable of suing and being sued, contracting and being contracted with, acquiring, holding, possessing, and disposing of property, both real and personal, and of exercising such other powers and having such other privileges as are conferred by this order. 53. Hiow property may be disposed of.-When a board of education authorized so to do decides to dispose of any property, real or personal, held by it in its corporate capacity, exceeding in value $300, it shall sell the same at public auction, after giving at least thirty days' notice thereof by publication in some newspaper of general circulation, or by posting notices in at least five of the most public places in the district to which such property belongs. 54. What property the boards have title to.-All property, real or personal, which has heretofore vested in and is now held by any board of education for the use of public or common schools in any districts is hereby vested in the board of education provided for in this order and having under this order jurisdiction and control of the schools in such district. 55. School property exempt from taxation.-All property, real or personal, vested in any board of education shall be exempt from tax, and from sale on execution, or other writ or order in the nature of an execution. 56. Conveyances and contracts.-All conveyances made by the board of education shall be executed by the president and clerk thereof. No member of a board shall have any pecuniary interest, either direct or indirect, in any contracts of the board, or be employed in any manner for compensation by the board of which he is a mem COLLMEGE MAIR LOUISA DOLOROSA, A NOTED SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADiES IN HABANA V: EDUCATION. 593 ber, and no contract shall be binding upon any board unless it be made or authorized to be made at a regular or special meeting of the board. 57. Process against boards and how served.-Process in all suits against a board of education shall be by summons, and shall be served by leaving a copy thereof with the clerk or president of the board. 58. Tie vote to be decided by lot. —In all cases of tie votes at an election for members 6f a board of education the judges of election shall decide the election by lot; and in other cases of failure to elect members of the board, or in case of a refusal to serve, the board shall appoint. 59. Oath of members and other officers.-Each person elected or appointed a member of a board of education, or elected or appointed to any other office under this title, shall, before entering upon the duties of his office, take an oath or affirmation to support the military government of the island of Cuba, and that he will perform faithfully the duties of his office, which oath or affirmation may be administered by the clerk or any member of the board; and no person shall be elected or appointed a member of a board of education who has not the qualification of an elector and is not able to read and write. 60. Organization and selection of officers.-Each board of education shall choose annually a clerk, who shall not be a member of the board, but shall be entitled to vote in case of a tie, excepting clerks of boards of education of city districts of the first class, and whose compensation shall be fixed by the board of education. 61. Vacancies in board, how filled.-Vacancies in any board of education arising from death, nonresidence, resignation, expulsion for gross neglect of duty, or other cause, which occur more than fifteen days before the next annual election, the board shall fill within ten days from the occurrence of the vacancy, until the next annual election, when a successor shall be elected to fill the unexpired term. 62. Quorum; yeas and nays to be taken in certain cases.-A majority of the board of education shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business upon a motion to adopt a resolution authorizing the purchase or sale of property, either real or personal, or to employ a superintendent, teacher, janitor, or other employee, or to elect or appoint an officer, or to pay any debt or claim. The clerk of the board shall call publicly the roll of all the members composing the board, and enter on the records required to be kept names of those voting " aye" and the names of those voting "no." If the majority of all the members of the board vote "aye," the president shall declare the motion carried; and upon any motion or resolution any member of the board may demand the yeas and nays, and thereupon the clerk shall call the roll, and record the names of those voting "aye"' and those voting "no." In all cases except those which are declared to require a majority of all the members composing the board a majority of the quorum is sufficient to pass a measure, and the roll need not be called unless demanded by a member of the board. 63. Absence of the president or clerk.-If at any meeting of the board either the president or clerk is absent, the members present shall choose one of their number to serve in his place pro tempore; and if both are absent both places shall be so filled, but upon the appearance of either at the meeting after his place has been so filled he shall immediately assume the duties of his office. 64. Record of proceedings and attestation thereof.-The clerk of the board shall record the proceedings of each meeting in a book to be provided by the board for that purpose, which shall be a public record. The record of the proceedings at each meet'ting c the board shall be read at its next meeting, recorrected if necessary, and approved, and the approval shall be noted in the proceedings; and after such approval the president shall sign the record and the clerk shall attest the same. 65. Illegal meetings.-The board of each district shall make such rules and regulations, not in conflict with the orders of higher authority, as it may deem expedient 24662- 38 bV4 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. and necessary for its government and the government of its appointees and the pupils; and any meeting of a board of education not provided for by its rules or by this order shall be illegal unless all the members thereof have been notified as provided for in paragraph 33. 66. Yearly estimate of expenses..-Each board of education shall make annually, before the last day of August, on forms to be furnished for that purpose, a detailed estimate of the probable expenses of the corresponding district for the school year next following, such estimate to be forwarded to the provincial superintendent. 67. Rental and use of schoolhouses.-The board of education of any district is empowered to rent suitable schoolrooms, but no lease of a schoolroom or building shall be made for a period exceeding one year. When in the judgment of any board of education it would be for the advantage of the children residing in any school district to hold literary societies, school exhibitions, normal school or teachers' institutes, the board of education shall authorize the opening of such schoolhouses for the purposes aforesaid, provided such action shall in no wise interfere with the public schools in such district. 68. Illegal use of schoolhouses.-Schoolrooms shall be secured in healthful localities, and shall be clean, well ventilated, and well lighted, and all rooms, buildings, or parts of buildings rented or assigned for school use shall be used exclusively for school purposes, and no teacher, janitor, or other person shall dwell therein. 69. Sufficient schools must be provided.-Each board of education shall establish a sufficient number of schools to provide for the free education of the youth of school age in the district under its control at such places as will be most convenient for the attendance of the largest number of such youth, and shall continue each and every day school so established thirty-six weeks in each school year; and each municipal board of education shall establish at least one primary school in each subdistrict under its control.1 70. Schools at children's homes and orphan asylums.-The board of any district in which a children's home or orphans' asylum is or may be established by law, shall, when requested by the directors of such children's home or orphans' asylum, establish in such home or asylum a separate school, so as to afford to the children therein as far as practicable the advantages and privileges of the common-school education. All schools so established in any such home or asylum shall be under the control and management of the directors of such institution, which directors shall, in the control and management of such schools, as far as practicable, be subject to the same laws that boards of education and other school officers are who have charge of the common schools of such district; and the teacher of any such school so established shall make all reports required by this order as any other teacher of the district, and to the same officers. 71. Evening schools.-In any district, or part thereof, parents or guardians of children of school age may petition the board of education to organize an evening school. The petition shall contain the names of not less than twenty-five youths of school age who will attend such school, and who, for reasons satisfactory to the board, are prevented from attending day school. Upon receiving such petition the board of education shall provide a suitable room for the evening school, and employ a competent person, who holds a regularly issued teacher's certificate, to teach it. Sucl' board may discontinue any such evening school when the average evening attendance for any month falls below 12. 1Boards of education may, in their discretion, permit boys and girls of school age to attend the same school; and it is hoped that, at least with young children, this plan will prevail, as it will tend to develop that high respect between the sexes which is the basis of true womanhood and manhood. In small towns and in the country it may often be the only means of establishing sufficient schools. EDUCATION. 595 72. Who may be admitted to public schools.-Schools of each district shall be free to all unmarried youth between 6 and 18 years of age who are children, wards, or apprentices of actual residents of the district, including children of proper age who are or may be inmates of a children's home or orphans' asylum located in any such school district; provided, that all unmarried youth of school age living apart from their parents or guardians and who work to support themselves by their own labor shall be entitled to attend school free in the district in which they are employed. The several boards shall make such assignment of the unmarried youth of their respective districts to the schools established by them as will, in their opinion, best promote the interests of education in their district. 73. Suspension and expulsion of pupils.-No pupil shall be suspended from school by a superintendent or teacher except for such time as may be necessary to convene the board of education, and no pupil shall be expelled except by a vote of two-thirds of such board, and not until the parent or guardian of the offending pupil has been notified of the proposed expulsion and permitted to be heard against the same; and no pupil shall be suspended or expelled from any school beyond the current term thereof. 74. Holidays.-Teachers employed in the common schools may dismiss their schools, without forfeiture of pay, on such legal holidays as the military governor may from time to time appoint. 75. School year, week, and day.-The school year shall begin on the 1st day of September of each year and close on the 31st day of August of the succeeding year. Schools shall open regularly on the second Monday of September of each year, and the first term shall end on December 24 next following. The second term shall begin January 2 of each year and end on the Friday next preceding Holy Week. The third term shall begin on the first Monday after said Holy Week and end when paragraph 69 has been complied with. The school month shall consist of four school weeks, and the school week shall consist of the five days from Monday to Friday, inclusive. The daily school session shall be for six hours, not including recesses, and shall be divided into a morning and afternoon session. 76. Boards to control schools and appoint officers.-Each board of education shall have the management and control of the public schools of the district, except as otherwise provided for boards of education in city districts, with full power to appoint principals, teachers, janitors, and other employees, and fix their salaries or pay, provided such salaries per month do not exceed the following: In Habana, $65; in the capitals of provinces and in Cardenas and Cienfuegos, $50. In all other municipalities, $40, except for all teachers in schools with an average attendance of less than 30 pupils, in which case the salary shall not exceed $30; and any person serving as a regular teacher of a school, and also having the supervision of not less than two other schools, shall be rated as a principal on the rolls and receive the additional sum of $10 per month. Such salaries or pay may be increased, but shall not be diminished during the term for which the appointment is made; but no person shall be appointed for a longer time than one year, and the board of education may dismiss any appointee for inefficiency, neglect of duty, immorality, or improper conduct. Women only shall be employed in schools for girls; either women or men may be employed in schools for boys. For similar services women and men shall at all times receive equal pay. 77. Date of teacher's appointment.-The teacher's appointment shall date from and the teacher's salary shall begin on the day when he first takes charge of a school during any school term, and at the end of the first calendar month thereafter he shall be paid such part of a month's salary as corresponds to the length of time he has been in actual charge of a school. Thereafter his salary shall be due and payable for each calendar month, and all contracts for the service of teachers shall be for a term or period of time ending on the last day of August of the school year for which the teacher was hired. 596 RERORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. 78. Salary during vacations.-The teacher's salary will continue during vacations as well as the actual school periods. When salary may not be drawn.-In order to be entitled to draw the salary during vacations, teachers must employ such periods in normal schools, teachers meeting for instruction, or in following other courses of instruction approved by the board of superintendents, provided that such school meetings or courses of study are previously prescribed by said board, otherwise the salary will be regularly due the teachers without vacation work. 79. When unlawful to employ teachers.-It shall be unlawful for any board of education, prior to the annual election and the qualification of the director or directors elected thereat, to employ or contract to employ any teacher for a term to commence after the expiration of the current school year; and the school director in each subdistrict of municipal districts, the president of the school board in each city district of the second class, and the superintendents of instruction in city districts of the first class shall give to the teacher or teachers under their control certificates of such employment and of services rendered, addressed to the clerk of the board of education, who, upon presentation thereof and compliance of such teachers with the provisions of paragraph 49, shall draw orders on the proper disbursing officer for the amount certified to be due in favor of the parties entitled thereto, and the said disbursing officer shall pay the same. If salaries are not paid within thirty days of the date of application for the same by the teacher, boards of education shall, and teachers may, report the fact to the commissioner of public schools, who will give the matter personal attention. 80. Teachers may sue board for pay.-If the board of education of any district dismiss any teacher for any frivolous or insufficient reason, such teacher may bring suit against such board of education, and if on the trial of the case a judgment be obtained against the board of education, the board shall direct the clerk to issue an order upon the proper disbursing officer for the sum so found due to the person entitled thereto, and in such suits process may be served on the clerk of the board of the district, and service upon him shall be sufficient. ENUMERATION. 81. Yearly enumeration of school youth.-There shall be taken in each district annually during the two weeks ending on the fourth Saturday of March an enumeration of all unmarried youths, denoting sex, between 6 and 18 years of age, resident within the district and not temporarily there, designating also the number between 8 years of age, the number between 8 and 14 years of age, the number between 14 and 16 years of age, and the number between 16 and 18 years of age. 82. How enumeration of youth is taken.-Each person required or employed under this order to take such enumeration shall take an oath or affirmation to take the same accurately and truly to the best of his skill and ability. When making return thereof to the proper officers, he shall accompany the same with a list of the names of all the youths so enumerated, noting the age of each, and with his affidavit duly certified that he has taken and returned the enumeration accurately and truly to the best of his knowledge and belief, and that such list contains the names of all youths so enumerated and none others. Compensationfor same.-The officer to whom such return is required to be made may administer such oath or affirmation and take and certify such affidavits, and shall keep in his office for the period of five years such reports and lists of names, and each person taking and returning the enumeration shall be allowed by the proper board of education reasonable compensation for his services, which in municipal subdistricts shall not exceed $2 for each person authorized, required, or appointed to perform the service. EDUCATION. 597 83. Director to take enumeration in subdistricts.-The director of each subdistrict shall take the enumeration of his subdistrict and return same to the clerk of the board of education in the manner prescribed herein. 84. Clerks to transmit abstract of enumeration to provincial superintendent.-The clerk of each board shall, annually, on or before the first Saturday of April, make and transmit to the provincial superintendent of the province in which is situated the corresponding district, an abstract of the enumeration by this order required to be returned to him, according to the form prescribed by the commissioner of public schools, with an oath or affirmation indorsed thereon that it is a correct abstract of the returns made to him under oath or affirmation, and the oath or affirmation of the clerk may be administered and certified by any member of the board of education or by the provincial superintendent. 85. Provincial superintendents tofurnish abstract to commissioner of public schools.-Each provincial superintendent shall make and transmit to the commissioner of public schools, on or before the last Saturday of April in each year, on blanks to be furnished by the latter, an abstract of the enumeration returns made to him, duly certified. 86. Penalty for making fraudulent returns.-An officer through whose hands the enumeration required herein to be returned passes, who, by percentage or otherwise, adds to or takes from the number actually enumerated, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction of such offense, shall be fined in any sum not less than $5 nor more than $500, or imprisoned in the proper jail not less than ten nor more than thirty days, at the discretion of the court. 87. False returns from teachers.-Any enumerator, teacher, principal, or superintendent who makes a fraudulent return of statistics shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction of such offense shall be fined in any sum not less than $5 nor more than $500, or imprisoned in the proper jail not less than ten nor more than thirty days, at the discretion of the court. ATTENDANCE. 88. Time of attendance.-Every parent, guardian, or other person, having charge of any child between the ages of 6 and 14 years, shall send such a child to a public, private, or parochial school not less than twenty weeks, at least ten weeks of which, commencing with the first four weeks of the school year, shall be consecutive, occasional daily absence for reasonable excuse excepted. Excusal from such attendance.-Unless the child is excused from such attendance by the president of the board of education in municipal districts or city districts of the second class, and the superintendent of instruction in city districts of the first class, upon a satisfactory showing, either that the bodily or mental condition of the child does not permit of its attending school, or that the child is being instructed at home by a person quali d, in the opinion of the clerk of the board of education, to teach writing, spelling, reading, geography, and arithmetic. 89. Employment of children under 14 years of age.-No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed by any person, company, or corporation during the school term, and while the public schools are in session, unless the parent, guardian, or person in charge of such child shall have fully complied with the requirements of the preceding paragraph. Every person, company, or corporation shall require proof of such compliance before employing any such minor, and shall make and keep a written record of the proof given, and shall, upon the request of the truant officer hereinafter provided for, permit him to examine such record. Any person, company, or corporation employing any child contrary to the provisions of this paragraph shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $50. 90. Truant officers.-To aid in the enforcement of the last two paragraphs truant officers shall be appointed and employed as follows: In city districts the board of education shall appoint, employ, and fix the salary of one or more truant officers; 598 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. in township districts the board of education shall appoint one truant officer. The compensation of the truant officer, except in city districts, shall be $2 per day for each day actually employed in carrying out the orders of the clerk of the board of education. 91. Powers and duties. —The truant officer shall be vested with police powers, and shall have authority to enter workshops, factories, stores, and all other places where children may be employed, and do whatever may be necessary in the way of investigation, or otherwise, to enforce the last two paragraphs. The clerk of the board of education, upon the representation of the truant officer, shall institute proceedings against any officer, parent, guardian, person, or corporation violating any of the provisions of the last two paragraphs. The truant officer shall keep a record of his transactions for the inspection and information of the board of education, and he shall make such reports to the clerk of the board of education as are required by him. 91. Reports of principals and teachers.-It shall be the duty of all principals and teachers of schools-public, private, and parochial-to report to the clerk of the board of education of the district in which the schools are situated the names, ages, and residence of all pupils in attendance at their schools, together with such other facts as said clerk may require, in order to facilitate the carrying out of the last three paragraphs, and such report shall be made the last week of each month. It shall be the further duty of such principals and teachers to report to the clerk of the board of education all cases of truancy in their respective schools as soon after the offenses have been committed as practicable. 92. Proceedings in cases of truancy.-On the request of the clerk of the board of education, the truant officer shall examine into any case of truancy within his district, and warn the truant and its parents, guardian, or other person in charge, in writing, of the final consequences of truancy if persisted in. When any child between the ages of 8 and 14 years is not attending school without lawful excuse, or in violation of the preceding paragraph, the truant officer shall notify that parent, guardian, or other person in charge of said child of the fact, and require such parent, guardian, or other person in charge to cause the child to attend some recognized school within five days of the day of notice; and it shall be the duty of the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of the child so to cause its attendance at some recognized school. Penalties imposed on parents, guardians, etc.-Upon failure to do so the truant officer shall report the case to the clerk of the board of education, who shall make complaint against the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of the child in any court of competent jurisdiction in the district in which the offense occurs for such failure, and upon conviction the parent, guardian, or other person in charge shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25, in the discretion of the court, the offense to be punishable as afalta; or the court may, in its discretion, require the person so convicted to give a bond in the penal sum of $100, with sureties to the approval of the court, conditioned that he or she will cause the'child under his or her charge to attend some recognized school within five days thereafter, and to remain at such school during the term prescribed by law; and upon a failure or refusal of any such parent, guardian, or other person to pay said fine or furnish said bond according to the order of the court, then said parent, guardian, or other person shall be imprisoned in the proper jail not less than five days nor more than ten days. 93. When child is exempt.-When any truant officer is satisfied that any child, compelled to attend school by the provisions preceding, is unable to attend school because absolutely required to work, at home or elsewhere, in order to support itself, or help support or care for others legally entitled to its support, who are unable to support or care for themselves, the truant officer shall report the case to the board of education, who may exempt such child from the provisions preceding. 94. Penalties.-Any officer, principal, teacher, or person, mentioned in the forego EDUCATION. ing paragraphs, neglecting to perform any duty imposed upon him by these paragraphs, shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $20 for each offense. Any officer or agent of any corporation violating any of the aforementioned paragraphs, who participates or acquiesces in or is cognizant of such violation, shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $20. Any person who violates any of the aforesaid, paragraphs for which a penalty is not elsewhere provided shall be fined not more than $50. Jurisdiction.-Correctional judges, or if the district has not a correctional judge, then the municipal, shall have jurisdiction to try the offenses described in the aforesaid paragraphs, and their judgment shall be final. 95. Where law does not operate.-This enforced attendance shall not be operative in any school district where there are not sufficient accommodations in the public schools to seat children compelled to attend the public schools under the provisions of the five preceding paragraphs. 96. Duty of commissioner of public school.-It shall be the duty of the commissioner of public schools from time to time, whenever deemed advisable, to formulate and forward to boards of education throughout the island regulations and suggestions for the instruction and guidance of all persons, officers, superintendents, principals, teachers, and persons charged with the enforcement of the preceding six paragraphs, or any of their provisions. TEACdERS' INSTITUTE. 97. Organization by board of superintendents.-It shall be the duty of the board of superintendents to organize in each province at least one teachers' institute, and more than one, if, in the opinion of the board of superintendents, one will not accommodate all the teachers of the province. 98. Number and salaries of instructors and lecturers.-The board of superintendents shall determine upon the number and salaries of instructors and lecturers of any institute and the length of each session of the institute, provided that no session shall continue less than four school weeks. Each teacher shall attend at least one complete session of the institute in order to obtain his salary during the vacation period. Attendance of teachers necessary to collect vacation salaries.-As a condition of attending the institute each teacher shall deposit with an individual, to be designated by the board of superintendents, the amount of $5, which shall form the institute fund. 99. Institute fund.-This fund shall be used to cover the necessary expenses of the institute and shall be expended and accounted for as directed in order from time to time. If the expenses of the institute exceed in amount the institute fund, the unpaid balance shall be paid from the island revenues. If the institute fund for any year exceeds the expenses of the institute for that year, such excess shall go to form a sinking fund for the support of the institute. 100. Organization of institutes. -The board of superintendents shall, at their regular meeting in October, 1900, decide upon a plan for the organization of the teachers' institutes of the island for the school years of 1900-1901, and submit the same to the secretary of public instruction and the military governor for approval as soon thereafter as possible. 101. Plans for the examination of teachers. —The board of superintendents shall at their regular meeting in October, 1900, decide upon a plan for the examination of the teachers of the island as to their qualification to teach, and shall present the same in writing to the military governor through the secretary of public instruction as soon thereafter as possible for his approval. 102. Certificate a requisite to employment of teacher.-After the approval and publication of the plan mentioned in the preceding paragraph no person shall be employed as teacher in a common school who has not obtained from a board of examiners hav 600 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. ing competent jurisdiction, a certificate of good moral character and that he or she is qualified to teach such branches of study as the board of superintendents may decide upon and possesses adequate knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching. 103. All salaries and fines mentioned in this order shall be payable in United States currency or its equivalent. INSTITUTE COLLEGIATE COURSE. I. The studies included in the collegiate course (segunda ensefianza) will be offered at the official institutes or at schools incorporated with the institutes. II. The following qualifications are necessary for admission to the studies offered in the collegiate course: First. The applicant for admission must be at least 14 years old, or be specially authorized to be admitted. Second. He shall demonstrate that he has taken the primary, elementary, and superior courses of instruction. The applicant shall undergo an examination whereby he shall demonstrate: (a) That he speaks, reads, and writes the Spanish language correctly; (b) That he reads and translates English or French passably, and (c) That he has studied and is familiar with the following subjects: 1. Practical arithmetic up to the application of ratio and proportions. 2. Mechanical drawing and elements of geometry. 3. Complete geography of Cuba, elements of geography of America, and rudiments of universal geography. 4. Elements of the history of Cuba and the rest of America. 5. Elements of physical geography. 6. Elements of hygiene. 7. Elements of physiology. 8. Elements of zoology and botany. III. The institute collegiate course comprisesGrammar and Spanish literature (historical and preceptive). A foreign language (English or French). Universal geography, universal history. Mathematics, including trigonometry. Physics. Chemistry. Elements of cosmology (physical description of the world). introduction to biology. Natural history. Logic and elements of psychology. Introduction to sociology. Civic instruction. These studies shall be completed in at least four years. IV. The distribution of the studies in the different years shall rest with the institutes, subject, however, to the following rules: The first course of a foreign language may be given in Spanish. The following course must be given in the language taught. The study of geography shall precede that of history. Algebra shall precede physics and chemistry. Geometry shall precede cosmology. Cosmology shall precede biology and these studies shall precede sociology. Elements of cosmology and introduction to biology and sociology are elective courses. It shall be stated in the diploma given to the student at the end of his studies whether he has followed any or all of the elective courses. V. On completion of each course the standing and progress of the student shall be demonstrated by the following examinations: MEN MN '~ co co I EDUCATION. 601 EXAMINATION IN SPANISH GRAMMAR AND LITERATURE. The candidate shall be required to write one or two paragraphs on several sub jects selected from a list prepared beforehand by the board, to be taken from standard modern Spanish or Spanish-American works. He shall be required to give an oral explanation of what he may have written and to demonstrate his knowledge of the rules of grammar and of rhetoric. He shall demonstrate that he has read and studied several classical works of Spanish literature (XVI to XIX centuries), which shall be designated at the commencement of the course. The examination shall embrace the literary form and the classification of the work, the author, and the literary period to which they may belong. The student shall also present his composition and notebooks, certified to by his professor. Serious mistakes in orthography, syntax, and elocution will determine the failure of the student. EXAMINATION IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE. The candidate shall translate into correct Spanish some passages taken from standard contemporary works. These works shall be periodically designated by the institute. He shall translate from Spanish into the language in which he is to be examined some passages designated for the purpose. He shall answer in the language he is being examined in the questions put to him about the lexicography and syntax of the passages he may have translated. EXAMINATION IN GEOGRAPHY. The candidate shall solve a series of problems on the planisphere and on the terrestrial sphere. He shall answer questions demonstrating that he understands the principles of map making. He shall pass an oral map examination. He shall write an exercise on a subject of descriptive geography presented by the board, in which exercise he must show his knowledge of orography, hydrography, different races, and of the physical, political, and economical nomenclature of any country or region designated. He shall be allowed the use of any work he may desire to consult in the preparation of this exercise. He shall present his notebooks and designs made during the course, certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN HISTORY. This examination shall consist of two exercises: one oral, the other written. The oral examination will be before a map. It will show the general knowledge of the candidate regarding the principal historical epochs and a more circumstantial knowledge of a period of modern history, which period shall be selected by the examining board. The written exercise shall consist of a thesis on a subject of modern history to be previously selected by the board. In said exercise the candidate must demonstrate a general knowledge of the political and social condition of the country during the period designated. He shall be allowed the use of such works as he may desire to consult. He must present his notebook certified to by his professor and his sketches of historical maps, and must prove that he has read historical works. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS (ARITHMETIC, ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY). It shall consist in the solution of a series of problems, not less than five, for each one of the four divisions, whereby the candidate must demonstrate by reasoning his knowledge of the fundamental principles of the science of mathematics. The board shall take note of the clearnesss and precision shown by the student in his reasoning and demonstrations. The student shall present his notebooks, and the work done by him during the course, which shall be certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN PHYSICS. The candidate shall select thirty experimental exercises from a list prepared beforehand by the institute. Of these exercises ten shall relate to mechanics and five each to light,heat, sound, and electricity, respectively. The board may require such exercise or exercises as it may deem necessary, and an explanation of the theories on which they are based. This examination shall take place in the laboratory. He shall present a written thesis on a subject selected by the board, which thesis shall relate to the application of physical laws to current phenomena. He shall present his notebooks with a description and result of his work in the laboratory. They shall be certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY. The candidate shall choose twenty experiments from a list prepared beforehand by the institute. The examining board will require him to perform one or more of said experiments and give the necessary explanations. This examination shall take place in the laboratory. The candidate shall present a written thesis on a subject selected by the board, which thesis shall demonstrate his acquaintance with chemical phenomena and its laws. He shall present his notebooks with a description and result of his work in the laboratory, certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN ELEMENTS OF COSMOLOGY. The examination shall be written and oral. The first shall demonstrate the student's general knowledge of the mechanism of the universe, especially of the earth, as well as his skill in the handling of the more necessary instruments for elementary astronomical and meteorological observations. The second exercise shall consist in the students presenting a written thesis on a subject-selected by the board. Subjects on geology and physical geography will be preferred. The candidate shall present his copy books with the notes and observations made by him during the course. These copy books shall be certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN BIOLOGY. The student shall present a short thesis on the subject given him by the board, which shall demonstrate that he possesses a thorough knowledge of vital phenomena. He shall answer all questions in reference to his thesis. EXAMINATION IN NATURAL HISTORY (MINERALOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY). The object of this examination is to demonstrate that the student understands the elemental phenomena of these sciences, and that he has studied them by direct observation. EDUCATION. 603 He shall undergo an oral examination embracing at least one sample of each kingdom. This examination shall take place in the museum. The student shall present a certificate from the professor of his having examined during the course at least twenty minerals, twenty plants, and twenty animals, and the descriptions and classifications he may have made. EXAMINATION IN LOGIC AND ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOLOGY. The candidate shall demonstrate that he knows the fundamental laws of logic in their two divisions-inductive and deductive; and he shall present exercises on propositions, syllogism and sophism. He shall present a written thesis on a subject given him by the board on psychological data of logic. He shall present his exercises and notebooks certified to by the professor. EXAMINATION IN SOCIOLOGY. The candidate shall present a thesis on a subject given him by the board which shall demonstrate that he posesses a thorough knowledge of social phenomena. He shall answer all questions in reference to his thesis. EXAMINATION ON CIVIC INSTRUCTION. The candidate shall demonstrate by an oral examination that he possesses a general knowledge concerning the state, individual freedom, government and its functions. He shall present a thesis wherein he shall apply said principles to the political organization of Cuba in any of the different periods of its history, which period shall be selected by the board. He shall present his notebooks certified to by the professor. At the close of the exercises of each examination, the board shall decide whether the student has passed (aprobado; A.), has failed (desaprobado; D.), or is conditioned (suspenso; S.). The institute may order special examinations at the end of each course. After passing the final examinations in compulsory studies, the student has the right to demand his *examination for a diploma as bachelor of letters and sciences. This shall be oral and written. The oral examination shall last at least one hour, and shall consist in his replying satisfactorily to the different questions of the board on subjects in the different studies. The written exercises shall consist of a thesis on a subject drawn by chance from a list prepared beforehand by the institute. The board shall be assembled to listen to the reading of the thesis, and the candidate shall be required to give such explanations as the board may deem proper. The fee for this examination shall be $10. PROFESSORS. VI. There shall be professors, assistant and supernumerary professors. Professors shall be appointed according to the following classification: Class A. Spanish grammar and literature (3 courses). Classes B and C. English and French (2 courses, respectively). Class D. Universal geography and history (2 courses). Class E. Mathematics (3 courses). Class F. Physics and chemistry (3 courses, 2 of physics and 1 of chemistry). Class G. Cosmology; biology; natural history (3 courses). Class H. Logic; sociology and civic instruction (2 courses). 604 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. When the number of students does not exceed 50, each class shall have one professor. When the number exceeds 50, an assistant professor shall be also appointed. If the number exceeds 100 another assistant professor shall be appointed, and so on for each 50 students. The professor shall teach all the courses in each subject. The salary of the professor shall be $1,500 per annum for the first course, with an increase of 40 per cent and 20 per cent of the salary for the second and third courses, respectively. The'salary of an assistant professor shall be $750 per annum, with the same proportionate increase. Should a professorship become vacant the assistant professor shall be appointed thereto. If there be more than one assistant professor, the senior shall be appointed to the vacant professorship. There shall be at least two supernumerary professors at each institute; one for the academic branches and one for the scientific. They will assume the duties of the professors and assistant professors whenever these may be absent for good and sufficient reason. Supernumerary professors shall receive one-fourth the salary of a full professor. They. shall be paid at the rate of $750 per annum for the time over one month they may serve as substitutes to a professor. The resulting difference shall be deducted from the salary of the professor. Services rendered as supernumerary professor will be taken into consideration when appointing assistant professors. Salaries in the institutes of the provinces shall be reduced 10 per cent, proportionally. APPOINTMENT OF PROFESSORS. The following rules shall govern the appointment of professors for those chairs which may become vacant in the future and are not filled by the promotion thereto of an assistant professor, and for the appointment of assistant professors: The candidate shall be a doctor in letters or sciences. He shall present a written statement of his works (books) or researches. He shall present before a board, appointed for the purpose by the secretary of public instruction, a written composition on a subject pertaining to the chair he desires to obtain; the subject to be selected from a list previously made out by the board. Should the course require oral teaching, he shall give an experimental oral lesson before the board. The composition shall be written within six hours, in a closed room, the candidate being allowed to consult such works as he may require. The oral lesson shall take place after twenty-four hours' free preparation. It shall last three-quarters of an hour. Should there be but one candidate, the board upon consideration of his fitness as demonstrated by his works (books) or researches, and by his previous examinations, shall approve or disapprove the claim. Approval will in this case entitle the candidate to the chair. Should there be more than one candidate, the board shall prepare a list of those who have passed the examination according as they are more or less fit. First place on the list will carry with it a right to the chair. The degree of doctor in letters or sciences is not required for a professorship in foreign languages. When full professors are without employment they shall be given preference as assistant professors. MATRICULATION. VII. Students admitted to the institute collegiate course shall pay $25 a year, in two installments. EDUCATION. 605 This registration fee gives them the right to attend all the courses of the institute. When a student attends experimental courses he shall pay $3 a year, in one payment, for the use of the laboratory. Students of incorporated colleges shall not pay for matriculation in the institute, but shall pay an examination fee of $10 for each subject taught. Students of private institutions may present themselves for examination on payment of the same fee for each course. MUSEUMS AND LABORATORIES. VIII. The allotment for scientific material (instruments) for the use of the Institute of Habana is hereby settled in the amount of $3,000. This allotment shall be proportionally distributed among the several museums and laboratories, according to the judgment of the director, after consultation with the different professors. PREPARATORY COURSE. IX. For two years, commencing October 1, 1900, a preparatory course shall be given at the institutes, for which the age requisite is not necessary. To attend the preparatory course the applicant must prove that he has received primary elementary instruction. The studies of the preparatory course shall be: Group A. Spanish grammar with exercises of composition and derivation; recitation of selected pieces in Spanish prose or verse, with explanation of the same; elements of geography and history. Group B. Practical arithmetic up to ratio and proportion; mechanical drawing and elements of geometry; elements of hygiene; elements of physiology, zoology, and botany. The distribution of these classes and their duration shall be regulated by the institute. Each group shall be taught by a professor, aided by such number of assistants as he may require, in the same proportion of one assistant for each additional fifty students. The salaries of these professors shall be $2,000. The matriculation fee for the two courses shall be $20, payable in two installments. CALISTHENIC EXERCISES. X. Calisthenic exercises shall be obligatory to the students of the institute. At each institute there shall be a gymnasium and an instructor of gymnastics. XI. The secretary of public instruction will issue the necessary instructions in order that students who are actually following courses in the institutes may complete their studies. UNIVERSITY InsTRUCTION. The University of Habana shall have three faculties, viz: The faculty of letters and sciences, the faculty of medicine and pharmacy, the faculty of law. The faculty of letters and sciences shall include the school of letters and philosophy, the school of pedagogy, the school of sciences, the school of engineers, electri-.cians, and architects, the school of agriculture. The faculty of medicine and pharmacy shall include the school of medicine, the school of pharmacy, the school of dental surgery, the school of veterinarians. The faculty of law shall include the school of civil law, the school of public law, the school of notaries public. The university shall be under the direction of a rector and shall have a general secretary. These functionaries shall be elected by the professors of the faculties, in full session. 606 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The election shall be made by a majority of at least two-thirds of the professors present, there being assembled at least three-fourths of the total number of professors. The office of rector shall last three years; that of secretary six years. There shall be no limit to reelections. The rector and secretary shall not be necessarily professors, but if they should be, they shall not occupy their chairs during the time they fill the aforementioned offices. There shall be a board of inspectors for the university, which shall look to the improvement and prosperity of the institution and propose to the government any measures tending to said object. The board shall consist of eleven members, as follows: Three members ex officio, namely, the president of the Academy of Sciences of Habana, the president of the "Sociedad Econ6mica," the president of the supreme court; two members designated by the faculty of the university, but not belonging to it; two members delegated from the six institutes of the island, but not belonging to any of them; one member appointed by the Association Estudios Clinicos of Habana; one member appointed by the bar association of Habana; two members appointed by the government from among persons distinguished for their knowledge or artistic attainments. Four of the eight members shall be elected every three years. They shall hold office six years. THE FACULTIES. Each faculty is composed of the professors of its different school and shall be presided over by a dean, and have a secretary, elected, both of them, from the professors. The faculty shall freely regulate the order of instruction of its different schools, distribute and subdivide the courses, appoint periods for vacations and examinations, and recommend the reform, extension of studies, increase of courses, addition of chairs and laboratories which the growth of the school may demand, without further limitations than the following: The complete courses of the university must last nine months within the year. The courses in any school, which students of another school or of another faculty may be obliged to follow, shall be so arranged as to be accessible to said students, and the different faculties shall agree upon suitable days and hours for the corresponding lectures. In case of any disagreement among the faculties the rector shall decide the matter. Each faculty shall establish its own regulations and submit them to the approval of the rector. In case of disapproval he will state the reasons therefor. The faculty may appeal from the decision of the rector to the board of inspectors. FACULTY OF LETTERS AND SCIENCES. SCHOOL OF LETTERS AND PHILOSOPHY. The studies to be pursued in the school are: Latin language and literature; Greek language and literature; linguistics and philology; history of modern literature; psychology; universal modern history; moral philosophy; sociology; history of philosophy (lectures). For the establishment of the chairs these studies shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Latin language and literature, 3 courses. Chair B. Greek language and literature, 3 courses. Chair C. Linguistics and philology; 1 course. Chair D. History of Spanish literature, 1 course; history of modern foreign literature, 2 courses. Chair E. History of America, 1 course; modern history of the rest of the world, 2 courses. Chair F. Psychology, 1 course; moral philosophy, 1 course; sociology, 1 course. EDUCATION. 607 Final written examinations shall be held on each subject. Students shall answer all questions put to them by the board upon the subjects they may have considered, and shall present certificates testifying to the work they have done during the courses. Examination in Latin and Greek requires sight translation and the answering of any questions concerning the text translated. Everything else concerning the examination shall be regulated by the faculty. The faculty shall admit to the exercises for the degree of doctor in philosophy and letters any students who may have satisfactorily completed all the courses of the school of letters and philosophy. These exercises shall consist of the presentation of a thesis on a subject selected by the candidate from a list which the faculty shall prepare annually and in answering to the questions on said thesis given him by the examining board. Also the delivery, after twenty-four hours of free preparation, of an oral lesson of not more than three-quarters of an hour duration. The rector, upon the recommendation of the faculty, shall grant the title of doctor in philosophy and letters to students passing the above examinations. SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY. The studies to be pursued in this school are: Pedagogic psychology, pedagogic methodology, history of pedagogy, mechanical and free-hand drawing. For the establishment of the chairs these subjects shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Pedagogic psychology, 1 course; history of pedagogy, 1 course. Chair B. Pedagogic methodology, 2 courses. Chair C. Drawing, 2 courses. A school of practice for teachers shall be added to the school of pedagogy. Examinations shall be held at the end of each course, in the same manner as those for the schools of letters and philosophy. The faculty shall admit to the exercises for the degree of doctor in pedagogy any students who may have satisfactorily passed all of the examinations of the school of pedagogy and examinations on the following studies: History of Spanish literature, history of America, modern history of the rest of the world, psychology, moral philosophy, physiology, hygiene, anthropology. At the same time the student shall demonstrate that he has taught as assistant to a professor at the school of practice during a year at least. The exercises shall be equal to those of the school of philosophy and letters; but the lesson must refer strictly to the application of padagogic methods to any of the matters of instruction in the schools. The rector, upon the recommendation of the faculty, shall grant the title of doctor in pedagogy to the students who have duly qualified in these subjects. SCHOOL OF SCIENCES. The studies to be taught in this school are mathematical analysis in all its branches; geometry (descriptive and analytical); trignonometry (analytical, plane, and spherical); astronomy; mechanics; physics (heat, light, sound, electricity); chemistry (inorganic and organic, qualitative and quantitative analysis); cosmology; biology; anthropology; mineralogy and crystallography; botany, and zoology. For the establishment of the chairs these studies shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Mathematical analysis, 2 courses. Chair B. Geometry and trigonometry, 2 courses. Chair C. Astronomy, 1 course; cosmology, 1 course. Chair I. Mechanics, 1 course; physics, 2 courses. Chair E. Chemistry, 2 courses. Chair F. Anthropology, 1 course. Chair G. Biology, 1 course; zoology, 2 courses. 608 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Chair H. Mineralogy, 1 course; botany, 2 courses. The school of sciences has a cabinet of astronomy and another of physics, a chemical laboratory, a museum of anthropology and natural history, and a botanical garden. Each cabinet and laboratory shall have its corresponding head and the necessary assistants; the museum shall have a curator and the necessary assistants; the garden a director with the necessary assistants. Examinations shall be held upon the completion of each course. These examinations shall be, above all, of a practical and experimental character. The students shall exhibit certificates of their work. The faculty shall admit to the examinations for the degree of doctor in sciences any students who may have successfully passed all of the examinations of the school of sciences besides two courses of drawing. These exercises shall be equal to those of the school of philosophy and letters, but the oral lesson must be an objective one. The rector shall; upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of doctor in sciences to the students who have been found duly qualified in these courses. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERS, ELECTRICIANS, AND ARCHITECTS. The studies to be followed in this school are: Topographical and structural architectual drawing; stereotomy, shades and shadows, perspective, machine design, stonecutting; surveying topography; geology and geodesy; hydromechanics; metallurgy; graphic statistics; strength of materials; machinery; city constructions (art of hewing stone and handling materials); road engineering (city streets and common roads, bridges, railroads); architecture (planning of buildings, constructions, and decorations of buildings); history of architecture; contracts, estimates, and special legislation concerning engineering and electricity; special instruction in electricity. These studies shall be grouped in the following manner: Chair A. Drawing, 3 courses. Chair B. Stereotomy, 3 courses. Chair C. Topography and surveying, 2 courses; geology and geodesy, 1 course. Chair D. Metallurgy, 1 course; civic constructions, 1 course; strength of materials, graphic statistics, I course. Chair E. Hydromechanics, 1 course; machinery, 1 course. Chair F. Road engineering-streets and common roads, 1 course; bridges, 1 'course; railroads, 1 course. Chair G. Architecture, 1 course; history of architecture, 1 course; contracts, etc., 1 course. Chair H. Special instruction in electricity, 3 courses. The school shall have attached to it a mechanical laboratory, a shop, and an electrical laboratory and workshop. Each laboratory shall have a chief with the necessary assistants. The instruction shall be eminently practical. Students shall be obliged to visit workshops, public works, and constructions. Examinations of a practical and descriptive character shall be held at the end of each course. Students shall exhibit the work they may have completed, certified to by the professor. The faculty shall admit to the examination for the degree of civil engineer, any student who may have pursued and been found duly qualified in all of the courses of the school of engineers, excepting those of architecture and special instruction in electricity, and who have pursued and been found duly qualified in the following studies: Mechanical and free-hand drawing; mathematical analysis in all its extension; geometry and trigonometry; astronomy; mechanics; physics; chemistry; mineralogy. EDUCATION. 609 The exercise shall consist of the presentation of a project for a construction in any of the branches of study, including the necessary illustrative designs, plans, and models, and an estimate for the work. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of civil engineer to the students who have passed these examinations. The faculty shall admit to the examination for the degree of electrical engineer any students who may have studied and been found duly qualified in the following studies: Mathematical analysis; geometry and trigonometry; mechanical drawing applied to machinery; mechanics; physics; chemistry; metallurgy; strength of materials; machinery; special course in electricity. The exercise shall consist of the presentation of a study of an electrical machine, plant, system, or process, with the designs, models, and necessary calculations. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of electrical engineer to the students who have passed this examination. The faculty shall admit to examination for the degree of architect any students who may have satisfactorily passed the following studies: Mechanical and free-hand drawing; mathematical analysis; geometry and trigonometry; mechanics; physics; chemistry; mineralogy; topographic, structural, and architectural drawing; stereotomy; strength of materials; graphic statistics; civil constructions; machinery; architecture; history of architecture; contracts; hygiene. The exercises shall consist in the presentation of a plan for the construction of a public or private building, with the necessary illustrative designs, plans, and models, and its estimate. The rector shall, upon recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of architect to the students who pass said exercises satisfactorily. The faculty shall regulate the studies for builders, and shall grant said title to students who, after having followed the courses pertaining thereto, shall pass the examination required by the faculty. Matriculation for said studies shall take place at the office of the faculty, and the latter shall also collect the examination fees. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. The studies followed in this school are industrial chemistry and industrial analysis, manufacture of sugar, agriculture, zootechny. These studies shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Industrial chemistry with analysis, 1 course; manufacture of sugar, 1 course. Chair B. Agriculture, 2 courses; zootechny, 1 course. The school shall have a piece of ground for agricultural experiments, which shall be in charge of the professor of Chair B, with the necessary assistants. Examinations of a practical and experimental character shall be held at the end of each course. Students shall present certificates of work done by them. The faculty shall admit to examination for the title of chemical agricultural expert any student who may have passed all the courses of the school, and the following studies: Mathematical analysis, geometry and trigonometry, mechanics, physics, chemistry, topograph% and surveying, mineralogy, geology, zoology, botany. The exercises shall consist of a series of chemical industrial analyses and of the presentation of a project for a farming enterprise. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of chemical agricultural expert to students who satisfactorily pass said exercises. SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. The studies to be followed in this school are hygiene; physiology; anatomy; normal histology; dissection; pathological anatomy, and histology; bacteriology; topographical 24662 39 61(0 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. anatomy and operations; general pathology, with its clinic; medical pathology, with its clinic; surgical pathology, with its clinic; gynecology, with its clinic; obstetrics, with its clinic; pediatrics, with its clinic; therapeutics and materia redica; medical jurisprudence and toxicology. Groups of studies in the school of medicine. Descriptive anatomy................. 1 course... Prof. A.... Dissection -...........,.... 2 courses........... Demonstrator A..... Normal histology and histo-chemistry. fMedical physics and chemistry.... 21 [Physiology, with demonstrations... fMedical natural history pharmaJ cology. qTherapeutics, materia medica, etc... LToxicology —.................. rGeneral pathology, with clinic...... 4 Bacteriology.................... [Pathological anatomy and histology. Medicine........................... jTropical diseases............ "Clinical analysis, microscopic and chemical. Clinical medicine.............. 6Diseases of children with clinic..... Surgical pathology -. —........... — 7 Gynecology with clinic......... Surgical anatomy and operations... Clinical ssurgery............. —....... 8 Genito-urinary surgery.-.......... Skin and syphilis....-........... 9 Obstetrics with clinic................ 1 JHygiene and State medicine......... "ILegal medicine...................... i course... Asst. A.. Chief of laboratory A. Chief of laboratory B. 1 course... Prof. B.. 1course... Prof. B.... do. —.........-. - course-.. Prof. C.. Chief of laboratory C. 1 course... course... 1 course... I course... Prof. C.. Prof. C.. Prof. D-. Prof. D.......do....................do................ Special interne A.... Chief of laboratory D. I......I. -11 I I T course. - - ASs. A. - cule eI laIoratory A. Assistant demonstrators A and B. Assistant demonstrator C. Assistant demonstrator D. Do. Assistant demonstrator E. Do. Do. Assistant demonstrator F. Assistant demonstrator G. Assistant,B.H. Assistant I. Assistant J. Do. 1 course... - course... 1 course... 1 course... 1 course. - 1 course —. 1 course.. 1 course... 1 course... i course... 2 course-. 1 course... 1 course... icourse,.. Prof. E. Prof. D. Prof. F. Asst. B. Prof. G. Prof. G. Asst. C. Prof. H. Prof. H. Prof. H. Prof. I. Prof. J. Prof. J. Special interne A-.... Demonstrator B..... Chief of clinic A...... Special interne B..... Special interne C...-. Chief of clinic C........do................. -do....-..... Chief of clinic D..... Chief of Laboratory E.....do........... Special lectures of three months' duration, namely: Ophthalmology, nervous and mental diseases, throat, nose, and ear. The school shall have an anatomical amphitheater, a histological laboratory, and a bacteriological laboratory. There shall be a chief for each one of these departments and for each of the clinics, with the necessary assistants. Students are obliged to do practical work of dissection, histology and pathological anatomy, and to visit the hospitals from the second year on. Examinations of a practical and descriptive character shall be held at the end of each course. Students shall exhibit the courses and practical work they have completed, certified to by the professor. The faculty shall admit to the examinations for the degree of doctor in medicine any students who may have passed all of the studies of the school, in addition to those of physics and chemistry. The exercises shall consist of oral and written examinations on four cases of clinical medicine, on a case of fracture and two or more of clinical surgery, three cases of obstetrics, and one of clinical pediatrics. The board may require the candidate to give oral explanations. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of doctor in medicine to the students who have been found duly qualified in these examinations. SCHOOL OF PHARMACY. The studies to be followed in this school are: Analytical chemistry; special analysis (medicines, food and poisons); pharmacography (pharmaceutical matter); practical pharmacy. EDUCATION. These studies shall, for the assignment of chairs, be grouped as follows: Chair A. Analytical chemistry, 2 courses; special analysis, 1 course. Chair B. Pharmacography, 2 courses. Chair C. Practical pharmacy, 2 courses. The school shall have three laboratories: One for analysis, another for pharmacography, and the other for pharmacy. There shall be chiefs of laboratories and assistants. Examinations, mainly of a practical and experimental character, shall be held at the end of each course. Students shall present certificates of the work done by them in the laboratory. The faculty shall admit to examination for the degree of doctor in pharmacy any students who may have passed all of the studies of the school of pharmacy, in addition to the following: Physics, chemistry, and botany. The exercises shall consist of four analyses: One for an organic substance, one for a medicinal substance, one for a food substance, and another for a toxic substance; and of two exercises in laboratory work, one of them being the microscopic examination of some pharmaceutic matter, and the other the manipulation of formulae or prescriptions. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of doctor in pharmacy to the students who have passed these examinations. SCHOOL OF DENTAL SURGERY. The studies to be followed in this school are: Abnormal histology of the mouth; special pathology of the mouth; operative dentistry; mechanical dentistry. These studies shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Abnormal histology of themouth, 1 course; mechanical dentistry, 2 courses. Chair B. Special pathology of the mouth, 1 course; operative dentistry, 2 courses. The school shall have a dental laboratory and a dental clinic. This laboratory shall have the necessary assistants; the professor of operative dentistry shall be the head of the clinic and have the necessary assistants. Examinations of a practical and descriptive character shall take place at the end of each course. Students shall present certificates of their work in the laboratory and clinic. The faculty shall admit to examinations for the degree of dental surgeon any students who may have passed the studies of the school of dental surgery, as well as the following: Anatomy, normal histology, physiology, general pathology, pathological anatomy and histology and bacteriology, therapeutics and materia medica. The exercises shall consist of the examination of four clinical dental cases and a written report on them, and the presentation of a sample of the student's work done within the laboratory of the school. The board may require the candidate to give oral explanations. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of dental surgeon to the students who may have passed these examinations. The school of veterinary medicine shall be organized later. SCHOOL OF CIVIL LAW. The studies to be followed in this school are: Roman law, civil law, penal law, law of procedure, commercial law, and public instruments. For the establishment of chairs, these studies shall be grouped as follows: Chair A. Roman law, 1 course; public instruments, 1 course. Chair B. Civil law, 3 courses. Chair C. Penal law, 2 courses. Chair D. Law of procedure, 2 courses; commercial law, 1 course. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. An academy for legal practice shall be attached to the school. After the first year of study students are obligated to attend public law suits in the courts of justice of this capital. Examinations shall be held at the end of each course; these examinations shall always be in writing. Students shall answer the questions put to them by the board concerning the subjects they have treated, and shall present certificates of the work they may have done during the courses. The faculty shall admit to examination for the degree of doctor in civil law any students who may have passed all the studies of the school, in addition to the following: Latin, modern history, psychology, moral philosophy, sociology, political economy, and anthropology. These exercises shall consist of the presentation of a thesis upon a subject selected by the candidate from a list the faculty shall annually prepare and of an oral examination by the board. He shall explain to the board the records of a civil or criminal suit, their connection and object, and give a clear opinion on the case. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of doctor in civil law to the students who may have passed these examinations. SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. The studies to be followed in this school are: Political economy, public finance, administrative law, constitutional law, international law. These studies are for the establishment of the chairs, grouped as follows: Chair A. Political economy, 1 course; public finance, 1 course. Chair B. Administrative law, 2 courses. Chair C. Constitutional law, 2 courses; international law, 1 course. At the end of each course examinations shall be held in the same manner as those for the school of civil law. The faculty shall admit to examinations for the degree of doctor in international law any students who may have passed all of the examinations of the school of international law and the following: Modern history, psychology, moral philosophy, sociology, civil law, penal law. The exercise shall consist of the presentation of a thesis under the same conditions as those of the school of civil law. The rector shall, upon the recommendation of the faculty, grant the title of doctor of international law to the students who may have passed these examinations. SCHOOL OF NOTARIES PUBLIC. The studies to be pursued in this school are: Civil law, penal law, law of procedure, commercial law, administrative law, public instruments. Students in this school must have one year practical experience before obtaining their degrees. The faculty shall admit to examinations for the title of notary public any students who may have passed all of these studies. The exercises shall consist in the recording of different public documents selected by the board. THE PROFESSORS. There shall be professors, assistant professors, assistant professors (chiefs of clinic), and assistant professors (chiefs of laboratory). There shall be a professor for each of the chairs of the different schools, who shall teach all of the courses of the subject. The salary of a professor shall be $2,000 per annum for the first course, and he shall receive 40 per cent and 20 per cent increase of his salary for the second and third courses, respectively. EDUCATION. 613 Professors who have a clinic attached to their chairs shall be paid the half course at the rate of a whole course, as increase of salary. Those in charge of one course only, with a clinic attached thereto, shall receive an increase of 20 per cent of their salary, and those teaching two courses with a clinic shall receive 10 per cent increase. The assistant professors shall substitute the professors during their justified absences. Whenever an assistant professor (chief of a clinic or of a laboratory) takes the place of the professor, he shall be substituted in his functions as a chief by the first assistant to the professor. The assistant professors become professors in cases of vacancy. The school of letters and philosophy shall have two assistant professors, one for for the group of languages and the other for that of history and the philosophic sciences. The school of pedagogy shall have an assistant professor. The school of sciences shall have as many assistant professors as there may be chiefs of laboratories required. The curator of the museum and the director of the botanical garden are also assistant professors. The school of engineers shall have an assistant professor and its corresponding chiefs of laboratory. The school of medicine shall have an assistant professor and its chiefs of laboratory and clinic. The chief of the amphitheater is also an assistant professor. The school of pharmacy shall have as many assistant professors as there may be laboratory chiefs required. The school of dental surgery shall have an assistant professor. The school of civil law shall have an assistant professor. The school of public law shall have an assistant professor. One of the assistant professors of the faculty of letters and philosophy shall be the librarian of the university. Assistant professors who have no additional functions, such as chief of laboratory, etc., are obliged to give two weekly lectures on subjects connected with their school. The salary of the assistant professors who have no additional functions shall be $750 per annum. Whenever they substitute a professor they shall have an increase of $250. Assistant professors (chiefs of laboratories and clinics), the curator of the museum, the director of the botanical garden, the chief of the amphitheater, and the librarian shall have a salary of $1,000 each per annum. The assistants to professors in the laboratories and clinics shall receive $500 per annum. Whenever the first assistant to the professor takes the place of the chief, said amount shall be increased to $750. Assistants to professors are appointed by the rector, upon the recommendation of the faculty. All doctors graduated in the University of Habana, or who are legally incorporated therewith, may give courses of lectures in the university upon coming to an agreement with the dean of the faculty to which the subject taught may belong. The students of these courses shall be admitted to examination upon payment of a fee of $25 per subject. PROFESSORSHIPS. The following rules shall be observed in regard to chairs which may become vacant and not be filled by the promotion of the assistant professors thereto; they likewise apply to assistant professorship. The candidate must hold the degree of doctor in the profession to which the chair may belong. The title of engineer shall be equivalent to that of doctor. The title of normal professor authorizes one to apply for the chairs of the school of pedagogy. No title is required for candidates to the chair of mechanical and freehand drawing. A 614 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The candidate shall exhibit a written report of his works, books, and services rendered to instruction. He shall present to the board of examination appointed for that purpose by the board of inspectors, a written composition selected from a list of subjects prepared by the board, on the studies pertaining to the chair to which he aspires. He shall accompany the composition with a statement of the works he has consulted. After forty-eight hours' free preparation he shall give a one-hour oral lesson before the board. The composition shall be written within six hours, in a closed room, but the candidate may consult the necessary works for reference. Candidates for the chairs of sciences, engineering, medicine, pharmacy, and dental surgery shall be subjected to a series of practical examinations. If there should be but one candidate, the board taking into consideration excellence displayed in his works or books and the preceding exercises will approve or disapprove his candidacy. Approval will entitle him to the chair. If there should be more than one candidate, the board will draw up a list of those approved, in the order of their standing. The first on the list will be entitled to the chair. Candidates who may have formerly been professors of the university shall be credited with the services they have rendered, and they shall be excused from the first exercise. THE STUDENTS. To be eligible for admission as a student to the University of HabanaThe candidate must be 18 years old. He must have obtained the degree of bachelor of letters and sciences in any of the institutes of the island, or hold a similar degree, duly certified to, from a foreign college or institute. MATRICULATION. The students admitted to the university shall pay $80 a year in four payments. Payment of said matriculation fee admits a student to all the courses of the university. Whenever the student attends experimental courses, he shall pay $6 a year in two payments for the use of the laboratory. The faculties shall admit any student of the university to registration in their courses, provided he has paid his matriculation; but they shall not admit him to examinations in a course until he has passed all others that precede it in accordance to the order of sequence established. Students following private courses outside of the universfty may attend the university examination by paying $25 for each subject. The registration fee for examination for a degree is $25. FELLOWSHIPS. There are three fellowships established, one for each faculty, with an annual allowance of $1,200 each. These fellowships shall be given to distinguished students of the university after they have obtained their degrees. They shall be awarded by the rector, upon the recommendation of the faculty and a majority vote of two-thirds of the professors. Students who obtain fellowships must go abroad to complete their studies, and especially to perform advanced experimental work. The fellowships shall be for two years. EDUCATION. 615 Students holding fellowships from the university shall be preferred in the selection of chiefs of clinics and laboratories. MUSEuMS AND LABORATORIES. The sum of $18,000 is hereby assigned for the purchase of the scientific material of the university. The faculties shall forward as soon as practicable the estimates for the new laboratories to be established in accordance with this order. SUPPRESSION OF THE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL. The Professional School of Habana is hereby suppressed, to date from October 1, 1900. Students registered in this school may continue their studies in the school of engineering of the University of Habana, where they will be admitted without examination or presentation of title and be credited with whatever courses they may have already successfully passed in the Professional School. Such students shall pay the university a matriculation fee of only $25 a year for three years, to date from the closing of the Professional School. The title of master workman issued by the Professional School of Habana shall admit a student to the school of engineering of the university. Such students will be credited with the studies successfully passed in the Professional School. The secretary of public instruction is hereby charged with the execution of this order and will issue such instructions as to details as may be necessary. It is probable that this plan will require modification after receiving a practical test, and in fact some changes have already been suggested. It will be given a thorough trial, however, and everything will be done during the American occupation of the island to establish and develop a thorough course of public education suitable to the character and state of the people. In pursuance of this programme upwards of 1,500 public school teachers were brought to Harvard College in July for instruction in American methods of education and the English language. At the end of June there were 3,000 public schools, 3,500 teachers, and 130,000 pupils under instruction in Cuba, and the estimated expenditures for school purposes for this year is upwards of $4,000,000. By comparing these statistics with those already given in describing the state of the schools prior to January 1, 1899, it will be evident that some progress has been made. But a great deal remains to be done, as nothing concerning the welfare of the island is of more importance than the education of the children upon whom, when they shall have become full grown, the future of Cuba will depend. DISCUSSION OF THE TABLES. In addition to the facts regarding education derived from the schedule for population and already explained (pp. 147 to 154), a special 616 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. schedule for schools was furnished to the enumerators, of which the following is a copy: Census of the island of Cuba, taken under the direction of the United States, 1899. SCHEDULE NO. 2.-SCHOOL STATISTICS. Supervisor's district No. -. District of enumeration No. Compiled by me on the day of...... 1899. --—, Enumerator. 1. Name of the school. 2. Situation. 3. State whether the school is supported by public, private, or religious funds. 4. State whether pupils are day or boarding pupils. 5. Number of buildings composing the school, -; seating capacity, --- 6. Number of teachers: males, -; females, 7. Number of pupils in the school during the last school year: Pay pupils. Free pupils. Color or race. Males. Females. Males. Females. W hite............................................................................................ Negro.. —......................... —.................. M ixed..................................................................... Chinese...................................................... 8. Number of working days in the last school year, -; from -, 1898, to,1899. 9. Average daily attendance of pupils during the last school year, Tables LIII and LIV have been prepared from the facts reported on that schedule. But it must be borne in mind that the school system of Cuba, while always, according to American standards, imperfect, has suffered, along with all other institutions, from the war, and that its condition in 1899 was not fairly representative of its condition five or ten years earlier. From Table LIV it appears that 85,009 pupils were reported on the school schedule as attending school. From Table XIX it appears that 87,935 children were reported as having attended school at some time during the twelve months preceding October 16, 1899. The difference between these two independent sources might be due to the fact that certain schools in existence at some time during the census year suspended before its close, and thus the attendants upon them appeared in one table, but not in the other. In the following table the results from the two sources are brought together by provinces: Children reported as attending school. Excess (+) __________ or deficiency Province. O s (-) reported On. Po - On school on school lation [schedule, schedule. schedule. Habana................................... 30, 873 27,170 -3, 703 Matanzas..................... 14,693 15, 429 + 736 Pinar del Rio............................ 3,412 3,055 - 357 Puerto Principe....................... 4,398 3,327 -1,071 Santa Clara ----...................... 20,301 21,217 + 916 Santiago............................... 14,258 14,811 + 553 Cuba -—................. ---- 87,935 85,009 -2,926 EDUCATION. 617 In three provinces the school children reported on the population schedule were more numerous, and in the other three less numerous, than those reported on the school schedule. This negatives the hypothesis just stated as an explanation of the discrepancies, or at least shows that other influences cooperated to cause the differences. But whichever column is accepted as the more accurate the general results are not widely diverse. Another check upon the accuracy of the work is found by comparing the number of persons occupied as teachers according to Table XXVI with those reported as school-teachers on the school schedule. The former reports 2,708 teachers of all sorts, the latter 2,665 schoolteachers. The other 43 might have been teachers not properly to be classed as school-teachers. But when the comparison is made for the separate sexes, it appears that on the occupation returns the male teachers were more numerous by 116, but the female teachers less numerous by 73, than on the school schedule. These results show no greater divergence than the experience of the United States would lead one to expect, and serve to strengthen a belief in the general care and accuracy with which the census of Cuba was taken. Aside from the conclusions already drawn from the tables for education, school attendance, and literacy, the following inferences from Tables LIII and LIV seem warranted: 1. The reported seating capacity (114,735) was over one-third greater than the entire number of pupils (85,009). 2. The average attendance was only from two-thirds to three-fourths of the pupils enrolled, even after due allowance is made for the omissions on this point mentioned in the notes to the tables. 3. Of the schools, about one-half were public; the other half private or religious. 4. Private and religious schools were the main form in Habana province; public schools were the more usual type in Santa Clara. 5. The number of school buildings in Cuba and in each province slightly exceeded the reported number of schools. Apparently, 47 school buildings were not occupied by schools. 6. Of the school-teachers, about two-fifths were male and threefifths female. 7. Of the pupils, about one-fourth were pay pupils and three-fourths free pupils. But outside of Habana province only one-sixth were pay pupils and five-sixths were free pupils, while in that province nearly two-fifths were pay pupils and three-fifths free. The large proportion of private schools and pay pupils in Habana is probably due in part to the better economic condition of the capital. 61[8 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. 8. The following table gives the proportion of each class of the population reported as in school: Total num- Pupils en- Per cent of Class of population. bTotl nu pupils eto. tered. I population. White......................... 1,052,397 61,230 5.82 Negro............................ 234,738 9,597 4.09 Mixed......................... 270,805 14,029 5.18 Chinese.................................... 14,857 153 1.03 Total................................. 1,572,797 85,009 5.40 I_... —.E... _. _ The low proportion of Chinese in school is, of course, due to the fact that they are nearly all in adult years. A few young persons, however, probably children of Chinese fathers and Cuban mothers, were returned as Chinese. That the proportion of whites in school is higher than the proportion of colored is not surprising, but it is somewhat unexpected to find that the ratio of school enrollment to population among those of mixed blood is nearer to the white than to the colored ratio. In the analysis of the tables for school attendance it was shown (p. 151) that schools in the cities were far more adequate to the needs than in the country. It may be that the mixed population are more numerous in the cities. If so, this would be one element in explaining the higher ratio of school enrollment among the mixed. On making the computation from the figures in Table VI it appears that of the colored population outside the fourteen cities separately reported less than half (49.7 per cent) were returned as mixed, while of the colored population in those cities not far from three-fifths (57.1 per cent) were returned as mixed. Conclusions from a census inquiry regarding intermixture of blood between races must be stated with care or received with reserve, but it seems fair to hold that either the fact, or in all events the claim and appearance, of mixed blood is more general in Cuban cities than in the rural districts. If so, this fact would go far toward explaining the larger proportion of the mixed population in the public schools. TABLE LIII.-Schools. Kind of school. Kind of pupils. Capacity. Number Numof ' Numschools Pulic Priv Reli- a Board- ber of Seating schools. Public. Private g uay. Bot. capacity. gious. ing. build- capacity. ings. Habana...........-.. 472 169 287 16 423 6 43 505 40, 447 Matanzas............... 264 128 130 6 246 9 9 272 22, 627 Pinar del Rio... ---.. -69 37 32....... 65....... 4 70 3,395 Puerto Principe...... 79 34 44 1 77...... 2 80 4,433 Santa Clara....... 344 236 104 4 329 5 10 346 27,009 Santiago de Cuba..... 282 151 129 2 270 4 8 284 16, 824 Cuba -........ 1,510 755 726 29 1,410 24 76 1,557 114,735 1 ErMDCATIOXI. TABLE LIII.-Schools-Continued. Number of Number of pupils entered. Number of _ teachers. Average Free. Pay. attendance. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. H-abana.............. 472 586 8,525 8,094 5,207 5,344 18,074 Matanzas-. —.... --- —-- 169 306 6,290 6,300 1,433 1,406 10,126 Pinar del Rio........... 41 47 1,205 888 493 469 1,991 Puerto Principe........ 45 57 1,365 1,123 425 414 2,339 Santa Clara......... 218 315 9,352 9.038 1,247 1,580 11,443 Santiago de Cuba....... 145 264 5,883 5,997 1,701 1,230 10,325 Cuba. --- ——.. — 1,090 1,575 32,620 31,440 10,506 10,443 54,298 TABLE LIV-Pupils. WHITE. Total Free. Pay. pupils Total. entered. Male. Female. Male. Female. Habana................................... 27,170 22,195 6,621 6,274 4,634 4,666 Matanzas. —... —...-.............. ---.. 15,429 10,119 4,103 3,783 1,126 1,107 Pinar del Rio............................ 3,055 2,252 853 588 418 393 Puerto Principe.......................... 3,327 2, 986 1,154 1,059 401 372 Santa Clara.............................. 21,217 14,429 6,126 5,992 1,103 1,208 Santiago de Cuba........................ 14,811 9,249 3,749 3,558 1,200 742 Cuba............................... 85,009 61,230 22,606 21,254. 8,882 8,488 BLACK. Free. Pay. Total. -------------- Male. Female. Male. Female. Habana.................................. 2,356 941 930 205 280 Matanzas ---...... --- —-----—.. —..... —. 2,407 1,109 1,086 135 77 Pinar del Rio-........................... 436 184 166 44 42 Puerto Principe.......................... 109 72 22 8 7 Santa Clara.... —. —. —. —. --- —-—.-.. --- 2, 757 1,355 1,182 41 179 Santiago de Cuba........................ 1,532 578 579 221 154 Cuba............................... 9,597 4,239 3,965 654 739 MIXED. Free. Pay. Total. Male. Female. Male. Female. Habana.................................. 2,561 946 867 357 391 Matanzas..................'............ 2,892 1,112 1,409 161 210 Pinar del Rio............................. 361 167 134 27 33 Puerto Principe.......................... 229 139 42 15 33 Santa Clara. --- —.. --- —. --- —-—. ---.. —. 3,974 1,849 1,832 102 191 Santiago de Cuba........................ 4,012 1,545 1,858 277 332 Cuba............................... 14,029 5,758 6,142 939 1,190 CHINESE. Free. Pay. Total. ----- -------- Male. Female. Male. Female. Habana.................................. Matanzas................................. Pinar del Rio............................ Puerto Principe............. Santa Clara.... ----..........- -..........Santiago de Cuba........................ Cuba.-..-.......-.................. 58 11 6 3 57 18 153 17 2 1 22 11 53 23 12 9........-............... 4.......... ' 1 32 1 2 3 6 1 2 2 2 66 21 620 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Besides the above there were omitted from the schedules the following data: In Habana were 21 schools in which the number of pupils entered was not given. There were 14 schools in which the seating capacity was not stated. In these schools were entered 884 pupils. In Matanzas were 14 schools, in which were entered 311 pupils, of which the average attendance was not given. There were also 2 schools in which apparently no pupils were entered. In Pinar del Rio there was one school whose seating capacity was not given and 9 in which the average attendance was omitted. These 9 schools had 508 entered pupils. In Puerto Principe were 3 schools in which the number of entered pupils was omitted, and 11 schools, with 255 pupils entered, whose average attendance was not stated. In Santa Clara the returns were very deficient. There were 96 schools, with 4,891 pupils entered, in which the average attendance was omitted, and 2 schools in which there were no pupils entered. In Santiago were 25 schools, with 903 entered pupils, whose average attendance was not given. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. WAR DEPARTMENT ORDERS ORGANIZING THE CENSUS. WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington1 August 19, 1899. I. By direction of the President a census of the population, of the agricultural products, and of the educational conditions of Cuba shall be taken on the 16th day of October and completed by or before the 30th day of November, 1899. II. Lieut. Col. J. P. Sanger, Inspector-General, is appointed Director of the Census, with office in Washington. It is made his duty to superintend and direct the taking of the census and to perform such other duties as may be required of him. III. Mr. Victor H. Olmsted is appointed Assistant Director of the Census, with office in the city of Santa Clara, Cuba, and is charged, under the direction of the Director of the Census, with the collection of the information required by this order and such instructions as may be issued. He will fill all vacancies which may occur among the supervisors of the census, and will appoint all enumerators and such special agents as may be necessary, reporting his action to the Director of the Census. IV. The following-named citizens of Cuba, nominated by the Military Governor of Cuba, are hereby appointed supervisors of census: 1. Pedro Pequefio, province of Pinar del Rio. 2. Manuel Rasco, province of Habana. 3. Prof. Claudio Dumas, province of Matanzas. 4. Juan Bautista Jimenez, province of Santa Clara. 5. Agustin H. Agdero, province of Puerto Principe. 6. SabAs Meneses, province of Santiago. Each supervisor shall be duly commissioned by the Secretary of War, and shall be sworn to the faithful performance of his duty by the Director or the Assistant Director of the Census, or by any civil or military officer authorized to administer oaths in the form and manner prescribed by the Secretary of War. V. Each supervisor of census shall be charged with the performance, within his own province, of the following duties: To consult with the Assistant Director of the Census in regard to the division of his province into districts most convenient for the purpose of the enumeration, which district shall be declared and the boundaries thereof fixed by the Assistant Director of the Census; to nominate to him suitable persons as enumerators within his province, one or more for each district and resident therein; but in case it shall occur in any enumeration district that no person qualified to perform and willing to undertake the duties of enumerator resides in that district the supervisor may appoint any fit person to be the enumerator of that district; to comiiunicate to enumerators the necessary instructions and directions relating to their duties; to examine and scrutinize the returns of the enumerators, and in event of discrcpancies or deficiencies appearing in the returns for his province, to use all dili621 622 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. gence in causing the same to be corrected and supplied; to forward to the Assistant Director of the Census the complete returns for his province in such time and manner as shall be prescribed by the said officer. He will also make up and forward to the disbursing officer of the Army designated to make payments in his province, not later than the twenty-fifth day of each month, accounts required for ascertaining the amount of compensation due himself, each enumerator in his province, his clerk and messenger, his office rent and current expenses, which accounts shall be duly certified as true and correct by the supervisor; and said accounts so certified shall be accepted by the disbursing officer so designated, and payment shall be made thereon by draft in favor of each person to whom payment is due. The accounts of enumerators will be sworn to by them and certified as true and correct by the supervisors. The duties imposed upon the supervisors by this order shall be performed, in any and all particulars, in accordance with the instructions and directions of the Secretary of War; and any supervisor who may abandon, neglect, or improperly perform the duties required of him by this order, and the instructions he may receive, may be removed by the Assistant Director of the Census, who will report his action to the Director of the Census. VI. Each enumerator shall be duly commissioned by the Secretary of War, and shall be sworn to the faithful performance of his duty by the supervisors of the census, or by any civil or military officer authorized to administer oaths, and in the form and manner prescribed. VII. Each enumerator shall be charged with the collection in his district of the facts and statistics required by the population schedule and such other schedules as the Secretary of War may determine shall be used by him in connection with the census. It shall be the duty of each enumerator to visit personally each dwelling house in his district and each family therein and each individual living out of a family in any place of abode, and by inquiry made of the head of each family, or of the member thereof deemed most creditable and worthy of trust, or of such individual living out of a family, to obtain each and every item of information and all the particulars required by the order prescribed as of the date October 16, 1899. And in case no person shall be found at the usual place of abode of such family or individual living out of a family competent to answer the inquiries made in compliance with the requirements of this order, then it shall be lawful for the enumerator to obtain the required information, as nearly as may be practicable, from the family or families or person or persons living nearest to such place of abode; and it shall be the duty of each enumerator to forward the original schedules, duly certified, to the supervisor of census of his province as his returns under the provisions of this order, and in the event of discrepancies or deficiencies being discovered in his said returns he shall use all diligence in correcting or supplying the same. In case the district assigned to any enumerator embraces all or any part of any incorporated township, village, town, or city, and also other territory not included within the limits of such incorporated township, village, town, or city, or either, it shall be the duty of the enumerator of such district to clearly and plainly distinguish and separate upon the population schedules the inhabitants of all or any part of such township, village, town, or city as may be embraced in the district assigned to such enumerator from the inhabitants of the territory not included therein. No enumerator shall be deemed qualified to enter upon his duties until he has received from the supervisor of census of the province to which he belongs the commission authorizing him to perform the duties of enumerator. VIII. The district assigned to any enumerator shall not exceed 1,500 inhabitants for urban and 1,000 inhabitants for. suburban or rural districts, as near as may be, according to estimates based on the preceding census or other reliable information, and the boundaries of all subdivisions shall be clearly described by civil divisi;ns, rivers, roads, public surveys, or other easily distinguished lines; Provided, That APPENDIX I. 623 enumerators may be assigned for the special enumeration of institutions, when desirable, without reference to the number of inmates. IX. Any supervisor of the census may, with the approval of the Assistant Director of the Census, remove any enumerator in his province and fill the vacancy thus caused or otherwise occurring. Whenever it shall appear that any portion of the enumeration and census provided for in this order has been negligently or improperly taken and is by reason thereof incomplete or erroneous the Assistant Director of the Census may cause such incomplete and unsatisfactory enumeration and census to be amended or made anew under such methods as may, in his discretion, be practicable. X. The Assistant Director of the Census may authorize and direct supervisors of the census to employ interpreters to assist the enumerators of their respective districts in the enumeration of persons not speaking the language of the country, the compensation of such interpreters not to exceed $3 per day for each day actually and necessarily employed. XI. No supervisor's clerk, interpreter, special agent, or other official shall enter upon his duties until he has taken and subscribed to the oath or affirmation prescribed by the Secretary of War; and no supervisor, supervisor's clerk, enumerator, or special agent shall be accompanied or assisted in the performance of his duties by any person not duly appointed as an officer or employee of the Cuban Census and to whom an oath or affirmation has not been duly administered. All appointees and employees provided for in this order shall be appointed or employed solely with reference to their fitness to perform the duties of the position to which they may be appointed, XII. The enumeration of the population required by this order shall commence on the 16th day of October, 1899, and be taken as of that date. And it shall be the duty of each enumerator to complete the enumeration of his district and to prepare the returns hereinbefore required to be made and to forward the same to the supervisor of census of his province on or before the 30th day of November, 1899. XIII. If any person shall receive or secure to himself any fee, reward, or compensation as a consideration for the appointment or employment of any person as enumerator or clerk or other employee, or shall in any way receive or secure to himself any part of the compensation to be paid for the service of any enumerator or clerk or other employee, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000 or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both. XIV. If any supervisor, supervisor's clerk, enumerator, interpreter, special agent, or other employee, who, having taken and subscribed the oath of office required by this order, shall, without justifiable cause, neglect or refuse to perform the duties enjoined on him by this order, or shall, without the authority of the Director of the Census, communicate to'any person not authorized to receive the same any information gained by him in the performance of his duties, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not exceeding $500; or, if he shall willfully and knowingly swear or affirm falsely, he shall be deemed guilty of perjury, and upon conviction thereof shall be imprisoned not exceeding two years and be fined not exceeding $500; or if he shall willfully and knowingly make a false certificate or a fictitious return, he shall be guilty of a'misdemeanor, and upon conviction of either of the last-named offenses he shall be fined not exceeding $2,000 and be imprisoned not exceeding two years. XV. Each and every person more than 20 years of age belonging to any family residing in any enumeration district, and in case of the absence of the heads and other members of any such family, then any representative of such family, shall be, and each of them hereby is, required, if thereto requested by the Assistant Director, supervisor, or enumerator, to render a true account, to the best of his or her knowledge, of every person belonging to such family in the various particulars required; and whoever shall willfully fail or refuse to render such true account shall be guilty 624 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding $100. And every president, treasurer, secretary, director, agent, or other officer of every corporation and every establishment of productive industry, whether conducted as a corporate body, limited liability company, or by private individuals, from which answer to any of the schedules, inquiries, or statistical interrogatories provided for by this order are herein required, who shall, if thereto requested by the Assistant Director, supervisor, enumerator, or special agent, willfully neglect or refuse to give true and complete answers to any inquiries authorized by this order, or shall willfully give false information, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $3,000, to which may be added imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year. XVI. All fines and penalties imposed in this order shall be enforced by due legal process in courts of the first instance, or in the supreme courts of the provinces, according to the nature and degree of the offense; and they are hereby granted jurisdiction for this purpose. XVII. The Director of the Census may authorize the expenditure of necessary sums for the traveling expenses of the officers and employees of the census and the incidental expenses essential to the carrying out of this order as herein provided for, and not otherwise, including the rental of the offices for the Assistant Director and supervisors of the census, and the furnishing thereof. XVIII. All mail matter of whatever class relative to the Cuban Census and addressed to the Director, Assistant Director, or any supervisor or enumerator of the census, and indorsed "Official Business, War Department, Cuban Census," shall be transported free of postage; and all telegrams relative to the Cuban Census, sent or received by the officials aforesaid, shall be free of charge; and if any person shall make use of the postal and telegraph franking privileges herein granted to avoid the payment of postage or telegraph charges on a private message, letter, package, or other matter sent by mail or telegraph, the person so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of $300. XIX. The Director of the Census is hereby authorized to print and bind such blanks, circulars, envelopes, and other items as may be necessary, and to tabulate, print, publish, and distribute the results of this census. XX. The expenses of taking the Cuban Census, including the pay and allowances of civil officials and employees, shall be paid from the revenues of Cuba, and the Military Governor of Cuba will nominate one of the disbursing officers of the army in each province to act as paymaster, who shall be provided with the necessary funds and who shall make disbursements in behalf of the Cuban Census, according to such instructions, and under such regulations, as may be prescribed by the Secretary of War. The names, rank, and stations of the officers so nominated will be communicated to the Adjutant-General of the Army by the Military Governor of Cuba, and will be announced in War Department orders. XXI. The Military Governor of Cuba, the military and civil governors of the provinces, and all civil and military officers and employees will render such assistance to the Director, Assistant Director, supervisors, and enumerators of the Cuban Census as may be necessary to enable them to carry into effect the provisions of this order. ELIru ROOT, Secretary of War. APPENDICES II AND IlI. APPENDIX II. WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, August,4, 1899. I. The following-named officers, nominated by the Military Governor of Cuba, are appointed disbursing officers of the Cuban Census, and will be respected accordingly: Maj. William H. Miller, Quartermaster, U. S. A., province of Matanzas. Maj. James L. Wilson, U. S. V., province of Habana. Capt. Charles H. Grierson, Tenth U. S. Cavalry, province of Santiago. Capt. Charles B. Vogdes, First UI. S. Infantry, province of Pinar del Rio. Capt. W. N. Blow, Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, province of Puerto Principe. First Lieut. P. D. Lochridge, Second U. S. Cavalry, province of Santa Clara. II. Disbursing officers will pay the compensation of the Assistant Director, supervisors, enumerators, interpreters, clerks, and employees of the Census; the rent' of offices of Assistant Director and supervisors; the purchase or rental of office furniture; transportation and telegraph vouchers; the expenses of travel of officers and employees as established by the Secretary of War, and such incidental expenses as may be authorized by the Director of the Census under Paragraph XVI or of Paragraph XVII of the orders of the President for taking the Census of Cuba. III. In making expenditures and keeping their accounts disbursing officers will be governed by the rules and instructions applicable to the revenues of Cuba established by the President May 8 and promulgated by the War Department May 11, 1899: Provided, That the accounts of expenditures in behalf of the Cuban Census shall be kept separate from all other accounts and forwarded in this form to the Secretary of War. IV. Disbursing officers will be stationed in the capital cities of their respective provinces, and will communicate without delay with the supervisors of census also resident therein, and will give them such information as to preparing vouchers of expenditures and keeping their accounts as may be necessary to the prompt settlement of all indebtedness. ELIHU ROOT, Secretary of War. APPENDIX III. WAR DEPARTMENT, CENSUS OF CUBA, Washington, D. C., January 23, 1900. SIR: I have the honor to report that having been appointed Assistant Director of the Cuban Census by the honorable Secretary of War on August 17, 1899, I entered upon the duties of the position on the date named and superintended the purchase, packing, and shipment from Washington, D. C., to Cuba of necessary supplies, consisting of furniture, stationery, blanks, etc., until August 27, 1899, when I started for Cuba, accompanied by my personal staff, who served with me zealously and efficiently throughout the entire work of taking the census. The gentlemen who accompanied me were A. E. Conover, principal clerk; I. A. Barnes, Spanish stenographer; and the following-named clerks: J. B. Spalding, D. G. Belt, W. L. Spalding, and R. C. Lappin. Upon arrival at Habana on August 30, 1899, temporary headquarters were immediately established in the palace of the Military Governor of Cuba, and the work of making a tentative subdivision of the island into enumeration districts was at once cormmenced, the six Cuban census supervisors being present and rendering such assistance as their personal knowledge of the geography and population of their respective provinces rendered possible. 24662 — 40 626 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The entire absence of geographical and statistical data, and the impossibility of immediately securing the same, rendered the task of subdivision into enumeration districts an extremely difficult one; but the work was carried forward, use being made of such information as was at the time obtainable, and on September 14, 1899, the preliminary or tentative subdivision was completed, the result being the creation of 1,315 enumeration districts, divided among the six provinces of Cuba as follows: Pinar del Rio, 143; Habana, 356; Matanzas, 201; Santa Clara, 295; Puerto Principe, 84; Santiago de Cuba, 236. Upon the completion of the tentative subdivision of each province, the supervisor therefor at once repaired to the capital city thereof, where his headquarters were established, and, acting under detailed and definite instructions, carried forward the preparatory work of the census. The temporary office at Habana was closed September 14, 1899, and permanent headquarters were established on the following day at Santa Clara, the capital city of the province of Santa Clara. From there, supplies for taking the Census were.sent to each supervisor, packed, wrapped, and labeled in such a way as to enable him immediately to distribute them to enumerators. By the 16th of October this work had been completed, the enumerators had been appointed and qualified, and each one had received the necessary blanks, materials, and instructions, so that on the date mentioned the work of enumeration was commenced throughout the entire island, except in a very few cases in which short delays were unavoidable. In many cases as the work of the Census progressed it-was found necessary to create new enumeration districts by subdividing such of those already created as were found to contain so large a population or to cover so great an extent of territory as to disable a single enumerator from completing his work within the required period, which expired on November 30, 1899. In a few instances, also, it was found necessary to consolidate certain districts because of population or geographical conditions. From time to time during the progress of the enumeration these changes were effected, with the result that on November 30, 1899, on which date the field work was completed, there were 1,607 enumeration districts, an increase of 292 over the number originally created prior to the commencement of the enumeration. These districts were divided among the six provinces of Cuba as follows: Pinar del Rio, 160; Havana, 366; Matanzas, 239; Santa Clara, 374; Puerto Principe, 135; Santiago de Cuba, 333. The enumeration of a considerable number of these districts was finished before November 1. Every day during the month witnessed the conclusion of the labors of many of the enumerators, and by the close of the month a large majority had finished. Had proper geographical and statistical information been obtainable prior to the commencement of the field work, such a subdivision of the island into districts could have been made as would have enabled the entire work of enumeration to be easily completed within thirty days from its beginning. But within the time prescribed by the orders of the President it was entirely completed, and so well and so thoroughly as to reflect great credit both upon the enumerators and upon the supervisors under whose direction they were employed. The returns of the Cuban Census are fully and accurately made in a legible and intelligent manner, and compare favorably with those of any American Census, National or State. As rapidly as the enumerators delivered their work to their respective supervisors, it was scrutinized by the latter for the purpose of correcting errors or supplying omissions. The work was then forwarded by the supervisors to me at Santa Clara, where it was packed in ironbound cases for shipment to Washington. On January 7, 1900, the complete returns of the Census, together with myself, the supervisors, and the employees who accompanied me td Cuba, were taken on board APPENDIX IV. 627 the U. S. transport McPherson, at Cienfuegos, Cuba, en route for Washington, and on January 15 the Census personnel and property reached their destination. There were 142 women employed as enumerators in the Cuban Census, mostly in the provinces of Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara, and, without exception, they demonstrated the fact that Cuban women are as capable and reliable as the men. They all took great pride in their employment, and displayed a degree of skill and enthusiasm that was highly commendable. The success of the census, while primarily due to the industry and intelligence of the persons employed in taking it, has been largely promoted by the careful manner in which it was organized, the interest manifested in it by the people of Cuba, and their cordial cooperation and support from the beginning to the end. Very respectfully, VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Assistant Director Cuban Census. Lieut. Col. J. P. SANGER, Inspector-General, Director of Cuban Census, HWashington, D. C. APPENDIX IV. CENSUS OF CUBA, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR, Habana Province, December 31, 1899. SIR: Upon the conclusion of the labors of the census of this province intrusted to me by the honorable Secretary of War of the United States, I take pleasure in complying with your request for a brief and concise report on said work, as well as a statement of all that I have observed during the period thereof. Believing that previous censuses had only served as a basis for increased taxation and new imposts, thus arousing as a natural consequence the passive resistance of the people and the consequent concealment of facts, I feared that I would encounter insurmountable difficulties in taking the census, but my fears disappeared in time, and I soon could see that the work undertaken would be crowned with success, as was the case. The prejudices of the people, from a political standpoint, with regard to the census were also great, but in a short time they were convinced of their error when the supervisor repeated to them the statements made by the Federal authorities at Washington and communicated to them the impressions brought from there. As a natural consequence there was a reaction, and with it came the unconditional support of the entire press and the decided cooperation of the people, who now saw in the census nothing but a fundamental basis for the establishment in Cuba of the government which President McKinley intends to establish for the good of all. Upon my arrival at Habana, and in order to gain time and have this work in an advanced form when called upon, I devoted myself to securing the maps and data I required for the purpose. I was disappointed to find that neither the military authorities nor the civil authorities of Habana could give me any maps or data whatsoever, except a map of the department of Habana, which was of no use at all to me, and a memorandum of the judicial districts of the city of Habana, with the respective wards and inhabitants, according to the last Spanish census of 1897. I was also able to secure from an employee of the department of state and of the interior an appendix to a work which it was publishing and which contained the civil division of this province; that is, the judicial and municipal districts, with their respective wards (barrios). But as the said appendix did not give the names and number of the wards composing the six judicial districts of the city of Habana, nor their limits, I was obliged 628 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. to request this information of the audiencia and of the supreme court, but was unsuccessful, as these two bodies could only give me the names of the wards and of portions of others which composed each judicial district, without giving me the bounds of said portions of wards. This rendered the work incomplete, and I was obliged to recommend to every enumerator that in enumerating his respective district he should ask the judge of first instance to what judicial district it belonged, in order thus to enter it properly in the schedules. As it was not possible for me, with the few data at my command, to do anything practical, * * X I wrote to all the mayors in the province, requesting them to send me such maps of their respective municipal districts as they might have, informing me at the same time of the towns and wards which composed them, stating the number of inhabitants, in their opinion, in order to facilitate the work of subdivision. Said mayors gladly furnished me the data requested. The maps I could not make use of, but I did make use of the other data, which were of service for the subdivision of the province into enumeration districts. With these data in my possession, which were all I could obtain, I devoted myself to dividing the city of Habana into enumeration districts, the limits of which;were fixed and marked on the map I had for the purpose, always considering so far as possible the instructions to the effect that the city districts should not exceed 1,500 inhabitants. Habana never having been divided in this manner, there was no basis for an exact subdivision, and there being a great disparity between the number of inhabitants in each block, there was a difference between the districts, as you may have observed. For the districts in the suburbs, where there are no streets which can serve as limits, the subdivision was made by taking as a basis the probable number of inhabitants, giving to each enumerator a small plan of Habana, on which his district was marked with red ink, in order to avoid confusion. For the subdivision of the municipal districts of the province I took the data given me by the respective mayors as a basis, making said subdivision in relation to the number of wards and inhabitants, and in the absence of maps I took care that the enumeration districts should always embrace entire wards, whose limits were known, being able in some towns to do something similar to what I did in the city of Habana. * *' In view of the short time remaining in which to begin the census, and considering what we still had to do and the large number of enumerators to instruct, I requested and obtained authority to appoint one instructing enumerator for every municipal district, who was to be instructed by me, and who in turn was to instruct the other enumerators. * * *x- *. * * * In order to secure better results in the enumeration, I decided to go over the province in order to correct the div;sion into districts and to appoint enumerators, selecting persons who should be na c only intelligent but should also be acquainted with their respective districts. As the time at my disposal was short and it was impossible for me to go over the entire ground in person, I sent my secretary to visit a portion thereof, and do what was proper. The province, as you will recollect, was divided into 357 enumeration districts, two special districts having been created in Habana, one for the prison and penitentiary and another for the convents and religious associations, a woman being appointed for the latter. As a consequence of our visit to the province, 9 districts were abolished and 18 new ones were created, making a total of 366, according to the new corrected pamphlet I had the honor to send you. In order that the enumerators should not forget the limits of their respective districts, nor the data required by the population scheldules, I ordered some slips printed which contained all this and which were delivered to each of themn SUPERVISORS AND ENUMERATORS 58, APPENDIX IV. For a better arrangement of the work of the enumerators, and in order that the latter should not take more time than necessary, I ordered daily reports, which were to be forwarded to the office, giving the work done that day. In explanation of instructions from Washington for the enumerators and to facilitate their work I ordered some additional instructions printed, a copy of which 1 had the pleasure of forwarding to you. In making the appointments of the enumerators I acted in accordance with the instructions I had for the purpose, and, recollecting what had been said with regard to the work of women in the last census of that country, I appointed 19 in this province, who gave satisfactory results. * * * Fearing that some of the enumerators had not thoroughly understood the instructions given them and at the end of their enumeration the work would be deficient, and wishing to avoid this, I issued orders for them to forward to my office for examination the work of the first two days, without interrupting the enumeration, so that I might retain in their positions those who had done the work well or had committed small errors only, easily corrected, and discharge without any remuneration whatsoever those who had shown complete ignorance of the instructions. Fortunately only a few were discharged for this reason. The enumeration went on without drawbacks. The enumerators, animated by the best wishes for good results, surmounted the small difficulties they encountered in the discharge of their duties. I was informed that in some islets south of the province of Habana, inhabited before the war, there were some inhabitants. For the enumeration of these individuals I appointed an enumerator and hired a schooner. Making use of the same boat, the islands of Jardines and Jardinillos, belonging to the province of Santa Clara, were enumerated. For the enumeration of the foreign establishments in this province I was obliged to make use of six interpreters only for twenty-one days. In the enumeration of the convents some slight difficulty was encountered by reason of the refusal of the superiors to permit the enumerators to enter and take the data from each of the inmates. Being desirous that the census should not leave anything but agreeable recollections, I obtained from the bishop of Ilabana an order authorizing my enumerator, a woman, to enter the convents and take the civil names of their inmates and other necessary data, which was done. All the other elements of the population gladly assisted in the enumeration. Only *the Chinese gave a little trouble by reason of their passive resistance in saying that "they did not know," but with some difficulty, there being no Chinese interpreter, all were enumerated. * * * On November 27 the enumeration of the entire province was concluded, with the exception of district No. 324, to the south of the swamp of the Isle of Pines, which was concluded on the 29th. In order that no one should remain in my province without being enumerated, I published in the newspapers of this city a request that all persons who may not have been enumerated on account of absence or for any other reason should advise me thereof in order that I could send and have them recorded, although I was convinced that all the enumerators had done their duty. For this purpose i created a district which I called "Additional," indicating in red ink at the right margin of the schedules the district of enumeration to which each entry referred, in order that in tabulating in Washington they could be placed with the districts to which they belonged. For this additional district I appointed an enumerator who hlad already served in the census. I must here mention that knowing that education would be an important factor for the destiny of this country, in instructing the enumerators I informed them that they should submit to a practical proof all persons who said they knew how to read 630 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. and write, calling their attention to the fact that if a man knew how to write his name it was not sufficient proof that he knew how to write, because there are many persons who can only write their names. However, on receiving your telegram on this subject I again reminded the enumerators of what I had previously told them. * * * As the Director of the Census, when in this city, desired to verify some cases of individuals who appeared in the census as knowing how to read and write, and in order to be able to contradict any statement that might be made to the contrary on this point, I selected 25 or 30 cases in the different districts of this city and intrusted the verification to an enumerator having my confidence, whom I afterwards employed in the additional district. The verification agreed in all points with the enumeration previously effected. As the work arrived in my cGce it was examined, the small errors being corrected, and then forwarded to the assistant director. Before beginning the enumeration in this province, and taking into consideration the number of persons enumerated daily in the United States during the last census, I fixed for the enumerators of the city of Habana as well as of other cities a task of one hundred entries, more or4less, being required to state the reason for not. making more than seventy, in order that they should not use more time than necessary, as on the other hand they would get credit for three days of enumeration for two of work. This measure was not applied to the rural wards, by reason of the distances it is necessary to cover between each plantation and on account of the condition of the roads. But in any case they had to give the cause when the day's work was less than usual. * * In compliance with your instructions, I kept sending to the Assistant Director at Santa Clara the work of enumeration after it was corrected and examined, which I concluded doing on December 23. As I said before, it would not have been possible for me, with only my secretary and messenger, properly to attend to all the work which the labor required should it not have been, I repeat, for the spontaneous cooperation of many enumerators who worked in my office without any remuneration whatsoever, and to the fact that my secretary and myself dedicated to the census many days taken from our rest. I am perfectly satisfied with my enumerators and their work; all of them worked with real zeal and enthusiasm to have the work a success and to enjoy the satisfaction of having contributed with their grain of sand to raising the monument which is to serve as a basis for the future destiny of our country. The enumerators in the country, besides having to encounter, as all those of the towns, the small natural difficulties in this kind of work, were inconvenienced with the scarcity of horses in the country, some of them being obliged to hire them at $2 to $2.50 per day.* Fortunately, the rainy season this year was not so abundant as it generally was, thus making the journeys of the enumerators less difficult. I say the same with regard to the female enumerators, who relatively did the work better than the men, because it is to be taken into consideration that the Spanish Government never having wished to give to the Cuban woman any participation whatsoever in public positions, although they were sufficiently intelligent and instructed therefor, as they have proven in this case, they found themselves, as was natural, in fear of not being able to perform their duty well, because this work was completely different from the duties which up to this time they had been engaged in. In the census they have proven that they are capable of any office proper for their sex. I hope, as the Director of the Census told them, that this will serve as an encouragement for making use of their services in other offices. In the formation of the census of this province I also carefully studied the administrative part in order to make it as economical as possible. My attempts have been APPENDIX V. crowned with success, because, according to the information furnished by the paymaster of this province, which agrees with my accounts, only about $36,000 have been spent altogether, which I understand is one-third of what was estimated. My relations with said paymaster, Maj. James E. Wilson, have been very agreeable, as he did all that he could to prevent delay in the payments and trouble for the enumerators in the collection of their accounts. Special mention must be made of the fact that the newspapers of this city, principally La Lucha, La Discusion, and El Diario gladly, without charge, published all the instructions to the enumerators which it was necessary to publish before and during the time of the enumeration, and that they also dispelled any doubts that the people might have with regard to the census, thus contributing to a better success of the work. Before concluding I wish to state, although it may injure the modesty of the Assistant Director of the Census, that the success of taking the census is due in great part to the great knowledge possessed by him, to his activity in the discharge of his duties as Assistant Director, and to the precision and clearness with which he always answered the doubts and consultations submitted to him during the course of the work. Yours, etc.,. MANUEL RASCO, Supervisor of the (Censvs iv the Province of Habana. The DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS OF CUBA, Wi.slington, 1). C. (Through the Assistant l)irect(r.) APPENDIX V. CENSUS OF CUBA, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR, Matanzas, Cuba, December 20, 1899. SIR: It is a difficult task for me to comply with superior orders in the midst of the complicated and varied works of the census and faithfully remember the many details of the work which was so kindly placed in my hands and which I have so unworthily concluded; difficult also by reason of the absence of intellectual gifts, which I have always been obliged to supply with the intention and especially with the activity and the wish to succeed. From the time we were given our orders in Washington I understood that I had the good fortune of receiving the easiest of the provinces; that having the most ample means of communication, the success depended on the personnel that I should select. Thus it was that I went over names and names in my mind for the selection of a secretary ad hoc, who should be diligent, acquainted with office work, very prudent, and who should, together with a clear intelligence, combine the honesty and the enthusiasm necessary properly to direct the work of the office. I analyzed and rejected man after man until, upon the recommendation of an illustrious Cuban residing in Washington, whose name alone is a "gem of glory," caused me to decide in favor of Mr. Tomas Cordona, with whom I was not acquainted, and whose merits were so opportunely expounded to me. The results obtained, with the cooperation of so methodical, intelligent, and honest an employee, have surpassed all expectations. * *, * Later came the study of maps and plans, the calculation of the population, the examination of the last census, the examination of the rural wealth, and finally the election of the personnel of the enumerators and the division of the province into enumeration districts upon the basis of the last deficient census and the few and REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. very inexact plans of the province. This delicate work, which required a minute,study and an exact calculation, had to be done in a very short period and therefore contained defects which later, when put into practice, were noticeable. The distribution of enumerators having been made on the basis of one enumerator for every 1,000 inhabitants in the rural districts and 1,500 in the urban districts, as shown by the last census, was found to be erroneous, owing to the mortality caused by the war and reconcentration. Districts which before the war contained the said number were found to contain not more than 400, and other districts which were considered as not having many inhabitants were found to have many more than the number set. But there was another phenomenon which was not taken into consideration and which was the cause of error in the distribution. In the same locality there had been a transfusion of inhabitants, the density of the population passing from one point to another. Very densely populated wards, which were considered centers of population, are deserted, and in others the towns have increased in population to such an extent that in order to conclude their enumeration within the period fixed it was necessary to assign two assistants to them. The same change has taken place in the rural districts. The enumerators were surprised to find many residents in forests which were previously unpopulated or in valleys formerly uncultivated. ^ -X- ' -X Afterwards came tiresome days, the recollection of which saddens the spirit. Lines of applicants, an endless string of candidates for the positions of enumerators, of all classes, all abilities, with recommendations from prominent persons and close friends, invading the residence of the supervisor without suspense, without letting him rest, with endless supplications; men and women wishing to work, seeking through honest work the manner of supplying their necessities. i * * Only those who have been in similar situations can judge of the amount and character of the sufferings. After the list had been made of those who were to serve in the city, it was necessary to go to other municipal districts in order better to make the appointment of the enumerators. I therefore determined to visit the province and to collect in each municipality the plans, topographical divisions, and the limits of every district and ward. Some days before I had forwarded a circular to the mayors, requesting them to furnish me said information, which, however, was deficient. I left this city at 6 o'clock a. m. on the 12th of September for La Cidra, a town in the municipality of Santa Ana. I was received by the mayor and some aldermen who had the plans of the district and of the town with their limits and the names Af the persons who, in their opinion, should be the enumerators of those districts. * * * We left Cidra for Sabanilla, which is the seat of the municipality. I there made and modified the plan of the district and obtained a very good copy from a resident, which he presented to me. The mayor and some of the aldermen of the municipality indicated the persons who should make the enumeration of the districts. I selected a young lady, Etelvina Sanchez, the daughter of a teacher and herself a teacher, to instruct the other enumerators, being very intelligent and active. At every station at which I stopped I telegraphed to the mayor of the next one, requesting him to meet me, together with persons well acquainted with the locality. This facilitated my work and at the same time gave me an opportunity to address them with a view to exciting their favorable interest in the census, without taking into consideration the important data I received from the old residents of each locality. In the town of Cabezas I made the plan of the district. I divided it into wards, calculated the population, and received very valuable information. From there, through the kindness of the manager of the railroad, I proceeded to I I | | i | g | | I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii~i __i:_: _ I. I I 11. S 1 | 1 l | X | l * l | | | l S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I SUPERVISR AN ENMRTR MAITANZA& APPENDIX V. 633 Union. The mayor, the secretary, the director of the public school, and others met me. On the 13th I left this town for Alacranes. The distance between the two towns is short, and my stay in Alacranes was pleasant and beneficial. The limits of the district and of the wards I obtained with sufficient exactness and wealth of details. On my return to Union I stopped at Bolondron. In a short time, thanks to the kindness of all the persons around me, I accomplished my desires and the end of my visit. Four young ladies were appointed enumerators. At 12 o'clock I arrived at Macurijes, and at 1 I returned to Navajas, from which town there is a branch running through a sugar region of much importance, with its terminus at Jaguey. I passed the night in the latter town. The selection of an enumerator to take charge of the northern portion of the Zapata swamp was troubling me very much, by reason of the difficulties and dangers attending the undertaking and by the fear that the enumeration would be unsuccessful, but the kind mayor of that district, Mr. Galvez, furnished me an athlete, the man I required. Sixto Agramonte, well acquainted with those places, offered to minutely register the islets of solid land existing there and to enumerate the persons living in the same. The rest of the enumerators were indicated to me, and with a memorandum of the same and of the limits of the wards, the plan of the district and that of the city, I proceeded on the 14th instant to Cuevitas. Here, as was the case in Jaguey, I found the work prepared, receiving a plan which I owe to the kindness of the teacher of that town, Mr. Gabriel Faget, and a large amount of important data relating to the district and its limits. With this information and with a memorandum of the enumerators, I returned to Matanzas, in order to continue my work the next day in another direction and on a different subject. The first municipality which I visited was that of Guamacaro, the seat of which is Limonar. Mr. Grave de Peralta is the mayor of this town. I have nothing but gratitude for his efforts to comply with my wishes. I there appointed a young lady, who applied to enumerate the rural ward of Coliseo, and who, without fearing the work or difficulties, promised to visit the estates situated in said district. The name of this young lady is Antonia de Leon. She is the teacher of that ward, and combines with a clear intellect an agreeable nature and great firmness. The result obtained proves that my hopes were not vain. Miss Leon, going through oceans of weeds which here covered the roads, over ground covered with brambles, fording rivers, and during rain storms, has not omitted to visit one single piece of ground nor to enumerate one single resident. On the 16th I visited the town of Jovellanos. A select body. of residents was awaiting me in the town hall. I conversed several hours with them on'the importance of the census and on its transcendency. In the morning of the following day the secretary of the municipal council, in the name of the municipal mayor and some respectable residents, made the selection of the enumerators, and with few agreeable impressions I continued to Carlos Rojas, formerly called Cimarrones. My stay here was short by reason of the combination of trains, but of advantage on account of the data I collected. On the same day I preceded to Cardenas. My first visit was to the learned physician who fills the office of mayor. With the kindness that characterizes him he introduced me to practical persons, well acquainted with the locality, who gave me the dividing lines of the wards and of the district. To their good judgment do I owe the brilliant corps of enumerators who have worked so competently as well as actively. He also indicated to me the enumerators to visit the islets near the northern coast of the province of Matanzas, as well as some situated farther out. In order to finish my trip sooner, I requested and obtained from the manager of the railroad of Cardenas and Jucaro an express train to take me over all its lines, and thus in a short time visit the municipalities remaining. In this manner I visited the 634 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. towns of Hato Nuevo, Recreo, and San Jose, where I passed the night, proceeding the next day to Macagua and Colon for the same purpose; that is, the correction of plans, the making of others, the bounding of the wards, and the appointment of enumerators. Colon being a town with quite a large population, of some culture, required a vi-it of greater length. The most prominent people met me and were my guides in the determination of the limits of the wards. On the following day, the 18th, I touched at Manguito (the seat of the municipality of Palmillas), El Roque, and El Perico, where I spent the night, returning to Matanzas on the afternoon of the 19th. The 201 enumerators of the province were thus appointed, after being examined as to their handwriting and references which they submitted as to their fitness. The Cuban woman occupied an honorable place among them. Fifty-four were selected, distributed in the following manner: Two in Guamaxaro, 17 in Matanzas, 8 in Cardenas, 2 in Carlos Rojas, 1 in Guamitas, 2 in Jovellanos, 2 in Alacranes, 4 in Bolondron, 1 in Cabezas, 2 in UJnion, 1 in Sabanilla, 2 in Colon, 1 in Cuevitas, 2 in Macuriges, 2 in Palmillas, 1 in Perico, 1 in El Roque, and 3 in San Jose de los Ramos. The Cuban woman, a model in her home, who, as a wife, daughter, and mother, exceeds all women in virtue, is not accustomed to public offices and had never been obliged to battle for existence, excepting in hand work, sewing, and in work which was connected with her family. But she has shown herself in this province as pure, industrious, and intelligent, incapable of any falsehood, or of any ignoble action, and has fulfilled her duty and followed the instructions exactly and with greater faithfulness than the men. Lacking confidence in her qualifications, she exceeded the work and study required, preferring to sacrifice herself to truth, honor, and justice. I have seen her after a rainy day, after having worked eight or ten hours, come to this office and apologize for not having enumerated more than 80 persons, fearing a reprimand or punishment. At other times she has come trembling to request an opinion on a matter of conscience which troubled her. One active, intelligent, and industrious little girl was very disconsolate because she had not enumerated a small colored child she had not seen in her visit to a residence and which had been involuntarily omitted in the statement of a family, and of whom she had been informed in another house. On the other hand, what obedience to the orders of the chief who is exacting in his demands, how minute in the details, and how attentive and discreet! If one became discouraged, a word of praise was sufficient for her to return, faithfully to collect the data. With what goodness and sweetness they bore harsh answers, or unpleasant words, without making use of violent means. While the census was being taken, the military authorities ordered the destruction of the Indian huts around the town as a hygienic measure. I feared that the families who were living in them would distribute themselves around the town and that many would not be enumerated. I immediately applied to Captain (Major) Cartwright and was fortunate in obtaining an extension of two days in which to conclude the enumeration. I ordered the female enumerators to abandon work in the center of their districts and devote themselves to recording all the persons who were about to move. And although it was blowing from the north, the rainstorms frequent, and the huts were situated at a distance and among the most inaccessible hills surrounding the city, nothing was considered an obstacle-nothing detained them. The work was concluded in one day and a half, and they came to inform me with a smile on their lips, and with the greatest satisfaction, that they had complied with my orders. And what I have said about the young ladies of Matanzas I wish to say of all the female enumerators of the province, without excepting anyone, because all of them have fulfilled my wishes. They devoted all their efforts and faculties to the work, and they have my greatest gratitude. I must state to the honor of all, that I have received moral and material support APPENDIX V. 635 from each and every authority, Cuban as well as American, commencing with the cultured and talented General Wilson, to whom I owe so many undeserved attentions I shall never be able to thank him for, and the intelligent Gen. Pedro E. Betancourt, civil governor, down to the mayors and the last employees of the administration. They have all complied with my wishes and would have satisfied the most exacting ones. All have demonstrated their wishes for the census and all of them have made the work intrusted to me easy and simple. * * X * -* * * The latter half of the month of September was devoted to the preparation of the instructors or chiefs of the districts. There were twenty-two of them, to whom I devoted three to four hours of instruction daily, explaining to them not only the schedules, but the importance of their duties and the manner of effecting the direction of the enumerators whom they were to have under their direction and instruction. I selected three young ladies among them, of whom I shall speak later on. All of them attended and demonstrated the greatest desire to acquire the indispensable knowledge. The method I pursued from the beginning was to require them to fill schedules 1, 2, and 3 with the most difficult cases, with institutions, agricultural schedules in towns, in abandoned estates, in estates the ownership of which was doubtful, in private and public schools, with the most minute details, in order that the instruction they were to give should be as exact as possible. I devoted the time from the 1st to the 15th of October to the enumerators. I formed three groupsthat of the morning from 7 to 10 for the ladies; from 2 to 4.30 for the older men, and the evening for the younger men. It is a fact that during this time I did not have to reproach anyone. The desire of emulation which I awoke in all produced notable results. For many days it amused me to hear the discussions they brought up among themselves, submitting the most varied and difficult cases for solution. The personnel selected was so good that I understood that to them and to them only would the success of the census be due if success were attained. The short time remaining of the day I devoted to the transmission and preparation of the plans and maps. I owe thanks to the corps of American engineers, who gladly furnished me the blue prints and copies within the shortest period possible and with the greatest correctness. In this manner within a few days I was able to indicate the districts in colors in the cities, divide the districts, indicate those of the province, and number them all. It was my wish, which I obtained, that every enumerator should have a detailed plan of his district, with a statement of the limits, and a copy, which I had already obtained of the municipalities, of the estates situated within said districts. In this manner the work was facilitated greatly, and with a little good will an exact enumeration could be obtained. On the 14th of October I issued an order that all the enumerators should be at the posts and that the instructors should communicate their instructions to two or more substitutes, providing for any case of illness or death, so that the census should not be disturbed. This measure was very good, because in many cases it was necessary to apply to the substitutes by reason of resignations, illness, or other accidents. On October 16, the date fixed in the promulgation of the President, the work was begun in the entire province, the instructors informing me that night that the enumeration had begun without any occurrence of importance. In order to give method and order to the enumeration, I requested that the instructors send me every five days, by telegraph, a resume of the work of the enumerators, in houses, inhabitants, estates, and animals; the details being forwarded to me by mail. This system allowed me to keep the Assistant Director posted as to the progress of the census, informing him every five days of the work done. It is not strange, nor did it affect "the organization or structure of the work, that some districts arrived late and were not included in the resume, because being at a distance from the centers of communication, the information could not be forwarded on a fixed day to the instructor. This 4boitb REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. is what happened with district No. 96 of the islets, and No. 19 of Palmillas, and others. It was also the duty of every enumerator to forward the schedules in this period in order to collect them in this office and avoid losses, deteriorations, or accidents. * *' The prevalence of a cyclone'at that time troubled me, because it interfered with the enumeration, preventing work in some localities by reason of the rising of rivers, and interrupting it in the urban districts in such manner that it was not possible to get more than 25 to 30 names per day. Fortunately this accident was of short duration and the census was enabled to continue its normal progress. But the necessity for the waterproof portfolios became evident. They had not arrived from the United States and the enumerators were clamoring for them incessantly. These did not arrive until the 26th of October, being distributed to the enumerators the two following. * * *X * * * *X I take pleasure in stating that all the instructors showed a competency and fitness not very common and more than the necessary activity, fulfilling the instructions contained in the different circulars that I sent them. The personnel also obeyed instructions, and without any obstacle whatsover they complied with all the orders which I or the office of the Assistant Director issued. But special mention is deserved by Miss Maria Nunez, of Cardenas, who, having 20 enumerators under her orders, was a model of zeal, expertness, intelligence, and activity. It affords me pride to mention the four Cuban young ladies who as instructors have given me the high opinion I have of the value of the Cuban woman. The said Miss Nunez, as well as Misses Etelvina Sanchez, Rorrario Rodriguez, and Rosa Ybarra, never had to be reminded of their duties. I had sent several circulars to the instructors, all of which Shad been zealously and discreetly complied with. The circular of October 9, 1899, is as follows: "MATANZAS, October 9, 1899. 'To the INSTRUCTOR ENUMERATOR. "DEAR SIR: I beg of you to take the following remarks into consideration: "1. You must every three days give me an account of the enumerators and substitutes who are working and those who do not do so on account of negligence. "2. You must see that the enumerators fill blanks of each class before you and under your direction, suspending one from the census to enumerate an institution and return him to the census with the proper number. "3. Inform them that every five days they must give an account of the enumeration of persons and estates, and every eight to ten days forward the schedules. "4. That in all their acts they observe the exactness, politeness, and prudence which has been recommended. "5. That each one get information in his district of the mines existing in the same (well defined), their location, owner, kind of mineral, and its analysis, if possible. '6. You must prepare two substitute enumerators for cases of death, sickness, or resignations, in order that the work be not interrupted in any case. ' 7. Arrange two sessions per day, from 7 to 9 in the morning and from 7 to 9 in the evening, for preparation and instruction." The object of the second circular was to compare the data of each of the instructors with the daily reports of the enumerators, in order to make the payments for October. It was as follows: "In order to prepare the lists which are to be presented for the payment of enumerators, you will please keep an account current with each enumerator, including yourself, in which shall be stated the full days of work, the days lost, the reasons therefor, and also stating the hours lost through negligence or similar reason, for the purpose of deducting the time lost from the salary. All of the above you will certify to. You will mail said data on the 31st instant, upon the conclusion of the work. APPENDIX V. 637 " At the same time I recommend to you to forward, as ordered, the work done, carefully rolled in tubes or placed in pasteboard boxes, in order that they may not be damaged. You may make use of the outside of the official envelopes I sent you for the wrapper of the boxes or tubes, duly registered, and taking a receipt for the same." The paymaster having consented to a trip through the province for the payment of the enumerators, I applied to the two railroad companies of Matanzas and Cardenas, requesting to be furnished with an express train, permitting us to do the work in the shortest possible time.1 But there was another advantage in this trip; the labor of the enumerators was verified by the rolls, and the trip through all the districts enabled me to collect the rolls in boxes prepared for the purpose, arriving at this city without being damaged at all. Fearing that some of the large districts would not be concluded at the proper time, I saw myself obliged to send the following order to the instructors: "NOVEMBER 8, 1899. "The law issued for the taking of the census of Cuba requiring that said census be concluded the 30th of November, without delay nor pretext of any kind, I especially request you to inquire of the enumerators of those districts whether they will be able to conclude the enumeration of the same before the said date, in order to name all the assistants necessary in a contrary case. "I recommend to you also that you request the enumerators, upon the conclusion of the enumeration of their districts, that they go over it lightly again for the purpose~of assuring themselves that no estate, house, or person has escaped enumeration." The result was the creation of 37 new districts, which were filled by enumerators who had concluded the enumeration of their own districts. On the 28th I received a telegram from the last enumerator of the province, who worked to that day, Aurelio AnAreu, of the ward of Calirete with 3,300 inhabitants and almost 300 estates. In the afternoon of the same day I was able to communicate to the Assistant Director that the work of taking the census in my province had concluded. During the following days-that is, during the first ten days of December-the time was devoted to the examination, revision, and arrangement of the schedules, and to the payment of the salaries of the enumerators, as they were declared correct by me. In this labor I was disinterestedly and enthusiastically assisted by the instructor of Cardenas, Miss Maria Nunez, a model of intelligence and activity; Asuncion Garcia, enumerator of Limonar; Maria Josefa Herrera, of Matanzas; Clarissa Roig, of Union; the instructor of Colon, Julian Romero, appointed assistant with the daily salary of $3; Eduardo Garcia, Jose Sanchez Guiros, and others. All have sacrificed themselves with the greatest kindness in order to please me. On the 15th I forwarded the first box of schedules to Santa Clara, and day by day I have continued sending all the work, until the conclusion of my mission. Before concluding I must make mention of two enumerators who, on account of the daring work done and the difficulties encountered, are worthy of recollection: Francisco Mari, the enumerator of the islets, and Sixto Agramonte, of the swamp. The former, a cultured and educated young man, has condensed the incidents of his voyages in a small report. I do not wish to take the merit of his description, for which reason I attach it hereto. The diary of Sixto Agramonte is so interesting that it also forms part of this report. Therein will be seen the efforts made for patriotism only. And I say for patriotism, This request was granted by Sefor Manuel Diaz, general manager of the Railroad of Matanzas, and by Sefior Antonio Yribe, general manager of the Cardenas and Jucaro Railroad. 638 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. because the salary of $5 per day does not cover the expenses he has incurred to fulfill his duty. It only remains for me to request every person reading or hearing this report, that what there is or is found to be good in the work of taking the census be credited, in the first place, to the excellent personnel engaged thereon, and in the second to the splendid management of the Assistant Director. Fearing that many persons would remain without being enumerated, notwithstanding the additional schedule made by the enumerators after concluding their districts, I had the following notice published in the newspapers of this city and of Cardenas: "As the date is approaching on which the census of this province must be concluded, and as the case may have occurred that some residents thereof have not been enumerated, by reason of change of domicile or other circumstance of a similar character, within the period fixed for the enumeration, this means is taken to request all those who have not been included in the census to come to this office, Jovellanos 22 altos, during office hours, where they will be entered in the special schedules which have been opened for this purpose in these offices." Sixteen persons appeared to be recorded, and in a portfolio, with the title " Miscellaneous,"- ordered by the Assistant Director, it has been forwarded to Santa Clara. CLAUDIO DUMAS, Supervisor of the Census. The DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS OF CUBA, Washington, D. C. (Through the Assistant Director.) APPENDIX VI. CENSUS OF CUBA, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR, Pinar del Rio Province, December 26, 1899. SIR: Having concluded my delicate mission of taking a census of this province, to which work I have devoted all my efforts, it is my duty to give the Government of the United States, under whose direction the census has been taken, an idea of the difficulties which have had to be surmounted by the enumerators in the fulfillment of the duty intrusted to them, as well as those encountered by me in my work. In order to appreciate the reality it would be necessary to go over the ground covered by the heroic enumerators of this province. My pen is not equal to the task of narrating in a proper manner the thousand incidents of the work done here, where Spanish domination gloried in its iniquitous conduct, leaving the people in the greatest ignorance, and refusing to give the suffering and honest inhabitants of Vuelta Abajo means of communication. There are few roads which can be called such, nor are there any bridges over the innumerable rivers and brooks which abound in the fertile ground of this rich portion of Cuba. I shall not detain you with a statement of the obstacles which I encountered in the preliminary work of my office. It is sufficient to say that there exist no postoffices in some municipal districts, it being necessary in order to communicate with Mantua to go via Habana to Los Arroyos in a steamer, and from there by means of private carriers; and with San Diego de Nunez by sea in boats from Mariel to Carenero, with loss of time, which was short even for localities easily reached, by reason of the order of the government to conclude on the 30th of November last. I will confine myself to the work of enumeration. It was begun on the 16th of October, during a rain storm which lasted several days SUPERVISORS AND ENUMERATORS, PINAR DEL RIO. I APPENDIX VI. 639 in most of the districts of the province, the passes being rendered impassable on account of the rising of the rivers and creeks, and the roads deplorable to such an' extent that some enumerators were thrown from their horses, some being injured and others rendering some of the material useless. The enumerator of the Cape of San Antonio, Mr. Buenaventura Gonzalez, fell into a pool and sank up to his chest, coming out without his shoes, and being obliged to walk barefoot 3 leagues over very rough ground in order to reach a habitation. The enumerator of Vinales, Mr. Ricardo Ramat, on the afternoon of the 16th of October, on going down a hill, had the misfortune to break the girth of the saddle, and the mule on which he was mounted shying, threw him on some stones, causing him serious bruises which obliged him to remain in bed for ten days; but firml in his purpose of fulfilling the work intrusted to him, as soon as he was able to leave his bed he continued his work, concluding it to my satisfaction. Others did the work while suffering from malarial fevers; and Mr. Antonio Valdez, of Las Ivas, had no horse, but being decided to fulfill his duty even though at the cost of his health and life, he did the work on foot in a radius of over 8 leagues. The sufferings and hardships borne by all the enumerators of the rural portions of this province would make a book, were it possible to narrate them. The irregularities of the ground, the complete obstruction of the old country roads, the struggles with the ignorance of the country peasants, victims of the machinations and cupidity of the last administration, the bad weather and the limited period in which to conclude the work, show great bravery on the part of the enumerators, who worked not so much for the remuneration (which was insufficient in the country to cover expenses), but by reason of personal friendship for the undersigned, ambition, and patriotism. The following fact will give an idea of the correctness of the census taken in this province: Mr. Miguel de Lazaro, in examining the corners of his district as chief enumerator of Viiales, discovered a small tobacco plantation in the "Sierra de los Organos," which, belonging to the district of Baja (Mantua), could not be reached from his side; he informed me of the circumstances in order that I might decide what should be proper. As a person having special qualifications, I appointed Mr. Enrique Montoto, who had been in the Army of Liberation, who, on the conclusion of his work told me: "During the revolution I did not suffer any greater hardships than those I have borne in the enumeration of the 'Sierra Derrumbada'; it was only to keep my word given to you that I concluded this difficult work." I would never conclude were it possible to narrate all the incidents which occurred to these heroes of the Cuban census in the fulfillment of their duty; but I must say that they have given proof of the fact that under an honest and well-understood administration the Cubans have the capacity and conditions to carry out any work, no matter how difficult and dangerous it may be. The noble words of the honorable Secretary of War, repeated by me to each and every one of the enumerators, that "The census is the basis of our self-government," encouraged them to carry out a work in so short a period of time with laudable cleanliness in its form, and of undoubted truth. And I can not conclude without mentioning my secretary, Mr. Luis F. Jomarron, and my messenger, my son, Jose Ricardo, who in their respective positions have assisted me wonderfully in all my labors, sharing with me their excess by reason of the lack of sufficient employees in the office, which forced us to sacrifice to work a good many hours which should have been hours of rest. Let the Government judge by the facts whether I have complied with my duty conscientiously and honestly. Very respectfully, PEDRO N. PEQUENO, Supervisor of the Census of Cuba. The DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS, Washington, D. C. (Through the Assistant Director.) REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. APPENDIX VII. OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR, Province of Puerto Principe, December 25, 1899. SIR: The arduous, difficult, and most important work of taking the census in the province of Puerto Principe having been concluded, I take pleasure in complying with a very natural duty and with your order, forwarded to me by Mr. Victor H. Olmsted, Assistant Director of the Census of Cuba, relating in the best manner possible, and making use of all my faculties as well as devoting all my attention thereto; the important incidents and difficulties I have encountered in the task intrusted to me; a recollection, furthermore, which I shall always preserve and which allthe natives of this country will be glad to know. On the 22d of July of this year I was appointed, a high honor being conferred upon me, supervisor of the census of Cuba in the province of Puerto Principe, being given at the same time an order to report in Washington on the 10th of August of the same year, an order which I complied with, and where I joined my colleagues, the supervisors of the other provinces. I remained in Washington until the night of the 19th of August, when I left for Habana. During my stay in Washington I was fully convinced of the importance of the work which was intrusted to us, of the extensive, minute, and serious study which it was desired to make of my country for future purposes, which proved in a concrete and irrevocable manner the good intentions of the Government toward this adventurous country, on which the great North American nation placed its foot from sentiments of humanity and from incomparable and undoubted love of progress, civilization, and liberty, which is the religion of all great countries. * * I received the instructions given us with great eagerness; I devoted all my intellectual powers of retention to the study of the work intrusted to me, to an analysis of the statistics, searching for the greatest exactness, I would have to submit, and on the 26th, in possession of the true intentions of the Government, I reported to the assistant director at Habana, in order to carry out the most necessary measure for taking the census, that is, the subdivision of my province into districts of enumeration. Mr. Olmsted, as well as all the supervisors, immediately encountered great difficulties, which, in order to surmount, required us to devote ourselves continuously and carefully to the study of the question, said difficulties consisting in the absence of official data for making said subdivision. The plans were deficient; we could not make use of anything of the censuses taken years ago by the Spanish Government, which were full of deficiencies, incomplete, and irregular, having been taken under entirely different methods than those prepared by the Government of Washington for this census, which really is the first census of Cuba. In this condition of affairs I received some, but very few,, data by telegraph, and without making a final subdivision 84 enumeration districts were established, with authority to increase or reduce this subdivision according to the requirements of my province after the work was begun. This subdivision, in my opinion, needed the supervision of an expert, because the enumerators could not enumerate their districts unless they were given such natural and exact limits as would avoid confusion and duplication in the census and other perturbations to the prejudice of the supervisor and in general to the census. ' In view also of the lack of means of communication in my province, and fearing that this lack would redound to the prejudice of a good supervisorship in the taking of the census, I requested, together with the other supervisors who were situated as I was, that authority be granted to appoint an enumerator in the seat of the municipal districts, who, properly instructed by the supervisors, should instruct the enu SUPERVISORS AND ENUMERATORS, PUERTO PRINCIPE. I APPENDIX VII. 641 merators of their respective district, which enumerators should begin to draw their salary of $5 per day from the 1st of October. On the 30th of August, and making use of the powers granted me by the Secretary of War, I appointed Mr. Marquez Sterling secretary of my office, having begun to make use of his services from said date, he having taken his oath of office in the presence of Mr. Olmsted in his provisional offices. After the preliminary work had been done with Mr. Olmsted, and being perfectly satisfied and pleased with the intelligence and attention shown by Mr. Olmsted in attending to all the requirements of my district, I left Habana, together with my secretary, on the 11th of September, opening my offices on the 15th of the same month, although encountering the difficulty of the lack of materials which arrived here much later, and beginning without delay the preparations for taking the census. To study the limits of my province, tc telegraph Mr. Olmsted for authority to employ an expert to take charge of the division of the districts, was my first act, and upon receiving authorization, I appointed Mr. Manuel P. Cadenas, who made the plans of each municipal district divided into enumeration districts, which plans are in the possession of Mr. Olmsted. But immediately thereafter I encountered the first difficulty: The division made in Habana did not cover the requirements of my province for the taking of the census, and according to a calculation which we made, the enumerators would be obliged to go over very large tracts of ground every day without rest in the rural districts. I was obliged to create 132 enumeration districts, with which I calculated I would be able to conclude the taking of the census on November 30, as I had been ordered to do. According to paragraph VIII of the order of the 19th of August, the enumeration districts were not to exceed 1,500 inhabitants in the town districts and 1,000 in the rural districts. In my province this could not be carried out. i * * As a legitimate consequence of the last rev lution, a calculation with regard to the number of inhabitants in enumeration districts was impossible, because there are localities which before the war were populated and which are at the present time completely abandoned, and, on the other hand, some localities are densely populated which before the war had small settlements. These considerations forced me to divide the province into 132 districts, it being readily observed that in the town districts I could reduce the number of enumerators which, on the other hand, I increased in greater proportion in the rural districts. The previous census could not be taken as a basis for a division into enumeration districts, nor to calculate the work which was given to each enumerator. * * * Placing myself in telegraphic communication with the municipal mayors, I obtained the limits of the municipal districts, and the names of the wards which composed each district. I afterwards noticed that in the map given me for the purpose the limits of the province were not correct, because of the limits given the province of Santiago de Cuba. * * * This was acknowledged by the Assistant Director and by Mr. Sabas Meneses, supervisor of the census of Santiago de Cuba. This point having been cleared up at my request, confusion and duplications in the census were avoided. Upon the conclusion of these questions, and it being necessary for me to devote myself to the preparation of enumerators and to the proper distribution of the districts among them, * * * I had explanatory charts of the districts made for delivery to the respective enumerators, the work of which, in its mechanical part, was done by Messrs. Jose Garcini, Manuel Breton, Gonzalo Agosto, Eugenio Loret de Mola, Emilio Torres, Alonso Martinez, and Miguel Cabrera, who gave their services without remuneration, although later they were allowed $3 per day, which I requested of Mr. Olmsted in a spirit of justice, and which was duly authorized by you Three copies were made of these charts, a tedious and long 24662- 41 642 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. work; one, in order to be able to give each enumerator his respective chart; another to be kept in this office, and the third to be forwarded to the Assistant Director, with the plans of each municipal district, made by the expert, Mr. Manuel Cadenas, as I stated before, and which plans show the enumeration districts at a glance. The plans as well as the charts being incorrect on account of the deficiency in the official data furnished, I required the rural enumerators to make a report of the estates they enumerated, with their respective limits, which data I have the honor of placing at your disposal, should you consider it useful or necessary, and which I do not inclose because it has not been requested of me. I then immediately proceeded with the appointment of the instructors or monitor enumerators of the municipal districts, with the exception of that of Puerto Principe, where none was necessary, by reason of the supervisor's office being situated there Municipal district of Nuevitas, Jose Garcini. Municipal district of Moron, Jose Masdival. Municipal district of Ciego de Avila, Ulpiano Rodriguez. Municipal district of Santa Cruz, J. Antonio Miranda. Properly instructed, they left for the seats of their districts, and then I proceeded with the instruction of the enumerators of this district and with the selection of those best qualified for the discharge of the duties. In these appointments it was necessary to take into consideration that all the residents of the districts did not possess the required qualifications, and those who did possess them were not always disposed to abandon their positions or private business to fill the position of enumerator. This difficulty being surmounted in the best manner possible, the task of instruction was arduous, tedious, and incessant. The office of the supervisor remained open until 10 or 11 o'clock at night. The secretary and myself took the enumerators by groups and gave practical instructions, submitting to the enumerators the most difficult cases and problems in the three tables for their practice and decision. At the same time the monitor enumerators were doing the same work by my orders in the municipal districts, and when I was convinced of the capabilities of the enumerators I appointed them and took their oaths of office-for the city of Puerto Principe, 22 enumerators (men, 19; women, 3); for the rural portion, 43 enumerators. In order to know, examine, and select the enumerators of the other municipal districts, I left for Moron on the 9th, continuing thence to Ciego de Avila, Santa Cruz, and returning to this city on the evening of the 16th. On said trip I was obliged to go on horseback for 54 leagues on account of the lack of other means of communication. The secretary, Mr. Marquez Sterling, had remained in the meantime in charge of the office, and, according to instructions which he received, he distributed the equipments among the enumerators of the district of Puerto Principe and issued the proper orders, so that when I arrived there all the enumerators were already in their districts and had commenced their enumeration with the greatest order possible, without encountering any difficulty of any importance. In Moron I appointed and received the oath of 22 enumerators; in Ciego de, Avila, 17; in Santa Cruz, 12; in Nuevitas, 17; it was not necessary for me to go to this district to know the enumerators, the military commander of the locality receiving; their oaths. On the 16th, therefore, the secretary informed the Assistant Director that the enumeration of the entire province had begun. Previously I had given special instructions to the enumerators which they were to observe and which consisted of the following: "Working hours for the enumerators of the city, from 8 to 10 in the morning and from 12 to 5 in the afternoon; in the rural districts, from 6 to 10 in the morning and from 2 to 5 in the afternoon. APPENDIX VII. 643 "When the working hours should be over, should some page of Schedule No. 1 remain unfilled, the enumerators shall draw a bracket in the left margin, including all the lines which were filled on that day, and in the center of the bracket he shall make the following memorandum: 'Enumerated this day- (so many),' leaving the balance on that day without being filled, the blanks mentioned in the heading of the schedule on the day on which the enumeration was made, which shall be filled under the date of the day on which he finishes said page of the schedule. "The enumerators of rural districts shall keep a diary, for which purpose they will be given the proper blanks, in which they shall enter the names of the estates visited, number of persons enumerated, and the distance covered during the day. "An authenticated copy of this diary shall be sent to the office of the supervisor every Saturday, making use of the rural guard for its transmission. "No enumerator of a rural district may absent himself without authorization from this office, nor shall the town enumerators absent themselves from the city in which they render their services. "In case an enumerator comes to a house where none of the inmates speak the Spanish language, he shall report the facts to this office, which will furnish an interpreter. " The enumerators in cities, in filling schedule 3, shall write the following note at the end, as prescribed by the assistant director: 'This person is a resident of this city, does not lease but owns the cattle, and has cultivated the crops specified.'" All these instructions were drafted in response to the urgent needs of this office and in accordance with consultations on the subject with Mr. Olmsted, Assistant Director of the Census, who attended to them with the greatest efficiency, and which it would be tedious to detail. Interpreting the instructions to the supervisors, paragraph IV, I considered that the supervisor should go over the ground, which opinion I communicated to Mr. Olmsted under date of October 2, and requested the appointment of an agent to leave in the office, which was authorized, and I immediately appointed Mr. Manuel Breton Fajardo. The secretary and myself therefore left on October 20 to visit all the enumeration districts of the municipal district of Puerto Principe, in the following manner: The secretary, Mr. Marquez Sterling, went over the districts corresponding to the wards of Caobillas, Magarabomba, Quemado de Jimiru, Limones, and Guanaja. I visited the remaining wards of the district, that is those of Sibanicu, Cascorro, Quaimaro, Ecuador, Contramaestre, Yeguas, and San Geronimo. We left on the 20th and returned on the 28th. This inspection was careful and exact. We corrected all the errors in the schedules in what had already been written by the enumerators, repeating all the explanations made in the office of the supervisor. This inspection presented, furthermore, some difficulties, because it was necessary to make the entire trip on horseback on account of the lack of means of communication with said wards of any kind. Knowing that the Assistant Director was going to visit this district on his way from Santiago de Cuba, I went to Nuevitas, where I had a long interview with Mr. Olmsted on October 31, showing him the work of the enumerators of Nuevitas, which he approved. Until receiving the approval of Mr. Olmsted, my guide had been the work done and the fidelity with which I had interpreted the instructions. I also referred to other matter with Mr. Olmsted, which he very kindly explained to me, authorizing me to subdivide the districts which I feared could not be concluded on the 30th of November. And I was very soon compelled to subdivide district No. 113 with the Nos. 133 and 134, and No. 114 with No. 135-positions which were filled by enumerators who 644 EEPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. had concluded other districts to my satisfaction, and believing that by such appointments I was doing an act of justice within the limits of the instructions. The preparation of the accounts of the enumerators, the examination, line by line, of all the work submitted by the enumerators, obliging them to remake what was deficient, and the correction and avoidance of errors and duplications in taking the census, was my principal task from now on, being assisted from the 23d of November by an assistant granted me by Mr. Olmsted to the 10th of December. It afforded me great satisfaction to be able to telegraph to the assistant director of the census on November 30 that the taking of the census in this province was concluded. After the 30th of November this office continued its work of correcting the taking of the census, which I can assure you was done with the greatest haste and activity possible, and which was concluded very rapidly when it is taken into consideration that this office had a very small personnel, only increased by the assistant or delegate to whom I have made reference. But I must state that even this agent, as may be seen from this report, was at my services for a certain number of days only, and therefore the greater part of the time this office had only the work of the employees authorized by the instructions. Finally, upon being advised that this office would be honored with your visit, I went to Nuevitas, where you arrived the 8th, visiting the offices on the 9th and 10th. This office scrupulously complied with all the orders you gave. To resume this report and to fulfill in other respects the instructions contained in the communication of the assistant director of November 9, I shall briefly refer to thendifficulties encountered by this office relating to schedule No. 3, because there were no difficulties of importance in schedules Nos. 1 and 2. But I find that these difficulties were stated with sufficient force and clearness in my communication of December 18, addressed to Mr. Olmsted, from which I take the following paragraphs: " With regard to schedule No. 3, I must inform you that it is the one which has presented more difficulties for its compilation, due to the fact that many estates are abandoned and that the country is depopulated, for which reason all the data could not be procured from the neighbors. "Another difficulty was that of fixing the superficial area of many estates, even when their owners lived thereon, on account of the 'haciendas comuneras;' and in order to show the reason in such cases why it is not possible to give the superficial area, I take the liberty of informing you what are understood in this country by 'haciendas comuneras.' "By 'haciendas comuneras' are known the grants of land which the government or state had been making up to the beginning of the century. " Taking a certain place as the center, the government granted the ground contained within a circle drawn around this center with a radius of 1 or 2 leagues, according as to whether the grant was for the raising of large or small cattle. This circle was not really measured, and the owner was satisfied with knowing that the ground for 2 leagues around belonged to him. "More grants would be made, and it was so frequently the case that it might be said it was the rule that between the two points fixed as centers there was not the distance requisite, and that therefore one estate encroached upon another, one circumference crossing the other. "This was ignored until an owner desired to really measure his grant or estate, and rules have been issued in the matter in order to balance the rights of these abutting owners. On the other hand, the owner of an estate gave it an arbitrary value in pesos, and he afterwards surrendered a certain number of pesos, which are called 'of possession' and which represent an aliquot part of the ground belonging to the estate on the day it should be surveyed, being separated from the neighboring ones. The total area could not be known because it was a very rare exception that the area which had been given it was not reduced by other grants. APPENDIX VII. 645 " The result is that the owner of an undivided estate does not know how much ground belongs to him, and it is still less known by the individuals who bought 'pesos of possession'-that is, the part which in proportion to the number of pesos at which the estate had been valued a century ago corresponds to the number of pesos bought. The confusion is increased by the fact that almost always it is unknown at what number of pesos the original owner of the estate appraised it. "This can not be known until the survey of the entire estate is made judicially, fixing its bounds with the adjoining estates and afterwards subdividing or distributing it among all those proving that they possess 'pesos of possession.'" In view of the above the supervisor could not demand the enumerators to answer in an exact manner, in caballerias and cordeles, the area of the undivided estates. DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. In accordance with the communication of the Assistant Director of the Census, dated November 9, I here give a brief description of the territory of my district, making as many observations as possible without being considered an exact study, for which I would not have time. According to the official data of the last Government, the province of Puerto Principe is situated between 73~ 14' and 75~ 25/ of longitude west of the meridian of the observatory of Madrid and 20~ 38' and 23~ 23' of latitude north. It has an area of 24,000 square kilometers. It is situated more or less in the center of the island. During the period of the conquest the island was divided into two regions, the Eastern and Western, with their capitals in Santiago de Cuba and Habana, respectively; Puerto Principe therefore belonged almost entirely to the latter region. Later the island was divided into three departments, the Western, Central, and Eastern, and their capitals were Habana, Puerto Principe, and Santiago de Cuba, and it was not until April 10, 1868, that the island was divided into six provinces, one of them being Puerto Principe. The climate is temperate, which makes living more agreeable than other territories of the island, which are exceedingly hot. The province of Puerto Principe presents irregularly the appearance of a geometrical figure, a trapezium, running from east to west. Its coasts on the north consist of large, sandy plains, with some swampy grounds, called " siguaneas" in this country. On the southern coast the ground is variable, and mostly covered with a tree which usually grows on the coasts, and which it is said has medicinal virtues, called " mangle." Intricate marshes also abound, which are a characteristic of said coast and which appear in very reduced proportions on the north coast. The entire region is very level, containing large plains or level lands, uncultivated, without trees and woods, and with pasture grounds for the breeding of cattle. The rains are torrential during the spring, causing great fissures, which are dry in winter, but which acquire a fearful impetuosity with their torrents in summer. The rivers irrigate all the lands perfectly, and although they can not be said to carry much water, they make the land sufficiently fertile for the requirements of agriculture. The serpentine rock predominates in its geological formation, and with regard to its hydrological formation it has a series of rivers which, rising from the principal divisive, empty into the seas on the north and south. With regard to the agricultural conditions of the land, more than two-thirds of the province of Puerto Principe may be advantageously used for all kinds of crops: Especially toward the south the lands are magnificent, but, nevertheless, they are completely abandoned. All the residents of those regions await as the supreme enterprise and the realization of future wealth and comfort the immediate establishment of the railroad between Puerto Principe and Santa Cruz del Sur, which would 646 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. in reality solve many problems in agriculture in this province as well as its commerce, immediately increasing the importance of this capital. CHARACTER OF THE POPULATION. The people are very energetic, naturally intelligent, decided lovers of their country and liberty, and distinguished by their pacific customs and application to order and work. They have faith in the protecting Government which offers it its future independence; and with regard hereto I may add that, influenced by that same faith, they have not opposed any obstacles to the prejudice of any action taken by the Government, having had so much faith in the taking of the census, as a preliminary step to a political change, that there was not one case in any enumeration district in which the enumerator was denied admittance or where the inhabitants refused to give the exact data. The case occurred several times of a person going enormous distances to inform the enumerator of his district that he did not enumerate him for a certain cause. It is the desire of the people to return to their farming, to the reconstruction of their estates, to the care and progress of their cultivation. And a people always ready to make sacrifices for their liberty, firm and brave, are always the first to seek happiness and comfort in peace. The state of poverty of this province is really distressing, notwithstanding the fact that the people of the country use all their efforts to obtain resources to begin work; and it should be said, with regard to the pacific and loyal character of the people of this province, that Spaniards live in the rural districts who took a cruel part in the revolution against the Cubans, and that, nevertheless, their lives and estates are perfectly secure. THE ENUMERATORS. The number of enumerators employed was 132, who worked in 135 enumeration districts. There were three of them women, as I have already stated. Miss Maria Teresa Guerra deserves special mention, her work having been done with zeal, correctness, and care. Of the other enumerators I may say, in a general way, that I am satisfied with their work and with their morality and intellectuality, with some rare exceptions when I had to require some enumerator to fulfill his duty. But of them I can and believe it my duty to recommend the following as especially worthy of mention with regard to their work: Jose Masdival, Antonio Vilardell, Francisco Sotomayor, Javier Hernandez, Romualdo Varona, Ulpiano Rodriguez, Carlos Baldarrain, Alvaro Silva, Manuel Cortes, Jose Garcini, Rafael Peron, Norberto Primelles, Angel Diaz Guzman, Ramon Anglada, Maria Teresa Guerra, Rolando Ramos, Eugenio L. de Mola, Manuel Breton, Jose Fernandez, Rogelio Z. Bazan, Rogelio Freyre, Octavio Oquendo Lui, Luis M. Cordoba, Enrique L. de Mola, J. Antonio Miranda, Miguel Perozo, Mario Garcini, Graciano Betancourt, Ulises Cosio, Gabriel Barreras, Manuel Pradas, Alonso Martinez, Francisco Pichardo, Enrique Boza, Emilio Torres, Filiberto Pichardo, Arturo Guzman, Antonio Naranjo, Jose Acosta, Alberto Guzman, Manuel Alvizuri, Natalio Peron. I conclude this report upon receiving the order to leave for Washington after the first of January, from Habana or Cienfuegos. Yours, etc., AGUSTIN H. AGUERO, Supervisor of the Census of Cuba. The DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS OF CUBA, Washington, D. C. (Through Assistant Director.) APPENDIX VIII. 647 APPENDIX VIII. CENSUS OF CUBA, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR, Province of Santa Clara, December 31, 1899. SIR: On the 21st of July last I received a telegram from General Wilson, notifying me that I had been appointed supervisor of the census of the province, and informing me that I was required to report at Washington on the 10th of August to the Director of the Census for instructions. In Washington, where I arrived on the 10th, I received instructions from the board of the census of the United States, having had several interviews with the Assistant Director and the other members of the board. Fully instructed in the preparation of the schedules of population, schools, and agriculture, which were to be filled in Cuba, I returned from Washington on the 26th of the same month. -In Habana, together with Mr. Victor H. Olmsted, Assistant Director of the Census of Cuba, we devoted ourselves to the division of the province into districts of enumeration, taking as a basis for the census the old municipal districts. As there does not exist in Cuba any register which could give us an exact knowledge of the limits and bounds of the different municipal districts and their wards, I addressed the 28 municipal mayors of the province, requesting them to send me such plans as they might have of their districts and wards. Unfortunately, although some of the mayors could send plans of their districts, there were very few indeed who could send plans of their wards, sending only a short statement of the limits of the same, but without indicating directions or distances. It was indispensable, therefore, to cure this deficiency of information with the appointment of enumerators who should practically know the limits of the wards or districts of enumeration, the names of the plantations, that of their owners, and even the superficial area of each one; and this consideration governed me in the appointment of the enumerators for the rural districts. * * X -X- * * * XThe appointment of the enumerators, which at first sight did not appear to offer any difficulties, was difficult and even vexatious in practice. This was due to the large number of applicants, to the imposition of certain elements which, supported by a small portion of the press, believed that they only had a right to be appointed, and to the state of paralysis of business in which this province is at present, which makes office seeking to a certain point necessary, because the energies and activities of a large number of intelligent young men having large families do not find application, and they have, therefore, a hard fight for existence. However, without taking these requirements into consideration, the undersigned supervisor, closing his eyes to the suggestions of corporations or friends, devoted himself to seeking in the enumerators morality, qualifications, and knowledge of the locality, which was especially recommended by the regulations; and if he made a mistake sometimes it was because in the rural districts, for the reasons already stated, he preferred a full knowledge of the region to great fitness. Desiring to insure success, he delivered to every rural enumerator a precise statement, which is attached to this report, of the names of the estates located in his district, the names of their owners, and the superficial area of the same as a guide and for purposes of correction in case the information furnished by the individuals concerned should not appear clear and conclusive; and for this reason there appeared in the schedules of agriculture many estates which either did not appear in the municipal assessments or appeared as having a smaller area, a fraud intended exclusively during the last regime to pay the lowest tax possible. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCE. The province of Santa Clara is bounded on the north by the old canal of Bahama, on the east by the province of Puerto Principe, on the south by the Sea of the Antilles, and on the west by the province of Matanzas. Its principal cities are Santa Clara, the capital, situated in the interior of the province, with 14,683 inhabitants, and 66,273 in the judicial district; Cienfuegos, with 30,041, and 108,767 in the entire judicial district; Sagua, with 13,183, and 58,749 in the entire judicial district; San Juan de los Remedios, with 6,634, and 72,599 in the entire judicial district; Trinidad, with 11,721, and 24,342 in the entire judicial district; and Sancti Spiritus, with 12,666, and 25,700 in the entire judicial district, making a total in the province of 356,430 inhabitants. The province of Santa Clara, one of the largest in the island, and the most populated after that of Habana, offered many difficulties for the enumeration, as the intricate hills of Trinidad are situated there, most noteworthy being the Pico del Potrerillo, La Cabeza del Muerto, La Siguanea, Pico Blanco, and Cucurucho. There are also situated there the sierras of Sancti Spiritus, from which the sierras of La Gloria and Banao branch off; the hills of Santa Clara, where we find the craggy sierras of Oscambray, containing rich mines of copper and asphalt, and the hill of Manicaragua; the hills of San Juan de los Remedios, from which the sierras of Bumburanao rise, containing rich deposits of kaolin, etc.; and in the judicial district of Sagua la Grande, the Sierra Morena, which occupies almost the entire north coast from the Palma River to the barrio of Sitiecito, belonging to the municipal district of Sagua. On the other hand, on the north coast from the Palma River to the mouth of the Sagua la Grande River, and from this point to very near San Juan de los Remedios, there are a large number of caballerias of marshy land which are crossed with great difficulty during the rainy season. And on the southern coast we find the famous swamp of Zapata, very extensive and dangerous, extending from the Bay of La Broa to Caimanera, about 39 leagues long and from 4 to 6 leagues wide, in some points 9 leagues wide. Situated in this swamp and between it and the southern coast there are several large plantations which it was necessary to visit. It is only possible to enter the swamp by the southern coast by two or three very shallow ports, the principal one being that of the estate of Santa Teresa, called to-day La Maquina. By the northern coast it may be said that there exists only one entrance to the swamp in the province of Santa Clara. 'It is called Callejon de los Guiros. But in order to reach this pass there are only four practicable roads. 1. That of San Pedro, a difficult road on account of the flow from the swamp, the bad stone bottom, and pits, very dangerous both for men and horses, some of them being from 4 to 6 yards deep. The length of this road is 5 leagues, 2~ of them water. 2. The entrance called De los Ratones, from the plantation Pamplona to that of San Blas, 2 leagues are under water; but during the month of November it was not possible for any enumerator to cross it on account of its bad condition, the pits and holes being filled with water. 3. The entrance of Buenavista, from the plantation of Orbea to that of San Bias, 3 - leagues are under water and 2 leagues impassable on account of the stones and numerous pits. It is only possible to go around them, and that only in time of very dry weather. 4. The entrance through Cayo Navarro to Cayo Grande and Cocodrilo; in a space of 2-i leagues it is only possible to go through it on foot or in canoes. The pass of Los Guiros has, 1 — leagues under water filled with rocks and pits, but during the month of November last, by reason of the abundant rains of October, this >Z ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i ~s..~~~~~~;. ~;~~~~~~I';.~~~~i;. ~~: ~~; L~~~iI;~~: ""w ~~~~~~~~~~ I APPENDIX VII. 649 entrance, which is doubtless the best one, had 8 leagues of water, from the plantation of Nicolas to that of San Bias. In order to cross the swamp from the north coast to the south coast there is another entrance called Nicolas and Cocodrilo, which is 1 league under water and 4 leagues of stones, declivities, and coral. In order to go through these entrances on horseback it is necessary to wrap the horses from their heads to their knees with pieces of hard leather, in order to prevent them injuring themselves against the points of the coral, called "dog's teeth," and so that they may endure the journey, which, by reason of the nature of the ground, is necessarily slow and arduous, as well as very unpleasant on account of the numerous mosquitoes in the swamp. The distances to be covered in order to visit the swamp are from the plantation of Nicolas to that of Maniadero, 30 leagues from the north; but from the south coast there are 40 leagues, the trip being rendered more difficult on account of the numerous lakes, ponds, and pits which it is necessary to cross. FOOD FOR PEOPLE AND HORSES. For the men it is necessary to carry the provisions along, because the natives (who are the only ones who can live there) live exclusively on crocodile tails (?), mud turtles, agouti (Indian rats), and honey. To feed the horses, it is necessary to cut leaves from the trees until the plantation of Jegui is reached, where there is some vegetation; but from there to the Maquina, near the entrance of Santa Teresa, by the plantation of Santo Tomas, in a space of 7 leagues to San Lazaro, nothing is found but hills and seashore, and it is necessary to cut leaves from the trees to feed animals. The principal rivers which cross the province of Santa Clara are, in the northern portion, the Sagua la Grande, navigable for a distance of 27 kilometers; the Sagua la Chica, and the Jatibonico del Norte, and, in the southern portion, the Jatibonico del Sur, the Zaza, Hagabama, Arimao, Caunao, Salado, and Damiji, the latter navigable for a distance of 27 kilometers (the last four rivers emptying into the beautiful port of Cienfuegos), and the Hanabana, which rises in the lakes of Mordazo and empties in the lake of Tesoro, and, finally,the river Hatiguanico, which, rising in the lake of Tesoro, crosses the Zapata swamp and empties in the bay of La Broa. The principal ports of the province are, on the north coast, Isabela de Sagua and Caibarien, and, on the south coast, Tunas de Zaza, Casilda, and the famous port of Jagua, or Cienfuegos, one of the largest in the world. THE ENUMERATION. On the 16th of October, without any portfolios in which to keep their schedules, the enumerators of the town districts set out upon their work. The 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23rd, 24th of the same month, as they received their portfolios, the enumerators of the rural districts began their work. DIFFICULTIES OF THE ENUMERATION. By reason of the opposition of a small portion of the press, the enumeration began with the suspicion and mistrust of many inhabitants, some of whom saw in the census a certain political end and others a determined basis on which to base new taxation. But we are happy to say here that this mistrust and passive resistance disappeared very soon, by virtue of the persuasive propaganda of the enumerators themselves, who informed the public of the regulations and the penalties which would be incurred by the enumerators who consented to concealments, and especially con 650 REPOiT ON THE CENSTTS OF OUJBA, 1899. vincing them of the importance for the future good organization of the country of a correct census of population and exact statistics as to the state of the public wealth and public instruction of the country. And the enthusiasm or the fear was so great that more than 200 individuals appeared to be recorded of their own will who had been absent from their homes for some reason or other on the day of the enumeration. Soon after the beginning of the census there occurred a rain and wind storm, which lasted thirteen days in some localities, embarrassing the journey of the rural enumerators, the rivers swelling and the ground being soaked to such an extent that several enumerators, for this reason, which they duly entered in their daily reports of their work, recorded a small number of persons and agricultural schedules; and as a general rule it may be said that if the enumerators of the rural districts fulfilled their duty to the satisfaction of the supervisor, it is surely due to the knowledge each one had of the ground to which he was assigned; because the war which depopulated the country of men and animals, the fires which ruined all crops, fences, and roads, and the abundant vegetation of the Torrid Zone, obliterated the limits which separated the wards from each other; and, nevertheless, there were only two cases where an enumerator of the district of Quemado de Guiines made a mistake in the district, having entered an abandoned estate as belonging to said district, when the fact was that a part thereof-18 caballerias-belongs to the municipal district of Rancho Veloz. The other case was that of an enumerator of Vueltas who entered two estates of the municipal district of Remedios. THE ENUMERATOR OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE ZAPATA SWAMNI'.1 Up to the 9th of November, by reason of the heavy rains of the latter part of October, it was impossible to find a man who for $10 per day would enumerate the few inhabitants who live in the swamp of Zapata. Finally Mr. Pedro Nunez promised to go over the swamp and turn in his work on the 30th of November, which he religiously fulfilled. WOMEN EMPLOYED IN THE CENSUS. Fifty-eight women were employed as enumerators of the census, and all have fulfilled their duty very conscientiously and with great cleanliness and exactness, the following deserving special mention: Misses Manuela Chavez y Clotilde Silva, of Santa Clara; Flora Ramos y Juana Monzon y Aguirre, of Cienfuegos; Teresa Mestre and Elvira Cabana, of Trinidad; Luisa Herrada, of Remedios; Maria Weis and Francisca del Valle Gonzalez, of Sancti Spiritus. We also had Mrs. Agueda Valdes Aday, widow of Leza, as an enumerator of the second rural district of San Juan de los Yeras, who presented 14 schedules of population and 130 of agriculture, rendering a perfectly exact, minute, and clean work. This lady went out to enumerate her district on horseback, accompanied by her 10-year-old son. ENUMERATORS EMPLOYED. The enumerators employed in the census of the province of Santa Clara are distributed by judicial districts in the following manner: Judicial district of Santa Clara -—. --- —-----------. --- - - - - - - —.... —.... - - 79 Judicial district of Cienfuegos -- -. --- —------—... --- —. —... ---- ---------- - 113 Judicial district of Sagua la Grande -----------------------—.. ---.- --—. 63 Judicial district of San Juan de los Remedios - -------------.. —. --- —. --- — 75 Judicial district of Trinidad....... -. 21 Judicial district of Sancti Spiritus -. --- —-. --- —--—. - ------------—.. --- —- 31 Total -............. —. ---. ---. —. ---. --- —--—.....-.. ----... --- 82 'The western part was enumerated by Sixto Agralnonte. APPENDIX VIII. 651 GROUNDS PREPARED FOR RAISING TOBACCO. The rains during the last fifteen days of October unfortunately destroyed the seeds of the early tobacco and wet the grounds prepared for the sowing of tobacco excessively; the sowing had not taken place when the work of-the census was begun; had they been, the agriculture schedules would make a better showing than they do, for we know that during the last days of November and the first twenty-five of this month, an enormous amount of settings of tobacco have been laid out in this province, the production of which, if the weather continues favorable, will not be less than 220,000 quintals. And it may be said that one-third of the future tobacco crops will be the result of the individual efforts of the Cuban farmer; because, if the agriculture schedules are carefully examined, it will be seen that only a very small number of estates own a yoke of oxen to prepare the ground, the farmer having been obliged to till the ground with his hands, a ground which is hard and knotty, as is that of Cuba. And it may also be said that it is noticed in a majority of cases that these animals mentioned in schedule No. 3 have been furnished by capitalists of the cities, who charge as hire for the same one-third of the gross product of tobacco and corn they grow. Consequently, if things go on as they are going, the evils of the last regime will continue in Cuba, when the case was that the owner was nothing but the manager, without salary, of his estate. And if it is desired to permit agriculture in Cuba to enter upon an era of reconstruction, it will be indispensable to give small landowners means of securing the capital necessary to purchase oxen and implements. ASSISTANCE OF THE AUTHORITIES. By reason of the judicial districts of Sancti Spiritus and Trinidad being located at a great distance from this city, the case often occurred that certificates going and coming from there took seven days. It was necessary therefore, in order to fulfill the demands which were being made for schedule No. 3, to send men on horseback who could deliver the schedules and notices to the enumerators within twenty-four hours. Three trips were thus made to Sancti Spiritus, one to Trinidad, one to Fomento, and another to Placetas. I must here state that Gen. Jose Miguel Gomez, civil governor of the province, cheerfully and speedily gave me all the assistance 1 requested. THE RURAL GUARD. In all the districts, I have been told, the enumerators received from the chiefs of the rural guard the most spontaneous and excellent assistance. In the Aguada de Pasajeros, a ward of the municipal district of Cienfuegos, the captain of the rural guard, Mr. Bernardo Mirabal, furnished the eight assistants which it was necessary to send there in order to conclude the enumeration of that ward as soon as possible and the horses required so that they could fulfill their duty. THE NOTICES AND SCHEDULE NO. 3. Twice I was out of notices and schedule No. 3, but I must state that the Assistant Director sent me from Habana or other points those that I required. I must also state here that the undersigned supervisor always found the Assistant Director well disposed to explain doubtful questions, and that the advice given me was always useful for the success of the works of the census. OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR. With the exception of a few dollars which were invested during the first days in some repairs, this office has not cost one cent to the census of Cuba, because the 652 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. undersigned has made use of the office and furniture he had in the palace of the Civil Governor as secretary of the provincial board of agriculture, industry, and commerce of Santa Clara. I am glad to state that we have worked in this office from 7 in the morning to 12 at night, the time when the electric' light was put out, without excepting Sundays and holidays. Only thus could we keep up a constant correspondence with 382 enumerators, distributed over a province which has given more than 356,000 inhabitants, as well as keep up the accounting to date, and have paid all the enumerators, interpreters, agents, etc., without those delays which would be inevitable with so small a number of employees-a secretary and a messenger-and that office knows a special agent was added to this office on November 2 and another on the 23d of the same month. REPORTS. I attach to this report, besides the statements of the assessments of the rural estates which compose the wards of this province, of which I have already spoken, a general report of the census of the province of Santa Clara, giving the names of the enumerators, houses, and families, and two other statements giving the cattle existing in each municipal district of this province during the years 1895 and 1899, in order that they may be used for purposes of comparison. JUAN BAUTISTA JIMENEZ, Supervisor of the Census. The DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS, Washington, D. C. (Through the Assistant Director.) APPENDIX IX. CENSUS OF CUBA, OFFICE OF SUPERVISOR, Province of Santiago de Cuba, November 30, 1899, SIR: Complying with your request of the 9th instant, in which you asked me to make a detailed report of the work of the census in this province, I have the pleasure to inform you that on the 22d of July I received the appointment of supervisor and was directed to report to the Director of the Census, Washington, D. C. * *, * * *.* * In view of this appointment I had to embark the 26th of July for Habana, where the communications with the United States are much better than from this port, in order to arrive punctually at Washington by the 10th of August, as I was ordered. On Monday, the 31st of the same month, I embarked from Habana for New York by the steamer Vigilancia, going from that city to Washington by rail, and arriving on time. I remained fourteen days in that capital and arrived at Habana on the 23d of August, via Tampa. I remained in Habana thirteen days, helping to prepare the subdivision of my province into enumeration districts, at the provisional office of the census in Habana, leaving that city Thursday, September 7, for Santiago de Cuba, where I arrived on the 11th, but was unable to disembark until the 12th, owing to quarantine regulations. The office had been already opened at No. 32 San Basilio street, with the secretary and messenger in charge since the 1st of September. The undersigned supervisor had, consequently, scarcely a month in which to appoint the enumerators, and, due to the topography of this province and the lack of communications, he could not, as the other supervisors probably have done, go to UPERVSORS AND ENUMERATORS SANTIAGO DE CUBSA APPENDIX IX. 653 each one of the 324 enumeration districts to select as enumerators residents of those places; it would have required six months to perform this part of the work alone. For this reason, and having in Santiago de Cuba a great number of capable persons who were acquainted with the various localities of this province (having been engaged in fighting in such localities during the war), and seeing the lack of time and the imperious necessity of beginning the enumeration in all parts of the province on the 16th of October, I decided to select the entire personnel from among these individuals. The satisfactory results were shown in the practical operation of this plan, because only men in whom were combined these qualifications would have been able to withstand two severe hurricanes and the crossing of swollen rivers and terrible swamps, as they had neither bridges nor roads. DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE PROVINCE. The territory of this province, the most extensive and the richest in woods and minerals of the island, at the same time the most fertile and virgin, is comprised of a tract 225 miles from east to west, and 120 miles from north to south. Topographically considered, this province is the most mountainous. IIere we find the most elevated mountains of Turquino, Ojo del Toro, and Gran Piedra, to whose precipitous heights the enumerators have ascended, searching for a hut which might or might not be inhabited, these peaks being situated in the Sierra Maestra, which extends majestically and imposingly from Cabo Cruz to beyond Santiago de Cuba in the direction of east to west. As a natural consequence of the great elevations of this country, there flow through the deep canyons beautiful rivers, navigable for schooners their entire courses, or the larger part thereof, such as the Cauto, Contramaestre, Baconao, Bayamo, Toar, and others, whose overflows inundate and devastate the territory near by, destroying the crops and sepulchrating in their tempestuous currents each year, now and then, some imprudent and careless traveler who pretends to cross them. The rainfall in this region is so abundant that this year the rain gauge registered 141 inches in four days. GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS. The geographical characteristics relating to the orography of the province have been described in the foregoing paragraph, so there is only to be added some remarks relating to ports, towns, etc. There is in this province the bay of Nipe, of greater extension than all those of the island, where some rivers empty into the sea, such as the Cajimaya, the Mayari, which is navigable as far as the town of the same name, and the river known as the Nipe; also the creeks Juan Vicente, Seron, and Centeno. This bay, properly dredged, can accommodate any squadron which exists to-day. The port or bay of Guantanamo, which is quite large, is considered the third in the island; the rivers of Guaso and Guantanamo, which carry a large amount of water, empty into this bay. The bay of Santiago de Cuba, entirely surrounded and protected, and celebrated because of the fact that in the same the Spanish tyranny was destroyed forever by the United States, receives the waters of the following rivers, which are of little importance: The Paradas, the Caimanes, and the Caney. Among its creeks, there is only one worthy of mention, being the Yarayo. The entrance to this port is perfectly clean, and if dredged it would be of great utility and shelter for the steamers which cross the ocean, and which can not at present enter the bay if they are vessels that draw a very large amount of water, due to the large shoal which is found at the entrance, leaving only a narrow canal, difficult and dangerous to enter without the help of good pilots. There is yet to be mentioned all the bays and ports in this province in their successive order. * * * REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The principal cities of this province, in the order of their importance, are Santiago de Cuba, which is the capital, Manzanillo, Gibara, Holguin, Guantanamo, Baracoa, Sagua de Tanamo, and Puerto Padre; Bayamo and Tunas were destroyed, but are being reconstructed slowly; Jiguani, Cobre, Caney, and a multitude of small towns like these without special importance. There exist only three railroads: That of Cuba to Enramadas and Hal to Songo; that of Gibara to Holguin (narrow gauge), and that of Caimanera to Guantanamo. Of private lines there is that of the mines of Juragun, Daiquiri, and some kilometers in sugar plantations. This province is eminently agricultural and not industrial, and its poverty and retrogression will continue increasing until a perfect state of peace is established which will permit work on farms without interruption; but as the proprietors have been ruined and there are no means of communication, only the establishment of an agricultural bank, the construction of a central railroad with its branches, and good roads will be the means of saving the sad situation which confronts this province and which, with these, would be converted into an emporium of riches without equal in the world. I could describe other geographical characteristics if it were not for making the article too lengthy. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE POPULATION. The general character, or the conditions, of the inhabitants of this province can be considered under four distinct aspects-civil, political, moral, and relative to the census. Civilly considered, the cities and towns of this province are very backward, because public instruction is limited and poor, due to the absolute lack of the establishment of first grade of public schools, and also real kindergartens-not from lack of desire on the part of the inhabitants, but due to the Spanish regime, who, not having in themselves the principles of education, consequently could not impart same to their colonies. For this reason the majority of the Cubans do not understand nor know what are their rights and duties as citizens. Politically, the towns of the.east desire independence. With regard to the moral part, these towns have generally good customs, and by instinct their inhabitants are good and humane, generous, and always disposed to offer the most open hospitality. The political tyranny of the last government and the no less lamentable tyranny of the Spanish clergy may perhaps have contributed as an efficient cause to certain antisocial customs, such as concubinage; but notwithstanding this they are moral. With regard to the census, the past bad administration did not know how or did not wish to give natural and exact limits to the different wards, and the people has shown itself diffident and distrustful in this census, concealing persons, ages, and even domestic animals, fearing that fiscal or municipal taxes, etc., would be levied. One sagacious enumerator, in order to make'the people appear in a city, had the happy thought to tell them, "Do not fear; what I am doing now is for the distribution of rations to-morrow by the American Government. " This was sufficient for all persons to present themselves and give correct answers. The difficulties I have encountered in directing the census are various and of different characters. * * * The absence of means of communication in general, ordinary, railway, and even telegraphic, with the most distant and inaccessible points caused two or three times the time to be employed in concluding the work intrusted to me, notwithstanding the employment of couriers and special private means, the expenses for which were authorized by the assistant director. The absence of pecuniary resources of the enumerators-all poor men, who did not have horses nor means of borrowing them for so arduous trips, each one being under the necessity of leaving some resources to APPENDIX IX. 655 his family, etc.-was one of the troubles which made me believe that the realization of the census would be impossible. * * * The large number of ignorant and suspicious colored people, kept in this condition by the Spanish Government as a political measure, has been sufficiently shown by the enumeration of the wards in which they reside. The division of wards, the absence of known limits in all the country districts, causing one enumerator to enter the district of another, requiring the immediate correction of errors, going back, remaking plans, investigations, etc., in order to avoid duplications, has disturbed the good order of this most delicate service. TL e limited time granted for the preparation, organization, and execution of the census has rendered the work so much more difficult that the little which has been well done deserves to be praised, because only an iron will, together with the good wishes and activity of the enumerators, encouraged, perhaps, by the hope of being placed in new works of real statistics, have contributed to the success attained. Six months of organization and six more of execution was the time which should have been employed to conclude this gigantic work, which has just been executed for the first time in the island of Cuba in fortyfive days only. It is the truth, and it must be included in this report, that a good management in the hands of Messrs. Sanger and Olmsted, and an abundance of money for general expenses, and a most active correspondence, have assisted most wonderfully, without which help we would still be at the beginning. The two rain and wind storms which detained the enumerators even after they were over, because the marshes became so dangerous they could not be crossed. * * * The difficulty of the division into wards has been an obstacle which could not be passed over, and which will cause a certain confusion in the limits thereof in the census, especially in the country, where the mayors were not able to decide the limits of their own jurisdiction, except in a very vague manner. This is the reason some of the enumerators passed to neighboring wards. In order to correct this, it would be necessary to make corrections-go over some of the work-and the period fixed for the conclusion of the census did not permit this. The principal causes of this chaos are the absence of plans and topographical maps, perfectly prepared, indicating what belongs to each jurisdiction, the official arrangement of the limits by natural fixed boundaries, such as creeks, rivers, mountains, etc., and most especially that the office of ward mayor be given always to persons of well-known zeal and education, with larger salaries, in order to cause people of worth to aspire to these positions. The difficulty of the rains was easily surmounted, because it had been foreseen, and,competent men were selected well acquainted with the fording of rivers and pools which they encountered on their road. Nevertheless, more than twelve days were lost in both storms. In some places, such as Baracoa, Mayari, and Holguin, much more time was lost, the storm having lasted there twenty-three days. NUMBER OF ENUMERATORS EMPLOYED. The number of enumerators was at the beginning 323, distributed among 19 municipal districts in the following manner: Alto Songo, 10; Balma, 12; Caney, 14; Cristo, 2; Cobre, 20; Guantanamo, 37;; Sagua de Tanamo, 7; Niquero, 4; Bayamo, 16; Jiguani, 9; Holguin, 33; Gibara, 23; Puerto Padre, 18; Mayari, 9, and Baracoa, 27. Afterwards, when the monitors or delegates informed me of the number of inhabitants each ward had, it was necessary to add 9 enumerators more-in Guantanamo, 4; in Palma, 2; in San Luis, 1; in Caney, 1, and in Bayamo, 1-making a total of 332. NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYED AS ENUMERATORS. The number of women employed as enumerators in this district was only one in Campechuela, called America Betancourt. In Santiago they could not be employed, because the supervisor was not authorized to furnish them a comparion, w ch would. 656 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. have avoided the insults to which they were exposed in this capital, at least from those opposed to the census. GENERAL INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTER OF THE ENUMERATORS, THEIR QUALIFICATIONS AND ZEAL. With regard to the general intellectual and moral character of the enumerators, their qualifications and zeal, I must state that they must be divided into three groups: The monitors, the enumerators of the city, and those of the country. The first-that is, the monitors-all 19 showed great intelligence, activity, and good faith in all the work of organization, instruction, and vigilance, those of Santiago, Manzanillo, Bayamo, Holguin, Palma, and Gibara deserving special mention. These delegates personally paid for trips, going to all the places where their presence may have been required, gave proper account of the enumerators who did not work, and there were some who personally paid for the printing of proclamations and announcements for the others and for the public. The enumerators of the city, numbering 33, have done work fairly correct, in view of the short period of preparation and the difficulties they frequently encountered, being obliged to wait until all hours of the night for the return of the husbands or heads of families, when the latter refused to give any information without the intervention of the former, as well as many other causes which have been included in the body of this report. There have been many who have distinguished themselves for their exactness in the census, the zeal and rapidity of the work, but the following deserve special mention: Nos. 150, 115, 49, 220, 57, 40, 30, 37, 36, 29, 44, 28, and 31, and others which would make a list too extensive to mention. The enumerators of the country have been true Titans. Constantly having to cope with the inclemency of the weather, with the bad roads, and the poverty of the farm'ers who were not able to give them the proverbial hospitality of this class of people, being obliged to sleep in kitchens having no walls, detained in miserable hovels for days waiting for the rivers to go down in order to continue their work, living mostly on sweet-potatoes, and many of them losing their horses, they have finally conquered more by reason of their ambition than for the remuneration, which often was not sufficient to pay expenses. The Government, or rather the American people who read these descriptions, can not understand them and will probably believe that they are exaggerated, accustomed as you are to good roads, railroads, bridges, etc. It is necessary to see this and to go over the roads during the rainy season to get a correct idea. Who could be mentioned as the most worthy of these giants of duty and activity? All of them; and their work executed on foot, on a chair, standing in the mud of the interior of the huts of the natives, tormented by the ferocious mosquitoes of the woods, by the smoke of the fires, etc., have a relatively large value, even for those who, having enumerated a small number of persons, have traveled immense distances, as was the case with those who went to the Sierra Maestra. In general I can not say less here-that the education, morality, qualifications, and zeal of the personnel employed have been excellent. I only had to discharge two, one in San Luis because he was too old and did not write plainly, and the other in Campechuela for having absolutely ignored the instructions he had received. Two or three resigned on account of illness and were immediately substituted without interrupting the census. INTERESTING DETAILS RELATING TO THE WORK. The details relating to the work, and which could be changed in a new census, are material and are confined toFirst. The time. So delicate a work should never be executed in a country so destitute of means of communication and education, and especially during the time of heavy rains, in the period of forty-five days. Second. A great difference should be made between the salary paid enumerators of cities and those of the country. If another census should be taken in the same APPENDIX IX. 657 period and under the same conditions, it would not be possible to obtain a personnel similar to the present one; only ignorant persons or those forced thereto through necessity would apply for the positions. One enumerator of the country who took part in the ten years' insurrection and that of the last three years suffered so many hardships and perils taking the census that he was sorry he had accepted the position, saying that he preferred twenty years of war to repeating the work he executed only for pride's sake and to keep his sworn word. I repeat that these details appear to be exaggerated. I assure you that there is a pass on the road from Baracoa to Maisi where a person is obliged to make the horse go before him creeping through the stones and follow him on all fours, with great danger of falling down an immense precipice. This road is that called "Mata Caballo," (kill a horse). Third. The ink bottles sent to the enumerators were of no use, their long shape making them upset easily, and this office has spent a good sum in ink and was obliged to authorize some delegates to do the same. Inkstands with a spring should have been selected for the pocket, and, furthermore, a certain amount only should have been put in the bottles. Fourth. If the enumerators had been authorized to take their data with pencil and afterwards fill in the schedules at their homes in ink, all the work would have been better. Only the enumerators of the towns who had a table on which to write and a chair to sit on were able to keep their schedules clean and neat. Fifth. The portfolios allow the schedules of education and agriculture to slip out laterally. It would have been advisable, therefore, for them to have had two lateral fastenings, or that the second and third schedules had been made larger. Sixth. The waterproof covering is not sufficiently so, and allows the water to enter in crossing rivers. The tapes were sewn too near the edges; some became unfastened, and it was necessary to replace them. CONCLUSION. Finally, and in order to properly close this report, already of sufficient length, I consider it my duty to request the Assistant Director to use his influence in so far as possible to have established in this unfortunate island bureaus or offices of statistics, on the style of those existing in the United States, France, and Germany, which should, weekly or monthly, collect all the data relating to the increase or decrease of population, color, nativity, age, education, etc., of all the inhabitants, with a corps of agricultural engineers to make plans of the districts and fix natural limits for each one. Finally, that a general plan containing all the private plans of rural estates, leaving the ground belonging to the State and the royalties (realengos) clearly defined. In this manner everybody would know what he owns exactly, the large number of parcels of land without owners will be made use of, and without the expenses which have been incurred at the present time. In a short period these bureaus of statistics would be enabled to furnish these schedules filled in for a complete census and even more correctly. In this manner complete statistics could be obtained in Cuba which would give a real knowledge of the country with regard to its different climates, geological conditions, production, and wealth, information which the Spaniards never had during the four centuries they dominated the island, the lack of which prevents a knowledge of the great advantages which if known would surely attract heavy immigration to develop them. These bureaus of statistics would reveal the great resources and sources of wealth which Cuba contains. Yours, etc., SABAS MENESES, Supervisor of the Census. The DIRECTOR OF CUBAN CENSUS, Washington, D. C. (Through the Assistant Director.) 24662 - 42 REPORT ON THE.CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. APPENDIX X. WESTERN SWAMP OF ZAPATA, IN THE PORTION CORRESPONDING TO THE MUNICIPAL DISTRICT OF JAGUEY GRANDE. [Details relating to the same compiled by the undersigned enumerator, No. 201.] First excursion.-I left the town of Jaguey Grande on the afternoon of the 15th of October, 1899, spending the night at the Victoria plantation in order to commence my work in the morning of the 16th, the date fixed for taking the census. At 5 o'clock on the morning of the 16th I left said plantation, accompanied by the guides, Polonio Miranda and Luis Gonzalez, all of us provided with repeating rifles, 200 rounds of ammunition, revolvers, machetes, bowie knives, shotguns, with ammunition therefor; also carrying rations to last us six days. At 8.30 a. m. we entered the swamp, leaving our horses at the Victoria plantation above mentioned. October 16-First visit.-This was to Crocodile Island, where we found nothing deserving of special mention. Immediately thereafter we continued to the islets of Verde, Cujal, and El Ahorcado, where we spent the first night. The trip between the islets is very difficult, the swamp being from one-half to three yards deep, at which depth there is a firm, stony bottom. Many and various woods'and birds abound on these islets. October 17.-Visit to the islets of La Galleta, La Caoba, El Ocujal, and La Cuchilla camping on the latter. During this trip we killed a number of crocodiles, measuring front 1 to 4 yards, making use of our arms and machetes for the purpose. The most abundant woods on this islet are mahogany and ocuje. The night was unpleasant and spent on guard, because crocodiles followed our party to the camp, four of them advancing to our mosquito bars, which we killed with great trouble. October 18.-I visited the islets of Jiqui, Alonso, Los Negros, and Bejuco 1st. On this day we killed seven turkeys and one Indian rat (jutia) for our maintenance, because we had lost what we had with us on account of a storm. We spent the night on the islet of Bejuco, being followed again by crocodiles, with which we had an encounter lasting two hours, succeeding after killing two in dispersing them.1 The guide, Luis Gonzalez, was wounded and bruised, as well as Polonio Miranda. There are some human remains on this islet, it having been one of the Cuban camps during the last war. October 19.-Visit to the islets Punta del Sinu, Palma Amarilla, Cuchilla Sola, and La Jutia. This day we killed nine crocodiles, from 5 to 6 feet in length. Our food consisted of turkey and fish and we spent the night on the last islet, where, by reason of being near the lake of Tesoro and many crocodiles infesting it, it was impossible for us to rest, as it was necessary to be on the lookout. On the islet Punta de Sind, already mentioned, there exists a mineral spring within a rock, around which there are still some Cuban camps. The temperature is very agreeable on this islet, the nights being cold. October 20. —On the morning of this day I visited the islets of El Agustin, Los Voluntarios, El Lazo, Lojita, and Retorno, where we spent the night. During the day we killed 7 white heron, 1 turkey and 1 mud turtle. We slept in a stockade of palms, a defense which it is customary to make in order to avoid the attack of the crocodiles which prowled about during the night. At daybreak we were surrounded by a large number of crocodiles; our position being somewhat difficult, we succeeded in killing 4 crocodiles, using all our ammunition, and therefore by the use of our machetes and ganotes we were able to reach some trees and through their branches 1The Caiman or American crocodile is very large and courageous. ENUMERATORS CITY OF HABAN APPENDIX X. 659 we traveled a distance of 45 feet, where, now out of danger, I determined to proceed, as will be related. October 21.-Lack of food on account of having used our ammunition in defense against the crocodiles. We decided to return in order to secure provisions. The distance from the islet of Retorno to the town is 3 leagues, I being swamp. Arriving with difficulty at Jaguey at 11 o'clock, and after getting supplies, again at 2 in the afternoon set out and arrived at islet of Lomar de los Voluntarios at 6 in the evening. Slept there. Some graves of Cubans from the last war are on this islet. October 22.-Visited the islets of Concone, El Torno, El Carmelo, and El Perico. Killed 3 crocodiles, 2 mud turtles, 3 birds, and 1 Indian rat on this day. Islets very dense and difficult to penetrate on account of their marshy interior. October 23.-Visited the islets of Socorro. Killed 5 crocodiles, 3 wild doves, and 2 Indian rats. This islet is quite large and to reach it a difficult portion of the swamp has to be crossed, being near to the peninsula of Zapata. Found a family at the 'jato" of Maniadero composed of five persons. Asked the head of the family named Marcel Zacarias Morejon what the distance was from Santa Clara. He informed me that it was about 60 leagues. When asked what chief or government he recognized he answered "none." That in those places everyone governed himself. Their food consisted of honey, Indian rats, meal, pumpkins, and some venison and coffee sweetened with said honey. The venison with much difficulty he caught with traps. Many mosquitoes and insects on this peninsula. October 24.-At daybreak on this day started again for the swamp and visited the islets of El Campamento and El Alerta. Rained all day. Killed 2 crocodiles and 1 flamingo. Slept with wet clothing and tormented with mosquitoes. Our hammocks were swung 3 yards above the ground on the banks of the brook El Contrero, whose limpid waters rejoiced our spirits and in which are many fish. October 25.-Visited this day the islets of El Esquirel and El Contrero. Rains all day. Crossed several creeks which rise on the coast and empty into the swamp. Lost the way by reason of the darkness of the day and were obliged to camp in the center of the forest, where, after remaining two hours, it was impossible to support the pest of insects. Were obliged to enter the swamp and camp in some palms. We passed a very bad night on account of our position, the pest of insects, and the great darkness, the rains continuing at intervals throughout the night. Wet clothing caused the illness of the guide, Luis Gonzalez. While asleep in a palm the guide Miranda fell into the water, suffering a blow on the side and the consequent fright, but with the greatest rapidity succeeded in regaining his former place. At daybreak the guide Gonzalez continuing ill, he was obliged to turn back, we accompanying him to a safe place, and thus I was left alone with Miranda. October 26.-Visited the islets of El Guanal and El Dagame. Rains continued, making traveling almost impossible. Seven crocodiles were killed and 4 partridges, catching also 4 "guabinas." Spent the night on the islet of Dagame, tormented with insects. October 27.-Visited the islets of El Toro and El Jucaral. This day was one of much rain and wind. Killed 9 "yaguasas," 1 "garcilote," 6 parrots, and caught 3 "majuaries" (fish), passing the night on the last-mentioned islet. October 28.-Visited the islets of Los Pajaros and Martin Popito, the latter being so named on account of having been the camp of said chief in the insurrection and on account of his having been taken prisoner on the same. Previously this islet was known by the name of Los Voluntarios. Rains still continued. Killed 3 crocodiles and 13 "yaguasas." By reason of the high winds we spent a pleasant night, there being no insects. Visited at daybreak the islet Voluntarios, which has a large area. Rained all day, with high winds impeding our progress. Killed two Indian rats and three " yaguasas." Camped on the banks of the Esquivel River. 660 REPORT ON THE 'CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. October 30.-Visited the islets of Tembladores and El Cangre. Road difficult on account of having to cross a large portion of the swamp through thick grass or weeds, and, our hunting ammunition having given out, we spent the night without food. October 31.-Visited the islets of Vigfa de Socorro and El Angustia. Rain and sometimes a hot sun. Camped on the banks of Ninso Creek, swinging our hammocks 3 yards above the ground and passing a terrible night. November 1.-Decided to go out of the swamp, on account of the lack of provisions. On the way visited the islet of Largo, which is of great importance for its woods and proximity to the coast. The crossing of this portion of the swamp, called Blanquizal, is very dangerous by reason of the many covered holes, which render it dangerous for a person to go without a companion to give assistance. Arrived in town at 9 o'clock in the morning. November 2.-At daybreak left for Damuji, which islet I had reached at 6 o'clock the previous evening, having left town at 12 o'clock after getting supplies. This islet is quite small and contains the remains of Cuban camps. Spent a bad night on account of the insects. November 3.-Left in the morning for the islets of Palisada Grande and Palisada Chica. This part of the swamp is difficult to cross, being covered with high grasses, and were obliged to set fire to the same in order to be able to continue our march. Killed 1 crocodile and caught 4 fish (majuaries), and spent the night in mangrove trees. November 4.-Went over the islets of Majuari and El Pacifico. Rainy day. Killed a number of crocodiles and 2 Indian rats. There are several Cuban camps on these islets. Spent the night on this islet, intending to visit the next morning the peninsula of Zapata. Our food consisted of boiled Indian rats and coffee, which is very necessary in this swamp on account of its strengthening qualities. November 5.-Visited the brooks El Contero and El Salchicha. These brooks abound in fish and contain many mangrove trees. Killed the largest crocodile yet encountered. We cut him open to secure his fat, which is of great medicinal value. November 6.-In the morning visited the islets of Las Auras and afterwards El Ojo de Agua. The latter spring has a circumference of 30 meters and a depth of four yards. It is situated on a rock and abounds with fish. Its waters are salty, and we were obliged to shorten our stay on account of not being able to quench our thirst. We found fresh water on a small islet where we camped. We were near the peninsula of Zapata. The night was unpleasant on account of the insects. November 7.-Visited the brooks El Esquivel and El Ninso. These brooks rise on the coast and empty in the center of the swamp. They contain many crocodiles. We continued our march, being desirous of getting on land and entering the peninsula of Zapata. Landed there at 12 o'clock, although with some difficulty, on account of having the first guide, Miranda, sick, but very happy after suffering so many days of continuous torment and exposure. After taking a rest and some coffee we continued, at 2 in the afternoon, toward Santa Teresa, where we arrived at 6 o'clock, finding the first inhabitants of those regions. This was a widow, who had lost her husband in the war; she had four sons. Upon being asked her name she told me that it was Evarista Torres, widow of Agustin Arecibia, and informed me that her children had never received any education, there being no schools there. They did not even know their letters, never having seen any. They go almost naked, and wear shoes made of crocodile skin. Their habitation is made of tree trunks about 3 yards high, and dry branches constitute their bed. Their food consists of honey, pumpkins, and the meat of wild hogs, when they catch any. Upon being asked whether they liked the life they were living, or whether they wished to go to town, they answered that they were happy, having lived there all their lives. They had lost the cattle, goats, etc., they owned through the war, and that notwithstanding all that they had suffered and their poverty, they considered AFPPENDPIX IX. 661 themselves more happy at a distance from the world. Their hut is on the side of a large mountain. Left there, after drinking some honey and water, all we had had, at 7 that evening, continued to Santa Teresa, one-half league distant, arriving there at 8 o'clock at night. We found another hut with four inhabitants. Upon asking for the head of the family a man named Jesus Bonachea appeared, a native of said peninsula. Upon being asked whether he knew how to read and write he answered in the affirmative, stating that his father had sent him away from there to learn. Upon learning we had had nothing to eat for two days he offered us all he-had in his hut, which consisted of venison, very tough, but which to our appetite was exquisite. He also gave us pumpkins, honey, and meal. Being tired, he gave us a corn house in which to sleep, the corn serving as a pillow. Notwithstanding the insects, we were so fatigued and worn-out that we slept profoundly. November 8.-Rose early and set out, finding a hut in course of construction, very large. Found several inhabitants. Upon asking for the head of the family he was presented to me. Name, Eulogio Lobato, native of said peninsula, of the Cuban revolution. Family of 4 daughters and 3 sons. He is the person, when anything occurs, is called upon by the inhabitants of that region to represent them. Lives on 400 caballerias of ground, the property of a German named August Guppe, residing in Habana. I requested some information of Mr. Lobato as to the progress of those regions, which he gladly furnished, stating "the war was my ruin, as of all of us, when the Spanish troops invaded this place, forcing me to flee and hide, taking my family with me into a mountain where they spent several months without resources." Informed me that a few days before he had made a small excursion with the secretary of General Brooke for the purpose of exploring some of that territory. Tobacco grows very well here, the only difficulty being that the leaf is so thick. At 9 in the morning got a good breakfast and continued conversation. I asked him about the bay and its depth and he then offered to take me over a narrow road which has existed some years from Santa Teresa to the sea. This line was lengthened by the German referred to, who is the owner of these lands, shipping timber by water, large vessels being able to enter. This line to the sea is of 4 kilometers. The bay is 7 leagues long and 31 wide at its entrance, the rivers Ondoneo de los Jalalos and Caleta del Rosario emptying into it. It has a beautiful beach, where there was a Spanish fort which the inhabitants were that day pulling down and in my presence. At the mouth of one of the rivers there is a very large rock and the inhabitants state that under it there is a large iron chest filled with money placed there by pirates, and state that this is an undoubted fact. This bay is known by the name of Bahia de Cochinos. The insurgents called it Bay of the Independence. On said bay I placed a board with the following inscription: "The enumerator of the Zapata swamp, in the province of Matanzas, number 201." I have also affixed this number on all the islets that I have visited. Returned to the hut at 2 o'clock and, after some coffee, started out for the settlement called Caleta de la Gallina, which we were not able to reach the same day. We camped on the side of a mountain until the next day. November 9.-Arrived at our destination at 8 in the morning, where we visited the islets of El Matias and El Corojal, which are near the peninsula. There are some ranches of the insurgents on the same. Killed 2 Indian rats and 3 " sevillas," on which we lived. Rained the whole afternoon and we were obliged to kindle a fire and dry our clothing. Set up our camp and passed a terrible night. I must state that the mosquitoes and insects are constantly in the swamp, but that during the rains they are much worse. November 11.-On the morning of this day we set out along the coast-a very arduous trip, by reason of the stones called "dienes deperro" (dog's teeth) -continuing to the islets El Narcisa and El Nazareno. Found several huts of Cuban camps on the same. Entering one of these huts found it occupied by a large crocodile, which we killed, together with three smaller ones lying alongside. We shot several wild 662 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899., pigeons and parrots, which furnished us food for the day. We ate hastily, as night was approaching and we were obliged to provide ourselves with wood to form our stockade for protection. November 12.-During the morning of this day we continued along the coast, crossing a place called Molino, inhabited by 8 persons. Rested a short time and took a little honey. These persons, as well as those before mentioned, live on Indian rats, venison, fish, and honey. Left at 10 in the morning for the islets El Diamante and Los Almiquenes. There are valuable woods on these islets and thousands of Indian rats. There are some graves of Cubans on these islets. At 4 in the afternoon began cooking our meal, which we ate at 7 and then retired. YNovember 13.-Left this day for the islets of El Palmero and El Martirio. To reach these islets it is necessary to cross a bad portion of the swamp, some parts having to be swum over. We arrived at 11 o'clock a. m. A very hot sun shone all day, there being swarms of insects on account of the heavy rains. Killed 2 crocodiles and 5 "sevillas," which were our nourishment. Spent a bad night. November 14.-On this day visited the plantation of Jucaro Quemado, of 1,500 caballerias area. The ground is stony and mountainous. There are all kinds of woods. Arrived here at 10 in the morning and found one of the inhabitants in -charge thereof. The owners live in Cienfuegos. The person in charge is called Martin Castillo. He belonged to the Cuban army and went through the entire campaign. Upon being asked as to the condition of the land he stated that although it was very rocky everything that was planted grew very well. We had a good breakfast-the only day we had had one-consisting of mud turtles, with bananas, yucca, and honey. At 1 o'clock we began our second march for the islets of El Infierno and El Insufrible. The former is composed of marshes and water and the second of thick woods, very dark, and with many insects, all tending to make it difficult of exploration. During the march through it we killed several crocodiles. At 8 o'clock we camped, surrounding ourselves with fire in order to be able to stand the night. 'November 15.-In the morning of this day we started out for the plantation of San Bias. This plantation belongs to the state. One league before arriving at it is a small place where there are the graves of two brothers who belonged to the Cuban army. One, whose name was Matos, was a major, and the other, Bernardo, a private. At 1 o'clock in the afternoon, after going 6 leagues through the swamp and stones, we arrived at the first-named islet. After greeting several inhabitants whom we found there, we borrowed a boiler in which to cook our meal, not having had anything to eat during this march. We spoke to the person in charge of the estate, Mr. Isidoro Gonzalez, who informed us that the ground was bad for planting, but good for pasture. Upon being asked his occupation, he told me that he raised hogs and hunted Indian rats, sending them smoked to the,ward of Primera Aguada, about 10 leagues distant. He sells said animals at 50 cents each and lives on the proceeds. He informed me that they had only 80 left; that they had lost many of a sickness with which they were not acquainted. He informed us that we were at a distance of 30 leagues from Jaguey Grande. We set forth at 3 in the afternoon for the islets of El Ingeniero and El Vicia de Juan Socorro. We arrived at these islets at 6 in the evening. This islet is called El Ingeneiro (The Engineer) because an engineer spent'the night on it in 1889. This gentleman was called Carlos Cadarso, and had come to lengthen the line of the railroad of Matanzas to the peninsula of Zapata. We spent the night on the last-mentioned islet. November 16.-On the morning of this day we left for the lake of Tesoro, arriving at 1 o'clock. This lake is 4 leagues in circumference. Two rivers rise in the same, which empty into the sea. Thewater is pleasant for drinking. The rivers are called Jodones de Jabalo and Caleta del Rosario. The trip to this lake is dangerous, there being many alligators and caimans, many of which we killed, 'wounding others. ENU M ERATORS CITY OF MATAN ZAS. APPENDIX X. 66$ The inhabitants of the region round this lake informed me that it had been visited by the secretary of General Brooke during the month of September. It was not possible for this gentleman to make an excursion, not being acquainted with the swamp. He may be a witness to my statement as to the condition of the swamp. The secretary was accompanied on his excursion by the German, August Gruppe, owner of the plantation Santa Teresa. The islets are at a distance of 2 leagues from the,lake, arriving there at 6 o'clock in the evening. We then prepared' our meal, which consisted of mud turtles, our ammunition being exhausted. We spent the night in the sierra of Nuestra Sefiora Santa Barbara. November 17.-In the morning of this day we continued our trip to the swamp called Pomplona, which is a very arduous trip, arriving at the islets of El Plateado and El Areledo which are not of much importance. They were inhabited during the last war by some families. We arrived at 10 in the morning without provisions, which forced us to stop and secure some guavas. It rained all day and we arrived at Perna Larga at 4 in the afternoon, finding one inhabitant called Pedro Arrece; whom after greeting we requested information as to our distance to Jaguey Grande and the direction, because the guides had lost their way. We continued the march to the plantation El1 Rosario seeking food, for we had gone two days without it and without rest. Arrived at said plantation at 6 in the evening. There are some houses' on this estate and we rested in one of them. There are also some hogs. The head of the house came out to receive us. The owners of the estate are Adolfo Herrera and Nestor Santamasino. I requested some food of Mr. Herrera, which was immediately furnished. with eggs, peas, rice, and pork, sausage, wine, bread, and coffee, besides orange preserves, and a good cigar. I wished to pay for all this, but the money was not accepted and I was given, furthermore, provisions and some ammunition for my rifle. November 18.-On the morning of this day we started out to the islets of La Caimanera and El Jicasita, arriving at 11 in the morning. On these islands were.several camps of Cubans during. the last war. Woods of all kinds. Many Indian rats. Rained all day, preventing our continuing our march.: November 19 —We continued to the river Hanabana which is the river dividing this province from Santa Clara. Being that day very swollen, it was impossible to cross it-going along its shores until we reached the islet of Fermier, at which we arrived at 12 o'clock. Killed 5 crocodiles, some birds, and an Indian rat, which were our food. Passed a bad night. I had fever and it rained the entire night. In this place and for more than 2 leagues there are no trees but one "ceiba," under which we camped. November 20.-In the morning we set out for the coast toward the estate known by the name of Jaguasa, which before the war was used for breeding purposes. Arrived there at 12 o'clock, where all the food we found was coffee, being obliged to continue our march on foot and shoeless to the islet of La Siguanea, where we arrived at 4 in the afternoon. This islet, situated on the coast, is beautiful by reason of its immense palms, in which innumerable small parrots have their nests as well as some species of marmots, which are very large birds with a perfectly black plumage. We camped at this spot at the foot of the palms and devoted ourselves to hunting parrots for our dinner, which consisted of parrot broth, and as we were obliged to spend the night there we prepared our tents, etc. We retired at 7 o'clock.; November 21.-As on the day before we continued our march toward Jaguey Grande, visiting the islets of Pamplona and Bibanasi Prieto, arriving at the latter at 11 in the morning, killing 5 crocodiles and some birds for our meals. After breakfast we continued to the Cocadrila de Gardo, and from this point to Jaguey Grande, where we arrived at 8 o'clock at night, for the purpose of supplying ourselves with 'shoes, for we had been shoeless for four days, and with ammunition, coffee, tobacco, provisions, and clothing, preparing ourselves to return to the peninsula of Zapata on the following day. 664 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. November 22.-I left at 3 o'clock in the morning with the two guides, Jacobo Morales and his son Jose, directly for the Zapata Peninsula and from there to the islet of Maniadoro, arriving at the swamp at 7 in the morning. It not being possible for us to go through the grass covering it, we were obliged to burn it before us in order to make our way, which was through swamp until 5 in the afternoon, when we arrived at the islet of "El Invasor," where we camped and took off our clothing wet by the heavy rain, falling all day, while we ate our meal. We killed 2 crocodiles during this day in some brooks located in the middle of the swamp. November 23.-As usual, in the morning of this day we continued our march to the islets of Sarchicha and Sigeaapa, this crossing being very arduous. Arrived at these islets at 2 in the afternoon, where we only remained long enough to make some coffee, continuing immediately, as I wished to arrive at the peninsula as soon as possible, having some places to visit. November 24.-Very early in the morning took up the march, I suffering with fever and one of the guides with a heavy cold. Arrived at the peninsula at 10 o'clock. Stopped a few moments to take coffee, continuing to the farm called Maniadero. The road was not so unpleasant, being terra firma, but had so many dog's teeth. Finally we arrived at said estate at 5 in the afternoon. Found one family only, the head of which, Marcelino Morejon, gave us a good dinner. Gave us a hut to sleep in and information on the land and forests. Informed me that the former was not good for agricultural purposes, being too marshy, and that the latter were valuable, although they had suffered much through fires. November 25.-After taking coffee we continued our march to the estate called "Roble," 1 league distant, which had inhabitants before the war but none now. Continued to the estate of Casas Nuevas, where we arrived at 11 in the morning, findjng several families, who were enumerated. Continued, after taking coffee, toward the estate of Quemado Grande, which was inhabited before the war. Continued to that of Santo Tomas, which was also inhabited before the war, arriving there at 6 in the evening after a day's journey of 9 leagues. During this march shot birds of various kinds. November 26.-In the morning left for the islets of El Mal Tiempo and El Solo, which are on the same peninsula, and where we arrived at 9 in the morning, camping to hunt, birds being very plentiful. Afterwards continued our march toward the islet called " Del Maiz," where we arrived at 2 in the afternoon, and I enumerated a family whose head, Jose Dominguez, is 90 years of age. Continued our march to the islet of Santa Teresa, where I had already been on my previous excursion, which we were not able to reach during the day, forcing us to spend the night in the woods. November 27.-Continued this morning toward the islet of Santa Teresa, arriving at this point at 9 in the morning. The inhabitants prepared a good breakfast. Afterwards took up our march toward Jaguey Grande, arriving at the islet of Majagual at 4 in the afternoon, where we camped, interrupting our march on account of its being impossible to continue because we were tired out. November 28.-On the morning of this day when we got up to continue our march we found that there were 4 crocodiles surrounding the stockade we had built the night before for our defense. We dispersed them, I with my rifle and the guides with their shotguns, killing 3, the fourth disappearing wounded, I believe. Upon the conclusion hereof we continued the march toward Jaguey Grande, arriving at the edge of the swamp at 7 in the evening, after a very heavy march, as we had not stopped to rest but for a very few minutes. We camped near the edge and prepared to spend the night there. November 29.-In the morning we continued our march toward Jaguey Grande, arriving at 11 in the morning at the Colonia Galdos, where we took coffee and rested, taking up our march again toward our destination, where we arrived at 6 in the evening, almost without any clothing. APPENDIX XI. In going over the peninsula of Zapata from the farm of Maniadero to the islet of El Cocodrilo, a distance of 44 leagues, I have observed the following order: From Maniadero to the farm of Roble, 1 league; from this point to Casas Nuevas, 4; from Casas Nuevas to Santo Tomas, 5; from Santo Tomas to Maiz, 4; from here to Santa Teresa, 7; from here to Molina, 2; from Molina to Jiqui, 4; from Jiqui to Jucaro Quemado, 4 more; from Jucaro to San Blas, 3; and from here to Cocodrilo, 11. All these points are situated in the heart of the forests of this swamp. The expenses for food and guides during the said periods amounted to $164. Jaguey Grande, November 28, 1899. SIXTO AGRAMONTE. APPENDIX XI. REPORT ON THE ENUMERATION OF THE ISLETS OF THE NORTH COAST OF THE PROVINCE OF MATANZAS, BY FRANCISCO MARI, ENUMERATOR NO. 96. On the 16th of October, in the morning, I started out to visit the islets belonging to the province of Mantanzas, for the purpose of making the enumeration of the inhabitants living thereon, as the enumerator of the same. The islets belonging to these waters are almost without exception terra firma, and are proper for all kinds of works, as is shown by the provisions which the inhabitants of the same have been furnishing the market of Cardenas for years; but this year, probably due to the drought and to the scarcity of seed, little has been grown. All the woods are hard woods, good for the preparation of charcoal, and even for the building of houses. The inhabitants of Cingo Leguas live entirely isolated from each other, probably due to the large area of this island. Almost all of these individuals devote themselves to the making of charcoal and to fishing, the latter almost exclusively for their own maintenance, although when their catch is large they take some of it to town and exchange it for provisions, but this is quite rare. These people-men, women, and children-care absolutely nothing about their clothing. The provisions they use for their maintenance are almost all of them adulterated. They use no shoes of any kind. Women work as much as men in cutting timber, in the making of charcoal, and around the house. It may be said that she is all man. Although these individuals are not in danger in case of bad weather, on account of the security of their houses, I must say that they are completely isolated from doctors as well as medicines. The latter are not found at all in the islets. There is no education at all in these islets, the people being entirely contented with their mode of life. The enumeration of the islets on the south side of the province was rendered more difficult than any others, owing to the lack of water in the bay of Santa Clara, for which reason vessels must stop at a great distance from the shores. Day laborers are very scarce. It may be said that these individuals do not earn more than 3 to 4 reales per day for 12 to 14 hours' work. These individuals deliver to the owner or to the person in charge of the yard 5 sacks of coal for $1.05, and the latter sells it at 4 s cks for $2.25, which is the average price of this merchandise on the market. About 300 caballos are shipped per month, equal to 1,200 sacks. The same customs regarding shoes, clothing, and maintenance are applicable to all the inhabitants of the islets in general, excepting the employees of the light-houses, who, being Government employees, dress differently, and have some comforts the others do not. The fish establishments classified on my schedules as vivaries are small, composed of 5 or more persons who work by the piece, do not have fixed hours of work nor REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. amount, although on an average they work 6 to 7 hours per day. The regular establishmenrts, composed of 15 or more persons, work 12 hours, are exposed to more danger than any others, because these individuals work in the water and genally at night. Their victuals are poor, and they earn 30 centavos per day. In Cayo Cingo Leguas there are a number of goats and hens, which can not be estimated, because their state of procreation dates back 9 years. There is furthermore a large saline territory belonging to the same owner of this islet, which is not being worked at the present time. The distances from one islet to another are moderate, and may be covered in more or less time, according to the wind and the sea, which latter influences the vessels very much. The dangers and difficulties we encountered I communicated to you at the proper time in my schedules in the first and second delivery I made to you during the latter half of the month of October. Although I do not remember exactly, I believe that the number of islets enumerated by me amounted to 70, although the plan shows only 36. The data which I gave you, together with the information I have been able to collect, cover all the points mentioned in your letter. I do not know whether I have fulfilled my duty in this connection. FRANCISCO MARI, Enumerator No. 96. CARDENAS, November 26, 1899. APPENDIX XII. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF THE CITY OF CARDENAS, BY INSTRUCTING ENUMERATOR NUMBER 54, MARIA NUNEZ DE VILLAVICENCIO. SiR: From the time I had the honor of being selected by you to instruct the municipality of Cardenas, where I had under my charge 20 enumerators to prepare and direct, I realized the importance of the efforts I would have to make to fulfill my duty. You only could make me accept so thorny a position, and only the requests of so gentlemanly a man as the Assistant Director could force me to make a report on the work of the census in the city of Cardenas. On the 15th of September I came to this city to attend the classes which you were giving, and after eight days' attendance and good preparation I left for Cardenas, to do the same work with the enumerators under my charge. On the 31st I sent a notice to all by means of a circular, and from the 1st of October to the 15th I gave daily classes to the gentlemen and ladies. I found it rather difficult to get the former to attend because, after two days, they informed me that they thought themselves well prepared; but I requested them to attend because the supervisor had thus ordered me, and that my duty was, before all, to fulfill the orders of my chief. I thus convinced them, and they came daily to the classes. As I had only five or six population schedules, and as there were 20 enumerators, I could not explain to each one, and I was obliged to make use of a large slate, on which I traced the same lines into which the population schedules were divided, and on the other side I drew an agricultural schedule or the school schedule, as was necessary. After inserting the same sections, and after having given some lessons, I requested them, one by one, to show me on the slate the different cases which might occur. The same gentlemen who at the beginning did not wish to attend came with pleasure, and many took notes on a piece of paper of the questions they wished me to explain, which I did with much pleasure, being glad to see that they were disposed to obey. I only wished to take as much weight off your shoulders as possible, and I did everything possible to keep the enumerators of Cardenas from troubling you more than possible. lI:. 1 11 r - i: ENUERAOR CITY OF CAR1EN& I APPENDIX XII. 667 I rnust also state that the regular and constant progress we have had has been due only to the intelligence and good order you showed in the minutest detail. The plans you gave each of us, where the streets were indicated, street by street, prepared the work for us in so clear a manner and so minutely that doubts were impossible. Another factor was your promptness in answering my telegrams, of which I sent a few, not wishing to do anything without your approval. Among my enumerators there were three who were to enumerate the country, the one of Guasimas, the other of Varadero, and the one of the islets. It was difficult for me to communicate my orders to these at once, but I made use of messengers and communicated them. The enumerator of the islets is seriously ill in consequence of the rains, because only on account of dire necessity and because there was no one else there I was obliged to take him. This poor young man I do not believe will be saved. I must state that on the 15th of October I was sorry to learn that a demonstration was in preparation against the enumerators who had come from Matanzas, of which I was informed by some of them. I believed that the best thing to do, after serious reflection and hearing the opinion of others, was to apply to the local authorities, with whom we had a conference. Their prompt orders calmed the three or four who were influencing the rest, and on the 16th all of them, without exception, began their work, which I had the pleasure of communicating to you by telegraph. The progress from that day has been quiet, with the exception of small incidents with some unimportant Spaniards, the importance of which is so insignificant that they do not deserve recounting. The enumerators of the city came every night to my house and gave me a detailed account of the work. I revised their schedules, made the proper corrections, and encouraged them to keep faith with you and to comply with the daily work which the assistant director recommended. I must here relate a fact which shows the conscientiousness of the persons under my care and direction. The necessity of increasing the number of enumerations, and the notice which they saw-given them by I do not know who-to the effect that you had suspended several enumerators of Matanzas for not having enumerated a sufficient number, caused great dissatisfaction, obliging me to request your presence by telegraph. Your arrival calmed them, and the census continued without any hitch. Many cases were submitted to me of families enumerated in other places, which cases, after being communicated to you, were favorably decided by you, always within twelve hours. The same occurred when you, at the request of the supervisor of Santa Clara, asked for the enumeration of the Arencibia family. Within an hour I had procured the information from the proper enumerator and had answered what was necessary. The good will and the intelligence of the enumerators made my work simple. Thus I was enabled to forward every five days a recapitulation by telegraph and the reports of each day by mail. On such days the enumerators would assemble, and the sum of the inhabitants, houses, estates, and animals was quickly made, and it was possible for me to forward them to you. Only the two enumerators of the country and the one of the islets did not come punctually-due to their distance from here-being put back one or two days. As a proof of the respect they commanded, it is sufficient to state that the police was not necessary once, and that the ladies were respected and considered on all hands. This was the case when, in connection with the enumerator of the islets, I personally visited all those who owned vessels in order to secure a boat. I had the pleasure of seeing you again when you came with the commission to make the payments, leaving the entire personnel grateful for your kindness. I conclude in stating that my life was running along smoothly, devoted to the care of my parents and to the work of a school, when you called me to a new occupation with which I was unacquainted. And I to-day am aware of the fact that the battle 668 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. for existence is a prerogative of humanity, and that woman can and must support herself, being satisfied with myself, and even more so for having satisfied the supervisor who honored me. Cardenas, December 14, 1899. MARIA NUNEZ DE VILLAVICENCIO, Enumerator No. 54. CLAIJDIO DUMAs, Supervisor of the Census of the Province of Matanzas APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators. PROVINCE OF HABANA. Enumeration districts. - ~- - _. -..... --- —------------ Enumerators. No. I Designation. - JUDICIAL DISTRICTS: SIX. Municipal district, Habana. 1 Part of the city of Habana........................... 2.....do.................................................. 3.....do................................................... 4.....do.................................................... 5 -.....do.................................................... 6.....do.................................................... 7.....do.................................................... 8 -....do.................................................... 9..... do...................................... 10.....do... - - --................ 11.....do.................................................. 12.....do................................................. 13.....do................................................... 14 i.....do.................................................... 15.....do..................................................... 16.....d o.................................................... 17 -....do.................................................... 18..... do.................................................... 19.....do................................................... 21.....d o........................................... 22.....do................-..............-.................- 23.d...do.................................... 24....do.................................................... 25.....do.............. 26 _..do..................... -............................. 27.....do........-......-.-. --- —-.. ----... --- —-----—..............-..-....28.....do......... ---.....-.....-.............-..... ---- -- 29.....do........................-.. —..-............ I — -- 30.....do.....................-...-...........- -- —. —.-.... 31.....do.... —...... -—........................................ 32.....do.......-..-...-.. -.............................. ---... 33.....do............-.-....-.-...-......-.-..-.......... - - - 34....do........................................ 35.....do........- -.-........................................ 36.....do................................................... 37.....do............... -..-... —.. —.....-................ 38.....do....-.. --..-.... --- —-. —..39 - -...do...............-.......................40..... do........-..-............. —.... —. —. ----. —....... 41.....do.............. -....-.. —. ---. —. --- —-- --......42..... do....-...........-... —.. --—.. -........ ---—. —...43 -.-...do. —.. --- — —... -............. -.. --------------- ------ 44....do.-. —... -........ —..-... — -.................... 45.....do -....-....... —.....-..-.. ---. ---.. ----. ----.. --- —..46.....do.....-..- - -....-.-..-.............. --- —-.... —... 47.....do....-. —..-.-.-. --- —--—.... —. —. --- —----.. ---48.-....do.......-..-...........-.. --- —...... —.. -.......... 49.....do-.-.-. --- ----—. --- —--—.-.. --- —------------------- 50..-..do. -.-.. —.-.-.- - -.-. — -- ------ --- - —. --- --------- 51..... do.-...... — --------- - -.. - ----- --—. —. ----.. —.. — 52.....do -. * — -------- ----- * ----- ------ ---- - ----- -------- 53..... do.............................................. 53.....do......-..-.... —............................. 54 27.. do....,....................................... Juan M. Gil de Leon. Francisco Marti Carrillo. Francisco R. Laguardia. Francisco P. Ricart. Francisco Carvallo. Fabio Freyre y Arango. Enrique Herrera G. Antonio Barzaga. Juan M. Yznaga. Antonio Ordoflez. Pedro Paris. Pedro Elosequi y Diaz. Sefiorita Mercedes Padron. Seftorita Aurora Armaenteros y Orando. Juan Romay. Juan Hernandez. Ram6n A. Plasencia. Ygnacio Lancis. Rafael A. de Armas. Ricardo Aguado. Oscar Lopez Mufiez. Agustin Treto. Ram6n de la Villa. Enrique Matheus. Do. Pedro Forcade. Eloy Diaz. Guillermo Perez de Uterera. Ram6n C. Hernandez. Nestor L. Carbonell. Aurelio Morales y D'Lisle. Ramon G. Revollar y Paneda. R. S. Spencer. Gabriel R. Capote. Eduardo S. Rodriguez. Jos6 Viada. Alfredo Ruiz. Gonzalo de Cardenas. Alfredo Presas. F. Argilagos. Manuel Romero. Juan B. Acosta. Jos6 Leanes. Alfredo Minguez. Alfredo Brito Cruzado. Ernesto Cuervo Eligio. Gustavo M. Alberty. Alberto Diago y CArdenas. Santiago Aurich y Herrera. Manuel C. Cruz. Juan F. Machado y Hernandez. Matilce Rodriguez. Pablo M. Esplujues. Jose M. Acosta. APPENDIX XIII. 669 Enum eration districts and enumerators — Continued. PROVINCE OF HABANA —Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS: six-continued. Municipal district, Habana-Continued. 55 Part of the city of Habana............................... Costo A. Rasco. 56.... do..................................................... Francisco A. Ragusa. 57.... do..... —............................................. Ricardo Carreras. 58.....do.................................................... Fran Pages. 59.....do.................................................... D. Acosta. 60.. -do.................................................... Jorge Luis Silveria. 61.....do.................................................... Rafael de C6rdova. 62....do.................................................... Mariano R. Zayas. 63.....do................................................. Augusto G. Menocal. 64....do.................................................... Raoul Arango. 65..... do.................................................... Francisco G. Yglesias. 66..... do.................................................... Angel Gonzalez y Sanguily. 67.....do.................................................... Jos6 Sariol y Vall6jo. 68.,.do...................................:............... Segundo C6rvison. 69..... do............................... Manuel J. Garcia. 70..... do.................................................... Cecilio Marrero. 71.....do.................................................... Francisco R. Laguardia. 72...do.................................................... Julio Martin y Lamy. 73....-do.................................................... Pedro Pons Puente. 74....do.................................................. Angel J. Gonzalez Sastre. 75....do.................................................... Manuel Andreu. 76 1... -do.................................................... Enrique Nipoles Fajardo. 77.....do.................................................... Andrls R. Navarrete. 78.....do.................................................... Jose Leal. 79.....do.................................................. Ricardo Ceballos. 80.....do.................................................... Josd Leants. 81.....do.................................................... F. Manito. 82 1.....do.................................................... Hortensia Del Monte. 83.....do.................................................... Ernesto Jerez Varona. 84.....do.................................................... Josd Ant6n y Alcal&. 85.....do.................................................... Ernesto Araoz. 86.....do.................................................... Sra. Fermina de Cardenas. 87..... do.................................................... Sra. Vict6ria A. de Gonzalez. 88.... do.................................................... Anto. Aguiar. 89..... do Enrique Porto y Vandrelt. 89 (...,..do................................................... Enrique Porto y Vandrelt. 90....do................................................... Luis Lippi. 91....do -.................................................., Sra. Leticia Del Monte. 92.....do........................................... Ramon de la Villa. 93 do...,, do................. Miguel Ortiz y Carrillo. 94.... do.................................................... Sra. Enriqueta Riera. 95.... do.................................................... Leocadia Aviles. 96....do.................................................. Miguel F. de Lara. 97. do Josd M. Mdfiez. 98.....do.................................................... Manuel de Armas. 99.... do.................................................... Guillermo M. Opancio. 100.....do.................................................... Guillermo Canaleja. 101...do................................................ Ernesto M. Barbosa. 102....do............. Luis C. Dulzaides. 103. do.................. Joaquin Pardo Suarez. 104.do. Ram6n A. Plasencia. 105....do.................................................... Juan PIA y Lorenzo. 106....do.................................................... Pedro Grifol. 107....do.........-.................................. Juan B. Acosta. 108.....do.. Alfredo Brito. 109....do................................................... Francisco Lopez y Mayol. 110.....do................................................... Francisco R. P. Medialdea. 111......do......... ---..................................... Aurelio Cardenas. 112....do.................................................... Juan Viv6 y Cerdefia. 113.....do.................................................... Sra. Dolores P. de Dominguez. 114.....do.................................................... Dionisio Castro Plans. 115.....do.................................................... Julian V. Sierra. 116.....do.................................................... Manuel de J. Garcia. 117.....do.................................................... Jos6 de Toca. 118 -—. do..-............................................. Miguel Fernandez y Garcia. 119.....do................................................. --- Manuel Sueyras y Robert. 120.....do................................................. —.. Al. Franca. 121.....do.................................................... Juan L. Rodriguez. 122.....do.................................................... Jos6 A. Perez. 123.....do.................................................... Manuel de Armes. 124.....do.............................. Jose Roca y Grif6l. 125.... do.................................................... M. Fernandez. 126.....do.................................................... Juan Pomar. 127....do.................................................... Domingo S. Garcia. 128.....do.................................................... Enrique Trujillo. 129.....do.............................................. Mariano Acosta. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF, HABANA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 I1C_ Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICTS: six-continued. Municipal district, Ilnabana-Continued. Part of the city of Habana...............................do............................................. do......................................... -do.........................................................-do...........................................................do-..-....................... do......................................do..............do............................. -........do...........................do.................................... do............-..................do............................................. do.....do..............................................................do....................................... -do........................................................ do.........-...-......................................o............................................... do......................................................do...........................................................................do...................... do........................................,.,....... do.......................................... do....................................................... do.........................................................do..................................................... -do -..... —... --- —..-........................do...................do........-....do....................................................do.....-................................... do....................................................d-.... do......................................................do..................................................... do....................................................................................................do.................................................. do.............................................do........................................................ do......................................................... do...................................................-... do.........................................................................................................do.....................................................................O.....................................................do.....do.......-............. --- -.........................do......................................................... do........................................................do...................................................do........................................................do.................................................... Firs' part, Arroya Navanj o............................... Second part Arroyo Naranjo............................ First part Calvario....................................... Second part Calvario..................................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, MARIANAO. Municipal district, Marianao. First part of Puentes Grande............................. Second part of Puentes Grande.................................. Third part of Puentes Grande........................... First part of Quemados.................................. Second part of Quemados................................ Third part of Quemados.................................. First part of Cocoasolo................................... Second part of Cocoasolo................................. First part of Pocito...................................... Second part of Pocito.................................... Lisa...................................................... Playa....................................................... Municipal district, Bauta. Jorge Entenza. Franco de E. Pichardo. Jacinto Chaple. Oscar G. de los Reyes. Josd Mendez y PErez. Federico de la Paz y Benitz. Luisa Casado de Nobo. Joaquin Hevia. Francisco Polo y Diaz. Jos6 Noroia. Sandalo Noval. Serafin de Bolivar. Benjamin Horscheck. Eduardo Patterson. Aurelio de Cardenas. Jose Valverdi y Losada. Guillermo Molinet. Carlos Wegener. Jos6 Martos. Gustavo Alfonso. Nemo Guill6. Francisco Grave de Peralta. Alberto Guill6. Juan M. Lamadrid. Emeli6 Carrera. Franco Carrillo y O'Farrell. Josd Cauvadi y Topete. Anto Morejon y Capote. E. Gonzalez Acosta. Mariano P. Villalon. Franco B. Martinez. Juan Pomar. Jorge P. Carri6n. Manuel Romero. Manuel F. Bolaflos. Constantino R. Zayas. Fernando S. Amat. Francisco L. Mayol Gonzalo Jorrin. Casto A. Rasco. Gustavo Alfonso. Julio Fabre. Juan A. Michelena. Luis P. de Teran. Francisco Polo y Diaz. Do. Jos6 Alfonso. Miguel Rodriguez. Emilia de Cordova. Gustavo Gavalda. Anto. J. Marti. Pedro Machado. Joaquin Pardo Suarez. Santiago G. Aranda. A. A. Martinez. Martin Morgado. Francisco P. Pefla. Pedro Saiuz. JosS A. Yturrioz. Carlos Quintero Ybafiez. Antonio Ma Leon. Manuel H. Sanabria. Miguel Torriente. Pedro R. Alfaro. Carlos Martin y Cruz. Pedro Sainz. 196 Hoyo Colorado............................. A. Santa Ana. 197 Baracoa, Anafe, and Coralillo............................ Carlos Valdes Rosas. APPENDIX XfIIL Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued, PROVINCE OF HABANA-Continued. 671 Enumeration districts. No. Designation. Enumerator,,. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, MARIANIO-continued, Municipal district, Bauta-Continued. 198 Guat~o anct San Pedro.II- -IIII-I-I --- —--- Octavio Portela. 199 Punta Brava and Cangrejeras-..........::Tom~s G. Estrada. 200 iPunta Brava desde Calle de Ybafios. nonos el Sur-.....Gonzalo de Castroverde. Municipal district, El Cane. 201 El Cano y Jaimanitos-..................Jos6 Hi. Hernandez. 202 Arroyo Arenas-.......................Adolfo F. Rodriguez, 203 Waj ay. --- —--------------------— Carlos Morales y Martin. 204 205 2016 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214' 215 216 217 218 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, t.UANABACOA. Municipal district, Guatiabacoa. Este de la Asunci6n (ciudad do Guanabacoa)...... First part de Oeste Asuncidn (eiudad de Guanabacoa).. Second part de Oeste Asunci6n (ciudad de Guanabacoa) Este de San Francisco................... Oeste de San Fraiscisco. --- —-........... First part de Cruz Verde. --- —------------ Second part de Cruz Verde................ Este do Corral Falso.................... Oeste de Corral Falso................... Cojimar................... --- — Bacuranao...... --- —------------- Bacuranao. — - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -.... San Miguel de Padrdn.................. San Francisco do Paula y Papa Antonio.......... Campo Florida.................... Municipal district, Managua. Francs Blautista. Lutgarda Arteaga. Franca Gorrin y Llorens. Enrique Rodriguez. JosCi Escovedo. Martin Rodriguez. Migue F. Ventura. Guad~alupe Marty. Waldo Gonzalez. D. Montanir. Jos6 Martinez. Mariano Puig. JosCi A. Miyaya. Tomtls Sudrez, Castilla. Oscar Ferrer. 219 Managua (pueblo).......... --- —---- Joaquin de la Pezuela y Giroud. 220 Domingo Pablo, Lechuga, y Ojo de Ag~ua. --- —-::Ramiro de los Santos. 221 Barreto, Mazareno, Canoa, Ramos, Pldt~ano F Aflilito.... Gonzalo del Cristo. 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 Municipal district, Ifcgla., First part of the first barrio................ Second part of the first barrio............... Third part of the first barrio................ First part of the second barrio. --- —-----.... Second part of the second barrio............. First part of the third barrio............... Second part of the third barrio.............. First part of the fourth barrio. --- —......... Second part of the fourth barrio............. Municipal distrzct, Sentao-Maria dcl Rlosario. Pueblo de Santa Maria del Rosario............ First part of Sass Pedro qua de al Sur de la Curretera de la Habana Ai Gflines. Second part of San Pedro qua do al liar de la Curretera de la Habana si Giiines. Capote, Grill, Cambut6, anrd San Antonio........ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, JARUCO. Municipal district, Jarcuo. Pueblo Plaza, Comercio, and Cuartl........... Maceo, Garro, Guaicanamar, and Tablas......... Puenti, Escaleria, Perd, Arroyo Vuelto, Trinidad, Castilla, and Santa Barbara. Bocade, Jaruco, Guanabo, Santa Ana, Cruz del Padre, Loma Blanca, Rincon, Paflas Altas, Justiz, and Campo Florida. Municipal district, Aqjuacatc. Martin Sanchez.. A. V. Caneghem. Manuel Ledo y Olives. T. Aguiar. Domingo Tore. JosC6 Manuel Blanco. Juan F. Eguileor. Luis G. Llorente. Orfilio Muro y Garcia. Eduardo Zamora. Juan M. Pens. JosCh Pens. Manuel Ma. Rodriguez. Joaquin M. Diaz. Pedro Parra. Amado Gonzales. Franco Calder6n. 239 Pueblo de Aguacate. —~....- ---------—::Sefiorita Ms. Antonio M. de Bolafios. 240 Zabalita. --- —------------- ----- Ramnon Castellanos. 2411 Reloj y Compostizo. --- —-----.........Gonzalo Averhoff. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Emmeration di~stricts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF HABANA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. ~~~~Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, JARIJco-continued. Municipal district, Bai oa. 242 Bainoa arid Santa Cruz.................. 243 Caraballo.......................... 244 Mamey Duro and Reloj.................. 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Municipal district, Casiguas. Pueblo de Casigua~s, Armenteros, ]lainoa, Don Martin, and Rancho Viejo. Muniipal district, Santa CJruz del Norte Pueblo de Jabicoa, San Juan de Dios, y San Loreuzo... Pueblo de Santa Cruz del Norte.............. Pueblo de San Antonio, Ri6 Blanco, and Urban of Yngenio, Loteria. Rural of San Antonia, Ri6 Blanco, and Yngenio, Carmen. Barrios ruralls de Correderas, Carboneras, La Sierra, San Matias y Soledad. Municipol district, San Joe de las Lajas. First part of cabecera of San Jos6 de las Lajas...... First part of second part of cabecera of San Jos6 de las Lajas. Second part of second part of cabecera of San Jos6 de las Lajas and Portugalete, y Poblado Cuatro Camino. Cortilla, and Chavez y Managuaco............ Jamaica, y Ganuza.................... Mlunicipal distict, Tapaste. Ger6nimo Nadal, Jo8e6 M. Roco. Nicolas Rodriguez. Miguel Mateo. Manuel Vilaret. Francisco Rooira. Antonio Borjes.. Jos6 J. Brito. Joel Ruiz. Delfin Dominguez. Esteban Ldpez. 256 Pueblo de Tapaste, San Andr6s, y Poblado Cuatro 257 1Ba~rrmio'snrourales de Santa B.irbara y J~iula........ 25S 259 260 261 262 263.264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAN ANTONIO DR LOS BKROS. Municipal district, San Apitonio de los iBaffos. First parte de iforte (city of San Antonio de los BaMls).. Second parte de norte (city of San Antonio de los Baflos). First parte de Sur (city of San Antonio de los Bafios)... Second parte de sur (city of San Antonio de los Bafios).. First parte de este (city of San Antonio de los Baflos).. Second parte de este (city of San Antonio de los BaMis) 'Chicbaro......................... Santa Rosa........................ Ouintana......................... Seborucal......................... Govea........................... Monjas.......................... Valle........................... Armonis......................... Municipal district, Alquizar. Fi~rst parte de first barrio in pueblo (Alquizar)...... Second parte de first barrio in pueblo (Alquizar)..... First parte de second barrio in pueblo (Alquizar). Second parte de second barrio in pueblo (Alquizar).... Este parte de Tumbadero................. Oeste parte de Tumbadero................ Palenque......................... Guanimar......................... La Paz........................... San Andrls........................ Municipal district, CJeiba del Agua. A. T. Mendez Nufiez. Evaristo A. Gonzalez. Arturo Echezarreta. Abelardo V. Asya. Bernandino Fernandez. Sra. Cfllia de Cyrera. Sra. Clementina Gispert y Garcia. C~rmen S. Almeida. Sra. Dolores Gispert Garcia. Tito Yllera y Schmidt. Miguel A. Porto. F. Fernandez Cadenas. Mariano Porto Rivero. Juan A. Casanova y Valdes. Miguel Francisco Porto. Ramiro V. Hernandez. Francisco F. Sanchez. Francisco Montero Leal. Francisco Vivanco. Alfredo Y. Amnoedo. Juan M. Perez de Alderete. Hip6lito Reyna. An. Neguemela y Viera. Luis Marquetti. Hip6lito Reyna. Ricardo Villaescusa. Enrique M~irques. Difluisio R. Lecuona. Alfredo Y. Amoedo. 282 Pueblo de Ceiba del Agua.................Man J. Acevedo. 283 Capellanias La Paz, Palma Picada y Palonino.......Avelino Ybatao. 284.Virtudes y Chicbarr6n...................Luis B. Sanchez. APPENDIX XIII. ETnumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF HABANA-Continued. 673 Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. - _. 1. 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAN ANTONIO DE LOS BASOS. Municipal district, Giiira de Melena. Pueblo de Giiira de Melena, norte....................... Pueblo de Giiira de Melena, sur.......................... Jsrez......................................... Tumbadero.............................................. M elena................................................... Juribacoa......................................... Gabriel................................................... Cajio.......................................... Sibanacan............................................... Mlfunicipal district, Vereda Nueva. Mario Diaz y Mardretti. Francisco Ede Hevia. Miguel D. Rodriguez, Jos6 Ygnacio Leal. Enrique Odriozola. Marcelino Odriozola. Enrique Odriozola. Gustavo Diaz. Marcelino Odriozola. 294 1Barrio Norte.................................. Pedro Sanchez Chople. 295 Barrio Sur................................................ Juan Manuel Diaz. 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, BEJUCAL. Municipal district, Bejucal. First barrio of the city (Bejucal). — -................ Second barrio of the city (Bejucal)................. Third barrio of the city (Bejucal)...................... First part of the fourth barrio of the city (Bejucal)...... Second part of the fourth barrio of the city (Bejucal and Piedras). Jesus Maria, Santa Barbara, Beltran, Poveda, Aguas Verdes, and Viajcas. Municipal district, Bataban6. First parte de Surgidero............................... Second parte de Surgidero............................... Third parte de Surgidero............................... Fourth parte de Surgidero............. —......... —.... Batabano.............................................. Mayaguano.................................. San Agustin and Quintanal.............................. Guanabo............................... Distrito, especial islets of the south and southwest-...... Franco Jener. Lorenzo Garcia. Max Agiero. Placido Hernandez. Armando Comas. Manuel Bocanegra. Branlio Delgado. Octavio Delgado. Francisco de la Paz. Generoso C. Marquetti. Enrique Casuso. Wilfredo FerrAn. Carlos Fonseca. Pablo M. Casuso. Pedro Parra. Juan Beiro. Franco Cris6stomo. Manuel Coipel. Manl Garbalosa. Arturo Rodrigiuez. Ma. del C. Sva. Pelligero. Juan Garbalosa. Enrique de Le6n. Carlos G. Gayton. Jos6 Mikleff. Juan F. dez de Cossio. Teodoro Cabrera. Municipal district, Quivican. Pueblo de Quivican...................................... Delicias and Arango............................... Jaiguan and Guiro Alarrero............................. Municipal district, Santiago de las Vegas. First parte de norte (cuidad Santiago de las Vegas)..... Second parte de norte (cuidad Santiago de las Vegas)...1 First parte de sur (cuidad Santiago de las Vegas)....... Second parte de sur (cuidad Santiago de las Vegas)..... First parte de Calabazar........................... Second parte de Calabazar............................... Boyeros...................................... Dofia Maria.............................. Rincon................................................... Municipal district, La Salud. 323 Paletas........ — -... —...... --- —.........-.... Ledo A. L. Navarro. 324 Piedras, Chicharron, and Buenaventura.............. Manuel Dorta. 325 Villarreal, Gabriel, Guiiro de Bofiigal..................... Gumessuido Cabrera Municipal district, San Antonio de las Vegas. 326 Pueblo y Ri6 Blanco.o............................... Jos Hernandez. 327 Jano, and San Jos6 de Veitia y Concepcion.............. Andr6s Cabrera. Municipal district, San Felipe. 328 329 Pueblo de San Felipe............ --- - ------—.....-.-..- Jos6 V. Garcia. Aguacate...................................... Luis Peraza. 24662 43 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF HABANA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. ~Designation._ _ _ _ _ _ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, BEJUCAL-continued. 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 Municipal district, Ysla de Pines. Nueva Gerona, y Sierra de Casas y Sierra de Caballas... Santa Fe......................... Cuchilla Alta, Caleta, Grande y Carboneras........ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, GOYINES. Municipal district, Gilines. First part of the first district of Gilines y Rtubio..... Second part of the first district of Gflines y Cruz..... First part of the second district of Giiines........ Second part of the second district of Gilines....... First part of the third district of Giiines......... Second part of the third district of Giiines y Liamaraguas. Fourth district of G~i~ies................. Candela Sur, Candela Norte y GuanaJo.......... Candela Baja, San Pedro y San Julian.......... Nombrede Duos...................... Municipal district, Catalina. 343 Catalina Norte (Pueblo de), Lechugas, Encaroacion, Ocano, F San Bias. 344 Pueblo de Catalina Sur, San Marcos, Alderete, San Jos6 y Combre. Municipal district, Madruga. 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 3541 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 Este de la Pueblo..................... Oeste de la Pueblo y Ytabo................ Cayajabos and Sabana de Robles............. Concordia San Bias, and Majagua............. Municipal district, Melena del,Sur. First part de Pueblo.................... Second part de Pueblo y Costa.............. Lechugas, San Julian y Charcas.............. -Municipal district, Nueva Paz. First part of Pueblo Nueva Paz.............. Second part of Pueblo Nueva Paz............. Bagaez.......................... Pueblo de Pales...................... Rural de Pales al Norte.................. Rural de Palos al Sur................... First part of Vegas.................... Second part of Vegas................... Municipal district,,San Nicolds. Pueblo y Jobo....................... Paradero and Gabriel................... Babiney, Prieto, y Caimito................. Barbud.......................... Municipal district, Guara. Jos6 S. Amat. Claudio Diaz. Narciso Carcases. Rafael E. Tanes. Maximo Fernandez. Ygnacio Pizarro. Juan Pacheco Gomez. Pedro Nufiez y Nufiez. Francisco J. Castellanos. Federico Zervigfin. Aurelis Grace. J. Mo Ortega. Caries Figuerado. Enrique Alvarez. Rafael L6pez. ClaraMA. Pardefias. Antonio Galeano. Armando Fernandez. Alberto Pozo. Marcos D. Gonzalez. Jes6 Perez. Juan Gastdn. Jo S6 Nogu~ira. Cornelio Bosquet. Bernadine Pacb6n. Gregorio Vene'ro. Antonio Ma Perdemo. Antonio Ma Peulemo, Obddlie Marrere. Luis A.- ID6hard. Aurelio Mulkay. Luis Medel. Antonio Rivas. Miguel Troya. 364 Pueblo and Navie.................... Rufo Lopez. 365 Bayame, Ruiz, Pence, and Costa..............IFirmire Alfenso. Municipal district, Pipian. 366 66Piplan (town), El Jobo, Saldivar, y Corral..f...... Agustin Fernandez. I I APPENDIX XIII. 675 Enurneration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. Enumeration districts. Designation. Enumerators. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, MATANZAS. Municipal district, Caenasi. First partede la distrito norte -—.. ---... —.- ----- Second partede la distrito norte y de la distrito sur. Third partede la distrito norte y de la distrito sur...... Municipal district, Guamacaro. First part of Limonar................-.... --- — -—. —. Second part of Limonar..- ----—.......... —........ Third part of Limonar... — —.- ----- ----- ------. Fourth part of Limonar..... --- —--------------------- Fifth part of Limonar ---.-.................... Sixth part of Limonar................ --- —-. First part of Caobas y Canimar. --- —------ -... —.- - Second part of Caobas y Canimar. ---....... Sumidero y San Miguel..................-.... --- ---- -- -- Guamacaro... --- —---—. --- —------—.......-... Coliseo..-.... -............-. — -------—.. --- ——.Municipal district, Santa.Ana. First part of the district.................................. Second part of the district.........- - Third part of the district.. ---. --- —--------------- Fourth part of the district................. Fifth part of the district. --- —------------------------... 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Municipal district, Matanzas. Part of the city of Matanzas.-.-.. --- —----------...... do ----------—. --- —----------- ----------- -..do - ---------------- - --—.... —. --- —- -... --- —.. ---...... do.-. ---- ---------------—. -—. --- —-.. --- —----------.. --- do. --- —-. --- —--—...-.. --- —-—.... ----.. --- —---—..... do.. --- —....... --- —..... --- —-—. ---. ---. --- —.. —.....-do.- ---. ---..... do -... —............ --- — -----------------------.....do. --- —-...... ---------—.... ----.-. --- —-.... do. ----. --- --------—.. --- —-.- —. --- —------------- --..... do.. --- —---. ------ -----—.... -------- ---------- - —...... do. ---.. —... --- --—.-. —.. --- -.-... --- -------...-'. _. —do. --- —-. --- —. ----. --- —-------- ----—.. —.-.. -.. —...... do..... —. --- — ----- ------—. --- —----- --.....do ---------- - ------—. —.. ---- -.... —. —..' ---.' ---...... do -.- -—.. ----. —. --- —------ -. ---.. --- —-.. —.. -—...... do —.. --—... —.-... --- —---- ---- ----- ----- --. ----- -.....do, ----—.. ---. ----.......-.............. —. --- —--—...... do... ---.... —.-... --- —-----—.. ---. --- —-- -------..... do.. --- —-----—. -.... ---. --- —-------—. --- —--—....... _do. -. —. --- ------------.. --- —-- -. --- —-—. --- —-.. --..... do... ---...... —........ --- —-—... —... ----.. ---........ —........ do.. ----......................... —....-..... do -----—.-... --- —.-.' ---. ----. --- —-. ' --- —---—.-.......do....................................................... do.................................................... Asylums, hospitals, and convents --------------------- First part of Seiba Mocha................................ Second part of Seiba Mocha y San Francisco de Paula. Third part of Seiba Mocha y San Francisco de Paula_. Yum uri................................... Quarto (Corral Nuevo). ---—. --- —-. —... -—..-. --- —---- First part of Cumbre y Bacunayagua. —.-............ /Second part of Cumbre y Baeunaygua -......... ----... Guanabana........................................ —. — Arroyo la ~ieja y Campana...................... Canimnar y Paso Seco....................................... Cam arioca.......................................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CARDENAS. Municipal district, Cardenas. Gonzalo S. Hernandez. Marcos Roig. Francisco M. Diaz. Asuncion Garcia. Jos6 Jordan. Aurelio Garcia. Francisco Gonzalez. Aurelio Garcia. Eduardo L. Booth. Luciano Macias. Francisco Gonzales. Eduardo L. Booth. Ramon Llanos. Antonio de Leon. Pedro Espinosa. J osd M. Espinosa. Carlos Grima. Solomon Escariz. Manuel Martinez. Genoveva Del Monte. Ana Josefa Domenech. Maria Fernandez y Soto. Maria J. Herrara. Regina Lanigan. Maria Pollo. Maria L. Perez. Rosario L. de Casado. Consuelo Menendez. Lia Andux. Angela Hernandez. Domingo Lamadriz. Eduardo Garcia. Mercedes Alfonso y Quintero. Ambrosio Lamadriz. Carmela Vinageras. Antonio Caballero. Enriquita Alsina. Luis Rodriguez y Hernandez. Ramon G. de la Maza. Maria R. Herdandez. Francisco Y. Huan. Ramon Rivero. Maria Serrate. Rosario L. de Casado. Enriquita Alsina. Maria Fernandez. Luis Rodriguez y Hernandez. Consuelo Menendez. Maria Serrate. Rosario Rodriguez. Gabriel Villada. Ramon Menendez. Pedro Borrell. Emiliano Moreno. Eduardo Campuzano. Jos6 Nunez. Bandilio Pique. Pedro Y. Acevedo. Felix Campuzano. Nicolas Lamadriz. 61 Part of city of Cardenas --- Maria Beoto. 62.....do.......,.................................... I Vincente Font. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS-Continued. Enumeration districts. Designation. Enunl r:. 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CARDENAS-continued. Municipal district, Cardenas-Continued. Part of city of Cardenas...............-....-........ —.... -do.........................................do............................................... do... --—... ---- ---------- -------—. ----. ----....do.............. ---... --- -----... --- —.. do.. -...... -........................ do........ -...................do..................... -do..........................................do............-................ do..................... --- -.... do................-.................... do......................... do.................................. — do........ do......................................................do....-o........ —. —..... do..............................do —...-. —. ---- -----------—.. --- —-------- -—... -—.Cantel y GuAsimas..-......-.................................................................. Varadero y Siguapo.................................. Municipal district, Carlos Rojas. Tosca....................... --- East part of Carlos Rojas............... Second part of Carlos Rojas-....................Conformidad y Alcancia -..... —. --- ——.-..-. ---West part of Carlos Rojas...... —........ ---..... Municipal district, Marti. First part of Marti......................... Guamutas Marti........... ---..... -............. Second part of Marti......-.. ----..... -.-. --- —-—.Third part ot Marti..................... —..-....... Guamutas..-........ —.... --- — -.-.... ---..... Ytabo Lacret.. —. ---.... --- --... --- —... ----. —. Motenibo-....-... -. —.... --- —-.- -----—. Teja.-... -.. —.....-........ ---. - - - --—.. - -. - - Rio la Palma..........-... —. —. --- —-—...... Municipal district, Maximo Gomez. First part of Maximo Gomez... —..................-. First part of Rancho del Medio.......................... Sabanilla de la Palma -..... —......-. --- -. ----.. ---. Altamisal...-..-........ ---.. — ----.. ------ Second part of Rancho del Medio.......-. ---... — Second part of Maximo Gomez.. —.. ----... --- — Third part of Maximo Gomez.................. Municipal district, Jovellanos. First part of San Jos6.....-................ --- —-....... Second part of San Jos6...-..-............ --- —...-.Third part of San Jos.... —.. --—.........-........ Fourth part of San Jos-. ---...... --- —... --- — Fifth part of San Jos6...... —....-...... --- —---- Sixth part of San Jos -..-..-... —.................. Seventh part of San Jos.-.... —... —.. —................. First part of Asuncion. -........-.... --- -------.. --- —Second part of Asuncion...........-.. —.. ---....... ---Third part of Asuncion.............-....-....-.....Fourth part of Asuncion....-.............-...-..... -.: Fifth part of Asuncion.............. —... —.....-...... — Realenzo..... —...... ---. —.... --- —---—... —.... ---. --- Municipal district, Mendez Capote. First part of Langunillas................................. Second part of Langunillas.. ----.-,.-. ----... --- —-- First part of Contreras............. --- —----- -... Los Cayos (The Keys), all north of judicial district of Cardenas. Manuel M. Martinez. Josefa Smith. Fredo Torret. Maria Mufiez deVill avicencio y Garcia. Pablo Ochoa. Piedad Andux. Catalina Rodriquez. Elvira Parraviani. Francisco Vego y Gomez. George G. Deetjens. Anibal Duarte. Jos6 R. Verdura. Manuel Cardona. Lisando Sosa. Josefa Smith. Piedad Andux. Manuel M. Martinez. Lisando Sosa. Do. Ambrosio Garcia. Rosa Diaz Argiielles. Luis Moynelo. Martin Gonzales. Dolores Ferrera. Nicols Gonzales. Francisco Nodarse. Rosario Ortega. Pedro Lanigan. Fernando Yradier. Felina Pardomo. Alfredo Haedo. Vincente Lopez. Miguel Haedo. Enrique N. Bolanos. Fernando Yradier. Pablo Perez. Juan M. Ja6rs. J. Otero. Jos6 Parenzuela. Octavio Barrelo. Marcos Andred. N. Lamadriz. Jos6 V. Parenzuela. Ramiro Gispert. J. M. Ximeno. Manuel M. Domenech. Antonio Sotolongo. J. M. Ximeno. Pedro Magrinia. Antonio Sotolongo. Adela del Pino. Caridad Prado. Do. Miguel Carratali. Manuel M. Domenech. Pedro Magriia. Antolin Mendez. Adolfo Gonzales. Julian Escalona. Francisca Mari, APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS-Continued. 677 Enumeration district Enumerators. No. Designation. — o... I 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, ALACRANES. Municipal district, Alacranes. First part of Estante.......... ----..... —......... First part of Alacranes (east).-.. —..- —. —. —. —.-. Second part of Alacranes (west) -............-... --- - -- Third part of Alacranes (east) -......... --- —-- ------ Second part of Estante ------.. --- —--—... —...-. Third part of Estante..................... --- ——. Fourth part of Alacranes (west)..................... Fifth part of Alacranes (east)....-.... ----....-......... Galeoncito.-............................. --- Municipal district, Bolondron. First part of Bolondron...-..-...-........-.............. Second part of Bolondron.............................. Third part of Bolondron.................................. First part of Giiira....................................... Second part of Gilira...... -................. —. First part of Tienda Nueva y Gonzalo -...... --- -.-. — Second part of Tienda Nueva y Gonzalo..-. —.. ----... Third part of Tienda Nueva y Gonzalo -............ — Fourth part of Tienda Nueva y Gonzalo........ ----.... Las Piedras y Manuel Alvarez.-...:.............. Lucia................................ -................ Galeon................................. Municipal district, Cabezas. First part of Cabezas. ---------.. --- -,............. Second part of Cabezas.. ---..-........... --- —------—. M agdalena.............................. --- —---- Bija........ --...................... -.... —.. —.- - --- Vieja Bermeja.-.... —......-.... -.. —....... Lima................................ Municipal district, Union de Reyes. First part of Yglesia (urban)...................... Second part of Yglesia (urban).... ---—.. —. --- Third part of Yglesia (urban).................... ----. Fourth part of Yglesia (urban). —.................... --- Fifth part of Yglcsia (rural)....... —.............. Sixth part of Yglesia (rural)........................-.... Seventh part of Yglesia (rural)..-.....,.......... Pueblo Nuevo......................................... Municipal district, Sabanilla. Sabanilla................................................. Rio de Auras............ —..................... Palma............................................... Canim ar............................................ Mondejar.................................. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, COLON. Municipal district, Colon. Part of city of Colon........................................, do........................................................do.............. -.......... —.......... do.........................................................do........-...............................................do. --- - -- -. —.. ----... — -.. ---- - -- ' '.. —.............. do.........................................................do. --- — -...-..'................................... Calimeta..................................... First part of Amarillas................................... Second part of Amarillas..................................... Municipal district, Cuevitas. First part of Pueblo de Cuevitas.................... Second part of Pueblo de Cuevitas.................... First part of Venturilla.................................. Second part of Venturilla............................ Jabaco................................................... Asiento.................................................. Juan Jos6 de Leon. Dolores Junco. Rosario de Fuentes. Arturo Rivas. Leanardo J. Figueroa. Arturo Rivas. Emilia Rodriguez Lara. Juan Quintana. Lazaro Bango. Carlos Herrara y Artiles. Maria T. Olano. Celia Tarafa. Caridad Llima. America Hernandez. J. Magier Tarafa. Carlos Herrara y Artiles. Celia Tarafa. America Hernandez. Perez Diaz. Jos6 M. Guedes. Juan S. Diaz y Hernandez. Eloisa Garcia y Bolano. Francisco Suarez. Eladio Guzman. Francisco Suarez. Eldemiro Gonzales Ramos. Justo Penichet. Pedro Lamadriz. Clarisa Roig. Sofia Blanco. Pedro Lamadriz. Jos6 Nufioz. Antonio Margue. Jose Nufioz. Gabriel M. Quesada. Etelvina Sanchez. Antonio Martel. Enrique Astolfi. Ygnacio S. Quiros. Marcos Espinosa. Julian F. Ramero. Otilia Miravet. Rita Garcia. M. Marquette. Fermin Aguirre. Manuel Michelena. Aurelio Lugo. Victor de Armas. Aurelio Andress. Angel Baluja. Aurelio Lugo. Matilde M. Fangul. Mateo Fiernandez y Torres. Jos6 R. Benavidas. Jos6 Menendez. Ricardo Perez. Ram6n Gonzalez. 678 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. _. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CoLON-continued. Municipal district, Macagua. 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Arabos............................................. Macagua..................................... First part of San Pedro de Mayab6n.............. ---Second part of San Pedro de Mayab6n.............. Monte Alto.........................-...... ---.Municipal district, Macuriges. First part of Corral Falso......................... Second part of Corral Falso......................... Third part of Corral Falso............ Fourth part of Corral False.-................. ---Ciego.................... Punta Brava......................... Rio Blanco.......... ---.. —.. --- —.. --- —-.. —. --- —-. --- —-—.. Platanalc............ --- —--—.. --- —-... ----. — ---. --- — Batalla....... ---.................... -. -------—..... — Navajas...... -....................... Tram ojos......... -..................................... First part of Linche -—.. --- —-—.-... --- —--—... --- —--- Second part of Linche... -......-....... Claudio.................... Municipal district, Palmillas. Part of Manguito-.............-.............-.-......do................................................ Part of Jacan..........-...- - - -..- -.. --- - - - - ---.....do...................................................... -do......... --- —-- —..-.. —. — ---..- -......... --- Part of Cumanayagua.....-.... -.-................... - --.... do...... ----... -..... --- ——.. ----...... — ------ ----- Sabanilla de Guareiras.................... Part of Pam illas.......-... ---.............. —................do...................... —..-..... Municipal district, Perico. First part, south.-........................-.. —...... Second part, north...... -............ —..... Third part, north................................... First part of Altamisal..........................- Second part of Altamisal............................. Municipal district, Roque. Part of Coabillas........................................ Qunitana y Tomeguin....................-......... First part of the pueblo............................. —... Second part of the pueblo........ ----.............-.. ---. Guamajales...............-............... Part of Mostacilla.............................do........................................ Part of Coabillas....................................... Municipal district, San Jose de los Ramos. Part of San Jos- de los Ramos.........................do......-... —..-.-.-..-......... o i....-.. -. -- Part of San Jos6 de los Ramos y part of Banagises Part of San Jose de los Ramos.... —....-........... —.. Part of Banagiises...... —... -.....-..... ----..... do...................................... Aguica........................................ Part of Banaguises....................................... Municipal district, Jagiiey Grande. Part of Jagiiey Grande.....................................do...-.....-...-.........-............................. Part of Lopez...-.................. —..... ---..-...... -...... do.................................................. Gallardo........................................ Sinii.................................................... Ruvira....................................... La Cienega............................................. Maximo Casada. Toribio Santurio. Jacinto Magin. A. Salado. Rafael Benemelis. Jos6 M. Ortega. Ynez Ponce Roque. Aquilina Sanchez. Juan F. Aloy. Guadalupe CarrandU. Antonio J. Sanchez. Francisco Olano. Andres Tarrero. Domingo Ponce. Marcos Diaz. Evaristo H. Piedro. Juan F. Aloy. Jos6 M. Ortega. Rogelio Roque. Mercedes C. Rousselot. Luis Felipe Cabrera y Espinosa. Enrique Ramos. Marcos Diaz Fernandez. Antonio Rodriguez. Juan Sanchez. Luis Felipe Cabrera y Espinosa. Maria R. de Armas. Luis Muni. Ysaac Cabrera. Francisco Quian. Luis Felipe Cabrera y Espinosa Mercedes Calvo. Antonio Lima. Pedro Yglesias. Ramon Bon. Pedro Arrietta. Adolfo Sillar. Jose Maynoldi. Rosa C. Ybarra. Brigido Amador. Ramon Santa Marina. Antonio Acevedo. Joss Maynoldi. Firso Nunoz. Josefa Alvarez Galvani. Jos6 P. Arburua. Juan Alvarez Cerice. Eduardo R. Volera. Mercedes Ramos. Julio Hernandez. Joaquin Enriques. Ramon Pingpalat. Eugenio I. Galvaz. Conrado Ruiz. Alfredo M. Dally. Conrado Ruiz. Angel Leal. Manuel Volta. Rafael Jordan. Sixto Agramonte. APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. o_-.. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, PINAR DEL RIO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Municipal district, Pinar del Rio. Part of the city of Pinar del Rio............................. do -,....................do........................do...................................................do-..........................do... -.................................................do................................................... First part of Ysabel Maria.......................... Second part of Ysabel Maria.......................... First part of Sumidero................................ Second part of Sumidero............................... First part of Cabezas............................. Second part of Cabezas............................ First part of Fairones.................................. Second part of Fairones..........- —............... Third part of Fairones................................... First part of Rio Sequito........................... Second part of Rio Sequito..................... Rio Feo....................................... Guayabo............................................. Paso Viejo............................................... First part of Ovas...................................... Second part of Ovas...................................... First part of Marcos Vazquez............................ Second part of Marcos Vazquez.......................... First part of Cangre.................................... Second part of Cangre...... —.-....................... Third part of Cangre................................. San Jos............................................. Municipal district, Consolaci6n del Norte. La Palma and Rio de Puercos......................... Rio Blanco and Arroya Maranjo........... Vegas Nueavas...................................... La Jagua............................................ Berracos........... —......-............... -------- - -- Caiguanabo.-.. —.-. --- —--------- —.. --—. —... --- --- San Andres............................ Las Puentes............................................. Municipal district, Consolaci6n del Sur. First part of Villa, Consolaci6n del Sur.................. Second part of Villa, Consolaci6n del Sur............. Rio Hondo....................................... San Pablo y Camarones............................... Horcones.............................. Colmenar and Hato Quemado............................ Lenia................................................... Pilotes........................................... Naranji and Caimitos................................... Santa Clara..-.......... —.................... Lajas and Caperuza...................................... Alonzo Rojas........................... Municipal district, San Juan y Martinez. First part of Sani Juan.................................. Second part of San Juan................................. First part of Martinez................................. Second part of Martinez......................... Galafre and Guillen....................................... Rio Seco.............................................. Arroyo Hondo............................-............. Lagunillas............................. First part of Luis Lazo -.............-........Second part of Luis Lazo........................... Third part of Luis Lazo............................ Fourth part of Luis Lazo......................... Municipal district, San Luis. Franco Urrutia. Angel Coloma. Nilo Caso Luengo, Bernando de la Rianda. Evangelina Aymerick Pedro Pablo Pequefio. Julian Rodriguez. Alfonso Amado. Felipe Baron. Adolfo Menor. Tomas Estellez. Miguel Valdez. Miguel Pereda. Sixto Cruz. Jos6 Ma. Sanchez. Ygnacio Medrano. Amado Baylina. Jos6 Manuel Pequefio. Aurelio Gravier. Antonio Raimat. Antonio Valdez Gil. Enrique Tellez. Gonzalo Jordan. Miguel Diaz. Jos6 Maria Nieto. Alberto Gomez. Enrique Sanchez. Augusto Fornaguera. Rafael Valle. Julio Avendafio. Ynez Borrego. Juan Rueda. Lucio Garcia. Jorje Arrastia. Benito Salazar. Manuel Fernandez. Gonzales G. Govantes. Enrique Martinez. Gregorio Alonso. Juan Carrion. Jose Mir6. Francisco Alonso. Ramon Mas. Juan M. Alcalde. Auturo Pino. Manuel Pino. Salvador Valdfs. Jos6 Rios. Gillermo Ybafiez. Ramon Amado. Jos6 Veytes. Amado Cafial. Ramon Amado. Severo Guerra. Carlos Sanchez. Luis Lopez Marin. L. L. de la Vega. Rogelio Gonzalez y Sanguily. Alberto Valdes. M6nico P. Remedios. 61 First part of San Luis............................... Jos6 Eulogio Quintana. 62 Second part of San Luis............................ Pedro Marquez Rivas. 63 First part of Barbacoa......................... Do. 680 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. I_.._ 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, PINAR DEL RIO-Continued. Municipal district, San Luis-Continued. Second part of Barbacoa......................... Rio Seco..........-...........-. —... ---....... Firado..... -.. -.. -..................-.... --- —-.. — -- Barrigonas.......................... —.. -........ Llanada....................................... Palizadas................................................. Municipal district, Vinales. First part of San Cayetano...................... Second part of San Cayetano.............. Rosario.................................................. San Vincente.........................................-.. Anc6n........ -.............................. Pueblo.................................. First part of Laguna de Piedra.................. Second part of Laguna de Piedra -................ Yabal................................ Albino..................................... Santa F6................................................ Cuajani................................. Cayos de San Felipe................................ Santo Tomas....................................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, GUANE. Municipal district, Mantua. Mantua and Montezuelo....................-........... Guayabo and LTzaro............................. Arroyos and Santa Ysabel..................... Santa Maria and San Jos................................ Cabezas and La Ceja............................... First part of Baja....................................... Second part of Baja.......................... Third part of Baja.................................. Municipal district, Guane. Guane.................................... Pmso Real and Catalina................................ Juan Gomez............................... Portales and Feneria..................................... Punta de la Sierra and Las Acostas..................... Sabalo and Trinidad and Santa Teresa.............. Grifa........................................... Cartes and Serranos.................................... First part of Remates.................................. Second part of Remates................ —............ Third part of Remates........................ M artinas.................................... Cabo de San Antonio........................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAN CRISTOBAL. Municipal district, San Cristobal. San Cristobal............................................. Sitio Herrera......................................... Minas and Rio Hondo............................... Mayari, first and second....................... First part San Cruz de los Pinos......................... Second part San Cruz de los Pinos....................... Municipal district, Candelaria. Bayate, Puerto Rico, and San Juan del Norte............ San Juan de Barracones, Ai\racielos, and Frias........ Carambola, Lomas, and Rio Hondo..................... Pueblo.................... Las Mangas............................................. Abelardo Cruz. Angel Cainas. Luis Felipe Dominquez. Jamie Michelena. Enrique Sanchez. Daniel Padron. Sabino Alandi. Luis Planes. Rosendo Guiterrez. Angel Quevedo. Piedro Viera. Ricardo Madan. Miguel Lazaro. Bernardo Fernandez. Angel Caifias. Robustiano Cotarelo. Manuel Llinas. Eduardo Chirino. Ricardo Raymat. Andres Hernandez. Rafael Quintana. Ricardo Fors. Manuel Quintana. Augusto Fors. Celestino P. Rubio. Miguel Cofifo. Francisco Vinas. Enrique Montoto. Jos6 Mateo Quintero. Pedro Rubio. Luis Rubio. Arnulfo Cartaya. Pablo Llaguno. Franco Armenteros. Juan Franco Pimiento. German Garcia. Manuel Famadas. Daniel Perez. Pedro Rubio. Vincente Santo Maria. Venturo Gonzalez. Gustavo Soldevilla. Luis Quintana. Luis Quintana. Alfredo Villar. Arturo Diaz y Diaz. Lucas Ponzona. Augustin Sotolongo Ambrosio Sotolongo. Arturo Saenz. Gabriel Santa Cruz. Juan Sanchez. Municipal district, Los Palacios. Los Palacios............................................. Francisco Goenaga. Macuriges.........................Gillermo Goenaga. Sierra Santo Domingo and Limones.................. Tomas Marrero. Toro and Bacumaguas.................................. Gillermo Goenaga. APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumterators-Continued. PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO —Continued. 681 Enumeration districts. Designation. Enumerators. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAN CRISTOBAL-contilnued.,Munficipal district, Julian Diaz. 120 121. 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131. 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 1.40 141 142 Julian Diaz and Palacios.....-..... -....... — Manuel Fernandez Fijuena. Santa Monica and Guajiro.... --- —-----—........................ Aibal Fernandez. -erradura and Ceja de la IHerradura. --—...-....... I. Jan Valdes y Garcia. itiunicipal district, San Diego de los Banos. Pueblo Catalina and Arrabales -...-... ----. --- —... —.. Pedro Portela. Arroyo Colorado, Carabello, and Palacios. -........... Lucas Ponzoa. Soledad, Herradura, Leg-na, and Guira.......-..-....... - Augusto Marrero. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, GUANAJAY. Municipal district, Guanwjay. First part of Norte de Guanajay...........-.............. Sacond part of Norte de Guanajay —........... --- —-.. First part of Sur de Cuanajay..-. --- —----—.... —..... Second part of Sur de Guanajay............. ----.....-.. San.t Aa Ana................ ---—......... ---San Jos6....-......-............. --- —---.... San Francisco..............- ------.. Cabriales....- --........ --------- -- --.....- --------—...Munaiipal district, Artenii.sz. First part of Artemisa (urban)........................... Second part of Artemisa (urban).... — -.. —.... Third part of Artemisa (rural)....... --- —---—.........Carias -.. — ------ -------—..- ---- -- ------------ Puerta de la Giira uir.......................-..........Capellamias.....- -........... - -------...... V irtudes................ --- —-.......................... Dolores.......-..... --- ----- -..... --- —----- Cayajabos..............-. —.......... --- —---- Municipal district, Bahia ifonda. Ricardo Yfiquez. Jose R. Hernandez. Jose Perez Arocha. Concepcion Cruz. Enrique Rojas. Aguileo Azcuy. Miguel Munoze. Ricardo Hernandez. Eduardo Yglesias. Ricardo Triguez. Clemente Rodriguez. R. de Villaescusa. Eduardo Llerena. Juan Romen. Arcadio Robert. Josh Maria Santiago. Venancio Valdes. 143 Bahia Honda and Aguacate —......-.... --- —-----—.-.. Manuel Gravier Quiilones. 144 San Miguel and Manimani -............... --- —-—. Felix Quintana. 145 Corralillo and Mulata.............. --—. ---........... -Carlos M. Otero. 146 147 148 149 Municipal district, Caba'tas. Pueblo and San Miguel.................................. Conchita and Delicitas ---............................... First Vigia, San Ramon, and Ceiba -................. --- Second Vigia, San Ramon, and Ceiba. ---.-... —....Municipal district, Guayabal. 150 Caimito.......-.......... --- —----—...... 151 Guyabal and Banes.. —.....-.-.-..... -... —. — ---—.152 Quintana....................................... Abelardo Marquez. Sixto Cruz. Juan Alfonso. Enrique Abascol. Pedro Garrido Fijera. Nicolas Rodriguez. Luis A. Valdes. Ramon J. Garcia. Manuel Perez. Francisco Gonzalez. Jos6 Rencurrel. Daniel Compte. Arturo Ordaz. 153 154 155 156 157 158 Mnnicipal district, Maricl. First part of Mariel and Boca............................ Second part of Mariel and Boca.................. Macagual and Quiebra Hacha......................... Jabaco y Rayo........................... San Juan Bautista and I'laya....................... Molina, Mosquitos, and Gutajaybon...................... Municipal district, San Diego de Nuwzcg. Pueblo, Granadillos, Danias, and San Blxs............... Pedro Casanova. San Gabriel, Carenero, tand Sai J (os ---—...... --- —--- -- Pedro P. Quesada y Tovar. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and einumerators-Continued. PUERTO PRINCIPE. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. JUDtCIAL DI)STRICT, MORON. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 M~unicipal district, Morons. Parte Esto do in Ciudad........... ---Pante Oeste de in Ciudad --- —-- --- ---- -- -- First parte del barrio rural de' -,Pste ----------- Second parte del barrio rural del Este --------- Third parte dci barrio rural del Esteo. --- —----- First parte del barrio rural del GOste........... Second parto del barrio rural del Oesto. --- —----- Third parte dei barrio rural del Oeste. --- —----- Todo el barrio rural do Punta Alegre. --- —------ First parto cil barrio rural do Gaudalupe. ----... Second pante del barrio rural do Gaudalupe --- —-- First parte del barrio rural do Chambas. --- —---- Secoud parto, del barrio rural do Chambas. --- —--- First parte del barrio rural do Marroquin.. --- —-- Second parte dcl barrio rural do Marroquin. --- —--- First parte del barrio rural do Sandbvali --- —---- Second parto del barrio rural do Sandoval........ First parto del barrio rural do Cupoycs --- —----- Second parto dei barrio rural do CunoDycs. --- —--- First parto del barrio rural do Santa Gcrtrvidis...... Second parte dcl barrio rural do Santa Gertrildis.... Municipal district, Ciego de Avila. First parte en in Ciudad del barrio La Cabecera...... Second parto en in Cisdad del barrio La Cabocera. --- Third parto rural do La Cabocera.. ---------- First parto dcl barrio mrur1 Guanales-. ---..... Second parto dci barrio rural Guanal os......... First parto dci barrio rural San Nicolas. --- —---- Second parto del barrio rural San Nicoitis-........ Parte do in Ciudad y Cayo do los Mivertos dei barrio J aicaro................. - - - - - - Parte rural del barrio del Jsilcaro --- —-------- Todo el barrio rural do La Ceiba --- —-------- First parto dcl barrio rural Las Nuevas. --- —----- Second parto del barrio rural Las Nuovas. --- —--- Todo el barrio rural1 do Jicotea.............. Todo ci barrio rural do L~zaro Lopez........... Todo ci barrio rural do, Arroyo Blanco. --- —----- Todo e1 barrio rural do Nuevas do Jobosi......... First parto del barrio rural do Iguard........ Second parte del barrio rural do Iguarsi.......... JUJDICIAL DISTRICT, PUERTO PRINCIPE. Municipal district, N'oevitas. Todo el 10 barrio do in ciudad............... Todo el 2o barrio do in ciudad -------------- Todo 01 go barrio do in cindad -------------- First parte del barrio rural do San Miguel......... Second parto del barrio rural do San Miguel --- —-- Third parte del barrio rural do San Miguel. --- —-- Firs pate ci arro rural do Redencin......... Seco d pato d l b rrio rural do Red onci6n - - - - - - - T hird part dcl barro ru ral d o R od en cidn. — - -- - - - T odo l ba rio ural d o E l S ab in al. — - - - -- - - - - - First parte del barrio rural do El Bag8k --- —----- Second parto del barrio rural do El Bag5........ First parto del barrio rural do El Lugareho....... Second parto del barrio rural do El Lugarefso ------ La parto do Poblado dei barrio rural El Seuadqp...... First parto rural del barrio El Senado........... Second parto (del) rural del barrio El Senado...... Municipal district, Santa Cruz del Sur. Todo 01 casco do la poblacion............... Todo el barrio do Playn Bonita.............. Todo 01 barrio do La Calzada............... El Cayo do las Doce Leguas................ First parte del barrio rural do Buenaventura....... Second parto del barrio rural do Buenavontura...... First parte del barrio rural do San Pedro......... Jos6 Mavidal. Rumualdo do Varona. Rafael Pardo Echosnendia. Felix Machado. Laurido Pardo. Jesus Ma Pina. Manuel Ruiz Esperon. German Briuzas. Francisco Vidal Vila. Regino Sirvano. Manuel Bardeci. Eudoro Franch. Juan Vasailo. Gabriel Bardeci. Emilio Angulo. Emilio Sainz Schuverez. M. A. Alvarez Y. Auto. Vilardell Tapis. Bonito Navarro. Jos6 Perez Le6n. Pedro Morales Perez. Ulpiano Rodriguez. Franco Sotomayo. Caries Baldarrain y Gomez, Juan Tozo Fabes. Juan Figueras. Javier Hernandez Varona. Jacinto Yargas Armas. Juan Rodriguez. Jos6 Farinas. Antonio Povada. Alvaro Silvay Rtivas. Enrique Moran do la Terre. Manuel Cortes. Luis Casanovas. Placido Sanchez. Luis Medina. Angel Vega B. Ramon Gonzales. Miguel Perozo. Mario Garcini Siloa. Jose Garcini. Adolfo Silva. Armando Labrado Cauto. Cayetano Recio, y Quesada. Franco Miranda Betancourt. Ratael Peron. Noborto Primellos. Antofflo Rodriguez Rodriguez. Benjanin Montgo. Natatlo Peron. Gustavo Gomez Barrios. Rnou Estrada Zayas. Victcr Manuel Betancourt. Antonio Guerra y Guerra. lUlises Cosia Gomez. J. Antonio Miranda. Jesus Peraltat. Gaspar Hidalgo. Ramon Cruz in Chicot. Jos6 Prados Martinez. Antonio Aguilar. Carlos Alvarez. APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumera~tors-Continued. PUERTO PRINCIPE-Continued. 683 Enumeration districts. Enumerators. 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Designation. JUDISCIAL DI5STRICT, PUER.TO PaINcspE-contiuued. ]Municipal district, Sontc Cruz det Sur-Continued. Second parte del barrio rural do San Pedro. --- —-- Tode el barrio rural do Guaicanamar........... First Parte (101 barrio El Junco.............. Second parte del barrio El Junco ------------ Todo ei barrio rural do El Guayabal. --- —----- IMunicipal district, Puerto Principe. First parte dcl first barrio do la Ciudad......... Second parte del first barrio do la Ciudad. --- —--- Third parte del first barrio do la Ciudad --- —---- First parte del second barrio do la Ciudad........ Second parte del sbcond barrio do la Ciudad. --- —First parte del tbird barrio do lI Ciudad --- —---- Second parte del third barrio do in Ciudad........ Third parte del third barrio do la Ciudad. --- —--- Fourth parte del third barrio do la Ciudad ------- First parte dcl fourth barrio do la Ciudad. --- —--- Second parto del fourth barrio do in Ciudad. --- —-- Third parto del fourth barrio do in Ciudad --- —--- Fourth parto del fourth barrio do in Ciudad. —.... First parte del fifth barrio do la Ciudad --...... Second parte dcl fifth barrio d-o la Ciudad. --- —--- First parte del sixth barrio do la Ciudad. --- —----- Second parto, del sixth barrio do la Ciudad....... First parto dcl seventh barrio do Ia Ciudad........ Second parte del seventh barrio do Ia Ciudad. --- —First parte del eighth barrio do in Ciudod. --- —-- Second pante del eighth barrio do in Ciudad........ Todo del niuth barrio do in Ciudad. --- —------ First parte del barrio do Cascorro (rural). --- —--- Second parto del barrio do Cascorro (rural). --- —-- First parte del barrio rural do Sibanico. --- —----- Second porte del barrio rural do Sibanied. --- —--- Todo ci barrio rural do Vista Hlermosa. --- ------ First parte del barrio rural do Son Ger6ninio...... Second parto del barrio rural do San Gerdrsimo...... Third porte dcl barrio nuiral do San Geroasmo. --- —First porte del barrio rural do Yebuas ---------- Second parto dcl barrio rural do Yeguas. --- —---- First porte del barrio rural do Caobillas. --- —---- Second parte del barrio rural do Coobilba s --- —-- First parte dcl barrio rural do El Quemado........ Second porte del barrio rural do El Quemado. --- —First porte del barrio rural do Linsones. --- —---- Second porte del barrio rural do Linsones......... First porte del barrio rural do Guanaj a --- —---- Second porte del barrio rural do Guanaja........ Third porte del barrio rural do Guanaja,......... Fourth porte del barrio rural do Guonaja......... Fifth porte del barrio rural do Guanaja.......... Sixth porte del barrio rural do Osuanala............ First porte del barrio rural de Pueblo Nuevo. --- —Second porte del barrio rural do Pueblo Nuevo. --- — Third parte del barrio rural de Pueblo Nuevo....... First porte del barrio rural do Maraguin. --- —---- Second porte del barrio rural do Maragudn. --- —-- First porte del barrio rural do Guaimaro. --- —---- Second parto del barrio rural do Guaimaro ------- Third porte del barrio rural de Guaimaro. -------- Fourth parte dcl barrio rural do Guaimaro. --- —--- First porte del barrio oural do Contramnestre. --- —Second porte del barrio rural do Contramoestro. --- — Third parte del barrio rural do Contramnestro. --- —First porte del barrio rural do- La Yaba. ---...... Second porte del barrio rural do La Yaba --- —-. -- First porte del barrio rural de El Ecuador. --- —--- Second parte del barrio rural do El Ecuador. ---Third porte dcl barrio rural do El Ecuador........ First porte del barrio rural do Minas (Poblado) --- —Second parte del barrio rural do Minas (Poblado) ---- First porte del barrio rural de Magabomba. --- —-- Second porte del barrio rural d( Magabombo ----... First -porte del barrio rural do Altagracia......... Second parte del barrio rural de Altagracia........ Manuel Solils Arellano. Angel Guzmdn. Alf redo Caballero. J oaqui s Hidalgo. Macedonia Yarona Agramonte, Angela Guerra. Gabriel Barrera. Graciano Balencourt Castillo. Ramon Arsgela de Xiques. Manuel Pradas. Maria Teresa Guerra. Alonso Martinez. Rtolando Ramos F Rlonquillo. Francisco Pichardo Moyn. Arstonia J. de Moyn. Ernesto Mola Castillo. Eugenio Loret do Mola. Enrique Boza. Manuel. Breton. Antonio Rojas Castellanos. Josfi Ygnacio Resio Loyuaz. Gregonio0 Hernandez Itiveron. Emilio Torres Sariol. Angel Yergo Gomez. Enrique Loret do Molb. Emma Rojas do Caballero. Porfisio0 Batista Vcrona. 1056 Fernandez Cabrera. Virgilio Fuentes. Filberto Pichardo. Rogerio Zayns Bazan. Arturo Guzman. Rogerio Freyre Arango. Federico Naranjo. Ramon Alvarez Cespedes. Gonzales Agosto. Pascual Cebrian. Antonio Naranjo. Octavio Oqucndo. Armando Perez Ramos. Francisco Lastre. Serafin Pastrana. Rodolfo Blallaga. Emilio Cosso. Manuel Alvinzuri Lopez. Miguel Agramonte. Josfi R. Peralta. Juan Larrauri Porro. Eduardo do Varona. Jos6 Acosta. Miguel Agramonte Estrada. Manuel Alvinznri Lopez. Ramon A. Rodrigues. Jos6, Prades Martinez. Raul Arteaga Socarras. Ramiro Ceballero Benovides. Emilio Cordcro. Francisco Agiiero. Ramon Agdiero. Miguel Cabrera Porro. Alipio Zoyas Urra. Pin Otero.Luis S. Otero Cosio. Lois Cordova Silva. Alberto R. Yarona. Pablo Ronquillo. Francisco Cosio. Cayetano Guerra. Angel Diaz. Manuel Agustin Areu. llernani Miranda. Alberto Guzman Arango. 684 ' REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. IDesignation.....o_[..I..,.. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANTA CLARA. Municipal district, Santa Clara. City of Santa Clara..........................do........................................do...................................... do -....................................................... do....................................................... do.. — -................................................. do ----------------—.........................................................do..-...... —..... — -......................... —.....-. do...............................do......................................................... do.........................................................do................................................... City of Santa Clara (institutions)..,................. City of Santa Clara....................... do —.....-... -....................................... First part of Egidos............................ --- Second part of Egidos........-...-................. First part of San Gil........................... — Second part of San Gil..................... Third part of San Gil.................... Fourth part of San Gil. ---....-.....-.. — First part of La Cruz. —.....-...........Gs..,.... Second part of La Cruz —.. —....................... First part of Seibabo —.. —. -—..... -—....Second part of Seibabo.. —....-................. —. First part of Provincial. Second part of Provincial................................ First part of Baez.............................. Second part of Baez......................... First part of Manicaragua................................ Second part of Manicaragnua..................... Municipal district, Esperanza. City of Esperanza, north......................... City of Esperanza, south..-.............. Asiento Viejo............................................. First part of Nuevas..................................... Second part of Nuevas............. First part of San Vincente................................ Second part of San Vincente............................. Jabonillar.............................................. San Jos6.................................. Purial.................................................... Municipal district, Calabazar. First part of Encrucijada................................. Second part of Encrucijada............................. Paso Real................................................ First part of Santo......................... Second part of Santo............................. First part of Centro....................................... Second part of Centro.............................. Third part of Centro.................... First part of Viana....................................... Second part of Viana................................... Sitio Grande............................................. Mala y Barro........................................... Municipal district, Ranchuelo. First part of first distrito (Ranchuelo)................ Second part of first distrito (Ranchuelo)................. Second distrito (Ranchuelo)..................... First part of Poza de la China.,................... Second part of Poza de la China...................... Sitio Viejo............................................... Municipal district, San Diego del Valle. C cntro....................................... Centro (rural), first part................................. Centro (rural), second part............................. Yab............................... Sitio Nuevo............... Flora Jimenez. Maria Beldarrain. Manuela Chavez. America Christo Cordoves. Isabel Paredes. Angeleica Anida y Graso. Rita Blanco Edwarria. Clotilde Silve y Lopez. Milagro Casanova Guerra. Dolores Linares. Jos6 D. Hernandez y Fernandez. Felipe Gonzalez Tellez. Josefa Mendoza y Silva. Ulpiana Groso Fleytes. Emilio Silva y Dominguez. Cristobal de Zayas Bazan. Rogelio Barata y Godoy. J. Anto. Pedazo y Rodriguez. Rafael Mechado Mesa. Pablo Morales Valdes. Leandro A. Contreras. Francisco Martinez. Nestor Fernandez. Tomas Gomez Parets. Rafael Pcrez Urquijo. J. B. Carreras Osis. Nestor Fernandez. Luis Anoceto y Perez. Gerado Gonzalez Junco. Enrique Pequdo Alvarez. Serapio Oliva Carrazana. Maria Aloma Valdes. Maria Luz Machado. Mateo Diaz Rojas. Juan B. Jimenez. Emilio Jimenez. Antonio Jimenez y Jimenez. Alberto J. Jiminez. Alberto J. Jiminez. Maria Ruiz. Amelio Diaz Navarro. Emilio Loret de Mola. Pedro G. Abreu. Rafael Perez Pedroso. Jos6 de Serpa y de Clouet. Jos6 de I. Gil. Alejandro Moixo y Centero. Federico Jova. Tomas Velasco y Gomez. Juan B. Martini. Antonio R. Ruiz. Federico Jova. Domingo Perez. Jose Luis Machin. Luis Campillo y Rivero. Bias Espinosa. Francisco Yero y Silva. Pedro Gattorno Vila. Ricairdo Machin y Linares. Adela Gonzalez y Lima. Juan Linares. Eugenio Ledron Uribe. Evaristo Martinez Pedroso Heriberto Hernandez. APPENDIX XIII. 685 Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANTA CLARA-continued. Municipal district, San Diego del Valle-Continued. 65 Maguaraya Abajo y Arriba, first part.-....-....... - -. Antonio Bello y Martinez. 66 Maguaraya Abajo y Arriba, second part........-.... IIeriberto Hernandez y Hernandez. 67 Hatillo. ---.........-........................... ---..... Pedro J. Diaz y Sota. 68 Mango —. ----...-............,....-.......... ---..-. Jose M. Miguels. 69 Jicotea........................................... Eugenio Ledon Uribe. Municipal district, San Juan de las Yeras. 70 First part of Potrerillo.................................. Eladio Cepero Hernandez. 71 Second part of Potrerillo -—..................... Candido Becarra y Fuentes. 72 Aguas Bonitas..........R....................- Rafael Perez Pedroso. 73 Bernia................................................... Domingo Mendibouse y Llibre. 74 Quemado Hilario-......................-............- -- Pedro Gonzalez Gomez. 75 Guayo..-............................................ Leandro Anchia Contreras. 76 First district in the town, pueblo. --- —-........ Luis Gonzalez. 77 First district, rural ---------—...................... Antonio Gonzalez Gari. 78 Second district, rural -........-.......-................ Aguada Valdes Aday. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CIENFUEGOS. Municipca district, Cienfuegos. 79 First part city of Cienfuegos......... --- ——.......... Julio Garcia. 80 Second part city of Cienfuegos........................... Pedro N. Agfiero. 81 Third part city of Cienfuegos.. --- ——...-............... Fed Barrios. 82 Fourth part city of Cienfuegos -........................ Ernesto M. Agirre. 83 First part of fifth part of city of Cienfuegos...-. —..... Juan Pablo Rousseau. 84 Second part of fifth part of city of Cienfuegos............ Julio Garcia. 85 Sixth part'city of Cienfuegos............................ Pedro Rivera. 86 Seventh part city of Cienfuegos.... ---........... ----. Rosalia Castinezra. 87 Eighth part city of Cienfuegos...................... Carmen Coll. 88 Ninth part city of Cienfuegos...... --- —---—........... Juan Monzon Aguirre. 89 Tenth part city of Cienfuegos....... --- —-—........... Flora Dortic6s. 90 Eleventh part city of Cienfuegos....-.................... Josefa Pina Vda Sanchez. 91 Twelfth part city of Cienfuegos -....................... Blanca Vilaseca. 92 Thirteenth part city of Cienfuegos....-.... --- —--------- Maria Teresa Gallart. 93 Fourteenth part city of Cienfuegos...................... Amiana Garcia. 94 First part of fifteenth part of city of Cienfuegos.......... Flora A. Ramos. 95 Sixteenth part city of Cienfuegos.-................... Primitivo Portal. 96 Seventeenth part city of Cienfuegos -..-.............. Georgiana Paniagda. 97 First part of eighteenth part of city of Cienfuegos....... Mario Montero Baldarrain. 98 Second part of eighteenth part of city of Cienfuegos - -. Fed Barrios. 99 Nineteenth part city of Cienfuegos.................... Emilio Alvarez Ballagas. 100 Twentieth part city of Cienfuegos. —............... Leonidas Vincente Lombida. 101 First part of Caunao............................. --- Enrique Gomez. 102 Second part of Caunao..-... —........................ -. Antonio G. Abreu. 103 Third part of Caunao.................................... Pedro N. Aguero. 104 Rimirez.-...........................-......... Jose Antonio Latorre. 105 Manacas. —.. —..........................-....... —. Nestor Lara. 106 Keys.................................... Pedro Parro. 107 First part of Yaguaramas.......-........................ Pedro Nunez. 108 Second part of Yaguaramas -.. —..- —.. ----. ---.... ---- Virgilio Lugo Viia. 109 Third part of Yaguaramas --------------— Luis Gomez. 110 Fourth part of Yaguaramas.... --- —------------—... Julio D. Argiillas. 111 Caimanera...............-....................... Benito B. Piche. 112 First part of Cielo de Jagua.. --.................. Primitivo Lopez y Alvarez. 113 Second part of Cielo de Jagua...... ----.................. Pedro N. Aguero. 114 First part of Aquada de Pasageros........................ Luis Echemendia. 115 Second part of Aquada de Pasageros... --- —---—..-...-. Marchos Pino. 116 Third part of Aquada de Pasageros... ---..... Ju.. a.. n Juan B. Jiminez. 117 Fourth part of Aquada de Pasageros... —........... ---. Nicanor Cantero 6 Yzniaga. 118 Fifth part of Aquada de Pasageros. --- —-................ Fidel Denis. 119 Sixth part of Aquada de Pasageros... --- —--------—... — Pio Lust. 120 Seventh part of Aquada de Pasageros.................-...- Augustin G. E. Cardoso. 121 Eighth part of Aquada de Pasageros. --- —-.............. Jos6 Ramon P. Cueto. 122 Ninth part of Aquada de Pasageros.................... Frederico Zamora. 123 Tenth part of Aquada de Pasageros..-........-.... Jose Yglesias. 124 Eleventh part of Aquada de Pasageros. --- ——.-...-.. — Cristobal de Zayas Bazan. 125 Twelfth part of Aquada de Pasageros-..... —.......... Federico Zayas. 126 First part of Arimao..-................................. Antonio Beldarrain. 127 Second part of Arimao......-.. ---....................... Lorenzo Dupony. 128 Auras............................... --- —-- Adolfo Diaz. 129 La Sierra................................................. Eduardo Benet. 130 First part of Cumanayagua............................... Lorenzo Velshes. 131 Second part of Cumanayagua.......................... Juan Yrarragorr6. 686 BEPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued Enumeration districts.. -------------- _____________ - ~Enumerators. No. Designation. - 1_. i I 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CIENFUEGOS-continued. Municipal district, Cienfuegos-Continued. Mandinga............................. Ojo de Agua -.........................-...... Calabozar.........-... — -................... ---. Calisito................................... Las Charcas —. ---...... —........................ Gavilan y Gavilancito.-........................... Jicotea........ -............ —..-.......... Municipal district, San Fernando. First and second distritos in Pueblo, San Fcrnando.. Paradero -—..... — --...-.. - -- -- -................. Ciego Alonso......... -,. -.......................... Escarza....................................... Lomas Grandes:. --- —-..... —.-.-..-............ Municipal district, Cartagena. Cartagena (urban)............................ First part Cartagena (rural)................ Second part Cartagena (rural)....................... Ciego Montero............................... Soledad................................................. Santiago............................... Cascajal (urban).................................. Cascajal (rural)............................ Arriete.................-..................... Municipal district, Cruces. First part of north district, Cruces....................... Second part of first part of north district, Cruces........ Third part of first part of north district, Cruces.......... South district, Cruces...................... M ontefirme....................................... Mal Tiempo, first part.............................. Mal Tiempo, second part......................... La V ija................................................... Instituciones in Cruces y Lajas........................ Municipal district, Abreus. First part of Abreus.................................... Second part of Abreus................................... Third part of Abreus..................................... Fourth part of Abreus................................... Instituciones para Plantaciones......................... Municipal district, Palmira. First part, Palmira....................................... Second part, Palmira............................... Third part, Palmira.................................... First part, Arango............................. Second part, Arango..................................... Municipal district, Rodas. First part of Cabecera (Rodas)........................... Second part of Cabecera (Rodas)........................ Third part of Cabecera. (Rodas) —....................... First part of Limones........................... Second part of Limones........................... First part of Congojas............................. Second part of Congojas............................ Jabacoa.................................................. M edidas............................................... Municipal district, Santa Ysabel de las Lajas. Ricardo Abren. Joaquin Rodriguez dcl Rey. Juan B. Garcia Hernandez. Tomas Pichos. Gumersuido Rangel. Felix Gonzalez. Antonio Montevaro. Gumersuido Carrera. Diego Millln Puertas. Jos, Garcia Cordoves. Andrse Garcia. Joaquin Capestany Aguila. Agustin Villages. Manuel Portela. Justo Lopez. Ricardo Alvarez. Armando Reyes. Ramon Oviedo. Maria L. GumS. Anto Gonzalez. Justo Lopez. Agustin Breton Capiro. Eulogio Estrada y Gonzalez. Federico Layas Sta. Cruz. Eulogio Estrada y Gonzalez. Miguel Gomez Ruiz. Iionisio J. Yrarrogorra. Fernando Machado. Fernando Machado Meza. Salvador Sanjuan y Castell6n. Juan N. Guerrero. Aurelio Aulet. Marcos Pino. Manuel del Castillo. Fidel Denis. Agustin G. Entenza Cardosa. Francisco Alfonso Hurtado. Rosendo Gallardo Ramirez. Juan Hernandez Castineira. Leopoldo Machado Manero. Antonio J. G. Pcinatc. Jos6 M. Avellaneda. Jose R. P. Cueto. Agustin de Rojas y Sainchez. Ram6n A. Garcia. Lalndelina Cortes y de Lara. R. J. Alfonso. Diego M. Puertas. Manuel L, Curlello. Mercedes A. Alfonso. Angelica P. Alpizar. Joaquin L. Legorburo. Evaristo G. Aguila. Tomis V. Rojas. First part of Centro.................................. Second part of Centro............................ Third part of Centro.............................. Fourth part of Centro................................ ---Salto..................................................... APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. 687 Enumeration districts. Enumerators. _ Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, CIENFUEGOS-Continued. Municipal district, Santa Ysabel de las Lajas-Cont'd. 186 Terry..............-.......... --- —----------- --..... Leonilo Caballero. 187 Salado y Santa Rosa - -—..-.-......-.-......... — -.-. Santiago F. Mora y Mora. 188 Nuevas.............................................. Emilio Jimenez. I 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAGUA LA GRANDE. Municipal district, Sagua la Grande. First part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande).......... Second part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)....... Third part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)........ Fourth part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)....... Fifth part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)........... Sixth part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)........ Seventh part of Norte (Ciudad Sagua la Grande). —.... First part of Sur (Ciudad Sagua la Grande)...... Second part of Sur (Ciudad, Sagua la Grande)......,, --- Third part of Sur (Ciudad, Sagua la Grande).-...... Jumagua................................................. Fifth part of Sur (Ciudad, Sagua la Grande)............ Rural part of Sagua.......................... Ysabela (urban).......................................... Ysabela (rural and keys).............................. San Juan................................................ Fourth part of Sur (Ciudad, Sagua la Grande)......... First part of Satiscito........................... Second part of Sitiscito............................ Chinchila,...................................... Municipal district, Cifuentes. Este (Ciudad de Cifuentes)............................... Oeste (Ciudad de Cifuentes)............................. Rural portions at the east and west of Cifuentes........ Barro................-............. Sitio Grande...-......-................... --- Alacran........................................ Am aro................................................... Municipal district, Ceja de Pablo. First part of Coralillo (urban and rural)................ Second part of Coralillo (rural).......................... Sabana Grande......................................... Palma Sola..............................First part of Sierra Morena (urban and rural).......... Second part of Sierra Morena (rural)................ Ceja de Pablo (rural)............................... Municipal district, Quemado de Guines. Poblado, first part (pueblo) (Quemado de Giiines)....... Poblado, second part (rural) (Quemado de Giiines).. San Valentin (Quemado de Giines)..................... Caguaguas............................... Guines........................................... Zambumbia................................ Carahatas, first part.............................. Carahatas, second part................................... Paso Cavado................................... Municipal district, Rancho Veloz. First part of Santa F6 (rural)............................ Second part of Santa F6 (rural)........................ Third part of Santa F6 (urban).......................... Crimea............................ Aguas Claras....................... Guarillas................ -.-................. Chavez................................................... Municipal district, Santo Domingo. Este ciudad Santo Domingo -..... --- —-. ---..... —. Oeste ciudad Santo Domingo............................. Matilda N. Machin. Antonio Oldriozola. Antonio Rosales. Clara Martinez. Adriana Mazolo y Rojas. Emma Chamberlain. Do. Francisco A. de Ovares. Luis Gonzales y Ruiz. Jos6 L. Martel. Florencio Someillan. Domingo Bonet. Dario P. Medir. Jos6 A. Hebia. Juan F. Mesa. Carlos Cartaya. Antonio Rosales. Joaquin Marti. Carlos Cartaya. Juan F. Ferriol. Juan Bta Fernandez. Juan M. B. Hernandez. Pio de la B. Morejon. Francisco A. Santos. Manuel F. Bermudez. Manuel A. N. Mesa. Adolfo Arenas y Lima. Andres de Pefia y Varona. Francisco E. Guillen. Antonio Perez Alvarez. Nanciso Dama Lopez. Gabino P. Bacallao. Francisco S. Navarro. Jos6 S. Estruch. Salvador P. L. Gibert. Pedro M. Lasarte y Ruiz. Alfredo L. Casado. Jose Y. Lasarte. Antonio Gonzalez. Miguel R. Mesa. Tomas D. Ruiz. Josh Y. Lasarte. Juan 0. Ruiz. Jacinto Duvon. Becis Sanchez. Alejandro G. de Mendoza. Jose Fur. J. R. CappenRamon Campuzano. Joaquin Machado. Belen Quiros. Gustavo Casanova. 688 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. _.. 1 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SAGUA LA GRANDE-COntinued. Municipal district, Santo Domingo-Continued. Puerto Escondido.......................... Manacas y San Marcos...............-... ---.-. ---.- i Baracaldo, Potrerillo, y Arenas......... —.... Jicotea, y San BartolomC....-.................... Rio y Cerrito...-..-... —... --- —------------------------- San Juan....... —...-.... --- —.... -... --- —...... Rodrigo........................... Alvarez y Mordazo -........... —...... —............. Jiquiabo y Jiqui........................ — Yabucito....................-... ---....-..-.......... JUDICIAL DISTIICT, REMEDIOS. Municipal district, San Juan de los Remedios. First part of Ciudad Rcmedios (1o).................... Second part of Cindad Remedios (lo)....... --- —-. Third part of Cindad Remedios (20) —..........-... —. Fourth part of Ciudad Remedios (3o).. —....-.... Fifth part of Ciudad Remedios (4o)...................... Sixth part of Ciudad Remedios...... —....... Tetuan............................................. Bartolom 6................................................ Carolina............. -............. Guanizibes..............................First part of Buena Vista.............................. Second part of Buena Vista..... ---....... ---... Third part of Buena Vista.. --- —. --- —.. —.. --- —. — Fourth part of Buena Vista...... ---.............. Fifth part of Buena Vista......... --- —--- -........ Crangrejo y Remate...................................... Muricipal district, Placetas. First part Ciudad de Placetas............................ Second part Ciudad de Placetas.......................... Third part Ciudad de Placetas.... —. ----. —..-...... San Andris y Vista Hermosa....-.................. First part of Tivisial y Nazareno..-... --- ——. ----. — Second part of Tivisial y Nazareno.. --- —.-. —...Guaracabulla......................................... Hernando y Sitio Patrcro..................... -—........ Nazareno........................................... Mlunicipal district, Caibarien. First part of the Villa Caibarien......................... Second part of the Villa Caibarien................... Third part of the Villa Caibarien....... ........ —...... Fourth part of the Villa Caibarien --—... —....... Fifth part of the Villa Caibarien....................... Sixth part of the Villa Caibarien........................ El Taneo............................. Guajabana...... -...................... --- —... Conuco (key).................................... Municipal district, Camajuani. First part of Cabecera, Camajuani........................ Second part of Cabecera, Camajuani..-.............. — Third part of Cabecera, Camajuani -................ — Fourth part of Cabecera, Camajuani..-.................... Egidos.. ---...... —......................... — First part of Sabana..................... ---...... ---. Second part of Sabana........... ---.. --- —.... First part of Santa Clarita........... —... —.......-. Second part of Santa Clarita...-.....-....-.... — Salam anca.-...-..... --- —- ---... ----... --—..- --—.. --- First part of Guadalupe... ---.. -—... ---... ----.. --- Second part of Guadalupe.............................. Third part of Guadalupe.....-..-...... ----. — -... — - Fourth part of Guadalupe...-.. --- —-........... --- —-.First part of Zulueta........................... Second part of Zulueta....................... Ricardo Miyares. Rafael Mauresa y Silva. Jos6 Y. Martinez. Benito Rodriguez. Jose Garcia Riera. Leoncio B. Nunez. Luis Valasco y Almeida. Fernando Lera. Casimeiro Cepero. Enrique Valdes. Luis Herrada. Antonio Perdomo. Maria do Morales Nieblas. J. M. Jover. Joaquin Vigil y Quintanal. Jose Escaudone. C. Yrio. Pompeyo P. Bonachea. Miguel Vigil. Othon de Caturla. Leopoldo L. Arnau. Luis M. Martin. Pompeyo Perez Bonachea. Manuel Estrada. J. M. Delegado. Do. Francisco A. Soriano. Amado Gonzalez. Jose Nuflez Morales. Franco Casanova. Jose Garcia. Franco Casanova. Augustin G. Farran. Fernando Cruz Pina. Delfin Coco. Francisco P. Faife. Ricardo Patifio. Rafael y Escobar Laredo. Angel de Leon. Julio A. Garcia. Angel Lima. Luis M. Martin. Luis Garcia Ricra. Juan Poldo. Maria Domenech y Lorda. Francisco Cabarrocas. Eduardo Valderez. Jos6 Bencones Ramos. Angel E. Rosende Zayas. Rafael P, Bonachea. Luis Valasco. Rodolfo Valderas. Eduardo Valderas. Rigoberto F. Sabido. Rogelio F. Talon y Junes Buenaventura Gali. Juan M. Nunez. Jose M. Garcia. Manuel Estrada. Buenaventura Gali. APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. 689 Enumeration districts. Designation. No. Enumerators. -I JUDICIAL DISTRICT, REMEDIOS-Continued. 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 Municipal district, San Antonio de las Vueltas. Cabecera (Antonio de las Vueltas).................... Charco Hondo........................................... Aguada de Moya...................................... Sagua la Chica y Cayos................................... Taguayabon....................................... Vegas de las Palmas.................................. Piedras................................................... Quinta....... --- —-.. ---....................... Vego Alta................................... First part of Bosque................................ Second part of Bosque........................ Sur y Oeste de Egidos.................................. Municipal district,. Yaguajay. First part of Cabecera (Yaguajay)................... Second part of Cabecera (Yaguajay)............... First part of Mayajigua................................... Second part of Mayajigua........................... Seibabo............................................. Centeno........................................ Meneses..-....-................................. Bamburano.............................................. First part of Keys, and institutions....................... Second part of Keys................................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, TRINIDAD. Municipal district, Trinidad. First part of the city of Trinidad....................... Second part of the city of Trinidad.................. Third part of the city of Trinidad -.... —.............. Fourth part of the city of Trinidad...................... Fifth part of the city of Trinidad -...................... Sixth part of the city of Trinidad......................... Seventh part of the city of Trinidad...................... Eighth part of the city of Trinidad................... Casilda (urban)................................. Casilda (rural and keys). ---............................. First part, Rio de Ay.................................. Second part, Rio de Ay........................... Cabagn........................................ First part, Guaniguical............................... Second part, Guaniguical................................. Caracusey................................... San Pedro................................ San Francisco -..-........-.. ---- -...- -..... Giiinia de Miranda................................. Jiquim as................................................ Fomento.................................. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANCTI -SPIRITUS. Municipal district, Sancti Spiritus. First part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................... Second part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................ Third part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................. Fourth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................ Fifth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................ Sixth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus.-... —......... - Seventh part of the city of Sancti Spiritus.......... Eighth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus --- ——. Ninth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus............... I enth part of the city of Sancti Spiritus................. Jibaro -.............................. -- -—. Chorrera Brava........................ Cabaiguan.......... —................. Guayos.............................................. Santa Lucia........................................ Manacas.................................... First part of Paula....................................... Second part of Paula....... ---................... Third part of Paula..........-...... —............. ---. 24662 —44 Gillermo Espinosa. Jose Mendez. J. M. Nufez. Rafael C. Echernendia. Raimundo Rebollar. Perfecto Corrazona y Rodriguez. Florinda de la Hoz. Rafael Perez Pedroso. Desiderio Jimenez. Pr6spero Perez. Rafael C. Echemendia. Celestino Espinosa. Clementina C. Prieto. Teresa P. Laredo. Salvador G. Greham. Juan B. Garcia. Alfredo C. Prieto. Eliseo Suarez. Arturo Jimenez. Rafael Perez. Jose B. Borges. Juvial Davila. Elena Gonzalez. Teresa Mestre Cagigal. Enrique Pina Jimenez. Elvira Cabana. Elinda Cortes y Silva. Enrique Lara. Sofia Torrado y Ponce. Mercedes Pomares y Gonzales. Blanca Corbeiller. D. Petersen. Miguel Mainegra. Pio Daniel Cadalzo. Jos6 Ma. Mauri. Carlos E. Lynn. Nicanor J. Dominguez. Fernando H. Reyna. Vincente Panadez. Elrov Cabana y Orri. Teodoro de Leon. Vincente Sufrez. Perfecto Quintana. Rafael Pina y Marin. America A. Gonzalez. Ana G. P. Echemendia. America Castafieda y Valdeira. Natalia y Caniizares y Gomez. Franco. del Valle Gonzalez. Altagracia de Cespedes y Canyares. Maria W. Verson. Mariano Gomez y Gomez. Joaquin Gomez. Mariano J. Palmero y Hildago. Adolfo C. Canas. Francisco L. Sori. Tomas F. Rodriguez. Roque V. Ambrosino. Miguel M. del Toro. Juan Y. Perez. Miguel Minguez. Adolfo C. Canas. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators.-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANCTI SPIRITUS-continued. Municipal district, Sancti Spiritus-Continued. 363 First part of San Andrs.................................. Manuel P. Jimenez. 364 Second part of San Andr6s and Pueblo Nuevo........... Mariano Gomez. 365 First part of Taguasco y Pedro Barba................... Luis R. Rensoli. 366 Second part of Taguasco y Pedro Barba................. Sixto Fernandez Latorre. 367 Third part of Taguasco y Pedro Barba................... Roque V. Ambrosino. 368 Bellamota............................. ---.......... J. R. C. Gomez. 369 Paredes.-..................................... B. Weiss Gramtges. 370 First part of Guasimal............................. Jesus Cruz Ordoz. 371 Second part of Guasimal....................... Adolfo C. Canas. 372 Tunas de Zaza................................. Rogelio P. Estrada. 373 Cayos Doce Leguas......................... Rafael M. Morgado. 374 Banao.................................................... Barnab6 de Pina y Valdes. SANTIAGO DE CUBA. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, NORTE. Municipal district, Alto Songo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26, 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Alto Songo..............................................do..............................-...... Moron.................................................................. Moron.......... El Socorro y Maya....................................... Ti Arriba.............-...- ---........ Loma del Gato......... ---- -....... ----...........-. Palenque.......................... — —. Jarahueca.......................... --- —----—. Mayari Arriba. —...................... —.. —. — Florida Blanca..........-...-...................... Municipal district, Palma Soriano. Palma Soriano.................................... do....-.-.............................. Las Cuchillas...............................Remanganaguas................................ Sitio...-.-..-....-................ --- —----.... — Concepci6n............................................. San Leandro.........-.............-.. ---... Yarayabo.-..................... ----.-..... --- — Cauto Baire -..........-....... --- — Dorados................................... Cauto Abajo, first part....................... Cauto Abajo, second part................... Santa Filomena..................... Municipal district, Santiago de Cuba. Dajao.......................................... Santo TomAs -....-...... ---. ---..... —... ---...... --........................................................ do -...........-................................. do........-.............................do.. ---.. —..-.... --- —--—. --- —----------- Cristo.................................................... Crisdo........... ---. --- —-.. --- ——. --------—... ----.. do.............. —.................. —. —......do............................. Cristo (coastwise ships)........................... Trinidad..-...........................do..... ----. --- —-.....-. ----...-.... do.............................. d.... do..o........................................ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, SUR. Municipal district, Santiago de Cuba. Belen. ldon......................................:. do........................................................ do......................................... do.........................................................do....... Juan Lopez. J. M. Bravo. Jos6 Castillo. Domingo Grinau. Miguel S. Giro. Armando Villalon. Emilio Mas. Guillermo Bolivar. R6mulo Carbenell. Ricardo Rizo. A. Meana. Pedro Valiente. Norberto Romero. Tomas Artigas. Lino Hourrutiner. Buenaventura Beaton. Herminio Lovis. Arcadio Ysaac. Rafael Salazar. Bartolome Ramis. Miguel Planas. Manuel Benitez. Lino Benitez. Ramon Regtieiferos. Ernesto Giro. Juan Mayon. 0. Ybarra y M. Franco. Guasch. Francisco Romani. Juan Cros. T. Rouseau. Manuel Puncet. Alberto Cuti6. Jos6 Chamizo. Angel Mesa. Lino Caraball6. Jose Pagliery. Enrique Caminero. Juan Cortez Gonzalez. Bartolome Portuondo Octavio Sant6. Franco Cuti6. Rafael Bergues. APPENDIX XIII. 691 Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. SANTIAGO DE CUBA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. Designation. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, SANTIAGO DE CUBA, su —continued. Municipal district, Santiago de Cuba-Continued. Dolores.-....,,, —. —~~_,, -,,, _ -,,,,Jose Perozos. Dolores -—.....-. —. —.... ---..-.. —....-... —........... Jose Perozos......o...-.. —...... ---- —. ----...... --- —...... Jose Bargall6..... do --—................................ Manuel Perez.....do —.. ---......-........-............. J.J. HJ ernandez. Dolores.. —.-... ---... —.. -..,...,,........ Octavio Peralta. Catedral*.. ~.......- _.,.~,,, Florentino Rosell, Catedral................................................. Florentino Rosell,.... do...... -.............Mai-. Mariano Gonzalez..... do................................................. Lino Salazar..... do.................................................... Miguel Pacheco.....do................................................. Alfredo Navarro. Catedral Belen las Lagunas.............................. Juan Hechavaina. Ramon de las Yaguas................................... Rafael Ribas..... do............................. Octavio Nuiry. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 7/1r.-;-n-l'i 7 /7 0ca'r.M t t — T —ln San Luis..-..................................... do... — ---------------------- -.. —..................-..... do.......................................... do................ --- -...................................... do........................................................... Monte dos Leguas........................................ do —. --- —----- -—.. ------—......................... La Luz --- —............................... Dos Caminos....................................... -do....... --- —- —.-...... —.....-....................... do............. --- —---------—.. --- —-........ ---.......................do......................................................do.....o.......d..-..................................... lMunicipal district, El Caney. Caney....................................... do......-............................................. Lagunas...................... Sevilla................................... Guaninicum. ---............-................... do -—. ----—. --- —----—.....-................. —. -—. Dos Bocas......... --- —.............................. do. --- —- —........ —........................................ Barajagua.-........................-........ Paz de los Naranjos............................... Damajayabo.......................................... do -—..-. ---- -......-.. - -....-............ -....-... Zacatecas....,,............................................ Daiquiri........................................ Manuel Badia. Juan E. Men6ndez. Juan Gonzalez Vera. Conrado Men6ndez. Francisco Burgos. Francr. Pol. Jose Alayo. Modesto Carbo. Joaquin Guardia. Juan Rodriquez. Jose Dedieu. Jose Ma. Gonzalez. Eugenio Bartutes. Manuel Valiente. Alfonso Anaya. Jose Busquet. Aurelio Cabrera. Manuel Domingo. Alberto Ybarra. Rafael Lopes. Julio Rojas. Manuel Villalon. Santiago Soto. Otavio Mena. Domingo Fernandez. Felix Carbonell. Ernesto Brioso. Luis Rodridgues. Municipal district, Cristo. 85 Cristo........ —......-...... -................... Frederico Cutie. 86.... do -.... —. — ----------- ' ---------------- ----- --—. - Francisco Gramatges. Municipal district, El Cobre. 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Cobre..................................................do......-.......................................... Ermitaflo. - -............................ Asserradero... --- —-------—. —........................ M acio -—... ----—... —...... —..................- - Sevilla-................................. Sevilla............................. Dos Palmnas..................,.............. do..........-.............:..-..................... Manacas.................................. Santa Rita.......................... Rio Frio........ --- —------------------------------------ Botija................................................ Cayo Smit.............-...-......................... Caim anes.... ---- -..........-... —...-...... --- — Brazo de Cauto....-..................-.-. —..... do................................................... Hongolosongo.......................................... o................................................... Nim a Mim a.............................................. Santiago Jambu. Urbano Justiz. Frederico Bolivar. Jose Niubo. Carlos Pillot. Rafael Palacios. Tomas Garzon. Evaristo Hernandez. Domingo Zambrano. Miguel Balanzo. Pedro Couret. Fulgencio Diaz. Ricardo Carulla. Marcial Laguna. Franco. Gutinez. Federico Jaen. Pedro Almirall. Franco. Fablada. Jose Estrada. Franco. Bonne. 692 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. SANTIAGO DE CUBA-Continued. Enumeration districts. — Designation --- —-------------------- Enumerators. No. Designation. No. 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, GUANTANAMO. Municipal district, Guantanamo. Mercado (poblado)....................................... Rastro (poblado)......................................... Ysleta...................................... —....... Caimanera..-................................ Ocujal y Bugues......................................... Arroyo Hondo-............................................ Casisey Abajo............................................ Rio Seco............................................do..................................................... Baitiquiri................................................ Glorieta.................................................. Glorieta (poblado).............................. Hospital (poblado)....................................... Yndios..-..-................................. Jaibo Abajo.....-......... -.......................... Corralillo................................................. Vinculo.................................... Gobierno (poblado)...................................... Caridad (poblado)........................................ Guaso....-.. -............................. do.......... do............................................ Jamaica.....-................................................do...........do............................. Casinibae................................................ Casisey Arriba...................-.......-...... —. --- Sigual.-.......-.................................... Palmar...................................do.....................do........................................ Yateras..........................................do.-........-.. ----....-....... —....-....-..-.-. ---... —. Cuatro Caminos.................................. —....... Parroquia (poblado)..................................... Bano..................................... — Jaibo Arriba...-................ Palma San Juan -......................................... Camarones............................................... Lajas..........................................................do.............................................. Tiguabos...... —..-.-......... —.. ---.... —...-.......-.-......do......................................... —... Macuriges....................................... Municipal district, Scgua de Tanamo. Sagua de Tanamo................................ Zabala................................................... Miguel.......................... Bazan.................................................... Juan Diaz................................................ Esteron.-.......................................... Calabazas.......................................... JUDICIAL DISTRICT, MANZANILLO. Jos6 L. Espino. Francisco A. Laguna. Vicente Aguirre y Chauveax. Franco. Berengues. Maximo Diaz. Victor Deville. Juan Danguillecourt. Andr6s Garcia. Manuel Soler. Rafael Dias Purtillos. Arturo Duharte. Justo Giro. Rafael Diaz. Jos( Cisneros Diaz. Miguel Portuondo. Lorenzo Sainz. Manuel Ponteau. Angel Raveto. Manuel Portuondo. R6mulo Barradat. Luis Megret. Santiago Espino. Rafael Mestre. Antonio Soto. Ramon Domingo. Bandilio Sallan. Julio Kelly. Jos6 Rodrigues. Juan S. Aguilera. Octavio Lay. Alberto Gonzalez. Enrique Marti. Luis Soler. Franco. Ramon. Saturnino Planes. Pedro Ferran. Pedro Mirabal. Arturo U. Armesto. Franco. Garcia. Agustin Collantes. Francisco Perez Andr6s. Jos6 Ma. Veranes. Eladio Osono. Eladio Velazquez. Enrique Cheda. Agustin Revi. Luis Fiffe. Ygnacio Boladeres. Municipal district, Manzanillo. Manzanillo.............................................. Jaime E Ram6n..-.. do... —.............................................. Filberto Zayas...... do.................................................... Eugenio Fernandez..... do.................................................... Jos6 C. Guerra......do.................................................... Jos6 Ros Ros..... -do. —.................................. —......... ---- Emilio Forment Rovira,.....do -.-...... —. —.................. --- —- --.....-....-. Jos6 Valls Echiniz.....do................................................. Celedonia Rodriguez. De Oro...................................Manuel T. Herrniguclez. De Plata.................................................. Miguel Benarides Martinez. Esperanza......................... M..................... aximiliano Diaz..... do................... -............................ Franco. Antunez. El Cano................-.. ---... —................... Pedro Vazquez Marti. Yara...................-......-.. -—...-... -.... — - 1 —.Vicente Perez Zunigo..... do......................... Juan Leon Casillo. Blanquizal............................................... Carlos Bertot. Jibacoa....J..................... Jaime Santisteban..... do....................................... Pablo Roget Samarra. Zarzal.................................................... Manuel Suris. APPENDIX XIII. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. SANTIAGO DE CUBA-Continued. 693 Enumeration districts. J Designation. r Enumerators. 1 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, MANZANILLO-continued. Municipal district, Manzanillo-Continued. Zarzal....................................... Congo....... ----—... ------------- Congo, Calicito Esperanza y Jibacoa -.-.............. Calicito.......................................... M edia Luna.......................................do.-.-....... - -----. --- — -—.... --- Vicana....................................... Media Luna................................ do..........................................do.......................................................do................................................... Municipal district, Campech7uela. I i I Campechuela...-......................................do........................................................ Tre...do —... --- —-----—.-.. --- —-—.. —. --- —------—. --- —Tercero.............-. —.-.. —.-. —..-. o........do...................................... Cuarto ------—. ----. —. --- —....... —.....do..-..-...............................................,............................ Municipal district, Niquero. Primero........ —. —................. Cuarto................................................. Primero y Segundo....................................... Segundo.................................................. JUDICIAL DISTRICT, BAYAMO. Municipal district, Bayamo. San Juan................................................. Cristo ---.. ---........-.. --- —.... —.. — Laguna Blanca...................................... --- — Cauto del Embarcadero...................................... do................................... Guamo.-..-..-.........-................... Vequita..................................................... do................. --- —........... ---.......... ---. ----.................do......................................................... do.. ---... ---.. --- —-----—........................................ --- —----------- Bueycito.... -- -......-... —........... --—.Guisa........................................................ do...- -... —..-...- -..... —...... ---.....-... —..........do.................................... do.................................................... Datil................................................. Barrancas....................................... Horno................. Municipal district, Jiguani. Jiguani.................................... Baire.........................................B...do.. --- —-------------------------. — --—.... — ---------..... do.................................................... Santa Rita.................... Babiney -----—.....-.......-. --------—. ----................ do.................................................... Ventas.........-................................. Calabazar...................-....-............. Rinconada............................................ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, HOLGUIN. Municipal district, Holguin. Holguin.....................................................do............................................do.........................................................do...................................................... do................................................... San Agustin.......................................... do................................... San Andres............................................. Daniel Presilla. Enlensipo L. Merchonchin. Bernado Aces Ros. Luis Frias. Jos6 Rodes. Jos6 Y. Elias. Tomas Gonzalez. Joaquin Codina. Eugenio Rodes. Edelberto Dominguez. Enrique Portales. America Betancourt. Manuel Navarrete. Pedro Figuerede. Manuel E. y Estrada. Endaldo Manrique. Maximillian Garcia. Juan Fernandez. Luis Bertran. Enrique Cespedes. Dominador de la Guardia. Antonio Saumell. Eduardo Roca Roca. Antonio Pacheco. Jorge Chaves. Rafael V. Ros. Miguel Figueredo. Armado Prats. Jose Cheven. Pablo Hernandez. Jorge Bonet. Yldefonso Presilla. Manuel Tornaris. Julio Cespedes. Rafael Parreque. Porfisio Bonet. Rafael R. Corrias. Hiram Tamayo. Ysmael C. y Estrada. Esteban Castro. Ignacio Tamayo. Joaquin Escalante. Luis Dudefaix. Demetrio Lora. Enrique Maspons. Anibal V. Escalante. Agustin Casasaya. Joaquin E. Beaton. Narciso Feros. Eduardo Kirch. JosS Bal~n. Jose R. Torres. Jose Dominices. Rafael Betancourt. Rafael de la Cruz. Pedro Fuentes Garcia. Rafael Peina and Luis F. Rubio. R. Zayas. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. SANTIAGO DE CUBA-Continued. Enumeration districts. Enumerators. No. Designation. 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, HOLGUIN-continued. Municipal district, Holguin-Continued. Unas..................................................... Velazco................................................ Auras.....................................do................................................ La Palma.............................. do...............................-.-.... ------- La Palma...................................... Alcal.................................................... Alcala, San Fernando...................... Bijaru.........................................................do................................................... Tacamara......................... San Pedro de Cacacum.................................. Cabazuela................................. Ceigo de la Rioja.j.............................. Aguas Claras..................................... Corralito...................................... Sao Arriba............................ Cuabas............................. Yareyal........................................... Purnio................. Camazan......................... Tarajo................................................ Alfonsos......................... San Lorenzo.............................................. Municipal district, Gibara. Gibara................................................do........................................................do... -.........................................................do.............................. Pueblo Nuevo, Tasajera, Aguadas y Hoyos Limoncs, y Rio Seco. Bocas 1st, Sama, Arriba y Blanquizal................. do..................................... Arroyo Blanco y Pozo Blanco.......................... Potrerillo................................................. Flores.................................... Fray Benito..................-........-................ Santa Lucia.................................do............................................... Sama and Yaguajay................................. Beguitas.................................. Guira, Angeles y Duruth................................. Banes, Torrouteras Veguitas, Pasadero, Tasajiras, Arroyo, Esterito, Los Pasos y Mulas. Jobabo.................................................. Yabazon...................................... Candelaria............... Cantimplora....................... Santa Rosalia...................................... Bariai................................................... Municipal district, Puerto Padre. Puerto Padre.......................................... do.................................................. Vedado.................................................. San Manuel.....................................do..... - -............................................... Tunas.................................... Manati y Oriente.......................... Cauto del Paso........................................... Arenas................................................ Curana.......................................... Playuelas.....-... —...... --- —. --- ——.... —.- ---..... — Palmarito..........- -...... —....... ---..... Casim u............................................... Oriente....................................... Ojo del Agua........................................ Maniabon..............-.............. Tarey, Vedado y Ojo del Agua................. Chaparra............................................... J. Ange Salazar. Manuel Hidalgo Gutierrez. Julio Albarres. Jos6 Arbina. Angel Rodriguez. Miguel Buzon. Miguel Montero. Juan de la Cruz. Esteban Ulloa. Fernando Aguilera. Jose Heredia. Gustavo Ochoa. Plutarco Artigas. Rodolfo Rojas. Justo Aguilera. Rafael Rodriguez. Antonio Gutierrez. Eduardo Lopez. Martin Sanchez. Joaquin y Romen. Ramon Suarez Gorgas. L. M. Dias. Pedro Rodriguez. Armando de Zayas. Manuel Dositeo Aguilera. Atanasio Riancho. Juan Martinez. Jos6 de los Rios. Florencio V. Alberti. Manuel Betancourt. Abelardo Rodriguez. Manuel Balan. Emiliano Guid6. Victoriano Alberti. Francisco Romen. Forcuato Varona. F. Anguera. Jesus Manduley. Ygnacio Sanchez. Adolfo Alberti. Bartolome Lopes. Diego Yebra. Constantino Pupo. Manuel Sartorio. Feliciano E. Hidalgo. Antonio Giro Casafias. Francisco de P. Robinson. Aristides Ochoa. Eliezer Artola Vialle. Enrique Rosendo. Fernando Garcia. Angel Rodriguez. M. Reyes. Juan Sabari. Manuel Artine y Fayardo. Luis Lora Frimeta. Mariano Lerma. Jose L. Villoch. Francisco Domingo. Federico Morel. Fernando Perez Puelles. Agusto Lerma. Augusto Font. Manuel Pereda. Olan Bastita. Gabriel Gonzales. APPENDIX XIV. Enumeration districts and enumerators-Continued. SANTIAGO DE CUBA-Continued. 695 Enumeration districts. ---------- -Enumerators. No. (Designation..1. 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 JUDICIAL DISTRICT, HOLGUIN-continued. Municipal district, Mayari. San Gregorio............................................. Biran......................................... Sabanilla........................................... Cabonico................................. El Chucho............................................... Guayabo......... -......................... Braguetudos................................. Chavaleta............................ Barajagua................................................ JUDICIAL DISTRICT, BARACOA. Municipal district, Baracoa. Baracoa...................................................do...........do.......................-.............. do.......do.........................................:.......do.................................... Cuaba y Hoyos................................... Cabaci..........-....................... Giiniao............................. Duaba...................................... Toar......................................... Nibujon............................................. Catete.....-............... -...... -....-........ M ata..................................................... Sitio...................................................... Guandao......................................... Sabanilla............................... Sabana.............................................. Quemados...-.....-...... --- ----.. —.... —..... — Vertientes............................................. Gran Tierra.............-..... -......... Monte Cristo............................. —... —........... Vequita -.........-.. —.............. Ym ias................................................... Jauco....................................... do.............................. Maisi............................... Jam al..-........................................... Mandinga...................................... Franklin Argilagos. Jos6 Rivas. Jos6 Martinez. Alfredo Gonzalez. Francisco Leyte Vidal. Eduardo Torrents. Fran. Mastrapa. Eduardo Duboy. Benito Quintero. Francisco Alonso. Miguel V. Perellada. Jose G. Rubio. Franco. E. Palomares. Esteban Rojas. Pedro Sanchez. Antonio Conde. Pedro Godoy. Luis A. Urgelles. Salvador Selva. Pedro C. Perez. Bartolo Curza. Aurelio Lores. Franco. Conde. Carlos Crosa. Sixto Torres. Manuel Galano. Rafael Masso. Jos, Roses. Bartolom6 Legra. Pablo Fonseco. Eliseo Matos. E. Cadiz. Joaquin Romani. Arturo Daumery. Tomas Lingoya. Virgitio Diaz. APPENDIX XIV. CONTRACT FOR TABULATING THE ENUMERATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE ISLANDS OF CUBA AND PORTO RICO. Whereas the Tabulating Machine Company, through its general manager, Herman Hollerith, has submitted an offer to the Director of the Census of Cuba and Porto Rico to tabulate the enumeration of the population of the said islands, and said Director has concluded to accept said proposition, It is hereby agreed by and between Colonel J. P. Sanger, Director of the Census of Cuba and Porto Rico, party of the first part, and the Tabulating Machine Company, a corporation of the State of New York, party of the second part, as follows: The party of the second part, in consideration of the payments to be made to it as hereinafter provided, agrees to tabulate by the Hollerith tabulating system, and under the direction of its general manager, the enumeration of the population of the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico from the schedules to be delivered to it by the party of the first part according to the twenty-two (22) tables heretofore submitted. The party of the first part hereby agrees to pay to the party of the second part for REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. such tabulation the sum of three and one-half (3-) cents for each person, and one (1) cent for each building enumerated, as follows: Eight-tenths (0.8) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 1 and 2. Three-tenths (0.3) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 3 and 4. Three-tenths (0.03) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 5 and 7. Forty-five hundredths (0.45) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 8, 9, and 10. Seventy-five hundredths (0.75) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. Nine-tenths (0.9) of one cent per person on completion of the tabulation of tables 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. The payments for tabulating tables 1 and 2, and for tabulating tables 3 and 4, are to be made on the completion of such tables for each province of Cuba and department of Porto Rico, and for the remaining tables 5 to 22 inclusive, on completion of such tables for each island. The party of the second part agrees to commence such tabulation without delay upon receipt of the schedules from the party of the first part, and to proceed with and complete said tabulation with diligence and dispatch. The party of the second part further agrees to tabulate the schedules relating to agriculture and schools for said islands according to such tables as may be required by the party of the first part, for which tabulations the party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of the second part, in addition to the payments above provided for, the actual cost of such tabulation (which shall include rent, clerk hire, material, and all other expenses) plus ten (10) per cent of such cost for the services of the party of the second part for superintending and directing the work. The party of the first part may at any time discontinue the tabulation of the schedules relating to agriculture and schools by giving written notice to that effect to the party of the second part; and in such event all records and results are to be delivered to the party of the first part, and the party of the second part shall be paid for the cost of the work plus said ten (10) per cent for services, to the date of the receipt of such notice by the party of the second part. In witness whereof the parties aforesaid have executed this agreement in quadruplicate, and have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals this 1st day of February, A. D. 1900. Signed by contracting parties and witnessed. APPENDIX XV. LIST OF GOVERNORS OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA. No. Date. Name, etc. 1 1512.................. Diego Velazquez, Lieutenant-Governor. 2 1524.................. Manuel de Rojas, Lieutenant-Governor, provisional. 3 1525........-.-...-................... Juan de Altamirano, Lieutenant-General. 4 1526.............................. Gonzalo de Guzman, Lieutenant-General. 5 1532.......-................. - Manuel de Rojas, Lieutenant-Governor, provisional. 6 1535...-....-...-.......-.. —.. Gonzalo de Guzman, Lieutenant-Governor. 7 1538................................. Hernando de Soto, Governor-General. 8 1544................-.... Juan de Avila,Governor-General. 9 1546................-.......... Antonio Chavez, Governor-General. 10 1550.............................. Gonzalo Perez de Angulo, Governor-General. 11 1556....................... Diego de Mazariegos, Governor-General. APPENDIX XV. bY( List qf governors of the island of Cuba-Continued. No. Date. Name, etc. 12 1565.-........ --- — ------------------ Francisco Garcia Osorio, Governor-General. 13 1568-.......- ----. --- —------------- Pedro Menendez de Avilis, Governor-General. 14 1573 -......... ---. --- —--------------- Gabriel Montalvo, Governor-General. 15 1577-...... ---—..... --- —-. --- — Francisco Carreno, Governor-General. 16 1579.. --- —----------------------- Gaspar de Torres, Governor-General, provisional. 17 1581............ --- —---------------- Gabriel de Lujan, Captain-General. 18 1589 —..-. --- —------ - Juan de Tejada, Captain-General. 19 1594.... --- —-... ----------—.... -- Juan Maldonado Balnuevo, Captain-General. 20 1602 -........ ----.-...... ----- Pedro Valdes Balnueva, Captain-General. 21 1608-.... -. ---. —.-... —.. --- — - Gaspar Ruiz de Pereda, Captain-General. 22 1616 —...... ---.... --- —--—.......... Sancho de Alguizaz, Captain-General. 23 1620..-.... --- —---------------------- Geronimo de Quero, Captain-General, provisional. 24 1620.....-... --- —-- ------- -. ------ Diejo Vallejo, Captain-General. 25 Aug. 14,1620 —..-... ---—. --- — Francisco de Venegas, Captain-General. 26..... ---------------------- - Juan Esquivil, Captain-General, provisional. 27 --------- -------------- Juan Riva Martin, Captain-General, provisional. 28 1624 ----—........ —... ---- -. —. Garcia Giron de Loaysa, Captain-General, provisional. 29 1624........... --- —------------------- Cristobal de Aranda, Captain-General, provisional. 30 1625.... --- —. --- —--- —. ----... -- Lorenzo de Cabrera, Captain-General. 31 1630..... ---- -----------—.. ----.- Juan Bitrian de Viamontes, Captain-General. 32 1634....................... Francisco IRiano de Gamboa, Captain-General. 33 1639 -.......... ---. --- —------- Alvaro de Luna, Captain-General. 34 1647-. --- —. ----. --- ----... Diego de Villalba, Captain-General. 35 1653-.. --- —. — -................ Francisco Xeldes, Captain-General. 36 1655 -........ —...-.- ---—.-....- Juan Montafo, Captain-General. 37 1658 --------—..-.. —. --- —-----—..- Juan de Salamanca, Captain-General. 38 1663 -—......... --........... Rodrigo de Flores, Captain-General. 39 1664......... --- —------------------- Francisco Ddirla, Captain-General. 40 1670 —.......................... Francisco de Ledesma, Captain-General. 41 1680..... --- —----------------—. --- — Jos6 Fernandez de Cordoba, Captain-General. 42 1685 —....... --- —------—........ --—. Andr6s Munibe, Captain-General, provisional. 43........................................ Manuel Murguia, Captain-General, provisional. 44 1687..... --- —---- -------- ------ Diego de Viana, Captain-General. 45 1689-.. --- —.. --- —-. ---.. ----—. ----. Severino de Manraneda, Captain-General. 4 1695............-_ ------------- Diego de Cordoba, Captain-General. 47 1702....-..................... Pedro Benites de Lugo, Captain-General. 48 1705.....-..... --- —--------. —.. Nicolis Chirino, Captain-General, provisional. 49............ —.............. - Luis Chac6n, Captain-General, provisional. 50 1706 -... --- —-----—. --- —-.. —.. —. Pedro Alvares Villarin, Captain-General. 5 1708 -......... ---. --- —---. ---.- Laureano de Torres, Captain-General. 52 1711. --- ——. --- —--------------------- Luis Chac6n, Captain-General. 53 1713 —...-............... Laureano do Torres, Captain-General. 54 1716.-.............. —. --- —----- Vicente Raja, Captain-General. 55 1717. —............. ---. -.....- Gomez de Alvarez, Captain-General. 56 1717.. --- —---------------- -.... Gregorio Guazo, Captain-General. 57 1724..........-...-... —. --- —. - Dionisio Martinez, Captain-General. 58 1734 —. --- —----.. --- —----—.-.... Juan F. Guemes, Captain-General. 59 1745... --- —-. —. --- —. —.. ----. Juan A. Tineo, Captain-General. 60 1745...... -- —..-..-.... ----.. — Diego Pifialosa, Captain-General. 61 1747...... —.. ---—......-.. ---. Francisco Cagigal, Captain-General. 62 1760.. --- —--—. —..... ---... ---. Pedro Alonso, Captain-General. 63 1761 -........ — --—. --- —----—. — Juan de Prado Portocarrero, Captain-General. 64 July 1,1762........................... Ambrosio Villalpando, Count of Ricla, Captain-General. 65 June, 1765 -. --- —.. --- —- -------- Diego Manrique, Captain-General. 66 July, 1765 ----. --- —----------------- Pascual Jimenez de Cisneros, Captain-General, provisional. 67 Mar. 19,1766........ —..... --- — Antonio M. Bucarely, Captain-General. 68 1771.. --- ——. --- —-------------—.... Marqu6s de la Torre, Captain-General. 69 June, 1777..........,.............. Diego J. Navarro, Captain-General. 70 May, 1781 -..... ----.. —.... ---. —. Juan M. Cagigal, Captain-General. 71 1782........................ ---. Luis de Unzaga, Captain-General, provisional. 72 1785 --—.. —........ ---.. ----.-.... Bernardo Troncoso, Captain-General, provisional. 73........-..-. --- —.. --- —---- ----.... Jose Espeleta, Captain-General, provisional. 74............................. —..-.-... Domingo Cabello, Captain-General, provisional. 75 Dec. 28,1785.......... — -. — -—. --- Jos6 Espeleta, Captain-General. 76 Apr. 20,1789 -....-.-.... ---- --—. Domingo Cabello, Captain-General, provisional. 77 July 8,1790...................... Luis de las Casas, Captain-General. 78 Dec. 6,1796....................... Juan Bassecourt, Captain-General. 79 May 13,1799.. --- ——...... --- ——.... Salvador de Muro, Captain-General. 80 Apr. 14,1812.......................... Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, Captain-General. 81 July 2,1816......................... Jose Cienfuegos, Captain-General. 82 Apr. 20,1819...................... —. Juan M. Cagigal, Captain-General. 83 Mar. 3,1821... --- —------------—....- Nicolas de Mahy, Captain-General. 84 July 22,1822............ Sebastian Kindelan, Captain-General, provisional. 85 May 2,1823........................ Dionisio Vives. Given absolute authority by royal decree of 1825. 86 May 15,1832......,..-...-....... —. Mariano Rocafort. Given absolute authority by royal decree of 1825. 87 June 1,1834......................... Miguel Tacon. Given absolute authority by royal decree of 1825. 88 From June 1,1834, to Apr. 16,1838 -... Lieut. Gen. Miguel Tac6n y Rosique, Captain-General. 89 From Apr. 16,1838, to Feb., 1840 -..-. Lieut. Gen. Joquin Ezpeleta y Enrille. 90 Feb., 1840, to May 10,1841............ Lieut. Gen. Pedro Tcllez de Gironm, Prince of Anglona. REPOIRT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. List of governors of the island of Cuba-Continued. No.I Date, Name, etc. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 From May 10, 1841, to Sept. 15, 1843.... Sept. 15 to Oct. 26, 1843. --- —Oct. 26,1843, to Mar. 20, 1848...... From Mar. 20, 1848, to Nov. 13, 1850 -... From Nov. 13,1850, to Apr. 22, 1852.... From Apr. 22,1852, to Dec. 3, 1853.... From Dec. 3, 1853, to Sept. 21, 1854... From Sept. 14, 1854, to Nov. 24, 1859.... From Nov. 14, 1859, to Dec. 10, 1862... From Dec. 10, 1862, to May 30, 1866 ---- From May 30,1866, to Nov. 3,1866... From Nov. 3,1866, to Sept. 24, 1867, on which date he died. From Sept. 24,1867, to Dec. 12,1867.... From Dec. 13, 1867, to Jan. 4, 1869. --- From Jan. 4, 1869, to June 2, 1869.... From June 2, 1869, to June 28,1869....From June 28,1869, to Dec. 15, 1870.... From Dec. 15, 1870, to July 11, 1872.... From July 11, 1872, to Apr. 18, 1873 _ From Apr. 18 to Nov. 4,1873...... From Nov. 4,1873, to Apr. 7,1874.... From Apr. 7, 1874, to May 8,1875.... From May 8 to June 8, 1875. --- —From June 8, 1875,1to Jan. 18,1876.... From Jan. 18, 1876, to June 18, 1878.... From Oct. 8, 1876, to Feb. 5, 1879.... From Feb. 5, 1879, to Apr. 17, 1879. --- From Apr. 17, 1879, to Nov. 28, 1881.... From Nov. 28, 1881,1to Aug. 5,1883. --- From Aug. 5, 1883, to Sept. 28, 1883 ---- From Sept. 28, 1883, to Nov. 8, 1884.... From Nov. 8, 1884, to Mar. 25,1886... From Mar. 25, 1886, to July 15, 1887..... From July 15, 1887, to Mar. 13, 1889.... From Mar. 1.3, 1889; died Feb. 6,1890.. From Feb. 6, 1890,1to Apr. 4,1900. --- From Apr. 4, 1890, to Aug. 20, 1890.... From Aug. 20, 1890, to June 20,1892... From June 20, 1892; died July 15, 1893. From July 15, 1893, to Sept. 5,1893... From Sept. 5, 1893, to Apr. 16, 1895... From Apr. 16, 1895, to Jan. 20,1896.... From Jan. 20, 1896, to Feb. 11, 1896.. From Feb. 11, 1896, to Oct. 31, 1897... From Oct. 31, 1897,1to Nov. 30, 1898.... From Nov. 30, 1898, to Jan. 1, 1899, at 12 noon. Lieut. Gen. Ger6nimo Valdes y Sierra. Lieut. Gen. of the Royal Navy, Francisco Javier de Ulloa, provisional. Lieut. Gen. Leopoldo O'Donnell y Joris, Count of Lucena. Lieut. Gen. Federico Roncali, Count of Alcoy. Lient. Gen. JosCs Gutierrez do la Concha. Lieut. Gen. Valentin Cafiedo Miranda. Licut. Gen. Juan de la Pezuela, Marquis de la Pezuela. Lieut. Gen. bed6 Gutierrez do la Concha, Marquis of Hlabana, second time. Lieut. (Jon. Francisco Serrano, Duke do la Torre. Lieut. GJen. Domingo Delco y (Jaray. Lieut. (Gon. Francisco Lersundi. Liout. Gen. Joaquin del Mauzano y Manizano. Lieut. (Jon. Blds Villate, Count of Valmaseda. Lieut. Geon. Francisco Lersundi. Liout. Gen. Domingo Dulce y (Jaray, second time. Lieut. Gen. Felipe (Jinovds del Espinar, provisional. Lieut. Gen. Antonio Fernitndez y Caballero do Rodas. Liout. (Jon. Blds Villato, Count of Valmaseda. Lieut. Gen. Francisco Ceballos y Yargas. Lieut. (Jon. Ctendido Pieltain y Jove-Huelgo. Liout. (Jon. Joaquin Jovellar y Soler, first time. Lieut. (Jon. Jos6s Gutierrez do la Concha, Marquis of Habana. Lieut. (Jon. Buenaventura Carb6, provisional. Lieut. (Jon. Blds Villate, Count of Valmaseda, third time. Lieut. (Jen. Joaquin Jovellar y Soler. Ho was under Martinez Campos, who was the genieral in chief. Lieut. (Jen. Arsenio Martinez Campos. Lieut. (Jon. Cayetano Figueroa y (Jaraondo, provisional. Lieut. (Jon. Ram~n Blanco y Erenas. Lieut. (Jon. Luis Prendergast y Gordon, Marquis of Victoria do las Tunas, (Jcneral of Division Tomids de Reyna y Itoyna, provisional. Lieut. (Jon. Ignacio Maria del Castillo. Lieut. (Jon. llamnsn Fajardo Cs Izquierdo. Lieut (Jon. Emilijo Calleja Cs Isasi. Liout. (Jon. Sabtis Manin y GJonzalez. Lient. (Jon. Manuel Salamanca y Begrete. (Jeneral of Division Jos6 Sanchez GJ~mez, provisional. Lient. (Jon. Jos6s Chinchilla F Diez do Oiiate. Lieut. Gon. Camilo Polavieja y del Castillo. Licut. (Jon. Alejandro Rodriguez Arias. (Jeneral of Division Jos6 Arderius y Garcia, provisional. Lieut. (Jon. Emilio Calleja Cs Isasi. Capt. (Jon. Arsenio Martinez Campos. Lieut. (Jon. Sabtts Manin y (Jonzalez. Lieut. (Jon. Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau. Capt. (Jon. Ramdn Blanco y Erenas. Lieut. (Jon. Adolfo Jimines Castellanos. APPENDIX XVI. OR(JANIZATION OF MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS. Year of formation. Year of formation. Habana: Aguacate......... Alquizar.............. Bainoa.......... Batabano.............. Bauta................ Bejucal............... C ano. — - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Casiguas.............. Catalina.............. Ceiba del Agua....... (Juanabacoa. --- —--- (Juara............ Guines............... 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1711 1879 1894 1879 1879 1555 1882 1815 Habana-Continued. (Juira do Melena........... 1879 Hlabana................... Isla do Pinos.................. Jaruco................ 1783 Madruga.............. 1866 Mananigua.............. 1879 Marianao.............. 1879 Melina del Sur............ 1878 Nueva Paz. --- —- ---- -- 1866 Pipian..................... Quivican.................... Regla................ 1879 Saltud................ 1879 APPENDIX XVI. 699 ORGANIZATION OF MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS-Continued. Year of Year of forma- formation. tion. ~~~~~~~~~~I Yea of H:abana-Continued. San Antonio de las Vegas........ San Antonio de los Baios.......... San Felipe..,................. San Jos6 de las Lajas............... San Nicolas........................ Santa Cruz del Norte (made from. Jibacoa and San Antonio del Rio Blanco).................. Santa Maria del Rosario....... Santiago de las Vegas............. Tapaste. ---, —.-. ---.-......... Vereda Nueva.................... Matanzas: Alacranes (formerly Alfonzo XII). Bolondron............ Cabezas...........................Canasi. ---------—............ Cardenas....................... Carlos Rojas (formerly Cimarrones)..-.......... ----. --- —. Colon........................... Cuevitas.................. Guamacaro................... Jaguey Grande (formerly part of Colon)................... Jovellanos........................ Macagua........................ Macuriges..................... Marti (formerly Guarutas)....... Matanzas....-....-..... Maximo Gomez (formerly Guanajayabo)... ---- —. --- —. Mendez Capote (formerly Lagunillas)..............................- - Palmillas (formerly Manguito)...Perico (formerly Cervantes)...... Roque............................ Sabanilla. ---................... San Jos6 de los Raros....... Santa Ana (formerly Cidra)...... Union de Reyes.................... Pinar del Rio: Artemisa................... Bahia Honda...................... Caba as........................ Candelaria.... ----. --- —-.......... Consolaci6n del Norte.......... Consolaci6n del Sur................ Guane..................... Guayabal. --- ——... —.. ---....... Julian Diaz (formerly Paso Real de San Diego)... --- —----—..... Los Palacios....................... Mantua.....-.............-... --- M ariel............................ Pinar del Rio...................... San Cristobal...................... San Diego de los Bafios.......... San Diego de Nunez............... San Juan y Martinez............ San Luis................... Vifiales......................... 1879 1795 1880 1879 1732 1745 1879 1881 1862 1879 1878 1879 1860 1879 1858 1879 1879 1898 1866 1879 1879 1879 1694 1879 1879 1880 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1860 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1897 1879 1866 1866 1858 1863 1879 Puerto Principe: Ciego de Avila................. Moron............................. Nuevitas........................ Puerto Principe............... Santa Cruz del Sur................. Santa Clara: Abreus............................. Caibarien............... Calabazar --—.................. Camijuani......................... Cartagena —.. --- —.............. Ceja de Pablo...................... Cienfuegos................. Cifuentes (formerly Amaro)....... Cruces............................. Esperanza...................... Palmira. Palmira -----—. --- ——. --- ——......... Placetas....................... Quemado de Guines............... Rancho Veloz...................... Ranchuelo...... --- —-.... --- —-....... Rodas........................... Sagua la Grande................ San Antonio de las Vucltas-....... Sancti Spiritus.......... --- —--—.... ----.. San Diego del Valle......... San Fernando (formerly Camarones).......................... San Juan de las Yeras............. San Juan de los Remedios...... Santa Clara........................ Santa Isabel de las Lajas. —...... Santo Domingo................ Santiago: Alto Songo......... -............ Baracoa............................ Bayamo........................... Campechuela (formerly part of Manzanillo)..................... Caney..................... Cobre.. ----.................... Christo (formerly part of Manzanillo)............................ Gibara............................. Guantanamo-..... ----. ---...... Holguin...................... Jiquani............................ Manzanillo.... --- —--------------- M ayari............................. Niquero (formerly part of Manzanillo)... ---.. --- —............... Palma Soriano (formerly part of Santiago).................. Puerto Padre (formerly Victoria de las Tunas)................... Sagua de Tanamo................. San Luis (formerly part of Santiago)............................ Santiago........................... 1870 1860 1514 1871 1879 1879 1879 1878 1878 1879 1829 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1879 1878 1879 1842 1878 1514 1879 1879 1879 1514 1690 1879 1879 1879 1512 1514 1898 1558 1898 1823 1860 1751 1833 1878 1899 1898 1879 1898 1514 MEMORANDUM ON TERRITORIAL CHANGES SINCE 1861. A glance at two maps of Cuba, one published about the middle of this century and one of later date than 1878, shows at once two different sets of political subdivisions in the island. For a comparison of the census of 1861 with that of 1887 it is necessary, first of all, to determine as exactly as possible what relation the limits of the provinces, the largest political divisions of the island in 1887, bear to the much smaller distritos gubernativos existing in 1861. This is in order one may be sure that the statistics which are to be compared deal in every case with identical areas. At the time of the census of 1861 Cuba was divided into two departments-the REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. departamento occidental and the departamento oriental.1 The former-the western department-was by far the larger, comprising fully two-thirds of the island and containing twenty-four distritos gubernativos. The eastern department contained but eight distritos gubernativos. The division into departments seems to have been a military one, and of little administrative importance. By a royal decree in 1878 Cuba was divided into six provinces. These in turn were subdivided into judicial districts (partidos judiciales), each of which was composed of one or more parishes (ayuntamientos). A Spanish authority2 gives the following reasons for this change: "The royal decree of June 9, 1878, promulgated by the minister for the provinces beyond the sea (ultramar), changed the political and administrative organization of the island of Cuba, making a division of her territory in harmony with her necessities and the growth of her material interests. The political disturbances in the island had produced the serious civil war, provoked by the enemies of Spanish domination in the Antilles. The war made necessary an organization essentially military, adjusted to the conditions required for strategy. This has now been continued for some years after the pacification of the country, until the minds of the people have been calmed, and the benefits of peace, fostering all classes of legitimate interests, have allowed the military activity to lessen and to yield to the civil power the initiative and influence belonging to it. "By virtue of said royal decree the territory of the island of Cuba was divided into the following six provinces: Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Puerto Rico, and Santiago de Cuba, having at the head of each a civil governor, who is directly under the Governor-General of the island." It was not possible to find in the documents examined any specific statement in regard to the areas of the provinces established by the above decree of 1878. It therefore became desirable to ascertain what light the maps of Cuba could throw on the subject. Fortunately, there is in the Congressional Library a large collection of maps of the island, from among which were selected, as being the clearest and most authoritative, the large map of Cuba published in 1861 by J. H. Colton, New York, the small hand map published by the same firm in 1860, the large map of Cuba made by D. Gordon Gonzalez and published by La Propaganda Literaria in Habana, in 1861, and the large map published by the United States War Department in 1898. The Colton maps show better than any of the other maps in the Library the division into distritos gubernativos as they existed at the time of the census of 1861. The Gonzalez map of 1881 also gives them, but not clearly. No good map of date corresponding to the census of 1887 was to be found, and therefore a careful comparison of the Gonzalez map of 1881 was made with the United States War Department map of 1898. There are maps in the Library collection bearing dates between 1887 and 1898, but they are small and do not appear to be trustworthy. The United States War Department map of 1898 is not only the most recent, but it is far the best and most complete of all the maps of Cuba in the Library collection. One minor difference in the boundary lines of the provinces between the War Department map of 1898 and the Gonzalez map of 1881 will be explained in detail later in this report. Substantially, however, the boundaries of the provinces have remained unchanged since 1878. A comparison of the various maps cited above shows that as a general rule the division lines between the provinces of 1887 and later coincide with the boundaries of the distritos of 1861. Thus Pinar de Rio province comprises the four distritos-Pinar del Rio, Bahia Honda, Guanajay or Mariel, and San Cristobal, its eastern boundary following the eastern boundaries of Guanajay and San Cristobal. 1 Spanish census of 1860. 2 Resena Geografica y Estadistica de Espana, Madrid, 1888, pp. 1062, 1063. APPENDIX XVI. 701 There are, however, three exceptions to this general rule that province boundaries followed those of the earlier distritos. The first of the exceptions relates to the municipal district of Guines. When the provinces were formed Guines was divided, the western part going to Habana province, the eastern to Matanzas. The territory transferred to Matanzas province comprised the ayuntamientos of Alfonso XII, Bolondron, and Union de Reyes, as given in the census of 1887. The dividing line as given in the Gonzalez map of 1881 varies somewhat from that in the United States War Department map of 1898. As most of the territory, the status of which is uncertain, is part of a great marsh (Cienaga de Zapata) the difference between the two maps does not materially affect the statistics of population. The population of the eastern portion of the old district of Guines-the part joined to Matanzas province-was mostly, in 1861, settled in the northern part, near a line of railroad running east and west and connecting the cities of Guines and Matanzas. The second exception relates to the district of Sancti Spiritus. When the provinces were organized this district was divided, the division line following the courses of, the Jatibonico del Norte and the Jatibonico del Sur rivers. The western part was assigned to the province of Santa Clara; and the eastern part, comprising the ayuntamientos of Moron and Ciego de Avila, was included in the province of Puerto Principe. In 1861 the teritory affected was well populated. The third exception, one of slight importance, is a change of division line which occurs in but one map. In the War Department map of 1898 the southeastern boundary of Puerto Principe, separating it from. Santiago de Cuba, varies slightly from that of all the other maps examined. It follows the Jobaba River to within a few miles of its mouth, then runs due west to the Sevilla River and down that to the coast. The other maps make the boundary line follow the Jobaba River down to the coast. This also was the boundary line of the district of Puerto Principe in 1861.1 There are no towns in the narrow strip of coast in question, and the variation can have no important bearing on the population statistics. In a comparison of the population statistics of 1861 with those of 1887 care should be taken to deduct the figures of the ayuntamientos of Alfonzo XII, Bolondron, and Union de Reyes from the total population of the nine districts, including Guines, which are now comprised in the province of Habana. The population of the ayuntamientos of Moron and Ciego de Avila should likewise be deducted from the total of the six districts, including Sancti Spiritus, which are now comprised in the province of Santa Clara. In the light of the foregoing explanations and references, it becomes possible to estimate the population in 1861 of the areas included in each province under the royal decree of June 9, 1878. The population of Pinar del Rio and Santiago de Cuba in 1861 can be found by adding together the populations of four distritos gubernativos in the former case and eight in the latter. But for the other four provinces an adjustment is necessary. The population in 1887 of that part of Guines included in Matanzas province was 29,622. This, added to the population of Habana province in 1887 (451,928), gives 481,590 as the population at that time of Habana province plus the part of Guines in Matanzas. The population of that part of Guines was 6.1592 per cent of the total population, 481,590. Assuming that its population was in 1861 the same percentage of the total, the population of this part of Guines in 1861 may be estimated at 25,846. Subtracting this amount from the total population in 1861 of Habana province plus the part of Guines in Matanzas, we have 393,789 as the estimated population of Habana province in 1861. The boundary line established in 1878 between Santa Clara and Puerto Principe provinces cuts across the district of Sancti Spiritus, and a similar method of estimating 'This difference is probably due to an error in the War Department map. So we are informed by the Cuban supervisors. 702 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. the population of the part included in the province of Puerto Principe has been followed. This part had in 1887 a population of 16,848. The population of Santa Clara in that year was 354,122. The entire area coming nearest to Santa Clara in 1861 thus had a population in 1887 of 370,970. The part lying without the province of Santa Clara had a population in 1887 4.5416 per cent of the total. Assuming that its proportion of the total population in 1861 (viz, 284,218) was the same as in 1887, the population of that region in 1861 was 12,908. Subtracting this from 284,218, we have 271,310 as the estimated population of Santa Clara in 1861. Adding it to the population of the district of Puerto Principe, we have 85,702 as the estimated population of Puerto Principe in 1861. On these assumptions the following table has been constructed: Estimated population of the Cuban provinces in 1861, based on the results of the censuses of 1861 and 1887. Estimated Province. population in 1861. Habana.......-. —............... --- —. —.. ---. --- —-.... ----. --- — - 393,789 Matanzas.....-......-..........,.......... --. —. --- ——...... --- —.. ---. 234,524 Pinar del Rio -.......... -..-... -............... ----. — -—.. — ---- - 146, 685 Puerto Principe... —....-..-...-......... --- —-.-..........- 85,702 Santa Clara..... —.... ---................... ---- -—. ----... -----------—. ---- 271,310 Santiago de Cuba..-........ —...... —......... —. --- - -- ---- -—..-. ---... —, — - 264, 520 Cuba.,-a............................................... 1,396,530 APPENDIX XVII. PREVIOUS CENSUSES OF CUBA. The official Spanish publications giving the results of past censuses of Cuba are difficult to find either in libraries or in the book market. An order for them sent to Madrid was fruitless. A circular letter sent to the leading libraries in the United States was almost equally without result. The primary sources which were found available are as follows: 1. A copy of the census of 1841 in the Boston Athenaeum Library,1 which was kindly lent to the Congressional Library for the purposes of this study. 2. A copy of the Spanish census of 1861 in the Congressional Library at Washington. 3. A. MS. copy of the Spanish census of 1877, obtained from London through the courtesy of the Royal Statistical Society, in whose library the volume is contained. 4. A copy of the Spanish census of 1887, kindly lent by the Cornell University Library. As these are all the primary sources which have been available, recourse was necessarily had to secondary authorities. A list of past censuses of Cuba and summary of results is contained in a footnote to the German periodical, Die Bevo6lerung der Erde, Volume VII, page 80. This table was sent in manuscript to the editors of that journal by the statistical section of the department of agriculture of Habana. It agrees in substance with the table found on page 92 of Mr. Robert P. Porter's Industrial Cuba, but gives more detail, classifying population both by sex and race. Even these lists, however, lengthy as they are, do not include all the censuses mentioned in the secondary authorities. The following table has been compiled from various 1 Resumen del Censo de Poblacion de la Isla de Cuba a fin del ano de 1841. Habana, 1842, pp. 70. APPENDIX XVII. 703 books, and gives in chronological order the alleged census population of Cuba and the authority therefor: Date of alleged Total Authority for state- Date of alleged Tota Authority for statecensus. porte mont. census. opulation sment. reported. reported. 1768... ---. ---- 2 204,155 Behm and Wagner. 1827............ 704,487 Behm and Wagner, 1774.. ---.. ---- 171,620 Do. Thrasher. 1774.. ----. ---- 172,620 Pezuela. 1830............ 755,695 Behm and Wagner. 1775... --- —--- 170,370 Humboldt. 1841............ 1,007,624 Official census. 1775 —. ---. --- — 170,862 Do. 1846 ---..... —.. 898, 754 Behm and Wagner. 1775.. --- —---- 171,626 Do. 1846........... 898,752 Arboleya, Thrasher. 1787... --- —--- 176,167 Behm and Wagner. 1849........... 945,440 Behm and Wagner. 1791.-... --- —- 272,141 Humboldt. 1850............ 973, 742 Do. 1792... --- —--- 273, 939 Behm and Wagner. 1851 -.. —. 1,443,461 Delitsch. 1792-. --- —-- 272,301 Delitsch. 1852......... 984, 042 Behm and Wagner. 1792.... --- —--- 272,140 Do. 1855........... 1,044,185 Do. 1792.. --- —---- 272,141 Do. 1857 --- —------ 1,110,095 Do. 1792... ----. ---- 272.230 Do. 1859........... 1,129,304 Do. 1792 —... ----. 254,820 Do. 1860...-.. —.. 1,199,429 Do. 1804....... ---- 432,000 Behm and Wagner. 1861.......... 1, 396,530 Official census. 1810.......- 600,000 Do. 1862............ 1,396,470 Behm and Wagner. 1811 -...........- 600, 000 Humboldt. 1867............ 1,426,475 Do. 1817........... 635,604 Behm and Wagner. 1867............ 1,370,211 Delitsch. 1817........... 572, 363 Humboldt. 1869 ---—..-. 1,399,811 Behm and Wagner. 1817.......... 630, 980 Do. 1874............ 1,446,372 Do. 1817.. —. --- —- 553,033 Delitsch. 1877.... --- —-- 1,521,684 Official census. 1817............ 671,079 Poinsett. 1879...-.. — 1, 424, 649 Behm and Wagner. 1819.. ---- - 553,033 Behm and Wagner. 887.......... 1, 631,687 Official census. 1825......-. 715, 0C0 Do. 1899.... --- —-- 1, 572,797 Do. To one familiar with the labor and cost of taking a genuine census the very length of the preceding list is enough to arouse distrust. That 33 censuses should have been taken in the island of Cuba in a period of less than a century and a quarter is so unlikely as to raise a strong presumption against the claim of these figures to set forth the results of independent enumerations. The weight of the presumption increases when one notices that between 1841 and 1860 ten different returns are reported-that is, one about every two years. To aid in determining the value of these figures a detailed analysis is submitted. They fall into two classes, those from official sources and those from secondary authorities. We pass over the first class and offer the following notes, gathered from various publications, upon the second class: Census of 1768.-Humboldt says: "The earliest official enumerations of which I could learn during my stay at Habana were those made by order of the Marquis de la Torre in 1774 and 1775 and Don Luis de las Casas in 1791." Several other authorities consulted-viz, Pezuela, D'Harponville, and Delitsch-speak of the census of 1774 as the first census of the island. Furthermore, the history of Cuba between the years 1768 and 1774 offers no explanation for the loss of over 30,000 people in the course of six years. Hence it seems probable that no census of Cuba was taken in 1768. Census of 1774 or 1775.-Although in the passage just quoted Humboldt speaks of these as two separate enumerations, yet he explains the word "enumeration" by the Spanish phrase padrones y censos, and subsequently uses the word padron alone. As this word means some form of tax list or other registration rather than a census proper,1 it seems likely that the two different results were obtained by comnbinaA padron in the broadest sense is simply a roll or list. Its definition in the dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy is "a catalogue or roll made to show by name the citizens or residents." The special meaning of the word padron is a register kept by each municipal district and containing the names, addresses, ages, and other details regarding the residents. This list was usually under the charge of the police REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. tion of a single count with registration returns, if indeed any independent count was taken. The very slight differences between the figures returned for 1774 and the three reports for 1775 support this hypothesis. The figures, 171,626, given by Humboldt in one place, and those given by Pezuela (172,620) in his article on population,1 are clearly but variant forms of the 171,620 given by two other authorities as the result of the census of 1774. Humboldt also says regarding this census: "I can not answer for the correctness of the table quoted from the census of 1775, for I have not seen the official documents." Without attempting to reproduce all the minor discrepancies between the several authorities, the following further analysis of the figures for 1774 may be given: Whites, 96,440; colored, 75,180. The whites are classified as 55,576 males and 40,864 females. The colored are classified into 30,847 free and 44,333 slaves. The free are classified into 11,640 negroes and 19,207 mulattoes. At this time also, according to Pezuela, there were 29,588 occupied dwellings, not counting 90 churches, 52 parochial houses, 20 monasteries, 3 nunneries, 2 colleges, and 19 hospitals. Census of 1787.-No important reference has been found to this census except in the authority cited in the table. The other authorities generally refer to the count of 1791-92 as the second census of Cuba. The figures themselves, too, arouse distrust by stating that the population of Cuba increased only about 5,000 in the twelve years from 1775 to 1787, and then increased 96,000 in the next five years. Hence the figures of 1787 must be set down as an estimate. Census of 1791 or 1792.-The date of this census is given as 1791 by Humboldt, but as 1792 by nearly all other authorities. Delitsch in his excellent article on Cuba2 states that the official enumerations are inaccurate and the results given by the various authorities differ. As an example he cites the case of the census of 1792, for which he gives, from different authorities not mentioned, the five figures reprinted in the preceding table, one of which agrees exactly with Humboldt's figures for 1791. The latter authority says of the second census of Cuba: "In 1804 I discussed the census of 1791 with persons who had great local knowledge. We sought to estimate the amount of the omissions by making comparisons of the several parts, and it appeared to us as a result that the population of Cuba in 1791 could not have been less than 362,700 "-that is, that the census understated the true population by about 25 per cent. This population in 1792 is divided by Behm and Wagner into the following classes: Whites, 133,533; colored, 140,386. The whites are divided into 72,209 males and 61,254 females. The colored are divided into 55,930 free and 84,456 slaves. On the other hand, Pezuela divides a substantially identical total, viz, 272,301, into 82,299 white males, 71,260 white females, 15,845 free mulatto males, 18,040 free mulatto females, 9,366 free negro males, 10,900 free negro females, 5,769 slave mulatto males, 6,366 slave mulatto females, 41,955 slave negro males, and 10,500 slave negro females. and was used for purposes of taxation. The law of 1878 required the register or padron to be corrected every alternate year. It seems probable that the earlier Cuban law was similar, and that a large majority of the alleged census returns contained in the preceding list (p. 703) were derived from these police tax lists. The care and accuracy with which such lists would be kept would differ with the strictness of supervision exercised by the authorities in Habana and with the efficiency of local officers. ' In his Diccionario de la Isla de Cuba, see p. 729, infra. 2 In Wappaus-Stein, flandbuch der Geographie cond Statistik, seventh edition, volume 1, pp. 1870-1917. See especially page 1876. APPENDIX XVII. 705 The following table brings the classification of the Cuban population in 1792 by these two authorities side by side: Cuban census figures of 1792 according toBehm and Pezuela, Wagner, 1866. 882. 1882. Total population..-............... -.......................... 272,300 273,939 Whites..................... ---- - ---—............................ 153,559 133,553 Males. ----—.....-........-....................... 82,299 72,209 Females. —. ----.. —......-... ---- ----............ ----........ ---.... 71,260 61,254 Colored ---- ---- -----------—. — -... —. --- — -...............-......... - 116,741 140,386 Free........................................... 54,151 55,930 Slave......................................................................... 64,590 84,456 One who examines carefully these two alleged census returns can scarcely escape the inference that they are diverse traditions of a single original. Whether the main variation between 1866, when Pezuela's figures were published, and 1882, when those of Behm and Wagner appeared, whereby 20,000 whites, half male and half female, were transferred bodily to the ranks of the negro slaves, was due to accident or design, is immaterial to the purpose here. In any case the conclusion seems warranted that very little weight is to be given to these figures. Censuses of 1804 and 1810.-These returns, both total and in detail, bear evidence of being mere estimates. For each alleged census Behm and Wagner give six figures. For 1804 everyone of these figures is a round number of thousands, and for 1810 four out of six are so. This internal evidence that they are estimates and not actual counts is confirmed by the following explanation given by Pezuela (see p. 730) of the manner in which the estimate of 1810 or 1811 was made: " By the aid of the partial registry rolls, Don Francisco Arango y Parreno compiled some notes in reference to the long interval between 1792 and 1817. According to his figures the population of the jurisdiction of Habana in 1810 was not less than 161,000 whites, 42,000 free colored, and 147,000 slaves, which represented a total of 350,000 inhabitants for the western part of Cuba. He calculated that in the eastern part, Santiago de Cuba, there were 40,000 whites, 38,000 free colored, and 32,000 slaves, making a total of 110,000 inhabitants. Seventy thousand more were found in the territory of Puerto Principe alone, including 38,000 whites, 14,000 free colored, and 18,000 slaves. In the territory of the four towns he estimated that there were 35,000 whites, 20,000 free colored, and 15,000 slaves, making a total of 70,000 inhabitants. These notes made by Arango were published July 20, 1811, by the secretary of the consulate, Don Antonio Valle Hernandez, for the use of the board of instruction. They showed an entire population of 600,000." This explanation proves that the figures of 1810 and 1811 can not claim to rest upon an independent count, and in the light of Pezuela's further statement that no census was published between 1792 and 1817 the alleged census of 1804 is also to be rejected. Census of 1817.-Humboldt says that the census of 1817 " is doubtless less imperfect than that of 1791. However, it, too, was an undercount, due to fear aroused in the people by an undertaking which is commonly regarded as a disastrous forerunner of new taxes. Furthermore, the provincial deputation in transmitting the results to Madrid felt bound to make two modifications: They added 32,641 whites, transient traders and ships' crews, who were in Cuba on business, and 25,976 African negroes imported during the year 1817. By this means the provincial deputation swelled the total to 630,980." 24662 ----45 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The following table gives the diverse results of the several authorities with such detail as the sources admit: Results of Cuban census of 1817 according to various authorities. Behm Poinsett, Humboldt umboldtmboldt, Delitsch, and 1822. 1825. 1825.. 1871. Wagner, 1882........... I Total population........... — ------ 671,079 572,363 630,980 553,033 635, 604 Whites....-............................. 291,901 257, 380 290, 021 239,830 276,689 Free colored............................. 154, 057 115,691 115,691 114,058 119,221 Slaves...............-.-............. 225,121 199,292 225,261 199,145 239,694 199,~~~~~... _ It will be noticed that the maximum and minimum figures for the total population differ by 118,000, or 21 per cent. Some of the discrepancies in the table may be reconciled. The difference in the number of slaves reported in the first four columns depends upon whether the 25,976 negro slaves said to have been imported during 1817 are or are not included. The 239,830 whites in column 4, when increased by the 19,430 troops on the island and the 32,641 transients already mentioned, give the 291,901 whites of Poinsett. The 154,057 free colored of Poinsett is a clear error, as shown in detail by Humboldt. But why the Habana report of 1882 printed by Behrn should give 4,000 more free colored, 14,000 more slaves, and 14,000 fewer whites than the general current of preceding authority can not be explained. On the whole, the figures given by Humboldt are entitled to most respect and to provisional acceptance. Census of 1819.-The figures given by Behm and Wagner agree with those of Delitsch for 1817, except that the number of free colored is less and the number of slaves greater by 17,058, a change which brings the free colored down to the round number of 97,000. Census of 1825.-The figures for this census are clearly the roughest estimates. For example, white males, 175,000; white females, 150,000; free colored, 100,000. No confidence can be placed in such results, as the chances against their being the outcome of a count are indefinitely great. Census of 1827.-Pezuela, in speaking of this census, calls it "the most complete and important that had been published up to that time. It was not, like the previous censuses, a simple summary of population. It was the first description of the public wealth of Cuba, classified both by products and by departments and jurisdictions. It was accurate and satisfactory, free from numerical errors and misleading statements. It showed that in spite of the enormous importations of Africans the whites outnumbered the slaves by more than 24,000. Hence the catastrophe which had overtaken Santo Domingo, where in 1790 there were 15 slaves for every free person, seemed not to threaten Cuba" (see p. 731). The secondary authorities examined and giving the figures of this census, viz, Moreau de Jonnes, Thrasher, the translator of Humboldt, Delitsch, and Behm and Wagner, are in remarkable agreement. While the praise of Pezuela is clearly exaggerated and his word in such a matter is entitled to little weight, yet in default of further evidence the results of the census of 1827 must be accepted as the best possible approximation to the truth. The difficulty in getting access to these early Cuban returns is illustrated by the statement in the Cuban census of 1841 that the writer could not find the original material for the census of 1827, but only the summary of results printed in the Cuadro Estadistico of that year. Census of 1830.-As none of the more careful authorities, such as Delitsch, Thrasher, Pezuela, and D'Harponville, mention this enumeration, its authority must be rejected. Census of 1841.-This was an official census for which the original source has been available. APPENDIX XVII. 707 Census of 1846.-The credibility of this count, which reveals an apparent falling off of over 100,000 in the five years 1841 to 1846, depends mainly upon the acceptance or rejection of that of 1841. The internal history of the island affords little ground for believing that the population in these five years actually decreased by more than 10 per cent, a decrease, moreover, confined entirely to the colored population and almost entirely to the slave population, which apparently dwindled by one-fourth in five years. Pezuela, who seems disposed to champion all Cuban figures with more zeal than knowlege, explains the decrease by "the prolonged droughts and disastrous hurricanes which afflicted the country during the five years and destroyed the greater part of the crops." (See p. 732). Delitsch, on the other hand, explains the difference as due to the omission of many slaves in 1846. He declares that there was no actual decrease in the number of slaves in Cuba between 1841 and 1846, and Thrasher disputes Pezuela's explanation, saying that "no great cause, as epidemic or emigration on a large scale, existed during these five years to explain the marked decrease of the slave population; that the material prosperity of the country experienced no decrease except the loss of part of one crop, consequent upon the hurricane of 1845; that church returns of christenings and interments point toward an increase of over 50,000 between 1842 and 1846; and that a capitation tax upon house servants was levied in 1844 and it was generally feared that this mode of taxation would be extended." Hence a powerful motive was at work leading to an understatement of the slave population. Pezuela's explanation is intrinsically improbable because a general cause like drought, hurricane, or epidemic seldom if ever affects a race, much less a part of a race, without also affecting other races subject to similar conditions. On a whole, therefore, the census of 1846, conflicting as it does with that of 1841, can not be accepted as accurate. Censuses of 1849, 1850, and 1852.-That the figures printed by Behm and Wagner for these years do not rest upon independent counts seems clearly established by the following passage (see p. 732) from the article on population in Pezuela's four-volume Dictionary of Cuba: "At the beginning of 1854, when the task of compiling this dictionary was undertaken, we were seriously embarrassed by the fact that no census or general summary of population had been published since 1846. By the aid of the head of the commission of statistics we were furnished with a number of documents relative to the movement of population-i. e., births, deaths, and immigration-for some years after the last census. These documents enable us to estimate the general population of the island toward the end of 1849." Census of 1855.-The origin of this return is thus explained by Pezuela (p. 734) in the article already quoted: "From registry rolls and other data found in the statistical office at the end of 1855, Arboleya in his last Manual of Cuba made an estimate of the population." The figures given in Pezuela's table, which follows the quotation just made, agree with those given in the report made to Behln and Wagner in 1882, except that 6,432 persons reported as slaves by Pezuela are transferred by Behm and Wagner to the class of free colored. Census of 1857.-There is no mention of these figures in Delitsch and no evidence appears that the population of Cuba was actually counted in that year. Censuses of 1859 and 1860.-These censuses are not mentioned by Delitsch and no reason appea/is for believing that the figures are the result of independent enumerations. Census of 1861.-This, like the census of 1841, was a census the official returns of which have been available. Census of 1862.-These figures are obviously a slightly different rendering of the census figures of 1861. Census of 1867.-In discussing the figures of this census the scholarly editor of Die Bevolkerung der Erde concludes that they were obtained by combining the returns of 1861 and 1862, and that the returns of 1862 were obtained from those of 1861 by REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. introducing the births and deaths for the year. At the time that this note was written, in 1874, he concluded that " if we are to hold to anything definite in Cuba we must still go back to the census of 1861," and this conclusion is amply supported by the evidence offered. Delitsch agrees with this rejection of the census of 1867, for, though he includes it in his list, he adds in a note that it rests apparently on an estimate rather than on a new count. For the period pafter 1861, also, when the most thorough and complete Spanish census of Cuba was taken, it seems best to discard all returns for which the primary sources are inaccessible and which do not appear to have been based upon an actual count of the entire population. Hence the alleged censuses of 1869, 1874, and 1879 may also be rejected as probably mere estimates. The foregoing information regarding the censuses of Cuba gleaned from secondary sources warrants the following conclusions: 1. The only alleged censuses of Cuba taken prior to 1841 which seem worthy of credit are those of 1774 or 1775, 1792, 1817, and 1827. 2. The general consensus of expert opinion regarding these is that they were vitiated by serious errors. 3. These errors, assuming them to have occurred, lay on the side of omissions. 4. The slaves and free colored were probably enumerated with less accuracy than the white population and omissions among them were most common. 5. There is some evidence that the returns for 1792 and 1817. have been changed within the last few decades by a reduction of the reported number of white population and an increase in the number of colored. 6. For 1841 and the years following attention may be confined to those censuses for which official data are available, since none of the others seem to have resulted from actual counts of the population. 7. The censuses of Cuba, therefore, worthy of further attention are those of 1774 or 1775, 1792, 1817, 1827, 1841, 1861, 1877, 1887, and 1899. As Spanish statistical work was reorganized by a decree of September 3, 1856, some light will be thrown upon the census work in Cuba subsequent to that date by the following extracts from a report upon the organization and progress of statistics in Spain, made to the International Statistical Institute in 1872 by Augustin Pascual, the official representative of the Spanish Government: "The Spanish bureau of statistics is a division of the ministry of agriculture, industry and commerce, education and public works (fomento). It includes the subjects of the census, statistics, geography, and metrology. Its work is in the hands of an autonomous office, which is organized in two divisions, one for geography, the other for the census and statistics. The latter division collects, coordinates, and publishes statistical returns on all branches of public administration and all subjects which affect the physical, economic, and moral life of the country, or are of scientific interest. "The general committee of statistics was established in Spain toward the end of the year 1856, and, convinced that its most urgent duty was that of ascertaining the number of inhabitants of Spain, which was at that time unknown, it began its work by a census of population, which was taken May 21, 1857.1 This was a general census of all persons, and taken as of a single day. Every person was entered according to his actual domicile. In order to take the first census of Spain successfully many inquiries were omitted which it might have been well to put, and only those were included which seemed indispensable. Such was the idea at the basis of the instructions dated March 14, 1857. By their terms a personal census was to be taken, the people being classed by place of origin, sex, marital condition, age, and occupation, the other inquiries demanded by modern statistics being left to a subsequent census. 1 No copy of the Spanish census of 1857 has been found in this country, but we are informed by the secretary of the Royal Statistical Society of London that the work contains no returns for Cuba. APPENDIX XVII. 709 The result was entirely satisfactory to the Government. The number of inhabitants enumerated was 15,464,340. While we do not assume to guarantee the entire accuracy of this number, it was much larger than had been expected. In order to obtain this result all necessary precautions were taken. The clergy, the civil and military authorities, the provincial and municipal corporations, as well as Government agents, vied with each other in performance of their duties. At that time the Government intended to continue similar operations, and when the results of the census were made public by the royal order of September 30, 1858, announcement was made that another census would be taken in 1860 and thereafter every five years. The classification was to be extended as far as possible, indicating both the de facto or present population and the de jure or resident population. "The royal order of October 30, 1860, decreed a new census, with entry of every name to be taken as of the same date, viz, December 25 and 26, 1860, in all parts of the Kingdom. The population taken was to be only the de facto or present population, because it was believed that the people were not ready to report also their place of residence. The classification of ages was changed. The degree of illiteracy was also to be reported and the classification by occupation included.1 The inhabitants returned by this census were 15,673,536, an increase of 1.35 per cent in the three years that had elapsed since the census of 1857. This census also gave a classification of the population by occupation, which had not been published in 1857 because of incompleteness in the data. Although the occupation returns in the second census are imperfect, yet they serve as a beginning, the only purpose that the Government had in accepting and publishing them. The census of 1860 was declared official by an order of June 12, 1863, and at the same time a new census was ordered for 1865. It was to include the provinces of America and the Pacific as well as the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. It was also ordered that in the census of 1865 the classification by residence, or the de jure population, should be included. Preparations were begun for the census of 1865, but considering that a census every five years increased the expense and did not produce results much more accurate than those already in hand, since the differences produced in Spain by so short a period were unimportant, and considering further that foreign countries had adopted a ten-year period as the most suitable interval between censuses, the plan for a census in 1865 was abandoned as a result of the royal decree of November 30, 1864, which declared that the next census should be taken in 1870, and thereafter every ten years. By an order of June 7, 1870, a census was decreed for that year, on a date to be fixed later. The census was to be taken name by name and the population to be classified as de facto and de jure. This census was getting under way when the Government, believing that at the close of the last revolution in Spain neither the country nor the administration was in a condition to carry out so great an undertaking satisfactorily, and neither the imperial treasury nor those of the provinces or municipalities could well bear the expense, postponed its execution. It is now (1872) impossible to state when the census will be taken. "The censuses of Spain taken in 1857 and 1860 were taken upon a day fixed in advance. The population reported was the de facto population. The work was done by means of sepf rate schedules, which were left at the house and later collected by salaried employees. These employees were instructed to answer the questions raised by the head of the family in filling the blanks. The preparation of these family blanks and also of the summaries obtained from them devolved upon municipal committees, and the preparation of blanks for the provinces upon the provincial committees, both of them assisted by salaried employees. The provincial committees made up the resum6s or abstracts, and also checked the work of the municipalities and entered their indorsements upon the reports." 1The tables in the census of 1860 for all Cuba are reproduced in this volume, pages 710-712. The figures for Cuba bear date March, 1861. 710 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The geographical divisions of Cuba have varied not a little since 1841, and it has been impossible, from the sources and with the time available, to trace the history of these changes in detail. It seems best, therefore, to renounce the effort to present fully the results of the censuses of 1827, 1841, 1861, 1877, and 1887 for any, even the largest, subdivisions of Cuba. In the following tables all results for Cuba as a whole are brought together. Census of 1827. [Table contained in the census of 1841.] Males. Females. Total. W hites................................................................ 168,653 142,398 311,051 Free colored......................-.......-. 51,962 54,532 106,494 Free colored. --- —--- ------------------------------------- ----------— t 51,962 54, 532 106,494 Slaves................................................................. 183,290 103,652 286,942 Total.-4...0.............. -...... ----. —.. ----. ---.. 403,905 300,582 704,487 Census of 184-1-Population. Total. 0 to 15 16 to 60 Over 60 T""al. ^ ^.y~ ly~ dMarried Widowed. years old. years old, years old. White males........................ 227,144 88,617 133,054 5,473 43,329f 4,174 White females........................ 191,147 83,835 103,460 3,852 f 9,920 Free mulatto (pardos) males......... 43,658 19,001 23,720 937 41 532 491 Free mulatto (pardas) females....... 44,396 17,923 25, 541 932 1225 Free negro (morenos) males... --- —-- 32,045 8,987 21,488 1,570,293 511 Free negro (morenas) females. —..-.. 32,739 9,078 22,449 1,212 1,585 Slave mulatto males.................. 5,868 2,959 2,870 39 10 0 10 Slave mulatto females.- ----- 5,106 2,499 2,8565 42 1 30 Slave negro males..... —..... —.-.... 275,382 51,556 216, 911 6,915 27,808 4, 148 Slave negro females.................. 150,139 41,984 105,763 2, 392 J 3,456 Total........................... 1,007,624 326,439 657,821 23,364 80,062 25,550 The census of 1841 also gave certain figures for the distribution of population between city and country as follows. The island was divided into 226 towns or urban districts with various names, but grouped together as poblaciones, and 279 rural districts. The population was then divided as follows: Inhabitants. 226 town districts —.-.-. ---, --- —----------—. ---. --- ——. ----. ---... 360, 170 1, 238 sugar plantations (ingenios)- —..........-................... —.. 138, 701 1, 838 coffee plantations (cafetales) ------------------------------------- 114, 760 42, 549 farms (fincas), etc —. ---. --- —.. --- —-. --- ——. —. —... ----..... 393, 993 Total.- -.. — ---- ----. --- —--. —. ---. ----.... --- —------- - -... 1, 007, 624 Census of 1861. WHITE CUBANS BY NATIONALITY AND RESIDENCE. Male. Female. Total. Spanish residents........................................... 410,678 320,216 730,894 Spanish transients..................................................... 14,019 3,405 17,424 Foreign residents -..... --- —.....-.. ---...- -... ---..... --- —--—. 4,152 1,146 5,298 Foreign transients. - 3,769 218 3,987 Asiatics................................................................ 34, 777 57 34,834 M exicans............................................................. 712 335 1,047 Total whites....-... ---. —...-..... —..-.... ---....... --- --..... —. 468,107 325,377 793,484 APPENDIX XVII. Census of 1861-Continued. 711 COLORED CUBANS BY CIVIL STATUS. Male. Female. Total. Colored free......................................................... 109,027 116,816 225,843 Colored slaves. --- —--...... --- —-—.............................. 218,722 151,831. 370,553 Colored emancipated (emancipados)................................ 4,779 1,871 6,650 Total colored —....................-.... 332,528 270,518 603,046 ALL CUBANS BY SEX. Cubans ----------. --- —----------------------- - -. 800, 635 595,895 1,396,530 POPULATION BY MARITAL CONDITION. White. Colored. Total. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Single....................... 362,951 215,721 304,866 237,202 667,817 452,923 Married................. 94,523 86,578 23,989 24,731 118,512 111,309 Widowed..................... 10,633 23,078 3,673 8, 585 14, 306 31, 663 POPULATION BY RACE, STATUS, SEX, AND AGE. Colored. Age period. White. Free and emanciAge period. pated.Slaves. pated.~ _________ Total. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Under 1..................... 11,947 10,898 3,780 3,748 3,837 3,886 38,096 1 to 7.......- -... —....... - - 75,202 69,603 23,035 22,197 21,868 21,612 233,517 8 to 15.. --- —. --- —-------. 67,067 59,741 20,903 19,632 30,369 24,711 222,423 16 to 20 -..-..-. --- —... — 48,641 37,739 12,050 12,697 24,432 17,482 153,041 21 to 25...... ----..... --- - 63,760 33,334 10,089 11,489 21,860 14,478 155,010 26 to 30 -....- ---------—...... 64,803 32,958 10,562 12,385 25, 770 17,818 164,296 31 to 40. ---- -....... - - 66,793 36,003 12,766 14,291 38,031 23,867 191,751 41 to 50..-..-................. 36,931 22, 312 8,770 9,658 25,491 14,137 117,299 51 to 60....... --- —----—. - - - 19,998 13,649 5,963 6,570 14,373 7,603 68,156 61 to 70. --- —-.. —. --- —-.... 8,674 5,812 3, 534 3,537 7,214 3,741 32,512 71 to 80...-.... ---..... -..... 3,006 2,290 1,416 1,486 3,555 1,621 13,374 81 to 85...................... 646 427 308 389 732 373 2,875 86 to 90- --—.... - - - - - - - - 431 413 355 392 707 291 2,589 91 to 95. --- —............. -.... 93 89 96 85 205 109 677 96 to 100-.. --- —. ----........... 88 84 123 104 213 85 697 100+......... --- —........ 27 25 56 27 65 17 217 All ages................. 468,107 325,377 113,806 118,687 218,722 151,831 1, 396,530 POPULATION BY RACE, SEX, AND LITERACY. White. Colored. -- Total. Males. Females. Males. Females. Able to read........................................ 156,363 85,094 13,319 13,461 268,237 Unable to read..................................... 311,744 240,283 319,209 257, 057 1,128,293 Total......................................... 468,107 325, 377 332,528 270,518 1,396,530 712 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Census of 1861-Continued. POPULATION BY RACE AND OCCUPATION. Occupation. White. Colored. Total. Ecclesiastics............................................ - ------ 779.......... 779 Officials in active service...............................4......... 4,933.......... 4,933 Officials retired....... -............................ —.-.... ---. —...- 226...... 226 Military ill active service............................... —...-. 22,527.........27 M ilitary retired......................................................... 450.......... 450 Proprietors................................... 16,544 1,302 17,846 Laborers —...- --- -- -- -- -...-.....-.... --- - --------- ----- 156,051 214,457 370,508 Traders....................... 26,204 343 26,547 M anufacturers......................................................... 915 180 1,095 Artisans (industriales)........................................... 99, 688 77,705 177,393 Teachers............................................... 5,658 300 5,958 Day laborers.......................................................... 20,123 39,865 59, 988 Paupers (pobres de solemn'idad)................................. 1,476 851 2,327 Total........................ —.................................... —. —. —. 355,574 335,003 690,577 Census of 1877. DE JURE OR RESIDENT POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIONALITY. Nationality or race. Male. Female. Total. Total dejure population.................. —..-... —... 1845,577 1 663,714 1,509,291 Residents who were present............. ---............ —. —. —..-... 817, 029 658, 963 1,475,992 Spaniards....................................................... 528,121 418,961 947,082 Foreigners...-.........-... ---..-................... 5,709 2,708 8,417 Asiatics-.- - - - - - - 40,261 66 40,327 ColoredAsia..i.s................................................... 242,938 237,228 480,166 Residents who were absent.....-..........2....................-.. 28,548 4,751 33,299 Spaniards...............................2... —...-............. 20,873 3,096 23,969 Foreigners........................-..-..-................... 466 162 628 Asiatics................ —............ --- —---—................ --- — 2,965 6 2,971 Colored..................................... —.. --- —. 4,244 1,487 5,731 1 In our United States copy of this census the males are given as 845,595 and the females as 663,696 owing to errors in the additions for the municipal districts of Sagua la Grande and Trinidad. Census of 1877. DE FACTO OR PRESENT POPULATION, BY SEX, RACE, OR NATIONALITY. Nationality or race. Male. Female. Total. Total de facto population............................................... 850,520 671,164 1,521,684 Residents who were present —... —..........-......... —........... 817, 029 658,963 1,475, 992 Spaniards.......................................................... 528,121 418,961 947,082 Foreigners........................................................... 5,709 2, 708 8,417 Asiatics..4...0......2................................. 40,261 66 40,327 Colored........................................................... 242,938 237,228 480,166 Nonresidents who were present...-.... ---....................-.-.... 33,491 12,201 45,692 Spaniards........................................................... 22,772 8,138 30, 910 Foreigners........................................................... 1,769 446 2,215 Asiatics.......... ----. --- -...............................-..... 3,472 12 3,484 Colored.............................................................. 5,478 3,605 9,083 APPENDIX XVII. Census of 1887. DE JURE OR RESIDENT POPULATION, BY SEX AND NATIONALITY. Nationality. Male. Female. Total. Total dejure population................................. 866,407 742,668 1,609,075 Residents who were present.......................-........ 856, 036 739,804 1,595, 840 Spaniards................................................ 826, 777 736, 659 1,563,436 Foreigners.............................................. 29,259 3,145 32,404 Residents who were absent.................................. 10, 371 2,864 13,235 Spaniards.................................7...................... 10137 2, 780 12,917 Foreigners................................................ 234 84 318 Census of 1887. DE FACTO OR PRESENT POPULATION, BY SEX AND NATIONALITY. Nationality. Male. Female. Total. Total defacto population.. —..... 6.....0.......................... 882,600 749,087 1,631,687 Residents who were present............................ 856,036 739,804 1,595,840 Spaniards........................................................... 826,777 736,659 1,563,436 Foreigners.......................................................... 29,259 3,145 32,404 Nonresidents who were present......... ----......................... 26,564 9,283 35,847 Spaniards.......................................................... 24,145 8,949 33,094 Foreigners............................................ 2,419 334 2,753 Census of 1887. DE FACTO POPULATION WITH DISTINCTION OF SEX AND RACE. Male. Female. Total. Whites............................ 7................................. 607,187 495,702 1,102,889 Colored.............................................................. 275,413 253,385 528,798 Total............................................................. 882,600 749,087 1,631,687 DE FACTO POPULATION WITH DISTINCTION OF RACE AND LITERACY. Whites. Colored. Total. Able to read and write.................................. 367,629 56, 566 424,195 Able to read only............................. 19, 685 8,450 28,135 Unable to read..................................... 715,575 463,782 1,179, 357 Total............................................................ 1,102, 889 528,798 1,631,687 --,.................. 714 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. APPENDIX XVIII. CUBAN VITAL STATISTICS, 1890-1899. In order to supplement as far as might be the returns of the present census, and to make this volume a collection of available statistics regarding the subject of which it treats, efforts were made to secure the returns of vital statistics for the last decade. Owing to the disturbed conditions of the island of recent years these efforts were not completely successful. The records of some municipal districts have been destroyed, and from others at the date of writing no replies have been received. The returns which were received could not in all cases be adjusted to the geographical divisions of the island accepted by this census, and it is possible therefore that a certain amount of duplication may be involved in those returns. In a few cases minor errors were detected in the tables as received, the separate figures and the totals not agreeing. In all such cases it has been assumed that the separate figures were correct and that totals were incorrect. The detailed tables of births, deaths, and marriages by municipal districts are given herewith (pp. 720-726) after the tables for the island, and the returns and notes found in those should be consulted before the figures for Cuba as a whole are implicitly accepted. Still the main significance could hardly be affected by the errors thus noted, and it should be borne in mind that errors of omission are probably much greater than errors of duplication, in case the latter occurred. With these qualifications the following tables for the ten years from 1890 to 1899 are given. Births reported for Cuba, by provinces and years. ~Year. jHabana cxclabal Matan- Pinar Puerto Santa antiago Total Year.- -(city) zas.2 del Rio. Principe. Clara antiago. Total. (city. ing city. __' 18930........... 4, 488... 7,360 2,657 2,143 11,692 4,019 32, 359 1891-... A.. 4,317. --- - 6,658 2,437 1,993 11,641 4,476 31,522 1892.............. 4 4,441. --- —-- 7,247 2,662 2, 064 11,917 4,334 32,665 1893- -.......... 4,335. 7,039 2,224 2,160 11,682 3,894 31,334 189.4- - 4....... 4,205. --- —.- -.. 2,341 2,418 10,824 3,481 23,269 1895 --------—,... — 4,171 ---. 5,859 2,141 1,893 9, 202 2,144 25,410 1896 ---------------- 4,113 -4,237 2,106 1,159 7,043 1,269 19,927 1897, --- —- - 3,788 ------ 2,302 1,636 838 5,046 811 14,421 1898.2, 470 ---— ___ 1,276 1,214 542 2,583 974 9,059 1899 -------—. —. 4,181 ------ ----- 1,464 2,021 2, 829 10,495 Total --- —---- 40,509 ---- 41,978 20,882 17,231 81,630 30,016 232,246 1No returns were received for the province outside Habana city except for the first eight months of 1899, and these have not been included. 2 No returns were received from Matanzas for the year 1894. s Including 1,785 births in Gibara not distributed to the several years. The average annual number of births reported during the four years 1890-1893, inclusive, was 31,970. The average annual number of births during the four years 1895-1898, inclusive, was 17,204. If the average number of the last four years had been maintained at the average number of the first four there would have been 59,063 more children born during the quadrennium 1895-1898 than were born. In order to get a rough approximation to the birth rate, marriage rate, and death rate of Cuba during the period covered by these returns the following assumptions regarding changes of population may be made. (1) That the population of Cuba increased each year from 1887 to 1894, inclusive, by 11,000-that is, one-tenth of the increase between 1877 and 1887, 110,003. (2) That the population decreased from 1891 to 1899 each year by one-fifth of the difference between the total population in 1894 as thus estimated and the APPENDIX XVIII. 715 population of 1899 as reported by the present census. On these assumptions the population of Cuba each year from 1890 to 1899 was as follows: Year. Population. Year. Population. 1890 1,664,687 1895. --- —---- 1,681,509 1891 ----------- ---— 1,- 675,687 1896... 1,654,331 1892 ---------------- --- 1,686,687 1897 —. --- — --—.. --- —-------- 1,627,153 1893 --- —------------ -- ------ 1,697,687 1898.- -------—. —....- ---- 1,599,975 1894 —. ---.. --- — ----------------- 1,708,687 1899... -. ___.. 1,572,797 From these population estimates the birth rate of Cuba may be computed, and the results are shown in the following table: Year. Birth rate.' Year. Birth rate.' 1890 - ------- ----------- - - 19.4 1895 ---- 5 ----.-.-.....-...- ---- 15.1 1891 ----- ---- ------------. 18.8 1896 ---.. — —. ---_- ------ 12.1 1892 -—.. —. 19.4 1897 -------------—. —.9 --- — 8.9 1893 ------------------ 18.5 18.5 98 -----—. —... —..-.. --- —-- 5.7 1894 -... — - 13.6 1899. —......... 6.7 1 Births to each 1,000 people. No confidence can be placed in the accuracy of these figures, and the only thing of significance in the table is the very marked decrease of the birth rate from a maximum at the beginning of the period to a minimum near the end. A slight clue to the birth rate in Cuba in 1860 may be derived from the Spanish census of 1861. That enumerated 38,096 persons under 1 year of age (p. 711). These were survivors of such as had been born during the preceding year. As the enumerated population was 1,396,530, the birth rate per thousand people must have been higher than 27.3. As at least one-fourth of all children born under such conditions as prevail in Cuba die before the end of the first year, a Cuban birth rate of 30 in 1861 may fairly be regarded as the minimum limit of probability, and the rate may have been as high as 35. The rate in Spain is rather over 35 (average annual birth rate in Spain 1865-1869, 36.7; 1878-1880, 35.7; 1887-88, 36.3). In Porto Rico the children under 1 in 1899 were 2.76 per cent of the population, and in Jamaica in 1891 they were 2.46 per cent. For these reasons the omissions in the returns tabulated above are probably in every case equal to at least one-half of the number reported, yet in most cases the municipal registers of births seem to have been kept with reasonable care during the civil war, and the very marked decrease in births, therefore, can not be explained as due to a breakdown of the system of registration. The indications of the preceding table confirm the results already reached in analyzing age statistics (p. 86). Even in their very fragmentary condition, therefore, they are of interest enough to warrant an analysis by provinces. In the following table the birth rate by provinces has been computed on the following assumptions: 1. That the annual increase of population from 1887 to 1894, inclusive, for each province except Habana, Puerto Principe, and Santiago was equal to one twentyseventh of the total increase from March 14, 1861, to December 31, 1887. 2. That the change from 1894 to 1899, except in Puerto Principe and Santiago, was one-fifth of the difference between the population of 1894 as thus estimated and the enumerated population of 1899. 3. That Puerto Principe and Santiago, the first of which decreased in population from 1861 to 1887 and increased from 1887 to 1899, while the second increased only slowly from 1861 to 1887, but rapidly between 1887 and 1899, made the entire gain between 1887 and 1894, and thereafter remained stationary for five years. 4. That in 1887, when the city as distinct from the municipal district of Habana was not separately reported, the population of the city bore the same relation to the population of the municipal district including it as it did in 1899. 716 REPORT ON THES CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. 5. That the population of Habana city increased steadily from 1887 to 1899 by an equal annual amount. In explanation of these assumptions it may be stated that the census of 1877 in Cuba, taken during the Ten Years' War, is probably much less trustworthy than that of 1861; that the population in 1861 of the provinces as now constituted has been carefully estimated for this census by methods elsewhere explained (pp. 699-703) and that the influx of immigrants into Iabana city during the years of civil war may have caused an increase of population there while the total population of the island was decreasing. Approximate birth rate of Cuban provinces 1890-1899. Year. Habana Mantan- Pinar Puerto Santa Santia (city). zas. del Rio. Principe. Clara. 1890 --- 21.84 28.05 11.32 28.00 32.18 13.58 1891. -— 2 ----.-6 ----.. --- —----- 20.66 25.29 10.26 25.08 31.77 14.73 1892-.- --------- 20.93 27.43 11.07 25.05 32.26 13.90 1893 ---------- -------------- --- 20.10 26.55 9.13 25.32 31.35 12.18 1894 -...... — ----—.. ----- 19.20 - - 9.50 27.40 28.82 10.62 1895 -----------. ---- ------ 18.75 23.13 9.24 21.46 24.75 6.54 1896. --- —---------------------- 18.21 17.61 9.70 13.15 19.14 3.87 1897 --------—. --- — ----- 16.53 10.10 8.08 9.51 13.86 2.48 1898..- ----------------- ------- 10.62 5.93 6.47 6.15 7.17 2.97 1899 --- —---------- 17.72 -------- 8.46 22.93.... _ _.h 40 Santa Clara Mantanzas Puerto Principe Habana City Cuba Santiago P. del Rio 30 20 10 0 Birth rates. APPENDIX XVIII. 717 Few inferences can be drawn with confidence from a table in which the margin of error is as great as in the present. The records of the two provinces of Pinar del Rio and Santiago are evidently far more incomplete than those for the other provinces. One may note, however, the regular decrease in the birth rate in each province to a minimum in 1898, except for Santiago, where the rate for the year before was slightly less. In the four cases in which the birth rate for 1899 is given there was a marked rise which in Puerto Principe carried the rate well up toward the normal. In Iabana city and Pinar del Rio the influence of recent disasters upon the birth rate was apparently much less marked than in any of the remaining four provinces, but owing to the serious omissions this inference regarding Pinar del Rio is of doubtful accuracy. In the following table the marriages and deaths reported in Cuba during the decade 1890-1839 are given by provinces and the marriage rates and death rates found on the same assumptions are added. In order to make the results more clear to the eye they have been expressed in graphic forms as a series of curves. Marriages reported for Cuba, by provinces and years. Year. ( Habana Matan- Puerto Santa Santiago. Cba. (city). zas. Principe. Clara. 1890.. —. —.. ----------------- 953 1,107 468 2,346 642 5,516 1891 --- ------- -- 996 1,204 388 2,403 614 5,6 5 1892 --- —------------------- 1,030 1,244 401 2,618 623 5,916 1893 --- ---.. ------ ------ ----- 1,032 1,157 404, 445 563 5,601 1894 — ---- ---- -. 866 365 1,880 565 3,676 1895. --- ------. 901 791 343 1,445 368 3, 818 1896 ------------ ------------—.. 953 310 196 882 212 2,553 1897 --—. — -- ----------—. — 821 251 151 689 126 2,038 1898...-... ---..... —. ---..-. ---.. 861 307 228 580 112 2,118 1899 --------—. —. --- —. ---.. - 1,183 ---- - 309 —. - - 471 1,963 Total -- - -------— 9,596 7,290 3,969 17,026 5,754 43,635 Marriage returns for Habana province outside of Habana city and for Pinar del Rio province have not been received. No returns were received from Matanzas province for 1894 and none for either Matanzas or Santa Clara province for 1899. The total for Santiago includes 456 marriages in Gibara and 60 in Mayari not distributed to the several years. Deaths reported for Cuba, by provinces and years. Year. Habana Matan- Pinar del Puerto Santa Y ~ear.... (city). zas. Rio. Principe Clara. Santiago. Cuba. 1890. —7 --- —------- 7,432 6,818 1,874 1.265 7,975 3,309 28,673 1891 —.7 -------- -—. --- 7,105 6,202 1,737 1,168 7,934 3,760 27,906 18923 --------- ------- —. 7,185 7,181 1,811 1,181 8,117 3,324 28,802 1893.. ----.-6 --- —------ 6,831 7,017 1,771. 1,133 8,422 3,169 28,343 1894 -:...... - 6,730 -—. ---.-.- 1,857 1,135 8,427 3,324 21,473 1895 -7, --- —----- 7,410 7,008 2,878 2,363 9,709 6,523 35,891 1896 - -.. -.. --- —-. 11,728 10,494 8,638 2, 531 14,749 9,894 58,034 1897 ------------ ----- 18,123 25,347 15,454 3,365 46,477 9,971 118,737 1898 ------------ ------------ 21,235 18,088 14,186 2,875 40,835 12,053 109,272 1899 ----—.. --- -------.-. 8,153.-.- - 4,1+3 1,907. -. —. 3,604 17,807 Total-.....-.....- 101, 932 94,422 54,352 21,186 159,709 69, 299 500,900 No returns were received for Habana province outside Habana city, except for the first eight months of 1899, and these have not been included. No returns were received for Matanzas province for 1894, nor for Matanzas or Santa Clara province for 1899. The total for Santiago includes 3,109 deaths in Gibara and 103 in Mayari not distributed to the several years. The number of deaths reported during the four years 1890-1893 was 113,724, an annual average of 28,431. That during the four years 1895-1898 was 321.934, an 718 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. annual average of 80,483 and an increase of 52,052 deaths a year over the number reported in time of peace and relative prosperity. This means an increase for the four years of 208,210 deaths over and above those which would have occurred had the conditions of the years immediately preceding persisted. To this number may, perhaps, be added 59,063 as the number by which the reported births for 1895-1898 fell below those for 1890-1893. By this method it appears that the loss of life in Cuba during the four years 1895-1898, resulting from an increase of deaths and a decrease of births from the ratios of the preceding years, was probably in round numbers not less than a quarter of a million (267,273). In judging this rough estimate it should be remembered that no returns at all were received from Habana province outside Habana city and that this territory included in 1899 one-eighth (12 per cent) of the population of Cuba. If one assumes that this territory lost in proportion to its population equally with the rest of Cuba, the approximate loss rises to over 300,000 (303,700). Even this number, if we note the evidence from the figures themselves that registration in many parts of Cuba has been defective, and recall that from a number of municipal districts no returns were received, may fairly be deemed rather an understatement of the actual loss of life. Pro mille ratio of marriages in Cuba to total (estimated) population, by provinces and years. a Habana Matan- Puerto Santa Yearn (city). zas. Principe. Clara. Santiago cuba 1890. --- —--- --------- 4.6 4.2 6.1 6.5 2.2 3.3 1891-.. —....-. _.-._... 4.8 4.6 4.9 6.6 2.0 3.3 1892 --- —-------—.- --—. -------—..-. 4.9 4.7 4.9 7.1 2.0 3. 5 1893 —. ----.................... 4.8 4.4 4.7 6.6 1.8 3.3 1894 ----—. 0 4 --- —-—. 45.0 4.1 0 1.7 2. 1895........1.. —.- 4. 1 3.9 3.9 1.1 2. 3 1896 -.......... 4.2 1.3 2.2 2.4.6 1.5 1897 -... --- —------------------ 3.6 1.1 1.7 1.9.4 1.3 1898.-... -.-. --- ——..... 3.7 1.4 2.6 1.6.4 1.3 1899 -....-._ --- ——... --- ——. - 5.0 ------- 3.5 ----- 1.4 o oo A C X c oo e C: o oo o cc 0C cc m cc co c co Cco co X co a: cc cc cc cc co so Oc Santa Clara Puerto Principe Habana City Matanzas Cuba Santiago Marriage rates. Pro mille ratio of deaths in Cuba to total (estimated) population, by provinces and years. Year. Habana Matan- Pinar Puerto Santa (city). zas. del Rio. Principe. Clara. Cuba. 1890. --- —. —. --- —---- - 36.2 25.9 8.0 16.5 22.0 11.2 17.2 1891 ------------------------- 34.0 23.6 7.3 14.7 21.7 12.4 16.7 1892.... 33.8 27.2 7.5 14.3 22.0 10.6 17.1 1893... --- —-------------- 31.7 26.5 7.3 13.3 22.6 9.9 16.7 1894 ----------------------- 30.7 ---—. ---- 7.5 12.9 22. 4 10.1 12. 6.895- - -— 33.3 27. 7 12.4- 26 8 26.1 19.9 21.3 1896 --- —-------------------- 51.9 43.6 39.8 28.7 40.1 30.2 35.1 1897. ---. —.____. -___. 79.0 111.2 76.3 38.1 127. 6 30.4 73.0 1898 -- —. - --------—. 91.0 84. 1 75.5 32.6 113.3 36.8 68.3 1899. --- —---—.-.-. --- —-. 34.6 -------- 23.9 21.6 ----—. 10. 9 --- APPENDIX XVIII. 719 CD cc a c Cc cO 0c CO so X cc 00o co 1 —i -I 1 -i 00 C C C, cc.,............ _............... 1 Ji I ' I:..-.... - - _, X,._ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... a............. / fl....,..._ - _ e _ z _ _ _ _ I~~~._-z ~__~ ----, ----~~~~....... _, i, ~~ J,L~ __ "............ l'o0 120 110!00 90 80 70 60 50 4-0 30 20 10 Habana City Matanzas Santa Clara Cuba Puerto Principe Santiago Pinar del Rio Death rates. The marriage rates for all years and all provinces are very low, due both to the small number of marriages in Cuba, for reasons explained in the discussion of marital conditions, and also to the imperfections of the records. Everywhere except in Habana city the marriage rates fell slowly after 1894 to a minimum reached in 1897, except in Santa Clara, where the rate in 1898 was somewhat lower. While the marriage and birth rates sank, the death rates rose to maxima usually in 1897, but in Habana city and Santiago the maxima were in 1898. The fluctuations from year to year are brought out clearly in the diagram. 720 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. The following tables give the returns of births, marriages, and deaths by municipal districts as reported to the Director of the Census. No returns by districts were received for Habana province outside Habana city, or for Pinar del Rio: Births, 1890-1899, by municipal districts. HABANA. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. City of Habana --- — 4,488 4,317 4,441 4,335 4,205 4,171 4,113 3,788 2,470 4,181 40,509 PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. Alacranes --- ——.- 283 307 308 424 355 313 170 88 48 2, 296 Amarillas.... — 1- 189 229 211 245 226 187 100 55 41 1,483 Bolondron --- —--- 399 473 342 428 318 --- 226 84 66 37 2,373 Cabezas ---- ------ 344 437 323 396 322 --- 312 198 70 24 2,456 Camarioca --- —----- 53 60 124 110 99 -- - 85 9 1 0 541 Canasi -, — —.. — 147 128 141 129 198... 167 102 41 0 1,053 Cardenas. --- ——. 700 702 652 557 667. --- — 590 550 331 223 14,972 Ceiba Mocha -—..- 297 291 285 29 81 ----- 271 201 60 18 1,995 Cimarones ------ 150 179 153 176 142.. --- — 82 14 17 5 918 Colon.- --- ---- 205 194 193 240 253 --- 207 204 130 84 1,710 Cuevitas. --- —---- 130 159 122 205 127 95 107 74 21 1,040 Encomendador- - 170 139 201 201 239 222 86 115 65 1,433 Guamacara -.- 375 303 348 306 294.-....- 147 29 20 18 1,840 Guamutas — ----- 332 255 232 258 182 -- 143 58 127 36 1, 23 Jaguey Grande. 157 238 232 291 287...- 253 140 59 19 1,676 Jo\ ellanos --- —--.256 298 294 274 297.- - 184 129 91 43 1,866 Lagunillas ------—. 141 124 125 155 103 -.. 126 35 19 7 835 Macagua --- ------- 119 105 125 136 99 - - 68 58 12 16 738 Macuriges -------- 468 464 395 394 394 --- 175 64 51 45 2,450 Manguit.o 197 164 99 162 158.-. 132 59 63 16 1,050 Matanzas --- —----- 963 961 899 921 957 —... — 980 1,441 589 379 8,090 Maximo Gomez -- 211 208 187 238 208 - 159 92 12 19 1,331 Palmillas-. 62 120 89 121 101 -- 103 25 12 5 633 Perico.- - ---- 102 122 92 97 105 82 50 34 20 27(1) Roque-. --- —-.. --- 207 232 168 113 193..-.. 129 56 17 3 1,118 San Jos6 de las Rames. --- —. 188 160 114 145 110 --- 158 32 78 26 1,011 Santa Ana ---- 153 177 51 95 199 —.... 103 21 6 13 823 Union de Reyes ---- 121 131 153 139 125 125 123 64 45 31,026 Total --- —--- 7,119 7,360 6,658 7,247 7,039 5,859 4,237 2,302 1,276 49,097 This total is reported as 4,982. 3 This total is reported as 1,126. 2 This total is reported as 724. PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. Puerto Principe 1,199 1,101 1,111 1,067 1,008 998 1,171 986 658 493 314 1,089 11,195 Nuevitas ------- 141 118 1 21 151 15 7 167 201 181 195 150 79 115 1,776 Minas -8 -------- 86 97 37 8 87 175 73 66 37 31 25 63 785 Caunao --- —---- 59 57 47 52 46 27 31 15 -50 384 S.Jeronimo. - ---—. — -- 6 60 15 ------ -------- - --- 81 Las Yeguas -. --- 17 33 23 26 33 18 22. — - ---- - - l l l — — l 172 Santa Cruz ----- 91 59 81 101 103 83 99 9 41 11 15 120, 863 Cascorro -------- 42 57 93 72 71 86 66 1 27 514 Moron --- —- ---- 258 260 266 247 254 242 261 195 87 33 34 227 2,364 Ciego deAvila. 139 254 236 148 114 141 257 277 123 120 75 301 2,185 Chambas ------- 144 120 128 121 191 217 177 99 18 — ----- 29 1,244 Total --- —-2, 6 2,176,,43 1,993 2,064 2,160 2,418 1,893 1,159 838 542 2,021 21,563 APPENDIX XVIII. 721 Births, 1890-1899, by municipal districts-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. 1889. 1890. 1391. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. -~_.. Abreus -.-.-. ---- 102 86 72 73 76 75 50 55 23 35 647 Alvarez- - 106 95 76 108 98 98 69 55 12 4 721 Banao. --- —-.. -- 208 98 269 97 235 33 0 270 101 14 1,325 Cabaguan -.... 42 53 47 36 44 55 40 20 18 10 365 Caibarien --- —- -- 193 195 184 2 183 211 239 234 221 136 2,018 Ca'abazar. --- —--- 296 331 257 273 231 294 174 94 '85 19 2,054 Camajuani -- 500 490 515 600 584 567 550 391 312 191 4,700 Cartagena 205 205 259 193 175 172 155 88 49 9 11,510 CascaJal --- —-- 0 0 42 70 87 79 58 48 20 6 410 Casilda ----- - 101 92 95 88 122 95 84 99 85 38 899 Cienfuegos-833 824 802 830 874 732 698 728 663 428 7,412 Cifuentes ---- 241 212 263 223 223 182 162 78 79 28 1,691 Ceja de Pablo — 156 148 276 242 185 148 62 141 104 35 1,497 Cruces- -- - 1 221 178 181 178 154 103 92 104 58 1,436 Cumanayagua --- 222 205 183 151 249 223 146 15 0 11 1,405 Encrucijada —.. -39 60 68 35 202 Esperanja --- — 449 462 452 427 454 387 383 281 166 46 3,507 Fomento- -. 168 189 177 197 190 136 142 47 38 8 21,292 Guaniquical --- 25 25 25 19 14 25 14 2 7 2 158 Gueira 180 204 180 188 202 213 157 29 14 10 1,377 Guinia de Miranda- 113 131 129 128 113 146 1 - - 7 768 Isabel de Sagua —.- 62 81 64 68 63 57 60 73 62 49 639 Jibara ------.. --- 71 84 66 64 41 131 3 4 1 0 465 Manicaragua- 115 139 149 165 153 131 79 34 4 O 969 Mayajigua —... — 64 76 78 72 73 72 53 6 20 10 53 Neiva ------- --- 86 117 135 114 101 72 86 40 4 3 758 Palmarejo ----- - 94 66 66 89 69 102 86 76 41 9 698 Palmira. --- —-- 215 216 217 246 208 208 180 125 84 37 1,736 Placetas --- —---- 420 497 487 527 491 500 419 116 9 3782 Quemado de Guines.. --- —------ 394 377 356 221 318 321 204 105 59 32 2,387 Rancho Veloz ---- 147 121 161 5 122 119 81 47 63 11 1,007 Ranchuelo. ---- 185 172 13~ 161 144 159 126 103 99 33 1,314 Remedio --------- 406 425 35o 389 360 351 355 281 206 93 3,221 Rio Dice - ----- 119 120 121 108 129 '104 82 9 8 0 800 Rodas --------- 164 188 162 148 119 197 169 78 57 25 1,307 Sancti Spiritus — 611 609 557 14 608 539 508 470 372 198 3 5,086 San Diego --- —--- 164 177 149 163 135 14 79 31 8 1 4921 Sar Fernando --- — 244 232 246 284 169 195 144 118 77 24 1,733 San Francisco -- 76 64 86 57 80 67 37 10 0 0 477 San Juan de las Yeras - 264 278 280 324 334 266 202 129 41 14 2,132 Santa Clara --- —-- 797 773 786 827 575 780 703 497 330 99 6, 167 Santa Isabel de las Lajas -------- 272 350 353 360 318 321 302 218 166 62 2,722 Santo Domingo --- 442 513 518 544 498 238 377 261 39 11 3,441 Sagua la Grande --- 562 531 429 353 305 296 216 254 374 167 3,487 Trinidad --- —--- 439 450 395 438 433 414 390 482 377 252 4, 070 Tuinucu ------ 40 54 150 128 195 160 166 97 38 123 1,151 Vueltas ---- 256 379 346 451 498 333 437 233 100 33 3,066 Yaguajay- —. 208 152 214 189 231 264 177 142 103 53 1,733 Yguara --------- 31 50 65 229 222 184 68 14 2 0 865 aguaramas --- — 124 135 37 103 173 204 87 40 19 25 947 Total ---- 11,379 11,692 11,641 11,917 11,682 10,824 9,202 7,043 5,046 2,583 93,009 This total is reported as 1, 460. 4This total is reported as 1,018. 2 This total is reported as 1,269. 6 This total is reported as 6,117. 3 This total is reported as 5,096. 24662 46 722 REPORT ON, THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Births, 1890-1899, by municipal districts-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO. [Municipal districts marked thus (*) send no returns for these tables. From districts marked thus (t) returns are certainly incomplete. From districts marked thus (t) they are probably incomplete.] 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1 1895. 1 1896. 1 1897. 1 1898. 1 1899. Yotal Alto Songo.. --- —--- 463 451 438 437 468 447 326 175 37 38 34 59 3,373 Earacoa. ----. 508 525 494 566 560 475 534 307 174 59 17 319 4,538 Bayamo*- 126 121 160 176 95 118 109 74 150 96 24 109 1,358 Campechuela — 140 163 121 126 113 94 109 22 26 10 3 84 1,011 Caney --- —--------- 248 216 243 259 238 169 152 98 92 35 17 32 1,799 Cobre "- Cristo* Gibarat --- —---------------- - ------— 1,785 Guantanamo - -690 586 896 804 1,027 726 491 345 2.8 147 608 3646, 942 Holguin -.. 185 173 169 152 104 1.26 1.13 127 124 118 50 186 1,627 Jigu an i * ___ _ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Man zanillo -.- 681 791 480 1, 026 687 749 738 642 264 204 165 857 7,284 Mavarit-5 ---- -----— 56 56 Niquerot1 ---21 --- —--- — 1 125 Palma Soriana —177 350, 488 422 420 458 391 146 53 40 32 427 3,404 Puerto Padre. Sagua de Tanamo 225 270 220 190 214 222 249 130 44 24 11 61 1,860 San Luis- - --- 380 478 310 318 408 310 269 78 47 40 13 150 2,801 Santiago de Cuba —t --- ------ ---- Total -------— 13,823 14,124 4,019 4,476 41,334 /3,894 /3,481 2,144 1,269 1811 974 2,829 37, 963 Mi~Larriages 1890-1899 by municipal districts. HABANA. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. City of Habana. 953 996 1,030 1,032 866 901 953 821 861 1,183 9,586 PROVINCE OF MATANZAS. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. Alacranes. ---. --- Amarilla a --- — Bolondron. --- —---- Cabezas --------- Camarioca - - ------ Canasi --- —--- Cardenas --------- Ceiba Mocha. --- —--- Cimarones --------- Colon -------------- Cuevitas ---------- Encomendador.- _. - Guamacara. -------- Guamutas. Jaguey Grande Jovellanos - -- - - Lagunillas. --- —-—. Macagua ----—. ---Macuriges -. --- —--- Manguito. —. --- —-- IMlatanzas.___. Maximo Gomez - -- Palmillas. --- —Perico -----—. ---. - Roque. --- — San Jos6 de los Ramas. --- Santa Ana. Unicn de Reyes. Total.__, __ 20 38 32 99 20 20 100 25 10 27 1 12 59 [7 35 22 6 210 34 45 157 23 32 1 33 15 3 13 43 40 75 14 14 91 38 41 3 19 46 42 105 29 23 21 50 34 192 216 6 10 20 20 26 9 69 56 48 72 44 16 69 34 46 52 2 20 67 49 72 19 23 1.7 50 6 222 24 28 6 44 15 22 12 65 47 37 81 40 23 95 25 46 40 6 21 52 30 91 39 22 22 64 6 215 24 30 8 39 32 39 5 50 34 46 65 28 45 87 25 19 40 4 25 57 25 53 25 24 13 52 4 233 23 36 0 30 58 43 13 28 31 40 40 24 23 64 16 5 17 3 24 23 20 40 17 27 18 28 8 186 17 6 4 17 30 23 12 0 12 4 17 1 5 51 6 7 15 0 2 7 1 5 8 2 6 8 0 106 10 10 5 8 8 4 2 I 10 3 11 13 0 0 27 1 2 12 6 12 5 11 12 9 0 9 12 108 9 1 9 1' 14 1. 7 291 265 264 468 171 147 622 158 ' 176 256 25 136 '317 203 416 174 127 127 305 108 1,547 160 150 44 2 194 199 165 75 0,li. 1 7 3 128 4 1 1 2 7. 4 2 - 919 [1,107 [1,-204: 11,244 1,157. 791j -310j 251 307 7,290 I'This total is reported as 318.2 2 This total is reported as 184. APPENDIX XVIII. Births, 1890-1899, by municipal districts-Continued, PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. 723 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total Puerto Principe_- 206 227 339 230 208 233 215 205 142 86 167 183 2,441 Nuevitas --- —---- 24 17 27 36 32 39 34 36 22 18 22 24 331 Minas --- ——... ---. 10 6 10. ---- 7 14 10 8 2 2 2 20 91 Caunao --—, ---.- 3 2 4 9 12 2 6 1. --- -. ---.....- 3 42 San Jer6nimo -—. ------ ------ ----- ' 3 18 9 8... 38 Las Yeguas ----- 3 --- 1 1 4 4. ---- --—... -—.. - - - - - - 13 Santa Cruz del Sur 18 18 13 23 12 16 9 16 4 5 1 20 155 Cascorro ---- ---.. ---1 — -—. --- —.. --— 1 7 Mor6n --- —------- 44 38 28 26 47 27 25 35 5 12 8 37 332 Ciudad de Avila --- 20 37 34 43 38 45 42 31 20 28 28 19,385 Chambas --- —---- 20 23 12 17 27 15 12 5 1 2 134 Total --- —---- 348 368 468 388 401 404 365 343 196 151 228 309 3,969 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. Abreus ----- --- 20 21 14 31 26 20 7 4 15 15 173 Alvarez — -- 15 21 28 30 21 33 17 2 2 0 169 Banao 20 23 21 21 22 13 14 16 13 21 184 Cabaguan ---- 3 2 2 6 2 5 0 0 2 23 Caibarien --- —- 4 44 43 50 46 41 27 18 20 20 323 Calabazar --- 42 78 64 90 78 51 12 9 5 5 434 Camajuani --- ——. 50 79 83 93 66 70 41 18 21 21 542 Cartagena -------- 18 71 53 55 56 49 49 12 3 2 368 Cascajal --- —- 0 3 19 8 10 8 3 4 2 57 Casilda --- —-- 12 12 24 28 17 20 11 15 10 8 157 Cienfuegos --- —-- 110 194 163 173 166 132 134 136 121 98 1,427 Cifuentes ----.- 25 92 61 130 111 71 62 22 9 10 2593 Ceja de Pablo ----- 50 28 71 67 60 34 18 8 14 7 357 Cruces ---------- 23 22 12 32 19 24 19 8 18 3186 Cumanayagua — 27 45 46 55 75 46 43 1 1 4 343 Encrucijada --- ----. --- - -- 5 1 10 5 21 Esperanza -------- 86 135 129 106 110 92 92 38 15 10 813 Fomento - -- 25 22 29 52 40 30 32 3 3 236 Ouaniquical — 5 — 5 1 8 3 3 2 3 0 0 25 Gueira — 13 17 18 16 11 11 5 0 0 3 94 Guinia de Miranda 9 8 16 26 0 --- - 59 Isabela de Sagua — 0 5 6 4 5 7 4 3 9 7 50 Jibaro. ------ 1 14 10 24 18 16 7 0 0 8 98 Manicaragua --- 11 20 17 21 51 16 10 4 0 0 150 Mayajiqua ----— 17 7 4 11 6 3 1 2 0 63 Neiva -------- - 5 1 14 7 4 8 7 0( 0 46 Palmarejo ------ 10 12 12 34 17 4 4 2 1 0 96 Palmira ----18 27 26 54 55 29 25 18 9 9 270 Placetas.77 109 110 123 96 77 57 32 17 28 726 Quemados de Giiines --- — 87 91 112 92 111 83 49 23 7 9 664 Rancho Veloz - 16 11 12 26 24 18 8 0 11 11 137 Ranchuelo --- —---- 30 25 23 21 16 22 17 13 12 13 192 Remedios --- —--- 59 97 93 95 89 54 46 24 17 14 588 Rio Dice - - 10 14 10 22 25 13 5 6 0 2 107 Rodas ---- 19 18 19 17 26 36 24 15 12 14 200 Sancti-Spiritus -- 116 139 118 10 103 117 65 62 51 46 919 San Diego —. ---- 19 10 19 25 18 9 8 3 5 2 118 San Fernando 28 45 75 58 55 43 34 23 55 3 419 San Francisco 6 5 12 9 6 4 4 1 0 0 47 San Juan de las Yeras -- --- 33 32 49 44 41 42 15 10 8 6 280 Santa Clara --- 252 227 224 08 167 127 128 104 60 32 1,529 Santa Isabel de las Lajas- 40 90 68 60 82 50 37 25 14 22 488 Santo Domingo ---- 117 80 117 113 102 59 39 28 20 9 684 Sagua la Grande -- 95 100 82 78 82 65 58 32 29 37 658 Trinidad ---- - 81 89 91 85 95 86 44 66 56 27 720 Tuinucu --- —---- 2 0 10 25 23 12 8 0 5 85 Vueltas. ------- 12 105 124 146 114 72 85 46 16 13 733 Yaguajay. ------- 7 35 34 26 33 26 24 15 7 9 216 Yguara _-0 0 7 9 10 6 0 0 0 '32 laguaramas -- 22 12 5 27 12 27 21 1 0 0 127 Total -------— 1,738 2,346 2,403 2,618, 445 1,880 1,445 882 689 580 17,026 1 This total is reported as 433. 2 This total is reported as 601. 3 This total is reported as 266. 4 This total is reported as 33. 724 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Deaths, 1890-1899, by muncipal districts-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA. [Municipal districts marked (*) send no returns for these tables. From districts marked (f) returns are certainly incomplete. From districts marked ($) they are probably incomplete.] 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. Alto Songo ----- 23 22 22 35 57 36 41 8 5 2 4 25 280 Baracoa- - - 99 95 112 94 84 92 56 31 10 8 8 43 732 Bayamo*.:.. Campechuela- 15 7 22 40 6 13 19 8 2 1 0 23 15W Caney --- —--- 25 25 31 17 37 34 17 19 6 2 0 14 227 Corbe* ----..- - -. --- —,, -.... -. Cristo*,,....... Gibarat -... --- —-------- ---------.- --—.. 4 Guantanamo -- 86 95 123 89 101 106 117 84 42 21 35 76 975 Hoilgni --- —- 55 45 78 37 80 44 70 54 44 25 26162 720 Manzanillo t 75 62 102 91 150 126 129 94 81 57 49 64 1, 08( Mayari ----—.. --- --— 60 Niquero+ ---- -- --- -.. — -- ----- -.- --- 10 10 Palm3a Soriano --- 40 35 48 38 35 43 49 25 8 4 10 16 351 Puerto Padre *.... Sagua de Tanano. 44 15 51 21 41 35 28 2 3 5 3 20 94 San Luis --- —- 23 26 53 152 32 34 39 17 11 1 7 18 413 Santiago de Cuba -----. ---- - -.- Total ------ 485 427 642 614 623 563 565 368 212 126 142 471 5,754 1 Record for 1898 and 1899 not separated. Deaths 1890-1900 by municipal districts. HABANA. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. Habana City --- 7,432 - 7, 105 7,185 6,831 6,730 7,410 11,728 18,12321,235 8,153 101,932 1 The foregoing are the official figures for the decade, as published in the report of Maj. J. G. Davis. We have also received in manuscript the death record for the city of Habana, including Puentes Grandes, as follows: 1890.........-.. 7,599 1891. ---, --- —-. -------- - - ----. --- —----..... ---------- 7,249 1892 --- —--—. — -------—. --- ------------- ---- ------—... 7, 201 1893 —. --- — -—.. --- — - ---. — --—...- ----------—.~ --—... — --- 6, 67 1894 -- ------------------------------—. 7,108 1895 —. --- 7,362 1896 ---—.. —. --- —. ----.-. --- —--- -----------—.... -... ---.. --- — 11,762 1897... --- —-----.. --- ------—.. -..- - - - - - - - --------—..-.... --- ----..... - 18,035 1898. --- —--—... --- — -—...-... ----,....................... 21,252 1899........-..-........... ---- ---,.,.. — ----------- - -.6.......... 8,156 MATANZAS. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 189. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total.,~~ 18. _ _ I. I89..t al — 1 - Alacranes -—, ---Amarillas -----—. Bolondron... — Cabezas -... ---, Camarioca. —,Canasi ------—.. Cardenas --... --- — Ceiba Mocha —, — Cimarrones ------- Col6n --- —-. Cuevitas. —, --- —. Encomendador --- Guamacara -—. ---Guamutas -----—, Jagiiey Grande Jovellanos —...... Iagunillas. --- —-- Macagua. --- ——. — IMacuriges...... 237 135 301 198 37 84 676 142 184 261 130 120 295 206 111 297 129 103 428 261 123 439 226 42 87 711 150 179 301 129 155 310 262 136 357 105 102 483 272 116 381 155 62 84 638 135 139 269 141 141 226 202 145 317 97 117 379 307 119 393 196 62 100 730 166 215 363 165 220 300 202 141 405 122 104 379 281 130 404 214 61 101 722 125 172 449 125 195 268 211 134 316 104 158 362 231 106 346 191 48 113 751 128 163 574 132 247 197 191 147 331 126 114 357 437 272.368 382 13 164 1,233 2C7 132 1,219 283 189 119 98 395 490 42 212 467 1,351 710 897 1,652 53 35 3,112 1,218 269 1,358 539 623 163 398 1,119 1,004 38 170 691 875 403 800 732 5 0 2,132 538 161 967 246 438 643 304 288 670 25 160 546 4,252 2,114 4,329 3,946 383 768 10,705 2,809 1,614 5,761 1,890 2,328 2,521 2,074 2,616 4,187 788 1,240 4,092 APPENDIX XVIII. 725 Deaths 1890-1900 by municipal districts-Continued. MATANZAS-Continued. 1889. 1890. 189. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. Manguito -—.. 182 183 128 158 145 - 140 140 416 264 1,756 Matanzas ---- 1,289 1,168 1,180 1,353 1,326 -—.- 1,408 2,327 6,729 5,972 22,752 Maximo Gomez -__ 137 176 157 187 198 -... 163 296 889 339 2,542 Palmillas ------ 53 60 75 88 88...... 77 57 14 29 541 Perico ----------—. 90 99 132 100 101...- 32 137 331 241 11,393 Roque ----- 184 168 142 129 106 -. — 119 50 145 156 1,199 San Jos6 de loRamos ------ - 153 182 151 201 199 -...... 217 35 208 326 1,993 Santa Ana -------- 94 109 85 128 151 98 81 317 250 1,313 Union de Reyes — 111 115 136 148 171. — 161 328 868 578 2,616 Total. --- —--- 6,267 6,818 6,202 7,181 7,017 -. 7,008 10,494 25,347 18,088 91,42 1 This total is reported as 1,453. The geographical divisions named here and in the Santa Clara tables differ in many instances from those in the Official Bulletin. It has been found impossible fully to harmonize them. PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. Puerto Principe- 731 775 875 854 770 762 747 1,736 1,380 1, 344 1,397 1,381 12, 752 Nuevitas ----—. 88 58 72 96 80 77 86 143 205 167 212 161 1,445 Minas. — --- 49 56 32 11 64 70 34 60 28 16 52 67 539 Caunao ------- 9 7 11 11 10 5 4 1 - 9 67 San Jeronimo -... — ---- - 14 13 6..- -33 Las Yeguas ----- 4 1 3 4 8 3 8 ----- - 31 Santa Cruz —. 31 29 48 26 31 23 21 119 52 46 59 33 518 Cascorro ----- 13 15 14 12 18 11 7 6 96 Mor6n -- - 98 75 113 65 87 75 83 101 195 524 340 104 1,860 Ciudad de Avila — 68 104 71 59 61 49 85 168 648 1,219 803 145 3,480 Chambas.... --- — 26 26 26 30 38 45 54 35 23 49 12 1 365 Total --- —— 1,117 1,146 1,265 1,168 1,181 1,133 1,135 2,363 2,531 3,365 2,875 1,907 21,186 PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA. 1889. 1890. 3891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. Abreus ----- --- 107 121 107 121 112 91 82 130 347 214 1, 432 Alvarez --- 30 32 20 41 3 35 36 52 196 183 658 Banao ----- --- 67 73 66 67 54 46 60 72 81 96 682 Cabaguan. 5 10 7 13 10 6 2 17 21 18 109 CaiLa^ien_- --- 85 95 128 109 148 143 184 290 404 53;2 2,168 Calabazar -- --- 244 234 223 188 224 209 166 15 1, 454 557 3,653,Camajuani ----- 2. 213 248 250 216 242 279 340 607 1,624 1,073 5,092 Cartagena - - 157 176 107 108 156 111 114 148 551 250 11,883 Cascajal ---- - - 0 0 29 67 67 5.) 64 128 350 315 1,109 *Casilda --------- 37 52 37 42 59 43 57 70 277 393 1,067 Cienfuegos --- 801 934 793 905 1,174 1,023 1,031 2,47 2. 665 4,317 16,117 Cifuertes ------ 172 153 247 184 195 199 170 25 1,473 778 23, 833 Ceja de Pablo.. — 116 152 200 206 172 2)8 13 3 168 466 563 2,390 Cruces -------- 167 199 178 166 136 118 112 334 1, 78 1,338 3,886 Cumanayagua ---- 82 106 83 73 80 83 34 99 237 138 1,015 Encrucijada... -- -- 46 110 892 707 1,755 Esperaza ------- 185 01 220 183 205 20 201 282,030 941 -,650 Fomento —. 41 40 58 62 54 51 181 65 219 330 1,101 Guaniquical -- 7 8 4 4 2 4 3 0 11 46 Oueria. --- —- - 77 94 89 107 87 98 1(3 53 81 186 975 Guinia de Miranda. 37 36 21 26 34 — 122 27 303 Isabel de Sagua.. 31 43 4( 30 49 36 40 47 187 213 716 Jibaro - 20 17 49 19 16 36 37 11 9 228 Manicaragua ---- 50 83 73 78 78 85 85 116 355 21 41 024 Mayajigua -- 21 37 2 3 18 1t 1t 27 15 175 39 386 Nelva......-... —.. 7 25 19 23 13 9 0 0 146 1 This total is reported as 1,893. 3 This total s reportedas 47. 2 This total i reported as rep,8t3. 4 Lhis total is reported as 1,224. 726 RFPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Deaths 1890-1900 by municipal districts-Continued. PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA-Continued. 1889. -1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. Total. Palmarejo-...-..- 29 38 29 61 38 51 47 47 373 352 1,065 Palmira-..-...... 144 195 132 178 164 144 107 211 517 936 2,728 Placetas., -- 125 180 179 200 210 194 272 438 979 1,402 4,179 Quemado de Guines --- —----- 266 277 294 271 327 289 358 404 2,050 1,262 5,798 Rancho Veloz -.. 69 87 124 127 132 179 153 173 574 611 2,229 Ranchuelo. ---..- 8 86 109 115 130 155 164 115 175 2,172 1,532 4,753 Iemedios ---. --- 268 377 334 318 223 274 380 795 1,021 1,477 5,467 Rio Dice -... 56 67 80 65 71 77 61 76 179 298 1,030 Rodas -----—. 209 212 173 139 230 170 128 220 598 656 2,735 SanctiSpiritus. --- 367 455 466 508 453 505 1,361 1,069 2,609 3,801 11,594 San Diego --- - 106 94 123 104 106 117 87 89 434 145 1,405 San Fernando -- 79 87 86 102 123 90 105 223 413 425 1,733 San Francisco... 28 20 27 25 21 34 30 11 1 2 99 San Juan de las Yeras — _.. 104 103 96 131 133 144 128 177 1,948 514 3,478 Santa Clara ------- 810 804 720 512 633 701 866 1,400 6,940 4,858 18,244 Santa Isabel de las Lajas 120 173 152 188 198 218 200 253 1,813 1,484 4,799 Santo Domingo —.- 233 244 297 291 281 295 330 464 534 669 3, 638 Sagua la Grande -- 494 432 521 512 572 643 581 1,105 2,436 2,246 9,542 Trinidad. ---. — 302 361 329 479 421 341 363 856 1,461 2,303 7,216 Tuinucu ---- 4 20 41 45 52 64 78 42 17 36 399 Vueltas --- —- - 224 242 282 254 244 237 294 407 3,063 1,343 6,590 Yaguajay --- —- -- 85 147 153 138 134 152 142 243 449 762 2,405 Yguara -—.- ---- 1 6 10 58 15 8 30 2 32 16 178 Yaguaramas-, 96 76 97 225 72 112 114 159 546 386 1,883 Total --- 7,064 7,975 7,934 8,117 8,422 8,427 9,709 14,749 46,477 40,835 159,709 PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO. [Municipal districts marked thus (*) send no returns for these tables. From districts marked thus (t) returns are certainly incomplete. From districts marked thus (t) they are probably incomplete.] 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Total. Alto Songo -—..- 175 47 193 154 159 138 166 237 152 131 71 125 1,848 Baracoa..- --- 409 324 232 358 317 246 273 387 684 796 216 266 4,508 Bayamo * --- 73 116 132 94 85 83 190 89 367 518 213 74 2,034 Campechuela --- 98 141 113 79 7 40 56 27 72 - 633 Caney --- 93 94 131 210 206 103 69 100 263 279 304 62 1,914 Cobre *.. - -- -.,, -.......... —.. -. —.... Cristo*. --........... -.... Gibaraisto + --- —----- --- ------ -..-, ---- - -- --- ------ - -.- -.. ------ ------ ------- ------ -, ---- ------ Gibara t-.. — - - --,109 Guantanamot - 472 534 494 513 493 421 525 871 1,474 1,573 279 590 9,239 Holguin136 127 124 195 109 118 104 360 454 1,143 1,482 196 4,548 Jiguani*-......... Manzaillo t --- 595 653 449 372 455 447 539 1,087 1,385 492 1,948 675 9,097 Mlayari- --------- -- - _ --- ----- -- ----... —.... 103 Niquerot —. --- —. --- ——. 4.. 45 45 Palma Soriano. —. 80 71 247 170 134 164 162 218 197 225 116 168 1,952 Puerto Padre * -- - -..- Sagua de T6namo 75 80 59 86 61 67 63 264 670 175 160 85 1,845 San Luis. --- —- 149 170 126 155 199 155 146 73 164 142 247 120 1,846 Santiago de Cubat 1,187 1, 1, 1, 1,09918187,1031 2,810 4,012 4,497 6, 01721, 198 26,578 Total__ --- 3,542 3,614 3,309 3, 760 3,324 3,169 3,324 6,523 9,894 9,971 12,053 3,604169,299 1 Fo 1889. 'Ja. 1-c. 3. 1 For 1898-99. 2 Jan. I-Oct. 31. APPENDIX XIX. 727 APPENDIX XIX. POPULATION.1 The population of Cuba in 1511, when Diego Velasquez came from Santo Domingo with 300 colonists, can not be determined. To search through the scanty records which remain in the archives of the Indies at Seville would be in vain; nor is the information to be found in the Decades of Herrera, the Chronicles of Oviedo, of Gomarra, of Bernal Diaz of Castile, or in any other hooks of the time. Some estimated the population at 200,000, others at 300,000, others thought it still more; but all agreed that the Indians were not adapted to labor in the fields and mines, and that they were rapidly disappearing. This occurred in spite of the personal freedom authorized by several royal decrees and recognized soon after in the grants of vassals (encomiendas) and in spite of the first code of laws of the Indies, which went into effect inCuba in 1543. From various reports of the grants (encomiendas) made by Velasquez it can be inferred that they had at that early period some 15,000 Indian vassals. The disappearance of those Indians, the causes of which have been much exaggerated by some foreign writers, could not have been so complete and rapid as supposed, when more than seventy years after the conquest the towns of Cobre and Guanabacoa were founded by the survivors. Even in the seventeenth century, too, there still existed near Bayamon the village of Pueblo Viejo with a population descended exclusively from aborigines. In a letter to the King in 1522 a lawyer named Valdillo, resident judge of the second Governor, Gonzalo de Guzman,2 stated that there were some 5,000 natives in the whole island, and about 500 African negroes, including in this number 120 who had arrived only a few months before. Valdillo added that he had not ascertained the number of Spaniards, but it is evident from previous letters that the Spanish inhabitants of Santiago did not exceed 30. In 1528 there were no more than that in Habana, and there were still fewer in the other villages, Baracoa, the oldest of them, being almost depopulated. From another letter written by the royal treasurer July 9, 1532, and preserved in the same volume,3 we infer that there were at that time some 300 Spaniards on the island, probably 5,000 Indians, and about as many negroes as indicated by Valdillo. According to another letter written by Gonzalo de Guzman February 5, 1537,4 the city of Santiago had for two years supplied the wants of the vessels which were plying between the Peninsula, Santo Domingo, and the Spanish Main. Our want of reliable records thus makes it impossible for us to estimate the native population of Cuba. Suffice it to say that that early race has disappeared, has been absorbed by that other race which early in the sixteenth century attempted the civilization of the world. Let us turn our attention to problems, for the solution of which we have more data. Accounts say that in 1511, soon after Velasquez had arrived in Cuba with his 300 Spaniards, as stated above, a multitude of colonists came from Santo Domingo, Jamaica, and Darien, and settled in the oldest towns of the island. They were at variance with the governors of those colonies, and had been attracted to Cuba by reports of Velasquez's kindness to his subordinates, as well as by the fertility of a soil said to be as suitable for cattle-raising as for cultivation. Their number could not have been considerable, since in 1515 the whole number of Spaniards in the New 1Free and somewhat abridged translation of article " Population" in Pezuela's Dictionary of Cuba, with omission of the tables. 2 See eighty-seventh volume of the Munoz Collection in the library of The Academy of History at Madrid. 3Eighty-seventh volume Munoz collection. 4Eighty-first volume Munoz collection. 728 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. World was scarcely 10,000, and the first colonial generation had not then had time to multiply. Those who helped to swell the population of Cuba in the early years were, however, so numerous that Francisco Fernandez de Cordova could take from its towns more than 200 men on his expedition to Yucatan in 1517, could lose nearly 100 in his luckless venture, and yet two years later Juan de Grijalva could secure more than 300 with whom to reconnoiter the Mexican coast. In the following year Cortez also took from Cuba 617 men, with whom he achieved the incredible conquest of the Mexican Empire. Supposimg that there remained in the country twice as many colonists who preferred the tranquil lot which the cultivation of their estates promised to any such hazardous adventures, it is estimated that more than a thousand Spaniards stayed in Cuba while that gigantic conquest was going on. This estimate will not appear excessive if one bears in mind the fact that on learning that his disloyal general, Cortez, had cast off his allegiance, Velasquez dispatched a year later another expedition to subdue him, which consisted of 1,000 fighters, not counting the crews of the ships. Taking the same basis that we had for our first surmise, we can calculate that at the death of Velasquez, which occurred in 1512, there were some 2,000 Castilians distributed in the Cuban towns which he had founded. Many circumstances combined to reduce their numbers, chiefly the fact that women in proportion to the number of men had not come to the new possessions. For the aggrandizement and the wealth of the Spanish power two immense empires were laid low, that of the Incas and that of Anahuac. Fancy was inflamed by the first fruits of a conquest made by means that nowadays would not suffice for the taking of a plaza or a province. The wonders and the treasures of those regions were exaggerated, and Spaniards hastened thither to make easy fortunes. Only the first founders remained in the early colonies of Cuba, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo-those who had already made their fortunes and had their grants of vassals (encomiendas) or those who on account of old age preferred quiet tralf'c in produce and in cattle to the dangers and fatigues of such ventures with their uncertain outcome. The abolition of the grants of Indian vassals, a humane, although tardy, measure by which the Crown sought the preservation of the native race in the New World, soon drove into the adventurous life of conquest some of those who would have preferred to remain at home. Two other causes also helped to decrease rather than increase the white population of Cuba; first, the restrictions on exportation to the Continent of horses bred in Cuban fields, which was the principal source of revenue in Cuba's growing commerce; and, secondly, Hernando de Soto's disastrous expedition to Florida, which drew off many colonists from Cuba. The depopulation of Cuba begun by the conquests was sadly increased by the violent attacks of buccaneers and pirates, who swarmed from Europe to share in the booty of the New World. In the middle of the sixteen h century they surprised, sacked, and destroyed Santiago and Habana, the two principal towns. Those towns were so destroyed and deserted that according to one account 1 there were on July 1, 1555, in the capital of the Antilles, which is to-day so populous, only 3'3 families and 13 strangers or sojourners. If any report on the population of the island was made for more than a century afterwards, it has disappeared. In the documents referring to Cuba, which are preserved in the general archives of the Indies at Seville, none has been found. Don Antonio J. Valdez, referring in his History of Habana to some traditions and incidents subsequent to the year 1656, the year in which the English had 1See eighty-seventh volume cf Munoz Collection in the archives of the Academy of History. APPENDIX XIX. 729 taken possession of Jamaica, says' that the emigration of Spaniards from that island caused an increase of more than 8,000 souls in the population of Cuba, which was estimated to contain after that some 30,000 souls. In spite of the almost defenseless state of the country, in spite of pirates and hostile armaments that still frequently menaced its inhabitants and the restrictions on navigation and commerce, so inimical to the extension of its agriculture, the indomitable courage of the country rose superior to all obstacles; and in the midst of difficulties, although slowly, the cultivation of the soil increased, and with it the population. In the Voyages of Francisco Coreal in the West Indies, published in Paris in 1697, that author calculated there were more than 50,000 souls on the island and more than 25,000 in the capital. The Austrian dynasty on the Spanish throne became extinct on the death of Charles II. The first sovereign of the Bourbon line, who from the first year of the last century occupied the throne by vote of the people and by aid of France, returned the favors of his new fatherland by giving French traders a share in Spain's commerce with its colonial empire. Under pretext of being allies the French, from 1702 to 1703, entered upon such commercial speculations with Habana as the poverty of the country and the superiority of the English navy would permit. The French and Spanish held their own very successfully in the waters of Cuba against the English and Dutch in the long war of the Spanish succession, and owing to that fact and thanks also to the increase in the cultivation of tobacco, the population likewise increased on a greater scale than ever before. After 1718 that increase was promoted by the introduction of African slaves, a privilege granted exclusively to England by the peace of Utrecht; and towards 1730 the population of Cuba, not including troops, visitors, or seamen, was, according to statements in a multitude of documents of that time, estimated at more than 100,000 souls. It was increased later by the emigration of Spaniards from Florida, which was ceded to England in 1763, by immunities from taxes upon navigation and commerce, and by the erection of considerable fortification works which were started that same year in Habana by foreigners. But not even the metropolitan government itself had authentic and accurate data about the population before 1774. In that year the Marquis de la Torre, the Captain-General in command at the time, finished making his first census. As shown by that important document, the population of the island had already been increased by the combination of aforesaid circumstances to 172,620. The government was divided into eighteen jurisdictions, viz: Habana; Santiago de Cuba; the holdings of the government of Puerto Principe; Matanzas; Trinidad; Bayamo y Baracoa; the distritos of Santiago de las Vegas, Pinar del Rio, which was just being colonized; the Isle of Pines; Santa Maria del Rosario; Guanabacoa; Jaruco; San Juan de los Remedios; Santa Clara o Villa-Clara; Sancti Spiritus; Holguin and San Felipe; and Santiago. In the whole length and breadth of the land-including towns, the scattered estates, and the rural districts-there were about 29,588 houses or buildings, not counting 90 churches, 52 parochial houses, 20 monasteries, 3 nunneries, 2 colleges, and 19 hospitals. In these resided 55,376 male whites, 40,861 females of the same color, 19,207 free mulattoes, and 11,640 negroes, also free, and, finally, 44,333 slaves. A second general census was taken in 1792 by order of Captain-General Don Luis de las Casas. It showed a further increase of population, manifestly due to various causes. Among them might be mentioned the aforesaid free-trade agreement by which the exports of Cuba and all America had free entrance into the principal ports of the Peninsula; the assemblage of military powers in Habana See Valdez, Historia de la Ilabana, published in Habana, 1814, p. 76. 730 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. from 1779 to 1783 during the four years of war between Spain and Great Britain; the introduction of slaves from Africa; and the destruction of the rich French colony of Santo Domingo, whose place in the market Cuba immediately attempted to take with some of her own wares. In spite of the statistical works repeatedly ordered by the Marquis of Someruelos, during his long rule no census was published again until 1817. By aid of the partial registry rolls, Don Francisco Arango y Parreno compiled some notes in reference to the long interval between 1792 and 1817. According to his figures, the population of the jurisdiction of Habana in 1810 was not less than 161,000 whites, 42,000 free colored, and 147,000 slaves, which represented a total of 350,000 inhabitants for the western part of Cuba. He calculated that in the eastern part, Santiago de Cuba, there were 40,000 whites, 38.000 free colored, and 32,000 slaves, making a total of 110,000 inhabitants. Seventy thousand more were found in the territory of Puerto Principe alone, including 38,000 whites, 14,000 free colored, and 18,000 slaves. In the territory of the four towns he estimated that there were 35,000 whites, 20,000 free colored, and 15,000 slaves, making a total of 70,000 inhabitants. The notes made by Arango were published July 20, 1811, by the secretary of the consulate, Don Antonio Valle Hernandez, for the use of the board of instruction. They showed an entire population of 600,000. This extraordinary increase of nearly 328,000 in a single period of nineteen years is very naturally explained by the immigration of large numbers of French and Spanish, who betook themselves to the island in 1803, after the United States had taken possession of Louisiana and after the negroes had made themselves masters of Santo Domingo. The population was also immensely increased through the constant importation of negroes, through the steady growth of agriculture due to them, and through the acquisition of commercial privileges with foreigners, although their liberty was not declared until 1818. The Captain-General of the island, Don Jose de Cienfuegos, published in 1817 another census of the population. It showed a total of 553,028, nearly 47,000 less than Arango's census, published by Valle Hernandez. What caused that decrease? Instead of good reasons for a loss there appear to have been many conditions during the six years that intervened between the census of 1811 and that of 1817 that might have stimulated a natural increase in the population. Such were the constant importation of Africans, the encouragement of agriculture in nearly every district (distritos), and the extension of commerce from year to year and month to month. Many have thought that the inexplicable decrease in the census of 1817 had its origin in the concealment practiced by many of the planters regarding the true number of their slaves. They did so out of desire to escape a poll tax levied at that time. Only thus can the fact be explained that the official count was less than that made six years before by Arango. The Captain-General, Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, ordered in 1826 the taking of another general census, with the addition of interesting statistical data that had not been included in the three previous censuses. This document, of which we also give a summary, showed a total population of 704,487 inhabitants, thus proving that the decrease of population shown in the census of 1817 was a mistake. The conditions which obtained on the island between the census of 1817 and that of 1827 had not been so favorable that its population could have been increased by 151,459 people. It had been a decade of danger, vicissitude, and turmoil. Spain's colonial empire had just shaken off the yoke. The unsettled condition that prevailed from 1820 to 1823 had banished confidence from Cuban soil and driven away a portion of the capital that at a normal time would have made the island productive. However that may be, the census or statistical report of 1827 was the most com APPENDIX XIX. 731 plete and important work that up to that time had been published about an island that could hardly be effectually governed until it was well known. It was not like the previous censuses-a simple summary of population. It was the first description that is known of the public wealth of Cuba, in which classification was made of the products, departments, and jurisdictions. It was in fine the first instance of an account that was accurate and satisfactory by reason of its entire freedom from numerical errors and misleading statements. It was shown in this census, as in the previous ones, that in spite of the immense importation of Africans, the free population of Cuba, and even its white population, continued to have the advantage of the slaves in numbers. In spite, too, of the increase of the latter after the announcement that the traffic would soon be suppressed, and the consequent effort on the part of the slave traders to make the most of the time that remained, there was in 1827 an excess of 24,109 white people over the number of slaves. Hence, the catastrophe which had destroyed opulent Santo Domingo, where in 1790 there were 15 slaves for every free person, seemed very remote from the greatest of the Antilles. "In the fifty-three years intervening between the census of Marquis de la Torre and that of 1827," says Lasagra, "the general population had an increase of 532,867 people." The increase is 58.6 per cent from 1774 to 1792,103 per cent from 1792 to 1817, and 27.3 per cent from 1817 to 1828, which makes an annual increase in each one of the three periods of 3.2, 4.0, 2.7 per cent, respectively. Beginning with the first census, the average of the annual increase for each one of the fifty-three years is 5.8 per cent. The annual increases of each class, respectively, have shown several variations, resulting from the fluctuations (progresos) in population in accordance with causes that influenced it. Whites. Free Slaves. Total colored. colored. 1774-1792 ------—. --- ------ ------------ 2.7 4.2 5 4.6 1792-1817 —. -----— 3.1 4.4 5.4 4. 4 1817-1827 --- —. —. 2.1 0.68 4.4 2.5 "The period of greatest increase in the white population as well as the slave seems to be that between the second and third censuses, and the least favorable period the last ten years." The same statement is found on page 25 of the Statistical Report of 1827. The increase in the general population of the island which was shown in the census of 1841 is explained by several circumstances. Among them are the immigration of Spaniards persecuted by the Mexican Government in 1829 and the immigration of the French who were resident in that Republic at the time when. it had the boldness to enter into conflict with France; the successive reinforcements of Spanish troops in Cuba; the great number of Spaniards who, driven from home by a long civil war (1833-1840), sought its tranquil and fertile shores;. and, finally, the arrival after 1827 of some 500 cargoes of negroes. The census of 1841 was taken by the brigadier Don Pablo Ruiz de la Bastida under orders of the Captain-General Don Geronimo Valdes. The total number of inhabitants, amounted then to 1,007,624. There are, however, no lack of writers who consider that figure exaggerated, in consequence of some errors and irregularities found in the registration lists that were used in numbering the inhabitants of certain divisions (partidos) and jurisdictions (jurisdiciones). But the reasons alleged by D'Hespel D'Arponville and other publicists for discrediting the count of 1841 could with more justice be advanced against the accuracy of the four previous censuses. Considering, too, that works of this class can never be perfectly complete, not 732 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. even among the nations most advanced in statistical practice, we must certainly give preference to the statements of those who use the facts and figures published by the Government, which has always infinitely better means of ascertaining the truth than have the critics. The last census published appeared in 1846 and showed a decrease in the general population of the country instead of the increase that might have been expected by reason of the universal peace, the recognition by Spain of the independence of almost all the American States that had cast off their allegiance, and the various measures restricting the African trade. A reason for the decrease is found in the prolonged droughts and disastrous hurricanes which afflicted the country during the five years from 1841 to 1846 and destroyed the greater part of the crops. A great amount of capital was also withdrawn at this time, and it was a surprise to no one who had been a keen observer of conditions that the census of 1846, which was made by the commission of statistics after a most careful examination of the partial registry rolls, showed a general population of no more than 898,752 inhabitants, 108,872 less than that of the census of 1841. From the following statements of baptisms, burials, and marriages of the two dioceses of the island the progress (movimiento) of the population may be calculated for the five years from 1842 to 1846. A comparison of the birth and mortality rates of the whites with the same rates of the colored classes shows that in those five years there was a proportion of 1.17 births among the whites to 1 among the colored classes-that is to say, that 100 whites were born for every 85 negroes and mulattoes. It also shows that 89 whites died for every 100 of the colored classes, a difference which is satisfactorily explained by the difference in habits, regimen, and occupations of the two races. The great sterility and high mortality of the colored classes can scarcely be attributed to the condition of servitude in which so many of their number lived. It had its principal origin in the disproportionate numbers of the two sexes, in the celibacy enforced on many slaves through scarcity of women on many of the plantations, and in the death of from 10 to 12 per cent of their number who suffered in the first months after their arrival in Cuba from diseases contracted before coming. It certainly can not be said that they suffered from the rigors of the climate, since it was as favorable as their own for the preservation and development of their race. Considering the circumstances under which the colored classes came to Cuba, their habits, their occupations, and the absence of fixed family relations among them, the mortality rate among the whites appears disproportionately large. We could cite a great number of writers to prove that 1 out of every 18 whites died each year. La Sagra has made some observations regarding the mortality rate from 1836 to 1841, a period of five years during which the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, and from him we learn that that excess averaged 339.6 deaths for every one of those years. According to the census of 1846 the total number of inhabitants did not exceed 898,752. That was an average of 284 inhabitants to every maritime league of the 3,000 square leagues which comprise the island. In the western department, which contained 570 leagues, there were 538,616 people. In the old central department, which contained 1,370 leagues, there were no more than 196,054. Only 189,062 people were found in the old eastern department, which then contained 1,222 square leagues. At the beginning of 1854, when the task of compiling this dictionary was undertaken, we were seriously embarassed by the fact that no census or general summary of population had been published since 1846. Through the favor of the supreme government of the island and the gracious assistance of Brigadier Don Juan Rodriguez de la Torre, chief of the commission of statistics, we were furnished with APPENDIX XIX. 733 a multitude of statements of the movement (movimiento) of the population by classes and periods for some years after the last census. Those documents, being of official origin, enables us to estimate the general population of the island toward the end of 1849 at 946,932 inhabitants. Neither in this summary of classes nor in the official census of classes, nor in the offcial census of 1846 are the veteran troops included or the crews of merchant ships and men-of-war, or the large floating population always found in Cuba, one of the most central American islands. A comparison of the totals shows that in the three years, 1847, 1848, and 1849, the general population was increased by only 48,180 people, and it is clearly seen that in spite of all efforts to the contrary it did not increase in proportion to the development of agriculture and commerce. The scarcity of laborers was keenly felt. Some speculators in 1847 obtained permission from the Government to bring over consignments of natives from ports of southern China. They were under contract for several years, and were hired to planters under conditions favorable to the contractors. Planters found after employing them on their land that the Chinamen, on account of their superior intelligence, were better adapted than the negroes to the work of refining sugar, but their endurance was not equal to that of the negroes in the task of cultivating and cutting the sugar cane, which is the work that requires the greatest number of hands. Their nature, moreover, was not such as to make them content with the humble condition of laborers in sugar mills. They murdered some of the overseers and white employees as well as some of their own number. They had been imported into the island without women of their own race who might have made life more tolerable to them, and on account of their peculiar physique the people of the island felt a natural aversion to them. Only the pressing and widespread need of laborers made them welcome on the plantations. Another expedient, new also but more suitable and successful, was hit upon by that shrewd speculator, Don Francisco Marti y Torrens. He dispatched some boats from his fishing fleet to Yucatan to bring away some of the native Indians who were in revolt there on account of the violence of Mexican Government officials. Distributed among the planters, those Indians proved quite as well adapted as the Chinamen to plantation labor and almost as capable of endurance as the negroes. Their women and children came with them, and so they were content to remain wherever they found employment. If they had only been imported in larger numbers they might have solved the great labor question of the island. But after the rebellious Indians of Yucatan had been quieted the Mexican Government opposed the exportation of the Indians, or at least consented to it on conditions so burdensome as to be prohibitory. Cuban proprietors had just begun to realize the worth of the Yucatan Indians when they had to give up all hope of being able to cultivate their plantations by their aid. The old territorial division of the island disappeared in 1850. With some modifications the three departments had been retained ever since 1821. The new division provided for two departments, corresponding to the two dioceses. The western department was increased by the adjoining half of the former central department. The other half became part of the eastern department. The western department still retained the capital of the island, but the eastern department had a subordinate capital at Santiago de Cuba. The western department or province of Habana is composed of 21 jurisdictions or seats of political and military government. Beginning with the Cape of San Antonio, New Filipina, or Pinar del Rio, going southward to the Cape of San Diego and following the north coast, 734 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. are Bahia-Honda, Mariel, Santiago, Habana, Guanabacoa, Jaruco, Matanzas, Cardenas, Colon, Sagua la Grande, San Juan de los Remedios, and Sancti Spiritus. Following the south coast in the same direction are San Cristobal, San Antonio, Bejucal, Guines, Fernandina de Jagua or Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and the abovementioned Sancti Spiritus which extends from one sea to the other. In the center are Santa Maria del Rosario, between Guanabacoa lying to the north, Jaruco to the east, Bejucal to the south, and Santiago to the west, and also Villa Clara, which lies between Cienfuegos, Trinidad, Sagua la Grande, and Sancti Spiritus. The Isle of Pines comprises by itself the colony of Reina Amalia, under the jurisdiction of Habana. The province of Cuba, which now extends to the eastern department, is divided into 10 jurisdictions or seats of government, to wit: That of Baracoa, which touches the eastern limit of the island at Cape Maisi, extending along both coasts; that of Guantanamo, bounding it on'the south; that of Santiago; of Manzanillo; Bayamo; Puerto Principe; Holguin; Las Tunas; Nuevitas; and, finally, Jiguany, which lies between both oceans. Of all these jurisdictions, which are called government seats (tenencias de gobierno), only those of Habana, Santiago de Cuba, and Matanzas bear the name of governments. Each one of these jurisdictions is divided into districts (distritos) and wards (barrios) in the cities and towns and into divisions (partidos) in the villages, hamlets, and in the country. From the registry rolls (empadronamientos) and other data found in the office of statistics at the close of 1885, Arboleya made in his last manual of the island of Cuba an estimate of the population of the thirty jurisdictions which then existed. He included in the white class the Chinamen and the Yucatan Indians. We can put faith in his calculations on this interesting point since we have found him so accurate in matters of less importance. Arboleya's figures agree with other trustworthy data that we have on hand, which show that the population in 1855 did not exceed 1,044,185 inhabitants, including all classes and conditions and both sexes. A comparison of this number with the total of the census of 1841, which went as high as 1,007,624 inhabitants, shows an increase of only 36,561 people. That increase certainly does not correspond to the progress in the development of agriculture in the fourteen years that elapsed between the two counts. Neither does it correspond to the growth in public wealth and in treasury receipts during a period when some new towns had been founded and old ones like Cardenas, Cienfuegos, Sagua la Grande, and others had manifestly prospered. The official reports of 1859 were conscientiously collected by the Cuban office of statistics under a much better system than had ever before prevailed, and give us a much more exact idea of the general population of the island at the close of that year than do any other reports. They are exact copies of those sent the ministry for the colonies by the Captain-General, Don Francisco Serrano, Count of San Antonio. These official documents, which estimate the general population at the end of 1859 at 1,180,013 inhabitants, show an increase of 135,828 over the population of 1855 which did not exceed 1,044,185. It appears that at the end of 1859 there were on the island 622,797 whites, 189,848 free colored people, and 367,368 slaves. Compared with the 498,752 whites, the 179,012 free colored people, and the 366,421 slaves enumerated in 1855, an increase of 124,045 in the first class is shown, of 10,836 in the second, and only 947 in the third class. The satisfactory and definite progress observed in the first class was obviously the result of several conditions. First, the permission given December 23, 1853, APPENDIX XIV. 735 by his excellency the Captain-General, Marquis de la Pezuela, for the importation of Spanish colonists and day laborers and also Asiatics and Indians from the American continent; second, the steady growth of interest in the cultivation of tobacco and other agricultural products which call for the faithful attention of a free workman rather than the strength of a slave's arm; and, finally, the rise of new interests such as numerous railway lines and other enterprises of public utility. The increase of 10,836 people in the second class corresponds to the increase in the number of free colored people during the years between the two censuses. Opportunities for obtaining their freedom that were afforded the colored people by our provincial legislature, their luck in the lottery games, and the generosity of a large number of Cuban proprietors, were sufficient reasons for that increase. To these ordinary reasons for improvement in their conditions and the number of free colored people must be added the fact that the Government emancipated 3,000 Africans in 1854. With respect to the third class, that of the slaves, the significant increase of 947 people which the census of 1860 shows over that of 1855 is evident proof, notwithstanding its smallness, of the great number of Africans that must have been imported during the larger part of that five-year period. Unquestionably the birth rate in slavery does not keep pace with the death rate. The increased cultivation of the sugar cane during those five years and the growth of the sugar industry, which are the occupations that kill off the greatest number of slaves, must also be remembered. If we suppose, with Baron Humboldt and a great number of other writers, that there is an annual death rate of 10 per cent of the number of slaves and an annual birth rate of 5 per cent, we can calculate that from 1855 to 1859 a fourth part of the 130,000 negroes must have perished and that there were about 32,000 that year in the sugar mills. Granting this, we see, without taking into consideration those employed in other industries, that in order to have 947 more slaves on the island in 1868 than there were in 1855, the number of deaths having been greater in that period than the number of births, they must necessarily have been imported in very large numbers. 'With the whites are included two classes of population that did not appear in any of the censuses published up to 1846. They had been imported into the country just too late for enumeration. Those are the Yucatan Indians and the Chinese and other Asiatics. The greater part of the first class reside in the immediate jurisdiction of Habana and numbered at the end of 1859 only 576 males and 192 females. The majority of the second class are settled in the recently created jurisdiction of Colon, in Cardenas, Matanzas, and Habana, and numbered at that date 16,373 males, with only 13 females. We presume that the permits issued since the first of 1861 have facilitated the introduction of this class of colonists and that their real number is greater than appears in the report to which we refer. Many wild schemes for fostering the white population of the island have been proposed and much has been written on the subject by publicists, too, of good repute. Means of encouraging the white population are as well known as the obstacles which prevent the sudden adoption of those measures, since violent and precipitate reforms are not wise in such a delicate matter. Time alone, together with the prudence of Cuban proprietors and the wisdom of the Government, can accomplish that. The white population will never be greatly increased until there is some division of property and labor, so that some can devote themselves exclusively to cultivating the sugar cane and others to manufacturing the sugar. Cotton, indigo, cacao, and other products adapted to the soil of the great Antilles must be cultivated as well as those which are the present sources of its wealth. The manu 736 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. facture of textile fabrics must be stimulated by the imposition of taxes on all foreign and Spanish fabrics that might be made by provincial industry. Finally, without suggesting other means than those warranted by the economic science of all nations, we might say that the people of the Peninsula ought to stop the use of all tobacco not produced in their provinces across the sea. With the disappearance of the foreign tobacco that 16,000,000 of the people consume, the contraband trade would also disappear, and the Government would be saved the expense of preventing it. Many colonists in Cuba who are worthy and substantial people would then be willing to cultivate a tobacco that would be within reach of every purse. The population of Cuba would then show an increase as striking as that shown by the receipts of the State, when in place of asking 18 reals duty on each pound imported they reduced the tax to 4 reals. Before closing this article it seems fitting to quote in his own words some reflections on the white population of Cuba expressed by His Excellency Don Vicente Vazquez Queipo in his work entitled "A fiscal report on the white population of Cuba," which was published in Madrid in 1845. " For the prosperity of the rural white population it is absolutely necessary that some change be made in the way the island is cultivated. It may be by promoting valuable products sure of a ready market abroad, such as cotton, indigo, silk, cochineal, and especially tobacco, all of which are fitted for cultivation on a small scale. It may be by modifying the system actually in vogue in the cultivation of the sugar cane and the refining of sugar, or it may be by doing both, which would be perhaps the most advisable. All the products of the country if carefully fostered and developed under the supervision of the authorities may be useful and beneficial to the colonists, especially if the latter could be fittingly instructed by means of agricultural manuals on the subject of their cultivation. One of them certainly deserves particular attention from the Government; that is, tobacco. "The superior and almost unrivaled quality of tobacco produced on the island, the daily increase in its consumption by European nations, the ease with which it is cultivated on a small scale-and, in fact, the necessity of so cultivating it on account of the close and assiduous care it requires-the increasing number of operatives employed in its preparation and manufacture, and, finally, the bountiful returns it makes to cultivators in proportion to the value of the land and the capital employed, all make tobacco a precious plant in the island of Cuba. An intelligent and conscientious white man is much more likely than a strong but clumsy African to give the tobacco plant proper care. That consists for the most part of driving away in the cooler hours the insects that attack the young plants. If protected by the supreme government with absolute freedom from duties, tobacco may to some degree supply the deficit sure to occur soon, owing to the fact that the cultivation of coffee is on the wane and, indeed, almost abandoned." APPENDIX XX. 737 APPENDIX XX. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following is a list of the books found of especial value in the preparation of the report on the census of the island of Cuba: Author. Title. Abad, L. V. de --- —---— _ --- —- - A. G. 0-.- - Aguilera, F. V., and Cespedes, R-..... Aldema and Eschererria....-_.. Arrate, Jos6 -.. ---.-_.,.... Behm and W agner..................-......, -- Blackman ---- -------------—.. --- —------- Brooke, Maj. Gon. John R -------—. —. --- —.-.-. Cabrera- -—. — - --------- Callahan, J. M- ---- -....,. ---. --- —-. --- —Clark ---- ------- ----- Columbus, Christopher ---------—. --- —--------- Davey --------------—. ---- ------ -------- Davis ----------- ----------- ----------- Delitsch, Otto -. --- —---------------------------- D'Hespel D'Harponville, Gustave --- —-------- Domiguez -----—. ----. —. --- —-----------—. --- Edwards --- —---—, --- —---------------- Fiske, A. K ---. ----- Fiske, John -------- --------------- Froude..... —. -..... —..... —. - —.-. Froude --------—. --- -—. --- —----------—.. --- Halstead --------... —.. —.... ---Hazard, Samuel ----—. ---. ___ --- --._, --- —----- Helps ----— _- - ---------—.. -. -—. ---—. --- —---- Hill,. T. --- —--------------------------- Huber, B --- - ---------—. -—. --- —-—.. ------ Humboldt......_..-... Hume.. Irving ---... --- —---—. --- —------ -----------—. ---IrvingL ------- --- ------------------------—, --- Kidd, Benjamin --------------------------------- Kimball. R. M ----- -- ---------------------------- Lee, Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh. -..... ----.. Lodge, Henry Cabot -----------------—.... Ludlow, Maj. Gen. Wm --------------------------- Macdonald..... - --. - - -- - ------- --- 1ackellar, chief engineer of the British army_ _ Merivale -------------------- --------------------- Pascual, Augustin —. --- —------------------ Pepper -----------------------------------... — --- Pezuela, Don Jacobo de la --- —----------— _...... Pezuela, Don Jacobo de la --- —-----—. --- —--— _ Porter, Robert P..._.,... Rea --. ---------------—.... —. --- —.. ----. --- 24662 ---47 New Constitution Establishing Self-Government in the Islands of Cuba and Porto Rico. Military Notes on Cuba. Notes About Cuba. Facts About Cuba. American State Papers. Constitution and Government of Cuba. Die Bevo]kerung der Erde, Nos. 1, 2,6,7,8. (In Petermann's Geographische Mittheilungen ErgAnzungshefte 33 [1872], 35 [18741, 62 [1880], 69 [1882], 101 [1892].) Spanish Institutions in the Southwest. British Colonial Office List, 1898. British State Papers. Reports on Affairs of Cuba, 1898. Cuba and the Cubans. Cuba and International Relations. Censo de la Poblaci6n de Espana segun el Recuento verificado en 25 de Diciembre de 1860, porLa Junta General de Estadistica. Censo de la Poblacion de Espana segun el empadronamiento hecho en 31 de Diciembre de 1887 por la Direccion General del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico. Commercial Cuba. Journal of Voyages. Cuadro estadistico de la siempre fiel isla de Cuba. Cuba, Past and Present. Cuba in War Times. Cuba (in Stein and Horschelmann Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik. 7th ed., Vol. I, pt. 4, pp. 1870-1917). La Reine des Antilles. iLos Antiguos Diputados de Cuba. History of the West Indies. Encyclopsedia Americana. Encyclopaedia Britannica. The West Indies. Discovery of America. Oceana. The English in the West Indies. Story of Cuba. Cuba with Pen and Pencil. Spanish Colonization in America. Cuba and Porto Rico. Apergu statistique de l'isla de Cuba. Island of Cuba. History of Spain. The Companions of Columbus. The Life and Voyages of Columbus. Control of the Tropics. Cuba and the Cubans. Report on Cuban Affairs, 1898. The Spanish-American War. Report on Cuban Affairs, 1898-99. Select Documents of United States History. Journal of the Siege of Havana, 1762. Colonization and Colonies. Rapport sur L'Etat, L'Organisation et le Progres de la Statistique en Espagne, present6 a la huiti6me session du Congres International de Statistique. To-morrow in Cuba. Historia de la isla de Cuba. Diccionario de Cuba. Poblacion de las Islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico. (Manuscript copy of tables in the Spanish census of 1877, contained in the library of the Royal Statistical Society of London.) Industrial Cuba. Facts and Fakes About Cuba. REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF CUBA, 1899. Author. Title. Reclus, Elis6e -------------------.. —.. --- —. --- Rowan and Ramsay. --- —---------—..-......... Sagra, D. Ramon de la ----.... Shaw, Albert..........-............... —. —_ --- Turnbull -------------------------........... — --- W ilson, Maj. Gen. J. H --- —------—... ---...... --- Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard -- ------- Zamora -------------------------------------—. —. Zaragosa.. --- —-----------—. --- —- ------......- - Universal Geography. Resumen del Censo de Poblacion de la Isla de Cuba a fin del Ano de 1841. Resena geografica y estadistica de Espafia. Island ot Cuba. Historia economica politica y estadistica de la isla de Cuba. Municipal Government in Great Britain and Europe. Cuba. Report on Cuban Affairs, 1898. Report on Cuban Affairs, 1899. Legislacion Ultra-marina. Cuban Insurrections. APPENDIX XXI. 739 APPENDIX XXI. The United States (Census of Cuba) in account with the insular Treasury of Cuba. DR. CR. Aug. 1, 1899, original estimate and Expenditures as follows: allotment ---------------------—. $408,820.00 DirectorStationery and other office supplies-__- $319.77 Salaries of clerk and messenger - -—,-~1,859.33 Traveling expenses to and through Cuba, Nov. 12 to Dec. 16, 1899 ------ 198.52 — _ — $3, 359.62 Assistant director, salary ------ 3,420.00 6 supervisors, salaries ------ 14,790.00 1,621 enumerators, salaries.-..- 220,493.02 Clerks and messengers of assistant director and supervisors _- 19,254.57 Special agents 1, 414.00 Transportation of stores and persons --- —----------------------- 6, 462.38 Rent and incidental expenses of offices in Cuba.-..._... 3,682.55 Subsistence of census employees- 2,532.00 Census property 1 --- ---—..- 2, 512.36 Census stationery and advertising --- —------------- 2,156.82 Tabulating,..-. ---- 64, 163.24 Printing bulletins. --- —------ 837.97 Printing English edition of report, 12,000 copies --- —-—. --- —- 13,811.20 Printing Spanish edition of report, 13,000 copies-_.......____.. 16,441.70 Translating report and bulletins into Spanish- --- ------ 1,203.08 Indexing report.. ---_ - - 110.00 Foreign postage Census reports- 60.00 Total expenditures --------. 375,742.51 Balance unexpended -------------- 33,077.49 Total --------- ----------- 408,820.00 Total..- - 408,820.00 All census property in Cuba was purchased through the Supply Division of the War Department. The census property in Cuba on hand at the close of the work, and valued at $3,528.12, was transferred to the insular authorities. I INDEX. A. Page. Abad, L. V. de -.. ----. ----. --- —.. --- ——.. — ---- 737 Aborigines --...._-... --- —-----—... ---. ----—. —... —7_ --- —- 727 character ----—.. _,,-, —. --- —. —,. --- —.. ---- ---.. --- —- 65 number.-........ — -........ --- —----—.._..-.-.-. —. - 65 Abreus city..... 175,190 district -.. —. --- —-------- 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301,360, 426-432,510, 513,516,519,521,554,686,699,721,723,725 Academia Junco -. — —......................................... — -. —. 580 Adams, John Quincy... --—..-.. -........ —................... —... — 38 Aday, Agueda Valdes -..._,-. —. ---. 650 Administration, council of...-.. ---.... ---............ ---..... -. ---. 53 Adrian VI, Pope, bull issued by -.. --- —--------—.. --- —-—......... 566 Adults, by age periods. --- —-. --- —-—, --—. --- —---—. ------- -----—. 86,87 ratio of married.-....-.......... —. 122 Africa, natives of... --- —-...-.. --- ___. ----____ 98,220-225,472-475,499-506 Age and citizenship. —. --- —------—.. --- ---— _ -—.. ---- - 251-298 education -.... 400-403 nativity --------—. - 131,206-217,251-298,306-353,361-384,400-403 literacy -........,.... --- —-—. --- —-—..... - - 152-154,361-384 occupations -......-. 160-162,438-465,480-484 race- <............-.. 126,206-217,251-298,306-353,361-403,438-461 school attendance ------.. --- — 152,385-400 sex ---—.. 135,206-217,251-298,306-353,361-403,438-461,463-465,480-484 Age and sex, discussion of statistics regarding -- - - - - ----- 92 in relation to longevity. ----. --- —------------. --- —-- —. 93-96 Age, by 5-year periods..-...-....... —.. 90 comparative tables.. --- —. —.. --- —--—.. ---. —. ----. — ----.. 85 comparison with other countries -.. 8 —. 86 discussion of statistics..,____ —...-....- 84-96 in relation to conjugal condition -.. - ^ --- —--—. _ 120-147,306-363 in relation to marriage ratios -.. --- —------------------------—. 128,134 males over 21 years ------------—. --- —--—. -—.,-.-, —. I- 111 median by provinces.... ---. ---—..... --- —--------- 90 definition of term-. _.. _ --- ------ -. --- 84 periods and nativity, in consensual marriage ------------ 142 by percentages of population.-. -... 94 by sex ---. ---_ ---...._ —._ —. --- -----. ----.. --- —----- 93 and nativity of married -----—. —, ----. --- —----—. 131,135 and race of married-.. -------- - ---- 129 in relation to marriage --—..... --- —- --- ---- 120-124 occupations -—. --—. ----, ---- -. --- ——.. 160,162 of breadwinners. --- —-------- -- - ----------- 160-162,165 741 742 INDEX. Page. Age, periods of husbands, wives, and widowed - - ------—...-__. 145 unmarried -----. — 1........ 146 ratio of adults married. - ----- -- - -,, 132 ratios of unm arried —.... —.................- ---.. — 147 ratios of widowed -.. --- ——,.......-...............,.._-. 145 Agramonte, Sixto.-. --- —----------— 63... —. -..36 ----. --- —---- 633 638, 665 Agreement reciprocal commercial with Spain --.... --- —. ----. ----. 29 Agricultural implements, early tariffs on -------- - -- ----- 28 inferior quality of - —. --- —-—... —.- -539- 539 Agriculture, aboriginal... --- ——, ---... -. --- — -—. ---. — - --- --—.- 65 areas cultivated in principal crops-....... 558, 559 colored labor preferred in --- —,,. — -___- 69 importation of machinery- --— _ ----..... ------.., ---..-. 539 schedules used in census —. --.. ---- 523 tables covering. (See Occupations.) taxation of --.. --- —... — --—. ---------—. --- —----------- 523 Aguacate city- -...... -190 Aguacate district --- —------ ---------------- 179,181,191,194, 200,202, 218, 225, 232-235. 299, 358, 406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 671, 698 Aguero, Augustin H., supervisor - -...... --- —-- - -... --- —-—... ---. 621 report as supervisor Puerto Principe province... 640-646 Agiiero, Francisco....... --- -----—..-..,,- —. --- —-----—, — _. 35 Agiiero, Juaquin, --- — -------- ----- ------— 36 Aguilera, F. V, and Cespedes R. ----. ---... --- —------—..-. --- —-—. 737 Alacranes district.- - - --....-..-. ----..... - 180,191,196,203,218,226, 236-239, 300, 359, 413-418, 508, 512, 515,518, 520,553, 677, 699,720,722, 724 Albuquerque --. - ------- ------ ------—, —.. —. --—. ---.. --- —- 66 Albuquerque, Rorigo ------------------ ---—. ---. --- —------------—,,. _ 66 Aldema and Eschererria. ----------------- — _,- --- 737 Alexander VI, Pope........ —. —..-. ----,. ---. 24 Alfonso XII district. (See Alacranes district.) Alquizaz, Sancho de (Governor). —. --- —----------------,. --- —------ -- 697 Alger, Russell A. (Secretary of War), instructions of - -..-.. --- ——... 9 Almendares River............... -. --- —--------------—. --- —. ----.-.. — 173 Alonso, Pedro (Governor) - ----------- ---------- -- 697 Alonso Rojas district. (See Consolacion del Sur district.) Altimarano, Bishop Juan de las Cabezas. — -.... 566 Altimarano, Juan de (Governor) --- -.. --- —--------------------------—. 696 Altitude in relation to distribution of population. --- —-. ---—.. 80 Alto Songo city --- —----------------—. ----...... --- - - - - 190 Alquizar city ---- - ------—, ---- -- ----------- 190 Alquizar district- -..-.. ---._......... 179,181,191,194, 200, 202, 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 672, 698 Alvara, Juan Gonzalez --- _. ----------- -------—. --- —--—. 36 Alvarez, Gomez de (Governor)..- - -...- - —.-. —.. --- —. --- —.- 697 Amaro district. (See Cifuentes district.) Amnesty to insurgents ----—, -- —, ---—.. -.. - -—, 37 Anderson, Richard -------—. ---, --- —----------------------- ----- - 34 Andreu, Aurelio -----.. --- --. --- —. --- —------------- 637 Angel, Don Gregorio Diaz -—. ----. ----. --- —-—, --- —--—, --- —-- - 566 Angulo, Gonzalo Perez de (Governor).. --- —... --- —., --- —... ---- -.. 696 Animals adapted to cane culture.- -------- - -, — 530 by kinds.... --- —---—,... ---. --- —--.. --- —--- ------ 540,561 and by race of farm occupants. —. --- —. --- —---- 562-564 INDEX. 743 Page. Animals, domesticated, introduced -.... --- —----—. --- —-. --- —------- 65 native - - —.-.............. --- — 23 Annexation, proposed, to United States ---—, _,, --- —- - 35, 38 Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de (Governor) -_ -.. - —........... - 697 Aranda, Cristobal de (Governor) -_-, --- —-....... —. 697 Arango, Francisco de ------- --------------—. --- ——,... 568,569 Arango y Parrenca, Don Francisco. --- —---—. --- —----.,, ---.-. --- —. 730 Areas college.. --- —----------. ------—. - -------—.. --—. 580 Arcas de Canasi.- _ —.-..-,, --- —--------------------------- -------—.-. 19 Arderius y Garcia, Jose (Governor) -. --- ---—. --- -,,-.,,-..... 698 Area by density of population ----- —. --- —-------. --- —— ^ —. 75 cultivated -.. _..- - -—.. --- —---- —. - ---—, ---... --- - 553-555.in principal crops —.- --------- ------—. ---.. 558-559 of Cuba --—.- ------—. --- —- -. --- —--—.....- -- ---—....-.. - 18,73,74 districts- -...-.....-. --- I ---- -----....... 191-193 farms-.............. —.-. --- —-.-. —.. ---., —. —..... 543 by tenure and race of occupants —..-. ----------- 546 forests..-..- ------—...-. --- —-. --- 553-555 provinces ---- ----------- ------ 74 sugar plantations. —.. ---. — -_. - --- ---— ~ --- —. --- —--- -... --- — 560 tobacco plantations --- -..,_.. ---..-....... —.. --- —..... 560 percentages in farms and cultivated. --- —---— _... —..-.. --- —-- 543 relation to center of population ---— _. --- —---—. _ —.-.. ---.- 77-80 Argentina, percentage of unmarried.___...-...-..- ---—.. --- —.... 146 widowed - _, --- —. —. --- — ----- ---—,,.. ---- 143 Arias, Alejandro Rodriguez (Governor) -.... —_ ---.- _.-, --- —---—. --- 698 Army, insurgent..... ----......... --------—.. - - -.. ---- - 37 support of Spanish-Cuban -._-_ ---. —. _, -—. ---. ---. 38 Arrate, Jose --- —---. —.._................ --- ——.. --- —------- 737 Artemisa district. --- —---—... —..... --- —---------— ___ 180,184, 192,196,201, 219,226,239-241, 300,359, 419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681, 699 Asia, natives of, residing in Cuba.,. - - - 472-475, 499-506 Asphaltum deposits.-..- -.. ---....,-..... -.. 21 Atares castle ----------.... —................. ---.. ---. --- —----- 36 Atkins, E. F —..-...- -------- --------—.- ------ _ 526 Attorneys, examination requisite -_ --- —--—._ --- —---—. ---. --- —.. 59 Audiencias -... ----. I ---- - - 56,57, 59 Audiencia of Santo Domingo, auditing system. ----...-.. --- —-. ----. — 30 Augustine, order --—.. --- —----—. --- 569 Australia, natives residing in Cuba,-. ---, --- —-. --- —- 220-225,472-475,499-506 Austria, percentage of unmarried -— _. — _.. --- —-—... ---... --- —- 146 Authors cited or mentioned, list of_.,. --- —-. ----—. --- —-.-... 737-738 Authorities, council of...- ---._.. --- -------. —...- 53 Autonomy, not independence, desired by industrial classes..-..__... 32 Avila, Juan de (Governor) -. — __..- -—..^ -—.-.. 696 Avilis, Pedro Menendez de (Governor) __ --- —------—..... --- —--—. 697 B. Bahia Honda district-.......-...-., 180,184,192,196, 201, 219,226,239-241, 300, 359, 419-423,509,513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681,699 Bainoa district.-..-.... --- —----- ----------- -- 179,181,191,194,200,202, 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 672, 698 Baja district. (See Mantua district.) 744. INDEX. Page. Balnueva, Pedro Valdes (Governor)... --- —--------—.. —.. --- —.-. --- —-. 697 Balnuevo, Juan Maldonado (Governor).-...... —......., 697 Banking facilities, lack of --------—.. —..-. --- —----—. ----...._. 31 Baracoa... --- —-- ----—.. ----.. 27,29,175,190 Baracoa district ------- --.. — ------,.. 181,188,193,198, 202, 205, 220,227,248-250, 301,360,433-437, 511,514,517,519, 522, 555, 695, 699, 722, 724, 726 Barbados, percentage of unmarried —, --- —-,-.. --- —-—...- -- _ 146 widowed ------------- -— _ 143 Barnes, I. A. -- ---— ^ -------------—. - ---—...... — ------ ---.. ---- 625 Barrios...-...... -— _.-. --- —-------—.......... —....... 12,17,46 Bassecourt, Juan (Governor). —. -, ---,-..-. --- —-----—..-.-... —.._ 697 Bastida, Don Pablo Ruiz de la.-....-....-.... -----—. -—.. ---..-.... 731 Batabano —. - --- —,-., ---—. --- —. --- —--—._ --- —. -....-... 27, 175,190 Batabano district —.. —.........-............. 179, 181, 191, 194, 200,202, 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 673, 698 Bauta district -. - -----------------—..-.. --- —--—. ---- 179,181,191,194,200,202, 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 670, 698 Bayamo city -.,....- -.........-_ 190 Bayarno district — _ —.. - --—.-. ---. 181,188,193,198,202,205,220,227,248-250, 301, 360,433-437, 511, 514, 517, 519, 522, 555, 693, 699, 722, 724, 725 Beet sugar, price and effect on Cuban production of cane sugar ----.5 — 525-527 Behm and Wagner -........-...........-__.-.,__ 737 Bejucal city. ---------—..- -—. - ----------.. ----. —. ----. - 190 Bejucal district..,- _ —. --- —-. ---. --- —-. --- —. 179,181,191,194,200,202, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-412,507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 673, 698 Belen, Jesuit College of...... --- —----—.-.- - --—.- ----— __._ _... — - 580 Belgium, percentage of children —..-.- ---------— _ -. ---_ —_,.. — 85 unmarried- ----—._, __- — __ 146 Belt, D. G -.... —_ ----.,- -------------—.. --- —---------- -.6...2......_ 625 Benificencia, school -.-.. --.. —...... — -.... 568 Bermuda, percentage of widowed. --- —--------—.- - ------—... -.... 143 Betancourt, Gen. Pedro E —..,....._..,_...... —.-.... 635 Bethlehemite fathers -—... --- —- ---—. --- —-—.. ----,,, --- —56-...- -- 565,574 Bibliography-.... ------—.. —.. ---. ---.. —... 737,738 Birds.. --- ——.-,.-,. ------.-............. 23 Births..-............ --- —-—, ---. --- —,... --------—, --—. ---. i714-716,720-722 excess over deaths -----—...-........... --- —-. --- —_,,__ 72 Birthplace....-... — —..., —.......,. 218-225, 499-506 Black Eagle, society of_ ------ ---- ---..,, -------- - _ 35 Blackman 7 —...-....-......,. 737 Black Warrior, detention of steamer -—. --- —-.. ----. — —..-... 39 Blanco y Erenas, Ramon (Governor) ------—.- ------ 54, 698 Blow, Capt. W. N., disbursing officer ---—.. ----- ------- ----,_ 625 Bolivar, Simon ----—... ---,-. --- —--—. —.-...-.-.-...........,_. __ 35 Bolivar, Soles de.-.. ----,, --- —_-,_. ---- _, --- —-. — ---.-.-.. --- 33 Bolondron --------------—.. --- —....... - —,___. —............__. 175, 190 Bolondron district.-................ 180,191,196,203,218,226,236 -239, 300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518,520, 553,677,699,720,722,724 Bennett, William.................................. ----,. 527 Breadwinners, discussion of statistics regarding. --- —- 154-167 See also References to tables under "Occupations." Bresa, de (Governor) -----—.. -----------------—................. --- — 67 British occupation of Habana beneficial ---................................ 43 Brooke, Maj. Gen. John R. (Military Governor)......._.. 54, 57, 59,584 INDEX. 745 Page. Bucarely, Antonio M. (Governor) -.-.-.._.- _, --- — ---- - 697 Buccaneering -—.- --------. ---. ---. --- —------. --- —--- 29 Buena Esperanza, Gulf,-, -—. --- —-- —. ---- --- -.- -----—. — 18 Buildings (see Dwellings) -—. —. --- —- ----—.. -—,. ----.. -. ----—.. 167 Burgos, laws of...-......... —............. —... 66 Bulletins, publication of census-..-..- ---........ ----. 14 C. Caballero, Don Jose Augustin_,...... 567,568 Cabanas district -.. --- —---—..-..- ------—... --- —--- 180,184,192,196,201, 219,226, 239-241, 300, 359,419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681, 699 Cabrera... --- —-... ---3.... — -- 737 Cabrera, Lorenzo de (Governor) _. --- —----- ----------------- ---- 697 Cadenas. Manuel P -....... ---. 641 Cadiz, exclusive trade privileges granted.-..- —..... 27 Cagigal, Francisco (Governor) -. --- —-—. -----------. -—... —.. -- 697 Cagigal, Juan M. (Governor) -----------—......- -------------—,. 697 Caibarien. —.......... — ------ -. ----.. 27,190 Caibarien district. --- —-. --- -- 180,186,192,198,201,204, 219,227,244-247, 301, 360,426-432,510, 513,516,519,521,554,686, 688, 699,721,723,725 Calabazar city -. --- ——. — ----— ~ --- —------------—.. --- —- 190 Calabazar district 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301, 360, 426-432,510, 513,516, 519, 521,554, 688,699,721,723,725 Callahan, J. M........ --------—... --- —---—.. ---- 737 Calleja e Isasi, Emilio (Governor) ------—. ---_ —.. —.......... --- ---—. 698 Camajuani city.-.- - - -..-... --- —-------------- 190 Camajuani district - ----------- 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247,301, 360,426-432,510,513,516,519,521,554,688,699,721,723,725 Camarones district. (See San Fernando district.) Campechuela city...... --- —---------------—. 190 Campechuela district - - --- 181,188,193,198,202, 205,220,227, 248-250 301,360, 433-437,511,514,517,519,522,555,691,699,724,725 Campos, Arsenio Martinez (Governor)... 698 Canada, natives residing in Cuba -220,225,472-475,499-506 Canary Islanders --—..-. —. 530 Canasi district --...- - -----—. ----, -... 180,184,196,203,218,226,236-239, 300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518,520,553,677,699,720,722,724 Candelaria district --- —-----—. --- ——. --- —---------- --- 180,184,192,196, 201,219, 226, 239-241,300, 359,419-423, 509,513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681,699 Caney. (See El Caney.) Caney district --—. --- —------------------- - 181,188,193, 198,202,205,220,227, 247-250, 301, 360, 433-437, 511, 514, 517, 519, 522,555, 691,699,722,724, 725 Cano district ---- ----------------—. --------------- 179,181,191,194,200, 202, 218, 225,232-235, 299,358,406-412, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553,672,698 Capitulation of Zanjon. --- —--- ------------------------. --- 37 Captain-generals (see Governors)... --- —-—... 696-698 Carballo, Don Juan F -. --- —-. --- —-------—. —. ----. --- —---------------- 574 Carbo, Buenaventura (Governor).-. —.. --- —----- -------- 698 Cardenas city, report of enumeration -—... —.. --- —---- 666-668 revolutionary attack upon.- ----------—... ---. 35 Statistics: Age and sex ------------- ---- ----------- 203 Birthplace ---------------------------—. --- —------ 218 Breadwinners ---—.S6.. --- —--------—. --- —---,- 156,57 746. INDEX. Cardenas city, statistics-Continued. Page. Citizenship —.... 226 literacy and education, --- —-, — 236-239 Conjugal condition-.-......-.-..,... 300 Dwellings and families. --- —------—, --- —- 512 water supply. ---- -.-. ----------- —, - 172 Excreta, method of disposition ------------ 177,520 Families ---------—...- - ------ 508 Garbage disposal _. --- —-- -- ------- 175,518 Literacy ----- -------- ---- ---- --- - 148,149 Marriage ratios -.. --- —-.. ----,. ---. --- 120,132,137,139 Nativity.-. --- —--—.. --- —.. 99 Occupations. --- —--- -- --- -—... — 156,157, 413-418 Population ----—. - 190 School attendance-..-..-... -........-.... 300 Sex and nativity.. --- —---—.-, --- —---—.... — - - 196, 200 Sex and race -- -----—, --- --,-, 196-200 Water-supply sources-...... -..-.-........,...... 172,515 Cardenas district.-...- -—.,...,........ 180,191,196,203,218,226,236-239, 300,359,413-418,508, 512,515,518,520,553,675,699,720,722,724 Carlos Rojas district -.. --- —----—.. -—.. 180,191,196,203,218,226, 236-239, 359, 413-418, 508, 512, 515, 518,520,553,676,699,720,722,724 Carmen, Ntra. Sra. del, college -—.. ---..... 580 Carreno, Francisco (Governor)....-..-...... __ 697 Cartagena district -.. -.. ---....-.. 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301, 360, 426-432, 510, 513, 516, 519,521,554,686,694,699,722, 724,725 Cartwright, Major Geo. S -..-.... 6634 Casa de Contratacion - - - —.-,-,_,~,.,..... 2 27 Casas, Don Luis de las (Governor). ---......-.. —,-..... --- - 568,697,729 Casiguas district ----..-. ---... — --. -—. --- —-.... ------- - 179,181,191,194, 200, 202 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358,406-413,507, 515, 520, 553, 672, 698, Castellanos, Adolfos Jiminez (Governor).- -3-2_....._...... 6.._, 32, 698 Castilla, Don Juan Cirillo de -...... ----.. —. --- ——.-..-. 567 Castillo, Ignacio Maria del (Governor).-. 698 Catalina district - - - - 170,181,191,194,-200,202. 218, 225, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-413, 507, 512, 515,517, 520, 553,674, 698 Cattle.. --- --.-. --- —-.- ---------—.. -- —.. --- — ---—. 540, 561-564 Cattle ranches. —. ----. ------. --- ---—. ----,. ---------,.. 540 Cauto Embarcadero -—, --------—. —...,-..__ 20 valley of --— _ — ---. _...20 Cayajabos district. (See Artemisa district.) Cays, enumeration of population on. --- —..-. - ----- —... --- —__._, 665,666 Ceballos y Vargas, Francisco (Governor) -..-_,.._...._............_ — 698 Ceiba del Agua district -..-.- -. —, ----- 179,181,191,194,200,202, 218,225,232-235, 299, 358, 406-413, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520,553, 672, 698 Ceja de Pablo district -.............. 180,186,192,198,201,204, 219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-432,510,513,516,519,521,554,687,699,721,723,725 Ceniti, Governor... -......................... 35 Censos, amount.-..-..... ---. ---....,..-.. 41 Census, a step toward self-government,..-........ - 9,10 date basis of statistics,, ---.. —...._. 72 cost of taking.-.. --------—.... —,. —..... _- -, - --—..__-__.._ 10,739 field work.-._-......... --—. —..-..-.. —...-........ —....... 11 performed by Cubans --------—. --—.-. --- —-- 9 termination of, --- - - - 13 INDEX. ' 747 Page. Census, headquarters chosen -- -. --- —---- —,,. -- —,- 11 limitations prescribed -----------------—._ _ 9 memorandum plan.-.......... --- —-....... 9 orders governing... -------—..... ------—. ---—.-........ 11,621-625 officers appointed --------—.- -—, ----,..........,,_ 621-625 proclamation of the President. --- —-.... ---. ----_- -__..... --- —-. 10 property, disposition of ------------ -- - -..-,.... 739 schedules -.... — -- __. — ------- —.- - --—.. —..-..... — - - - - - - - - 61 to be complete and accurate -------------- --—. - 10 Censuses, analysis of previous..-..-....................._.....-. 702-726 of Cuba — _.,, ---- -----— _-. 72 Center of population ------------- ----- -,, __. 77-80 Central America, natives, resident in Cuba -----—... 98,220-225,472-475,499-506 Centro Gallego college.- —.-. ---. --- —-—. --- —-.-. —......-.___ 580 Cervantes college —...- -- ------------—.. —. --- -. ---. --- —.........-.. 580 Cervantes district. (See Perico district.) Cervera, Admiral.-....._,_............_...... 41 Chacon, Luis (Governor) --... --- — -------- -— _...-__......__ 697 Charles III. ----.. ---. ---.. --- --------—. ----,_ --- -6... -.-... -..__.. 67,567 Charles IV --—. ---..-. ----........... -.......-... 567 Charles V, licensing of slave trade.. --- —--------------—,-,. —.-...- 67 ~- "New laws"...,.............. ---.._ _._........ __ 66 Chavez, Antonio (Governor) ---—.. 696 Chavez, Manuela.-.. ---- -- _ 650 Child labor -...... ---.. -. ----—, ---- _ - -_-. 155 Children, illegitimate.-, -_ ^ ------— _.-. 354-357 percentage by age periods.-..-...,, __-__. 91 proportion in foreign countries. --- —-.. --- —-..-. —....... 85 ratios by age ----—. ----—... --- —------- —. ---... - 89 Chile, proportion of unmarried -.-. ---------- -—,,_ 146 widowed_., — ___, — _-,- - - -_ ___ _ 143 China, immigration from, regulated,,, ---_,,,, _-_ --- - 70 treaty with Spain...........-..._ _..,...... 71 Chinese immigration -—,_ ---_ __-_-, —,- _ 69-71,733 enrollment of those in Cuba.......... — - -... 71 number in Cuba... --- —-—.... — ----—, --- —--------—,... 220-225 occupations of -.. —....- -. — - ----------------- -..... 71 percentages of., 96 Chinchilla y Diez de Onata, Jose (Governor) - - -- — 698 Chirino, Nicolas (Governor) - ---------- -—,, -.-._. 697 Church, effect on colonization,.-......................,..,._ _ -.. 44 efforts to prevent slavery -...... --- —. —... --------- - __..____ 66 maintenance-.... 38 property, value —._ ----- ----- - --— _... 44 Cidra district. (See Santa Ana district.) Ciego de Avila city.. — -... --- —------------ ------------—.. 190 Ciego de Avila district.-.-.-. --- —--------- 180,186,192,196,201,204,219,227, 242, 243, 300, 359, 424-426, 510, 513,516,519,521,554,682,720,723,725 Cienfuegos city, revolutionary demonstration in -, ---.. 35 statistics: Age. _ --- —----- -—.- - 204,213,375,376 Birthplace. ---- --- ------- 219,223 Citizenship -... ---. ----_ --- — -----. 227,244-247,279-282 Conjugal condition- _...- 120,132,137, 139,301,304,334-337 748 INDEX. Cienfuegos city, statistics-Continued. Page. Dwellings -------------—. —. ---. — -—. —. 513 Education -----------—, — - ----- 403 Families- _- 510 Illegitimates-.... -..,.-.... —................. 356 Literacy ---.........................__-. 148,149 Nativity ---....,.....,... 99 Occupations ---..._-...... 156, 157,426-432,452,453 Population.. --- —-- 190 Race -—, —, --- - ---- —.-198 Sanitation-disposal of excreta -... 177, 526 garbage --—..-.. 175,519 School attendance —.. —..- _.-......... 150,360,394,395 Sex --.. —... --- —.......- -__,.._... - __...- 198,201 W ater supply -----.. — -. ----- ---. ---- -—.... 172,516 Cienfuegos district - ---- _ —. 180,186,192,198,201,204, 219, 227,244-247, 301,360,426-432,510,-513,516,519,521, 554, 685,699,721,723, 725 Cienfuegos, Don Jose de (Governor). --- —.-. -------—...-.-.0 --- —-- 697,730 Cifuentes city -.,- - -—.-.. ---.- ------—. --—.. ---. --- —-—. 190 Cifuentes district -------—.. — ------- 180,186,192,198,201,204, 219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-432,510,513,516,519,521,554,687,699,721,723,725 Cimarrones district. (See Carlos Rojas district.) Cisneros, Pascual Jimenez de (Governor) _ --- —... ----, --- -— _,,. -697 Cities, comparison with previous statistics.. --- —. --- ——.-...-0-._.,-_, 76 corporate limits of. ----------------------- - ------------ 76 distribution of..,- ------- ---------... --- --—.- ----—. —,.._._- - 76 population of..... --- —......,._ ----—. —_ — - 76,77,190,191 plans - --------------------------—, ---------—, --- —--- - _ 44 Citizenship, discussion of statistics -. ---., ---. --- —-—.. --- —--------- 100-112 statistics: In relation to age, sex, race, and nativity..-. 251-298 In relation to sex and occupation —..._. 465-467,485-489 In relation to literacy and education - - - - --— _ —__228-250 Civil Code promulgated-.-,- ---—. --------.. —. —....-,,. 37 Clark --- 737 Cleveland, Grover (President).. —. —,.- - --—........,, 39 Climate -—.. -—.- ---—....-,. —,. _. 21 Coast, cities located upon —, --- - -- --- __- 76 formation and character of --------- -------... --- -—. — _ — -.. -- 18 sparsely populated --------------------—....,. ----... —._- _- 75 Cobre city. --- — ------—. ----- -—. --- —--—.... --- - —.... — __.-. 190 Cobre district ----—. --- —---—. -. -. 185,188,193,198,202,205,220,227,247-250, 301,360,433-437,511,514,517,519,522,555,691,699,722,724,725 Cobre range of mountains.. - - -.... 20 Cocoa, production._ —.. —.-.. --- —--—.. -.... 539 Coffee cultivation — _. --- —--..- —. --- —. --- —--—... ---.. 4, --- —— _.. 43,538 export duty established -------------- ---- _ 27 exports by years. --- —-- -— _-....- 537 introduction of culture. ------------- ------— _ - 537 plantations._.........,, —. --- ——...-,, ----— _. 540 Cohabitation without marriage. --- —-—. --- —... -—.. — 131 College, Jesuit, established -- _ -,_ —, ---, ----_ — 566 College of lawyers,..-.- -- ---—. --- —------ -------—.. ----. 58 Colleges (see Schools) _.___ --- --- -------— _ — _ --- —--—. ---._- ------. ---_ 584 Collegios de Escuelas Pias -.._ --- —----—. --- —--.. --- —, -------------- -. 580 INDEX. 749 Page. Columbia, relation to revolutions. --- —---.. ---... --- —----------- 35 Colon city ---- - --—.. --- —----—.. --- -------------..... --- —---- 190 Colon district............. --- --- ---.. 180,191,196,203,218,226,236-239, 300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518, 520,553,677,699,720,722,724 Colonias ------------------------------ --------- 529-532 Colonies, plans of ---...... --- —-- -----—. —. ---- ----...... ---- 44.45 Colonization of Cuba _ --------------- ----- 24-44 plan followed, Roman in character -------—. --- —-- 44 Color. (See Race.) Color line - ----- ---- --- - -... --- -. —....,..-.. ---- - 69 Colored, percentage of population. --------—. —. ----. —... —.. — 200-202 slave and free- --- ------ ---------------------- 98,710,711 Columbus, Christopher.-.- - 24,737 Columbus, Don Diego -..-. --- —.. --- ——. ---- ----------------- 25,66 Commerce, colonial, with Spain ----------—, ---. --- —---------------- 30,31 taxes on enterprise -__ ----. ----.. --- --—, --- 30 Committee, provincial - —,,-..-.-... ---. ------ 51 Concessions, economic --- ------------ — * ---- - 31 trade... -- -------.. --- — ----- ----- -.-... 37 Concha, Jose Gutierrez la (Governor). —.-.-. —... 698 Condition, conjugal. (See Marriage; also Conjugal condition.) Conditions, economic, prior to American occupation -. —..-,.. 38 political and economic inseparable -------- ----- 32 sanitary, of dwellings. --- ——. ---.. --- —- -- -.. - 167 social-.. -...... - --- -----—. ----.. — --- - 69 unsanitary --—. ----. —. ---. --- —-------.. --- —-. 85 Congedo, Don Juan,. - -- ------- - -- 565 Congress of American Republics, objects ------- --- -----------—, 33,34 relation of United States to --—..-. --- 33 results ----------- ----------—. — 34 Congress of United States, action taken -----------------------—. ----. 40,41 Conjugal condition and age _. --- —--------—. ----. --- —------ 122,123,306-353 nativity ---—... --- —-—........ 299-353 occupations.-_.. ----, ---—.. ---- 469-471,494-498 race -. ---- —. --- —-. --- —---- 124,299-353 sex.-.._ --- —— _ ---. ---- 299-353,469-471,494-498 common-law marriage ----------- --------------- 131 consensual unions ---—,., — -------------- 131 discussion of tables-. -......- ------------—.- 117-147 from earlier censuses ----- 710-717 ratios of increase --- —_ --- ---- -- 127 married --- —-—... —,-. --- —-- -. --- — 138,715 Conover, A. E ------------—. -------------------------- 625 Conseijo Regional - --------------. --- —-- ---- --- 51 Consolacion del Norte district --- —---—. --- —-----—. --- ---—.. 180,185,192,196, 201, 219, 226, 239-241, 300, 359, 419-423, 509, 516, 518,521,554, 679,699 Consolacion del Sur city ------ -- —. - ---- -------- 190 Consolacion del Sur district ----- ------- 180,185,192,196,201, 219, 226, 239-241, 300, 359, 419-423, 509, 513, 516,518, 521,554,679,699 Constitution of 1812, Spanish --....... 33 extended to Cuba. — ------- ------------- - 37,52 Conspiracies._ ---.-., ---.- - ---- ----—. --- —------------ 33-39 Contadores______...- -—.. --—. ------------- 30 Convents, classification of occupants —. —. ------ -—,- - ----- - 113 75J0. INDEX. Page. Conyedo. ----.-.. ----—. —. --- —- ---—. ---. -------—.. ------- 566 Coolies, importation of -.... ---.. ---- -, ---, --- --—, ---- 69 Copper deposits. --- —----—. --- —------ ---------------- -----. —. ---. ---- 21 Corcho, Fr. Antonio Perez de --- —-—.-.-..... -. 566 Cordillera de los Organos ----------------- ----------------- 19 Cordoba, Diego de (Governor) -------------—. — --------—..... — ----—. 697 Cordoba, Jose Fernandez de (Governor) -------— _ --- —-------—. ----.- 697 Cordona, Tomas..,........... ---...-,,... 631 Cordova, Francisco Fernandez de —. —.. -_ -,..,. —. ---- 728 Corral Falso city ----—.. -... —. --- ——. --- —. ----. --- ——. ---- 190 Cortes, Cuban representation in.- —.... — -....... 35-37,55 of Castile —.. --- —-----------—....-........ --- —- 43 Cost of census -----—. --- —-- —.-. —. —.-, — - -..-.. ---.. ---- -- 10,739 Costa Rica, proportion of unmarried. --- —----------- -------------— 1..- 146 widowed - ----- 143 Council, municipal. --- ------- -- - 46-47 of administration.. --- —------- ------ ----------...,.-. 53 authorities- _ -. -------- 53 the Indies --------—...-.-..... --. --.. 27,43,566 trade. --- —. —. ---..-........-.. 27 Courts, audiencias. ---. --- —----------- -----------------------. 56,57,59,60 character of administration. -........... 59 municipal —,......-....._.. 56 organization of ------—. -------- ---------- ---------------—. - 57 of first instance, jurisdiction. --------- ------- 57 police.... --- —-.- -------------------. — -- ------—.- ------- ---- 59-60 supreme -------—.. - - ----------------—. —. — ---- ---------- 59 Criminals, Chinese......... --- -.. -..........._.. 71 negro. —.. --- —. ------------ ------- ---- - --—. ---- 69 Cristobal Colon College,-..-..... --- —- -----—. --- —--—.- _. _.... 580 Cristo city.. --- —-------— i. --—. -...... 190 Cristo district. --- —--—. --- —., ------ 181,188,193,198, 202,205,220,227,247 -250, 301, 360, 433-437, 511, 514, 517, 519, 522,555, 691,699,722, 724,725 Crittenden, Colonel ---------. --- —------- ---—..-.. _ 36 Crops, principal, area cultivated -.. --- - 558,559 Cruces city --- —----------- ----— 190 Cruces district ------—.. --- —------- —.. 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244 -247, 301, 360, 426-432, 510, 513, 516, 519, 521,554, 686,699,721,723,725 Cruz, Cape -----—, --- —- ------------------ ------ 18 Cuadrado, Dr. Gaston Alonso.,.. -..... —_.. 574 Cuba, center of population.. —. --- —-... --- —----—..... --- —. -,.. --- 80 location of island..... — -17 names given: Juana- -------—. --------- ----—. --- —-- 24 Fernandina.. ---...,.- -,, _., _ 25 Santiago.-... -- 24 natives of island........ -___. 220-225, 472-475,499-506 settlement. ---. --- —.. — -------—,. ----......... --- —-. — -- -...... 23 representation in Cortes ---- ---------- - ---—... — 55 Cuban debt, amount. --- -,- 38 deficits added...... ---- 31 payment of interest on. --- —------- --—. - ---—.. 38 Cuban Republics.. --- —------ -. --- —. --- ——. --- —-..... ---- - 55 Cuevitas city. -. --- —---- ---------------- -,. 190 INDEX. 751 Page. Cuevitas district 180,191,196,203,218,226,237 -239, 300, 359, 413-418, 508, 512, 515, 518,520,553,677,699,720,722,724 Currency system ---------—, ---------—._ _ ___ 31 Curriculum, University of Habana -.. --- —-.-................. 570 D. Daiquiri city.....-...... —.,...... __.190 Dairla, Francisco (Governor) ----------—.. — ----....___.. 697 Davey- -—. --- —--—.- -—. ----------- —. _ --- —.-_ — - - -_,. _...- 737 Davis --- —-—. --- —.... --- —-----—........-....... 737 Davis, Maj. J. G --—. --- —-.. ---------. -------......-..... 724 Deaths, by districts and years --- —---—. --- —--—.......-............___ 724 provinces and years - -—... __. _........ 717 ratios. ---.. — ------. ---. --- —---- ------ ---. ----........___ 718 Debt, Cuban, cost of ten years' war added -------—. ---- —. ---__ - —.... __ 37 (See also Cuban debt.) Decrees... --- ——. ---. ------—. — --- ---- 709 Insular, directing Chinese to leave -------— _ --- —. —.-.-___. 71 Royal.......:_.~ _ -27,28,32,34,70, 71,582,700 Delitsch, Otto. —. — ----—. —.... — -._....- -.....-... —...__._... 737 Demands for reforms.-.. -...._....-... 37 Denmark, proportion of unmarried. —..- ----—... ---. ---,- --—.___. 146 Density of population, discussion of tables-.,..-__,.. 73 ratios ------ --------------. --- —----- -- - - - —.... _ 75 rural population.........._..____ 74 Deputation, provincial -----—. --- - ---—.._.. 50 Departments, secretaries of,.-.......-.____.-..__ 54 Oriental and Occidental..-.. --- —-------- - _,. -------— __ -- 50 De Soto, Hernandez (Governor)........................... 25,51,698,728 Development, reasons for slow economic.. ---. — -------------------—.. —. 31 Dewey, Commodore George ---------------—....._ ---- __. -,-.. 40 D'Hespel D'Harponville, Gustave ---_-.......-..............- - 731,737 Director of the census.-.-..... --- —----—. —__..... __ 13,15 letter of transmittal -..-..... ---.-. ---... --- ——. 9-15 reports submitted by subordinates -----------—..- 625-668 Discovery of Cuba............................ _.......... 24 Districts, municipal, authority of Military Governor..... —__. 47 division of territory —,-.,. --- ------ —.-4- -,., 46 Divorce.,.. --- —--—. ---.,,,..-.......-...........__. 118 Dominguez ---—.-,,...- --------..., -- --- —. _. 737 Dominican fathers..-..,.-. --- —-—... — ----—, _,.. 566 friars ------------. —, --- —. --- —-—. --- —- ------—.- 574 Drake, Sir Francis. ---- -----—.- —. ---. ----, ----, — --- —.-.-.,_, 534 Dudley, D. E --........-~......._.....................,_ — 173 Dulce y Garay, Domingo (Governor) -. ---.........6...... 698 Dumas, Prof. Claudio (supervisor), — ---—. --- —. -- --------—.. - 621 report as supervisor of Matanzas province --- —---- 631-638 Duties, customs —. -—....; ----,-.~ —...-....:_ 28 Dwellings, aboriginal ----........... --- —. --- —--,... 65 disposal of excreta-. ---.. ---- ---------- - 176-178, 520-522 garbage --------—. --—., ----. --- —-- 175,176,517-519 families occupying ---. _ --- —---- --.16 --- —. --- —---—.. 169, 512-514 sanitary condition —. --- —. --- —.. --- —--- ---—.- 167 water supply..-..-....... -—..-.-.. ---. 171,515-517 752 INDEX. E. Page. Education- -. --- —------- 565-620 age, sex, race, and nativity.... 400-403 citizenship and literacy ---—. ----.. --- ----- - 100-112 cost _ —58...... —... —,. ----. --- —--- 584 degree shown by statistics ------—. --- —----—. --- —---------- 147 funds available in former times -—......-... --- —-.. --- - 38 history of Cuban schools --------------- --------- 565.-581 lack of facilities --- —------------ - ----- - - 42 literacy and school attendance. --- —.. --- —------—. --- —-8 —. 358-360 opposed by the church...-..... 44 sex and literacy, by selected occupations...-. 467-469, 489-493 Edwards — -----...-....,..-.. --- —-—.. ---. — 737 El Caney _. --- ----. ---. —. - ----- -------------- ------- --- 41,175 Election of councilors.. ----------—.. —.. --- ——. —,.... ---. 47 Elections, early municipal.. ----. --- -----—. —. --- —-. —. —. 45 Electors, discussion of tables —...-...-... 100-112 literacy ----------—.... --- —-----—.. --- --—.1.... ----- 112 nativity, --- —--. ---—. --- 101-112 qualifications _ --- —-----, —. --- —---—. --- —- 45, 49 race.._.- -.....- 101-112 Elevation and distribution of population-. ----.. ---. ---. --- —-----—. 80 Elizabeth, Queen-......... _ —.. 534 El Progreso College —.. ---------- -- ---------—.. 580 Emancipation of slaves —.._.... ------------------ 68 Embargo, Cuban ports placed under._ ---. ----, --- —-... —, —. —., 27 Emigration, effect.- -..... —..,......... -.. 72 Employments. (See Occupations.) Encomiendas -... — _. ---- —.. ---.- --— _- —. --- -----—. --- —- 65, 66, 67,728 Encrucijada city -..._._... -. —__ — ---—... --- —----------- 190 England, efforts to stop slave trade - - -68 natives residing in Cuba ----—, -- ----------- ------------ 220-225 proportion of unmarried.. —. --- —-._ ---------------—. --- —---- 146 English life table. --- —-----------—.....-. —. — - -—. ----.. ---- - 86,89 Enna, General.-.. ---------------—. ----.- ---------. —.. --- ----- 36 Enumeration districts, boundaries -. ----...-.....-.-.. ---. --- ------—.- 12 formation -—. ---., --- ——.. --- ——... --- —---—. 11 number.. ---. — -----......- —. ---.-. ---. 12 Enumerators, appointment.. --- —. --- —-------------------.., --- —— ^ —. — 12 instructions.. --- — --. --- —-. --- —-- ----------—.. --- —-- 12,13 list of names -..-. — -----—..-. --- —---- 668-695 Escaleras de Jaruco -, --- —-—. --- —--. ----, — _.,- -—.~-.. 19 Escuelas Pias College.....-.......,._. - I... 580 Espado, Bishop - -... -...... ----. -- ------.- --. --- —----- —. 569 Espeleta, Jose (Governor).-.. — -.-........... --- —-—.. 697 Esperanza city.. —_.......-......... --- —-. —,. --- ——. —_. --- - - 190 Esperanza district..,.., 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-432,510,513,516,519,521,554,684,699,721,723,725 Esquivil, Juan (Governor) _.._ --- —------..-.. --- — --—. ----.6I... 697 Europe, natives, resident in Cuba. --- — -—...., --- —- —.... ---- - 220-225 percentage of married... -. ------------------—.- -—. 188 sugar production ------—. ----_- —. - -------- 525 Evans, Major-..-_....:-...... 60 Excreta, methods of disposition ---,_-.......... 176,520-522 INDEX. 753 iPage. Expeditions, insurrectionary.-_. —__.________,...-.-........., -.... -. - 35 Expenditures, itemized statement..- 9, 739 Exploration.. - -. ---- -—. -....... - 45 Exports of coffee -_...__ --- —. --- —--------..-5 --- —-, -. -.. --- —------- 537 Ezpeleta y Enrille, Joaquin (Governor). ---.. —.......... 697 F. Fajardo e Izquierdo, Ramon (Governor) -... - - -...............-,.. 696 Fajardo Manuel Breton —. --- — --—. ----—. ----...... ---.. 643 Families -..-. ----.. -. --- —----.. --- —....... —......... 507-511 and dwellings. __-. — ---—. ---- -—. —.,,-. —, --- —-------- 169,512-514 discussion of statistics ---------------—. --- —-—..- ---—. 112-117 size of --- —---. --- —--. --- —--- -—.......... 113 Farms, area --------—.-.. - ---. --- —.. ---. ---. — 553-555 and percentage of cultivation -—. -. —.. --- —... --- -— ______. 543 number _____-.....,__.__. ---. --- —--------—.. —.. --- ——.. 540,553-555 and area, showing tenure and race of occupants.. --------- 546 products-. - -~-.... - ~- -............,-............. 547-552 tenure by area, showing race of occupant.. _ ---_-, ---. —.... 555-557 ownership and race of occupant -..._.. _. 544 Farr's English life table -_ --- -------- ----- 86, 89 Fauna- -.-...-............... --- —.... -------—.. v 23 Females, ratios and numbers of. (See Sex.) Ferdinand, King -.. —...- ---- -- - - —, -----, — -- _ --- —------—. — 24, 52,67 Ferdinand VII.. _ —. ---_.. —. - --------—. -—. --- —. - -—. ----- 33,569 Fernandia, name given Cuba... —.. -.-. ----.. 25 Fernandez, Francisco. —.. ----.......... ---... --- —... -—.. ---- -----......- 534 Fernandez y Caballero de Rodas, Antonio (Governor) -—.-. -_ 698 Field work of the census. (See Census.) Figueroa y Garaondo, Cayetano (Governor) -,.. --- —.. --- —. --- —-—. — 698 Filibustering __...-...._. --- —---- -----—. —. --- —---—. --- —-- 35-40 Fiscal-.-....__._ ---— _ --- — ----—.. --- —--------.. —.-. --. — 56 Fisheries, tables. (See Occupations.) Fiske, A. K -._ 737 Fiske, Prof. John _-...-_. — --------------------—.., —.. ---—. 66,737 Flora.-a-.. --- —-. ----. --- —.-. --- —-. ---. --- —-- 22 Flores, Rodrigo de (Governor).. ---—. ---- 697 Florida, distance from Cuba - ----------- ----------------- 17 cession of-.. —. ^ -------- ---------- 43 Strait of, controlled by Cuba ----------- —.- - --------—. --- —-- 17 Flotas.. --- —. — -------------- 27-29 Fomento, Junta de. —,- ----—. 69 Foreign born. (See Nativity.) Forest area- —.. - -... --- —- -------. --- —--- - 553-555 Forests-.-....... --- —----- ---.. —. --- —------- 22 France, natives of, resident in Cuba --- 220-225 percentage of children ------ ----- ----------- 85 proportion of unmarried —. --- ——. --- —-------.. --- —- 146 sugar production -. ----. —. --- - ----------------------- 525 Fras, Francisco de..... ---- ------------- ------ --------- --- 36 Freedom, effect of economic and political ------- - 32 Froude -.. --- - --------- -------------- -----. 737 Fruits-. — -.. ---. --- ------—. --- —- ---------------- 524, 539,550, 551 24662 -48 754 INDEX. G. Page. Gamboa, Francisco Riano de (Governor).. --- ——. ----....... 697 Game. —. —.... ----. —. --- —------.. ---. X-. ---. ---------------------- 23 Gannett, Prof. Henry.-..... --- —-.. I --- —------—. --- —--— ^ --- — 13,14 Garbage disposal —. --- —... --- —--------------—. --- —---- 175,517-519 Garcia, Asuncion _ --- -. ---.. —.. ---------—. ---- -—. --- —-------- -- 637 Garcini, Jos6.............. --- — --- ------ -- - 642 Gaurabo River............ ----- -—. --------—. --- ——. ----—. — 174 Geography of Cuba -------------------------------------------------- 17-20 Santiago province. —. -------. --- —-----—. ---- 652 Germany, natives in Cuba. —_. --- ----------------- 220-225,472-475,499-506 proportion of unmarried.-._ ------- - -------— 146 Gibara city....- ---------- ------------ - -..... 190 Gibara district. -. --- —--- 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227, 247-250,301,360,433-437,511,514,519,522,555,694, 699, 722,724,725 Ginoves del Espinar, Felipe (Governor)-.. --.......- 698 Giron, buccaneer..__- -- - —. --- —--------—. --- —.-. ---. --- —-- 29 Gironm, Pedro Tellez de (Governor)... - ----—. --- —-------- --- - 697 Gold mining ---.. ----. ---.... --- —- ------ ----- 21 Gomez, Gen. Jose Miguel............- —.. --- —----- -----—..... 650 Gomez, Jose Sanchez (Governor)... --- —--------—.. --- —-. 698 Gonzaga, San Luis College.............. —.. -—..-. --— 580 Gonzalez, Buenaventura —..... — ------------—. --- —-------- ------ 639 Gonzalez, Francisca del Valle -.... —, -----—. — ---------—... --- — 650 Government..-.. --- -.... ----—. — -- 43-60 autonomous. — - --—. --- —- ---------- -5 ---. --- —---- 55 colonial theory of Spain.., --- - -.. --—......- 26,32 effect on economic conditions,_ --- ——. -------- —. ---. 32 insular colonial ------------—.. —.. --- —-------------—.. 51 military objects-. -... --- -—... ----. --- 55 municipal -___ ---_ — ------------- - ------------------- --- 45-49 provincial.. ---—,.-, --- —---- 50,51 Spanish, an object of suspicion ----- -----------—,.. - 31 theory of Spanish colonial -.. ^ ---.. --- -----—. ---- 44 Governors, civil, of provinces --—. -.. --- —. — —. --- — ---—.. --- —--- 51 Governor-Generals, list of.___ —................................. 696-698 status of -. --- —--—.... --- —- -.-... --- —--- 52 to appoint provincial officers ------ ---------- - 50 Governors, character ----—.- - 32 chronological list -..... --- 696-698 regional.-. ---. --- - ---------------------- --- 51 Spanish appointive policy. ------------------ 32 Grant, U. S. (President) _...-._,.-...... 39 Great Britain, natives resident in Cuba. --- —---. --- —-—.. — 472-475, 499-506 Greene, Maj. Gen. F. VT. --- —---—. --- —-. ----.....-. --- —---.. 173 Grierson, Capt. Charles H., disbursing officer..-.. 625 Griffin, A. P. C__. ---- -. ---. --- —---- -. —.. — -- --—.. -.. 575 Grijalva, Juan de ---—.. --- —--—. --- —. --- —. —.. —.... 728 Guabairo colonia. --- —--—.. ---- ---- —, —. — —.-. ---- ---------—... — 529-532 Guamacaro district -. -—. --- —---—..-..-..- 180,191,196,203,218, 226,237 -239, 300, 359, 413-418, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 675, 699, 720, 722,724 Guamutus district. (See Marti district.) Guanabacoa city, age ---. -—. -.. --- —. ---..- --------------—. ----—. --- — 202 birthplace -—. ---------------------------—.. — -.. — - 218 INDEX. 755 Page. Guanabacoa city, citizenship -------—. —.. ---.-,......_.. —. 225,232-235 conjugal condition -...........,, 120,132,139,299 dwellings --..-. --- —-----—. —._......-... — ----—.. 512 families. --- —------------—.. ---.. — - - - - - — _,, _. _.... 507 literacy - ------.-... ------.... —.-.. -148,149 nativity... --- —-------—. ---...- -. --- —---......_.. 99,194 occupations.. --- —--------—..-..... —______ — 156,157,406-413 population -----—.. --- —---------... --- —---------. --- 190 race- - - - - - - - - - - - -... -.. — -- -—.._.. ---. _ _ 194 sanitation-disposition of excreta ---------—,_-__ ---__ 177,520 garbage ---------— 175,517 school attendance -. ------.. --- —--------...- -.... —. 358 sex.-...........-. 194,200 water supply --------------—.- ---------—... -., 172,174,515 Guanabacoa district ---—..... --- —-..-.. — - 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507,512,515,517,520,553,671,698 Guanajay city -------. --- —. --- —--. ----. ----------------------—.__-_. 190 Guanajay district.-.. — -----------—... -- -- -—.. 180,184,192,196,201,204, 219,226,239-241,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,681,699 Guane district-................ —. ---.-. ---- 180,184,192,196,201,204, 219,226,239-241,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,680,699 Guantanamo city -------------—.... -----—..- —.-. -... 190 Guantanamo district.-. --- — -- __,-.. 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227,247-250, 301,360,433-437,511,514,517,519,522,555,692,699,722,724,725 Guara district -------------—.. --- —-.. 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507,512,515,517,520,553,674,698 Guatemala, proportion of unmarried-. -........ 146 widowed ---- ---------------- 143 Guayabal district...-..> - -. -....- -180,185,192,196,201,204, 219,226,239-242,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,681,699 Guazo, Gregorio (Governor) ----------—. --- —----------------------- 697 Guines --- —------------ 175,190 Guines district -,..-,..-. 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507,512,515,517,520,553,671,698 Guemes, Juan F. (Governor) ---. --- —-. -—. —. --- —--- -..-. —. — 697 Guira city ---—. --- —----— ^ --- —. ----. — --------—.-. --- —-------- 190 Guira de Melena district-... 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507,512,515,517,520,553,673,698 Guiros, Jose Sanchez........................ ---- - - -.. - ---.- --- -- 638 Guzman, Gonzalo de (Governor). --- —----—... --- —. --- ——.. ---. 696,727 Habana city, burned by privateers. --- —- --—. — ------—. ---.-, --- 28 Chinese immigrants required to enter. —7-,,...... 70 climate-............. -_ ---.. —.-..-. ---. --- —. ---... 21 detention of Black Warrior in harbor -------—..-. --- —---- 339 fortification..-..-...... ----- --------—. ---------- 29 intendence of, created -—. --- —- -------------------- 30 lottery... -.. --- —.... 38 opened as port of entry _-.. -- --—.- -------------. 27 by British to free trade ---------—. —. --- —-------- 27 rainfall- -.. --- —--—. --- -----—... --- —-. --- —-- 22 ravaged by pirates. ---- ------------------------ 29 surrender to English.-. ---- ------------.. 42 tribunal of accounts.-... --- —.. ---------—.. --- 31 visit of battle ship Maine. --- —-—. --- —--. --- —-— 4.0 40 756 INDEX. Habana city, statistics: Page. Age.. —. --- —-----—. ----. ---.-.. 91,112,202,203,214,377,378 Birth rate by years -----------------,- 716 Births by years --—. --- —----------------—..... 714,720 Birthplace ---.... --- — ----—, --- 218,223,224 Citizenship.....-.... 103, 225,228, 229, 232-235, 283-286 Conjugal condition.. —,,. -—. ---.- -------------- 119, 120,122,124,125,127,128,132-145,299,304,338-341,722 Death rate by years -----------------------—....,... —. 718,724 Deaths, aggregate ----------.. --- —-----.. —.. -- --------- - 717 Dwellings --- —----------—. --- —------------------ 167-170,512 Education. --- —--—. ----. --- — -.-, --- 13., 103,402 Families -. --- ——. --- —---—. --- —------- 114-116, 170, 507,512 Illegitimates ----------- -.. --- —-—. --- —------ -.-. 356 Literacy.. --- —-------------—. --- —-----—. 103,148,149 Nativity --- —--. -----------—. —.. - 99,194 Occupations..-..... -,...., -........ 155,157,159,403-413, 454,455,476-478,481,485,486,490,494,495,500,501 Population --- —----------------------------- 90,114,190,192 Race.... —...-. —..-. ---. --- — —........ —.. --- —....- 194 Sanitation, disposition of excreta -.-............. 177,520 garbage. ---, --- —----------- 175,517 School attendance. —. --- —------—... --- 150,358,395,396,570 Sex.. —. -.. --- —---------—. --- —---- 82,111,194,200 Water supply, --- —- - --------- 171,172,174,514,515 Habana district --- —-------—. ---- -.. --- —----- 179,182,191,194,200,203,218, 225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507, 512, 515,517,520, 553,668-670, 698 Habana province created.-_,_ --- —. —. --- —-—. --- ——. --- —---- 52 center of population ------._ --- --. ---- ---------- 78 division into districts ------ -.. --- —-------—. 17 report of census supervisor._- -------------------—. 627 statistics. (See References under provinces.) Haiti, distance from Cuba.-. --- —----—. - - -- -. —. --- —---------- 17 relations to Cuba.. --- —. --- — -—.. ---. — ----—. ----- 34 Halstead, M. -— ____ —.... --- —...... --- —--.-. 737 Harbors, character —.. --- —------—. --- —--------- - ---------- 18 Harrison, Benjamin, President --------------------------------—. --- —- 29 Harvard College-.- -. ----..- ---- -----------—.. --- —-----.615 Havabanilla River.. - --------------------- -------------—. --- -—. 173 Hazard, Samuel --- —-. --- — ----------- -. —. ---. ----—.. 737 Health, effect of ignorance on... --- - --—. 85 Helps, Sir Arthur... —. --- ---------.- -.. ---.-..- 66,737 Heredia, Jose Maria._ —........-. —. ----. --- ——.-. — -. ---. ---.- 33 Hernandez, Don Antonio Valle --.-..-..... —..... ---..... 7730 Herrera, Maria Josefa.. --- -—. --- —- ------------—. --- —.. --- —--- 638 Herrada, Luisa --—.-. —. --- —------—. --- —--—. --- —--------- 650 Hickey, Col. J. B -.. —. --- —----- ---------—. --- ——. --- —-. 615 Hill, Robert T -- ------—. ----------—. --- —------ ------ ---- 80,737 History.-.... -.... --- —--------- 24-41 of agriculture. --- --- ----- --- --------- 523-525 of coffee production. --- —- - 537 of education -—,, — ---.... --- —-------------------- 565-585 of sugar production ----- -, --- — ------------—. --- —-- 525 of tobacco production - —. ----. --- ——, ---- -, --- —---—. 533 Holguin city. ----.-. —.-. ---. ----. --- —-. --- —-. --- —- --------- 190 INDEX. 757 Page. Holguin district....,-.- ----. 181,189,193,202, 205,220,227,247-250, 301,360,433-437,51,5114,517,519,522, 555,693,694,699,722,724,725 Hollerith, Herman -------—.. - --------- -—.............. --- —.. 63,694 Home rule, effect of Spanish policy - --------—. --- —-—..... 32 Honduras, British, proportion of unmarried --.. _.._.-__-, — --—.. 146 widowed -4..-...-...-..-.-..,,. 143 Horses and mules (see also Animals)-.. --.-.. 540 Hotels, classification of occupants.... —...I --------—... -— I... __- 113 Howden, Lord., — -, --- ------------ -----—.. ----. ---- ---...... ---- - 70 Huber ----—....-.., --- —------- ----.. ----—, ---, ---._. 737 Humanidades de Jesus College.-. --- —-------—. ---. --- —-- ----.-. — -.., 580 Humboldt, Baron -.. —.,........ ---.........-...-..... 68,737 Hume. --- —--:,. — -—..-. -. —.-. --- - - ----------------------- - 737 Humidity, relative —. —. -...,.. — ---—,......... 22 Hungary, proportion of unmarried -----------—.. --—. --- —-—. —.. --- 146 Hunt, William C -----—.. --- --------------—. ---. ---.. --- —--—.. — 9,10 Hurricanes --- —-... — _ ----. ----.. --- —-----------. — __ 22,538 Husbands, ratios to wives, widowed, and unmarried. (See Conjugal condition. ) Illegitimates, children ---, --- —- - ----------, -- - 354-357 Illiteracy of electors ------------—. ---. ----.. --- —-—. ---. 102-112 Illustrations, selection of-...- -—. -, -----—.. --- —. —.. —,- 14 list of. (See Table of contents). Immigration. -....... --—. --- —---—. --- —------- ----- 729, 731 Chinese... ---.,........ 69 effect of decrease.-... —...-.. —__. 72 effect on sex ratios --- —----- -. 83 negro. --- ——., ---. --- —----- -- ------------------------. 67 regulations,-..............-_-..-. —..-.-..- — ~ —.. 70 tax on entry of immigrants - ---------—.. --- —-.. — 80 Imprisonment without trial ------—... --- —---—. 59 Incomunicado imprisonment. --— 59 Indebtedness, mortgage, amount,. - -... --- --—....-. 41 ratio -------—. --- —- -------. 41 Independence, conditions requisite. --- —---------- —. --- ——.- - 41 conspiracy to secure -. --- —--—. — ---—. —. - -.. — 35 efforts of United States to secure for island —..3,,... 39 political, not advocated at first. --- —----—. —. --- —--— _ ---- 32 Indians-.. ---. —.,.. —.-. --- —---------------------. —.- -------- 66, 727 character of aborigines.-...- ------------........ 65 estimated number -. --- ——.- --. --- ----- --—.- ----._ ---. --- —- 65 enumeration............... —...-. 634 Yucatan, imported into Cuba. --- —------—. -—..-.,- --— _ — 67 Indies, law of the-....-...... 44 Industries, interests of Cuban, subordinated by Spain — _ __ --- —- 31 profits absorbed by Spain...-.., -. -,.......... 31 taxes levied........-.. 30 (See Occupations.) Innocent XIII, Pope. —, ---. --- —. —. --- —-. --- — 566 Inodoro, definition of term ---------------,, --- —--------—. ------- 177 Insects ---------------. —. —. ----,. --- —----------------- -------- - 24 Institutes.........-,,,-. —, —. —.... 579 (See Schools; Colleges.) 758 INDEX. Page. Insurrections ------ ----- --- --—. ------- - 35-40 Intendence of Habana, creation of.. --- —--—, —.. ----.............. ---... — - 30 Intervention of United States, authorized.-_............ 40 effect on economic conditions. ---_... — 4 42 Ireland, natives, resident in Cuba. --- —--------------------- -.. ----. 220-225 percentage of children ---—. --- —-—. ----.. --- —. ----. --- —...- 85 proportion of married ------—.. --- —-. --- —. —............. 118 unmarried -----. --.. --- —-.... - -- 146 Iron mines -------------------------—. --- —. --- —--------------- --- - -- 20 Irving, W --—, --- —..-. ---- —. --- —....- 737 Isabella Queen -—.- --... 24 Isabella II, Queen, —. --- —. ----- ---------- ----- -.-. 36 Isabel de Catolica College. --- —, ---. --- —,. —.... ---....... 580 Isla de Pinos district, —..-17 --- —------—. --- —------ 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507,512,515,517,520,553,674,698 Isle of Pines, geography....-....-....-..-... —...-...... —. 20 total population -—... --- A- - --------......-... —_.. 72 Islands, character of adjacent-.. - -....-.... -.... 18 Islets, enumeration of population. -----—._ --- —-.... --- —-.-... _ 665, 66G Italy, natives, resident in Cuba --------—.. --- —---—. --- —-—. --- —--- 220-225 proportion of unmarried-.,... -.,, --- —-------—. ----.. 146 J. Jaguey Grande district.... —.- -.......... 180,191,196,203,218, 237-239,300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518,520,553,678,699,720,722,724 Jamaica-17,. —.- -------—. --- —--—.. 17,24,67 proportion of widowed population.-......_... 143 James I, King —. —.....-, ---...........-__ _ 534 Japan, natives of, residing in Cuba. ------------------------—.-____ 220-225 Jaruco city ------------- --- -------------- ----— 190 Jaruco district..-. —.........._` __ ---......-. —... — 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232-235,299,358,406-413,507, 512,515,517,520,553,671,698 Jews -. —.. --- —- ---.. — ---—. - -.. --- -------.. -- - - -- -. — 26 Jibacoa district. (See Santa Cruz del Norte district.) Jicotea River... --- ——.. — -----—. —.. --- —-. -- -----—. 172 Jiguani district-....... --.... ---. —.. 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227, 247-250,301,360, 433-437,511,514, 517, 519, 522, 555,693,699,722,724,725 Jiminez, Juan Bautista, supervisor. ---.-.. --- —--- —... ---. ---,.... 621 report of --------------- 647-652 John, Prince2 4..-..-. ---..........._ 24 Jomarron, Luis F -. --- —--—, — ---—.. --- —-----—. --- —--------—.,- 639 Jovellanos-. --—. --- —-.. --—. —. —. --- —.. --- —-—. ---_ --- --—. 175,190 Jovellanos district --- —------ -...-. --- —- 180,191,196,203,218,226, 237-239,300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518,520,553,676,699,720,722,724 Jovellar y Solar, Joaquin (Governor).-....... —....._. 6. 698 Juana, name given Cuba ---------.. --- ----- ---------------- -----. —.. 24 Judges, election ---------------—, --- —-—.. ------ —.. -.-.. ---- 61 salaries of -------------------------- — 56-60 Judiciary. --- —--------—. —. -------------------------- 55 independence of.. ---. -----. --- -—.. —. --—. —. ---.. 59 Julian Diaz district.................. — -—.-......- 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219, 226, 239-242, 300, 359, 419-423, 509, 513,516,518,521,554,681,699 Junta, Cuban, in New York --—. ---. --- ——. --- —-.. --- —. —. —. ---- 36 Juragua Company ------------------------- --- - 21 INDEX. 759 Page. Justice, former administration of ---—,,. _ -., 59 Juzado de Guardia -----.. —...-..-,..... _............ 57 K. Key W est, Fla. --- —. --------------- ------- - - - — __.___. 17 Kidd, Benjamin -----------—. ---. ---. --- —-------- -—......_......... 737 Kimball, R. M.- - ----—, - —. --- —-- ~ --- ------- -... -...........-... 737 Kindelan, Sebastian (Governor).... 697 L. Labor on colonias, --- —---------- -, ----- --------—...-....... — _ - --- 530 question, relation to negroes. ----—. —.. ----- -------- - 69 (See Occupations.) Laborers. (See Occupations.) Lappin, R. C -------—. --- —------. ---...- -.. — -................... 625 Las Casas -------—.-. --- —-. --- —- -—... --—.-_-,,_. 65, 66,567,569 Las Casas (bishop) -—.. —.. ---............. ---..__ —...... -....._ -66 Las Casas, Luis de (Governor).. _......._,,.... __ 568, 697,729 Las Cincas Villas- -....-. ---.. —._...... —.- — __...__... _ 17 Lacoste, Perfecto.... _ --- —-...- _.- -. V. ---......- _.. - -....____ 533 La Gran Antilla College ---.-.,_ -. --- —--------.- -- -... _ 580 La Gran Piedra.- -----—.. - - --. ---- ---- ---.-.,_ _ _.-_,_.-. 18 Lands, grants bestowed.-.. —.... --- ——. --- —--.-. --- —--............. 65 value ------—. --- —-—. ----..- - --—.. --- —---- --—.-...... 41 Lane, Ralph__.-......-....... — -------- --- ---- -5..-34., _.. 534 Lasagra, Senor.....- - —. ---. —....._, __,_ 575 Las Lajas district. (See Santa Isabel de las Lajas.) Las Pozas, attack made upon _ ----__...........,........ 36 Las Villas tobacco-. -..... —... ---..-..,.... - -— ^...... 536 Law. (See also Government; Civil Code.) Moret. —.-.............. —.. 68 of Indies. ---_ _ ----.- ------ - —.-. - _-.-.-. --- —-.,.. --- —--—,..- 44 school.. ---.-,..-..,....A_.... ---------— _...-., ---- -..-.-. 577 present school. - -...,.............. -- ------—,,. --- - -.-. 585-615 Laws governing the census..-.. - ---—. --- —-------- --—... --- — 11,621-624 suppressing slave trade. —...-,- --—. --- —... —,- ---. -... 68, 69 under military government.. — ------—. --- —--—.-_ -- -..,- -—,-__ 56 obstacles presented by.-.. ------ - ---- -., 61 of Charles -.... T.-. - --- -,,.. 66 Spain extended to the island. ----. --- -—.-.... — -- —. 46 Lawton, Gen. Henry W....... --- —-..........- ---------- --- -- 41 Lawyers, College of ----—. --- ---—.... --- -- - --- - 58 examination of.- -.. ---_ ----.-, --- —--. --- —--—... --- — —. —_. 58 Lazaro, Miguel de..__-__._.____ --- ——.-_____ -.. -, —. _ -. ----------—, - _ 639 Ledesma, Francisco de (Governor)...,-.. — --—. ---. 697 Lee, Maj. Gen. Fitz Hugh. —. ---—._. ---------—.. ---- --------------- 737 Leeward Islands, proportion of unmarried - ----------------- 146 widowed, 143 Lemus, Jose Francisco -----. —. —. --- —-.. --- —, —.. —,- —,.- —.- 833 Lendez, Lorrenzo.. ---...._..... -..... ---- --—, --- ——, —, -- -.. 574 Leon, ADtonia de o. --- —.-......... --- —... --- —-------—. — - -- -- 633 Lersundi, Francisco (Governor) -...-_ ----.. —. --- —-. --- —---- - ---—.... 698 Letran, Convent of San Juan de- o,. —. 5-6-. —< -— 566 760 INDEX. Page. Letter of transmittal -—.-...... ---.,- -------—. --- —- 9 Liberal Club of Habana -...... —..-....., —....... 35 Life table, Farr's English -.... -86..,........................._........ 86, 89 Limonar city.... —..... -. --- —----—. —. --- —-----------.. --- 190 Literacy ---------------—.. --- —..... --- ——.-. —.. — - 43, 147-154 and age --- —,.. ----.. —...... --- —-—. ----. --- — 152,154,361-384 citizenship..- -,. ---...... --- —. ----_ ---.-__ ---- 103-112, 228-250 education --- ------- 103-112,228-250, 358-360, 467-469, 489-493 nativity ---- - -, -— _ - —. — -.- —. —... --- —-- ---- -- —... -- 361-384 occupations ----------------—, -—. —., --- —- 467-469,489-493 race-...-...-. ---........ 153, 361-384 school attendance -. —.. — --------------..- -.. --- —.- 358-360 sex..... -..-,....,.,, — 8........... 361-384 discussion of tables ------—. ----. ----—..-... --- 147-150,710-713 tables given in early censuses. —._ - --—. --- —-—. —._ ---....... 710-713 tests adopted in Habana province - --------—.-. ----_ --- —-. —, - 629 Livestock.-...-....._-. -L-.-_.. —. —..... —.... --- —-- -- 540,551,552 by kinds of animals --... ---- _.- ----—. ----. --- —--—. — --—. --- 561 showing race of farm occupants --—.. - 562-564 Loaysa, Garcia Giron de (Governor) -. ----,.. --- —-. -—..-. —.-.-,,.,.__ — 697 Lochridge, Lieut. P. D. (disbursing officer) -—.- -----— ___ --- ____ 625 Lodge, Senator H. C _.. --- —-------—.. —.. ---. —.. —......-...-.,..._...- 737 Loew, Oscar ----—. ----. ---. — ----... —. ----------- --- -— _ — --- --- 537 Longevity. (See also references to age.) comparative data -------—. —. --- —. —. --- —----- --—..-,_., 85 relation of sex and age.-...,.._..-.-............__.. - - -93-96 Lopez, Narciso..... ----------------- ---— _ ---,_~-_, 35 Los Cayos district. --- —-------—.-.... ---,_.. ---, --- —.-,-_....-.... —_-. 191,200 Los Palacios district. (See Palacios district.) Louisiana purchase, beneficial to Cuba -----------------—.. --- —-—,_.....- 43 Loyalty of Cubans to Spain-., ----, ----. —.-..-._-._____-.._... — _._ 43 Ludlow, Brig. Gen. William -—... ---.. — -- __-.._............-.._ 59, 60, 737 Lugo, Pedro Benites de (Governor) -...- ---—. —.-_ -,_,..___.-.~_- - -, 697 Lujan, Gabriel de (Governor) ----- _. — _ — _ — __- _,- _,_-__- -,.- 52,697 Luna, Alvaro de (Governor) -----—........-.-.-.. — -....-........ 697 Luz, Don Jose de la..._ —........ __ 569,576 M. Macagua city ------------------------------—.-.. ---........._...._....., _190 Macagua district -. --- -—. —.-..... --- —.. -.-,. -__ —. 180,191,196,203,218,226,237 239, 300,359,413-418,508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 678, 699, 720, 722, 724 Macao, port, Chinese immigration restricted to ------—.- - —, —,_.,___-.. 70 Maceo, Antonio, death --—.. --- —-. —.........-_~.....__._.. 69,92 Macdonald —..-.. —....-....................................-....-_-,...._...-. 737 Mackellar ------------------------—. --- —-—.- - - 737 Madruga city......_ —.. — __ ----. --- —— _, _.-. —__..._,..._ ___ _ 190 Madruga district -.-...... ~....._.. — 179,182,191,200,203,218 225, 232,233, 235, 299, 358, 406-413, 507, 512, 515, 517,520,553,674, 698 Maestra Sierra ----—............-... —.......................-....._ 16,18, 20, 652 Mahy, Nicolas de (Governor).. --- —--- -------. —........_ 697 Maine, battle ship, destruction of vessel ----------------—. -- -—........ _ -. 40 Males: excess in age-.__ —....-......-...........,.........-,_~,~._.,_......_. 93 ratio and number —,, —_..,,._,., -.,....... 80-83 INDEX. 761 Males-Continued. Page. of voting age -. —.... --- —------ ------.... --- —--—. —. ---- 111 totals at different periods --- —------- ---—. --- —------------—. ---- 81 (See references to Sex.) Managua city.-. ---.. -------------------..._._-.-._. ----. ---- 190 Managua district-....-......... --- —...... —.. 179,182,191,194,200,203 218,225, 232-233,235,299,358, 406-413, 507, 512, 515, 517, 520, 553, 671,698 Mangas district. (See Candelaria district.) Manguito city..... _- _ ----- -----------------------—.- 190 Manifesto, Ostend - --------—. --- —--------—,,. — --. ---.-.. 39 Manila bay -...-....-, -.....-...........40 Manraneda, Severino de (Governor) ----—,. -------—, ----._ ------—. --- 697 Manrique, Diego (Governor). --- —-.....-.. --- —-------—,- --.._ --- - 697 Mantua district ------ -------- ------------------------.180,185,192,196,201,204, 219,226,239-242,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,680,699 Manufactories......... ---.....52........ 523 Manufactures (see Occupations), decadence of Spanish..-, -... _ 31 Manzanillo district (see also districts formerly included, Campechuela, Cristo, and Niquero) -------------—... --- 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227, 247-250,301,360,433-437,511,514,517,519,522,555,691,699,722,724,725 Manzanillo city, port of entry -.,.....- -.. --- —. --—. ----.. 27 Statistics: age. —... —... -------...- -.... 205 birthplace. ---.-. —.-_-_ —. --- —--------... --- —-- 220 citizenship — - —... ---.-.- -----—. --- —-. _. 227,248-250 conjugal condition. --- —----—.. --- 120,132,139,301 dwellings —.. ------------ --. --- ——. — -. ---- -.. 514 education. --- --------- -- ----- 248-250 families ---. —. ------------------------------- 511,514 literacy -----------—. 148,149,248-250 nativity --------—.. ------ ----—... —.. 99,198 occupations. --- —---------------------- 156,157,433,437 population...-..- -... 190 race.....-.... 198 sanitation-disposition of excreta,-..-. 177, 522 garbage. --- —-. --- —---.. 175,519 school attendance.-..... —.. ---. --- —-- 360 sex....-.. ----,. ---. ---. - --—.. ----.. --- —---—.. 198,202 water supply ----—. --- —-------—. --- —-- - 172,174,517 Manzano y Manzano, Joaquin del (Governor) —_ -..-...-....698 Maps-.-..... ---—. ---.. --- —-..- ---------- ^ — -1 --- -- 11, 74, 700,701 method of preparation --—.....- _ —. --- —. --- —. --- 75 Marcuriges district. --- ——.- ----- - 180,184,191,196,200,203,218,226,237 -239,300,359,413-418,508,512,515,518,520,553,678,699,720,722,724 Mari, Francisco. --- —----------. —. --- —. --- —-—. 638,660,665 Marianao —.....175,190 Marianao district 7 —.... ---—. 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218,225,232,233,235,299,358,406-413,508,512, 517,520,553,670,698 Mariel. —. ----_ --- —---- --. --- —-. ---------------—. - ----- - 175 Mariel district ------—. ---—. --- ——.-__ ---. --- —-- 180,185,192,196,201, 204,219,226, 239-242,300,359,419-423'509,513,516,518,521,554,678,699 Marin y Gonzalez, Sabas (Governor) -.-.. — -. -.-.- 698 Marital condition. (See Conjugal conditions.) discussion of statistics - - - ------- 117-147 762 INDEX. Page. Marriage. (See also Conjugal conditions.) discussion of existing conditions ---------------—, — ---- 117-147 early _ -.. ---. --- —---------------------------- 122,123 ratios-..-... ---.-... —.. —.. ---,. —. —...... -.. --- —. —. 127,715 Marriages, by years and by districts —.,.-............. --- — --- 717, 722, 724 Married. (See Conjugal conditions.) Marti district. ---.. -—. ----- --- 180, 184, 191, 196, 200, 203, 218, 226, 237-239, 300, 359, 413-418, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 676, 699, 720, 722, 724 Marti y Torrens, Don Francisco. ----,. --- —---—.. —. --- —-. ---, — 733 Martial law, powers conferred on Governor-General --------- ---- -- 52 royal decree authorizing,-.. --- —----------—.. --- —---------- 33 Martin, Aime -. -------------------------—...- ---------—.. --- —-- - 575 Martin, Juan Riva (Governor) —..-. —. —. — ---—. --- —-. ----—. 697 Martinez, Dionisio (Governor) -—. — -—. --- —------ ------- - 697 Martinique, percentage of married population -,. ---...- -. ---.-.. 118,121 proportion of unmarried. --- ---—.- ----- 146 widowed -...... -—.- ---------—...-. 143 Martyr, Peter.- —. --- —-.. —.. -- -----------—. 65 Masdival, Jose --- —-------...... --- — —.. --- —--------- ---..- 642 Matanzas, attacked by pirates.-.. -,-..-. -. —. —... 29 early schools.. --- —-------------------. --- — - - 565 port of entry. --- — -- -—. --- —--------- --- 27 Matanzas city: age.. -........ --- —-. --- —. ---.- 203, 215, 379-380 birthplace. —. --- ——. — -—.-,- -... --- — --- 218, 224 citizenship. --- — --------- - 226, 237, 238, 287-290 conjugal conditions..-.- --------—. 120,132,139,300,305,346-349 dwellings-.-..... -513 education. ----. --- —-------- ------------- 237, 238, 402 families ----—.- ------—.. --- —-------._ 509,513 illegitimates -------------------------- 357 literacy_- ------- -.- ------------ 148,149,237,238 nativity. —. --- —---------- -----------—.- ---. —... 99,196 occupations..-..... 156,157, 413-418,456,457 population by wards. ---- -.. --- —.. -----------—.. ----. —. 184 total -. -... —..... ----—...,- 190 race --- _ _-.-.......-........................ 196,215 sanitation-disposition of excreta -------—.-..-.-... ----. 177, 522 garbage -----------—. —. — 175,519 school attendance,.. --- ——. --- —------------ 150,359,396,397 sex. —... -..-.... -----—.- 196,200 water supply.-. —. —,. — -- _- -----------—. — 172,173,515 Matanzas district.............. —.. -_ -. ---- ~ 180,184,191,196,200,203,218, 226, 237-239,300,359,413-418,509,513,515,520,553,675,699,720,722,724 Matanzas province, center of population.-.......,.. 79 created ----- ------.. ---. --- —--.. --- —--. ---- - 50 division into districts.,. --- —----.. - - 17 (See also references under Provinces.) Maura, Senor —..-..... —,..,,.-._. 37 Maximo Gomez city-..................................... 190 Maximo Gomez district ------------ 180,184,191,196,200,203,219,226,237-239, 300,359,413-418,509,513,515,518, 521,554,676,699,720,722,724 Mayari city -------—. - -—. --- —--—.....-.., --- _,-.- ----- ---. --- —- -- 190 INDEX. 763 Page. Mayari district -, -------—.. —.. --- —-. —._. 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227, 247-250, 301,360,433-437,511,514,517,519,522,555, 691,699,722,724,725 Maysi, Cape.. --- ——.-. --- —-----—,.. --------.........-.............. 18 Maysi, Point. --- —------ - ----------------—... — -- - --- - -- 2_.....__... 24 Mazariegos, Diego de (Governor) --------- --------- _ 696 McKinley, William (President) -------—.-...-..- -_. __-.....__ 11, 627 Melena city ----—. --- —. — ----—.. --- — __ ---1..9-...... --- —----— __. 190 Melena del Sur district.1821._19 40-.-2-0.. 179,182, 191,194,200,203, 218,225,232,233,235,299,358,406-413,508, 512,517,520, 53,670, 698 Mendez Capote district.. --—... — 180,184,191,196,200,203,219,226,237-239, 300, 359, 413-418, 509, 513, 515, 518, 521, 554, 676, 699, 720, 722, 724 Meneses, Sabas, supervisor ----—..-...... --- —----—..-.. -- - -...-.. — 621 report as supervisor, Santiago province... ^.._,652-657 Merivale-7 7.....-. —...................... 737 Merriam, Hon. W. R. (Director United States Census) --—. --- ——,..9_ — 9 Mestre, Teresa- _...-...._.....,_ --- —-._-.. -.. —......_....,__.._... 650 Mexico, Gulf of, entrance controlled by Cuba — _-, ----_-. --- —-,_.....__. 18 Mexico, natives resident in Cuba -. --- —. --- —----- 98,220-225,472-475, 499-506 proportion of unmarried.. —. --- —. --- —-—. — ----—. --- —.. 1.. 146 widowed ------- ------ ------—. 143 Military government, changes made.. --- —----------------—. --- —- -....__ 54 Military Governor, appointive power. --- —---- -— _....,_.... 49 appointment of. —.- --—.. ---_ --- —. — _- 54 authority over municipal councils.. —,-... —,.. 49 granted new power to municipal councils ----- 49 proclamation - -...-_ —......... —....... --- —-- 54 promulgates Cuban census orders —........ 11 Miller, Maj. William H. (disbursing officer) -----------------— __..-_... 625 Mineral resources. --- —----------- ------------- 20 Mines ---—. --------- --- ---------- ---- - 20 Indians employed —,.- - ---------------- --- 65 Mining statistics. (See Occupations.) Mirabel, Bernacio-.,..- -...____,..,_.. _....... 650 Miranda, J. Antonio_ ----.. -- ---—, --- —-- 642 Miranda, Valentine Canedo (Governor).. --- —- ---------— 698 Monroe Doctrine.-.__ —_. --- —---. -—.-. — -.. — - ---- ----- ---—.... 34 M onserrat, Neustra Sra. del (college)..- ----—..... ---.................... 580 Montoto, Enrique.. --- —---—. ----.- -------------—._ 639 Monzon y Aguirre, Juana._ --- —-------—. --- —. —, --- —-— __- --—.. -- _ 650 Moors.. --- —--------—. --- —-. ----- ------—. ----. --- —--- —....-_-. 26 Morell, Bishop. --- —--------- ---------—... --------------------------- 566 Moret law -—. --- —---... --- —-. --- —. --- —-—, ----..-..-.. __. 68 Moron city -- __ --- —- ------- ----._ _ __ — ___ ---- _____ 190 Moron district. --- —---—.. --- —--------- 180,186,192,196,201,204,219,227,242, 243, 300, 359, 424-426, 510, 513, 516, 519, 521,554, 682, 699, 720, 723, 725 Montalvo, Gabriel (Governor)-.... --- —. — ----------—.-. --- — -..., 697 Montana, Juan (Governor) -—, ---. --- —-------------- -- 697 Moya, Don Juan Felix de ----------- -----. — ---- 565 Munibe, Andres (Governor) ----.. —. --- —. --- —------------ 697 Municipal courts -. ------ - --------------. --- —---- - 56 districts, number -------------- ------ 17 taxes —. 30 Municipalities, authority of councils. ---------—. --- —--------------—. 47 colonial form of government --- ---- -------- 46 764 INDEX. Page. Municipalities, new powers granted to..... —,_.. -----. -.... --- —--- 49 population... --- —--—. ---. --- —--..-. ---------------—. 181-190 Municipality, definition given in laws- -. -..-...-.. — 6-,-,. ---.. ----- 46 Murguia, Manuel (Governor) --------------------—. --- —- —. --- —--- 697 Muro, Salvador de (Governor) -, ---- ---.. --- —.. --- —---, 697 N. Nativity and age --—...... --- —-—.-. 205-217,.251-298,306-353,361-384,400-403 citizenship __. -.-. --- 100-112,251-298 conjugal condition.-...............-..-....... 130-141,144, 302-353 education. --- —. --- —----- -------------—. ---. - - -- 400-403 literacy. ---- ------ -—........-..-.-.. 361-384 occupation --- —--------.. — ------------ - 164,165,462,463,477-480 race. --- —--..1 --- —----------.-,- - ------------ ----- 194-199, 206-217,302-353,361-384,400-403,406-417,462, 463,477-480 sex. ---.-...-.. --- --—..... --- —---- 194-199, 206-217,251-298,302-353,361-384,400-403,462,463,477-480 widowed. —.. — -- ---- ------ ----—. --- —-----..-.. — - 144 discussion of tables.-..... —. —.. —. 96-100 percentage of foreign born --—, --- —-------—.. ---. ---. ---- 200-202 Navarro, Diego J.. (Governor) -—.......-.... - --------- - 697 Navy, support of Spanish-Cuban ----- ------- --- -- 38 Negro uprisings....... --- —------------—.- 33 Negroes, history of Cuban_ ------------ ------ --- 67-69 percentage of --------—. --- —-- ------- --------- 96 slave and free-. ---. ---- -----—. ---., --- —------------------ - 98 social condition ---- —..._ --- —----—. --- —---------- - 69 tables from early censuses -...-. —...-... --- ——........ -710-713 total colored population at different periods. - -- - 97 Netherlands, proportion of unmarried.... -------------—., 146 Neutrality observed by United States ---—.. --- —--. --- ——. ----. 39 New Zealand, proportion of unmarried -,......_...... 146 Niquero city...- -------—. --- ——. --- —- ------—..-. -- -- ------—. --- —.- 190 Niquero district ------—..-... —.;-.:- 181,189,193,202,205,220, 227, 247-250, 301,360,433-437,511,514,517,519,522, 555,693,699,722,724,725 Northers -. ----. --- —--------. —. ------------- 22 Nunez, Maria —. --- —--- ---------------—. -----—. ----... ---- 636,638 Nunez, Pedro. — -. ---. —. --- —---.- —. ----. ----.. ---.. --- — - 650 Nueva Paz city.-.-....-.._ --- —--.. -—. 190 Nueva Paz district. ----- - —......-...- --—... 179,182,.191,194,200,203, 218,226,232-235,299, 358,406-413,508,512,515,518,520,553,674,698 Nuevitas, port of entry.-.. ------------—.. 27 city. ---. ----_ -— _ - -— _ ----. --- — -_..- -,- -------. --- —.... 190 district --- —-- ------ 180,186,192,196,201,204,219,227,242, 243,300,359,424-426, 510, 515, 516, 519, 521,554, 682,699,720, 723,725 0. Ocampo, Sebastian -.. —.. --—.... --- ——... --- —-....... ----.- 25 Occupations and age-.. --- —- --- 159, 438-461,463-465, 480-484 birthplace., --- —--------------—. --- — 499-506 citizenship.. --- —-. ----.. --- —---—. ----. 465-467,485-489 conjugal condition-. -.... ----, --- —.- 469-471,494-498 education. --- —-, --- —--., -. --- --- -- __. 467-469, 489-493 INDEX. 765 Page. Occupations and literacy ---—. --, -,- ------. 467-469,489-493 nativity -.... 164,477-480 natmity,,, —. --- ——. --- —----- -------- --------- 164,477-480 race. —. --- —.... --- —--------—.. -,- 163, 438-463,477-480 sex -- ----- ----------------- 157,166,438-471,477-506 by provinces. --- — —. --- —-. --- — -.. —...., —.. 476-477 by groups --- ——. -.. --- —------- -----------—. ---. 163,165 discussion of tables - ----.-. ------—. - 154-167 of earlier censuses -----..............-. - 712 Olmsted, Victor H..... —. 10,13,14, 628-644,647 appointed assistant director ---—....... ----.-,..... —.- 621 report as assistant director.. --- —,.......-.. 625-627 work characterized ------------------— 11 Order appointing disbursing officers of census --.. ---..-,,,. 625 Orders relating to the census, 11 War Department, as to census ---------—.. --- —----- 621-624 Organ Mountains-.... --- - -----------—............ 19 Organization of Census ---------------—.. — --- ---. - 10,627 Orography... —. --- —-- ---—. --- —- -- - 19 of Santa Clara province -------—... --- —-- -----------—.... 648 Santiago province ----------— 652 Osorio, Francisco Garcia (Governor).. --- --- 697 Ostend Manifesto -- -- -- ---------—, ---, --- —----------—. — ---—.- 39 Ovando, Governor of San Domingo... --- —--—.- -. ----. --- —-- -..- 67 Ovando, Nicolas de. --- —-—. ---.-...-,.. --- — ---, --- —-- - ---- 25,67 Oviedo..._ --- —----—. --- —. ----- ------—. ---- -------- 534 P. Pacificos -.. --- —----------------------------------—.. --—. 39 Packard, Robert L.... —.. —L-.. --- ——.. —. 565 Palacios, Bishop Felix Jose de Treas. (See Trespalacios.) Palacios district --- —... --- —- --. ---------— 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219,226, 239-242,300,359,419-423,509, 513,516, 518,521,554, 680, 699 Palma Soriano city ---...-..-.. ---------- 190 Palma Soriano district.- -. --- —-.181,189,193, 198, 202, 205,220, 247 -250,301,360,433-437,511,514, 517,519,522, 555,690,699,722,724,725 Palmillas district -------------—....- ----- 180,184,191,196,200,203,219,226,237 -239,300,359,413-419,509,513,515,518,521,554,676,699,720,722,724 Palmira city —, --- —----------------------------------------------- 190 Palmira district -.,, --- —...- —,2-4, 9 —.- 180,186,192,198,201,204, 219,227,244 -247,301,360,426-432,510,513,516,519,521,554,686,699,721,723,725 Pan de Matanzas................. --- —. --- —-- 19 Paradas, Francisco. ----- - ---------------------- 574 Parliament, insular ---..-..... — 53 Pasamonte, treasurer-.. -.....- __ --- -------------—. — ---- 66 Pascual, Augustin _ —. —. --- —--------------- -------------------- 737 Paso Real de San Diego district. (See Julian Diaz district.) Partido tobacco —.... —. -.. --- —.. ---. —. --- —-----. --- —- 536 Patriotism of Cubans ---—. —.,, ---, --- -----—. --- —-- ------------ 10 Pecheco, Senor.-..... ---.. --- --------------------------- 70 Penal code promulgated. --- —---------------. --------- ------- 37 Penalvar —. ------------------------- ------------ 568 Penalvar, Fr. Jose Maria _-.. —....... --- — -- ------------------- 566 Pendergast y Gordon, Luis (Governor) -- -------------— 698 Pensions, civil -....- -. ---. — 59,,,_,,,,,,,,crrl-' --- — 5 9 l 766 INDEX. Page. Pensions, teachers'..................................... 582-584 Pepper, Charles M...............-.. --- —-.. 737 Pequeno, Pedro N., supervisor of census, Pinar del Rio province — _.. --- — 621 report 639 Peralta, Grave de —...-. --- — - --- ---- -_ ---.-. — --- --—.. ---.. - 633 Pereda, Gaspar Ruiz de (Governor) ^ —...- -------—...... --- —-—. ----. --- 697 Perico city..............._...... 190 Perico district -..-..-................. 180,184,191,196,200,203,219,226,237-239, 300,359,413-419,509,513,515,518,521,554,676,699,720,722,724 Pestilence, effect on population.. --- —.-. ---—. —. —. 73 Pezuela, Don Jacob de la...-. --- —----... — -----—.. --- -----—.-. ---- 737 Pezuela, Juan de la (Governor) -----------—... —_ ---. --- —— _ --- —-. 698,738 Philip II.................5..... 3 534 Philippine Islands ------ - -------- - ---. __ 40 Pico Turquino -, ---.-._,.... --- —..-. —.. ---............__. 20 Pieltain y Jove-Huelgo, Candido (governor). ---. --- ——.. --—. —. 698 Pinalosa, Diego (governor). --- —--------—. --- —--. --- —-—. --- —.-.. —.. 697 Pinar del Rio city, age --------------------------------—. —. ---. 204 birthplace _ ------ _ --- -------. —.. —.. ----. ---..__.- 219 citizenship ------ ---—. --- —-—. — ---- ----- — _ _..__ 226 conjugal condition. ---.-.. ----- - 120,132,139,300 dwellings —..-.. -------- ------- _ 513 education _- --....................... 240-242 families.... -—, ---_.. ---. --- —.. ---.... —.. —__. 509-513 literacy --------. ----- ------—. ----. ----. 148,149,240-242 nativity --------—. ----. --- —-------—, --- —--- --- 99,196,201 occupations-. -_. -.-.. —.... _____..... 156,157,419-423 population. ---._. --- —-—......... ---_ --- —---- _-. 190 race-.. —.,-. -.............. --- —----------- 196-201 sanitation-disposition of excreta ---—.-, --- ——... --- 177,521 garbage.. --- —— _..__ — 175,518 school attendance.. --- —- --------—. —.. — --.. 150, 157,359 sex. —.. — ----- -- - -—..- -- -—. ---- ----. 196,201,204 water supply.. --- —-----. --- —-. --- —---- -...,. 172,174,516 Pinar del Rio district -.- -....-..-.... 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219, 226, 240-242, 300, 359, 419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681, 699 Pinar del Rio province. (For references to tables, see Provinces.) center of population... -....... 78 division into districts, --- —-- -..-....... --- —-- 17 losses in population —. -----.... --- —------------ 73 province created. ---........,.... -... 50 Pipian district-. —. — -... -.................- 179,182,191,194,200,203, 218, 226, 232-235,299, 358, 406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 674, 698 Piracy —. ----. —. —. --- — —. -... --- —---------—. -.. --- —--------- 29 Pitcher, Maj. W. L ~-.-.,-................._..................60 Placetascity.-... -.. --- —------------------ 190 Placetas district -------- _____ --- —--- 180,186,192,198,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301, 360, 426-432, 510, 513, 516, 519, 521, 554, 688, 699, 721, 723, 725 Plantations. (See Farms.) Indians employed in agriculture.-.6.... - 65 Planters, number. - -.. —...S ---_ —.... —............... 541 Platt, Senator O. H —.-.... —. --- —.. --- —... ---.-_ ---7 --- -,- 9 Playitas, revolutionary attack upon — --------------- 36 INDEX. 767 Page. polaviejay y del Castillo, Camilo (Governor) -...._..,. --- —-—, ---- 698 police, supervisor of --- —----------.. --- —---. --- —--—. --- —-----. --- —-. 60 system of Habana -------.. — ----------- ----—.....- _ ------ —..- 59 Policy, Spanish colonial ------—.. --- —--—...-... --- —— __- - - -- _.. — 27-32 Polk, President -----—, — _..- __............ -. --- - —.-___- - -.. 38 Population. (See also References under Age, Birthplace, Citizenship, Conjugal Condition, Education, Families, Dwellings, Illegitimates, Literacy, Nativity, Occupations, Race, Sanitation, Sex, School Attendance, Water Supply.) by previous censuses....- —..__..___. 702-713 provinces and municipal districts --------------—. 179-181 wards and cities _- _.-.. —. --- —---— 1.-... 181-190 center of.............-....-.-............. —.. _.__,_,___,....77-80 method of computation -. ----.. — -___. ---_..-__.-___. 77 density by districts ----------------------------------—.., 191-193 discussion of tables.......... --- —----------— 6......1....... 61-72 distribution by altitude - --—.__.. —, --- ——. --- —---- 80 effects of ten years' war.. 37 war -. ---,_ ---- _ --- —-.-..... — - __, — -._.... 42. 42 historical r6sume ---------—........ --- —-7..2.....- 727-736 losses in total ---------—... --- —-—. --- —...-~.... 73 maximum......- - -72,___ 72 per square mile.__...-_-..-. --- --------- --— _ ---_- -— _ - 74 rural, by districts and provinces. ---. --- ---—. --- —----- 191-193 discussion of tables. ---......,.............._ _.... 74-75 total, at different periods...... -------..._.... 179 of cities-.......... ----. —. —..._.. 190 municipal districts-. —......... — - 179-181 provinces.-....- --. _.-.-.................. 179 wards. —.-...,. -....... 181-190 urban, discussion of tables...... — -._..7,_6 76, 77 Port dues.. --. --- —--- ------------—. ---. 28 Porter, Hon. R. P. (See also Bibliography) --..-..._........_-..... 173, 525 Portocarrero, Juan de Prado (Governor)- - - - - -.-.....-... 697 Porto Rico, age of breadwinners......_.,_.... 159 married....,~. — -.-.... 121 periods -----. --- —--—.-...... 86 comparative age ratios --------—..-.._-. —..- -—. --- —---—.. 88 condition of education in 1880 ----. ---. --- —- -, --- —-— __ -,. 570 dwellings and families -—.. --- —---- --------— 1_ --- —-.. —,.- 170 families, number of members.. —.....-_._.. 116 median age ______..-..._,......... -84 by sex.. --- —________._-..._- --- — ___...___.._ 92 natives, resident in Cuba.-. --- -— _ ---- 98,220-225,472-475,499-506 occupations....... _ ---... — ___. 155 by race -----—.. —. --- —-—. ---. --- —--------- 163,164 percentage of children -—, ___ ---_ ---_-_. __.. —_ --------—. --- 134 married........ —...... -_ ----. ---. ---. 118,131,143 population occupied.-.. —.1 —.. 157 unmarried -.-.. - -146 widowed.. _-...__....-... -.. 142,143 population of marriageable age ------- —. --- —----- —. --- — 134 ratios of children by age —.. --- —--- - --------—.. ---—. --- 89 768 INDEX. Page. Ports of entry, Habana ----....-... —..,.. - -.. 43 opening to commerce --------—....._,-.. —.. 27 Port Tampa. —.- -- -------------— _ - -- -- 40 Portugal, natives, resident in Cuba- -. ------------—..- 220-225 proportion of widowed - - - - - - ---—, —..-.. — 143 Potrerillo ----—.. --- —-------------------.-... —. -... —.. —._ —..-.-...... 19 Poverty, effect on population —.. ----..,~. ---, —. —. --- ——... 85 Pozo, definition of term --.. -. 177 Pozos Dulces, Count ---..-....-.. —............. ---.- ----- -. 36 Perseverancia college —.. --- — —. —. -------. —. —. --- —-—.-.- —. 580 President, proclamations issued by --- —-.. ----, ---- -----—.. --- —----—. 10-40 Prison, classification of occupants on schedules..... —....- 113 Proclamation of Military Governor. -----—.-. --- ——. —..-. --- —-—. —. 54 President, calling for volunteers --—.. ---, ---- 41...- 41 Procuradores syndicos.. — -..-...... 48 Products, chief agricultural -.......,,. 523,524 Professions. (See Occupations.) Property, ratio of mortgages to value --—.. --- ------ -. --- —-...., 41 valuation._...... —........... 41 Protocol between Spain and the United States ---------------------—, --- 41 Provinces: Areas of ------------------- - 74 Central.,. —.-..... -......... -. 50 Created.-.-._,,.....,... — -,_. ------—.- 50 Early divisions of island.___.... 729 Number of districts constituting. -__ —,,,.. - -...-,.._ 17 Occidental. --- —---------.,., --- —------. --- —. ---. - 50 Organization --—. --- —-—. --- —-_ --- —-—. ----. --- —- -.... 700-702 Oriental...- ------— __ --— _ --—.- ---.. — ---—.-... —.... ----. 50 Statistical tablesAge and citizenship...-._... ---,... 112,255-278 education..- - -------—.- ---—.. ---- -..-. — -.., 400-402 literacy- 800 — - -.., -----------. 363-374 marriage.. --..... 122,124,127,310-333 occupations......-..... 480-484 school attendance. _ ---.,_-.. 386-393 sex ------------ --------------—.... --- —-, —. 124,202 median -_-....-.-__90 —.,-.....-.. — - 90 of population by periods -----—. --- —--------—. —.... ---. 90 Adults, ratio of consensual unions among --- ------ - 132 sex and race of married -—.... -....-,,. —.. 128 Animals, classification of owners.... --- ——. --- —----—,- 562-564 on farms, not on farms, and total number 5 —,.. 561 Area —....- -------- ----- -.. ------------- -—. --- — - -. 74 of farms -. --- —.__ --- —-------.-.. --- —----- 543,553-555 of forests -. —. —..-.. —_ --- —-. --- —--- - 553-555 percentage cultivated in sugar cane, — ---------- 549 tobacco. --- —---—. --- — ----—. 550 of farm land cultivated. ---.,_- — _, 543 to total ----............. 543 under cultivation in principal crops.-...... 558-559 Birthplace... --- —-------------—...-... ---. --- —----------- 218-225 and selected occupations...-....... 499-506 Birth rate by years -—.. —..,-...-...-,.........,..v.....- 716 INDEX. 769 Provinces-Continued. Page. Statistical tables-Continued. Births by years..-.....-.........-,-. --- 714,720-722 Breadwinners. ---. —..-.. --- —,_ --- —_ --- — 15,156-159 Buildings.-1 ----.^- _.... ---. --- —-.- -—.-,, —. --- —.- 168 Buildings, school —. -.-__ -- -— ___. ---__.-._ --- —. 618 Cattle, classification of owners..-.-........... 562-564 on farms, not on farms, and total --...-... ------------ 561 Cattle ranches --- —------—. --- --- -—.,_-. 540 Censos, valuation of existing. -. ---.-..-., --- —.- _.._ --- —-- 41 Center of population. --- —-----—..-7 — - -----.-... ----... 74-78 Child labor -....-, —. -—.. ---.. --- —---—,.... — 155 Children, illegitimate -.-...................... -......... 354-356 percentage of given ages -. ---, —. ------—.. —. 91 ratio to population... -.,.... --- —---—. 91 Citizenship.. --- —---- —, --- —------—... ------- 225-227 and age-.-.-. ---------------. --—._.- 255-278 education ---.. --- —-----—. --------—..- - 228-250 literacy. —_ ----.. — --.-..- ----. ----....- - 228-250 nativity............. 255-278 occupations —.. --- —-. — -—. —_.. ---....-. --- — 485-489 race i..- - —...-............ —.-, ---. 255-278 sex -. --- —— _..-.... —,-. 255-278,485-489 Coffee plantations —., -—. —...- ------------—. ---- 540 Colleges _................ 584 Conjugal conditions, consensual unions..... 132-142 and nativity, -—,, —.. -, 142 percentages....... 132 ratios by race —. --- ——.. ---- 137 marriage, ratio of increase) --- -------- __ 127 ratios, urban and rural. ------ 119,140 and age... 122,124,127 race --—. 125,137,145 sex -1,-...-..,.._..... 124 by age.-. --- —------.. --- —-.128,132,310-333 districts..-. --- —-----—. — -. -...- 299, 8301 nativity --—...-... 3.02-304,310-333 race —, -------- 302-304,310-333 sex -. --- —-. --- —-. ---- —. 302-304,310-333 selected occupations -------, 494-498 Cost of education.. --- —-------..........-.. 584 Crops, area of principal.. --- —-----—... ------—. ---... 558-559 Cultivation, percentage of farm area under -..... 543 Death rate by years.........-.. 718,724-726 Deaths, aggregate by years.. --- —---—. --- —-.-.._.... 717 Density of population -... --....... —_ ----.. --- —-....._ 191-193 Districts, list of enumerators -. -. 668-687 Districts. (See References by name of each.) Disbursing officers..-,. ---. --- —---—.....-.....__. 625 Disbursement of census funds ----—, ---—. ---.. --- —. —_. 739 Distilleries.-...-.... —.....- -.......... 552 Dwellings and families.-...,,.....,.. _ 170, 512-514 disposal of excreta --- —- -------.. --- —-..- - 178, 520-522 number of occupants --.. —.-...-,_..., 167-168 24662 49 770 INDEX. Provinces-Continued. Page. Statistical tables-Continued. Dwellings, urban and rural -----. —. —. —. --- —-- _. 169 Education and age_ ------ -- ---- 400-402 citizenship --.,.- --- -__ 228-250 literacy...-..-.. —_ -.....__. 228-250,358-360 nativity...-................__..... 400-402 occupations ------------------—. — - _. 489-493 race,...-...... 400-402 school attendance -.. ---.. ---—. --—._- -, 358-360 sex e.. ---....-..-..__ -....... 400-402, 489-493 cost -,....58_._... _..... 584 Enumerators, list by districts... _....._ 668-687 Excreta, methods of disposal in use -..... 177, 178, 520-522 Families. —. --- —-----—..-..................-. 114-116,507-511 and dwellings.-.-..... -.. —......... 170,512-514 Farms, aggregate number. —.. — -..................-. 543 area.................. —._...__.....__......_, 543,553-55 cultivated -----------—. --- —--..... — - -,... 553-555 average size........ —,, —......... 543 number of inhabitants.. --- —-- -, —,.........- 544 occupants by race --. 555-557 occupied by owners and by renters —. --- — __ 544 percentage of area to total area -.,......._ 543 tenure by occupant - -..... --- —----—....,..-.... 555-557 Forest area-,..- -,. -. 553-555 Garbage disposal......... 176,517-519 Illegitimates ----------— _ -----.. --- —...... --- —-. 354-356 Indebtedness -,.. ---,- ----..-_ --- —-.. _... ---.., 41 Institutes, --- —. — --------—.. --- —----. --- —-.. 544 Labor of children.. --- ---... --- — ----- -,,.-.,,.-. ---..-.. 155 Literacy....... -... --- —-.....-.-......... 148,149 and age........ -— 363,374 citizenship........... 228-250 education. —,- -_ _ 228-250,358-360,489-493 nativity -..........................,...- 363-374 occupations ---...-. — ---—.. ---- ----—. —_, 489-493 race..-w..,...-......-................. 363-374 school attendance........ 358-360 sex. —.............- _ 363-374,489-493 of rural population...-,.,,..-.... 148,149 Live stock, on farms, not on farms, and totals ---------— _,..- 561 race of owners —.- --------- -. - --—,..,....... 562-564 Males of voting age __. - 111 Married -- -, 299-304 Median age..........-.............. 90 Mortgage indebtedness -------------. --- —-—... --- --- -—.._ - 41 Nativity and age -.. —.. --- —----—. 207-212,255-278,363-374,400-402 citizenship....._.............. 255-278 conjugal condition. --- --—.. - --- 142, 302-304,310-333 education. --- —.-. --- -- ---------- -----.., 400-402 literacy_ 363-374 race..-.........-...._............ - 194-202,207 -212, 255-278, 302-304, 310-333, 363-374,400-402, 477-480 INDEX. 771 Provinces-Continued. Page. Statistical tables-Continued. Nativity and sex_- - - - —. - - - 194-202,207 -212, 255-278, 302-304, 310-333, 363-374, 400-402, 477-480 selected occupations..-. ----_....... —...-... 477-480 Occupations-...........__..,. 15,156-159 groups - -.........-.... —__._.-.__..- 403-451 selected --—...i...-._........___ 476-477 andag-e............. 440-451,480-484 birthplace..-..-... _ —. ---._ 499-506 citizenship.. —. --- --...- - 485-489 education -_... —_._.. 489-493 literacy..-.. -......_. _. 489-493 marriage...._..__..... 494-498 nativity _, --- _-........-_..-. 477-480 race......- 440-451,477-480 sex —.. __..._._ 440-451,477-506 Population, density. -.. -.._.__.....,.._...._. 74 of cities... ---,__._..,....._ 190 districts -.-........... _ —.........- 179-180 wards -—..-................-.. —.- 181-188 percentage of urban........ —. 76 totals at different periods -- -........... 179, 703 Plantations. (See Farms; Sugar and Tobacco plantations.) Race and age_ 207-212,255-278,310-333,363-374,386-393,400-402, 440-451 birthplace —. ---...... _. ----. --- —.. 221-223 citizenship --------,___ —,_ --- 255-278 conjugal condition,._.. ---__.-__ 128,137,302-304,310-333 education.,__ -____._. _. 400-402 farm tenure....,........ —.......... 544,555,556,557 literacy. --- —, ---.-... --- —---- 363-374 nativity,. --- —----,... ---.....-_ - 194-202,207-212, 221-223,255-278,302-304,310-333,363-374,400-402,477-480 occupations --...-..-. 440-451,477-480 school attendance ----. --- —----.. ----.. --- —- 386-393,619 sex 128,194-202,207-212,221-223,255-278,302-304, 310-333,363-374,386-393,400-402,440-451,477-480,619 ratios --- —------—, ---- -... --- —--------—... ------ -... 140 Real estate values. --- —--------------.-.... --- ---. — 41 Regions....-.....-........ 51 Rural population by districts..-. ------—.. ----.. ---.... 191-193 Sex and age. — ---------—.. --- —-------—. — 124,207-212,255-278, 302-304,310-333,363-374,386-393,400-402,440-451,480-484 birthplace. --- —-..... -—.. --- —---- 221-223,499-506 citizenship.-.. -... --- —— _-_ —. ---. 255-278,485-489 conjugal condition ---—, — 124-128,302-304,310-333,494-498 education —. --- —---------—. ---.. 358-360,400-402,489-493 literacy -- -------------- 358-360,363-374,489-493 nativity-. — - -,.......... 194-202,207 -212,255-278,302-304,310-333,363-374,400-402,477-480 occupations --- —--------------------------- 440-451,477-506 race.-...... 194-202, 207-212, 221-223,255-278, 302 -304,310-333,363-374,386-393,400-402,440-451,477484 school attendance. --- —--------—.. ---- 358-360,386-393,619 772 INDEX. Provinces-Continued. Page. Statistical tables-Continued. Sex and teachers -—.. ---—.,. --- — -..... ---.. ----I-_,..619 excess of males...-..- -...... 82 School attendance -----—.. —......- -—.... 158,386-393,616, 618,619 by age.-._...-.. 386-393 race -—................... 386-393,619 sex.-..-.__......_ 386-393,619 rural —.. -- —..-...... —. 158 Schools —..-..........584 classification ----------.......-_ ---.. ---__ —. 618 number.................................... _ 575,618 School buildings, number and seating capacity...... --— _ —.. 618 Stills, number and capacity. ----.._..-.___._.. 552 Sugar cane, production -............. 549 percentage of total cultivated area._. _,. 549 centrals, number and capacity.,.. ----— _-__...-_ 552 plantations. - -......._....___-... 540,560 Supervisors, reports of... - -.......___.... 627-657 Teachers, number and sex..... _............ 619 Tenure of farms by area, cultivation, and number._.._. 555-557 by race of occupants -—,_-. -____-__.. - 544, 555-557 Timber areas-....... -............... 553-555 Tobacco, area cultivated —. --- —.__ ---., — -......... —______ 550 crop produced-..-..-... ----..... _ 549 percentage of area to total cultivated land...._. 550 plantations. --- —-—._._.......-._ 540 number and size by production.. ---_-. ---, 560 by race of owner and renter — __..-.-... 560 Urban population ratios ----- -..... ----. ---. ---. ---..._...___ 114 Values of censos.... 41 mortgages. ----... —,_. —. ---..___ --- —......._ 41 realestate- —... ---.... _.. 41 Water-supply sources- -.... -.......... 171,174,514-517 rural.... -...-..- - - - —,___._. 174 W idowed...... ---....... --- —- -- - -__... 144,299-301 Provincial government ----- ----------... ^.......___. 50 Public works, funds... —........ -._.....-_...._...___.._..._ 38 lacking-. -.-...__......___.. 31 Puentes Orandes city -.....................-.....,-. —.........._.__..... 190 Puerto Padre city —......-. --- -....-. -......... 190 Puerto Padre district -..____ -... 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227,247-250, 301,360, 433-437, 511,514, 517, 519, 522, 555, 683,699, 722,724, 725 Puerto Principe city, age - - 204, 216, 291-294, 346-349, 381,382, 397-399, 402,458, 459 birthplace.-...........,-_......,..._._._........ 219,224 citizenship — __ — ______ - 227,291-294 conjugal conditions _.__-,...__ 120,132,139,300,305,346-349 dwellings. ----------------—. --..- ____._... 513 education -----------—...... _ 242,243,359,402 families- -..............__....~...... -.......__ 510-513 illegitimates.-..._.,...._......._ 357 literacy...._........ 148, 149,242,243,359,381,382 nativity. 99,196, 201,216, 291-294, 305, 346-349,381,382,402 occupations -..-........... 156,157,424-426,458,459 population ----------—.-.. --- —- --—...... 190,381,382 INDEX. 773 Page. Puerto Principe city, race -... -. -~196,201 216, 224, 291-294,305,346-349, 381, 382,397-399,402,458, 459' sanitation, disposition of excreta. ---------- - 177,522 garbage --- —---- 175,519 school attendance -- -150, 359, 397, 399 sex --- —--------- -------— 196,201,204 216, 224,291I.-294,305,346-349,381,382,397-399,402,458,45,9 water supply -- ~~~~~172,174,576 Puerto Principe district.- -- 180, 186, 192,196, 201,204,219, 227, 242, 243, 300, 359, 424-426, 510, 5 IL3, 516, 519, 521, 554, 683, 698, 720, 723, 725 Puerto Principe province. (See references to tables under Provinces.) center of population ---— 79 province created --- —------------- 50 division into districts- 17 Pupils. (See School attendance.) Purchase of Cuba by United States, proposition made-38,39 Q. Qualifications of municipal electors - ------------- - ---- 49 Queensland, proportion of unmarried --- -146 Queen Regent of Spain. — 41 Queipo, Don Vicompte Vasquez --- —--------- - -------— 736 Quemado de Guines city — 190 Quemado de Guines district - -------— 181,187,192,198,201,204,219,227,244 -247, 301, 360, 426-432, 5lO, 514, 516, 519, 521, 554, 687, 699, 721, 723, 725 Quero, Geronimo dle (Governor) --- ---— I --- —--- ------— 697 Quivican city. ---. ------------------ 190 Quivican district ---- -- -.179, 182, 91,194,200,203, 218, 226, 232-235, 299, 358, 406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 673, 698 R. Race and age --- —-----------— 95,205-217,251-298,361-403,438-461 aggregate population by periods -- - 97 birthplace —~~~~~~~~~~220-225 citizenship --- —---------------------— 251-298 conjugal conditions -------— 124-142, 144,302-353 literacy.. — -153 nativity- ------------ 194-199, 205-217, 25-298, 302-353,361-384,400-403,462,463,477-480 occupations --— 163, 165,438-463 school attendance ----------------— 152,385-400,618,619 sex --- 194-199, 205-217, 220-225, 251-298,8302-353, 361-403, 438-463, 477-480 comparative ratios. -- - -97 discussion of statistics --- —---------— 96 in relation to farm products. -- - -----------— 548 of f arm occupants — 544, 546,555-557,560 relative longevity — - - 95 tables from early censuses --- - -— 710-713 Rafael del Castillo -— 566 Rainfall ---- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~22 Railroads -. -. 3 Raja, Vicentes (Governor) -— 697 Raleigh, Sir Walter --------------------------- - - 534 774 INDEX. Page. Ramat, Ricardo —.....-.............. 639 Ramirez (intendant).. --- —---.,. -.-.......... —....._._.._ 569 Ramos, Flora ---- -------—.. --- —--—. -..............- -------—.. 650 Ramsey. ----.-.........__.-..._..____...... 738 Rancho Veloz city.. -............... 190 Rancho Veloz district........._..-..181,187,192,198,201,204,219,227,244 -247,301,360,426-432, 510, 514, 516,519, 521, 554, 687,699, 721,723,725 Ranchuelo city- —._....__...-.........__ 190 Ranchuelo district, —_...... --- —..-181,187,192,198,201, 20, 219,227,244 -247,301,360,426-432,510,514,516,.519,521,554,684,699.721,723,725 Rasco, Manuel, supervisor of census, Habana province....._._. 621 report --- — -..... _. 627-631 Ratifications of treaty, exchange of..-....._.. - 41 Ratios. (See Age, Literacy, Conjugal conditions, Nativity; Occupations, Race, Sex.) Rea -.. ------.................... 737 Reclus Elisee_._ e.. —,..... 738 Reciprocity agreement...., —. 27 Reconcentrados -... ----. ---. --- —--------------------------.-...- - _.._ _ 73 supplies furnished __. —... —........._.... 40 Reconcentration, revocation of edict. ---. --- —------ —,-..- _...... 40 effect........... 72 on child life.-..-.. --- —--, —_.-.-,_._...... 87 policy. --- —- --------------—.. ----. --- —.,..........._ 39 Reforms anticipated by colonists -----------—._. —..... -.-... _. 36 commission to consider.,,...-.... —.... --- — - -.-, 36 demanded. -.....-.. 37 Regions, political divisions so called ----.. --- —.. ---.. -- - -.......... 51 Registers of property-.. —_,.., 58 Regla city, literacy - —.. -—...-.......... --- —-—... ----__. 148,149 conjugal condition...-...____. 120,132,139 nativity....... 99 occupations --—. - --------------—..... -..-...._........_.. 156,157 population- — __................... 190 sanitation, disposition of excreta. -------------------—. —_.. 177 water supply.-.1.... __.........._. 172 Regla district -.. —..1..____.. 179,182,194, 200,203,218,226, 232, 233, 235, 236, 299, 358, 406-413, 508, 512,515,518, 520,553,671,698 Religious orders -......-.. -..... 568 Augustine.-.......,. -.,..,.............,_..... 569 Remedios city.- - —.. ---.-.... ------.....-..... -. --- -—..., 190 Remedios district......... 181, 187,192,198,201,204,219,227, 244 -247,301, 360,426-432, 510, 514, 516,519,521,554, 688, 699, 721,723, 725 Remedios tobacco.. --- —------—. --- ---.- -------------—.. --- —-—..... 536 Repartimientos- - -............. - -65,67 Representation in Cortes.... -,. -------—. —. --- —--—.... 35-37 Reptiles.... --- —----—... --- -...... 23 Republics, Cuban, proclaimed _-..,._-_......__-.__... 55 Repu blic of Cuba, Congressional resolution recognizing _.. -...... 39 Resources, mineral -........ 20 Restrictions on colonial production -................_,. 31 Revenues, amounts........._.. -,, 38 from taxation and lottery..-. —. ---- ------—...._ ---. —.. -- - 38 Spanish.. -- -..- 2...................... 9-31 INDEX. 775 Page. Revolution, last._ —. ---.. ----.. --- —--- —. ---. --- —---- --- 92 of 1895-1898. --- —-,.. ---...- - --- -—.... —.. —.. 39 Revolutions.._......... --- —. --- ——. - 31-41 Reyna y Reyna, Tomas (Governor) _- _..____ -------------—.____ —. —. __ 698 RioCauto.. --.........- 20 Rivers. --- —--------------------- ----- —... --- —-. ---- 20. 649, 652 lack of -------... — ------------ --. --- —- --- 539 Roads, character................... 20 Rocafort, Mariano (Governor).................- 697 Rodas city.-..............- -. —. -.__........ 175,190 Rodas district- - - -—... 181,187,192,198,201,204,219,227,244 -247, 301, 360, 426-432, 510, 514, 516, 519, 521,554, 686,699,721,723,725 Rodriguez, Rorrario —.-,... -......-.......... ---—.- 636 Rodriguez, Senor -. --- —--- -----------—.... ---. --- —- 574 Roig, Clarissa. --- — ------—. --- —- ---.-. 638 Roja. -... --- ——... -. ---. --- —---. —. - ------ ----------- --------- 33 Rojas, Manuel de (Governor) --------—... --- —-- ---—........... —.-. 696 Romay, Dr..-.. --- ——.... — -- - --- 568 Romero, Julian.-... ---_ --- —-. --- -.... -. - 638 Roncali, Federico (Governor)...-..-.. -.. ----—... 698 Root, Elihu (Secretary of War) -.... --- —-- --—..-.. --- —.. --- —. - 14 625 Roque city _-_,-. __-. ___. _____, _ _..._, --- —._ —...................... — 190 Roque district -.. — -------------- ----- 180,184,191,196,200,203, 219,226,237 -239, 300, 359, 413-419, 509, 513, 515, 518,521,554, 678,699,720, 722, 724 Rowan...-.-........_...... 738 Royal decrees. (See Decrees.) S. Sabanilla city-. —. ------------—.. -- -- 190 Sabanilla district -..- - -..... -- 180,184,191,196,200,203,219,226,237 -239, 300, 359, 413-419, 509, 513, 515, 518,521,554,677,699,720,722,724 Saco, Jose Antonio_ -.-..._....,,. ---.^ --- —--------- 569 Sagra, Senor la........ —.. -.-.- ---—. 31 Sagra, D. Ramon de la-... —.... 738 Sagrado Corazon de Jesus College.. —,.- ---—.- --- -- ------------ - 580 Sagua de Tanamo city -.- _ --—. —. ----. —. --- 190 Sagua de Tanamo district —. --- —-. 181,189,193,198,202,205,220,227,247 -250, 301, 360, 433-437, 511, 514, 517, 519, 522, 555,692, 699, 722,724, 725 Sagua la Grande city, age-..........-.... -204 birthplace... --- —------------—. --- - --- -. —, — 219 citizenship -.. -- _..... --------------. ----—., --- —- 227 conjugal condition -.. — ---------—. ---- 120,132,139,301 dwellings -......,...... — -. 514 education -. --- —-....... — ----. —....-. 244-247,360 families..... ---.. --- — -------------------—. - 510,514 literacy --------- --- 148,149,244-247,360 nativity-.....-..-.-.-................. 99,198,201 occupations. --- —-------... --- —------- 156,157,426-432 population -..1-.-.....-.... 190 race............,, --- -- - 198 sanitation, disposition of excreta..-... — 177, 521 garbage. — ----------—. 175,519 school attendance -----—......,, --- —. ----.. --- 360 sex...... —... 198,201,204 water supply.-.. ---...............-........ 172, 516 776 INDEX. Page. Sagua la Grande district _...,- _-.... 181,187,192,198,201,204,219,227, 244-247,301,360,426-432, 510,514,516,519, 51,554,687,699,721,723,725 Sagua la Grande River....-...-.,-. --- —-..... 20 Salamanca y Begrete, Manuel (Governor).-.,.. -_-.,,... 696 Salamanca, Juan de (Governor). —.... ---.. --- —--.. --- —--- -.. 697 Salud district-.- ---- —....... -.. -.... -.. 179,182,191,194,200,203,218, 226,232,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512,515,518,520,553,673,698 Sampson, William T -.... --- —---—. ----. --- —--—. —. --- —-... —_. 41 San Ambrosia College ----------—. ----.-. --- —---—. ---. --- —- ---—.. --. 566 Hospital 1.... -,.... 568 Seminary __....-....-.6....... 568 San Anacleta College -... —............ _. 580 San Antonio Cape-...-_..... -----------------. —. ----.- -- 18 San Antonio de los Banos...... ---...........-.... -..-...-.. 175,190 San Antonio de los Banos district-. ---.. —..-.... 179,182,191,194,200,203,218, 226,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512,515,518,520, 53,672,673,699 San Antonio de las Vegas district.. ---, --- —- 179,182,191,194,200,203,218,226, 232, 233, 235,236, 299, 358,406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 673, 699 San Antonio de las Vueltas district...- - - 181,187,192, 198,201,204,219,227, 244 -247,301,360,426-433,510, 514, 516, 519, 521, 554, 686, 699, 721, 723, 725 San Antonio de Rio Blanco district. (See Santa Cruz del Norte.) San Basilo Magno seminary-. _-__ — - - -- 567 San Carlos College ----5.-. ----...,..-. ---. --- ——.-... --- —. ---. 568,580 San Caros College...._........ —.569.... 569 Sanches, Manuel Andres.-............. 35 Sanches, Etelvina.-......... ---.. ----...-..- 632 San Cristobal College- ----—. -....... 580 San Cristobal district -.-.................. -....- 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219, 226,240-242,300, 359,419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 680, 699 Sancti Spiritus city, age. -. __.......-, —. —.... ----.. —........- - 204 birthplace -..._ ---........ 219 citizenship.. --- —-----—. - -----------—. —2 --- -_ 227 conjugal condition- -.... -.- -— t.. - 120,132,139,301 dwellings.-_ --- —---—. ---..- - -... —.-. --- —— _ - 514 education-. —. ----..-. ----.. ---_ -----..- 244-247,360 families ----------------- 510,514 literacy-.-... --- — ---- --—. --- —-- 148,149,244-247,360 nativity,..-. --- —-.-_ --------------- 99,198,201 occupations... -......- - 156,157,430-433 population- -. —.-~.-~.- -. —....................... 190 race...... —..-. —. --- —-.. ---. 198,201 sanitation, disposition of excreta ------ -------—.. 177,522 garbage -..175,519 school attendance_......-. 360 sex. --- —----- --- -., ---.- -------- ----—. --- — 198,201,204 water supply -—., --- —------—....- -------— _ 172,174,516 Sancti Spiritus College. — -.... -. —. --- —--—. --- _ 580 Sancti Spiritus district..... —_ —_.-. ---- 181,187,192,198,201,204,219, 227,244-247, 301,360,426-433, 510,514, 516, 519, 522, 554, 689, 699, 721 San Diego.-.7, ---... 723,725 San Diego de los Banos district- —...,,. -180, 185,192,196,, 201,204, 219, 226, 240-242, 300, 359, 419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681, 699 San Diego de Nunez district ---.. --- —-------—. ---- —. —.. 180,185,196, 201,204, 219, 226,240-242,300, 359, 419-423, 509, 513, 516, 518, 521, 554, 681, 699 INDEX. 777 Page. San Diego del Valle district-......._.. 181,187,192,196, 201,204,219,227, 244-247, 301,360,426-433,511,514,516,519,522,554,684,699,721,723,725 San Domingo......____. ___......... 25 importation of slaves into - 67 Indian population --..._............_-. 66 slavery in island ---—. -..-.......___..... _..__._. 67 San Felipe city -............._. _. 190 Sarn Felipe district....-..... 179,182,191,194, 200, 203, 218, 226,233, 235, 236, 299, 358, 406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 673, 699 San Fernando city.. --....- —............ 190 San Fernando College -—....-.... —..... —.......- 0..... -... 580 San Fernando district ------ -----—.-._ —... 181,187,192,198,201,204,219,227, 244-247,301,360,426-433,511,514, 516,519,522,555,686,699,721,723,725 San Francisco de Paula College --—...-...................... 580 Sanger, Lient. Col. J. P., Ins. Genl., U. S. A., appointed director of census-_ 621 director of census 1. -__ 15,694 letter of transmittal.... — 9 reports received by —.. 625-668 San Ignacio College.. --- —-.... --- ----—.. ___..... 5 566 Sanitation, effect of poor -..-....................__..._......_, 85 dwellings.... — —.,_-.... 167 disposition of excreta.,..-.......-..__ 520-522 garbage.,......- - - -.. 517-520 San Jose de las Lajas city —....-.......-..-...-...__- 190 San Jose de las Lajas district --—....................... 179,183,191,194,200,203,218, 226,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512, 515, 518,520,553,672,699 San Jose de los Ramos city. —.- _.. --- —- ---------—.... -.-. 190 San Juan battle of ------—. --- -... --- —---------—. ---- -----—. 41 San Juan de los Remedios district. (See Remedies district.) San Juan de las Yeras city -__ -. --- —. —.................... — 190 San Jan de las Yeras district —...... 181,187,192,196,201,204, 219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-433,511,514,516,519,522,554,685,699,721,723,725 San Juan y Martinez district.-........., —. —....- - 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219,226,240-242,300, 359,419-423,509, 513,516, 518,521,554, 679,699 San Luis city _.._ ______ --- —---— __..__ --- —-.-_ __ -— ______ __ ----------- 190 San Luis College.... -.....-.-.........-. 580 San Luis district, Santiago province - - 181,190,193,198,202, 205, 220, 227,247-250, 301, 360, 433-437, 511,~14, 517,519, 522,555, 691, 699, 722,724, 725 San Luis district, Pinar del Rio province-.. ---.- 180,185,19', 196,201,204, 219,226,240-242,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,679,699 San Meliton College -—.. —...- -. ----. --- —---- --—.- ------- 580 San Miguel Arcangel College -.-...-....... —. --- —..-........ 580 San Nicolas district-.-...... ----. -....-....- -... 179,183,191,:194, 200,203,218, 226,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512,515, 518,520,553,674,699 San Rafael College... ---------—. --- —-... —...... -. ----. —.. 580 San Ramon College..-. -—... ---- -------------—. —. ---.. 580 San Sulpicio, religious order.. —... ---.... -... ---- 568 Santa Ana city —.,. —.. ---. --- —- -------—. —, —. --- —- ---- 190 Santa Ana College --—. --- ——. --- —- ----—... 580 Santa Ana district..... 180,184,191,196, 200,203, 219, 226, 237-239, 300,359,413-419,509,513,515,518,521,554, 675,699, 70,722,724 Santa Clara city, age... --- —--------.. --- —. —. — -------------------- 204 birthplace - -..... ---......... ---., --- —. ---,.. 220 citizenship —,-_ —.-. —. ---- -- ------ -------. —. --- —. 227 778 INDEX. Page. Santa Clara city, conjugal condition... 120,132,139,301 dwellings_ -. -- ----- ------- ------- - 514 education —.,..,.... —. 244-247,360 families.......-.....-.... 511,514 literacy -. ----. ---. ---, --— 1 --- 48,149,244-247,360 nativity —. -----, —. -—, --—, 99,198,201 occupations -. ---.. --- —.-.-.-.. ----. 156,157,426-429 population..,-,.... — 190 race. ---- -. --- -. -—. - -—.-. 198, 201 sanitation, disposition of excreta... 177,522 garbage --------- - 175,519 school attendance.-. --- -----—. --- —.. --- —,-..3. --- — 360 sex -..-..-...-... ----..... — -...... —..,..... 198,201,204 water supply.. ----------....... — 172,516 Santa Clara district 181,187,192,196, 201,204,219, 227,244-247 301,360,426-433, 511,514,516, 519,522,554,684,699,721,723,725 Santa Clara, losses in population-...-.....-.. - —... 73 Santa Clara province. (See references under Provinces.) center of population........ 79 province created..... - -..-__...... 50 division into districts.-._...,-... 17 Santa Cruz de los Pinos district. (See San Cristobal district.) Santa Cruz del Norte district -—.....-... ---- 179,183,191,194,200,203,218, 226,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512,515,518,520,553,672,699 Santa Cruz del Sur city -..- —. — ------—. --- —-------- - 190 Santa Cruz del Sur district.- ----—.... — 180, 186,192,196,201,204,219,227, 242, 243,300, 359, 424-426,510, 513, 516,519,521, 554,682,699, 720, 723, 725 Santa Fe city ------. ------- ---- ------------—.-. ----- 190 Santa Isabel de las Lajas city -...........................-..... 190 Santa Isabel de las Lajas district.. —.. 181,187,192,196, 201,204,219,227,244-247, 301, 360, 426-433, 511, 514, 516, 519, 522, 554, 686, 699, 721, 723, 725 Santa Maria del Rosario district....-. - - 179, 183,191, 194,200,203, 218, 226, 233, 235, 236, 299,358, 406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518,520, 553,671,699 Santiago attacked by American army - ------------—.-..-.,_. 40 buccaneers _. --- —-----—. —..-... 29 Santiago Apostol College -----------------—. --- —. - ------------...-. ----. 580 Santiago city, age -.... —. 205, 217,295-298,305-353, 383,384, 399, 400,460,461 birthplace. —. --- —--------------- --... --- —-—.. --- —- 220,225 citizenship. --- —.-. --- —., ---- --—. --- —--—. 227,295-298 conjugal condition -.. —.. 120,132,139,301,305, 350-353 dwellings. --- —---------—.. --- —----- 514 education.-. —, --- —----,, --- 244-250, 360,403 families. --- —-----—. —, --- —. —, --- —--—.... --- -. — 511,514 illegitimates- -.. -......... — —...-... —.-. — - 357 literacy. —. --- —--- ___ --- —-._ —,.. 148,149,244-250,360,383,384 nativity..., 99,198,202,217,295,298,305,350-353,403 occupations-.-._ —.-...-. - 156,157,433-437,383,384,460,461 population. —..... ---.- ------- -----. —... 190,383,384 race.-.................. 198, 202,217,225,295-298,305,350,353,383,384,399,400,403,460,461 sanitation, disposition of excreta ---—.. -- 177,522 garbage -, --- —----—..- _ ---.___ 175,519 school attendance. -...... 150,360, 399,400 INDEX. 779 Page. Santiago city, sex...-....-.. -... 198,202,205,217,305,350-353,403 water supply --..-. --- -—....... --- — 172,173,517 Santiago de Cuba district (see Palma Soriano and San Luis districts for portions of former territory) -------—..- 181,190,193,198, 202,205,220,227,247-250, 301,360,433,437,511,514,517,519,522,555,691,699,722,724,725 Santiago province. (See references under Provinces.) center of population -.,..... ---,.. --- —--—. --- —----- 80 port of entry --...-..... --- —---... --- —----------—. --- 27 province created —.. ----_ ------. --- —------ -— _ --- —- 50 division into districts. --- —-... —,.. --- —-------—. ---- 17 Santiago de las Vegas city. --- —-- —..-... ----... --- —---—. —.. 190 Santiago de las Vegas district., --- —----------- 179,183,191,194,200,203,218, 226, 233, 235, 236, 299, 358, 406-413, 508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 673, 699 Santo Domingo (see also San Domingo)..-....,:. -.. 534 revolution beneficial to Cuba- -_.. --- -----—. 43 Santo Domingo city -..- —.. 190 Santo Domingo district --..... —. — 181,187,192,196,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-433,511,514,516,519,522,554,687,699,721,723,725 Scandinavia, natives resident in Cuba.. — -- -... 220-225 Schedules, census -i........ —........-.. --- —.-. —. —.. -. 61 limitations of forms adopted..-. ----..-, —..-. --- —..- 9 of agriculture - ---—.-..-,., --- ----------- 540, 541 school-..-. 61..6........ 616 Scholatria at Santiago ___-___-..-.... ------- - 566 School attendance -.... --- —-—... -- - -—. — -. -------—. 150, 584 and education --- —. --- —----------—...- 358-360 literacy... ---.. —. ---.- -.... 358-360 at latest reports-,.-....-... -....... 615 by age..-..... -152,385 classes -—.. ----.-. -. --- —--------------- -.. —.. - 618 race -------------... --- —-----—..- 152,385,618,619 ratio to population... —,. 618 sex ----—. --.. --- —-----—. --- —--------- --- 151,385,619 schedules -.. ---. - --—.. — —..-. 616 buildings -..... ----. --- —-, —.. — -----—. ----. --- —------- 618 equipment.-,.. ---....-... -. 581 law, present status of system-...... —. 585-615 normal..-......................-. --- —- 584 number in June, 1900-............ 615 systems.X...-.-....... --- —--—. ---. I-.....-.. --- —--- -. —.- 585-615 Schools- a.... ---. --- —---... —. -. ---,.-...-. 565-620 by classes and by provinces ------.... — -—._. --- ----------- —. 618 expenditures for support.-....-.-.... 585 history of Cuban education --------—.-._ --- —..- ----—. ----. 565-581 lack of, under Spanish regime............ 42 number... - ------- —, ----..-.- -. ---. 575 by classes -......-. 584 primary-... --- —-----—. -. —.. 578 professional.-, — ---------—..-.. --- —-.. —. ---. --- --—. 584 secondary... -......... --- —... 579 superior- ----... —..... --- —.. 579 Scotland, natives resident in Cuba. —..... ---..... 220-225 proportion of married -------—._ --- —------ ---.. --- —-- —.-. 118 780 INDEX. Page. Scotland, proportion of unmarried -—. —.-. -------—.., —.-.. — --—, 146 Secret societies —, --- —-. ----. --—, ---— 32,33 Self-government, census a step in establishment -.. --- —.. --- —- -- 10 early -.... --- — ---------- 45 Senate, United States, Committee on Relations with Cuba ----_ --- — 9 Senor, Father. —.- __ --., —. --- —--- -- --------—..... 574 Sergeant, John....... —. --- —--—...... 34 Serrano, Don Francisco (Governor).- - ---------------—...-_ —..- 698,734 Settlement of Cuba.-.... -- - --------------—,.. --- ——.. 23-26 Settlements, early... --- ---.... ---- -— 24, 25 Seville, exclusive trade privileges granted....- - -. 27 Sex and age -—.-...-........ —.... ---- 92-96,122-124,135, 136,163,165,205-217,251-298,306-353,361-403,438-461,463-465,480-484 birthplace... --- —---—.... --- —-... 220-225,419-506 citizenship ------------ —. -.... — --—. 251-298,465-467,489-493 conjugal conditions. --- —...................... 122, 124,128,133,135,136,302-353,469-471,485-489,494-498 education ---------------------—. --- ——.. 400-403,467-469,489-493 literacy..-. —................................. 153,361-384,467-469 nativity -..- 194,205-217,251-298, 302-358,361-403,462-463,477-480 occupations- --............ —.... 157,161,163,165,166, 438-506 race -- - 194,205-217,220-22,25,1-298,302-353,361-403,462,463,477-480 schoolattendance.... -----—. --- - —. 151,385-400 by provinces and districts. ---. —...-.. —.-..... 194-202 discussion of tables.. —. ---- -. ---. --- —--------... 80-83 of earlier censuses -..,- - ---------- ------------ 710 of teachers and pupils.... -.......-... 619 ratios.-.- --.... --- —... --- —--- ------ ----- 88 table from earlier censuses -------....... —.. 710-713 Shafter, Gen. W. R- --—. --- —.. --- —-.- 4 40 Shaw, Albert -.. --- —. ----—. --- --------—. —. 738 Siete Partidas,. --- —---- —. ----... -- 44 Sierra Adentro. ----. — --- -. —. --- --- -—.-.. 17 Sierra de los Organos -- - -....... --- ——. -----—.6.. 536 Sierra Maestra.-. -. —. ---. ----. ---.- --—..- ---—. --- -—. 16,18,20,652 sparsely populated -...-... --- —--------—. 75 Siete Partidas.. --- —--------- -------------—. — - ------ 44 Silva Clotilde....-.... - ------------ - ------- ---- 650 Silver mining -.-.. -.. —. ---. --- —--—. --- —-----. ---.. -------------- 21 Single. (See Conjugal conditions.) Slave trade ---. —... --- —-- --. -.... — ---- —.. -.. --- — ------ 67,731,732 Slavery.. --- —--- ------—. --- —..-..-.7 729 abolition of........... — -_...-... 38 Indian.. --- —--------------------------------—..., --- —----- 65 introduction of negro -------------—.-. ---.... -. 67 Slaves, statistics regarding -..-...-... 98,710-713 Smuggling............ ---- -...... 29 Sociedad de la Cadena..... — - -.. 34 Sociedad Economica. --- —-- --------..-......... 42,43,568,569,574 Sociedad Patriotica. (See Sociedad Economica.) Soles de Bolivar. —.,.... --- —.. ---—. --- —---------—..-... ---. —. --- — 33 South America, natives resident in Cuba _.-... 98, 220-225,472-475,499-506 Spain, relations to Cuba.. ----------------------------—.. ---- -. 26-58 emigration.....-............ — —.... 26 INDEX. 781 Page. Spain, natives resident in Cuba -... 220-225,472-475,499-506 proportion of widowed..-_________-_ -........ 143 regulations about colonists -,, —... — 70 treaty with China ---—.. —. ----._. — -------------------.. 71 treaties entered into. (See Treaties.) Spalding, J. B... —. —..................-. 625 Spalding, W. L. --- — - -- 625 Spanish-American war - - - - - -------- -— _ --- — 40-41 Spanish Bank, collection of taxes. ---...... --... ----. --- — ----—.. — 30 of Cuba-..... — -. -....-. ----.. — 583 Spanish laws violated.. — - 31 theory of colonial government. --- —. ----. ----..., ---. 26 Stamp taxes. - -. --------—. ----. --- 30 Statistics, date basis... --- —-. --- —- -- —. 72 Sterling, Marques -.... — ---- - ---- ---.. —.......... ---. 641,642,643 Stock raising ------- 539 Students. (See School attendance.) Sugar-.._. --- —--- ------—. --- ------------- -- 524-560 beet, effect on production of cane sugar-.. —..- -- 525 cane cultivation, methods, --- —- ---.. --- — - ---- 524 production by provinces.-.. ---—.. --- —--------- - 549 export duty established —.. --- —--—... --------------- 28 fall in price of- _.. —...........-,- ---..-,- --- 38 history of Cuban production...._ --- —-------------—. — 525 method of manufacture. —..-. --- —---------------- 524 mills (centrals) -------------—. --- —.- —.. --- ------------. ---- 552 plantations --..-_ --- —-—. --- —.. — --. --- — --- 540 by area, and by race of occupants_, — -—. ---- 560 by production, and by race of occupants --.. --- —-—.. 560 development. ---. —. —. --- —--------- 524 labor regulations -........... 531 number,.... —,-...- -. ------—. ---- 524 salaries paid in connection with......,,-.- 531 price in relation to production -- —. — -—.._ --- —---—. 526-533 production by years ----. --- —... —. --- —-—. --- —--- —. — 527,533 Supervisors of census, appointed..,.. —. --- ——.-.. 621 instructions given_. —.-.- ------—.- ---—.. — - 10 nominated by military governor. —, ---. —.....-.. 10 reports of,,....... --—.. 627-657 return to Washington — _.,,...- -------—.. ---. 10 Surgidero city., ---,.,. ---- -------.- - ------—. -- --------—. -------- 190 Sweden, proportion of unmarried - ------------- 146 Switzerland, percentage of children... —85 proportion of unmarried. --- ---------------- ---------—. 146 T. Tabulating Machine Company.............. 14 contract for census tables --------—.. -- 694 method used.,. —....-._ --- ——.-. — 61 Tacon, General..........- —.. — ---------- 569 Tacon, Miguel (Governor) -. --- —.. —. —... 697 Tacon y Rosique, Miguel (Governor) --.. --- —------------------------ 697 Tapaste district.-...-...- -....................... 179,183,191,194, 200,203,218, 226,233,235,236,299,358,406-413,508,512,515,518,520,553,672,699 782 INDEX. Page. Tariff.. —.. —..-.. --- —- ------------------- ---------- 28,31 differential, effects-. —.., -. — ---- —. -- 29 effect on agriculture. --- —- —. -- ----—. — —.. --- —-- --—, 539 Tasso, Don Jose ------—...-.. --- —. ----------—. —. ----. --- - 568 Taxation, effect of Spanish —._.... — -..... —. --- —-. 30 on sugar production-. ------ 528,529 excessive -.. —. — --—, --- ----- ----------- ------ - - - 29-31 Taxes, character -.. -...... -.... ----. ---. --- —------— 2. 29 Teachers.. --- ——. -.-. --- --------—. --------------- 581-584,578,615-619 number by classes ---... -.- ----—... —..- -. 584 provinces and by sex..-.. --- —---------- 619 in June, 1900. ---- --- -—. ---. --- —--- ---------- 651 salaries ------------------- -—. --- —-. --- —----- 578 Tejada, Juan de (Governor)... ----,.- --—. --- -. --- 697 Temperature. --- -- ------—.. --- —---—.. --- —------ - 21 Ten years' war ------------------------ --- —. ---...-.. ----. --- —-- 36,37 cost ----.. —.. ---. --- ——. — ---------—. ---- 37 effect on conjugal conditions _ --- —-------—. —. --- — 124,136 schools ----—. -—. --—.... --- — --- --—.. --- —-- 581 Tetas de Managua ----—. --- —. --- —- -. --- —--------------. 19 Tineo, Juan A. (Governor) —.,-....- 697 Tobacco. --- ——.. --- — --—.. --- —----—.... --- —--------- - 533-537 cultivation --- - —..a...... --- —.. —. —. --- —---- + ~ -- ---—. 536-537 curing. —_ --- —---—. — --..: - --- -—._- -—. — -. --- —------ - 537 early production. ---------—. --- —-----------—. --- 535 monopoly -—. --- —- - -- --- 535 plantations -.-... -.-_. -.. --- —----------—.. --- —---- 540 by area and by occupancy —. —,. --- —---—.. ---- 549 by production and race of occupant.-., --- —. 549 productions by provinces -----.... —. 549 Tonnage taxes-. --- —---------- —. ---. —. ---------- —.- ---- 28 Torre, Don Rodriguez de la. — -—. --- —----------------— 733 Torre, Marques de la (Governor). ---.... --- —-—.. ---. --- —-—. ---- 697 Torres, Laureano de (Governor) —. --.. 697 Trade regulations, colonial.. --- —---—. --- —. —. --- —-----... ---- 26-29 restrictions.. --- -, — -----—.- ---- - 27-29,36 tables, statistical. (See Occupations.) winds, effect on climate.-... -------------- -------- 22 Treaty between Spain and China.. --- —...................... -—.. 70,71 Dutch provinces.- --------- -- - 27 United States. -------- ---------- 41 of Madrid, between England and Spain -----—. --- —---. ----. 27 Paris (1763)...-.. --- —. -—. ----—. --- —-—.. — ------.. — - -- 43 Vienna -------- ---------------- -- --. 68 Zanjon _ —. --- —- -... —. 37,528 with England.-.... ---. ---. — —. —.... —.. --- —--.- 68 Treaties, provisions as to trade.-.. —.. --- ---- —... --- —- ------ --- 27 Trespalacios, Bishop. ---.. — ------------- ----- ------------ -- 568 Tridentine Seminary ------ —.. --- —--—. —, ----.. ---- - 566 Trinidad district...-_ -... — -...... --- 181, 187, 192, 196,201,204,219,227,244,245, 247,301,360,426-433,511,514,516,519,522,554,684,699,721,723,725 Trinidad city, age.-.-...-.. —..-.......................... 204 birthplace ---------------—. ---. - --—. -—, --- —-.- —..- 220 citizenship-,.., --- — ---.- --- ~ —227,245-247 INDEX. 783 Page. Trinidad city, conjugal condition.. -,.. — 120,132,139,301 dwellings ----- --------------—... —. --- —------—. 514 education. --- —---—.... -—.. ---- 245-247,360 families... — —.. -..... —. —........ —.... ----- 511,514 literacy. --- — --..- —. --- ——.. — 148, 149,245-247,360 nativity.. ---- ---—.-... —... 99,198,201 occupations..-, ---. ----.. -.. - —..... -,-. 426-433 population. --- —-........ 190 race-. --- —---..-.- --—.......-.............. - 198,201 sanitation, method of disposal of excreta- -..-.. ---. --- —_ 177,522 garbage __ ----... — --—.. 175,519 school attendance. ------------------—. —. - -—......-. 360 sex...- —. --- —. --- —-—..... ---. -—... 198,201,204 water supply. --- —- ---------- --— __-....._. 172,174,516 Trinidad, port of entry....., ---. --- —-—..-...... 27 percentage of married population..,_........ 118,121 proportion of unmarried --.. --. __. --- -- - —... -—.. _,,.,._- 146 widowed ------------------.......- -.... —. --- 143 Troncoso, Bernardo (Governor) -- -. —. ----—. --- —-..... —,....... 697 Turks Island, proportion of unmarried..,......,_. 146 widowed. —. -.... - - - ---., ---- 143 Turnbull-..- ----------- -. — -----—.- - -- ------—. --—.. ----.. 738 U. Ulloa, Francisco Javier de (Governor) --- —---. —......-..... --- —------ 698 Union de Reyes district -.. _ -... 180,184,191,196,200, 203, 219, 226,237-239, 300, 359, 413-419,509,513,515,518,521,551,677,699,720,722,724 Unions, consensual. (See Conjugal conditions.) United States, age of breadwinners -....... —., _,_.. 160,161 married.-... -...-..... -.. —.- -..-..... 136 age periods.....-........-...., 6 86 of unmarried......-....... 146 attitude during insurrections --- —....... - 39 breadwinners -------- - 155,159,163 comparative age ratios. —..... --- —- -. —, 88 dwellings and families.... --- —-----. --. 170 importation of Cuban tobacco.-... ---.,. ----_..- 535 interest in Cuban affairs- -- --- -,,,. — - 38 longevity by race.... ----. --- —. --—. 95 median age by sex --—.. —...... — --- --- —.. ---- 92 of population-, ----. --- -...-... --- —.-.. - - 84 natives resident in Cuba --— _ --- —---- 220-225,472-475, 499-506 neutrality -, --- ----. --- —------- -— _ --—.. --- —- -- —.... 39 occupations. —..._...... ---. --- —---------- 155,159,163 by groups and sex._ ---..-. — —...-. 166 race-............. 164,165 percentage of married..- 118 natives in Cuba —.. —.- ---... — 98 population occupation..-. —. -.....- 157 marriageable age. ----—. ----. --- —-—. 121 married -... —...-... —, 122,123,135 unmarried-.... --- —---—... --- —--—. - --—, 146 widowed. - - ----- --- 143 7P4 INDEX. Page. United States, ratio engaged in occupations. ----..-....- 155 of children by age -.............. 89 husbands to wives and widowed..^.......-, 143 married to adults, —.. ----. — --- ---------.... ---- 121 ~~- widowed..._....-.........,,. 142 sex of breadwinners -—, ----... --- -------—,, _ — 161 sugar produced -—.. —........- --- -------... ---- - -.. --- -_. 525 University, early history -------------------—... ---. --- ---—..... 566, 567 establishment.............-...-.. 566 of Habana -------—. -.. --- -.. —. —..... 579 curriculum ---_ - -...........,..... 570 of Merida. --- -------—.-. ----, --- —-—, ----—.-. —. 567 Unmarried (see Conjugal condition)............., ---...-..-.-... — 299,301 by age, nativity, race, and sex -.. --- -----... ---- 306-353 sex, race, and nativity-..-..-.. --- ------ ------—.. ----, 302-305 sex and occupations. ---- - -494-498 discussion of tables ----—.. ---—. --- —-- -----—. ---- 145-147 ratio to population. - --. -- 146 sex ratios --------—. ---- - ---------. —. ----....... 146 Unzaga, Luis de (Governor). —.. —....... ----... ---- - ---—..... 697 Ursulines, school ----------—.... ------- ---—, ------ -- - - 568 V. Valdez, Antonio-............. 639 Valdes, Bishop Francisco Geronimo ----—,, --- —-., —.-. ----...-....... 567 Valdes, Don Geronimo (Governor)... 7.... 731 Valdes, Father.......... ----....... — —..-, --- —-—.. 566 Valdes y Sierra, Geronimo (Governor)..-..- ----—., --- —-—..... 698 Vallejo, Diego (Governor).. ----.. --- —-—.... ---......-. ---- 697 Valleys... — ---—.... ---19 Value of live stock -- -. —.. --- —-—.-. —,,. 540 censos. ---.. —. --- —.. --- —---—. --- --- ----- --- 41 mortgages. —. ---. — --------—..-........ ---—. - -—. —..-. 41 real estate.,.... --- —- ---.. —..-.... - - -------—. — -.. — 41 Varelo, Felix —. ----.......-................ —..-.-. -,,,-. 568 Vegetables —........-... ^.. --- —--. --- —-.. — ----. --- —----- 550, 551 Velazquez, Diego (Governor)..-...... --- —, ---..,.- 25,32,43,65,696,727 Venegas, Francisco de (Governor) - -.. ----,. ----, -------- -... ---, 697 Vento spring...._ —... —...-..........-. - _- 173 Vera-Cruz..-....... --- —--- 27 Vereda Nueva city...-..................................- -...,... ---1. 190 Vereda Nueva district - - - -.-._. 179, 183,191,194, 200,203,218, 226, 233, 235, 236,299, 358,406-413,508, 512, 515, 518, 520, 553, 673, 699 V essels, search of A m erican...................................... 39 Viamontes, Juan Bitriande (Governor),..,.-.,_.-.,..- 697 Viana, Diego de (Governor) ----------- ----—.. --- —----—.... ----. -—. 697 Vienna, treaty of.. ---. --- —, —,.. —., -—..._ 68 Vilaro y Diaz, Dr Don Juan............................. ---... 573 Villa Clara- - -—. --- ——. ----., -.-.. ----- 57 570 Villalba, Diego de (Governor). --- —, --- —---—.., ----. —. —, ---- -- 697 Villalpando, Ambrosio (Governor).. ---—. ---- -—.-. ----.-. --- —-- 697 Villarin, Pedro Alvares (Governor) -...-........ 697 Villate, Blas (Governor) — _-........ -......,.. --- —-- —.. ---- 698 Villavicencio, Maria Nunez de.-....,,, e, --- 666, 668 INDEX. 785 Page. Vinales city - _..-, ----—. - -.. --- —-- 190 Vinales district --- —-. --- —. ---. --- —-------------- 180,185,192,196,201,204, 219,226,240-242,300,359,419-423,509,513,516,518,521,554,680,699 Virginius, capture of vessel ---—.-..-. ------------------------------- 39 Viscaya, Spanish cruiser, visit to New York --—,.... --- ---------—. ----. 40 Vital statistics -------- --- ------------- ------------- - -- 86 714 Vives, Captain-General..... -— __ --- —--—.. --—.. ----- 33, 35 Vives, Dionisio (governor),-...-....-...... 697 Vives, Don Francisco Dionisio (governor) -----—.-.,....... --- —--—. 730 Vogdes, Capt. Charles B., disbursing officer -... 625 Voters. (See Citizenship by age.) qualifications of — _ -—, _-. —,_ -~....,,- 45-47-49 Vuelta Abajo -------------- 17,19, 36,536 Vuelta Arriba. —, ---. —... --- —-. --- ——. — —. —... --- —------—,,. — 17 Vueltas city. --- —-.......... --- —---------.-......... ---- - - - 190 W. Wales, proportion of unmarried,-.-.____ _. --- —---—..-.. —, —.. --- —- 146 War, declared by United States...._.- _____-......-.,. ---, 41 War Department order directing the taking of the census ---, ---- 621-624 appointing disbursing officers _ ---..__.. ---- 625 W ar, effects of. --- --------------—..-.. --- —---- -—.-..-. ---- -. --- 42 on marriage........... ---. --- 136 population ------------—, ---. --- ------ 73 schools. --- —---—, --- —.- -—, ---. --- — -----—.. ---.. 581 sugar production... --- — -..-.. ---- -- -, ----...- 525,529 War, The Ten Years' __. ---------- --- ------ - 41 W ards. ----. ------------ --- --- 12,46 population by. —.-.-.. --- —-- -----. --- —-. --- — ------- —. --- ——. 181-190 Water-supply sources --— _ --- —---- -- ------ 170-175,514-517 W ealth, effects of war on ----------... --- —-- ---— _,, _ --------------—. 42 lack due to governmental policy ----------- ------ - 32 Weis, Maria.. --------—.. ---. —_. ------ — __ ----. --- — -----—....... _._- 650 West Indies, natives resident in Cuba. ----__ ---._ ---_. 220-225,472-475, 499-506 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano (Governor).. ---. --- —----------------- 40, 581,698 Widowed (see Conjugal conditions) -------—..._... ----— _ ---—._. 142-145, 299-301,302-353,469-471,494-498,710 Willcox, Walter F-...,........__..._. 14 Wilson, Gen. James H ----.........-..-.... —................., 63P, 638 Wilson, Maj. James E __.....-.-,-...............-......-_,.....,...,_. 631 Wilson, Maj. James L... -,..,___ 625 W indward Passage -. —_, -___ ---.. --- —------ —. ---- ----—.-..s____- 18 Wines, Dr. F. H....... _.. -._......_..,..... 9,10 Wives. (See Conjugal conditions.) Wood, Maj. Gen. Leonard (Military Governor) -....,..., 49, 57, 6, 585, 638 X. Xeldes, Francisco (Governor) --—,-.___ --- —-, --- —-----—.. --- —..- 697 Y. Yaguajay city -----—.._- -., --- —------— _ 190 Yaguajay district. -...... 181,187,192,196,201,204,219,227,244-247, 301,360,426-433,511,514,516,519,522,554, 684,699,721,723,725 24662 50 786 INDEX. Page. Yara River -...- -—.-.... --- —-- -,. --- —.1 ----4. --- —-.-_.. --- — 174 Yayabo River ---.i __...... —. --- —-,, _.... - --—., —_-.-. --- ——.-_ -__- 174 Ybarra, Rosa _ --- — --------— _ --- — v -.. ---. --- — -- -- --... 637 Yeiguez, Bishop Hechavarria -................. _ 566 Yglesia city. ---—. --- —-... - -- ---..- -, _ ---. --- —-------— _ -.. ---__- 190 Yucatan channel_-....-.,.-........ -17 distance from Cuba —. -..,....... 17 Indians _....- --... --—. 733,735 Indians imported into Cuba-6. -,7,__- --.._ _ _- 67 regulations of immigration from -__ --- —----- —, --------------- 70 Yumuri Valley ----. ----. ----.. -----..... 19 Z. Zamora...... -----. ----_-...... — —...... 738 Zapata Swamp..-......_ _.. - -.... —....... ---..-. 18,67,648,650 report of enumerator ----.. I --— _ -----— _ -------—. 658-665 Zanjon, treaty of ---------------------—.-... --- —. ---- 37,528 Zaragosa. 738 Zuazo (licentiate) --—.. ---... -----......-,......-. -------—, - 66 O - J. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1111111113 11111115 00152 4111111928 3 9015 00152 4928 ig I.. I- f -I ` *.. - I. -:, i, I '. w~,,h a,{ ' ' ",. r I' t - ' `^ r ' Reviewed by Presevtnlo 1997 BR MUTILNIE 1CIRD